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///^.

POETICAL &EOGMPHY,

AND

Wl)Bmmg Rules for Spdling.

BY W. A. STEPHENS,

Jluthor of ^* Hamilton,'* and other Poems.

TORONTO:
PRINTED BY BREWER, McPHAIL. «fe Co.,

PRINTERS, STATIONERS, AND BOOKBINDERS,

4B, King-street East,

1848. »

P R E F A C E.

A Poetical Geography is something new undef
the sun : at least, I am not aware oi* anything of tlie
kind ever having been written before. Some two yearss
ago I was looking over Morse's Map of the United
States, for the purpose of refreshing my memory iii
reference to the relative position of the various states
which compose the Union, as I was sometimes at a
loss to remember exactly where they were. Whilst
engaged in this, it occurred to me that my object could
be obtained most easily by arranging them in rhyme ;
which, when I had done, I found to be useful to myself,
and I thought, if the same plan was extended to other
countries, it might be useful as a School Book ; and, I
may add, that a number of persons, in whose judgment
I have reason to place reliance, have agreed with m»
in this opinion.

There is nothing comfnitted to memory more eatsfly
than rhyme, as the sound assists the sense ; and some-
things, that would be otherwise difficult to commit, are
made easy by poetical arrangement. For instance, the
little rhyming calendar, " Thirty days hatli September,"

IV.

TREFACE.

A:c., that every body romeinbers, and every body hu*
frequently to consult, and without which we should be
frequently ut a loss. If no almanac were by.

It will be necessary for the learner to commit the
verses to memory; and, at the same time, carefully to
examine the map of each count y described, so that the
eye may become familiar with its position as indicated
in the rhyme ; and 1 lliink, that by this means a greater
amount of geogTuphical knowledge can be obtained in
a short time than by any other.

1 have endeavoured to combine brevity with distinct-
ness; being aware, that tedious descriptiors would
defeat the end I had in view. Having thus stated briefly
my own views, in reference to this little work, I must,
of course, leave it to the public to decide how far they
are correct ; but it is hoped, that those who nay be
disposed to judge, by the strict rules of criticism, of its
poetical merit, will be pleased to consider that from t^e
nature of the subject, perfect smoothness and uniformity
of versification, was of difficult attainment.

I have added Rin^MiNCr Rules for SpELLiNa ; not
because they have any immediate connexion with
Geography, but because I have no other more con-
i^enient way of publishing them.

W. A. Stephkns.
NoftVAL, C.W, Makch, 1848.

<•

(1 be

POETICAL GEOGRAPHY.

EUROPE.

The Arctic Ocean, where the icebergs roll,
Far to tlio norlh, keeps Russia from the pole ;
The Ural niounts, wiiere falling glaziers shiver,
From whence descends the rapid Ural river
Into the Caspian ; all of these divide,
Russia from Asia, on the eastern side.

Then from the Cas])ian to the Black Sea passes,
The long and lofty momitain range — Caucasus :
These latter sea, and mountains well deline
The Russian bound'ry on the southern line.
Along the Danube west her reign extends,
Till meethig Austria, her empire ends.
Then farther north, upon her western side.
Is Prussia, and the Baltic's stormy tide :
One arm of wliieli goes east, nnd })ushes inland,
To Petersburg, 'tis callM the Gulf of Finland :
The other arm, meets many a mountain tide,
And pushes north, on Sweeden's eastern side,
To Lapland : — go through this, by Norway bounded,
And European Russia is surrounded.

POETICAt GEOGRAPHY.

Then, Non\'ay, lies a crooked strip of land,
North-western Europe's zig-zag stormy strand.
From Norway to the Gulf, they Sweeden call,—
And Lapland to the Danish capital.
Almost an island, by two seas surrounded,
On the south alone by land, is Denmark bounded.

