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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film6s d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est film6 d partir de I'angle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 The following is from an eminent Professor in Mont- real:— I have looked carefully over the "Olassical English Spelling- Book, by George G. Vasey/' and can speak in the highest terms of the plan upon which it is constructed, lo Teachers it will be invaluable ; and even to those who are not dhrectly engaged in teat^hiug, it will be acceptable on account of the information connected with the origin of the words of onr language which it contains. I shall do aU I can to reoonunend it, and trust it may have a wide circulation. WM. HIOES, Professor, McGill Normal School. k Montreal, January, iseo. I tOVELL'S SERIES OF SCHOOL-BOOKS. THE CLASSICAL ENGLISH SPELLING-BOOK; . IN WHICH THE HITHERTO DIFFICULT ART OF ORTHOGRAPHY IS RENDERED EASY AND PLEASANT. ;.'K. v-..f . i » / ' Compming an tfre imivovtant i^ot^QSlotlrs from tlft , ^nglo^j^oxon, tfye Hatin, atUi ttre 6reeft ; AVD SEVERAL HUNDRED EXERCISES IN DERIVATIONS AND IN VERBAL DISTINCTIONS. B?f ;4SJOt^G^ ©^1 • VASET. • • • .u«C • * ; ' ' ! t / ' f T '.> t I o c " * p "0 '•. C I. U ^ ? ^ O > .-> I .) " o • C ° ^-^ ' ' " ' O -' ' ..> '] 4 J J 1 •i ■ « "'> ' O 'J ponireal ! PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY JOHN LOVELL j AND SOLD BY R. «c A. MILLER. Cotrntto: B. * A. MILLER, 62 KING STREET BAST. 1862. ■t * .}: ' ^^i:'i^*^ ' ^^^.:ii¥##' ' I » Entered, according to the Act of the Provincial Parliament, in the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty, by John Loybll, in the Office of the Registrar of the Province of Canada. # .• • " « ^ - • • • • • • « • • • * • • • • • • • ." /-<--vi\l;. * '.H ^r # by noe PEEFACE. Spelling is, doubtless, one of the most difficult arts which ft child has to acquire ; and it must not be disguised ft*om either parent or teacher, that this important art cannot be attained but by diligent application and perseverance. t . • v^ : This being the case, it is incumbent on the experienced teach- er, or other qualified person, to endeavor to lessen this difficulty, — to render the application attractive, and the perseverance less irksome. And this can only be done effectually by analysis and classification :— by a carefUl and minute ani^ysis of the material to be employed, namely words, and by a judicious classification or arrangement of these materials into genera and species i beginning with the simplest and most elementary com- binations, and proceeding, by minute grades, to the most difficult compounds. This process has been attempted, with more or less success, by many former compilers; but there is still a large and undefined margin for further improvement, and the present publication is the result of an earnest effort to occupy a portion of that margin. , The English language, although presenting greater eccentrici- ties (and consequently greater difficulties) in its orthographical department than perhaps any other language. Is nevertheless susceptible of a well-marked division into two great classes :— First, into those words which can be arranged into species, of which, when the sound of one is given, the sound of all the rest of that species is immediately known; as in the following list : bat bust blow snake fat dust flow drake hat fust glow shake mat gust grow flake pat just Blow spake ' rat lust snow slake 1 - »at rust show stake 1 yat "S81 fS lurake vi PRBFAOB. Seoond, into thoae which cannot be reduced to any rotoi luoh shoei oncBi acbei jacht, drachm, &o. The Introductory Lessons in Spelling-Books have rarely been simple enough ; and in those cases in which a degree of simplicity has been attained in the first Exercises, these have been invariably succeeded by abrupt transitions to those of a difficult character. The method adopted on the present occasion, and which consti- tutes the special feature of this Spelling-Book, is that of minutely analysing and careftilly classifying, according to their sounds, all the monosjflktbles in the Snglieh language. These monoeyl- lables, so arnuiged, constitute the first series of lessons, com- mencing with the small and easy words of two or three letters, and proceeding, by the gentlest gradations, up to the longest and most difficult monosyllables. The orthographical difficulties of the child are thus reduced to the minimum; and the pupil, at the same time, becomes fttmiliar with all the principal root- words in the language. When this step has been accomplished, the longest compound words will present no difficulty. A short ezpeiience of this method will demonstrate to the teacher, that it is unquestionably the greatest improvement which has yet been made in this department of Education ; as it enables the pupil to acquire a thorough knowledge of English orthography in half the usual time. The important departments of Synonymes, Homonymes, and Etymologies, have been treated at considerable length ; and the genera and species of each class have been displayed in such a distinct and orderly manner, as to afford the greatest possible fsdUtF to the progress of the student. '■'■' ';:w«V«*;i. GEORGE G. YASEY. HOimUBAL, jAiniART, 1860. 'I # 'fl^ ''\ ! ^ ^.^r.^ H Hi^' .„ ^ i* ■..t • » -t , • ^ -.r' PABT I. ."#^ Containing all the Monosyllables in the English Language : beginning with the easiest,-— words con- sisting of two letters ; and proceeding, by the simplest gradations, to the most difficult, — ^words consisting of eight letters. ^. , j , i^^ In thwe Spelling Exercises on the Monosylhtbles, it will be the Teacher's duty to explain the meaning of such usefiu or important words as are unknown to the pupils. Or it would be even better to refer them to a good Dictionary; they cannot >e too early taught to consult the Dictionary. /.n ;; CLASS FIRST. ■ UOKOSYLLABLES OP TWO LETTERS. be bo am if up wo me go an ox pa my he so at on ma by we lot as or ahl fy ye no in of hat to %• ho is us ohi do rhes< B are all the English words of ^wo letters. ^T'f CLASS SECOND. * ^ MONOSYLLABLES OF THREE LETTERS. ban tan hen bin can van ken din dan wan men fin fan ben den . Ufa, pen gin man ten kin pan ran i* wen pin •in tin win don con non son ton , bun dun fun gun nun PART L pnn •un tun bat mat fat sat pat rat T«t hat tat bad mad dad gad had lad pad Bad wad bed fed led red wed kit fit Bit eit lit nit hit wit bid did hid kid lid mid rid cot dot got hot jot lot not pot rot sot wot cod god hod nod pod rod Bod tod but jut gut cut nut tut bud eud mud map cap gap tap lap Bap rap ' pap nap dap hap bag dag tag cag fag lag rag nag hag wag jag jam dam kam ram ham bar jar tar par dar car far peg beg keg leg V- « dip Bip lip nip pip hip rip tip big dig pig Jig fig gig rig wig cab dab nab fib nib jib rib bib fob job bob sob lob rob nob top sop pop cop fop lop mop hop gnm Bum rum mum cup Bup pup tup tub dub cub rub bug pug tug dug jug lug rug mug hug saw paw taw daw jaw caw law maw haw few dew jew pew new hew mew yew day say.^j iay4i may nay ray bay gay hay way tey hey cry fly fry spy Bty Bky Bly Plj pry try dry lie die pie tie fie hie Tie tea sea pea lea toe doe foe roe hoe woe due cue : rue be»« gee 4> M0NOBTLLABLB8. ' H # fix mix cur fur for nor boy toy cow vow In the fbllowiug the 40 is six bur tor Joy now ■ilent. pix rex sex pur buy pro fro coy soy hoy how bow sow bow sow low box g»y ( him row mow row ' fox tax eye bye too coo rim dim mow tow wax rye loo mim ••■■< ,M?.^i IRBBCIX7LAB8. •: : all elm ash spa ice owe ell n w^ A ask pas ire own ill abb ebb add odd off ape age ace alb oak the she awl awe sew war ate oat key was ail aid oaf ley ere wot oar why e'er eve web egg aim ore eke won ass air o'er one gas art orb ode yea yes err her ewe ark lux fir nre apt aft eft oft elk elf arm old ' 4 axe eel use verb act imp end use no«» are ant and ink baa out - our owl two who put his EXKROISBS ON FINAL E. lad pan cane din ride note mad met fane fin bite hop bat bid mane pin dine mop , mat lade pane cod fine rob rat made mete cot pine dot ban bate bide rod code hope ' can mate hid nod cote" mope fan rate rid not rode robe ,nuui bane bit - hide node dote ^ i« PART I. scab plat flat spat chat brat that glad clad brad pelf delf self fled sped shed tret fret step pith sith stem them pate bate date cato kate gate fkte sate late rate hate tame dame came game fitmo' same lame name pane bane cane fane vane lane mane wane pale bale tale gale dale vale sale male hale wale face dace pace lace race mace bace case pare bare tare dare care fare rare mare ware nare fade lade made jade cade wade page cage sage gage rage wage bake take cake sake lake rake make wake pave cave gave save lave rave nave wave tape cape gape rape nape vase daze gaze raze maze naze haze pine dross cross gloss gross sheep sleep steep creep fleet greet sleet sheet cheek sleek creek speed steed creed breed bleed steer sneer sheer cheer fleer green sheen gleen beech leech geese teeth reeve sweet sweep wheel goose loose moose shook flook crook brook sloop icoop stoop droop troop bloom gloom broom groom spoon spool shoot proof booth blood flood sooth tooth queer queen swoop swoon bring cling MONOSTLLABLES. w fling atitig oling prong thong drink chink clink stink trick crick stick chick thitiL drift clift shift pitch ditch fitch hitch bitch strip scrip split sprit pinch finch filch milch ledge hedge sedge check speck fleck cleft theft blest chest crest fresh flCBh fetch ketch vetch pnnch bunch lunch munch hunch burst durst print stint croup group bruit fruit patch batch catch latch match hatch black clack slack track crack brack smack snack draft craft , graft , shaft plash trash clash flash slash crash smash shark stark B[)ark chart start smart stamp cramp clamp champ plant slant grant scant bland gland brand grand stand blind grind . plank blank clank flank prank drank brank crank frank . stank slank shank thank block clock flock brock crock frock stock smock shock broth cloth troth potch hotch notch hutch pluck truck chuck cluck stuck march larch marsh harsh clasp grasp clang stang spent scent blend spend bench tench strap scrap short snort churn spurn scrub shrub shrew screw threw slunk skunk stunk drunk trunk Blung stung flung clung plush blush flush brush plump chump clump crump thump stump blunt brunt grunt stunt trust 18 PART I. m crust pence fence hence tense dense sense grape crape shape plate slate prate grate state skate blade glade trade spade shade brave drave grave glave stave slave shave place trace brace grace space snake brake drake flake spake stake , 0lake shake blame flame frame shame prame plane crane thane blaze glaze braze blare glare flare spare stare snare share scare broke spoke smoke choke stoke thorn shorn scorn slope scope grope trope drove clove grove stove prose close chose gloze those horse morse corse gorse snore shore store score prone drone crone stone probe globe lodge dodge badge fadge wedge ledge sedge hedge ridge midge budge judge fudge barge large targe marge dance lance glove shove prude crude since mince singe hinge range mange serge verge purge gurge surge purse curse nurse burse taste paste baste haste bathe lathe serve nerve verse terse delve helve stale scale tripe gripe snipe bribe tribe bride chide slide price trice spice slice prime chime clime crime grime slime brine trine chine thine spine shine spite smite prize brize bleat treat cheat bleak creak speak sneak dream bream cream fli S] ti P\ cJ sti hi Bt\ spl fitf HONOSTLLABLES. 19 gleam steam fleam clean glean clear spear shear smear drear blear bread tread dread stead break steak plain train brain drain chain grain stain slain blain frail trail grail flail snail trait plait chair stair braid staid spray stray straw scraw trout clout grout glout flout spout stout scout snout shout raise baize maize paint taint faint saint beach peach teach reach beast feast least leave reave heave cease lease tease lease,v.n. (to glean) heath brief chief grief thief piece niece siege liege float bloat gloat stoat scoat coach poach loach roach boast toast coast roast croak cloak board hoard taunt daunt jaunt gaunt vaunt haunt pause cause gauze brawl crawl drawl shawl twain swain prawn brawn drawn spawn spasm chasm plasm phasm blown grown shown throw strow bourn mourn moult poult build guild joist foist roist moist hoist brown clown crown frown drown growl prowl crowl thowl pound bound found sound round mound hound count fount mount house mouse louse douse souse touse rouse bouse proud cloud croud pouch couch vouch louch south mouth point joint poise noise broil spoil tithe lithe hithe wield yield field shield tVBiaUIh thong is the union of three vowels, pro- nounced in like manner ; As, eau in beau, iew in view. A proper diphthong is that in which both the vowels are sounded ; As, oi in voice, ou in ounce. ding with PROPER DIPHTHONGS • itted: as, eu in feud. ovv in now. , slavish; io t( spaniel. ua (( assuage. hitifeh. oi (( voice. ue u desuetude. ou (( sound. oy u boy. An improper diphthong has but one of the vowels ciounded ; As, ea in eagle, oa in boat. ! ; 1 ■ 1 1 i iji m\ 1 30 PART II. • IMPROPER DIPHTHONGS. ai ao au in cffisar. pain, gaol, haul. eo ie oa in people, they, friend, boat. aw ea it law. beat. oe 00 CEsophagus, soon. ei u either. ow (( crow. REMARKS. Each of the diphthongal letters was, doubtless, originally heard in pronouncing the words which contain them. Though this is not the case at present with respect to many of them, these com- binations still retain the name of diphthongs ; but, to distinguish them, they are marked by the term improper. As the diphthong derives its name and nature from its sound, and not from its letters, and pro- perly denotes a double vowel-sound, no union of two vowels, where one is silent, can, in strictness, be entitled to that appellation ; and the single letters i and u, when pronounced long, must, in this view, be considered as diphthongs. The triphthongs, having at most but two sounds, are merely ocular, and are therefore, by some grammarians, classed with the diphthongs. tb th be be rell rell gr( gri( ORTHOGRAPHY. 81: The Diphthongs EI and IE. The letters ei and ie occur in several words with the same sound, that of long e (e); but persons are often at a loss to recollect which of these let- ters stands first. We have therefore arranged the principal words of these classes in two distinct tables, that pupils may commit them to memory, and thus their order will become as familiar as that of the letters of the alphabet. WORDS IN WHICH THE LETTER E STAND BEFORE /. receive receipt conceit conceive deceit deceive perceive either neither obeisance obeisant disseize disseizee disseizor disseizin ceil ceiling seignior seine seize seizin seizure WORDS IN WHICH THE LETTER / STANDS BEFORE E. fief aggrieve siege lief retrieve liege brief achieve lien chief relievo mien thief field fiend thieve wield shriek belief yield brevier believe shield brigadier relief tier bombardier relieve tierce grenadier grief fierce cannonier grieve pier financier grievance pierce cavalier grievous piece priest chevalier M !•: ^i 32 PART II. PARTICULAR COMBINATIONS AND TERMINAL SYLLABLES, WITH THEIR PRONUNCIATION. ce, d, scij si, and ti, are pronounced like sh. siorij tiouj cheon, are pronounced like shun : — man-sion mo-tion frac-tion pen-sion na-tion junc-tion ten-sion dic-tion por-tion ver-sion ac-tion sta-tion fu-sion auc-tion lun-cheon tialj cial, pronounced like shal : — par-tial, ter-tial, spe-cial, so-cial. ciouSj sciouSj tious, pronounced like shus : — cap-tious con-scious spa-cious cau-tious pre-cious spe-cioua cientj tient, pronounced like shent ;— . ancient, patient, quo-tient. science. Hence, pronounced like shence ;— con-science pa-tience. lill Hi geon, gion, pronounced Vikejun: — dun-geon, sur-geon, re-giou. PART III. EQUIVOCAL OR HOMOPHONOUS WORDS, Glass i. Paronymbs. Words pronounced exactly alikej but spelt differently ^ arranged according to their vowel-sounds. Like a in mate, Abel, a man's name. able, capable. Ale, beer, malt liquor. ail, to be sick. Ate, devoured. ait,a small island in a river. eight, a number. A't4, goddess of discord. eigh'ty, fourscore. Bale, a pack of goods. bail, a surety. Base, low, mean. bass, a part in music. Bate, to take less. bait, an allurement. Bay, a color ; a tree. bey, a Turkish governor Bays, bay trees. baize, a kind of cloth. Brake, a thicket break, to part by force. Cane, a strong reed. Cain, a man's name. Dane, a native of Denmark. deign, to vouchsafe. Day, a period of tim dey, a Moorish governor. Days, periods of time. daze, to dazzle. Faint, languid, weak. feint^ a pretence. Fane, a temple. fain, willingly, gladly. feign, to dissemble. Frays, quarrels. phrase, an expression. Gage, a pledge. gauge, to measure a cask. Gate, a sort of door. gait, manner of walk- ing. Grate, a fireplace. great, large. Gra'ter, a sort of rasp. great'er, larger. Grays, mixed colors. graze, to eat grass. Hale, strong, healthy. hail, frozen rain. Hay, dried grass. hey ! an exclamation. Jane, a womar's name. jean, a sort of cloth. Lade, to load. laid, placed. Lane, a narrow road. lain, remained. Made, finished. maid, a girl. Male, a he-animal. mail, a post-bag. Mane, hair on a horse's or a lion's neck. main, principal, chief. ,. i\ )■:■! H PART HI. 11 ^1 ?■ Maze, an intricate place, maize, Indian corn. Nave, middle of a wheel, knave, a rogue. Nay, not. neigli, tlie voice of a horse. Pale, wan, dim. pail, a wooden vessel. Pane, a sqnarp of glass. pain, unensiiiess. Place, a situation, plaice, a flat fish, [panse. Plain, distinct ; a flat ex- plane, a carpenter's tool. Plate, wrought silver, plait, a fold, a double. Pray, to beseech, prey, plunder, booty. Prays, entreats, praise, to commend. Rain, water from the clouds, rein, a bridle, reign, to rule. Raze, to destroy, raise, to lift, to elevate. Ra'zor, a shaving instru- rai'ser, a lifter. [ment. Sale, a selling, sail, to move with sails. Sail'er, a sailing-vessel, sail'or, a seaman. Sane, healthy, sound. Seine, a river of France. Sa'ver, he that saves, sa'vor, relish, taste. Slay, to kill. Bley, a weaver's reed. Stake, a post ; a wager, steak, a slice of meat. Sta'tionary, fixed. Bta'tionery, paper, pens, &c. Strait, a narrow pass. Straight, direct. Talc, a Btory. tail, the hinder part ; a li- mited estate. Tray, a sort of dish, trey, a three at cards. Vale, a valley, vail, or veil, to cover. Vane, a weathercock, vain, proud, fruitless, vein, a blood-vessel. Wale, a rising in the skin. wail, to lament. Wane, to decrease, wain, a waggon. Waste, to consume, waist, a part of the body. Wave, a billow, waive, to give up, to quit. Way, a manner, a road, wey, forty bushels, weigh, to balance, to poise. Like a in mare. Air, the atmosphere. Ayr, a town in Scotland. ere, before. e'er, ever. heir, an inheritor. Bare, naked. bear, a beast of prey. Chair, a movable seat. char, to work by the day. Fare, food : price of passage. fair, beautiful ; honest. Glare, splendor. glair, the white of an egg. Hare, a timid animal. hair, covering of the head. Pare, to cut thinly. pair, a couple. pear, a fruit. Stare, to look earnestly. stair, a step. EQUIVOCAL on ITOMOrilONOUS WORDS. 36 Tare, an allowance in tear, to rend. [weight. Tlieir, belonging to them, there, in that place. Tliey're, they are. Ware, merchandise, wear, to waste with use. Like a in mat. Adds, increases, adze, a cooper's axe. Au'ker, a liquid measure, an'chor, a heavy iron for a A8S,abeastofburden. [ship as, a Roman weight and Bad, vicious. [coin, bade, commanded. Cal'ender, to dress linen, cal'endar, an almanac. Can'non, a great gun. can'on, a law, a rule. Dam, a beast's mother, damn, to condemn. Dram, a small weight, drachm, an ancient coin. Jam, a conserve of fruit, jamb, a supporter. Lack, to want, lac, a sort of gum ; sum of Laps, licks. [100,000. lapse, a fall, a slip. Man'ner, mode, custom, man'or, a lordship. Man' tie, a cloak, a garment, man'tel, the chimney-piece. Nag, a little horse. lin&fr, a knot of wood. Nap, a short sleep, knap, to break short. Nat, Nathaniel, gnat, a stinging insect. PaHas, goddess of wisdom. pal'ace,^a prince's house. Pariet, a little bed. pal'ette, a painter's board. Pan'nel, a rustio, saddle, pan'el, a jury-n . Pan'nic, a plant, pan'ic, sudden fear. Racit, to torture, wrack, ruin ; a sea-weed. Rap, to strike, wrap, to fold. Tacks, small nails, tax, a rate imposed. Trav'el, to go a journey, trav'ail, work, trouble. Like a in mart. Ark, a chest, arc, part of a circle. Cask, a barrel, casque, a helmet. Cast, to throw, caste, rank among Hindoos. Cas'ter, one who throws, cas'tor, a beaver. Hart, a sort of stag, heart, the seat of life. Lanch, to cast as a lance, launch, to push to sea. Mark, a sign, a note, marque, license of reprisals. Mar'tin, a kind of swallow, mar' ten, a kind of weasel. Like a in all. All, every one. awl, a sharp-pointed tool. Al'ter, to change. [ble. al'tar, the communion ta- Au'gur, a soothsayer, aug'er, a boring-tool. Aught, anything, ought, should. SQ PART IIT. Ball, any round thing, bawl, to cry out. Call, to name, to appeal to. caul, a membrane ; a net for Caws, does caw. [the hair, cause, a reason, a motive. Claws, talons. [&c. clause, part of a sentence. Cord, a small rope ; 128 cubic feet, chord, a line in a circle. Gall, bile, bitterness. Gaul, a Frenchman. Hall, a large room, haul, to pull. Haw, the berry of the thorn, haugh, a meadow ; a dale. Mall, a wooden hammer, maul, to beat, to braise. Pall, a funeral-cloth. Paul, a man's name. Paws, a beast's feet, pause, a stop. Like e in mete. Be, to exist. bee, a honey-making insect. Beech, a kind of timber, beach, the sea-shore. Beer, malt liquor. bier,a carriage for the dead. Beet, an eatable root, beat, to strike. Ce'der, he that gives up. ce'dar, an evergreen tree. Creek, a small bay. creak, to make a harsh Deer,a swift animal, [noise, dear, beloved ; expensive. Discreet', prudent, discrete', distinct. Feet, parts of the body, feat, an exploit, an action. Fleo, to run away. flea, a biting insect. Freeze, to congeal. frieze, coarse woollen cloth. Greece, a country of Eu- grease, soft fat. [rope. Greaves, leg-armour. grieves, laments. Heel, hind part of the foot. heal, to cure. he'll, he will. Hoar, to hearken. here, this place. Key, an instrument to open a lock, quay, landing-place from ships. Lea or ley, a meadcT. lee, opposite to the wind. Leeds, a town in Yorkshire, leads, conducts. [book. Leaf, part of a plant or of a lief, willingly. Leek, a ;^ort of onion, leak, to run out. Lees, settlings, dregs, lease, to glean. Meed, reward. Mede, a native of Media, mead, a liquor made from honey. Mean, paltry, low. mien, air, deportment, as- Meet, to encounter, [pect. meat, animal food, mete, to measure. Me'ter, one who measures, me'tre, measure, verse. Need, want, necessity, knead, to work dough. Neal, to temper by heat, kneel, to rest on the knees. Peace, quiet, tranquillity, piece, a bit, a part. EQUIVOCAL OR HOMOPHONOUS Di. 37 cloth, f Eu- [ropo. e foot. open ) from T. lyind. kshire. [book, or of a 1. 3. edia. e from int, as- [pect. isures. 'se. y- eat. knees. illity. Peak, a point, the top. pique, a grudge. Peel, a rind or skin. peal, a chiming of bells. Peer, a nobleman. pier, support of a bridge. Aced, a tall sort of grass. read, to peruse. Keek,steam,yapor. [geance. wreak, to exercise ven- See, to view, to behold, sea, the ocean. Seal, an impression. ceil, to make a ceiling. Seed,what produces plants. cede, to give up, to resign. Seem, to appear. seam, a joint. Seen, viewed, beheld. Bcine, a fishing-uet. scene, a sight, a view. Seer, one who sees ; a pro- phet. Bear, to burn, to wither. Sees, views, beholds. seize, to lay hold of. Se'nior, elder. Seign'ior, the Turkish em- peror ; the owner of a seigniory. Shagreen', a kind of lea- chagrin', vexation, [ther. Sheer, pure, unmixed. shear, to clip, to reap. Sleeve, covering of the arm. sleave, knotted thread. Steel, refined iron. [fer. steal, to rob, thieve, or pil- Sweet, the taste of sugar. suite, succession, retinue. Tear, water from the eye. tier, a rank, a row. Teas, different kinds of tea. tease, to torment. Teem, to abound, team, a set of horses. Weald, a wood or grove, wield, to handle. Week, seven days, weak, feeble, infirm. Ween, to think, wean, to withdraw from. Like e in met. Assent', agreement, ascent', a going up. Bell, a hollow, sounding metallic vessel, belle, a gay young lady. Berry, a small fruit, bury, to put under ground. Bet'ter, superior, bet' tor, one who lays wa- Bred, brought up. [gera. bread, food made from the flour of wheat, etc. Brest, a French seaport, breast, a part of the body. Led, conducted, lead, a soft, heavy metal. Les'sen, to make less, les'son, a task ; a lecture. Let'tice, a woman's name, let'tuce, a salad-herb. Lev'y, to raise money, &c. lev'ee, attendance at court. Met'al, iron, silver, &c. met'tle, spirit, courage. Pen'dant, a naval flag, pen'dent, hanging, sus- Rest, repose, ease, [pended. wrest, to force, to strain. Sell, to vend, to dispose of. cell, a small cavity ; a hut. Sel'ler, one who sells, cel'lar, place under ground. Sense, feeling, perception, cense, a publio tax. ilB Wi 38 PART III. m Sent, conveyed, cent, a hundred ; a coin, scent, an odor, a smell. Weth'er, a sheep, weath'er, state of the air. Lilce i in pine. By, with ; near. bye, indirectly. buy, to purchase. Clime, climate, a country. climb, to mount up. High, tall, lofty. hie, to make haste. Hide, to conceal. hied, went in haste. Hight, called. height, space upwards. I, myself. eye, the organ of sight. ay, yes. I'll, I will. isle, an island. aisle, passage in a church. Indite',to compose, to write. indict', to accuse. Lie, a wilful falsehood. lye,liquor from wood-ashes. Li'er, one who lies down. li'ar, one who tells lies. Mi'ner, a worker in a mine. mi'nor, one under age. Mite, an insect in cheese. might, power, ability. Night, darkness. knight, a title of honor. Pri'er, a close inquirer. pri'or, former, previous ; the superior of a priory. Pries, inquires into, prize, a reward, a premium. Pride, self-esteem, pried, inquired narrowly. Quire, 24 sheets of paper, choir, a band of singers. Rime, hoar-frost, rhyme, verse, poetry. Ri'ot, a tumult, an uproar, ry'ot, an Indian peasant, liite, a ceremony, write, to do writing, right, straight, correct, Wright, a workman. Rye, a sort of corn, wry, crooked, distorted. Sine, a geometrical line, sign, a mark, a token. [1cm. Si'on, a mount near Jerusa- ci'on or sci'on, a sprout. Site, a situation, cite, to summon, to quote, sight, a view ; vision. Size, bulk, magnitude, sighs, deep breathings. Slight, to neglect, sleight, an artful trick. Stile, steps over a wall or enclosure, style, mode, manner. Time, duration, season, thyme, an aromatic herb. Tire, to fatigue, to weary. Tyre, an ancient city, [tie, Vi'al or phial, a small bot- vi'ol, amusical instrument. Like i in pin. Gild, to adorn with gold, guild, a corporation. Gilt, plated with gold, guilt, wickedness, sin. Gris'ly, frightful, hideous, griz'zly, somewhat gray. Him, that man. hymn, a divine song. In, within. '. inn, a public-house. - v/ .4... riSKTA: ;sia;;T:-r:;~: -.i»«. ,,.ij».