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Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA. 11 est filmA A partir de i'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en has. en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. }y errata ed to >nt me pelure. apon A 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 I 4 o N M P •4 \ ,> -\ % .\vv © C/? V \v\ ■:^^:^(BA ^ '■<» 1^7. ?!> c > v'/i T.j^j ^"^ :srG]!iY ANB FH::3aE:?^"r STATS o:? tm:!:C hsila^o an:3^. sirv ©■ c^iiU--. :JU ItS^. :^ICATBD, Sr Hta OBLIGED AJTD OBSOIBITT SSBVANx, V W. GKEIG. * MOHTItBAt, MorrnBAt, } Ut June, 1839. ] 'l SI ^f PREFACE. points than those who have not employed theniHelves in Kimilar pursuitH would readily imagine. The main fatrts, however, are sufficiently well atte»«ted ; and i>f these I have en PRKF A( K. \s a ronversation with my friend, tlio INiblislMM*, on tin* former and present Ktate of ('anaortant part of the British dominions. But in committing the result to writing, even on the limited scale which the plan of this work allows — -rather, perhaps, the more so on account of that limitation, — I found more difficidty than I at first expected. The minor points of the histcu*y were in different accounts so discordant, that with my natural aversion to uncertainty, and perhaps a too fastidious desire to reconcile what will not admit of agreement, I was often longer, and more perplexed, in adjusting these •/y/ • I PREFACE. The appearance of the work liax heeii (l<>laye(l heyond tlie time mentioned in the ori^pnal proMpectiiM, by rauNeti over which the PubliMher had no control ; but the delay has been rather serviceable than otherwise, by increasing the accuracy of the descriptions, and afltordiiig an op< portunity of sketching the history of the two Rebellions. In every first attempt of this kind, it is almost in- evitable that defects and inaccuracies should occur. Both die Editor and the Publisher will, therefore, b<' obliged by such hints as shall contributti to the improve- ment of the work in a new edition. :!?i2:^::a_;-u^.J. CONTENTS CHAPTER L Page 9 Discoveries of Columbus and other Navigators—- Arrival of Jacques Cartier at Hochelaga. -N^i*; CHAPTER II. 21 Primitive Condition of Hochelaga — Name changed to ** Mount Royal"— Company of One Hundred Partners — Canada taken by the English, 1629 — Restored, 1632. CHAPTER III. 86 Settlement of the Island of Montreal — Maissonneuve, Governor — Ville Marie founded — Canada becomes a Royal Govern- ment — Remarkable Earthquake — West, India Company — Marriage encouraged. CHAPTER IV. Government settled — Contests between the French and English — Artifices of De Rat (Kondearouk) — Continued Hostilities— m Successive Governors. 1 r.m i i CONTENTS. CHAPTER V. Page 57 Capture of Quebec by General Wolfe — Surrender of Montreal and all the Canadas — Montreal twice injured by fire-^Bigot. CHAPTER VI. 71 Improvements in the Colony — Attack on Mr. Walker — Quebec Act — American War — Montreal taken — Extraordinary Phenomenon — Riot — Cholera — List of Governors. CHAPTER VIT. 86 Topographical description — District — County — and City — Parish Church of Ville Marie, or Cathedral of Notre Dame — Christ Chureh-^-Bonseceurs Church — Scotch Church, St, Gabriel Street. CHAPTER Vin. Methodist Chapels — Jews' Synagogue — American Presbyterian Church — Congregational Church — Scotch Secession Church -^St. Andrew* s Church — St. Paul's Church — Baptist Church. CHAPTER IX. mi The Priests' Farm — The Bishop's Church — Recollet Church — General Hospital — St. Ann's Market — National School. CHAPTER X. Grey Nunnery — Congregational Nunnery — Hotel Dieu Nun- nery-—The Seminary— The College — British and Canadian SchooU^Hotel* — News Room — Theatre Royal — Nelson's Monument. ^ 197 I 1 CONTENTS. CHAPTER XI. Page 158 The Couri House — Old Gaol — Neu> Gaol — Barracks — Government Ilowte — Water Works — Champ de Mats — Neiu Market — Banks — Custmn House. CHAPTER XII. \atural nistory Society — Montreal Library — M* Gill Collegr — M''Tavis/iS House — Hew from the Haymarket — Hochelaga Chapel — St, Helens hland — Ship y'ard — Rope Manufav- tory — The Police Force. 1(>8 CHAPTER XIII. 182 *■ ■"'■,•'*, ' '■ ■ - Orphan Asylum — Ladies' Benevolent Society — Bible Society — Tract Society — Sunday Schnoi Union — Temperance Society — Baptist Missionary Society — French Canadian Missionary Society — Mechanics' Institvtion — Gas Works — Trade and Commerce — Lachine Canal. t rt. CHAPTER XIV. * 204 * Education and Literature — Concluding Remarks on Improve- ments and DesideratOy Geology^ Business, Agriculture, and the Cemeteries. APPENDIX. Brief Account of the Rebellions in Lower Canada in 1B!57 — 8, and iii^9'-~ American Antiquities — Notes and Corrections. 223 i i \ 1' I ' . . < ' . ■ !■ i- { * ' « > » I ) i I 1 ^.^';''' . " \ ■ i: i ■' ^^f^?'*^'*''*!^ tHWf.-7 •■■ > ■-. LIST OF PLATES. J. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10, 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18„ 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. View of the City from the Cauol Frontispiece. M'Tavish's Monument Vignette on Title Page. Modern Plan of Montreal En■*■> ; 176 » - i HOCHELAGA DEPICTA. CHAPTER I. DISCOVERIES OF COLUMBUS, AND OTHER NAVIGATORS. ARRIVAL OP JACQUES CARTIER AT UOCHELAOA. There is In man a natural propensity U> enquire into the ori^n of every thing with which he has any con- nection, — to trace the rise and progress of each discovery, art, atid invention, by which the circle of knowledge is extended, or the happiness of nations and individuals increased. In ac<5ordance with this almost universal sentiment, the first of any series of events is usually an object of peculiar interest, and their gradual evolution, up to a certain point, scarcely less so. Thus, standing where we may, wat<;hing the tide of human affairs, while the onward pros[>ect encourages hope and animates exertion, the retrospective view yields another kind of pleasure nearly as intense, and perhaps equally beneiicial and satisfactory. Nor is this insatiable curiosity, on other grounds, a vain or useless feeling. The history of the past is often useful to illustrate the present, aud regulate plans for the future. Even the failures which have attended the A 1 10 DISCOVKRIES OF COLUMBUS, investigations and projects of men are so many Iw'aconj* to warn us against yages, t4) reflect upt)n the possibility of reaching the Eastern World by a dilFerent j'oute from any that had l)een taken, and, after many enquiries and much study, even to suppose that by sailing westerly he should more readily approach the farther boundary of the country Mdiich he sought, than by any other coruse. Filled with this idea, and desirous also of distinguishing himself by the discovery of other lands which his meditation and researches led him to expect in his passage, he applied for aid, in the first place, to the Seuate of his owi\ A 2 .. li DISCO VEHtES OF COLnVTBrs, «>uiitry, Genoa ; but without Huccexs. iJifi m.'xt appli^ cation was to ihf «!ourt of Portui^al, with no h»?tter ro8uU. On the part of tlu' Kinj^ it was foil(>wtHi by a breach of good faith ; tor while he rejei'teuth of the Tagus on the 14th of March, and at mid-day on the i5th, entered the harbour of Palos, whence he had sailed the preceding year ; " having takcm not (piite seven montlis and a half to accomplish this must momentous of all maritinu' ent8ii)rizes." He was received at Court, wliither hv was accompanied by six of the native Indians he had brought with him, with all the honfuu' and admiration which such splendid discoveries naturally called forth : and, what was still more gratifying to him, an order was immediately given for a secmid expedition on a larger scale than the former. On th(; 25th of September, 1493» he sailed from the bay of C'adiz, and steering further south than in the former voyjige, he fell in with what are now called the Caribbee or Leeward Islands. After visiting several of these, he spent some time in regulating atfairs at the places he formerly discx)vered, and returned to Spain in 1496. A lliird and a fomtU a3 i 14 DI8C0VEH1KK OF COLUMBUS, foyag<» w«'r«» nffcrwardj* unilertukt^n, in whivh (/oliiinbiif ma varidiiM (>tli«*r diHcovcrit'S ; in i\u' foniifr tint iNlarid of Triiii Hiit coiu't of South AinericH, which h(> hnw for thi^ tir>^t tiiiio In 149^ ; >ui(i in tho latter, whitrh conuiHTin:t'd in i.')02, >i conHi(l«M'ahl<> [tart of tho iiortlif'rn vmwt of the hhuk; (>.inion tliat the lands he hHn|u;' thent and hran<'hing' off aM appearanees mig'ht sn^^'^ot, he should ultimately discover a piissai^e to the object of a desire so lonj^ and so fondly cherished. So completely had this idea taken posses- sion of his mind, that n(» labours or disappointmenta were sufficient to dishMlge it. Haellation of West Indies continues to be given to the country, and that of Indimhs to its aboriginal inhabitants. The true p;issage to thci Ejist, Indies by the Cape of (rood Hope was asciTtaincul, in 1498, by Vas<;o de Gama, in the s< .vice of the Portuguese. But although Columbus found not all he sought, the grandeur of his conceptions, and the skill and persever- ance ho displayed in the tjxecution of them, have placed him upon the highest pinnacle of nautical fame; and though, intent upon nobler objects, he gave not his own name to the world he revealed to others, the gratitude -iT.v'y AND OTHF.U NAVIOATORS. 15 and ndiniiai'uin of m>inkiiul will not suffer his tnw h lost, but wlu'tiev<>r tht'y think u)kmi Anierira, will rail t4» ii.iiid t.hf n>tfm> of its di84;overer with feeling's of n»v»*r»'n««- anr/ iffrrtion. Whilt' the Sjmniard-^ w»*rt> ttniK -tivwly (>n^'HKf!d in the r»'>*«!ar«h afttir iww rouiitro-n. th»' Kii^lif*h wen* not inattentive »o the |)ro^'n•>l■ '»f inaritinie diNrovery. Iliiiry the Sevinitli, who, it has h th«' plans of (!olnTnhiJ><, issued a <'4iniinissi()n to John Cahot and his son Sehastmn, natives of Italy, to erig-age in the then favmirite |Mirsnit of a North-west pjwsajfe to the Kjwt. Th(^ eontinent of North Anieriea wjis one <>f the fruits of this expedition. The adventurers diseovert'dr Newfoundland early in June, 14(t7, anti, aft^'r exploriuf^ a part of the (tuU" of St. Lawrence, they ttxjk a westerly auirse, and then proceeded to eoast the main land as far Jis latitude ^M° 50' n<»rth. The folloM'ing year they returned to Rnghuid. The date usually assig'ned for the discovery of (Canada is April ,5, 1499- In 1502 Iiuj;h EHi<»tt and Thcunas Ashurst, mer«'hants of Bristid, ohtained a patent from Henry to estahlish Cf St. liawrence ; and two years after, Thomasi Aubert, a ship-mjuster of Dieppe, carried over to France some of the natives of Canada. But it was not until 16 DISCOVERIES OF COLUMBUS. 1523, in the reign of Francis 1., that any thing on an extensive scale was undertaken by this nation, or patronized by its Government. In that year the enter- prising monarch just named sent fonr ships under the command of Verazzano, a Florentine, to prosecute discoveries in this country. Of his first voyage no particulars are known. He undertook a second in the following year, with one ship only, in which he is said to have explored a great part of the coast of the present United States, and of British North America. A third expedition is spoken of by some historians, in wliieh Verazzano is stated to have been massacred with all his crew by the natives ; but the greater probability is, tliat he left tlie service of the King of France when that monarch was a prisoner in the hands of his great rival Chai'les V"., of Spain, and that he spent his latter years in his native land.* The success of the French having excited the jealousy of tlie Kings of Spain and Portugal, to whom the Pope, in acccordance with the ecclesiastical maxims of those days, had confirmed the possession of America, Francis, not acknowledging tills right to exclude him from a share, and facetiously remarking that he *' would fain see the article in father Adam's will, which bequeathes that vast inheritance to them," resolved not to be det€?rred from prosecuting his discoveries. Verazzano haf which Ciirtifr was a native. On the 10th of August, 1792, the Parisian mob broke into tlie Palace, menaced the lives of the Royai I'amily, and murdered several of the Swiss ffuartls: the prelude to innumerable «;ruultie»i »ad rau'-h bloodshed, pe ^ ARRIVAL OP JACQUES CARTIER. 19 Tlie discoveries hitherto made by Cartier, numerous and surprising as they were, so far from satisfying" his ambition, served only to excite his desire for still greater achievements. Stadacoiia, as it did not bound his curiosity, so neither did it limit his progress. Having learnewness of the water, and their ignorance of the deeper channel, to leave thf^ pinnace, and betake themselves to their boats. On the second of October, 15^5, they eJflPected a landing about six miles from the town, below the inirrent of St. Mary. Here they were met by more than a thou*win{^ description of its ancient state. The way to the village was through large fields of Indian com. Its outline was i'ircular ; and it was encompassed by thi'ee separate rows of palisades, or rather picket fences, one within the other, well secured and put togetlier. A. siiigle entrance was left in this rude fortification, but M^as guarded with pikes and stakes, and every precaution taken against siege or aittack. The cabins or lodges of the inhabitants, about fifty in niunber, were constructed in the tVirm of a tunnel, each fifty feet in length by fifteen in breadth. Th<'y were form<;d of wood covered with bark. Above the doors of these houses, as well as along the outer rows of palisades, ran a gallery, ascended by ladders, where stones and other missiles were ranged in or(i(T for the defence of the pla<'e. .Each house contained several chambers, and tht- whole w ere so arranged as to enclose an open court yard, where the fire was made. The inhabitants belonged to the Huron tribe, and appear to B 1 V: i>'2 CABTIER. liavo been riiort? civilisfd than their neighbours. Being" devoted to husbandry and fishing, they sehlom wandered from their station. They received the Frenehnieu witli eourteny, fejusted them after the manner of theij* tribe, and presents were reci])roeully exchanged. The sight of tlie Europeans struck them with astonislmient : their fire-arms, their trunjpets, tlieir dress, their long beards { tkshionjibU^ in that age), were aJI jjources of wonder and conjeelure to tiu* natives. They constantly interro- gated their guests, who on their part were also desirous of learning all they could ; but as neither party could UTiderstaTul the language of the other, and as they Hld only «'onvej'se through the mcdnim of signs, very little inforujation was re(;eived or imparted. C'artier apjjears to liave been regarded by these simple people as a being of superior iird^^r, capable, at least, of curing diseases at his pleasure ; for, during his stay, he was surprised to see the chief of the village brought towards him, and who, pointing to his limbs, testified by signs that he snifered pain of some kind, and wished to be healed. The gesticulations of the chief were imitated by his attendants, and presently afterward a number of other persons were brouglit in, who were either ill, or decre])id from old age. Touched by this display of confiding simplicity: Cartier did M'hat he covdd to soothe their minds, and, as the Catholic historians relate, filled with lioly fervour^ recited as devoutly as possible the opening passage of the Gospel according to St. Jolm. lie then made tlie sign of the cross upon the sick, distributed «;haplets and images of tb: Agnvs Dei amongs^t them, iu4»ressing them with the !)elief that these things had nvu«*h healing virtue. Ry the same authority we are informed that, though he tlisclaimed the power they ascribed to him, he recited to them with a loud voice the suilerings of the Saviour, " MOUNT ROYAL. 23 tlioiigh to what purpose we do not perceives if they understood not his language. At all events, he prayeout three miles distant from their Dort. Tlie inliabitants appeared docihi and tractable, and their houses well stored witli every thing necessary for the approaching season. Cartior and his companions, however, suffered much in. their retreat, for, being unaccustomed to the rigours of a i'auadian winter, and but scantily supplied with proper food and clothing, they were nearly all attacked by the scurvy, and twenty- five of their number died. Bt^ing advised to use a decoction of the spruce fir (Piuus Cunadensisjy since well-known as a powerful anti-scorbutic, they complied M'ith the advice, and soon re(^overed their health, (yartier, beginning to entertain some suspicion of the Indians, by the arrival of some young hunters of the tribe, ''- lusty and strong men" whom he had not seen before, seized Donnacona, the interpreters, and two of the chief inhabitants, whom, with a few other natives, he carried with him on his retiu*n to France tlie ensuing spring. Though the common people of France were but little elated with the result of this <*xpedition, attacliing but a slight value to a country wliich yielded no abundance of gold and silver, the lepresentations of Cartier, supported and confirmed by the testimony of Donnacona, who had freqiuMit interviews with tluj King, and aided by the good sense of several persons about the Court, had such an effect, that he determined upon sending him out on a third voyage. Franyois de U ■^ ROBERVAL. 25 Roque, Lord of Roberval, a gentleman of Pilaced second in command, with the title of Ca[>tain General. Hoberval, wlio undertook to equip tMo additional .ships at his own ♦•xpen.se, not heing r(»ady at the timt! apptnnted, Cartier sailed without liim on tlie 2J3d of May, 1541, with fiAe xesselsi, and full powers to make (hscoveries and settleirieiits in Canada, floherval did not f(dlo\v him till the next year, 1542, when he sailed from Rochelle on 1 6th of A])ril, with three large vessels, having on hoard two hundred persons, as settlers, both men and M'^omeu, amcmg whom were several gentlemen of (piaiity. This combined exjiedi- tion did not yield much (Uther td' knowledge or of success to the French in Canada. The accounts indeed of these voyages are inconsistent and unsatisfa(;tory. It seems, however, pretty eertjiin, that, tlunigh Cartier, on his return to St. Croix, was kindly received and appar- ently welcomed by the natives, he soon found reason ti^ suspect that they were averse to any further intercourse with the French, and to their settlement in the country. This might arise, as it probably did, from their learning on enquiry that Donnacona was dead, and that the other natives would not return, and from their fear, not an unreasonable one, that others would in like manner be torn by force from their native soil. Feeling uncomfortable in Ins position; he removed a few leagues fjirther vip the river St. Lawrence, where he laid up Jiree of his ships, and sent the other two back to France, with letters to the King. He ordered two ibrts to be built, one at the bottom of the olifl> and the other on the poirt above : the latter he named Charlesbourg Royal,. Leaving the V^iscount de Beaupre in command, hv b3 96 CARTIER — ROBERVAL. procewliMi t<> visit the SanltM or Rapids above Hochelaga. On hiH way he Kift two hoys with liis friend the chief of Hocheiai, for the j)iirpo.se of leai*ning the hmguiige. The Saults, whic^h are now called the Sault St. Loiiiss, he was his h hoats. He found the innaniranrs irienuiy, nneive'l troni them proviHions, and exchanged presents with them , but could not divest himself of the fears and suspicions which had arisen in his niind, and for which he foiuid afterwards additional reasons. He passed the winter at Cap Uon^<», where Iw had erected the fort above named. As he had reeeived no tiilin^s of Roberva), he res(dve«l to return to France ; and on his passage, putting into St. John's, Newfoundland, he met the Viceroy with provisions and new settlers. H(? endeavtuired in vain to per.suade Cartier to remain in Canada. To avoid an open quarrel, the latter weighed an, with a iiuiueroUN train of (Miterprisiiig young men. They were never beard of afterwards, the whoU- being !>iii)>{M»!!)ed to have perished at wea. By this nnsfortune all hopes of •jnpj)orting an eKtabliHfiinent in Canada were for a time destroyed ; and during" fifty years no inea8ur(;s were taken for succouring the descendants t»f tlie few French setthirs who had remained in the <;(»untry. Toward the emi of tliat period, in 15l)8, the IVfarqiiis de la Koche, a native of Brittany, was appointed by Henry I V- of France, his Lieutenant Gfvneral in Canada, ffis commission is the first that makes pro- vision for ptirtitiK CIIATTE — DEMONTS. •ovc'riil vulimMo skins, which thoy rorovrrod, by hiw, with (laiii:i^(>»>. JjU Rim ht; svnn not Mioii for an (-xcJusivr trade with Canadiu and otlier po\v. They nia(h> two protitable voyaffes to Tadonssac. near the month of the river Sugnena), where tliey carried on an exlensiv^e U'udv of furs with the Inthunis, wlio gladly l>artered tluMr inont valuable skifis for mere trifles. Chanvin died in 1603, and was succeeded by l>e Chatte or Chaste, Gi^vernor of Dieppe, who foundivl a company of nx^rchantH at Rouen, in order to establ»?ih the trade on a liberal and efficient scale. Dying ^oon afterwar«U, without having himself vif/ited Canada, Pierre du (Jnast, Sieur Demonts, an officer in the court of France, was appointed to succeed him, with a commission of greater extent than had before been granted, entitling hiuj to authority from Virginia to the Esipiimaux River, or from latitud*? 40" to 54'^, and empowering hiia to grant lands between latitu in tlu!> Niivv, n reputation for luavcry aii coiiiprclitMisivo viowM, uniinattMl liy oiirr^j^y >i»niliarly fittod him for tht? oHinieut of lloehehtgu, whiih ap])ears t(» have dwimlh-d from the eomparulive importance it possessed whi-n visited by Cartier in 150.5, to a phice of no nionient ; imh-ed, aecording to another account, '• the village of Hociieiagu was now no more."* Deinorits returned to France in IGOo ; but was, in consequt«nce of (complaints and representations from persons concerned in the Fisheries, who stated that he interfered with their occupation. depriv«»d of the cmn- mission which had been granted him for ten years. In HjU7 it was rentiwed to him for one year, during which Pontgrave whs despatched to Tadoussac, anrl Chanipbiin, ■with a t'onnnission of Lieutenant under Demouts, sailed for the express purjM>s(^ of establishing a settlement on the St. Lawrence, above Tadoussac. As lie ascended tlie riverj he carefully examined the slnu'es, ami at length fixed upon a spot near the Indian village, Stadatona, where, on the third Montreal, — tlie Hurons, whose principal residence was on Lake Hnron, — and other less considerable tribes, — who were all engjiged in war with the Iroyages to France to promote the intert^sts of the rising colony, and in one of them brought out him family to resi«le with him. The (Jimipany wjis by no means a*;tive or efficient in seconding his efforts, either 11 •"Vitk 32 I)E CAEXti — J ESUIT!> —COMPANY OF J 00. by protecting the settlement from the attacks of the Indians, or supplying the wants of the settlers ; and was, oi\ account of its negligenlic faith, sent over with (.'hamplain three Jesuits and two lay brothers, men of exemplary cha- racter, to accomplish tliiw great object. They joined the Recollets, already at Quebec. The C.'aens directed their chief attention to the Fur trade, but. being Hugue- nots, and therefore of a different religicm from the Duke, and not likely to favoiu* his measures, the Cai'dinal Richelieu, Prime Minister of Louis XIII., revoked the privileges that had been granted to them, and encou- raged the formation of a ccnnpany to be composed of a great mauber of men of pro]»erty and credit. A charter was granted to them in 1627, under the title of " The Company of One Himdred Partners" or Asso- ciates. The Company engaged, fiivst, to transport emigrants, artificers, and farnu»rs to (Uuiada, to the number of sixtcien thousand, — tt» lodge and feed them during tlu*ee years, and ultimately to locate them on farms <:leared to a certain extent, and to furnish them with wheat for sowing; secondly^, that ,the at steps they might think proper for the protection of tlie colony, and the fostering of commerce ; giving them at the aame time the complete monopoly of the fiir trade. The (Joinpany were allowed to import and exp».rt all kinds of merchandiser and other <;ommodities, free of duty ; and gentlemen, both clergy and laity, were invited to a share in the concern, which they readily acceptc^d, till the number of partners was completed. Tliis was a favourite scheme of Richelieu's ; and Charlevoix, who describes it at length, speaks of it in terms of great applause, as calculated, had it been strictly adhered to and wisely executed, to render New France the most powerful colony of America. The combination of clergy in this new association gave it decidedly a religious chara<;ter ; and on this account it has been stated that the primary object of the Company was the <^on\ ersion of the Indians to the Catholic faitli, and the secondary an extet sion of th(? fio* trade and of commerce generally, and the dis»;overy of a passage U) China. The plan of improvement, thus determined upon, met with a temporary interrii[>tion, and was threatened with utter destruction, by the breaking out of a war between France and England in 1628, wliich in the following year transferred the possession of Cauaila from the former to tlie latter j)ower. (,'liarles I. gave to l>avid Kertk, a French refugee, a commission authorizing and commanding him to conquer Canada, ill conse()uence of which, after some offensive operations at Tadoiissac, he appeared with his squfidron before Quebe*;, and summoned it to surrender ; but he was answered in so spirited a manner, that he judged it c 1 4*: d 34 CANADA TAKEN' — DEATH OP CHAMPLAINf. prudent to retire. The following year, 1G29, his two brothers, Loim and Thonuis, with a su])erior armament, were more suecessful, aiul the capital of New France, M'ith all its rians represent him as a man of sujierior talents, and of upright inten- tions ; active, enterprising, and vigilant ; and ('herishing so warm a zeal tor the pr<>pagation of religion, that it was a common saying with him, — " tliat the salvation of one soul was of more value than the ct>nquest of an empire." With all the advantages, however, which France enjoyed for colonization, under the direction of so wise a man, so tardy was the progress of her affairs in this quarter of the world, that at the period of which we are writing, the whole of her avnilabh* possessions in Canada consisted of the fort of Quebec, surronnded by some inconsiderable houses, and barracks for the soldiers, a few huts on the Island of Montreal, as many at Tadoussac, and at other places on the St. Lawrence nsed as trading and fishing posts, and a settlement, just conmienced, at Three Rivers. CHAPTER III. SETTLEMENT OF THE ISLAND OF MONTREAL — MAl- SONNEIJVE, GOVERNOR CANADA BECOMES A ROYAL GOVERNMENT — REMARKABLE EA RTHQUAKE — WEST INDIA COMPANY. ■I. It has been stated, in the precerUng Chapter, that several Priests from France had arrived, and were setthid at Quebec, for the purpose of propag^ating the Roman Catholic religion among the Indians in the colony ; and though several of them returned to their native land on the cession of the country to the English, they came back to Caujula when the French hjwl regained possession of it, for the pm'pose of resuming their labours. By these first missionaries it was soon perceived that the occupation and defence of the Island of Montreal, was an obje<;t of tlu^ greatest importance, rendered indeed imperative, if they wished to retain their authority in the Island, by the wars of the Iro(piois ; but the Company were unwilling to sec(md their views in this respectt. It fell, therefore, to the lot of private individuals to accomplish this design. Several persons in France, powerful from their connections a?id full of religious zeal, formed themselves into a Society consisting of thirty-five members, for the purpose ot colonizing the Island. It was proposed that a French c 2 36 SITE CHOSEN. viilagf should ho established, and be well fbrlitied to rej^ist a sudden irruption of the natives ; that the poorer class of emijiyraiits shoidd there find an {isylurn and employment, avid the rest of the Islai d he occupied by such friendly tribes of Jn' alone was a proof of their antiquity. Numberless large rivers came down from a considerable distance to water these inunense regions. Every tiling in this rude part of the New World appeared grand and sublime. Nature here displayed such luxuriancy and majesty as commanded veneration ; and a thousand wild graces fai* more striking than the artiticial beauties of European climates. In the year 1644, the whole of this beautiful domain became the property of the St, Sulpicians at Paris, ami c3 1 38 TOWN FOXITIFIED. was by them ai\erward» conveyed to the Seminary of the same order at Montreal, in whose possession it still remains. The circumstances attending the founflation of the new settlement were thus far (;n(J comniitted great exreggos. Whatfiver benefits, in the way of tra from their connection witli Montreal, the introductioh of tl>e use of ardent spirits anioriji^ tlM'ni is an evil which they have had uhundaiit reason to deplortf. In a journal kt^pt by the Jenuits, of the afiairM of the colony, there is an aeeount of the price of (^ommoditieH, which affords some points of comparison that may be interesting^ to the reader. It iw stated that wood for fuel wfis this yeai', 1G47, publicly sold: the price was one shilling and three pence, Halifax currency, per cord. The price of bread was fixed at seven pence halfpenny for a loaf of six pounds weight. The price of labour was one shilling and tliree pence per day, exclusive of board and lodging. A servant's wages were, by the year, four pouiuls tlu"ee shillings and four pence, and a pair of shoes. Eels were sold in the market for one farthing per himdred : 40,000 had been taken that year from August to November. While the French settlements were improving in Canada, those of England on the eastern shores of America were also making progress; and a union seemed desirable to prevent that rivalry, or moderate the eiF(?cts of it, which is almost sure to take place between nations so contiguously situated and engaged in a similar pursuit. The French Governor, M. de D'Aillebout, in 1648, proposed to the New England colonies an alliance between them and the French, one object of which was an engagement to assist each other, when necessary, in making war against the Five Nations. However desirous the English colonies might have been, on other accounts, to form such an alliance, the condition respecting the Indians was not acceptable to them, and the negotiation was broken off. Of what effects this union, had it taken place, would have been be< X ^ IMPROVEMENTS. 