^ \r 1^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) k A {./ ^ >^ / .< ^^ 1.0 I.I £ 125 ■^ 122 122 2.0 lU lit 11:25 i 1.4 IE 1.6 /: r^ I '^/ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WESr MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (716) •73-4503 iV ks V a>' '^ V '^ .^ BTUKBT ANO CtlAUINU Cttoas. DEDICATED WITH UKATEFl'L DE\'OTION TO MARY EbPY SLOA.^E ne tir 17 th( tli( W€ CO tbi SUi trs of of sti tic by dit tli( to toi PREFACE This book is the second of a series of four, each of which, while complete in itself, is to form part of a con- nected history of the United States down to our own time. The limits of this volume are the years 1756 and 1783. This period has a unity in many ways. From the beginning of the " old French War " to the end of the Revolution the EngUsh commonwealths in America were both learning the necessity of union and growing conscious of a common destiny. It might even be said that while in one of the two conflicts they were hostile to France and in the other allied with her yet nevertheless such a connection is in itself substantive. Both illus- trate phases of French history. A still stronger mark of the epoch is the continuous development in action of common exertion for the common welfare. But the strongest and most philosophical unity is in the evolu- tion of a new theory of government during these years by the application of English principles to American con- ditions. The author hopes that while the narrative in the following pages is necessarily brief it is full enough to illustrate this essential conception in American his- tory. The colonies, united in discontent by a general military Vlll PREFACE control, nevertheless combine in measure to loyally fight the American portion of the Seven Years' "War, and by their victory free themselves both from fear of Indian savagery and the menace of a hostile French civilization. Thus emancipated, their next concern is commercial lib- erty and freedom of trade. To this end is formed, first, the idea of allegiance, not to Parliament but to the Crown, as the expression of sovereignty ; then the notion of rep- resentation as the necessary antecedent of internal taxa- tion, a concept which, in the form of No representation no taxation, awakens the interest of EngUsh hberals and produces eventually a new idea of representation. The next stage destroys the false distinction between imperial and internal taxation, displays the impossibility of Amer- ican representation in Parliament, and announces the new doctrine of No representation no legislation. The col- lapse of the colonial governments in the struggle for inde- pendence necessitates the substitution of new ones, very like the old, but different in one essential feature, which contains the germ of what is called congressional, to dis- tinguish it from parhamentary, government. This is the erection of the executive on one hand into an active power in government, and on the other into a regulative force in controlling legislation. That the governor may not be tyrannical he must be elective, and thereby di- rectly responsible to the people. This device was in the following period applied in federal as weU as state gov- ernment. The chief end of this volume is to present a reasoned account of all the facts. During my studies I have had access to many original sources, some of them unioub- : \ ^>^ f»^rf PREFACE IX oyally fight ar, and by ' of Indian jivilization. nercial lib- rmed, first, the Crown, tion of rep- ;emal taxa- resentation iberals and tion. The m imperial iy of Amer- jes the new The col- le for inde- ones, very ure, which nal, to dis- This is the I an active regulative 'ernor may hereby di- was in the state gov- lished copies from the English and French archives. At the same time I have diligently used the results of trust- worthy investigators wherever found. The ever-present question in writing a book like this is how best to present the subject as a whole, and it will be found that many details not essential to the central idea have been omitted. Pri>'CETON, January, 1893. a reasoned [ have had im unpub- Tn iNi ] Tii 1 M '^■^ s^-* CONTENTS CHAPTER I. The English People in the Eioiiteenth Century— 1C88- 1750 Nature of the European Struggle — Position of the Powers — Cliauges in English Politics — Party Struggles — Gains and Losses in Public Morality — Pitt and Wesley — Influences in America — Character of Colonial Civilization — The Americans as Political and Religious Dissenters — Danger- ous Elements in the Population. CHAPTER II. Institutions op the English Colonies— 1688-1756, Influence of the English Revolution — The Colonial Govern- ments — Political and Legal Speculation — Political Theory — Contemporary Speculation in Europe — The Free-iuink- ers of England — Roman Catholic Disabilities — Scotch- Irish Presbyterians — Irish Emigration to the Continent — Influence of the. Protestant Irish in America — Roman Catholics in America — Causes of American Loyalty — France in America — The Fisheries Question. PAGB 1 10 CHAPTER III. The English and French in North America— 1688-1756, The Mississippi Valley — French Possessions and Ambitions — Continental Lines of Communication — Contrast between the Strength and Aims of England and France — Diver- gent Institutions of the Two Peoples— The Conflict to be 22 I Xll CONTENTS I' Decided in America — Preparatory Negotiations and Meas- ures — The Aborigines of tlie Soutli — Tlie Algonquius and Iroquois — Tlieir Institutions and Religion — Their Charac* ter and Domestic Economy — Tlieir Relations to the Colo- nists — Indian Alliances — Character of English Intercourse with the Red Men — William Johnson and the Iroquois — Summary of the Situation. PAGE CHAPTER IV. Outbreak op the French and Indian War— 1755-1 75G, . 38 European Complications — The Combination against Fred- crick the Great — The Newcastle Ministry — General Brad- dock — French Preparations — Demand for Colonial Taxa- tion — The English Regulars and American Militia — Brad- dock's Advance — The French and Indian Ambuscade — The Battle — Defeat of the Expedition — Acadia— Treat- ment of the French Farmers — Capture of the French Forts — Dispersion of the Natives — Fort Niagara — John- son's Successes — Fort William Henry — Plans for Taxing America. CHAPTER V. Successes op the French and Indians— 1756-1758, . 52 English Inactivity — Montcalm and the French Leaders — Capture of Oswego by the French — Armstrong ejects the Indians from Kittanning — Winter Warfare — Plan against Louisburg Abandoned — Outrages of Montcalm's Indians — The Massacre at Fort William Henry — Results of In- trigue in Canada — Partisan Activity — Loudon Recalled— Pitt in Power— His Influence and Plans — Amherst, Howe, and Wolfe. CHAPTER VL Successes op the English and Americans- 1758-1759, . 63 England and Prussia as Allies— Success of Frederick and Pitt — Influence of Prussian Success in America — Fall of Louisburg — Pitt Arouses American Enthusiasm — Aber- crombie before Ticonderoga — Topography — Death of Howe— Montcalm's Preparations— Failure of the Attack — NiA Q ^ The M Tun ■^ A: ■*vi t*^'' CONTENTS XIU iud Meas- luius and r CLaiac- the Colo- tercourse roquois — FAO£ Retreat of Abercrombie— Recapture of Oswego — Effect of the Success — The Middle Colonies and Forbes's Ex- pedition—Washington and Bouquet — Defeat at Grant's Hill — I Iness of Forbes — Weakness of tlie Garrison at Fort Duquesne — Advance of Washington and Armstrong — Seizure of Fort Duquesue— Pitt's Mouumeut. PAQB 58, leaders — ijects the 1 against Indians ts of In- jcalled — t, Howe, 759, 88 CHAPTER VII. Niagara and Quebec— 1759, Quarrels and Disaffection among tlie French — Course of the War in Europe — The Height of England's Military Gran- deur — Pitt's Plan for the Campaign in America — Wolfe — Enthusiasm in the Colonies — Capture of Niagara — Impor- tant Results— Evacuation of Ticonderoga and Crown Point by the French — Futility of Amherst's Campaign — Mont- calm at Quebec— Measures of Defence— The English Fleet in the St, Lawrence— Disposition of the Land Forces — French Fire-ships— Desultory Operations during July- Wolfe at the Falls of Montmorency— Defeat of the English —Movements during August- -The Plan for Scaling the Heights of Abraham. CHAPTER Vin. The Plains op Abraham- 1759-17G0, .... Movement of the English— French Precaution— Feints and Alarms —Wolfe's Prepr.rations for Landing— His Presenti- ment of Death— Wolfe's Cove and the Heights of Abraham —Preparations for Ca'tle— The French Unready— Mont- calm Bewildered— The Battle— Death of the two Leaders —Surrender of Queb';c— Operations during the Winter— Ste. Foy— Relief of 'iuebec by the English Fleet— Canada Conquered. CHAPTER IX. The Peace op Paris— 17G0-17G3, .... Affairs in the Southern Colonies— Expedition against the Cherokees— New Territory Opened for Settlement— In- dian Discontent— Revolt of Pontiac— Relief of Detroit and 75 89 . 99 { XIV CONTENTS Suppression of tho Hebellion— Naval Supremacy of Eng- land — Tho War Continued in Germany — Death of George II. — Accession of George III. — Ilis Character and Policy — Pitt and Frederick the Great— Fall of the Ministry — Bute and tho Now Tories— Frederick and Russia — England and Spain — Tho Terms of Peace — Effect of tho Seven Years' "War on the Continent — Its Character in America and India — Determinative Results in the American Colonies — Its Relation to American Nationality and ludepeudeuce. PAOB it CHAPTER X. A New Issue in Constitutional Government— 17C0-17G3, 116 Disunion between America and England — Their respective Forms of Administration— Political Theories in Vogue — The Terms Provincial and Colonial — Theory of Grenville — Restrictions on American Trade — Practice of the Age — Royal Requisitions— The Plea of Gratitude — Legal Ar- gument for the Taxing Power — Inconsistency of Claim and Conduct — Inadequacy of the English Constitution — The New Question — Writs of Assistance— James Otis and the Spirit of the Constitution — New York and the Ap- pointment of Judges — The same Question Elsewhere. CHAPTER XI. The Stamp Act— 17C3-17GG, The Ministries of Newcastle and Bute— Grenville and Town- shend — Ministerial Responsibility — Wilkes and the North Briton — General Warrants and the Freedom of the Press — Proposition for a Stamp Act — Prosperity and Education in America— Colonial Unity and the Name American — Failuie of Franklin's Protest — Enactment of the Stamp Act — Discussion of its Illegality — Its Reception in America — The Patriots and the Masses — Measures of Nullification — Taxation by Consent of the Governed — Call for a Con- gress-Significance of the Assembly — Inconsistency of its Memorials— Gadsden's Plea and the First Steps toward Union — Change in New England Opinion — The Rocking- ham Ministry — Attitude of English Factious — The Repeal and the Declaratory Act. 127 -*^ %^^*' CONTENTS XY PAQB of Eng- )f George Policy — ry — Bute ;land and ;n Years' ;rica and olouies — ideuce. rC0-17C2, 116 Dspective Vogue — Jrenville tlie Age jtgal Ar- of Claim itution — Otis and the Ap- lere. CHAPTER XIL Conflict op Two Theories— 1760-1 7G8, . VAOE . 142 id Town- 16 K07't7l he Press ducatiou erican — e Stamp America lification T a Con- sy of its toward locking- i Bopeal Charles Townshend— The Chatham-Grafton Miniatry— Con- solidation of the New Toryism— Enforcement of its Policy — Tlie Billeting Act in New York— A New Tariff— Tlie King liis own Prime Minister — The Constitutional Crisis — The Attitude of Franc( -Change in Colonial Doctrine — The "Farmer's Letters" — America Indignant — The Col- onial OfiBcials — The Circular Letter from Massachusetts — Parliament Demands its Withdrawal— The other Colonies Support its Principle— Outbreak of Armed Resistance in North Carolina— New Orleans, St. Louis, and the New West. CHAPTER XIII. The ConstitijTIOnal Revolution— 1770-1774, . . .154 Reply to the " Farmer's Letters" — The Colonies United in Purpose — Disorganization of Colonial Government— New York Suggests a Congress — New Opinions in Great Britain — Loyalty in America — The Boston Riots — The Battle ou the Alamance — Burning of the Gaspee —Effects of Oppres- sion — Failure of the non-Importation Agreements— Com- mittees of Correspondence— Final Collapse of Colonial Administration — Constitutional Changes in England — Benjamin Franklin — The 'Hutchinson Letters — Franklin before the Council — His Conduct. CHAPTER XIV. Resistance to OrPREssioN— 1773-1774, . 166 The Tea Tax — Resistance to Importation — Boston Resorts to Force — Lord North Retaliates — The Boston Port Act — Changes in the Massachusetts Charter — The Quebec Act — American Tories and Patriots— Respective Propositions of New York and New England — The "Continental'* Movement — Passive Resistance of New England — Move- ment to Convene a Congress — Alexander Hamilton — Char- I I ■A XVI CO NT K NTS actor of tlio Dolopjitions- lloyfil Offloldls Monncod— Tlio HiiV!iu;o to I'M^lit fiijiiiiist tho Ann-" -ih— Tim First Contl- iii'Mtiil Congn-HH — DniinJitio Ope liast A|)i)«»nl for JiiB- lico -Two AflHortioiiH of Sovort jny — SIgullicauco of tbo Tight at Poiut rioiwaut. CIIArTER XV. TiTF- TlnniNNiNo of IIohtilitika— 1771-177n, . . Disst'Tisions in rarliamont ninl Ciiliiiict — ('h.itlmm's Plnn of Conciliatiou — Hiirko tlio Frioml of Ainorioa — Duplicity of tho Kinx— War Mojisiiri'S of tlio Adtiiinistrntion — Iluturn of Frai\klin — Hurko on tlio Spirit of tho (Joiistitiition — EiToct of tho Nowrt in Aiuorica— Approach of tho Oisis — Tho (jathcriiii? o\\ rioxin^ton (Jroon — Tho Conllicta at Lox- iiigtoii an iif Nt>«v YoihClly \iil\ul »\ NN iI"IiIm) It'M Till' H»ti|tiM nf Miri'iti')' '\'\u> 0|i| Viiii'ili'itM Mlliliii I'iviii'iiiiMoii itf NiMv Ymk liti fiiiii|>iMi nl I'M IliK HioiiH Ulvi'i 'I'lti' Itiillli' <>r WItllii riiiliiH rii|' III' I'nil \\ iiii|iin|iliiii l>v ll)i< ItiillMli 'I'liii \iiti'iiivin Anin In Ni'« .liinrv llilu' I nl' •Ihmhik NimiI ol" II III ' III II \niu I'livii liii V oT riiiii li" liT < 'iiii(>iiinM Aiillii'i l/< I l.niio. I'.iiIImImii'iiI'i W iiMliliirlKti'M Ki'IiimiI ni'iimN Ni'lV .li'l'iM lli'i \lMI\ Kl'ilirolri'il IIIm MlllM'iiNHlllI Hh'llt* t>^v l.i'i' rupiiiii'ii Im (Iii> iiiIiimIi iiim 'I'mi*) riiiiiiii'ivr. •-Ann y;iM I ('ii\rri;w \\i Tttt N««>N \N » Pius* I inN hi<.« imiimi, 17711, . . V5I roni;ii"»'* l.t•nv^'^ riilliiili'lplilu Till' Wiiili'i <,>Mnili'iH (if Mm I'll "i'*!! KU IIiK Pi'lnu fill' \\ II' liiiii.lnirM riiili Inr II Sill' j»ii' 'I'lli' l''lin- li-1i !VI:nrli t.i I'liuli'M Ciiiiip on llii> ArtMiin|iliiK Wii'li- li\'.(i>n''» I'l.uiK i\lii\ • iiiiiil Unllli' of l*i lin'i'lmi 'I'lio Anii'i ti-.nri \\ MiMii l<<\\n Tlic Di'liiu ini' iniil llinlHOti S,«l'i> ri.in'j fi S(;»(i>h Anii>ri«'iiii Siicoi'hh Jiih- tllloil (111' Anil MiMii IJi'voH riiArri'.w XXII. Hi NMN»,VON \NP \U\: \\\{\\V\\\\y,K .lANr.VUV-SKPTKM- wu, 17;;. 'JO'J Si'iMot \>*'«is(;»Ui'i' l'ii>n» I'v.-nit'o l'rnnKlin In I'lvriH I'loin'li \ olm\1('iMs l.nl'nvotio anil Vo Knlb- Suooonh of Knuik lin's Noiiotimlotis — Kn,*.''"!*! «">^ <'"' CoiuinH ('aim>nif;n — ^■,\^^^^^i(il^n of tlio H«>\Tos ;>»'.ju»«sI riiilaitolphiit rrolitnl- ujuv MoviMuiMits in N«>\r .lorsoy Sohnvlor n«\il (JhIch in tlu> North 1>;»uImm\v luiil Srt»i lliulior Huiijovno Takes Tu^n^viol\^J;a hulirtii Uiulaiitios— Inori'oso of 8chuylur'8 flON'l KNIM xix I, I77«, Vi:iM Voik niy II... Till. i.'lll.'U'iii'jr OiU I'lii .>r wiiit.. iimIi rif II.) N«>.'«l ( 'll|l|'.M>MH (Ml) n.'IIIRN Miir>il ll'.w.i nt I'ilklnii Wn.ililiirli'o'" Aiiitv 'I'lio Itiilllx nil III). Ilinii'ly wliiM-~l IlirliliiinlM 'I'Ik' IIiiIIIk nf I'lconniirH l''iiriii llilrorit I.r IliiiKiiviio Hiiiii'iiil.'r III HiiriilM('ii lli'i MnMln uf (Jiir- tiiiiiitiiivii AlViiliH iM'iir riiiliiilllil'll ( '.llurr.'HM Hl|i| III.' <'hI>IiI ( 'lilllilK'tlllll Mt.ii.'V innl Viill.'V I'miH. l'iriH|i.'illy .'I' lliuli riililii!ul l''.x|)i>ill*>iil riii|MiMiil III Yl.'lil ltiilf<|i.'n(l.'ni'ii I'nlilif! Itn- (<.>|ilion III' l''riinl< Mil iit> Hill l''n>nrli Ooiirl. (/'nii^i.'HH Itiil.ifi.H III.' 'IVi'iily ColliiiiMii (if Hill ('ulml l(,.'ori'aiii/Hli'in of Iho Aniiy (I.tiicili'ilimi Oir.'r.iil Fiiilnro .il' llm MiKHinn - 'I'll.' Iliu^liKli Aliiiniloii riiilH(li'l|iliia - 'riii'ir Miintli liri- piiilixl — 'I'll.' Italllt' (iT Montiioiilli— liiciduiilH uf tho Fight —'I'll.. IMiiHHiicrt' uf VVyoniiiif?. (MIAITKR XXV. Evil. Mki'ki TM OK Tin; INntKiuN Ai.MANcic— 177H-1779, . 'M) Aninl.l nl. Pliil.iilcliilil.'i 'I'ln' (Jov.'iuMi.'iit U.-iiirnH - D'F'Ih- tftiiii^'H l''uilun'H -Till) llxiii'ililioii A.,'!iiii,«l N.'Wport — Situ- atiuu at tliu Murth — liuuiiliuliuu ui' thu (Juiiiodurucy — XX CONTENTS Straits of tho English Ministry — Ambitions and Fears of Spain — Spain Joins tlie Alliance — Western Settlement — Clark's Expedition — Louisiana and Florida Lost to Eng- land — Franco Expects Peace — Movements of Clinton — Stony Point — Sullivan's Campaign Against the Iroquois — The Fiasco of Castiue — The Exploits of Paul Joues. PAGE CHAPTER XXVL Camden and Kino's Mountain— 1779-1780, . . .313 Hostilities in Georgia — English Authority Re-established — Lincoln and ]>'Estaing Fail before Savannah — Proposi- tion to Arm Slaves — Fall of Charleston — English Policy in the South — Measures Taken by Cornwallis — Tho Reign of Terror in South Carolina — The Patriots Prepare for Resistance — Gates Defeated at Camden — The Frontiers- men Meet tho Crisis — Battle of King's Mountain — Moral Effect and Character- of the Victory — Greeno Relieves Gates — Bankruptcy and Mutiny in tho North — Failure of Plans for Co-operation between Washington and D'Estaiug — Arrival of Rochambeau. Ti CHAPTER XXVII. The SouTHEiiN Invasion Repelled— 1780-1781, Washington Reprimands Arnold — Arrest of Andre — His Character and Guilt — Insubordination in the Army — Rob- ert Morris and the Finances of tho Confederation — Arnold in Virginia — Lafayette and Steuben — Greene Creates a Southerri Army — Morgan at Cowpens — Greene's Retreat — Tho Forces at Guilford — Cornwallis Victorious but Thwart- ed — Groton Heights— Effect of Rawdon's Cruelties — Greene Marches Southward— Defeat at Ilobkirk's Hill — Sumter and Marion — Battle of Eutaw Springs. 825 Wi CHAPTER XXVIII. YORKTOWN— 1781, 337 Plans of Cornwallis — His Advance against Lafayette — The Pursuit and Retreat— Steuben Creates an Army — Disagree- CONTENTS XXI I Fears of tlement — it to Eug- Clintou — [roquois — lies. . 312 ablished — — Proposi- ish I'olicy riio Reign repare for Frontiers- viu — Moral Relieves -Failure of 1 D'Estaiug . . 825 idro — His rmy — Rob- )n — Aril old Creates a } Retreat — )ut Thwart- es — Greene 11— Sumter . 337 .yette— The — Disagree- PAOB ment hetwoon Clinton and Cornwallia — Position of tlie Lat- ter at Yorktown — Arrival of tho Froiu'h Floct iindor De Qrasse — Washington's Plans — Sootional Feeling among the Btatos— Events in the Nortii during 1780— (-onforcnces of Washington and PoohauilM'au — ('Union l-ixperts an Attack on New York — The CninbintMl Annies J\Iarch Soutliward —The Threatened Mutiny at Philadi'Iphia— Defeat of the English Fleet in the Cin'sapeakc — luvtstnient of York- town — Oornwallis Surrenders — Disposition of the Ameri- can and French Forcjs — Closing Events of the War. CHAPTER XXIX. The Peace of VERS.Mi,LKa^l783-1783, . . . .343 Amciican Independence and European Politics — England and the IJourhon Powers — International Law — IJlockade and Contraband — The Continental Neutrals — The Armed Neutrality — William Lee and the Amsterdam Proposal — Position of the Netherlands — The News of Yorktown — Fall of the North Ministry— State of English Parties— Thrt Rockingham Ministry — American Peace Commissioners — The Terms proposed by Congress— Oswald and Franklin — Grenville and Vergennes— Cross Purposes in tho Negotia- tion — The Shelburne Ministry — Position of Jay and Adams — Franklin's Attitude — The Wishes of Vergennes — Secret Mission of Rayneval— Jay's Proposals — Final Negotiations — Character of the Treaty -Tiie (leneral Pacificatiou — Fall of Shelburne's IMinistry — The Coalition Ministry — Final Ratilicatiou of tho Treaty. CHAPTER XXX. Weakness and Stuenoth, 370 American Independence and European Politics — The Former and Later CeneratiiMis — The American Navy — Its Achieve- ment — Its Gradual Diminution — Privateering — Morris and the Finances— ExiHMise of tlie War— Congress and the Army — Washington Allays the l^iscontent — The Army Dis- banded—The Cincinnati— Washington's Political Insight c -I XXll CONTENTS — Tlie Southern States — Tlie Middle States— Their Occu- pations and Educational Institutions — New England — Mas- sachusetts and Virginia — Character of the Revolution — Effect on Ecclesiastical Movements — Slavery — Tendencies toward Union in State Administrations — Importance of the New Forces — Literature of the Revolution — Signs of a National Spirit— Political Writers— The New Society. FAOB APPENDIX I. Chronological Table, . II. Bibliography, . , . , . 389 . 393 INDEX, . . . 397 LIST OF MAPS 1. The Territory Now in the Unitzj States, As it was in 1756, Frontispiece a. The Northern Colonies and Canada, Illus- trating THE French and Indian War, 3. The Northern Colonies, Illustrating the First Half of the Revolution, . 4. The Southern Colonies, Illustrating the Second Half of the Revolutio'^, Page 38 •* 179 " 312 5. The Territory Now in the United States, as it was after the Peace op 1783, End of the volume \ie\T Occu- ind — Mas- solution — 'endencies nice of the iigns of a liety. PAQB THE FRENCH WAR AND THE REVOLUTION . 389 . 393 . . 897 . Frontispiece I- ;, Page 38 '* 179 " 312 D P i of the volume CHiiPTER L THE ENGLISH PEOPLE IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY— 1G88-1750 Naturo of the European Struggle — Position of the Powers— Changes in English Politics — Party Struggles — Gains and Losses in Pub- lic ]\Iorulity— Pitt and Wesley — Inlluences in America — Cliar- acter of Colonial Civilization — The Ameiicans as Political and Religious Dissenters — Dangerous Elements in the Population. The interval between tbe Engiisli and the American Revolution was full of intellectual ferment and military activity both throughout Euro2)e itself and in the colonial settlements of her various politi- the 'Emopeua cal divisions. Absolute monarchy as a sys- '=''""^'t''^'- tcni of government *had done its work in the establish- ment of i^owerful and jiermanent nationalities. Bomidary lines, however, were as yet unsettled even at home, the relations of the masses to their rulers were undetermined, and the warfare ot the time had for its object the decision of a double question, that of i^oHtical theory and actual control both on the continent and beyond the seas. A few great men understood that free institutions and a tt'rritorial exiaansion wliich might be more than ephemc- rid, were corollaries one of the other. In the great Euro- y< i/ ■.-k..»*f«V>*^-- THE FRENCH WAIl AND THE DEVOLUTION I ; J . ■J pean struggle for religious liberty the leaders of the op- posing forces had been William the Silent and Philip IL, of Spain. In this renewal of European hostilities the forces arrayed on either side were substantially the same. Now, however, the commandei for absolutism was the King of France, while the general of those who stood for political liberty and who had ascended the English throne by the choice of the English j)arliament as a protest against tyranny in both religion and politics was a lineal descendant of William the Silent. By the middle of the eighteenth century the contest had seen many phases, none of them conclusive for any „ .,. .„ of the parties engaged. The peace of Evs- Pop it; ion of the ■•• on i v poworr^. wick, in 1G97, effected little change as regards sovereignty, although it gave Strasburg to France ; but it secured a great moral victory for England by com2)elling Louis XIV. to acknowledge the constitutional title of William III. as King, and of Anne a&' his successor. The peace of Utrecht, in 1713, enforced a renewal of the broken promise, definitely confirmed both for the Continent and foi the disaffected at home the Protestant succession to the English throne, established the great power of Prus- sia as a Protestant kingdom, and wrenched from France Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and the Hudson's Bay terri- tory. It also prevented the union of France and Spain under an absolute government, and gave Gibraltar to E-. gland. The peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1748, was a sorry affair. Avowedly it was to turn Prussia into a great power by giving her Silesia, and to sustain Maria Theresa on the Austrian throne, restoriig all conquests to those who had held them by the peace of Utrecht. In reah'ty it was but an armistice which gave the contesting powers an oi^portunity to re-arrange in secret dijilomacy their dynastic alliances, so that with recruited strength they might once more renew the mortal combat )LUTIOIT Tin: KXOTJSII IN THE EICJIITKKNTII CKNYL'UY '^ L'S of the op- b and Philip lostilities the lly the same, ism was the e who stood the English lament as a I politics was y the contest Lisive for any eace of Evs- ^e as regards ranee ; but it y comi)elling Diial title of ccssor. The )f the broken ontinent and uccession to wer of Prus- Tom France I's Bay terri- e and SjDain jibraltar to 1748, was a into a great aria Theresa 5 is to those In reo-L'ty ting powers omacy their rength they In aU these years English polities had steadily de- veloped on liberal lines. At the close of the llevolu- tion there was but one supreme power in the ^.j^^^^^^^ .^ st it(>, and that was resident in Pai-liaiiient. J^^'^f^"*''" i'*''^' Still further, it was the House of Commons which was now predominant, its members being elected by a very limited suffrage, and representing the three in- terests of the landed aristocracy, the powerful trading cl:i;ssos, and the equally influential body of lawyers who wor;' the corner-stone of the new system. The powers of the crown were so liuiited by the Bill of Rights that gov- ernment was carried on by i)arty organization, and excejji in a few comparatively short periods the "Whigs were in control. The new extra-legal plan of cabinets led by a prime minister with undefined but commanding authority, had boen fully developed and put into effective oi:)eration. The judicial system had been emancipated by making the tenure of office dependent, not on the good will of the crown, but on the good behavior of the incumbent ; free speech was assured, the censorship of the press abolished, and a measure of religious liberty had been guaraiiteed in the authorization of assemblies for worship outside of the organization of the Anglican Church, although none but its conforming members might hold office. By the Act of Union the legislatures of the two kingdoms of Scotland and Englafid had been amalgamated, and the nations themselves welded into one. The aim of AVilliam was to destroy the military su- premacy of France. But the Whigs carried on the cost- ly continental wars with the determination of p^rtv ptmr'- estaljlishing their domestic policy, and some- ^''^'''• times forgot the dictates of prudence in refusing ad- vantageous terms of peace. Thus, out of elements which were living though dormant, was formed again the Tory party. But they in turn v. ere intoxicated by power, and ti 4 Tin; KKKN'CIl WAK AND TIIK I! K\ ( tH'IK H^ ill \]\o |>r(>M('('uli throne. (i('or;:<» 1. iii oik'c i^avo his <'onti(hMils iind outlawH. having" the W hij^H in undis- puto«l ])reiloininanr thirty yoai'H. 'Vhc tini<» wuH productive of hoiik* {^ood and imicli evil to I'lnnland. Two att(Mnj)tH wvvo n»ad(> to Iniiij^ hacU the Proteiid(M'. lull they faihsl, partly tliroii;;li the indilVer- oncc of his professed Hnp[)ort(M'H. Tiw nation thcii un- derstood that al)st)lu^'sni wixh forever endcnl in Jji'diuid, and turned its attention to coninierce, trad(\ and the of buildini;', relittiu}:»', and propa,u,atinj:;'. In this jieriod the ]iolitical expedients of the past j^rew into pei'niaiient institutions ; the expression of the popular Avill, Avhich had been regarded as the extreme remedy for ])ul)lic evils, became more and morc^ frequent and wan found to lu\ not an exce})tional and violent antidot(\ l)ut an ex- Ci^lUnt and re<.i^ulative habit. But, on the other hand. , pnblie morality f(41 lower than ever before or losers in pub- since, and dra<^'u'ed with it the conduct of in- dividuals. ntalesmen lound that m followiit;.^ the line of least resistance, the easiest systiMu of ];aiiia- mentary tactics was the nse of bribes. Walpole, relham. and Newcastle seem to have for<;ottc]i the existence of jniblic virtue, and ]>ractised corruption with an eHVon- tcry which the i^lain jieople amou^^' their conlempurarien -i I i> V(M-Hiv(^ of 111) I. llicir lu»lil piuiisjiii uiitl llciiiciil coii- \\l llic House M<'{' |.;fiV(i Ills i<"S ])r()iii])llv cwnri ciiiisi. , l>nl, l)('('uin(> igH in iiiulis- 11(1 iimoli ovil •iii'jf biiclv tlic \\\v iiKliU'cr- ioi) llicii un- iji Jlii<;ijMi(l, and llic (Hh- ,1))o1(''h Ion;.;' [)(M)JtI(' MS (lie Icvoii, u time this ]K>ri()(l o perinmuMit. • will, Avliicli y for })iil)li(' vaH found to ", but an ox- ollior hand, ^er b(>f()i'o or )ndurt of in- , in followiii;.^ oni of ]!ariia- )olo, P(41iaui, cxisicnco of li an cnVoii- itcniporarieii Tin; r,N(;M-ii iM TiiM KKJiirr.r.NTir cmnti'hy H wvrv \vi i I lliu;,' 1() ftiM'cpi for l\\v. bol(hl(\MH of iniioccucr. It uill b(« icMU'inlK'rod mIso tlial tliin wmh a Ho-<'all('(I n>/,c of r(«asoM. Iiitlu! H'acitiou iij^.itiiKt tlid Puritan r<"foriMan«tu, iiiaiiv felt iliat iiif,illibl(> I'.iblo waH in llu) authority of tlid h.unau rraMoM. Iucit ancient behef .van thrown into (lie eruci- ])\r. Keh-'ion iMid ludM'Uef alike canie forth dispasHion- jite nnd unsyinpathetic. Loftier inindH contented them- selves vvifli enh'rlainiii;,' but friiitlcMH H|)eculation, whih* (he lowly f< 11 inio timid fornudiHUi and careh-sHness. It wai ilie diy of th(! bhilTand tipsy Hcpiire, (»f the fo\-hiint- i;i;;' pirson, of i;-ener;d vul;,^'iri(y and coai'seiK^ss, of un- iin;i;;inal:ivo niateri.disni aiid nier(! exiudieuiiy in hi;;h ])1 ices. Hy the middle of tho (M'utury lli(! nlale of the nation was niirrorcMl in tla^ iii;^doriouH ministry of Henry IN'lliam, in the utt(M.- insi^Miilicaneo of i'in;.^lfuid, in tli(! nioderatism of (he esfablislKMJ Kirk of Scodiind, in tla* lukewarinness of llu! national Churcli of Mnjj^land, in the feoblen(!ss of tho army whi<*li a litlh; later was dis])layed by tho i)ol(ro()nery of tho Duko of (Jiimberland !it Closter-S(!von, in tho cowardly inactivity of A1)ercj'<>nibi(! in America, in tho supinenesH of l>yn^ at Minorc^a. ]hit behind tho mask of political ]>asenesH, of un- inilihiry conduct, and of a])paront impiety was another national spirit. Tlio emotions and imaj^dnation of the peo[)lo could not forciver smouldei' without fuel ; on tla; contrary, they «^row in intensity, burned f(»r an object, and one was found, 'i'lie p;von\, outl)urst of earnestness wliich followed iH coTinocted with the name of I'itt in politics, and with tliat of Wesley in relij^don; and j, j,^ „„,, strikinjjf parallels hav(^ boon drawn, althoufjjh Wesley. in matters of d(>t;ul tho contrasts are far more pointed tlian the n^seniblinces. TIk! '•elijj^ious revival was bcf^nin by pr(>ac1iin'.(. a])pn;i,led to the; emotional nature, and in the end pcruieated the entire nation. The extreme form 6 THE I'liEXC'ii w'Ai: Axn TiiK iiKvnrj'TroN" wliicli waH ivi)io(il of ilio wliolo wiih Mctiiodisni, n. con- C('i)tion of rclii^iouH life 1)iihr life, iiiid the ivali/atioti throuj^'li care- ful livinjjf of (ho C'rtvitor's inuii^o in each of hi.s hiiiiitm cro.'ilureH. To kocuio uikI coiiliiiu the convertod Kiiincr Jill or;fJinizalion was deviwul ho jxi-tVctly iulaptcd to its end that tho H(>('t t.him initiated is now the nioHt iiiiiiiei- ous and one; of the niosl fervent in tiie Uel'oiuued CMuircIi. In a eerlain Hensu- there was also a iiolitieal revival which addressed and awakened tho emotions. Pitt tired the iniajjjinatiou of nu-n, api)ealed to th(4r patriotii^ni and [)rejudice by his scorn o( Hanoverian intlueuco in Mnj^dish politics, swayed their minds by eloquence, inspired them with trust, and with pardonable ostentation ^avc; them iu his own ])ei'son an exampU^ of personal purity ami public virtue. Thus was moulded that important element whicjii has been, down to our own time, the Havor of Enj^lisli lite, dist:isteful often to outsiders in its extr(>mes of talk and conduct, but correcting- the richness of English luxury and the heaviness of British conservatisn». As vet it was neither colu^rent nor consistent. I'itt's lirst ministry was too short and v.nsuccessful to subvert old parti(\H or form new on(^s, and for a lonjj^ weary while he and his follow- ers f»)u<;ht und(H* the Whi^' bjuiner. beside comrades who still used the old disreputabh^ we:ii)ons. There was there t\)r(^ a real libersil party in ]*]nj;l!iud itself, characterized by tolei*ance and acutcniess, coucerncMl for tho sanctity of tliose constitutional jn'inci]>les w^hich liad boon reasserted in the Revohition, and sympathizii!;'; with the dumb yearning's of the people for eniancipntiou and "iniiu.'TK'os self-p^overnment as they <>Te\v more in(en!^(^ and in Amorica. stru«;-n-lod for utterance. But its jullierent;-? were far loss numerous and influential in lOn^land than they were proportionately amonp^ tlio English in Anieiicn. We use the designation broadly but advisedly, because odisrii, n. roti- U of HJII, COll- Lhrouj^'li carc- )t' his liiiiMuii /ortod Hiimcr liiptcd to its most, iiiimci-- •miul CMuircii. nnivjil wliicli 'itt linul 1,1 .(• iti'iotism and i('<3 in lliij^lislt iispirod tliciH ^av(; tlumi ill iy and pnMic Idniont wliich I' I']n<^lisli life, 's of talk and ii^lisli Inxnrv As vet it was ministry was i,rti(\s or I'orni id liis foUow- lomradcs wlio jnj;Lind itself, 'OiK'orncMl for [qh wliicli liad lathiziiti!," with icipntiou and "o intense^ and its adliorrnts iOn, inland tiian Ii in Anioiicn. edly, because Tin: i;\(iMsii IN TiiK i;i<.iriKi;NTii cknitiiy 7 a1tlion<;li tlicro wero j)oojtl(> of oilier nationidities in tlio eoldiiics who left their mark in many a virtuous hnliit or curious idiosyncrasy upon their respective nei^hhor- lioo(is, yet it was nevei'thelesH a fairly lionio^'eneouH po])idation of aliout a millio]i and a half, bearin;^^ a eivil- izilion thoroii;';hly I'liif^Iish as that word w.'ih used in (ireat IJritain, which dwelt alon;,' the Athiiitic^ F.eaho.'trd from the J Jay of l''undy t') Florida. The? initial diilc r- (MU'cs between the colonic s had been xory i^vvid, some of them still siirviv(! in unfortnnat(! eoni])leteness. Ihit, ])olitically at least, they were; less distinct from each other than could liav(» lu'vu fonjseeii by their fonnderH, and in their theory of jjfoveninient they were vastly nioie con<^ru()nH than the various sehooln of i'ln'^dishmen at Lome. The wiilest se])a,ration was in eeelesiastical mat- teis, for every form of polity known in I'lnj^land had I)eeii transplant <>(! to America in the interest of reli<^ious liberty, and the sects bein^' free from state control, had under the voluntary system develoj)ed and retained a stronj^ individuality each for itself. ]3ut wid(! as it was, it was not so wid(> as the social <^'ulf wbi(th the insular prejudice of the I'lnjj^lish aristocracy liad opened between themselves and their relations beyond the sea. Nor was it com})arable to the divorce of sentiment and int(!rest caused by the navif,'ation acts and tin; enforced mono])oly of the slave-trade. In spite, therefore, of the division in America between Whit,' and Tory, Calvinistand Arminian, Puritan, Presbyterian, and Churchman, there existed quite ns stron;j^ a basis for national unity on one sic^'j of the At- lantic as on the other. But while there was another England in America, it was by no means tlie same England as that in Britain. The very presence of the colonists on foreign soil was in great measure a protest. Tliey were still monarchical in theory, but their king was three thousand miles away, 1 8 Tin: J rjoNcii wau and tiik kkvolution thoy ohcyed laws of their own making, tlio Test Act had no validity in their eomnionwealtliH, and their imniedi- , ate allegiance was to a taxing power instituted f 'hamctiT of '^ -kT • 1 rnioiiiiii civil- and controlled by themselves. Neither u;u- dalism nor i)riest(!raft'«had made the voyage, and would liavc been stilled in the air of the wilderness if thoy liad. Laljor too was free ; no meditcvai craft or guild could survive in a society where every man's labor was directed to what ho must do, and not to what he wislicd to do or could do. Being in the main of Ger- manic l)lood, whether from England, Germany, Holland, or Scandinavia, they were likewise of one religion. They were Christians in the highest sense of that word, for the sensualism of the school of Locke and the deism of Shaftesbury had left them untouched. They had crossed the seas for a principle which they still cherished as their most valuable possession, and their lives were guided and fashioned under the influence of ideals which had long since disappeared or changed among their kinsfolk. Ex- cepting the few Eoman Catholics in Maryland, the colo- nists belonged almost exclusively to the Reformed Church. Tliev held the Calvinistic confessions of Scotch or Eug- lisli Presbyterianism and Puritanism, of the Huguenots, or of Holland, adhered to the Lutheran creeds of Scandina- via and Germany, or to the comprehension of Calvinism and Arminianism in the Episcopalians and Methodists. One central thesis they all maintained, the right of private judgment, of freedom in belief, of liberty in practice. They were capable, moreover, of holding such a doc- trine. Common minds could neither apprehend it nor practise it. But the colonists at the middle and close of the eighteenth century were either the children of relig- ious and political refugees, or themselves exiles for con- sciont^o sake. Their intellects ha\dng been sharpened in theological discussion and trained by the stud}^ of the OLUTION" TUK KN(SMSn IN TIIM KKillTKKN I'll CILnrilV I Test Act luul their iniiuedi- wer iustitiited Neither feu- !e the vovaj^^e, he \vil(lerncss itcval craft or •y man'H labor >t to what lie main of Ger- any, HoUaiul, ligion. They hat word, for . the deism of y had crossed ished as their i*e guided aud lidi had Ion'' dnsfolk. J'^x- md, the colo- nned Church, otch or Eug- luguenots, or of Scandina- of Calvinism Methodists. (ht of private practice. such a doc- ehend it nor and close of Iren of relig- dles for con- sharpened in study of the S;'rii)turcs in the veraacular, tlieir language was conso- queutly moulded hy the ehxpient aud ade(iuate diction of the Kiiiir James translation. Their courage „, , liad been }\ardiiied by sutreriug, whether lu Ul- cnw hh |...uti- , , 111 , • e 1 I'll! Hiid nl.L' Ktcr or in Salz1)urg, and the enterprise of trans- iouw dinhiui- ndantic colonization was not then, as now, a iiiattor of a few dollars and still fewer days. It may at once b(! granted that they were even yet self-willed aiul intolerant, but the other older world had lately seen the ])igotry of the Sacheverell incident, and was yet to see tlie worse fanaticism of the Gordon riots. The very liin- iLations of the American settlers constituted an impor- tant virtue, j'^nergy in action is not the quality of those who are open to all iniluences and sensitive to all shades of thought. It is the man with an eve single to one end who displays promptness and tenacity of i)urpose. In loss there were about 200,000 Eurojieans under the twelve colonial governments ; in 1755 they had, by natural increase and an ever-growing immigration, risen to about 1,425,000. AVhile most of the new-comers were of the same sturdy character as the original nnncrorous colonists, tlierc! was also a propoi-tionate in- ^'^■™'"**' '" tioii. pOpiLU' crease in the refuse element. "With the ever- increasing prorspority of the plantations, adventurers in greater numbers we\'e attracted to our shores, many of those turbulent men who haunt European seaports were kidnajjpcd and sold in America for menial service, con- victs were encouraged to cross the seas and trouble the criminal courts of Europe no more, and many did so ; but above all, of the more than two million negroes car- ried in English slave-ships to all the American colonies, including the West Indies, during the period from 1G80 to 1700, it is likely that in the year 1755 not less than 200,000 were in the English colonies of the North Ameri- can continent. CHAPTER n. INSTITUTIONS OF TMK KNCJLKSII COLONIKS— lOSS-lTSO Intltiunco of the Ijii^'lish Revolution — The Colonial Oovcrnnionts— J'()litic:il iind liccal Spcciilution — I'olitii^al 'i'lirory— C'cntonijio- rary Spcoiilatioii in lliiropi; — The rrccftliiiikn.s of Ijiglancl— Konian C'atholio Disabilities — Scotdi-irish I'ri'.sbyti'iiaus — Irish Immigration to tlie Continent— Inlluence of the rrotcstunt Irish in America— Roman Catholics in Ameiiea— Causes ot American Loyalty — France in America— Tlie I'isheries Ques- tion. TiiK Eno'lisli Revolution Lad been producth e of most important results in this larfjfe number of men subject to the Englisli crown. At home the people had not care- fully analyzed the underlyinfjf theory of that tiic Kniriinh event. There had been no demand for lib- erty and equality abstratttedly considered, the watchword, if there was c ^'^ could better be phrased as liberty and property, or better yet. liberty and i)rivilepe. The privileo-es of the aristocracy and the fj-reat merchants were at stake, and tlie weakness of the Stewarts had lain in their attack on private property. In America there was neither social nor mercantile privilege, but there was the same jealousy as to property and taxation. The King now stood not for the invasion of free t barters, but for English rights and liberties. Kis vetoes of certain acts were not received in the old rebellious sj^irit. Massachu- setts got L uew charter, which partly satisfied her peo- ple ; Rhode Island and Connecticut received again the old ones as they had been before the infractions of James II. RS— 1(;8S-1756 GoviTiuntMits— nry— C'ciitt'ini>o- rt of Knulaiul — ri'i'sbvtc-iiiuis — )l' tlif riotct^taut rica—Causca ot I'MslicriL'S Ques- ctive of most lieu subject to had not caic- heory of that iiand for lib- Diisidcrcd, the 3C phrased as and privilege, eat luerchaiits varts had lain America there but there was n. The Kill} ^• liters, but for f certain acts ;. Massachu- fied her peo- ap:ain the old s of James II. INSTirCTIONS OF TIIK KXOLISII CCLONIKS 11 South Carolina representatives bauish(ul Colleton, tlie pro- priut;irv {^'overnor. Viri^'inia restored the doniocratic insti- tutions which Culpeppi'r and EHin{,diani had threatened, for her lirst asseinblv alter Williaui and Mary useeuded th(; tln'ouo elected a treasurer subject only to its own or- ders; in Marvliind an armed j^atherinjjf irroclainied Kinpf WilHain, and a conveutiou which had been suuinioued lor the defence of Protist mtisui assumed the {^'overnment. So it came about that the distinctions betwi^en the crown, chart(.'r, and proi)ri«'tary (tolonies had been re- jducod to a miniuiuiu. The freemen had all the power un- der the chartors ; in the crown colonies there was a roy- al rrovernor, a council, and a judiciary appointed by the crown, but the assembly was elected by the frccmon, and as the members ot the council i a i govum- wero chosen from the (;hief (utizous of the col- ony, the «jfovernmcnt of the crc)wn colonies was almost as populir and free as thit of tliosc which liod a charter. The proprietaries in Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and Ciroliii'i nominated f^ovcrnors with the ri<(ht and dutv of callinff assemblies to make laws. These assem- blies wore elected by the people, and in Maryland, under a chartor granted by the proprietary, chose the p;overnor. The ^,'onpral tlirnction of chanf^es was theoretically to give ^To it:!r control to the crown, which wnu understood for a loni? time to be virtually in commission to parlia- ment and the ministiy. At th-st theve was some inter- ference in the assertion of roval sove.'eiontv, but both Walpole and Newcastle treated the American colonies with a happy nep^lect under wiiicli they came to roo^ard themsalves as subject to the crown, but virtually inde- pendent in leoislation and taxation. The franchise was Ordinarily limited to property owners, especially those ik\io were landed proprietors. The initiative was with the people, the judiciary had much the same function aa 12 TIIK FIIEXCII WAll AND THE KKVOLUTION li! I i i \ under the English constitution, and while, presumptively, iidmiuistration was in the hands of the crown, yet, be- cause in all cases some executive officers were elective, and in some cases all of them, the conduct of affairs was in reality nearly as pojiular as legislation. The American colonists were also much given to po- litical and legal speculation. Being a religious people _ ,. , , trained in the principles of the Ileformatioii, Political ami t , -, ,< i. k'<4ai Piwcuia- they wcrc educated irom earliest clnldhood to examine and discuss the most abstruse ainl difficult questions of theology, and to give a reason for the faith they held. Their ecclesiastical affairs were conducted in the popular assembly of the congregation, or in representative bodies with suj)reme control, and the public interest in such gatherings was even more in- tense then than now. - In New England, at least, local government was carried on by town meetings, in which every free man had the right of discussion and a vote. In a system so purely democratic the speaker is the man of iiitiiicuce. Hence the leaders, many of them lawyers, were the educated men, and the people were accustomed to hear and weigh both evidence and argument, and to decide after deliberating on questions put with nice dis- crimination and passionate fervor. In the field of political theory, therefore, the results of the English devolution were more definite even than i]i Political t^i^ matter of political forms. The conven- theoiy. ^Jqj^ parliament which declared the flight of James II. to be abdication, and called William and IMary to the throne, sat without roval or executive sanction, stated the existence of an original contract between the monarch and his subjects and held the king respon- sible. Kingship or the supreme executive, therefore, is not an hereditary possession, but an office resting on tlie consent of the governed ; it is a trust which can be and in M OLUTION n'esumptively, rown, yet, bc- were elective, of affairs was given to i:)o- iigious people Ileformaticm, est cliildliood t abstruse itiul e a reason for . affairs were congregation, ! control, and even uiore in- at least, local ings, in wliich )n and a vote, cer is the man bliem lawvers^, •e accustomed iiment, and to with nice dis- tlie results of 3 even than in The conven- l the flight of lam and Mary tive sanction, :ract between ! king respon- , therefore, h resting on the 1 can be and in TNSTITITIONS OF THE ENGLISH COLONIES 13 Contempo- rary i-iit'culii- t!