From Denmark to the Adriatic Sea
Lies great confederated Germany ;
Including Holstein, Hanover, and Prussia ;
(Poor Poland, lies between the last and Russia :)
Then Mecklenberg upon the Baltic hes,
That does in rank to a Grand Duchy rise :—
All in a line are Lubec, Hamburg, Bremen ;
Three cities, whose inhabitants are freemen.
Then south of Prussia, near tlie mounts of Ore,
Is Saxony, without one briny shore :
Bavaria tlien, to Wirtemberg will join,
South-west, near Baden, on tlie river Rhine,
'Mong these you find full many a minor state,
From Principality to Landgravate :
With cities famed in history and song,
Renown'd for arts ; or arms, in battle strong :
All these, with Austria (foe to the free),
Make up confederated Germany.
Then south of this is Turkey ; still increase
Your journey farther south to anciSnt Greece ;

ll.

POETICAL GEOGRAPKT. 7

Wash'd by llio waves of earth's ^eat middle *ea,

A nation once again, glorious and free !

Now sail to Italy ; you see between us

And *Cobhett's ioo/, the famous Gulf of Venice.

North-west of Italy is Switzerland :

And west, beyond the Alps, is France la Grande*

To Holland, north from France, pass Belgium through,

Where nations fought at fearful Waterloo !

And west of these, vrhere freedom brightly smiles,

Across the wave, are seen tiie British Isles.

South-west of France, bctweei' two rolling seas,

Is Spain : beyond tlie tow'ring Pyrenees.

Across one kingdom more the land extends ;

And Portugal, the map of Europe ends.

*Cobbett said that Italy was like a hoot.

ASIA

PVom Ural mountains east, to Bherings Straits,
(Between two worlds the narrow norUiern gates,)
Where night and winter reign, neath arctic skies,
Far to the north, in north of Asia lies
The Asiatic empire of the Czar ;
Where near the zenith sliines the polar star,
This cold, wide region 'a called Siberia,
Where Russian exiles wend their weary way.
The sea Kamtschatka 's on the eastern side,
The Ural mountains on the west divide,
Siberia from Russia European :
Whilst many a noble river runs the sea in ;

The Oby,Yenesei, Khatanga, and
The Lena ; all along the northern strand.

Between Siberia and China rise.
Huge mountain ranges, towering to the skies.
The Ochotsk, the Japan, and yellow seas.
Bound on the east the famous land of Teas,
Still farther south, her eastern line extends
To Farther India — ^there her empure ends.
Between her western line, and Caspian's tide,
The ludependant herds of Tartars ride.

l%:i

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:•; '••i/v

fORTICAL ftEO<^RAPHY.

■(

: \

\i''

See there the p^reat Himmaleh mountains ri«P,
Than any other nearer to tlie skies ;
And on the south, the boundary they span,
'Tween China, and the Delta Hindostan,
And Farther India's also on the south,
Extending to the Cambodia's mouth :
'Mong all earth's streams that are as long and wide,
No other river rolls so straight a tide.

Malacca pierces through the southern brine,
Extending Asia almost to the line.
Between Sumatra isle, and Borneo ;
And 'tv/een a sea, and Indian ocean's flow,
And pointing where two ocean waves are hurlM,
Around the largest Island in the world.
In India, farthest from the land of Ham,
Is Bairmali, Tonquin, Cochin, and Siam.
Then south of Tartary, is Afghanistan :
Still soutl: upon the sea, is Beloochristan.

Then Persia, so renownd in history,
Is 'tween the Persian Gulf, and Caspian sea.
And north of this, where ?nountain streamlet purls,
Is Georgia, lovely land of lovely girls.
West, is the Empire of the Seigneur Grand,
Including what was once the Holy Land ;
And south of this Arabia's sea of sand.
Arabia 's most by gulfs and seas surrounded,
And now we've learn 'dhow Asia's re alms are bounded.

AFRICA.

vide,

)d.

Algiers, Morocco, Tunis, and Tripoli,
Are by the sea and sand surrounded wholly :
These four, with Barca, form tlic Barb'ry States,
From Egypt West, beyond Gibraltar Straits ;
North of the Desert, and they form almost
The whole of Africa's wide Northern coast.

South of Tripoli is the Fezzan land,
Almost an island in a sea of sand.
East of the Desert sea, and Siwah's is'e,
Is Egypt, lying on the River Nile.
Two noted seas this antient land confine,
One on the East, one on the Northern line;
Excepting that a narrow passage through is,
Between the two to Asia there, at Suez.
And South of Egypt, antient Nubia lies,
Around the Nile, and under torrid skies.
Then Abyssinia, Adel ; east not far,
Is Berbera, Ajan — South is Zanquebar,
And Mozambique ; all in the Torrid Zone ;
Between the Ocean and wide realms unknown.
Off Mozambique 's the Queen of Afric's islands,
Large Madagascar, famed for lofty highlands.