41 ' i productive, it in iin[K)Ssibh» to conjecture ; but it i« evident that tiie tkiliiro of tfic proposition must have had an important bearing upon the evontw which followed, fir-st in the contimied rivalry of the two nations, then in tlie frequent wars between them, and lastly in the subjugation of the whole country to the power of Britain. The prosperity of the City and Island of Montreal continued to increase. As early as the year 1657, a large part of this property, even at thsit period valuable, was cleared and settled, under the direction of the Abbe Quetus, who had arrived from France, with authority from the Seminary in Paris for that and other purposes essentially connected with the welfare of the Province. Among other important services, he founded the Seminary of St. Sulpice at Montreal for the conversion of the Indians, and for promoting the settlement of the whole domain. As soon as the members of the order residing here had taken possession of their property, they forwarded the design of establishing a hospital for the sick, in which they were assisted by muwiticent donations from several persons in France. In 1662, the Seminai-y was enlarged by fiirther endowments, for the purpose of providing' a sufficient number of young men for the priesthood, and of supplying the new parishes with cures. The Company of One Hundred Partners, though attentive to their own interests in rigidly guarding their monopoly and all its exclusive privileges, had been all along regardless of the general welfare of the colony. Applications to them in favour of public improvements were, for the most part, treated with neglect. At length, in 1663, the proceedings of the Company had become so obnoxious, that the king of France, Louis XI V.J under the direction of the great Colbert, then his ■ \ WM* 42 KXTHAOHDI^ARY BARTIIQUAKK. Primo IVI iiii8t^<^r, (j«;ci from an onch'siastical mi^ision to a temporal government w;is foHowed hy the iiappiest offeota in the civil regulation and military protection of the colony, and hi the rapiersons to douht the truth of the narration. The following description, though sutHciently singular and striking, is far less extravagant than some others yet extant. It is taken from a manuscript in the Jesuits' Cie ahysH. Some threw themselves on their knees in the snow, crossing their breasts and eallin^- on their saints to relieve thorn from the dangers with vvliieh they were surrounded. Others passed the rest of this , which we believe was universal throughout the whole of New France, for we learn that it was felt from L'Isle Persee and Gaspe, wliich are situated at the mouth of the St. Lawrence, to beyond Montreal, as also in New England, Acadia, and other places more a WEST INDIA. COMPANY. 47 remote. As far as it has come to our knowledge, this earthquake extended more than 600 miles in length* and about 300 in breadth. Hence 180,000 square miles of land were convulsed in the same day, and at the same moment. " The third ciixumstance, which appears the most remarkable of all, regards the extraordinary protection of Divine Providence which has been extended to us and our habitations ; tor we have seen near us the large openings and chasms which the earthquake occasioned, and the prodigious extent of country which has either been totally lost or hideously convulsed, without our losing either man, woman, or child» or even liaviiig a hak of their heads touched."* Perhaps to the majority of readers the most singular part of this account may appear to be the unusual length of time during which the earthquake, with oeeasionfd interruptions, continued. Upon the whole, however, as here stated, it is not more incredible than many facts upon record in the history of the world, which, resting upon testimony not more complete, have been admitted without hesitation. Besides, there are geological phenomena, and appearances in the physical aspect of the country, which render it probable that such events have actually occurred. The affairs of the colony were, for a time, embar- rassed, and its prosperity checked, by its union, in 1664, to the other territories of the French West India Company, which thus became possessed of Canada, Acadia, and Newfoundland, conceded to them efi Seigneurie^ to be governed by the laws and ordinances , J • S«o Montgomery MtirUn'a Hittortfafthf. Britith Cohniet, Vol. III. pa. 9 : a very \'aliiable and iuatriictive work, recently published u» hvo large voluraea, 8vo., full of interesting dotaila reapectiujf the British Colouia\ pu8B«ssioas 'm eyery part of the world. d2 I 48 SEIGNIORIES. — SUPPLY OF WIVES. of the empire. Tlie Company held this territory for ten years, when, finding themselves unable to manage the complicated objects of their charter, they resigned it to the Crown. In the interim, however, some improve- ments were effected ; for the Indians having made peace with the French in 1668, the inhabitants began to extend their settlements and cultivate their new lands. The officers and soldiers employed in the preceding wars had grants of land made to them : to the former w ere given Seigniories, according to their rank; and tliis wiU account for the French names which they bear to this day. A free trade hud also been granted; and from all these favourable circum- stances arose a great increase to the prosperity of the colony. The niunber of men, however, greatly ex- fjeeded that of the women ; and the government took a method to supply the deficiency, at which some of our readers will smile. Several hundred females were sent from France to Cana\Ti, fat, and lean. The notification had been made but a few days, when so great was the demand, that in less than fifteen days the whole of the females were disposed of. As soon as the marriage ceremony had taken place, the Governor General distributed oxen, cows, hogs, fowls, salted beef, and some money, to the married people."* In order still further to encoursige the settlement of the colony, und to promote marriage among the people, the king of France proposed certain bounties to be paid. On the * Smith's History of Canada, vol, I. page 55, ?„•» MARRIAGE ENCOURAGED. 49 marriage of males of the age of twenty and imder, and females of the age of sixteen and imder, the king ordered a present of twenty-five livres in each case ; and a pension of three hundred livres to be annually paid to parents having ten children bom in wedlock, and four hundred livres to such as had twelve. To the same end, His Majesty directed that a pecuniary fine should be imposed upon such parents as did not marry their children before the ages above mentioned.* • lb. vol. I. page 59. 1)3 J CHAPTER IV. GOVERNMENT SETTIoED — CONTESTS BETWEEN THE FRENCH AND ENGLISH— PERFIDY OF LE RAT. As on the final resumption of the government of Canada, by the Crown of France, a Governor, Council, and Judges were established on a more permanent and effectual plan than heretofore, by the appointment and authority of the king himself, the affairs of the colony thence assumed a national character, and must be treated more in connection with political parties and events. The progress of colonization on the eastern shores of the continent, especially in New England and New York, naturally produced a «x>llision in matters of trade, and not seldom occasioned political jealousy between the two powers most intimately concerned in them. The province of New York originally belonged to the Dutch, from whom it had received the names of New Holland and New Belgia. The English having acquired possession of it in 1664, were desirous of turning their acquisition to the best account, and with tliis view they sought and obtained by degrees a large portion of the fur trade. Many of the Indians brought their skins to New York, where they sold at a higher price than in the French colony; and the English, k: HOSTILITIES. 51 either afraid of the encroachments of the French, or desirous of extending theii* own territories, or more probably influenced by both these considerations, sought every opportunity of gaining the alliance of the Indians. After many att^jmpts, and frequent disappointments and changes, they at length succeeded in gaining the Iro- quois or Five Nations to their interest. These restless and turbulent tribes were often made serviceable to the interests of the English, whom they assisted in repress- ing the incursions of the French, who had often shown a desire to weaken or expel them as rivals, and in extending their commerce. Between the English ami the French colonies, contiguously situated as they were upon the same continent, and whose parent-states were often at war, it was inevitable that occasions of discord should arise, and that more active hostilities should often take place. During these contentions, prolonged through the greater part of a century, many deeds of valour were performed, many suiferings were endured, many cruelties were committed, and many incidents ocMJurred, which, in an extended history of Canada, would require to be narrated at length, but which, in a topographical work like that now before the reader, can CONTESTS, deed oxoitcd the strongest feeling »x)th in England, and through British Ameriea, and contributed to luwten the downfttl of the Fremih dominion in ('anada. ^'. CHAPTER V. CAPTURE 0¥ gUEOBC BT GENERAL WOLFE — SUR- RENDER OF MONTREAL AND ALL THE CANADAS MONTREAL TWICE INJURED BY FIRE BIGOT. The year 1759 is, and ever will be, memorable in tbe amials of tliis CAAouy. The French, perceiving that the English were iu earnest in their designs upon Canada, sent strong reinforcements to their garrisons. The campaign opened with great vigour. Canada was to be invaded at three different points under Generals of high talent. The forces intended to act against Quebec vk^ere under the command of the heroic General Wolfe, who had taken Fort Louisburg and subdued the Island of Cape Breton the preceding year. Wolfe's army, amounting to about 8000 men, was C4)nveyed to the vicinity of Quebec by a fleet of vessels of war and transports commanded by Admiral Saunders, and landed in two divisions on the Isle of Orleans the 27th of June. The French commander, Montcalm, made vigorous preparations for defence. He arranged his army of about 12,000 men, between the river of St. Charles and the Falls of M ontmorenci, to oppose the landing of the British forces, which, in their attack upon his entrenchments, were repulsed. Wolfe at first doubted from this failure whether any thing could be t' 58 CAPTURE OF gUEBEC. effected in the present season ; but afterward«, rousing his brave and ardent spirit, and calling a council of war, he resolved upon the bold and haxardoua enterprise of ascending the heights of Abraham, and attacking the city in that direction. The plan was executed with admirable skill and determination. The result is well known : the chiefs im both sides fell, and left behind them honourable names. Wolfe died on the field of battle, in the arms of victory ; and Mcmtcalm in the city, to which he hatl been carried, thankful that he should not live to see the surrender of the place. The l>attle on the Plain?* of Abraham was fought on the 13th of September, 1759; and five days afterwjirds, on tlie 18th, Quebec surrendered to the British arms. The details of this memorable exploit behmg to the history of that city,* but the glory of it will remain to distant ages, and <^very Briton especially, on looking back to the Ministry which projected and the General who achieved it, will reflect with d'ilight " That Chatham's langimg'e was liia mothor tongue, And Wolpb'9 great name cooipatriot with his own." In the foUowing spring the French anny which had been collected in the neighbourhood of Montreal, under tlie command of the Chevalier de Levi, marched to Quebec for the purpose of attacking and regaining it ; but without success. A reinforcement from England arrived just in time to save the city ; and de Levi broke uj) his camj), and retired with precipitation towards Montreal. V'audreuil, the Governor, finding the whole of the Canadas in danger, determined to take his last stand on behalf of French dominion, in tliis city ; and * Tlie principal of thiwe of ents are givon with lively Int«fre8t and effect, b^ the competent pen of Dr, Fiaher, in Hawkins' Picture (if Uu^hec. %^ SURRENDER OP MONTREAL. 59 hither he called in all his detachments, and concentrated his remaining strength. He enlarged the fortifications for the defence of the town, and converted sloops into armed vessels. Meantime General Murray, with as many troops as <;ould be spared from Quebec, advanced towards the point of attack, notwithstanding tlie obstructions which the enemy threw in the way of his progress up the river ; and General Amherst with the army from Oswego, approached in an opposite direction : both armies took post near the city on the same day, September 6, 1760. Colonel Haviland, with a strong detachment, lay on the south shore of the St. Lawrence, opposite to Montreal, Vaudreuil, perceiving tliat defence was hopeless, on the morning of the 7th pro- posed terms of capitulation ; and on the 8th, the city •urrendered, and was taken possession of by the British troops in the name of liis Britannic Majesty. A few days afterwards, the French troops were sent down to Quebec, and thence to France, not to serve again during the war. Thus was the last, decisive act ia the conquest of Canada performed without firing a gun, or shedding blood. The terms on which the city was surrendered to the British were expressed in fifty-five articles, of which the most important were the following : That immediately after signing the capitulation, the English troops should take possession of the gates of Montreal ; that the French should lay down their ai'ms, and not serve during the war, but should go out by the gate of Quebec witli all the honours of war; that the militia should return to their homes without being molesttid ; that the Marquis Vaudreuil should not be obliged to leave the city before a certain day, and no person to lodge in his house till he left it ; that the most convenient vessel that could be found should be appointed to carry the E 2 60 SURRENDER Marquis to France; that two ships should carry the Chevalier de Levi, the principal officers, &c., provided the officers should faithfully deliver up all the charts and plans of the country ; that the free exercise of the Catholic and Roman Religion shall remain entire ; that the Chapter, Priests, Curates, and Missionaries should retain a perfect liberty to exercise the functions of their cures, in the parishes of the towns and countries ; that the communities of Nuns should be preserved in their constitution and privileges, shc»uld continue to observe their rules, be exempted from lodging any military, and not be interrupted in their religious exercises, for which purpose safeguards should be given them, if desired ; that all the communities and all the priests should preserve their moveables, the property and revenues of the seig- niories, and all other estates which they possessed in the Colony, of what natm'e soever they might be, and the same estates should be preserved in their privileges, rights, honours and exemptions ; that all classes should preserve the entire peaceable property and possession of their goods, moveable and immoveable, merchandizes, fiirs, and other eftiects ; that the archives of the Supreme Council of Quebec, and of the whole royal jurisdiction of the country, should remain in the Colony ; and that care shouhl be taken that none of the Indians should insult any of the subjects of the French King. The form of taking possession was as follows. The capitulation having been signed at break of day, the troops marched into the town in the foUovring order — 1st. A twelve pounder, with a flag, and a detachment of the Royal Artillery, commanded by Colonel Haldi- man ; 2. Grenjidiers of the line, by Colonel Massey ; 3. Light Infantry, by Colonel Amherst ; each party preceded by a band of music. The eldest Ensign in General Amherst's army attended to receive the colours OF MONTREAL. 61 of the French regiments. HaTing* thus obtained peace- able possession of this important city, and brought tlie war in Canada to a happy termination, the General on the next day, the 9th of September, issue though their seminary was but small. Several private houses in Montreal, even at tliis time, made a noble ''*(., OF MONTREAL. 63 appearance, and the Governor's palace was a large fine building. The neighbourhood of the city contained many elegant villas ; and all the known vegetables of £urope were cultivated in the gardens attached to them. By the terms of capitulation, which, under all the circumstances, were favourable to the conquered, not only the city and Island of Montreal, but the whole of the French possessions on the North American continent were surrendered to the British crown. The war between the two nations continued till the year 1763, when, by the treaty of peace concluded at Paris on the 10th of February, all these territories were formally ceded to Great Britain, much to the immediate benefit of the French inriabitants, and the improvement of the Colony at large. While the negotiations, which issued in this treaty, were pending, an instance of malignant sagacity, which deserves to be recorded here, was displayed by the French minister, the Duke de Choiseul. The idea of relinquishing Canada was by no means palatable to tl<» body of the people. The discontent at length rose to such a height that it reached the throne; and the political opponents of the Didce in the cabinet did not fail to press it upon the Royal attention. The King sent for his Minister to remonstrate with him on the subject. The wily statesman, who looked far below the surface, and well imderstood the principles of human action, addressed his Majesty to the following effect : — " We have now. Sire, but the one province of Canada* on the whole continent of America ; and the charge of maintaining it against such powerful neighbours as the English will not only exceed its value to us, but will * The torm wm theu used in a more e!S.teaded sense than it is now. m- 64 CUOISEULS SAGACITY. open a door of perpetual hostility with England ; whereas, ceding- it at once to his Britannic Majesty will prevent these inconveniences, and find constant employ- ment for the British nation. For, give me leave to tell you, Sire, that if the English ministry had as much wisdom as they ought to have, they would almost pay your Majesty a subsidy to retain it. Their colonies are now all flourishing, and will speedily be all insolent. They want the protection of the Mother Country no longer than while Canada is ours. They have for several years manifested a strong inclination for independence, and will assert that independence the moment a foreign enemy is removed fi-om their back. The provinces, particularly of New England, clierish a deep abhorrence to Monarchial government. My advice, therefore, Sire, most himibly is, that the English mastiff^ may have full liberty to worry one another. So long as Canada belongs to your Majesty, so long the British colonies will be dutiful to their Sovereign, because they will stand in need of his protection. But remove the want of that protection, and you remove their obedience instantly ; frou* powerful friends, you turn them into most formidable enemies, of England, and rescue all Europe from the dictation of that power." The counsel was taken ; and how far the main part of the prediction lias been verified, need not here be told. The interval between the capture ot Montreal, and the formal surrender of all the French possessions ui America to the British crown, wsis employed by General Amherst in securing Ids conquests, and improving the condition of the inhabitants. He established a military government for the preservation of tranquillity, and divided the country into three districts, — Quebec, Three Rivers, and Montreal, placing General Gage at the head of the last. Within these districts ,hej(sta)jlished r • Ik B^jk^rit* •i.rj ADDRESS OK DEATH OP (HBOROS 11. 65 several courts of justice, which were approved by the King, and remained in force till peace was restored and dvil government ei^tablished. If ever there was a I>eople that had reason to rejoice in a change of masters, tlie French Canadians were that people. The conquest was a blessing to them. Under their former rulers — or rather owners, for they were despotically governed — tliey suftered much and enjoyed little. Peculation and fraud in the revenue enriched the few at the expense of the many. The feudal law was oppressive and degrading ; the criminal code was vague in its provi- sions, and capri(;ious in its administration. Under the English Government some of these evils were at once removed or mitigated ; and the people in general were gratifieu. with the change. To shew their sense of the benefits resulting from it, even at an early period, it may be sufficient to quote the address vrhich was presented to the Governor on the death of George the Second, towards the close of the year 1760. All the Fren«h in Canada, of any distinction, went into mourning on the occasion. ** The Address of the Officers of the Militia, AND the Merchants of Montreal, to GENE- RAL GAGE, Governor of that place. n Cruel destiny then has cut short the glorious days of so great and magnanimous a Monarch. We are come to pour out our grief into the paternal bosom of your Excellency ; the sole tribute of gratitude of a people who will never cease to exult in the mildness and moderation of their new masters. The General who conquered us hjis treated us more like victors than vanquished ; and has left us a precious pledge [the meaning of Gage, in French] by name and deed of liis ■ !• 66 REGULATIONS. goodneae to u^. What acknowledgments are we not bound to make for so many favoiu's ! They shall be for ever engraved on our hearts in indelible characters. We entreat your Excellency to continue to us the honour of your protection. We will endearonr to deserve it by our zeal, and the earnest p/ayers we shall offer up to the Almighty Being for your health and preservation." The cession of Canada by the treaty of Paris early in 1763, and the aimouncement of peace in the colonies in the spring of that year, were followed by a proclamation issued in October from His Britannic Majesty, erecting four new civil governments in the newly-acquired territories, viz., those of Quebec, East Florida, West Florida, and Granada ; and in Novembox General Murray was appointed Captain General and Governor ill Chief of the Province of Quebec, tliough the commis- sion was not received and published in the Colony tUl the month of August the following year. By these means His Majesty declared his intention to assimilate the laws and government of the whole Province to those of the other American ctdonies and provinces already under His Majesty's Government, as far as could be done consistently with the conveyance and preservation of property. The liberties of the new subjects were thus far secured by the adoption, as far as practicable, of English laws, both civil and criminal : — and things remained in this state until the passing of the Quebec Act in 1774, when some changes took place in the former branch, or civil department of the laws, relative to the tenure and conveyance of property, in compliance with the wishes of the French inhabitants. Indeed, the anxiety of the British Government to promote the advantages of its new subjet^ts, was so marked, that it is scrarcely an exaggeration to afiirm, as an able writer I FIRE. m ha« done, that " previous higtory afiPords no example of •wch forbearance and generosity on the part of the conquerors towards the conquered — forming such a new era in cinlizcd warfare that an admiring world admitted t-he claim of Great Britain to the glory of conquering a people less from views of ambition, and the security of her other colonies, tlian from the hope of improving their situation, and endo'wing them with the privileges of free men."* Both the city and the island of Montreal partook of the benefits to which a return of peace, and improved institutions, were directly favourable ; yet not without some checks and interruptions, On Saturday the 18th of May, 1765, a fire broke out in the city, which in a few hours destroyed 108 houses and reduced 215 familit?8 to the greatest distress, A very inteiesting pamphlet., drawn up by a benevolent individual, was printed in London on this occasion, and circulated freely in behalf of the sufferers. A. considerable sum was raised in England, and forwarded towards their relief. The first title of the pampldet is TTic Case ofthn Canadians at Montreal distressed by Fire ; and underneath it, in a Vignette, a neat portrait of His Majesty George III., who contributed £500. The second title is Motives for a Si'MSCRii'TiON towards the relief of the sufferers at Montreal in Canada by a dreadful fire., &c. &c. These motives are [)reseuted in a great variety of forms, and urged with much benevolent imiiortunity . It appears from an account attested by His Excellency the Hon. James Murray, Governor of the Province, that the losg amounted to more than one hundred and sixteen thousand pounds currency, equal to £87,580 sterling, and comprehended the following particulars : • rolitical Annals of Canada : quoted In Habtin. FIRE. ValtM in buildingH, frmn a surrey made on oath by Masons and Carpenters £31980 In Merchandise 64718 ft 9 In Furniture and Apparel 2526112 6 la Cash, Plate, and Bills 4814 8 Currency £116773 18 6 Sterling £87680 8 10 The pamphlet statefi, as " worthy of very honorable notice, that these people were so tender of what they evidenced on oath, that great numbers declared, some time after, that they found their loss to be considerably greater than the account they had sworn to." The parts ravaged by the fire, and the extent of distress it occasioned, may be seen from the following statement :— It was computed that, by this destructive fire, one fourth part of the city was consumed, and about one third part in value. The population of Montreal at this period was about seven thousand. The fire broke out in the house of one of the British inhabitants, named f In St. Francois Street were bwmt out 54 families. St. Paul Street, separating the Upper Town from the Lower 87 In the Market Place 26 Hospital Street 1 St. Louis Street 15 St. Eloix Street 6 St. Sacrament Street. ... 6 St. Nicholas Street 1 St. Ann Street I St. Ann Suburlw 10 Grey Sisters' Hospital, Suburbs and housetfi nearest. 8 In ali ... 215 families ? . ! ; I I FIRE. 69 Levingston, and was occaNionK^d by hot atihes carried into tlu> ^-arret to niakt; *oa\t. The want of eng-ines and the prevalence of a very hig-h v»'ind were favourable to the s|)reaed at hist by })ulling^ la«t fire. Another cinnini.Htunce which, for a time, had an unfavoural)1e effect in checking the proKperity of Canada, was the conduct of Hi^ot, the Intendant or financier of thi' King of France : the conMequent^'H resulting from it were for some years s«'verely felt. Having the entire managemerh of the financt's of the (.'ohmy, he and his dependants had tlie opportunity, which they eagerly embraced, of plundering the colonists in every direction. The expenses of the civil and military establishments were supjHirted by a paper currency termeoss«»SJ-3, gave an impulse to coni- mercial enterprise ; and hy the influx of liritie^h setthTm and British capital, the Colony received an accession of wealth and energy, small in^leetd, at first, but which, gradually increasing', gave in time a new character to tlie |K)pulation. Trade was encouraged, both 4loinestic and with the Mother Country ; new lands were cleared, the capabilities of the country more extensively explored, aiul advances made in the improvement of political in- stitutions, particularly in the administration of justice in criminal cases. The Canadian inhabitants began to en- joy a liberty they had never tasted beftue ; and thi» British were carefnl to preserve here the liberty they l»ad enjoyed at home. Mimtreal had its share ii» the general and increasing pros[K*rity. On the 6th of Decendier, 1764, an occurrence took place which not otdy created a great sensation here, but engaged the attention of the (Tovernment in Britain. Mr, Thomas Walker, a Justice of the Peace in this city, f2 72 OITRAGE ON MR. WALKER. having, in the discharg-e of his offiriai duty, exposed him- self to the displeasure of an officer m tjie army who had been en^^uged in a dispute about IcKlgings, wa« violently atrarked in his own hinise on the evening of that day. A party of persons in disguise ent<>r(Ml the house ; and JVIr. Walker, on rising from his ehair, received a wound in l)is forehead from a bn^ad-sword. Attenipting to reat^h his bed-chamber, where his arms were deposited, he was attacke of one hundred guinejvs. Several pc^r- sons were apprehended on suspi<;ion of being concerned in tliis assault, truly called in the letter from the Secre- igr' QUEBKC \rT. •.!J tary of State to tiie Governor of tlie Province. *' sJueh treatment as is a dis^rare to all g^overnnient ;" some* were tried and aecjnitted ; but n(»n«» who were actually engaged in the transaction were aj>[)reliend«>(l, or, a! least, convicted of tlie crnne. At length, however, public confiden<;e was restored, the pnrsuits of com- merce and ii'.dustry were extended, and the general state of society iniproved. By a proclamation issued on the 7th of ()«'toher, llfvi, the King of England liaM-s resorting to it, might confide in his Royal protection for enjoying th<» benefit of the laws of England." These were in g iiicrejiso and to prosper. At length the American revohitionary war broke out. The first general (Con- gress of wliat are now the \ iiited States was held at Philadelphia on IMonday tfie 5th of September, 1774. Having in vain endeavoured to prevail upon the Ca- nadians to j(nu them m tluur o])position to the fJritish (•rovernuient, they determined to invade the country. AfttT •il>taiui)(g possession of Ticonderoga, Crown Point, and St. ,l<»hn's, the Provinciid forces advjinced towards Montreal. A somewhat ridiculous attempt was made upon, or rather {>rojected against, the city. An aarty. Allen and his fellow-prisoners were sent to England, but were some time afterwards remand<'d buck to America. Mont- gomery, however, the General appointed by the Con- gress, wjus more successful. He iiad a considerable force, while there were but few British troops in Cana- da, and the principal part of tliem had been engaged in the defen<'e of St. John's. (Jeneral Carleton, with the fon^' he was able to collect, had been repulsed at Longueuil, so that when Montgomery advanced upon Montreal, he had only to take possession of the city, PROSPERITY OP MONTREAL. 75 which he did on the 13th of November, the naval force in the river being surrtMidered into his hands, and General Prescott. with the viduutci^rs and soliliers who had taken refuge on l)0Hrd, h»M;oining prisoners of war. Montgomery having found plonty of woollen manufac- tures in Montreal, took the of)|)ortunity of new-clothing his troops, who had .s(itFer»'(l cxcessiv«'ly from the seve- rity of the climate, the badness ot the r«>aresent state of the Province, and lade*! therefore to g-ive satisfaction to the inhabitants. A plan better suited to existing circum- gtan(*es, and intended to be as nearly analogous to the British Constitution as the casf» would avin<;es of T^p[K5r and Lower Canada, and a Legislature established in each. In pursuance of the provisions of this Act, the first Provincial Parliament of Lower Canada met at Quebec on the 17th of Decem- ber, 1792, and sat till the 9th of May following. The House of Assembly then consisted of fifteen English and thirty-five Canadian Members. The session was distinguished by great decorum and moderation through the whole of the proceedings. The debate on the Quebec Bill in the English House of Commons was remarkable, as being the occasion on which a friendship of five and twenty years between Mr. Burke and Mr. Fox, was broken up by a difference of political senti- ment. His late Majesty King William IV. visited Canada in the year 1787- He was then in command of the Pegasus, 28 guns, one of the s(piadron under the com- mand of (Commodore Sawyer. He landed at Quebec on the 1 4th of August ; and on the Sth of September made his entrance into Montreal, where, as Prirujo William Henry^, he was received and entertained with WAR WITH THE STATKS. 