()u in Eu- rope. destroyed by unfaithfulness ; the legitimacy of a govern- ment depends on its success in securing the general wel- fare ; questions of taxation and the public credit can be decided only by those who pay ; if the aristocracy and merchaats assert and secure these privileges, why not all other English people ; if vested rights are sacred in Eng- land, so are those of the colonial legislatures and the peo- ple whom they represent. The conlirmation of such views in America was easy because of the absence of tradition, which was as yet so strong in England. Sentiments like these were, of course, not peculiar to colonial radicals, nor were they entirely due to the Eng- lish llevolution. The age was one of intel- lectual ferment. All Euroi)e had felt the inlhiences of the lleformation. Prussia was rapidly coming forward under Frederick the Groat as the exponent of religious and philosophical lib- erty, giving also complete civil rights to Roman Catho- lics ; Catherine of Russia perverted the new tenets into an apology for hideous license. Joseph II., of Austria, was a reformer in his way, and his partial, though ill- starred, success, showed that even in the stormy days of his mother, liberalism had been abroad in Austria. Philip v., of Spain, stupid and obdurate as he was, made aise of the flowing tide to set limits to papal power and overawe the arrogance of the Jesuits, while introducing "many administrative reforms and softening the criminal law. In France there was every degree of liberty and license of opinion, while an extreme scepticism was laying >the mine to destroy eventually all existing institutions. -As the authority of the Church in matters of faith and behavior faded, the belief in all authority, even political, ^disappeared in the same mist. Voltaire alone sought tto set his scoffing philosophy as a proj^ to monarchy ; cringing and fawning before George II. and Lewis XV., i I 14 THE FIIENCII WAR AND THE REVOLUTION lie saw in the former a sage and hero ruling the uni- verse by his virtues, the latter ho designated a Trajau to whom not the least infamous of his three mistresses was an Egeria. There was also a brotherhood possess- ing just views and a tine philosophical spirit of inquiry which chose the middle path, finding truth by investiga- tion and justice in moderation. No more brilliant gal- axy sparkles in any literary sx)here than that composed of Montesquieu, Quesnay, and Turgot. But while their in- iluence was potent in England and America, a more bale- ful star controlled the thought of the French masses, lloussoau was an uncontrolled tempest with passionate, ignorant, but elocjuent zeal ; he painted in vivid colors the impotence of a decayed past, the hoj^elessness and despair of the present, and then declared hiniself the prophet of a new dispensation, that of nature, the oracle of a new era, that of the pco2)le. The social compact, popular sovereignty, the renovation of society from the lowest stratum, these were his engaging and seductive; teachings. But he forgot the personal worth of man in the exaltation of men ; civil power with him was a re- ligion, dissenters were to be kiUed or banished, revolu- tion must be a devastation, the new democracy a despot- ism. Unfortunately there were a few in America who also listened to his siren voice and laid up his teachings in their hearts to work mischief, small indeed, but yet, at a critical moment, mischief. Even in England itself there was a movement akin to that on the Continent. Free-thinkers of every shade had The free- thinkers of Eii'ihiud. sought a historic contirmation of their views in the English Revolution and its conse- quences. A just or perverted interpretation of English institutions was the stock in trade of every political philosopher, and most felt that for a rounded system the metaphysic and theology of the past must also OLUTION INSTITUTIONS OF TIIK KNGLISII COLONIES 15 iling the uni- itetl a Trajau ree mistresses liood posst'ss- rit of inquiry 1 by iuvcsti<4a- I brilliant gal- liat composed while their in- i, a more balc- fench masses, th passionate, II vivid colors )elessness and id himself tlu; Lire, the oracle )cial compact, ciety from the and seductive rtli of man in lim was a re- ished, revolu- acy a despot- America who his teachings ed, but yet, at mient akin to ry shade had )f their views id its conse- nterprctation ado of every )r a rounded )ast must also be denied or replaced. The English deists attacked t ho Bible and Christianity as part of a worn-out system. Locke converted thought into substance, Hartley held the soul to be tiesh and blood, and others followed Kiime in reducing the sensuous theory of knowledge to an absurdity in the conclusion of nescience. They had their school largely among the Great, so called, but a conservative and loyid devotion to their old institutions in churcli and state characterized the peopl(% both Eng- lish and Scotch, and prevented the general si)read of radical views. Nor was America as yet directly aftected by them. Indirectly, however, a work was accomplished of vital importance to the jiolitical and religions feeling of the colonists. Materialism is always the last worn-out phase of a philosophical epoch, and with intellectual apathy there is always physical inactivity. The harvest of free institutions raised by the events of 1G88 was reaped in both England and Hcotland. But in Ireland what gleanings there were had been gatliered by the Anglican establishment, while the Irish themselves were, through the indifference of the English ruling classes, thrown into even lower depths than those into which the conquests of Cromwell had cast them. Generations of oppression had numbed all enterprise in the Roman Catholic inhabitants of Ireland, and if it had been otherwise the very intensity of Protestant feel- ing in England would have made it impossible for them to secure the religious liberty wdiicli the Scotch had wrung from the sister kingdom. No one but members of the English establishment could oi c dii'uiji.i- hold office under the Test Act, and to one- ^'*^^' tenth of the population was thereby entrusted the entire control of government. Their methods were identical witli those bv which the landed gentrv of England ruled at home. Boroughs were so conb'dtated and the people () 10 I'lll'; I'WKNril WAK AND TIIK UFA'OMITlori HO <>voi')UV(m1, ihiii lli(> if\'v)d |)r()[)ri(>t/(>rM worn nlAv. i noniiii.'ilo hvo-Miirds of its nuMiibcrH to Uw. IiIhIi House of CoiMinouH, It was tlic le.'isi, of llui (liHJiWilitioH dt ItoiuMU (.■Jiiliolit'M iliiii ihvy wvvv diHlriiricliiscd. Tlio inilli houikIh to iiH »iH if it iiuiHt hv H Ivin;.,' liciioti. r>iit it \h h fiu't that, "inoTi^' many other outra;;(H, l\w\ w< ro dis- banvd in conrts of law and thus Jianipcrod in i\iv cnjoy- liiont of civil ri;^iitH ; that they wvw. forhithhii to hold evon the lowest olhee of trust of prolit, and tlnis roblted of |H)Ssil)l{» inlliiene;> ; that th(\v W(M'eso restricted in trade and niamifaetnres as to (juiMicli alleidcrprise an I prevent tlie er(>ation of a [)ow(M'fnl mercantile elass. Jf a pri(\st marri(Hl a Konuinist to a I'roteslant he was lo be hani;'ed ; for a IJoman Catholics to teach was f(>lony ; to H(>elc jiii oihication abroad subjected all concerned to forfeiture of land and {^oods. The train injjf of priests, and reli<;- ious worshi]) accordinjif to the Koman rite, wvn) sid)je(t to painful and disgraceful restrictions. fSinco the be^;in- nin^- of liU^lisli control, si\-Rev(Mitiis of the land had come into the possi^ssion of landlords representing a ioi- ei^n and despotic civilization. The anti[)ath_y to them felt by tlu^ir t(^nants created a systxMu of op])ression and extortion for the collectioji of rcMds. None but a Prot- estant nn,i;ht purchase land, or lease it, or l(>nd money on a mort»;a«^e. If tlic oldest son were a Protestant he inh(uited tlie entire landeil estate of his liitlu>r, other- wise it was equally divided. ( •atl.olic cbildn^n couhl have only a Prot(\stant i^'uardian. It is im[)ossibl(i tt) exa,n- jTcrate the shan\efulness of lMii;iish misrule iu Ireland ia the middle of the ei.iifliteenth century. '{'h(M'e was another class in In^land, about equal in number to the ruling" oli;;arcliy, which fan d only a little soof.-ii-Tiif^h hetterthan the Koman Catholic natives. Uii- Piv-iniT.jHis. ^1^,^. j.^m^A;^ i_ yix cotmties of Ulster had es- cheat jd to the cruwu and were settlod bv Scotch Pres- ft •OUITlOiV INSTrrflTFON'S OV TIIK EN(;i.lSII COLON IKS 17 woro Ml)1(i to '■ Iriwli Il()iis(> iliH;il)ili(,ioH ot (mI. Tlioinilh I. r>iii ii is :i i(>y wrvo (lis- 1 ill ih(i <'".i<'.V- i(l(l(>u to lioM il IIiuM roblicil licted in Inulc ■io iiirl prcvciil ). Jr 11 ])ri('s(, it) 1)(5 lia!i,i;('tl ; I' ; to Hcck Jill 1 i(» l'orl'(ulnr(' hIh, jukI rcli;;- , ^v(!ro Hiil)j(>( i iico ilio l)o^;iii- ilio bind \un\ 'scntiiifj^ ji i'or- )!illiy to ilu'iii |)])i'csHi(m and Lie but Ji Prol- r lend money Protcsluni he liitli(>r, ollicr- •vn could lm.v(! iible to c\i\y;- ) iu Ireland in )ont equal in d only a littlo natives. Uii- Jlstcr had es- .• Scotch PrcK- byteriauH. TliiH Hottlenient liad Ht.eadily f^rown itj iiuin- bei'H juid importance, lis loyalty had been inieuHc until under v^)iiern Anne. i>y the inllu(;nco i)i' the K2)iHcoj)!i- liaiis, who theai be^'an to feel Htton^^'er au the I'Ji^diHh rite. Their businesH entei-piiMe was lijidt(;d in the inont har.vHsiug way. Tku rest riction i)ut by Parliament on the Kale and manul'ic- ture of wool. ruinere also shut off from the colonial trade, and as the I'resbvterians were chietlv fai'mer-;. their ijrosjx'rity was diminished almost to the vanishin;; point. Their tem2)er would, however, brook no tyranny. In a forei^Mi land they had clusrislied the tiaditions of their race, and were iu their exile more teruuuous of the doi'trino and system of Calvin and Knox than their eo- reli^'ionists in Scotland. Their church orf,'anization was quit(5 as perfect as that of the Kirk, and more active, because of tlie deliaid, attitude it was compelled to assume toward the Hi<,di Church establishment which tou'hed them at every point because the Toleration A^-t had not been enacted for Ireland. They were ujdiko t,he lionian Catholics in tjiat they could anil did o])eidy and re^'ulavly celebrate their sacraments, perform their wor- Bhip, and dischar^'o all ecclesiastical functions at juarri- m^j^e and death. Their judicatories, too, sat reoularly .and transacted their business successfully. The minis- ^rs received also a kind of lenrnl recognition in ihv. :Eenium Donum, which was a pittance of twelve huodre-175() Tho Mississippi Valley — French Possessions and Ambitions— Conti- nental Lines of Commuuication — Contrast between the Strength and Aims of England and Franco—Divergent Institutions of the Two Peoples— The Conflict to be Decided in America — Preparatory Negotiations and Measures — The Aborigines of the South — The Algonquins and Irociuois — Their Institutions and Religion — Their Character and Domestic Economy — Their Relations to tho Colonists — Indian Alliances— Character of English Intercourse with-tho Red I\Ien — William Johnson and the Iroq^uois — Summary of the Situation. Geographical influences and physical causes in general are too often over-estimated in determining political and other moral results. But it is impossible to understand the course of American history without noticing the con- figuration of the North American continent and its re- lations to Europe. The great Mississippi Valley, which The MiHsiBsip- ^y its wide outstretched arms binds together piVaUey. ^j^g mountain chains and seaboards of the east and west into a strangely assorted but powerful union, was the prize for which England and France were contesting in America. At the headwaters of the Ohio tho English colonies were nearer to its limits, but there intervened a long strotch of forest wilderness not perfectly explored. There was p circuitous route by tho Hudson and Mohawk Vallevs into the more level forest lands which extended to the headwaters of the Allegheny River, but the tract of country was the home of the ENGLISH AND FUKXCII IN NOnTII AMKUIOA 23 AMERICA — bitions— Conti- 311 the Strength Institutions of in America — Aborigines of )ir Institutions jonomv — Tlieir — Cliaracter of u Joliusuu and es in general political and > understand ing the con- and its re- alley, ■which ids together ards of the ut powerful France were of the Ohio ;s, but there lemess not •oute by the level forest le Allegheny ome of the powerful Indian confederacy of the Six Natioiia. Arcsund by the water-shed and the Oulf of Mexico, Spain bloclicd the way, and tlio southern Indians wore quite as unreli- able, though not as fierce, as those to the north. The few and scattered English settlements in the IMississippi Valley had been njade by the mountain pioneers, there- fore, and were in the main at the headwaters or in the in- torvaloH of the great streams tributary to the Father of W'.ilcrs. The French were in possession of the valley of the St. Lawrence. By way of the great lakes, which they dis- covered and explored, they had a waterway to the threshold ot the Ohio Valley and to the bcshIoiih uud very headwaters of the Mississippi itself. Their explorations had been vastly more extended in the heart of the continent than those of the English colo- nists, their mission stations and factories were more numerous and better equipped. The mouth, too, of the great central river was under their control through the settlement of New Orleans, au ^ it was a natural desire that led them to establish a chain of stations connecting the countries claimed by them around the great lakes with their possessions on the Gulf of Mexico. The water- sheds therefore of the St. Lawrence system, including the inland seas which feed it, and of the Mississippi, seemed to the French their destined empire. This would, of course, have given them such a territorial preiDonderance on the continent as to reduce the Fnglish to insignificance. They had had singular success in their dealings with the Indians. It seemed probable that, as in Central and South America, the Latin race would here again com- mingle its blood with that of the native races, to intro- duce an imperfect though persistent civilization through- out lands capable of sustaining an enormous pojmlation, and as favorable to a high civilization as Europe itself. ijl Tin: riiKN'cri wai: and tiik iiKVOLrTroN' The cst.abliHhod track of romTntinirntion between the caHtorn Huii-Kliore iiud tlio Hoat of Freiudi control was by the Hiulsou Vall(>v, Lake C'lianiplain, and the liu-.s oi coin- llichelieu Kivor. Alon;^ tlioHo liuea took i)la('0 every movenu'nt ot Hottlcniont and couUict, but the French had a decided advantage in their owner- Hliii") of the St. Lawrence, which was at t'.io same time the easiest tlioroughfare and also, in actual distance, closer to the European base of supplies than any point in the col- onies. It was, to be sure, for many long months in the winter blockaded by ice, Imt in summer, when the opera- tions of trade and colonization were most active, the near- ness of its moutli both in latitude and longitude to tlie groat seaports of Europe, combined with the navigability of its mighty stream for a long distance inland, gave to its hiii'bors a marked advantage over those in the South. As yet the victories of enterprise in building roads and canals to outweigh natural disadvantages, had not been won, and are not in this narrative to be taken into account. The territorial expansion of France had an object cjuite different from that of England. In l)oth there was much religious zeal, but in the English colonics it took the form 2)rimarily of a desire to secure liberty of worship for the settlers ; the conversion of the heathen followed as a corollarv. In New France the latter was ostensibly the main object, and the colonists were men enlisted for a purjDose rather than volunteer emigrants. In both there was a strong commercial element, but the English looked for permanency to agriculture and the develoi^ment of large communities, while the French, concerned for the fur trade, the exigencies of which kept their depots small, scattered their immigrants over a wide extent of coun- try, and made their posts dependent on military garri- Contmst bc- t w c n t h ptrciigt li and H'tXa.i l)f l^llET- 1 (I u d a 11 d France. iLUTION r:N(;MsH AND rUKNCII IN NOKTII AMKUICA 25 between the itrol was by lain, and the _'s took i3la('0 md conilict, Llioir owncr- inie time the nco, closer to it in the col- lontlis in the en the opera- ive, the uear- itnde to tlio navij^ability land, p^avc to n the South. iig roads and bad not been e taken into L object quite re T7as much it took the ire liberty of inversion of ,ry. In New y the main or a purjDOse there was a h looked for aent of large for the fur epots small, mt of coun- litary garri- Bons for security. These diver.sMu;^' policies had kept New Franco in tlio most intimato counection with tho centralized, hierarchical, and dcsjjotic adniinistrution of a ^n)venmu)nt and court thousands of niiics away, while the Knglish had enjoyed a substantial autonomy and had portiu{,', supplying', and directing; them, as lonj? as that power was itself stron},^ But when its atten- tion and energies were monopolized elsewhere, it was Been that they were weak as children are when sud- denly deprived of parental sustenance and guidance. The I'iiiglish were weak also in their divided interests and Lick of harmonious action under one organization, but they were strong in t'loir self-reliance, in the nuitual help of neighboring communities, and in a commerce which had grown up, not by artificial forcing but in spite of tho disfavor of the home government. Since 1088, moreover, the whole spirit of each of tho two peoples, on both sides of the ocean, liad been changed. In one there had been created popular institutions, new force liad been infused into constitutional government, the industrial classes had been recoj(nized as an in- dependent element in society, and the em J>hasis in the distribution of jDower had been [J|^''*"ii'^"^ "'' Divergent tuliiJiiH of two JKO- laid on a legislature which was in part, at i''*^^ least, representative, and the conti'oUing rather than Ihe regulating arm of monarchical rule. In the other the crown had absorbed every public function, the peo- ple were mere taxpayers, every activity of society had its origin from above, and the sj)ontaneity of the mass- 4b was more and more limited to the sphere of private life. In this way the question of supremacy in America had Inquired a signiiicanee transcending the sphere of local W I ! \ I 26 THE FllENCH WAR AND THE KEVOLUTION interests and national aggrandizement. The interest of the whole world of thought and letters was also awakened, and a few men of prophetic vision began to to be iiocided seo and say that the destinies of European iu America. - ^^• i- • i i l • t • a Civilization were to be determined in America. The preliminaries to the solution of this momentous problem lay partly in diplomacy, but to a greater extent in the question of possession. The clearer apprehension of those on the spot disregarded negotiation as futile, and „ , , turned to the latter as alone conclusive. After gotiatioiih and the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle a commission sat for three years to weigh the respective claims of England and France in America. Those of France in- cluded the immense territories of Louisiana and Canada, and were based on discovery, exi^loration, and occupation. England referred to the original charters and maps which extended the east and west lines of the colonial grants through to the Pacific Ocean, and to the language of the treaty of Utrecht. The text was " the five nations are subject to the dominion of England," and this was in- terpreted by the British to mean not only the hereditary lauds of that confederacy, but also the Ohio Valley and the lands north of it as far as the Mississippi, which thev declared had been cono'^ered by the Iroquois in 1672. The outcome of negotiations conducted with such pre- tensions was of course nothing at aU, and the Paris com- mission separated without accomplishing anything. Id the meantime, however, agents of the respective natious in America were wide awake. The French govenaor La Jonquiijre made a request for ten thousand immigrants to settle the Ohio Valley, for he saw that if he should fail to occupy it that of the Mississippi would also be lost ; but owing to the state of French finances and the cou- dition of European politics, the demand was unheeded. Virginia, Pennsylvania, and the Ohio Company remitted ILUTION" ENGLISH AND FRENCH IN NORTH AMERICA 27 le interest of 30 awakened, Lon began to of European 1 in America. I momentous reater extent ippreliension as futile, and lusive. After mmissiou sr.t ectiv" claims of France iu- ; and Canada, d occupation. •s and maps : the colonial the language e five nations d this was in- he hereditary o Valley and )i, which they uois in 1672. ith such pre- le Paris com- y thing. In ective nations governor La d immigrants he should fail also be lost; and the cou- as unheeded :)any remitted nothing of their enterprise in trade and exploration west of the Alleghenies. The French began in 1750 to stir up the Indians of New York to marauding raids westward, strengthened their fleet on Lake Ontario, and built new works at Niagara. In 1752 they commenced to attack the English pioneers in Ohio, and in 1753 they descended the Allegheny in force, disregarded the summons sent by Virginia, drove off the English backwoodsmen who had begun to fortify the naturally strong point at the con- ^uence of the Allegheny and Monongahela, and on that commanding j)osition themselves erected a fort which was called, in honor of the new governor of Canada, Fort Duquesne. As far as the white population of North America was concerned, everything was ready to topjile the unstable equilibrium of claim and counterclaim at a moment's notice. The relation of the aborigines to the impending strug- gle was a matter of vital importance. It may not be amiss to recall that, among the iDrimitive inhabitants of America, climate seems to have had a deter- mining influence in the formation and fixity pincf of the of social life. The most complex civihzation '^*'"^''' Was that in Central America and Mexico. The Florida Indians— Seminoles, Clierokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, and Creeks— were less subject to customary law, and were therefore receptive to the example of the settlers. With the exception of the Chorokees, they spoke various dia- lects of the same tongue, but, including these, all were %y this time in great measure a settled agricultural peo- ple, giving only an occasional exhibition of their former Aomadic tendencies. But there was no tme kin iiess between them and the English, nor mutual confidence. Self-interest was as certainly their ruHiig principle as it was among their congeners to the north. Life was easy tinder southeni skies, and the immense territory over i| 28 THE FREXCII WAll AND THE REVOLUTION which they ruled, extending as it did from the Gulf to the Tennessee, was scarcely to be called inhabited, for their numbers did not probably exceed fifty thousand at any time, and were not sufficient for effective occupation. Their country was not in dispute between the Englibli and French, their contact with Europeans was not very close, and as there were few mutual injuries, there were coiT'^^spondingly few exhibitions of ferocity or savagery. When, many years later, they were wronged by the United States, their display of courage, guile, and per- sistence was second to no other in the history of border warfare. To the north of these southern natives, known as the Gulf, Florida, or Mobile Indians, lay what was now and had long been the debatable land of the Algonquins, stretching eastward from the Mississippi and pitico lot kmI irlKinoiH (MMoii(r II wliilf iM-nHiiiiliv will' Irll no »lr|>,»(iililliMn ill (Im> illlrirnillHi*. To iiii f'v|nM\H' «'('c|«';4itiMli('(i) Mr/MiiiiHiM lil««' Mini of Koiimhi ( 'iHtioliriHiii ill .It'Miiil IiimkIh. IIi«> iinporlriiirr of Mu> f4mvm;'o >\!iM nt>< li'HM llimi llml of Mm> rivili/rd hmmi. ninl (lir t'liild liKt' Miiiilvof jlii' l(Hin(>r ^VllH (t^niliruxl |iy llu'/cnl nf (m>)»1o <»f IIm* rolonirH. In fuel. ]w twron ilio MiifvliMli nnd nil hiivmuch ulndHoi'\< r, T,-,',,IlfTiT liVr.'v'^ Mioro >VMH a rd'ilion of nndniil MnHnicion in iI\v'"k.'.Wou'' '^^''".^ vl;««*<'f^. !"id nowlMMT, no! rvcn in I'riin HvlvMnio. M llioroiifvli und(MHlMndinf>; itrlwrni f1i(M^>l»'«nisoll\ rlMinii^d, IHm infcMcoiirmMvilli llir lnllri >\;v? j\iHt. \vis<\ and annt'aM(\ l>nf llirir Ix'liMvior lowmd '.lim li!\d a \vhol(^sonio vvior hrnj^Min willi (lie QiiaUors io ho «'on«'lnsiv(». i^nl as }vrnj\ifyniod d<^s»'(Mul;vnls of INmui'h fii«M!dH woyc orowdod inio {\\o o\il1vin>v v,dl(\\Mof i]\o I>»^la\vnr(\ llio Siis«^n<^hanna. !ind ov iiiliniiili> Miliilil V t'liHily ij(< )ii>iiMiiiil ly IIHC *!'(• (Ml |. of |{))niiiti >(tl' Mm» HMVMI'I' iiiM(. niiil III'' |iv IIm' /ml nf li(>||| Ih'IiiIi'iI. Holtlif'IH, Mini \\r lu'llrr nidi' i(»o \M>H pinip'T ItH ritnlcndiii!! foiulnrn, . im [vioup. Itrlwmi 4. In I'livl. I»<' j;(»H \vlinlHor\rr, 1 H»iH))i«'ion 111 rv(>n in Vww miinK hrlwri n r«Min liful Htft ]rnnn(> l'«»'" llii' will) ilM> llllI'M '|\Mvior lowtHtl ItMvor of llu' iv;;!iin \vill> Hi'' IMlioilH ]>llW<'ii "m f»i(MMlH \\r\( I)(>l!l\VMr(\ llio i\uA\ (MX'n'.'Vfli- (1 lluMnlnidtM!!, «;• the Ji'o, Mio I'rMMli ImmI M,(.pinMrlir'l Mi»' nr v B^vilMuf |Im< MrliiwMM'Hnn IJi»' MiiHl r'lMiicli oflcn M,(((Mri|Miiii( 'I Mm* Al!'ori*|uiri WMi- pitilicH in llM'ir miih iMiiloiy. On Oiir ((-ciiHinn CliiiMiiddid M,|»|M'fir('»l in fioiif, of llir lifMw in filMMiMjr rI Iwo oppoHiii!^ rhicfH MlroMly oxiillinj^ in vi'i<»iv. U'o IIm' i-^iiMiiuil, HM.vMiM'H hn M,|»p'Mr('l fi, HnfcrnMhirMl beini'. At IiihI, IImv ll'd in diHiiiMy l,o clMiiKli ilif-ir ImiI'-, b«i willi iiM'n"M,Hinj( IumiwIciIcm' Ihry cMirM' lo M'orn IIm' Oliicltin hrMiinl rnritiy who w'Tm (h-pofMlrnl, on mimIi Knp- porf. Siiniliir iu'cwvyi'nam fannrd fJMir nii.liirM.I lMi,fr»''l, tltilil mI, IliM opcniiit^ of Mm' (•♦'nliiry il, wmh mI. itn hfijdit. Bill for lliiily yidiH i\u) I'Vcri'li ImmI h^rn iiMinj^ tlirir di|>li i>( HiiiVMi-inj^, Mm* crMliiranff, Mmi lofly c(t\nfiyv. of .i;«! {''frncli (•niiHKai*i»'H, fhoiij^di tmohI, l»firl)aioiis;ly mihI JliliiiMMUily ("nlr<'ai»'(|, Hccin llrMilly lo liavr. nMjvrd Mm; Iro- quois' hcHil,. 'riM'ir lorayH inio tJio rouniry .>f tli^! (JImt- |>k('MM aiMl (JalawhaH in (!an»liria and Virt/inia, wf;rf; <>!U;n I^WMiiod by Mm! advancing' liruiHof JlnpfliHli piorifsfTH, and t|iib(3 I''rt"n(;li kinnv liovv if) fan ilio i'lrcH of dlHronifird, thuM Jiglil.Md. Finally, in 174'.), ilio irilHHif," ;iry \*'ic<\u()i boldly •dvaiiood int-o ilMiir land, and from Iiih foHififd Btation Urbcro O^'dcTiHlnirrj now HiandH, ho wrouj.!;lit, and H(]Kiiiif-(\ thai nearly half ilui naiion Hcc.inud io Ix; iirMlf^r IiIh HWfiy. m Thu cuiiro dcfuciiou of iho liO(|noi.4 was thwarted ]>y "MX 30 TITK FKKNCII W A II AND TiriC UKVOLUTION' William Johnson, an Irishman of high birth, from tho County of Meath, who had settled in the Mohawk Valltv near the site of Schenectady, to manage es- Johnson luui tates already in the family and acquire new tiiu roquoiH. ^^^g |.^^, himself. His character and condu( t resembled the French model much more closely than tlio English. He acquired the language of the Six Nations, traded with them in honesty, and endeared himself to them by his courtesy and perfect good faith. He became at last so familiar with their whole social structure, their tradi- tions, and their motives, that the Mohawks adopted him and gave him the rank of sachem. In 1744 Governor Clinton appointed him colonel of the Six Nations, in 1745 the province made him commissary for Indian af- fairs, and ir 1748 he was set over aU the frontier de- fences. In 1750 the King gave him a seat in the colonial council. His influence was, of course, constantly exerted against the French, and with great success, while there was an ever-growing good-will on the part of the Iro- quois. In 1753 the colony changed its Indian policy and angered the tribes. After eft'ecting a reconciliation with the savages at the famous council fire of Onondaga, he resigned. The next year saw the colonial congress at Albany to which he was a delegate. The Indians were summoned to deliberate and came. But it was to charge the English with neglect and rapacity, and thcv were so urgent that Johnson should be re-appointed as their superintendent that, in 1755, Braddock consented and gave him his commission at Alexandria. He was also made a major-general, and put in command of the expe- dition to Crown Point, the post from which Canada hoped to control the country which is now Vermont and New Hampshire, a territory which was for the Puritan frontiers- man much what the Ohio Valley was to the Virginian. Such then was the Indian situation : the Iroquois, few LL'TION ENGLISH AND FIlKNCIl IN NOUTH AMKTJCA 37 b, from tlio hawk Viilky manage cs- acquiie new and conclu( t ■iely than the Six Nations, nself to them ecame at hist :, their tradi- adopted him 44 Governor ; Nations, in )r Indian af- frontier de- 1 the colonial ;antly exerted 5, while there rt of the Ire- iidian policy reconciliation of Onondaga, nial congress The Indians But it was to dty, and they -appointed as ick consented He was also 1 of the expe- Canada hoped ont and Ne^v itan frontiers- Virginian. Iroquois, ievi in number, living in a small country of the highest stra- tegic importance, iierce and enterprising beyond all their fellows, the hereditary foes of the Algonquins, allied to the Eughsh by slender ties, and honeycombed smnniMry ui with disatiection ; on the other hand the Al- H'^' ''it""!'""- gouciuius, bound to the French by every tie of long he- reditary friendship, scattered over a splendid and ex- tended territory and outnumbering the Six Nations four to one, but inferior to them in courage, while at the same time they were consumed by a sense of wealaiess and wrong which they traced to the English iiitluence, and of course thirsted for revenge. To complete the situation at the opening of 1755, we must remember that the French and English forces were at loggerheads in Acadia, the commissioners having failed to agree on the limits of what was ceded by the peace of Aix-la-Cha- pelle. From Fort Frederic or Crown Point the French menaced New England and New York. We must also recall that they had fort i tied places at Ogdensburg to control the Iroquois, at Niagara to command the western waterway, at Prcsqu' Isle, Le Boeuf, and Venango to regulate and retain the line of trade southward from Lake Erie, and Fort Duquesne to command the whole Ohio Valley. While in the far West their posts were in a wilderness and separated from each other by hundreds of miles, yet by means of Detroit, St. Joseph, Vinccnnes, Cahokia, Kaskaskia, and New Orleans, they dominated the expanse of Louisiana. There had been numerous minor collisions and one of some importance at Fort Ne- cessity, near the forks of tlie Ohio, when George Wash- ington, on July 4th, 1754, after a stubborn resistance to ft superior French force, had capitulated with the honors 0f war. In the conference at Fort Le Boouf and in the leadership of this expedition, that memorable name ap- pears for the first time in the records of history. 'I i f I CHAPTER IV. OL'TDREAK OP THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR— 1755-1750 I^iiropi.'iin Complications— The CotiiLination against Frederick the (irt'at — Tlio Xunciistlo 3Iinistry— (lenerul liracldock — French rrcpiiratioiis— Demand for Colonial Taxation — The English Hegiiiarrf and American JMilitia — IJratldock's Advance— The Frencli and Indian Ambuscade — The IJattlu — Defeat oi" the Expedition — Acadia— Treatment of the French Farmers — Cap- ture; of tlie French F'jrts-^Disperhion of the Natives— Fort Ni- agara — Johnsons Successes — Fort William Henry — Plans for Taxing America. The strained relations and conflicting: interests of France and England in North America made it impos- sible for events to await a formal declai'ation Eiirnpoan CO in plica- of tlie War on this side of the sea, and while hostilities did not formally begin according to di2)lomatic rite until 1750, the preceding year saw the threatened outbreak. This state of affairs had also a counterpai't beyond the sea in the international compli- cations consequent to the artificial and incomplete treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. Two years before the articles of that document were signed the sovereigns of Austria and llussia had concluded a defensive alliance, and in secret articles provision was made for a possible restoration of Silesia to Maria Thert^sa. Four years later, George II. ac- ceded to the treaty for the sake of preserving his heredi- tary principality of Hanover, while Saxony was won over to the entire agreement, secret articles and all. The adroit and brilliant Kaunitz, for many years Aus- f ^^P I \ THKX'lJFXrn AND IXDIAX \VAT?. ^11-1755-1750 •'rederick the lock — French ■The English alvivnce— 'rii'- JelVut of the iirniers — Cajv- vfs— Fort Ni- ry — rians for interests of .0 it impos- declai'atiou a, and -while n according year saw tlie had also a onal compH- nplete treaty tides of that Austria and and in secret estoration of jeorj^je 11. ac- g his heredi- ^as won over ill. ly years Aus- i I THE XOETTTEIJX COLOXTES AXD CANADA ILLESTKA' '1 ADA ILLrSTKATIXO TTIE FRFXPTT AXT) IXDTAX WAT^. R. D.SEHVOSS.N.Y. OUTBREAK OF THE FKEXCII AND INDIAN WAU 30 trian ambassador in Paris, now cliancellor of the empire, had meanwhile accomplished the unexpected, in recon- ciling, through the influence of Madame de Pomj^adour, the two great powers which had so long been deadly rivals, the houses of Bourbon and Hapsburg. The combi- In 1755, after Frederick the Great had been ?S;fe1c"'{he irtriguing with the Jacobites in the hope of ^'■^''^'• securing Hanover, the Newcastle miuistiy made a sub- sidy treaty with Elizabeth of Russia, who cherished resentment against Prussia on account of the bitter witticisms by which Frederick had exposed her charac- ter. But already in the next year there was a re-ar- rangement, because of the menace by the Austro-French league to the very existence of the new military power, and a renewal of partial friendship between the two great Protestant nativ^ns was shown in a treaty forbidding the troops of any nation to cross German territory. This of course alienated Russia from England, and four months later, in May, 175G, France and Austria completed their defensive alliance. Frederick found himself, therefore, confronted by the combined strength of Russia, Sweden, Austria vdth the Gennan princes, and France. His only allv was England. Never in modem times had England known deeper humiliation. Newcastle was, now in power; the spirit of dull, incapable rapacity was all-peiTasive in pu))lic life. The officials under the cabinet shared the sloth and feebleness of their superiors, and what ability was avail- able looked rather to the immediate and apparently in- inevitable, than to the larger measures of real states- manship. "WTien, therefore, open conflict in ^. ^ j.^^^._ America made procrastination imj^ossible, the cantie miuis- measurcs taken were of a very clumsy and dubious character. In the Pelhan cabinet, which lasted from 1746 to 1754, Pitt had only a subordinate position, ill ': I' ' 40 TITE FREXCir WAU AND THE REVOLUTION but Lis influence was very great. The jilan whicli that c;ibinet had iornied to thwart the French in America is bc'hcved to have been his. At all events, when he finally came into full power, he promjitly renewed its funda- mental conception and fought on its lines. It was an admirable one, but while the Newcastle ministry did not change it, they nullified it through the general incapacity of the creatures chosen to carry it into operatioD, and by the orders given to them. Acadia, or Nova Scotia, "was to be made entirely secure, and three expeditions wen to be organized to proceed against Fort Duquesne, Niagara, and Crown Point, respectively. Li the first month, . of 1755 a fleet was despatched from Corlv to Virginia with two regiments under command General Brad- of Major-General Braddock, who was to be dock. commander-in-chief of the English forces in America. He was a soldier of. forty years' standing, and had gained distinction in the career to which he had been devoted, but on the other hand he was conceited and headstrong, ignorant of every jiroblem in frontier fighting, and wedded to the martinet forms and discip- line of what was then considered civilized warfare on the continent of Europe. His habits and general view of life wore diametrically opposed to the simjilicity and straightforwardness of the colonial leaders, upon wliose co-operation lie would be dependent for success. There was a strong sentiment for war in England, but the Inng was absent in Hanover and the feeble, vacillating minis- try, distracted by indecision, feared to take the step, but gave instead piratical orders to Hawke, the commander of the Channel fleet, to destroy every French shiji be- tween Capes Clear and Ortegal. In contrast with the commingled feebleness and des- peration of Newcastle was the direct and capable course of France. By means of diplomacy she succeeded in OUTBREAK OF THE rnK..Cir AND IXDIAN WAR 41 gaining time for extensive prejiuration. A few montLs after the departure of Braddock's army a tleet with four thousand troojis left Brest for America. French prcp- Boscawen, with an English squadron, started "ratiuus. at once in pursuit, overtook the French who were mak- ing for the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and capturea two ves- sels. The others, with Vaudreuil, the new governor aj)- poiutcd to supersede Duquesue, and the ccmmander of the forces, Baron Dieskau, camo safely to lancT. Vaudreuil was a Canadian by birth ; Dieskau was a German who had been aide-de-camp to Marshal Saxe, and had gained a high reputation in the Netherlands. Meantime the wretched policy indicated by the orders to the Channel fleet was further carried out by sending privateers to sea under letters of marque, and before the end of the year, war not yet having been declared, about three hundred French merchantmen and seven thousand French sailors were captured. France, by way of osten- tatious rebuke, set free one English vessel which had been illegally taken, but on receipt of the news from the Banks of Newfoundland recalled her ambassador from London. Braddock's first ofticin.l voi on reaching Virginia was to convene a congress at Alexandria. There were present the governors of Massachusetts, New York, Pennsyl- vania, Maryland, Virginia, and Commodore Keppel. He himself was, of course, the presiding officer. The deter- mination had long since been formed in official circles that a general fund for the immediate neces- " Demand for sities of the impending war should be raised cp'oniai tuxa- in the colonies. The royal governors had found their assemblies difficult to convince, and there was an almost universal consensus of opinion among the agents of the crown that the people would not move of their own accord, but would acquiesce if taxed by an act ll M 42 Tin: rnENCii wAii and the revolutioit of Parliament. Braddock, in explaining his instructions, angrily expressed his disappointment that the money had not been raised. The governors retorted by explain- ing the colonial reluctance and renewing their advice that Parliament should enact a tax. This is the tirst ap- pearance in positive form of the constitutional question which was later to occupy the entire energies of England and her colonies. But just then there were more urgent and immediate matters of detail, as to the colonial troops and the atti- tude of the Ii'oquois. Most of them were satisfactorily arranged. One regulation which had been rc-n^hirfl^^iuia promulgated before Braddock's arrival was American mil- enforced, that the general and field officers of the American soldiers should have no rank when those of the regular army were in the field. The result was to anger and dishearten at the outset the very flower of Braddock's command ; and to make matters worse, he declared that the savages might be formidable to the raw American militia, but upon the king's regulars and disciplined troops it was impossible they should make any impression. Both Pennsylvania and Virginia, however, disregarded his insulting attitude and promptly furnished the necessary supplies ; numbers of the " raw militia " from those colonies and from New York, two thousand in all, joined the expedition, and "Washington accepted a position as one of the aides-de-camp. The march through the settlements to Will's Creek, which was then first nan.ed Fort Cumberland in hon- or of the Duke of Cumberland, Braddock's pa+ron, was itself long and weary. After twenty-seven days it was reached in May ; the militia, who had already assembled there, were put under rigorous discipline, and some time was spent in drills and other preparations b3fore the hundred and thirty miles of Bradclock'3 advance. I 1 I OUTBREAK OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 43 wilderness from that point to Fort Duquesno were at- tacked. The whole of June and eight days of July was consumed in the desperate march. The very road had to be built ; trees were felled, such bridges as were ab- solutely necessary were constructed over morasses, and in general, the route was over the hills, in disregard of the natural course by the streams. At last the banks of the Monongahela were reached at the confluence of the Youghiogheny. The line, extended sometimes to four miles but marching as if on a turnpike, forded the river at the mouth of Turtle Creek to the left bank on the ninth of July, and a few miles further do',*n recrossed to a spot which still retains the ill-omened name of Brad- dock's Fields, but defies the omen with thronged and prosperous workshops, huge furnaces, and all the clangor of a throbbing industrial life. All the severity of rigorous discipline had been enforced, even in a forest path but twelve feet wide, between the river bank on one side, and ground which rose first gradually and then abruptly to a high ridge, on the other. There were guides, flanking parties, all the regular divisions of a marching army, but no scouts. By the line, of the river they were within ten miles of their goal. But they had long been watched by the keen eyes of French and Indian scouts. Within the walls of the fort there was great dismay ; reinforcements had The Frcncb been sent, but the troops were only some and i n dian hundreds in all. There were gathered, how- ever, at its gate a considerable number of Indians from the Ojibwas, Ottawas, Dela wares, and other Algonquin tribes. Nevertheless Contrecoeur, the commandant, thought only of retreat ; the enemy were upon him with a well-equipped and disciplined force of over fifteen hun- dred near at hand, and the main army close behind. But Beaujeu, one of his captains, was a daring spirit, t: 1 ) Tlualtl. 44 Tin; FiJKVcri \v.\ii Axi> tiik iikvot-T'Tton" find nil olTci' TnM(l(> l»y liim s, and at last Ihev eoimentod. JOarly on tlu» niorninj,' of ,bily *.MIi, I7.")r>, two liinidnMl and tliii'v l''ren li ind (-aiiadians. in the j-arb of back- w (.aiij(Mi, Dumas, a. id Jiij.!rn(>ris. 'J'ho }i|>|);i,rently un- 0(Hi;il forces nn^t Jit a moment unexjx'ctcd to both. Hut tho FriMich and Indians wer(> fresh, alert, and (>xcited to n pitch of fren/y. Attickinjjf their enemy with s})irit, they jiA'aiknl themsrlvos of all the arts of forest, warfare, pour- in<^ in on front and (lank a deadly lir(> from Ix-hind tho trees, and usini:: tho Jiill-crcsts or any natural obstacle as shelter. Tho sav." je,-? made tho air rinjij with V(^lls and war-wlioo]is. Tho J"ln«;lish sou^dit to foi'm in duo old- world (U'chn*; th(\v pour(nl thiar fusilado and artillery tiro in all directions, but tlunr foo was scarcely visible, while they themselves, in scarh^t uniform and com])act ranks alVorded a too prominent tarnot. Tho r(\';ulars had Ix^n disheartened by unaccustomed hardships, tho militia were sourtnl by tho rij:;;'ors of an unaccMistomod discipline, winch they know untitted them for their taslc, J>ut the militia ftnvo stubboridy contosted their j^TOund for two hours luulor a galliniif iire, forbidden to answer the enemy by his own tactics, exposed to the fury of n July sun, in tho face of an unseen ft^o. Their oilicers dis- played pro(lij;*ios of coura<}:o, live horses wore shot under tlu^ o-eneral bt^fore ho succumbed to his wounds. AVash- in;Tt(")n, likewise, had four bullet holes throuj^h his coat and li^st two ehari^ers in tlio desperate strui;'ij;l(\ His two fellow- aides were early disabled, and ho was tile aWv OITIUIKAK OKTHK I-'UKNCM ANI> INF)IAIV WAIl A^t only Hclivi* ouc (lin'in;^ ili'r wlioln ("Tif^ajjctrH-Mt. Of Mm |',ii;;lisli !i!i(l colonial forccH Iwciil y-Hi\ oHiccrH wen- killed, iliirt v-H('V(>ii woinidcd, uiid hcvcm liiiiidrcd and t'oiiilccn |irivul('.4 wcro Hiaiii or wounded. The rcj^iilaiM llrcd \vliil(! finiiMiiiiilion lasieMl ; ilio militia KJood iinlil ilie lust ; of one Vir^dnia coniniand conipfisin;.^ iln'ec^ eonijia- ■M, ii is relaled iliat not Uiiriv nien Hiirvived. On llie ni( de ill • Hi d 1 hilly :iUi'x(Muptihei)ro])erty of the i)roprietarieK from taxation. TIh* others made ready to supply men and arms according to their ability. ]5ut the narratives of the sunivors fos- tered distrust of the Enty for their lauds. Nor was their least inducement the immediate chance to plunder the white intruders. The advancinp;; lino of jtioneers. in both Virf2,inia and Pennsylvania, was checked and driven back, their rude homes being given over to pillage and desolation. ■ I 'i! 46 THE FRKXCII WAK AND THE KEVOLT'TION" Acadia. The French patent of 1G03 claimed for Acadia the ter- ritory between the present bites of Thihideljjhia and Montreal, grantinf^ liberty of AvorKliij) to Huf^uenots within thowo boundaries. The following year an expedition of which Chaniplain was a member founded Port lloyal and St. Croix, and dis- covered the St. John's Kiver. This was the first attempt at settlement, and though occupation was jirecarious and the colonists were subjected to serious hardship, it continued until 1014, when the Virginians, basing their claims on a discovery by the Cabots in 141)7, drove ont tne French. Sir William Alexander obtaii.cd a patent in 1(521 for the peninsula now known as Nova Scotia, but his attemjits at permanent occupation, in 1G2IJ, were rendered unavailing by the French. Cromwell sent out a powerful expedition in 1654, but by the treaty of Breda the territory was ceded to France. Henceforth it was known as Acadia or Nova Scotia, although its boundaries were utterly uncertain and no attemj^t was made to settle them until 1750 ; the other claims of the French in North America were designated New France. The English colonists never regarded the treaty obliga- tions of their government, and so harassed the French settlers that, in 1718, England legained possess: m un- der the treaty of Utrecht. For thirty years the English rule was nominal. The industry', thrift, and piety of the j^eople created an unex- ampled prosperity in an ideal i:)astoral life. Troatmont . of tho French In 1749, evidence began to accumulate that armcrb. Erance would once again enforce her preten- sions. Accordingly, four thousand settlers were sent out and the city of Halifax was founded. But the French inliabitants were still a majority, and although ostensibly neutral they now courted the Indian alliances, drew closer to their religious rulers than ever, and rendered the OUTIUIKAK OK THE TltKNCII AXD IXDIAX WAIl 47 Knj^lisli adiniiuHtrntivc moaHiiros wcll-iiij^'h fiitilo. The Kiij^linh woro Htorii, ami in their holpitsaneHH the Aca- (h.ins bcctinio hopeleHsly iiitniclublo. Mohhuics of mi mi- woiitecl Hoverity Hoemed to thciu tyranny ; tlic Kui^Ush iiHHuniod the ^uiirdiaiiHhip of their titles and laid licavy taxes, while burdensome contributions of liil)()r and of produfo were enforced under tlircats of martial law. That they mi^ht iicitlier l\y nor lij^ht, they W(frc strijjpetl of both boats and lire-arms. Throuj^diout the colonlea the feelin;^ prevailed that a life n'ru^^'^do with pojjery and tyranny, as embodied in Freuoh Kiiprem;uy, had bej^nin, and i)!issioua were inflamed to a hi^h jjiteh. We depre- cate the bi<^otry and ruthlessness of the time, but the princii)le of resistance to encroachment was the samo from 1755 down to the Declaration of Independence. The wrong was in the savaj^^o application of it. Stej) by stop the English officials interpreted the laws of tlieir mother land against Roman Catholics with more unjus- titiablo stringency, until the}' came to regard the meek and unresisting people as rebels and an obsta(;le to peace and progress. At last the Acadians one day re- fused the oath of entire allegiance to the crown, and tlicu having repented, their determination tlie next, were refused permission to take it. Finally the fatal decision was reached that their splendid possessions must be for- feited, and they themselves with their families exiled into other parts of the continent. Two French fortresses had been erected on the isth- mus after the surrender of the peninsula to England, one small and scarcely more than an outpost. Fort Gaspereaux, so named from the little tiK-Fruuch river at the mouth of w^hich it stood ; the other. Fort Beau Scjour, well constructed, well cquii')pe(l, and occupying a position of strategic importance at the narrowest part of the isthmus, north of the River Messa- 1' 1 •>«J<''JT''^^iil 48 TIIK KKKNCir WAU AND TflK I!KV()r,I'TIOI^r {.'oik'Im'. I'n.iii II !cw (»f over kcvcm tlioiiHuiid Altissiiclm- Hctis tl'oopM, sonic lir(<>riu'KH, mill llic skill of llicii" Inidci's \v;is in iiiiiikcd conlnist to Hie iii('iii>;i<'ily of Vori^or, the r'rciich conimHudi r. riM\y wow supported also Itv three Imiidred n'j^Miliirs and iv eoiiip.'Uiv of iirtilh'iT. Holli pliiees wero taken in .luno almost ^vitllo^^t an elVort. Anv resistance by the peasantry would therefon^ have l)een fulil(> and despei-ate. Theiv doom had ^ono forth and the vVnieric.'ins were unfoi'tu- natclv ft)remost in its execution, althou;;h the real Hti;.,Miia of tlu^ measures rests on th(> Lortis of 'rra])l(; judiciary of tho province*, willing tools in iider- ]>retin^ the constitution JU'cordin}^' to tho rapacious do- sir(>s of the authorities. In S(»ptend)(>r the Acadian mm wcro talcon prisoners by an artilice which could oidy have ini])()sed on simple 1) spciHim of minds, and tho forced enii'jfration be;^^'ln. The tiu'iiaiivos. otnbarkation was not cotuph'ted initil ])eceni- b(M*, the season was most inclement, and cruelty went hand in hand with iuca])acity to torture tho paralyzed and helpless victims. AVlierever they wcro tinally dc- posit(>d, in (Jeor<;ia, Pennsylvania, or Canada, they wore left to their own misdirected and feeble etlorts for suste- nance. Tlio stranj^^o absence of tho paternal hard to which they had boon accustomed, in both politics and reliuion, induced a numbin INhFA.N WAK *!'.» Holil, tlicir liifid hccaiiio not only ii Holitndr })\\t n t]vH(i\ : lor tli(t occjin l)('(it ris\V('r,o liy tlic l''i( lull \i nish oiu: «'|<'('tM llio liuliaus IKim l\i((;ii\iiin!', NVinlcr Wjirrfiic I'liui ;i)',!iiiis( lioiiinlunr, Aliiiii • Ii'iini (>n(r;i",i';; of MniilcjillirM ludijiiihi 'I'lio IMiis; .'icki .iI I'm I W illi;iiii iliMirv lu't;iil(s of iiilrir.iic in ( 'jinml.'i rfiilicm Aclivily I.diiilon KctMllt'ti- IMti. in rower His liillui'iK'c !\ntl I'hiiis AniluMMl, llowi', jmhI WtiU'o. Thk, fonu.'il (h'cl.'M'iiliou of wnv on Ptlny ISili. 17i'>(l. Av.-ir. lu.'ide l>y(lr(\'i( iMilMin. luif Mm* coiirsc^ ol' \\vy I'.'iilmrM wms not v\cu for m mumikmiI inl«M'j'ii|»l(Ml, Ij. in inio Hml in ilun<^ .'i v«'ss«>] willi on«> lnin(lr«>tl iliousiind poundM \\;is Kiiv'i-'i> iliac- <1('!^1»mI«'1»