-i..^ EQUIVOCAL OR HOMOPHONOUS WORDS. 89 Kill, to take away life, kiln, a sort of furnace. Lick'er, one who licks, liqu'or, a fluid, a liquid. Links, torches, flambeaux, lynx, a spotted beast, [ner. Mil'linory, goods of a milli- mil'leuary, 1000 years. Nit, an insect's egg. knit, tomakostockings^&c. Prini'raer, more precise, prim'er, a child's first-book, Kig'ger, one who rigs, rig'or, severity, sternness. Ring, a circle, wring, to twist. Sig'net, a seal, cyg'net, a young swan. Sil'ly, simple, foolish. Scil'ly, the name of a group of islands on the Cornish coast, England. Sin'gle, alone, cing'le, a girth. Sink, to fall down, cinque, five. Sit, to rest on a seat, cit, a citizen. Sticks, long pieces of wood. Styx, a river of the poets. Sym'bol, a sign, cym'bal, a sart of drum. Like o in no, Blote, to dry by smoke. bloat, to swell. Boll or bole, a round stem. bowl, a basin. Bore, to make a hole. boar, the male of swine. Borne, carried, supported. bourn, a limit, a boundary. Close, to shut up. clotheSi garments^ dress. Cole, a sort of cabbage, coal, mineral fuel. Coarse, rovfgh, gross, course, a race-ground, corse, a dead body. Core, the heartof a tree,&c. corps, a body of troops. Cote, a fold for sheep, &c. coat, a part of dress. Doe, a female deer, dough, unbaked paste. Doze, to slumber. , does, female deer. Fort, a castle, forte, what any one knows beat. Groan, to sigh deeply, grown, increased. Gro'cer, a dealer in sugar, &c. gross'er, coarser. Hoard, a treasure, horde, a tribe. Hole, a hollow place, whole, entire, unbroken. Home, one's dwelling, holm, the evergreen oak^ Lone, retired, solitary, loan, a thing lent. Moan, to lament, mown, cut down. Mote, a particle of dust, moat, a ditch. ■, No, not so. know, to understand. Nose, part of the face, knows, understands. ! or Oh 1 alas 1 owe, to be indebted. Ore, unrefined metal, oar, a pole to row with. Pole, a long stick ; extre» mity of the earth's axis, poll, a list of voters. Jl 40 FART III. 11 "'3 Port, a harbor. Porte, the Turkish court. Roan, a color. Rhone, a river in France. Roads, highways. Rhodes, an island in the Levant. Bode, did ride, road, a way, rowed, impelled by oars. Roe, a female deer, row, a rank, a tier. Roes, female deer, rose, a sweet flower j a knot of ribbons. Rome, a city of Italy, roam, to wander, to rove. Rote, mere memory, wrote, did write. Sloe, a wild sort of plum, slow, tardy, not quick. So, in snch manner, sow, to scatter seed, sew, to work with a needle. Sole, the bottom of a shoe, soul, the immortal part of man. Sore, tender, painful, soar, to rise high. Throe, extreme agony. Throw, to cast, to heave. Throne, a seat of state, thrown, cast. Toe, part of the foot, tow, dressed hemp. Yoke, a' bond, a link, yolk, the yellow of an egg- Like in not. cod'dling, parboiling. Cod'ling, a sort of apple; a young eod. Col'lar, covering fbr the neck. chol'er, anger, rage. Com'pliment, kind words. com'plement, full number. HoHow, scooped out ; emp- ty ; not solid, hoHo, to call aloud. Lock, a fastening for doors, drawers, &c. loch or lough, a lake. Not, denying. nott, to shear. knot, a tie. On'erary, fit for burdens. hon'orary, giving honor. Sor'rel, a sour-tasted plant; a reddish color. sor'el, a buck in its third year. Like in move. Brews, does brew. bruise, to hurt. Brute, a beast, bruit, a noise, a report. Crews, ships' companies, cruise, to sail up and down. Cru'el, savage, inhuman. Crew'el, a ball of yarn. Rood, quarter of an acre. rude, uncivil, untaught. Root, part of a plant, route, a road, a way. Threw, did throw, through, by means of. Too, over ; also, two, one and one. Like u in tube. Blue, a color. blew, did blow. ' • i ■>V>fci?Ks8*-*i(*^^i"'*'*'*'**'^* * EQUIVOCAL OR HOMOPHONOUS WORDS. 41 Chews, grinds with teeth. choose, to select. Due, owing. dew, moisture. Ewe, a female sheep. you, yourselves. yew, an evergreen tree. Feud, a quarrel. feud, a tenure. Flue, soft down ; passage for smoke in a chimney. flew, did fly. Hue, a color or tint. hew, cutting down. Hugh, a man's name. Jury, a set of men sworn to give a true verdict. Jew'ry, the land of Judea. EXERCISES ON VERBAL DISTINCTIONS.— No. 1. Does anything ail the child? — Jlle is a fermented li- quor, made from malt. The awl is a tool used by shoemakers and harness- makers. — Jill quadru- peds have four legs. The Prince of Wales is heir to the crown of England. — We breathe air. The moon alters its appear- ance every night. — The Jews burned sacrifices upon altars of stone. Cruel horsemen beat their horses. — The beet is a vegetable from which sugar can be made. A fine beau wears fine clothes. — The bow in the heavens is caused by the sun's shining on falling rain. The great bell in Moscow, weighs two hundred and twenty tons. — A belle is fond of gay parties. Some kinds of berries grow on briers. — The farmer, when he plants seeds 6t«- ries them in the ground. Wheat is a better grain than rye. — One who lays a wager is a bettor. The wind blew. — The color of the sky was blue. A father's or mother's sister is an aunt. — The ant is a small iusect. Carpenters bore holes with an auger, — An awgwr fore- tells. Boys love to play at ball. — Children bawl for tri- fles. Bears live in the woods.— An oak bears acorns. We bear evils. — Trees bare of leaves. A wild boar is a savage beast. — Miners bore holes in rocks. The wood ofthebeechmakeB a good fire. — Waves beat on the beach. The bolls of plants are seed-vessels.-— The potter makes bowls. The planks of our national vessels are fastened with copper bolts. — Millers separate the bran from ji , ■• v»-»^'.»'i y*"^": ' 42 PART III. the flour by large sieves called bolts. The breech of a gun is its butt or club end. — Rams butt with their head. A butt contains two hogs- heads ; but a barrel, 30 or 32 gallons. The brake is a useless weed. — We break flax and hemp in dressing it. 'Well-bred people do not al- ways eat white-6retf ' m m ii 58 PART UI. Pike. s. A fish of prey.— A long lance. Pile. 8, A be£tm driven into the ground. — A heap.— Hairy surface. Pine. 8. A kind of tree. — A sort of strawberry. — v. To languish. Pinion, s. A wing. — Ties for the arms. — A small- toothed wheel on the axis of a larger one. — v. To shackle. Pink. 8. A flower. — A rose color. — v. To pierce in holes. Pitch. 8. A thickened tar. — Degree of elevation. — v. To throw. — To fall headlong. — To alight. — To fix. Plate. 8. A shallow round dish. — Vessels of gold or silver. — Flatted metal. Poach. V, To boil slightly. — To take game illegally. Pole. 8. A long slender round stick. — 5^ yards square. — The extremity of the earth's axis. — A native of Po- land. Pollard. 8. A tree topped.-A mixture of bran and meal. Port. 8, A harbor. — A gate. — The gun-hole of a ship- — Mien. — A sort of wine from Oporto. Porter, s. A door-keeper. — One who carries loads.— A kind of beer. Post. 8. A piece of timber set up.— A messenger.—* Employ. — V. To travel quickly .-To copy into a ledger. Pound, s. Twenty shillings. — A weight. — A prison for stray beasts. — v. To reduce to powder. [To oflfer. Prefer, v. To choose before another. — To advance.— Pretend, v. To represent falsely .-To intend.-To claim. Prune, v. To lop trees. — s. A dried plum. Pulse. 8. Motion of the blood in an artery. — Legumi- nous plants. Pump. 8. An engine to raise water. — A dancing-shoe. Punch. 8. Blunt tool to strike holes with. — A mixed liquor. — A buffoon or jester. — A well set horse. Pupil. 8. The apple of the eye. — A scholar. — A ward. Purchase, v. To buy. — s. Convenience for using force. Quarter. «. A fourth part. — Mercy by a conqueror.-* Eight bushels of corn. — v. To lodge soldiers by billet Race. s. A generation. — A course at running. Rail. s. A palling or post. — v. To reproach insolently. Ram. 8. A male sheep. — v. To drive-in violently. Rank. a. Luxuriant. — Rancid.— a. A row or line.-* Dignity. Rash. a. Hasty, headstrong.-«»k A breakingrout. ■f ^ EQUIVOCAL OR HOMOPHONOUS WORDS. 5^ Rear. s. The hinder part. — v. To raise. — To educate. Reader, s. One who tears. — v. To restore. — To yield. Rent. s. A tear. — Income. — v. Tore. — part. Torn. Resolution, s. Separation into parts. — Determination. Rest. s. Repose. — Remainder. Right, a. True.— Straight. — Not left. — s. Justice.— A just claim. Ring. s. A circle. — v. To sound a bell, &c. Rock. s. A vast mass of stone. — v. To shake, \,o agitate. Roe. s. A female deer. — The eggs offish. Rose. s. A sweet-scented flower. — r. Did rise. Rue. s. A bitter plant. — v. To regret, to lament. Rush. s. A plant in marshes. — s. To move with vio- lence. Sack. s. A bag. — A sort of wine. — v. To pillage or plunder. Sage. s. An odorous plant — a. Wise. Sash. s. A silken band. — A window-frame. Saw. s. A toothed cutting-instrument. — A proverb.— V. Did see. Scale, s. A balance. — Graduation. — A little shell on a fish's skin. — v. To climb steeps. — To peel-off in thin pieces. Seal. s. The sea-dog. — A stamp.— v. To fasten a letter, &c. Season, s. One of the four parts of the year. — A fit time. — V. To give a relish to. — To make fit for use. See. s. The diocese of a bishop. — v. To view. Set. V. To place. — To plant. — To go down. — To become solid. — s. A number of things suited to each other. Shaft, s. A handle. — An arrow. — A narrow vertical pit. — The pole of a carriage. — Part of a pillar. Shed. «. A slight covered building. — w. To let fall, to spill. Shoal, a. A great multitude. — A sand-bank.— a. Shal- low. Shore, s. The coast of the sea, or the bank of a lake or river. — A support to a building. Size. s. Bulk. — A sticky substance. Smelt. 8. A small sea-fish. — v. To melt ore. — Did smell. Sole. 5. The bottom of the foot. — A small sea-fish. — a. Only. Sound. 8. A noise. — A shallow sea. — A probe. — c. Hearty.— Uninjured.— v. To try depth.- ^^^ . 60 PART III. Spirit, s. The soul of man. — ^Lively courage.— An in- flammable distilled liquor. Spring, s. One of the four seasons. — An elastic body.— A leap. — A fountain. — v. To arise. — To grow. Steep, a. Difficult of ascent. — v. To soak. — s, A pre- cipice. Steer, s. A young bullock. — 1>. To direct one's course on water. Stem. s. A stalk. — v. To oppose a current. Stern, a. Severe, harsh. — s. The hind part of a ship. Stick, s. A piece of wood. — v. To adhere. — To stab. Still, a. Quiet. — v. To calm. — s. A vessel for distilling. — adv. To this time. — conj. Notwithstanding. Strain, v. To filter. — To sprain. — s. Style. — Sound. Succeed, v. To follow. — To prosper. Suffer. V. To permit, to allow. — To endure, have to bear. Suit. s. A set. — Courtship. — Action at law. — v. To fit. Swallow, s. Bird. — v. To take down the throat. Table, a. A board used for meals, &c. — An index, &c. Tack. V. To join. — To turn a ship. — s. A little nail. Taper, s, A wax candle. — a. Kegularly narrowed, slender. Tender, s. Attendant boat or vessel. — Car attached to a locomotive which carries fuel, &c., for its use.— A bidding. — v. To offer. Till. V. To cultivate. — s. A money-box. — conj. To the time. Toll. s. A tax on goods, passengers, &c.—,v. To sound a tower-bell slowly. [thing. Top. s. The highest part of anything. — A boy's play- Treat. V. To use, or act towards (ill or well). — To negotiate.— To discourse. — s. A feast. Tumbler, s. A posture-master. — A drinking-glass. Turtle, s. A species of dove. — The sea-tortoise. Usher, v. To introduce. — s. An under-teacher. Utter. V. To speak.-To publish.-a. Extreme, outermost. Vault, s. An arched cellar.— r. To leap upon or over. Vice. s. Wickedness.-Small screw-press.'-A substitute. Wages, s. Pay to servants and work-people. — v. Carries on. Well. s. A deep narrow pit of water. — a. In good health. Yard. s. Enclosed ground by a house. — A measure of - three feet. — Extending spar for the support of the sails of a ship, ^ -i , - ^ EQUIVOCAL OR HOMOPHONOUS WORDS. 61 Words spelled exactly alike j but the meanings of which are changed by changing the place of the accent. In pronouncing the following words, when used as NOUNS the accent should be on the first syllable ; but when employed as verbs, on the last. Thus " Absent, not present," is pronounced ^6'sent; buv wuen used as a verb, the accent must be on the last syllable, viz., Ah'sent\ Ab'-sen*^ r*" present. Ab-ser to ^p away. Ab'-stract, an abridgment. Ab-stract', to draw or se- parate from ; to abridge. Ac'-cent, a peculiar tone in speaking or pronoun- cing ; stress or force given to a particular syl- lable in a word ; a mark by which the accent is denoted. Ac-cent', to mark the ac- cent ; to give or express the accent. Af-fix', a post-fix or termi- nating participle. Af-fix, to join or unite to. Attribute, a quality. At-trib'-ute, to assign to. Aug'-ment, an increase. Aug-ment', to increase. Au'-gust, the eighth month. Au-gust', great, majestic. Buffet, a box or blow with the fist ; to strike. Buf"fet',a shelf; aside-table. Com'-pact, an agreement. Com-pact'j firm, solid. ColMect, a short prayer. Col-lect', to bring together. Com'-ment, an exposition. Com-ment' (uponj, to ex- pound. Oom'-merce, large trading .i . isactions. Com-merce', to hold inter- course with ; to traffic. Oom'-pound, a mixture ; an enclosure. Oom-pound', to mix ; to come to terms of agree- ment. Oon'-cert, a musical enter- tainment ; agreement or design. Con-cert', to contrive, to plan. Oon'-cord, harmony. Con-cord', to agree with. Con'-duct, behaviour. Con-duct', to lead, manage. Con'-fine, a boundary. Con-fine', to limit ; to im- prison. Con'-flict, a struggle, a con- test. Con-flict', to oppose. Con'-jure (kun'-jur)^ to practise the arts of a con- jurer. Con-jure', to call upon with adjuration ; to entreat in the most earnest man- ner. Con'-sort, wife or husband ; a companion. Con-sort', to associate with. i.i'i m i 62 PART III. 1 t CoR'-test,a dispute,a strug- gle. Con-test', to dispute, to contend. Con'-tract, a binding agree- ment. Con -tract', to draw together Con'-trast, opposition of figures. Con-trast', to place in op- position. Con'- verse, conversation ; the opposite or contrary. Con-verse', to discourse fa- miliarly with. [ed. Con'- vert,a person convert- Con- vert',to change or turn Con'-vict, a person convict- ed. Con-vict', to prove guilty. Con'-voy,an escort or guard Con-voy', to escort, to ac- company as a guard. Coun'-ter-mand, an order to the contrary. Coun-ter-mand', to revoke a former order. Courtesy (/cwr'-^e-se), court- ly or elegant manners ; civility; an act of civility. Courtesy (/cwr^'-se), an act of respect or reverence made by females. Des'-cant, a song ; a dis- course. De-scant', to harangue. Desert (dez'-ert)^ a wilder- ness ; a deserted place. Desert {de-zerf )jih&t which one deserves } degree of merit. [ed. Di'-gest, materials arrang- Di-gest', to arrange ; to dis- solve. Dis'-count, abatement for ready money. Dis-count', to make an abatement for ready money. En'-trance, the act or the place of entering. En-trance', to put into a trance or ecstacy. Es'-cort, an armed guard. Es-cort', to accompany as a guard. Es'-say, an attempt ; a trea- tise. Es-say', to attempt, to try. Excuse (ex-/cwce'), an apo- logy, [an excuse. Ex-cuse' (ex'kuze'), to give Ex'-ile, a person banished ; banishment. Ex-ile', to banish. Ex'-port, a commodity ex- ported. Ex-port', to carry or ship goods out of the country. Ex'-tract, something ex- tracted, [from. Ex-tract', to draw out or Gal'-lant, brave (applied to military men). Gal-lant', particularly at- tentive to ladies. Fer'-ment, a boiling, a tu- mult. Fer-ment', to cause or pro- duce fermentation. Fre'-quent, often occurring. Fre-quent', to visit often. Im'-port, any commodity imported ; meaning ; con- sequence ; tendency. Im-port', to bring from abroad ; to mean or sig- nify. aJS&M EQUIVOCAL OB rOMOPHONOUS WORDS. 63 In'-cense, perfume or fra- grance exhaled by fire. In-cense', to inflame, to en- rage. In'-crease, augmentation. In-crease', to make more or greater. InMay, something inlaid or inserted. In-lay', to lay or put in. In'-sult, an affront. In-sult', to treat with inso- lence. In'-ter-change, a mutual exchange ; commerce. In-ter-change',to exchange with. In'-ter-dict, a prohibition. In-ter-dict', to prohibit. In'-ti-mate, inmost j fami- liar. In-ti-mate', to hint, proper- ly to convey by a hint our intimate or inmost thoughts or opinions. Invalid (in'-va-lid)^ one weak or disabled by sick- ness, wounds, or old age. Invalid {in-vaV-id^j weak ; of no force or weight. Min'-ute, the 60th part of an hour ; a small portion of time. Mi-nute', small,diminished. Mis-con'-duct, bad beha- viour. Mis-ccn-duct', to behave badly. Notable (no'ta-bl), worthy of note, memorable. Notable (nofa-bl)j skilled in the science of house- keeping. Ob'-ject, something seen ; an end or purpose. Ob-ject', to make an objec- tion to ; to oppose by argument. O'-ver-charge, too great a charge. 0-ver- charge', to charge too much ; to crowd. O'-ver-throw, defeat, dis- comfiture, destruction. 0-ver-throw', to defeat, to discomfit, to destroy. Per'-mit, a written autho- rity from an excise officer for removing goods. Per-mit', to authorize, to allow. Po'lish, pertaining to Po- land. Pol'ish, to smoothe, to brighten, to refine. Precedent (jtresf-e-dent)^ A previous rule or exam- ple. Pre-ce'-dent, precedmg or going before ; former. Pre'-fix, a particle or pre- position prefixed to ft word. Pre-fix', to put before. Prel'-ude, something intro- ductory, as to a concert. Pre-lude , to serve as an introduction ; to begin with. Pres'-age, a prognostic or sign. Pre-sage',to foretel or fore- bode. Pres'-ent, something pre- sented, a gift or offer- ing. Pre-sent', to give formally. h 04 PART in. Prod'-uce, that which is produced : the product or amount. Pro-duce', to bring forth. Proj'-€Ct,adesign,ascheme, a contrivance. Pro-ject', to form in the mind ; to jut out. Prot'-est, a solemn or legal declaration. Pro-test', to declare so- lemnly or legally. Provost (pro' -rust) J the head of a corporation, Ac. . Provost (pro-vo')j the cxe^'' cutioner of an army. Reb'-el, one who rebels. Re-bel', to oppose lawful authority ; to rise in re- bellion. Rec'-ord, a register, a me- morial. Re-cord', to register. Ref '-use, what is refused as useless ; worthless re- mains. Re-fuse', to reject. Rep'-ri-mand, a censure. Rep-ri-mand', to censure, to chide. Sub'-ject, placed under ; liable to ; one under the dominion of another ; the question or matter under consideration. Sub-ject', to place under, to reduce to submission. Su'-pine, a kind of verbal noun in the Latin. Su-pine', lying with the face upwards ; indolent. Sur'-vey, a view taken. Sur-vey', to take a view. Tor'-ment, torture; vexa- tion. Tor-ment', to put to pain ; to torture or to vex. Trans' -fer, the act of trans- ferring ; delivery ; re- moval. Trans-fer', to assign or make over to another ; to remove. Trans'-port, rapture; a ves- sel for conveyingsoldiers over the sea. Trans-port', to convey from one place to another ; to enrapture. Un'-dress, a dishabille. Un-dress', to divest of clothes. BQriVOOAL OR liOMOPHOKOUS WORDS. Q5 EXERCISES ON EQUIVOCAL WORDS.— No. I. It was on the twelfth, and not on the eighth, of Au- gust, that our august monarch died. Though I acknowledge it to be nothing more than my desert, yet I beseech you not to desert me in this desert. The incense of flattery must offend and incense the wise and good. As you are his intimate friend, I shall venture to inti- mate to you a circumstance of which it will be advan- tageous to him to be apprized. The objections to the admission of the invalid into the hospital, were shown to be invalid and frivolous. A minute is a very minute portion of time. The provost of the corporation was cruelly consigned to the provost of the army. Can you wonder that he should refuse to accept the mere refuse 7 Wordi spelled exactly alike, but differing in pronun- ciation and meaning. Abuse (a-buce'), ill use. Abuse (a-buze^), to injure by use ; to reproach. Bow (bo), for shooting ar- rows. Bow (6om), an act of cour- tesy or reverence. Char (tshar)j to turn wood to charcoal. Char (tshare), to do turns or jobs of work as a char- woman. Cruise (kruce), a small cup. Cruise (kruze), a predatory voyage ; a rambling ex- cursion. Diffuse (dif-fu'ce), scatter- ed ; not concise. Diffuse {dif'fuze')j to scat- ter, to spread abroad. Does (doze) J the plural of Does (duz)j doth. [doe. Grease (grreece),melted fat. Grease (greeze), to smear or anoint with grease. Gout (rhymes with bout), a disease ; a drop. Gout (goo)j taste, desire. Gill(usually Gills, g hard), the lungs of a fish. Gill (g soft), the fourth part of a pint. a FART in. Lead (Ued), to conduct, to guide. [metal. Lead(/crf), did lead; a heavy Live (liv), to exist in life. Live (/tve), living : (put for alive.) Lower (/o'-cr),to bring low. Lower {lou'-er), to appear dark and gloomy. House, an abode or resi- dence. House (kouze)j to put into a house. Mouse, a small animal. Mouse(wow2;(?),to catch mice Mow (wo), to cut with the scythe. Mow (mou), a heap of hay or corn when housed. Kead (reed)^ to peruse, to read. Read (red), perused, did read. Row (ro)f a rank or line ; to propel with oars. Row (row), a riotous noise, a brawl or scuffle. Slough (rhymes with cow)^ a deep miry place. Slough(s/M/), the cast skin of a snake. Sow (sou)j a female pig. Sow (so),to scatter seed for growth ; to disseminate. Tear(/are), a rent ; to rend. Tear (teer), water from the eye. Use (uce)j act of using; utility. Use (wse), to mak« use of. Wind, air in motion, [twist Wind, to turn round, to Wound (woond), a hurt given by violence. Wound (wownd)j participle of the verb To W ind. EXERCISES ON EQUIVOCAL WORDS.— No. II. I was once as straight as an arrow, though now obliged, by age and infirmity, to bow like a bow. The chairman said that his wife was a charwoman, and that she sold charcoal. Though he suffers the most excruciating pain from the gout, yet be continues to indulge his gout for con- viviality. We hoped, but our hope was in vain, that the rein of lead would lead to silver. Lower the sails, as the sky begins to lower. I heard that there was a great row in Paternoster- Row yesterday. At the edge of the slough we observed the slough of a serpent. She bursts into tears, wrings her hands, tears her hair, and shows every sign of woe. ^e wound his handkerchief about the woundf EQUIVOCAL OR BOMOPHONOUS WORDS. C'P Words so nearly alike^ that^ although differing; in pro- nunciation^ spellinfi^, and meaning^ they are frequently misajrplied by careless speakers. Accept, to take, to receive. Except, to take out, to ob- ject to. Access, approach, admit- tance. Excess, superfluity. Accede, to comply with. Exceed, to go beyond. Adherence, attachment to. Adherents, followers, par- tisans. Addition, something added. Edition, an impression or issue of a book, — The number of copies printed at one time. Affect, to act upon, to aim at. Effect to bring to pass, to accomplish. Alley, a walk or passage. Ally, a confederate. Allusion, reference to. Illusion, false appearance, mockery. Apposite, fit, appropriate. Opposite, contrary. Assistance, help^ relief. Assistants, helpers. Attendance, the act of wait- ing on, service. Attendants persons who attend. Ballad, a simple song. Ballot, a little ball. • Baron, a lord. Barren, sterile, not prolific. Cease, to stop, to leave off. Seize, to lay hold of. Currant, a small berry. Current, running, or pass- ing. Decease, death. Disease, a malady. Decree, to ordain ; an edict. Degree, a step, rank. Defer, to put off, to post- pone. Diiier, to dispgree. Deference, respect, submis- sion. Difference, disagr umeni. Dissent, to diffe** f j opinion. Descent, declivit,y ; linea<^e. Divers, S;v'...'al. Diverse, Jifftrent. Elicit, to draw out of. Illicit, illegal, not lawful. Elude, to escape from. lUude, to mock, to de- ceive. Emerge, to rise out of. Immerge, to plunge into. Emigrant, one who leaves one country to settle in another. Immigrant, one who set- tles in another country. Eminent, distinguished. Imminent, impending. Errand, a message. Errant, wandering. Eruption, a breaking out. Irruption, a breaking into. Extant, surviving. Extent, space, compass. Fibres, threads, filaments. Fibrous, having fibres. 