7< all the honours duo to his illutitrious rank. On his return, having landed and pas^sed some time at Sorel, lie satutioned the alteration of the name of that rilUige to his own, William Henry. On the lOth of Octoher he saiu'd from Qnel)«'<- in his own tjhip. In Jhe year 1812, war was declared by the United States a|yrainst Great Britain, and ('anada was threatened with invasion. Several of th«i iidiahitants of Quebec and Montr*»al were disposed to flee ; but being r(Mised to a<*tion by the Govt'rnor. Si>- George Prevost, and the peo[>le at larg s a gem'ral stand was Jiiade in defence of the country. All classes acted nobly men, entered Lower Canada, on the western shore of Lake Chani})- lain ; but being rej)ulsed at La CoUe Mill, by Major Uandcock, with an inferior force, he retired to the U ruled States, and closed his military career. Had the city been taken, in eithei of these attempts, the whole of Canada vrould havo been in danger. Peace wa» con- cludpd on the 24th of Decomber, 1814, ami proclaimed at Washington and Quebec ui February ami March ttf tJie folh»wing year. T\\(' iidiabitants of Movitreial once more laid aside their martial implfments and habits for the more congenial pursuits of industry and commerce. A remarkable natural phenomenon, attended with no small degree of terror to many, occurred at Montreal in the year 1819. Tlie account of it attracted so much attention, even in Ejurop*', a** to be made the subject of 78 EXTRAORrUXAUY an elaborate Essay read befort; tlie Plinian Sociiti/ of Edinburgh, (hi Sunday the 8th ofNovembor, densft bbick ch)uds were dilluscd over the atinosplicrc, and there fell from them alu^avy shower of rain, whi«;h, aftc-r it had been allowed for some time to re^t, was found to have dej»osited a substance, which to the eye, the taste, and the smell, prevsented the resemblance of com- mon soot. The sky, duiin^ic the morning, occasionally displayed a slight greenii^b tint, and the jsun, through tlie haze wbich surrounded it, ai>i)eared of an unusually bright pink uarance as on the preceding Sunday. A momentary brightness 8ucceede around it, \\]um it do8<;t«nods of peoph? who poured in. from all th«> adjaeent streetis ; while, towerin^' (»ver the heads of the immense throng, was to be seen the steeple of the ch* i, vv'dh its hall blazinj^ like a meteor, and throwing -t from the foot of the cross with which it was surmounted, a ludiation of sparks rendered lurid by the incum})ent and surroimding ha/e . in the evening it appeared Uke a lighthouse seen oui at sea. By great exertions the fire was extinguisln»d : about a vater, to navigate «tfi way down the river. Having uttraet(Ml the notice of the inhahitsmts, several enterpris- ing individuals put off in boats with some whale-tisliing materials, in pursuit <»f it. At last, after lu'arly a week's exertion, it was harjxuuied hy (.'a[>taiu l!?rusli of the Tow- Steam- IJoat. It was iimnediately dragged on shore, and exhibited in a booth fitted up for the pur]»08e, for the gratification of the inhabitants. It Wits found to measure 42 feet 8 inches in length, G feet across the back, and 7 feet dt;ep. A serious riot occurred on the 21st of May, 1832, in consequence of political ex('itetnent in connection with the choice of a refu'esentative in the Provincial Parlia- ment, for tlie W«'st VV ard of this city. Indications of tumult and danger hsiving shewn theuiselves, and the civil force being unable to restrain the mob from acts of Tiohjnce, the military were called in. Tin Riot Act having been read in vain, and the populace having commenced an attack upon the military by stones and other missiles, the troops were ordered to advance ; hut this having no eflfect, and the violence incieasing, they were ordered to fire, whicli they did with fatal effect, three persons being kiUed, and several wound<;d. Although this measure put a stop to the progress of tumultuary outrage, it by no means allayed the ferment of tike pubfu; mind. The Coroner's intpiest could not agree upon a verdict ; but a prosecution was instituted in the Court of King's Bench against the Magistrates who called out the military, and the officers who com- manded. The Grand Jury, aft(;r a charge from the Chief Justice, and a patient investigation of the evidence, very properly ignored the bills. o I \ 8-2 CHOLERA. The (x^nstition wliisid(Ml, wht'u it wa» followtMl by AnotluT still more tfrrihlo and alarniing^. The Asiatic (/holera, the most tVartuI form of pe8tilen<^e in modern times, after exttuiding Its ravages from India tlirongli various parts of Europe, made its appearance in ('anada in the early part of June tliis year. It first visited Quebec; and very siiortly ufteru-ards, Montreal, diffus- ing consternation and dismay arnftng all orders of the inhabitants. Many of them fled from the city, strangers were afraid to approach it, busmess was at a stand, and every one was either expecting his own death, or fearing to lu^ar that his friends and relations had been seized by the destroyer. The following table of Weekb/ Returns of deaths by cholera in M(»ntreal, will show the malignant cluu^acter of the disease, as it pr«!vailed here : Week ending Deaths. June lf>, 1832 261 — 2;J, ()32 — 30, 166 July 7, 94 — 14, - , 61 — 21, - 70 .- 28, - ... 131 Aug. 4, „ 136 — II, - 101 — 18, ■- 79 — 25, ,. 68 Sept 1, 54 -. 8, 32 — 15, ~ 13 — 21, - 6 Total 1904 The greatest mortality was observed to occur about \ CHOLERA — IMPROVEMENTS. 8tf the middle of Juiif^; on the UHh the buriaU amouiite.(» productive of terror among the inhabitants at large. Some hundreds, however, fell victims to its stroke, during the fifty days of its continuance. When at length, by the merciful Providence of Gorder, ^nd an attention to convenience md comfort "■•'» u > IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) !? :/. ^ 1.0 1.1 |io ^^" H^H ■tt lii 12.2 {^ Uo 12.0 HUM L25 niu 11.6 ^ '/ ^ ^Vi ^^'v ^J*"* ^ /. y ^ Hiotograiiiic Sciences Corporation ¥^ ^ I has become far more general than at any former period. But every thing human is liable U* change. A ma- lignant influence, more extensive in it8 range, and more permanent in its eflects, than tlie visitations of pestilence, had been long at work in this Province, — menacing, in no dubious tone, the pe(u;e, prosperity, and institutions of the land, the confidence of social life, and the stability of British connection. Seditious meetings had been held during the summer of 1837, in various parts of the District of Montreal, and on the 6th of November, a trifling skirmish between two rival political parties in the Place d' Amies, led the way to insurrections, and tumults, and at length to open rebellion. GOVERNORS AND ADMINISTRATORS OF THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA, ■IMCE THE ERECTION OF THE ROVAL GOVERNMENT IN 1663. French. Sieur de Mexy May 1, 1663. Sieur de Courc«Ues March 23, 1665. Sleur d«* Frontenac April 7, 1672. Sieur de Barre May 1, 1682. Sieiir Marquis de Nonville April 16, 1684. Sleur de Frontenac May 15, 1689. Sieur Chevalier de Calli^res April 20, 169». The Miirquis de Vaudreuil Aug. 1, 1703. The Marquis de Beauharnois Jan. 11, 1726. Sieur de la Jonquiere March 15, 1746. Sieur Compte de la Galistiioniere June 19, 1747. The Marquis du Quennede Menneville March I, 1752. Sieur de Vaudreuil de Cavagnal Jan. 1, 175&. GOVERNORS. 85 Engliih. JsiUM Murray Nov. 21, 176.1. VauluM EmWun Iryingt Pretident Jane 30, 1766. Guy Carlciton, Lt. Gov. and Commander in Chief. Sept. 24, 1766. Guy Carleton, Gov. in Chief. April 12, 1768. Hector T. Cramahe, President Aug. 9, 1770. Guy Carleton Oct. 11, 1774. HtmryUmmMUm^Lt. Gov. ^ Commander in Chief. 1774. Henry Hope, Lt. Gov. ^ Commander in Chief... . 177.'>. Lord Dorchester, Governor General 1776. Frederick Haldimand 1778. Alured Clarke, Lt. Gov. ^ Co»imanderin Chief 1791. Lord Dorchester Sept. 24, 179,1. Robert Prescott 1796. Sir Robert S. Milnes, Bart. Lieut. Governor July 31, 1799. Hon. Thomas Dunn, Prerident July 31, I8<)&. Sir J. H. Craig, K. B. Governor General Oct. 24, 18(»7. Hon. Thomas Dunn, Prerident June 19, 1311. Sir George Prevost, Bart Governor General..... Sept. 14, 1811. Sir G. Drummond, G. C. B. Admin, in Chief... April 4, 1816. John Wilson, /4(/miMufrctor May 22, 1816. Sir J. C. Sherbrooke, G. C. B. Gov. General... July 12, 1816. Duke of Richmond, K. C. B. Gov. General July 30, 1818. Hon. James Monk, Prenc/tfftt Sept. 20, 1819. Sir Peregrine Maitland 1820. EarlofDalbousie, G. C. B. Governor General... June 18, 182(t. Sir Frs. Nath. Burton, Lieut. Governor June 7, 1824. Earlof Dalhousie, G. C. B. Governor General... Sept. 23, 182.*). Sir James Kempt, G. C. B. /I(jmmt«posite to Isle Bizard. The Parish of Sault au Recollet is handsomely* situated on the borders of Riviere des Prairies : it con- tains a small village, a fine church and presbytery, and valuable corn and saw-mills. In front of the village of Sault au Recollet are several small islands, which add to its picturesque beauty. The Parish of Pointe Claire extends from Cote de Ste. Anne to Cote St. Remi, and includes the lower part of Isle Perrot. The Parish of La Chine comprises 2| leagues along the St. Lawrence from Cote des Argoulets to Point Clare, part of Cote St. Paul, and half of two ranges in Cote de Notre Dame des Vertus. The Lachiue Canal i ' ? II PARISHES. i i: I in b of vast utility in connecting the navigfation above Sault St. Louis with the port of Montreal. The Parish of Point aux Trembles extends along the St. Lawrence from the upper end of Isle Therese to the boundary of the Parish of Longue Point, includ- ing the Cote de la Point aux Trembles and part of Cdte de St. Leonard. Pointe aux Trembles is a small village, containing thirty or forty houses, on the main road to Quebec. It is much frequented as a place of recreation by the citizens of Montreal. The Parish of Longue Pointe includes part of Cote St. Martin north east, and extends north to the King's high-way which runs through the centre of the island. The Parish of Riviere des Prairies contains only the Cote de St. Joseph, and extends two leagues along the Riviere des Prairies from the lower part of the island. The Parish of Ste, Anncy at the upper end of the island, contains the extent between the River de TOrme North, and the Cote de Point Clare South, and also the upper part of Isle Parrot CITy OF MONTR^AI^^ MoNTRBAL, the second city in political dignity, but the first in magnitude and commercial importance, in British America, is situated in Latitude 45^ 31' North, and Longitude 73^ 34' West. Including the suburbs it covers about 1020 acres, although within the fortifica-^ tions the area did not much exceed 100 acres. Its local advantages for the piu*poses of trade, give it a decided superiority over every other place in the Province, and its climate, though severe, is more genial than that of Quebec. On approaching it either on the river from below, or in descending from Lapraiiie, the tall and elegant steeple of the English Church, the massive CITY. »I grandeur of the French Cathedral, the spires of other ohurche§ and chapels, the spreading mass of hahitations in the suhurbs, and the well-built and lofty stores in Commissioner Street, the stranger will be impressed with a very favourable idea of the city he is ab«>ut to enter. If the entrance be by the Lachine road, a fine view of the city is presented just before descending the hill near the Tanneries, or the village of St. Henry ; and another on coming along the road iirom Mile-end, north west of the city. In order to obtain an idea of the comparative magnitude of Montreal at the conquest and at the present time, the plan of the city as it then existed should be examined in connection with the modem map : the additional streets, stretching in every direction through tlie suburbs of St. Ann, St. Joseph, the Recollets, St. Antoine, St. Lawrence, and Quebec, will shew how the spirit of improvement has corres- ponded with the increasing prosperity of the city. In the commencement of towns and villages, when no specific plan has been previously arranged, houses and other buildings will be erected where land can be obtfuned or convenience may dictate, without much regard to regularity or order ; and hence, in towns of any considerable standing, we gener* y find that the earliest streets are crooked and irregi u^r. This may be seen in St. Paul Street in this city, which, by its contiguity to the nver, presents great facilities for trade, and, with the space between it and the wharf, would be occupied in preference by men of business. It contains many excellent houses, which would be seen to more advantage, had the street been wider. It reminds one of some of the central str< ets in London, but witliout their fog and smoke. Fr» n St. Paul Street, down- wards to the river, was formerly called the lower town, and the rest of the city the upper ; but though in some iif :{ i » , i I IP CITY. of the (TOB8 streets there is an evident riiiing in the ground, in othern it is scarcely perceptible. The principal streets are airy, and the new ones particularly of a rx>mniodious width; some of them running the whole length of the town, nearly parallel to the river, are intersected by others generally at right angles. An Bngliahnian when he enters the city, and in his peram- bulations through nearly the extent of it, is struck with the French names by which nearly the whole formerly, and the greater part now, of the streets are distin- guished: the names of Catholic Saints, or eminent Frenchmen, will meet his eye in abundance. The Rue Notre Dame, extending from Hie Quebec to the RecoUet Suburbs, is 1344 yards in length, and 30 feet broad. It is in general a handsome street, and contains many of the public buildings. St. James Street, Craig Street, and M'Gill Street, are of still greater width, and when the yet empty spaces in each are filled up with elegant houses, they wiU be ornaments to the town. Should the first be extended in breadth in that part called Little St. James Street, so as to form a line with the other, it would be a noble street; but should Craig Street be ever lined on both sides with houses like some few that are in it, a still superior street might be formed, in consequence of its more ample width. The spirit of local improvement has long been in active and efficient operation, and betrays no symptoms of languor or decline. Those who knew the city seven years ago, and have not seen it since, were they to visit it now, would be surprised at the change, and be scarcely able to recognise the places with which they were once familiar. Beside a multitude of new and elegant houses, in almost every part of the city and suburbs, large spaces and several streets have been considerably improved. The covering of the creek, or rather ditch. : I \ \ i 9 7^, \ x '; B ' j: ': . rr , ''j i ') aMV^ T'T Tt. 'i " rwf! < ; r_:/ij., .tjv. HT^.;^:'- •/ y— ■ r- I t Ui 'if\ ' SJ 9 t4 >•- IMIMIOVKMENTS CMMATB. i>3 ! an offcMihivi' aiul duugoroiis nuisance, in (Vnig Street ; the levelling of M'Gili Street ; the improvenientM in Dalliousie Place, in the French hi|iiare, and Notro Dame Street, and of that part of St. Aim Suburbi* called Griffin Town, by which a iar^e portion of Hwanipy land han been raided and nmde available for building, may be adducecinienM :, but the par- ticulars will b(! more fully noticed in their reHpective places in the following descriptive account. The r('(;ent houses are almost universally built of the greyisih linu?- stone which the vicisity of the mountain affiirdn in abundance ; the fronts of the same material, hewn and squared ; even the new stores and warehouses are finished in the same manner, exhibiting an appearance fur more agreeable than those which were ('imstructed of the rough stones, made to ht as far as the mere placing of them could do it, and their interstices filled up with smaller stones and mortar. Many of the houses are large, handsome, and in modern style, and some of them display great taste in design. The prevalent feature is a union of chasteness and elegance in various proportions, M'ith a cA>mmendable absence of all meretricious style and ornament. The best houses, and most of the churches, are covered with plates of tin, a far better material for this [purpose than the wctoden sliingles which are frequently used, and though more expensive in the first cost, are cheaper in the end, beside the advantage of safety from fire when burning flakes from neighbouring houses fall upon the roof. In comparing the ferring the authority from the Magistrates to the corporate body ; but in 1836, the Act of Incorporation having expired, the Government again passed into the hands of the Justices of the Peace. The city is repre- sented in the Provincial Parliament by foiu* Members, the East and West Wards into which it is divided, returning two each. The period of service in the House of Assembly is four years. Under the Corporation the city and suburbs were distributed into eight wards, for the more convenient arrangement and dispatch of business. These are East and West Wards, the Wards of St. Ann, St. Joseph, St. Antoine, St. Lawrence, St. Lewis, and St, Mary. Another division of the city may be called the Military, according to which the battalions of militia, which are six in number, arc col- lected from the portions of the city or subm'bs in which they reside. ;@@LES3^iTD@i^L Em¥m\ PARISH CHURCH OF VILLE MARIE ; OR, CATHEDRAL OF NOTRE DAME. The first ecclesiastics who visited the Western world from Europe were two Jesuits, who were stationed ag Missionaries at Port Rcyal in Acadia, now Nova Scotia, in 1611, under the direction of Pere Coton, and through the encouragement of the Marchioness of Guercheville, h2 I'ii JESUIT MISSIONARIES — CHURCH a lady of the French Court, zealous to propagate the Catliolic faith among the Indians of this continent. But the first who cauie to Canada were four Recollets, who were brought to Quebec by C'haniplain, in 1615, with the same design. They were, the Superior of the Mission, and the Fathers Joseph le Caron, Jean D'Olbeau, and Pacifitpie Duplessis. Three others, Jesuits, were sent out in 1625, by Henry de Levis, Duke of V^entadour, and three more were ad» ' 'I I t ■ ' I #1,1,* :': • i -,' iW'^f; ■ * '\'i ! I •if .■V--- P'-'^:^'lii| #'^.'J ■i ;!'' ■' [ 1' ■i|i'i "■|i'' ■ !,: 'i. 1 f^''l .' ^ilj'l ! lil'll: i: -i'', Ij.'llh'!: , '!( 'i'lvi. I, ilJj; lii ■ ■ iJ:li'', ''" ' ■'' ftiij 1 'iisiir'llliill!! I I • i I OF KOTR£ DAME. 97 BonseGOurs was erected for their accommodation. The city continuing to prosper, especially after the Colony became British, further accommodation was needed ; and in the year 1824, the present magnificent Cathedral was commenced. On the third of September the cor- ner-stone was laid ; and it was so far completed as to admit of being opened for public worship on the fifteenth of July, 1829 > when high mass was performed by the Bishop of Telmesse, and an oration delivered by the Rev. Mr. Quibler. The greater part of the Canadian Roman Catholic Clergy were present, and the solemnity was attended by Sir James Kempt, Administrator, the Staff, Corporations, and other public bodies, and upwards of eight thousand persons. '[^ The edifice is a chaste specimen of the perpendicular style of Gothic architecture in the middle ages. Of this class of buildings, it has no superior on the continent of North America ; and when the plan is completed by the intended terrace along St Joseph Street, and the two lofty towers by which those in the front are to be surmounted, there will be nothing in this part of the world to be compared witb it in plain and simple gran- deur. Its only deficiency is an almost total destitution of ornament. The length of the church, from east to west, is 255 feet 6 inches, and its breadth from north to south, 134 feet 6 inches. The height of the flank is 61 feet from the flagging of the terrace to the eaves. There are six towers, so arranged that each flank pre- sents three, and the east and west ends two each. Those on the principal or west front are to be 220 feet high. The space between the front towers is 73 feet, by 120 in height, crowned with an embattled parapet. The flanks and east towers are each 115 feet in height. There are five public wad three private entrances to the first floor, and four to the galleries, so that an audience h3 i i l< ii . sd. fi Hi CHURCH OF !l of ten thoi»aiHl pernoriH, tlie number for which it la seat- ed, may iwsenihle and disperse in a few minutes, with- out disagreeable pressure. The number of pews on the groinid floor in 604, in the first gallery 373, and in the second 368 ; total number, 1244. The eastern window at the high altar is 64 feet in height, and 32 in breadth. It is separated by shafts into five corapai'tments, and sub-divided by mullions into 36 divisions. The M'indows in the Hanks consist of one range, and those in the front are finished in the same style, as the ejistern window. The portal is formed by an arcade, consisting of three arches, eac^h 19 feet by 49 in height. From this ar<',ado are the entrances to the church ; and over it is placed another of the same form in relievo, which connec^ts the towers and piers. Between these are trefoil canopy -headed niches, intended for marble statues. It was a part of the original design to have a promenade between the towers 76 feet by 20, elevated 120 feet above the sm-face of the Place •.■ loo CHRIST CHURCH. altar is a little in the florid style, and reeemblei in part that of St. Peter's at Rome. The Eastern window was intended to be AUed with stained glass ; but the funds were insulBcient. The effect of the present substitute for it is too glaring, and will never be fiiUy corrected until the original design is executed. It was intended to warm the church with heated air, from furnaces placed in apartments under the floor. At, present it is heated by stoves. The architect and superintendant was Mr. McDonald ; the master builders Messrs. Lamontagne and 8t. John, natives of Canada; Messrs. Redpath and Mackay, masons and stone-cutters, natives of Scotland ; Messrs. Perry and Wetherilt, plasterers, natives of England ; and Mr. Cox, carpenter, native of the State of New York. A near view of this edifice from the Place d' Armes, of which it forms the Eastern boundary, and more dis- tant views from different points of the ascent to the momitain in various directions, will convey to the observer a striking idea of its architectural character and imposing magnitude. CHRIST CHURCH: TH£ PBOTKSTANT JEPISCOFAX. CHURCH, IN NOTRE CAME STREET. H After the cession of the Canadas to Britain, many of the soldiers, when the troops were disbanded, preferred remaining here, and others attracted by the hope of commercial advantage, came over to this country, so that in a few years a considerable number of British were found among the settlers. Many of these were of the Episcopal persuasion, and naturally desired to • >,*»l««l> :»^^i. ■■' ^1 CHRIST S GHU R_CH (kF I S C O F AL ) 1 h .«. } ClIlllKT r.HURCH. 101 proc'urft clergymen from home to cotuliict puMic wor- »hip acws and by application to His Majesty, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and the merchants in Lon- don who were interested in the trade of Canada. Two spots of ground were then at liberty ; one the vacant piece which adjoined the gaol, and was occupied as a garden for the Government house ; the other that h»t in Notre Dame Street on which the old French prison stood for- merly. The latter was preferred, being granted for the purpose by the then Lieutenant Governor, Sir Robert Shore Milnes. In addition to this lot the con- gregation purchased from Mr. Guy, for the sum of £500 currency, a strip of ground which ran along the rear of it, so as to admit of access to the church from Little St. James Street. A plan and specification by Mr. Berzey were selected, and a committee to direct the work immediately appointed. The contratrt was ma«le in Jaiuiary 1806 with Messrs. Joseph Chevalier and Baptist Larochelle for the mason work, Messrs. Isaac Shey and D. Bent for the roof and covering, and Mr. Gilmore to superintend the building, and fiu'nish the cut stone for it. The contractors began to prepare the materials, that the building might be commenced early in the spring. On the 21st day of June, the comer stone was laid with the usual formalities, by the Lord Bishop of Quebec, who came to Montreal for the purpose. Thus, after much efibrt, some disappoint- ments, and many interruptions, an object of such interest to the Protestant Episcopalians of this place^ was put into a train of accomplishment. I CHRliT CHURCH. 109 On a plate which w imhcddvd in the stone, there m the following iii'^cription : '■ Glory b« to Ood." *' Of thin sarrnd fC4tllfri>. r»is«-a j|ioii Ground granted for thatpurpdM by our imutt Graciuiio Sovwrei);!) Prtttebtarit inhabitantii of thin City, and dediratftd to M><> sfrvi«>R of Aliniglifv (^hI according to the «fltnbllshin«'nt of the Church of England, this Corner Htoiie whn Inid by Jacob Lord BiHhop of Queben, on th<> /int day of June, in the year of our Lord, 1805." In a cavity formed in the »tone to which the above Plate anf^wers as a cover, there in a gl>i89 bottle hermet- i<;ally sealed, and containing the foUowing Coins and Medals, together with a roil of parchment, bearing an inscription, of which the undermentioned is a copy. In gold there is a Guinea of George III. bearing date 179^. A half Guinea, same reign, ditted 1797. A third do, dated 1799- In silver there are a Shilling of George' III. dated 1787. A Sixpence of the same reign, 1787. In copper there are One Penny George III. of 1797 ; a Halfpenny and a Farthing of the same King, dated 1799. Also a Halfpenny of George Prince of Wales, without date. Besides these there are two Medals, the one struck in commemoration of Lord Howe's victory of the Ist of June, 1794 ; and the other for Lord Nelson's defeat of the combined fleets of France and Spain, on the 6th of November, 1805. The inscription on the parchment roll, bears the names of the Building Committee, as follows : " This Building was erected under the direction of the following Gentlemen, being a Committee chosen by the Congregation for that purpose. The Rev. Dr. Mountain, Edward AVilliam Gray, Joseph Frobisher, Robert Cruickshanlis, John Piatt, David Robs, Stephen Bewell, Esqrs, and Frederick William Ermatinger, Esq. Treaaurer." " Montreal, 25th June, 1805." i u 104 CHRIST CHURCH. i The funds hitherto ohtained were insiiflicient to do more than finisli the walls and the roof; and no further progre!»s wjis made for some years. In 1808 the sum (►f £400 was received from mercliants in England ; and in 1810 the Imperial Parliament voted a grant of £4000 " towards finishing- the Protestant Parish Church in Montreal" ; but this was not received till 1812, and then witli a diminution of nearly £800 cmTency, owing to a difference in th«? rate of exchange during the delay. In the spring of that year the carpenter's work (►f the inside and the plasteriiig, were undertaken by contract, the former by Mr. John Try, and the latter by Mr. Thomas Phillips. On the 9th day of October, 1814, divine sorvi(;e was first performed in the new church. The organ v/as erected in 1 816. It is a powerful and elegant instrument made hy Mr. Thomas Elliot, of London. Its original cost was £1150 sterling, but with the expense of putting it up, and other charges, it cost nearly £1600 currency. The sum wjis raised by subscriptioiu The following year Dr. Mountain died, and was succeeded by the Rev. John Leeds, who had previously acted as curate. In the year 1817, application was mjide to the Legis- lature for an Act of Incorporation, but it was rejected. The Prince Regent was then applied to on the subject ; and letters patent, bearing date the 12th of August, 1818, were issued, constituting tliis church a Parish Churcli and Rectory, and electing the Rector, Church- wardens, and other members for the time being, a body corjMirate for managing its temporal affiiirs. The side galleries were erected the following year, being rendejed necessary from the number of applicants for seats, owing to the great increase of the Protestant jH»pulation of the city. Hitherto the church had neither a steeple nor a spire. Liberal otters for their erection " 'm CHRIST CHURCH. 105 were made, and both were added the sjirne year, together with a clock, the donation of John Shuter, Esq. The stone work of the steeple wha executed by Messrs. Surties and Muckle, and the wood work by Messrs. Clarke and Appleton. The Church is l'2i) feet in length, by 80 in width, exclusive of the recess for the ultar, which is It? feet in depth by 40 in width. The windows are 14 feet in height, topped with a semi-circular arch with 3^ feet nave— and 7 feet wide. The side walls are about 30 feet high. It is entered by three doors corresponding with the three passages which run nloug the body of the; church from the entrance to the altar at the opposite end. The building recedes from the street, and is separated from it by a dwarf stone wall, surmounted by a handsome iron railing, with three neatly ornamented gates. The front is ornamer\ted with pilasters support- ing a cornice and pediment of the Doric order of architecture. The tower is of stone, stpiare and lofty, and from the top of it rises an octagonal prismatic spire of wood covered with tin. The height of the whole from the ground to the top is '204 feet. Surrounding the hivae of the spire on the top «)f the tower is a neat iron railing, which forms the front of a gallery or bal- cony, from whence there is an extensive view over the whole city and circunjjacent <',ountry. <>u the top is a handsome vane, with an iron rod tastefully formed in open work, and cross pieces indicating the four cardinal points. Of the interior, simplicity and neatness are the pre- vailing features, and where any ornament is introduced, it is in pejfei ': ' i 108 CHURCH OP NOTRE DAME DE BON-SECOURS. To Ai«N£ Guy, wife of Samuel Wentwokth Monk, Esq. one of the Prothonotnries of the Court of King'H Bench, District of Montreal. Died J 3th August, 1834, aged 36. THE €HURCir OF NOTRE DAME DE BON-SECOURS, IN ST. VAU!. STREET, The foundation of this Chiirrh was faid, in 1658, !)y tlie celebrated Soeur Marguerite Bourgeois, who in- tended to found here the Nunnery of the Congregation ; but, meeting with some; obsta<"les, siie visited Franee, whence she returned the following year with several young persons to educate, and proceeded to establish the Nunnery where it now stan^-i.'*i*^»-W JK'^;w» M .„.-,../ ^6 4 1 1 H I I \ CHAPTER VHL ECCLESIASTICAL EDIFICES, CONTINtrED — METHODIST CHAPELS JEWS* SYNAGOGUE AMEBICAN PRESBY- TERIAN CHURCH CO^OREGATIONAL CHURCH SCOTCH SECESSION CHCRCH — ST. ANDREW'S CHURCH — ST. Paul's church — baptlst chapel. BRITISH WESLEYAN METHODISTS. The Wesleyan Methodists hjive three Chapels in Montreal. The first occupied by them was erected in 1809> and was situated in St. Joseph Street, with a house adjoining for the resident Minister. This build- ing is at present occupied as an Exchange, and News Room. ; The original Chapel being found too small, a lot of ground was purchased in St. James Street, on which the present elegant building was erected in 1821. It is of cut stone, and the architecture is of the Grecian Doric order, with a portico corresponding. It is galleried all round, and has a fine organ. The basement story is spacious, and is appropriated to the Sunday School. It is justly considered as one of the most beautiful edifices- of the kiiid in the city, and has a convenient house adjoining, for the resident Minister, called the Mission House. The late Daniel Fisher, Esq. was a munificent contributor to the erection ef the building, and the Trustees have placed a neat monument in the- Chapel to his memory, and " as a tribute of respect to departed 112 JJEWS SYNAGOGUE. worth." The Clhapel will seat about 1000 pernons, anrf the cost of the erection was £5,500. Another Chapel, built and o 600 cliildren receive weekly in- struction. The resident Ministers at this time are, the Rev. R. L. Lusher, and the Rev. J. P. Hetherington. JEWS' SYNAGOGUE. .'■'i I. :t f The Synagogue, situated at the upper end of Chen- neville Street, St. Lawrence Suburbs, is r ^ne specimen of the Egyptian style of architecture. Ttie front is of cut stone, and adorned with a handsome portico with two columns. The interior of the building is remark- ably neat, fitted up with benches, which are occupied by the male part of tlw^ congregation. The gallery is supported by four handsome pillars, and is assigned to the female part of the congregation : the whole taste- fully painted throughout. Opposite to this, also in the Egyptian styles is a very beautiful mahogany Ark, over which are placed the Ten Commandments, in Hebrew characters, cut in white marble^ ' " The expense of the building was raised by private subscription, principally amongst persons professing^ Judaism in this city. The largest donation was giveii. / /'> ^ AMKRICAN PIlKhRYTEniAN rHURCH. 