POETICAL GEOGRAPHY.

( I

I!"

iMi \

South of the Southern tropic now you see
The Boshuanas, and their town Kurcechanee.

Now, from tlie snowy mounts, on these look down,
Caffraria, Cape Colony and Town :
The last must wiihtwo mighty Oceans cope,
Cape Colony is on the Cape of Hope —
The Cape we'll double now, and leave the South.

The Hottentots are round the river's mouth
They call the Orange : from the Tropic line,
All Lower Guinea lies along the brine.
Past where the sun no shadow throws at noon :
And reaching to the mountains of the moon,
With Mountain Kong, a range extending far,
From river Senega], to Zanquebar.

Along the ocean, Upper Guinea lies,

Whilst at her back the great Kong Mountains rise.

Liberia is also on the strand,

Where Slaves return, to see their father-land ;

And, west of this, Sierra Leone has

Behind it the Mandingors and Foulahs.

From Senegambia, inland is Bambarra,

And north of these we find the Great Saliara ;

Cross'd only by the thirsty caravan :

All south of this great desert 's call'd Soudan,

Till you the summit of the Mountains gain,

Where rise two mighty streams, that flow tlirough
many a plain ;

POETICAL GEOGRAPHY.

Where grow the serpent, crocodile, and tiger ;
The streams are many mouth'd, both Nile and Ni^er :
To Barbary now cross the sandy way,
And you have made the tour of savage Africa.

*<•{

'*'V.: i* : .'•i*

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A:i. '.-^ -•

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;» i / "■ I 'ti,--J ■ I

NORTH AISERIOA.

I .

Cold Greenland, (own'd by Denmark), little worth,

Is round the Northorn Axle of the earth.

Bears, door, and dogs, the sea gulls, (goose and

gander.)
Make up the oily food of the Greenlander.

■-'['-if '

Just at the Arctic Circle Iceland lies,
Where Ilocla's fires light up the northern skies.
South-cast of Baffin's bay (no corn nor lumber-land)
Is seen the spacious isle, part Cokcburn, and part

Cumberland.
From east to west, New Britain spreads her plains,
From Labrador, to where the Russian reigns.
And south from JI«>^cla. and the Hudson Straits,
To Canada, and tlie Cnited States.
Here's llndsoirs liay. juuI great McKcnzie's flow,
And east and west [he savage Exquinianx.

Between St. ]iawrence Gulf, and Ocean's strand,
Near Labrador 's the Isle of Newfoundland.
And east of this, is found extending wide,
Grand Bank, an Island just below the tide.
South east is Nova Scotia, then go on,
You meet New Brunswick, with her town St. John* :

POETICAL GEOGRAPHV.

iil

Upon the Gulf, the sea, and Fundy's bay
They lie, and v/est of these is Canada,
Which lies upon St. Lawrence and the Lakes,
And now, united, one great Province makes.
All these I've n.^med, from Baffin's arctic bay
Unto the last, are under British sway :
Extending to the land as chief that ratea
Among Republic's, the United States;
Whose coast is found where Gulf and ocean flow,
From Brunswick north, and south to Mexico,
And from this coast, far tow'rds the settir? sun,
Their rule extends to Western Oregon;
From here along the great Pacific go
To Guatimala, right through Mexico;
And Guatimala is a central land,
Between two oceans, one on either strand ;
It almost reaches the Panama Bay ;
And is the end of North America.

3S,

SOUTH AMERICA.

flow,

un,

On South Anicrica's most northern line,

New Granada, and Venzuela join :

Where Orinoco rolls its waters wide,

Throu^Ii many months to meet the Ocean's tide :

It Hows throuo'h almost boundless plains or Llamas ;

Not far from English, French, and Dutch Guianas.

Upon the north, these meet the Ocean spray ;

Their south is back'd by mountains Acaray.

These countries I have named are all you will

Observe upon the north of wide Brazil ;

An empire nearly large as Europe, and

The only empire in this western land.