tiviiv. (^xh'Moi-ilinMiT «'onlril)ulionH Mi(>v liail niudc l»> cinrv on liosi ilili('s. Mnd IIuim ri'«;i('M for llic fnturo. lUil in I ho snnio nu>nth AbrrcroniMc iirrivcd .-mkI ;il on('(^ Im11o1(n1 IiIh troops on \\\o people of Albany. !l i-^ s\v<'};(> \v;iH proviMioniMl, (Miuippcd, jind j;Mr- rison(^l \\\i\\ a«lnur.*iM<^ skill nnd jud};ni«Md by Hradslrc*! r.iuUM' i\\o .'idvit'c' of Sliirl(\v. Hnf, Loudon did noi, jirrivc nniil Into in .Inly. 'Vho niMJoiily of tlio linxpiois. !i\Mir(' of ilu^ ni'livily and (MUM'-ry shown on nil sidos by llic Fronoh. sonj;ld and obiain«Ml lUMiiralily from Vandrtiiil : and flu^ l\n;;lis1i. uiih livo Ihonsainl liun in C)sw(>^"o and ion thousand al Albany, lhin<^. Snoh inactivify ap]H\'irs ovon n»oro ino\i)H('abl<> in con- ir;ist with tho l^vnch rostlossnoss, Tho t>ld r(''j;iino in Trauoo, lod by ronipadonr. was givou ovor to Icwdiirss, m r RTKHMCSSIW OK 'III Is I'llIlNCII AND INDIAN'S r^l p1iil!m Sl-VCtl mimIiIk' Inn' l flirt Vcum' War. So it lia|»|iciu'd iliuf, a iii.iii of j,|i(> (»ld koiiikI Hlo('k, Mini an <>v<'r iiiicornipl.dd |»y Mic in- l,ii;Mi('!< of an ovor-('('iil.i"ali/(M| j^ovciiiUMiil,, wjim cIioscii Io Aj d Hii'l i I. Ill III /Viiirrica, wiKM'o Mic \vfi,r Ii.mI opciu'd hikI iii<; I'lcaii'sli iHfiiKi waH lo bo l','i,Miily, Hiiiall in Hiatnr(\ and inn'('iiri:d in toinjxTii- tiiriil, \v;iH Htroii;.^ and InsilUiy in l>ody, of .'in activ*-, iiil,;l- jp'riil,, capaMo mind, and had M(>rvo(l vvilli riMid in coininaiid, Do Lrvis, and his iuljiilani l>oii- ;faiiivilli>, woro iikmi of Mio Hainc Htanip. TIk! cxpcdilion r(>a('liod (^.nnbcc, in May. Of l.lircMi inipoiiiuil, ]»osls, (',i,rill(Hi or 'ricondrroj^a, Ni!i;j^ar;i., and l''roiiJ,('iiM,c, Um; lir^l, li:ul IxHMi plaiiiK-d and hnill., {Jk; oMicrs had bcMi fiilly HtnMi;jjl,h(>ii()d by IJio bcnf, i'^-cncli ('n^,dn('('riii<_^ slvill, and in ^blr(^ll Fori JJiill, an iiiMi<^fnirM'a,nl, j'lii'disli p ) ;l on Iho road from Albany io OHwci-fo, !'ad bocn ('a|i- (.ir(Ml with jjfrcal. and unwarranlrd ac.ctlamaj.ion, Tlin s))iril,H of both (-anadiaiiH and J^'ruiutli wcro rajHod to iho lii^;h(>Hl, poinl. wli(>n a j'jarriHon was rinally thrown iiilo tlio lunv post of 'ricondcro'i^a, which was further advan''vis(nl an attack on Ohwc;;!) and its oiitjiost, J''ort Onlirio. Such was tin; swiftness of his movciments that by Aiiiifust niJi he had coll(M!t(vl at l.''rontena(^ soiiu! threo ihoiisand troops, with which, on the r2th, ho f'.'ilitiirc of sv\cit(»l)ylli« r'rcii<;li. hc.ij^aii a r(^;j;ular Hie;^^(). It lasted but eighteen o hours before tlio outworks fell, and on the t'ourtiMMitli the whole jj^arrison of Oswejj^o siirren;lorcd. The French wore iu ecstasy, and to win the ail'cctious of •v 'i I Ul m hi f T. IMIKX(MI WAIJ AXI> TIIK UI'V'H.Tn'TaN" iisl iiil IropliicM on IIm site. LoikIom. I'c;it- iiii;' !iii .'iliMck, wilhdi'cw lo IScw York, after |>ulliii;c wIimI oUkIju'Ioh \\v couUl l)(*lw(>(Mi l)imH(ill' and his (MHMiiirs i»y f<>lliii«;' U'cvH jicr(»HK tlic li'iiilH. IJut li(> Hlrovc io (|u,*uicr Ills (»lli('(>rs for i\\o \vinlt>r or) i\\o ]»('0|)1(> of holli New York and IMiiladdpliia. Tin' pcoph^ plradcul llu'lr ri;',lils as linj^lishnuMi, liic olliciM' rcjdit'd wilh thnjals of foicr. and a <'(»llision waM onlv prcvcidcd hv <*oin|)roinis(' in I'lnladclphia. and virlnal snrrcndci" in New York. Tlu' irritalitMi was of conrMc inlcnso. JMoi'Icalni i'<>in;uiu'ii inactive becanst* Ins inferior Hirt>n}^;'ili, liv(> i lions ind four luindrod l.o Loudon's ien ihonsand, coniiK'Ut^d iiiiii (o koo\) {\\o saf(» position of 'riconderoj^a. So far Ihere was but. a s'li^ie it(>ni on (lie <'r(Mli! >>\dc of llu< Mnjrjisli account, for (1u» _v<\'U" 17.")(;, i.lic const, ru' lion of l'\)rt lioudon on tlio TiMinesscc. to «;uard (l(.H)ixi<'' Juid (^arolina a;;ainst the l*'reiu'li posts uhi( h woiv sprin-^in;.; n]i io i\\c (\ist of tJie I\Iississipi)i, Otherwise all v\ji,s loss and ilis«;'raee. Tlu' autumn was brightened by one ^;uc cess, t.liat a,u:ainst thi^ Dela wares of Kiitan- ,,j,;,,I!",7,!rn," uinLj". who, from their lair within fifty miles Ki'uinuiii'-' '' ^^' l*'*>i'f- Duquos 1- "ore rava.nin!'; the I'rontier of l\v.?asylvau;;(.. •i^'aiii it was the Trovin- eials will) ijaintnl the scanty laurels, (\a])tain John Arni- s( ronu", a Scoti'h-lrish (\)venant(M* of C^umberland, set out across tlu^ wilderni^ss of lh<^ Alh^^luMiies with a ])ar- ty of men as f(\arh^ss and d(^t(M'nun(Ml as himself. \\'ith i'onsnnimate skill th(\v threadeil the trackl(>ss woods, came on the Indians unawares, and virtually e\t(M'mi- nated the setthMUiMit. dcstrovinu" tluur caref\illy collect- ed ammunition, and rescuinpf eleven whites who were held in captivity. When thi^ seat o{ war is a vir<^in wilderness, deuselv woodod, and 1' u' the most part; covered with matted i I 8IT0CESSKS; OF TIIK MIKN^H AN!) INDIANS ^5 mid orj^n twill mh well, iho ]v\H^nii in tJu* Hiitmiuii' inoiil.liK. 'rii(> (THMiiiion of lioslililicw in winter wiis not, wintcrwar (hcrcfoi'c, fiH on \.\u) coniincnt of Knroix', n ''"''• iiirrc convent ion:dil^v, htil, a ncccssily ; and in our noilli countrv ilio ri-'ors of winter r(;nd(>r even the wuterway;) iiiipaHMable. J'^ierce blasts, d(M'i» snows, auil Boven; eoIs of men on hotn Hid(>s wlio (hired to (diallen<.^(! her, r()il)i(h!in^" as she was. J)urin^' the antinnn jnonths hjiv- !ii\('s from 'J'icond(>ro;jfa wvro, uhi([iiitoiis, and from J*\)it sVilham Henry scouts and I'an^'ers threaded their wavH \vher(> stray (vnemics mi;^ht be captured, and oc.cnsi('nallj a smart blow was struck by i)artisanH from New l''iii;.;laiid, hiid.'iied by ex})osiir(! and I'cady for any vcuiture. The nolorious liO!.";ers and liis band were typical adveritureis, nKikin,!^' foi-iys into tin? enemy's country, ciittin;;' off siip- phcs, burniiii;' liom(>steads, destnvv. injjf cattk?, taking juis- oiicrs, and (>ven daring' to a])proacli tlio liostilo works ii(\ir onoui^li to sketch rude plaiiH. Familiar witli lh(; us;' of sk.'ites and snowsluM's, the heart of \vintcr had no Icrrors for them, and in Jjuiuary th(>y advanced to tlie very thrcsliold of tlie new French fort, fought a short, siiarp en;4a,<;"em(nt which dismayed tlieir iocs, and rc- tui'iied wilh many wounded, but successfully, to tlie head of Lake (Jeorgw In jVIarch a I'j-ench i)arty of tlie ^ uic character, coiirciir.^ dc. (xtii^, Indians and some re;^n.ars, ci|nip])(^d all a cost of a million francs, sixteeii hundred men in all, endeavored to strik(^ a retaliatory blow. Over snow and ice they reached the I'higlish fort. At- l(Mn[)ted snr|)rises, alarms, and stratep,ic marchin-j^s were ]>]eiity, but they failed to dismay the little .garrison of some three hundred and forty -six ellectivc men. The ice-bound boats in \]\o lake, a sloo])-of-war on the stocks, the out -houses and barns around the fortress yvere Wt I'lil 50 THE FUEXcrr watj and the kkvolution burned, but a bold sortie dismayed the attackin*^ force, and the costly expedition retreated without furtlicr suc- cess. Tliroughout all these long months the European com- batants, in their respective quarters at IMontrcal and New York, were eagerly emulating the gayety, hospitality, and luxury whicli reigned at such seasons in Paris and Lon- don. Montcalm wasted his energies in squabl^les with the jealous and boastful Vaudreuil. Loudon languidly dreamed of an expedition against Louisl)urg, LouiHbnrg and liis languor was seen in his inadequate nbimdonod. tit , • tj • i j. xi and tardy prcimrations. It was said at the time that, like St. George on a tavern sign, he was always on horseback but never advancing. He and his troojis were, however, finally embarked and reached Halifax in June. A squadron from England with additional forces Imd sailed in May, but arrived at the rendezvous only in July. It was then found that the French had learned the whole matter through spies, and that no less than twenty-two ships of the line were united in Louisburg harbor waiting the attack. The ten thousand troops, the sixteen ships and frigates, were thought to be of no avail against such a force. Loudon and his forces re- turned to ISew York, the squadron from England was disabled by a SeptemV)er storm, and the disaster of the season was crowned by a horror perpetrated on tlie abandciP.ed garrison at Fort William Henry, which was made possible by the withdrawal of the English forces from tlie se?/. of war. The diapui.s of Montcalm and Vaudreuil al>out the respective raerits of the Canadian militia and the French regulars, wlio ioved each other as little as did the English colonials and their commanders from beyond the ocean, did not prevent active and effective co-operation, bitter fxiid imprudent as they were on both sides. As soon as .«,i_ mM\^l ^ Outrafros of Moiittuiui'H lu- (liuU4. -. SUCCESSES OF THE FllENCII AND INDIANS 57 Loudon's movements -wore certain, Montcalm went to " siug the war song " and hold the war feast with sur- rounding Indians. By the end of July a strong and well-provisioned force was gath- ered at Ticonderoga, Indians, Canadians, and J'^rencli troops, eight thousand in all, a quarter at least being savages gathered from near and far, as far even as the hanks of the Des Moines lliver, in Iowa. Almost im- laediately the Red Men began warfare in their own way, nor could the polite and fastidious Frenchmen restrain them. Scouting parties captured prisoners, and form- ing lines with but a narrow interval between them, made their unhappy victims run in the midst to be beaten with clubs even to death. At other times, in open orgies they practised the foulest cannibalism, roasting, boiling, and eating human flesh without a thought of concealment, at the very tent-door, in one instance, of a French mission- ary. And their numerous petty successes made them every day more insolent and unman a^ "cable. Montcalm used skill and diligence to bridle their jiassions both for blood and for indulgence in intoxicating drink. His suc- cess was partial, and on August 1st the picturesque and unruly expedition set out from Ticonderoga. Four days later, after a preliminary skirmish and a summons to surrender, the yivestment of Fort "William Henry was begun. Munro, the commander, had five hundred men within the bastions and cm at Kort , 1 T -, ' .11 AVilliam Hou- se veutccn hundred in an entrenched oamp near ry. l)y. He wrote for reinforcements to Webb who wtis four- teen miles away at Fort Edward with twenty-six hundred men ; Webb sent two hundred regulars, refused further assistance, and in dreary terror despatched messengers in turn to distant New York and New England for help, fearing an attack on his flank. For five davs the intre- pid garrison held out, three hundred were killed, many H il:i t> . I ''*'■ ■1 'i I ; .' ny Tin: FHKN'CII WAll AND TIIK REVOLUTION wore disabled by wounds and more by an epidemic of small-pox ; the cannon burst and Avere useless. On the ninth, therefore, Munro made honorable terms and cai)itu- lated, marching out on the following day with the honors of war. The gallant Montcalm had extorted from his Indians a promise to keep the conditions of surrender faithfully. But the last man of the garrison had not left ih.o fort before the treacherous crew clambered with yellr. and hideous whoops through the embrasures into the interior. Tlic sick were murdered and their corpses mutilated. Plunder there was none, and the savages turiied at once to the camp from which on the morrow the English were to march under escort to Fort Edward. Thci French guards held the greedy creatures in check for a time, and Montcalm moved among them cajoling, threatening, and praying. They seemed to yield to his entreaties, but in the early dawn of the next day they could no longer be restrained. The Pinelish were paralyzed by the sudden and awful attack, and there ensued, under the very e^-es of Montcalm and his officers, the atrocious massacre which more i/han any other event cloi:ded his rei^utation, inspired the English with rage and horror, and partly fixed on the conflict the name of French and Indian war. The Indians massacred in cold blood upwards of seventy, including the sick in the hospital, ^nd carried away two hundred prisoners whom the French could not then rescue, althd,ugli they afterwards redeemed most of them. The worthless wooden works of the fort were razed, the bodies of the dead piled on them, and the whole burnt to ashes. The autumn and winter were almost a repetition of the precedmg ones. Montcalm failed to follow up his victory ; colonial militia rushed in from all sides to Fort Edward, but owing to lack of equipment and employ- ment, turned again to their homes. In November, a he W! of a succKssKs or Tin-: fim:ncii axd Indians ^>0 liclpless Gorman settlement on the Mohawk was burned au(l sacked by the French and Indians. The wretched mtri<'ues and •'iiyeties of New York and Mou- (real bci^an ajj^ain with the wmter. ihc i a- iiitn^'nu iu iKipi)y Canadians had not been able either to sow or reap accordinj^ to their necessities, the French troops were pinched in their supplies by the knavery of Bif^ot and other royal agents, and as the English were masters at sea, half rations and actual famine tilled reg- ulars and natives with dismay. But the crafty leaders found means to feast the Indians who were again j^ractis- ing cannibalism under their very eyes, and to load their uncertain allies with gifts. Partisan activity about the region of Lake Champlain and Lake George was constant. At one parCsim ac- time Rogers find his men ventured into the ^'^''-^■• very moat of Ticonderoga, at another they approached so near as to snatch prisoners and cattle from under its guns. In March, however, the rangers suffered a serious repulse, eight of their officers and a hundred of their men being killed. Loudon was as usual fertile in inventions and busy with plans which never left the paper they Loudon re- were sketched on. At last he came to be ^"^'^''^• regarded as a mere trifling l^usybody, and in the spring he was recalled. Under his Icadershiji the depth of degradation had been sounded. The French were in successful occupation of five-sixths of the continent, while England held less than half of tiie remaining portion. Lewis XV. and his Indian allies controlled not only the two great waterways of the St. Lawrence and ^lississippi, but they actually held every portage between them ; by way of Waterford to Fort Duquesne, by way of the jMaumee to the Wabash, and by way of what is now Chicago to the Illinois. The unsuccessful g( ueral I ■■ I' .'■! I li ■', 1j CO THE rUENClI WAll AND THE IIFA'OLTTTION' rcturnod to Eiij^liind, Riiro tliiit llio colonioH Imd been tlu! root of bin i'uibiro, unci tliiit ibo lirKt noceHHity was for Piirliaincnt to iissunio jubniiiistrativo and fiscal con- trol. A Htunip act for America uould bavc been one of bis ronu'(bc8. It HceniH inii)OSHiblc to explain tbi- imbecility of the Enj^bHlimeu tlieu in America, except by tlio wortbU ss- ncHS of tbc Newcantle ministry. Tbc rninons politics of its premier led to iudecisicm and tbe nllimatc choice mn i,,.. «.. .r of second-rate men for leadersbii). In Aiiril, 1757, Pitt, bavinj^ i)nt himself at the head of a sentiment stron<;ly opposed to the Hanoverian i)olicy of the kiu<^, was deprived of ollice. It was soon seen that a cabinet without him was impossible. I'or eleven weeks all compromise with tlie old aristocratic rrj^ime was lirmly refused, whilr the (Jreat Commoner, as he was now called, received from the towns and the nation such assurances of enthusiastic re^^ard as were never given to another public servant. At last, in June, court and aristocracy yielded and the great representative of the people came into power. Though he had been nominally leader of the Commons, and Secretary of State in the last cabinet, yet Newcastle was ever busy with his old tactics of parliamentary con- trol, and the Duke of Cumberland had charge of the His influence '^^i*- His geucrous plans for the Colonies had anil plans, therefore been largely thwarted, although he successfully resisted every proposition for a stamp act. Now he was the real ruler of England. He stood for no faction, neither for the king nor for the Prince of Wales, nor for the falling Whig oligarchy. The nation bad been morally quickened by the great Wesleyan move- ment and the preaching of Whitefield. He was first known to them by his disinterested refusal to accept interest on the i^ublic moneys, or even a percentage on M . succiossKs OF Tin: i-ukncii and Indians 01 Kiibsidios ; their (lovotion was intcnHificd by bia zoul for btttor rcpresoiitiitiou, lor the total ovcirtbrow of Uio bni/t'U venulity which NcwciiHtle pructised, iiud for vwvy wliok'Honu) reform. Ho had, aud was for four years to k(('i) their undivided loyalty iu his liberal and enlight- ened policy. The results were soon seen. llisold])lan I'nr the redemption of Aniorica was not ehan^j^ed, for it was the best, but men of a new stamp were selected for the various enterprises. Louisburj^ was first to bo re- duced, and in the; se(iuel Quebec. The northern colonies were to be liberated by the destruction of Ticonderojjfa, and the great avenue of enterprise toward the west was tt) be opened hy the capture of Tort Duqucsne. Andierst, Wolfe, Forbes, and Howo were to be the leadeis. Not one of them was a man of mcdi- ^ , ocrc ])Ower. Amherst was calm, cold, 1)1^1- iiowc, ami dent, but most capable. Torbes, the Head of Iron, as his soldiers nicknamed him, was a tried soldier, destined to give his mast(>r's name to the metropolis of the metal which was thought to be in his own veins. Lord Howe, a man of the loftiest birth, had endearc*^ liimself to everyone by his judicious, manly, and unas- suming character. The greatest of tliom all was V^olfe, jilready a hero who had won laurels and successive pro- motions on the fields of Dettingen, Fontonoy. and Lauf- feld, although he was now only iu his thirty-tirst year. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^/ „„ ^ c**' ^>^ 1.0 I.I "IK |M £ U! 12.0 IL25 lU 1.4 I 1.6 Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STREIT WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 (716) S73-4S03 CHAPTER VL SUCCESSES OP THE ENGLISH AND AMERICANS— 1758-1759 England and Prnssia as Allies - Success of Frederick and Pitt — In- Ihience of Prussian Success in America — Fall of Louisburg — Pitt Arouses American Enthusiasm — Abercrombie before Ti- cond(M'()ga — Topography — Death of Ilovve— Montcalm's Prep- aratiiuis — Failure of the Attack — Retreat of Abercrombie — Recapture of Oswego — Effect of the Success — The Middle Colonics and Forbes's Expedition — Washington and Bouquet — Defeat at (! rant's Hill — Illness of Forbes — Weakness of the Garrison at Fort Duquesne — Advance of Washington and Arm- strong — Seizure of Fort Duquesne— Pitt's Monument. The Seven Years' War, in which the intrepid Frecleriek faced single-handed the secret coalition of the great Catholic powers, was no less England's affair PriisSia us ai- than liis own. The King of Prussia had in- herited from his Calvinistic father a splen- did army, and the use he had made of it was nothing short of wonderful. In 175G he had perfect knowledge of the negotiations which had united nearly all Europe against him. In August, therefore, without a word ot warning he entered Saxony, captured Dresden, and pushing on, defeated the Austrians at Lobositz. In Janu- ary, 1757, England became his ally. In May Frederick re-ojocned his victorious career at Prague, but in June the Austiians under Daun overwhelmed him at Colin. In July the French defeated the auxiliary force of Hanover- ians, Brunswickers, and Hessians which England had furnished under the Duke of Cumberland. In August FUCCKSSES OF TIIK KNGLISII AND AMK15ICANS 03 the Russians ovei*po\vered a Prussian army under Leh- wald, and in September the allied troojis were pledj^ed to neutrality by their English commander in the dis- j^raceful treaty of Closter-Seven. The humiliation of Great Britain was as complete in Europe as in ximerica ; even the eleth sides of the river, were morasses and low meadows, and just below it were a waterfall and saw-mills. On its left bank, at the mouth, stood Ticonderoga, upon a RUrCESSES OF THE ENOLISTT AND AMERICANS 67 pioiMontory protected ou tlireo sides by wnter, and ou the lourtli by Btroii;; outworka aud lui ubattiH, the only access l)ein^' from tlie northwest. Montt'uhii hud made his (lispositions with caro, a picket was at the hinding-place and three hundred skirniishera had been thrown out to annoy jj,.„,|, ^j and observe the enemy. Both bridges were H"'"o. burnt, antl the Enj^lish force, under incompetent guides, began its march on the bixth through the wiUls on the west bank, crossing ravines and climbing steep banks without even a wood-path to diminisli their pains. Though keeping their general course they were soon lost, their ranks broken, and after two hours' weary marching but a semblance of regular advance in eol- muns was maintained. At the head of the foremost body were Howe aud Putnam, scrambling over the fallen trunks and crasliing through the underbrush, when suddenly a body of the French skirmishers, in even worse disorder, ap])eared on the left, having also lost their way. The collision was shoii and sharp, the French stragglers were soon ovei^jjowered, but Lord Howe fell dead at the first onset. All courage and what little order was left seemei't Froutc! \ac. If Hnccc'HHfnl it would ciit ofOHWL'(,'o. ^],(3 i f«irhli«'t«h fmlluT nMil«' tll Mtxi litMillV lit lll«> illllMTNlM rt..,i it..i..,n.M ,,, j,,.^ roliMiN. iiph.'l.l Ihf ii.lvMiil!i|*«>H of Ilia*! «I«><'K'h I'lMiil. noiitpirl pill lKr\Mii«l lli<< HiipiMior rliiiiiiH «>i III) (Mitiiilv now liiii\ up llii> lintthMili IM ol llir .liinitilti, lU'iosM Hie lr,iiiM\«'rH»> inl};rH ttii«l \iillt'>H of \\\v ,\ll«<|',lirny tlllil l.:uivrl lilii.'.iMiioiilililiM «')lllillH (o lli<> Lovrll Millillil. u IrilMili:* of lln» .M1«>)jImmin. 'I'Iiih >vhh ||w> imoip u .m'I ro.-iil. llionf;)i tlu^ iuort> tlilVit'iiU. tin«l tm llio rvprdilion hopod fort'\n* Oliio NmIIi'v, I'oiboH. Hiipporlotl 1»\ llu> rriiiiH>l\iiiiiii inlliu'iuT. «lolrr- iuin(<«{ to liiK«< il. niwl Hiiih iuM n now lii^rliwiiv lo tlio olti oiu'M. l»rt >\t'»Mi iho so.ihoiii'il tii)«l Mio MisMinsippi VmIU'v. \\ {isluiij^lon lluMcfoif >i<'l«l«'il. iiu«i j«»iMo«l llio iimiii UoU.pU^t !lilv!in«M^l >ulll two tllOIIHIllhl HUM! to tl 10 l,o\,»l H,inn;i Knor, uIhmioo 1u> throw out oij'Jil liiiutlioil sKiiiuisluMM \ii\«lor (Jriinl. to looonnoitio tlio IVM.-Mt Ml t.r.'Ui •» n< lioijrlits !il>ovo I'orl Piupiosuo. Thov ronoliod wlial li.'is sinoo Immmi Known as (ivMnl'H Hill. o>orlooKiiifr tho i>o'.t. or, S(>ploinl><'r HIli. Tin* liMdoi's plmi wmh ti> »loro\ ;\]^>ition of tho p,;inison from IIumv slullor. siiul \pt\iro th«in. l^vit th« o\ p<>Ot!lt ion of inforior niinv Ivi-s \v:us l\isod on ftvlso inform;ilit>n. a miul nisli of nnm- boi*s far su]v riv>r to tlio Mssnilants throw tlio lattn. a)ivl whilo tho l(>ss wan torrihlo. no h ss than two hnnvlnni and s(^v»Mit v-thrtM^ killtvl. wiMindod. and |Misi>nors. tliorc would havo l>oon an aotual massaon* but ior tho oiv'tlnoss of tho Virj^inians. who ha^l biMMi oaro- fnlly o»pnp]H\l auvl trainod fi>r front itu* warfaro l\v Was! nn>:lon. Tbo commauding gouonil did not roach Bodfonl uu- III Mi'|il) mill I . Ili> IidI i'iiium wi'uKrr iii Iuh puiufdl |ini;'l'rHH, IhiI, Uilli rMiirii!>r iiml |i)'lM|.tl< iirr, plTHhrtl nil III llio niin|i of liiiMil lltinnii, wjiirr li«i iir- |||„,.mh i,t inr.j tin Novi'iiilKr Mli, A ntiiiiril of win •"'•"•'■ Wirt lirlil, mill till' )|i'riMioii l,u ^mi imi fiiilln'r wnh t.iKni. A It'U Wri'liM lllirr IIm' hclliUltlTH, lllnl Mti|iM> mIImI' linllllll llilwt, irlMilllKM'll |||«< l''|l>ll<'l| Mllllllll't' III H IllCt't- \\\tf Willi I'lrtln H'li I'oHt lit r.MMlnii, Nvliitli \\ iMkiiiMM III I 1 I ■.' I 'I'l "( III'' I'lirl- li.nl lin-ii |i|;iiiiiri| |iy I'orhrH. IIm' hiiiim' in- >,,„, „| |.,,it lliii'iiiT iiiiimI Iimvc lirrii ul. woili in tlir rnmli " '"""'• I'ml. fill' lln< HiiviijM'M from hi'lroil, itiiil tlu' WiiIdihIi ri in wooiJlund timtui'iiviTH, WMM HDil mIk'.'kI willi II (JioiihmimI of lliriii. On till) tw(iiiy> lourMi llio rntin> rxprdilion Mvoiiurlii'd on Advniui' or 'ruHI.> ChmIv. tni inilrH from ilio conlliHiiro ,n!',i'' aX" of llu« iw«» i^riMil. rivcfH wlii<'li form tin) Ohio. *'"^"">f- TIh' piuM» IiikI Imm'ii Hcvcrc, for hiiow luy on iim j^round iiiKJ tlu* piilliM (![n>w Hoft and Hiirky with ilio molHinro. Tluil ni;,dii Mi(< I'^hmuOi for(M< of hut livo liuiKlrod iiu^ii, si'i'inijj tlicniHi'lvrH outnntn1>(M'<>d and dcHtituto of jinn visioiis wlicn'wiili to iniiintuin n nic^r, I'lrcd the fort luid (h'piu'lrd. Home up the AUd^lidny to Kort MacliHult, Houw to l*r<'H(iu' 1hI(> toward liiikii Krio, niid Hoino Hiiiltd away down tho river. Tlio next day the troopH of Wawh- in^lon roacliod tho place. Nothing was k'ft ]>ut rjnioiil- derinj^ ruins, Tho KiigUijh llag wuu raiucd uu a btuH hy Armutrong's M Ill: 7t TTTK FUKXCir WAU ANP TIIK KKVOLUTION hand. Tlio noxt. dav was obaorvod ns a thanlin'Mvincf fostival. Vort I)n- On the t\vciit,v-pi} French — Course of tho War in Eurnj)o — Tlie Height ol' I'iiigliimrH Military (iramltMir — I'itt's riun for tlie('anii)aiL;n in America — Wolfe — rinthiisiasiri in tiio (lolonies— ( 'aptiuo of iNiagara Importaut Results — Evacuation of Ticondnroga and Crown J'oiiit by tho Fronch — Futility of AmhorHt'H Cauijiaign— Monlcahn at Quohec — Measures of Do- fence — Tho Enj^diKli i'Meet in the St. Lawrence — I)isj)osition of the Land Forces— French I'ircj-ships — Desultory Ojterations during July — Wolfe at tho Falls of Montmorency — D»!f)!at of tlie !'3iiglisli — Movements during August — Tho I'lan for Scal- ing tho ll(;ights of Ahraham. Affairs in Canada had como to a crisis. The quarrel between Vandreuil and Moutoahn was so bitter that it was carried home to the court. The latter was QunrreiH and supported, himself and friends were loaded animiK'^^^tho" with new honors, but substantial aid in men *''^'"^"- and supplies was witliheld. A few hundred recruits and some absolutely essential munitions were embarked and reached Quebec in safety, but the condition of the ]irovince was no less desiderate. The officials were so recklessly dishonest that even the scanty sup})lies af- forded never reached those for whom they were intended. From Bif^ot, the intendant, down to the meanest commis- sary in Fort Duquesne, not exceptinpf the commander Li<;neris, every man throu<:fh whose hands they passed stole a portion, until the troops, half-starved and revenge- ful, became mutinous as well. The Indians, too, found the articles they wanted few and dear, and became so t I , » 76 THE FRENCTT WAH AND THE REVOLUTION disaflfected that the example of the powerful Delawares in abandoning the French grew more and more conta- gious. The Canadians themselves had thus far been deceived in every respect by the gasconade of Vaudreuil, and having sustained their courage by faith in a glory which was fictitious, suddenly found themselves with half-tilled fields and scanty crops, large contributions from which were often exacted for the king, while an angry and licentious soldiery were quartered in their cabins at the munificent rate of fifteen francs a man per month. It was evident that the rottenness and intrigue so successfully imitated from Paris and Versailles would quickly finish their work in Montreal and Quebec. Montcalm lost the buoyant cheerfulness natural to his southern blood, and with a secret desperation, but half- veiled by his assumed and pathetic courage, prepared to obey the 'nstructions from home, to confine operations for the coming season to posts close together and with easy intercourse one with the other. And all the time Vaudreuil blustered, threatened, and plotted ; nor was the tide of official corruption stayed even for an instant. Many expected and some desired the overthrow of New France, hoping to escape detection and punishment. The course of the Seven Tears* War on the Continent was far from uniform. In the west the able and deter- mined Ferdinand defeated the French at Cre- thewariuEu- feld, forcing them across the Rhine. Fred- '°^^' erick spent much time at Olmiitz, where he was unsuccessful. But in August he won a fierce and bloody battle over the Russians at Zomdorf. Hastening thence to aid his brother Henry against the Austrians, he was in turn beaten at Hochkirch by Marshal Daun. At the opening of 1759 Ferdinand likewise suffered a re- verse at the hands of De Broglie, but on August 1st he took summary vengeance at the battle of Minden. The NIAGARA AND QUEBEC 77 (lay was a signal victory, and would have been an utter rout for the enemy, if Lord George Sackville had used the turn of aflfairs by hurling the English cavalry against the faltering lines of his opponents. It was not a mere error of judgment, and he was punished later for coward- ice. On that day a new revelation was made to the stu- dent of the art of war. Six English infantry regiments, through a mistake in interpreting an order, charged the French cavalry opposite them, and regardless of a raking artillery fire, successfully brnke through the lines. Twelve days later Frederick was defeated by the combined Aus- trians and Kussians at Kunersdorf. The possible conse- quences were averted by the dissensions of his foes. The road to Berlin was open, but they did not take it. Dres- den, however, surrendered and a part of Saxony was lost. Yet this, his darkest hour, was marked by the same un- surpassable qualities of greatness which illuminated his whole career. The winter found him still master of Si- lesia and much of Saxony. The year 1759 seemed in England to atone for the past. Her career of victory both by land and by sea was almost unbroken. To herself and to others The apotree she seemed to be a world power of the fii'st importance, and in the sphere of general his- tory she has never since outdone the achievements of that wonderful time. France, in the last effort of exhaus- tion, made a feint of invading England, and began os- tentatious preparations in the harbors of Toulon and Havre. In July Rodney bombarded Havre, and rendered ineffective whatever had been done there ; Boscawen fell upon the Toulon fleet off Lagos, and scattered it ; while Sir Edward Hawke gained a decisive victory over Ad- miral de Conflans, near Quiberon. A little British squadron during the same summer conquered Seneg.il. of Eiiirlaiid'8 iniKlary gran- deur. Keppel after a short struggle seized Gor, e. Pococke \ u. If!" ff ! 1 ' 1 \ 1 J , ! i ]h i y \ { '- - : . ! t I ! '■ t ■■ ! m m i,- 78 TMK FKKNriT WAIt AND 'VUK KKVOT.T'TinN- ko])t \ho ii|>])or hjvn, it n«'v»macv. It wan felt tluit (^)Mil)er«)]\ had restored (lial inaslerv. Tlu're waH in all l''.n}::;lisl\ Inslory no ajj^reenuMdi so |)UHillaiu!nouH an that of ('loHit the reHtora- tion of l"'n};land'H luilifarv hoin>r. No I«'mh thati twelve millions of HM}>i»lieM was voted l>y i»arliaiM(>nt ar. Ihit (he hifrhest lustre shines in Tilt's tuinistrv for none of these Ihinf^s. It is renieinlxMvd in the story ritio pi.«n ^^^ ^^'^' world for deeds be. and n\oro *''■'*'*• lasting; in their intluenec on human destinies than any of Ihese. The AnuM'iean ea»n|>aign was ajjfain laid out on a complete ami far-sij4:hted plan. The frontier between the newly founded rittsburij;!! and Lake Krio was to bo aeeunnl and held by Slanwix ; Sir ^ViIlialu Johnson and Prideaux were to collect Indians and pro- vincials, and advance bv Niaj^ara and Tjako Ontario on Montreal. Amhei*st had been appointed commamler-in- chief. With the main armv he was to march as far as Lake Ohamplain. and there seize the chance, if it oiVored, to unite with the army of tlie St. Lawrence for the cap- ture of Quebec. Into this latt(T purjioso the moral strength and nervous vitality of tlio whole movement were thrown. Admiral Saunders, in command of the fleet, was a thoroni^h otlicor. a man of noble and generous pei*sou:ility, i^freat enout^h to co-<">iicrate witlunit jealousy or to rise iudopeudeutly to the height of an emer- gency. Of Wolfe. Pitt's general, as he was called, we Lave already spoken. His form was feeble and his face NIA(JAI!A AND QI'KHKO IS) niK^oTTH'ly, but ilio firo of liin onorpy ^IowcmI in IiIh finn cyrH. Afirr lim iluHliitif^ oxjdoiiH ol' llio |»rt'CO(lili^' yawx \h\ hiul Hpciii ilio wiiiUir in IjoimIoii, vvlicn! ho won ili(5 alVrciiojm ol" tx nobl(» woiniin wiioni he wjiH (loHtiiUMl never to hco iif^'iiin. Jle wuh a «l('V(>teo of thai learning' which in itH own end and reward, and thonj^h a Holdier at hearl, ol'len found refuj.^*; from iho ihron;.^ of caini) and court in th(! avocation of «|uif t ntudy. He had from tiie bei^nnniiif^' been aHHif^^ne*! to ])OHtH not ordinarily given to youth, and now, in the zenith of liin |)ower, ho was hut tliirty-two years old. He fully real- ized the conrKlenc(^ placed in him, and tho importance of the command which had been f^'iven to him. I'o on(^ of liiH friendn he had UHed thene W(»rdH: "I feel called upon to jtiHtify th(i notice taken of \\\v. by Huch exertioiiH and expoHur<>H (»f myHelf aw will ])robably lead to my fall." The coh)nieH were inferior to no other j)art of tho Ib'itish dominionH in H(>lf-m, as in MaHHachuseltH, fifteen per cent, of all able bodied men w(>ro under arnm ; m in Ww. coi«- otherH, as hi New Jersey, taxen amcmntinjif to iivo dollars for every man, woman, and vengo Robert Rog- ers, with a party of rangers, destroyed the village, but the generals remained ignorant of each other's movements. This was the end of Amherst's campaign, and the result of all hirf extravagant preparation. The decisive blow was struck elsewhere, with fewer men and less expendi- ture of money, bat with a lavish consumption of energy and brains. There was to be no co-operation, and Wolfe had therefore, after waiting in vain, dauntlessly under- taken his task, the most difficult hitherto assigned to any of the English generals. Li pursuance of the policy of concentration, Montcalm had gathered into the army around Quebec what was Montr.iim at Substantially the effective lighting force of liucboc. Canada, between sixteen and seventeen thou- sand men, exclusive of the Indians, who were by this time disheartened and worthless. The city stands on a promontory formed by the great river of the St. Lawrence on the southwest, and the St. Charles, which directs its current into the main stream in a direction almost due east, on the north side of the town. At short inter\-als along the north shore, minor rivers, as the Larry and the Beaufort, flow down from the high- lauds of the interior, until the rushing torrent of the Montmorency with its famous waterfall is reached at a distance of about seven miles. Quebec itself had two NIACJAUA AND QriOREC m portq, the lower town on tlio alhiviinn of tlio St. Clmrlrs, and the upper on a clil!', the nlopes of wliicli wvrv crowned by the ranii)iirtH ; and these in turn were overtopped to tlu! riversido by the citadel, 'i lie niajeHtie Hood in her(5 crowded into a narrow strait thirte(!U hundred yurdH in width. The left l)ank on the north is the more i>rocipi- touH, and on its summit, level with the ui)per town, lie the plains of Abraham, the end of a tableland which stretches southwest some ei<^ht miles to C!ape Itouf^'e. ISIontcalra had done overythin}^ to desen'e ruccoss. There were one hundred and six piecres of ai'tillery on the walls of the stronf^diold. Above the place MtJiMncH (,i as far as Capo Rou^e, batteries and mortars tUitiuM. wore disposed on the heii^dits, and oft' the low shorcR lay five rafts. Below the conlluenco of the rivers the low shores, as far as the intervals of Beaufort, w(^re defended by earthworks, behind which were the headquarters of Vaudreuil. Beyond Beaufort the land was much higher, and along the natural escarpment strong ramparts were thrown up as far as the falls of Montmorency. At the upper end of these Montcalm had his quarters, at the lower Levis. Within this long and strong line the troops were placed to the best advantage, two thousand in the city, the remainder in camps stretching up and down the river. The channel at the mouth of the St. Charles wa^ closed by a chain and guarded by aimed hulks. The English fleet, vYith Wolfe and his army of eight thousand men, had reached Louisburg in May, and on June 2Gth they anchored below the isle of Or- leans, some miles from their objective point, fleet in the bt. There were many men on board whose names were to become either famous or notorious, among them Cook, the navigator ; Monckton, George Townshend, Isaac Barre, William Howe, and Guy Carleton. The I s , I r. i ( ■ I ■ ' 1 : ," 1 1 M i 1 a t roui'f«»\ l«i» wprMl in H'«'onn«Mh inj>, Hnnu' im vnnt'.rn'iiiln H> iinMli" « of no unjxMliMhMV Thr tlcfl coinintiMilrtl (Im> xxrttovH ; l>nH«M«0H xxovr n«'iovilin};l> poHlrd on \\\v « ih ( rn\ |^on»1 of \\w Klo ol < >»l«'nnH. tnxl H('n>MM Ihc nonlh rl\rtnnrl of 1l\«> nxor. n1 ron\( I ,o\ > . unr iMiill rrtlnnlHM p>\>1o«'1t^l t\y\\ M('nril I\> fn;M»liH iW michor . (Im« «hon^ flUHV >\« yo mM(> m( «1»1\ *hr«l on (ho l('f( bnnix of (lie Mon(nionMu>> . \\1\1|>1\ov (l«nn (luH ofcn iv« ^>,%iii(iiM> \ m»n1 1>\ 11\r I'lom 1« Mt'i-«»'^H (l\o viMT, Mn ()»•< Hdnnn. fo\n iniloH \\\ \\\o in(oviov. n fovil wuh fonnd. ImiI (1\ovo nnH n H(ronf} rndiMitlnnonl on (lio I'lonrli H\y]c \\lu«l\ i>M\«lonsl i(H ^v»HM!t;vo un|>oHHil>lo. iSn<'li. in sliovt. ]\r\A h\^o\\ (l\o M«^\,•Uo Mot^(«vUni. (1\;H fi>Mn 1]\o Mon(nioroni'v »m» ono Kulo to lli<^ St. v'hrtvlos «>n (l\o o(l\( v. ovovv |>OMRil>]o nionnw o{ ,•^]^]^ro,•^'l\ {n>tn o\iV,iM on<^ of (ho (1u«m^ vivovR hn.l Ixon 0\.nr,in«\l rt\ul fov(\tii\Yl'i:<^^l»' \\;»H. n\or«^nor. no( ill f.Min.^iS^. It nins( h;no n|>p<\n'0(l (o lun\ (1im( hin n\os( ns f.v Mrts s(;nv!»(ion. -Inlv \\;\m m>< n( l>v W olfo *»i\.l llio o1^i»N^rs of Uw lloo( in \n«h»H(iio\iM \\\\{ nnji* ailing o\.-in\in.'i(;.Mi of (ho ^mMin*!. l"ho l^\M\v"h hih\ l><\>^,\in. rt'i i\\v\\ ;i'< .l\ino 'J1s(. (o n'^(^ ihciv f.'iivovit*" «l^. Thov (rn^l i( Myun oil tlio 1>von(v-:"ino Ov">nsistOil. rt»N\nNlino' to i]\o\r own jn' <\'>\n\ts 01 ovor sovoulv *iirtoronl l>«v)(s tmd rafts (oiv^lhor. FiX'^ro^ fro Nl \«l Mf \ \ 'Ml i.|'|. Ill «» Hft 'I |l <■ f II M ') II M 'liirldK Willy. nn nlili'li XKvrn rfni-lifl ul.| »(tnn«iii, nwivilM, »riMMl<»lM, fircl iiinidHM, fill IdimIi'iI Im III)' itMi//li> Willi |i'iw'l( I, ImiII, nri'l |Mti|M>HliM|. 'I'Im* uliM|f> uiiM )IiimI)i>«| wjlli jiililMiti'l Dm 'I. Ill lliiM, MM ill rvi'iy ••IIm'I' «mm»', Im»wi«vm, IIm' •IT<»iI wmh nii)nil<»rv. Imm'iihmc. wliilc (lu> (Ihiiu'M kmumI riiiil tlic vviHi li'HM DiriMinM i>v|iImi|i>i| finij ItiiiMi, I lie lurivo i''iii|r|iHlt Ktt\\ oiM i;ifi|i|*li<)l lli<< < riill ri'MM Miniill IimhIh, mimI (ih IIm* Mm/o |i|i|i|i>«l Mm hI( V fillici' (muimI IImmii iiilo « IimihiiIm tliioiii'li wliifli Hm'V }i»imm"VMifH. piiv tiinl iii(',lit ilio liciivMiM wolf* foni liy liiMHJiif^ IihimIim iuiil Mm* (liiiiiilpr of Mililtci V. 'Ilio ('fiin|i on Mh> ln'ifrlllH of ||m> MoMJMiMlMirv MJlfllcd lllO I''l« illll'l v< liilij/ rliMHiM ; fi |»orlioii uf Hip lln |, iMiiiilifiidfMl |||o I'^rMi'li woiliM Itrinw llniiifnrl ; ||m> Itfillnirq of roinf, |,rirH of <^ii«'l>f>«i «ilfi,d«'l in H«frfy, mid rMiM|H'llod Moidriiliii lo Hfiid lroo|iM for ilin d'fMiro of llio liiidiliindM iiliovM ||i«> luwn ; a Hlin,i|i, hIioiI, li{dd, ofciinod III llip ford of |.Im» Monlnioiinrv Ixlwoon ('nun- iliim liidiniiH nnd |»roviiiri(d ninj'MM, rind IIimh wnn pcniM'oly (I *\n\ willioiil mii »MM'.tiinf,i>i Ih'Iwm'Ii unvn^nn find HolditM'H in ilio pif'cinrlM of llio vfiii«»iiH I'lnidiHli cHnipH, oillioi" on llio noilli nido. or on llio iHlund, or on Mio |»oinl. «»n|)OHil«» Mio oily. TliiM lon;f lino of h\x iniloM or moro. willi two (^roiii nrniM of n. ini»-dily rivor <-v(>i-;H\ni/, it, xv.'iM fiirllior lonKllM'MC'd wlion llio M«(iiadron of Adirirnl liolnioM piiMMfMJ Mi<« Hii'Mil find finrliorod fi,l»ov(\ A land for<'o followod mid iiwi.do flio I'riliftli poHiiion Mfill rnoro HC'iHoiin,"^ iiiid wom1<. iill.lioii<^li ilioir laidH rondorod fi ft ill ftronlor oNjMvnFio of connlry iiiiH/ilo fifid fM-oiilly wofikmr-d llio inorfd cnnrM'^^ of llio ( *fiMfidinnH, who wcro luiabltj to approciulo |,lio Fnliiiiii policy of Monlcalin. N^ In i I y\\ rnr i ui n« n w ^ k \m» mm kivoi, rnnv olu»vi\»'. \h II nlirf, (linr TiVl- . plnillirtl \\ .iir.« It I 111 ii«i>n>nt< It Horlio front liin liniilt|uin (imh. Ilrlow Hi<< l^iMiulifiil (iiIIm oI (1)0 Monhu«)rrM«*\. ulino il pliMi|',rii <\\o 1n)u«l iiM \\\i\\ yvnwhw ii,n«l p«>r|M>niliiMi< In ujiIIh, i\u> Hhotun tlMrlC uiilonM, nntl Mprnulin^!: iIm mIiiiU l«Mv \>M(nM o\or II l»roM»l Im>«I. fonuH iil iIm niiMiili a iririil uuitM) mI\o!»1. fovilnMo n< low lidc. Hrlworn \il,nA 1"^ iinpjiHMiiMo. On llio l''irn«'l< nido Mioio \vrn> roiloiiM* Im^Iow. inul Mio \xl\olo h1o]>i> wiih ooinniiuulotl Ity o.