68 PART III. Fisher, one who fishes j a . fur-animal. Fissure, a cleft, a crack. Gamble, to practise gam- ing. Gambol, to frisk ; a frolic. Gristly,Gonsisting of gristle Grisly, frightful, hideous. Grizzly, somewhat gray. Impostor, one who imposes upon the public, a cheat. Imposture, imposition, fraud Ingenious, having ingenu- ity. Ingenuous, candid, noble. Least, smallest. Lest, for fear that. Lineament, a feature. Liniment, an ointment. Lose, to suffer loss, not to win. Loose, untied, slack. Missal, the mass-book. Missile, a weapon thrown by the hand. Monetary,relating to money Monitory, admonishing. Oracle, one famed for wis- dom. Auricle, an ear, an opening. Ordinance, a decree. Ordnance, cannon, &c. Pastor, a shepherd ; a cler- gyman in charge of a flock. Pasture, grazing ground. Patience, the being pa- tient. Patients, sick persons. Presence,the being present. Presents, gifts, donations. Preposition, a part of speech Proposition, a proposal. Prophecy, a prediction. Prophesy, to foretell, to predict. Radish, an esculent root. Reddish, somewhat red. Racer, a race-horse. Razor, an instrument for shaving with. Ruse, a trick, a stratagem. Rues, does rue. Rot, to decay, to putrefy. Wrought, worked. Salary, wages, hire. Celery, a vegetable. Sing, to descend ; a drain. Zinc, a metal. Sculptor, an artist in sculp- ture. Sculpture, the art of carv- ing. Soar, to fly above, Sower, one who sows. Spacious, wide, roomy. Spacious, showy, plausible. Statue, an image or figure. Statute, an act of Parlia- ment. Track, a vestige ; to trace. Tract, a region, a treatise. EXERCISES ON EQUIVOCAL WORDS. 69 s. resent. tions. Many nouns are converted into verbs by changing the sound of the last consonant. Thus, from the fol- jpeech lowing nouns, verbs are formed by changing the hiss- ;al. ing or sharp sound of s into the soft or vocal sound )n. 11, to of z: — i oot. Nouns. Verbs. Nouns. Verbs, ed. Abuse Abuse Mouse Mouse Close Close Use Use It for Excuse Excuse Grease Grease House House agem. Grass Graze Advice Advise efjr. 1 Glass Glaze Device Devise Brass Braze Practice Practise 1 Price Prize Prophecy Prophesy In the following, the sharp / in the noun is changed into the flat v in the verb :— Nouns. Verbs, Nouns, Verbs, Behoof Behoove Grief Grieve Proof Prove Thief Thieve Reproof Reprove Life Live Belief Believe Wife Wive In the following the aspirate or hard sound of th in the noun is changed ^into the vocal or soft sound in the verb :— Nouns. Verbs. Nouns. Verbs, Bath Bathe Mouth Mouth Breath Breathe Sheath Sheathe Cloth Clothe Wreath Wreathe r 'n l! / * 70 PART m. THE LETTER H. Words in which^ as well as in their compounds j H is silent, H is always to be sounded at the beginning of words, •exTjept in the following, and in all the words that are produced from them :— /Spelled, Heir, heiress. Honest, honesty. Honor, honorable. Herb, herbage. Hospital. Hostler. Hour. Humor, humorous. Pronouncedi Eir, eiress. Onest, onesty. Onor, onorable. Erb, erbagc. Ospital. Ostler. Our. Umor, umorous. Before the above words and their compounds, instead of a, we make use of an. {Humory humorous^ are excep- tions to this rule ; as a is used before the long sound of u.) An is likewise used before words beginning with H that are accented on the second syllable ; such -as habit'ual, hero'ic, histor'ical, heptag'onal, hydraul'ic, hypoth'esis, harmo'nious, &c. EXERCISES ON THE ASPIRATE.— No. 1. Words spelled and pronounced alikCy excepting that the latter of each pair has H initial^ and is aspirated. Ail, to be sick. hail, frozen rain. Air, the atmosphere. hair, the covering of the Aft, behind. [head. 'haft, a handle. Ale, fermented liquor. hale, strong, healthy. All, every one. hall, a court of justice. Al'ter, to change. hal'ter, a rope. Am, I am. hatn, the leg of a hog cured. And, also. [arm. hand| the fore part of the Anker, a liquid measure, hanker, to long after. Arbor, a bower of trees, harbor, a shelter for ships. Ark, a chest, hark ! listen ! Arm, a limb, a branch, harm, hurt, mischief. Ar'row, a pointed weapon, har'row, a farming imple- Art, skill, a trade, [ment. hart, a he-deer. As, like, has, possesses. Ash, a timber-tree, hash, minced meat. SXEBCISSS OS TBB ASPIBATE. 71 g. ips. ►on. ple- int. Asp, a serpent, hasp, a fastening. At, in, near, to, &c. hat, a cover for the head. Ate, did eat. hate, to dislike. Aunt, a parent's sister, haunt, to frequent. Ear, the organ of hearing, hear, to hearken. Eat, to consume, heat, warmth. Eaves, the edges of the roof, heaves, throws. [blade. Edge, the cutting part of a hedge, a fence of bushes. Eel, a serpentine fish, heel, the back part of the Elm, a timber-tree. [foot, helm, a rudder. Erring, wandering, her'ring, a sea-fish. Ew'er, a water-jug. hew'er, one who cuts down^ Ides, a Roman term of time, hides, the skins of animala. Ill, bad, unwell. hill, a mount. Ire, rage, anger. hire, wages, salary. Is, it is. his, belonging to him. It, that thing, hit, to strike. Oar, a pole to to'w with, hoar, white. Old, aged, ancient. hold, to keep, to possess, O'ral, delivered by mouth. ho'ral, relating to the hour, O'sier, a sort of willow. horsier, a seller of hose, &c, Ot'ter, an amphibious ani- hot'ter, warmer. [mal. Owl, a bird that flies by howl, to cry as a dog.[night. EXERCISES ON THE ASPIRATE.— No. 2. Al'oe, a plant. hal'low, to consecrate. Ar'dor, warmth of affection. faar'der, firmer, Ar'ras, tapestry. har'ass, to vex, to plague, Art'less, without art. heartless, insincere. Awe, reverence. haw, fruit of the hawthorn. Awl, a sharp-pointed tool. haul, to pull. Axe, a chopping-tool. hacks, chops. [son. Cow'ard, a basely timid per- cow'herd, one who tends Earl, a nobleman, [cowe. hurl, to throw violently. Ed'dy, a whirlpool, head'y, rash, heedless. Eight, a number, hate, to dislike. Ere, before, hare, a timid animal. Err, to mistake, her, she. [language. Erse, the Irish or Highland hearse, a funeral carriage. Eye, the organ of sight, high, tall, lofty. Islands, lands in the sea. HiglilandSjpartof Scotland, Oaks, timber-trees, hoax, a deception. Owe, to be indebted, hoe, a gardening-tool. 1 f k ^ I ! 72 FART III. Owes, is indebted, hose, stockings. Own, to acknowledge, hone, a whetstone. WaleSjpartof Great Britain, whales, large sea-animals. "Ware, merchandise, where, in what place. Way, a road, [curdled milk, whey, the thin part of "Weath'er, state of the air. wheth'er, which of the two. Wen, a fleshy excrescence] when, at what time. Wet, moist. whet, to sharpen. Wile, a trick. while, as long as. Wine, a fermented liqnor. whine, to moan. Wit, sense, imagination. whit, a bit. With'er, to fade. whith'er, to what place. The following beautiful Enigma, attributed to Lord Byron, will form an appropriate and interesting appen- dix to these Exercises on the Aspirate ; — 'Twas whisper'd in Heav'n, 'twas muttered in Hell, And echo caught faintly the sound as it fell. On the confines of earth 'twas permitted to rest, And the depths of the ocean its presence confest. *Twill be found in the sphere when 'tis riven asunder ; Be seen in the lightning, and heard in the thunder. ^Twas allotted to man with his earliest breathy Attends at his birth, and awaits him in death ; Presides o'er his happiness, honor, and health ; Is the prop of his house, and the end of his wealth. In the heaps of the miser 'tis hoarded with care, But is sure to be lost by his prodigal heir. It begins every hope, every wish it must bound j With the husbandman toils,and with monarch is crown'df. Without it the soldier, the seaman, may roam ; But woe to the wretch who expels it from home ! In the whispers of conscience its voice will be found^ Nor e'en in the whirlpool of passion be drown'd. Twill not soften the heart. Though deaf to the ear, Twill make it acutely and instantly hear. But in shade let it rest, like a delicate flower : Q breathe on it softly ! — it dies in an hour. PAET IV. UNIVOCAL OR SYNONYMOUS WORDS. There are many examples in all languages of words which, by careless writers and speakers, are employed as perfectly synonymous ; but, on a critical examination, it will be found that no two words are perfectly synony- mous in all their relations. Their significations may be very similar, but they are rarely identical. The more we analyse the constituents and modifications of such apparently synonymous words, the more precisely and intelligibly shall we be able to communicate our ideas to others, and the more easily shall we be able to de- tect and to expose those ambiguous and equivocal terms which usually confuse our discourse, and result in mis- apprehension. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. The following Examples, from Blair's Lectures, will furnish excellent models for Exercises on the various groups of Synonymous Terms given in the succeeding lists. Each group may serve as the subject of a theme or short essay for the exercise of senior pupils in Composition. AUSTERITY, SEVERITY, RIGOR. Austerity relates to the manner of living ; severity, of thinking; rigor, of punishing. To austerity is opposed effeminacy ; to severity, relaxation ; to rigor, clemency. A hermit is austere in his life ; a casuist, severe in his application of religion or law ; a judge, rigorous in his sentence. CUSTOM, HABIT. Custom respects the action ; habit, the actor. By custom we mean the frequent repetition of the same act ; by habit, the effect which that repetition produces on the mind or body. By the custom of walking often in the street, one acquires a habit of idleness. 74 PART IV. SURPRISED, ASTONISHED, AMAZED, CON- FOUNDED. I am surprise'^ with what is new or unexpected ; I am astonished with what is vast or great ; I am amazed with what is incomprehensible ; I am confounded by what is shocking or terrible. DESIST, RENOUNCE, QUIT, LEAVE OFF. Each of these words implies some pursuit or object re- linquished, but from different motives. "We desist, from the difficulty of accomplishing ; we renounce; on ac- count of the disagreeableness of the object or pursuit ; we quit, for the sake of some other thing which interests us more ; and we leave off, because we are weary of the design. A politician desists from his designs, when he finds they are impracticable ; he renounces the court, because he has been affronted by it ; he quits ambition, for study in retirement ; a^d leaves off his attendance on the great, as he becomes old and weary of it. PRIDE, VANITY. Pride makes us esteem ourselves ; vanity makes us desire the esteem of others. It is just to say, as Dean Swift has done, that a man may be too proud to be vain. HAUGHTINESS, DISDAIN. Haughtiness is founded upon the high opinion we entertain of ourselves ; disdain, on the low opinion wo have of others. TO DISTINGUISH, TO SEPARATE. We distinguish what we want not to confound with another thing ; we separate what we want to remove from it. Objects are distinguished from one another by their qualities ; they are separated, by the distance of time or of place. TO WEARY, TO FATIGUE. The continuance of the same thing wearies us ; la- ,bor fatigues us. I am weary with standing ; I am fatigued with walking. A suitor wearies us by his perseverance, fatigues us by his importunity. UNIVOCAL OR SYNONYMOUS WORDS, ir5 TO ABHOR, TO DETESr To abhor, imports simply strong dislike ; to detest, imports also strong disapprobation. One abhors being in debt j he detests treachery. TO INVENT, TO DISCOVER. We invent things that are new ; we discover what was before hidden. Galileo invented the telescope ; Harvey discovered the circulation of the blood. ONLY, ALONE. Only, imports that there is no other of the same kind ; alone, imports being accompanied by no other. An only child, is one who has neither brother nor sister; a child alone, is one who is left by itself. There is a difference, therefore, in precise language, betwixt these two phrases : " Virtue only makes us happy," and " Virtue alone makes us happy." " Virtue only makes us happy," imports thai nothing else can do it. " Virtue alone makes us happy," imports that virtue, by itself, or unaccompanied with other advantages, is sufficient to do it. ENTIRE, COMPLETE. A thing is entire by wanting none of its parts ; com- plete, by wanting none of the appendages that belong to it. A man may have an entire house to himself; and yet not have one complete apartment. TRANQUILLITY, PEACE, CALM. Tranquillity respects a situation free from trouble, considered in itself; peace, the same situation with respect to any causes that might interrupt it ; calm, with regard to a disturbed situation going before, or following it. A good man enjoys tranquillity in him- self, peace with others, and a calm after a storm. A DIFFICULTY, AN OBSTACLE. A difficulty embarrasses ; an obstacle stops us. We remove the one ; we surmount the other. Generally, the first expresses something arising from the nature -and circumstances of the affair ; the second, something •risiag from a foreign cause. Philip found difficulty la 76 -t»ART IV. managing the Athenians, from the nature of their dis- positions ; but the eloquence of Demosthenes was the greatest obstacle to his designs. WISDOM, PRUDENCE. Wisdom leads us to speak and to act what is most proper ; prudence prevents our speaki. g and acting im- properly. A wise man employs the most proper means for success ; a prudent man employs the safest means for not being brought into danger. ENOUGH, SUFFICIENT. Enough relates to the quantity which one wishes to have of anything ; sufficient relates to the use that is to be made of it. Hence, enough generally imports a greater quantity than sufficient does. The covetous man never has enough, although he may have more than is sufficient for nature. TO AVOW, TO ACKNOWLEDGE, TO CONFESS. Each of these words imports the affirmation of a fact, but in very diflferent circumstances. To avow supposes the person to glory in it ; to acknowledge, supposes some small degrees of faultiness, which the acknow- ledgment compensates ; to confess, supposes a higher degree of crime. A patriot avows his opposition to a bad minister, and is applauded , a gentleman acknow- ledges his mistake, and is forgiven ; a prisoner con- fesses the crime he is accused of, and is punished. TO REMARK, TO OBSERVE. We remark, in the way of attention, in order to re- member ; we observe, in the way of examination, in order to judge. A traveller remarks the most striking objects he sees ; a general observes all the motions of his enemy. EQUIVOCAL, AMBIGUOUS. An equivocal expression is one which has one sense open, and designed to be understood ; another sense concealed, and understood only by the person who uses it. An ambiguous expression is one which has appa- rently two senses, and leaves us at a loss which of them M UNIVOOAL OR STNONTMOUS WORDS. 11 to give It. An equivocal expression is used with an intention to deceive ; an ambiguous one, when it is used with design, is with an intention not to give full information. An honest man will never employ an equivocal expression ; a confused man may often utter ambiguous ones, without any evil design. WITH, BY. Both these particles express the connexion between some instrument, or means of effecting an end, and the agent who employs it ; but with expresses a more close and immediate connexion ; by, a more remote one. "We kill a man with a sword ; he dies by violence. The criminal is bound with cords by the executioner. The proper distinction in the use of those particles, is ele- gantly marked in a passage of Dr. Robertson's History of Scotland. When one of the old Scottish kings was making an inquiry into the tenure by which his nobles held their lands, they started up and drew their swords. " By these," said they, " we acquired our lands ; and with these we will defend them." " By these we acquired our lands," signifies the more remote means of acquisi- tion, by force and martial deed ; and, " With these we will defend them," signifies the immediate, direct in- strument, the sword, which they would employ in their defence. •^^ In the following Exercises every word (where practi- cable), should be subjected to an etymological analysis ; for in general it will be found that the etymology of a word leads to its true meaning, and consequently to its proper application. Abandon Desert Forsake Ability Capacity Talent Abjure Renounce Recant TABLE OF SYNONYMS. Abdicate Abettor Abhor Resign Accessary Abominate Relinquish Accomplice Detest Absorb Abusive Accommodate Swallow up Reproachful Adjust Engross Scurrilous Suit Abstain Accede Accomplish Forbear Comply Fulfil Refrain Acquiesce Complete . M m — r \ 78 - ' PART rv. . .. ' Abridge Abstemious Accelerate Accomplished Ac j Curtail Temperate Quicken Finished A< Shorten Sober Hasten Complete D< Abridgment Absurd Accident Accost A Compendium l^roposterous Chance Salute Q 1 Epitome Irrational Casualty Address N 1 ■ Absolute Abuse Accidental Account A 1 Arbitrary Reproach Casual Narrative S Despotic Revile Fortuitous Description I Account Actual Adjourn Air J Reckoning Real Prorogue Mien 1 1 Bill Positive Postpone Look ] 1 , Account Actuate Admit 1 Alleviate 1 1 Sake Induce Allow Mitigate ■ Ileason Impel Grant Relieve I Accountable Acute Admission Allot 1 Kesponsible Sharp Admittance Apportion 1 Answerable Keen Access Assign 1 Accumulate Adage Adorn Alter 1 Heap up Proverb Decorate Change 1 Amass Aphorism Beautify Vary mi Accurate Add Adroit Ambassador ■ | Exact Join Dexterous Envoy 1 ' Precise Unite Clever Plenipotentiary ■ Achieve Address Advantageous Ample ■ Accomplish Direction Beneficial Plentiful 1 Perform Superscriptioi ti Profitable Abundant H Achievement Address Adversary Ancient ■ Exploit Adroitness Opponent Antiquated ■ Feat Dexterity Antagonist Antique 1 Acid Adduce Affinity Animate I Sour Bring forward Consanguinity ' Enliven ^H' ■ Tart Advance Relationship > Inspire H Acquire Adequate Affirm Annals H Obtain Commensurate Assert Chronicles 1 Gain Sufficient Aver Records 1 Acrimony Adhere Affix Announce B Bitterness Stick Attach Proclaim ■ Harshness Cleave to Annex • Declare tTNITOCAL OR STNOBTMOUS WORDS. 9ft Act A ction Deed Adherent Follower Partisan Agreement Contract Covenant Answer Reply Response Active Quick Nimble Adjacent Adjoining Contiguous Aim View Design Anxiety Perplexity Solicitude Apparition Spectre Phantom Association Society Company Behaviour Conduct Demeanor Boundaries Limits Confines Apathy Insensibility Indifference Assurance ' Confidence Effrontery Behead Guilotine Decapitate Bounty Generosity Liberality Appear Look Seem Augmentation Increase Addition Behold View Observe Brace Couple Pair Apprehend Seize Catch Avarice Covctousness Cupidity Binding Obligatory Compulsory Brave Courageous Valiant Apprehend Fear Dread Baffle Balk Frustrate Blamable Brave Culpable Dare Reprehensible Defy Apprehend Conceive Imagine Banish Exile Expatriate Blood-letting Brittle Phlebotomy Frangible Venesection Fragile Artifice Trick Stratagem Barbarian Savage Uncivilized Blend Mix Mingle Building Structure Edifice Artificer Artisan Mechanic Barren Sterile Unfruitful Blot out Obliterate Erase Bud Germinate Sprout Ascribe Attribute Impute Basis Bodily Foundation Corporeal Groundwork Corporal Bulk Size Magnitude Assail Assault Attack Bear Carry Convey Bog Fen Marsh Burdensome Weighty Onerous Assemble Muster Collect Bear Endure Suffer Border Margin Verge Bury Inter Entomb ,■1 t, I* i M *5-a Hi ij ! ; 1 80 PAaT IV. i j t t Associate Companion Partner Beautiful Pretty- Handsome Boundless Unlimited Infinite C'V'.al Uii'iue Ju' J :o : Calling Vocation Profession Choleric Passionate Irascible Competent Qualified Fitted ContomptiMe Despicable Paltry < > j Carnage Massacre Slaughter CiviUty Politeness Urbanity Complexity Coniplicutiou Intricacy Contomptuoua Disdainful Scornful Carriage Bearing Deportment Clear Lucid Perspicuous Compound Mixture Medley Conversation Colloquy Conference 1 Cast down Dejected Depressed Cloak Palliate Screen Conceit Fancy Imagination Convivial Jovial Social Celebrated Famous Renowned Close Shut Conclude Conciliate Propitiate Reconcile Contrivance Device Scheme Changeable Mutable Variable Clothes Garments Dress Conclusion Inference Deduction Convention Congress Convocation i I Cheat Defraud Trick Colleague Partner Associate Conclusive Decisive Convincing Copy Model Pattern 3 Check Curb Control Colours Ensign Flag Concord Harmony Unity Crafty Cunning Artful ii Chide Rebuke Reprimand Commodious Convenient Suitable Confute Refute Disprove Cross Perverse Froward Cherish Nourish Foster Common Ordinary Vulgar Console Solace Comfort Cross Thwart Obstruct Childish Boyish Puerile Communicate Impart Disclose Constant Continual Perpetual Curious Inquisitive Prying L Choke Suffocate Smother Compensation Recompense Remuneration Contemplate Curse Meditate Imprecation Ponder Anathema UNIVOOAL OR SYNONYMOUS WORDS. 81 < i '1 Dangerous Perilous Hazardous Design Purpose Intent Effort Exertion Endeavour Emulation Rivalry Oompetition Dead Lifeless Inanimate Design Plan Project Elderly Old Aged Essay Dissertation Treatise 1 Decay Decline Consumption Discernment Emblem Discrimination Symbol Penetration Type Essay Try Attempt J Deceive Delude Impose upon Disembodied Empty Incorporeal Vacant Spiritual Void Esteem Value Prize i Decency Decorura Propriety Disengage Disentangle Extricate Encomium Eulogy Panegyric Estimate Compute Rate if ,1 Decided Determined Resolute Distinguished Conspicuous Illustrious End Termination Extremity Excess I Superfluity Redundancy ■■(■ Decree Edict Proclamation Divide Separate Part End Finish Terminate Excessive Immoderate Intemperate 1 ''1 Deface Disfigure Deform Earthly Worldly Terrestrial Endurance Sufferance Toleration Exigency Emergency Necessity lI Defect Imperfeotion Blemish Ecstasy Rapture Transport Enlarge Increase Extend Extraneous Extrinsic Foreign ij 1 Delegate Education Deputy Instruction Representative Tuition Enlighten Illuminate Illumine Face Countenance Visage ■ ; 1 1 Disown Disavow Disclaim Eflfect Result Consequence Enmity Animosity Hostility Faithless Perfidious Treacb.eroui Derive Deduce Trace Effectual Effective Efi&cacious Enthusiast Visionary Fanatic Fame Renown Reputation i Fame Report Rumor Fit out Equip Prepare frolic freak Gambol V Harsh Rigorous Severn * 1 1 82 T ■■■- piBT ir. 1 Fancilul Flattery Fulnest A Imaginative Adulation Repletion 1 Ideal Sycophancy Satiety Hast0 Hurry Precipitancy Farewell Good-bye Adieu Flexible Pliable Supple Gentile Heathen Pagan Hasten Speed Aetelerate ; Fearful Timid Timorous Flock Herd Drove Gift Donation Present Hazard Risk Venture Fearful Formidable Terrible Form • Figure Shape Grave Serious Solemn Head Chief Prinicipal r- Feign Pretend Dissemble Forbid Prohibit Interdict Grave Sepulchre Tomb Healthy Salubrious Wholesome Fervor Ardor Zeal I Fiction 1 Fabrication I Falsehood Force Vigor Energy Forefathers Ancestors Progenitors Greatness Heavy Grandeur Ponderous Magnificence Weighty Guess Hide Conjecture Conceal Surmise Secrete \ Final 1 Conclusive Decisive Forerunner Precursor Harbinger Guide Lead Conduct Hint Intimation Suggestion ! Find out Detect Discover Foretel Predict Proguosticate Happiness Felicity Bliss Hire Salary Wages H Firm Solid Stable Found Establish Institute Hardened Obdurate Unfeeling Hopeless Desperate Forlorn Fit Apt Meet Frank Candid Ingenuous Harass Distress Perplex Huge Vast Enormous Idea Notion Conception Lean Meagre Thin Necessary Requisite Essential Overturn Overthrow Subject ^^^UB3H Imminent Impending Threatening Lean Incline Bend Negligent Careless - Heedless Outside Surface Superficies « ••• 0KIVOCAL OR STHONTMOUS WORDS. 83 ?i ii Importance Learning New Consequence Erudition Fresh Moment Literature Recent Inconsistent Leave Incongruous Liberty- Incoherent Permission Inborn Innate Inherent Liveliness Animation Vivacity Ineflfectual Madness Fruitless Insanity- Vain Frenzy- Infringement Martial Infraction Warlike Violation Military- Interpose Mistake Interfere Error Intermeddle Blunder Justice Equity Right Kingly Regal Royal Kind Sort Species Last Final Ultimate Perceive Discern Distinguish Pity Compassion Sympathy Polite Polished Refined Outward Exterior External News Pace Tidings Step Intelligence Degree Notorious Painting Noted Picture Well-known Portrait Odd Singular Strange OlOrer Propose Tender Offering Oblation Gift Pale Pallid Wan Part Portion Share Partake Participate Share Mishap Mischance Casualty Modest Bashful Diffident Mutual Reciprocal Alternate Name Appellation Title Preliminary Preparatory Introductory Primary Primitive Original Privacy Retirement SeclUijion Omen Pellucid Prognostic Transparent Presage Clear Origin Penetrate Beginning Pierce Source Perforate Overbalance Penetration Outweigh Acuteness Preponderate Sagacity Overbearing People Domineering Populace Imperious Mob Rapacious Ravenous Voracious Rapine Plunder Pillage Rashness Temerity Restitution Reparation Amends Retribution Recompense Requital Revile Vilify 'T !^! ! .■il . Mi Precipitancy Upbraid i ' 84 PART IV. Position Posture Attitude Production Produce Prduct Ratify Confirm Sanction Riches "Wealth Opulence Possessor Owner Proprietor Progress Proficiency Improvement Retire Retreat Recede Riot Uproar Tumult Powerful Potent Mighty Prorogue Adjourn Postpone Reckon Count Compute Robust Stout Strong Praise Commend Eulogize Put in order Arrange Dispose Refuse Reject Decline Root out Eradicate Extirpate Praiseworthy Commendable Laudable Prudence Foresight Wisdom Relation Relative Kinsman Rot Putrefy Corrupt Pressing Urgent Importunate Quack Mountebank Charlatan Repeat Recite Rehearse Round Globular Spherical Presumptive Presumptuous Presuming Querulous Peevish Fretful Reproach Contumely Obloquy Sanguinary Bloody Cruel Pretence Pretext Excuse Question Query Interrogation Rest Remainder Residue Scatter Disperse Dissipate Predominant Race Ruling Lineage Prevailing Pedigree Sedulous Diligent Assiduous Separate Sever Disjoin Servant Domestic Menial Servitude Slavery Bondage Skin Rind Peel Slow Dilatory Tardy Smell Scent Odour Smooth Level Plain Rest Secular Cessation Temporal Intermission Worldly State Term Realm Limit Commonwealth Boundary Straight Right Direct Stranger Foreigner Alien Strengthen Fortify Invigorate Thick Dense Compact Thin Slender Slight Thoughtful Considerate Deliberate t UNIVOOAL OR SYNONYMOUS WORDS. 85 ,\ Shake Agitate To;3S Solitary Lonely Desolate Surround Thrift Encompass Frugality Environ Economy Shift Solitary Subterfuge Sole Evasion Single Show Display Exhibit Special Specific Particular Sustain Support Maintain Take Keceive Accept Show Speech Talkativeness Ostentation Oration Loquacity Parade Harangue Garrulity Signification Meaning Import Simile Similitude Comparison Simpleton Natural Idiot Speech Language Tongue Spurious Supposititious Counterfeit Stagger Reel Totter Sketch Stain Outline Sully Delineation Tarnish Tumultuous Tumultuary Turbul mt Turgid Tumid Bombastic Unbeliei' Incredulity Infidelity Undervalue Disparage Depreciate Understanding Intellect Mind Utter Articniatc Pronou.iu e Valuable Precioa.