113 by the lato Mi'm. Francis MichatOti, u( thiM city, aiiioimt- ing to i.'575 currency. Thit) SyiHigogiie in tlie only ono in Hrili«h Nurth America. . AMERICAN IMIKSBYTERIAN CHim( H, !sT. JAMES 8TKEKT. Tlio Antoricari Proshyteri.ui ('ongr«'|i"ati(»n was or- ganised in Doccmhcr, 18*22. Tlo inilividiials who com- posed it were originally mcinlx'rs <»t' tho St. Andrew's Congregation. Feeling thenuselvos iiggiieve In the winter of 1826 the stated religi«ms services of the Sabbath were commemreiJ within the* walls (»f the new building, although it was in a very unfinished state. While struggling with the expense incident to the erection of so large an edific<\ the ('ongregation had procured the services of a yoimg clergyman of great piety and talent, the Rev. .Joseph S. Christmas. ITe remained with theqji untiljune, 182b\, having been then Pastor four years. He was then compelled, by the state of his health, to resign his pastoral charge. After an interval of more than a year, the present Pastor, Rev. G. W- Perkins, commtmced his servi<;e8, and wa& regularly installed in the month of May, 1 830.. f: 114 rOXGREOATlONAL, OH T)ie Conjafreg-ation, orifj:iimlly Hniall and often dimin- ished hy eniigratiiujs from the rity, hius ypt greatly increased, and is now one of tiie hirgesst Protestant (longn'g-atioiis in iViontreal. For some y«»aris past, the Sahbath Schools connected with this Congregation, and taught hy its nu'mbers, have contained nearly 500 piipil8. /\t present there is a Free School connected with this Church, which g^ivefj gratuitous instruction to a htrge nund»er ofcliildren. It was sustained t'ov two years at an expense of One Thon-iuntl Dollars, by members of the Congregation ; but now receives aid from (irovernment. CONGREGATIONAL, on INDEPEiNDENT CHURCH, ST. M.VnniCE STIIKKT. If 2, The Congregational I'ause began in this city in the year 1831. The Rev. Richarth July. I83ll, fifteen individuals, including the Minister, the whole of whom had been members in INDEPENDENT CHURCH. 116 ^0ngr<'gational (.'liiirch«H, formed thoinseivos into a t'luircli of Ohrist, after uuaniniouHly and >*olemnly adopting the following Declarations an the basis of their union and fellovvsthip ; " 1. "NVe, r»?}jurord, do licH'by form o(irs«>lv<'s into a Christian Church of the Coiiifi'eicatioiial or PipiIobaptiHt ordei", jiroieHsing the doc^trines of faith in anixon with tiioHe (M>ntaini>d in the Assembly's Shorter Cateohisni, and usually dcnoiniuatcd (."alvinistii:. *' 2. We do hereby rejsolve, in the strength of Divine fjrace, to walk with each other as a Christian CImrch in till the Command- meats and Ordinances of the Lord." Tlio nof'd of a moro snitable and permanent edifice for public worsshij* was early felt, and measures were adopted to supply it. Aft<"r much effort and self- denial on the part of the infant cause, a suitable piec<' of ground was purcliased in St. Maurice Street, at a heavy expense, and arrangements were made to proceetl with the work. The foundation stone was laid in the month of July, 1834, and the buihling was finished and opened for public worship on the second Sabbath of F'ebruary, 1835. It is an ('xceedingly neat ami well finished structure, having an elegant portico of the Doric order, and appro[>riate iron railing in front. The interi(U' is at once comfortable and elegant, seating about 4()(), without galleries. There is a large Scho(d-room underneatht in which the usual Week Evening Services are held, and where a School of about 100 children assemble on the Lord's Day. Tlie whole building, above and be- low, is lighted with gas. The cost was £1700. In August, 1835, the Rev. R. Miles amiounced his intentiork to resign the pastoral (charge of the Church, and to proceed to a Missionary station in the country. In October, the Rev. U. Wilkes, A. M., of Edinburgh, M 116 SCOTCH SECESSION CHURCH. was invited to recross the Atlantic, and take the oversig-ht of tlie Cliurch. Early in the year 1836, the <'olonial Missionary Society, in cornuMtion with the ('ongreg'utional Union of England and Wales, was formed; and, being" desirous of obtaining the services of a competent individual to act as their Corresponding' Agent in the Canada*, Mr. Wilkes accepted this ap- pointment, and also comjdied with the call of the Church. He arrived with his family in August, 1836 ; and hfiving spent some time in a journey through Upper Canada, on the business of the Colonial Mission, he commericed his stated laboiu"s in iMontreal on the first Sa:t»bath in October, 1836. Mr. Wilkes is the present Clergyman. The Church is comiected with the Congregational Union for Lower Canada, whicli consists at present of thirteen Churches and Ministers. The Congregational Union of Upper Canada consists of ten Churches and Ministers. I'hese bodies are in correspondence with the several Ctmgregational UnioTis in Great Britain. SCOTCH SECESSION CHURCH, IN !■ AGAUCHBTlfniE STUEKT, ST. LAWBDNCE SITBUHBS. Many of the Emigrants from Scotland, connected with the Secession Charch in that country, when writing to their friends at home comjdained of the religious destitution in wliich they lelt themselves here, and feeling stil! an attacJiment to the Church in which they had been educated, requested thai, some Ministers of that communion might be sent out. At length tlie United Associate Synod undertook a mission to the Canadas, and in 1832 sent out several Afissionaries. All proceeded to Upper Canada, except SCOTCH SECESSION CHURCH. 117 the Rev. Mr. Robertson, who remained in Montreal, where he desig-ned to form a church. His prospects of success were encouraging, but after a few months resi- dence he was 8U(lden]y cut off by cholera, to the general regret of his friends. In 1833, the Rev. Messrs. Murray and Taylor were sent out, and directed to form a church at Montreal, which they accomplished ; and soon afterwards the latter gentleman received an invitation to undertake the pas- toral charge. At that time the Congregaticm met in Mr. Bruce's school room in M'Gill Street. This was soon found too small ; and the temporary use of the American Presbyterian Church was request(»d, and freely and gratuitously granted, at such houi's as it was not needed by its own congregation. In the following year the present building was com- menced. Many difficulties were encountered by the Sotiicty in its feeble state ; but by the help of God they were all surmounted. In addition to what was raised in the city, contributions were receivt'd from the parent Churc' , and from Christians in the United States. The Church is a plain, but substantial building. It was in- tended to be two stories high, but the return of the cholera that year occasion***! the work to be hastily finished. Its appearance suffers by the diminution of height, but it is a commodious place of worslup, and will seat conveniently about 480 persons. The Churcli con- sists of 200 members, and the usual audience is about 400. There is a Sabbath School connected with the Churcik, in which from 80 to 90 children are instructed by 16 or 17 teachers. A Library is attached to the School, and another t<> the (Church for the use of the Congrega- tion, from which many advantages have already resulted- The site may in one respect be deemed unfavourable, as being at too grejit a distance from the city ; but it K 1 %. 118 ST. ANDREW 8 CHURCH. was originally chosen from a regard to the destitution of the neigbbi)urhood) many of the inhabitants of which have reason to rejoice in the selection. Tlie Rev. W. Taylor is pastor of the Church. ST. ANDREW'S CHURCH, IV ST. PETEB SFREET. 1- 1% This Church, now in connection with the Established Church of Scotland, was commenced in the year 1805, and finished in April, 1807, at a cost of about £1500. It is a plain and substantial building of stone, 70 teet by 51 without, comfortably fitted up, and capable of containing with ease 760 persons. Galleries were erected in 1816, at an expense of £400. A Sabbath School is conducted in the Church, at which from 60 to 70 ai'e generally in attendance; and a Theological Library is established for the use of the Congregation. The Society was formed in the year 1804, and assembled for worship in a large private room, under the pastoral care of the Rev. Robert Easton, irom Hawie, Roxburghshire, who cx>ntinued in that office after the Church was built, until 1824, when he resigned his charge in consequence of the increasing infirmities of age. and ill health : his declining days were made comfort- able by a liberal allowance from the church. Both Mr. Easton and the original congregation belonged to the Burgher Secession in Scotland, and considered them- selves to be in connection with the Associate Reformed Synod in that country ; but this connection not being formally acknowledged by the Synod, on the proposed resignation of Mr. Easton, the congregation resolved to proi;ure a Minister of the Church of Scotland, " and none else.'* The Rev. Jolm Burns, A. M., succeeded i i i ■'^;^»pTl!1B*««-ft.ii #71 —r. // 9 ^- nl-i ST. PAUL'S CHCRCH. 119 Mr. Easton, and the congregation from that time becante connected with the Established Church of Sc(»tlMiid. Some of the members, not being satisfied with this change, withdrew, and built a separate place of worship, known as the American Presbyterian Church. Mr. Burns continued Minister of St. Andrew's Church for nearly two years, when on su^ ceeding to some landev :'.■'■ v.t-i^f;- J ... . k THE PRIESTS' FARM Is situated un the side of the Mountain, a little to the left of the road leading to Cote des Neiges and St. Laurent. It consists of extensive gardens and orchards, and several acres of land which are cidtivated as a farm for the benefit of the Seminary, to which it belongs. The buildings are substantial and commodious, and occupy a position which commands a lovely view of the city, tl»e River St. Lawrence, and the fine country in front. They are in summer the weekly resort of the professors and pupils of the Seminary and College ; and nothing can be better adapted for exercise, and recrea- tion from sedentary employment. They march to and from the place in regular order, and are generally accompanied by a band of music, formed from amateurs of their own body. The place was formerly known by the appellation of the Chateau des Seigneurs de Mont' real, but now frequently called La Maison des Pretres. rr p's c H ';rc h k k:-: .s !::< •: n c i BK. CO "_.:/£ CT CH'JRCJH. : / 7 ■) 4L DIKHOP'8 CIIUIICII — RECOLL£T CHURCH. MiS ST. JAMES'S, or the BISHOP'S CHURCH, IN HT. DBNIS BTAXKT. When the Rev. Jean Jacques Lartigne was conw- crated Suffragan of the B^s^hop of Quebec, under the title of Bishop uf Telmesxe, some difficulties arose as to the exercise of certain prerogatives. These difficulties induced the personal friends of M. Lartigue to unite with him in erecting a church as the locality of his See. The land for this purpose was granted by the Hon. D. B. Viger, and the exi>en8e of building the church and the adjoining residence and schoatients, when the whole of the former establishment A\as removed into it. The number of patients admitted the first year was 421, and of out-patients 397, making a total of 818 indigent human beings, who in sickness were <;arefully attended to, and every thing in the power of medical skill done for their recovery. In the session of 1823 the Provincial Legislature, on the recommen- iiation of Lord Dalhousie, Governor in (^hief, granted tl.e sum of £850 Currency to defray the armnal expenses of tlie Hospital ; and a further mark of favour and patronage was extended to it by granting it a Charter of lnr,oiporation. The total cost of the central building and tlie land belonging to it, was- £5856 8 0. The S(H;retary in his report at the end of the year, observes that " though the Hospital has cost much more than the estimate, it is to be remembered that many additions have S»een made to the original plan, which MeVe not, at first, contemplated ; and that that estimate was merely for the building itseltl, exclusive of any appendages. Tiiose cai)able of judging, who have seen it, consider it to have been erected at a very cheap rate." Not half the amount A^as raised during the year, but the defi- 4 iency was advanced in equal shares by the three gen- ♦ h'lnen who }>urchased the ground. Shortly afterwards, at a meeting of the directors, the Hon. John Richard- con assm'(^d them that means had been found to cancel GENERAL HOSPITAL. i:)l the debt, amounting to £4099 6 10, bnt that he was not at liberty to make any explanation as to tho manner in which this most liberal deed had been accomplished. A legacy of £100 bequeathed by David David, Ewj., enabled the directors to purchase a buihling adjacent to the hospital grounds, by which the premises were ren- dered more complete, and an addition made to its revenue. The first medical department consisted of Dr^. Caldwell, Robertson, Holmes, Leodel, and Stephenson, the last of whom acted as House Surgeon. These, with an Apothecary, Mati^on, tlu'ee Nurses, and the necessa- ry servants and attendants, constituted the effective force of the establishment. In the year ending the 1st May, 1824, there had been received 254 Protestants and 216 Roman Catholics ; out-patients 254 Protestants, and 1 10 Roman Catholics. Total number of cases from the commencement, 933, shewing an increase of 115. Within ten years from the first foundation of the hospital, a most important addition was made to it, in consequence of the following very interesting circum- stances. On the demise of the Hon. John Richardson, the first President of the institution, a voluntary sub- scription was entered into, for the purpose of erecting a cenotaph to his memory in the Episcopal ('hurch. Large sums were obtained in this city, as well as in Quebec, York, and London. As the amount collected far exceeded what was required to carry this object \n\o effect, and the demands for admission into th(^ iiospital exceeded its capacity, it was resolved to devote the money thus acquired to the enlargement of the building, by erecting a wing to be called the Richardson Wim/. as the best means of combining honour to the dead with utility U\ the living. The corner stone was laid on the 16tli September, 1831. A glass tube, hermetically sealed, and containing two parchments, was deposited in it. L 2 132 GENERAL HOSPITAL. Their contents were as follow : First Parchment. This edifice is intendfd, under the Divine bleHsing, to commcm- nrate tlie public and private virfueM of th«; Inte Hoaoratde. John Kirihanlson, a Member of the Executive and Legislative Councilat of Lower Canada, diytinguishett (hiring a residen«'e of near fifty yetu"* in this Pmvince, by the reetitud'! and eonMi?stency of his con- duct, by his spirit of enterprise in pnmiotinjj^ improvement, and by the nuwt extensive benevolence. lie was born at Portsrth Brilnin, emigrated t«) the late British Colonies in 1774, and came into Canant with which he was endowed. He departed this life on the 1Hth day of May last, in the 77th year of his age. The erection of a monument to this distinguished individual, wjis taken into immediate consideration by those who knew and justly appreciated his character ; and voluntjiry contributions were obtained for the purpose of placing a cenotaph to his memory in (.'hrist Church of this city. Desirous, also, of iianding down to posterity a just sense of the important sl»are whicli this their first President had in foTuiding, incorporating, and supporting the INIuntreal General Hospital, the members of tlie Corporation raised a contribution for the purpose of placing within its walls some memorial of so gi'eat a benefactor. This reign of George IV. A half do. do. A Crown do. A Shilling. A Sixpence. A Penny. A Halfpenny and Farthing. A Five Livre piece of Louis Phillipe I,, King of Fruncn ; roiued 1831. A Ten Cent piece ) r-^u^ i c<»™*«.„ » -r,- ] . } Lnitea btates. A Five do-, do. \ Another tin box contained a copy of the Charters and By-Laws of the Corporation, First Annual Report, lists of the original contributors to the central building, an Almanac for the year 1 83 1 , and the papers of the day. This wing was opened for the reception of patients on the 7th of December, 1832. With this addition, the Hospital contains I'J wards, and 160 beds. On a marble tablet, in the front of this wing, is the following inscription : THE SICHABDSON WING OF THE MONTREAL OKNEKAI. HOSIMTAL. This Building was erected, a. t>. 1832, To commemi»rate the public and private virtues of tht l^on. ilofin Kicfiarlr«on. A distinguished Merchant of this city, and Member of the Executive and Legislative Councils of the Province. He was the first President of this Hospital, And a liberal Coatributor to its Foundation and Support. He was born at Portsoy, North Britain, and died 18th May, 1831, Aged 76 years. L 3 134 OENETtAI. 1I08PITAL. i r MULE OF PATIENTS, FOR SEVERAL YKARS. Indoor. (Outdoor. ■•(S »'»■•/ * 1 1827... 1828.... 1829.... 1830.... 1831.... 1832.... 1833..., ,. 59J 381 .. 772 491 .. hhH 319 4.")l 440 .. 797 782 .. 1830 2462 .«^. .. 1909 1050 — 1834.... .. 1296 1072 1835.... .. 7H9 .... 819 — lK3rt.... .. 1029 .... 635 _.._ 1837... .. Il.i2 .... 1528 To Oct. 1 , 18.38... .. 5(J1 .... 377 If PIIESEXT Rl LES OF THE INSTITUTION. Every pert^on who has contributecl to tho erpctionol'the Hospital, or who sliiil) htTHafter •■,oiitr)but«! to its fund A!25 Currency, and an Annual .Suhsciiption lor life o^ £3 Currcnoration, a statement of all their tranHa(;tions, to each quarterly meeting of the Governors. They have charge of the property of the Corporation, and are empowered to enforce all necessary attention to economy, cleanliness, &(\ The Medical Officers are eight iji number, and visit the Hospital in rotation every two months ; — -under ordinary circumstances, once a day. Their services are gratuitous. The Medical Officers form a Board, called the *' Medical Board of the Montreal General Hospital." Its duty is to superintend the Medical Department, and examine and report upon the qualifications of individuals applying for the appointments oi House Physician, House Surgeon, Apothe^ (cary, Clerks, Dressers, &-c. OBNERAL HOSPITAL. 135 Kvory Governor and Medirul Offlrer <»f the Hospital, and the ClerKyinen Iti'loii^ino; fo the <-on^«'|(AtionM otthih rity, ruiiy recom- UH^nd iMiticntNlor ai thiin five NhiHU^^ [M;r wiek : the perNoni refOHiniendiii^ patienia under ihe^e cifcuiustanres, or« rei^jHintibl* for the payment. Women in tidvanced »tai;es of pregnancy are jnadiTiinKible, Insane and incurable di»euHea are not adini-^sibln ; all othrr coiu- plaitits are. The oul-d<»or patients receive tnedicinett and advice without refer- ence to the nature of tlteir diseases. Students can attend the practice of the IloNpital on tVit- payment of two Guiiieasi for one year. For a fiuther sum of two Guineas the ticket is made perpetual. "No Student in elii;il)le to a dreisHcrship unlesis he has studied for 18 moiitlis with sonif mcdii al practitioner, and attended the Hospital six mouths at least. Me will reqnlr« to be approved of by the .'Medical Board, before he can be admitted to that otTice. The Medical Board consists of — Wni. Rol»ert'., J. Crawford, M.f)., and S. Sevvell, M J>. Apotliecary, J. R. Dick. Two marble tabU'lts, one to the nieniory of Dr. Cald- well, .and the other to that of Mr. Leodcl, are in the ve.stibule of the Hospital. This building- is one of the.prineipH] ornaments of the city. Seen fron» various points of view, it is a Btriking and elegant object, independently of the pleasing ideas which its design cannot fail to suggest to the benevolent mind. Its situation, too, is highly favourable ; and probably if all the grotmd in the vicinity had been vacant, a more eligible spot could not have been selected. Near enough to the crowded part of the city, to be easily accessible, it has yet the advantages of a rising ground, pure air, and pleasant prospects in every direction. 136 NATIONAL SCHOOL. NATIONAL SCHOOL, IN BOMSECOUBS 81 BEET. This institution is under the patronai^o of tlie Mont- real District Committee of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. It was founded in the yeai* 18I6, and consists of two departments, the male and the female. There are separate Committees for the respec- tive departments. All who contribute 1 Is. 8d. antmally to tlie funds of the District Committee are entitled to- act as visitors. The building is plain, but neat and extensive, and well adapted to its purpose. In addition to the School and Committee rooms, there are apart- ments for the master and mistress : these offit;es are at present held by Mr. and Mrs. RoUet. The number of boys in the school is 36 French and 120 English — average attendance about 100 ; of girls 20 French and 84 English — average attendance about 70. :inv'('-v lo n .1 ^'^ 'I *: ':<0*' ', i, ' r-- ■'• '• ; , CHAPTER X. GREY NUNNERY — CONOREGATIOVAL NTNNERY — HOTEL DIED NUNNERV — THE SEMINARY THE COLLEeK RRITISU AND CANADIAN SCHOOL — HOTELS NEWS ROOM — THEATRE ROYAL NELSON's MONUMENT. .,.;,„ GREY NUNNERY; Or OENERAI, HOSPFTAr. of the OHARIT VBtE SI3TEU8. When Louis the Fourteenth, in 1G92, had granted, by letters patent, to the [3i.shop of Quebec, the Gover- nor, and their succtissors, power to estubUsh General Hospitals and other similar institutions, for the relief of the sick and agat] poor in different parts of the country, several laymen, oitizens of Montreal, at the head of whom was M. Charron, a native of Normandy, deter- mined to establish such an hospital iti this city. They accordingly signified their intention to the proper .lutho- rities, and under letters pat<'nt espetially granted to themselves in 1692, proceedetl to found and endow a General Hospital in Montreal, upon the same plan as that which was then buihling in Quebec, and determined to erty belonging to the hf>spital, they took possession of it, accompanierivate funds, the small island of Cliateauguay, which had at that time a farm up(ni it, a» at presf^nt ; and a short time afterwards the whole seigniory of ('hateauguay was likewise bought for the institution, partly by Madame Youville and one of the other l.idies. But this and other property in the neigh- bourhood of Montreal did not, till recently, yield much revenue to the support of the hospital. Grants from the legislature have enabled the Society tt> extend it* bounty to a greater number of lunatics and foundlings. Yet notwithstanding the aid they have received, it de- serves to be recorded, to the honour of these benevo- lent ladies, that t4i their industry, economy, and good managenient, is to be ascribed the contimuid and increas- ing prosperity of an institution, which has been of incal- culable benefit, and has relieved the Province from a number of necessitous and infirm individuals, who, with- out such a refuge, must have been a burden on society, while they dragged out theu* existence in a miserable condition. A yearly allowance was made by the French Govern- ment to this hospital, which was paid for many year* after the colony became British ; but at the revolution it ceased, until the restoration of the Bourbon family to the throne, when, on application to the Court, all ai rears were paid, both principal and interest. From this and .. n CONGREGATIONAL NUNNERY. un oth»Mr sources a sum has heon obtainod, by nieanK of which very material additions have recently been fiiaile to the building^s of the insiiiution. Of the scale on which this eHtablishment is now «!on- ducted, some judg^nient may bo formed from the fact, that at least one lumdred and sixty individualK are resident within its walls, and uniiniained by its resources, bej^ides servants and attenthints whose wages amount to a considerable sum. BLACK NUN N E R Y ; Or CttNVENT OF h\ CONOBECiATION 1>E NOTIIE DAME, Wjls founded by the celebrated Marguerite Bourgeois, who commenced the undertaking in the year 1659, with some young ladies she had brought from France. The front of the Nunnery is in Notre Dame Street, where it extends 234 feet, and its depth along St. John Baptist Street, is 433 feet. Beside the principal edifice for the residence of the members and pupils, the Nun- nery contains a chapel, numerous detached buildings, and a large garden. Recently, a high wall, which ran along Notre Dame Sti eet, has been taken down, and a range of very elegant shops and houses, all of cut stcme, and uniform design, has been erected. The Congrega- tion is composed of a Superior and sixty sisters. The object of the institution is female instruction in its difter' ent branches ; and the greater part of the members are employed in the work of tuition and training. Boarders are taken into the house on moderate terms, and receive a Ciireful education. From this establishment some of the sisters are sent as missionaries to different parts of the district, for the purpose of opening and conducting schools in parishes remote from the convent. m2 144 CONGREGATIONAL NIJVKERY. i t . The piuiiH and bL'nevoI(>nt ibundress of this mstitution was born at Troyea, in France, on the 15tli of April, lf)20, and was broug-ht to this 45ountry in SeptenibtT, 1.653, by M. Maison-neuve, the G<>vernor of the Island of Montreal, who had been revisiting F'rance. On her arrival in this city, she commenced those labours for the instruction of young females, both of Indian and French origin, which she continued with much success for many years, and which, amidst many difficulties, enabled her to establisli the Nunnery of the Congregation. Her design was approved by the priest of the parish, and by the Governor, who gave her the choice of any ground that was then unoccupied. vShe selected the spot on which the Church of Bonsecours now stands, and laid there the foundation of a chapel, in the yeai' 1058 ; but the Abbe Quelus, who had come out to establish the Seminary of the Sulpicians, not being acquainted with her excellencies, and lool 'ng upon her design as an interference with his department and plan, he forbade her to proceed. Yielding instant obedience to him as her superior, she desisted, and retiu'ned to France for the purpose of obtaining the direction and authority of the (xovernment. In this object she succeeded, and met also with nuich enwuiagement from the congregation to which she belonged, and other individuals, in France. In the following year she returned to Ville Marie, bringing with her, for instruction in her proposed Semin- ary, several young females who had been entrusted to her care. Finding the timber and other materials which she had collected for the Chapel of Bonse<;ours, either removed or rendered useless, she sought for another spot on which to execute her design, now become more extensive from the encouragement she had received. An offer of some out-houses near the place where the Nunnery now stands, induced her to commence her i <': HOTEL DIEIJ NUNNJBRY. 14.'. cstablishnK^nt thore ; and in suhnequent years, oth<*r gruntH, both of hu\d and money, fresh arrivals of young females from FVanco, the <>.oiintenan(-e of the anthoritio both there and th«' (Congregational Nunnerj, from the fact of its being r-onducted by the " sisters," for tlie benefit of the *' daughters" of the Congregation de Notre Dume. THE HOTEL D IE U NUNNERY IN ST. JOSEPH, AND ST. PAITL STBEPTS. This was the first of the Religious houses formiMl in? Montreal, and was commenced within two years after th(* first occupation of the city by the Sulpicians. It was founded in 1644, by JVIadame de Bouillon, for the reception of the sick and diseased poor of both sexes. It extends, in St. Paul Street 324 feet in front, and 468 feet in depth in St. Joseph Street. It is conducted by a Superior and thirty-six Nuns. Under the French Government, it was formerly supplied with medicines and many other necessai'ies % the funds for maintaining the charity are priucipiUy derived froiu the rent ut M a 146 SiiMlNAHV OF ST. 81'IiPICE. iands, aHsisted occHHionaily by gruiitH from tfi© Provin- cial Farliumeiit. The (*stnl)lii«hinont iiu-liideM h hoHpiial, a c^nveTit, urul a ohiirdi, with a incge garden, a cattle- yard, out-huildingH, and a couietory. ]t han furnished i'or many yean a r(>fuge for tlie nuHerahlts and help for the sick, to whtwe eornforl the sisters devot*' theniselvew with nio«t praiseworthy ben<*v'olence. Tlnjre i« an air of neatness and eonvenienco about all tiie buildings belonging to this <.'haritable institution. Before the establishment of the Montreal iieneral Hospital, in 1822, this was the only place to which tl»e afflicted po<»r of various descriptions «.'oidd be sent tor relief. The front of the churi:h is in 8t. Paul Street : it is of stone, i»!LS four pilnsi irs ediiaent and cross, as represented in tlu* [dsite. , SEMINARY OF ST. SULPFCE, IV NOTBE DAME jiTWFET. This establishment is one of the oldest connected with the Ilonuui Catholic Church in IVIontreal. It was founded about the year 1057, by the Abbe Quelus, who had recently arrived frtnn France with a coounission from the St. Sulpicians at Paris, to superintend the settlement and cultivation of the island, and especially to found an institution on a plan similar to tlieir own. The Seminary is the dwelling-house of thr)9e members of the Sulpician family who are occupied in parochial duties. The houses of this order in France are all Ecclesiastical Seminaries ; so that when some of the members came out to Montreal, the establishment here received the same name. The Seminary is a large and commodious building, iuljoining the Parish Church. It \ COLLSIOE SEXr^Ai^Y '^''■i^A^^'-^'y^ ::::-:ti£h (ic GANADiAX r.ci-. t I Vi THE NEW COLLEGE. 147 occupies thn;e sides of a square, 132 fi?et long by 90 deep, with spar-.ioug gardens annce in 148 THE BRITISH AND CANADIAN SCHOOl,. literature, and skill and activity in th« art of instruction. A moderate annual stipend is paid with each of the pupils. The College wjis originjilly built for 120 resi- dent jrupils. Alterations were made about three years a^o, which rendered it capable of receiving 160 pupils. The number of resident pupils now varies frs were, first, t^ maintain a School on an extensive swile to educate children, and, sec^indly, to train up and qualify yoiing persons of both sexes to supply well- instructed teachers to such of the iidiabitants of Canada OH shall be desirous of establishing School*? on the British system. The success which attended the early eflbrts of the Society, the number of pupils admitted and pressing for admission, and the inadequacy of the rooms then occupied to afford them suitable accommodation, induced the managers to adopt measures tor eretting a commodious school-house. The funds were obtaintnl partly from voluntary contributions, and partly from grants of the Provincial Legislature. The foundation- litoue was laid on ihe 17th of October, 1826, and the ST. ANNS MARKET. 149 of building finished the next year, at an expense of £1510 Currency. The plau whs furnished gratuitouiijy by Mr. O'Donnell, the architect of the French Cathedral. The building, which is very neat and substantial, is of sufiiciput magnitude to contain 414 boys and 232 girls, together witli room for the residence of the teacher. In the year 1 826, tlie number of children in attendance was as follows : Boifs. G-rk. Roman Cathol US.... 97 ;VS Episcopiil Church 27 9 Presbyterianus 42 21 Methodists 30 11 198 79 Total 21b TIris nimiber has been for several years pretty well kept up ; bu^ at present it is not so great, as, since the troubles commenced, several of the Canadian (children have not contimied to attend. The contributions also, it is to be lamented, have in some measure fallen off. It is most desirable that this excellent institution should b(! encouraged, and enabled to extend its beneficial influence among the rising geno ration. Mr. Minchall is the master of the bctys', and Mrs. Beudall the governess of the girls' School. ST. ANN'S MARKET Owes its origin to the public spirit of several of our citizens owning property in the neighbourhood, who have invested capital to the amount of nearly £15,000 in its erection. Messrs, Wells and Thompson furnished the plan. It extends 342 feet in length, and is two stories high. IM RASCOS HOTEL. U is built <^ntir<'ly of cut stone, and is a very handsome e ing the truly chaste and architectural character of the deiiign. R A S C OS H O Y E L IS 8T. PAUL STREET. This is the largest Hotel in the city : it can ac<'om- modate 1,50 guests. On its site formt^rly stood the palace of Mons. Vaudreuil, Governor Oeneral. The hott'l is formed of two large separate buildings erected at the expense of £9840 : the furniture in them cost X33(K). It waK opened on the first of May, ISHil The AASCOS h'J'l:^ h i > ft '-■iZ-*~ *■-*» ■..'.--tW*'-'4-J. /it-. /O .,*#!