-ivllnxorKs iihovo. Tlio n^ornin,". of .liilv HI si ojmmhmI \\\{\\ m\ tvrlillovy \\vo »liro«'l«Ml iioiohm IIjo oliiiHni iijvainHl y l«''viH. Tiio roHnll wnn wry sli'xM. MM \>;\H t^\po«'. I ho Kn^^liHli ronowod Ihoir o:vnnon!id«\ i\\\» \\u\o not only fi^otn llio nuiin oMnip. hnt fnMn ships in ovo Iho o;unp l>i loxv. txvo ihonsauil stron^r. bojvan Iho pMssM^r*' «^f llio s]\:)lloxvs. l^n; tho advoi\fod tho V'ronoh ivdonht. l\o]>ulsod ouoo by a doadly tiro thoy ohargovl aj^ain, but shakou by NIAMAIIA ANh MoMilv >itii| r< HI fill hImm t<, tlicy rcrli"! nii«l IVII Imrk. At. Hull mimIiiiiI llic rl< himiIm IhmhI on (Imiii III li |iiMii ill); nun, iudI IIimii{>|i Mm* Hiircdr of \t,{,»t >.r iii«> Hm'II fiii'iHlH wikM III liiiinl, HiiiiiiiitiiliMii uhh ''"riMi. • Itnirliril, nil Driii); wiih id lui rml, IIm< lidr whm mm IIk* liirii, uikI llio (<<)imiiiiiimI«>i- okIckiI a i«'lrMil. 'I'lie iIcjm' (dmi iif (ho ni 'I liy (lio jnlH nf Mu'ir Hlli'CCHHriil f ( 'ii.iiiMli)iii HJfh' liiiiilly riiMhcd down (o h<-iiI|i (he dorid iind dyini^ lOiiilv ill AiiimihI, h forcr of (\vi>lv(» hiindird niMi w»ih tli Mpiili'liod n|i lh«> liver lo IhcMoiilh mIioio, |,o di Hiroy llm inriiiv'H Hlii|i|iiiiK >vliirh hud hrcii riiM'hon'd I ' n !• i 111! 1 111 MovrUK lit« llH for HiifiMy wliilo llio MfiiloiH iiiruiiM'd tlir^ iiininu ah- riliidrl lialii'i'irH, iind lo r(V inrido. ii third wiih nion> Hii«'«'<'HHfiil ; and llic nrwHof llm iii^rlorioiiH hiktohhch of ihr< foninuindM-iii rhirf ('luiio ihroii;r|i hoHiilo rhiiiiiM'lH, hiil. of iho loiif^C"'- for mrivid of liiH H|il<>ndid nrniy lliorr whh no word. Ah dfiy l»y diiy iho |»nM'ionH worhn |»iHH<>d on, WoUc'h iin|»fi,- lirni diHii|i)ioin(ni(Mii dj>v<"lo|n>d inl.o an adiial phyHicul frvrr, and in IiIh woniod limin onr plan Hiicririhd an- olh<>r only io ho rojcctod hy hin roohu* HiihordinairH. Ills dominant idoa wmh a landing' holow (Jlnohoc, ihcirH w.'iM io H(Mil<< tho Ikm^j^IiIh ahovo iho town wiMi tiu- [.inn for lour or livo ihoiiHand iiion, find ronipfd a h.'.'j'i'-t'f k' of }:«'n(>ral onf^'aj^oiiKMit. Any ]ilaTi wiih liflicr Ahruiiiun. than tho dondonin^ inaciivily of iho Kn^dJHh, for a ror- roRpondinfJf ho])ofulnoHH a])|)aront,ly Ix^^'an io invi^'orfito tho (M\oniy. Tho iiiHtinci of iho lioHJOf^'ors waH nniniHt- Avorihy, but it Hcciiicd iiH if the Iiidiau« rciurued ujoro f V." (loniuliirc «»1' IIm> Vivii.h piv- ^'<'<'^' N(M(>rilH»IpHH MuMi* vif^ilnniM' wuh nol """'""• ri'liixod. 'V\w hI('<^|) h'uIvh of ultiinn nbovc ^lu^ oiiy H(^(Mn<'(l unHurmounlaMo, l>ni ai <^v(>i\v liMI<' rove a fonM» waH wet in o\iiuor >V(Mo \oHH \\\;ii'roHH\h\{\ and !ar^(M' IxxliiH ni troo]>M nn(l(M' Hoii^ainvillo wore noul io ^uaiil ilH» jtlnrcH \\h(M<^ allack >vaH Mu^n^foro morn noswihlo. IMonlcalin. wiMi Iho rositlno of Inw n\on, >v1h> W(>rvln»*]\ noiihor ho nor Iur onomioM \v«>v \Volf«» Ix^jj^an to nn- fi^ld. An aHaok >vaH niado on S<^j)tiHl(>Md Minms. j^j^ oppononiH. For flio n(»\i livo davH i\w vuWvo \]oci ])i\H»{\\ baokward and forward on iho osil<> Iho ]ilatoan whioh Htrotohod holwocni that |ioinl and Qnohoc. as if roady at any nionnMit io taoh a landing party. Tho Fronoli d:iHl»od hithor and tliilhor bv lantl lo forofriso. and thus oxhanstod ilu>ir Hti*(Mi}j:th. Ahhonjrli t.hoy woro nntrainod nion. many of t1ion\ but " disorderly ]>oasa.ntrv," tlioy yet ouinnnd)or(>d "\Volf(>'s army iwo to om\ inolndin^ tho roinforoomont of t\volv«> hnndrod whioh was oomin^ np nndc^r Jhirlon fn>m l?oiMt Low. On tho twolflh tho climax was to oomo. AVith liiH aouto mind and koon oyosifvljt, AW^lfo had diaoornod ,». w . wliat noithor fricMul nor onomv Husntn'od. pn rural ion,. i]\;\i if was foasiblo not mor(4v to soalo tho lor lamling. i.,.,., iiji k'ii i luHjihts Injjhor u]> but thoso of Abraham noar tho city and sur]nMao tlio foo. While reconnoitring ho ha«l found and chosen as his landing the little cove, since knttwn by his uamo, from which a zigzag path ou wliich TIIK I'liAINS (W /M'.IJAIIAM 91 Itut two T!ioTi coiiM climb aluoaHi avoiiihI to ilio top. Il(> liful forluimlcly Irjinird llmt Frcnrli Hii|i])ly-l)(»(ilH \\i'\o (H(l leatld'H of 1Ih> (N'Hporalc nitrrpriHo v^vn^ lowrn.d ill lull Hi{n('ii, J»(»u^'ainvill(> ilioii^lit, jiolliinf^ of il, oxpociiii}^ a ivpi'iiiion of llio UHiml barren cvcniH of I lie pant fow dayn. Jfc no liappcnod alKo iliai Mm coni- iiiandciH on tlio |»laiiiH al)ovo lia«l carclcHHly jfivrn fiir- lonj^di ioa('onHid(>ial»l() niinilK>r of fcluur Hcanty forco, and llifil a (JuicMino iTf^inicnl,, \vlii<'li wan to Jiavo oncanijx'd tii('n\ had inexplicably rc^niaincd in itH old quartorw on the St. Charh^H Hivcr. J)o\vn below Admiral SaniiderH nhowetl an oHJcMitatiouH activity in taking Honndinp^H olV Heaufort and in ()ther m(>anin^leHH ]>reparationH for iittiick, which completely dee(>ived Montcalm. Ah tlio ()veni!i|jj liourH nlowly pawHed, Wolfe ])roree(lcd from Hhip to Bhij) to aHHnre hiniHelf that everythin^jf was n>iulv. and to inspire hin trooim with coura^o. > J ^ Ills iirfRf'til- ,\ i)reH(Md.iment of death had overpowered iiiM-nt of him. I3efor(> leaving; ihe cabin of the ila{<- vcHHel lie had ^iwn to hiw friend and Hchoolmate, Jfirvin, II miniature of hin alVianced brid?-, MiHH Lowther, and a fiirewell meHHajjje. In the boat, durin}^ one of th(! inter- v.'ilMof inH]»eclion, he Rpoko of (IrayH Ijlegy, quoting with (le(*p pathoa (he vorno : " Tlio bofiKt of lu in I i;i \ .>i I I ins Hl«>l \ \o •\\ I I \i> w Mil. I » >(l\ii lc»\»' \>nHi'H lli'il |>n. iM i\\:\\\ <»!.«' « *nt 1< 1 )• iM\ H (i< lUi >l \ iMV H h-i'i l\ lii') J)n'r^l^'^^( 111' (.'liiii tli!\( y< ilfij*'! lilt' licin i-( I'M'nlt I »<\tM\ {\\:}\\ nii> | dt^wn Mlinnn llic ni,""itl ^^'"• ('i\in \\ oM\' .' fo\> !>n«l I'onl'i wrn* iii!iil«> r)M»il> «i ii I II III h.i.'Ui ' , ' '' "' !«.|\'n\. "' It'll llic llri'l 1»t'1iinil (U»>l iiinvt'ij im'M \lM-rt\l'11»l ,\'| HW illl\ iinili'V ilii' noHU mIiiMi>. Ilir IfH.m'i \> i5i'U« fiOI.M\ ii\i iM Mhic'i lunli'd hiMii I ln' mI I iinl, ImiI Will' i^i'i't'iv <'il ni<«» i» l>i'li»'l' lliil lli»> l''l('iii'|» nii|ni|\ IkmiI' \\ .'n* Pf^M'nn.o. .^«M>n 11 ii' iinpcni li.l I Mn w ii'i \ nii'lird l>nl \n ilio iln loi(''i^« llio vo\\« \^i •',n>in\ilrtl llii'i» )mo\\h m liMlt l^olow . 'rin>>u,"h Iho m|( r- 1 »»lhli")fj fiMt'il Hh» \ inii'iinni «'b)uls'.l n'M^{('l»"!';|\ , oUo\\in>'. 'n H'" pulli. \\liirli h:\x\ (o l>o «'lo;n-i'«l of ol>s(v»ii'liot\fi. in\ti 'I'MUf men finllirv \\^^ i\w Miwiww h\ vmini'i fn\il uhIim ro\nMrt». Hn iMocipi (.^u>» wj^-* iho \\\\\ i\\:\{ "'iMUjv wii'i i^O'tniMr oiih on IiimhIh ;n\ 1 1' \11',ll\ lln' \\!|M H'Hi lit'd. <,hlii')«lv llir WtVUvOUiS \ ^ohI ^ \\ ( '\o H»'i't'«l. ;n\tl itM Hio llriii,", of iiuimKiIh «V;ni^ ('('<('>1 Mi«nu»l >;n^, bolow on llii^ n.nvow l»«'in'l>. ll(o M\Mn»nM of nicii 1> lif'il \i)> iho , .Mh. riio \>v«>ir» ;n\«l on<|>OH(M m1»o\o linvinc Ix'i'n K( '\vi\\ h\ M no n'fiii I «i\«v, nn,^ n\ Ilu> il;n\t\ Woll'o with liin \\\:^ (honMinnl iiii'ii s', «'\|M'.'I('(I lioM whcn^ llio rticinv nuis< lif^Jil vn s\tv\'«Mu^('r. \\\tlnn n nolo of i\\o jni-c lo \\1\l0h lu^ \\;n(l ron>j>li'lo. ImW i\\o il fU) \\:>s \nnn«Nl'i;<ops, A hnsiv r\;nninntiou mIiowimI i\\o my>^* •!*hnn<>'>,>:vo\is .onnn\«l <«> W ',\ i\;nn>\v jiImIoimi. kno>vn fli5 T',/ Vi.wns oi A\>r;j.l»;iu\, sv>n\t^\\l>a< Iu,';Ium- Mimu IIm> uj) 'I'MI'; I'l.AIMM Ml' AMIIMIAW 0!l |i'i I'lilliiii^ |m Ihf fiiMi'towM of llic Ml. (llllllfM, 111 III*' Miilllll IIm' cliriM (IImI H('mI»w|, ||m> wi'llll WMH iiliDiil II iiiil*<. Mini IIm' I'iIii'IImIi I''iii'«>m ill |iio|)M in m y f'lr ri|i|iliii|i I'liiijij mil ii'iiiji Ml iM>!>i wliMi III!' ri|i;lil, wnn' ii'iliij nil IIh' liiiiw ImwiihI IIm' HI l(ii.wH'Hf'»«. Al. Ido (I, lllMil(ili(( |i(iily WflH Mi'l |ii'l|il'l|(li« II I'M Ii)|Im> ii'mI Mini riirjiif^ IIm- imhIIi hi lli<> iriMiii iirix v> III' iiliiMil lliii I \ I \vn IiimhIii'I iiHii. Mm> m iiiMiiMlcr. Hoirifi iiiHlnii IiiiihIm'iI ill nil, \vmi> ilividMl lulvvfii lli(> I'Tl. Iliin't, IIm< I'liMiiJ (iT llic JMiiiliiir' jiliKi, m.imI IIik m mm vn 'j'wii llflil |ii<>ri'M liMiJ Ih'I'M (Iim|'('«'(| ii|i f.'MM llir ntvo. All iiii'lil Imifr |Im>|'Iiiim mT i ! Iifnl llmfi iIpK'iI wliilo liift IiiimIm IimiI iiliiilc'l llii> mIimm- iir. ii' I'l IiukI. IMnlllrilllM llllij ImMI I Imi| n|||r|||y < |«>f-('i vii I, fiM>( \\ll'4 lllll iJiMlllHIIIMl lllllil ill Mm> I'Mlly llniVM ||f> M'll'rdy 'I li'' I'riii' h Ih'iiiiI IIh> Mililln V ol' liiii moiiIIikiii ii|t|iiii'. Al'lcr wiiiliiic ill vnin I'm m.»i r'K|»lMiMi,li'»ii, lii> ml mil mi liitrHt'luM'K In «'mii H»> A I III liiiil(M> III' llio Ml. ( 'liMi leu IIm> r|(iM«> ml fiiiiliM 'if lli" I'nji;- li'ili l)i>rMlil«> viMiliJn. All MdjillMlil. wiiM fjilirl.'ly (I(i lr(H»|iM. 'I'lir < liiirtiiio ri>;riiiH III, |imy Mm ii|»|iMii>iilly WMlrlil'iil n.ri(l Ihihv IImI, u.n<\ liiitiirHDv. Mir nMiiiiiMiiiim' ol' llid (^MriiMon. nfuy.((\ l»olli mm iiMil iviiiiion mi llir jiIcm. (»f (irlrndinji; IiImim* II'. At- I;im| IIiitp f'lMiM urio <>xl»»rl('d riiuii liiiii. ('n|»MMi'. vii'ii/Mil.. mid iiidi rfili,'ai,Mo nw ]io )iM,d cvvr Ihwmi. MkiiIcmImi \vii,m HliiiiiM'd. liifi Hiilim (|irifi.l«!H, wiMi crimiiitd iirj-JiM't, litid virliifilly I'oil'riicd iJir; tmUivid ! ! 04 Tin-; lU'KNrn w vi; ,\n\> riiK kmvou n t>, woll conHwh'nMl y]:\u ol" drlnv, I»»nj> tnni omi'lnllv i'nni<>tl «mH. \\n» ill H i\\on\n\l nM>rMno\Mt Wl inn lio i>\jMM'lo(J !i( \\w iiu'hI " u miiull pmly nMin> | voirroiiH. ( "on»i)>lion. HrllinlinrHH. inul int'M|tH(MJ y in vnonod lnn\. I''or d l\nM> liiH tniviliinirM Inn Mf)f«M I 11. l"n>vliMh 1\> 11)0 (Miiiiliur Int'lioH of bunli lifjIHinf!:. '"»tl llw oannon ditl hc^iiohh o\o«'ul\on H«> niii'lit \\:\\o |tOHl|»niu'(l !in M('ti«M< \in<\l M\o foroim lr«Mu ("m|io noufvc roiiM nuiKc jvn rtlinoK in v«»rnl hv jlip \in<^\jMM' fulnl ordn towMvd Ion «>"olooK t>f i\\o olon«lv, rninv niornin}!:. Tho Uvilish lin«l >\nil«^«l «lniinf> Uioho hviiifv ond hcmmii lUj^lv in(orniin!jM<^ Iumhh \vi(h rt((l.\ frol (o ho t>\|u»o1od of x^loiMnH. W olfo w MM ovorvulioro. on«'onvMf;in};:. Mootinnf*. oitiornif:. As m1I«mi(mI liio. TluMV <^\i«lon< !vin\ >V!1h vnH inn)olu«»nM I>iil imy^iLir. and nuM\ls p!isf*>d and l>ut forlv ]>no(>M HopovMlod Mio liiioM \i iho rowin^ iho «jnioU ordiM*. il\o HiiuullfunMiim voUov ihvitv r(^}><;d(\l. iho pn>nus (>f l ohrtV'^v nn«l n>iil.. ft>11o\v<^l in iho »\\\U Hnooossion of bnl m fow nuri\it»^s. 0\\ iho rif.ld flio }V\vinsr to fonoos mui oornlioKls liiM vMnlvH woro l»rolvon nnd iho oViJivjro loss imix^tuous. bni <1\(M*«\ as nil h1 lino, iho ri">nt o>f (ho V'rtMioli w.-is o»>ni]>l<^<«\ Amid iho rtwfnl ol;ish do;\il) ov«m1ooU (lio f wo ronspion- o\is lisrmvs of iho hour. \\"*>lf<^ wns wouinh'd in tho cb;vrt;o. twioo n« ho grossed ou Mid iho third iinio fatally. I III', n.AINM OK AMI! Ml AM U.l wlu'ii \w («'ll Mini Wfm cfmicfl liy IiIh ftwn nKl*>rH lo Hip i»'(ir, limiMIIM ll'MJ. lIlP rul'ITM HllOlllfl Im> (liHr(ll|||lf| liy llJM I'lllt. KiKtwiiiK I"' ^vmi Ul iM immthmiu V «l«'riHil jtlllloii ; iril liiiii |,o inill'i'li VVrM^H l<>(Min(lil down lo ('liiuli'H Kivrr itnd ml. oil' Ihrir n Irrnl. IVom llio lnid(>«'. " 'I'Immi in (i|i|»(ti('nlp n'MifOiiilion. niid willi Imh I.ikI jimillt, lio iMiiniMiK'd " Now. ( lod Im> |ii(,iH»>d, I flic li(i|»|»y " Monli'iilin. loo. |>v n. mid roiM o|' ImIiO. Iind l»»'< ri oii( Mlriirk liy ii iiiiimI((>I IiiiII, liiit |ii>iMiHl,('d in Mio duly ol' coiidiirliMc; IiIm living H<|iiiidroiiH an Miry n'lrcnlcd l.owfud III" n\y inii.oH, Wliiln inllyiiifr Mmmii lo |H(»lrfl. Ili»> oIIh i I'liiril ivcH Ih> itM'rivrd ii. imoiImI vvoiind. ('nrrird williin llic lown. Iip Hinvivod l,o hold n. niiiiMil «»l' wnr luid vviilo II IcIliM' l(» liiM cojHun'iorH. roiiinioiidifif^ Ihh hrnvo iiu dird. Si>|il(MiilMl oT tho HrHiilinc ( 'oiivt id. II. iM hcliovod l.hri.l. IIm jnitvo wjim in l,'if(^<^ |>miI, ji, hollow I'ornHMJ i»y l.hn lnn>l.in(-( ol' n hond). " Vfdor (^nv«' n nnilt'd doiilh, IliMl.ory ii iinilod fiiino. PoHl.nily n iinilcd nionntiH>nl., " rniiM thn I'd. inMci'i])l.ion on llir moniiMKid. in lh(> i^ovonior'M (riirddi /d. <^>,iM'i>«<\ which Ik-uim f»n ono Hid(> Ihn niinin of VVolfn iiiid on Ihci ol,hr>r Mini. (»f Monl,- <'iuni. On l.ho (>i}^hl.«MMd.li (^)ii«>Ihm'. Hiirrmdrrf'd, nnd wjim < )f'- onpiiMl I»y (I l»riliMli }0i,rriM(»n. In IIm nioiniifiil foiififil ov(>r \vlii<'li l.ho l''n>nch {.^ciMTjd proHidfid on y,„rrr,u]'r r.r llui IiimI, day of Imh lifr, ]w ixnvci il, riH liiw opin- Um''^»' ■ ion Ih.'d. ilio forocM nniHl, nilly mikI lijdil. n.j^'ain, or flicrr) woiild 1)0 an r. iho i'i»n«j\UM»Ml proplo jlui( lio IohI llu' vrrv Homl»liiiuM> o|' l»rn|>;>mloi'i»>. m)«l v\o\\ \h'\\h ulicn ho iinivotl t'ould pit»- Th;)! oIVumm'h l«>nut'i(v wmh hh {'jmii mh IiIh «'onni}M>. nn«l timing llio lonj; innl ImIIci winlrr, >\liilp Miifjiiiiiil, l>o
  • H «>!' (ho Ailiinlic. wnn iin{>in;v wilh iinviuu iiii< tho ]>ionM l):ili«Mn|!)hM ol (no poopd' nnn«» \\i(h (ho |>i jnl>ilM(ionH oC (ho Hinl\iii}t MviHioovnov. ho <'onori\(>(i nnd i>ropino(l m thn itifj Mnd vo( roMHonnhh' th Hi}>n. I'lotn (into (o (iino vninorv* of hHmoK rojnhod (h(> morothilouH fV'"''*^"". ninl i]\o\ (hoiolovo OM(!il>hHl\oil (ni(poN(M ill S(o. I''t)v in ii fort^ni livt^ n\iloM diH(Mn(. nnun H(>h(h \\i\y\ hoon «^H(;>h!iHho(l n( inoonvonion( |M>in(H in (ho iUM}^;hl>oiho(>(l. ►SUirniiMhoM, Honio of l infro»)n(M\(. MU<1 (hn\nwindoi' of (^>«iohoo, IMnniiv, n jnsi Mud {inll.vnl n»!in, hooivnn* nn«\'iHy (owiinl (ho H|>v\np;. MS ho H-vn «lisOvii<^(l. sorvio(^Mhh» \\\o\\ did uo( ninnlxM' (hro<> thons.ind. ;iHlu>nol\ (horo hud Ixmmi hovoji fhotiHMnd in tlio ;\nt»i nn : s(^v(M» ]n»ndro. Honrvv, nud dvHon((M'v. Tho snnio nionili found lioviH'f> pn*]>!»rM(ionH oontph'lo. JSlnrliuj;- in bonis front Monlnv'd on (ho (\von(i<>(h. >vi(h Hovon 1h*Mis:\nd mon. wow ViMnforocMn^MdH sio. r•^^v. Nvoro ;uhlviih a foivo of h(^(\v(MMi (MV,h( and nino thousand. 'Vho y«ui(hfid nud iindMuniivl TNlurmy luado a sovtio nud drow in his oulposls. No\i djiy ho rosolvod io tij;lit. disparalo as (iu^ uuniborH woro, and ttt '1111', I'l.AINM or AMIIAIIAM \n llic Im'ii'I of IIm«'«« niniiHiiiMl HM'H, rfi|m(^Ml lln Mir>friv «>ii Ilii> very i'IiimikI \vlii<|i IudI Im>< ii tliciMliitl uilli MixkI in llir |tii'viMiiH Scuh'mliir. HIm I'umI, <»iih«1, wiih (i|i|iiin (illy MiHM'cHHriil, jiihI IIm' f'lM'iriy w illMhi'W lo Mil' hIm Ih I mI 1Ii«> liiirHt. Iliil, IJiM l''ri'ti<'li iMllii'd, midI two i|(>m|i(>iiiI(' mI mi(<[ j'li'M (MIMIMmI (ill M, wilMllllill IIIM.)|f> IfUlMillH (IH IIm< Mill o|' hiitiKiiii. In Mm I'iihI, IIio I'.iii^liHli inivnilcd, ImiI, v.rro riiltiil I'.V (i llMiil(| ItlMVrrv, IIU'V WM« lilKillv ov('r|io\V('l' cily wmIIm. 'I'Imv IohI, ono nimi in »v« i y flmr, mikI llicir o|)|ion<>nlH itlMtiil, rij^lil, liiindi(. Al. on»'«' IIm' Trrnfli dnvv ii|) (iM'ir Hix will- v<'mh liiM'H for n, HirjM'. 'rii«« liro from Mn> town vvmh f!o hoi, luid iiMTHHiinl, MiM,l. Mn'V ronld wil.li dinirully inoinil, n f'lin. Kiii nndfiiinicd l.o Mm> ImmI, Micir liopo nii;dii not, liiivc Imm'Ii foildiri if vrMHJ'lH willi noinilionH from I'mm-o liiid r('ii('li(>d MuMii in Hninon, mh Iji'vih liiid inc/irninffirj. 'V\w rl< of Mny M/iilrd ii|» Sf. I jliNvrriirc It, I rlH li hIi promplly ♦>n<';(i|{»>d Mm llllM. I iff .,f 'riicir ii,dmir(i,l foiijdit, ol» »^ii. i,. < i,v o I'wiaiiHJi i;<(t. iiliiKilcly to Mio cntl, l»nt. wmh cnidiircd arnj \\\n llcrl, drHl.roycd. hrvin avvfiifjid ilm d»'fifnon nnd llirii rrl rcnlrd |»r«M'i|»ifM,t.('ly with liiHontirr fore*-, IcMvin;^ ni(l\, Nvoundrd, luid nil IiIh (ouih io fn.ll ini<» AIiurdyM liMiiiJH. TliiH waM ilm r«'(il end of rfHiHtancc, Mif^ {fnlldnf, .'ind ill-Hliurcfl Hirujff^ln «tf Ts'(>w l*'r/i,m'M ujih over'. All C'liKid.i Ik'Iov. 'riir<>(' KivcrH \yji,H IohI,, for flu! inlifd»it.fmi9 li.'id not, r<'|)'i. In \ho oWwv ]\o\\;\h\)]\ovo {Two \ N n V n 1 r>\\ worn iM'v o iiifrl.tml. 1 liMtl h^ImIumi (\*iI(Min- ^\\ : (^>o^l^^ ]\:u\ {\oiot\iod IjtiUv ill Wandinv.'iHh, and \ho j^oh Hilulity of I"'rl^o Mi<' navy of (}n\'it MrKdin wms !V';\in sn|n'(Muo. TIumi^ was also a nioHl, ur}:3;(Miip rc'iHon for pivn'(Mn iho siiiuilion «)f I'^roiicMicU iho (ln\*il. H\il tho nation was (^cstaii*' ovor its microssc^s. an<1 I'ilt avowed lint ho dosirod }\ot nnMH^ly lo hinnilinlo bnl l.''rn(\ 'Vho 0('(Mipati«>n of iho (jnidnnncM was io »!iH- ouss what l'inj;land sliould Uoop and wliali h1»o slionld snnvnd(M* al iho ]>«\'U'<\ a ]>o\varty oonlondin^' f()r r<^l;vinin>;' (in;\dalo\ip<\ llu^ nioro onlij;hl(MUHl (^x[ilain- in'>- thai Iho Wi^sl India (rado was ai a H(;inds(ill. wliilo tlio North Vniorioans wovo doiil>lin;r in nnndxM'M oxovy twonty livo yoars ; that. U'ood from foar of ('an.'uln. <1h\v would spro'id ov(M' iho wholo ot^niinont. ronlhw^ (Ikmu- solvos to agri«MiHnr;il i^nrsuils. and furnish an unlin>ii(Nl nnr.vot for tho nianufMvturos of iho niolhorland. (\>lo- niil alViirs boinjj; undor tho Hoanl of Tnuh^ Ihc^ 1j(U'«1s in that body oould unify Ihoir adnunistr.dion and ind(^f- initoly o\])anvl industrial pr(>s|i(M'ity at hoin(\ In (v(MMu;iny tho blot)«ly and usoh^ss wnr w-(»onnan army kopt tho I'^nMuOi. undor Rmji'lio, ina;'livo throu;rlu>ut tlu^ y(\ir. In fluno tho Anstrians. un«lor liaud»>n. «h^- foatod tho Prussi'ins, undor l''ou(]uo ; in Au- s^fust thov wtMv bonton in turn Mt Taoinut/, bv Vrodoriok. who provontod th*^ \iniili()H (»f if Ity r>i«\ Fu Novonibor Fr(!(l(>ii<'l{ l)l(t()(lv mikI iriiil!i';',fin, iiii'l iVnui his ciMiniuIr llini/clwil-/ drCuMl bdlli AuHli'i.'uiH (iiid lliiKMiiiiiM. M(« wnn (Irspcruld and «liH- |i(','irl«Mi('(|. f^iMV-lifiirrd mimI wrinkled wilJi |ii*(>MiHl.m(! old ii;;(*. for uii ovcid, of n-wfnl Hi^;Milic(iU('o iioi only to liini bill, to llic world liiid lMlv(>n p'ucf. (b'orj.':o II. di<'d on Ocfobrr '25, 17(>(), and Im'h j^^nind- son, (b'orj'fc 111,, !m('(>Md(>d 'lie Jliroii<>. J)ni"in{.( ilio loii{^ rcif^ii of lliiriy-ilircc y<")H'M wliicli ilinn cfinid |(» (I cloHci I'jiijj^l.'ind bud Hdon l.wo l)iilliiinl, *i<"iKi' ii, pliaseM of \\vr liiHlory — u jicriod of peaceful proHjieiity, u (iine of inuMpialled niililary hium'chm. The C!rown im a |)(tli(ical fa<'ior bad l)een (piicHceid/, ilu^ Wliij^' ariHiix raey Iiad ayerH bivolved in Viirn HubHidicH. Tlie now Ivlii^" wan a yontb of twonty-iwo, vvilli a lino ll'^uro and an on^aj^^inf]^ cxjireHwion in bis JiaiulHonio face. H<^ bad been fbo pn])il of bis clever inotber, and she bad Iboroiijj^bly en[jjrafl(>d info bis slow, ienaciouH mind two lessons — io ])o an Kni^^lislnnan and io bo a kiii!!^. The former nioani ibo abandomnoni of the Han- ov(M-inn policy, ibo laiior ilio broakin^jj down of arisio- crnlic Whi'j^ rnle by ni<>ans of a cabinet and a rosponsiblo chief. Accordinjijly, ibo first words aiblrossod io bin siibj(M'is woro sncb as bis two ])rodeceBHors could not have nsed : "Born and educated in this oountry, I f^dory in iJio name of Hriton." And at once four (Oiauii^os wore made in tbo cabinet. Newcastle was summoned as being the bead, and Lord UutOj dcaiincd to be the royal ]\Ieu- !ni I h 1 1 fi ! > -■ ; ! i h 1 5 ;■ liu K 1 I ': it 1 f ill a •!U ii i! 1! „e,j; ivi> 1 rm: fukncii wak ani> riiF, inivor.rrioN tor. \\i\H \\\ih\o So('V(>o?i!in»'<\ riii )U'u ron- SuixMliciiiUv il npponnvl nn if Iho iicMM^HHion of n " ^in,- tri<»t UiiiK " l»!»tl l>ion};lii in an (Mil of jjjood fc^'lin^j:. 'V\w Hifl HmrnHov »lM<'t>l>i<0H cnmo (locKinfj Ixiok io ronri, and mill )i'>i'rn» woro anpoinlod io in»i)orf.nni olViooM, 'Vho Kinfj^ wan nrithor lif(>nliouH nor nnpiin- ri]>l(^l, liis jxM'Honal «'hiira»'<(M' niij^lil ov<'n l»o nillf' ^ood. 'JM>o\ivilli .lunjoH II. for n!irro\v-niin(ln('(Ml(MI mcdi- 0(M'ify oUou cowviH veal grc^alnc^HH in oIIhth. and dr;nvH ]>o\vovful nunvlH inr IctiovH. His odiioation wnn ho diMiciont as to 1)0 oon<(Mn]itil>l<\ Ho Iboiif^vlit tlu> niaHl(M]>i<'('0H of Knj;lisli li<(Ma(nrt» "Halous aversion for every stvoii}>' man. }\o tleserilied liiniself as a Wlii^ of the Kevolniion. ont lie lia«l hoow fornuMl bv llio ina\in\s of Holingbroke antl lialed Pitt v\on when (lead, for a ]>n>pos;vl io eivet a monumiMit to the ^n^it man was felt io he a ]>(M'sonal insult. Surrt>nnded hy the name erinoins;" servility whieh the Stewart l eon- stitntion sinee Sunderland's time, ai)i>r<>eiatin^ at its full value the ]>o\ver of !V]>|)ointnier.t in the ehureh and nnuy, av>d io many imjiortant eivil otViec^s in the eonrt Rud government, he soon surn>un(Unl hims(^lf by a fac- tion. The "kini;'s friends ' were not a ])arty, but bound onlv bv the tie of rov.al f.avor tlu^v blindlv did his l)id- t • • • • diui];. Tlioir junver was tlie more j^ernieious beeauso the Whij;a were rent by internal diss(nision, and re])re- scjitaiiou was so eorrujit. jobbery iu Parliamout seats so THK I'KACK OK I'AIJfF< 107 rife. Mini llto l»f>Hf HfiilimcMf of Ili(> ('(iiiriirv wfis a^^niriMi IIm'Iii. 'rin\v <'vv Mioy wt'vo h<» vk- MMpcmlod l»v rill'H rofiHliuit, «lr»naiHlH for ilio Hiipporf, of flic wfir tlifil Mioy iiii}.^lit. «liw?i liini at any inoinoiit,. (l('(»i{M> mi(l»'rMl(»o(l ilio HtiTfif^f.li of flio F'oyal pifMft'^aiivc brliiinl Hiicli iiilrcMiclniioiilH, in Mm fanily fix}ia,iiMff> al»Holiilo ncccHHarioH p^^ ^^^^^ of warfare. 'I he do/rirj.d ixwHiHt.oiK'y of liiw rnd'rirk th*! foPM had Mio Hnppori of hoMi nnndnMH and wcalMi, HO Miai Micy nMippoarod wiMi nTidirrdniHlifid nirrnf^ili aff.<>r IiIowh whicili wonld liavo proHiiai^-d an (Micmy of (»(pial icHourcj^H, And now ilio (loniirinaiK'O of (ho Huhnidy wjih iniprohahh'. Nothing Rhorf, of an in- tcrviMilion of I'i'ovi, and waH not, Mio cn^atim? of iMar<'l)y to H('(Miro tlin niaHfory of tlio kirif^dfnn. Wvv blitcnicHH toward Frochirick waH iidoriKo, and rricn \onif boliovod it wan tli(» (iontinnniion of h(!r ])olicy whoii pcaco AvaH ])ropoHsH (i^L^uiuHt tlio IVuHHiau kiiij^ thai wtill ClioiHcul oould not virUl. At thin juncturo tlio notorious family coinpact wnn propoHod hy Cliarl(>H III., of H[)ain, who regarded the Full of ihp l*'i"cnch 15ourl)onH JiH holding the leadership of miniHiry. f j,j, fainily. Spain was to support a peace il made. In return she expected the concession of Minorca from liUgland. I5ut there were also secret articl(>s con- chiding an oiYensivc and defensive alliance. The third JJourbou prince, the King of Naples, also adhered to both parts. The respective possession? of all the Bour- bon powers were niutuall}' guaranteed. Pitt haughtily rejected any indirect ncgoiiaiion with France through Spain, ann hailed Titt with Hincere and noiny enthuHiaHni UH ho drove through their ntrcetH ; elHowhere, too, his Hiipport was Htanch even in oi)p()Hition. 13ut the licldo eU-ment among the people felt the timidity of their early haulers, and the king, wiio waw eager to l)(!gin hiw work of restoring the prerogative, earnoHtly dcHired peace. Tho HiibsidicH to Frederick were at once withdrawn, and in the spring of 1702 tho inaHterly inactivity of 1701 ap- peared merely to have i)OHtponed the inevitable ruin. lint deliverance came. The EmproHH Elizabeth died, and her nephew, Peter III., came to the throne. To this young and ardent enthuHiaHt Frederick was Fic(i(!rirk aud a hero, and IluHsia became a friend. In Ichs ituMf""- tlian half a year, however, the court intrigue of Peters- burg cut short tho career of tbe now Czar, and he was succeeded by his wife Catherine. She was a self-styled philosopher and reformer, in reality a woman of tho highest intellectual and practical abilities, but a desper- ate wanton in her private life. She was no friend to the king of Prussia, and recalled from his army tho troops her husband had furnished him ; but she was willing to remain indifterent. Frederick's sharp tongue had made enough powerful foes. He bridled it and spoke her fair ; Russia, though not an ally, was at least no longer an enemy. Two victories of importance were won in 17G2. Tho preliminaries of the Treaty of Paris foreshadowed a withdrawal of the French armies. Peace with KussIji, {Sweden, and Austria followed ere long, and though the ! ' "11 110 TllK FUKNOl! \V \\l ANP TlIK T?KVOT,T'TIO?f new Enj^^lish ininiHt.ry had (i1Vrship of Canada, without residence, and the same honorarimn. The i^iwwt commoner wisely refus(nl anythinj;- for himself, but accepted for his wife {\\o title of lUroness CMiatluim, with three thousand pounds a year hu' the liv(^s of him- self, his wife, and their ohiest son. He may well have felt some complacency in the conditions of his opposition. He had still a stronj^ followinj^ of the better Whigs, and his sagacity in what liail been thought a chimerical scheme of war with Sj^.ain was soon ju'oven. No sooner was the Spanish treasure -fleet safe in harbor, some three weeks after his resignation, than, in accordance with the secret terms of the family compact which he liad «livined, Charles took the initiative himself, and in 17()2 declared war on England. Her retort was a couuter-tleclaratiou and the speedy cai>ture, according to Pitt's rejected jilans, of Cuba, Manilla, and the Philippine Islands. Portugal at first remained neutral ; but in the face of Spanish threats and actual invasion applied to England for as- sistance, which even Bute, who was now in power, could not refuse, at least temporarily. If the tide of success were to liow on it was certain that Pitt would return to power ; iliG nation seemed not to care in the least that he had increased the public debt to one hundred and thirty-six million }>ounds by his lavish expenditures ; their victories terrifieil the ministry more than defeats would have done, and they felt that peace must be made at every hazard. TITK TKACM-: OK PAKIM 111 No}j;otiivti(nifl Nvoro ()|>o!io(l with Friuu'(». wIioho (IcpIcicMl trrtiHury inmlo hov gin*! to in^iit. 'Vho old inacliiiicry oi ltri!)«M;v «milou]u\ IMariini<|n(\ and St. Luoia. Ou])a and tlio INIanillaH wont <<) Spain. Sli<^ wan to koop Tol)a}^o, Donunic'a, St. Vlncont, and (Sronada; Canada, Nova Scotia, Capo Bn^ton, and all Fiiiich poH- HossionH in AnuM'ica oast of tlio IMiMHiNHippi, excerpt N«'w ()rl(\anM, wcvo nnrrondorod to Ikm*. SIk* >vaH to oxolian^o Bi^Uoislo for INlinorcji, and S])}i,in wiih to oodo I'lorida for Cn\y.i and llio PliilipninoH. Franco, f\ivtlior ahan- (lonod all ri^ht to a niili.arv HottU'niont in India, (>vaou- atod bolli tlio llanovor.in torrilorv and PruHHiau fortu wliioli hIio lu^ld, and In a Mj^purato H(>orot ajjjnu'niont (M)ni- ponsatod Spain for tlio Iohh of Florida in tlio ^[{i to lior of all Louisiana, wliidi Htrc^tcliod away '.vitli indc^linito l)oun(^arioH to tlio Pacific. Tli(> HtipnlationH w(>ro vory fiivorablo to Fii<;land, but tho annihilation of l<'r(>nch prosli};(\ to which Pilt had lookod forward, and to which Kuj^lisli victories had ontillod tho nation, wms not ho- t'urod Tho nation as a whol»> was ojtposod to tho terms, hut Parlianiont had boon sd for Ihiio and (»r<>iivillo. TIio proliniinari(>s wcro laid boforo bolh houses on Do- ccnib(^r DMi, 1702. Pitt, sulV'-infjj from ^nut and carried to his seat by attondr in, made a sonnnvhat theatrical ap- poar.Mico in the lower one to opi)oso the fisheries clause, and anythinuf which lookod to a possibh^ restoration of Froneh maritinu) i)ow(M'. But mU op|)osilion was vain, and tho treaty was concluded at Paris on February 10th, 17G3. I I i. J ii m HI ll'J TllK IMJKNOU WAK AND VUV. KKV(U,fTl(>N" Tho Sovon Yoars" \Var \vm\ cluinsr*''! tlio ftn'o of I- uio- i'oiiliiionl. pojui politics, rrussiii. though h\h\\{ aiul piMpinfr. lv»'|>t Kivoi't of 111.' l»<'i' )ii'»iiiisitionH of tiMvilorv, aiul (ho pnuM^sM s<>«vl\ifh v\uUi\ al Soilau had hof;»in al lu>sshaoli. 'rh«> l''r«Mu li luonavfliy liavin-r ahsorh<>»l \\\o n'h{;ious, Hooial. ainl in- ihistrial vit.ahtv oi i\\o laiul. had wow cshtuxxivil il. aiul for th(^ iioxt (wontv-liYo v<\*u-s it >vaH (o lifrh.i a K>siii;; stru«;f;l(> (or \\U\ Tlio lorrilorial (^xpansi.n ,>f Kns;laiul was ononnoiis. Aimoss owe oroan A-.ncrii'a stHMiu^tl st<- o\nv. in the Oriont iho foinulali.»nH woiv laiil for iho Iiuiian I'lupiro. And nroovortv. Kussia th(nii;li ni>t dostituto, was roadv lor (^oononiv. and tho national doht of Kn^land alVrij;htod tiniid ndntls wlio wcro Mind to tho inoronso in hor iuilustrios and tho rouinatiou of hor sooial t\>ro(^s. whioh nuido it but a ba^atollo. Tlio wasto of lifo had boon ap])allin^. Frod- criok iho Groat ostiniatod that tlio tt>tal loss of nil tho oontostinj^ jiowors was not undor oij^lit hundred and thirty-tiYO thousand nion. In Aniorioa anil India, howovor. tho oaso was far oth- orwiso. Pitt boastod that not liftoon hundroil l^i^lish- ,, , , moil had falloii in Aniorioa ; C'livo suslaiuod in Ani.Mioa a loss of twoiitv Kuroi)oans and tiftv-two so- poys at Plassoy ; and C'ooto, at \\ andowash. roj^ortod sixty-nino blaoks and ono Inmdn^d and ninoty wliitos in his list of killod and woundoil. Tlioro was this difforonoo. howovor. botwoon India and Aniorioa. In the former the English gained an oi^portunity. They have ^i TIIK PKAi'i; «M" IV\KI II HIIK 0. to ho Hwvo, Muct OMsfiillv tM)«l liclilv lifirvrHlotl IIh» tt |ti)-isil»l(< rrMiiIlM. Hill in Amci ii'ii Micir miiNtcrv wjvh imu iilrlc 111 llu< ln';";iiniiti;', ol" llic pr.'icr. I'lsliniMlcd ill llio li;',lil t»l Hul>Nr(|urnl ovnils lliii |>or- 1i(»ii ol' lln> will" t'(>ii,'",lil ill Norlh Ainrrici wiih I»v Iui" Hit \\\oh{ im(U)rl;iMl. At IIm« l)(>}',iiiniii;; «•!' il llic i),.|,.iin n.i (•.>li»!ii('M n'jiM'Icil lln« AII)!Uiv |)ro|u>Mili(»M I'lir !l),!\'\l"n''ri.. u'l union. Mil I wtM-.' ir-< est liisivo in (Iwir nolionn ""'"'"'• t»l' «'ili/,(MiHhi|) Ml Hie si iIcm oI' iinciciil (Irrc'cc; nl 1Im> » l(»s(> lli(>_v wcro I'.ir iVoiii <'tMW'()r(lanl, iu>! woo llirv \rl (•onHcioHH (»r n, coninion (h'slinv, Inil IIm\\ IimiI rccoMni/rd f'lrir Hln>n};ili in llic c'itmI I'ltrccs of ■•■oncv nnd men wlii'Il Illi'V ll.'ul r.'liM;',! Mild niicd ; loj'Tliirr llicv Iwid I'f'll, llii> siron;;' iiMiid of M, i'lMilr.ili/.cd niililMrv pou;'!', nnd lli»' (■i oilier. r»iil I lie pliVHicMl ;;(';);n''<|''iv of ilic ('onliiMMil. wliicji (lir I'Vriicli nndrr- s(o.)d iind used willi consnininMlc hKIII ; llicir doMo, IimimIi tcnhMli/nil '.on in }!ovaiin;;" witn ihe HavM|;\>it nioi\' IIimii roiin- l('ri):dMne(Ml llu* HUperior ninnlxMH Mini weallli of l'i<> I'onihincl l''in;;lisli and coloniMl i)()\\<'i'. 'Tlie Indiim nlli' n of Nv>w l'"iMn('o \ven> in purl iniHHionMrv IndiiuiM. ncniii- nally convj-rliMl lo (MirisiiMiiil y ; luii llironj'li<»nl llie war il would have been impossihlc io disiinj^iiHli llie pposc- Ivlos from lln* li(>Mlli('n, ho crncl, sm\m;;('. and nnlruslwor- lliy \V(M'(> lliry mU in llu^ pri'senee of mii ciiciiiy. Tlir In- (lian allitvs of Piii-^liiul W(>r<' conipriMcd larj'Tly in I'lc Six NMiioiiH, who wove li(>alli('n, l)nt Irid a ccrl.iin iiohilily of ciiiimclor, a wolI-confeihM'.'ied ;^';<'v<'rnnu'nt, nnd oflcn in llic hour of wood wovo oilli(>r Inkewann or ncnlral. lint llio sum of ilio whole nialh-r was m, w(>ll-d(>rinod feelin;^ on file par* of l\\o Mnj^iis" eolonisln th.il Ihe red num Mild tho whit(» could no! live loj;{>{lier. At. the l>e};iniiiii^j I I Jl'1 Tin; riJKNcii waij ani» imk iimvom i iov of Iho wnr froo inHHftiliouM )mn:nM' ol' ii h'Tcnrh «'ivili/Mt1n», luxt llir imohI dcspolit- vwv him ii . at liH rloHO \\\o h wov H\Hiv\u of polilicH luul iliHitppcnrril. ioixv of tlio HiiV!i{V<'H WMH vcmovod, 1111*1 ilic l"",ni;liHh in AuuMicii \\OYo U'vo l>oih lo «'onHi(l(>r Ouir iclidioiiH to lln> moiluM-ronidrv, and 1o Hdidv liow Mmmv liixMlicH and thoir [)rosiM'ri(}' woio to lind »»xproHHion in (hrir iuHlihi tions. li is (MiHl«>»na»\v in llto UtiUcd Slali'H to «'(»nHid«>r \Vo1I\'"h victory as \]\o hoIhIIic in tlic iM'liplic of modern \{n nH. once frcM'd frotu f«^!ir of V'raiuv, would doniand an ind(>i>(Mid«'nt f j>art,v ilirory and spirit anionic all Kn}j:lislnnon, tlio colonists inclndiMl ; V\o moddlinj^f niorcantih^ toni]ior of the tin\(\ all tlicso miy 1)0 thrown into iho soalo, yot ono fact will outwoi}:;lj thoni all — that in tho unity and continuity of history tlio fTorni of distinction botwoon Kn^land in Kuropo and Kufjland in Aniorica had boon ])lantod in tho fornior lon^' hoforo. as early as tho l\of«n"ination of tho sixt(UM)th oon- tnry. Its <;Towth had boon continuous, first at homo and thon abro.'ul, and tho troo was already prown whoii Wolfo foil on tho }>lains of Abraham. No doubt his victory olearod the ft^rost around, and eravo it li<:fht and air. But the battle of Quebec, glorious as it was, did but mark a tin; pkack oi< i»auim \\: niii;(o of j^rnun; iiiul «jui«Krn viliil fMr«M'H wliicli uouM liiivc iiHHci'tc*! lliciiiHrlvrH in iiiiv rvrtit. l'!ii!rliHli iiiHlitii- tioiiH nvo ii(iii>r hirnl, hikI IIiiih«< to wliirli Atnrricii wiih Hcciin'd NvoM- Hin'li hh IiiuI Imtii iiiifoldtMl Ity \\w coloninlH titid (lirir fricinlH Jil lioin(<. Jt, in mliii!! flml Mi(> Wlii*^ III iHlocnu'v wniild nut, liiivc tol'Miitj^l tlir tlMmj^Jit if tlirv liii'l nmlriHtood tliiit, Hiotli vKliin rtiitl >vill\«>ui iho four Ron^ uln'cli I'imhuIimI (»n\')f Uiiloin. Tlu^so ilofjinnH t\)\ hml an iiilhn>nro in j>(>1i(i('s. l>nt if lif»<1 1>0(M» pli}>M \vl\rn ((Minvnnl >\ijh jlip niHlincI oi 1o for tl»o |>»rH»M>MlioM of flwir |>i<»|i oyi\ !Mio»lTr»H lo^it-ol or illof'icnl. Uut now, rthnoH* f»>r Hu* first linio. n ihrovv >\MHfo pl-n •» .1o«Msi\<^ }>;nt in V'njrlish biHlorv. l"ov in dim'l opposi iion fo iho notion of |>!nli:nn<'ntMVv HviprrntfW'x, it ny ]M\\yo\\ to Hotno nion in Mn^livn*! inul fo n»Mn_v in ATni^ricft. ih!>f flwM'r froodom and |nos|uMTtv drixnMod on tli(< !\i!nnt«MUvnoo of Movov«MroH(M»tMtiv«» bodx. \]\v Mscrnihnrv HciMnrd so«Miro in iho \\h\iX uristotM-Mcv Mini tlio Kinj> f'vi«l«'ntl\ ni(\'int io Mssv IXM-oniinf, his own M\ not bv flw^ r(^•»ss(M•^ion *>f i\\o MoviMrij'.n oIkm'- >ronn< I .]>'iov of tl\(^ «'nn\n mh nn rstnfr of tlic nntion, indivisiMo :o\d sn]>ronu\ (it^orjrn 111, lirld iho rorrrci tliporv of i\\o \Mnjr«. ^h'.\{ fS'vrh niondMM- of TnrlinnuMit rrproHrntrd nil I'n^lish intoroFslR ; iho now liilxM-Mln lu^licnrd tlud ho r« p r<^sont(^d onlv iho intovc^^^t or boronjrh wliich r<'liMMrd liini. tl\!\t ihovo W!iH no rc^pn^srntidion witlioni t\ dirrt-t d(^l<\;;;\tion of mdliority h\ m Kpo«>iti(' h(M\\ of fi\lud(^ iiudtor. IjifiliKJuiKMi in Amovioii diwldscd iho fcMin Colonist inorr thnn il\»t of rrovin(M;vl. Init tlicv dislilu^l \H)ih. for tlicv irti.in.i s(VMii(vl (t> itn]>ly thid tlio roynl <'li}irl('rH lisid Rtri]>iuvl ihou\ of rijrbts jnid privilr^rcvs wliii 1» thoir Ivinsnion in llturlond ntill poKsc^Nwod. In pitM»f of l]\oir boinjr frroborn l\n}rlisbnion tlu\v o l;\nj:n;i}^^;o of tlio sovmMjvnw wbo luid rMtMldiHlicd tluir lo(\\l oovornnionts. Mnd to iho ]^^1^oi'\oo of tlu^ bonio m»I- nnnistr.'ititni wbiob bad tbns far r(^fr!iinod from !nrdin tlioni for " i]MMtal pnrp»>H('N rxccpt by rO(|nisifiiMis on tboir asscnnblii^s wbiob \\o\r' dinM'tly Vv^prosoutativo of tlio proporty taxed, (irauiH luul been TW frniio colonial. NI'IW IMSHM IN VI';I!NMKN r I lU Urumplly nnil lnviMlily iMn,'1»\ (iinl in roliiitt Mm AnM'timiifl rliciM riilly h\\\. iiii'oiiHiMli'iillv (idniiUcd llic ntiiliol l»v I'lir lilMMMll. of mII l'i>IPi MS wpII. Tlifir «'Im>pi I'iiIimmm Ii-mI l»f'»'M nMUicclml no (loiiM, uilli Hip pMMy «'VfiMion of Ihf N(iv(f.ffi, liiMi AcIh, wliit'li »Ma Hmnjnr'iiifJ ^vcll Mi<;li HIMVOVH'I I fi lUOtljr A nicinvin nii>r» lianf.' II \V(IM cloiK |iv IJm> f^MMicifil inililfiiv <'onlro|, inlroducnl iMMiiiniillv n win- nHMHiiic. Inil, r«>iilly mh |»(i,rl «»f n, n»'W ptliry. (Ji-(invillp. I'orcijnf MciMpifiry iiinlfr I'lilc. fintl affof- wiinl |tn'uiif'r, wiim Ij'mh ('om|»lM JMMIli ni\i\ nioio lofrjcfi ll " n r V ili(i!i ApIm. find lliiil. — ^in'PMiHlil>l«> nr(>iinipnl. flioip wmh fio (liMlinplion l»(>l,\vppn t'lmiom lioiiM(< iImph wliifli IVuliiiniPiil Iim'I mJwmam p(»II(>p1,p(I and inl/'rnal faxoH. 'I'lio (Vilonipw lirxj (Mown rich lipyond Mm nioHl. viHioriary oxpp<'l.alioii. il. wiih ImiI lif^iflii Mh'V HJionld hIiimo Hip PiirinnouH iMirdon vvliicli I'tulinincnI. lutd inpiirtpd for llipir IiphpIiI.. Aa llm rt']) rcMPiiliilivp of II, l.riiim|»li(Mii fiiMHioprapy, firro{rn,fil. in llip miiMU'eiHPH iipliipvpd Ity Mm niiii'>n, li(» MiPipforp (jpf/f niiiipd, niMi IJip kinjr'H fi.|»|»rov/il, l.o \|p»»dpd to iinpoi'lH ; l»y ad. of MI72 tlm frrf- dmii of |,r,i,(|(> IipIavchmi Mm poloni«'H wan dpHiroyd by lay- iuif inipoHfH on conmmnM^ lipl.wrcn Miprn ; liy fi,p|. of I (>!»',♦ IIP wool, pillipr in I1p(<(^p, Hpiin. or wovon, could l)0 exported i '1 i ' 1 1 ■ ' 1 I ii i : '■i I'l J h 120 THE FRENCH WAR AND THE RKVOLrTION at all ; in 1710 the Commons declared American manu- factures to be dangerous as conducive to independence ; in 1732 Parliament forbade the export of hats made in America ; in 1733 it laid a duty on the enormous im- ports of molasses except what came from the British West Indies ; and in 1750 it ordered the suppression, as a nuisance, of all rolling-mills, forges, and furnaces. But legislative interferen(!0 with trade was at that time universal. Every subject of the British crown in Practice of the England, Scotland, Ireland, and America, "^^* owed obedience to the same or similar laws, and every nation in Europe felt such enactments to be among the staples of legislation. The navigation statutes of the United States to-day are equally stringent on their regulative side, although in a different direction. Consid- er, moreover, that in the year 17(10 the English in America were exuberantly loyal and intoxicated with the glory of English arms, to which they justly felt they had furnished no insignificant share. That loyalty continued as late as 1775, in almost undiminished measure. As for the right of Parliament to tax the American commonwealths, the Congress of 1774 " cheerfully " admitted it if confined to imperial matters, that is, to foreign trade. What then was the ground for discontent with the measures adopted in 17G0 by the Board of Trade, through the cabinet and Parliament ? Not a farthing of the money to be raised by parliamentary taxation was to leave America, for ail revenue w\as to be deposited in the colonial treasuries. The accounts were to be kept in England, and appro- priations made for two branches of colonial administra- tion — the support of justice and the military budget. Such specious pleading can only be met by the frank admission that there was inconsistency among the liber- als from the beginning. It was partly logical and part- ly due to the distance between England and America, NEW ISSUE IN CONSTITUTIONAL GOVKIINMKNT 121 wliicli made intercourse difficult and protracted. More- over, the interests of the friends of hberty in England seemed to require one point of view, Avliile the ^oy,,, ntnusi- same class in America took quite a dilierent ^'*'''''- oue. They agreed only in a jirotest against the exercise of arbitrary power by either king or Parliament. jMcn like Jackson and Alderman Beckford, ^uther of the famous wi'.ter, reasoned in Parliament that the colonies should have actual, as well as virtual representation, if that body were to lay internal taxes and control the revenues. But their friends in America knew that the plan was im- practicable, and felt with Franklin chat " when money is wanted of the colonies for any public service in which they ought to bear a i)ai'l>," they should be called on " by requisitorial letters from the crown (according to long cat.ablished custom) to grant such aids as their loyalty shaU dictate and their abilities permit." Barre declared in the House of Commons that the col- onies owed no gratitude to the mother-country for their prosperity and their emancipation from fear, rp,,Q ^^^^^ y/ because they had been planted by men who graiiiucic. fled from tyranny to preserve the ancient spirit of Eng- lish liberty, and that they had fought more for English advantage than for their own protection. And jxt ciiey were grateful, for the colonial assemblies sometime,^ i .ade grants so liberal that Parliament returned a portion of them. During the war they had enlisted and suoj^oi'ted as many troops as Ei. gland had sent. The Whig argument for direct taxation was that the colonies were but corporations, their legislative power merely the making of by-laws. The king had ,, , , -r-»T 1- Legal arpu- granted t])e charters, but. Parliament being mein for i\n'. supreme, he could not grant legislative power, '' " and they were therefore nothing but standing commis- sions, included under the general and supreme jurisdic- ir ''hi ' Wi I: ' W « ll' 1 j: j . - 1 ■ i 1; h J jj V2'2 Tin: ruKxoii wau anp Tin-; ukvomtion" tion of rjirliiunonl i\r siiuiliir concosHionH wvro in ViW^- land. The lihcralH ji(, homo were htird ]»r(>HHO(l to uwvi ilii;^ lojvjil arf^iiiuoni. JSIcu of llu^ (ypo of Jlurko iuu\ l{«)(']cin«::li;im virluallv ui't'opitHl il, but I'biiinod iiu'siMuH- (Mii'v; inony r.'ulicnl ininlH, liko I'itt and Canidcn. ritluu* j)load that it was i^no only of J?arliani(>nt nitli artnal vv])- ioM(MitaJion, or in nion^ {^cnd'al toiinn that it was uncon- utilulional. 'J'h(» kii\^;"s fricmlM ]>rol)al)ly folt that niinin- iors woro n'snonsihU* to tl><> crown alono, and that the d»^<(M'n»\natiou of r(^H(Mdaiiv(» bcnly. At loast sucIj a (h><'lrin<» is ini})liod in nuicli of tho iauf^uago nsc.'. during tho wonly warfare of Ihosi^ yo.us. It may b(^ \\c\\ moro ooncisoly to rooall Hio a]>|viront oontradioiions thus in(Hoat<'d : An oligaroliy in l-nf^land iiloadiui' Iho HupnMnaov of Parhaniont, Am- cv .>r ci.iiin (MU'auH sot on llio Hov(M'(n!.;,ntv ol tiui orown ; tho ])roro^ativo party in iMij^iand (h^tormmod to rulo thnnigli parliamonlarv forms, witli tho kini^ himsi^lf as prnno minisi or, tho oabinot to ro^istor his w ill, and so ostablish tho monaroli as absolvt(% tho op])o- sition ploadin.o' for actual ropros(Hitation Jind niiiiisto- rial ros|)ousibility to tho i)oo[)lo ; tlio AnuM'ioans tindinpf actual roprosontation in ParlianuMit ii\oxj)odiont, domand- inj^f one form of taxation by their rtpicsoiitativo assom- blies and chc(n-fully loavin<;' anotht^r form to Parliament as it was ; groat English statesmen accepting' the high Whig dot'trino, but refusing to act on it ; others, C(]ually groat, denying the doctrine, but from motives of loy- alty refraining from possible resistance ; lawyers on one side the sea spinning profound legal arguments from a given set of facts, meu of oijual emineneo on the other side, but in the same profession, drawing political logic of incoutrovertiblc force from the same premises. r Ilia logic NI.W ISSI^K IN ('ONSTITiriroNAli (H) V Klf N M KN I' J'iM Amid Hiu'li fi inii/o wo vuini n^n,in roprfif, to ourwlvcfl Hull, llio clew io liislorv in not in loLficor ('<)HHiHl.('n<\v, l>iit, ill liijvluM" ronHidcidlionH of jiihMj'o iukI right. . . . , Tliiiil<'(|iiiicv r.'irlifuiMMif. UMH iioi i('|)n, (no Anion- «if iiir iimlIimIi cun l«><',iHliil,ur(>M \\vu\ I he old WhigH wrro no longor ])rogn'HHiv(\ ilio new WliigH Imd liurdly living shcngili, and woro nn I'ingliHli, find iioi un Anu'ricjin, piiriy. 'I'lio ]'/nj',liHli in Anicrica Imd not vc>t, nuid Mio book oiUior of ilicir ])MHt or ilioir ])roHont, nnd lirliavod ,'it one linic liko ringliHlinicn. ni anotJu^r like* AnH'iicMriH, (iccor'ling as Wwy wvro looking liac^kward or forward. Tlio lOnglisli conHiilnlion liad lu^vcr ri('n('o by iMKiv(? Hocial HtatcK or (liKa|>iH'.'iir. in fliin aloiio licH tlu^ continuity of events from tho beginning to the en*! of tluj Kcvobition. IMio AnioricmiH wore r.ot tho I'^ngliHlimon known to llio cotiHtitntion ; in fact they and tlicir land conhl liv(!, find do liv(s under itH H))irit, but not undcT TiirH, being in tli(! main C'alviniHts trained in tlie governmental methodH of Pr(!Hbyt(!riajiiHni or Tnde])endency ; tlicy had loliti<\al diHsent on variouH important mattern, which had be(>n poHlponcd under tho Htn^HH of war. These ((iicMtionH, which had (existed from tho beginning, w(!i'0 now to have full V(>ntilation and bo tried both in ])i'ac- tico and theory. To tho religious liberty long enjoyed was to 1)0 added a complementary political indepen<1en('c. Not all tho facts nor all tho deeds of tho time conform to a single standard of i)Oi*fect virtiK! on cather side. Whether in tho forum or on the batthvfield tho coid-est was botwceii brothers ; there was uo nice line of separa- 1 1 1 i w f 'i 1 , ll j 1 . '1 11 'ii 1 '; i f ( ■ 4 mk 1 1 r.M rni' iKiNcn wak am> vwv m vom ^Iol^f iion on «>no sulo und «ili(M' ol' rillior prinripli m oc roudui't, for tl»»Mo wi'vr TovirH in AnuMirn iind Ani oricnn Hnnp:»\liolo llic nio\(MntMil \\HM fjiiuid. IxH'miHi* of iIm rurncHhn^HH iniih«> ol' iJH ic'snlin in llic pnri li<'.\tion of fir(» itiHlihilionn inul Ihoii rHlnI»liHlnnrnl on two «'on1inonls in •onfon\iil\ lo jlio nonln of r;n'I). 'I'Ik' st«|> in i\\o «l»»\(^lo|Mnonl of ronslilnlionMl }',"v<'''iinu"il wlut'h i< rr]n'«^HiMiiM wmm n in pMtlionlMi «lop(M\»l«Ml on (lirni, \\ Inlo nuicli \>\' lior ivMilo wmh |MM'f»M'll_v lofjili inM<(\ nui«'h oii ii wms in »lirl ronliMvtMilion of iho NM\i jOMlion A«'is. Snni>i\i;lin>\' of m11 sorJH wMs connnon. in pMi tirnlMV «n-tMlion of niolnssc^M fioni llio WthI In»li< m 1»M(1 Mssnnunl >vv(\M< ilinionsionH : from -'Trl^ ^*' *''*' proper conrlH for anthori/.Mlion (o s(\*ir«'li l>oih sloroH nnd vossrls. 'I'lic SnporicM* C'onrt of iho Provinco o{ '\\i\ ■^iuA\\\hv\{h Imd lli(> powors of {]\o I'nfi'lish (\nir< iA' V,\choi]Uo\\ and conld lluMoforo orMui }V(M1rvl>ody and rrlnrnMMc io nobo(]v. snbjoolini;' llio lUiinioiU^ and projioj'l y of any- one to soaroh. 'ri\o lirrt a}^]^lic\a(ion for a >vrii of assistance wmm niadc^ in 17(>1. and was viooi-onsly nvsisJiMl hx \]',o al)I<>si luvu ai the l>ostiMi bar. anions- whose names liist»)ry has rm- b;ilmcd (hat of Jaiuos Otis because he argued that tho NIW ISSUF, IN CONMirnn ION Al, UOVMtN MINI' ^)^ ly wril \V(i« «lniif^»MiniH in ilntlf. mihI Mlllnniirli I»m'I(«'<| liy m- fil lllllc of llic rri)';M nl' ( 'IlinlrH II.. WiiM rnlihiiiy In Mm Mpiril ol' IIm> r-ii)',liHli miiMl ihil ioti. (Iciicnil .i„m...i '"' Hit il('rliir«'<|. I Iim (irciiMH'Ml WMM llirrrroi*' ml inly |iMlili ('III. iiikI i'> r«'!inoii HimI lilt' imhiiIh rniiM (Ircjiirc ii, mIiiIiiIm nncoiiMlilnl ioniil (IimI llirrcroii' voitj wiim n viiliinl dciii III til' lli(> HU|tri IliM Mpiiil III' lli(< cniisl ihilioii iiri<>iiuili>)| willi IIm> iiiili |)i'(>- iii;',!iliv«' piiily. ilM iiH(> l»y (Mih wiih iiij-rniuiiH iiimI \vi iln wi ro «'V(Miliiillv ''riiiiliMJ. N\'<> liiivc iml ' owcvit. imiv ncMriinj iiHlnnci' ol' I lii>ii' iiMP W III li('iic('ior\v(ir< I 1 1 irrr \vi IT I, w»» |»irli("i ill lMiiMM;irliiiM(>l|'4, ||m> ioynliHlH lM>iii|^ jiwi liy llrr- iiiinl lli(< ( Idvcnior, 'riioiiitiit lliilrliiiiHoii Mir I jiriilctiMiil- (ioviMinir. iiiHJ Mm' niiiiirroiin iniiinr ollicfi-JMild* in willi llii'ir I'riciiilM iiiitl rrliilivrn. Tliry wrrr in «'<»iiMl)itil. ((Hii- nuiiii<':it ion willi llirir Mii|)«>riurM in l'!n;^lfinil, nnd ndvo cmIimI willi |MM'MiHlrn<'(» nM'iiMnr<'H wliicli liiid iilmtdy JMrn Hii;';;';oHl<'d hy royid (iIVkmmh llin niiiinlcMiin'*" ol' n, Hliiiid- iii" iirniv in Anwiira iind Mui iaxiilifni ol' Mic coJonirH 1»v r;irli!ini('iil.. OiKM'liicr iirlicic of Mi(« DcclMralion of IMiddft in M!HH wni liiiii jiid<;('M nlioiild ix* (l|Hioililrd «liiriii;.,^ {jood }»(•- liavior. iiiid nlioiild iiol, lidld ollicc jii Mi(> kiiif^'H |ilrnMiirr. Tlic |>riii('i|il«' stood mh linn jiH ('vcr ill l';n;;ifind, Inil. lor |iitlilic!i.l rcii.HoiiH il. wim Ir) Im' d(Mii('d in llic crcl'orc. HlioiMy al'i.cr Tilt/H fall, Mio ('iiicf-tlnHlic(> of Nvw Yorlv died, \\\v new a])|)oinliiient, avjih iniidc aM direelcd. H, waw a vilai iiuilli r an io wliellier the eoiirt, if dependent, nlioiild depend on tJu; [»eoplo New Ynrii Mill! I h •' M|l |iiiliiltiii'iil lit' liidlV'^'. I I 1^ III: itl> i 120 Tin: FKKNPTT WAU ANO TflF KKVOl.TTTroX or oil <]io niiniHtrv, for it rompriHocl in Wh jnriHdiciion th(> I'um'iionH whirh in liH^laiwi pcrtuiticd to iln' CoihIh of llio Kiii^H IUmu'Ii, of iho Common IMchh, and ol' Uk. lJ;ir(»ns of tlio KxolioqiUM*. At on<'(' iho lo}',iHliitnr«' whh ronsod to reHiHtanco, and docl-iroil that unlcHH (lie inHlriic- tionn wore witlidrawu thov would ])ay (ho judjjjo no hmI- arv. (iroat bitlornoHs of f(>ohn}jf oam(> front (ho incitl(Mil ; tho salary was |>aid by loyal oommand froni s. which W(M'o Mlr(>ady in<'hoato, (ool< actual form. An in jMaMsaclnisc^llH, (ho olVicialH wvvo ]>r(>min(Md anion*;; tho loyaliHlH. whil<» (ho naiivo lawytMs, foromosl amon^' whom wan William Jiivin<;K(()n, lod (lie l>arty of lihorty, and thoir walohword was (ho i)rinoii)lc.