^ Costly Value Worth Price Vicinity Suburbs Environs Violent Vehement Impetuous Tax Impost Rate Tease Annoy Vex Transient Transitory Fleeting Tendency Drift. Aim Way Ro&d Route Way Mechod Manner Wayward Froward Perverse Weaken Enfeeble Debilitate Wearisome Tiresome Irksome Timely Seasonable Opportune Trade Commerce Traffic Transfigure Transform Metamorphose Trembling Tremor Trepidation Trial Experiment Test Trivial Trifling Frivolous Trouble Disturb Molest Wise Prudent Discreet Womanish Effeminate Feminine Wonder Admiration Surprise Wonder Miracle Marvel Work Labor Toil fM 86 PART IV. Unfold Unravel Develop Tote Suffrage Voice HJ Unimportant Wakeful Insignificant Watchful Inconsiderable Vigilant Unoffending Want Inoffensive Indigence Harmless Necessity Unruly Want Ungovernable Lack Refractory Need Unspeakable Warn Unutterable Caution Ineffable Admonish Unworthy Wave Worthless Billow Valueless Breaker Uprightness Waver Rectitude Fluctuate Integrity Vacillate Weariness Lassitude Fatigue Weight Heaviness Gravity Well-being Welfare Prosperity Wilful] Headstrong Testy Whim Freak Caprice Whole Entire Total World Earth Globe Worth Desert Merit Worthy Estimable Valuable Worship Adore Venerate Youthful Juvenile Boyish Zealous Ardent Warm Willingly Girdle Voluntarily Zone Spontaneously Belt The following pairs of words, which are strikingly synonymous, illustrate the mixed character of the Eng- lish language. The leading word in each pair is of English or Anglo-Saxon origin ; the latter is derived from the Latin. Begin Commence Bequeath Devise Binding Obligatory Bitterness Acrimony Bloody Sanguinary Dark Obscure Die Expire Earthly Terrestrial Eastern Oriental Enliven Animate Heavenly Celestial Hinder Prevent Inside Interior Keeping Custody Kingly Kegfid Opening Aperture Overflow Inundate Outlive Survive Outside "^ Exterior Outward External TTNIVOCAL OR STNONTMOUS WORDS. 87 Bodily C'Orporeal Boyisli Paerile Boundaries Confines Breed Engender Brotherly Fraternal Childhood Infancy Choice Option Corner Angle Sweat Perspire Tasteless Insipid Teachable Docile Thick Dense Threat Menace Thoughtful Pensive Timely iSeasonable Time-serving Temporizing Enough Sufficient Errand Message Lean Meagre Likely Probable Fellowship Live Companionship Exist Freedom Liberty Friendly Amicable Fulness Plenitude Fulness Repletion Happen Chance Truth Verity Sorrowful Tristful Lively Animated Lucky Fortunate Milky Lacteal Motherly Maternal Odd Singular Want Necessity Waver Fluctuate Understand Watery Comprehend Aqueous Understanding Weaken Intellect Invalidate Unspeakable Weapons Ineffable Arms Unutterable Weep Inexpressible Deplore Unwilling Will Involuntary Volition Uprightness Will Rectitude Testament Overall Surtout Overseer Inspector Owing Due •Shepherd Pastor Shock Concussion Shun Avoid Step Pace Straight Eight Witness Testify Woman Female Womanly Effeminate Wonderful Marvellous Woody Sylvan Wordy Verbose Worth Value Worthless Valueless r-ii PAET V. ETYMOLOGIES. I 5 'I ■ "I ^1 n n m DERIVATION OR ORIGIN OF WORDS. " There exists, in the most ancient Irmguages of the East, a word, which, if written in Roman characters, we should pronounce Tum or Tym. It sig^nifies, literally, perfection, and, figuratively, truth or justice. This word, united, among the Greeks, to the article E, and lengthened by the syllable os, became the adjec- tive E-TUM-os, and signified true or just. The Greeks afterwards, conne(f*ting this adjective with the substan- tive Logia {knowledge or discourse), formed the word E-tumo-logia, and which, consequently, signified per- fect knowleage, and they designated by it the know- ledge of the origin and value of words. " "We are far removed from the wisdom of the Greeks when we consider Etymology as a frivolous kind of knowledge : we confound the thing with the abuse of it." The grand object of all our studies relative to lan- guage, is to attain to a correct use of it, and thus be able to c^mm -nicate our ideas to others clearly, pre- cisely, ana comprehensi'^ely. To facilitate the accom- plishment of this object, no ixercises are of so much advantage to the juvenile student as those which are occupied in analysing words, and in tracing their derivation. By such exercises, he gains a more accu- rate knowledge of orthography, and a more extensive knowledge of words, than could possibly be obtained hj any other means. ETTM0L061ES. 89 ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. "Words are either Roots or Derivatives. Roots are words which cannot be traced back to anysimpler words for their origin, but are them- selves the simplest form ; as, strike. Derivatives are words formed from Roots; as, stroke, striker. Derivatives are either Primary or Secondary. Primary Derivatives are made by an internal change or modification: as, B^oot, strike ; Prim. Deriv. stroke. Secondary Derivatives are made by an external addition, that is, by AflSxes or Prefixes : as, Root, strike ; Sec. Deriv. striker. Note. — The Primary Derivative stroke is formed by the change of i in strike to o. The Secondary Deriva- tive striker is formed by the addition of the affix er. Thus the two classes of Derivatives correspond to the two classes of Verbs, — Strong Verbs and Weak Verbs ; and they may be called, respectively, Strong Derivative! and Weak Derivatives. til Explanation of the Difference between Strong; Verbs and Weak Verbs, Verbs of the strong fronjugcdimi form their past (or preterite) Viinse from the present by simply changing the vowel. Thus> sang is formed from sing by changing i into a; fhxi^fell is formed from fall by changing a into e : and so on throughout ; as, speak, spuke or sjjake ; steal, stole; drink, drank; draw, drew, &c.— Verbs of the strong conjugation form their part? ciple passive by the addition of en, generally accompanied by a change of vowel ; as, speak, spok-en. Verbs of the weak conjugation form their pa -t '^nse from the present by the addition of the sound of d, t, or 6-^ ; ; s fill, filled (pronounced fi^ld) ; dipp, dipped (pronoun*, u dipt); in- struct, instructed. Words like sang are called strong? because tlioy are formed independently of any addition. Words like fitl^ are called weak because they require the addition of the sound of d. The Irregular Verbs are the Strong Yorba ; the Megulcbr Verbs are the Weak Verbs. y\ AY )r 90 !1I I i hi PART T. PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. Primary Derivatives are formed : (1.) By changing or modifying the vowel of the Root : as, Root, bind ; Prim. Deriv. bond. (2.) By changing or modifying the last con- sonant : as, Root, stick ; Prim. Deriv. stitch, (3.) By changing or modifying both the vowel and the last consonant: as, Root, weave; Prim. Deriv. looof, (4.) By the initial augment s ox t : as, Root, melt ; Prim. Deriv. smelt, REMARKS. 1. By a CHANGE of the vowel is meant the putting another vowel in its place : as Root, bind ; Prim. Deriv. bond. By a multiplication of the vowel is meant the shortening or the lengthening of the same vowel : as, Root, bite ; Prim. Deriv. bit. 2. By the change of the consonant is understood the putting another consonant of the same kind in its place: as Root, rfi^ ; Prim Deriv. diTce. Or the expand- ing it into.a fuller sound : as, Root, dig ; Prim. Deriv. ditch. By the multiplication of the consonant is un- derstood the softening or the sharpening of the sound : as, Root, lose ; Prim. Deriv. loss. 3. Many Primary Derivatives, however, exhibit no change of vowel or of consonant, but are the same as the Roots. Thus from the Verbs toyraise^ to fall ^ to wit (meaning to know), we have the Nouns praise^ fall^ wit. 4. Generally, where the Verb and the Noun are the same in form, the consonant is pronounced soft in the Verb, and sharp in the Noau; as, to house (houze)f a house. J \l.-i-i7?li^,i^'-.,^-)0riSV-f^^^l^^^ ETTMOlOOrSS. 91 5. A letter is to be jadged of by the sound^ not by the mere character which represents it. The charac- ter may remain the same when the sound is different ; as in the verb house and the noun house. So far from the same character necessarily representing the same sound, the rules of orthography sometimes render it necessary even to change the letter in order to keep the sound ; as in mouse, mice. If this were written mise, it would be pronounced mize, like wise. On the same principle, c is changed into k in cat, kitten ; cook, kit' chen ; cow, kine ; because c followed by i has the sound of «. stood in its ^and- >eriv. J un- und: t no e as /, to fall^ are soft ouse Verbs are formed as Primary Derivatives : (1.) By changing or modifying the vowel. t Boots. Deriv. Roots. Deeiv. Fall Fell Rise ' Raise . Rouse Shake Shock Rest Roost Lie Lay Knell Knoll Din Dun Sit Set SniflP Snuff Roots. Chop Drop Sop Fly Debiv. Chip CDrif (.Droop Sip Flee (2.) By changing or modifying the last consonant. Stick Stitch | Cling Clinch | Dog Dodge (3.) By changing or modifying both the vowel and the consonant. Hound Hunt Wake Watch Hook Hitch Cling Clench Driruc Drench Wring Wrench Glass Grass Drag Glaze Graze Dredge ! (4.) By the initial augment s or t. • 'H Dun Stun Knap Snap Lash Slasn Mash Smash lifelt Smelt Nip Snip Plash Wag WMrl Splash Swag, Sway Swirl Twirl : i 'J Nouns are formed as Primary Derivatives : (1.) By changing or modifying the vowel. Roots. Gape Scrape Crack Bear Sell Sneak Bless Deriv. Roots. Deriv. Gap Let Lot Scrap Creak Tell Tale Deal Dole Bier Lear-n Lere Sale Feed Food Snake Deem Doom Bliss Len-d Loan Roots. Bite Click Sing Knit Drive Strike Sit Deriv. Bit Clock Song Knot Drove Stroke Seftt ! i J \h 1 I n i Ih j._i 92 PART V, (2.) By changing or modifying tlio last consonant. Btrivo H(»Ilovo liolmovo l*rov« Strifo «« Proud Sliino Shoen (2.) By changing or modifying the last consonant. Loathe Loath | Milk Milch (3.) By changing or modifying both tho vowel and the cousonant. Wis {to know) Wiso I Lovo Lief SECONDARY DERIVATIVES. Secondary Derivatives are formed by AflSxes or Prefixcb made to the Roots ; as, Root, lead, \ ^ \' ^^' . ( Prefix, mis J Sec. Deriv. leader, •* mis'lead. Affi3.es are letters or syllables put at the end of words ; as the hUter t in weigh-t, and the syllable ly in king-ly. Prefixes are letters or syllables put at the beginning of words ; as the letter a in a-board^ and the sjlisiblQ tnia in. mis'take. BTTMOLOOIBS. 93 Affixes arc cither more terminations ; as r»r, nr?w, in Uiidrrf weakncnn : or diHtinct wonlfl, wliicli have corno to he uBcd aa terminations ; as, /i/tc, /u//, in warlike^ fcarfuL RKMAUKS. 1. In Hc^condary Dcuivatives, the vowel likewise is very «)ften clianged or modiliod : as, /on^f, length; stealf Htv.alth. 2. Saxon Affixes are nsntlly added to Saxon words ; as in handsomfj some is .laxon affix, and hand is a Haxon word : wliiit; Lali ind other foreign affixes arc added to Latin and otlior • ign words; as \n final ^ Jin is a Latin word (Jinisj enu^^ .tiitl a/is a Latin affix (a/is; Jin-alis). 3. But to both these general rules there aro some exceptions. In tlic first plaee, we have many foreign words wliich talte Saxon Affixes or Prefixes ; as in un-justf just is a Latin word (Justus), but un is a Saxon prefix. So, in the second place, we have many Saxon words which take foreign affixes ; as in truUm^ true is a Saxon word, but ism is a Latin and Greek affix. But the former case is mucli more common than the latter, — it is much more common for foreign words to have Saxon, than for Saxon words to h&VQ foreign affixes and prefixes. ' Saxon with Latin Affixes or Prefixes. trn-ism hond-age V /A IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I ■- IIIIIM I 12.5 2.0 1.8 1.25 U III 1.6 - 6' Photographic Sciences Corporation d^ \ ,v \\ "% v O^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (716) 872-4503 %"■ <° MP. .

94 PART ▼. '»■■ V, AFFIXES AND PREFIXES, VERBS. — (J^ffixesfrom the Saxon.') Verbs are formed by the terminations en, le, «r, y, and ish. (1.) By en ; rs weak-en, strength^en, ^^^ ' Dark-en Glad-d-en Whit-en Note. — En, added to Adjectives, has the force of * to make ' ; as weaken^ * to make weak ' : added to Nouns, it has the force of * to give ' j as strength-en^ * to give strength toJ (2.) By le ; as kand-le, start-le. Btrag-g-le, from stray. crumb-le wrig-g-le ■wad-d-le shuf-f-le pad-d-le crumb. wray. wade. shove pad. scuf-f-le, from scuflf. nib-b-le — nip. drib-b-le — drip, wrang-le — wring, grap-p-le — gripe, ramb-le — roam Note. — After a vowel or an r, only I (not le) is put ; as knee-lj from knee. So draw-lj from draw; mew-lj from mew ; gnar-lj from gnarr^ an old word meaning a knot in a tree ; snar-lf from sneer. ' " '^ (3.) By er ; as glim-m-er, from gleam. clamb-er, from climb. sput-t-er, from spit, ling-er — long, bat-t-er -— beat. whim-p-er — whine, wav-er — wave. wand-er, from wend (to go), frit-t-er — fret (to eat away). Btag-g-er — stigan (Anglo-Saxon) to walk, swag-g-er — sway or swag. Note. — Most of these Verbs in le and er are a sort of Diminutives from other Verbs, and often imply that the action is repeated again and again, or done by little and little : as nibhle^ from nip, implies a number of - jajiiuM- i mumimuii ETTWOLOOISB. 8ft imall nippiags ; patter from pat, implies many small pattings. We say, that a person pats another on the shoulder ; but, that rain patters against the window. (4.) l^y y ; as wor-r-y, from wear. So svl'Uyj from soil; bull-y, from bull; xohin-n-y^ from whine, (6.) By ish; as burn-ishy publ-isk, / NOUNS. — {Affixes from Saxon,) Nouns denoting Persons are formed by the terminations cr, yer, ar, ard, ster, man, Masculine ; and €88, stress, ine, woman, maid. Feminine. Masculine. — (1.) By er ; as sing-er. Note. — These may be divided into four classes ; the first three on the same principle as the Verbs above. The fourth class has the y changed to i before the vowel. Talk-er Plod-d-er Writ-er Fli-er Nouns denoting inanimate objects are also formed by this termination ; as, nut-cracker, fet- t-er (from foot), break-er, stop-p-er, shut-t-er, (2.) By t/er ; as bow-yer, saw-yer, law^yer. Note.— These are words ending in w : but not all words ending in w take yer; for we have hew-er, draw-er^ moto-gr, &c. (3.) By ar ; as li-ar, beg-g-ar, (4.) By ard; as slug-g-ard, from slug, slow, nig-g-ard. cow-ard, to cow. < i dast-ard. lag-g-ard. .W^l I" drunk-ard. dot-ard. dull-ard. wiz-ard (to wis). 5 J I 11 96 PART V. ' NoTB. — ^Some Nouns ending in ard are not names of persons ; as staiidard. This termination is the same as ar, only strengthened by the letter <2, as soun-d is. So sal-t is strengthened bj ^, (5.) Bjster; sls punster y trickster. So whip-steTy young^ster^ upholsterer (uphol(§miim^S^ BT7M0L0GIES. 99 (3.) By th ; as leng-th from Img, streng-th, fr6m strong, mir-th — merry, dea-th -^ die. you-th — young, ru-th ->- rue. grow-th, from grow, steal-th ->— steal, dear-th — dear, hfal-th — heal, hi-th -^ (defile). tru-th — true or trow, meaning to know. (4.) By / ; as sights from see. migh-t, from may. fligh-t — fly. heigh-t — high, weigh-t — weigh, shif-t — shape, fros-t — freeze, blas-t — - blsesan draugh-t, from draw, pligh-t — pledge wrigh-t — work, sleigh-t — sly. guil-t — • guile, drough-t — dry. (Anglo-Saxon), to blow. REMi LRKS. 1. This termination is only a variation of th, "We had formerly high-t^ low-th, Highth (which is the word always used by Milton) has become heigh4f and low-th has gone out of use altogether. 2. In the words sight, mighty &c., the gA, belongs to the root, and is lost or disguised in the Verbs. F, in may and flVf represents a g-sound, which is seen, though not heard, in fligh-t and migh-t. e 4 (5.) By hood :-\Ba^fA(m-Hpl;)dlIm7^i^h6o(l.^: ' * (6.) By hea4 ; .4S {l^i'hfiad,^ NoTi.— -This Wliinatlbn is' only aVariation of hood, (7.) By ship ; as hard-ship^ friendship* NoTB. — The termination ship is from the Verb to shape f the original meaning of which is to make ; which sense is still seen in the word shapen, in the Bible, Psalm 51. J J o 1 3 » 'J 5 3 1 tdoni. martyr«dom. free-dom. thral-dom. NoTi.— This termination originally signified posses- sion, property, or rnle ; as in king-dam^ earl'dom ; but afterwards merely quality or condition ; as in free'dom, thral'dom, (9.) By ter ; as laugh-ter^ slaugh-ier^ from slay. (10, By red ; as hat-red y kin-d'red, 'So'n.'^Kindred was formerly written kinred; th« d is euphonic. (11.) By lock or ledge; as wed-locky know'ledge. NoTB.--'These terminations are from the Anglo-Saxon termination lac^ in which many Anglo-Saxon words end. (l^,) "By ing ; skR read'ingj writ'ing. Many nouns are formed also by the termination, d^ m or om, ow, en or n^ le, et^ el. (1.) By d ; as see^, from sow. , So ricM), fr . do^ floO'df fr. flow ; /b>-*rf, fr . A ,-S. /araw^ to go ; bran^^ fr. 6ttr» ,* . i (2») By f/: or o??i ; as hloo-m^ from fiZow. * o _ o A. I • So S£!a-/r(, fi. soi^; /eo^m, fr. foiD; qual'm^ fr. ^uai/ ; lostonij fr. A.-S., bleasan^ to blow. (3.) By oi^' ; as skad-ow^ from «^(f^. So 5fir*r-oii»f fr*tQ kmr; mead^im^ fr. fft«aii; vM^O¥ff fr. itfUH^* STTMOLOGIBB. IM NoTB.*-In the words iorroWf morrow, tattow, and some others, the 019 representa a g; which is seen in German, where the corresponding words are torge, morgin, talg, (4.) By en orn ; as wardren, from ward (guard). maid*en, from maid heav-en — heave, gard-en, connected with yard. burth-e% connected with bear. mai*n, from iqay, as in the phrase might and Ttwin, t •■. (5.) By le ; as gird-hy from gird* set-t-le, from set. bundle -*« bind. 8pit-t*Ie — spit. 8pin-d-le — spin, rund-le — round. lad-le, from lade. thumb-Ie — thnmb; priokyie — priok. shut-t-le — shoot, tread-le — tread. (6.) By el ; as satah^, from sack. So shoV'Bl, fr. shove ; kern-el (Germ, kern) ; tram-^m^el, fr. tram; smv-el, fr. A.*S twifatif to turn round. {1,) By et ; 9i»hat€h-^ty from ha^km So thick-^t ; pock^etj fr. A.-S. pocca, a pOk# or baf (mall is used by old writers) j latch-ei, tkk-etf cask-et, fiovjr'ttj crick»et, a. In many word9 a euphonic n is inserted befwe g, passenger, from passage. 1 messenger from message, porringer — porridge. | wharfinger — wharfage. nightingahf &, flight, and A.-S. gt^H^ to sing. The i before n in nightingale is only a counecting vowel to join the two parts of the word together (Germ. nachtigalt). 109 PART V. ».•/; <. . -• AT)JECnyES.-^ffixes from Saxon.) Adjectives are formed by the terminations, y ish erly less th en like some ed ty em' ly M ward fold (1.) By y ; B& might'^, head-y. So rain-yy Jlower-yf luck-y, stead-y^ angr-y^ fr. anger, iundr-y^ fr. sunder. If the word ends in y, ey is added ; as clay-ey, (2.) By en ; as lead-m^ gold-en. So silk-eHf brax-en, bar'T-eny fr. bare ; eulUen^ fr. sulk. If the word ends in r, onlj n is added ; as leather'n, NoTio. — ^Adjectives with this termination denote, for the most part, the material of which anything is made. They were formerly more numerous than they are now. Cedars, ston-en, silver-n^ were in use. Now we use the Noun cedar ^ stone^ silver ^ as Adjectives as well as Nouns. (3.) By em ; as north-em^ south-em^ east-em, and west-em, (4.) By ish ; as blackish, slav-ish, Rom-ish, NoTK.— This termination is used in three ways : 1. In a Diminutive sensci as black-ish ; 2. For opprobrious words, as thiev-ish ; 3. In proper names, as GatU-ish, (JS) By like; 2i& lady-like, war 'like, NoTB. — ^Wordsof this class may be called Compounds, as they are, in fact, compounded with the word like, (6.) By ly ; as gentleman-ly, king-ly. Note. — This ly is only a softened form of like. Gene- rally when added to a Noun, it forms an Adjective ; as, man-ly : when added to an Adjective it forms an Adverb ; as, badAy, (t.) By erly ; Mnorth-erly, souih-erly^ ETTM0L0OIE6. 108 (8.) By some ; as tire-some^ hand-some. So win*8ome, game^aomej delight-some^ glad'SomCf ful'some, 1 .' i i bux'Om (buck-some), mettle'SOMef irk'Some, NoTB. — This termination denotes possession of some quality. (9.) Byful ; B.^fear'ful^fruit'fuL NoTB.-^Words of this sort are, in fact, compounded with the wotdfull. Fearful^ full of fear. (10.) By less ; as law-less, sense-le^. NoTB. — This termination denotes the absence of a thing ; as, lawless, without law. (11.) By ed ; as wretch-ed, rag-g-ed, NoTB.— This termination abounds especially in Com- pounds, as neat'kand-ed, golden-wing-ed. (12.) By ward ; &s south-ward, fro-ward. So un-to-ward, down-ward, awk-ward, fr. awk, an old word meaning left : awkward is left-handed, the opposite of dexterous, which means right-handed. Note. — -The termination ward implies direction. ; fro- ward, in the direction from. (13.) By th ; && four-th, six-th. Note. — These Adjectives are all Ordinal Numerals> (14.) By ty ; Si%for-ty, stx-ty, * NoTB. — These Adjectives are all Cardinal Numerals. (15.) By fold ; as four-fold, six-fold. k\}\l^K^^,— {Affixes from Saxon.) Adverbs are formed by tbe terminations, ce St s ward wards wise ways 104 PAOT T. (1.) Bj ly ; as badly ^ nobly (nobMy), (2.) By ce ; as on-cBy twi-ce^ thri'€&* (3.) By St ; as whilst. So the preposition among^atf fr. among ; oDHcif-/, fr. (4.) By 8 ; as besides^ from beside. So whik'Sf Arom i/)At7e ; Aere-afroul-^, from odoit^ (6.) By i^^ord, wards; OR/or-VKtrd, back-wards. (6.) By the words wise, ways^ times ; as other- wise, al-waySy oft-times, NoTB.«— The word i^t«e is another form offtti««, and is not the same as wayt^ the plural of way. SAXON OS ENGLISH PREFIXES. Secondary Derivatives are formed also by Pre- fixes ; as Root wise ; Sec. Deriv. un-wise, (1.) By the Prefix a ; as a-rise^ ashore. So (Vbrbs) a^rousBy a^wake; (Adyebbs) a-head^ a-board, NoTB. — ji often means ons as a-shore, i. e. on shore. (2.) By be; as be-speaky beside. So (Verbs) he-have, he^take ; (Advbrbs) bc-neath, Be- fore, REMARKS. The be changes Neuter Verbs into Active; as, speakj be-speak : or it changes a Noun into a Verb ; as, friendj he-friend : or it modifies the meaning of the Verb ; as, takey he-take. In Adverbs he means by ; as, he-cause, i. e. 6y-caase. (3.) By un ; as, un-do, un-wise, NoTB.— C/ti means not. In Verbs it means the undoing of the action implied by the simple Verb. (4.) By mis ; as, mis-take, mis-lead, NoTB.— This Prefix implies wrongness or error ; and is connecttd With the Verb to miss. STTttOLOOIEB. 105 (5.) By for or fort ; as, /or^trf, f^^^^o. Bo forbear f fw-tiuitor^ for-lornj f or 'give ^ f&rsikkt (ftr. H9k). NoTB. — For has a- negative meaning : it is somotimei equivalent to offov away. Though it is sometimes spelt /ore, as in /ore^o, it must not be confounded with the fore whioh is seen in fore->tell. (6.) Bj gain ; as, gain-say. So ffain'itand and gain-strive were used formerly. NoTB. — Oain means agaimt^ whioh is derived iVom gain (Germ, gegen). The Verb to gain is quite anothM: word. (7.) By fore; sl&j for e-tel^ fore-shew, NoTB. — This Prefix means before^ or beforehettid, (8.) By n ; as, n-ever, n-one^ n-eitker, n-or, NoTB.— This is a negative Prefix, and means not. (9.) By to ; as, to-day.^ to-morrow^ to-night, NoTB. — To is a corruption of the or this. In some parts of England, to-year is used as we use to-day, (10.) By with ; as, withstand, with-draw, NoTB. — This Prefix means against, or away. t COMPOSITION OF WORDS. Words are either simple or compound. A compound word is one raAde-up of two or more simple words ; as horse-shoe. Instead of saying the horse's shoe, or the shoe of the horsej we use one word, horse-shoe, made-up of horse and shoe^ The unity of the word is shewn, in speaking, by the accent. The principal accent falls on one word, and the other loses its accent as a distinct word. Thus, in horse-shoe, horse has the principal accent, and shoe has only a subordinate one. Compound words may be made up of several words j ^Sj handicraftsman, from hand, craft, man. 106 PART V. The parts of a Compound may be different parts of speech. They may be two Nouns ; as steam-boat ^ coach-' box : or they may be Adjeotiyb and Noun; as, holi-day^ safC'guard : or Adjective and Verb ; as vouch'Safe : or two Adjectives ; as golden-feathered : or Adverb and Adjective; as ever-Zos^ing:: or two Adverbs, or Prepo- sitions, or other particles ; as here-after. Compound words consisting of an Adjective and a Noun, often take the termination ed; as from neat and handy the compound neat-handed. So blue-eyed^ bright- haired. The termination means having or being endued with. This class of Compounds is very numerous, especially in poetry. "^ The pupil, having understood the foregoing exam- ples, will readily explain the composition of the fol- lowing words : — Mid-night, Hedge-row, Sun-shine, Sun-set, Earth-quake, Wood-land, Never-failing, Shower-drop, Foot-step, Truth-loving, Hus-band, Ware-house, Hot-house, Olive-grove, Golden-winged, Over-step, Under-sell, Up-land, Sea-sick, Horse-dealer, After-noon. And also account for the various parts of the fol- lowing words; thus :— Verb, Sport Euphonic Noun. Adv. Term,. Letter, . S* - man - like. Hand - 1 - craft - s - man. Back • wood • s - man. Wear - 1 - some - ness. Hard - heart - ed - ness. Vn - like - li - hood. Mis -trust- fill -ly. Mir -th-ful- ness. Streng - th - en - er. Un - sight - li - ness. . Short - com - ing - s. Un - wear - i- ed - ly. Mis • un - der - stand - ing. Qr denoting Possessive Case, * •■■ld word hightf i. e. called^ is the same wotd. This leaning of the pronoun itf viz. the saidf will perfectly Correspond with every use of the pronoun it in our inguage. The pronoun that Is, in like mannei*, the past parti^ Iple of the verb thean^ and means taken^ asstmied. It id that always refer to some thing or things, person pemoirs, taherij asiumedi or spoken off b^ore. See rne 1^on^ first are used equally in both these senses. .^ Ern, from (Brn, a place, signifies towards : thus, south' ern, towards the south; north-em, towards the north, Alone, all-one ; only, one-like. Anon, in one ; in one instant. Farewell, from/araw, to go, and well, " So on he fares, and to the border comes of Eden.