•. ^»^(r -'**»*''« ■p^'i i 4 'm^ m.t EXCHANGE HOTEL, ETC. 151 onterprisingf conductor fornuTly occupied the splendid building next the Theatre Ri»yal, known us the Masonic Hall, which was destroyed by fire on the 24th of April, 183JK The alarm was given w'lile company were assembling for a Soiree Mufticate, and in a tew minutes the whole was! in flames, produ<'Jng a scene of awful grandeur and desolation s«arcely paralleled in the history of Montreal. The celebrated Captain Back had been residing in the hotel, and had just sent forward the greater part of his baggage and scientific instruments, preparatory to his own removal fo Lachine that evening, in his way to the Northern Regions ; so that, though most of the property in the hcmse was consumed, he had chiefly to regret the loss of his only available barometer. The parts of the building that es(;aped the flanges have remained a solitary ruin t^ver since. E X CHANGE H O T EL, IN ST. PAUr. STBi'.KT, Formerly Goodenough's, kept afterwards by Cady & Doolittle, has been established about forty years, and can fiu*nish acconunodation for seventy guests. C O M M E R C I A L H O TEL, IN .ST. PAUL STKKETp Kept by Mr. Baker, has been established thirty-fiy«- years, and will accommodate seventy g!iests. OTTAWA HOTEL, IK M'GILL 8TBEET, ,j^fi|«i been established about fifteen years, is conducted ' by Mr. Hall, and will accommodate forty gue>it8. .!•.." m 1%^ W ,»'{::{. ,:,;ri 't:'S',;ii;.75S;! ;S':'\v?:;fl,:if:. 152 orb's HOTKI. — NEWS ROOM — THEATRE ROVAL O R R ' S HOTEL IN NOXBE DAM£ STRl^ET, Has been established six year«, in the house formerly the re.siarticular and the public generally, it is well supported by annual sub- scriptions. Strangers are admitted on the recommen- dation of subscribers. THEATRE ROVAL, IN ST. PAXIL 8TBEET, ~TfnrTh€!atrei_ at the eastern extremity of this street, was built in 1825, by^iibscT4j>tk»Jcu_:the^ate Hon. John Molson being the principal shareholder. ThirOrifia^i cost was about £6000. The late Mr, Forbes was the • Ui-i /■/►(Ki-iipdij^jty; xa.'^^x.ur^t >,•■■■. I it i*i I'll!, ill.:'! i/,V-''V' *': .!iviliii.=iii::i'*:~f.i:i^ .,..,... 'L i:|!iii!!!l|l(i'!^'lii'''r:iiijtr.i(l(ifctea!!'ii-:'s' i/ Jf — NELSONS MONUMENT. loa arcliitrct. ll luw a neat froiil, >vitli a j»oi-tico of thr Dorif onJer. Tlu* whole is now (lie property of, folm Molson, Eh<|. Not only dr.itnatir <»i»tfMtaiiMn»'ot>« arr p(*rforiiu»«l htni', but other puMio exhibitions are juade when a hirge audience in expeeted. N E I. S C) N '8 M () N U M E N 7 , ■-*. I IN NOTBK OAMiS STItEEl Intelligence of the death of this illnstrions coniniaiidei arrived in Montreal in the wint.-r of I SO-'J-d, and the inhabitants of the eity. eager to testify their sense of his merit, inmiediately e(»ninu!nced a subscription fhief, Sir J. Craig, a piece of gnnuid for general iniprovement, granted .1 portion of it at the upper end of the Ne\* Market -phice, as a site for the intended column. The foun by which tlie sum of £5000 was appropriated for its erec- tion. l''he ground upon which it stands was formerly the property of the late order of Jesuits, and was granted by the Government, into whose hands it had fallen, without any pecuniary indemnity. The Commissioners for building it, were Messrs. Davidson, Foucher, and Ross ; Treasurer, Mr. Richardson ; builder, Mr. Fran- cois Xavier Davelin. The principal apartments in the Court House are the following : the Court Hall ; the Quarter Sessions Hall ; the Prothonotary's Office ; the Offices of the Clerk of the Crown, and the Clerk of the Peace ; the Judges' Chambers ; the Grand Jury room, and one room for the Petty Jury; the Magistrates' room ; and the Law Library. Underneath are six vaults, where the notarials of deceased Notaries are deposited. 4% f^f& ..«l>AVMMPl"-t»'-t*-'i»«l'J-JJ>fcJI'»'«~» -fc I, iil<.>i F i. n - n ».JJ-«»t-^i»» .... - .:«..-• --mxMt- -:.^^ .. ^^^i -"-^ ^ ^^1 »-''"'?'i' w^A iMff^HlliliJk ,*». ^ Pi 1l ;,! ! ' ' 1 1 'i: il 1^1 iHl lil'ff 1 •' m^M BJ^iMlWliMEl'irtBBKlir ' '-fll^^H COURT HOUc-F: •-^j-*-i - -i i Ln- - sii KEV, JAIL I i THE OLt> OAOI. — THE NEW GAOL. 159 i THE ADVOCATES LIBRARY Was established in February, 1827, for the use of the gentlemen of the Bar, who, on becoming proprietors, have access to the books at all times for consultation, but are not at liberty to take them from the room. The members pay ten pounds for each share on becoming proprietors, and two pounds ten shillings per annum. The first or old members paid £30 each at the tinie of their admission. THE OLD GAOL, IN NOTHE I>AN£ STREET. This edifice, standing near the Court House, was a]si» built on ground belonging to the Jesuits. Tlie first Gaol, built on the same spot, was destroyed by fire in 1803. The present building was erected in the year 1806, in virtue of a Provincial Statute passed on the 25th of March, 1805, by which also a sum of £9000 was voted for the purpose. Mr. Joseph Courcelles dit Chevalier was the builder. After the New Gaol was erected, the old prison was occiivied for one year hs the House of Industry; and on i 12th of May, 1838, possession was relinquished, anu it was immediately occupied by the Government as Barracks. . , < THE NEW GAOL, IN XB£ QUEBEC SUBURBS, On the road to Longue Point, was Gommenced in the year 1831, on ground purchased from the heirs of the late Sir John Johnston, but was not taken possession i 160 THE NEW OAOti. of by the Sheriff till 1836. The expenses were pro- vided for by a vote of the House of Assembly. The plan was furnished by Mr. Blacklock, of Qu.bec, and approved by the House of Assembly in 1825. Some alterations, however, sugji^t'sted by Mr. Wells, the architect who superintended the erecticm, were adopted as the building' prctceeded. The whole plan was not carried out for want of funds, which were not granted, in (consequence of some difRculties suid opposition then existing in (lie House. As far as the building has pro- ceeded, the cost has been upwards of .£2f),00(). The work was executed by Messrs. Lauder, Spier, & Co., Masons, and Mr. Robert Morton, Carpenter. The length of the Gaol is 255 feet ; the back nnng extendiug at right angles from the centre of the building 82 feet. The bjisenient story contains 32 cells for solitary confinement, t>ach 12 feet by 8 inside ; also two large cooking kitchens, washing and bath rooms, pantries, &c. The first story, which is raised five feet above the level of the yard, contains the entrance hall, guard and receiving rooms, Magistrates' or Grand Jury room, an instruction-room, and 64 cells, each 8 feet by 5 feet 6 i|iches. The second story contains the Gaoler's apart- ments, a living room and two bed-rooms ; a large kitchen ; the matron's living and bed-rooms ; three day- rooms for prisoners, each 24 feet 6 inches by 18 feet 9 inches ; and 50 cells the same size as those of the lower story. The cells in the back wings of ea<;h story are used for the female prisoners. All the cells and passages are arched with brick. The whole of the third story is occupied by the Debtors' bed-rooms and day- rooms — 33 of the former, and 3 of the latter. The walls and ceilings of these rooms are all plastered, and the doors neatly panneled. The centre of the building is carried up a fourth story, which contains the chapel, THE 0ARHACK8. \Gl the plan of which iii so constructed, thut (\ve clusseM of prisoners can sit in view of the pnlpit, and each class prevented fritni seeing tlie others : they enter by separate stairs. The garrets over each wing are fliKired, and used as drying rooms. At the extreme end of each is placed a cistern capable of holding 1077 gallons. From the three cisterns, wliich will contain 3231 gallons, every part of the Gaol is supplied with water. These cisterns can be filled in forty minutes by means of a forcing pump v«'orked by ten of the prisoners, nltliough fixed nearly 100 feet above the river. The pump is con- structed on an improved •)rinciple, and was manufactured by the Montreal Water- works Company, under the direction of Mr. Wells. The building is surrouiuled by a high wall, at such a distance as to enclose about 4 arpeuts, or nearly 4| acres, of land. The Commission- ers purchased twelve acres, from an idea that a Peni- tentiary might be esUiblislunl in addition to the prison. There is no Chaplain attached to this Gaol, nor, we are sorry to learn, is there any provision made for the moral and religious instruction of the prisoners. Vice and immorality, we are informed, prevail to an alarming extent, and call loudly for the benevolent services of all who feel it important to check the prevalence of these enormous evils, and to reclaim the sinner " from the error of his way." The present keeper of the Gaol is Mr. Charles Wand. THE BARRACKS, IN WATEB STREET, Prom their situation, are frequently distinguished as the Quebec Gate Barracks. The original building formerly belonged to a Nunnery, while the country was in \&2 OOVERNMKNT HOT/SR. po!«Me0«ion of tlie Prcnoli. FhIHiij^ into tho haiuls ui' Govenimo.iC whou the Kiifi^Hsh nrqiMnul Catiada^ tht-y were afterwanls converted into military btirruckH. They were I'onsiderahly improved an 164 CHAMP DE MARS — NEW MARKET. THE CHAMP DE MARS Was originally a small field not well adapted for military exercise, and very slightly entitled to the name that was given to it. Within a few years it has been made level, and very much extended, so as to form a space of 227 yards by 1 14. It is now an excellent parade, as well as an agreeable promenade for the inhabitants of the city. From this spot there is a fine view of the well- cultivated grounds, beautifid orchards, and country- liouses towards the mountain. Our view is taken in a different direction from near the N. W. angle. ■(" !* THE NEW. MARKET. The old market-place, where the Custom-house now stands, being found too small, a new site was rendered indispensable. The present market, occupying the ground on which stood the College founded by Siem* Charron, but destroyed by tire many years back, is 36 yards wide, and reaches from Notre Dame Street to St. Paul Street. In the middle of the space are ranges of stalls for butchers, covered in by a roof supported on wooden pillars. Great care is taken to enforce the regulations to insure cleanliness, and the good condition of the meat offered for sale. On the two principal market days — Tuesday and Friday — in each week, the market is well supplied with every necessary and almost every luxury for the table, in great abundance, both animal and vegetable. On other days, too, articles can be procured, though the supply is not equally abundant. The produce of the upper part of the district is almost wholly brought hither for sale, and some from the United States, especially fish from Boston in the \ I > *,tiH '. >fV:^^l7fJPtliUtK-,X.t*iMSM'tL^i^ «->:kil.tF%4i y^ ^ ^ ^ i! -^ i I i I ; i I I /fr u 'a i ' ' i ..A I. i;^^'t»aft«fc*(*w-v^ /-•■ff* BANK OF MONTREAT.^ — CITY BANK. 165 winter. At the upper end of this market i» erected the monumental column in honour of Nelson, as described at page 153 ; and opposite to this is the military guard- room. At the lower end, near the river, is the Fish Market. BANK OF MONTREAL, IN ST. JAMES STREET, ' Was first chartered in 1817, with a capital of £250,000 ; and re-chartered in 1837, with a capital of £500,000. The building originally occupied by this company was destroyed by fire in 1820. The present edifice was erected at an expense of more than eleven thousand pounds. It is a large and elegant building of cut stone, ornamented in four compartments with emblematical devices of Agriculture, Manufactures, Arts, and Com- merce, executed in bas-relief. The portico is of the Doric order. The Hon. Peter M'Gill is President, and the Hon. Joseph Masson, Vice-President of this Institution. The days of discount are Tuesday and Friday. , . ., ^ , CITY BANK, ST. PAUI. STBEET. This Bank was opened on the 1st of November, 1833, with a capital of £200,000, and chartered in April, 1838. It occupies a handsome building near the south-west end of the street. A handsome portico, supported by fiuted Tuscan pillars, has been added since our plate was engraved. The President is John Frothingham, Esq. ; and the Vice-President, Alexander Millar, Esq, Days of discount Monday and Thursday. ^t^ , it*- -, I, 166 people's bank, etc. PEOPLE'S BANK, or BANQUE uv PEUPLE, rit 8T. rRANCOIS XAVIKR 8THEET, Was Opened on the 11th of July, 1835. The Presi- dent is L. M. Viger, Esq.; and the Vice-President J. DeWitt, Esq. Days of discount, Tuesday and Friday. BANK OF BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. MONTREAI. liUANCII, — IN ST. JAMES STB£KT. This Bank was opened on the 8th of March, 1 837, under the control of Austin Cuvillier, Albert Furniss, and James Ferrier, Esquires. Days of discount, Wednesday and Saturday. BANK OF UPPER CANADA, AGENCY OP, IN ST. JAMES STREET^ Commenced on the 1st of September, 1838. It is conducted by Joseph Wenham, Esq., as manager for the Upper Canada Bank. CUSTOM HOUSE, BETWEEN ST. PAUI. STREET ANT) THE BIVPR. The business of the Customs was, till lately, transacted in a building situated in Capitol Street. This being found inconvenient, a new custom-house was erected on the site of the old market. It is of the Tuscan order, from a design by Mr. Ostell. The building was commenced in 1836, and opened for business in 1833. It has its CUSTOM HOUSE. 167 " Long Room," not yet occupied, excellent vaults, and every other requisite office, well fitted up, and adapted for a greater extent of business than the {mrt at present supplies. Its size is 60 feet by 45, French ; and the expense of its erection was £4500. It is one of the few buildings that have been completed without exceed- ing the estimate. The hall below is ornamented with fluted Doric pillars, wliich support the floor of the next story. The east front, next the river, has a handsome portico, supported by four stone pillars, and is rusticated to half its height. Botli fronts are surmounted by tri- angular pediments. When the buildings which inter- cept the view from Commissioner Strtiet are removed, the Custom House will appear to great advantage. Some idea may be formed (►f the amount of business done here, in the Customs, from the following state- ment : — Proteiin. Duties. Croim Dutiet ears. Veuelt. Tonnage. Currency. Sterlhig. 1831 80 19,085 £24,G4G 5 9 i;4,492 19 3 1832 117 27,704 46,848 5 11 10,649 18 2 The amount of Duties will, of course, vary with circumstances each season : subsequent years have not been equally productive of revenue with 1832. o2 1 1: if ' CHAPTER XII. NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY — MONTREAL LIBRARY MUtution, and around which the inemberH might at all times rally. >Vith a view, th4>n, to afford thin bond, to prt>v*>nt the tendency to dieisolutiiHi, the pro- posefit of the Natural Huitory Society retiolved to found a Museuni, an institution which experience has proved to have great |Mtwfr in calling the attention to scientific pursuito, and the want of which was forcibly felt by Heverol members, who looked back xipoii the causeti which in their younger days retarded their own improve- ment. But the mere collection of the produt^ions of nature would leave the deHign of the S^naety imperfe«-t without the poHsettsion of bookH, that treat of Huch objects. They are mutually dependent on each other. One without the other leaves the work half done, but both connected give the greatest facilities for instruction which can be afforded. In addition therefore to the piissession of a Museum, It was one of the first objects of the Society to se(;ure a library of books on Science lit general. On these principles, and with these views, The Natural Hintory Society was established." Whatever serves innocently to occupy the mind is in itself a benefit, as it keeps the rational powers in healthy action, and may afford occasional relief from the severer pursuits of business or labour ; but when resear(jies like those of Natural History, which discover so many evidences of the wistlom and goodness of the Almighty, occupy the leisure of any considerable portion of the community, greater advantages still may be expected to result from such an employment «>f the faculties. A laudable curiosity is gratified, an elegant pursuit en- cour^^^ed, usefid knowledge increased, a habit of obser- vation and arrangement promoted, the social principle exercised, and fresh motives presented to admire the Creator in his wonderful works. The design met with general approbation among those who were most abW to support it. Numbers of gentlemen desirous of exciting a taste for scientific pursuits and of promoting the extension of knowledge, enrolled their names a^ members of the Society, which speedily assumed a form likely to render it both permanent and efficient, ha oa 170 NATURAL HI8T0RY SOCIETY. M furulit, cte< tf Dorsons should take an active part in ill - piirtiUit* of a LiU-rary and Scientiiic Institution; and the >., of the University of Cambridge ; Professor of Morpl Philoso- phy and learned languages, the Rev. J. L. Mills, D. D., of Oxford ; Professor of History and Civil Law, the Rev. J. Strachan, D. D., from Aberdeen ; Profes- sor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, the Rev. G. J. Wilson, A. M., from Oxford ; Professor of Medi- cine, Thomas Fargues, M. D., from Edinburgh. It was not, however, till the 24th of June, 1828, that the corporation of M'Gill College obtained full possession of the property bequeathed to it. No religious tests are imposed, either upon the professors or the students, so that all the offices are freely open to both Protes- tants and Roman Catholics, while students of all deno- minations are permitted to attend. The practice has hitherto been to obtain the professors from the gradu- ates of British Universities ; but a preference will here-> 174 MR. M'TAVISH's house. jvfter be show., to those who shall have graduated in the Institution. The system of collegiate education will extend to all those branches wlii(;h are embraced by similar est^iblishments in Great Britain ; and for the sake of advancing the medical department of the College, it is intended to engraft up(»n it the Montreal Medical Institution, whicli alreiuly stands high in public estima- tion. If wis(»ly conducted, and well supported by the Imperial and Local Governments, and by the inhabi- tants of the Province, as may be reasmiably expected, tlie newly established College wnll flourish, an honour and a blessing to the country, and an enduring monu- ment of the liberality of its founder. The first degree conferred by the College was that of M. D., on Mr. W. L. Logie, 24th May, 1833. Ten or twelve other gentlemen have since received their degree in the same. The "only Professors at present connected with the Institution, are those in the Medical Depaiiment : they are as follow : — Dr. Holmes, of Chemistry, and Pharmacy : Dr. Robertson, of the Theory and Practice of Medicine ; and Dr. Stephenson, of Anatomy and Phisiology. There are, besides, two Lecturers — Dr. George Campbell on Surgery, and Dr. Archibald HjUI on Materia Medica. Plans and estimates have been ordered for suitable buildings, and when these are erected the course of instruction intended by the College will commence, and the whole plan carried into eflicient operation. MR. M'TAVISH'S HOUSE. On a well-chosen spot, most conspicuously situated beneath the abrupt part of the Mountain, the late Simon M'Tavish, Esq. erected a mansion, in a style of muck J./*''^ Il 1 1 1 1 / y^^'O i; ' i I :-iEW!t,.v.' .svi .sillar as a tribute to his worth, and a memento of their regret. The house is a very prominent object, disclosing itself in almost every direction : the obelisk was formerly so, but is now much obscured by the growth of young trees. The inscrip- tion on the pedestal is as follows : Sticred to the Memory of SIMON M'TAVISH, Esq. Who died July f), 1804, Aged 54 years. This ]\[onumeiit is erected by his Nephews, "WiLMAM and Duncan M'Gii.LiviiAy, To commemorate their high sense of his manly virtues, And as a {trrateful tribute For his many acta of kindness shewn to them. The unfinished l)uilding is already in a dilapidated state, and will, it is probable, shortly Ije taken down. The prospect from the house is very mag. 'fi^cLt. At a short distance from it, towards the Priests' Farm, our " View FROM THE Mountain" was taken. The mouu- nient is shewn in the Vignette on the title-page. VIEW FROM THE HAY MARKET. This is taken from near the upper .d on the north side of M'Gill Street, and shews a p.. 't of the Moun- tain, in front, with Beevor Hall near the centre, distin- guished by its poplars, the Weigh-house, a little to th« v^-s-U»,'.„ ■■*^" 176 HOCHELAOA CHAPEL — ST. HELEN's ISLAND. left, and on the extreme right a small portion of the American Presbj-terian Church. HOCHELAGA CHAPEL, NEAK THE CROSS, OPPOSITE CVBBENT ST. MARY, Is a small but neat edifice connected with the Episcopal Church of this city. It was commenced in the year 1 828, and finished in the spring of the following year. The coHt was about £500, of which £80 was given by the Lord Bishop of Quebec from the church building fund, and the remainder raised by subscription. The style of architecture is the Gothic : height of the steeple 50 feet. The service of the English Church is con- ducted here, by the Rev. J. Ramsay, A. M. I' I I ST. HELEN'S ISLAND, IN THE ST. LAWB£:VC£ BIVEB, . Lies oflF the city of Montreal in an easterly direction. It formerly belonged to the Barons of Longueuil, and is now th« property of the Crown, having been ex- changed by the Hon. Charles Grant for the extensive ground and premises belonging to the monastery of the Recollets, in Notre Dame Street. Fortifications and buildings for stores, where great quantities are kept, have been erected on the Island, and a military garrison is established there. It is itself a beautiful spot, and affords a fine view of the city, from which it is distant about a mile. It rises gracefully from the shore, and the foliage of the trees which crown its more elevated parts, and are interspersed over the greater portion of it, gives it an attractive appearance from the town, and from SHIP YARD. 177 various parts of the river. Our view of the city was taken from a spot near the Officers' Barracks, which »i[»]>ear a little to the right of the centre. SHIP YARD, riTRRENT 8T. MARY. The first ships built in Montreal, were those con- structed by Mr. David Munn, who commenced his operations about the year 1806. Two or three years afterward he entered into partnership with Mr. Robert Hunter: the vessels they built were generally from 200 to 350 tons burthen ; one, the Earl of Bucking- hamshire, was 600 tons. J. Storrow & Co. built two vessels in 1808 and 1809- James Dunlop, Esq. in the three following years built several, of 330 to 350 torn* burthen each. Mr. James E. Campbell was engaged in the work for several years : the vessels he constructed were generally of the same burthen. Messrs. M'Kenzie & Bethune, and James Millar & Co., built a number of vessels. Mr. Gould states that there were built in the Province, in 1825, 61 vessels ... 22,636 tons, in 1826, 59 - ... 17,823 - in 1827,35 - ... 7,540 - ^ in 1828, 30 - .. 7,272 - decreasing till 1831, when only 9 were built. The Canada Ship Building Company from London began to build in 1 828, but finished only two vessels. In the year 1829, Messrs. Shay & Merritt took pos- session of the yard ; and the following steamers and sailing vessels were built there under the superintend- ance of Mr. E. D. Merritt. The steamboat British America, 170 feet long, 30 feet beam, 10 feet high, ior Messrs. John Torrance & Co., as a trader between I7H SHIP VAnii. !• MmitroHl arul Qiu'lunr. In 1830, tlu' steurnor John Hull, fur Mosririi. John Molstm Si (!<>., nUo at) n, trath^r Ix't woen tliis <'ity and Qiu«he<" : 182 feet long, '6*2 ft?et h»>am, 1:2 fiM'l high ; has two (;iigiii«>s, vnvh 85 hurne |»ow«'r. [ii th<' manu? y»?ar the t*teanihoat St. (ieorrfe was built for John Torrance & Co. ; UiC' fet*t h>ng, tilj f«M«t beam, and 1 1 f«'et liigh The steaiuhoat Canada was built in 1H31, 175 feet in length, Sf) feet beam, and 11 feet in tl»« hold; iilso the 8teanilN»at Eagle, for Mr. Janu\s Greenfield, 14() rent long, 24 feet beam, 9J^ teet hold ; and the ;4eainer Canadian Patriot, 130 feet long, 22 feet beam, and 8 feet hold, for a joint stock company, fn 1833, the steaniiioat Uritammu for .lohii Torrance Si Co., 130 feet h^ng, 24 beam, and 7^ hfdd ; in the same year, the Varinnett, for Hasco & (>o., 141) feet long, 23 beam, 7^ hold ; also the steamer JloHtreal, for Mr. James Wait, 96 ft?et long, 18 beam, 5 Iwdd. In 1 834. was built the siiip Toronto of 345 tons, for Captain (.!ollinson, running between thisi port and London ; also the Brilliant and Thalia^ each 472 tons, for James Millar & Co., sent home for the Baltic trade. The ship Douglas, 348 tons, was built in 1 835 for Captain Douglas ; the bark Glasgow, 347 tons, for Millar, Edmonstone & Co., sent home — and the bark Thistle, 260 tons, for the same firm, sent home for the West India Trade, — were built in 1836. In the following yeai*, the John Knox, a bark of 347 tons, for the same company, sent home ; and in 1838, were built the following — the ship Gypsey, 572 tons, also for Millar & Co. ; the bark Colhorne, 340 tons ; and the brig Wetherall, 252 tons, both for Capt. Collinson. The situation of this establishment is very favourable for tlie purposes of ship building of all descriptions, as the timber is hauled in at once from the St. Lawrence, and there is no reason to fear a deficiency of supply. ROPE MANl'FACTORY. 171* Tho Wu^h of the yunl in 200 foot ; and ull cooviMileri- vxen HTV at hand tor fawilitatiiig and (Miinpltaiiig the work, ill thii inoiit |>tM'f<>rt manner. THE ROPE MANUFACTORY. This estuMishment bislongs to Mr. J. A. To iverxe, and hiu been several years in constant and su('('e)sst'uJ operation. These works were established in 1825, on a smaller scale than that on winch they are <.'<»nductetl at present. Every description of cordage is manufac- tured here, on a parent method, by appropriiUe ma- chinery. The quantity of hemp consumed is from 150 to 250 tons anmially, employing from thirty-six to fifty hands. The sale of the cordage manufactured, is gene- rally in Quebec and the Upper Province. The walk is ] 200 feet in length, the greater part (900 feet) two «tories high, and another portion three stories. A new stone building has just been erected, to contain a steam- engine, giving motion to all the patent machinery for the manufacture of the different kinds of cordage, with additional apparatus for making ship bk»cks. The hemp used in these works is Russian, imported from En^and. Various attentpts have been maerance Societies have been formed, with this express view, both in Kurope and America ; and have been producti ve of tlie happiest effects. Thousands of drunkards have been reclaimed from their destructive habits. A So<'iety for the ^' Promotion of Temperance" was formed in this city on the 9th of June, 1H28, at the suggestion of the Rev. J. S. Christmas : the declaration was against the use of distilled spirits only. The Young Men's Temperance Society was formed tni the 29th November, 1831. The two were afterwards united. On the 27th of February, 1834, an executive Connnit- tee wfis appointed by a convention then held, which continued to act till the formation of the Montreal Society for the Promotion of Temperance, on the 22d of October, 1835. This Society had the two pledges of — abstinence from ardent spirits, and total abstinence from all intoxicating hquors. On the 1st of September, 1 837, the Society was re-modelled on the total abstinence principle alone, under the name of the Montreal Tem- perance Society. The Canada Temperance Advo- cate was first published on the 1st of May, 1835, and is now in its 5th volume. It is issued monthly, at the low rate of Is. ^ annum for each copy delivered in town, or Is. 8d., if sent by mail into the country. It is edited with ability, and contains in its successive numbers nmch important matter relative to the great reformation which it is the object of the Society to accomplish. Public meetings for the purpose of hearing atldresses in its favour are held at least monthly. The Society has an Agent employed in circulating its publications ; calling attention to and explaining its object ; endeavouring to persuade those who are unhap- pily under the debilitating and demoralizing power of intemperate indulgence, to consider their danger, and Q \[)() TIAPTIST MISSIONARY SOCIETY. ronounce a luif)it so inoonsistent with tlip dictates of i'('asn»!d, do ngre«, that we will not use intoxicatini; li(|u<)ri» as a bweriigw, nor traffii-. in them ; that we will not provide Hif'm as an nrtich' of entertainment, or for persons in our etnph>y- ment ; and that in all suitable ways we will diHCOunteiiauot; their use throughout the community." *<( ■! i THE CANADA BAPTIST MISSIONARY SOCIETY Was formed to co-operate m ilJi a Society establishe tlii' East and W<*st (iif moral fe<>]ing iv.ul action, iis well as in answerin|<' th(> higher pnrposes for which the (jIosjm'I was reveale«l. The attention of the people generally appears t(» he increasingly alive to this interesting snhject. Every one knows how connnon it is to read of dis- tnrhances in Ireland, and it h»yrnent of AfinisterM, Tear-hert*, Rook-vonderw, and Seriptiire readern. (who«e native hmg'uage in French) — the esta- hiislurient and HU])p<»rt of sehools and })hiee8 of worship — and the di^tribntion of the Holy Scriptures and other suitable bookn. The Constitution of the Society is liberal and truly catholic, embracing all classes of F^vangelical Christians, and excluding all sectarian pecuharities. THE MECHANICS' INSTITUTION. Associations of persons with a view to the benefit of the working classes, have, in many parts of Britain, been und<^rtaken with spirit, and been prodnctivo of much good. Under proper management, they are well adapted to promote not only the mental improvement, but the moral benefit of those in whose behalf they are undertaken. By inducing those who would otherwise spend their earnings at the tavern, to pay some attention to the improvement of their minds, and by placing within their reach the means of becoming acquainted with thf3 principles of their art, and of gaining otherwise iisefid knowledge, a great advantage is conferred upon them. The institute of this city was founded after the model of those at home ; the greater part of its mem- bers being artizans, by whom its afiiiirs were chiefly c(mducted. It commenced in 1828, and for several years vs'as carried on v^ith much harmony and success. An interruption of its meetings occurred about three years since, and was followed by the two winters of insurrec- tion, which eflPectually precluded all other topics than those which rejated to self-defence. In add^tioij to the OAS WORKS — TRU)E AND COMMFHrK. l!».'J ordinary I'xorrmes nl]o(t< oil tlu« priiM-iplcH of MocliaiiirH, and Natnial Plii'iwopliy, won' ocrfiKioiiully delivorcd hy M''- SkiikrI, \vliosi> vuliiahlo 4-o]|(>(.'tioii of up|»rii':Uiis, uiid familiar kno\vl(Mi<2^«' of tlu* Kiilijoct, enabled him to rciidci' thtMO hi|^hly interesriiijf and iiistrnctive. It were tohr winlu'd tliiit, Oil the estahlishnuMit of tran(|uillity amon^^t us, the oiK'iiitioMS of this iHofid Socit'tv mav ho iCHunuMi, «8 it is rapahio, in n«anv r*'H|)(M'.ts, of hein^ im\{\^'- <'paratns and hooks, to the vahie of onps were lijj^hted on the 2'3d of November, 1S37. The cost of bnildinj^, works, pipes, &c., is about £15,000. IVfr. Armstrong- was the projector. The stock is in a few hands tndy, R. A. F(n*niss, Esq., being the principal hohhu* and inanai^er. T'he proprietors were incorporateil by an Act of the Provincial Legislature, in April, 183(1. Tin; service pipes and lamps have been ready for some time, and only wait for an advance of money from the city to put them into effectual operation. TRADE AND COMMERCE. We have more than ontse alluded to the favourable^ situation of this city for the purposes of Trade, botb foreign and domestic. It is to this cii-cunistauce that q3 194 TRADE AND OOMMEKCE. k \ li h I arrt J.tf rn ■ ift r II its gi'owtli and prosperity must be traced ; for as it is not the permfirient seat of Government, and has but few t'xteusive manufactcjries to support it, its continued increjise must depend upon the trade it can coumiand. Placed at the head of the navigation of the St. Lawrence for sea-going vessels, it has ever been, and must con- tinue, an important place of conmierce. Even if the magnificent idea should ever b<' realized of forming a channel for ships up to Lake Huron, it must still secure a large share of commercial activity. There is an immense back country to be supplied with foreign productions through it, and should that territory, as is probable, become more thickly settled, and the state of agriinilture be improved, an augmented demand of com- modities will arise from that (puirter, and greater supplies of home produce be conveyed to the city. Montreal was once the emporium of th« fm* trade, which is now carried on directly between Red River settlement, Hudson's Bay, and England. The delays and inconvenience of river navigation between this city and Quebec are now overcome by steamboats, which for the power of their engines, speed, and accommoda- ti(uis for passengers, as well as their utility in towing large vessels, are scarcely to be surpassed. Formerly much time was lost by vessels from sea, and it was no unusual thing for them to be detauied for weeks at the foot of the Current St. Mary, by the want of a favour- able wind to bring them up to the town. A serious bar to the increase of shipjung contimies to exist in the intricacy and shallowness pear from the following scale (»f Vessels and their Tonnjige which arrived at Montreal : In 18.'V2 arrive,l()5 1835 108 22,7211 1830 9S 22,133 J n[)7 91 22,G()8 1838 6a 15,7f)(> Of these vessels and their cargoes, by far the greater part were from England and Scotland. A few arrive every year from Halifax in Nova Scotia, and other British ports in North America, and scnnetimes cargoes of grain, &c. from other ports in Europe. A statement of the Imjmrts in the year 1 8JJ7, and of the Exports of the two preceding years, will give an idea of the nature and extent of the foreign commerce of this city : Deci.akei) vamte op Goods fMFORTrn into the Port of MoNTKEAt, DIUECT FUOM SeA, IN THE VEAIl ENOINf; THE 5th of jANUAKy, 1837, From the United Kingdom. Dry Goods, British muinifactuiT mui produce,. £1,211,391 12 1 llertned Sugar .., ,,. 