« of (lu> Uovolntion of 1()SS. This matter of tho colonial itidiciarv was niado a tost throughout tho oolonios. Tho (Sovornor of Now tJorscy was doi)osod in 1702 for aiiitointintj a iudw quosiion vW- duruiLT good ooiiavior. JMaryland and IVnn- V \oro. sylvania wore made to fool tlu^ir dopondoncy in (ho samo dirootion. Tho samo yoar JJornard si)onl a sum of n\onoy to drive Fronoh privatoorHmon from tlu northern tishories, and then denumded repayment. Tlio legislature refused to yield (ho prlnciph* that tho a])])r()- pria(ion should have originated ^vitll tlioni, and docliuctl amid much excitement to grant tho mouey. nrArTMU xi. ii|i TIM': STAMP A("l.'-17(l'J ITfVl Tho IMinlstrlpR oT Ncwnisflc iiiul lliiff (liciivillo and Towiihlioml MinisttM'i.'il l{t!S|n»nsil»ilily Wilkfs Jiiid 11m iS'tirtfi Uritoit-- (Jcui'iiil Wjirriinls ami llio I'^ifcilotii of llm I'lt'SH rropoHitinn lor a Stuiuit y\rt rr()H|M>rit^ uihI Mdiiciifioii in Anii'iicn-CJdlo- iiiiil Unity aixl the Niinio Atncricun r'ailnr*! nl' l''iatiln in Anu'iica -'i'lit> I'litrinlH and llm IVIussch ■ — McaHnri'R of Nnliillralion— Taxation liy ("onHt'iit of tlio (lov- «'rnrica or England, attaclicd jj^rcafor ijiiportancc! to tliOHe ovontH tlian to tbo otlior H(pia])])loH of ])aHt -pin' miniB- years bctweow tlio poo])lo anmont and Bute being the Secretaries of State, and (leorgo (ircnvillo the leader of the House of Commons. In May, 1702, the duk(i finding himself contemptuously disregarded in the distribution of patronage, withdrew, and a ministry was I vi»«'i1 mi'li'V i\w \\\\vA \.ty)A \\\\ir. \\'\\\\ ihi'inillc mm iniMU i>1 llll> W ln<(M. |>ni| 'O \:\>x\\ ihiil l»M' l.» •••MM >Ml( b> n ir nvi . ol i On \|^1 il ^. t 7l('< Hn \> n1»ili f'>\ , ihiMuilli' 1w i -nHf 1 Nvitno n\un'AtiM' in l\v; 'Mf'Mil fHhl I'lltnlt'i r.MV M'llirn.) ^1l>nv^l ijni:hon Mnil IdM i'\li<>nw> xim-i tci 1 > liN'Hnni WMi >t'(:nnt'il o ; ll\i I ii I Ii.M'I i-I TlMi^v mI^Ii >n"b llvrnvillt' tliil ni'l rnln.h 'm n\|i'illii' • >\ i<1\ In ; iloi 1 nnr-^. rill" 1'n 1 '■>(•. t.<\i\ olllw- I'lni'MtM » ! I .- u \ n 1 > >\;1^ -l.nV nii'>n vrpn i<( il lo liw (• 1). I (I 1 1h' Mnll\in i»l' I li Sp Vi< \h\i Hn<-< vonrnnr.) H»i> lv»«'l> 'il'ui m O'ln ■. i ol Ins linn 1 :>y\<\ ^\^^\o^■o\^)^\. ;)nil :Hno( In) • 1. \\ I' til h -MM I In ooUlii^Mn'i^ 1o nn in<«Mi ' Kilrlirn. r'tlnnrl " Vbo pn^On lool^sl ';(ill mi « 'hr ;(i i liiM 'iii.!. ■\\ Vov.1 Unio iln-on-h <)\r cinltiin \vlMf1\ nitl-e I \>i'i ;i mm nM'i in\)M'n.nii tniil M'»>»iM ^^ 11n' «M'«^'i.*il\ In Jl\i>l\\o vitn'iol hi'* lo.'vlov'^lii}'' Oio \\ ln«) oli'^Mv. 1\> JCiMm'.l '' " ol.^ ;l'i.NMnl.n.'\ r.Mil.l V}\i :\n.l HniK.' Iitvi' tcrnnitl il'^ <«nn]>(n- ;>n'l ><^ nniho.r; \ n\i'-li( lm\i' j-ivm il ;ni unloliniii' r\i1lv oiV'^i^i iho inllmnn'o ol' Ih.' Km-' Im \\\\\\ ^^1' Vilf. ii(Mi1v;ili in>^; both r:nli:nnrM)( Mippinli'l liini. l^uli^ \>;1« ;>1 hv< »lonv\ii«l lv>niMl\o.l fion'^iUU)< \ for tin' nnM-jrcln of Iu-j minislvN vrvN \\\i\\ 1nn\ Ho \\;V) ;» s< ({ointMH fn-oor.! ni;^; It') In*- Iv 1i1, ImiI nnn of <^,r(M»loi in'ii.'Jil nniM in 1niono(^ nrn^ 1o1l.>\\ nt| filt'inf Ihf. |)ltl(i< kI Mixllxl I. \»ll»Mi>'l|l < lllltl jt'nliM1'l\ \\i\i< I ill- 'CImv U«'M« |ihiM, |W (MMMoI. I'tll III IlitlllllU WttH I Im' i|H(< llin I ('|iM'L«<>ilii,l j vc iiittir>rul)t V. ImiI 1i» Ihn PltMMI mIhIU', ItlCMM'l Mltll llic ln»l|' il Mti|iMH •(ilili'. fHnl II fftw |U'M|i|(. (iMI'il |ii> |||)|(> Im r|||i|||"< ilti M'fl'M«'l' of lln< (jfiihilM' lll'll II M> Hf»V» ciiliM' pvcicino mT |itM,i>t (iri'> Mlrunt'l Itinl Im'iI IiIm tiff iiihI MtmlliM lij-i IImhiic 'I'Im' mI li'MMllIxt'. uilll flllfll II. \ |»MV. i'l nf cmMiUI' fill • l»'»||v»' IT" I'lllJM'. It iJiMiMiVM V llliuli- I'tlfii liv IIhi a liMlicflll't. 'Ill'' mHuM Ovln-MH' vif'U mI' III'. iMlciill' M'M|lMhMillltJ| V WflM Mini I III- I Itlll'll" (('l>i|'ll. CIIIlM IiImIIO IMmI '' •ntij ili'MiiiMH ciiImim'Im I 'iiI'mi I kmi.Ii Iv for ||m> "jii'dirhv. Illl'\ I'lMlMtl Hull IIm' ImMI'IC \mih IimI fl lllllv M |i| ('Mf'hlfl ll\l< Ihm|\, Mini illlll II f'MMIiMMi; ' itl" l I luiniMf (>)'!, Mini liiH rniiMMi'iicf ',v)i'4 iirf'«"i uiry li.ll Im M IMI « r«>M|ioMMilMlil v (iltjc liv «'l«'ffMinl M'l'niiii. wfifi IIm'H nn lliM\ IMI|M<> |tMH' l.nnwn. WIh'Ip ii iiiiniMliy Im pi iiiKirily Mi'" |iiil(lii' m »• Mini of M fiiM» (mhiiiIiv. >tM «'I«»wii. 'IIc' uni'l'IJ*' v./im liMiri'lv l|l|(> lt» 1Im> iMllilf* llllH«>IM«' »•!' (illlili'' » I iHf'UHMiori iitiil 1Ih> infiliijil V of IIm' |iM|ttilfii <'(iiiiHM»ii hchhj' I'» fKpifKM ilMi.jf. Tlic |{('VoluliiiM liiid hociikmI Mm> fii'fwjoKi of llio prf'«M ; IhiI ||n< pi«iuih(> pfvrliiuiieiiliuy fJi'liiiIrM worn H()f;n't. For ■|i >li H U' 130 THE FRENCH WAR AND THE REVOLUTION seventy years there liad been no opposition to the ruling Whigs, and the nation had been so busy with war and religion as to neglect politics. But events WilkeB and <-" x the A'orth had Created a nascent interest in internal Briton. affairs. The Bute primacy in particular had roused the London populace, and John Wilkes, a keen edi- tor, though an unscrupulous and scurrilous man, seized the opportunity to denounce him as a *' royal favorite " in the pages of his journal, the North Briton, Soon af- terward the king in his speech from the throne declared the peace of Paris to be "honorable to the crown and beneficial to the people." Wilkes, in No. 45 of his pa- per, made a direct attack on the language used. The en- gaging demagogue was also a member of Parliament. He was arrested on a " general warrant," similar to the " writs of assistance " applied for in Boston, and General thrown into the Tower ; but pleadin g his pri v- theTreedom'of i^^S® ^^ ^ member of the Commons he was the press. released. In the course of the proceedings against him Grenville issued over two hundred writs against various papers, and (.hereby aroused a storm of in- dignation which compelled him to desist. Moreover, the legality of general warrants was submitted to the author- ities. Two most important constitutional changes ensued. It was decided that warrants calling for the arrest of all persons guilty of a certain crime were unconstitutional because they assumed a guilt which might not exist ; the freedom of the press was established by judicial de- cision, and the secrecy of parliamentary debate was de- stroyed. At a later time Wilkes also defended the rights of constituencies and opened the way for parHamentary reform. While the exercise of arbitrary power in England was in these ways restrained, a sort of compensatory license for Americii was taken by the headstrong minister. D wi m nii de !J il THE STAMP ACT 131 During 1763 the naval officers in America were invested with the rights of revenue officers for the better enforce- ment of the navigation laws, and effoi-ta were , ° ' Propoe:t:ou made to commit the Board of Trade to a foy i^ stami. definite schedule of stamp duties. But Sliel- burne was the First Lord, and warily eluded the de- mand. It was Jenkinsou who in September brought forth the fuU-lledged plan, having been in nil jorobabil- ity the originator of it. The responsibility was, of course, Grenville's. In March, 17G4, notice was given that it would be introduced at the next session, and when the solemn question of England's right to tax America was put, no one but Barre voted or spoke in the negative. Ample time was thus given for agitation in America. If newspapers, almanacs, marriage certifi- cates, law documents, and other papers in constant use were to be stamped at the rates then current, the pro- ceeds would be about one hundred thousand pounds a year, a substantial burden when added to the ordinary expenses of government for a population of some two million whites and five hundred thousand negroes. So far the "Provincials" bad been neither factious nor rebellious. They had a clear notion of their rights ; experience had taught them that their rustic musters could fight always as well, and some- times better, than the regulars ; they feared the French and Indians no longer, and while as yet the lands beyond the Alleghenies were unsettled, yet the near future would prepare them for occupation. Burke could scarcely paint their unbounded prosj^erity and enviable lot. In sixty years they had quadrupled their exports, which had risen in value to forty-five million dollars. In mental training and intelligence they had kept equal step. The first printing-press had been set up at Cambridge in 1639 ; books and newspapers were Prosperity and ediicatiuii ill America. I 1 ■ "I , i^ > i \\V2 TIIK FKKNril WAU AND TIIK K^:VOLUTIO^f .'ibiuidant, and nix pros]>oronR coUop^os Rc^onrod a Iojii'ikmI miiiiHtry jiiul liboml odncjition for all i)rt)foHHU)ual men. Harvard was f -indod in l(ilJ8, William and ]\lar_v in h\\)% Yalo in 1700, Princeton in 174(5, ilio UniverHil.v of IVnnsvlvania in 174:'.), and King's — now Columbia — in 1754. * \Yhilo there was even yet a strong separatist feeling, vet at this distance it is clear that tlu^ work t)f unitica- Colonial nn- tion had been constant and rai)id. Their re- ivinu" Aim!" f^l>^*t*tive local governments had in common ' '"• many imjiortant features, eKi)ecially that of two houses for legislation, of which the lo\v(^r was rep- resentative and laid the taxes. >He\v ViUglanders and \'irginians wcn^ now alike desigiiatiul provincials, but the nanu^ Anunicans gradually supers(Hled the other, and in 1708 the pdivase Anu'rican Whig was lirst used ms tiie designation of the native parly. ITnion against the rreuch had left behind the instinct for union b(>for(» any common danger. When, thereft>re, the subj(H't of a Stamp Act was broached the colonies were united in oi>position and on identical grounds. In reality Ukmc w.is an English constitution for Am(>rica, of which the 13 rewritten interpretation wns universal among her peo- ple, that internal taxation without real ]'ei)resentation was unthinkable, whatever vi(>ws of personal royal sov- i^reiguty or parliamentary suiiremacy were held. Benjamin Franklin was made the agent in London not oulv for IVnnsvlvania but for other heading col- , onies to remonstrate with the (Jovernment laiiun' of vrankiius against the plan of a Stamp Act. Thev protest. . . . . ' would listen neither to his ])rot(>stations ot inexpediency, to the humble petitions of the Americans wliich he wished to present against the act, nor to his fears of resistance. It docs not even appear that ho «HCceedod iu awakening the public. Clrenvillc bad ud- •h tlio HOV- TIIIO STAMP ACT JXi vnnoc on tho coh)nieH to purciiane rations or ftirninh the troopH \vitli other ncccHsarieH. ]Jy way of attempted alhn'ialion, the rate of postage wan reduced, in tlie hope tliat the revenue from that Houn^e wouhl there- by bo incrc^aned ; bounti(>H were planted for tho ex])ort to Mn^hind of cerlain kinds of lundx^r useful in Hlii[) buihl- inrial advan- tafjfca ^:jranted ^vere really slight. Such petty but ^nW- iniX monor cvei'y household sen- flitive to the stronijf hfind still remained. Not "f ''^^ iikp'- . . . i'y- a co]W of the Bible, for instance, (U)uld bo printed in tho colonies until after tho War of Inde- pendence, and taxes on luxuries of every deseri])tion in- creased the cost of livin*■ 'i It I 1:M WW \u\\*'\\ w Wi \N»> rm- ^nvon lh»^r •rpf^on. oonlinoil Itn^i^^lx !>Mlilv v;\n;'tMl Il\n< Hir vi>»n(M ol \ \i«iM>iln\i vmU \ w In.) ) nnili'i \\\v 1v;>i1o l;n\'« n>lniili('nn.| Miljti'Miil til) • 'Itwm'A. h1»o\»IiI ronw^sl v\)r\\ o{ i» Mii\<)l(> j\iil(>(» willtonl n <.< l>o oni^ of Mi>nou New Mn<)l!n\lt> \\\\» rxcn 1^ 1>'i ,-V W<\ \\\ Xwwv ,»t>!i»»n>rt«. i'i>in\'!i>lli>il 'snlxni^tMon. \\u\ Hmmo \vonM«MirM. \\ l\Uo1ioltl in N«mv lltunpHhiii'. 0\xMin V'onnoo< in Hm'h n poUry uonM l>nv^(1 v«l>olhon \\i'h )>n\ion On M;«v M(MI\ Iwm- HonMo o|' Unv^j\^ssos. <)nn\'KtM\o«l 1>\ (ho on»n l\\ <)\on\MohoH. or l>y |UM-HonH ohoson ^\ thonv ^oUo'A. w:)^ s i]\v\ wcw nn«l 1\m«1 \>vo\\ fn>n» Mu> !!»><<. ll\o\» bl>o\ tunl by n»vnl V hn(ors . r\n>l '> lMMn,«> ,'»n ono i\\\ \inl\nov\n \ton n;nuo ol " ]"'\NMMnoi." p\iMisl\0(l t\ wint'o fntynniH rolnln 1\.^n ol lo;) i^\ \no o »li'!j>t»Mi niollMT oonntvy so lon-v !is i]\o\ .wc }\or\\\\\{oy\ (o hiwo llio full oni.>NiniMi< y^i s«^ \i.ol\>n ;>triolM fo\-nuM? on MR'iocitvf ion known as i]\c St>us of i,il>ovl|ii|iMH'M lli'V Wi'Vi' In lt'> mic'l |ty !li\ vvt'if in lln< imiin tiili'Min'i (iiiij lfilio»Mf< < mini', ItiM lilllf loi I iH' Mi'iihnicnliil connfc i,,,.) Hi^ hmmh. linn will' I'lncliMi'l I Ih'v «'•• iil fv«'i yl liitiff I'or III!' pi ill ijilf"! I "I' IMdi'iHi < 'Idii III. iiihI III III nil li < 'o|{i> I lifil, iM(>r\ ii'l oT I'm liiiiiMiil roiihiity lo IIimm umm void, rili'll''" lot will liMoiM(r minotity ri|' |||«« «olo iiitilii lii'ivinii' iiioi». ttinl mole I'vlicnii', wliil*' IIk' loyiiliiiln I'liiiiir willi (iMviliM tli'volioM |m |||o |'',n|' I ifili fininjly iin lil IIh'V \mh' iii'oi iiIiiIIv »loiioiMiniil»"| "TofioM" A tilill liir()i'i' nnnilH'f o|' j coplo uimc IIh< well lo do, niildly |imI liol if low ii'i|it'o|ili' mid rmniini, ulio willi Mliirdy l'>v- )ill\ IVH llu' lionii> rmi'ic 111 li(> lliiii own, Iml lio|i(>d lo iiMtiildiiv inli'i rii|tl ion lo lli(> |nii'li''(' of lln>ir condoi I - !ili|i> I rii.di'!^ mid inol'i'MMionn II M'(|nii««d ii mIkuji criMiH lit Mpi'ii lln'ii |iiiiin'ii mid diiv(« Ifirni lo (idivilv. Mmi'Ii \v(Mi> IIik (ilmiii mill din ITrclion on rv/ry Imnd Hull, in ('I'lii'iiil. |Iih«iiIm itiini.'M io(oni|i«'l IIm- Hl.mri|i oH'i- riiiili(l niMllicr iikmi nor niMi.tiH lo I'uHntif il. Till' iiiimi'IkuiIm lUid (M'o|t|(< joiiiod in inild'T Iml, no I- m <'lViM>lii!il iiH'iiHurcH. Min'rcinir immIImc lo import nor 'on Hinni^ I'lMcliMli wmu'h nnlil llic ni'l. niioiiid I»m rrp'/il' d. Tlio liip'io of Iml, (I. iilioil liiim jni,vn n, <'oli»«r'"n'''* lo I ill< Mild wiilinj', wliicli immIImm' liiid y \\m n n'prrwnl.'di vn ('(tJyiniMl. lo<;i('(il mid friilcMM liccmiM" iindor no bondji.j^n lo lli(> (Vind'iiliM'MM mid Hi'lf indnljconc*' of vvnulMi. I'y liim niid Olin lli(> Anii'iii'iui idrn, of l.ln< " Iriif Hpiril, of Ilic rmiMliliilion " uiih fini.licr inl('r(>r«'l,»!«•< . n-i \ ,» iKr won III l('n »> ij l\^l«MU'><'> :nv n\.n '\\\\\ «'i> Ol {'\\\ ilo'i'd OS iuilin'rl. >\iH\on< ^-^>^^^>';^ ni-»<'M Tliru' \\!H \\\i\v \\ln«'l\ \\:\'x n. \\ in mII IIom. fov " liu :H\.M\ onl\ \\ol\ \\\\'\\ own i',>n'n mI l\tnl Imtm 1Im« niilihl rl-nn\ o< in ' |Mi' ^n>* S,>|N wlun lh»M iliirl;>inn'(l rvrnipjion (d tt A 1' r <> \lo<;>' ^n< • ;lo\ \i il o) i< !V 1 n ,• 1 h« II n* riii'uni jn«'Of<. lio\voNo\. inliird \\\"A\ on)»oH\n<'t' lo |ln> ptinti pU\ !M\»I < n o «'iM\oMi( il T'l ol t'ovii'uponil' nt i>. .ih>v^U n\ o\««1rn«'»\ l>.>i ;>n\i' n )>ov\ rrlnl rnjiin*' in iot,t \n«; \\w n«^'A oi >nv <•'<' ■> <'oloni-»l ronfvvrnM. (In* nn-ntl'iiM ';(>!. -I'loil Im llu' popnI'M honnn in cfii li «','V»iV riu^ in\W:»l\on ionnti i\ vnnlv in'rcjil rtWxNiV !\n(H1\o .'(nv>MO'v« nh>< on OcIoImm' Til", in NtM\ Noil, N.M\ U:>n>p-:lnr.\ <1\o\i.,l\ wilhoni w tl(>l<>(itilo, t«jMt'»Ml l.» n\'>K.Ml\o v^-^tn* Ium- o\\i\ ; ({ioi-mh wn-i -o n»|>!\(lu'llt> m\il rt\Mv voiuH til(lion(i|« mIic M\< n'» u^pi>^'-iiMir>(o o \u,.inu» WMM HhmmIoiI in oIitI va ; IhM- ni.M\ilNM-'j h\ |li.^ n (ho UvM-^l;«(nro. Inil horltMnlh >vhh onlv nnni> con ^1 >UMU>U'5. No\ \\t\M nol ro|n t'MiMilct •I S< \n\p Vo( v'onf:\V'!'» \> ;)M il\(>nM'oto i'on\|lo \sl:>nvr v\>nnr«'H»M»l. INn nMvl\tn\in, IMin\ltMnl. ninl Sv>u(1\ V\n\^l',u;> ; vM' (l\o lo>vinlMli\(^ i'oi\\niiH»'o ol' coiir s}>vvu>U"n>'v^ ol" Now VovK. !>n.l of p«M;iotlliMI I'tiMM III)' lllilh IiIiImI'I ililll|iiiiiili|i M< tlttt"! MprfH\i'h Htc li'iilnlnlMtt"! n| ll|niii« i'mIi f.|iluM>. Ittll il Ipt'l t»l li'M'il (|Im|iIm\<"I <••»< ciKii i(ilt.M| of WW ilixl Mfllt»M TIH' V!«l(|t' ••! IIiIm Itiitlilli' I'M \W t»M Ml luf»l ttiHIlMf i»r H'mI mmIimi. 1 Ihm' wtci ,.| i MhiiHI' MUM' !(• M">'i HI >\\\ iilhtMi-iMl »i-|tM>iH"M(ttllnn, ImiI Mil' III' (t mT hicilini'. ••ti'iflnii'itl ui»M iiiil \i'\ (iiIm'Ii In IIk' 'lililnMt liiMI'l Nt'W l''(l|«lllMil IhIiI IIh> tltnUMV. ll'Clll. IMkI l!<|illMlliMl, \iiM\ '!;'»( »t'li'iMi't< hniMl lio |ti)iii«i| MM Mil- (IhiiIi'Mi 'IIih .i-()»".iil »i(.lllil ttM l'lll|',liMhMM-ll ftMtii «|||I)I«'»M, I llcil Hl"iillM •lltittlll \Vt'M< ItltMl'tl nil a liMDI'lir lilt. IMI (MiM ntil \^ 1 1 it'll \\i\w iiitimiMii In lln'iii nil ri K't »« iitlfllll Id IM I III! MH NtM\ |illl('lMMtl Mttlll, tttt NfW VltllM>l ImI'IWM »»(I I I(M I'linllMi'til, I'mI -ill III' tin \iitpiif iiiiinl ttf I'viiv iMMiiltJr. (hifn inillv IMiiHMiii'liiiMoll'i. i 'iiiiii(il)(> iifi |.lii>li' w 'ilt'iii litiiiii'liit v iimliir llii» t'liiwii ••limlt'iM. wliitli wcii" li, i«il tm IIm> ♦ 'hIi'iIm' iliiiiiM'i itii^i III r/(i:lti MMi! )ii»iclii,miili(iM fm luitlti Itiiid null") \\i>'il nl' lilt' A lli'/i Ili'liii'H. iil|i| titt llllMt'd III'" nli'ijti l\liM'4inMi|i|ii NiilJi'v ill!" !i I'lttwii tliitiKiin. ( 'nhidi/dli'id in ri>(iii»HM Ht» ri'itinli' iim In H'Mi|i«r iill»'('iiiiMM» |ii'(>rtti iniiM wmk tliMi'iiiinlciiiiiii'ntl, Mini lli(» I Wit IImkikimiiI »tr ni»i»»> vvliil*' m«I • llt'ifi iiIu'ihIv I lii'TiMviMti jiiil niiil«>i itiililiiiv nil»». UikIm iIi>h'm |iIi>ii. fill' IIm« iu>\y rtiiii'i'|tl. of " AMt»«ii<'M " (u* vtilltd. Ill II it> I'lnl I lirtMMiioiiiitrmifi wt>r«> tiinvvii ii(i, fititintifi' » ii"t]it>il|llllftlv fLliMMll. liiMii Hinm. All |tli>(iil llio IiiIh'IomI. ri/^ltl 'if » v V.f Iriiil liy jiM'.V, fiimiiifr 'if rtiiiiM" ttl, Mii» mi tM-iDivliinnilti '•!' iitliniiiill Y jiii iMtlicli'iii, fiiid lli'i n|t|i'iiiil' inonl. Ill' iMtlttiiitil jiitl|ri>M i|iiriii|r iji^ lfi,Hiu«>. lli' y (f|l (IMI llft'll K" tti(' IM'if hilii. r \\ I J* ■\ ■4 IMS TIIK rilKXcn WAU AND TIIK UKVdMTTloN lilunviMO «Hsrl!HMWMl Hio ]ioaHil>ility <»f ro])rpROnl,iUi()ii in i\\o Coiujuons, iiHHcitoil Mini HU))]>li('H to iho n'w Iv b(>eanHe they iiad already refnwnl thoHc tiM Mop Vo- l>ivH<>nl(Ml during the |)reliminary HtageH v1 «,n-.i union. ^]^^, Si amp Art. but ehielly beeauHO they held their rights from ncMtluM- the liordn nor Ihe (Jom- mons. Hut he yielded in the intereHt of unanimily. Toward the close of the scission a vessel arrived with a new sn]>]>ly of Rtam])H ; party spirit ran very liigh, some delegates declaring that resistance to the Stam]i Act was lr(\'ison. and that anyhow each colony should act f(U* its(»lf. On October iinth. lunvever, tho major- ily 1ui;illy signed the memorials, and tho colonies be- can\e "a bunjlle of sticks which coidil neitlu'r bo bent nor brok(M\."' The inlluence of the congress was immense. Under the guidance of Sanuu^ Adams, and the leadershi]) of ,,, , ^lassachusetts. New Ihigland linallv took llu* (linn 'JO in ^ . ' Mow Knci.iiui inn>ortant step of supplementing her legal- oi>.nion. ' III o !-> charter plea by the broader one of liberty as an inherent riivht, and at last recognized America as a whole. The nuMvhants rtMiewcnl their old agreements, and resolved to renounce nil trade if the act wore not re- jMwlcd. The tirst of November was signalized by general enthusi.'ism. with the cry of " Liberty, prosperity, and no stamps ; " the newspapers appeared, as before, od im- TMK STAMP ACT i:{0 Hl'unpcil |)M|>r'r, (ill»>(l, foo, wifli pfitri' tic r«!if»tri(il;< mikI rriiiiii(l( I'M l() (li<> iiiilliDrilirH of (,|i(> |'<» >(iiih riioh in l''i'liii- ltiii;;li. (*(>l(l('(i, lli«* \'i('('-( 'liHiiccllor J i< 1 cxrnilivr of N( w York HiirMtidcrcd flic HiiiiiipH io flio juiiiii('i|ifilitv, vvliir li Hpccdily rctiiriKMl ilioiii fo ilut hold of {,\\v nliip in wliicli IIk'v cmnc. Nrw .IriHcy dis)iv»>W('(| Ojnicii, Ik r lid(r\vunii (l('l('<;)d«', luid CiMoJimi priiiHcd (iiidHdofi. lice roriHiHfrnf luid nlH^lliouH one. 'J'liroM;^dioiit Mm; IiiikI ilicrc icij^ncd II Hiroiii^' cnllniHinMMi, a HxcmI dcicrminafioii, mid a imohI HcrioiiH (liHalVccfioii. i''o'!r niotdim ' foic, fiic OiTiivillo iiiiiiiKfi'v liad fallen. 'I'lic ai ro o. i,l oli^'fircliy icaclicd a foolisli cjiniax in ilic oiiiJHHio' froi lie llc^^'ncv l»ill, vvliicli „,, ,, , llic i ii't'iini" i"iii- n('C(iH;-iarv, of It \ iiioflicr'H name. DiKircHH iimon^ ilio \ >rkin^-('laHH('H ('i(!ii.lrd rioJH ahoni ilio nairio liiitc, and a, i> l.'iHt I'cHoif a ('onij)i'oniiHe ininiKir'.y wkh forniod under IIm^ piofcM'foiafe of ilic J)uk(! f)f (hnii- Itcrland. lioj'kiii'^diain, ilie j)r(>ini('r, wan llio leader of llie lihernl \Vlii;,'^H, a Avealiliy n(d)l(!nian of Triediocre ciipacily l)ut ^ood coinnion-HenHf!, }\v lian, liovvever, a liiHlinj]f tifle fo renown aH 11 iO ])fl Iron of Kdniund I'lirke, l.lie ])liiloso])lier, orator, and HiatcHnian, wlioni lie inlroduced io i)»d)lie life. Men, not measiireH, waH UM Dledjjfe on 1 t.ak iiif^ oIVk ai 1(1 liin cal)in(!t liad no ilioiij^lii of I'epealin;^' the. Si'inip Act, alilionj^di iiH HUp- porfern in i]\v iiKiiii held ]).'iilianieMtfiry taxation f)f tho coloiiieH to he impolitic. Soon, lunvever, a chanj^e of opnuon aj)i)eai cd. Ah on(! fact after another \v«h ro l)()HGd from Anioriea the iiiheralK hej^^an to think the internal taxation of the colonics not only inijjolitic, hut uncouHtitutional. Pitt openly and vigorously advocated thiH view, and ii])plaudod tho nicasureH of dolianco which had heen taken. But Grenville with the majcnity stood fast. i i I ifii fl 7 110 rm: iinNru w \n anh vwv inv oi.riiov T1h\v wnv uillinjj <»> ro|MVil \\\o Mil. ImH wouM n»lnni u«> W101)}', in i(H prini ( 'oi»»>i«"f^n . . , wovo n < fonwiillv llirown «miI. I>iH ilu'v wnc KnvrHt rlndisl. I''in!i'ly, il wim forniiiUv \(tloil \rr mm n (ruHj, not mh l)oin;;: '^ r«^]n'OMroHrn(r(l. \\'ivv lon^v «I:h<'iin Hion and (u'lical «l«'lMy iho o|>j>oHi(ion wmmivc*! \\\v whv of tho kin;\'s n:im«\ iin»l (h'rlnvc*! iliiii ho wiim for !nonl ior r(>)>o!il rnlluT Ihnn (oith foroon\vr\«M". (Iri'idcd lo Hliintl m full on ili<» Hin\pl(^ (pn^HJion ol i«>|M'm1. \\\h foUowrrH wnv V0H(i>(\ oon\nnM<'o was JcM-lininji \1«miI, iho ]M'\ov woro wiihoni cniploMnc'nl. and lo rniK«> a \v\ cnwo iho i\]ioY}\',\i\\o waM an incicaHn of {\\o land lav. u l>unl«Mi alroa ly odiiMiM lo i\\o landrd ariHiorracy. Tln^ \o{o >vas lal<«M> in iho Itonno of ('oninionH on I'rh man '2'Jd. 17(>(>. and iho niaiorilv for rrinal wan 1(>H. llio vofo IxMnp: '275 to 1<)7. Hid Ix^forr llic liinl «)>.! Iho iv- slajio had boon roachcd a ronourroid. rcsohi Tho r<'ii(>;\l cininlovv Art tion waH tak«Mi aHHcM'lin^ that Parlianicnl liiul nhsolnto powor to \:i\. and that all d(M'larationH of llio AnuM'ii'an assfMnhlioM to tho contrary woro vain. 'I'Ium 8top. nioroov'M'. waM tak U>\1S(^ as a wihn^sM, and und(M' a Hivirohina' (^xaniinalioii had not only doolarod tho tax itu^xpcdi* nt. bnt had also o\i>l.vin(Ml th;d whilo his ooinitrvniiMi had n(Mor vet oh- jociod io oxtornal taxation, tluM'o vvoro many who now bof^an io roason that thoro Mas no intrinHi«' (liJlVronco botwiHMi that, and internal taxation, addinj>' WMilrnlionsly that in time "the people may be oonvineed by theK(> ar- gumenls." Knt with eharaoteristio tlisr(^<;ard this momentons rr« crvatiou wjis temporarily overlooked on both Hides the •If IK M \ Mr ATT III no:\. I'.hk''^!' htul«' wiiH (n Im' rrvivnl, tuxl Hu'ir wiih IiIIIp n|t|tr«'lM'iiHi(tii hh <«» IIh' hrcldialiM y Arl, iHTmim* i«- pnil Hn'iiiod virtniilly (u luillil'v il iiiid imumtjIo jlio op- jumiin niiiu'iplo, thai i«'])H'H<«iitiitioii in tHHt'iiliiil lu iu- jrllllli iiixiitiou. \i CILVPTER Xn. CONFLICT OF TWO THKUllIES-lTOO-lTOS Charles Townsheiul— Tho Chutliiimdrafton Ministry — Consolida- tion of tho Now 'I'oryiHni— Ent'orci iniMit of its I'oli*^ — Tin- liil- li'ting Act in Now York — A Now Turiif — Tlio King his own Trinio Minister — Tho Constitutional Crisis -'Iho Attitndo of Franco— Chiingo in Colonial Doctrino — Tho " Farnior's Let- tors" — America Indignant — Tho Colonial Ofllciuls—Tlio Circu- lar Letter from Massachusetts— Parliamont Demands its With- drawal — Tho other Colonies Support its I'rineiplo- Outhreak of Armed Resistanco in North Carolina— Now Orleans, hit. Louis, and the Now West. The repeal was, however, far from establishiiipf a new couHtitutional priuciple. The Dechiratory Act hail becu chnrii'a regarded merely as a sop to the new Tories, Towiisiu'iui. jjj^ J their doctrine that Parliament laid taxes not as a representative body but in the plenitude of the power confided to it as a trust, had been regarded as a passing fancy. But Charles Townshend was a mer- ciless logician as well as a brilliant rhetorician, and the warfare which he now began against the charters that supported America in its claims was waged on the basis of a definite j)arliamentary declaration. The compro- mise ministry of Rockingham had perforiiiOd its task, and having explicitly taken its stand on " men," could not engage in a conflict over " measures," especially such weighty constitutional questions as were now involved. Accordingly it fell, and the king, thwarted so far in his cherished ambitions by the aristocracy, now sent CONFLICT OK TWO TIIKOUTEH 143 ■^onsolida- -Thcl'.il. ,' his (iwu titiule (if ikt's I,<'t- riie Ciicii- i its ^Vilh. Outbivak i-loaus, tit. for Pitt. The pjroat coininoncr whh a foeblo old mau. HiH retif^ment bad brouj^Ut him neither hetiltli iior eaae, imd the hrtste iu whicli ho hurried to Loudon r^>^^^, (.i,„t- wiiH undiyrnitied and abnoHt servile. So also huin-iiraiiou were the appeals to a f^ratitude which ^^aH no loufjfor an active Hentiment, and to the authority of the kiiifjf, by which ho cajoled and threatened men into ac- cepting positions in a new cabinet known as the Cliat- hani-Grafton ministry. His lirst step was a false one, for lie hau been over-persuaded to admit to his cabinet coun- cil Townshend, unchanged in his opinions, and giving no guarantee as to his attitude regarding American ques- tions. But his second step was fatal, for in creating him- self the Earl of Chatham he seemed to the masses to have abandoned the people. He therefore lost his only sup- port, the good-will of the nation, which had hitherto loved him for bis scorn of parties, but now refused to condone the feeble-n)indedness of broken health. Disheartened and suffering, he was unable from the first to hold the reins of power. The general disorganization left Towns- hend free to hasten disaster. Shelburne had the colonial administration, but the king disliked him and was impatient of his leniency. The cabinet, therefore, took measures to en- force the rigor of the laws, and as the old tionofthencw Whig officers resigned their places one by "'"y^'"'"- one, the king's creatures were appointed to the impor- tant vacancies. At last, when the untiring and relentless orator, in open defiance of the cabinet of whicli he was a member, held up to scorn the distinction between in- ternal and external taxation and declared the principle of the Stamp Act to bo just, although the present crisis, precluded its enforcjmeot., cheers rang out from both sides of the house, and official I'ngland was finally and irrevocably committed to the ne v Toryism. The reasons w '■'' >' , 144 THE FUKNCII WAU AND THE KEVOLUTION are patent. The aristocracy insisted on a reduction of the land tax, and, to the dismay of both Chatham and Shelburne, it was voted. The expenses of the i)rescut establishment in America must therefore be met by n revenue raised in the colonies. But public opinion sup- ported Parliament, for the agitation of the Tories hiid now become incessant, and even the merchants were final- ly won over by the accounts of what had been passing. The non-importation agreements of the colonists, their demands for the non-enforcement of the Navigation Act.s, their determination to i)ut all the ex])ense of lueiitB of its the late war on English shoulders, the vague ''"''^*' and general sense of their ingratitude, the. partial refusal of New York to billet troops, the defiance of Massachusetts, above aU, the failure of the Americans to remit, all these themes were discussed in heated rhet- oric which revelled in terms like foUy, wickedness, and incendiar}-. "When Chatham hastened, as fast as his acute suffering would jiermit, from Marlborough to Lou- don, in order to replace Townshend by Lord North, it was found that public sentiment would not tolerate the change. In the S2)ring of 1707 the new policy was made operative. The legislature of New York had been deaf to the clause of the Billeting Act, whereby the requisitions of the commanding-general were made " agrec- Tlic Billot- . ... inj; Act iu ably to act of Parliament," and disdaining the absurdity which sought to secure the form of legislation and yet retain the rigidity of a parliamentary requisition, voted all necessaries as if of their own free will, granting only what an English legislature would liave granted, and implicitly refusing some minor de- mands. The first measure of Parliament was, therefore, to enjoin it from any further independent action until it should comply with the letter of the Billeting Act. The ^ J ION tion of .111 aud present it by !i ou sui)- ies liiul re tinul- isiug. ts, tli(!ir 3U Acts, »cnse of ,6 vaguo ide, tlK; defiauce iiericauH ed rlict- ess, and , as bis to TjOH- s^orth, it ate the s made to tlie tions of agree- ung tlie I form of Inentary Ivvu free would lor de- lerefore, imtil it It. The CONFLICT OF TWO TIIEOllIFS l^f) A now tiirifl. extreme gravity of tliis injunction, directed to tlie Ciov- ernor, lay in its virtual declaration of parliamentary sovereignty ; in reality it wiped out at a single stroke all the American charters. Such extreme courses, however, generally thwart themselves, and similar things had hnp- l)ened before in the mutual interrelations of the home and colonial governments. The other enactments were more serious in reality, though less extreme in theory. A series of articles were st^lected on which direct duties were to be collected in American ports by officers who were to take a test expressly declaring their belief in ])arliamentary authority. There were enumerated wine, oil, and dried fruits as luxuries ; paper, paints, and other necessaries. Finally, with insidious adroitness, the list was closed by the important article of tea, which by pay- ing duty but once in the colonies would be cheaper for American than even for English consumers. The total revenue thus derived was at the king's disposal for the payment of governors, judges, and other crown officers. It will be remembered that even the author of the Stamp Act had not shown such daring. The civil ser- vants necessary for the execution of that act were to have been subject to the local legis- his own pr.me latures, and the proceeds were to have been """^^ ''^' paid into American treasuries subject to the order of the Exchequer. Such rashness seemed therefore to tlie Whigs unparalleled, and they chose the moment aud some trivial measure of procedure to attack the ministry. In the division there was a paltry majority of three for the latter, the king saw his chance to annihilate the AVhigs and assert parliamentary supremacy in America by one stroke. AVith stubborn persistence, therefore, he with- stood the natural impulse of Chatham to resign, put foi-- ward as a compromise Grafton to be nominal premier, 10 I 1 ■ i 1 > 1 I 1 . If ' ■i!'li| I f !| [t' .fi I 'M I ! 140 Till-: FllENCII WAR AND THE REVOLUTION and himself assumed the actual direction of affairs. Tlie f^oal of his fatal ambition was reached. As a climax to tlie whole disastrous procedure the Board of Customs, charged to enforce the Navigation Acts and reju'eKH smuggling was established in Boston and writs of as- sistance were legalized. Neither wing of the Whigs was blind to the constitu- tional crisis, and though Chatham was ore long entirely Tho constitn- incapacitated for work, his friends were yet a iionai criHis. force, and they, too, understood the im2)ending danger. Meeting after meeting of the factions was held. But dull obstinacy presided over their councils, no agree- ment could be reached, and the delighted king saw him- self the (mly support of a cabinet wliich was thus de- graded to the same level with the so-called continental cabinets under the absolute monarcliies wliich were his model. He had patronage worth six millions sterling a year ; less than ten thousand voters chose the majority of the House of Commons, made supreme by the events of the last half century ; and in the unstinted bribery which Walpole and Newcastle had made customary, he found tho security of a majorit}' sutHcient to record his personal will as if it were true legislation. There could be but one ground for anxiety ; it lay in the fact that retiu-ned Anglo-Indians, with their fabulous wealth, had raised the price of venal boroughs to three times that of twenty years before, and made such seats more diili- cult to control. Was it wonderful that the spectacle of such degener- acy in England should awaken, as it did, the attention The attitnde ^^^ sorrow of her frieuds and fill her enemies of I ranee. ^^,|^j^ hope. Choiseul, the great French minis- ter for foreign affairs, was well informed concerning the unexampled development of the American colonies in population and wealth, and was watching with interest CONFLICT OF TWO TIIEOUIFIS 147 the incipient spirit of independence and sentiment for imion. SurrniHing a possible renewal of liis rival's fear- less colonial policy on the return of Chatham to power, ho had therefore by fine diplomacy forestalled him in the leading courts in case there should once again be war ; France was ready and longed for the conflict whicli many thought could not long be postponed. Two remj'rkablG changes could be cited in support of the opinion. The first was a change in colonial doctrine. To the cry of, "no representation, no taxation," had succeeded ii very difi^oreiit one —"no re])resentation, no legislation." Tno origin of the new watch- coioil'iuf d(><" word is ol)scure. As early as 17GG, and in the same year, Franklin before Parliament, and Ha^^l('y ill the Massachusetts legislature, had forecast the jxjssi- hility of the colonies assuming that ground as an Englisli constitutional right. This was, of course, a new stage iu the evolution of doctrine. James Otis had written a pamphlet to prove that there was no difference between internal and external taxation, if both were to be used to laisc a revenue ; that both were alike illegal when laid by Parliament for that end, and that the only legal ac- tion of the English legislature in regard to the colonies was the regulation of trade by exi>emal taxation, when necessary. But the event which marked its final adoption as an epoch in the constitutional struggle, Avas the appearan(re of the famous "Farmer's Letters" of John ThcFam- Dickinson, of Pennsylvania, which set forth *" '" Letter^.' the now theory of resistance to parliamentary a{,'gression with such calmness and conclusiveness that it met witli universal acceptance in America. Writing as an Eng- lishmn.D, thoroughly loyal to the crown, the ai thor de- clared that to forbid certain manufactures in America, and then tax the manufactured aiticles by custams dues. 1! . if , y :| ^\, ! I 1 Jl 1 1 IS ;| i\ ! 1 t ;, 1 1 ( ■ 'i '*.' t ' y\ MS Tin: Fi^FNrTr wau and the revolution was nnprccedentod in English legislation, and must bo renisted as an oppressive innovation. The tone of fill twelve letters is one of resi)ei.*-tful remonstrance to a i)arent who has forgotten what is due to her children. ]3ut the people of America were neither placid nor pa- tient. The old agreements of nou-impovtation were re- Amorica in- newed ; there was much violent talk in Eos- (iiyuaut. ^j)jj about preventing the new and obnoxious officials from lauding, and there rained down a pampnlet literature in which every aspect of the new principle was discussed, it was understood chat, for the jmrpose of unifying the colonial governments, the charters were to be annulled on Mansfield's plea that they were void because of their extent ; if the power of absolute legisla- tion really existed by grant of the cro\\n, the extravagant gi-ant being void was to be withdrawn by Parliament. In response tin ])osition was taken that consent alone gives forte to law. If this be not English right, said the Americans, why then should Ireland have a separate Par- liament, ^Meantime, the action of Massachusetts was as o.iiitious as the language of her citizens was heated, and (■onnecticut, whose most liberal charter was chietlv ob- noxious, took care to give no overt ground for attack. The second change which foreboded war was more illusive in its sources, but no less real and critical in its The colonial i^ifniifestations. Parliament was about to ofliciais. dissolve when Towushend died in 1767. Xo new legislation was therefore undertaken, but the caljinet wns reconstructed. Shelburne was left A\ithout any real power by the subdivision of his department, Conway and the friends of America with him went out and six Ik'dford Whigs came in, among them Hillsborough as colonial secretary, and Lord North in the Exchequer, who were both the heirs and supi:)orters of Townshends policy. Early in 1708 the twelfth Parliament expired ; CONILiCT OF TWO Til KO • [\. 14U its successor was equally corrupt a(.;l ,ior- I'o, rAimy of the seats having been purchase * .■:': iynv':>, {•.'ingiiig, it was said, from four to a hund^uci thousand j)ouuds. There had been a revulsion of feeling .uuoiuq the English people against Townshend's revenue p- tlicj. A hundred and fifty new members sat in the house, but they were entirely heedless of public sentiment, and neither min- istry nor policy had changed — so complete was the king's success in disorganizing the Whigs. The "King's Friends " were the germ of the new Tory party, and the Bedford Whigs were in reality identical with them in spirit. Chatham was displaying the temj^orary eclipse of his reason by an aimless and extravagant display in the role of king's confidant. Rockingham and his fol- lowers, the remnant of liberalism in Parliament, w^erc in a minority too hopsless for organization, and under the uiireformed parliamentary system the real liberals of the country, though numerous, were entirely unrepresented. Such was the explanation of a n^v/ attitude insensibly but firmly taken by the representatives of the crown in America, governors, judges, r, id otfici;ls generally. Mag- nifying into undue proportion 'jyerv word and mood of the protesting colonists, tl-o\' clamored for ships and troops, stirred up personal cniaitios. fomented faction, and deluged their superiors with accounts of " treaso^"" " and " rebellioi which existed oniv in their own timid I. and excited brains. More than anv others the v were re- sponsible for what followed. The time arrived for enforcing the new statutes, and the board )f customs was diiiy organized in Boston. Soon after, in January, 17G8, the Massachu- tiio circular setts legislature issued a remarl-able circular Massacii'ii- to the other colonies, citing the original con- '*^''^'^- tracts between the crown and the colonies, the terrible consequences of James 11. 's attempt to abrogate charters, Hi I M ( ; f I 1 u 11 ■! i] iu 150 THE FREXCH WAII AXD TIIK KKVOLrTION" l'( and claiming as colonists their title by contract, by com- mon, and by statute law to tbe privileges of Englishmen, among which were exemption from taxation except by their own representatives. But representation in Par- liiunent being impossible, their own legislatures were alone competent. They therefoi-e urged a united peti- tion to the King as the umpire in their conflict with Parliament. Hillsborough hud already issued a Avarraut on the Board to pay Hutchinson two hundred pounds. After the issue of ♦^i a circular the Board set forth a me- mojial representing the impossibility of enforcing the laws except by intimidation. But there was neither active resistance nor talk of it. Self-denial as to imported garments, tea, and any articles on which illegal revenues were raised, was the d.iniuuis i 1 8 only wcapou of the Americans. But the con- rawa . tentious governor prosecuted the newspapers, the crown officers pretended to be terrified by the state of public feeling and kept calling for troojDs. They were the more exasperated by the contemptuous defiance ex- pressed by the citizens in a good order unwonted in such times of excitement as the celebration of the re- peal of the Stamp Act. The strongest expressions of sympathy followed in other colonies, especially through Livingston in New York and Washington in Virginia. In April, Parliament demanded that the circ ilar should be withdrawn and disavowed. Governor Bernard was instructed to dissolve the legislature as often as it should refuse, the commander-in-chief at New York was to maintain public order, and the first open act of armed hostility was committed by the despatch of a fleet and troops to menace Boston. But the public order was not endangered. The Virginia House of Burgesses issued a second cir- cular much bolder in tone than the first, calling row for CONFLICT OF TWO THEORIES ini union in defence of American rights and liberties. New Hampshire, Connecticut, New York, Maryland, and South Carolina supported Massachusetts in The other the refusal of her legislators to withdraw the portlte piiu- ducument. Yet still the people, "versed in ^'p''^* the crown law," as the Enghsh authorities admitted, carefully avoided any unconstitutional course or any se- ditious word. The conduct of their inilers was quite dif- ferent. Without waiting for action in England, Bernard Buniraoned a man-of-war from Halifax, Her captain be- gan at once to impress seamen, and the sloop Liberty, a vessel belonging to John Hancock, was seized on a charge of false entry. That night there was a riot and the mob lestroyed some property belonging to the officials. But when the troops despatched by Parliament arrived there was perfect order, in spite of the overbearing insolence of officers determined to illegally billet the troops on the town. Recourse was had to the courts, which firmly re- ')elled the exasperating aggressions. The legal learning which every man seemed to possess in minute details was the efficacious weapon displayed against the attempts of officials to lay the responsibility of active resistance at the door of the Americans, There were, however, both violence and bloodslied in North Carolina, where the sturdy farmers of the uplands, stung to desperation by the arbitrary exactions outbreak of of officers responsible only to an absentee pro- l^^fn Norm vost-marshal, at last organized armed bands ^-'liroiina. for resistance. Justice at last became so uncertain, and litigation so extravagantly expensive, that these so-called '• regulators " finally took action. Try on, the governor, attacked them with fifteen hundred soldiers, and quelling the rebellion, proceeded to an inquisition. The extor- tionate and venal judge who had caused the outbreak was found guilty, and mulcted in a nominal fine of one I" Hi : \A 153 THE FKENCII WAIl AND THE IIEVOLUTION' }ienny on eacli charge, while the leaders of the regulators wore compelled to jjay lifty pounds each, a sum enormous in that time and place. Hpain had regarded the immense territory of Louisiana, acquired from France by tho treaty of Paris, as a safeguard for Mexico, wliUe Eng- land appeared to look on the Mississippi and the eastern lialf of its valley, as far as the AUeghenies, in much the same way as a safe, indefinite frontier against Spain. Tiie wilderness was to remain unsettled, for colonics planted in it could neither be governed themselves, nor defended against others. Tryon's conduct indirectly thwarted the English policy, for the people of North Carolina, disaffected and undaunted, began to emigrate across the mountains to a land in which, though again to face the terrors of a ravaged frontier, they would at least be free. Almost at the same time the inhabitants of New Orle- ans, determined to be either French or independent, rose New orie- against the sovereignty of Spain, and were amWiic^New ^^'^® ^^^ ^ year. The remnants of the same West. population fiu-ther north in Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan, turned their backs as far as possible on the English, and ignorant of the treaty of Paris, laid the foundations for the commercial prosperity of St. Louis, a ci':y which they fondly believed to be still French. It had been founded in 1763 by Laclede. The existence of this population had made it difficult for Hillsborough to establish his line between savage dominion and English administration. Virginia claimed what is now Kentucky, and the entire territory northwest of the Ohio as far as the great lakes. New York claimed to Lake Erie. Ma- ryland and Pennsylvania had settled bounds. At last, however, by two agreements, one made at Hardlabour. in South Carolina, one at Fort Stanwix, in New York, a line was definitely estabhshed from the junction in the rioN fulators ormous uinensc by the le Eii^- eastcru ucli the Spain, colonics ves, 11 or directly Nortii migrate igpin to at least CONFLICT OF TWO TIIKOllIKS l.-)H latter colony of Wood Creek with Canada Creek, by the west fork of the SuHqiiehauiia to Kittauning on the .Ule- gheuy liiver, thence by that stream and the Ohio to tho nio> t\\ of tlie Tennessee, which thus became the western l)()iiiidary of Virginia. Tho idea was never adopted by the colonies and was futile from the outset, for the veiy next year Daniel Booue entered Kentucky. ' ill I Mi V ;■ 1 )W Orie- nt, rose id were be same jidiana, sible ou laid the . Louis, ich. It ence of DUgll to nglisli iituckv, s far as Ma- lit last, labour. York, a in the m t ! ! ! I !