**— Miltoh". Rather, from rath (Saxon) soon, comparative rather, sooner. I had rather go myself. — ^I had sooner%go myself. ^'^:■ . ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. v./- , , - .,-.•■ Ac, cPn oak, ac-orn, i. e. ac-corn, (fr. ac, and corn, a grain,) Ackworth. -^r, before^ * ere, ear-ly, er-st. -^hel, noble Athel-ing (the title of the heir to the Saxon throne), Ethel- . . , red, Athel-stan, Atheln-ey ' J;^ ' * '' (in Somersetshire, where M' •^ \/^" / V fred and his nobles con- '■ '' **^ ' cealed themselves from tht Danss), mi pjLfift y. AH) ofUj • ail) ft) A^'7) on-ly. ' ^ vr' NoTB. — Our English an^ now in use, is the original article from the Saxon ; which we have abbreviated or contracted into a, only now using the original article before words beginning with a rowel or a silent A. This an is nothing more than the adjective one^ and corres- ponds to the French un, Bsetan, to rein iiif bit (for horses). Bald) brave, bold) Bald-wiU) Ed-bold. Bana, death, killer ^ banC) baneful, ratsbane) wolfs- bane. BeodaU) to order, bid, bed-el or bead-le. Beorgan, to protect, .... burg) burh)borough)Ed-burgha) Edinburgh (i. e. Edwin's burgh). Beorht) bright, Ethel-bert) Al-bert. Blaesat) to blowf blast) blossom) bluster. Bot) a satis/action,,,., hoot (in the phrase to boot)) boot-less ; connected with bet in better. BidaU) to wait, bidC) a-bide (A.-S. botl) a dwell* ing), Both-well, El-bottle. Brad) broad, ......... .Brad-burn) Brad-hurst. Brucani to use^ broke (an old word meaning ' to have the use of,^ found in broker, and in BrookmaU) i. e. Broke-man (like Chap" man), BuaU) to cultivate, boor (i. e. apeaiant),n!^\ghAiO\xt, Bugan, to bend boW) bough) baj) bight, el-bow. BurnC) stream, Ash-burnC) Brad-^burne. Bj) bye, dwelling, Apple-by . Ceapian, to buy^ to chop(in the s^nse of to barter)^ chafiP-er) cheap) chap-'man, chap, Cheap-side (i.e. itfar- A;e^ sitfe)) East-cheap) Ghep- :,?.,;, i stoW) Chippenham, Chip- ping Norton. CeaBter or Cester, /orf) '^ /©w», ............Chester) Leicester) Man-ches* wi . ' ^.^. ter, Ool-chester (fort on the Coin), Campian, to fight,, , . . ^champion. . ' '- J ETYMOLOGIES. 118 Oeorl, a countryman^ . , . churl. ■ v ' • •• Oeowan, to chew^ chew, cud ; to chew the cud ;> . , therefore means to chew ■' ' ■ that which has been al- V ready chewed, — i. t, to chew the chewed. Onafa, a boy^ scrranf ,.. knave (Germ. knabe,a6oy). C unnan, to knowj ken, uncouth. Ounnian, to search OMf,.con, Conner, cunning. .^ , Cwellan, ifo s/ay, quell, kill. (* '.• Cwethan, to speak^ ....quoth. . ' ' ' J Owysan, tocrush^ quash, s-queeze. Cyn, race, kin, kind, kindred. Ikin). Cyththe, kindred^ kith, kit (in the phrase kith and Dseg, day^ dawn. Deawian, to moisten^ . . . dew, bedew, dough, thaw. Deman, to judge^ deem, doom, deemster, Demp- ster. . . Denu, vale J den, Walden (Wald-den). ; ; Deor, any wild animal^ . deer. ' Disc, plate, board^ disc, desk, dish. Don, to do oiputf do, don (i. e. do on\ doff (i. e, do off), dout (i. «. do out), in some parts of England dup (i. e. do up). Dreogan, to work, drudge. Drigan, to dry, dry, drough-t, drug. [don. Dun, a hill, downs, Snojv-don, Hunting- Dwinan, to fade, dwindle. Ea or eas, water, is-land ; in names of islands or places near to water, as Angles-ey, Bermonds-ey. Ead, possession, prosper- , , , ' ity, Edward, Edwin. Eald, old, old, eld, alderman, Al-thorpe, Aid-borough, Aid-gate, opp, to Newgate. Eage, eye, eye, Eg-bert. Eall, all, all, al-so, Al-fred, Al-bert, Al- win. Efese, brim, brinkj», . . .eavego/aAowsc, Eves-ham (i.e. a dwelling on the bank or brink of a river). Elne, an ellj .originally the arm^ el-bow. 114 PART V, Engle, an angelf .,,,9,.oneof the Angli ; hence^ EngU' land^ Engel'landf England. Eorl, brave man, . . . t • • earl. Erian, toploughj tillf . «an ear of com^ earing (Genesis • zlv. 6 ; Exod. xxxiv. 21). Fadan, to set in order, .fad, fiddle-faddle, fidget. Faran, to go, » « . fare, thorough-fare, fare-well, for-d, C helms-ford, ferry, way-faring, field-fare, Fealo, yellow, fallow (deer), Feoh, value f fee. Feorm, foodf farm. Fian, to hate, fiend, foe, feu-d, fie ! Fleot, a river, a place where vessels ^oa^,. North-fleet, Fleet Street. Fon (contr.fr, fengan), to take hold o/, .... finger, fang. Freon, to love, fri-end, God-frey . Frician, to jump, frisk, freak, frog. Fugol, any bird^ fowl, fowler. Falian, to corrupt j foul, fil-th, defile. FuUian, to whiten^ fuller. Fysan, to hurry, fuss. Febban, to scoff, gabble, gibberish, jibe, jabber. Galan, to sing, nightingale. Gangan, to go, gang» gangway. Gaard, enclosure, yard, garden. Geotan, to pour, gut-t-er, gush. Gerefa, a governor j .... borough-reeve, sheriff, i.e. shire- reeve (G. graf. an earl, landgrave). God, good, God, god in godspeed, i, e, good speech, gospel,i.e. good-spell. Gorst, furze, prickly bush, , gorse, gorse-lettuce, goose- berry (i. e, prickly'berry). Grafan, to dig, .,•«•... grave, engrave, groove. Greot, dust, ^ . grit, grate. Had, conditian, hence the affix head in God- head ; and hood, as in priesthood. Hafoc, hawk, Laferc, laverock, contracted to "" ^ lark. 'B&\B,neck, halter. ,_ Utuaifhomej dwelling ..Maltham, Hamp-stead. '^' ETYMOLOGIES. 115 ■ • Hleaw, a small hillf tract . ' ,.', , of ground rising gently, Hounslow, Wardlaw. < Hlidan, to cover, lid, eye-lid. Holm, STiudl island, low flat ground, Axholm, Langholm. . ^{m ,a Hon(con^r./r.Hangian), to hang, hang, hinge, Stonehenge (t. e. hanging rock), Hund, dog hound, hunt, Hounslow. Hurst, wood, forest,.,. Br&d'hvLTSt, Mid-hurst, Pens- hurst. Hy th, a port, haven, .... Aithe, Greenhithe. . . ^ ^• Ing, a pasture, meadow,,'Rea,6.'mg, Lacnian, to cure, ...... leech (doctor), horse-leech. A •' Laeccan, to seize, leech. Laedan, to lead, lead, lode, lode-star, lode-stone. Leag, field, meadow, . . . lea, Elmsley . Leasian, to lie, leasing (Psalm 4). Lit, a ship, lighter, lighterman. Lynis, an ox/e-^r^e, .... linch-pin. Msenan, to think, mean, min-d. Magan, to be able, may, might, mai-n (in might and main), Mengan, to mix, mingle, among, a-mongst. Mere, lake or marsh,,, . .Mere Street ; Winder-mere. Metsian, to feed, meat, mess, mess-mate. Mund, defence, Ed-mund, Godmundhp^m. Naesse, a promontory, • headland , ness in Sheer-ness, Caith-ness. Nyther, dovm, nether, nethermost, be-neath, under-neath, Nether-by, r . Nether-lands. Nord, north, Nor-wich, Nor-folk, Nor-ton, Nor-ham. RaBpan, to bind, rap, rope, Raethe or Rath, soon . • .rather. Red, a reed, Red-bridge, Rad-ford. Red, counsel, wisdom, . . Ethel-red, Mil-red, ^Ic-red (i. e. each or all counsel). Rein, clean, rin-se ; as cleanse, fr. clean, Rethra, rower, Rother-hithe. Ric, rfo»iinion,.........bishop-ric, in old English king-ric. Rim, nuTnberf , rhyme. ' ■ - J-f \r lid FARV V. Rlpan, tocutf reap. '\ Rude,r<(l, rud-d-y. SceapaDi ^o/orm,maAe|.Bhape. shop, ship, land<«kipj the affix ship om in friend- ship. Sctohan, to injure, Boath-lesSi Hii-6oath-ed. Sciran, to cut, shear, shearSi share, plough- share, shire, sheer, scar, score. Scufan, to thrust, scuff, scuffle, shore, shoyel. ^axan, Saxon, £s-sex, Sus-sex, Wes-sez, Mid- dle-sex. Scothan, to boil, seethe^ sod, soap-sud. Slacian, to be slow, .... slack, slug. Slean (con*r./r, slegan), to kUl, sla^, slaugh-ter, on-slaugh-t. Slefan, to cover, sleeve, sleeveless (a shelfless errand is one for which there is no cover or pretence), Snican, to creep, sneak, snake. Sooth, true, for-sooth, sooth-sa^. Sped, success, speed, god-speed. SpelJ, tidings,,,,,,,,,. gO'Si^el, Stan, stone, Stan-lej. Stede, s^a^ion, «e^f^m€nf,Hamp-Btead, Fair-stead. Steorfan, to die, etarre. Stepan, to raise, < .steep, step. Stigan, to ascend, stage, stairs, stye (a rising on the eyelid), story (i, e, a, flight of stairs), stile (A.-S. Btigel) ; stirrup (sti-rope). Stoc, a place, Wood-stock. Stow, a place, Ohep-stow, Walt-ham-stow. Sund, narrow sea, The Sound, (Plymouth) Sound. Suth, south, Sus-sex, Sud-bury , Suf-folk, Sid-law. Swart, black, swarth-y. Swifan, *o /«r»i rottfid,. .swiv-el. Teon (eontr,fr. teogan), to draw, -tug, tow, tea-m, tough, tigh-t. Teotha, tenth, tithe (tenth part), Treowian, to believe, . . . toow, tro-th, true, truth, tru-st. Twa, twegen, two, twain, twin, be-twixt, twi-ligbt, twice. Tynan, to wall in, town, -ton, Kings-ton, Ac-ton. BTTMOLOaiBS. 117 Ut, out J utter, uttermosti out. Wasdi clothingj widow's weeds. Wsepen, a weapon^ .... WHpenfake. Wald, a woodf weald (of Sussex)^ Walt-ham, Walt*ham8toW| Walded. Wanian,/o deer ease ^f ail, vrAnQj wan, want. Wealdan, to govern^ ...wield, Bretwalda (a name at- turned by the mott powerful of the early Saxon Kingt^ meaning governor of the Britons), Weallan, to tpring up^ . well, Holywell. Weard, guard, ward, warden, guard, guardian. Wenan, to thinkj ween, overween-ing. Wenden, to go, wend, went, wander. Weorthan, tohecome, ..worth (in woe worth the day, which meant woe he to the day), Wesan, tobe, was, were. Wic, dwelling, • . • Aln-wick, Green-wich, HaAu ivjoiw -^sW \;) V..;,., Certitude. 01iftrta» iP^P^rj f » •• V* ••pli^rter (something written), . jMii Orf ji i/.'i Magna Charta, cartoon (o -imnori /»i.^iiirt7:i> .i.i.t/i painting on puper)^ pl^^r^, ,' : cartridge. Cirpus, (I ci^fZf,,.* . . . .. circulate, circula,r^ ^^paicii^^l^i '1 li f !■> tVi'i 'u j'fo li' > v: '' circuSj Circuit, Cito, I call, or rov>^e, . . . cite, excfte^ recite, iuc^te, eitij- tion, excitement. CiTis, a citizen, cf vil, civilize^ civility, c^yi^, civilian, city. Clamo, Ispef^k alg^d,. *^xcl^imi3icc\&\m^i^(^&^ .')z^r yv] .■:\-n\-.i'r, ,i-.iirv; .' : Ciamor..^^ , . .. . . .^I'u.'x ,irf;i3 CUno, /6ewc?,. ..,..,.. .decline, incline, recUnfe, de- clension. Oliivus, a sloping ground, accjiiyity, declf vitjy. , , .^ ^, q Oognoscp,^/ear?i,/i:woitf, cognizant, cognizable, r^cog- . . ,, , .. . .., _,...; nize. C61o, I till,. . .,.,.vjp» .^colony, cultivate, culture, hdr- «A f;f:>;rH> •fivjni.'iTTi!';' . '; / ticulture (^hprtUSja S'flw:(ifi»j). G^meSf a c07^a;uo»,. . .count, concomitant, cdnstable .7 Ka/u.mi;b ;i^ aia) (stabulum, a s^a^Ze), a?^^ (^ ^cer who fcrst h(fd chdf^ge jhj-^b cioui-H^ ,i6bhiu ^, of the horses and a/terip,(^rds f . , of the cavalry. , , p :..:>;. CommSdus, convenient, .Qommodious, conimodity, m- Communis, common, . ,^po»imunity, copimuniCw,. .0^- . ^2^ /=? .-- .:^.u Jnhiyh ,t':.::.^communiiC%te,y.^ . .; ^.^_,| Copia, plenty, . .^^j^,. .,..♦ edpiouSj^ cornucdpia (cpruu,, ja Cor, cordis, ^^e^eflJ*/,.,^C9ydialj accord, cdJ^C(^rjd;- ^4/f- coyd,ir(^cord*,v,^^.,'\ ...^-frr Corpus, thfil^od^n,, ^ yf, .^jp^rpprealj corjtse, (iorps, pdr- -i:>jni ,Tofb^ Jaibaiq j'oh/ pulent, incdrr "'"- I a- ^\A: id 130 PART y. Credo, I believe j trusty credit, credible, crdduTons, credulity, incr^dible,credi- tor, creed, credence, cre- dentials, discreditable, ac- credit. Creo, I make J produce^ create, creator, creation, rec- reate, recreation. Oresco, I grow ; cretus, grown. fncrease, decrease, crescent, {uted of the moon when growing larger), edncrete, excrescence. Crimen, a crimen, . • » . . erfminal, erfminate, recrimi- nate. Crux, a crossj. .,.,.... crusade, crucifix, cruciform, excruciate, crucible. CnbOf I bend succumb, recumbent, mciim- bent. Cubitus, the etbow, cubit, the measitrefrom the elbow to the end of the fingers^ Culpa, a faulty culpable, exculpatory. Gura, care, cure, curator, curious, procure. secure, Accurate, sfnecure, (sine, T?:ibout). QurrOj Irun^ current, curricle, course, cur- sory, concur, incur, occur, recur, excursion,, precur- sor, succor. Curvus, crooked, curve, curvilinear, (liueaj a Hne), curvature. Damno, I condemn^ .... condemn, damnatory. Debeo, / oioe ; debitum, owed, .............. debt, indebt, debtor, debit. Decern, ten, ........... decimal, duo-decimal, deci- mate. Decens, becoming,.^ .... decent. Decdrus, becoming, .... decorum. DenSj dentis, « 1 t : il ; Mi fr 132 PART V. F&cio,/ do OP make ; fac- tus, done or made, .fact, fdctions, benefdctor, maid- factor, manufactory, satis- fy, affect, infect, certify, deficient, perfect, sacri- fice, factotum, (totus, all ; said of one who does all kinds of things) ]CT\iQify. Felis, a cat^ feline. ^ Fanum, a temple fane, profane (^said of those cast forth from the temple^) fanatic, fanaticism (said of the priests.) Felix, happy y felfcity, felicitate, infeU citous, Ferrum, iron^ ferruginous,f^rrilite,(Gr. lithos^ a stone.) Ffirro, / carry ; latus, carried, fertile, confer, def^r, differ, inf^r, prefer, transfer, dilate, oblation, relate, translate, cir- cumference. Ferveo, Ihoil^ fervid, fervent, fervor, effer- vescent. Festus, joyfulj festal, f§ast. Fibra, a threat y, ...... fibre, fibrous. Fido, / trust] fides./at7^,fid61ity, infidel, conffde, c6n- fidence, diflBdent, perfidy, afffance, defy. Figo, I fix ; fixuSffixedj fixture, crucifix, affix, prefi'x. FiliuS; a son^ filial, affiliate. Fendo, I strike^ defend, offdnd, fender, fence. Finis, an endj finite, Infinite, fine, ffnal, finish, confine, define, definite, definition, infinitive. Firmus, strong^ firm, infirm, confirm, afffrm, confirmation, affirmative. Fingo, I form, or I pre- tendj •. . . . feign, feint,fiction,figure,6flfigy. Fiscus, treasury fiscal, c6nfisca,te. : 1 Flagro, / t^a^e,... i ., . .fiagraat. \s-'\v\ ^iiioiil Flamma, a 6/a2^e,.. . . .-flame, inflammation. Wlo^I bldw;^9iiiiiibiownm^iktej inflation^ fl^tulentlij^'T Fligo, 1 beat J or dashy flictus, bieateUf, . * • • afQf cty cdnflict, infll^ot, profli- gate. X *l ETTMOLOQIES. 133 Flecto, / bend ; flexus, » bent J flexible, deflect, infldct, reflect, cfrcumflcx, genuflexion, (genu, the knee.) Flos, floris, a flowery . . fldral, floricultural,fl6ri8t,fl6rid, Fluo, I flow ; fluxum or fluctum,^ou;ec/,. . .fluid, fluent, c6nfluent, fluency, dfflux, reflux, influx, Influ- ence, superfluity, fluctuate. F6dio, / dig ; fossum, dugj fossil, fosse (i.e. somethins^ dug), Foemina, a )ooman....fdminine, effeminate, effemina- cy. Folium, a leaf foliage, folio, portfolio, trefoil. Forma, shapej form, formal, formula, conform, nonconformity, deform, in- form, perform, reform, transform, uniform, multi- form. Fortis, strong fortify, fortitude, fort, fdrtresSj Franga,/6reaA: ; fractus, * broken^ fragile, frail, refrangible, frac- tion, fracture, fragment, refract, infn'nge,refrdctory. Frater, a brother^ fraternal, fraternity, fratricide. Frigus, frigoris, coldj . . frigid, frigidity, refrfgerate. Frons, frontis, the fore- heady J, .front, frdntlet, frontispiece, af- frdnt, confront. Fruor, / enjoy^ fructum, enjoyed, fruit, fructify, fruf tion. Fiigio, IJlee, ......... fugitive, refuge, centrffugal, subterfuge. Fungor, / (iwcAarg-e,... function, functionary, defunct, Fundo, I pour J fund, refund, confound, fuse, refuse, confuse, diffuse,suf- fuse, transfuse, fusible. Fundus, foundation,,* . . fundamental, profound. Geiu, frost, gelid, congeal, gelatinous, jeily, Gigno, I beget .primogeniture, progenitor, in- genious, indigenous, ge- nius, regenerate. Gens, gentis, a nation, gentile. 4 Gentilis, proper to a /a- .. , .. i mly, gentle, genteel. j. 'fi I." If "' Hi 4 ii \ i ■■■■: 11 134 PART V. G^nus, generis, a "kind^ general, generalize, generic, gander, degenerate. Germen, a shoot , germ, germinate, cousin-ger- man, (a cousin on the/a- thefs side.) Gero, I bear j gestus, ifornef bellfgerent, gesture, gestfcu- late, congestion, digestion, suggestion, vicegerent. Gl6bus, a round 6o(fy. .globe, globule, globular. Gradior, / step ; gressus, stepped ; gradus, a stepf grade, gradation, degrdde, re- trograde, gradual, pro- gress, transgress,c6ngress. Grandis, greaty grand, aggrandise, grandilo- quent. Gratia, favor grace, ingratiate, gratuitous. Gratus, thankful^ grateful, gratitude, ingratitude. Gr&yis, heavy j grave, gravity, gravitation. Grex, gregis, a ^ocA:,.. gregarious, aggregate, congre- gate. H&beo, I holdf or have ; habitus, heldj babit,habitual,exh(bit, prohibit. Habito, / dwellj habitation, inhabit, cohabit. Haereo, I stick ; haesus, stuck f adhere, cohere, adhesion, co- hesive, hesitate. Heres, heredis, an Aetr,hereditary, inherit,inheritance. Halo, / breathe, exhale, exhalation, inhale. Haurio, I draw; haustus, drawn, exhaust, inexhdustible. H5mo, a man *, humanus, human, homicide, humdne, humanity. Horreo, / dread or shud- der, horrid, horrible, h6rror, abh6r. Hospes,hospftis,a gt^s^,h6spitable, hospital, host. Hosti^, an enemy, hostile, hostility. Humeo, / am wet, humid, humidity, humor. Humus, the ground-, hilm- 11 us, hw, inhume, exhume, humble . Igni3,^re, Igneous, ignite, ignition. Im&go, an image, imagine, Imagery, imagination. ImpirO| / command,... imperative, emperor, empire, imperious. ETTHOLOOIES. 135 ludico, I point out ; in- ' dica>t\i8jpointed ott^,fndicate, indfcatlve, fndex. Inf^rus, low^ inferior, inferiority, infernal. Initium, beginning^.,,, miii&tQ, initial, initiative. Insula, an island^ p^ninsula^ (pene, almost) j insu- lar, fnsulate. Integer, tokohj .{nteger, (a whole number ^ not a fraction,) integral. Ira, angtr, ...«..••••.. ire, irascible. Jaceo, lUe down, adjacent, inter}5a * ilp 1 ' ^ ^.■■M 1 p ,■ i'. ' 'li 138 PART T. Mineo, / hang; promi- neo, to hang ovevj to jut out] immineo, to threaten^ to e2;ce/,.. prominent, Eminent, fmmineiity prominence. Minister, a servant, .... mfnister, mfnistry, administer. Minuo, / lessen-, miuu- tus, lessened', minor, minus, less, minority, minute, mf niatuire, dimfnish, diminution, di- mi'nutive. Mirus or mirabilis, won- derful, mfracle, admfre, Admirable, marvellous. Misceo, J mingle ; mix- tus, mingled, mix, miscellany, promiscuous. Miser, wretched, miser, mf sery, miserable, com- mrserate. Mitto, I send; missus, tent, mfssion, mfssionary, mfssile, emissary, admft, commft, intermft, permft, remft, transmit, promise, admfs- sion. M5dus, a measure or manner, mode, mood, modify, mdderate, model, modesty, imm6dest, commodious, commodity, incommode. Mola, a millstone ; meal sprinkled on the sa- crifice, molar, fmmolate, em61ument (originally the miller's toll, but now any profits). M5neo, I warn, remind,. mdniior, monument, admonish, money, mint. Mons, a mouTifain, ..... dismount, surmount, promon- tory. Monstro, / shew; mon- stratus, shewed, . . . demonstrate, remonstrate. Mors, mortis, death, . . . mortal, mortality, immortal. Mordeo, / bite ; morsus, bitten, remdrse, mdrsel, remorseless. Mos, morig, a manner,., mdrsA, immordlity, demdralize. MoltuSi many, multitude, multiply, multiform. BTTMOLOGIBS. 139 Mttveo, I move] motus, movedj m6veable, m6vement, commd- tion, emdtion. UnniOj I fortify ] mimi- iuSjfortifiedj munftion, ammunftion Munus, munSris, a gift or office^ remunerate, munificent, mu- nfcipal, immunity. Musa, a song^ music, the muses, musical, mu- seum, amuse. Muto, / change^ mutable, immutable, mutationj commute, transmute. Natus, borUj native, natal, nation, cognate, fnnate. Natura, nature^ natural, supernatural, natural- ize, naturalist. Navis, a ship^ nayy, naval, circumnavigate. Nauta, a sailor j nautical, nautilus. Ne, notj nefarious. Necto, I tie] nexus, tied^ connect, ann^x. N6go, 1 deny] negatus, deniedj negation, negative, renegade. Neuter, not either j neutral, neutrality, neutralize. Niger, blacky n^gro, Niger (the river going through the country of the - blacks). Noceo, I injure^ fnnocent, noxious, obnoxious, innocuous. Nomen, a name^ n6minal, denominate, nomina- tive, fgnominy, noun. Non, nof , nonsense, nondescript, noncon- formist. Norma, a rule^ a pa^#er7i,n6rmal, enormous, endrmity. Nosco, / learn^ I know ; notus, knovm ; nota, a markj note, ndtable, notify, denote, notion, n6ble, ignoble, cog- nizance, recognize. N6vem, nine^ November. Novus, new, novel, Innovate, novice. Nox, noctis, nighty nocturnal,6quinox, equinoctial. Nubo, I marry, nuptials, connubial. Numdrus, a number^ . . .numeral, innumerable, eniimQ- rate, supernumerary. ,i\ < >il f 4- 3-\l I 140 PART V. Nunio, / announce, denounce, pro- nounce, renounce, nuncio. Nutrio, I nourish ; nutri- tus, nourished J nutriment, nutritive, nurse. Oblivio, oblivionis, /or- getfulnessy oblivion, oblivious. Octo, eight ; octavus, eighth, octave, octdvo, October. Oculus, the eye J oculist, ocular, inoculate (as a tree with a hud, or a person with ^nall-pox.) Odor, scenty 6dour. Officium, duty, office, officer. Omnis, all, omniscience, omnipresent, 6m- nibus, (a carriage for all,) Opto, J ims/i, or choose,. .option, optative, adopt. Opus, opSris, a wor/c, .. operate, co-operation,6perative, opera. Orbis, a circle, orb, orbit, orbicular,ex6rbitant. Ordo, ordinis, order,. ..ordinal, ordain, ordinary, in- ordinate, subordinate. Ovigo, the beginning,..,, oiigin, original, aboriginal, orf^inate. Orior, Irise; ortus,ri«ew, orient, oriental, (the east, where the sun rises), abortive. Oro, I speak, entreat,,, ot&I, orator, oracle, adore, in- exorable. Ovum, an egg, oval, oviparous. Pa^us, a village, pagan, (the villagers remaining idolators after the people of the towns had become Chris^ tians) paganism, peasant. Pallium, a cloak, pall, palliative. Palpo, / touch, palpable, palpitate. Pando, / spread; passus, spread, expand, expanse, pace (the foot being stretched out), en- compass. Par, equal, ,, .,, peer, parity, disparity, dispar age, compare, comparison. Pareo, / appear, apparent, transparent, appari- tion. P&rio, I beget, parent, ovf parous, viviparous. P&ro, / get r^idyf ...... prepdre, preparation, repair, impair. ETYMOLOGIES. 141 Pars, partis, a part, , . pdrty, participle, particle, par- tial, participate, particular, bipartite, parse, impart, de- part. Pasco, Ifeedj pasture, pastor, repdst, antepast. Pater, a father, paternal, patrimony, pdtron, patrlciaii. P atria, father-land, na- tive country, patriot, patriotic, expatriate. Patior, I suffer, patient, impatience, pdssion, passive. Pauper, poor^ pauper, pauperize, pauperism, poverty. Pax, pacis, peace, .... pacific, pacify, peace, peaceable. Pecco, / sin, peccant, impeccable, peccadillo, peccavi. Pectus, pectSris, the breast, pectoral, expectorate. PScunia, money, pecuniary. Peculium, private prop- erty, peculiar, peculate. Pello, / drive ; pulsus, driven, exp^l, expulsion, compel, disp^Sl, impil, rep^l, repeal, propyl, pulse, repulse. I Pendeo, / hang, pendulum, pendant, pending, appendage, depend, im- pend, perpendi'oular, prd- p^nsity, suspend. t-iJ Pendo, I weigh, I -pay ; pensus, weighed,,, expand, expanse, dispense, dis- pensary, compensate, r6c- .vrMA <.i,v:A ' ompense, pension, pensive, .')[q'fit ,) .1! iu! compendium. P^ne, almost, ........ penfnsula, autepen^ltimafce^ p^- .•;.ii>!'i[rai /.nolqx'.* -■;!*if.i(|i4'mbra;-»vv)iv ,>;ijjjti'iuiq PSnStro, Ipierice; jpen- '- i ^^ MrMiin;!*! etratus, ^ierccf/,.. p^iieUFfite, impenetrable. '•''^ P«nuriia, wmt, , -i . 4 « . • ip^nury, penueFlous. , penariaui3-i ..-; ' nes3. Persona, a person, .... personate, peradnify, pprsonalX Pe^j p6di9^ ^f^tfi,... p^dalyipedestrian, pedeatal, ex- .y jHH pedite, impede, quadruped, alipeil 2 ('.fa .Ur.'r'M -* , itc ,, quisite, require* , \ ."oj-WT Qualis, such asj qualify, disqualify, quality. ■Quss^S''(c^«sms in rfm- ; '■i:fi;.:'..,\vuji\ :,m\\ v .oi)ii;>iiii'I vatives)j sAafcew,.. concussion, discfiss, percussion. Quies, quietis, res^,.. .qui'et, quietude, qul^scen^t, fi-^- qui^sce, requiem, Quatnor, /owr, mn^i ^ quart, quarter, quftdr,apt| .^ft- -&'-' \ /fO!i;'i.>> fr.ilrjuiurt'r dratic, quadrangle. ^ <)uinque, five^ ..««•«. < quinquennial, quintuple, quin- l,-'l^^i\^ u:, i.'v \. .il VJ \\_ i ■ ' t^SSCnCe. ^dii^Sj d ray ^ . 4 « ^ » >. i. radius, radiate, irr4dia<1fe} V^^' . t'i ; ance. -R^dix, tt) mo^,../.!JH[tfv.,i;adiah, eradicate, i!i(|i9^Q i (^ ofr/VrtT . '' .:;v small root), scrapedf,,.^4Mkif»i^»i3ej erdse, rdzof, rasher} .oii: abrade. ..... , ,,\\o(\ » ,'t;Hi'l .iimVf^iu] ,)»r[f-;^jin ,A5v.u)t\ x\ ^Vn^uH ETYMOLOGIES. 145 R&pio, I snatch ; raptus, snatched rapine, rapacious, rapacity, rapt, rapture, ravish, rave- nous, ravage. Rarus, thin^ notclose^»* rare, rarity, rarefy, rarefaction. R&tio, reason, rational, irrdtional, rationale, ratiocination. R^tns, fixed, ratify, ratification, r&tiou, rate. R6go, / rule; rectus, ruled or straight f,, r^gal, reguUtion, regular, re- gency, regimen, regiment, rector, rectify, correct, direct, eldct, corrigible, rectilinear, regicide, inter- regnum, regnant. Repo, I creepj reptile. Hcte, a netj reticulate, reticule, retina ( a part of the eye like net' work.) "RideOy I laugh den'de, derfsion, r/sible, ridi- cule, ridiculous. Rigeo, Ian cold or stiffs rfgid, rigidity, rfgor, rigorous. Rigo, I water, Irrigate, irrigation, irrlguous. Rivus, »riverj rivulet, rival, derive. [tor. Robur, an oak, strength, robust, corrciborate, corrobora- Rodo, I gnaw, corrode, erode, rod^ntia (gnaw- ing animals, the rat, Sfc.) Rogo, / ask; rogatus, asked, ordained, . . interrogate, abrogate, prorogue. R6ta, a wheel, rotation, rote, roast. Rotundus, round,. . . , . rotundity. Rumen, the cud, ruminate (to think oneh thoughts over again.) Rumpo,I6rea/c; ruptus, broken, rupture, eruption, abrupt, cor- rupt, bankrupt. Rus, ruris, the country, rustic, rural. Rudis, untaught rude, rudiment, Erudite. Sacer, sacred, sacrament, sacrifice, sacrilege (lego, I steal; consecrate, desecrate, Execrate, sacer- dotal, sexton (contracted from sacristan). Sagax, wise, sagacity, presage. »■•■ 1^ \ i ii I'' h I'i I 3! I I * ■ - . - 1 7 '- r 146 PART V. Sal, salt saUne, sal-voUtile (volo, I fly), Salio, Heap ; saUum, to leap sally, silmon ( this fish leaps very high)y sdlient, assail, assdult, c6nsul, counsel, desultory, exult. S&lus, salutis, safetyj .Bdlutary, salute. Salvua, safCj salvdtion, sAviour, sdlvo, sdl- vable, salve. Sanctus, Ao/jf, sanctify, sAnctity, sanctimdni- ous, sdnction. Sanguis, blood ^ sanguinary, sanguineous, Bin- guine, consanguinity. Sanus, soundj sane, insane, insanity, sanative. Sapio, / tastey or I am wise sdvour, insfpid, sapid, sdpient, sdpience. S&tis, enough^ sate, satiate, saturate, satfety, sdtisfy, insatiable. Scando, / ctimbf asc6nd, ascension, descend, transcend, scan. Scindo, I cut; scissus, cut rescind, scfssors, abscfssion. Scio, I know; scitus, knovm^ scfence, conscience, conscien- tious, conscientiousness, conscious, consciousness, prescience, omnfseience. Scribo,/M>n7g; scriptus, toritterif scribe, scrfbble, scrfpture, de- ' scrfbe, description, super- scribe, transcribe, post- script, rescript. Scrutor, /searcA; scni- tatus, searched^, , .BCTuimj, scrutator, inscrutable. S^cOy I cut; sectus, CM/,sect, section, secant, sector, segment, insect ( having their bodies deeply cuf)^ dissect, dissector, inter- sect, bisect. Sequor, I follow ; secu- tus, /oWowed, sequence, consequence, sequel, subsequent, execute, per- secute, prosecute, consecu- tive, second. ETYMOLOGIES. 