19,(»91 Hi (i British Spirits K84 8 7 Playing Cards ... 636 1 Salt 20 Total value of British mauiitacturo .v.4l^«241,y3'l l8 2 I t I 198 TRADE AND COMMERCE. Total value of B^iti^h manufacture £1,241,933 18 2 Value of Foreign Dry Goods t)4,054 6 3 Value of Liquorx, Sajrar, Tea, and other Gn>- ceries, Foreign and Colonial 85,865 9 9 Total value (»•" imports from the United Kingdom. £ 1 ,391 >854 14 2 From British North American Colonies. Dry Goods and Colonial produce, except Gro- ceries £2,740 13 2 Liquors, Sui>ar, and other Groceries, &c., Foreign and Colonial production 25,222 14 4 £27,963 7 6 From the United States of America. T>ry Goods Tobacco, Sujy;ar, Molasses, &c. From other Foreign States. Dry Goods and Grain Liquors, Tea, and other Groceries £206 6 1 5671 11 £5877 16 2 £6530 5 8 14,023 10 2 £20,543 15 10 Total value of imports (Sterlinir) £1,446,239 13 8 Statement of the Principal Articles exported hij Sea at the Port of Montreal, in th^ years 1835 and Jis3(i. 1835. Ashes— Pot. brl3 18,901 Uo Poarl, do 1,7(15 Apples, do 352 Biscuit, do 2i>3 Do bag's 11)4 Do cwt 15 Butter, kegs 51 Do firkins 12 Candk-s, boxes 23!* Fnrs and Skins, pkg8. . .5() Flour, barrels 20,018 Do halt do 3 Peas, niinots 4,170 Do raski 61 Wheat, minot-i 55,255 Data, do {):'0, 1836. 17,120 8,(x>C 3« 201 6 193! 42 25 26,107 144 r, 40 WO Lard, kegs „. Beef, barrels Do half do Pork, barrels Do half do.. ,. .. Oil — .Seal, easks.. .. Onions, barrels . , . . Oil Cakp, piecets,. .. Do. tons .. .. Oars— Ash Stavos. puncheon .. Do Standard . . Do Barrel Do Ends Timber — Ash, tons . . Do Birthido.. 1835. 63 693 165 1,003 26 79 16 1,649 18 2,422 18.36. 31 38.9 20 174 387 84 '2,178 248,;H)7 2.'{7,14) 164,065 171,424 14,275 9,3 i a, 103 I 49.9f<3 1,337 5,737 — I 183.5. Starcli, boxes 10(» Tobacco, Loaf, hhds ., f) M IX, Bc'Pb', barrel . . 3 Brandy, Canada manu- facture, pipes .'j'i Dodo hlids 7.^ Do do quarter ('aska ,, 12 Geneva do lihds U Whiskey, do. puns., IS Brandy, foreign, hhdb.. fi Wine, pipes ,. 47 Do hhd 1 Do quarter casks .. '11 Do cases 24 183fi. lOCi 10 By the Lachine Canal much business is done witli Upper Canada, and some with the United States, as the following Table will shew : 8 2 Statement (if the Principal Articles imported into Montreal, bt/ the Lachine Canal, in the ijearn 1>«34, 183.). and l>>3(i. i8;u. Total 1834. llKio' 18,35. Total 18.3.5. 18.36. Total u. c.| U. S. U. C. 10004 U. S. U. C. U. S. 183(J. Aahes, barrels 9438i 1731 4055' 14059 116(58 2579 14247 Beef, 23 Ml })54: 936; 930 943 92 1035 Butter, kejcr... 144«; iin' lG;i7i 12*5 82 1317 18!)4 11 1!)08 BiscTiit, bajfs.. 438! ~** 1 438: 719 4 723 — ._. Do ewt.. 38j 38 ,«. — — Barley, bushel 19.5(ii — 10.5(51 «8() - (186 126.37 — 12(^7 Flour, barrels. 10201 7 i 20I()9 1221 8(i 97209 C807 10407'J 162726 7598 170324 Oats, bushels.. \h% C72' 1,550 ,._. 15.50 Pork, barrels. 7.V, 2251!) 23274; 931 1232 121(53 11978 1710 136«8 Peas, bushels. 145.51! — 11551; .370 _. .370 14725 1472.5 Starch, boxes. 170 — 1751 558 — 558 657 657 Tobacco, hhds 3531 353 i .53(i 8 514 10.59 10.59 Wheat, bushel 21)1 72«i 333 29205:) 31.572 31572 51810 51810 Whisky, pipes 2 — 2 1 I 52 -... 52 Do nuns . . Do barrels 8 .— Si 11 — . 11 1 502 7 .509' 930 1 937 '' 21.53 «-« 2153 Do casks.. 32 ».^ 32' 22 — 221 : 142 142 Do hhds.. 2 2l I —" 1 ! 63 .—- G3 Hams, tierces. 1 78 791 8 8 8 1 9 Do loose , — 3,55 .3(151 508' .508 1 ._ — Live Hogs.... :« 28.52 1 2918! 348 13771 1725 103 618 721 Indian Corn, ' ! 1 1 bushels .... 1 7!)3 65!) 1 13921 118 118 1 _ ■ _., Lard, barrels. 491 4911 j 1 1 62' 63 69 1 ... (59 Do kegs... — l^iOl lG9li ' 1.55 : 151' 306 1 223 i 1 1 224 52 6- NoTB.— U. C. denotes that from Upper Canada, aud U. S. from the United States. L>()0 LACHINE CANAL. ff M: Great quantities of merduindise are sent from Mont- real to Upper Canada by tlie same C/anal : the trarjsport upwards amounted in the year 1835 to nearly 1G,000 tf)ns, and in 1830 to nearly 14,000. The opening of the navig-ation in the spring is a cir- euinstance of much importance here ; and after the severity of the Avinter is over, is looked forward to with much inter«'st. The following table exhibits a statement of the different periods, in the last ten years, at which the ice broke up in front of the city, at whicli the first steamboat arrived in the harbour, and at wiiich the first vessel from sea came into port. la' broke Steam-hoat Ut Vettel at Years. opposite arriui ' Montrfial Montreal. f?2 Harbour. fram Sea. 1829 8th April... 16th April.. loth May... 1830 1st April ... 8th April ... 11th May... 1831 30th March 10th April.. 26th April,. 1832 16th April.. 28th April.. IHh May... 1833 2d April .... ] 1th April.. 13th May... 1834 30th March 10th April.. 9th INIay.... 1835 8tli April ... 20th April.. 13th May... 1836 23r(l April.. 2nd May ... 14th May... 1837 11th April.. 23rd April.. 4th May.... 1838 9th April... 23rd April.. 3rd May.... 1839 9th April... 16th April.. 10th May... THE LACHINE CANAL. So early were some of the intelligent inhabitants of the provinire convinced of the numerous advantages that wovdd result to internal navigation and commerci' from a Canal that should unite Montreal with Lachine, that it became an object of desire even before the pass- ing of the Constitutional Act in 179L In the first LACniKE CANAL. 201 Provincial Parliament under that act, which commenced its session in December, 179i^j a- hill to effect that object was proposed by one of the Meinbtirs tor Montreal. The bill did not pass, because the niidertaking wau then considered beyond the pecuniary means of the province. The matter, therefore, slept for some years. In 1815, during the war with the United States, the expense of conveying the Government stores brought the subject under the consideration of the Governor, who sent a message to the Assembly in favour of the measure, and the sum of Xil5,000 was voted to assist in its execution, with an Act of the Legislature to give it cSirot. Peace soon following, nothing more was done except taking a few levels. In 1819, a petition from several persons in Montreal desirous of undertaking the work at their own expense, was presented to the Legislature, requesting aid and authority for that purpose. A bill was accordingly passed in April, authorizing subscriptions to the extent of £150,000 currency, at the rate of £50 a share, and erecting the subscribers into a joint stock company. This plan was afterwards aban< doned, and the work was imdertaken by the Province, on the conditions that the subscribers should relinquish their rights on receiving back the money they had advanced on their shares, and that, on the contribution of £10,000 by the Government, all stores and effects belonging to His Majesty should pass through the canal free of toll. An act of the Legislature having passed to this effect in 1821, the work was commenced on the 1 7th of July in that year, and completed in 1825. The route originally proposed was along the beach of the St. Lawrence at Lachine till the commencement of the turnpike roatl, then by the foot of the Cote St. Paul, continuing till it arrived at a point between the St. Joseph and St. Antoine Suburbs, when the route was to 202 LACHINB CANAL. fork out and diverge, one branch to cross the St. Law- rence and Quebec Suburbs, and enter the river belov/ the King'H Naval Store at the foot of the Current St, IV'ary, while tlie other branch was to enter above the liarbour near tlie Ship Yard. Th<« former branch was for the present abandoned, from insuflitiency of njeans ; and the latter route, owing to some diffimlties, was alter<'d so as to bring its mouth near the wind- milh. The C'anfil is 28 feel: wide at the bottom, and 48 at the water line, with five feet depth of water throughout, and 18 inches from the wfiter line to the level of tlie towing path There are in the M'hole sax locks, each one hundred feet in length, and twenty fe<^t of o|)ening, with an entire fall of forty-two feet, and a regulating lock at either end. The vvorknumslnp of these locks, and the various stone bridges along the route, are all of masonry of a superior and most substantial chaiactej', <;re I I fi ; ! t f- 1 I tuition in t\w fannlit's of tlui inoro wealthy inhabitants. It 19 no small consolation for persxnis about to 8<'ttle hen», to know that tln^y can roadily obtain instruction for thoir children in almost every department that they may desire. The HovvT. Instttl'IMO.v for tha Afhuimement of Learni/uf was [>r<»itH'tear I7fi4, by VVillluin Rrown and Thinnjis Gilniorc, wlio issiwd the fiiM iiuiiiImm- of tho Qurbf'c (iiizi'tti on tin' "Jlst of .lnn»s This j»ii|H'r was proj«ct«Ml ill IMiiiiuh'Iphiu the your hft'oro. (Jihnoro went tnsirn'!!is in tho spring. 'V\\<\ sli1»^4'l'iption list thon anuMuitod to about l/iO, half of whom woro Catiadians. Tho tardy ostablinhnn-nt of \\w pioMS in Canada, and tho «|tiai'lor from whom-o it was first iritro- du(-od, aro facts than which nono can bo nion! strongly illnstrativo of tho ^onins of the ji^ovornrnont and poople ofCaiuida, and of tho tlion British ('oloni<;s in North AnuM'ica. ('anada had boon longer sottlod than any of tinnn : its [lopnlation was tbon probably noarly as numorous as tiiat of Ponnsylvania, yot tho first printing ostablishnn^nt for ('anada was projcjctotl anf The Canudian 3tagazine : it reached the twentv-fourth immber, and was discontimn^d in 1825, for want oi adequate support. Perhaps the plan was of * Smith's Canada, Vol. U., pa. ft. f Ward's Spring qf Life. 1M4. 208 EDUCATION AND LITERATURE. r; rather too ambitious a character for the then state of the Province. Tho)i)i,"h some of the articles were trifling, many were of n high order ; the work was well edited, and certairdy deserved more support tlian it received. Thft Canadian Review made its first appearance in July, 1824, and cf)ntinue6 pages ; tlie numbers of tlie Ueview were more than twice as large, containing «^ach 240 pages in' more — a scale too exten- sive then for the m ants of fjie reading public iii Canada. Other periodicals of a smaller size, and more moderate pretensions, have since been attempted. The oidy monthly publications now issning from the Montreal press, are The Literary Garland^ in Royal 8vo, 48 pages — an agreeable melange to the lovers of light reading, very likely to remunerate the publisher ; — the Canada Baptist J^hujnzin.p.^ a religious j)eriodical of 24 pages each number ;-— and tlie Temperance Advocate, Tlie newspapers published in this city are, in general, edited with ability, and maintain with consideial>le point and pertinacity their distinguishing political views and gentiments. The Montreal Gazette is issued three times a week ; and, being published by the Queen's printer, may be considered as the (Tovernment paper. It is distinguished by the copiousness of its intelligence, particularly on local and domestic subjects ; and is of a iTiore literary cast than the others, which are almost exclasively devoted to business and politics* The Montreal Herald, of tory politics, is published daily from the 1st <:>f May to the first of November; and three times a week during the remainder of the year- CONCLUDING REMARKS. 209 There is also an edition for the country, in which most of the atlvertisemerits are omittcfJ, published twice a week; and a Weekly Abstract for Europe. The Morning Courier is also a daily paper to the same extent as the Herald^ with an e(]ition for the country, issued twice a week. It is the advocate of wing prin- ciples. L'Ami du Peuple appears in French, twice a week. The Montreal Transcript is published three times a week. Beside the periodicals, a few separate volume's have made their appearance In Montreal, chiefly on poetical subjects. Some, however, are on Theology ; and several sermons and addresses have been printed within the last ten years. Two treatises on Agri»iilture, by Mr. Evans, r>f Cote St. Paul, contain many valuable observations, which, if reduced to practice by the habitans generally, would conduce to the improved cultivation of the Lower Province, CONCLUDING REMARKS. The number and variety of objects which present themselves successively before the mind, while taking an ext!ursive survey of any considerable place, have a tendency to dissipate or weaken the power of ittention, and render it necessary for the writer to pause awhile, ami then to lookback, and see what has been ac<;omplished or attempted, In the course of enquiry undertaken for the compilation of this volume, it has happened that some ti>pics have l>een brought to liglit which, had they been noticed sost public places of the city. The iron shutters which were nearly universal when the houses were built of wood, and of which strangers were in the habit of complaining as giving to some parts of the city the gloom of a prison, have either been ex- changed for wooden ones in the new stone houses, or succeeded by pannelled shutters of a lighter and more elegant construction than the primitive ones. Liberty has also been given to many of the puddles which used to tarry in the streets, to make their way through drains prepared for their escape to a distance where tJiieir noxious qualities are either neutralized, or rendered CONCIAJDINO REMARKS. 213 I harmless to the inhfabitarits. It is pleasing to witness the (u'ogress of reform iu these matters, though more t.ardy in general than the wants and wishes of the public would r(;(juire. Notwithstanding the great and numerous improvements whicli have long been going on, and are now proceeding, there still remain some things railing for an alteration, and suscciptible of it. Among the evils yet unremedied, stands foremost the state of the streets and roads, which in dry weather are covered with dust, and in rainy with mud, to an enormous and very incon- venient degree. When the roads are dusty, and the wind blows briskly, — no unusual oce made in the materials of the roads themselves. The amount of traffic in every direction through the city and suburbs, will necessarily pr(»duce and raise up large quantities of dust, whatever may be the materials of which the roads are made. But it is evids more than one species — of granite, to be met with '214 CONCLUDIXO REMARKS. its ' in the neighbourhood of tht; city, which would probably answer nnich better tor roads than the substance now employed. It would retpiire more labour in its prepa- ration. Yet with the successive application of heat and cold water, the large stones might be split, and after- wards broken with hammers into pit^ces of a proper size ; and the longer duration of the material when laid down, by the removal in part of the pernicious evils which now prevail, would more than repay the additional labour and expense of preparing the harder stone. Another method of improving the roads has been sug- gested — that of paving them with wood ; an experiment which has been ti'ied in sofiie other pla<;es, and succee class in general. The nearest kindred rock is found in the mountain of Chambly, sixteen miles distant. Tlie extended trappose ramifications which it has projected into the superincumbent horizontal layers of lime -stone, without injury or displacement accruing to them, are very remarkable. The lime-stone and its organic re- mains, numerous and sometimes new and rare, are unchanged, although in contact witit, imbedded in, and even impregnating the trap. A very compourid trap constitutes the largest part of Montreal Hill, and appears in great quantity in the plains on its south. The trap supports, and traverses in direct contact, a oonohiferous lime-stone, which floors nearly the whole island : at a distance from the hill it probably rests on quartzose conglomerate, or sand -stone. The trap may be said to consist chiefly of crystalline hornblende, largely mixed with quartz, CONCLUDING REMARKS. 217 feldspar, mica, and augite. FiXcept where it assumes tlie tbrin of dykes or veins, as is* comincni in the nhiiii about tlie hill, it is massive and usually much weatliered. On the summit of the hill, and sometimes elsewhere, il rises above the vegetation in naked Haitish mounds, closely compacted, and seldom exceeding- five yards in diameter. In the small ruinous ledges and cUDs, it is fissured perpendicularly, and rent by cold into large cuboid blocks. The varieties are very ntimerous, but may all be derived from four principal forms, running into each other without apparent order, and occupying indiscrim- inately all levels. 'V\\^ first consists of )»romiscuoasly aggregat'?d, shining, black prisms of hornblende, fron» half an inch to three inches long, sometimes pure ; and 80 mutually compressed as almost to disappear; but more frequently white or ferruginous masses of glassy feldspar and quartz, mixed in various proportions, are interposed, so as to give the whole a strong resemblance to sienite. Cubic iron pyrites is common, and spicular iron ore in confused crystallization, as a coating. This form is met with on the summit of the east division of the hill, above M'Tavish's tomb, on the middle of its north and west flanks, and the greater part of Mount Trafalgar, especially the lower. On the north east declivity, near the west road to 8t. Catharine, the crystals of hornblende arrange themselves in continuous lines or bunds, from a sixth to half an inch thick, and sometimes several teet long ; with occasional cross rents. They are parted by a mixture of quartz and feldspar, forming, of course, similar baJids, but white. This curious structure is more remarkable as occurring among rocks otherwise disorderly ; and seems to indicate that the mass has consolidated during motion. The seeoThd form exists in most parts of the hill, and in the route ot s3 218 CONCl^tJDlNO REMARKS. the Lachino (^anal, and is wt'll marlied in the low cRfF above M'Tavish'w tomh. It is black, or brownish blauk, opaque, hoinogeno(Mis, rathor fine grained, with blunt edges. It yi«!lrin(;ipally calcareous ; the renuiinder being green eai'tli, which frequently coat* tlie (Tystals. The lime-stone overlying the trap, and receiving it* raniiiicat ions, is a portion of the great basin of secon» including* ttie ridjL^e and the marshy Hat at iti» baHo, i8 composed of different ingredicntn in different {ihices — •and, clay, j^ravel, bowlders of primitive rocks, lime- stone, tlet;ayed vegetables, and fresh water shells. At St. Henry it consists of beds of sand resting upon clay. The quarries of excellent stone finiiid near the Mountain, render it not less an object of interest to tho citizens of Montreal tor the purposes of building, than tine facilities it offers for the investigation of its geology do to the naturalist for the purposes of study. i;( The business of Montreal, though much of it is con- ductiMl jis systeinjitically as that of London, is more rariable at diff'erent seasons of the year than is customary at home. In the winter, but little is doing, ex4;ept by retail trading. At the opening of the river in the spring, vessels come ifi from Europe, and with their arrival, which is hailed with delight, commences the bustle and activity of the season. The merchants' stores are re- plenished ; and both inhabitants of the town, and trad«*i-8 from a distance, make their purchases with avidity. This continues a f 1838. To trace the recent insurrections to their source, and to explore tFie means and steps by which they gradually attained their fearful character, would he foreign from the design of this work, and greatly exceed its limit)*. It may he sufficient to observe, that discontent and opposition to the Governnient on t\w part of many of the French inliabitants of this Province, and particularly of those who were, or jissumed to he, political leaders, had been displaying themselves, in various forms, fi»r many years ; and, growing more intense and bitter, at length broke out into actual rebellion. In the summer, and towards the fall of the year 1837, public meetings were held in almost every parish and county in the Province, especially in the District of Montreal. At thes< meetings the [)eople were ha- rangued, by the leading members of the Assembly, in the most inflammatory language, and resolutions were passed repudiating the anlhority of Parliament, denying the obligations of the laws, and enforcing a scheme of general organization and terrorism, which were evidently the preliminary syn»ptoms of insurrection and revolt- J 224 PIIELIMINAKY MOVEMENTS, [[r Altout t}»is time thv tri-ooloiircid Has? wiis layed for st^voral «lays at St. Ilyarintlio, and iiitho neiglib(»urh<>o(l of St. (Jharles arid St. l>(!nis ; and at a lucotinjyr held in thci latter village, an influential person present warned tlie j)eoi)le to he ready to arm themselves ; and some of thf» tavern-keepers substituted an eagle in phue of their usual signs. Associations were formed, with a design of overthrowing the Government; and the ''Central Committee of Montreal" were arnation aintmg ' iuhabitarits of the country, thre marc peacei mng them with the loss of life and property if they did not PUBLIC MEETCNnS. 225 imin'Mliately acriuicsce in their viowH and projects. Justices of the Peace and Officers of Militia, were o^nnpeiliMl to resig^ii their connnissions, and many took reCuj^o m Montreal. On the sami! day a meeting- of the loyal and consti- tutional inhahitajit*! took place in this city^ for the "maintenance (d'pfer Canada, The Attorney (leneral arrived from Quebec for the pnrpose of directing measures, and for dealin*^ ac(;ording' to law witii <*ertain foreign military ofhcers who had been iritrodnced into the Province for tise [nirpose of giving aid to the insurgents. Th(^ Magistrates of Aiontreal having receiM'd infor- mation, on the ^th of November, that )»unierous bodies of men, of different parties^, intended on the following day to parade the streets of the city, immediately issued a proclamatibled in an enclosed yard near St. Jam(;s Street, although some of their leaders had jdedged themselves to the Magistrates that no procession should take place. About three hundred of them sallied forth, armed with bludgetuts, ])istols, and other vveapons, and made a furious and indiscriminate attack on all that fell in tluiir way. For a time they had full poss(«ssion of the street, breidiing windows, and threatening other mischief. But the Constitutionalists were soon aroused, and dispersed the riotous as^euxblage. SJ26 AFFRAY ON PLACE D ARMCS. ! ( hut were far from satisified with this success. About six o'clock, the Riot Act was read, aufl tiie military were called out- A party of the Constitutionalists were ost. A company of the Royals w{is posted near the Bishop's Church : the officer in command received from the Loyalists a seven-b.irrelled gun, two other guns, a sword, jind a banner of the " Sons of Liberty," which Jiad been taken from a house in Dorchester Street, where they were in the habit of meeting for drill. After this, all became quiet, and the Magistrates ordered the tro(»ps to their barracks. In proceeding thither, the Royals fimnd a party attempting some injury to Papineau's lumse : but they desisted the moment the troops came upon them. In the course of the evening the office of the Vindicator., a seditious newspaper, was destroyed by some of the more zealous of the British |)arty. The military patrolled the streets till day-light. No further violence was committed, no lives were lost, ,ind no opposition offiE?red to the soldiers. On the 10th of NoNember, Sir John Colborne, as Commander of the Forces, removed his head quarters from Sorel to Montreal ; and on the same day, in con- sequence of intelligence from St. John's, a detachment of the Montreal Volunteer Cavalry proceeded thither, as a corps of observation, under the command of Capt. Glasgow of tfie Royal Artillery. He found a large body of armed habitans posted on the opposite baidi of the Richelieu River. Attended by two of his men, he ap[troached this party, and demanded the cause of their beuig met together at that place. They answered that, if he did not immediately retire, they would iii-e upon WARRANTS ISSUED. "tl'. him. The Cavalry wero then ordered to take possessioii of the hridgo, to prevent this armed body from cronsinj^ over to St. John's, and carrying on, as they said they were resolved to do, tjieir treasonable practices of inti- midation and coercion. The state of affairs throughout the district now became trnly alarming ; and it was evident that a spirit of disaffection and contempt of the laws had spread itself far and wide among t})(» people. On the IfJth of November, warrants were issued, and rewards OiTered, for the apprehension of twenty-six individuals charged with High Treason, of whom all were of French origin, except one ; eight were Mem- bers of the Provincial Parliament, and the greater part of the whole number were in the higher classes of society. Eight ii^ them were committed to prison at the time ; but all the others who resided in Xaww made their escape. Two of theni re^sided at St, John's, and one at St. Athanase, and the warrants for their apprehension were entrusted to a peace otficer, who, accompanied by a body of the Royal Montreal Cxvalry, proceeded tf» execute them, by way of liongueni' and Chambly. Demarav tind Daviirnon were arrested at St. John's, and the party were returning to Montreal with them by the same route. When within about two miles of Longueuil, the (Javalry and peace otBcer in charge of tlie prisoners, were interccjpted by a large body of armed peasantry, who fired upon them from their houses, from behind the fences, and frcmi a barn which bordered the road, and compelled theui to abandon their prisoners. Several of the Cavalry were vvound<3d, and their horses injured, by the fire of the insurgents. These partial successes infused fresh vigour into the rebels, and led them to suppose that no force could withstand them. Notice of the rescue having been (tonveyed to Montreal, it was deemed advisabh* tf Til 228 re- hension ; and the civil authorities applied to the Commander of the Forces for aid in securing them. On the 23d a body of troops under Colonel Gore embarked on board the steamer St. George for Sorel, where they landed in the evening. At ten o'clock they marched towards St. Denis, intending to attack the fcu'ce at that place, and then move on rapidly to assist Colonel Wetherall of the Royal Regiment ifn his attack upon St. Charles. The march m as a terrible one, in conse- quence of a heavy rain, and the muddiness of tlie roads. They did not reach St. Denis till after day-light. An attack was conimeTiced ; several rebels were killed ; but y.,|'.'!iv;>:v"v,.vv eived t the hhe Vk\- hose pre- the On rked they I'hed tlnit oiu?l jpon )iKse" fuLs. An but DEFEAT OF REBELS AT ST. CHARLES. 229 finding- it iini»f»ssibl« to dislrxigo soine of tho rohols from a largo stono liouso from wlii(;li they wiiro firing, and his num being exhausted by th(> fatigues of the pre- ceding night an he discovered them in a well-chcsen position, and under the protec- tion of an abattis. They fled, however, as soon as he had formed to attack, leaving their two guns behind them. On the 3()th of November, Colonel Wetherall, and the whole of the troops under his command, landed from the steamboat Victoria from Laprairie, bringing with them twenty-five prisoners taken on the march to Chambly and at St. Charles, together with the pole and cap of liberty, which had been raised at the latter place. The troops, upon landing, were heartily and enthusias- tically cheered by the people on the wharf, who es<'orted them to their quarters with shouts of applause. During these operations on the Richelieu, and before authentic intelligence arrived respecting them, the state of the public mind in this city was such as cannot easily be described. Every heart was anxious, and every coun- tenance betrayed the emotion. The ordinary concerns of life were, now, minor considerations, and gave way to the all-engrossing topic. When the new s arrived, on the afternoon of Sunday 26th of November, the joy with which it was welcomed, was extreme : there is no VOLUNTEERS OIKJANI/KD. 231 (luubt lliat tlie lives uiul fortunes of thousands of the loyal iiiliabltaiits pej4 for the future. While these oj>erations were goinj^ on, a lamlable spirit of loyalty and zeuJ was displayed by numy i»- the eiti/iens of Quebec and iVltnitreal, as well as by the inhabitants of the Townships and other parts of the Province, in the formation oi' volunteer corps, of various tion.s viere formed. Colonel Gore vvsis ordered a second time to Sorel with a view of proceeding to another attack on St. Denis. Having reached that place, he entered it with- out opposition, the occupants having lied. An iron gun and a considerable quantity of arms and ammunition, were found in tlie place, and destroyed, as were the fortified houses, and all the defences which had been raised by the rebels. Marching on to St. Charles, the Colonel received information that some of the chiefs were probably at St. Hyaciuthe. Thither he proceeded, 2iy> AfURDEH OF MEUT. WKIU. but foviiK) them not Aftnr enr a *'mw. Previously to thcs*- latt«^r niovt^ments, a i;u>?t ti aji^ical «ver\t had taken phire, tht^ particniars of which w«^n: not knt»wn till some tiine after »he lunrihle troops ; but mistakir.g' the road, lie j>a.ssed the troops, and arrived at St. Denis before them. Here he was made a prisoner , closely pinioned, sent forward to St. Charles, and on die road was barbarously niurdercMl by his brutal gu.'u'dians. The fact, and the cruel circnn)stances. ac- iX)mpanying it, were •fully ascertained on the second expedition to St. Denis. The body, wbieh was found in the Richelieu, was brouj^ht to JVlontreal for interment. The funeral took place on the 8th of December, with military honours \ and it may be said that Montreal i.ever before witnessed so solenui and imposing a spectacle. A vjist body of civilians of all ranks, and of military, both regulars and volunteers, attended on the occasion. The sympathy that was felt i<>r the unfortu- nate sufferer, and the hidignation excited against his «ruei murderers, were strongly expressed by the MAUTTAI, LAW PIUK^l.VlMfJD. 2^3 nssomblt^d miiltituflcs. So great wjis tlic confrmrsp, that tin rou'l t'roin tlu* Qnt'lior Suburbs Ut the buryinja^ aground, whi.li U halt a >nil<^ in l*Misrtli arul of <'onsiiltMa- bK- brcNirltli, wa^ dccupicil by oiu- l\v"nis«' miss oi au'ti ; and uu en:' <;(>iiM j^cit admittjuKr tn ||m» g-ruuud, <'xr<'|»t tb(»s«« who iinmcdiati'ly followotl tho hcarsi'. On the 2l>tfi oF Non ♦•)obrotot"t!Ot» and favour ; at the same time (jHerinj.