■ i CHAPTER Xm. THE CONSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION-1770-1774 Eeply to the "runner's Letters" — The Colonies United in Pur- pose — Disorgaiiizalion of Colonial Government— New York Suggests a Congress — New Opinions in Great Britain — Loyally in America — Tin; Boston Riots— The Battle on the Alamaioe — Burning of the Gaspeo— EfFects of Oppression — Failure of lla- non-Importation Agreements— Committees of Correspondence — Final Colla})se of Colonial Administration — Constitutional Clianges in England — Benjamin Franklin — The Iliitchinsou Letters — Franklin before the Council — liis Conduct. Meantime Parliament was again in session. Shelburne had been dismissed, and Cbatliam, having played to the Re 1 totiio ^^^^ ^^^ ignoble part which George had as- " Farmer '8 signed him, was permitted to retire. The ministry, with Lord North as premier, con- tinued arrogant and determined for a time, although Burke, the orator of the Rockingham Whigs, inveighed against their inconsistency and fatuity. He showed that the Massachusetts Assemblv had been neither treasonable nor even unconstitutional, and the authorities at last con- cluded that orders to deport men into England to be tried for treason, such as they had cortemplated, must rest ou actions of another sort, and find firmer legal support than the statute of Henry Vin. which Samuel Adams had scorned. But they determined to censure Boston, and still refused a repeal of the revenue laws. Parliament would yield nothing of its " sovereignty," though feeling the obnoxious acts of To"v\Tishend to be uncommercial TIIK CONSTITUTIONAL HE VOLUTION 155 Tlic plea of their illcj^ality must, tlicy felt, bo abimdoueJ before either motlitication or repeal. The luiuistry tlicrcforo issued au answer to the "Farmer's Letters," but feeling, no doubt, the force of the Whig position, uud i'oaring tlie acute interpretation of constitutional law iu which the colonies so excelled, they neither i)roposed the repeal of the charters nor any prosecution for treason. Their di})lomatic isolation moreover was complete, and England's only possible friend was Spain, which was proceeding to recover New Orleans and Louisiana, but would be both a difficult and uncertain ally in a gen- eral war. But their resolution found the colonies raore united tlian ever. Virginia, in spite of the conciliatory measures of her new governor. Lord Botetourt, was ac- „. , . o ' ' Tho colonies cepting the guidance of her three famous pa- "»'t^'d inpur- ti'iots, Washington, Jefferson, and Henry. Her legislature decided that writs of assistance were illegal, the determination of Parliament wrong, that they them- selves and they alone could impose taxes on the people who chose them, tl \t union was lawful and expedient to preserve violated rights. Dissolved as a legal body, the members me! as a convention, adopted Washington's scheme of non-importation, and issued for signature a covenant not to import slaves. Pennsylvania and Dela- \^are fell into line. In Newport harbor a smuggling ves- sel was rescued from the revenue officers and their cutter destroyed. Conflicts like these were common through- out New England, and contributed to colonial impatience. In one of them James Otis received the blow on the head which led to the premature and deplorable loss of his faculties. A possible leader was lost in him. In Massachusetts the legislature was. after a long in- terval, convened b}' Bernard for the purpose of getting a grant of salary. They refused to act in the face of coer- n ll'i ■\v m • .,< I. >.v^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) k A 1.0 1.1 11.25 2.2 lb u 140 2.0 — 6" ^>^ \ ^> ^JV* v^ ^ 7 /A Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STRICT WIBSTIR.N.Y. MSaO (716) S72-4S03 iV iV ^^ SJ :\ \ -'''i. " ^ <«\\ 4^ 6^ ? ^ ^«^ is 150 TiiK fi:i:ncii wak and the iikvoution cion with guards at their doors and vegiiiieuts (luarteied near. Though adjourned by the governor to Ciiiu- Dieorcani- bridge, they still spent their time in disciish- oulIi'' Kllvmi- i"g their violated liberties, passed resolutions iiieiit. asking for Bernard's recall, and i-el'used ap- propriations either for his salary or for the supplies to the garrison. They were therefore prorogued. These; two dissolutions are of the utmost importance, because they mark the beginning of a process which finally re- sulted in the entire disorganization of colonial govern- ment in America. Scarcely less dangerous to England was the tempor- ary success of her officials in securing by the most in- „ . famous acts the election of a legislature in New 1 orK BUKtrestsa New York, which after two successive re- fusals by its predecessors to provide for the garrison, surrendered at last everything the crown do manded. But the same body passed a resolution invit- ing the colonies to choose each two delegates who should assemble in a congress with power to legislate for the united colonies, in the hope of iuauguratinic American union without separation from England. Vir- ginia actually chose her delegates, but the ministry for- bade the meeting ; they were right in their estimate of the scheme as dangerous and revolutionary. Parlia- ment, wearied and confused by the tactics of the colo- nies, seized this opportunity to repeal all the obnoxious taxes except that on tea, which it stubbornly retained to display its sovereignty, or more probably, at the in- stance of the king, to display his supremacy. The Bil- leting Act had expired by limitation. There thus remained, of all the exasperating measures which had led the colonies to the verge of open rebellion, the former tax on sugar, and a tax on tea light cnou<;li to be inconsiderable in regard to revenue, but bur- THE CONSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION 107 (lencd with a principle so obnoxious as to be destructive. The maladroit Tories had utterly failed in their pro- irninnne for the taxation of the colonies, but „ fc> . New opin- li!i(l erected a pnnciple destined to foster fatal '•»>*• '" ^rcat luiijiioHitics between brethren. At the same tiino the counter-revolution of opinion became manifest in (treat Britain itself. Grattan entered on his glorious c'lrcer of Iiish agitation ; Chatham, recalling his former j^lorics, suggested a process for the reform of the House of Commons, and for the first time in English history public meetings to demand popular rights were held. And the press, opening fire with the scurrilous and clever letters of "Junius," a pen-name which still shields an unknown writer, entered on a campaign fraught with the weightiest consequences for posterity. The three years from 1770 to 1774 may be said to ()])ou the third and final period of the constitutional revolution, the period which separated the Loyaitv in colonies from the mother-country, and thus Anancu. enabled them to lead by fifty years in establishing and realizing the principles of liberalism. They illustrate liow unwillingly they entered on the extreme course of disruption, and how deliberate and long-suflfering men of Ihiglish blood can be in the face of oppression and irrita- tion. Some Americans like Chief Justice Hutchinson, who was selected to succeed Bernard with the title of lieuten- ant-governor, and was then made governor, were more devoted to their English citizenship than to their private liberties. The number of such was large, and among them was for a time the greater part of the wealth, learn- ing, and refinement. Franklin and Dickinson were long (^f this section. But the plain people like Samuel Adams were far more American than English in feeling, and the hhinders of the ministry swelled their numbers bv the addition of many rich, influential, and educated men. .' li t^ M ' »' my ■(■•?f; If I u • I I n 158 THE FKENCII WAR AND THE REVOLUTrON Tha line of demarcation betwee:\ the two classes becaino more definite in these years, fkltbough on cither sitlo were to be found, of course, both moderate and radical minds. The process was hastened by two or three events of very unequal importance : the so-called Boston massacre, The Boston ^^® battle of the Alamance, and the seizure riocs. Qf ^]^Q Gaspee. The first occurred in 177(1, almost simultaneously with the repeal of the odious taxes. The sons of Hutchinson were believed to bo selling tea contrary to pul)lic policy and agreement, as the revenue figures proved that many other Boston nur- chauts were doing, and riotous demonstrations >vero *o» made before their door. The ubiquitous red-coats were drawn up within their barracks, ready for action. In the first general tumult a child was killed, though no shots were fired. There was an imposing but quiet funeral procession, and the citizens, imder a calm ex- terior, gradually forged tlieir anger to a white heat, un- til a fancied insult in the refusal to a soldier of work at the rope-walk exasperated the troops in equal measure. There were gatherings, insults, and alarms on both sides, until finall3'a soldier was struck and the ever- grow- ing rumor came to the barracks in a false anuouu ce- ment that a sentinel had boeu killed. A corporal and six men with fixed bayonets sallied forth and fired. Three citizens wore killed, two more mortally wounded, and six injured by the volley. The excitement was so in- tense that on the representations of Samuel Adams the governor yielded, the city was at last evacuated, and the regiments withdrawn to Castle William in the harbor. The commanding officer was tried and acquitted witli due legal form, being actually defended at the instance of Samuel Adams by two young patriots, John Adams and Josiah Quincy ; two soldiers were convicted of man- TIIK CO\STITUTIO:iAL RKVOLUTION" L 6laiij»bter, branded, and set free. Quiet was thus restored with Muspicious pronqituesH, but the name of " niau- wwre," by wliich these events were designated through- out the colonies, is indicative of a sensation inconinieu- Hurate with the facts. Tliere were other conflicts ho- twoen the popuhice and the military, especially those ubout the noted Liberty Tree in New York, but none so f.ital as the one described. There had been no reform in the government of North Carolina, and under Tryon the extortion of sheriffs, ac- companied as of old the malfeasance of cor- , . , ^,, J! ^ The battle nipt judges. Chai -^es were framed on any on the aui- trivial pretext against those farmers who had '"'*"'^^'* been connected with the old regulators, and representa- tive men were seized and imprisoned without trial at New- Berne. At last the people rose again, and in a meethig numbering upwards of twelve hundred armed men for- mulated their grievances and demanded redress. Tryon, with disciplined troops of about equal number, marched to suppress the movement. He was met on May IGth, 1771, under a Hag of truce, by the popular leaders — men like James Hunter and Benjamin Merrill — noted every- whor ; for moderation and integrity. But he refused to parley and demanded unconditional surrender. A battle ensued, in which the undisciplined backwoodsmen stub- bornly and gallantly resisted for two hours, but the end was a rout. Twenty were killed and many were taken pris- oners, while nine of the king's army were killed and twenty wounded. Of the prisoners one was hanged in chains as an outlaw, six after trial met the same fate. All the best lands were confiscated to the crown. As a con- sequence disloyalty spread apace ; the counties of Orange and Mecklenburg were especially imbued with a patriot- ism never again quenched. Again bands of angry and disheartened frontiersmen crossed the mountains into ; I . ,1 I 1 I I' J(5n TIIK niKNClt WAR AND TIIK I!i;Vitt(M'( (Jiispoo WftS an arnu'«l Mnfjllsli Hcliooncr wliidi ^Mianlod ilif coHHt of Jtiiodt^ JhIiiuiI, a r(<<^;;ion Il()(ori(lll^4 Miirnln-'Mtllio '***' HUCCJ»yHflll CVMHioil of Ml(> nvmii ' liiws. viaHiur. (\)imMaii ]ir(»|i- oHvof Mi(» n.'ilivi'H. Foinial coniplaiiifs lo llu' aulliorilii s at l5t)M(on wove answtMT*! \t\ nni|ualiruMl approval of lli(S(> tl»>pivtlalioiiM. O'.i rhinc JMh. ITT'J. Mu' ]»ii('k('l, wlucli llic liiii.v'M ollicri' projiosfd ti» overhaul ami Hcan-h. drew Mic inllcr, In* an tui of skilful tlariii;^'. into slioal \va.l(>r where she slranllowiii}4^ nijjfht a lar;;*' pari v of (lis;!;uise»l nien ImmikN il her, ami afler a eonfli*-! in which (he eomniander \\:\h \vouM(h'd, siu/.ed and lan«led him and his crow, sellin;; lire al. iho same ii me to the vessel. 'J'he onieeis of llir law were powerless to discover the awsailanls. liocal pride has held np each of these events ns Die lirst important eonllict in the strnjr^de for liberty, hiit i!:n.vs..r .>i)- wiiother it was the Calvinistic Puritan of tlin iMv>M..ii. Xorth. or the Calvinistie ("ovenanter of the Sonth whose blood was lirst sIumI matters little. Tlio facts in each rase show that the n])risin<^ Avas aj^aiiisl op]uession, not ai::ainst Kn;^land. 'J'he alVair on the Ala- mance was as considerable as that nt Ijesinf^ton and of the samo nature, alt lunij^h its consecpietices were; not so immediate or momentous, Keli<^ious Calvinism, how- ever, was rapidly under«;oin{if a transformation into a political doctrine, which was destined to permeate tlic whi^lo people as the dogmatic side never could nor did. In spite of these occurrences there was an oulwnrd appcarauco of reconciliation. The powerful mercantile TIIK (1f>.NHTnHTI()XAri ukvolition 101 Rociciy in llio {^rrat iowim wnn nci'wo find rnirrprisinf^, hut luxiiriouH Hiid Hticiiilly lunWitioim. MoiinH were foiiud v\'vn in IJoHton io rcvivo Inuh!. N(!W York, |.„ii„n. of (ilmidy ilio coninicn-iid nMtiropoliH, felt i(,H p",',r'i"M'i loii Hociiil iinporiiiiKM" inciJuiHiMl hy ihv. pn-Hcnco "i;"<""'"<" of Mm oIVkm'I'm, and, l{no\vin<^ liow tlio n()n-ini]>oi'i)il.i(>n a;,'r('cinrnfH wrn; (liHiT^'iiidcd l»y Nrw Miif^'limd, JNiiMHyl- viuiiii, and Vii};inia. lornmlly rovoUcd (licin. Tlio conduct of N«'W York wiiH open und liunoniMc ; l)ut ii wiih f«ll, hy many t') l>n u H(!riouH iMtnccHHion und rrprohatcMl jucord- inj^dy. \Vli<'n ilio news niJiclKMl riinccton u body of patriot siiidcnfM forced ilio lian«^nian to burn a copy of (lie rcsoinlionH. No nicaiiH cxiHi of detf <". n^^iion- were instrm^ted in the lej^al aspects of the conflict between lefj;islaturo and f^overnor, and united in Imniionious support of his a«^itation. He put a new stone on the editice of independence by his famous docu- iiiout, " Rifjjlits of the Colonies," issued in 1772, and read from north to south. The legislature of Virginia was the first to assemble after its appearance. In extension 11 I 'In ih " I, 1 fff 1' 1 ■j. :'. \{V} TIM' I'Wf'Nril WAU ANH Tin' IM' \ oM t l.»f< I! of AiIhim'^'h Mt'licmo if iM\"?>Mi'/'«'il »i «'iiniMMHi«<> of i'mmi' HHon«lriw»» \\\i\\ \\\o ofl»r» folnniul n'i'<«MMlili«'M. inul um! Iji'MJotl v nil 'Mir I v ono. t\'i fhov wwo qnnunonnl l^^ flio (mmoimmim. Hum \\yf*\: (Iff MUM jo follow flu' rviHHpIo of flM> v (||«> roloiiinj r«'|M«'f)i h f(itn»>4 in f Iw iii(»'»\nlM l»»f wrrn HOHHion^. innl llio niiuil olVi .•! i>f j>voroj»tnn)) ll»o IrniylninrrM whm nrnfiiili/i .1, ulnlt' m \\\o »\)\\o iwwo 1Ih> nttn'liinrvv f> rxiilrnco lM\<\nn fo upprnr \\\u\ JIm> oM forn»« Wi'vo in onlivo »'«>II!»)»m»«. W IhH oiilcf llinc whm mi iVlMHSfn'IniMriJM irmilird ftom Ili(> inlln«'n<>«> of <]n» «'oi»' iHoo ; \\\ bolb Norlli nnso fho Holf r.>nMliln1oli;»n«'o of miniMlrtinl oonliol. for (l\ou;:h Uil1sl>oronf,1\ ]\;\A {',ivoi\ ]»l:n'o jo lior»l Pmlinoiilh lluM'o \\:iM no ln^^ (^vploiv^l ntwl nunn HrlllonH'niM ni!i\i(h w o\\:\v{ov for ItnnlM !nno<'(io^^l \ !ill(\v. ll\i«My olVllio p:t>rovnn>v VoiK \vn jMMtplc. OiiviiUT tlio y«^nvM fion\ 1770 \o Ml'A AnuM-itvvn MlVjiitH roNM\«Ml h\\\ liltlc^ MttcMilion in l*;irliMMUM\l. liord Notlh vni« s\)0(MMlly ii) l>oopin{j pono(> yAifli S]i;iia. \\ ilk(\s ami iho Morlh I \\\o ..).! Tl' WWU III llnnHM> t'f I.I SniHIi IIHMH mill HUM' 111! ro '!». ulii.'li n\\M\ I'' h r(\t'i(>n 1 •nil-: roNKiri I' I |MN M, i:i vnii i mw fbifiift wroii(>li(. iMi luM I i<< II MiiiM. n niMfi} iiiiiiMi ImiiI \r,.} t on illlillinllMJ D-ViilllliMii IIM |m Hm' flrfiJiifM of )Im> |)M Hill llic |iiil*li)'il V 'if |ifM liiiiiiMiliif-y (jrliiilc, HM • 'irm f III! iml illliilMUIH'M UI'M' ImIMV VVilll Hm' ifjl'lllilv tlnniil • l .1 " .limiiiM, 'III II' «'n|M|||||| I'llllHI •• III Ih'l IM tii I' lie iiii'l. wnM iliiily \viiiiii»i(( ('iniMiil. mimI Mic iiiilinii mm m uIm>|i. ip||l|nMfllil_V I'Mi'iil Hm> IM'I'iI fni ri'lMllll. Mir iil'l IimIImhIm |ii>ill|^ Mliri'i'MHrill, llic plillio Mliliif^lci ('ti|iMli|f>. iili'l liJM lull j.ii il V hi'i'iih'. Mill ill I77M niTiii ii'il Mil iiM'iili'iil In ulii< li. imum. Minn iiiiv iiIIh'I. I'/iif^liMli liJHlni iiiiiH jmihImI* nlly Mlhilnih- llin liiiiil iii|iliM<< willi lli(> cMlMiiiiH. iWiiiiitiiin I' |-riiil mlvoruli' o|" jfiiml frrlin(^ lii'lvvfi'ii Ilif l'',n('liwlt nl lioiMi' iiml ilu'lr l olVi'f for Nrw Vorh. l''rn,nl. from llir vnnliijM' jrioiinil of liolli ppmonMl i('Huliilion fniil olVninl iliiMiily. ¥»•! Ilicy wf-r*' Hli'ini(M'Iy iiluM'tivo, an«l l»'fon> lonff li(> cnnn" inio iinHHfK- winn of f>viilriUM' lluii ilicy wcn' Mi\v»irl«<(l Iiy infliKniiiil lirlMiHIM III lionio. 'I'lip I'lirl WHH Mini llnli'liinHon. Olivor, fiinl Pn,xif»n lin'l joni'j Im'imi in oonuiMininilioii uilli Orrnvillf lliroiifMi flu' inlcnnrdlfilion of Imh privMlr Hccrrlnry. W'IimIi' ,,.,„. |f„|,|,i„_ loy. I''i'iinly wlit^ni it v./ih ^. ! 1 ; I •t i J |t»l iiir. I'lniNTii \v\n ani» tiik kkvoutiom n'lul io i\\o \^",'^Hh\\\lro. A d'tnpOHi of |)o|iiiltir ft-rliiij; Hi'OMo on liodi Hi«l(>H of (Ih< Alliiiit k'. Ill Atnrih'u IIh* iiii- ini<«li.it(^ riMMoviil of Itolli iluirliiiiHon tiM«i (Mivn* wiih (I«>~ in.'indrtl, hiil " i'(>M(MitiiM\(MiI|iu(«> till oiliiM's. an*l (l(M'l)ir(> Mini lio iilonr 1ih«1 obiiiiiird iind for wjuvIimI i\\o (locuinrnt. Tlio iinnor of tlio «lav aHHnlrd that riMnpIt* liani from WliMiclrvH l)io(|i- or. oxoculor of Iuh ohImIo. In rlanuMrv. 1771. l<'ranKlin uas sunnnonctl Itoforr llio Vi'wy Count'il to l>o iriotl. nominallv in rr^anl to llio prlition ho had proHiMitod for Hh* roinoval of Iho nion ro}jfard«Ml in AinorioaaH oonHpiraiors, bnt nvdly ro tlu^ Council brou'dii to-^'thor tho nioHt. famous Ulrt roniliu'j. mm of tho tinuv Ho waH oonjparoil l»v tho proHoontor to SojfUius. tho U)o\ »>f TihoriuH, and innnltod l\v char^'oa that ho was oonspirini:; to soonro Hutchinson'H plaoo hy sovMot fra\ul. Franklin'H oonnsol worv ovorawotl l»y tho olVrojitory of attack and tho applunlin^ oonH(>nt of tho ass;MnMa}:fo. Thoir roplios wcvo inolVootivo, and tho iiii- passivonoss of tho a'.'onsod, oonsi'iouH of his own rocli- tndo, h^ft on tho puhlio an improHsion that not havinj^ ro- sontod tho intomporato lan^ua^o of his aoousors ho must have boon j^uilty. Evon in tlio ooM pors])ootivp of history he is still stii^fmatizod in England as rovonj^fofiil and baso, as shar- inj:: iu this dishonorable action with (ironvillo, Towns- hcud, and North, tho guilt of bringing ou tho English C'^T TIIK C'ONsrrnillo.NAL IIKVOMIImN h;:. Kniiikllii riHT llir mn il. wliM'li |ii>Hlrl'ltv Wdlllil |iruiioiiii('«< ii|Mi|| liiH life ,'inil work. Hini|>lv il('S|)iHr(l tin' low violciicr of liiH fiHH/iil- niils, hikI Hlii<|<|(<<| ill Imhowm Hilcnrr IIic iiion' viiliirruMc churiicirr of hoiiip lii;^li-lM)rM iiiid IiuhI) friend wlio Imd in a wnik iiioiiirtil, uml willi {^oo ronininnicat.ioiiH iM-fwcrn olliciiilM on «|ii(>Mt,ioiiH anvcirHrn ; if IIm' Spoakrr of Ww Ma.""a('liiiHollH Iiouho had iiHcd them in Aiucrica wiihoiii foniial ]Mi)>lirily i\\v iraditioiiH of di- ploiiiacv <'oiild not have Imcii violated and f^roai ^ood would have resiiltiMl. Let, iih yvaiv(> ih(> nie«) ])oini of lioMor an a lapMe due to liiiinan weakneHH, )>iii I'ttnent na pallrv and absurd th(M'liar;^'e thai a ^a*oai ninn conifriitiod to a ])oli('V of conciliaiion, of which ho waH the ablcHt dcft'iidor, Hhans in any dr^Tco tho roHponHihilitioH of a hiindcd people I(m1 by an adniiniHtration obHtinaic, haugh- ty, aud rovulutiouary iu other luatioi'M oh iu thiu. I If d 1 1 i I' ill' ( * CHAPTER XIV. nESISTANCE TO OPPRESSION- 1773-1774 The Toa Tax — Reflistanoo to Importation — Boston Reaorts to Force — Lord North Uutuliatea— Th« UoBton Port Act — Changes iu tliu Mtuisachusuttti Charter — Thu Quubuo Act— American Tories and Patriots— Respective Propositi ns of Now York and New England — The "Continental '' Movement — Pashivo ResiMtance of Now England— Movement to Convene a Congress— Alexan- der Hamilton — Character of the Delegations — Royal Olliciula Menaced — The Savage to Fight against the Americans — The First Continental Congress — Dramatic Opening — Last Appeal for Justice — Two Assertions of Sovereignty — Signilicance of the Fight at Point Pleasant. Tbe tea tax. During the years 1768 and 17C9 English trade with America had diminished by seven hundred thousand pounds, but the violation of the non-impor- tation agreements had somewhat restored it in the following years, and a policy was now adopted in England which it was hoped would entirely destroy those agreements, restore trade by further lowering the price of tea, and leave untouched the principle of parUamentary supremacy which the king foolishly reiterated in a proc- lamation. The East India Company was to export its teas to America free of English tax and subject only to the old threepenny duty in the ports of entry. Tlio principle thus saved they were to have a drawback of the tax collected. In 1773 cargoes were accordingly despatched to New York, Philadelphia, Charleston, and Boston, and consign- I M mCSISTANCE TO OIMMlKSSIOJf 167 COS woro (loHij^natcd to roccivo tliom. Tho apntfttion l)('j,'ttu iu Philjulclphiii, whoro a iniiHs mcctiug wuh held ou OctolxT 18th, to douuuiico thia now at- tempt 111 both piiiKapuj and detau, and to dc- to imi-orm- uiiind tho rt'Hignation of tho company 'h ai^cntn. """" Thoy promptly complied, and when tho vohhoI arrived iu the Delaware, on ChrlHtmaH-day, it was Htoppcd, and on the twoiity-oif^hth tho captain Bailed back to Knf^land. la Chiirleston tho tea was lauded but waH Heized by tho col- \wXor and Htorod iu damp cellars, where it rotted. In New York tho Sous of Liberty formed a vij^ilanco com- njitteo, secured tho rosifjjnation of tho ComuiisHioners, or},'aiiized bands of " Mohawks " for rcsiHtanco if neces- sary and ordered tho harbor pilots not to briu*; tho tea ship above Sandy Hook. It was promptly dispatched ou its return journey as soon as it came within hail. The measures taken in Boston were loss immediately ctrcctive. IMass meetings were held and the Philadelphia resolutions adopted, but tho consijjfuees would Boston roBorts not rcsij^n. Committees for rosistanco woro to force, orgiuiized and post-riders to communicate with neijjfhbor- iuyf towns were appointed. "When the first ship arrived, ou November 28th, the owner consented to a short delay and a public meeting resolved that it must return. Both owner and master wore willing, but the revenue officers aud consignee insisted that she could not clear with the tea ou board, and that, in accordance with custom, the owners must land it. Meantime two other vessels, each with a partial cargo of the same commodity, had threaded tho tortuous and diflBcult channel of the harbor, Ketum was impossible in the face of the English guardships anchored below and all three lay beside the quays. Day and night a citizeus' patrol prevented any discharge of cargo, and according to law the ships were liable to seiz- ure within twenty days if not previously unloaded accord- I' H lilj' '(. I I ! i r* 1 168 THE FRENCH WAR AND THE REVOLUTION ing to due form. On December 18th there was a meeting in the old South church of several thousjind excited citi- zens, discussing the situation and waitmg the event. The owner of the vessel which first arrived hud vainly sought the governor's permission to withdraw his ship and rc- tunied after dark at a quarter to six with the announce- ment of his failure. A preconcerted signal was given, some forty or lifty men disguised as Mohawk Indians sprang from their ambush near by and, followed by tht interested assemblage, set out for the wharves. Iii the presence of almost tho whole populace the tea ships were boarded and all the tea, some three hundred chests, tlung b^'oadcast over the water. There was no rioting and no injury to any other property. The spoken detiance of the other colonies had been quite as efficient as the combination of threats and force Lord North ^o which Boston was conqoelled to resort, but retaliates. Lord North launched the first retaliatory and punitive measure against that city, which drew the open- ing bolts of wrath on itself as having in English ej'es now reached a climax of which former instances of turbulence and rebellion had been but stejis. English opinion, as fur at least as it found expression in Parlia- ment, suppo^'ted Lord North in his measures. There was an opposition few in numbers but strong in brains, led by Fox and supported in the main by Burke. Tucker, Dertn of Gloucester, and Cartwright, destined to carry great reforms in his own land, were foremost among the few in private life who understood the ten- dency of American affairs and favored it. The first of Lord North's bills was the Boston Port Act, which closed the harbor until indemnity for the tea there destroj-ed should be paid and the king be satisfied that thereafter the city would obey the laws. The de- mand for indemnity was fair but the indefinite claim of RESISTANCE TO OPPRESSION 169 Cliniipcs in tlu' MiiKFuchu- KC'tiK I'liurter. obedience was not only infamous in itself but, as Burke said, punished the innocent with the fifuilty. After the enactment of this law there was a temporary The Boston revulsion of feeling, for a Ijill to repeal the i'"rtAct. tax on tea met with substantial support, although it finally failed. Burke plead with impassioned oratory, but in vain, that peace would be secure if England would, by a return to her old and tried principles, permit America to tax herself and to be bound in Parliament only by laws of trade such as had always been passed and obeyed. North's second bill was a virtual al)r(»gation of the Massachusetts charter. The council of twent3-eight had been hitherto elected every year in joint ses- sion of the assembly. The king might now appoint the whole body to any number, from twelve to thirtj'-six, and remove them at pleasure. The men so appointed were designated mandamus coun- cillors. Tiiereafter town-meetings could be held only by permission of the governor and for the sole purpose of electing officers. Sheriffs were to return all juries, and were to be named by the governor and hold office during his pleasure. The third bill was really a device of the king's, and it is said that the ministry was con- fused and shamefaced in presenting it. It ordained that magistrates, revenue officers, or other officials in- dicted in Massachusetts for capital offences were to be tried either in Nova Scotia or Great Britain. Another measure made legal the billeting of troops, against which Boston had hitherto striven with success, and a fifth, known as the Quebec Act, though The Qncbcc depriving that province of the right of ha- "'^^'^• beas corpus, restored the French customary law (coutume de Paris), established Roman Catholicism as the state religion, and by extending its boundai'ies to the Ohio H . i 1 V. ! V, '.I 1. M r '!•( \\U,l 170 TUV. FKKNCII WAR ANl> TIIK IJKVOTJTTION antl IMiMMiHsi])|)i, sliiit ofl'tho Nortliorn Knj^liuli (*oloiii(>H from woHlAvanl oxljMiHJon. TliiH wjih intcmird hh mi arbiirary Hi'tllcincni of a v(»xo(l (luoHiion. Tho J'uriiuTis, liowovor, chow^ to druw liiilo ilisiinclion l)(iiw(U'ii ili(> prcliicy of tlui Oliinvh of I'liijj^liind an«l that, of llio ('imrcli of Homo, aiul oxclainuMl iliat iiio next Hi<>i) would ho tho oHlablislimont amoii two olVices of civil jjfovernor t)f IVbiHHacbuscttH anerMon of (lajj^e, who was to ^Mirrison 13oston with four new rcfj^imentH. llo was aceordiufj^ly dispatched and entered the harbor in INbiy, 1774. His lirst ret was to prorojjfue the assend)ly, which was to meet fi^w'ux at Salem, the new provincial capital, after tho cu- forceniont of tho lV)rt liill on Juir 7th. Such a oonrso could have but ono ofToct in America. Tho moderate nu^ii were no lonjjfer united. Even in Boston there were some who remained sub- Am p r i o mi . . torioM ami \m- luissivo as woU as loval under the lash. They and their sympathizers elsewhere lt)st all in- fluence, and under the designation of Loyalists or Toriea sulYercd obloquy, and at times even ostracism, for their opinions. The radicals, at tho other extreme, were tri- umphant. In New York tho committee of correspond- ence had hitlierto been despised by the npi)er classes. It was coinposod exclusively of " Sons of Liberty," most of whom were m<^chanics and shopkeepers belonjj^injjf to tho Church of Scotland. If North had hoped to isolate Boston for punishment and curiy favor with the other seaport to^\^ls by overlookinfi; their equally successful detiauce he failed miserably. So universal was tho sym- pathy for Boston in New York that tho existing commit- uksistan(;k to oimmikssion" 171 Colon i(>H [mI hh an I'uriiuiiH, wvvn ilir 10 Ciiurcli would !)(> ji.scopucv. bciwccii their on- Jind \]w hikI coni- AnKM'icu ) pinisoii (M)r(liii<;ly 774. Hi8 IH to llK'Ci )!' tllO CU- Amcrion, Even in incd Bul)- ib. Tlioy )Rt all in- or Tories for tlieir were tri- Tospond- r claHses. ty," most )n«jjin}jf to to ifiolatc be other ucccssful the sym- comniit- toe, wlii(!h the lloyaliHtH bad Htigniatized aH the "Fres- byterian Junto," njHolved to take advantage of the riwinj^ tiilo to bleud all cIuhhoh for united uctiou. With rare nia^niauiniity they tliHhaudod, their lawt ollicial aet being H propoHul for a general eongrcHH, which they Heut to JJoHton. Immediately there waH foniied a new eom- initiee, fifty in number, embracing all obadcH of feeling, and led by John Jay. The chairman waH a graduate of KiiigH College, wbi(^h gave to the eauHe of Ameiicau freedom not only that dintinguiNhed man, but one of ev(>u larger mind, Alexander Hamilton. At that time the former favored continued dependencie if accompanied by liberty. The enlarged and influential committee carried with it the undivided approval of the colony in adoi)ting aa its own the j^ropobitiou made by its i^redecesBor for a general congrc^Hs. Hitherto New England had proposed nothing better to the country than an entire suHpenHion of trade. For !i time the tw(j HchcmcH were before the pco- 1 . I^•Hpo(•ti ve pl(^ m api)arcnt conflict. Iho merchants of propoHiiioiiB Pliiladelphia would not listen to the latter, mid Now Eng- \Vith Htatosmanliko policy and rare tact the now famous Dickinson, known and respected for both the power and moderation of his writings, directed the uneasy and lukewarm disi:)Osition of his great province to the Now York proposition. Connecticut, too, was hearty in her acceptance of it, while Now Jersey adopted both plans, to suspend trade and send delegates to a congress. Baltimore merchants, tired of supplication, thought " something more suitable would suit their purjiose," and l\[ai viand fell into line. South Carolina resolved that " the whole great continent must be animated by one groat soul, . , . and .'ill Americana must resolve to stand by one another even unto death." As early as 17G8 the English in the colonies who up- " i! < i I i T tMitiUiiJui. Tlu- t 1 II o 11 t a I inovi'iut'iil.. 172 TiiK FRKxrii WAn and tiik devolution held tho priiicijiles of the Eiijjflisli rovolution ojiUed tliom- selvcs Aiiu'ricaii Whijjjfl. In time tlio title Bui^pldiiU tl tluit of Knjjflishmen, niul ere long, from the coiistaiit use of the plirase " the whole cou- tiiie!it'to express fjfonoral aciion, came the fine adjective ho loiij* Bi«^iiirtcaiit of iiiii(m— coiitiueiitul. The Virj]finia lej^islaturo on May 24th ordered the day on which the Port Act was to take ellect to be observed iis a fast-day, to pray for the intervention of God to avert " tlie dreadful calamity which threatened their civil rif»hts and the evils of civil war." Complaisant as Lord Botetourt had been, even he had felt comjielled in 17()5) to disnnss the legislature ; the imi^erions Dunmore, his successor, was no less prompt in 1774, but with a precedent before them, well i.nown and admired, members met at once in a room near by, with their Speaker in the chair, and voted for a congress. The committee of correspondence was left in charge, and on May 29th it called a convention to elect delegates. Conventions, local self-go vernmeiit, war — such acts and thoughts showed how near was revolution. The influence of the Old Dominion was so great that her firmness put an end to indecision every- where. North Carolina never wavered and followed the example. It was tho thii'teenth of Mav when the Port Act reached Boston, on June 1st it was put into force ; on the seventh „ . t'^c assembly met at Salem, with Samuel Adams Passive rp- * e i 8 1 n n c of as Speaker. The other colonies had observed "^ ' ' the fatal day of tyranny as a solemn fast. In Philadelphia the beUs were muffled and tolled, all shops except those of the Quakers being shut ; in Virginia the churches were filled with mourning worshippers ; in the middle and southern provinces the air was charged with a spirit of resistance. But in northern New England there seemed an inexplicable paralysis. Rhode Island RESISTANCE TO OPIMIESSION 173 was ranking? roatly, but had taken no irrovocablo step. Now Hauip.shire was reticent and cold, and the 13o8tou conimitteo merely drew up a covenant to cease inter- course with Great Britain after August Ist. When the lo<,MHlature met, its openiu}^ resolutions were all for con- ciliiition. Meantime there was no thought of active re- sistance, or any but legal measures, though the mandamus councillors hatl been appointed and were showing them- selves active and subservient to the crown, though the number of the garrison was daily growing, and the lead- ers of patriot opinion were proscribed. Gage actually entered the harbor with an order in his possessic^n to aiTcst Samuel Adams, Hancock, and others, but ho had not dared to execute it. At last, on June inth, the first move in the second stage oi organization was made. The Rhode Island As- sembly had long been in close communica- tion with that of Massachusetts to comfort to (onveno a and support them in the furnace of affliction ^""f''''*^""' which had been doubly heated for that peri)lexed but determined commonwealth. The decisive action of one followed close on that of the other in the active choice of delegates to a congress, Rhode Island voting on the 15th, Massachusetts on the 17th. Maryland, igiioraut as yet of their work, and therefore with equal courage, followed on the 22d. The aristocratic committee of New York was drawn two ways. The Delanceys, whose sway had lasted four years, had recently been displaced by the Livingstons, who were Presbyterian and republican. Jay was a relative of the latter family b}' marriage though himself a Huguenot. The influence of the family connection secured a selection of delegates. The choice was made on July 4th, but three of the five members were distrusted as royalists by the radical patriots who were not represented at all. r! 8 «l iillil >i<( 171 riiK Fin N(>!n vnnlli wlm w- (loHiiiHMl nol onlv io IddI (Ii<> o|iiMioii of || llinnillon. |ri«'||i fOlinnoinvnil l» MM III) llilvoillh' of illilc |MMIlll who Illlor IMlllMIHM^il luT {"'"'V I » V 1 llC Ml||i |»o(l ulii«'li Ih' i\:y\o Io llu> «'oiiHlilii(ioii, Mr wmm IIm h i tl.'irK. fifiil looKiii;;; boy of lifltMMi. who hinl horn horn i.f Ncolih ivnoiiN in \hr WthI IinlicM iiiui hiiviii;^ Ixrii li I'l ni) «M|r<> h«' wiin H wliithMit. in l\in{!;'H ('oII('«',<\ Thoio wiiM ti rorhiin hnlf ht'jii IcilnrHM in Iho N;iI cs- iMMiMJinnMil. wovo alniosl Iho only ]»!ilriolH. ]\\ m, rnd ini:»ha}>, OiolxinHon. Ihoir loMthM-. wmm mI lirsi lofl. oiil of t\\o «l<^l<\«rMlion. Ho oliMiij^od oyorylliiii'^ howcvor. wIkii BonI n WiWo IiIcm* Io rophior* mii oiij;;inMl inonihor who wns not only InUowMini l>nl wmm mii MidiMil 'Tory miu! liMtl hoou sns|i(M'lo(l of l>«Mn]ioinl«ow Ihinipwhiro, N(ny fln. The* inslruolionM of Iho hillor wcro !rul)liMli a Hoalhinj^if indicl- mont a-rainst Knolan«l in roi^anl Io llu^ slayi'-lrado. It doiUMmo(\l Iho GovornmonI aM ]M*of(M'rinj:: "Iho inimodi- nlo av'I>-anla.?.r<'' of si few l^riliMli oorMairM Io llu^ laMJin!: iiiton^st of tho Auiorioau states aud to iUo righia of UKMisTANf'r: TO oiM'i.'Kwsrori 175 liuiiiiit) Hfilnn\ flrrply \V(Hmm1»'»I )»y Miih ififiinifHiH j»nic- Mrjiiiiiiiio in'ovornfiofi l»y Mi(\ iv.vfil onicidln nfi*! »»'- crimiiiHlioii Ity ilH< popiilfu'r* w«'ii(, Hl«(|uiiJ mI(|», MfMl ili(> «'«ni- |.,„.„| „,„, i„ih ililiiMi »»r iilVtiijH (^i*rw mmihI. iiljiimiiii^. Miiri- iiKunnti. «|iiiniiH «'(HiiirillorH wj'i'n ('(mii|»('II«'iI to rcHijMi, MoiiiclimrH hy iiMMiil. H«»mriiMioH I>y |»liy!y«'ii,I forr««. 'I'lio jiMlj^rH yivro lioi mIIowimI |(» hH,. ()|ivrr, llio rliirf jiiKlicj', ro- Hi;tM(>i!)l>li«'H ill iiKiny plii'-rH nliirli lulojdrd intlf\v(»rl!iy itko- liilioiiM, i'mImi ill llio n'cildl (»f ii;f|ilH ImiI, ilrliiiih- in Iomo. TIm' ruiiiilrv iiiiliiiii Im«;;h,ii I.(» nriii mikI iiinrcli lor liostori. WIh'II Mm' vmiuiiH Uhv.i] Hf.orcM ol' powdrr vv» r«> nri/rd l»y tlio ftiilliorilicH Mtid rjirriiMl \n llio ((ihIIi', riiliifiiii in Coii- ticclicni Ih'immI a f»ilH(^ irpoit of colliHioiiM uiid Komo (wciily ilioiiMtifnl iiriiKMl iiini in tili vvitc no(Hi iiifiviii^. (liic(iiim» n,H pHiiic Hlrickcfi mm Inh pifdrcrKsorH, lM< iiHcd nn "''*, i','/^;|"n,'' niisili.'iricH. OUkth liiid prfvioiinly Hiij^f^'cslcd ArtMrinniH. ii. bill. HO fur wiilioui hiic.cokh. In Mms riiHiiiiif^ conflicl. ilio ndniiniMlr.'ilion in Ww'iv dcHjiorMfion Hci looMd Mk; rod caimilMils. for m'.icIi Uki TndifMi wmh, Tiof, nyn'iuHi Ihh own kind. MM ill lli(> old I'nricli iind Indinii war, Inil, n.>/iui\yroviii(M\ dcfu^d ilw romimiitH of royal ^ovcnu inont aiul .sci/od all iniiiiiiioim of war. Now Jersey, IN'imHylvaiiia, and VirjAiiiia disdained any ovoriuroH IVuiu tho forrncu' auilioritioH and adhennl to the K<-'"^''"'«'l I'lnu r action. Tlic L^overnor of (JeoiLMa, fariheHt in diHtunco ot ol' all her .siHtois, i'»)uld only look on in iinpot-onco \\\\\\v. tho }jfnn])()wder and proviKionn of tho Crown and the n\on(\v of tho people wore forwarded to tho hcumio of e\. poetoil aetion. " A general rc'hellion tliron;^hout Amer- ica in eominij: on Hwiftly," Jio wrot(^ in doHpair. In many places north ann'!it'jr u])portiiin- )f a Htaiid- in^ coudi- t tlio \my c actually )ii receipt (ik Heiirv mus coin- ^toii, Lee, y, and set ed liini a ?lic whole ition, but /oniity, at Madison, TIIH r.K(iINNIN(> OF IIOSTIMIIK^; 181) T wlio had juHt ^'radiiai('(l from l*rin(tetofi, and frcHli from tlie entliUHiaHiu of I'reHideut WitlicrHpoon now called for rci)riHal, addreSHing to Henry a nicHsai^'c of coii;,Matuia- tioii. JJiit of all the cventH between April 20i]i and May lOtli, tlie one which HtaudH pre-eminent was the Heizuro of 'licondero^'a. The line of easy water com- s.i/,.in..f Ti- nimiication between New York and Montreal ^'""'ir"t''»- had been of Hucii trariHccndent importan(;c in the French and Indian War that fabidouH humih, estimated at mill- ionH, were SjX'nt on the fortresH of Ticondero;^'a, which commanded the i)orta^'e or wat(!rHh(;d between the river HVKteniH of the Hnd.son and the St. Lawrence. In any condict with Kn;^dand this Hamo line would i^'o far to de- termine the event, for by its control the Jjritish (tould iHolato New En^^land, j)revent united action by land on the part of the insurLfentH, and secure comh^unication witli Canada to introduce troo])s and munitioiiH from either end into the heart of the country. At this time the <,n'eat fort was oc(aipi(!d l)y a very small *^;firrison of some fifty men under Delaplace, but there were militaiy stores of considerablo quantity. The expedition to ca])t- ure it was e(iuij)ped in Connecticut, thoufjfh by a sort of compromise it was commanded by Ethan Allen, with Ar- nold as associate. It was (romposed of men from the province which f?ave the funds, from Massachusetts, and from the New Hampshire ^'rants. At dawn of the tenth the Vermont pioneer with ei,i,dity-three men appeared before the unj^uarded door of the fortress and rushinf:^ in, summoned the surprised and dismayed commander to suiTender. "In whose name? "was the rejjly. "In the name of the great Jehovah and the Continental Conp^ress ! " came the all-sip^nificant and ready ansver as Allen drew his sword. Quick compliance prevented even a single casualty. The conjprehensivc watchword ;l 1 ( ^ !; * m. 190 THE FIIENCII WAR AND THE REVOH'TION for every patriot was given. The glamour of the deed itHelf, the acquisition of the strategic key to the uorth- east, and, not least, possession of tbe luuch-needed ston s gave a moral strength to the congress about to assemble which could have come from no other soui'ces. The accounts of American affairs which reached En"- land late in May threw many into consternation. Civil War meas- War had Lxokcn out, veteran regulars litul mcnt"auTthe ^^^ before untried militiamen and farmers, king. Such resistance was not easily to be sub- dued. Many of the middle and lower classes were to mourn for the dead strewn along the highway from Con- cord to Boston, and some cities virtually pronounced for the American cause. John Wesley, who bad thus liir employed his great talents to awaken opposition to colo- nial claims, now plead that force should not be used. Men like Keppel, EflSngham, and the eldest son of Chat ham refused service in an unjust and fratricidal war. Lord North was prostrated and would ha,ve resigned, but King, Cabinet, and Parliament were obdurate, and once again he weakly consented to remain. Large sup- plies of money were voted, and new arrangements were made for the energetic suppression of what was formally pronounced rebellion. But the masses were apathetic and men woidd not enlist. The king was as fertile iu resource as ever, and determined both to purchase Hck- sian soldiers and borrow from Catherine of Russia hor victorious legions. For the most part Europe failed to understand tlio situation and there was little intelligent interest. Her Attitude of enemies had a groping hope that England Europe. ^9,8 in serious difficulties, but that was all. Even in France, where there was every appearance of widespread enthusiasm, the feeling was largely a desire for revenge. The most far-seeing statesmen appreciated LI'TION • the (leocl lie north- ded stores ) aeseuible cbed Enr,'. on. Civil iilars Imd 1 farmers. bo fjul). s were to from Coii- Hinccd for i tlius I'iir )n to colo- ; be used. a of Chat- cidal Mar. resigned, urate, and iarge sup- leuts ■were s formally apathetic fertile iu base Hcs- tussia Ler stand tho est. Her England t was all. arance of y a desire predated THE begin:^ing of iio.stimties 101 tbo danger to European monarchy which lay in a spirit of revolt like this, but they determined to use it for their ends. The century had been rife with tho moHt pro- found and brilliant political speculation. PhilosophcrH hoped to see their cherished theoriea brought to the test. The court, tho wits, and the people founil a new topic of conversation in the political aspect of the question and reasoned with intelligent interest conceming obedience to law, the right of representation, and the overthrow of tyranny. Dangeroua topics for the safety of the house of Bourbon I I*il« I ) ( CHAPTER XVI. THE BATTLE OP DUNKEll IIILL-FEDRUAUY-JULY. 1775 Self- reliance of the Amoricans— Tlioir Attitude Toward Eiiglaud— (.'(tiiscrvativo Elements — PiitriDtic IniimlseH— The Mecklenliui;^ DecMjiration— The Second Continental Congress — Its Apparent Inconsi.stoncics — Results of Moderation— The Virginia l>iir gesses and Lord Norths Proposals— Georgo Washington — Ap- pointed ('onunanderin-Cliiui'— Character of the New Enghnul Army— Eortilication of IJmiker Hill— The Battle— The Rebull Indecisive — Washington at Cambridge. The century or more duriii']: AvLicli the American colo- nies were left to shift for tlieniHclves had established in all a system of fifoveriimont nearly autono- of hiu Auiuri- mous. During the nnie years constitutional ^'""'' battle just past they had denied the author- ity of Parliament, but they admitted the soyereignty of the Crown, and there had neyer been a break in the con- tinuous expression of loyalty based upon the experiences of three generations in their relation to England. On the very eve of the collision declarations of unswervinf^f tidelity were made by leading men. The colonists be- lieved themselves to have surmounted the difficulties and hardshif)s incident to the subjugation of a wilderness without considerable aid from home. They had even been the determining element in the last ^yar, having furnisl 1 the brains, the money, u?Td the men. The peo- ple of every faith and of all social classes had therefore a self-reliance which was felt to be justified by experience Tin: nATTLK OF IJUNKKIl niLL Jo:] annger any European connection, were content in their life of faith with its liturgical devotions, and with the ease and comfort which they enjoyed under English 18 «l 1 1 r 1 i 1 in 1 ( ( ' I! !