'Tis here, just at the equinoctial line,

Earth's mightiest river meets the rolling brine ;

Along a hundred vales, a hundred rivers run,

And in the Amazon unite in one !

Brazil extends beyond the Capricorn,

From Ac 'ray mountains southward tow'rds Cape Horn,

Throughout the year, the cold scarce falls to 2ero,

Th' Imperial city is Rio Janeiro.

West of Brazil, you find small Urugua :

The Plata here to Ocean finds its way.

^11=

PdF.riCAU CiKOGRAPIIY

Now crosft the river, south or west, ftiiH tlioro is
The independent Stnto of Buenos. Ayres. —

From river Negro to Delfugo's island,
The Indian's own each dreary plain and highland ;
And Patagonia is the name that's given,
To this wild land, not favor'd much by Heaven.

Now north to Chili — see its narrow land is
Between the wide Pacific and high Andes.
Beyond it, on the ocean, lies Peru :
Bolivia though corner out bv^tween the two ;
Northward and eastward she extends her sway,
To large Brazil, and littlu Paragua,
Now look at Mount Sorata, it is here,
The loftiest mountain In this hemisphere.
BeyondPeru, upon earth's middle line,
Equador lies, from Brazil to the brine.
By these and Grenada it is surrounded.
And now we've seen how all these States are

bounded.
The lands of Sloth, the Condor, and the Lama,
The Continent is ended at Panama.

and ;

ENGLAND

Girt by the Tweed, the Cheviot Hills, and Cumberland,
Durham, and the sea, is wide Northumberland ;
York's south of Durham, on the eastern shore,
DrainM by the Ouse and Aire, the Swale and Yore :
Beyond the Humber, as you journey south,
You meet with Lincoln, with its town of Louth :
Then long Northampton ; when o'er this you're gone,
You enter Cambridge, or small Huntingdon :
These two are inland : east, upon the brine.
Is Norfolk ; and upon her southern line
Is Suffolk ; Essex then ; then Kent is seen.
With river Thames all flowing wide between.
Through many a County this famed river rolls,
And through the City of two million souls.
From County Kent you can see plainly over
To sunny France, across the Straits of Dover.

Sussex is west ; if not in too much hurry.
Go north to Middlesex, through County Surrey :
Back to the sea you'll now the way inquire,
South-west to Portsmouth city, in Hampshire.
From Hampshire on to Cornwall, west by south,
You find seven senport towns, that end in mouth —

•JO

Poetical GEofjRAPi'Y.

(!!

Portsmouth, Woyriioiith. Kxnionth, Ttjiifmiiouth, and
Diirtniouth jirid Plyinouili ; urar tli»» end of land
IsFtdmoutb. ia llir? sea-w.'tshod Cornwall county,
Whoro iwitiiro Iroasiircs up lior nihrral bounty.
JJut let us nolo : from Unuipsliiro to tlio last,
Dorset and Devon wo unnamed have passM ;
From l)('\on now we'll pass throuoh Somerset ;
*(iloucester anti Wilts north-east of this have mot.
If to the east you'll n(3W the way inquire,
You cross Berks, Buckinoham, and Hertfordshire ;
The last is north of Middlesex, wh.ich claims,
Part of the mighty City on the Thames :
And all are famed in antient page historic.

We'll go through Eedford now, across to Warwick,
But long Northampton we must cross once more,
Which poes from Oxibrd to the ISorth Sea shore.
Birmingham 's in Warwick, east is Lei'ster,
And on the west of Warwick is Worcester.
And Hereford then (known in historic tales),
And Monmouth too, lie on the edge of Wales.
Shropshire and Statlbrd, then, are north of these,
Still north is Cheshire, so renowned for cheese.
And now, 'tis right, before we go up higher,
To note that on the east is Derbyshire. '

Nel

* Pronounced Gloster.