147 Sftdeo, Ist^; sossum, to 8itf seddn, sddentary, sddiraent, se- date, session, ass^sa, pre- side, consider, subsfde, su- persede, assiduous, insr- dious. Semi, halff sncA:,extinguish, distfnguish, fnstinct, extinct, Sto, / stand; statum, stoodj statute, state, stdtue, stature, stationer, stable, constant, distant, extant, fnstant, obstacle, constitute, insti- tute, substitute, supersti- tion, armistice (arma, arms)j insterstice. Stringo, I draw tight; strictus,rfraiy?i tight,str\ct, constructor, strfngent. Suadeo, I advise; sua- sum, advised, .... suasive, dissuade, persudde. ETYMOLOaiES. 149 BiTVioJ build; structus, built J striicture, constr6ct, construe, destruction, instruct, ob- struct, destroy. Substantia, a SMfts^a/ice, substantive, substantiate, tran- substantiation. Sum, I am; esse, to be; ens, entis, being; futurus, a6ottf/o6e,dssence, Entity, absent, present, represent, patent, fnterest, future. Summus, the highest^ . . summit, sum, summary, consum- mate. Sumo, I takcj , assume, consume, presume, sumptuous. Surgo, I rise; surrec- tum,n«e7i, surge, insurgent^ resurrection. Taceo, lam silent, . . . .tacit, taciturn, taciturnity. Tango, I touch ; tactus, touched^ tangible, tangent, c6ntact, con- tagion, contagious, contin- gent, contiguous, integrity, attach, attain. T^go, I cover; tectus, covered, integument, detect, protect. Temno, / despise, contemn, contempt, contempt- ible, contemptuous. Tempus, temporis, fime,tense, temporal, extempore, con- temporary, temporize, Tempero,/ season,! mod- erate, . . . . , temper, temperate. Tendo, I stretch, I bend; tentus, str etched,., tendf tense (tight), tendon, tent, attend, distend, intend, subtend, superintend, por- tend. Teneo, J Ao/rf ; tentum, heldf « tenant, tenable, tenacious, tene- ment, tenet, tenor, tendril, abstain, continent, conti- nue, detain, entertain, ob- tain, pertain, pertinent, retdin, retinue, »UBt«biB. Teato, / try,, .tempt, attempt. Km i: fi . if h i ., u rr II 's 'i & 11 \ I :i i i 'h. i' I 150 PART V. Tepeo, 1 am warm, !, . , tepid. Terminus, a boundary, or an end, term, terminal, terminate, con- terminous, determine,exter- minate, interminable. T6ro, I rub; tritus, rubbed, tn'turate, cdntrite, attrf tion, detriment. Terra, the earth terrestrial, terrace (praised earth), terrier, inter. Terreo, I f righten, ,.,, terror, terrible, terrify, deter. Testis, a witness, test, testament, testate, attest, contest, detest, protest. Texo, I weave; textus, 'woven, texture, text, context, text- hand. Timeo, I fear, tfmid, timidity, intfmidate, tfm- orous. Toiyeo, I am benumbed, ior fid, torpedo, (a kind offish that benumbs by giving an electric shock). Toreo, I parch; tostus, parched, t6rrid, toast. Torqueo, I twist; tortus, twisted, tortuous, torture, torment, dis- tort, retort. Traho, /c?raw>; tractus, drawn; tracto, / handle, treat, tract, trdctable, trace, db- stract, attract, contract, distract, subtract, subtra- hend. Trado, I deliver over, or up, tradition, tradftional, trditor. TrSmo, I shake, .tremor, tremulous, tremble, tre- mendous. Tres, tria, three^ treble, trefoil, trfdent, triennial, trinity, trisect. Tribuo, / give, tribute, attribute, contribute, distribute, retribution, Tribus, a division of people, tribe, tribune, tribunal. Trudo, I thrust ; trusus, thrust f abstruse, detrude, iatrude, pro- trude. ETYMOLOGIES. 151 UneoT J I secj or Tprotect; tutus, sq/e, tuitfon, tutor, tutelar. Tiimeo, Iswellj tumor, tomb, tumid, tumefy, ' tumult, contumely. Tuber, a twellingf tubercle, tuberose, protuberant. Tarh&f a bustle^ a crowd fturhid, turbulent, disturb, per- turb. Ultra, beyond} ulterior, further; ultimus, furthest, ultra-lfberal, ulterior, ultimate, penult (the last syllable but one) J ultimatum. Umbra, a shade, umbrage, umbrageous, umbrella (^originally used as a shade for the sun)^ penumbra (the partial deprivation of light in an eclipse), Uaguo, I anoint ; unc- ti V nnointed^ unguent, unctuous, unction. Unue i'^ union, unitj, uniform, unique, unicorn, triune. Urbs, a city, urfeaiae, urbdnitjr, sikburbs. Uro, / burn; ustus, burnt, combustion, combustible, incom- bustible. Utor, I use ; usus, use, al^use, disuse, usual, utfllty, ilsage, usury. Vaccai a cow^ ..••..«. vdccinate (to transfer a disease that cows are subject to, to prevent the more serious dis' ease of the small-pox), V&co,Ia7ii empty ; vaca- tum, emptied, vacate, vacation, vacuum, evac- uate. Vado;, I go, ^,,. evade, evasion, invade, pervdde, vide-m^cum (go with me). Vigor, I wander, vagrant, vagabond, vagary, vague, extravagant. Valeo, / am well, or strong^ , . . valid, f nvalid, invalidate, vale- tudiniirian, valour, value, convalescent, avail, prevdil, countervail, valedictory. Vftpor, steam, ....... . vipor, evdporate. Yas, a vessel, vase, v^cular. ^ I i> I ' 111 1S2 PART V. Vastus, desolate^ m(2e,.Yast, devastate, devastition. Veho, I carry; vectus, catriedf T^hicle, convey, cdnvez, in- vefgh, veterinary. V^lum, a covering J. , . . veil, reveal, develop, envelop. Vendo, I sell^ vend, vender, venial, vendible. V6nio, I come ; ventum, came J advent, venture, convene, con- vent, Covent C^arden, con- venient, covenant, ev^nt, prevent, revenue. Verbum, a wordy verb, adverb, verbal, verbosity, verbiage, proverb. Vergo, Ibendj , verge, converge, convergent, di- verge. Vermis, a worm^ vermin, vermfcular, vermiform, vermicelli (Jthe c sounded like ch in chess)j vermifuge. Verto, I turn; versus, turned,,,,, k verse, version, versatile, avert, advert, adverse, advertfse, convert, divert, divorce, pervert, revert, subvert, transverse, universe. Verus, true, verity, very, verify, verdcity, verisi'miliar, aver. Vestis, a grar»ie«^,....vest, vesture, vestry (robing room), invest, investiture, divest. Via, a way, vial (by the way), deviate, ob- viate, obvious, pervious, viaticum, trivial {common ; literally where three roads meet, and, consequently, are much resorted to), Vicis, a change, t»sfcarf,vicrssitude, vfcar, vicarious, vice-president, vi,: cemvir. . . ..,.v\-:-n ■.. ETYMOLOGIES. 153 Video, Isee;Tisus, seen,vf5ion, vfsible, vfsual, vfsion- ary, vfsage, visit, vfsta, ^nvy, Evident, provfde, prudence (providence,) provfsion, purvey, survey, revise, supervise, vfde(s«c), videlicet (contracted to viz. J namely^. Vita, life . • • • • vftal, vitality, aqua-vftae, lig- / num-vftae {lignum wood), Vitrum, glass Vitreous, vftrify, vitriol, (resewi- bling glass). Vivo, / live ; victum, . . livedj vivacity, vfctuals, vfvify, re- vive, survive. Voco, I call; vocatus, called; vox, «?oice,. vocation, vocal, equfvocal, vo- cative, convoke, invoke, Volo, / wishf ......... prov6ke,revoke, viva-voce. voluntary, volition, volunteer, malevolent. Volvo, / roll; volutus, rolledy .volume (books informer timesy having been rolled up)j vol- uble, volute, convolvulus, devolve, evolve, revolve. Voro, IdevQur^ voracious, graminivorous (gra-^ men, grass), granivorous granum, grain) herbivo- rous (herba, herb), pisciv- orous, omnivorous Voveo, / vow, I pray; votus, vowed, vote, votive, vdtary, devote, dev<5ut. Vulgus, the common people, vulgar, vogue, vulgate, divulge, Velio, / pull ; vulsus, pulled, convulse, convulsion, revulsioJi* l/5f| )t| m' i '' ' M I 154 PART V. GREEK AFFIXES. Verbs are formed by the termination ize or ise ; as critic-ize, exerc-ise. Nouns denoting persons are formed by the termination ist ; as, soph-ist. Abstract Nouns, and Nouns denoting things, are formed : 1« By the affix ad or idj as, Ili-adj Aene-id, 2. By ma, as, panora''ma, 3. By sm or ism^ .... as, spasm^ magnet-ism, soph' ism, 4. By y ov e, as, monarch-y, anatom-y, epi^ tom-e, cata-stroph-e, 5. By sis, as, crisis, emphasis. 6* By ic or tic, ics or tics, as, rhetor-ic, arithme-tic, eth' ics, mathema-tics. Diminutives are formed by the affix isk; as, aater-isk, obel-isk {ohelos, a spike). GREEK PREFIXES. -e ., A or an denotes pri- % ration, as, amorphous, shapeless ; anarchy, want of gov- ernment ; apathy, want of feeling. Amphi, about or both, as, amphitheatre, an area with seats about; am- phibious, living in both air and water. ETYMOLOGIES. 155 Ana^ back, again, . • .as, analyze, to resolve into its component parts. Anti, against, as, antidote, a counterpoison, ApOj from, as, apostle, a person sent from another. Cata {Kata), against, according to, . . . as, cataract^ a waterfall ; m- talogue, a list of parti- culars. Via, through, ass, diameter, a lino passing through the centre of a circle; diaphanous, that can be seen through. En, em, in, on,. ... . .as, encaustic, burnt in ; em- phasis, stress on a word. Epi, upon, as, epidemic, a disease upon many people at once. Ex, out, as, exodus^ departure out of. Hyper, over, as, hypercritical, over-nice. Hypo, under, as, hypocrite, a dissembler. Meta, beside, denotes change, as, metamorphosis, a change of shape. Para, from, with, be- side, siS, paralogy , false reasoning; parallel, resemblance ; paradox, an assertion contrary to appearance. Peri, about, as, periphery, circumference. Syn, sym, with, toge- ther, as, synod, an assembly ; sym- pathy, compassion. ifl' m m m ■\.. •--- 166 PART V. DERIVATIVES FROM GREEK. u • ■i \ I I U I So many of our most expressive words are derived from the Greek, that without a knowledge of the com- pounds adopted from it, we lose all the beauty and in- genuity of our terms of art and science ; which, for want of the interesting associations which a knowledge of their origin would create, appears to us a mere jum- ble of letters unmeaningly put together. Acros, end or top of . . .acro-stic, acro-polis. Adelphos, brother j Phil-ad^lphia, Ad^lphi. Aer, air^ aero-naut. Agogos, leader J d^m-agogue, p4d-agogue. Agoge, leadingy, . , . . . syn-agogue. Akouo, / hear^ acou-stics. Agon, contest f ant-agon-ist. A, B, alpha^ beta^ dlphabet. [dndria. Aner, andros, 7nan,. . ..mon-andria, pent-dndria, hept- Angelos, mensenger^, . . . angel, ang61-ic, arch-angel, ev- angel-ist. [anthe-mum. Anthos, Jlowerj antho-lo-gy, poly-anthus, chrys- Anthropos, man, human being, ; mfs-anthrope, phil-anthrop-ic. Arche, government ; Ar- ches, chief, mon-arch, olig-arch, t^tr-arch. Arctos, bear, north .... arct-ic, ant-artc-ic. Aristos, best, noblest^ . . . aristo-cracy. Arithmos, number y arfthme-tic, log-arithm. [isk. Astron, star, astr6-nom-y, as tro-log-y, aster- Athletes, wrestler J athlete, athl4t-ic. Autos, self samCf auto-bio-graph-y, auto-graph, auto-crat, auto-maton. Ballo, I throw y cast^, . . . sym-bol, ^m-blem, pro-blem, hyp^r-bole. Biblion, book^ bfblio-pole,bfble,bibli6-graph-y. Bios, lifCf bio-graph-y, amphf-bi-ous. Bis, twice, biennial, biped. Calos, beautiful f calU-graph-y calli-sth^n-ics (sthSnos, strength). ETYMOLOGIES, 157 Calupto, I cover f ap6-calyp8e ( i. e. uncovering ^ revealing, Revelation.) Ghdle, bikf choler, m^lan-choly (m^lany black). Ohristos, anointed, .... Christ, chrfst-endom. Chrdnos, time, chron-ic, chron6-log-y, chro- no-meter, and-chronism. Cosmos, worldf mf cro-cosm, cosmo-graph-y, cosmo-gon-y. Crino, I decide, cr/sis, erf tic. Cuclos, circle, cycle, cyclo-id. Deca, ten, .d^ca-gon, d^ca-logue. Daimon, spirit,evil spirit. d4mon, demoa-iac, pan-demon- ium. Demos, people, .d^mo-crat, epi-d^m-ic, Demo- sthenes. Dendron, tree, rhodo-d6ndron (rhodon, a rosCj dendro-log-y. Doxa, opinion, praise, . . . ortho-dox, h^tero^dox, doxo- log-y. Dogma, opinion, doc- trine, dogma, dogmat'-ic. > Dromos, race, hfppo-drome, drom-edary (the swift kind of camel), Dunamis, strength, force,([yn'd.m-ic9, dyna-sty. Eremos, desert, Eremite, hermit. ^ Ergon, work, chir-urgeon (cheir, hand), m6t- all-urgy ( metallon, a mine). Ethos, character, ^th-ics. Eu, well, eu-log-y, eu-phon-y. Gamos, fnarriage, .... .poly-gam-y, bf-gam-y Gaster, stomach, gastro-nom-y, gast-ric. Ge, earth, geo-log-y, geo-graph-y, geo- metry, [eous. Genos, kind, sort, hetero-g6n-eous, homo-g^n- eous. Genea, genesis, genera- tion, genea~log-y, Genesis. Glotta, glossa, tongue, .poly-glot, gloss, gloss-ary, epi- glottis. Glupho, I carve, hfero-glyph-ic, trr-glyph (trfa, three). [cism. Gignosko, I know, pro-gno-stic, gno-stic, gno-sti- J con, drug), Poleo, / «e//, mono-pol-y. PoliS| city^ metro-polis (meter, mother)^ Constantino-pie, Na-ples. Polftes, citizen^ cosm6-polite, p6litics, p61ity. Polus, many^ p61y-gon, poly-dndria. Potamos, riveVf potam6-log-y, b(ppo-p6tamus. Pons, podos, foot J antf-podes, p61y-pus. Protos, firstj proto-martyr, pro to-type. Psallo, I singy psdlm, psalm-ody. Pseudes, false^ pseudo-philo-soph-er. ps^udo- phil-anthrop-y. Psuehe, sow/, psycho-log-y, met-em-psychd- sis. Pteron, vnngj cheir6-ptera, df-pteroug. Pur, Jlr$f pyro-t6chn-ic, pyr-amid (i. e. any thing in the form of flame or fire). Rhetor, orator ^ rh^tor-ic. Scelos, legy is6-sceles. Scoped, I vieWf examine^ t^le-scope, mfcro-BCope, Sceptomai, I consider^ I doubt y sc^pt-ic. Sophos, wise^ phil6-soph-er, sophist. Spad, / drawj spa-sm, spa-sm-ddic. Sphaira, hall^ sphere, atmo-sphere (fttmoi breath)^ hemisphere. Statis, standing^ apd-stasy, dc-stasy. Hi-ste-mi, / place^ system. Stelld, / send out, apd-stle, epf-stle. Stenos, narrow, swiaW,. .stend-graph-y. Stichos, line, verse, hdmi-stich, di'-stich, acrd-«tic. Strophe, turning, apd-strophe, cata-strophe. Tassd, / set in order,, . .tactics, syntax. Taphos, tomb^ dpi-taph, cdno-taph (kenof , empty). Techne, art, tdchni-cal, poly-tdchn-ic, pan- tdchn-icon. Tele, far, idle-graph. Theaomai, / look at,,*,. thdatre. Thema, po»ition, theme. [thed-cra-cy, Theoi, god, thed-log-y, pan-thdon, 4-th«-iit 162 w ■ PART V. Thermos, warmj thermd-meter, iso-th^rmal. Thesis, placing^ position^ hypo-thesis, syn-thesis, par-^n- thesis. Temno, I cuty ana-tom-y, a-tom, epf-tom-e. Topos, place J . top6-graph-y, top-ic. Trepo, 1 turn, trope, trop-ic {where the sun turns, going no further north or south). Tupos, a stampj a like- nesSj type, typd-graph-y. Zoon, animal, zod-log-y, zdo-phyte (phuton pla/nt). ILLTJSTBATIVE EXAMPLE, INTERROGATIVE. 1. What are the Greek Roots of Philosopner ? — of Geography? — of Telescope? — of Misanthropy? — of Mythology ?— of rthodox ? — of Chronometer ? &c. 2. What other English words are derived from the same Roots ? — Telegraph, Chronology, Philanthropy, Orthography, &c. NAMES OF THE PRINCIPAL SCIENCES, WITH THEIR DERIVATION AND EXPLANATION. PHYSICS, — (from^^wsis, nature,)— Also called Natural Philosophy, treats of the proper- -lies of all bodies. MECHANICS — (from mechani, a machine) — Treats of the laws of motion, of the forces by which bodies may be made to act on each other, and the means by which power may be increased. HYDROSTATICS— (from hudor, water, and atatiki, standing, or settled) — Treats of the gravity and pressure of fluids, and the method of weighing solids in them. HYDRAULICS — (from hudor, water, and aulos, a pipe)— Teaches to calculate the Telocity and momentum of fluids in motion, ^ v >- '^••itel. ETYMOLOGIES. 163 PNEUMATICS— (from pneuma^ breath or air)— • Is that branch of Natural Philosophy which treats of the weight, pressure, and elasticity of the air, and of their effects. ACOUSTICS— -(from akouo^ to hear)— . Treats of the nature and laws of sound. OPTICS,— -(from opSj an eye,)— The science of vision, and of the laws which relate to light. METEOROLOGY— (from meteoris, sublime, lofty, and logoSf a description) — Treats Df the phenomena of the atmosphere. MINERALOGY — (from mme, a pit, or subterraneous passage, and logos^ discourse) — Treats of the properties of minerals, and classifies them. BOTANY— (from botanij a plant)— Treats of the vegetable kingdom, the properties of its various productions, and their classifications. ZOOLOGY — (from zoon, an animal, and logos^ a dis- course) — Is the branch of natural history which treats of animals, — their various genera and species. CHEMISTRY — (from the Arabic kimiajihe secret art) — Teaches to analyse and to combine all bodies, so as to ascertain the simple ele ments of which bodies aro composed, and to produce new combinations. CRYSTALLOGRAPHY— (from fcrwos,frost,andg-rap^^, a writing) — Treats of the forms and structure of crystals. ELECTRICITY— (from elektron^ amber)— Treats of the phenomen of the electric fluid, and of the laws which govern it. i&fi 164 PART V. si ! Illl MAGNETISM — (from Magnesia^ a town in Asia Minor) — Explains the properties of the magnet or load-stone. ASTRONOMY — (from astron^ a star, and nomosy a law)- Treats of the heavenly bodies, their size, motions, and eclipses, and of the laws wl^ich regulate them. GEOGRAPHY— (from ge, the earth, and graphs^ a writing) — Is a description of the surface of the earth, its natural and political divisions, and the state of its inhabitants. GEOLOGY — (from ge, the earth, and logos j a dis- course)— Treats of the structure and changes of the body of the earth, and the classification of its component parts. GEOMETRY, — (from ge, the earth, and metron^ a mea- sure,)— That branch of mathematics which regards the measurement of all magnitudes. ARITHMETIC, — (from arithmosj number, and metron, a measure,) — The science of numbers ; that part of mathematics which treats of the properties of numbers. ALGEBRA, — (from aZ, the, andjwftr, force or consolida- tion,) — A kind of arithmetic in which quantities are repre- sented by letters instead of by figures. MATHEMATICS,— (from mathemaj science,)— The science which embraces all computations of number or magnitude, and therefore includes the sciences of Geometry, Arithmetic, Algebra, &c. ETTMOLOQIES. 165 DERIVATIONS OF STANDARDS OF MEASUREMENT. If we investigate the Standards of Measurement, we find that many of them have been derived from the human body, and more especially from its operative instrument, the hand. Thus we have a nail^^pollexj pouce, pulgada, (Swe- dish, turn) — for an inch ; which word has been misap- plied by our Saxon predecessors, and corrupted from the Latin unciaj which only related to weight. We still measure by digits^ by fingers^ breadth, by hands high. Cubit J from cubitus ^ was used formerly. We now retain JEW, aune, ulna, Footj pace, paSj pes. Yardj (not, as Tookc supposed, from the Saxon gyr- wan, to prepare, but) from gyrdan (cingere)^ and is employed to represent the girth of the body. FathoMj the distance of '^he arms when extended to embrace, from which the meaning is implied in most languages. DERIVATIONS OF GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS. S-i e; It is equally curious to observe that Geographical positions, and the principal features of the sea and land, have derived their origin from the rude anatomy of the human body. Thus we have a cape, or Aearf-land ; ness, noss, or nose ; the brow of a mountain ; tongue of land ; rtiouth of a river ; chops of the channel ; neck of land j arm of the sea ; coast, costa^ the ribs. We are said to penetrate into the very heart of tb^ country, or to remove to the back settlements. We de- scend into the bowels of the earth, in order to discover a vein of ore. We ascend from the foot of the moun- tain, and from its ridge (back) surrey the prodpect sur- roandingi &0r &o. E!' r^y ■hi14,'- : .. . 'I PART VI ^1 I!' "9 A SELECTION OF LATIN PHRASES ; . OOMPRISING MOTTOES, PROVERBS, MAXIMS, AND SENTENCES MUCH USED AS QUOTATIONS. Ab extra, from without. *Ah intra, from within. JLh initio, from the begin- ning. Ad arbitrium, at pleasure. Ad captandum, to attract or captivate. Ad eundem, to the same. Ad infinitum, to infinity. Ad libitum, at pleasure. Ad valorem, according to value. A fortiori (a-for-she-o-ri), with stronger reason. Alma mater, benign mo- ther. Aurora borealis, the nor- thern lights. Communibus annis, one year with another. Cui bono? (ki bono,) to what end? to what good ? Dei gratid, by the grace of God. De jure, by or of right, by law. De facto, in fact, in reality. Delirium tremens, a disor- der of the brain, almost peculiar to drunkards. De novo, anew, from the beginning. Durante vitd, during life. Ex cathedrd, from the chair ; speaking authori- tatively. Ex animd, heartily, sin- cerely. Exempli gratid, as an ex- ample. Ex officio, by virtue of of- fice. Ex parte, on one side, on one part. Ex professoi by profession. LATIN PHRASES. 167 Flagrwnte hellOy while the war is raging, during hostilities. Flagrante delicto^dnringthe commission of the crime. In commendamj in trust or recommendation. In esse J in esiistence. In posse, possible existence. In limine, at the outset. In re, in the matter or busi- ness of. Invita Minerva, Minerva being unwilling; without the aid of genius. Ipse dixit, mere assertion. Ipso facto, by, or in the mere fact. Jure divino, by divine right. Jus gentium, the law of nations. Lex talionis, the law of re- taliation, like for like. Malum in se, a thing evil in itself. Malum prohibitum, a thing evil because forbidden. Mens conscia recti, a mind conscious of rectitude. Mirabile dictu, wonderful to be told. Modus operandi, manner of operating. Multum in parvo^ much in little. Mutatis mutandis, after making the necessary changes. Ne plus ultra, nothing be- yond, the greatest extent, the Utmost effort. JVe quid nimis, too much of one thing is good for nothing, Nem, con. (nemine contra* dicente), no one oppos- ing, unanimously. Noscitur e sociis, one is known by his associates. Non constat, it does not appear. Nudum dictum, a bare statement. Nudum pactum, a contract without consideration. Odium theologicum, the ha- tred of polemical divines. Onus probandi, the burthen or labor of proving any- thing. Parvumparva decent, little things become little men. Peccavi, I have sinned. Per fas aut nefas, through right and wrong. Per solium, by a leap, by a jump. Per se, by himself, by it- self, alone. Primd facie, at the first view or appearance. •I ' 188: PART VI. jli Primum mobile^ the first mover. Principia, first principles. Post mortem, after death. Probatum est, it has been proved. Pro ratd, in proportion. Pro re natd, for the occa- sion. Qtiantum libet, as much as is pleasing. Quantum valeat, as much as it may be worth. Q^antum sujfficit, sufficient quantity. Reductio ad absurdum, a species of argumentwhich proves, not the thing as- serted, but the absurdity of irhatever contradicts it Scandatum magnatvm,8c&n- dal or opprobium done to any high personage. Sub judicey before the judge. 8ub silentio, in silence. Tempora mutantur, times are changed. Toties quoties, as often as the thing shall happen. Toto calo, by the whole heaven; totally. Totidem verbis, in just so many words. Ultima ratio, the last rea- soning. Ultima ratio regum, the last reason or resort of kings, i. e. war. Utile dulci, the useful with the agreeable. Vade mecum (go along with me), a book or man- ual that a person al- ways carries with him, Vi et armis, by main force. Vice versa, the terms being reversed. Vis inertia, the force or property of inanimate matter. Ah hoc et ah kae, from this and from that; confusedly. Jib incanveniente, from the inconvenience of it. jib incunahulis, from the cradle. Abnormis sapiens, wise without schooling. Jib origine, from the origin. ' * jib ovo, from the egg, Jihnt invidiaf envy apart. s • • ' ' LATIH PHRASES. 169 Absque ulla conditioncj unconditionally. Abundat dulcibus vitiiSj he abounds in pleasant vices. Ab uno disce omnesj from one specimen judge of all " the rest. Abusus non tollit usunij abuse is no argument against proper use. A capite ad calcenij from head to heel. A posteriori^ from a posterior reason ; an argument from the effect to the cause. A priori^ from a prior reason ; from the cause to the * effect. Accessitj " he came nearly up to," a testimonial to one second in merit. , Accusare nemo se debet j no one is bound to criminate ^ himself. Aeerrima proximorum odia, the hatred of the nearest relations is the most bitter. Acribus initiisy incurioso fine^ with eager beginnings, but negligent ending. Acti labores jucundif past toils are pleasant. Actum est de republicd^ it is all over with the common- • wealth. Ad calendas Crr(BcaSy at the Greek calends ; i. e., never, as the Greeks had no calends. Ad captandum vulgusj to ensnare the vulgar ; i. e., the*^ populace. ^ Deo c^ regc, from God and the king. Ad eundem gradum^ to the same degree. Adjinemj to the end. Ad hominemj personal to the individual. Ad interim^ in the mean time. Ad internecionemj to extermination. Ad nauseam usque^ to satiety or disgust. Adolescentem vBrecundum esse decetf ft young man'^ should be modest. '■ 170 PART VI. liri m 1 Mpatres^ gathered to his fathers, i.e. dead. • M referendum^ for further consideration. Adscriptus glebcSj attached to the soil. ^d unguerrij to the touch of the nails ; thoroughly. ^d utrumque paratusy prepared for either event. Adversus majovj par secundis^ superior to adversity, equal to prosperity. Mgrescit medendo, the remedy is worse than the disease. Mquam servare menterriy to preserve an equable mind. ^que pauperihus prodestj locupletibus mque^ equally profitable to the rich and the poor. Aliena optimum frui insaniay it is well to profit by the folly of others. Aliquando bonus dorminat Homerus^ even the good Homer sometimes nods. Amare et sapere vix deo concediturj to love and be wise is scarcely granted to the highest. Amicus certus in re incertd cernitur^ a real friend ia discovered in adversity. Amicus humani generis, a friend of the human race. Amor nummi, love of money. Amor patrice, love of country, patriotism. Amoto queeramus seria ludo, setting jesting aside, let us attend to serious matters. Animi cultus humanitatis cibus^ mental culture is the food of humanity. AnimOf non astutia^ by courage, not craft. Anlmum rege, qui nisi paret, imperet, govern your temper, which, unless it obeys, will command. Animus, mind, intention. Ante lucem, before daylight. Aperto vivere voto, to live with every wish freely ex- pressed. A posse ad esse, from possibility to reality. Appetitus rationi pareatf let appetite obey reason. ' >. tkTTS PHRASES. 