*; rewards for the appreheimien of the leaders. Mai ti.il hiw was jm-o* laiaied in the distri<"t of Montreal on the 5th of Deeember, and Sir John (!olb(M'ni' invest'.^d with authurity to execute it. M my of ihtj msur|;ents who had tli^l tij»itate retreat into the United States, M'ith great loss in prisoners, anns, and munitions, before they had penetrated a mile into the township of St. Arniand. Tiiis briUijint alfair took place near the losidenf'.e of Mr. Miram Moore, on a point popularly ojiUed Moore's coiner. This exploit enabled Sir .Tohn Cfdborne to withdraw several companies from St. Jelliou in (jther directiotis. While these movenients were taking- place on the South side of the St. Lawrence, preparations almost as extensive, aud perhaps more vig-orous., were making by IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^ 1.0 1.1 11.25 1^128 |25 Itt lii 12.2 :^ uo 12.0 ^1^ Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WtST MAIN STtiET WUSTH.N.Y. 14580 (716)872-4503 ^ ^^/^ ■<^ 234 REBEL FORCE AT ST. ECS^TACHE. the rebel party on the North, particularly in the county of the Lake of the Two Mountains, at St. Eustache, St. Benoit, and St. Schoiastique. In that neiju^hbour- hood, also, Magistrates and Officers of Militia were compelled to surrender their commissions, and many of the loyal and peaceable inhabitants were forced to take refuge in this city and other places, for the preservation of their lives, leaving their property of every description at the mercy of the insurgents. Bands of nocturnal marauders paraded the country, armed and disguised, threatening the lives and property of all wtio did not join them, with destruction ; firing into the houses of those who were obnoxious to them ; burning their barns and other outi*ave countrymen, for their iservicefiii in putting down a rebellion which had done much mischief and threatened more. His Excellency Sir John Colborne, as Commander of the Forces, by his prudent foresight, Jiis prompt sagacity on the one hand when danger sur- rounded us, and his clemency on the other, when submission aUowed it, together with his readiness to make known important intelligence to the community, has entitled himself t«) the la^sting esteem and gratitude of every loyal inhabitant of Canada. But not alone were the troops above mentioned engaged in tlie duties of this eventful season. During the absence of the expedition, the garrison duty of Montreal was entrusted to the companies of the 24th Kegiment remaining in town, and the difterent volunteer corps of the city. Their coin-age and loyalty were soon put to the test. About ten o'clock on the night of the 13th December, intelligence had reached the city tliata large body of rebels were marching upon La<;hine, for the purpose, it was supposed, of seizing the arms which had a short time previously been deposited there for the XSeauharnois Volunteers, and then proceeding with them to attack Montreal in the absence of the regular troops. The report gaining ground, an alarm was sounded tiu'ough the city, and in an incredibly short space of time, the whole volunteer force mustered in arms, and pro- reeded to meet the rebeU in the direction in which they were expected — Colonel Maitland's battalion marching to the Tanneries, three miles out of town — every man l>eing resolved to do his duty. The ^larm proved to be a false one, as far as regarded Montreal ; those rebels who had collected about Lachine having been disap- }>ointed of their object by the removal of the arms on board some batteaux in the river, and by the timely appeaiauce of the Lachine Cavalry. The volunteers. SECOND REBELLION. 239 therefore, after being under arms mo8t of the night, retired to their quarters. Their conduct, however, wa« such as to reflect the greatest credit both upon officers and men, all of whom evinced the best possible disposi- tion, and by their zeal, courage, and activity, afforded ample evidence that the city had beeu safe in their keeping. ,•• v// i,^^ ..j '•:■,..■..,., >.>... ! With the return of the troops from the County of the Lake of the Two Mountains, the military operations (wnnected with the first rebellion in Lower Canada may be said to have terminated, except so far as it was necesstu'y to keep different parties in motion to guard against surprise, and to check irruptions which were sometimes threatened, and at others attempted, from the United Stat-es, of refugee rebels and those who were inclined to join them. During the remainder of the winter, and the spring of 1838, various prisoners of greater or less distinction, who had been engaged in the iusurrection, were fi'om time to time apprehended and brought to Montreal. The transactions wliich took place in Upper Canada, during the period of which we have been treating, though of an equally important character, do not properly belong to our narrative. In the course of the summer and autumn of 1838, rumours were circulated^ and surmises formed, that another rising of the disafllected was in progress, or at least in agitation. An unusual run upon the banks, in the demand tor cash on the part of the habitans who had notes in their possession, with various murmurings and other symptoms, gave sign that all was not at rest. The " sympathy," as it was termed, shewn to v2 240 MURDBR OF MR. WALKER. the insui^nts by many of the inhabitants of the border States, kept alive the expectation. Early in October, if not before, many facts were in the knowledge of the Governor-in- Chief and the Commander of the Forces, which called for increasing vigrilance, and justified active preparation. The lenient measures which had been adopted with regard to several of those who had been apprehended for their share in the first rebellion, instead of being followed by a grateful return of allegiance, were, in many instances, construed into fear, and abused to the purposes of renewed aggression and tumult. These seditious movements were, for the most part, con* fined to the south side of the St. Lawrence ; the country above St. Eustache and its neighbourhood remaining perfectly quiet, whatever might have been the hints or threats of individuals. - On Friday the 2d of November information waa received of a preliminary meeting of a few of the lead> ing rebels and refugees, to be held that evening at the residence of Gagrnon, about six miles from St. John's. A party of soldiers, with a magistnU«, were sent to apprehend them. Seven were taken, and among them the son of Gagnon, but the father was not to be found. They were all armed. A few other arrests were made at St. John's ; and all the prisoners afterwards brought to Montreal. On Satnrday the 3d, at La Tortu, about eight miles above Laprairie, a number of rebels attacked the scattered loyalists in that quarter, and two respect- able farmers, named Walkw and Vitrey, were so cruelly treated, that the former died of his wonnds, and the other with difficulty survived. As many of the loyal inhabitants as were able made their escape to the city. A party of Hussars went o£P from Laprairie to attack the insurgents, who fled at their approach. The same day, a strong part^ mn8l;$re4 H^ ^t* Charles, with an BEAUHARNOIS — C AUOHXAWAOA . 241 intention to join with others lower clown the llicholieu, in an attempt upon 8orel, which, however, wuh not made. In Beauharnois a more extensive rising' took place on the same evening, when a large party succeeded in surprising the loyalists of the village, and made prisoner;* of Messrs. ElUce(sonof the Seignieur), Brown, Ross, Norman, and Dr. Surveyor. During the day the steamer took over four pieces of Artillery to Laprairie, for St. John's. At night an attempt was made to burn the boat, by conveying combustibles into the Wrths ; but no material damage was d(me. The detaining of the Artillery was probably the means of saving the boat, if not the village, as an attack w as meditated. While the inhabitants of the Indian village of Caugli- iiawaga were at worship on Sunday morning, the 4th, a party of rebels surrounded the church, upon which the Indians immediately tunied out, and the Chief, setting an example promptly followed by all, raised the tvar- whoopy seized the rebel next him and wrested from him his musket. The others, being panic-struck, were made prisoners to the number of 64, and brought into Mont- real. Just after the conclusion of the morning service, the alarm became general throughout the city ; rt, least 2000 of the volunteers rushed to arms, though . had not met since the spring, and were so stationea as to guard all the passes into the town, none being allowed to proceed without giving a satisfactory answ id con- ?rtakcn at the th, was mgen, nifined I also a >gulars , The ! good f sight, [n the iicient apier- , and rillage umber of two thousand, had evacuated the place about two hours before, and that about the same number had previously gone off, many of them having thrown away their arms. A few days before this, Dr. Cote, with al>out 400 men, made an attack upon some loyalists at LacoUe Old Steam Mill, which ended in the complete route of the assailants, who lost their only six pounder, 2.50 stand of arms, eight prisoners, eleven killed and several wounded. The object of Cote was to open a commu- nication between the Lines and Napiervillc. Dr. Nelson, with a force of one thousand men, advanced upon Odclltown, where he attacked about 200 of the volunteers under the commrnd of Colonel Taylor. This small force, from Odeiltown church, and with the ud of the gun taken at Lacolle, kept up such a fire upon the rebels, that, after an action of about two hours and a half, they were obliged to retreat, leaving fifty dead, and carr ying offseveral wounded. This gallant behaviour of the volunteers obtained the highest praise from the Commanding Officer. On the 10th of November, part of the 71st Regiment, with upwards of one thousand Glengary men, took Beauharnois, and rescued all the prisoners, with the exception of those who had been removed. On Sunday the 11th, a pleasing sensation was created in town by the arrival of Mr. EUiee, and various other gentlemen who had been seized by the rebels. It appears that> after their capture at Beauharnois, they were, as waa supposed here, conveyed to Chateauguay, where they were confined in a room, from which day-light was excluded, but they were allowed to have candles burn- ing. They vere well treated by the Cure and the nuns, who were allowed to send them what they needed. On Saturday, they were placed in carts, for the purpose, «8 they believed, of being conveyed to Napierville, and 244 PRISONERS SBCURED. ■! ♦ N '! had reached La Pif^eoiiniere, in the Seigriiory of St, Georgi , when their escort, hearinp^ of the evacuation of Napierville, left them and flefl. They were allowed to proceed in the Hanie varU t(» Laprairie, and were even adviKed which road to take, us the safest. 7'hey reached Laprairie about two o'clock in tite uionuug, and Montreal about ten. This now rebellion beings thus promptly suppressed in the short space of ten day»,, attention was now enji^ag'ed with the numerous prisoners that were secured at the different posts of disturbance, and with vigilantly looking after suspected persons and places. Ninety-one prison- ers taken at Napierville were brought in on the I3tli, and on the same day twenty others from [machine, having been taken in arms at Chuteauguay — some of them persons in respectable life. Forty others were brought in from the direction of Laprairie, on the 15th. Meantime volunteers, in various quarters, were on the alert to detect the least suspicious movement in their respective neighbourhoods, and, in conjimction with the regulars, to maintain the peace thus far restored. Intel- ligence having been received of a descent upon Prescott in Upper Canada, by a party of about four hundred men from the States, Colonel Wetherall left town on the 14th, with a sufficient force to resist the unprovoked aggression. Among the prisoners taken at Odelltown, was a French officer, named Charles Hindenlang. This man, after his apprehension, put forth a dociunent, in which he attemped to vindicate himself, and to cast imputations upon those who employed him. In some measure his statement was credited, and for a time divided the opin- ions of many as to the plans, and strength, and intentions of the rebels ; but his trial and subsequent conduct placed his character and professions in their true light. rOtflT MARTIAL APPOINTED. 245 A General Court Martial wsm appointed for the trial of tho rebel priaonerf. It mot for the Arst time on Monday the 19th of November, in the Court Hou«c>. The following Officera cimipoted the Court : Majiir Gt^neral Johw CriTTHEBow, Prmident. Lieut.-Col. Sir JdHN R. EiTBTArc, 2d Batt Urenndter Oitnrdt. Lieut.-Col. tI»;ifRY W. nABNARD, do. do. Lieut.-Col. William Guiekhon, 15th Regiment. Lieut.-Col. James CuAuroBD, 2A Hatt. Grenodifr Giinrdt. Major SAMfrEi. Dilman Pbitchahd, Major of Brigade. Major Henby TowNitBND, 24th Regiment Major Abthuu W. Biuas, 7th Husnara, Captain William Thobnton, 2d Batt. Grenadier Guardo. Captain William B. Smith, 1 5th Regiment. Captain Rouuut Mabch, 24th Regiment Captain Henbv A. Kf.br, 2d Battalion, Royal Regiment. ('aptain Auousti's Cox, 2d Battalion, Grenadier Guards. Captain the Hon. Gfoboe Cadogan, Grenadier Guards. Captain Hugh A. R. Mitchell, do. do. ** All of whom, or the said Major General John Clitherow, President, together with any twelve or more of the said last men- tioned pers4»ns and officers, may constitute the said General Court Martial." . Captain Muller, of the Royal Regiment, was ap- pointed Deputy Juoge Advocate, to be as8i8t«'d by Professional Gentlemen. ,^ The Court Martial, thus constituted and appointed, immediately entered upon its arduous and responsible duties. The public expectation, however, from the ill effects of last year's clemency, out-ran the proceedings of the court, and, after waiting awhile, the people began to be suspicious that nothing effectual would be done against those who had occasioned so much misery, and who would probably, if no severe check were given, repeat their deeds of violence. On the 20th of November orders were issued that> instead of burning lights in the windows, as had been 246 ARMS POUND TRIALS. i in done since the first alarm on the 4thf " every housekeeper in the town and suburbs, shall keep two candles ready to be lig'hted at th^: first signal of the sound of a drum or bell." Meantime the ardour of the British inliabi- tants increased, for the maintenance of their loyalty and the preservation of their lives and pri'^^ileges — tlio volunteer corps were augmented — and the whole (jf this force put upon full pay, and rendered as effective as possible, so that, notwithstanding the occasional drafts from among the regulars to repress the incursions from the United States into the Upper Province, the (;ity, after the first moment of ah^rm, was felt to be in a complete state of defence- Large quantities of arms and ammunition, either taken from the rebels, or found secreted for their use, were brought in from time to time ; and there cau be no doubt that these were obtained either by purchase from the neighbouring States, or by donation from persons residing there, ill-afi'ected to the interests of C&nada. On the 29th and 30th of Novem- ber nearly a hundred rebels from Napierville and Beauiiarnois were brought in as prisoners. The Hon. D. Mondelet, and Charles D. Day, Esq., having been appointed Judge Advocates in conjunction with Captain Muller, the Court Martial commenced the trial of the twelve following prisoners on Wednesday the 28th of November : — Joseph Narcisse Cardiualj Joseph Duquette, Joseph L'Ecuyer, Jean Louis Thibert, Jean Marie Thibert, Leandre Ducharme, Josieph Guimond, Louis Guerin, Edouard Therien, Antoine Cote, Maurice LepaiUeur, Louis Lesiege. After a patient and impaitial investigation, in which the prisoners had the benefit of able advocates, two of them, Edouard Therien and Louis Lesiege, were acquitted, the other ten were found guilty, and condemned to death, and two of them, J. N. Cardinal and J. Duquette were executed INCURSION FROM THE STATES. 247 on Friday the 21st of December. They were !)oth implicated in the rebellion of latit year, and derived but little wisdom from the lenity then shewn to them. The discontented inhabitants of Canada were not the only persons who disturbed its peace. Certain restless spirits beyond the lines, affectiiij^ to '< sympathize" with those who enjoyed as much liberty as themselves, but really bent upon cruelty or plunder, made incursions at Uieir pleasure, but sometimes to their disappointment and sorrow. We have already referred to one invasion of this sort, chiefly, indeed, under Canadian leaders, and to others commanded by Americans : the following occurred on Sunday, Dee. 30th, at Beech Ridg-e on the Province line, Rouville. About two o'clock in the morning a band of American ruffians from Alburg, to the number of fifteen or twenty, armed with muskets and swords, came across the line about half a mile, and broko open tho house of a loyalist of the name of Gibson. The terrified family awoke from their sleep, and saw the glare of their barn on fire. Gibson leaped from a window, and fled, without putting on his clothes. The wife, and family of five children, the oldest not thirteen and the youngest an infant, were ordered to depart. The poor woman prayed for time to throw some c;lothe!S on the children and herself ; but they were driven out with imprecations, and the house fired. The night had been tempestuous, and the thermometer ranged between ten and eighteen degrees below zero. Tlie mother with her babe in her arms and her shivering little ones by her side, all without shoes and nearly without clothes, was compelled to drag herself through the snow, drifted as it was, three quarters of a mile before she could find a shelter. The unfeeling wretches then proceeded to the next house, occupied by Isaac Johnson, a loyalisit, with two daughters, ordered the inmates to leave it, and 248 TRIAL OF REBELS. M i'( then set fire to it and the barns. They visited Home other places which they served in like manner, and then made good their retreat to Vermont. The barns which contained the whole grain produce of the farmers, and all the other buildings, were a heap of smouldering ruins before sun-rise. In the course of the winter and spring other similar incursions were made upon the border by unprincipled men, so that a residence there became both precarious and painful, though not always attended with circumstances of so horrible a description. The trials still pr(»ceeded ; and (m the 1 8th of January five other rebels were execut<»d over the front gateway at the New Gaol ; viz. P. J. Decoigne, engaged at Napierville, and Jacques Robert, two brothers of the name of Sanguinet, and P. Hamelin, concerned in the murder of Mr. Walker, at La Tortu. The gallows had been removed to a more public situation to convince tlie habitans of the reality of the executions, for on that point they appear to have been previously incredulous. Decoigne, who was a Notary, delivered an address on the scaffold before he suffered, to the effect that they were all convinced of the enormity of their crimes, the justice of their fate, and the tolly of neglecting " the good instructions that had been given them.'' Last year several persons suspected of being engaged in the murder of Narcisse Chartrand, underwent their trial in the Criminal Court ; but, although the evidence against them was most clear and decisive, they were acquitted, in the face of it, by a Canadian jury. Two of them, Francois Nicolas and Amable Daunais, profited so little by their former escape as to engage in the secoud rebellion, and, beiiig brought to trial and con- victed, were, with three others, executed at Montreal, on the 5th of February. The first of these three, Charles Hindenlang, was a native of France, and had CONFESSION OP HINDJSNLANO AND NICOLAS. 249 been an ofli(;or in the French service. He was taken in the fight at 0(hilltown, where he had exercised com- mand over a part of the insurgents. After his committal, he made a confessiofi tending to vindicate himself and criminate his associates, but to which he gave the lie in his spee«;h on the scaffohl. In his affidavit he had declared that the cause in which he had embarked was a bad one, and the men with whom he had been asso- ciated, villains ; adding that, if he were liberated, he would use every exertion to uphold the Government, and to bring under its power those with whom he had acted. Yet now, with liis dying breath, he applauds the very revolt he had pretended to condemn — and says it was a good cause. He denied the right of the Government to put him to death, and concluded by exclaiming " ViVF. la Liberte !" using the words in a sense which his previous remarks made but too evident. Nicolas, on the other hand, deprecated the cause in which he had been engjiged, confessed that it was beg^m and maintained by the ardour of young men, to whom their parents had neglected to give instruction, or who, perha{)s, had it not in their power to instruct them. He admitted that he had lod a bad life, and had deserved long ago to die — declare I II m them, the time and the means. I have seen tlie time when I was proud to be a British subject, and I had great reason — and it is only since fanatic spirits liave represented to me things in a different point of view that I have become disaftected towards my Government. Fathers and mothers, who bring up children... extinguish in their young hearts any possible animosity that may there exist against persons of a different country, or of a different creed." Happy indeed would it be if such prudent counsel Mere universally received and acted upon by our deluded fellow-subjects. The other two who suffered on this occasion, Chevalier de Lorimier, and Pierre Remi Narbonne, were det>ply engaged in the rebellion. These were the last executions that have taken place under the recent convictions ; our humane Governor having deemed it safe to gratify the kindness of his heart in tempering judgment with mercy, and to com- mute the sentences of death in other instances for punishments less severe. The sudden and violent extinction of Iniman life, even for purposes of justice, and the conservation of the public peace, is a matter of such awful import, that every benevolent person will rejoice whenever it can safely be dispensed with. The danger in the present case is, that the act of clemency may be misunderstod and abused by those in whose favour it is exerted. Ignorant and uninstructed as the great mass of the French people unquestionably are, they are easily misled by designing men, and as easily persuaded to ascribe the exercise of mercy to motives just the opposite of those in which it originated. From the experience of the preceding year, it would seem that persons engaged in rebellion, possess not any very nice sense? of honour, gratitude, or moral obligation in any shape. Some instances of the contrary may have \ % ( CRUELTY AT CALDWBLL's MANOR. 251 appeared ; and had they been more numerous, and formed the rule instead of the exception, we should have contemplated with more unniingled satisfaction, the amnesty already indulged in, and even the extension of it t« a much greater number. A deed of cruelty, as horrid as any that took place during the rebellion, was perpetrated on the night of Saturday the 2d of February. A party of about twenty came in from the American side, with blackened fiices, and armed. They proceeded to the third concession in Caldwell's Manor, which is a considerable distance from the boundary line, to the house of a man living there in peace with his family. They stabbed him through and throng ii with a bayonet, and used such violence with the weapon, after the wounds were inflicted, that they wrenched the bayonet from off the musket to which it was attached. They also inflicted three bayonet wounds on the son, a fine young man, one through his thigh, one through his leg, and another through his body and shoulder blade. The father soon died of his wounds, and the son suffered dreadfully. The villains then deli- berately packed up the man's furniture upon their sleighs, «et fire to the buildings, and absconded. On first enter* ing the house, they locked up all the females of the family in a room by themselves ; and, after setting fire to the house, left them there to be burned to death. They were unable to release themselves, and it was not till the arrival of neighbours that they were rescued, and the fire extinguished. This border warfare is the most annoying, and, under all the circumstances, the most unjustifiable, of all the modes which the insurrection has assumed, or been connected with. On the 6th of May Benjamin Mott, of Alburgh, Vermont, was found guilty of Treason at Lacolle by the Court Martial, and sentenced to death. With this v2 252 RELIEF TO SUFFERERS, ETC. H : i I ^ trial the Court finished its labours, after a session of iive months and a half, during* which one hundred and ten prisoners had been tried ; — twelve executed, nine ac- quitted, and the remainder, now in gat)l, under sentence of death. These eighty-nine will probably not suffer the extreme penalty of the law. As a relief to the painful details above given, it is matter of consolation to record that the case of the wives and famdies of those brave men who fell at Odelltowu, LacoUe, and other places, in defence of their country, drew forth the sympathy of their companions in arms ; and numerous contributions were made, both among the regulars and the volunteers, to relievo their necessi- ties, and private individuals were also forward to mitigate, as far :iii possible, the sorrows of those whose friends had suffered in the common cause. Thus far have we been enabled to trace the progress and defeat of the second attempt to change the Govern- ment, and overturn the Constitution of this land, by means as unjustifiable as tliey were uncalled for. That grievances existed need not be denied ; but there were other and far better modes of removing them than the criminal ones which were resorted to. Whatever may in justice and equity be granted as to the ground of complaint, there is much truth in the following remarks of an American writer. They were written and pub- lished several years ago ; and though the language of rebellion was not then distinctly uttered, the author saw that the elements of discord were in motion r-i— " The Ca- nadians," said he, " by the original treaty of Quebec, and by subsequent laws, have secured to themselves greater privileges than the people of the United States possess, even in the government of their own creation and adoption; and yet there is always a settled opposition U> cprtaip ftcts of the (Jovernjnent aff^ctjn^ local objects. FRENCH AND BRITISH INFLUEXCK. 253 »e of saw Ca- and jater sess, and ition ects. There is always a jealousy, a suspicion, and distrust of the Mother Country. Hence the judicious projects of the British Government for the benefit of Canada, meet opposition from the Cohiuial Legislature ; and such is the apprehension that their religion, language, laws, and ancient customs may be abrogated by the gradual «n- croachments of British iiifluenco, that they are <5ontent to retrograde in civilization and the arts, rather than yield one atom of custom or power." What has trans- pired, we have paiid'uUy witnessed. What the future will disclose, who can tell, or (conjecture ? When the Earl vf Durham, soon after his arrival last year, with powers more ample than were ever granted to any previous Governor, issued his declaration of impartiality, and announced his intention to regiird all classes without distinction, and adjust as far as possible their respective claims, many persons thought, at least they hoped, that rebellion and disirontent would cease. Nor was this an unreasonable expectation ; but it was disappointed. The resignation and departure of his Lordship might have had some eilect upon the raali3on~ tents, as well as others ; but it must have been slight in relation to the former; as the second outbreak had commenced before he could have proceeded many miles down the river — and must have been planned and arranged before he liad thought of leaving C^anada. The conclusion suggested by experient^e is, that, as honesty is the best policy, and the most direct way is generally the best, it will \>e no longer safe or wise to hide from ourselves tlie necessity, now more than ever imperative, that Canada must not only be, but appear to be, a decidedly British Colony. As it belongs to Britain, British influence must predominate ; but it must be exercised justly and kindly for the encouragement and benefit of all. v3 254 AMERICAN ANTIQUITIES. Should it please Providence to restore harmony to this long agitated country, and endow our " Senators with wisdom" to enact such laws as are suited to its state, and place its various interests on a good founda- tion, we ahiiW have every reason to look for not only a continuance, but an increase of prosperity. The amazing natural advantages of the country, if duly improved, would yield an ample return ; and furnish not only to its present inhabitants, but to millions more, a comfortable home and subsistence ; and contribute largely to the diffusion of happiness through the empire. The parent state, kindly and wisely cherishing this pai't of her colonial family, would meet not only with a return of warm affection, but a large accession to her strength, dignity, and importance. Amid this general improve- ment, of which it is rational to indulge the hope, the city of Montreal will have its full share of benefit. Its admirable location, the spirit and enterprise of its inhabi- tants, the increase among them of intelligence and moral worth, unite in cherishing the expectation that Montreal may attain a yet higher station among the cities of the western world. AMERICAN ANTIQUITIES. Under thl., or similar titles the attention of the public has of late been frequently called to the consideration of various objects, in different parts of this continent, which seem to indicate that it has been occupied by a race very different from any which ai*e now known to inhabit it. In the opinion of some who have examined these matters, the tribes of Indians which were found here by Columbus and subsequent travellers, were preceded by a people far more advanced in civilizattou and science, ANTIQUE RUINS. 255 the roraMiia of whose power and skill have from time to time been brought to light. The ruins of forts and cities, under the present surface of the country, mounds and tumiiU above it, together with utensils and cuiiosi- ties of various kinds whi<;h have been dug up at different placbs, are supposed to shew that the arts were practised here, to a great extent, at periods antecedent to the generally supposed origin of American history. The idea has been plausibly supported that some parts, at least, of this continent were known to certain inhabitants of Europe, more particularly the Norwegians and the Danes, before they were discovered by the great navi- gator to whom the honour hsis for ages been assigned ; not, however, to tlie disparagement of Columbus, for it is admitted that, whatever might have been known formerly, in his time the knowledge was lost, and the western hemisphere was again absolutely a terra incognita. Whatever portion of truth there may be in any or all of these conjectures, and whatever share fancy may have had in their formation, the enquiry has at length assumed a shape which entitles it, at least, to respectful con- sideration. About six years since, a volume appeared in the State of New York, with the following title — " American Antiquities, and Discoveries in the West : being an Exhibition of the Evidence that an ancient population of partially civilized nations, differing entirely from those of the present Indians, peopled America many centuries before its discovery by Columbus ; and en- quiries into their origin ; with a copious description of many of their stupendous works, now in ruins, with conjectures concerning what may have become of them. Compiled from Travels, authentic sources, and the researches of Antiquarian Societies. By Josiah 256 MONUMENTS OF ANTIQUITY. ii i ^ ■■ M ft Priest." The compiler hm collected a multitude of papers, testimonies, and desiTiptiona, which had been written at dilFereut pla<-e8, through a series of yiMWA, both in (he new and the old world, and ha^ given many observations of his omii ; though witiiout much attention to order and method. Among a nnndier of strange and fanciful conjectures, there are some statements which will be read with astonisimient, if not with incredulity, by those who have never ventured to think it possble Uiat a civilized being had ever set his foot upon this continent till nearly the close of the fifteenth century. In Mexico, in Peru, in some parts t)f Canada, in Ohio, Pennsylvania, Carolina, and others of the United States, monumtrnts of antiquity appear to have been discovered, which have excited much attention among naturalists and historians. Drawings are given in the volume, of the most singular or important of these curiosities. Some years ago the Society of Geography in Paris ofFerent narrowH toworiU the ititliiniii* uf Duricn, and is about 80(» miles south of Now OrhMini*. The discovery of these ruins, and also of many others, e(|uaI1y wonderful, in the same country, are just com- mencing to arouiie the attention of the schools of Europe, who hitherto have denied that America could boast of her antiquities. The neighbourhood of IJrownville, or Redstone, in Pennsylvania, abounds with monnments of Anti(|uity. A fortified caiHp, of a very complete and curious kin•!, TIJMUIil, KTr. 259 I, and ii y otIierR, ist vxmi- Kiiropo, buuHt of Umc, in ritiquity. us kin• •tks, in ••itlwr of thoHe countriua have been the sanu*.