POETICAL GKOGRAPHY.

hud

ick,

From Derby, Nottingham is farther east,
Near Rutland, of all Enghsh shires the least.
Now journey north, who will may travel faster,
We'll go to Westmorland, through long Lancaster.
The last is where the eastern breezes cool,
Bring ships across the sea, to Liverpool.
As now we've pass'd through England's hills and
vales,
It comes, in turn, to make the tour of Wales.
Through Flint and Denbigh, west to Carnarvon,
And thence to Anglesea, the bridge cross on ;
Then back, o'er mounts once flamed for Druid mummery,
You go through Mioneth, and shire Montgomery.
Tht .1 Randon, Cardigan, and then Brecknock,
Glamorgan South, Carmarthen, and Pembroke
Lie farther west,, brush'd by the ocean gales ;
And now we've made the tour of England and of Wales.

1 ^

J . »'» t

' IS

''V,H

■ Ml l i H!

IRELAND.

'\ •

Antrim is where north eastern breezes fan,

Girt by the sea, Louj^^h N(Mo1i, and river Bann ;

Excepting near Belfast, or Lisl)iirn town :

And there it joins the sea-wa.sli'd County Down.

Then west of Down's Armagh, and east by soutli,

You meet with Counties Monatrlian, and Ijouth :

To enter Meath, you farther south must go ;

Pass County Dublin next, and then Wicklow;

Then Wexford, Waterford, then Cork and Kerry :

(At Ir(;land's oilier end is Londonderry.)

From Kerry travel north, and note w"ith caro,

Beyond the Shannon, is the County Clare.

Mayo, and Galway then — still north you meet them ;

And Sligo lies between the first and licatrim.

Fermanah next, then northern Donegal,

Of Counties on the sea, I've named them all ;

And all I've named are so, excepting Monaghan,

And having tliis premised, well just go on again.

Of Inland Counties, farthest north of all,

Is large Tyrone, south east of Donegal ;

Then south is Cavan, Longford next is seen,

Ar»d^iheD Weetmeath. ihe/i (VnmtioK K\n^ and tiue(»ii

POETICAL GEOGRAPHY.

Roscommon joins upon the Tiorlh of King,

And Tipperara forms its southern wing.

Then east of Queen's, Kildare, then Carlow and

Kilkenny :
Of inland Counties 'tis far south as any,
Excepting one, and thus you have in view,
With Limerick the last, the Counties thirty-two.
And farther north is Ulster, Munster's south ;
Connaught is west ; then east, to Liffy's mouth,
Is Leinster, with her Dublin famed of yore :
Thus Ireland's fruitful Provinces are four.

mnm

SCOTLAND.

Just where iiie northern billows wildly roll,
Thro' Pcntland Frith, far tow'rds the Arctic pole,
Is Caithness cold, by stormy seas surrounded ;
Excepting west — there 'tis by mountains bounded.
Siill further north, where summer briefly smiles,
Lash'd by the ocean, are the Orkney Isles.
Of Caithness west enclosing mountains grand.
Cut up by Loughs, and Bays, is Sutherland :
And south of this is Ross, near Isle of Skye :
And west, the Hebrides all scatter'd lie ;
Then south is Inverness, then large Argyle ;
With Mull, and famed lona's little Isle.
Then Jura, Isla, and where vessels ride,
Are Bute and Arran, in the Frith of Clyde.
East of Argyle is Perth, tlien Stilling is in view ;
And then Dumbartonshire, and shire Renfrew :
Then Ayr, and Wigton, join ^Kircudbright, right
O'er Soloway Frith, South Britain is in sight.
Dumfries, f Roxburgh, Berwick on the Tweed,
Are where tbe Border armies oft did bleed.

♦Pronounced Kircudbree.

jRoxhvrro.

tj>6

POETICAL GEOGRAPHY.

U 1

Then Selkirk, Peebles, Lanark, in a row :
And Haddington, and little Linlithgow :
All these where war oft plongh'd his deepen'd furrow
Are round the town and shire of Edinburgh.
From Edinburgh, 'cross the Frith of Forth,
Clackmannan, Fyfe, Kinross, are on the north,
From Fyfe to Forfar, 'cross the Frith of Tay :
And then Kincardine 's in the tourist's way ;
Then Aberdeen, and BronfF, then Elginshire is seen.
Nairn, then Cromarty, with a Frith between.
And now thro' shires and Friths ; o'er mounts, and

lakes;
We've made the tour of Scotland, *' Land o' Cakes.'*^

UNITED STATES.