( 194 THE FRENCH WAR AND THE REVOLUTION rule. Accordingly, even among patriots there were in all the colonies both radicals and conservatives. By tbis time the former were for defiance and independence by preference, the latter for conciliation if possible, but in- dependence if necessary. The congress of 1774 was in the main an English convention, petitioning the crown and aiming at harmony. Only three of the eleven col- onies, Virginia, South Carolina, and Massachusetts, wire emphatic in their demand for redress. The articles of as- sociation and the determination to meet force by forcG were alternatives, hinting rebellion perhaps, but outrun- ning the temper of the majority. Thus far every instance of armed resistance, from the battle on the Alamance to Lexington, had been the work Patriotic °^ radicals. Little by little their steady Impulses, ni using over theories of taxation and govern- ment had ripened them into logicians and statesmen. The youth of the country loved the men of action, the universities brought history and philosophy to the sup- port of the patriots. The spirit of union was abroad in all classes and ages, to tl^is was added among the rising generation, among the laborers, mechanics, and farmers, and among the entire population of the AUeghenies and the West, the spirit of self-reliance. The westward immigration began among the misgov- erned Presbyterians of Virginia and North Carolina, and between the pioneers and their friends about lenhmg doc- the head -Waters of the Yadkin and Cataw- laration. , , , • i- • i • ^ ba ; constant communication was maintained. The focus of their social life was the town of Mecklen- burg, where the leading spirit was Ephraim Brevard, who had graduated at Princeton in the stirring days of 1TG8. The address offered to the crown in February, 1775, reached that village in May. At Charlotte was soon to sit a military committee of two delegates from »■ ^:j )LUTION- ire were in !S. 13y tliiy lendeiice by ible, but iu- L774 was iu f the crown eleven col- iisetts, wi'JG •tides of us- L'ce by force 3ut outruu- ;e, from the 3n the work leir steady md goverii- statesmcn. action, tlie to the sup- s abroad iu y the rising nd farmers, jhenies and he misgov- irolina, aud ends about md Cataw- naintaincd. f Meeldcn- n Brevard, in^ days of Februai'v, irlotte was gates from 1^ i THE BATTLE OF BUXKER HILL 195 each mihtia regiment, and Brevard was the clerk. Dur- ing" their sessions came the news of Lexington. Bre- vard offered, as tradition says, a series of resolutions re- latino- to the facts, which were a virtual declaration of independence, suspending laws, vacating commissions, making provisional regulation, and acknowledging only the authority of the provincial congress. They were unanimously adopted on May 20th, and although no copy of them exists, there were adopted on May 31st an- other set ami)lifying the originals, which were recorded as in force until Great Britain should renounce her pre- tensions. No doubt has ever been expressed as to tlie authenticity of the latter, but that of the former has been repeatedly assailed. Against a strong local tradition that there were such resolutions is set the fact that the reso- lutions themselves were not preserved. The document in its final shape was printed ; copies were scattered over Georgia and North Carolina, and one formally trans- mitted to the second Continental congress, which had assembled on May 10th. Many important questions of federal interest could be answered if the nature of the second meeting between provincial delegates were clear. The first >. ° The Pecond Contmental congress had been composed in c o n t i nentiii part of members regularly chosen by legal " assemblies without the assent of the various governors, and in part of popular representatives irregularly ap- pointed. That body had named its ultimatum, the col- lision had occurred, colonial governments had disinte- gi'ated, and now its successor was sitting, made up of nearly the same men commissioned and sent exclusivelv by voluntary assemblies without regard to council or royal governor, but also without regular or formal au- thorization by the people. Moreover, its acts will not endure the fierjce light of logical analysis, although they i ; ilijf , ■!' V- t ■ i ¥ M II I i : I' 1 ' ! 196 THE FRENCH WAR AND TTIE REVOLUTION are perfectly comprehensible by the aid of historic imag- ination. The world may move with scientific accuracy through the great phases of history, in the small ones there are times of contradiction and inconsistency, of courage and quickening, of doubt and darkness, of hope and assurance. Should New York oppose the landing.' of the English troops soon to arrive in her harbor? Congress desired her to act on the defensive and an- swered, No. Would the Continental assembly assume the charge of the forces about Boston ? Could the pro- vincial congress declare itself a constitutional assembly to establish legal government ? The first of these two questions was referred to a committee which had not yet reported at the end of May. The answer to the latter was also postponed. In order not to embarrass further negotiations for peace, Congress would gladly have gone so far as to ar- rest the works conducted by Allen to restore incousFs te^n- the strength of both Ticonderoga and Crown C1U8. Point to their former impregnability. Jay moved and Dickinson seconded the humble petition to the king which was adopted and forwarded at the hands of Richard Penn, a descendant of the first proprietor. Neither one had a thought of abandoning Massachusetts. Duane proposed negotiations, but when the motion was carried there went with it a resolution to assume the de- fensive. Lord North's offers were received, but their in- sidious nature was exposed and the terms I'ejected. But on the twelfth of June a general fast was appointed on which they were to recognize "George III. as their right- ful sovereign, and to look up to the great Governor of the world for the restoration of the invaded rights of America and a reconciliation with the parent state." Thus far the moderate party led by Dickinson had the control, and the Mecklenburg declaration of indepen- >LUTION jtoric imag- ic accuracy small ones sistency, of sss, of hope ;lie landiiijr er harbor? ve and au- bly assume lid the pro- il assenihly f these two had not vet o the latter tiations for ar as to ar- L to restore and Crown 3ility. Jay petition to t the hands proprietor, saclmsetts. Qotion was me the de- nt their iu- cted. But pointed on heir right- overnor of rights of tate." on had the ' iudepen- f TIIK r.ATTLE OF IJUNKEU HILL 197 donee must have been coldly received. The delay did lionor to their hearts, and ultimately was the cause of that unanimity with which New York and Peun- kopuUs of ;nlvania carried on the war. At the time it ap- "i"'^^'"f'o»- pcared disastrous to the patriot party, which had no ilhi- sions concerning reconciliation, because in the interval Carleton was concentrating his troops in Canada, John- son was negotiating with the Six Nations, and a French Canadian emissary was erlisting auxiliaries among the Indians of the Great Lakes. The fugitive functionaries of the crown had regained their courage to such an ex- tent that Dunmore had hojoes of committing Virginia to favor Lord North's propositions, and summoned the House of Burgesses to meet at Williamsburg early in June. Randolph and Jefferson left their seats in Congress to obey the summons. On June 5th the debate began. There was that in its tone which filled Dun- The Virginia more with dismay, and pleading that he feared Lo?f^ No'rrh'S revenge might be taken on him for the out- proposals. lawry of Hancock and Adams by Gage, he fled again to take refuge on an English man-of-war. It was a most merciless dissection which the North prof)osal underwent at that meeting. To the final rejection was added an ex- planation that it should have been accompanied by a repeal of all the -penal acts, and an address, written by Jefferson, was sent to the fugitive governor, declaring tliat they would no long weary the king by petitions nor the English nation by appeals. Soon afterward a provisional convention met and assumed the reins of government, raising troops and borrowing money to pay them. George Washington was by common consent the rep- resentative Virginian. His family was both ancient and gentle, and had, moreover, been resident in America f(/r generations ; he himself reproduced, as far as possible, I I i ft I' 198 THE FRKNCII WAIl AND THE liEVOLTn'ION tlio tjpe of country gentlomau from whom bo was dO' sceudod. His cducaiion, tlKnij^h larn^th and {^race. At this time he was forty-three years of age, six feet in stature, a dar- ing horseman, and intre2)id hunter. To his early expcii- euces as a pioneer in the western wilds he had added that of live years' command of the Virginia militia in Uio eventful years from 1753-1758. From that date until llio present juncture ho had lived in hajjpy vedlock on liis estate of Mount Vernon, combining the duties of a planter, a justice of the peace, and a le<;islator in llio House of Burgesses. In the latter capacity he had bccu silent but interested, conservative but determined, and though no agitator even the cxtremest radicals had li'arned to respect liis judgment. At the same time Lc was most human in his sympathies and failings. Through fruj:i'alitv and a strictness of dealing which bordered on harshness he had accumulated wealth and lands, ^v•hich iu the later success of American independence acquired grc;;t value. His standards of social morality were on the wliolc higher than those of his class, and he lived in closer con- formity to them than his fellows, but they would not per- haps meet the approval of the Puritan. He was altogether free from concealment or hypocrisy, although a certain haughty reserve was most ueoful to hii}i as a commander. The news from the army of Now England grew more and more disquieting. Disorganization was thinning its . . , , ranks and the lukewarm acts of Congress had Appoin t o a ^ coniiiiaiidor- dimmed its enthusiasm. The New England in-cuiot. . , ^ . T 1 e patriots had come to prizi, the sympathy oi their Virginia supporters, and with a wise unselfishness they named Washington to undertake the arduous task f 'i 1 i I Df JETTON" THE UATTLl'] OF BUNKKIl MILL 191) f^rew more which could no longer be postponed. Ho was unani- mously elected by ballot to be commander-in-chief of what wa» puqiosely deaignated not tho national but the continental ai-niy. The action was lif^htly taken by many who did not appreciate, as Washington himself did, the toilsome labor and momentous consequences. Neverthe- less with modest firmness he accepted, refusing, however, tl'C proposed remuneration, and requesting only that (Jougrcss would reimburse his expenses, of which he would keep an accurate ace junt. His commission was ample, giving him powers really dictatorial and directing Idm to take "special care" that the liberties of America should receive no detriment. Ho set out forthwith for Boston, where he assumed his office under the historic elm still standing on Cambridge Common. But several days before his arrival, in fact on the very date of his commission, the volunteer fai'mers, half-armed, half-equipped, and not half-organized, had . C'liur 2C0 THE FllENX'II WAIl AND THE IlEVOLUTION ■4 ' k Iiisb settler. Near by was the eminence of Breed's Hill. The English looked on with anxiety at the progress of their OiDponents,. slight as it was, and deter- tion of Bun- mined at last to move. On June 11th was issued a proclamation declaring that all per- sons found in arm^ against hung as rebels and traitors, the sovereign would be but oflfering amnesty to everybody except Adams and Hancock. The Americans were undismayed, and on June 15th about a thousand men under Prescott set out to continue the works. Be- fore dawn on the IGth redoubts were begun and half- tinished, but for some reason now unknown, on the lower heights of Breed's Hill ; Putnam arrived during the day v/ith a small reinforcement, but took position on Bunker Hill, following liis instructions and justly deeming it the more important point, commanding as it did the only line of retreat open to the Americans. The English planted a park of artillery on Copp's Hill, and brought up two men of- war. Next day, the seventeenth, at three in the afternoon, under cover of the fire from battery and ships, a force of about twenty-five hundred was sent across the water and landed at the foot of Breed's Hill to attack the Americans. The battle oj^ened by a splendid but premature rush of the whole English force straight up the slope. The Americans, numbering about fifteen hundred, had been judiciously posted in two divisions of equal size, and met the advance by a carefully directed fire 'vhich drove the enemy back. After an interval of about fifteen minutes a second charge, more deliberate than the first, was repelled with equal skill and courage. There was a third and longer intei val. The Americans were at the end of their ammunition, which had been gathered haphazard in such small quantities as could be found. The efforts of both the council of war and the The battle. w-^s I r )LUTION breed's Hill. progress of and deter- e lltU was iliat all per- would Le amnesty to Americans a thousand p^orks. Be- t and lialf- n. the lower ng the day on Bunker tning it the tie only line sh planted :ht up two tree in the and ships, across the attack the ature rush ope. The 1 hundred, ) divisions y directed nterval of deliberate I courage. Americans had been I could be and the THE BATTLE OF BUXKEIl HILL aoi committee of safety having been directed to the security of Cambridge, the combatants were left without re- sources of any kind. There must have been little strag- tdiusr, for about eight hundred were left behind the works, while two hundred were in the temporary shelter of a fence. There was but enough powder for one more round. The English officers showed both courage and endurance. A second time the men were rallied, re- formed, and encouraged ; a third time they moved up- ward with fixed bayonets, and aided by the enfilade of their battery successfully stormed the redoubt at last. In the ensuing melee the Americans passed almost un- hurt through the broken lines, those who had powder using it with deadly effect, formed in good order, and slowly retreated over Bunker Hill to Prospect Hill, near Cambridge, where they threw up trenches and stood to await the British attack. But the English were too much exhausted to follow up their advantage, and the battle of Bunker Hill, as it has ever since been called, remained technically indecisive. Morally and historically this conflict was a victory for the united colonies. Its glory belongs to no single nam^, for the command was divided and ineffective, The result the slender resources of the provincials were i^^iecisive. not husbanded, the battle took place where neither the council of war nor the committee of safety had intend- ed, and among "Washington's first stem duties was the holding of a court-martial. From the army of New Eng- land thre^ hundred and four were wounded, a hundred and forty-five were either killed or missing. Many gal- lant leaders perished, among them Joseph Warren, whose fame calumny cannot dim. On the other hand, the men had fought bravely and behaved like veterans. The Eng- lish losses were enormous, a thousand and fifty-four killed or wounded, of whom one in ten were officers. I li 'f ' ! I 1 h 205 THE FRENCH WAll AND THE IIEVOLUTION The survivors, less than two-thirds of the total number, felt a respect for the courage of their adversaries which disheartened the commander. He wrote to the minisli v that he could not bear his loss, that the Am^^ricans were not the despicable rabble he had supposed. Franklin in a letter to English friends tersely expressed the whole matter, " Americans will fight ; England has lost Lc r colonies forever." Wa-jhington's journey to Cambridge had been like 11 ic progress of a conqueror, and awakened a most valuable Washinsrton enthusiasm in the towns through which he at Cambridge, passed. He was authorized to establish an army of twenty thousand men in Massachusetts ; but out of the materials at hand and with the money raised he could organize and train only fourteen thousand. Be- fore long even they became discontented. Whole regi- ments marched away as their term of enlistment exjnred, and including in the total the five regiments of militia which had been called in from Massachusetts and New Hampshire, it was estimated that during the summer and autumn the force dwindled to ten thousand. They were ill-fed and badly armed, having not more than foiiy- five rounds of powder for each man. There were also ten thousand troops in Boston, English regulars, and the situation was precarious. The experience of Bunker Hill seemed, however, to have quenched their ardor, and their inactivity was the safety of their besiegers, giving time as it did for drill and the acquisition of militaiy habits. lis »ii^. V n CHAPTER XVH. OVERTHROW OF ROYAL AC THORITY— 1775-1776 Tlio Expedition against Canada— Siege of Quebec — Failure of llie Campaign — Siege of Boston — The English Witlidraw — Bom- bardment of Norfolk — Overthrow of Royal Covornmeut in the South and in New England — Anomalous Situation in tbo Middle Colonies — Beginnings of United and Independent Ac- tion — Paper Money- -John Adams and the Condnct of Con- gress — The First American Flag — Trade Notions of Congress — The Petition to Parliament Rejected — The Americans Pro- claimed Rebels — Purchase of Troops by George III. — Congress Petitions the King — Action of the Patriots — *' Commo-i -Senile " — Effect on Congress and the Country — Final Ovrrthrcw of Royal Authority. Schuyler had been authorized to invade Canada, the {governor of which proclaimed the Americana on the border as traitors and established martial , . _,, T The cxi)('(li- law. The troops about iiconderoga were tjon ngiuubt found to be both undisciplmed and insub- ordinate, but with the aid of his capable and amiable lieutenant, Montgomery, the new commander re-estab- lished disciphne, and in September began his advance. The expedition v/as rash but brilliaut, and met A\ith temporary success. St. John waa invested ; but in a "^tir- inish before Montreal, Ethan Allen was tal -n prisoner; he was afterward sent in irons to England. Carleton was taen defeated and Montreal occupied. A reinforcement of eleven hundred men, under Arnold, had been sent by Washington. They started on September 19th, and penetrated the Maine wilderness, enduring the utmost H .!J ||l|' ! i' I I i ! % ■y) • i H IN! ill \ I 204 TTTE FRENTTT WAR AND THE REVOLUTION" Lartl8lii2)S of cold and hunger. Scores perished ou tlio way. When the forces of Montgomery and Arnold were united, ou December 2d, there were but a thousand 8ic«go of Quo- Americans in all, and two hundred Canadian ^^' auxiliaries, for at the end of their term of enlistment Montgomery's men had left for home in troops. Quebec was soon invested, however, and careful preparations made for a stonn. Carleton held t)ie citadel with sixteen hundred men. In it were also a large number of Americans who had been captured in various actions, many of them so daring that tliey verged on madness. On the last day of 1775 the lower town was attacked. There was a courageous and well-con- tested action, during which Montgomery fell and Arnold was wounded. With some eight hundred men, all that were left, the surviving officer sat down with stubborn courage before the walls of the city to continue the siege. Montreal was in American hands, and to all ap- pearance two-thirds of Canada had been won. In truth Carleton was master of the situation ; well housed and well fed, his best ally against the little Amer- Faiiure of icau army without in the snow was time, the campaign, rpj^^ following spring Wooster came up from Montreal in April with fifteen hundred men, and Thomas, appointed by Washington to the chief command, ap- peared ou May 1st with eight regiments. But the be- siegers were already reduced by disease to less than two thousand, of whom half were still down with small-pox, which had been raging in the American camp for months. A few days later arrived the English fleet with a I'irge reinforcement of English and German soldiers. The order was given by Thomas to retreat, and a sortie from the city changed the retreat into a rout. The sick and disheartened Americans were further attacked from ll i 1 11 ji LIJTIOX led ou tho nold were I tliouHand I Cautidiau ii' term of home ill ,nd careful held tlic ere also a iptured iu ley verged )wer town . well-c(tn- Qd Arnold n, all that stubborn itinue the to all ap- tion ; well tie Amer- was time. 3 uj) from 1 Thomas, nand, ap- t the be- than two ;m all-pox, camp for fleet with soldiers, a sortie The sick ked from OVEIITIIROW OF nOYAL ArTlIOIilTY 205 4 M i an ambush near Montreal by a body composed of Eng- lish, Canadians, and Indians, and lost four hundred men captured by the enemy. Several gallant attempts were made in June, under Sullivan, to arrest the demoraliza- tion of the American army of the north, but by this time there wore ten thousand men in English pay on the soil of Canada— Germans under Riedesel, Lish under Bur- goyne. They had arrived by way of the St. Lawrence and gave new strength to the resistance wherever made. Early in July the remnants of the American force were again at Crown Point. The campaign thus sorrowfully ended abounded in romantic and chivalrous incidents. Carleton showed clemency to his caj^tives, and Mont- gomery was buried with the honors of war. Many ar- dent but imschooled Americans made ventui'es that are scarcely credible. While foiled and discredited they learned from failure lessons which were later of priceless value to them and their countiy. They came out of the lire of tribidation as undaunted as when they entered it. It was possible for eight pif oious regiments — a whole brigade and a thix '', as the aimy was organized — to leave Boston and march for Canada, because the giegc of bob- city had been finally evacuated. After serious *""• delay ammunition began to arrive at the camp of Wash- ington, and he felt assured by the prompt appearance of New England militia, when summoned, that he could maintain a proportionate force. On March 2d he began, most unexpectedly to the English in Boston, to bombard the city from the fortifications he had been constructing, hitherto useless by reason of his destitution in the matter of powder. For three days the fire on both sidet' contin- ued ; but while Howe was puzzling over the significance of the attack, his opponent, under cover of the noise and excitement, was busy with his spade. To the coi sterna- tion of the beleaguered, it was learned that on the morn- I 1 !) 1 I! ■« 1 I) 1 1 200 TIIH I'KKXCH WAK AND TIIK KKVOF-moN' iiijjf of ilio jifih a Hlroiif^ HMloubt on DorclicHtor Iloiyilits bud 1)0011 coiupl(!t('il and (UM'Upicd l)y tlio boHio^'oiu Thoro woro but two altorimtivoH, evacuation or anotlur attack liko that of 15unkcrHill. Tlicforinor was chosen, and by tlio ovcnin;jf of the sixtoonth the Kii;(- liHii wuG- lish iloot, with oij^ht thou and troops cki •'■'"''• board, had Haile itH foriiiiil hoir cxiilli- I with frilllf) ) of the ro- ar were ac- provinciMi ottusrvoHHOH nil f nnr, in Hpilo of Ihoir jinoniiilonH poMilion. wcro riilHinfj; nioncv, ii<)(>|>H, iin»l HnpplioH lor W'jiHliinjflon and liiw iirniy. Sni'h woro jlic j',<'V(MinnonlM ol' llio vjuiouH roninnmi iicM whirh woiu^ nt>w ntiilod in |)ni|M>M(\ iiini worr (mIIm r wijii ;',><''>l<'r or ioHM /ral to Hocnir ir Mi'irlnniiKTH of >l1li(('(l Mini inil<'|i('M il I' 11 ( iii'iitvii. H(M>l\n)}>" «lrosM iVonj Mnchnitl Tor l.li(> nsslriclion (tf ilwir lil>oi'li(*H. or oIho for*Mn}j^ llirniMrlvoH inlo Iho MJhM'nMlivo ol' n. iloolMriilion of innrn(lrnc<>. TIk v l»;i.(l now .'in (Mjlw.'ird iind visiMo nnion bolli in Mioir jiimv an»l in m. »lt^lil>or!div(^ MHM«Mnl>ly of nncorlnin olinrnrlcr which had hoou jilrrndy I\m'sHi^;ii l»_v on<> of lh( niH<»lv»^s. It ado))t<'d inU^H and nrlioloH of war foi i\\o army, assinninjv MuM'ohy Iho poHilion and <'lainiiii}'; Mm^ ri.i;his of an ind<^]MMuhMd l)ollij';or(>nl. It a.]>]>oinl(Ml l\)nr niMJor-f;on»M'a.l8 \\'arH livv, Sohnyloi-. mikI l*\dnani- oij^ht hri«;adiors. anr< sonlalion of tho doH- titntion of his army (\m<^roHs look tho fatal Hto|> of iKsii- injx bills of ortnlit, or ooniinn(y. This nion«\v was niadi^ a lo}4;al tondor by throats of virtnal oidlawry from tho oommittcH^s of safoly to any ono rofnsin^ it. and ovtM'v o«)lony in projiortion lo its cntiro po]nilation, not inolndinijf Indians, was to iv- doom this inoontrovortiblo ])a]>or In- a ]>roportionat(» an- miity boginnini:: in 1770. Doprooialion bog!>iii f^f conrso, at onoo. omissions booamo nioro and nun'o frcnpiont ; aUlioni;li tho army had a pnn'arions sn]>port for a f<>w yoars, and tho bo«::innint^a of a navv woro niado l)v moans of it, yet in tho end tho policy was iioarly fatal to tho snocoossfnl oonolnsion (^f tho war and to tho oonstruc- tion of a foch'-ral j^ovornmont. "\\'hon tho answer to I\ras- sachusotls' roipiost was linally lyiviMi. she was directed to r;il>or moiioy - » H,l''l ION ovicirnrifow of royal am iioimi v L'O'J follow tlio iiHfv;^(i of licr clinitcr und f.o cliooHf) a lioimc f)f i(jin'H(Miliiliv«'H by iowii nicct,iri;^H. Il«r |)( o|)l() itromptly fU'(M'i»t('(l tJm jdiiii ; IIh! lioiiHci wjim ('\('a-U'(\, mimI in Inm (•()Hniit.Ml,(^(l an rx(^(Mil,ivr «'(>nn('il of l,vv«!Tiiy -(!i[.^lif, nn- H(^MH(*<1 l-.'ixj'H, and ollnsivviMo prrfortrnMl ilic; fiinc.fionH of (M)ni|)l(>i<' in('n(l<'n('((. 'I'Iki f(M!linj< of Arncricaii Hil- Sindi a mind wmh ilial, of .lolm AdaniK, liitlHut.o an iniorcHiiMl ojdool<(!r ; ])iii now, vvlicii aHHurfd of ilio trno (ilifiractcf of Mid niovcnicTii, ]\o Hirovc aHa]);ii- (icipafcor io dirdc.l, it and Ix^^oin (,o nliaro il,H r(Hf)onHil)ili- li(>M. Ho woiiM liavd had ilui coniincTital cAnirrrcHH iakf! ilio tlirono of HovcM'oij^'niy, own at, ilu; rinli of ictnporary UHiir[)at.ion, Hanciion i\n) iiiHliiuiion of limited ^'ovcin- nuMiin in (3Vory colony, and ho rrcnU'. a Htronj^', contra], ia\in}j^ power able to defy the niotlicr-conntry. IJui ])nb- lio opinion wonld not, hav(! Hiijiportcid Huch a radical courHO juHt, at ihiH jun(;ture. With KtateHinan-like wis- dom lio d(^la,yed nialcinj^ a formal ])ropoHition, and iUm- fjfi'osH atill had to {^'rojxi its way, oflH(^tiin^' one act of dar- in;jf by another of tinndity. There waH no ho])e of nnion ex('(>pt in continued compromiwc;, for witliont New Yoik and PennRylvania there (H)id(l he no lantinj^' structure. Yet for a time nriH whi(di we now recor^^nize as tliose of a sovereign were frecfuent, Arme<' veHHeJH had been fitted out, lirst under Wawhin^don's authorization as coin- niandcr-in-chief, and their prize caH(!H liad been adjudi- cated by a MassachuHcttn court of admiralty. Conj^a'css 14 \m -'If I M 3 ' i \i i^ H i?l(> vu\: VUV.NCU WAK AN1> TIIM KKVOMTIon now MMHinnod ilio !iH(Ml io lliirl iuxl SI. Antli'cw on ji M\u» «;rt>inMl in I1m» «M>rn(M-. l! wns niiHcd for llic llisl tinn> owv AViiHliini^lon'H In^jnl-cinjulcrH on Mew ^'^,•l^n Day. lYTo. l"'i!in1Jin wmm coniniiHHioiMMl lo «m(mU,(MI posj- oilioo. ('on<;roHH oontinniMl, nioroovt'r, lo Hci/o Hn))|>Ii(',M; it !;!irrison(Ml forlr<^HM('H on i.lio UndHon, »liH,'irnH>il lovnl iMh in (ho IMoliinvk V!ill(\v tind Ijon;>- l.sliind, nnd ordncd (lio iirn^si of Trycni, nlllionuli \\v cHCjijX'd. Al. iho »doH(» t>f ils lirMl s(^MMion in finly. w'lli lli(» lininil ify booonnnjij l«'rnMntiii(tn of l'-n};liHh riMnonHlianls Mlr;in^!j(Oy (•ond)in('(l. ij.MiM of tvn if n^solvod fo (*\]>orl noiliin;» s;;( Is in iho 1iMrln>r of iN(WV York wonid no donbl. ]m\o Ixi ii r(\\dy io (>nfor('(^ Mns l(\<;islM(ion I'or llimn ! linl. I'oilii n;)l(^ly. in s]>il(^ of Ismmc S(\'ns'M aH(Mn])i to l)rin}.]f on lios- tililic^s. in wliich Al(^\.'»nd(M" Htuuillon. slill a ni!u1c;i|> 8lndf (""olnmbia (\>ll<\i;(^ wah a volnnlccM", niodcMiilc n\on liko liivin<*;ston and Jav, MssiHlod by \\\v roasojiMblc iMon;;"li r.'idic'Ml M.-vedonjiall, nianMji,(^d lo maintain a IriKc lis dnrali«Mi \v:is \ouiX <'non,i;li lo ai'cinnidalo xcry consid- iM-ablo si(>ros of ]Hnvdor lliron!.^li AnuM'icaii sliipa Irjubii;;' wilh St. I'.nstatins. The conmo of alVairs wms no nioro Hniootli nor consist - out in l'ii;;land tlian in AincMnca. Ivicliard Vvuw arrived in ihio season, bnt tiu^ ni^ws of Hnnkat had ]nvrotl(Hl him and tho administrMli'U >vonhl ]>ay no alloniion lo tlu> hnnddi^ ]M'ti- tion of Cc-'nirross. Tlio oomil ry avms oven yot lialfdu^ai'lod ; mou woro no easier to enliyi now than bef«.)r(\ allhoiu^b !►».■■ * * >TiJTFO>r WW for <')i(li UH Mh'V IMC An(li<'\v (Ml Ol' lllC lllsl, N(>w ^^vll•'M •(Miio (l |)(»s|- /.O HIipplicM ; i'iiumI Iov.mI- ind ordered I llio liuiiiil ((>rniiii!ili(»)i ,' coinbinrd. ilyiodiriit iwlMndH of WAV V(>s;;cls I»!IV(» !»»'( 11 Jini fori II- in;:j on lio.s- ji infidc'i]) , inodernli* ro.'iHoiiMMc nin Ji 1 nice. ry consid- ipa ir.'idiii!;- lor cousisl- Miii iiri'ivcd imlaM" Hill liinslr.'ili'U n\l)l(^ pcii- df-lienrfod ; \ tiltlu)iu;li OVJOUTIIIJOW OF KOVAFi A II'IMOI; 11 Y '> II llir itli-'uil. I'nrlifmicid, would fiiriiiHli cvrji ld( 1. oji Lilierly, IJie judlior of wliieli wmh IJicJinnl I'liee, M,|t|)e(i,r( (I, luid iiiohI, heiKdieenlly eoiiKdi- d.ili'd liherfil feeliii;^ in ilH diiikeHJ, lioiirK. ,11m dednilion of liherly MM M. j^overimieiif. of lawH Jnade l>y eoiniiiod eon- ficiit \\;i;i el!d»)niied iiilo n inafdcrly ]»!e(b for ilie, eolo- iiislM, mid ilie nidlior foi'ef.old lli.'ii n eoiilli(l, ovrr llio s;mii(> priiieipN; W(»idd one. d;iy r( form ilio JIoiih(! of Coni- iMons. I>iit lli<" minis! ry recMlied (Hn/^e, find refiisiiiff eonejliii- lioii prepared a, pro(d(uii!i,iioii wliieli w)iHisnii((lon An- ■ •iimI. 'J.ld, 1775, de(dMrin;f ili(! AmerieiUiH io Ik! .... ,. . , "i'' Atn(!?i- r<'I)elM, and ilirealcnin;^ avuIi condi^.Mi piinisl:- '• '• n k I' r o- iiienl. Iioln them niid fneir aoel.iorH in .l'iii;(- l.'iiid. In ()rine II. of I'nssia would /^ive liim twerdy tlioii- s.ind ; hut slie failed him in tlu! (!)'iHis, ami at last })ro])- ai)ly lliroii;;li tlie. inlliien<'e of V(>rf.,'('nneH, and with tli(! li- cense of feminine rKdileness, aoinis. TIk; stubborn but inventive ruler tlien deniand(Hl of ITcdland tlu; nduni of tlio Scotch Bri^'adc, which, of course, survived only in name. In tlio seven- teenth century its predecessor, airion;^' other British troops, had been Hont lo occu})y certain fortixsscH in tliut vl iJ k h Ml ^! H 212 TIIK l-'nK?^OlT WAU AN1> THE llTlVOMTTro^f country as Horuriiv for Klizabcth'H loan of 151)1). 'J'lm J^utch now dobiitrd Avilli cliaractoriHiic dcliiy, and y;;i\{\ tlio \\i\y anHwor that, ho niiii- « listment by foreij^n powers. But the presence of (roor;jfe's agents was ij^iiorcd (H* winked at. ]lis con- tracts wer(5 nominally with i)rivate persons. In Hun- over, Waldeck, ]}ruiiswick, and Hesse Casscl the scanda- lous tratlic was most successful at prices ranginfjf from thirty to forty dollars, and even higher, for each num jiiid life. The minor details of advanced pay and subsidies. of three wounded to C(nint as one dead, and the like, seem incredible, First and last, upward of twenty-six Uion- s.ind men were sohl to the English king, and his treat- ies were eahnly ratitied in Parliament, but not without a warning gi . on tliat the colonies too could appeal to foreign powers. On August 1st, 1775, Congress had adjourned for tivo weeks. AVhen the members reassend>led they voted that a confederacy nnist be their last resort, and t i t'i'lui r the in the face of all the facts which now rev(>al '"^' their meaning so clearly but were to thoni of uncertain signiticanco and only partially knoAvn, ad- dressed a second petition to the king, asking for a resto- ration of the status antecedent to 17()J) and disavoAvin• iik; bi liefs, but unnnimons in the (!onvi(dion tliat i"itii<'t^ the time for radical political acd/ion had arrived. It was composed of Samuel Adams and Benjamin Franklin, Uittenliouse and (Jlymer, toj^ether with an acquaintance v.ho had been for two years in Ameri(;a, Thomas Paine. Tlie latt(>r was tlie son of a Norfolk (Quaker who had im- bibed the extreni(>st radicalism of the eij^diteenth cen- tury, and haviufjf been by turns a marine, an ex(dseman, a tca(dier of Enj.dish, and a local p(diti(dan, was now a ])rofessional a^j^itator with the motto — whtrc liberty is not there is mv country. These friends knew that the common people of the colonies had far outrim their leaders in comprehendin^jf the situation ; that discon- tent with the present anarchy was rife ; tliiit popular sa- f;acity n^'opjuized independence as the oi ly possible remedy for the evils into which they had drifted. They determined to mnke an appeal to the court of last resort, the general sentiment. Accordingly, on January 8th, 177G, appeared the famous pamphlet from the pen of Paine, to which Benjamin Hush had given the felicitous title, "Common Sense." It was a remarkable essay, masterly in its simple style, its lucidity, and its argument. Separation and tlio ; i I 214 THE FIIENCII WAR AND JIIE KEVOLUTION establishment of a republic were its plea, a plea -wLieh was soon enforced by the news of the kiug's attitude '•Common ^^ ^^^^ Opening of Parliament. The effect scusc." ^Yas instantaneous. The subtle jntiuence on the (^.olonists of a complete and adequate expression of their sentiments made their blood course in a quicker Hood. So overwhelming was the tide that the Kew York assembly appointed a committee to prepare an answer, but the committee decided that none could bo given. Franklin and Adams agreed to agitate for confederation. Washington was still watching before BohIoii, and such was the infection, that even Congress grew inipa- Ef feet on ^^^^^ f^^* actiou. He coidd give no stronger (.ong.cfis and proof of grcatucss than to risk his jDopular- ity as he did by quiet perseverance in Lis chosen role of the modern Fabius. They +hemselvc8 de- termined that the provinces were at least free enough to guarantee their own welfare by contracting alhances if necessary. In spite of repeated and formal protesta- tions from Pennsylvania of loyalty to the king, the work of raising men and funds went forward, A most impor- tant measure of retaliation against Parliament was taken in the authorization of privateering, and the king ^vas charged with being the author of all their troubles he- cause he had treated tlieir petitions with scorn. Finall a decisive step was taken. In defiance of the Niiviga- tion Acts, American ports were opened to the commerce of the world, and the importation of slaves was forbid- den. Samuel Adams thought in April that indejjendence was virtually secured. The great idea of his distinguished namesake was not diminished in importance by these events, and he now felt sure that " without the least convulsion or animos- ity " a legal government could be constituted within a month, deriving its authority and sanctions from the t ' « t J hi plea -which lj'h attitude The effect liluence on prcssion of a a quicker 3 Kev/ York an answer, I bo given. ifedeiatiou. Josloii, and ^rew inipa- 10 stroiiocr lis popular- mce in Lis mselves de- I'ee enough ig alliances 1 protesta- >:, the work lost impor- ; was taken I king was oubles he- Finall - le Njiviga- c'onimerce 'as forbid- ejjendence e was not d he now t)r animos- 1 within a from the OVEUTIIIIOW OF liOYAL AUTIIOUr'^Y 215 people. In May, therefore, John Adams brought for- ward his iDroposition that "each one of the united col- onies, where no government sufficient to the ^,.^^^ ^^^^ exio-encies of their affairs had as yet been tiuuwoiioyui ,,,,,, , . authorit}', established, should adopt such government as would in the opinion of the representatives of the people best conduce to the happiness and safety of their ccmstit- uents in particular and of America in general." For two days it was resisted. Pennsylvania clung to her proprie- tary government and her allegiance, while Duane felt that the New York delegation had no authorization for such action. On the tenth it passed. This was the culmina- tion of the successive measures by which Congress had gradually overturned the authority of the crown and substituted that of the people. The colonies were never for a moment independent states. Sejmrato declara- tions of independence there were, but they had reference merely to a provisional government under a union ante- cedently achieved in reality, if not formally. The loose, uncertain character of the continental congress does not alter the sovereign nature of its acts nor the sufficiency of its ref)resentative capacity. Its members were at least as regularly selected as those of the English Parliament then sitting, in accordance with precedents and tradi- tions quite as valid in America as those which formed the English constitution were in England. And what- ever the theory, the fact is that any measure of indepen- dence ever enjo^, od by any one of the thirteen original colonies was gained by membership in a confederation wdiicli fought as a unit for external sovereignty, won it by united action, and was finally recognized by other nations not as a temporary league of independent states, but as the United States. i ! h ■I Mr: 4 Ij il a i 1 ii ' 'I Ii m ! I 1^ * 1 CHATTER XVm. THK MOVEMENT FOR INDEPENDENCE- JANUARY-JUNE. 1770 ParlianuMit Dorliiu's Rodrosa— The Ministry PropoBOS Pardon— Danger to I'liiglish Insdtutionfl— Tlio Colonii'S Toniporizn — Erciu'li Ai^'cnta in America — l''ninco Had Two Motives for IntorlVronco— Plan of Vorgonnos— English Strongth in Now York- Soars and Charloa Loo— Tho("ity Fortillod'— North (."aro- lina Tori»>s Uontod — Tho Ih'itish boforo Charloston — Uomljard- nu'nt of till! City — Snccot^.s of tho Dofonco — Now Coninioii- woaltlis— Virginia — Dobatcs in Congress — Nov York llesitutcs — Overthrow of tlio Propriotary Assembly in Pennsylvania. Chafton, }iltlioui]fh liiinsclf a cabinet ininister, had al- ready Aviiriietl the king that ho was the victim of deceit. „ ,. Tlie answer was that Parliament was behind Piiriiniuont - r^ i i t i dociiiK!? ro- the war and would snpport it. Carleton had hccn made commander-in cliief of Canada and Howe in tlie colonies. Chatham introduced a bill iu January, 177(), to repeal the late acts, to leave the char- ters secure, to recall the trooi)s, and abandon taxation. A colonial coni^rcss was to determine what America should contribute to the paynu^nt of the public dcibt, and how the contribution should be mised. A similar hill was olYered by r>urkc for the consideration of the House of Commons. Both were rejected with contempt and the king- was apparently justified. But the American news which arrived during the en- suing months was alarming, even to king and Parliament. Ou May (3tb, North and his new Secretary for the Colo- I UARY-JUNB. 0808 Pardon— ^ 1 Toiiipoii/i!— o Motives for ungtU in New il-- North C'aro- on — llombard- Mow ConiiiKni- York llonihiU's nns^'lvania. stcr, had al- iiii of deceit, was bell in (1 ^arleton had Canada and 3d a hill iu tlie char- on taxation, lat America lie d(^ht, and similar hill >f the House ntcmpt and ring the en- Parliament, or the Colo- TIIK MOVEMENT EOli INDEI'ENDENC'E 217 liies, Lord Grorgo Cornialn, made another futih; attemjjt at conciliation. General llowo and hin l)n)tlier the ad- miral, were eominiHHi(mcd to i)ardon those ^j^^, miniH- who repented of diHloyalty, and to abandon «rv . itoiiukch 1 1 i 1 1 i>iirdoii. taxation ; the charters, however, were to be revised. It is diHi(ndt to ])eliev(3 in the; sincerity of such hill f- way measures, which l^ear on their facte i\w stamp of [)olitical chi I / i 224 THE FRENCH war and the eevolution with laurels. The daring and courage of the men dimmed the glories even of Bunker Hill. AVhen the Hag of the fortification, which has thenceforth been knoAvn as Fort Moultrie, was shot away. Sergeant Jasper leajied through CvD. embrasure, and under the hottest fire caught up the standard and planted it on a bastion. " I am dy- ing," exclaimed Macdonald, a common soldier, "but don't let the cause of liberty expire with me this day." Nearly three years elapsed before these heroes were called again to drive the British from their land. With- in a short time the English troops from Charleston joined in New York the Boston force which had come down from Halifax, and excepting the island of Manhattan, tlie soil of the thirteen colonies was untrodden by English regulars. .- The two Carolinas had thus iiot only declared, but in a sense established, their freedom from English con- New common- ^I'ol. Georgia was united with them in heart wealths. ^^^ action. Massachusetts and Rhode Island had together thrown off the trammels of English rule. New Hampshire was energetic in the work of indepen- dence. Connecticut, in the liberty she enjoyed as an English colony, had entered on the most complete par- ticipation in the activity' of her New England sisters. In May the constituent assembly of Virginia met to complete her separation from England, to establish a constitution, and to promote union. So far she had been the leader in organization and suggestion, if not in action. Could a community of aris- tocratic social character, with the English Church as an establishment, keep at the head of a movement so demo- cratic ? Mason had written in his fundamental and admirable declaration of rights the word "toleration." Madison, who was already influential, would not hear of the condescension implied in the word, and plead " that Virginia. 'OLUTION of the men Vheii the iiiv sen kno^s 11 as asjDer lea^icd 5t fire caught " I am dv. 3ldier, "but lie this day." heroes were :and. With- [eston joined come down mhattan, the I by Eiighsh lared, but in Inglish con- lem in heart Ihode Islimd Inglish rule, of iiidej)eu- joj^ed as an mi^lete par- sisters, inia met to establish a on. So far ization and nity of aris- hurch as an nt so demo- nental and toleration." lot hear of ilead " that TIIK MOVEMENT FOR INDEPENDENCE 90 "5 all men are equally entitled to the free exercise of relig- ion, according to the dictates of conscience." The word was stricken out — a small matter, perhaps, but conclu- sive as to the adaptability of that tine commonwealth for continued leadership. The convention completed its work on July 1st, and Virginia became a State. Could hor political guides have transcended their age by two gonerations, and have ofranted equal rights, civil and po- litical, to their slavesr , the Old Dominion would still be united, and probably wield ine sceptre of hegemony among the States wh^ch sho did so much to create. John Adams's resolution in Conc^ress had virtually ended the Proprief iry Governnitiit of Pennsylvania. The old Assembly, after long wrangling Debates lu over instructions to their delegates against Congress, separation, finally sanctioned confederation and foreign alliances, but refused to hear of independence. The same day, June 8th, began the debate on the resolution introduced for Virginia by Eichard Henry Lee, "that these united colonies are and of right ought to be free." Two days later the discussion was postponed for three weeks, that the delegates of the central colonics might consult their constituents. But committees were appointed to deliberate on the three crucial questions of the hour : The declaration of independence, the form of confederation, and treaties with foreign powers. The flood which was thus let loose upon New York and Pennsylvania was irresistible. Delaware had prompt- ly obeyed the call of Virginia in all these sum- y^cw York mouses. New Jersey gave full powers to her hesitates. Assembly, which met on June 11th, and adopted a con- stitution inspired by Witherspoon, but written by Jacob Green, the Presbyterian minister of Hanover. The con- vention also voted for a government according to the recommendation of Congress, and for the sujiport of 15 I J' Hi iW' i* ! I' I li: If 226 THE FRENCH wau and the revolution the army. The overthrow of old institutions seemed a very serious stej) to New York, with her large and in- fluential Tory ijopulation. Her borders, too, were men- aced by savages, and thirty thousand English veterans were soon to occupy the capital. John Jay declared that until after the second petition to the king — writ- ten in 1775 by Dickinson — he heard no American ex- press a desire for independence, and even yet many of the moderate patriots were making qualified, but unwa- vering, professions of loyalty. But now, at last, he could prove the hopelessness of redress by the reception of that petition, and on June 11th the electors were called on to give full powers for declaring independence to the newly chosen delegates. They refused. The Pennsylvania Assembly, overwhelmed with dis- grace and disowned in popular estimation, was dismissed Overthrow ^^ ^ great mass meeting from further duty, of. the ^o- On June 18th a provincial conference of new pembiy in men met, and without hesitancy usurped the powers of the body which had adjourned for two months, voting measures of defence and concurring in the resolution of Congress for independence. In Mary- land the course of affairs was smoother. The governor withdrew, and a constitutional convention was called. •^ f •■ ■ -'-^^-^•zijiht^^i^ I, " ( OLUTION- QS seemed a irge and in- ), were mcn- ish veterans ay declared king— writ- merican ex- yet many of , but unwa- ist, he could reception of were called ience to the d with dis- is dismissed irther dutv. ence of new usurped tlie Ijoumed for concurring In Mary- le governor s called. n i- CHAPTER XIX. INDEPENDENCE AND CONI'EDERATION-JULY-AUGURT, 17 ro Congress and the State Governments — Diversity of Opinion — Debate on the Dechiration of Independence — Jefferson's Doc- ument Adopted — Adams and Witherspoon — lopular Enthu- siasm-Character of the Paper — Ileal Nature of the Confeder- ation — The Appearance of a Separatist Temper — Congress to be Stripped of Power — Conllict between Southern and North- ern Opinion — Local Ideas of Independence Expressed in the Articles of Confederation — The Western Lands and True Union — Inefficiency of Congress — Fickleness of the Masr-es. Such was the situation when the day arrived for iC- newing in Congress the debate on Lee's resolution for independence. A nice analysis of the consti- tutional conditions is impossible. Virtually and the state ,, ,, , . . . .., 1,1 governments. all the colon les were m union with each other but sundered from Great Britain ; virtually they all had local autonomy. The old charters of Connecticut and llhode Island were sufficient for them, even in their sep- aration from England. Four other colonies had adopted written constitutions before July 4th — New Hampshire on J>inuary 5tli, South Carolina on March Gth, Virginia on July 1st, and New Jersey on July 2d. But the de- grees of completeness and formal legality in their gov- ernments were widely different ; virtually, too, there was a federal government above them all, conducting foreign affairs and the cognate department of war by the army and navy, imposing also certain principles and courses 'li 1 I 1 1- > I 2'28 THE FUENCII WAR AND THE PwE VOLUTION of action upon the united provinces. But the central power was inchoate and unwilling to recognize its own existence. And yet in human affairs, as in the sphere of the super- natural, the sui^remacy does not come by observation. Diversit of ^^® ideas of dependence, sej)aratism, and opinion. tutelage were dominant still in thousands of minds, among them many commanding ones. The steps taken had bsen necessary to meet the demand of the nio- n)ent in resistance to 02)pression, but were regarded as temporary and retraceable. Even among those who un- derstood and accej^ted the logic of the position there were almost as many opinions concerning the degree and thoroughness, not only of what had been done but of the action still to be taken, as there were men capable of in- dependent thought ; in such a chaos order is, however, imminent, and the hour belongs to those who first dis- cern its germs in the popular will. Such amplitude of discussion by the masses as that of these months and weeks was hitherto unknowTi, even in America. The glass was held up for all. Dickinson and his friends could not or would not see the brightening reflection of a new personality among nations, but the more thorough patriots beheld in it their justification, and never faltered iu the course on which they had already entered. The committee on the declaration of independence was composed of Jefferson, John Adams, Franklin, Sher- Debnte on man, and Robert Livingston. The draft of a [ill-i o'f^hide- document had been made by the first-named pcudence. ^nd submitted separately to Adams and Frank- lin, each of whom made a few unimportant verbal »^ orrec- tions. On June 28th it was submitted as amended to Congress. July Isi was the day appointed for consider- ing the weighty question. Fifty delegates were in their places, every colony was represented, and every delega- ^i . ■1' OLUTION INDEPENDENCE AND CONFEDEllATION 229 the central ^uize its own 3f the super- observation, iratisii], aiij thousands of . The stops d of the mo- regarded as LOse who un- isitioii there 3 degree aud le but of the ijjable of iu- is, however, ho first dis- mplitnde of months and lerica. Tlie his friends reflection of re thorough 3ver faltered red. dejDendence nklin, Slior- le draft of a first-named I and Frank- rbal correc- im ended to 3r consider- ere in their '^ery delega- tion but one had power to act. John Adams, who had already won his spurs as a debater, opened for the af- firmative with j)Ower and i^assion. Dickinson rej^lied at length, arguing that federation should precede separa- tion. His colleague, Wilson, took the opposite view. AVitherspoon followed, declaring that the country was ripe for independence and would be rotten without it. When the vote was taken on Lee's motion, New York being still unable to act for lack of instruction, both South Carolina and a majority of the Penn- , . , , , . T T-. 