171 It U u u It II Ardentia verha^ words that burn. Argumentum ad crumenam, an argument to the purse. ad hominemj to the man . ad ignorantiam, to ignorance, or founded on an adversary's ignorance of facts. ad judicium^ to the judgment. ad verecundiamy to modesty. haculinum^ club law; an appeal to force. Ars est celare artema^ it is true art to conceal art. Auctor pretiosafacity the giver makes the gift precious. Audax at cautus, bold but wary. Aude sapercj dare to be wise. Audi alteram partem^ hear the other side. Aurea mediocritasy the golden mean. Basis virtutum constantiay constancy is the foundation of the virtues. Beneficium accipere^ libertatem vendere^ to receive a benefit is to sell one's liberty. Bis dat qui cito dat^ he gives twice who gives prompt- ly, or seasonably. Bonis nocet quisquis pepercerit malisy he hurts the good who spares the bad. CacoetheSj an evil custom. " carpendij a rage for collecting. " loquendif " speaking. " scribendiy " writing. Cceteris paribus^ other things being equal. Cassis tutissima virtus^ virtue is the safest shield. Causa latet, vis est notissimaj the cause is concealed, the effect is notorious. Causa sine qua non^ an indispensable condition. Cito maturumy cito putridum^ soon ripe, soon rotten. Ccdum non animum mutant^ qui trans mare current^ they who cross the seas, change their sky, but not their affections. vr^ • 'ra' 1T2. PART VI. I i i i Comes jucundus in via pro vehiculo est^ a pleasant companion on the road is as good as a coach. Conditio sine qua non^ an indispensable condition. Consequitur quodcunque petite he attains whatever he pursues. Cor ununiy via una^ one heart, one way. Credo quia impossibile est^ I believe, because it is im- possible. Credula res amor est, love is a credulous thing. Crux criticorujrif the puzzle of critics. ** medicorum " physicians. " mathematicorum, '' mathematicians. Cucullus nonfacit monachum, the cowl does not make the monk. Damnant quod non intelligunt, they condemn what they do not understand. Davus sum, non (Edipus, I am Davus, not (Edipus ; I cannot solve the problem. Decipimur specie recti, we are deceived by the appear- ance of rectitude. Docendo discimus, we learn by teaching. Dum spiro, spero, while I breathe, I hope. Dum vivimus, vivamus, while we live, let us live. £ pluribus unum, one from many — Motto of the United States. The allusion is to the formation of one federal government out of a number of independent States. Est modus in rebus, there is a medium in all things. Esto quod esse videris, be what you seem to be. Et hoc genus omne, and every thing of the sort. Et sic de similibus and so of the like. " de cateris " rest. Ex abundantid, out of the abundance. Ex ahusu non arguitur ad usum, no argument can be drawn from the abuse of a thing against its use. LATIir PHRASES. 173 Ex aquo et bonOy according to what is just and good. Ex facto jus oritur y the law arises out of the fact. Ex mero motu^ from a mere motion ; from his own free will. Exnihilo nihil Jit ^ nothing produces nothing. Experientia docet stultosj experiences teaches fools. Ex postfactOj after the deed is done ; retrospective. . Ex uno disce omnes, from one learn all. Faber sua fortuncej a self-made man. Facinus quos inquinat aquat^ guilt makes equal those whom it stains. F(Bx populij the dregs of the people. Fare^fac, speak, do. Fari qua sentiaty to speak what he thinks. Fas est et ab hoste docerij it is well to learn even from an enemy. Felicitas multos habet amicosj prosperity has many friends. Felix quern faciunt aliena pericula cautuMy happy is he who learns prudence from the dangers of others, Festina lentey hasten slowly. Fiat justitia, ruat c^/wm, let justice be done though the heavens should fall. Finem respicey look to the end. Finis coronat opuSy the end crowns the work. Forsan et hac olim meminisse juvabity perhaps it will hereafter be pleasant to remember these things. 2'br/i^er,yirfeZi7er,/eW«Ycr,boldly,faithfully,successfully. Fronti nulla fidesy there is no trusting to appearances. Gratis dictum j mere assertion. Gutta cavat lapideniy non viy sed sape cadendOy the drop hollows the stone, not by force, but by frequent fall- ing. Hie et ubiqucy here and everywhere. Hie jacet sepultus, here lies buried. 174 PART VI. Hodie mihij crat tibi^ to-day bo mine, to-morrow thiue. Hoc agCj do thia ; attend to what you are doing. Homo suTTij humani nihil a me alienum putOj I am a man, and nothing that relates to man is foreign to my sympathies. Humanum est errare, it is human to err. Ignorantia legis neminem excusat^ ignorance of the law excuses nobody. Jgnoscite scepe alterij nunquam tibij pardon another often, yourself never. Ignoti nulla cupido^ no desire is felt for a thing unknown. Imo pectorey from the bottom of the heart. Improhis aliena virtus semper formidolosa est^ the virtue of others is always a terror to the wicked. In articulo mortis^ at the point of death. Incidit in Scyllam qui vult vitare Charyhdim^ in striving ' to avoid Charybdis, he falls into Scylla. Indignant e invidia fiorehit Justus^ the just man will flourish in spite of envy. Inest sua gratia parvis^ even little things have their peculiar grace. Infra dignitatem^ below one's dignity. Ingratum si dixeris^ ommia dicis^ if you call a man un- grateful, you say everything against him. Iniquissimam pacem justissimo hello antefero^ I prefer the most unjust peace to the most just war. In loco parentis^ in place of a parent. In medias res, into the midst of things. In medio tutissimus ibis^ you will go safest in a middle course. In omnia paratus, prepared for all things. In omnibus aliquidj in toto nihilj a little in everything, in nothing complete. In perpetuam rei memoriam^ in perpetual remembrance of the thing. • LATIN PURABES. 175 Jn purii naturalibusj naked. In rerum naturdj in the nature of things. Jn aecula seculorumj for ages on ages. Jnsanus omnis furere credit cateros^ every madman be- lieves all otlier persons are mad. In statu quo ante helium^ in the same state as before the war. Integra mens augustissima possessiOj a mind fraught with integritj is the noblest possession. Inter arma silent legesj laws are silent in the midst of war. Interdum stultus h'ene loquitur^ sometimes a fool speaks to the purpose. Interdum vulgus rectum videty sometimes the rabble dis- covers what is right. Inter spem «t metum^ between hope and fear. Inter parietesj within walls ; in private. In vino Veritas^ there is truth in wine. Invitd Minervd, without capacity. Ipsissimis verbis^ in the very words. lia lex scripta esty thus the law is written, Jacta est alea, the die is cast. Jucundi acti labores, past toils are pleasant. Justitia vertutum regina^ justice is the queen of the vir- tues. Labor ipse voluptasj labor itself is a pleasure. Labor omnia vincit^ labor conquers all things. Laudibus arguitur vini vinosusj the drunkard is discov- ered by his praises of wine. Longum est iter per precepta^ breve et efficax per exempla ^ instruction by precept is long, by example short and effectual. Lapsus Ungues y a slip of the tongue. Lusus naturcBj a freak of nature j anything apparently unnatural. < ^ = ' i ■1^ 176 PART VI. Magna civitaSf magna solitudo^ a great city is a great solitude. Magna est Veritas et pravalebitf truth is powerful, and will prevail. agnum est vectigal parsimoniaj economy is itself a great income. Maledicus a malejico non differtj nisi occasione, an evil speaker differs not from an evil doer, exeept in the opportunity. Manibus pedibusque^ with hands and feet. Maximus in minimis^ very great in very little things. Mens Sana in corpore sanoj a sound mind in a sound body. Mutato nomine J de te fabula narratur^ the name being changed, the fable applies to you. Necessitas non habet legem^ necessity has no law. ec scire fas est omnia ^ it is not permitted to know all things. Nefronti crede^ trust not the face, or first appearance. Nemo me impune lacessitj no man annoys me with im- punity. Ne plus ultraj the utmost limit ; perfection. Nil desperandwRy never despair. Nobilitas sola est atque unica virtus ^ virtue is the trut and only nobility. o mina stultorum parietibus hcerent^ fools' names are written on walls. Non compos mentis^ not of sound mind. Non est inventus^ he has not been found. Non est vivere^ sed valere vita^ life is not mere existence, but the enjoyment of good health. Non libety it does not please me. Non omne licitum honestum^ a thing may bo lawful, and yet not honorable. N(m quisy sed quid^ not the person, but the dted, ii to be judged. LATIN PHRASES. 177 Non quo sed quomodo^ not by whom, but how. Non sequituvj it does not follow. Non sum qualis eram, I am not now what I once was. Nosce teipsunij know thyself. Noscitur ex sociisj he is known by his companions, Nudis verbisy in plain words. Nulla dies sine lined, no day without its mark. Nullum numen abest, si sit prudentia, if prudence ii present, no protecting divinity is wanting. Nunc aut nunquam, now or never. Obscurum per obscurius, explaining what is obscure by something more obscure. Obsequium amicosj Veritas odium parity obsequiousness procures friends ; truth, hatred. Opinionum commenta delet dies, natures judicia conjirmatj time obliterates speculative opinions, but confirms the judgments of nature. Orator fit, poet a nascitur, an orator may be made by education, a poet is born a poet. {thus ! O si sic omnia ! 0, that he had always spoken or acted Os rotundum, a round mouth ; a flowing and eloquent delivery. O tempora, O mores ! 0, the times and the manners ! Otia dant vitia, idleness leads to vice. Otium cum dignitate, leisure with dignity. [death. Otium sine Uteris mors est, leisure without literature is Patria cara, carior libertas, my country is dear, but liberty is dearer. Periculum in mora, there is danger in delay. Philosophia stemma non inspicit, philosophy does not look into genealogies. Post hoc, ergo propter hoc, after that, therefore in con- sequence of that ; said of any ignorant or supersti- tious inference respecting events which have uo relation but that of succession. "■::■■■■-■ 1 178 PART VI. I 1 ,i Pro aris etfociSf tot our altars and our hearths. Probitas laudutur et alget^ honesty is praised and starves. Proprium est humani generis odisse quern Iceseris^ it is the nature of man to hate one whom he has injured. ■ Pro rege, lege^ et grege, for the king, the law, and the people. Quafuerant vitiaj mores sunty what were onee vices, are now the manners of the day. Quee nocent docentj we learn by what we suffer. Queerenda pecunia primum virtus post nummosy money is first to be acquired ; virtue after lucre. Qualis vita, finis ita, as is the life, so is the end. Quamdiu se bene gesseritj as long as he conducts him- self properly. Quantum est m rebus mane humanisy how much folly there is in the affairs of men I Qui invidet minor esty he who envies is inferior. Quid de quoque virOy et cui dicaSj sespe cavetOy be very «»«reful of what you speak of any one, and to whom. Qui nimium probaty nihil probaty he who proves too much, proves nothing. [keepers ? Quis custodiet ipsos custodes ? who shall keep the Qui tacet consentity he who is silent consents. Qui uti scity ei bonuy he should have wealth who knows how to use it. ^0 animo ? with what intention. Qiiod bene notandumy which is to be particularly no- ticed, [strated. Quod erat demonstranduniy which was to be demon- Quod erat faciendum y which was to be done. Quod hoc sibi vuli ? "vt hat does he mean ? Quod ignotum pro maidfico esty that which is unknown is thought to be great. Quod semper, quod uliquey quod omnibuty what always what everywhere, what hy all is said to be true. ■tlerit>^,y:MKi,^Xt»:msi-S>i>r>Mi)i.-j,, LATIN PHRASES. 179 Quos Deus vult perdere^ pritM dementat, those whom God would destroy, he first makes mad. Quot homines^ tot sententirBj many men, many minds. Rus iri urbe^ the adrantages of the country in a town. Salus populi suprema est lex^ the welfare of the people is the supreme law. Sartor rcsartus, the cobbler mended. Sat citOj si sat bene, it must be done soon, if done well. Satis superquey enough, and more than enough. Satis eloquenti^f sapientice parvum^ plenty of eloquence, but little wisdom. Secundum artem^ in order, regularly. Semel et simulj once and altogether. Sic transit gloria mundij thus the glory of the world passes away. Site et philosophus esto^ be silent and pass for a philoso- pher. Similia similibus curantur^ like is cured by like. Similis simili gaudet, like is pleased with like. Sola nobilitas virtus^ virtue is the only true nobility. Solitudinem faciuntf pacem appellant, they make a de- sert of a country, and call it peace. SperatCj miseri ; cavete, felices, let thr: wretchud hope, and the prosperous be on their guar 'L Spero meliora, I hope for better thir. js. Sponte sua, sine lege, fidem rectumque colehant, of their own accord, without law, they cherished fidelity and rectitude. Stemmata quid faciunt ? of what value are pedigrees ? Sua cuique voluptas, every one has his own pleasure. Suaviter in modo, fortiter in re, gentle in manner, forci- ble in execution. Sublata causa tollitur effectus, the causes being remov- ed, the efi'ect ceases. Sum quod eris ; fui quod es, I am what you will be ; I was what you are. ' t M ii 160 i Vi Mj iil li iii PART VI. Suum. cuique^ let every one have his own. Suus cuique mos, every one has his peculiar habit. Tempora mutantur^ et nos mutamur in illis^ times change, and we change with them. Tertium quidy a third something. Trahit sua quemque voluptas, every one is attracted to his peculiar pleasure. Tria juncta in uno, three joined in one. [my country. Ubi benCj ibi patriae where it is well with me, there is Ubi jus incerturriy ibi jus nullum^ where the law is un- certain, there is no law. [sary. Unica virtus necessaria, virtue is the only thing neces- Ul ameriSj amabilis esto, that you may be loved, be de- serving of love. Ut sementem facerisj ita et metes^ as you have sown, so shall you reap. Varium et mutabile semper fceminaj woman, ever a changeful and capricious thing. F^ni, vidij vici, I came, I saw, I conquered. Veritas odium parity truth begets hatred. Veritatis simplex oratio est, the language of truth is simple. Vir sapit qui pauca loquitur j he is a wise man who says but little. Virtus in actione consistitj virtue consists in action. Virtus millia scuta^ virtue is a thousand shields. Virtutiy non armis fido, I trust to virtue, not to arms. Vox et prcBterea nihilj voice, and nothing more ; sound without sense. Vox populi, vox Deij the voice of the people is the voice of God. Vultus est index animij the countenance is the index of the mind. mm*^iiiiiiim- PAET YII. EXPLANATION OF THE MOST COMMON ABBREVIATIONS. LATIN. A.B. Artmm Baccalatireus, A. C. Ante Christium, A.M. Artium Magister, A.M. Anno Mvndi, A.M. Ante Meridiem, A. U. C. Ab Urbe Conditd, B.D. Baecalaureus Diuinitatis, B. L. Baccalaureus Legmn, B.M. Baecalaureus MedicincBf B.V. Bene Vale, C. Cent. Centum, Clk. Clericus, Cap. Capituluin, C. P. S. Ciistos Crivati Sigilli, \Jt All Custos Rotulorum, c.s. Custos Sigilli, D. Denarius, D.D. Doctor Divlnitatis, Del. Delineavit, D.G. Dei Gratid, D.V. Deo Volente, e.g. Exempli Gratid, H. E. or h.e. Hoc est or hie est. H. J. S. Hicjaeet sepultus, Ibid. Ibidem, Id. Idem, i. e. Id est, Incog. Incognito, In trans. In tramitut Bachelor of Arts. Before the Christian era. Master of Arts. In the year of the world. Before Noon. [city, From the building of the Bachelor of Divinity. Bachelor of Laws. Bachelor of Medicine. Farewell. A hundred. Clergyman. Chapter. Keeper of the Privy Seal, Keeper of the Rolls. Keeper of the Seal, Penny or Pence. Doctor of Divinity. Drew : placed on an en- gravinj; with the name of the draftsman. By the grace of God. God willing. For example. That is, or this is. Here lies buried. In the same place. The same (author). That is. Unknown, concealed. On the passage. i! I I t 1 ■ ' - 182 PART VII. p «r • ix. 8. Jesus Hominum Salvator, Jesus the Saviour of men. 1 LL. D. Legum Doctor ^ Doctor of Tjaws. 1 L.C.orl. c. Loco citato. In the place before cited. 1 L-S. Locus Sigilli, The place of the Seal. r ■ L. S.D. Librae, Solidi, Denarii, Pounds, Shillings, Pence. liiiiJ. ^•^• MedicincB Doctor, Doctor of Medicine. Ifl 'M.S. Memorice Sacrum, Sacred to the Memory. i^|l " KB. Nota Ber4,e, Note well ; take notice. [| 'i Nem. cor L. Nemine Contradicente, No one opposing it. ll Ob. Obiit, Died. II Oxon. fill Percent. Oxonia, Oxford. Per Centum, By the hundred. |'f'» S.T.D. A' '(B Theologice Doctor, Doctor of Divinity. j 1 ( Pro teBi. I'o^ Jferidiem, In the afternoon. Pru tempore. For the time. 1 li I'rox. Pro. imo. Next (month or term). ^ ^.s. !■(,. / Scriptum, Postcripfc (written after). :;:|!- Q.E. Q 1' / 3St, "Which i.«. ^i'l Q.E.D. Quod erat demonstrandum, Which was to bo proved. li Q.B.F. Quod erat faciendum. Which was to be done. f'l ■ Q.V. Quod vide. WTiich see. ' '[ Sc Scillicet, To wit : understood. 1 ! . So. ScuVpait, Engraved : placed on an ,i , ';y eni^raviiig with the '■ ii name of the engraver. f Ult. Senatus Consulti, A decree of the Senate. Ultimo, In the last (month). ^1 V.E. Victoria Begina, Queen Victoria. I 1 Vid. Vide, See thou ; refer to. : ^ 1 ; Viz. Videlicet, To wit; namely, [forth. I &C. Et cetera. And the rest; and so :4:^ ENGLISH. Ij^ ; A. AU3W. Answer. C ifu Canada Last. JKm Admrs. Administrators. c.w. Canada West. Archbishop. C.P. Common Pleas. ■ I 1 Acct. Account. Ch. Chapter. V : Anon. Anonymous. Co. County or Company, 1 ^::i B. A. Bachelor of Arts. Col. Colonel. m P ' Bart. Baronet. Comr Commissioner. 1 • Bp. Bishop. Cwt. Hundred weight. m \'^: ^"»* BrigantinOr Dr. Debtor or Doctor. m i ■ ; Capfc. Captain. [Bath. Do. Ditto ; the same. Hi '''• Qompftiiou of the D.O.L. Doctor of Civil Law. ABBRSTIATIONS. 183 12mo. Duodecimo. Mrs. Mistress. Dwt. Pennyweight. M.R.C.8. Member of the Royal F. L. S. Fellow of the Linntean College of Surgeons. Society. M.R.I.A. Member of the Royal F. G. S. Fellow of the Geolo- Irish Academy, B. East. [gical Society. MS. Manuscript. E.L. East Longitude. MSS. Manuscripts. Exch. Exchequer. N.B. New Brunswick. Psq. Esquire, [Society. Nfld. Newfoundland. F.R.S. Fellow of the Royal N.S. New Style (since F.A.S. Fellow of the inti- 1752). quarian Society. No. Number. F.S.A. Fellow of the Society N.L. North Latitude. of Arts N.T. New Testament. F.T.C.D. Fellow of Trinity Col- N. North. lege, Dublin. N.S. Nova Scotia. Gent. Gentleman. o.s. Old Style. Gen. General. 8vo. Octavo. j Hhd. Hogshead, O.T. Old Testament. H.M. Her or His Majesty. oz. Ounce. Inst. Instant ; present Prof. Professor. month. P. E.L Pi'ince Edward Island J. P. Justice of lihe Peace. P.S. Postscript. Knt. Knight. Q, Question. K.a Knight of the Garter. Q.B. Queen's Bench. K. B, XnightoftheBath. Q.C. Queen's Counsel, Jx, C. B. Knight dommander 4to. Quarto. of the Bath. Qy. Query. K.ac.B . Knight Grand Cross Rev. Roverend. o* the Bath. Rt. Hon . Right Honorable. K.P. Knight of St. Patrick. R. A. Royal Artillery. K. T. KuiThf. of the Thistle. R.E. Royal Engineers. L. C. J. Lord Chief Justice. R.M. Royal Marines. Lieut. Lieutenant. R.M. Resident Magistrate. M.A. Master of Arts. R.N. Royal Navy. Messm. Gentlemen. Sec. Secretary. M. L. C. Member of Legislative S. South. Council. S.L. South Latitude. M.P. Member of Parlia- St. Saint. nent. U.S. United S^^atcs. M. P. P. Member of Provincial w. West. Parliament. W.L. West Longtitudo, Mr. Master. Xmas. Christui»»q. I H ! i I i ii 184 PAST VII. STOPS AND MARKS, TTSED IN WRITING AND IN PRINTING. COMMA {,)' A comma is used to separate the smaller parts of a compound sentence, and requires a pause in reading while you can count one. SEMICOLON (; ). A semicolon divides the larger parts of the same sentence, and requires a pause whilst you can count two, COLON (:) A colon separates those parts of a sentence which, though they form complete sense of them- selves, are yet connected with one another; and requires a pause whilst you can count three. PERIOD, OR FULL STOP ( . ). A pe7iod, or full stopj shows a sentence to be complete, and requires a pause whilst you can count four, NOTE OF INTERROGATION (?). A /lote of interrogation requires as long a pause as a full stop, and is always used when a question is asked j as, Who is that f abo STOPS AND MARKS. 185 NOTE OP ADMIRATION OR EXCLAMA- TION — ( 1 ) A note of admiration, or exclamation^ requires the same pause, and denotes some wonder^ or sud- den emotion of the mind; as, How are the mighty fallen I APOSTROPHE — ( ' ) An apostrophe, marked by a comma at the top of a letter, shews some letter or letters to be there left out ; as lov^d for loved, canH for cannot, e^er for ever. It is also used to show the genitive or possessive case j as, my father^ s house. QUOTATION — (' * OR " '') A quotation, marked by inverted commas, in- cludes a passage taken from some author ; as, An old philospher once said, " I carry all my goods about me." I)I^RE3IS OR DIALYSIS — ( - ) A diceresis, or dialysis, marked by two dots over the latter of two vowels, shews that what would otherwise be a diphthong, must be divided into dis- tinct syllables ; as, aerial zoology. HYPHEN ( - ) A hyphen joins the syllables of a word together, especially such as are partly in one line and partly in another ; as la-hour, he-set. It also serves to compound two words into one j as, all-powerful^ self-rewarded. M 18<5 PART VIT. f : ! i CARET — ( A ) A caret denotes an interlineation, and shows where what at first was omitted in writing is to come in. The same mark, when placed over a vowel, is called a cirrAmiflcx^ and is used in the Latin and French languages. ELLIPSIS ( — OB ***) An ellipsis shews that a part of a word or sen- tence is left out by design ; as, k — g for kln^y or Q^^^n for (luccn, ACCENTS — ( ' - ^ ) An acute (' ), placed over either the vowel or the diphthong, or after the last letter, of any syllable, shews that tiie stress or force of the voice is to be laLd on :^uch syllable ; as, constant^ boisterous^ hesetf. The long (a, e, &c.) gives the vowelg their long or alphabetical sound ; as, in lade, made : the short (a, 6, &c.) gives them their short or stopped sounds ; as, in lad, mad. MARKS OE PARENTHESIS — ( ) A parenthesis includes some short sentence with- in the body of a large one, which, though not absolutely necessary to the sense, yet should serve to explain or illustrate it. For example : Know, then, this truth (enough for man to know) ,— Virtue alone is happiness below. BRACKETS OR CROTCHETS — [ ] Brojchets or Crotchets include ar explanation which we insert in the body or text ( uotation. An mark A have times alike.l STOPS AND MARKS, PAUAGEAPH — ( % ) 187 A paragraph is seldom used except in the Bible, and points out the beginning of a new subject. SECTION — ( § ) A section is used to divide books or chapters into smaller parts. It serves also as a ark of reference. INDEX OR HAND — ( An index or hand points to something remark- able, that should be particularly noticed. ASTERISK — ( * ) DAGGER OR OBELISK — ( f ) DOUBLE DAGGER — ( J ) PARALLEL — ( || ) An asterisk^ a dagger or obelisk^ a double dag- ger, a parallel, &c., direct to some note or re- mark in the margin, or at the bottom of the page. BRACE — ( r*^^ ) A brace couples words or lines together that have a relation to the same thing ; and is some- times used in poetry where three lines rhyme alike. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) V. O A / o . begin letter, , if the a note matory up ; or lepends may ng, y« od the )ls hate ow like « God, ig, the pirit." streets, •rk, the e. 11 6. The first word of a quotation, introduced after a colon, or when it is in a direct form ; as, " Always remember this ancient maxim, — *Know thyself.* " " Our great Lawgiver says, * Take up thy cross daily, and follow me.' " But when a quotation is brought in obliquely after a comma, a . capital is unnecessary; as, "Solomon observes, that * pride goes before destruction.' " The first word of an example may also very properly begin with a capital ; as, " Temptation proves our virtue." 1, Every substantive and principal word in the titles of books ; as, " Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language, " " Thomson's Seasons, " " Rollin's Ancient History." 8. The first word of every line in poetry. 9. The pronoun / and the interjection are written in capitals : as, " I write " ; " Hear, O earth !" Other words besides the preceding may begin with capitals, when they are remarkably emphatical, or the principal subject of the composition. DIRECTIONS ON THE DIVISION OF ES- SAYS, OR OTHER LITERARY COMPO- SITIONS, INTO PARAGRAPHS. names French, It may not be improper to insert in this place, a few general directions respecting the division of a composition into paragraph*'. ' Different subjects, unless they are very short, or very numerous in small compass, should be sepa- rated into paragraphs, r V J fi it ll n 'il I f 190 PABT vn. When one subject is continued to a considerable length, the larger divisions of it should be put into paragraphs. And it will have a good effect to form the breaks, when it can properly be done, at sentiments of the most weight, or that call for peculiar attention. The facts, premises, and conclusions, of a subject, sometimes naturally point out the separations into paragraphs ; and each of these, when of great length, will again require sub-divisions at their most distinctive parts. In cases which require a connected subject to be formed into several paragraphs, a suitable turn of expression, exhibiting the connexion of the broken parts, will give beauty and force to the division. BOOKS, CHAPTERS, AND SECTIONS. Treatises and Dissertations on subjects of im- portance are frequently separated into large divisions called Books ; as the Books of the Old and New Testaments, the Books of Euclid's Elements. The Books are again divided into lesser divisions, called Chapters; the Chapters into smaller divisions, called Sections ; and these again into Verses or Paragra hs. These vraious divisions ( ch constitute Clas- sification and Method in Literary Composition) are of great importance in the ])roper treatment of a subject, and likewise greatly facilitate the comprehension of it by the Student. The more judiciously and precisely these divisions are drawn, so much the greater is the pleasure and profit of the reader. No Book of any importance should be written without a careful attention to its Chap- ters, Sections, and Paragraphs, TITLES AND ADDRESSES. 