Brunswick, and Canada, 'neath England's reign,
East, west and and north, join on the State of Maine :
New Hampshire touches on her western line,
Her southern shore repels th' Atlantic brine :
New Hampshire's western border joins Vermont,
And Massachusetts forms their southern front.
And on the south, this from the sea is shut,
By small Rhode Island, and Connecticut ;
Upon the map you find the latter three,
On south and east, are bounded by the sea.
West of all these, and narrow Lake Champlain,
The Empire Delta spreads her wide domain ;
Between Connecticut, and Jersey New,
New York into the ocean pierces through ;
Then Pennsylvania lies almost a square,
From Erie Lake to St.; e of Delaware.
West of the last, yet reaching ocean,s strand,
Around a zig-zag Bay, is Maryland ;
And south of this, but ocean touching on,
Virginia lies, the land of Washington.
Tween these two States the Congress city stands,
Whose rule is bounded by two ocean strands.

rMH

POETICAL GEOGRAPHY.

it;
i

South from Virginia to Savannah's mout!i,
You see the Carolinas, Nortli and South.
Then Georgia, Alabama, Florida ;
The last to Cuba goes more than midway ;
Then Mississippi's on the eastern side :
And Lousiana west of Mississippi's tide.
And Lousiana on her west annexes
The new made sister of the Union, Texas.

Near where the Indian round his warlire dances,
Back from the ocean, is tlie State Arkansas .
Missouri then's upon Missouri's tide,
Tliat drains Missouri Territory wide.
Far to the west, a land of many fountains,
That foam and tumble from the Rocky Mountains.
Betwe'en this region and the Texas State,
Tow'rds Mexico, the Indian Tribes locate :
Osages and Creeks, Scminoles and Chickasaws,
Shawnees, Pot'watomees, Chetokees,and Chocktaws.
Far to the we'>t5 close by the setting sun,
Beliind the mountain rocks, is Oregon.
The young Iowa State, wide spreads her plains,
Between two rivers north, to where Victoria reigns.
Wisconsin lies along the winding course,
Of Mississippi reaching to its source.
Among the mighty lakes is Michigan,
With Ihdiania touching on its van :
That's 'tween Ohio, and State Illinois.

POETICAL GEOaRAPHV.

And on the front of these Kentuckv hes :
Her front is Tennessee, these He midway
Between Lake Micliii^^in and Florida.
State ^Tennessee, Hke Plato's fam'd Utopia
Has gain'd the largest, end of C';r«ucopia.

Thus in my verse, you've ev'ry one that rates,
*Mong Territories, and United States.

*The greatest Corn growing State in the Union.

Ne'

Frc

Sti

CANADA.

New Brunswick, States of Main, New Hampshire, and

Vermont,
And wide New York, are on its southern front.
From Chaieur's Bay and Lake St. Francis, and
Throughout this line the boundary is land.
The line then through the great St. Lawrence takes,
Then through the lowest of our mighty lakes ;
Then up Niagara, over cliffs so tall,
They form the world's sublimest waterfall.
The bound'ry Une here makes a southern bend.
Then west again to Erie's western end.
Now northward turn, 'mcng lands both bright and fair,
Through the Detroit, and Lake and stream St. Clare.
Still north through Huron : near its end you vary
Your course through islands to the Sault Ste. Marie.
Then west, upon the map the line is laid
Across the largest lake that God has made ;
And here are found, upon each rocky shore.
The largest, richest mines of copper ore ;
And when it leaves the lake> the bound'ry line
Is near the parallel of forty-nine.
The line we've traced on either side has writtea
United States or empire of Great Britain ;

.mmmm

POETICAL GEOGRAPHY.

Except from State of Maine to Chalour's Bay,

For both sides there are under British sway.

We've traced the bound'ry now on west aiul south.

From Lake Superior to St. Lawrence mouth.

This river's mouth is to a gulf increas'd,

Which bounds two provinces upon the cast.

The northern boundery is almost lost

'Mong boundless realms of forest, rock, and frost ;

Where hunters 'gainst the furry tribes make war.

From Lake Superior to Labrador.