*' pp. H7 -88. " There are no parts of the kingdoms or connffie«< of the old worhl, hut liavv relehrated in poetry and Hober history, the mighty relirs and anticpiities of ancient empires, an Home, HabyUin, (irreece, F^gypt, llindostau, Tartary, Africa, (Ihina, Persia, Kurope, Ruswia, and many of the islands of the sea. It yet reuuuii!) tor America to awake lier story from itti oblivious sleep, and tell the tab; of her anticpiities — the traits of nations, coeval, perhaps, with the eldest works of man this side the flood. This curious subject, although it is obscured beneath the gloom of past ages, of which but small re<:(»rd remains ; beside that which is written in the dust, in the form of mighty mounds, tumuli, strange skeletons, and aboriginal fortifications ; and in s(»me few instances, the bodies of preserved persons, as sometimes found in the nitrous caves of Kentucky, and the west, yet affords abundant premises to prompt investigation and rational conjecture. The mounds and tumuli of the west, are to be ranked among the most wonderful antiquities of the world, on the account of their number, magnitude, and obscurity of origin. "'Thr'y generally are found on fertile bottoms and near the rivers. Several hundreds have been di8<«vered along the valley of the Mississippi ; the largest of which stands not far from Wheeling, on the Ohio. This mound is fifty rods in circumference, and ninety feet in perpendicular height.' This is found filled with thousands of human skelt;tons, and was doubtless a place of general deposite of the dead for ages ; which must have been contiguous to some 260 MOUNDS. !lf ll iii- J' large city, where the dead were placed in gradation, one layer above another, till it reached a natural climax, agreeing with the slope commenced at its base or foundation. It is not credible, that this mound was made by the ancestors of the modern Indians. Its magnitude, and the vast numbers of dead deposited there, denote a population too great to have been 'iipported by mere fishing and hunting, as the manner of Indians has always been. A population sufficient to raise such a mound as this, of earth, by the gradual interment of the deceased inhabitants, would necessarily be too far spread, to make it convenient for tlie living to transport tlieir dead to one single })lace of repository. The modern Indians have ever been known, siiico the acquaintance of white nien with them, to live only in small towns; which refutes the idea of its having been made by any other people than such as diftered exceedingly from the im- provident and indolent native ; and must, therefore, have been erected by a people more ancient than the Indian aborigines, or wandering tribes. Some of these mounds have been opened, when, not only vast quantities of human bones have been found, but also instruments of warfare, broken earthen vases, and trinkets. From the trees growing on them, it is supposed they have already existed at least six hundred years ; and whether these trees were the first, second, or third crop, is unknown ; if the second only, which, from the old and decayed timber, partly buried in the vegetable mould and leaves, seems to fuvoiw ; then it is all of twelve hundi*ed years since they were aban- doned, if not more. Foreign travellers complain, that America presents nothing like ruins within her boimdaries ; no ivy mantled towers, nor moss covered tui'rets, as in the other quarters / it is Indred jcond, 'hich, |in the ten it laban- Bsents Lntled Lrters MARIETTA. 261 of the earth. Old Fort Warren, on the Hudson, rearing its lofty decayed sides high above West Point ; and the venerable remains of two wars, at Ticonderoga, upon Lake Chaniplain, they say, afford something of tlie kind. But what are mouldering castles, falling tiu*ret8, or crumbling abbeys, in comparison with those ancient and artificial aboriginal hillsj which have outlived generations, and even all tradition ; the workmanship of altogether unknown hands? Place these monuments and secret repositories of the dead, together with the innumerable mounds and mon- strous fortifications, which are scattered over America, in Kngland, and on the continent of Kurope, how would their virtuosi examine, and their antiquarians fill volumes with their probable histories. How would their fame be conveyed from learned bodies, and through literary volumes, inquiring who were the builders, of what age of the world, whence came they, and their descendants ; if any, what has become of them ; these would be the themes of constant speculation and inquiry. At Marietta, a pLice not only celebrated as being the first settlement on the Ohio, but has also acqui/ed much celebrity, from the existence of those extensive and supposed fortifications, which are situated near the town. They consist of walls and mounds of earth, running in straight lines, frora oix. to ten feet high, and nearly forty broad at their base ; but originally must have been much higher. There is also, at this place, one fort of this ancient description, which encloses nearly fifty acres of land. There are openings in this fortification, which are •apposed to have been, when thronged with its own busy multitude, ' used as gateways, with a passage from one of them, formed by two parallel walls of earth, leading towards the river.' w .,] 2r)2 SANOITINARY BATTLE. ( -; Tliis contrivance was undoubtedly for a defence against siu-prise by an t^nemy, while the inhabitants dwelling within should fetch water from the river, or descend thither to wash, as in the Ganges, among the Hindoos. Also the greatness of this fort is evidence, not only of the power of its builders, but also of those they feared. Who can tell but that they have, by intestine feuds and wars, exterminated themselves ? Such instances are not unfrequent among petty tribes of the earth. Witness the war between Benjamin and his brother tribes, wlien but a mere handful of their number remained to redeem them from complete annihilation. Many nations, on account of whom as once existing, is found on the page of history, now have not a trace left behind. More than sixty tribes which once traversed the woods of the west, and who were known to the first settlers of the New England states, are now extinct. The French of the Mississippi have an account, that an exterminating battle was fought in the beginning of the seventeenth century, about two hundred and thirty years ago, on the ground where Fort Harrison now ftitands ; between the Indians living on the Alississippi, and those of the Wabash. The bone of contention was, the lands lying between those ri-'^ers, which both parties claimed. There were about 1000 warriors on each side. The condition of the fight was, that the victors should possess the lands in dispute. The grandeur of the prize was peculiarly calculated to inflame the ardour of savage minds. The contest commenced about sun- rise. Both parties fought desperately. The Wabash warriors came off conquerors, having seven men left alive at sunset, and their adversaries, the Mississippians, hnt Jive, This battle was fought nearly fifty years before their acquaintance with white men." — Webster^s Gazetteer J 1817, p. 69. ANCIENT FORTIFICATIONS. 1^63 Also the ancient Bries^ once inhabiting about Lake Erie) and gave name to that body of water, were exterminated by their enemies, another tribe of Indians — so far as that but one member of that nation, a warrior, remained. It is possible, whoever the authors of these great works were, or however long they may liave lived on the continent, that they may have, in the same way, by intestine feuds and wars, weakened themselves, so that when the Tartars, Scythians, and descendants of the ten lost tribes, came across the straits of Bhering, that they fell an easy prey to those fierce and savage northern hordes. It i« not likely that the vast warlike preparations which extend over the whole continent, south of certain places in Canada, were thrown up all of a sudden, on a Jirst discovery of a strange enemy; for it might be inquired, how 8h(mld they know such a mode of defent^e, unless they had acquired it in the course of ages, arising from necessity, and were constructed to defend against the invasions of each other ? — being of various origin and separate interests, as was mucli the situation of the ancient nations, in every part of the world. Petty tribes of the same origin, over the whole earth, have been found to wage perpetual war against each other, from motives of avarice, power, or hatred. In the most ancient eras of the history of man, little walled towns, which were raised for the security of a few families, under a chief^ king, or patriansh, are known to liave existed ; which is eviden<;e of the disjointed and unhurmonious state of human society ; out of which wars, rapine, and plunder arose. Such may have been the state of man in America, before the Indians found fclieir way here ; the evidence of which is the innumerable fortifications, found every where in the western region*. w2 264 MARIETTA. Within this fort, of which we have heen speaking, found at Marietta, arc elevated squares, situated at the corners, one hundred and eighty feet long, hy one hundred and thirty hroad. nine feet high, and level on the top. On these squares, erected at the corners of this great enclosure, were douhtless placed some modes of annoyance to a besieging enemy ; such as engines to sling stones with, or to throw the dart and spear, or whatever might have been their mode.s of defence. Outside of this fort, is a mound, differing in form from iheir general configuration : its shape is that of a sugar loaf, the base of which is more than a hundred feet in circumference ; its height thirty, encompassed by a ditch, and defended by a parapet, or wall beyond the ditch, about breast high, through which is a way toward the main fort. Human bones have been taken from many of these mounds, and charcoal, with fragments of pottery ; in one place, a skeleton of a man, buried east and west, after the maimer of enlightened nations, was found, as if they understood the cardinal points of the compass. On the breast of this skeleton was found a quantity of isinglass, a substance considered sacred by the Mexicans, and adored as a deity." })p. 40 — 44. In Washington Irving's Life of Columbus, there is a reference to the supposed knowledge of this continent by Northern Islanders — " The most plausible or credible account respecting those discoveries is given by Snoro Sturleson, or Sturloins, in his Saga, or Chronich of King Glaus. According to this writer, one Biorn, of Iceland, voyaging to Greenland in search of his father, from whom he had been separated by a storm, was driven by tempestuous weather far to the southwest, until he came in sight of a low country, covered with woods, with an island in its vicinity. The weather becoming favourable, he turned to the northeast, without VOYAGES OP LIEF AND BIORN. 265 landing, and arrived safe at Greenland. His account of the country he had seen, it is said, excited the enterprise of Lief, son of Eric Rauda, (or red head,) the first settler of Greenland. A vessel was fitted out, and Lief and Biorn departed together in quest of this unknown land. They found a rocky and sterile island, to which they gave the name of Ilelluland ; also a low sandy country, covered with wood, to which they gave the name of Markland ; and two days afterwards they observed a continuance of the coast, with an island to tlie north of it. This last they described as fertile, well wooded, producing agreeable fruits, and particularly grapes ; a fruit with which they were not acquainted ; but on being informed by one of their cx)mpanions, a German, of its qualities and name, they called the country from it, Vinland* They ascended a river well stored with fish, particularly salmon, and came to a lake from which the river took its origin, where they passed the winter. It is very probable that this river was the St. Lawrence, as it abounded with salmon, and was the outlet of a lake, which it is likely, was Ontario. There is no other river capable of being navigated, very far from its mouth, with a sea vessel, and which comes from a lake» and empties into the sea, on that side of the coast, but the St. Lawrence. The climate appeared to them mild and pleasant, in comparison^ being accustomed to the more rigorous seasons of the north. On the shortest day in the winter the sun was but eight hours above the hori- con ; hence it has been concluded, that the r ountry was about the 49th degree of north latitude, and was either Newfoundland, or some part of the coast of North America, about the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It is said in those Chronicles of Sturioins, that the relatives of Lief made several voyages to Vinland ; that they traded with the natives for peltry and furs; and that in 1121, 714 •*'■■ i i I, i 1 ^66 VINLAND — ESTOTILAND. years ago, a bishop named Eric, went from Greenland to Vinland, to convert the inhabitants to Christianity. A knowledge of Christianity among the savage Britons, Caledonians, and the Welch, was introduced, as is supposed, by St. Paul, or some of his disciples, as early as A. D. 63, more than 1700 years since. ' From this time, about 1121, we know nothing of Vinland,* says Forrester, in his book of northern voyages, vol. 3, p. 36, as quoted by Irving. ' There is every appearance that ihe tribe which still exists in the interior of Newfound- land, and who are so different from the other savages of North America, both in their appearance and mode of living, and as they are always in a state of warfare with the Indians of the northern coast, are deemed descend- ants of the ancient Normans, Scandinavians, or Danes.' In the chronicles of these northern nations, there is also an account of the voyages of four boat crews in the year 1354, which corroborates the foregoing relations. This little squadron of fishing boats being overtaken by a mighty tempest, were driven about the sea for many days, until a boat containing seven persons, was cast upeen supposed by M. Malte-Brun to be Newfoundland. Its partially dvilized inliabitants, the descendants of the Scandinavian colonists of Vinland, and the Latin bodks in manuscript, found in the king's library, to have belonged to the remains of the library of the Greenland bishop who emigrated thither in 1121, 922 years ago. Drogeo, according to the same conjecture, was Nova Scotia and New England. The civilized people to the southwest, who sacrificed human beings in rich temples, he supposes tr> have been the Mexicans, or some ancient nations of Florida or Louisiana. A distinguished writer of Copenhagen was not long ••«.-■ / DANISH RECORDS. 269 by illy «ince engaged in the compottition of a work on the early voyages of discovery to this continent, as undertaken by the inhabitants of the north of Europe, more tlian eight hundred and thirty years ago. lie has in his hands genuine ancient documents, the examination of which leads to curious and surprising results. They furnish various and unquestionable evidence, not only that tho coast of North America wsus discovered soon after tho discovery of Greenland by northern explorers, a part of whom remained there, and that it was again visited in tho llth, 12th, and 13th centuries, but also that Christianity was introduced among the Indians of America. The documents of this writer furnished even a map, cnt in wood, of the northern coast of America, and also an account of the sea coast south, as far down as tlio Carolinas, and that a principal station of these adven- turers was the mouth of the river St. Lawrence. He says that it was in the year 985 that America was Jirst discovered by Baiske Her Juefser, but that he did not land; and that in the year 1000 the coast was visited by a man named Lief, a son of Eric the Red, who colonized Greenland." The celebrated traveller Humboldt observes: — " Amidst the extensive plains of Upper Canada, in Florida, near the Gulf of Mexico, and in the deserts bordered by the Orinoco, in Colombia, dykes of a con- siderable length, weapons of brass, and sculptured stones, are found, which are the indications that those countries were formerly inhabited by industrious nations, which are now traversed only by tribes of savage hunters." On the subject of these and similar remains, Mr. Keating very appositely remarks — " The country about the Muskingum [river] appears to have been at a former period the seat of a very extensive aboriginal population. Every where dc we observe in this valley, remains of 270 W0RK8 OP DEPARTKD NATIONS. lii workt« which attest, at the same time, the uumber, the geniuH, and the pertieverence of thode departed nations. Their works have survived the lapse of ages ; but tho tpirit which }>roinpted them has disappeared. Wu wander over the face of tho country ; wherever we go, we mark the monuments which they have erected ; we would interrogate them as to the authors of these mighty works, hut no voice replies to ours, save that of the e(;ho. The mind seeks in vain for some clew to assist it in unravelling the mystery. Was their industry stimulated by the deisire of protecting themselves against the inroads of invaders, or were they themselves tho trespassers ? Did they emigrate to this spot ? And if •o, whence came they ? Who were they ? Whither went they ? And wherefore came they here ? Their works have been toni open ; they have been searched into ; but all in vain. The mound is now levelled with tlie sod of the valley ; the accumulated earth, which was perhaps collected from a distance into one immense mass, to erect a monument deemed indestructible, over the remains of some western Pharoah, is now scattered over the ground, that its concealed treasure may be brought lo light. Every bone is accurately examined, every ptece of metal or fragment of broken pottery is curiously studied, — still no light has tis yet been thrown upon the name and date of the once populous nation which formerly flourished on the banks of the numerous tributary streams of the Ohio." — Narrative of cm Ex' pedition to the Source of Sts Peter's River, Sfc, 1823. Vol. I. pp. 39—40. More recently still, there has appeared a work in the capital of Denmark, which toasts some light upon this matter. As the " Northmen" have been supposed to have known something of America from a very early period, it is most fitting that theii^ records should be PUBUCATION OP HECORDS. 271 in the n this ;ed to early Id h» inipected, and such of them av ilIu8trato tlie hiHtory given to the public. vSucli a Hervitve had been performed by M. Rafn, and th«» lloyal Horiety of Northern An- tiquarians, of which he ib the Secretary. First, we are prenented with Antiquitatts Americana ; sire Scrip' toreSy Septentrionales rerum ante-dolutnbianarum in America; i.e. "American Antiquitie!^ ; or Accounts from Northern Writers res[>ectuij^ America before the time of Columbus." Copenhagen. 18^37. And, secondly, SawUny af de i Nordcns Ofdscrijlcr indeholte Efter- retninger om de gamle Nordhoers Opdayel,se»riser til America^ fra det lOfife til del \Ade Aarhundrede ; ». «. " Collection of the Evidenco contained in Old VVritinj^ respecting the Voyages of Discovery made to America by the Ancient Inhabitants of the North, from the 10th to the 14th Century." Copenhagen. 1837. An epi- tome of contents in tlie English language is prefixed by M. Rafn ; and the Foreign Quarterly Review, in exhibiting specimens and results of the evidence, has the following observations : " The early discovery of America by the Northmen is not now made known for the first time ; but the evi- dence on which it rests has never hitherto been published in an ample and satisfactory manner. As early as 1570> Orteiius claimed for them the merit of being the first discoverers of the New World. A correct account of the early discoveries of the Scandinavians in the west, was given by Torfieus, in bis * Historia Vinlandise Antiqua^,* published in 1705, and in his ' Gronlandia Antiqua,' which appeared in the following year. But these works soon became too scarce to forward the ends of their publication, and have been long reckoned, even in the North, among the choicest bibliographical rarities. The writings of Suhm and Schouing, Lindeborg and Schroder, in which similar 272 RECORDS BY NORTHMF.N. intormation w to be ohljiin^'d, being in the northern languages, and in many instances (»nly to be found in periodicul publieation.s, nerer enjoyed an extenRivo European circulation. John Keinhohl Foster > in hisi History of Voyages and Discoveries in the North, tmd gome other writerM chiefiy toUowing in his Hte[»s and familiar to tln^ English r4'ader, luive jisserted the Dis- covery of America by the Northnn»n, but without entering into any statement of circums^tances or of evi- dence ; and their unexplained o[Mniun$« consequently appear to be the offspring of pre73 appoars to liavf; bo»ni conMpicuoiis even among; Northmen for tiuhiilenco of npirit unJ lovn of uHventiirc. lie wa* twii'e ol)lig-(Ml to cliaiit^e his residence in Iceland owing to fends wirh hiH ni'i^hhonr!!i, in which h« committed homicide. In his now ahodf on Iho western Mhores of the island he was eipially unfortunate, and became in- volved in l with 'IMiorgeist, » recou^'iiiatiuii wuH et^'erted between them ; and in the foUewing sum- mer lie H'turntMi to settle in Greenlanih Of Hve and thirty ve8M>ls whi<'h hH .sail with him from trehuid, only fourteen reaehe«l their destination ; of the remainder Home were lost, ami others driven !)ack by the winds. One of the eompanioiiH of ICrik was Herinlf, whose Hon, Diarne, at the tinH> of the migration to (Jrreeuland; wa8 absent on a trading voyjige t(» Niu'way. Surprised, on his return to Iceland, to find his family all gi»ne, he determin(>d at once to follow them, and, as h(^ expressed it, to spend his winter, as he had been always used to iUu ut his father's fire-side. In this he uttered the characteristic sentiments of the north, wlujre the length anstuiMis n<»rth winds, acconipanied by thick fogs, he knew not whither. At h>ngth, when the weather clearermer, but like it covered with wood, lie then continued his course with a south-west wind, an[M>arH to hav(; hvA'M (linrovcMCMl by thf^ Northman r8 »>urly m« f^W(>. The (lisrovlate tlK; incirt'tiMe Red, bought Hiarne's vessel, aud in the year lOOO (»roeeeded on a voyage of discovery towards the south-west. He first camvi to the inland of nnow-clad nHuintainM, formerly seen by Hiarne, and went on shore with some of his 4tom{mnions to exanlin(f^ Tlnue wjih no herbage of any kind upon it, but a bare and rugged plain of slate (hello) exteiuled from the teet of the gltu-iers dowri to the sea- side. Ilenee they gave to this country the name of Helluland, ContiTuiing their voyage, they next arrived at a low coast thickly <'<)verere they jigain made land, when, passing between an island anistward« 80 aia to form a long peninsula, they hehl their course westward alcnig the shores of the latter, where they observed that a great extt?nt of ground was left dry at «bb-tide. They explored in th, and nioi>red her in it. x2 27(1 LIEFS-BOOTHS VINLAND. They proceeded forthwith to ereot themselves some temporary log-hvits, which, as soon as they had made up their minds to winter in the place, they enlarged into comfortable houses, and called them Liefs-booths ; a name whicli recurs frequently in the Scandinavian history of the djjscovery of America. It hapjjened one day that they missed one of their companions, a Sudermaii, that is, a Southern or German, named Tyrker, an old servjint and favourite of liiefs. A party was immediately despatched into the woods in quest of him. After some time spent in search, he was seen staggering towards his friends with an air of ex- travagant j<»y, and liaving first accosted them in German, much to their surprise, he at length went on to acquaint them m staggering accents with the fact that he had been feasting on grapes. It must be confessed that the northern historian, in describing a German inebriated by eating wild grapes, always occurred in succession to the explorers from Greenland who commenced their voyage in a southward course, leave us, we repeat, no room to doubt that the regions so designated were respectively the projecting lands of Newfoimdland, Nova Scotia, and New Eng- land al>out Massachusetts. The nature and aspect of these countries are in perfect accordance with the des- criptions of those discovered by the Northmen. In Newfoundland we find the bare rocks and ice of Helluland ; and in the depressed, well-wooded shores of Nova Scotia, we have no difficulty in recognising the Markland of the Northmen. As to Vinland we are not called upon to acknowledge its identity with the coast of Massachusetts merely on the evidence of such general resemblance. The narrative of Thorwald's voyage furnishes us with some particulars respecting it of a very unequivocal and cogent kind. His explora- tions of the coast from Liefs-booths appear to have been directed towards the east and west. He himself sailed eastwards, we are told, along the coast, and then turned northwards (at point Malabar) round the land which proved to be a peninsula (Nauset), enclosing a bay (Cape Cod Bay). Within this bay he anchored at the mouth of a river flowing from east to west (Pamot River). The point (Cape Cod) terminating the peninsula, and named by him Kialarnes, was opposite to another head- 280 NORTHMEN IN AJMERIOA. li. \i, w i land on the main (Gurnet Point), which was covered with trees, and appeared to him eminently beautiful ; a description that suits well with the peninsula at Ply- mouth, as may be (;ulleeted from the names of the places on its coast, High-Pines Ledge and Green-Harbour. The details of Thorwald's voyage along the coast, east- wards and then northwards till he rounded a headland enclosing a bay and found a river running westwards* •11 square exactly with the coast of Cape Cod Peninsula, and with no other spot in the New World on which conjecture can plausibly fasten. In the same region also we find the Furthurstrand, that is, the Marvellous or Portentous Strand. How appositely this designation might i>e applied to tiie sandy plains near Cape Cod, will be evident from the descriptions of them by a modern writer, Hitchcock, on the Geology of Massa- chusetts. We must not be supposed to undervalue the Collec- tion of Northern Antiquities because we find in it some manifestations of an excessive antiquarian zeal. It contains enough to prove that the American continent was known to the Northmen at the beginning of the eleventh century ; jmd we frankly avow that it appears to us to contain much also, which, whatever be its pretensions, proves nothing at all. The discovery of Vinland, however, was not made in an obscure age. It may have been preceded by many remarkable voyages in the west, and we do not renture to deny positively that the stories of the Limerick merchants respecting the Northmen carried to Great Ireland and the Whiteman's Land, may have had their foundation in some very early transatlantic discoveries. Still further it must be observed that the discovery of Vinland w&s not a transient event, no sooner past than forgotten. As it was thought likely to prore 4- : COLUMBUS IN ICELAND. 281 advantageous, the family of Erik the Red with wliom it commenced, persevered in piomoting it for 8orae years. They had a share in all the voyaj^e'^ made to Vinland from the year lOOO to 1013, which must, there- fore, he considered as one series. The general verisimilitude of tlic Icelandic historiot which relate to Vinland is extremely remarkable. The discovery of Vinland wa« immediately made knov^Ti in Norway ; and in the latter half of the eleventh century Adam of Bremen heard of it from Sweiii king of Denmark. " This discovery," he emphatically ob- serves, " is not a fable, but we know of it from the certain informati— 176. f tew from the Haymarket. A wooden paling has been run across from the market to the rear of the Chapel since the view was taken. — 178. Ship Yard. The vessels enumerated in this article were not all built in the same yard, but in severaL Mr. Munn's yard was on the south of the city toward the mouth of the liachine Canal ; the ground is now occupied by warehouses and stores. Beyond the lower end of the city, near the Current St. Mary, there are three ship yards. The nearest is that belonging to Hart Logan, Esq., of London, and occupied by Mr, Johnson ; and from which the steamer Lady Colbome was recently launched. The second is known as Young's Ship Yard. It belongs to Forsyth & Co., and is occupied by Millar & Co. This is the yard of which Shay & Mvrritt " took possession" in r I 284 NOTES AND CORllKCTIONg. » ! ■■< i IR29, anil In which Mr. IVT. hiiilt the vi-ssels di'soribM in thei p^iniKrapl). Tln^ tliird yard Is wlill lower down the river, and was formerly orcitp'ed by Mr. Farriujj- dou : it brlungs to vtirioiiH iiidiv iduuls, being oom- posed of the pointit of several f. nns vrhirh meet at that plnee. There is also a yard, on the other nlde of the Lachine Caitui, where barj^M -uid other bOiail craft are built for th« forwanl<'r» ; and one farther up the Canal, on thtH bide, at Whipple & C'o.'tt »ture, for the Hftine purpose. Page 216, 10. Dr. Bi^rsby, an EnglJKh gentleman, wiis attached to the JBriti»h Comniiission for determining the bound- ary between the United States and the Britiiih potwessions, in 1824. — 223, etc. In drawing up the Sketcl* of tli'i First Rebellion, '. recourse was had to the summary which appeared originally in the Montreal Gazette. — 215. The River. A striking feature in this niaje»tic stream, independtinction , , ' ' ' '* maintained as low down as Thr«;e Rivers, ninety ■ J / miles beyond Montreal. The line of distinction ia very clearly marked throughout nearly the whole distance. At Lake St. Peter it becomes somewhat obscure, and is lost in the tido waters that approach the town of Three Rivers. At any of the opening* from Notre Dame Street in this city, or from any elevated part of the shore, the speotntor may discern the beautiful green tinge of the St. Lawrence on the farther side, and the purpleish brown of the Ottawa on the half of the river nearest to hiqn. t>XIKTeO BY CAllPB£I.t. A,Nt> DBCltBT. w Ao/t fino noo jio/t V an Inch I. .-> t ■ ^.•::i ■,'i^., ■ ,*.! V V ' "'*"l*f1f X',;ilt>.^ t fiirmi 41 l'>ii\it< llirm I J Hi.hmrHil I Hair t,l r>/u' /).-/«ii/.;fi/ Ihlnii/ (.VniiHi/ i^ Xhixt^i .1 /htiurt /,f ,V' Unn . ^iww/rr tfi tm Itii/ H .S'fHil/ hi.tllllfty til I u-HmIiM liiy» lllHttf I '.I l/,i.«r< lliltl Ml tirtj llrM ,U t.thriiryh Vil/ Hisl' fir' ■>■'.' I'tn Vvi/it. 7 .5,5 <>A HiinA ,W /'A '/•/<» Hum* >-'/ I' e On ;/ -^niruu-.. ^' / 1 1 // ll ? '^1' /' // ' L / '-^/ // , , ,, . ^^-1-. 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