191 erable Lit into ect to >ne, at all for ubject, us into f great ir most ject to suitable 1 of the to tho of im- large the Old Euclid's d into )hapters d these te Clas- )osition) eatment bate the le more e drawn, profit of ) should ts Chap- DIRECTIONS FOR ADDRESSING PERSONS OF EVERY RANK, BOTH IN WRITING AND SPEAKING. ROYAL FAMILY. King or Queen. — Superscription. — To the King's (or Queen's) Most Excellent Majesty. Commencement. — Sire (or Madam). Conclusion. — I remain, With profound veneration. Sire (or Madam), Your Majesty's most faithful Subject and dutiful Servant. Address in speaking to. — Sire (or Madam). Your Ma- jesty ; or, May it- please your Majesty. The Princes and the Princesses of the Blood Royal.— Superscription. — To Hi^ (or Her) Royal Highness, &c. Commencement. — Sir (or Madam). Conclusion. — I remain, with the greatest respect, Sir (or Madam), Your Royal Highness's most dutiftil and most obedient humble Servant. Address in Speaking to. — Sir (or Madam) ; or, Your Royal Highness ; or. May it please your Royal Highness. NOBILITY AND GENTRY. Dukes & Duchesses. — Superscription. — To His (or Her) Grace the Duke (or Duchess) of . Commencement. My Lord Duke (or Madam). Conclusion. I have the hon- our to be, My Lord Duke (or Madam), your Grace's most devoted and obedient Servant. In speaking to. Your Grace ; or, May it please your Grace ; or, My Lord (or Madam). ! i I a ' 192 PART Til, Marquesses and Marohionb!jsbs. — Superscription. — To the Moat Honourable the Marquess (or Marchioness) of . Com. — My Lord Marquess (or Madam). Con. — I have the honor to be, my Lord Marquess (or Madam), your Lordship's(or Ladyship's)most obedient and most humble Servant. In speaking to. — My Lord (or Madam) ; or, May it please your Lordship (or Ladyship). _»^«« Earls and Countesses. — Superscription. — ^To the Right Honourable the Earl (or Countess) of . Com. — My Lord (or Madam). Con. — I have the honor to be, My Lord (or Madam), Your Lordship's (or Ladyship's) most obedient and very humble Servant. In speakinf^ to. — My Lord (or Madam) ; or Your Lordship (or Ladyship). ^______ Viscounts and Viscountesses, Barons and Baron- esses. — The form of superscription and address the same as to Earls and Countesses ; as. To the Right Honourable the Viscount (or Viscountess, or Baron, or Baroness) . _____^ Baronets and KmauTa.-^ Superscription. — To Sir ^ (and in the case of a Baronet) Bart. Wives of Baronets and Knights. — To Lady — . Madam. Esquires. — The persons legally entitled to this title are — 1. The eldest sons of Knights, and their eldest sons in perpetual succession. 2. The eldest sons of the younger sons of Peers, and their eldest sons in like succession. 3. Esquires by virtue of their office, as Justices of the Peace. 4. Esquires of Knights of the Bath, each of v«rhom constitutes three at his installa- tion. 5. All who are styled " Esquires " by the King TITLES AND ADDRESSES. 193 -To less) lam). 3 (or dient Lord P (or Right .—My to be, ship's) leaking lip (or Baron- ess the J Right Baron, ir ^adam. itle are est sons of the in like )ffice, as uS of the nstalla- ,he King (or Queen) in their commissions and appointments. Thus, Captains in the Army are Esquires, because they are so styled in their commissions, which are signed by the King ; but Captains in the Navy, though of higher rank, are not legally entitled to this title, because their commissions are signed, not by the King, but by the Lords of the Admiralty. This title is, however, now given to every man of respectability. To persons who are entitled to superior consideration, ^'&c., &c., &c.," should be added. Titles by Courtesy. — The sons of Dukes, Marquesses and the eldest sons of Earls, are called Lords; and their daughters, Ladies. When there are other peer- ages in the family, the eldest son in such cases takes the title next in dignity. Thus, the eldest son of the Duke of Leinster is styled the Marquess of Kildare ; and the eldest son of the Duke of Norfolk is called the Earl of Surrey. Right Honorable. — The title of Right Honorable is given — 1. To the sons and daughters of Dukes and Marquesses, and to the daughters and the eldest sons of Earls. 2. To all the members of Her Majesty's Most Honorable Privy Council. 3 To the Speaker of the House of Commons. 4. To the Lord Chancellor, the Lord Chief Justices, and the Lord Chief Baron. 5. To the Lord Mayor of London, Dublin, York, and to the Lord Provost of Edinburgh, during the time they are in office. ■ Honorable. — The title of Honorable is given to the younger sons of Earls, and all the sons and daughters of Viscounts and Barons ; also to the Puisne Judges and the Barons of the Exchequer. 194 PART VII. Excellency. — This title is given to all Ambassadors; Plenipotentiaries, the Lord Lieutenant and Lord Jus- tices of Ireland, the Governor-General of Canada, Ac. Archbishop. — To His Grace the Lord Archbishop of — . My Lord Archbishop. In speaking to. — Your Grace ; or, My Lord. Bishops. — To the Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of — . My Lord Bishop. In speaking to. — My Lord ; or. Your Lordship. Deans. — To the Very Reverend the Dean of — Dean j Reverend Sir. Mr. Archdeacon. — To the Venerable, the Archdeacon of — . Mr. Archdeacon ; or, Reverend Sir. Clergymen. — To the Reverend John (or whatever the Christian name may be) . Reverend Sir. RiOHT Worshipful and Worshipful. — To the Sheriffs, Aldermen, and Recorder of the City of London, the title of Right Worshipful is given ; and that of Wor- shipful to the Aldermen and Recorders of other Cor- porations. Justices of the Peace are also entitled to Worshipful, and Your Worship. ■■::;!'« ^nd PART vm. THE PRECEPTS OF WISDOM, SET FORTH IN PROVERBS AND MAXIMS. Proverbs and Maxims are undoubtedly the most in- teresting and effectual media of imparting to the dawn- ing mind the finest sentiments and the best moral pre- cepts. By using them as copy-head-lines, they will be easily impressed on both the memory and the understand- ing ; and by using them as Parsing Exercises, they will establish and improve the pupil's progress in gram- matical knowledge. FUT JUSTITM^LET JUSTICE BE DONE. This is the first and best of human proverbs ; it is the highest principle that can enter into a moral code ; it is the Alpha and the Omega, the beginning and t' ;. end, of all that is right and true. It is just to do righ ; it is just to be true. Fiat justitia — let justice be done — is, in fact, saying, Let us always do as we ought to do under all possible circumstances. Do that which is right ; speak that which is true. Do to others as you wish others to do to you. Cease to do evil ; learn to do well. It is better to do well, than to say well. A virtuous-minded youth Will ever love the truth. A youth that would excel, '" Must mind his learning well. 196 PART VIII. Practice makes things easy and familiar. Accustom yourself to do well upon all occasions. Do not return to any one evil for evil. Even a child is known by his actions. If you would be happy, be honest and good. If you would be wise, be willing to be taught. Good manners and truth Are ornaments to youth. Endaevor to imitate Examples good and great. That which you have to do, do with all your might. Envy no man's talent, but improve your own. Good words cost nothing, but they are worth much. No man is wise and safe but he who is honest. To be of use, ought to be the aim of life. Do at all times as you would be done by. A glutton lives to eat : a wise man eats to live. A rolling stone gathers no moss. A stitch in time saves nine. Time and tide for none abide. A use for every thing, and every thing to its proper use. A place for every thing, and every thing in its proper place. A time for every tbing, and everj thing in its proper time. PROVERBS .ND MAXIMS. 197 Good education is the foandation of man's happiness. 'Tis education forms the common mind : Just as the twig is bent, the tree 's inclined. A young sapling is easily bent or straightened ; and the tree will continue to grow in the direction which has been given to it. We must, therefore, while we are young, learn to do what is right. To wait till we grow old, is like waiting to straighten a tree until it is full grown. Parents and teachers, act your part; Imprint just morals on the heart. Precept and practice is the plan : Just education forms the man. Just as you sow, so shall you reap. DELAY. Delays are dangerous. Take a friend's advice j— Begin ; be bold ; endeavor to be wise. He who defers this work from day to day, Does on a river's brink expectant stay. Till the whole stream which stops him will be gonCi Which, as it runs, for ever will run on. Procrastination is the thief of time. Whatever thou hast to do, do quickly. Defer not till the evening what the morning may accomplish. What you 've to do, get done to-day ; And do not till to-morrow stay : There 's always danger in delay. Do right things in a right manner. Always consider the consequence of your actions. 108 PART VIIl. A LIE HAS NO LEGS. A fabricated talo (made up for the purpose of con- cealing our faults or crimes, or for the purpose of de- ceiving others in nny way) cannot stand of itself, but requires other lies to be invented to support it ; and those again require others to support them ; and so on, without end. Hence it is said, that " liars need have good memories." The Poet has well said, Oh, what a tangled web we weave, When first we venture to deceive. A liar is seldom believed, even when he speaks the truth. Sin is sin, though it be not seen. There is no virtue in being merely ashamed of a thing found out. A good man is ashamed of doing what is wrong, not merely of others knowing it ; and he will remember that there is One who sees what is hidden from Man. Every sin brings punishment along with it. If thou bast Wit and Learning, get Wisdom anci Modesty. One ounce of Wisdom is worth a pound of Wit. Keep good company, and you yourself will be good company. Moderation in all things is the first rule of Wisdom. The time which is idly spent, is so much lost forever. Keep good decorum in your words and deeds. Practical jokes belong only to the vulgar. Nothing can be polite That is not good and right. Knowledge without Virtue, is but learned ignorance. Omitting to do good, is committing of evil. Prove all things^ and hold fast that which is goo4. PROVERBS AND MAXIMS. 199 * CONTENTMENT IS GAIN. The man is blest ln?yond all measure, Wlio has contentment for his treasure : 'T will prove a sweet and lasting pleasure. A happy and contented mind Is the best treasure we can find. This proverb is not meant to make people satisfied with any low, degraded situation in which they may find themselves, either as it regards poverty of circum- stances or poverty of mind. When any one finds himself in poverty or misery, it is his duty to raise himself bj every honest means, from such a state to more comfort- able circumstances When he perceives his ignorance, it is his duty to enlighten and furnish his miud, by his utmost diligence and perseverance, with all useful knowledge ; and, moreover, it is his impen>tive duty to improve his manners and conversation, and to increase his benevolence and kindness ; in order that he may impart more happiness to all around him. The meaning of the proverb is that under all circum- stances, misfortunes, or accidents which may befal a man, and from which he has no power to extricate him- self, he is to demean himself with manly fortitude^ and uot to repine at that which cannot be avoided. What can't be cured, Must be endured. Evils of life that cannot well be cured. Must, with becoming patience, be endured. Mind what is taught you, with attentive ear. Judge for yourself the truth of what you hear ; And when convinced of right by what you've heard. All wrong avoid, and all that 's right regard. It is good to begin well^ But better to end well. If you will not take pains, pains will take you. Where there is a will, there is a way ; and every- thing that is right to be done^ may, by perseverance, bo ^££omplished. 200 PART VIII. P FRUGALITY. Nor trivial loss nor trivial gain despise : Mole-hills, if often heaped, to mountains rise. Weigh every small expense, and nothing vraste : Farthings, long saved, amount to pounds at last. Haste makes waste, and waste makes want. Out of debt, out of danger. Not he that hath little, but he that wants much, is poor. Of all poverty, that of the mind is the most deplorable. Noise and talk without rule, Show well who is a fool. He that cannot hold his peace, Will never live at ease. Evil communications corrupt good manners. Good books are a guide to youth, and a comfort to old age. Our minds must be cultivated, as well as our plants. An honest mind makes a pleasant face. The most laudable ambition is to be wise, and the greatest wisdom is to be good. The conquest of evil habits is the most glorious triumph. He who gives way to anger, punishes himself for the fault of another. Choose and practice that which is the most proper; and habit will make it the most agreeable. To do that which is good, and to love that which is true, ought to be the great aim of life. Every employment that is useful, is honorable. PROVERB^ AND MAXIMS. 201 Under mean garments more true worth may be, Than under silks and splendid finery. Virtue, though clad in rags, is brighter far Than Vice, though deck'd in coronet or star. I will not willingly offend, Nor yet be soon offended ; What's amiss I'll strive lo mind. And bear what can't be mended. He that is good may hope to become better ; and h6 that is bad may fear that he will become worse ; for virtue, vice, and time never stand still. Make choice of such company as you can improve, or which can improve you ; and if your companion cannot make you better, and you cannot make him better, rather leave him bad, than grow worse by him. Do not be persuaded by any means to do evil ; but do good without any persuasion. Let no pleasure tempt thee ; let no profit allure thee ; let no ambition corrupt thee ; let no persuasion move thee,— to do anything which thou knowest to be evil. Not led by false opinions blindly go ; But freely search, if you would truly know; Nor till you cease to live, desist to learn : To practice right, the right we must discern. Try to think of that which is good,, and you will not then think of that which is evil. Be you to others kind and true. As you'd have others be to you; And never do or say to men. The thing you would not like again. 202 PART VIII. ALWAYS LOOK AT THE BRIGHT SIDE. A good temper is one of the principal ingredients of happiness. This, it will be said, is the work of natiire, and must be born with us ; and so, in a great measure, it is. Yet oftentimes it may be acquired by art, and may always be improved by culture. Almost every object that attracts our notice, has its bright and its dark side. He that is in the habit of looking at the disagreeable side, will sour his disposition, and consequently impair his happiness ; while he who constantly looks on the bright side, gradually improves his temper, and, in consequence of that, increases his own happiness and the happiness of all about him. Labor, not only to know what you ought, but to practice what you know. That is true learning which makes one wise ; and that is true wisdom which makes one good. Virtue consists in knowledge and action : we must first learn to know, and then learn to practice. THE COUNSELS OF WISDOM. Put a bridle on thy tongue. Set a guard upon thy lips. In much speaking cometh repentance. In silence there is safely. On the heels of folly treadeth shame. At the back of anger standeth remorse. Let prudence admonish thee. Let temperance restrain thee. Let justice guide thy hand. » Let benevolence warm thy heart. PROVERBS AND MAXIMS. 203 CUSTOM. Ill customs, by degrees, to habits rise : 111 habiis soon become exalted vice. Ill customs gather by unseen degrees: As brooks make rivers, rivers swell to seas. Choose such a course of life as is honest and praise- worthy, and custom will soon make it both easy and delightful. HABIT IS SECOND NATURE. It is true that mere creatures of habit we are ; That custom can change e'en our natural tone,— Make us this thing, or that, by degrees, and as far As we practise it often or leave it alone. Since good or ill habits are so easily gained, And, when they are gained, become a strong feature, 'Tis incumbent on all to beware we're not stained With habits of vice, to dishonor our nature. Whether in wealth or poverty you share, Let all your duties be performed with care ; Let virtue guide all actions of your life ; Let no rude passion lead you into strife ; Let vigorous exercise your health promote, And see that cleanliness be ne'er forgot ; Let patience, mildness, govern all your ways. So you in happiness will pass your days ; So you shall constant health of body find, And ever feel a lasting peace of mind. FOLLY AND WISDOM. Fools do as they see others do ; Wise men do what they think will be best. Fools act from opinion ; Wise men act from reflection. Fools are governed by example ; Wise men are governed by reason. 204 PART VIII. TRUTH AND JUSTICE. Let all men see that you are just and true : Be true in all you say ; be just in all you do. A fool's bolt is soon shot. A bolt is an old word for an arrow, — such as was shot from a crossbow A careless person was apt to shoot very quickly, without deliberate aim ; and he generally missed the mark. So, a thoughtless and ignorant man will often hastily make up his mind on any point, and deliver his opinion on it, without taking time for con- sideration and inquiry ; and he will thus generally miss the truth. Do not ride a free horse to death. When any one is willing to be of service, and to exert himself, like a free-going horse, it is an injustice to impose on his good nature by making him do and bear more than his fair share. Empty vessels make most sound. People who have the least knowledge, and the least merit, are apt to be great talkers and boasters. Be old when young, That you may be young when old. Those who, while young, take great liberties with their constitution, and do not husband their health and strength, are likely to break down early and rapidly ; while those who, in their younger days, practise some of the caution of the old, are likely to live the longer, and have a better chance of a vigorous and comfortable old age. If each one would mend one. All would have their work done. Some say, " If each would sweep before his own door, we should have a clean street." Many a man talks and thinks much about reforms, without thinking about the reform which is most in his power, — the reform of himself. PROVERBS AND MAXIMS. 205 Ill-doers are ill-deemers! Most men are inclined, more or less, to judge of an- other by themselves. But this is chiefly the case with bad men ; because good men know that there are men who are not good ; but bad men are apt to deem all others as bad as themselves. When, therefore, a man takes for granted, without any good reason, that his neighbor is acting from base and selfish motives, or is practising deceit, this is a strong presumption that he is judging from himself. So, also, many a man wlio is raised high by ability, or rank, or wealth, is considered by others as proud, merely from their feeling that they themselves would be proud, if they were in his place. with and |idly ; le of and old |door, and Ltthe :m of One man may lead a horse to the pond's brink ; But twenty men can never make him drink. "We often talk of making a horse drink; that is, lead- ing him to the water : but unless the horse is willing to drink, it is all in vain. So we may teach people their duty ; that is, offer them instruction and advice: but if they are not willing to receive it and act upon it, we can never make them good. He who thinks only of serving himself, is the slave of a slave. A selfish man is the basest of slaves, because he is the slave of his own low and contemptible desires. Two things you'll not fret at, if you're a wise man, — > The thing you can't help, and the thing which you can. Throw not good money after bad. Some persons, when they have spent much money or pains in an unwise scheme, will spend as much more to bring it to a completion ; or will go to as great expense to recover a bad debt as would pay the debt twice over, and fail perhaps after all. 206 PART VIII. A man cannot change his mind, who has no mind to change. To confess that you have changed your mind, is to confess that you are wiser to-day than you were yes- terday. To spend, or to lend, or to give in, 'Tis a very good world that we live in ; But to borrow, or beg, or get a man's own, 'Tis the very worst world that ever was known. I The wheel that's weak Is apt to creak. When matters go on smoothly, like a wheel that is in good order, we seldom hear much of it. But when any thing goes wrong, complaints are made. A few per- sons who are suffering misfortunes, excite much more attention than a great number who are thriving. And it is the same with nations : from which cause it is, that their histories are chiefly filled with accounts of wars and tumults, earthquakes, and other disasters ; and that peaceful and prosperous periods afford the smallest amount of materials for the historian. THE GOLDEN RULE OF PYTHAGORAS. Ne'er let soft slumber close your eyes. Before you've recollected thrice : — Your train of actions through the day : Where have my feet chose out their way? What have I learned, where'er I've been. From all I've heard, from all I've seen ? What know I more that's worth the knowing ? What have I done that's worth the doing ? What have I sought that I should shun? What duty have I left undone ? Or into what new follies run ? These self-inquiries lead the mind To all that's virtuous, good, and kind. Train up a child in the way he should go, And when he is old he will not depart from it I. • PROVERBS AND MAXIMS. 207 'T is the thunder that frights, But the lightning that smites. All the damage that is done in what is called a thun" derstornij is by the lii^htning ; the ihunder being only the noise made by the lightning: yet many persons arc more terrified by the sound of the thunder than by anything else. In like manner, in many other cases also, men are apt to be more alarme I by what sounds terrific, but is in reality harmless (blustering speeches, for in- stance), than by what is really dangerous. BETTER LATE THAN NEVER. And what are those things which are done better late than never? It is not so easy to mention them as some would be apt to suppose. There is a sunny period, a high noon of opportunity, for every important achievement; and but few, com- paratively, can be accomplished at all, when the set time for performing them has passed awav. " To e^ryftbifigither^ is^a^eJisSi*,* • • • II And a time»*(Te\«e«yii^ttrp(J»5 u?id«r ^«ft¥eMtV • • « • • • • If we do not " Mabe'haj* ^Alife *he suH«§lT>»es,V«* • • * !•• we cnnnot make it when the rain is descending. If we do not sow in seed-time, it is useless to sow in harvest; we only waste the seed, and lose our labor. In applying our proverb, " Better late than never," we run great risk of lessening our terror of that most fearful of all felons, " the thief of time." Procrastination will not appear such an unprincipled robber, if we regard him as one indulgently forbearing to do his worst. It is true that dtlay, though dangerous, is not nbsoluttly fatal, if, according to what this proverb supposes, late is not too late. But who is to guarantee, in a single instance, that late will not be too late? The Jirst opportunity has been the last^ in a multitude of cases in which it was thought that '* any time was time enough." Procrastination, whilst apparently taking 208 PART VIII, PROVERBS AND MAXIMS. only that which could be well spared, has, in most instances, plundered his unhappy victim of that single precious moment, the loss of which was irreparable ruin. The records of men in all ages abound with examples of alarming import to all who delay and pre- sume. The admonition implied in this proverb is , addressed to those who, having delayed, would delay still fn and despair. **jBetter late than never" suggests to us, that oppor- tunity sometimes lingers; and, in such cases, it exhorts us to " Begin immediately, and delay no longer ^ That which was an easy task in the morning, may still be a possible one, even at the going down of the sun. If we have left till late that which we ought to have done early, so much the worse ; but that is surely a most despicable excuse for continued inaction. It is a wretched subterfuge of indolence, to make the difficulty which our own delay has occasioned, a plea for exemp- tion from further effort. It it be still our duty to act, it matters not that the opportunity has nearly fled. We may have been long' idle •. the^du;*; ma^ be far spent; - tire- nig Vitjlrr winch no* one" caa Tjvdrtf/iif^ay be at hand : yet, 4^ tiieife'be an*elevenih hoftr*aiisspent, we are bound ,. to ariae, and employ it whh our best exertions. We can , scarc