The turbid Ottawa by flow and fall

Decends, and disembogues at Montreal :

The largest river which that monarch claims,

Whose palace rises on the banks of Thames ;

That is, the largest stream whose flowing tide

Has British land throughout on either side.

The worlds next greatest cateract is here,

Second but to Niagara is Chaudicre.

Thus, in the largest province in the world,

Is where the mightiest streams o'er rocks are hurl'd.

Vast rafts of timber, cut by axe and saw,

Are yearly floated down the Ottawa.

We'll also note, along with all the rest,

It cuts the province into east and west.

And now you have, in geographic lay,

The bounds of east and western Canada.

Rhyming Rules for Spelling;.

Rule 1.

All words of but one syllable
Mufjt end in double f, s, 1 ;
That is, when single vowels lead,
But not when consonants precede*
Exceptions— of, if, as, rs, is,
And as, was, yes, tliis, thus, and his.

Rule 2.

But other consonants don't double ;
So this, in writing, saves us trouble.
Exceptions-— add, ebb, butt, egg, odd,
And err, inn,bunn, purr, buzz, and dodd.

Rule 3.

Words ending in the vowel y,

When plural change it for an i ;

When by a consonant 'tis led ;

If not, an i wont do instead :
Comparatives, superlatives, past participles too,
And persons of the verbs ; for these the mle tViU
always do.

The present pArticlp^e iftg,

Though with it y does flways brin^.

34 RHYMING HULKS

When a vowel goes before the y,
'Tis seldom ever changed to i :
Exceptions — pay^ when past, is paid ;
From lay and say^ come laid and said.

Rule 4.

When words that end in y do add,

Another syllable, and had

A consonant before the y,

It mostly then is changed to i ;

Excepting when a vowel will

Begin the added syllable.

When a vowel next the i is ranged,

In such a case it is not changed.

Thus, as you see, from coy^ comes coyless ;

From boy, comes boijish ; joy, has joyless.

Rule 6,

Monosyllables, and words accented on the last,
And ending with a consonant, that has a vowel

pass'd,
That consonant will double, when a syllable they add ;
Beginning with a vowel, or the spelling will be bad ;
As, wit^ has ivitty ! ivin^ has winning ;
Ahet, abettor; thin has thinning.
But if the accent does recede,
Or if a dipthong does precede ;
Without being doubl'd, consonants will do :
This rule will hold the English language through.
When toil adds ing, no double I you see;
When maid adds et/, it wants no double </.

FOR SPELLING.

Rule 6.

When words do end in any double letter,
Excepting I — you'll always find it better
To leave it double — (guided by this rule) —
When adding to them ness, less, ly, or ful,
As st'\fflij, or carelessly, successfully this shows,
Whilst harmlessness, and carelessness will not the
rule oppose.

Rule 7.

When words in silent e are ended,
And ness, less, ly, or ful's appended,
They keep the e ; except in duly,
And some such words, as awful, truly.

'-*i

Rule 8.

When ment is added to the e.
Don't cut it off, to stay 'tis free ;
Unless preceded by a g,
Its sometimes then cut off you see ;
As judgment and abridgment tel!.
Abatement, chastisement as well.
Whene'er a consonent is ni(j-h,
Then ment will change the tj to i ;
As merry's changed to merriment;
Thua y its place to i has lent.

ft Rule 9.

85 RirViMiNG RULES FOR SPKLLIN(,.

To cut it off, 'tis not delbiisiblc,

As in blarnable, curable, sensible ;

But if c or soft g comes before ; in such case

The e has a right to remain in its place :

In peace it remains, in peaceable, rangeable,

And, without any change, you find it in changeable.

Rule 10.

But then, 'tis quite another thing,
If to it comes an ish or ing ;
Then e is lost, as seen in dancings
Slavishi knavish, prudish, prancing.

Rule 11.

Two words are oft made into one,
Spell them as though each stood alone*
You'll see at once that tliis is right,
. In gasshouse, glasshouse, and skylight.
Exceptions — words in double /,
They would be awarkward thus to spell,
And notice this you plainly will
In welfare, wilful, and fulfil.

Learn well what I have here been telling,
If you would know the rules of spelling.

BREWER, McPHAIL, & CO., PRINTBUfi,

46, Kins-street East, Toronto.

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igeahle.

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