1 .Tefferpon'8 sylvania delegates opposmg, and Delaware documeut being divided, it was a^lopted by the votes ''*^ "^' ^'' ' of the nine other colonies. Next day Jefferson's docu- meut was presented. The glowing passage it contained charging George III., as a criminal indictment, Avith hav- ing favored the slave-trade and slavery was stricken out by the desire of some Southern delegates ; so also was a severe censure on the people of England. It was other- wise slightly amended, and on the evening of July 4th, 1776, was adopted, in the form familiar to us, by the vote of twelve colonies. The date of its adoption is, by decision of the Supreme Court of the Unite States, that of our legal existence in questions of municipal lav/. There was an awe-stricken anxiety and little enthusi- asm in Congress when they took this solemn step, there was even discord and angry passion. Adams j^(\nmf. ami had been, as Je£ferson said, the Colossus of ^Vitllt■^f'I;oon. debate ; but we are told that toward the close of that momentous day, in a late hour, the fate of the paper was still in the balance. At such a time all but giant minds, and sometimes even thev, feel an instinctive and uncon- trollable shrinking. A trustworthy tradition declares that it w^as a solemn f.ppeal to heaven, made by Wither- spoon, and the force of his own courageous example, which turned the delicately poised scale at last. Even 'li, ■ J ■ < i tl ■■<*l f I i If ■\ 230 THE FRENCH WAR AND THE REVOLUTION then there was a majority of but one, if the individuals composing the delegations be counted. At first its readjng made little impression on the army or on the people, who, feeling that the action was sim- Popuiar en- P^^ essential and but in obedience to their tluiriiaam. desires, thought of it as a matter of course an 1 rf^garded neither the vigor nor the form of the lan- ...r,g9 employed. Nevertheless there were exceptions; t) .' populace of Philadelphia received it with acclama- ;;i.ii.. pnd biu'ned the emblems of royalty, while the old " liber i-,> beU" of the state-house rang out its notes of joy. New Jersey with great military state formallj'' published at Trenton the two together ; her own constitution and the Declaration of Independence. The fourth provincial congress of New York, under the leadership of Jay, adopted it on July 9th, and sent the paper broadcast over the State ; the joyous working-men in the city threw dowr the statue of George HI. from its pedestal In shore, enthusiasm grew in the progress of the document throughout the land. When Lord Howe, in accordance with his instructions, sent conciliatory letters under a flag of truce to the leaders of Congress, the reply was an engrossed copy sent by that body, and the expression of a readiness for peace as between independent nations. The only result of the negotiation was an agreement hon- orable to both parties for the exchange of prisoners. For many years large numbers in the United States regarded the Declaration of Independence as inspired Character of ^^^ immortal, although there were always the paper, voices to pronouncG it perfervid, rhetorical, and radical. We have a calmer judgment now. On the one hand there is nothing new or original in the bill of rights it contains, and so far from its initiating a new government, the political existence of the United States, as distinct from the validity of its municipal law, dates 'OLUTIOy 3 individuals on the army on was sim- Qce to their 3r of coui'se 1 of the Ian- exceptions ; ith acclama- /hile the old Qotes of joy. iy published iitution and h provincial bip of Jay, r broadcast 3 city threw 3destal. In B document accordance rs under a jply was an pression of nt nations, ement hon- oners. ited States ,s inspired re always rhetorical, IV. On tbe the bill of ing a new ied States, law, dates ■Id ■■■* INDEPENDENCE AND CONFEDERATION 231 from the day of Lexington, when a united people, finding its ultimatum scorned, resisted fore j by force and began an organization which was neif'ier independent nor sov- ereign until the successful issue of war made it so. It is, moreover, not self-evideutly true that men are created "equal," as the word was used and understood by its writer ; it is true that the sovereignty of George HI. was renounced, not because he was a king, but because he was a tyrant ; there is in those two clauses a curious incon- sistency in the juxtaposition of ideas, at bottom irrecon- cilable with each other. On the otl r ■ nd, there was in the language of Jefferson a cum ^ lati statement of grievances, a directness of stinging re. smo, an avowal of irrevocable purpose, all carefully cuic-'l'ited to the attain- ment of a most important end anr^ worthy of the highest admiration. In spite of the irreh 'lo and extreme rad- icalism which underlies the implications of its language, it was adopted by the great popular majority as the best expression of its own will, a people who neither un- derstood nor sympathized with Rousseauism, who were both pious and conservative to the core, and who had adopted democratic-republican institutions, without any reference to fine-spun political theories, solely because they were convenient, handy, and in accordance with their colonial history, with their habits both of religious and civil administration. The years of the American revolution did not belong to an age of written constitutions and exact statement. The first continental congress was a more perfectly representative assemblage than any existing survivor. Parliament or Diet, of the early Teutonic custom. Under its auspices the colonies formed a union, imperfect but not ephemeral, and under that union they had separated themselves from England, six of them having adopted, before the Declaration of K I I Eeal nature of ihe confed- eration. ii i ; I 2112 TiiK i''i:i:?;cii waii and iiik kkvolition Iiuloiiondciu'o, a H.'iiisfactory form of local f^ovcrniiiciit evolved from their experience, which wan written dowu by four of tliem as tlieir chartorH had been written, bi tlie secontl continental congress that uuiou wa.4 fiirtlicr completed in part by the reeomniendatiou to form ^Gov- ernments not for s(!i)arution but for union, and in part by adoi)iiii{if tlie phraseoloj^'y of JelVerson — "wo, the jxo- ple" — which indicates the birth of a new nation. 'I'hv feeliufjf and languajjfo of the American leaders for ilw tlirco yivuH past is capable of no other meaning;', ninl there is (>videnco that tli(! people for some time so imcNr- stood lh;> position of atVairs. The committee of Con^Tc ss which re])ort(Ml asclieuic for confederation rcconniiendcd that each colony should keep "as much of its presdit laws, ri;^hts, raul customs as it may think lit, and reserve to itself the solo and exclusive regulation and government of its internal police in all matters that shall not interfere witli the articles of confederation." Neither they nor anyone at that moment a2)peared to doubt that the souid' of authority was in the people represented by a Congrcs^s which expressed tlieir union — the continental American organization — as opposed to the colonial, separatist, and J'iUropoan connection which they were severing. But the American people and their leaders had luit then behind them a century of experience in harmoiiiz- iji^ 2:j:J couM no \v tliink of no other relation to a federal K* )vei'!i ntcnt. As to the ((ueHtion of hu'ifo. and small colonics, whieh had promptly arisen in the liist Con^'ress, there ap- peared three opinions: ono vote for each ,.„„,,r,.,H wilhout re;:ard to size, representation ae- t(. i.r hnipi^d '* " " . "^ , , Hi power. cordinj^' to population, and a combination of Ijoth ]»laiis. Wiiat was to become of the western lands? Hliould Cou^^a'cMs parcel out the vast th)main northwest of the Ohio, or existin*; claims bo satisfied ? As to a stand in;^' army, the p(!Oj)le remembered the prhiciples of KJ.SS, and Oon^'ress would (mly aj^a'ee that each State should furnish militia — a citizen soldiery enlisted for short terms, and therefore unreliable and incai>al)le (jf the hi^^hest discipline. In short, thero appeared almost iunnediately a determination " to vest Con«^ress," iis Rutled}4C wrote, " with no more power than what is ab- solutely necessary." In Au^^^ust there was still no out- come to the wretched wranj^le. Conjjfress adjourned to April, 1777, the articles of confederation were not adopted until Novend)er of that year, and then in a form tio diU'crent from that which the committee had rejjorted as to bo scarcely rcco^'uizablo. Reipiisitions for the support of the army were to be made ou e:ich State in proportion to its inhaljitaiits, but in the Southern States there was a feelintjf that, coniiict ix,'- ni negroes '.vere property, and as there was a enTumi No'll'i- dLsjiroportionate number of blacks in their ^"^ "'"" •'"• borders, there was a certain injustice in this procedure. The federal relation beoan to {^all immediately. In New England the purely democratic character of town gov- ernment had not only created inequalities of representa- tion in the colonial assemblies, which continue in measure to our own day, but had further emphasized the sover- eign quality of the popular voice. The State legislature^' II I 1! iif t ':\ !|f 1 I I f 234 THE rinoNoii wau and the kevolution had from the outaet this stable basis, that they came an- nually direct from the i)eoi)le, and their sphere of activ- ity embraced the whole circle of civil and poUtical rights. Congress was a degree further removed from the peoplj, and existed, moreover, as a war measure. It was not easy for the most adroit lawyers of that district, instinctively and firmly supporting federal supremacy, as most of them did, to make clear at the outset, to either them- selves or others, the degree or the benefit of federal in- terveutioii in the sphere of legislation. In the Middle States both independence and federation had reached a distasteful importance, and particularism was none tlio less strenuous in that quarter, because every social rank and poUtical sect found a diireren treason for it. The in- disi^utable fact is, that there was no precedent in human experience for such a federal system as was needed, and the work of the patriots was near to destruction both in the irritation which this political novelty created and in the apathetic support which was given as a consequence to the fighting force, the army being the most palpable evidence of the federal relation. It was not difficult, therefore, for the local legislatures to establish the practice of appointing and dismissing Local ideas Congressional delegates at their pleasure, and denceexpreBH- ^^ ^^ *^^'^^ ^ revolutionary body with unlim- cfcs'^of'con- ^^^^ powers into a mere creature of the federation. States. Before the articles of confederation were adopted they became, as Washington said, ' ' a shade without substance," reposing on the theory that from the fourth of July, 177G, each colony was an inde- pendent State delegating at its pleasure, and according to its interest, a portion of its sovereignty for the regula- tion of foreign affairs, and retaining every other function not expressly so delegated. The article to which refer- ence has been made now rnn, " Each State retains its 1 OLUTION ley carno nii- ere of uctiv- itical ri-hts. L the peopL', (vas not easy Lnstiuctivclv as moHt of ither tliciu- ' federal in- the Middle 1 reached a IS Done the social rank it. The in- t in humnu leeded, and iction both ated and in msequence it pal2)able Dgislatures iismissinfir sasure, and ith unlim- e of the federation said, "a eory that an inde- accordiD^ le regnla- • function ch refer- etains its INDKPENDEXrE AND CONFKDKIIATIOX 235 flovcreipfnty, freedom, and indcpcndcnoo, and cvcjt i)ov.er, jiirisdictiou, and ri^ht wliich is not by this coiifctit ration cxpresHly dele<^ated to the UuiLod States in Couf^'reHH as- Hcmbled." The confederacy was " a lirni lea;^nio of friendship." There was to bo a single iiouse in Con- gress where each State had one vote. It might borrow money but not levy taxes, ami all the Hocurity lenders were to have was the requisition of Congress on the States. It could declare war, make treaties, and lay im- posts. It could not enforce enlistment nor compel the support of the army. It could pass laws, but not compel obedience ; compose disputes between the States, but it had no power to secure their compliance with its judg- ment or with the foreign treaties it made. Even com- merce was to bo regulated by the States. This particularist temjier was further shown in the article declaring that " no State shall be deprived of ter- ritorv for the benefit of the United States." ^, ,., , The WcBt- New York still claimed by right of conquest trn IuiuIh and the territory of the Six Nations, and the other larger States had claims of a similar nature. But New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland could have no share in the boundless and fertile West except as members of the confederation. They therefore rejected the articles on account of this clause, although all the other States adopted them. New Jersey, however, held out but for one year, until November, 1778, and Delaware until May, 1779. Maryland alone remained firm until, in 1780, New York resigned to the union her claim to any lands beyond her present boundary. Virginia reserved her asserted ownership of the lands noithwest of the Ohio until 1781, and then, first, the waiting State signed the ar- ticles, thus completing, by means of the "West, ^vliat west- ern settlement had already begun, a perrjanent and m- changeable union of the States in the face of thec'les \\\ w J 1 \ I. li 236 THE FUEXCII WAll A"N"D TTTE llEVOLFTTOX and articles like those to which she set her lund. Tlie hope of Western settlers for prosperity and protection was in a federal state, not in a confederacy of sover- eigns ; the administration of that vast and splendid ter- ritory was as inexorable as fate in its requirement of a strong, indissoluble union. As the war wont on Congress, from the lack of real vitality, became more and more decrepit and inefficient. inafHciencyof ^^^ members were constantly absent, prefer- congrcss. j,jjjg q^q active political life of the separate States to the torpor of a discussion and legislation with no real power behind it. As foreign aid became more abundant and more certain, the entire nation at different times and at different places displayed an aj)athy in the performance of its duties which strangely contrasted with the magnitude of the struggle in which it had en- gaged. This was mirrored in Congress, which at last was but a mere tool of the States to borrow money and issue a paper currency, the shadow of a union whose reality was temporarily in Washington and the army. Its sessions were too often the scene of dispute be- tween cliques representing the jealousies which arose from the ambition or spite of generals in the field. Gates, Charles Lee, and Conway found their adherents and fellow-schemers among its members. At times it lost all dignity, and in the absence of the general confi- dence and esteem of the country the only one who still spoke of it with respect was Washington, of all men tlie most sorely tried by its hostility and inefficiency. The pretenders and soldiers of fortune who plotted his over- throw seemed always to find sympathy in a body wliicli notoriously failed in the continuous and hearty support of his authority, and in providing the supplies essential to the conduct of the war. There was real greatness and true courage in the v^JL. VOLUTTOX r lund. Tlie id protection acy of sover. splendid tor- lirement of a lack of real d inefficiei't. 3sent, prefer- tlie sei^arate tislation with became more a at different tpatliy in the y contrasted h it liad en- liicli at last '■ money aud mion whose d the annv. dispute be- which arose n the field. r adherents At times it meral couii- ae who still all men tlie iency. The id his over- body which rty support Js essential ige in the IXDEPEXDENCE AND CONFEDEKATIOX 237 American people and their leaders throughout the years and events antecedent to the Revolutionary War, and again in the days of constitutional recon- Fickleness stniction subsequent to it. Throughout the °^ '^^ munycs^. existence of the confederation, however, there was a dis- phiy of littleness and meanness, of weakness and hesi- tancy, which narrows the number of great names for the period of hostilities to comparatively few. Such as there were, however, were truly great. Their owners tower suiDcrior to wrangling and ambition. Devoted to a principle and a cause they were unmoved by failure, bv the fickleness of the mob, whi*^ 1j often showed a short and dangerous zeal onlv to fn'l otif like an autumn leaf, or by the too frequent seliidmcss of the mercantile classes. Without such loyal and true support irs even the sui)r- rior greatness of Washington would have had no theatre on which to display itself ; the great revolution in politi- cal principle accomplished by the fortitude and acumen of the last ten years, and culminating in the declaration of independence, would have been a dismal failure. ' i R ) ; V I: M CHAPTER XX. THE LOSS OF NEW YORK CITY— APRIL-DECEMBER, 1776 Three revisions of the War— Importance of New York City — Arri- val of Washington — The System of Defence— The Opposing Forces — The Battle of Long Island — Inefficiency of the AmtTJ- can Militia — Evacuation of New York — Encampment on tlie Bronx River — The Battle of White Plains— Capture of Toit Washington by the British — The American Army in New Jer- sey — Retreat of Greene — Need of a Regular Army — Treachery of Charles Lee — Congress Authorizes Long Enlistments — Wasli- ington's Retreat across New Jersey — His Army Reinforced— His Successful Strategy — Lee Captured by the British— His True Character. The English had been foiled both at Boston and Charleston, but neither place was of the highest strategic importance in a war carried on according ioua of the to the sciience as it was then understood, war. tjij^Q brothers Howe, both the admiral and the general, were men of clearer understanding than the in- capables to whom active operations in America had so far been intrusted by the English administration. After the opening scenes in the South and around Boston, the story of hostilities falls into three divisions — the conflict for possession of the Hudson, the campaigns on the Dela- ware, and the effort to regain the South. In addition to the control of the interior, which the possession of the city of New York assured, the place had now become the largest storehouse of military supplies within American limits. It was the com- i THE LOSS OF NEW YORK CITY 239 I ; \ CEMBER, 1776 ork City— Arri- -The Opposing y of the AiiKTi- Qpment on tlie 'apture of I'oit ay in New Jcr- my— Treachel•y tments— Wasli. '• Reinforced— e British— His Boston and est strategic accordiDfr understood, iral and tlie :lian the iu- rica had so ion. After Boston, tlie ;he conflict n the Dela- which the the place f militarv the com- i mercial centre of the country, although not yet as populous as Philadelphia, and many of its wealthy in- habitants remained loyal from both interest and conviction. It was therefore self-evi- of S'^vork dent that after the evacuation of Boston an '*^' attempt to seize the town would be made by the English. The only place about the harbor available for a landing was Staten Island. American fortifications of more or less strength had been erected on the other Arrival of shores, but Washington's numbers were too ^Vushiugtou. few to complete the investment. He i^ad left three thou- sand men in Boston under Ward, and sent eight regi- ments under Thomas to Canada. It was therefore with a weakened and scanty force that he reached New York in April. Tryon was on an English ship in the harbor giving comfort and encouragement to the Torie^v and fomenting plots of a most dastardly character against the persons and property of patriots. One of these was the seizure of Washington himself. The plotters were sometimes discovered, and. when they were, such was the exasperation of the New York patriots that they did not hesitate to cruelly maltreat them, a coat of tar and feathers being among the lightest j^enalties. Lee had already planned and partial!}' constructed a system of fortifications. Washington hastened the com- pletion of the unfinished ones, and under the rpj^^ Fyptcm of supervision of Greene and Putnam materially defouce. strengthened the fort on Brooklyn Heights. Additional earthworks were thrown up at Red Hook, Paulus HoOi., and on the hills at Kingsbridge. On the north end of tVie island Fort Washington commanded the left bank of the Hudson ; Fort Lee, opposite, in New Jersey, the right ; and Fort George guarded the south end of the city. As a garrison there was an available force of be- tween ten and eleven thousand men ; nearly seven thou- .«« !lr 240 THE FPwENClI WAll ^^^':D Tlir KE^' LUTION .«Hr ) IT' ■ sand being detaclied on furlough or sick. Tliey bad been hastily gathered in by order of Congress from Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey, from New York itself, and from New England. Composed in l^ari of militiamen, in f)art of regulars, this difference was further augmented by local prejudice f.,nd social pc- culiarities, which entirely destroyed any cohesion and made discipline impossible. During the first fortnight in August there were landed from successive detachments of the English fleet forces The opposiu"' which made the army nearly thirty-two thoii- forces'. sand strong ; about twenty-tive thousand were effective, among tliem eight thousand and six hundred mercenaries. During the months just passed, indepen- dence had been declared at Pliilade]|)hia,. C< ngrcss Lad declined North's perfunctory offers of ccnciHation, and arrangements for the interchange of prisoners of war had been concluded. The loyalists of Long Island were enrolled under the command of Tryon. Hostile move- ments at length began on ..iugu'st 22d, when fifteen thousand British troo23S were sent over near the Narrows to the eastern shora ; on the twenty-fifth five thousand Hessians foIloT c k There were eight thousand Conti- nental.-; under the immediate command of Greene and Putnam, to ojDpose them ; the most notable corps of the American army was an artillery company, imder com- mand of Alexander Hamilton. The attack was made on the twenty-seventh, and the consequence was further disorganization. Greene was ill, the advance forces under Putnam were The battle of Loug isi- overwhelmed and thrown back into Brooklyn with the loss of more than a thousand pris- oners, among whom were two generals. The English, over-estimating {he force opposed to them, came to a halt ')efore the Brooklyn fort. Two days intervened. .y 1 '■ I ! LUTION They bad Lgrcss from Jovaey, from 'oiiiposed iu « difference id social po- •Lesion and ivere landed fleet forces ;V-tWO tlioii- )usaud were ix Imndred ;d, indepen- ngrcss had liation, and lers of war Island wei-e )8tile move- lie)! fifteen lie Xarro\\s tlioasand and Conti- xreene and orj^s of the mder com- ,li, and the reene was tnam were ) Brooklyn sand pris- 3 English, came to a Qten'eued. Tin: jx)ss OF NEn youk city 241 The precious moments of delay gave Washington an op- j)(>rtunity to recounoitre. Their strength was overpow- ering, and he decided for retreat. By a movement as masterly as any through which his victories were won, he drew off the remnants of his raw, undiscii)lined army, crossing the East lliver iu fog and rain with all his stores. On the thirtietli the main body of his force was sar^-ly encamped on Manhattan Island and guards set to watch the movements of the enemv. Bat the situation was disheartening. The English wonld not bombard the city of Nj-w^ York, for they in- toiuled to spare the property of Tories and capture the place for their ov;n occujiation. of Uk- Aincrf- A\'ashingtou momentarily took into consider- ^"" ""i^t'a- ation the destruction of the town as a military necessity, but Congress took the opposite view ; the general had no confidence, howevci-,, in his militia and without them the place could not be held. A distressing incident which soon occurred justified the distrust. The English fleet was sent to threateii the front and western shore of he city, while a body of troops was landed from Astoria p^ Kip's Bay on the eastern shore. The militia fled bf ''•jre them in disgraceful confusion across the fields to Murray Hill. Two New England brigades were hastily de- spatched to arrest the flight, but th( were no braver than the others and joined in the p.^nie. Washington stood in the way with loaded pistols, but the hurrying men paid no heed to his commands or menaces. He is said to have discharged his side-arms over the vanish) ^ig soldier}, and to have flung his hut in angry despair on the ground as he exclaimed • "And are these the men wdth whom I have to defend America ? " The success of the English drove the army momentarily to entrench itself on Harlem Heights near Fort Washing- ton; the commander's head-quarters '"ere at Morrisania, IG if 4V' ! m h|1 'i : 11 ■• .1 I ^'1 243 THE FREXOir AVAR AI^^D THE REVOLUTIO:^ I > ; ^ i) on the mainland. The inevitable retreat from- the city occurred on September 12th, and was conducted by Put- Evacuation of ^'^^^^ '^'^^^^ spirit and success ; but tlie evacua- Ncw York, ^jqjj ^^qq qq hasty that all the heavj' artillery and stores had to be left beiiind, an irreparable loss to the Americans. A curious tradition relates that Howe's pur- suit was hot and close until he reached the mansion of Mrs. Murray, mother of the once famous grammarian, which was noted for its liospitaliby and a cellar of old ^Madeira. The English general i)aused. a LL.oment for re- freshment, and tlie patriotic mistress plied him so suc- cessfully with the precious liquor that some hours were gained for Putnam and his reti'cating soldiers. The English entered and occupied the city at once. Soon after, a fire destroyed old Trinity Church and the quarter in which it stood. The origin of the conflagration could never be determined, but the British falsely charged the Sons of Liberty v'th incendiiirism and flung some of them into the flames. In the meantime, September lltli; a conference had been held on Staten Island between Howe on one side and a committee of Congress, consisting of Franklin, John Adams, and Rutledge on the other, to consider the English offer of peace forwarded a second time to Phila- delphia and by the hand of Sullivan, who had been capt- ured by the British on Long Island. As the Americans insisted on the acknowledgment of their independence the result was nothing. Soon after, Nathan Hale, a gcn- (leman by birth and a graduate of Yale College, entered ll^e English lines as a spy. He was captured, brutally treated, and hung the day following, on September 22d. Both tliese incidents, especially the latter, embittered the popular feeling against the English. The American fortifications at Harlem were too stroncf to be stormed, and on October 12th Howe sought to re- ::«lii>Tf*"*?la- .-i. '■'*.!>■• «*'..". OLUTIO:^ Dm- fclie city ;ted by Put- 1 the evacua- avj' artillery le loss to the Howe's pur- ! mansion of jrammariiin, 3ellar of old ment for le- him so sue- hours '^cre Icliera. The once. Soou . the quarter ration could charged the lome of them ference had on one side >f Franklin, consider the lie to Phila- 1 been capt- Americans dej)endence Hale, a gen- ?g"e, entered od, brutally ember 22d. jittered tlie too stroi]^ »ught to re- TIIE LOSS OF NEW YOIIK CITY 243 peat the manoeuvre which had been so successful, send- in"" a body of troops by boats up the East lliver to out- tlauk them, Washington and his generals K„eamp. determined, therefore, to move across the v?^"*^ V',- ^''*^ Harlem onto the mamlaud, leavmg lor the control of the Hudson a strong garrison in Fort Wash- ington, which Greene considered impregnable. This was done, although with great hesitancy on the part of the commander-in-chief, and a fortified camp was established, extending thirteen miles along the Bronx Eiver to the village of White Plains, which commanded the land routes into the interior. Near this place the two armies met again on October 28th ; their numbers were about equal, thirteen thousand more or less on each side. The Americans t),^ ^^.^^^,^ ^^j stood on the dofensi\'e, and on the twenty- ^^ '"'*^ riuhis. ninth the English attacked. The first engagement was sharp but indecisive until Rail, with two German regi- ments, turned it to tne British advantage. The lat- ter, however, lost two hundred and thirty-one killed, wounded, and prisoners, the former one hundred and sixty. A severe thunder-storm supervened, and this, combined with the frowning ajopearance of the Ameri- can breastworks, which were thrown up with the butts of corn-stalks, a material unknown to the enemy, dis- couraged them in a repetition of their charge, and they waited two days for reinforcements. On Novem- ber 1st Washington retreated in good order, proceeding to New Castle which he entrenched, while Howe, by a sudden movement incomprehensible to his opponent, turned westward toward the river at Dobb's Ferry and then moved south. The American council of war was altogether misled, being convinced that the invaders wei-e to cross the river and then march northward. Accordingly, a body of X I ' ' ! " \ . /'^■A\. 1' ,« jv • Mts^m.. «>»■;:■"; r I 'I ^■1' -I .: 1 'r li 244 THE FRENCH war and the revolution troopers was sent over tlie river to reconnoitre, and four thousand men were stationed at Peekskill to guard the caiiture of Highlands, so as to prevent, if ijossiblo, the hiS)in)y'thc junction of Howe's army with that of Carlc- Bnti.h. ton from the north. AVhat was left of tlio main army followed to the west shore and turned south into New Jersey. The truth was that a traitor in Fort Washington had made plans of t)ie fortress and its out- works, and fled with them to the enemy. Their present movement was directed against that post, which liad hccn garrisoned with great loss of effective tightijig troops to the American army, and against Washington's bettor judgment. It was assaulted on Novembe?- IGtli, from three different directions ; the outlying forts were capt- ured, the entire body of defenders driven into the narrow compass of the place itself, and no alternative left for tiicm exce2)t yurreuder. The British lost three liundrcd and fifty Germans and live hundred English, killed and wounded in the storm. The American loss was twenty- seven hundred taken prisoners, a hundred and fifty killed and wounded, forty-three pieces of artillery, with small arms and stores. By this disaster Fort Lee was also rendered useless, as alone it could not command the wide river. It was therefore evacuated and in part dis- mantled. Greene was left near by to guard the rear, as Wasliin;^^- ton turned toward the Delaware. Able, generous, and „, . . brave as the lieutenant was, his -judgment Lad The Amon- ' '' . can army iu vei'v recently been proven altogether mconi- New Jersey. *' ^ -.i j.i - £ ^i i • mensurate with that of the commandcr-m- chief, and he had now another bitter lesson to learn he- fore he rijiened into the maturity wliich afterward characterized him. Every action in this campaign had thus far been disastrous to Washington, and yet his op- ponent bad been outgeneralled at every step. The river 1^ ■St m A'k I'OLUTION itre, and four to guard the IDOssiblc, the hat of Carlf- ,H left of tho turned Houth aitor in I'oit i and its out- Ilieir i)reseiit lieli liad b( en ;litbig troops igton's Letter '- IGtli, from ts were capt- to tlie narrow ative left for hree hundred sh, killed and i Avas twcuty- id fifty killed y, with sniiill Lee was also ommand the I in part dis- as ^Vaslli^f,^- enerous, and idgment had ether inconi- mmander-in- L to learn he- di afterward ampaign had d yet his op- D. The river THE LOSS OF NEW YOllK CITY 240 was not won, the struggle for its possession had l^een merely transferred to its U2)i)er waters, and the High- lands had. been rendered substantially impregnable. Th(.' winti'r was near, and Heave's last move for the season was to cross into New Jersey with hia Anglo-Cicrniaii army. His objective i)oint was Fort Lee, which he meant to fortify before withdrawing to the comforts and pleasures of New York for the inclement season and Kofrcat oi leaving to CornwalHs the task of securing the tiiw-ne. Delaware lliver. Accordingly, a reinforcement of live thousand men moved up the east side of the Hudson and crossed, with their artillery, about live miles north of the fort .vhere Greene was stationed on the precipitous rock- walls known as the Palisades. Never dreaming that the English would really come that way and drag their can- non by main force np trails almost perpendicular, he was taken completely by surprise, and tied with his force of two tliousand men, leaving cannon and tents behind. Fortunately he had presence of mind to send an ex- press to Washington, who was thus enabled by a forced march to secure the bridge across the Hackensack Eiver, to which the English were hastening, and thus cover Greene's retreat. This accumulation of successive disasters w^as produc- ing in many honest but dull people a most painful im- pression concerning the commander-in-chief. 5^,.^^^ „£ ^^ re-- The troops were utterly disheartened, and wi'ir 'irmy. as their short terms expired they daily left the camp in considerable numbers. Congress had culpably neglected to authorize long enlistment, that is, for three years or the war, as Wasliinglon repeatedly urged ; the militia had in the crisis shown little endurance or courage, and the army was finally so decimated as to make the retreat across New Jersey appear like a flight of stragglers. H ^1 Ih i 4 t V li i > I ■ ^,i 246 THE KIIKXCII WAR AND THE REVOLUTION In this (lespoi;ito plij^lit Loe began to diRpl/iy his true character. Imiiiocliutely after tho march bej^au ortlers Treacher ^^'^^'^ ^^^^ ^^^1' ^^^^ ^^ close in aucl join the ot churioH main column with hiH division. But he pro- crastinateil and loitered aimlessly behind, a})- l^arcntly seeking a chance lor soiue personal exploit whereby to distinguish himself and create a glaring con- trast to the humiliation of his captain. A second time ho was summoned, but with the same result, mid Wash- ington vainly waited live days at Newark before start- ing across the State for New Bininswick, Princeton, and Trenton, the line he had chosen for retreat. Lee's rep- utation had really reached alarming proportions ; men remembered his long experience in Europe, they appre- ciated the excellence of his plan for defending New York, his success at Charleston had not been dimin- ished as the news of it travelled on, and there was en- thusiasm for him in all the country round about. His self-sufficiency grew with each succeeding day, he re- fused obedience for weeks, and no doubt dreamed ei- ther of an independent command or of the foremost place, should tho general - in - chief meet with another reverse. Congress had at last roused itself to action. On the morrow of the reverses in New York, when it was just Con ^' re R 8 too late, they authorized long enlistments, i"mf;f euiVs^t^ ^^^'^ forwarded blank commissions to the luents. head -quarters of the army. In December, three weeks later, when dismay and panic bad over- whelmed the majority of the patriots, when Philadel- phia seemed lost, and they were on the eve them- selves of adjourning to Baltimore, they went further in the disj)lay of a supreme confidence in Washington, and temporarily invested him with the powers of a dic- tator. I' i i OLUTIOX play liis true ej^^au orders uul join the But ho pro- • boliiud, tip. oual exploit f,'laring con- second time , and AVabli- jefore start- iuccton, and Lee's rep- L'tions ; nieu tliey appre- inding New been dimiu- lere was eu- about. His day, lie re- clreamed ei- le foremost ith another Dn. On the it was just nlistments, pns to the December, had over- m Philadcl- eve them- nt further 7'ashington, I's of a dic- TIIE LOSS OF NEW YOllK CITY 247 I ■i ■3i In the interval the discredited and flying, biit orderly, remnant of the troops reached New Brunswick on No- vember 28th. They were marching through an unsym- pathctic country. After the close of the Stiiten Isslund conference Howe had issued a proclamation washint:. of amncht /, declaring that his GovcrnniLiit '"''L '"v'''"^ was willing to repeal the whole series of J'Tf-i'}'. odious acts ; ho now renewed it. Many in the neighbor- hood, unnerved by disaster, and feeling that resistance was hopeless, accepted his offers, even the olllcers of the State began to throw uj) their commissions and seek pardon. And in the very goal toward which the army was striving, there reigned an utter hoj^elcssness. Penn- sylvania had as yet no constitution, and her committee of safety was paralyzed. On November oOth the New Jersey and Maryland troops left for their homes, and the American effective force was reduced one-half. Lee still refused obedience. There was here and there a ray of light in this dark- ness. In response to messages from AVashington the New Jersey legislature began to take efli- mp nrmy ru- cient measures, and Congress issuod stirring ^"^^^I'^i^d. appeals to the citizens in and near Philadelphia, which awfikened a private enterprise nobly contrasted with the semi-official inefficiency. Schuyler sent seven Continen- tal regiments from the north which had yet a month to serve, and Washington left New Brunswick with a body of three thousand soldiers, just as Cornwallis was ar- riving from the north with a force of veteran troojis twice as strong. Princeton was reached on the night of December 1st. Twelve hundred Continentals, under Stirling, were left there to check the enemy's advance, if possible, and Washington, with the remaining eighteen hundred, and his stores, pushed on to Trenton. After a week of uncertain repose for the weary men, broken at \i i\-: ^, IMAGE EVALUATION TI:ST TARGET (MT-3) // ^ '■ ,^ ^o 1.0 1.1 ll^l ^•^ .^^ Va >^ ^.^■ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STMIT WIBSreR.N.Y. MSSO (716) •72-4503 r.S OF NEW YOHK CITY 249 fin unfordable river, with control of nil the boats on its waters. These weeks saw the turn of Lee's fortunes. In con- sequence of the peix'inptorv cominunils which finally im pc'lled him to a pjirtiul activity, he reluctnntly crossed the Hudson. But instead of follow- nn'd \y th. in^ his coniniaudcr he bc^^an to scheme with Gates, the adjutant-general, like himself a former F.ng- Ush officer, for the independent command not only of his own division, but of aU the American forces as far as the Highlands, that he might, if possible, secure to himself the glory of reconquering the Jerseys. Messengei-s were constantly coming and going with his secret correspond- ence. At last, on December 12th, he led his soldiers a few miles nearer the enemy, and himself pushed onward unattended to Baskingridge, expecting the arrival at that place of an agent from Gates. It was an inglorious fall which awaited him. He was surprised by a body of Eng- hsh riders w^hen alone in a farm-house writing treacher- ous letters, and carried captive to New York, where he was ignominiously imprisoned, and held for trial as a de- serter from the English army. His supposed importance gave great weight for a time to this capture, the patriots at large being still ignorant of his character and conduct. During his nie tmo char- captivity he repeatedly declared that he was '^^^^' opposed to independence, and gave his cai:)tors all the information he possessed which might be of value. On December 8th, Howe had unwisely sent into Rhode Isl- and a small expedition to occupy the important harbor of Newport. By an exploit of the Americans in July fol- lowing, which was strangely analogous to that of Lee's capture, Prescott, the English general, was taken prisoner in his head -quarters, and the British were reluctantly compelled to an exchange of these officers of equal rank. i; ' I 1' t! ^h I i! i ii' ii J:j 'I I, ^ I) III ri il 4 I k ; \ i i 1 i I i I \ f 250 THE FRKXCII WAU AND THE REVOLUTION So strong were the BiispicioiiH of treachery that Lee's career for the remainder of the war was overcast. He was for a time restored to command, but his disgraceful conduct at the battle of Monmouth revealod his true character. i.i^= i; CHAPTER XXL TRENTON AND PllINCETON— DECEMBER, 1776 Cougrcss Leaves Pliiladelpliia — The Winter Quarters of the Enu'lish on the Delaware — Washington's Phvn for a Surprise — Tlie IJut- tle of Trenton — Courage ai d Activity Revivtfd — Preparations to Assume the OfFenaive — The English March to Trenton — Camp on the Assanpink — Washington's Flank Movement — Battle of Princeton — The Americans at Morristown— The Del- aware and Hudson Safe — Plans for Reorganizing the Army — Thwarted by Localism — Timidity of the States — Americau Suc- cess Justiiied the Americau Revolt. There were delegates in Congress as undaunted aa Washington himself. Samuel Adams and a few others, suppoiied by good news of helj) from Eu- rope, even opposed the proposed migration leave" ^PhiUi- to Baltimorv'. Putnam was in command at "'* '^ Philadelphia, and compelled the co-operation in defen- sive measures of all except the Quakers, who refused " in person or by other assistance to join in carrying on the war," and were excused for their conscientious scru- ples. But the friends of the cause were, nevertheless, hard pressed to find good grounds for their determina- tion to stand, and the now famous but then somewhat threadbare epithet of Fabius Cunctator, which they ap- plied to sustain the waning reputation of Washington, was too often used in irony by his enemies. According- ly the Government abandoned Philadelphia. When Congress dispersed the outlook was certainly desperate ; Canada lost, New York, as fai* as the High- 'i 1 1 (> 1 1 i !i j ' ; ' j I' t !^' m^^ 2^2 IIK FIJKNCII WAII A\l> llli: lIKVOl.rTlOl^ IiimlH, Now JiM'Hov, nnd liOUji; Tsluiul — wliicli lirM Counpc- ticut ill chock — all in iindispnti'd liiilisli poHHOH.sion ; the Til.' wiiii.r '•^''I'i"^? roj^MiliUH uiidor Wusliin^d.oii would, li.'l I'.r.oiHii. ,'m <>•» Now-voiir'n-diiv, in) roducc«l in nuiid>or iiif iKiuwiuv. ^„ lil'lnn hundred, rv(>n when Hiron^'thcncd by tho nunrorccnioni un«h'r (liitcH and thi; ilivision ol' 1jO(«, now coiuni.'UKh'd by SulHvan. Th(^ ICu^UkIi were ranjjjin}^ iii will on iho oast l)ank of tho Dolawjiro. coniin;^' oftou within a fow niiloH of IMiiliuh'lphia. Thoy wore, njoroovor, in fidl possession of tho facts, and fooling their best policy to l)o from Corvell's Ferry to ]5ristol, and wore commanded at various points by Stirling, Mercer, Stephen, Fermoy, Ewing, and Cadwalader. Tlio river was swollen and full of ninning ice. Ac- cording to tho reports of English spies Washington's men had neither shoes, stockings, nor blankets, ton's plan for and woro dying of cold and starvation. Grant a Kiirpnw?. informed Donop that the American general knew how weak both Princeton and Trenton were, adding that be must be on his guard against an attack, although Vfc lit TI5i:\T()N ANI> IMMNCKTOX 2:>3 it waH iinju'olmblo Muit one %v()iilim)]) virtually \\n enfeebled men, for I'utnani woidd not weaken hia i;iirrison. On the afternoon of (MiristinaH-day the avaihibht forro, two thousand four lunidred in ninnber, Hct out for Ahic- ki»nk<'y'H Ferry, nine miles up the river from r,.,„, ,,,|,,,,. ^^^ Trenton, where the boats were all in readi- 'I'l'iiion. ness. At twili^dit the boats were manned, ehietly by sailors from jMarbleliead, and the troops bej^an to em- bark. The nif^'bt was eold and clear, witb bri;^ht inooii- lij^dit until eleven o'clock when snow bejjjan to fall. 'J'he sky was soon overcast, and toward the end the dan<^erou.s crossinjif was made mon* horrid by utter darkness. As the march toward Trenton proceeded, Hleet and rain be- ;.'an to fall in place of snow, so that the heavy soil of the roads was turned to sticky mud, makinj^' the advance (liHicult and addinjjf further dan«]fer to the adv( nture. The Hessians bad once been alarmed durinfjf tlu! nij^ht, hut when the city was n^achcd and the attack (!ommenced tlioy were in the heavy sleep of the early niornin|" ||m< jT)M MMOU •"^ritpi'il of (lie H"i<, fJi'V I'lll I'i'll \\t'H> Itllltil mill Mint' IiukiIm'-I (tii wnp miikIi' |ti i'jMmiti. »»f uhnm H«>\« riiilil ut H' WMiimlt'il. Amimii|i |Ih>*)||i( «nrh \\*\i* (\mIvi' IiimiiIm'iI xniitti miimm iiii'I mix lli'lil |»i»'i'i'«. Tlit'to \M'H> Iwti Niut'iitMinH Idllnl, Imn «oun nM)»«M'l nf ulViiiiM wtm rliMU",'''! riio ll\iii(',. tliM|u'iir<«'tn'i| ( 'itiiliiHiilttlM urU' nit\\ h Jin'^I'Mtni'tl inin im iMiMniHiiiHl ir. well • 'i«VfV> • I'll) • J I I ,■%< t ill n.MMMvit' Uppninloil. Miiil nl|t«nHlV(> Inn'o. n noiilHMM )''iil d' IIh' MIiiIp l»('(Min Im rtillttl nj ll;t<'K»'H4!h'l\ nnti MiMiiHloun, 1^llil^» r»'inl'»»rn'inriiln «"n\io np Iron* PhilMtlclpli' ''iMirMfH' nii^ rrMlmi'tl, iiinl r(»n«:ro4M fell II\mI if llioir •■y c mIjII ii. Ii{i|iliii}r (>|iiMir. nntI llu'ir prnmiMrH nl ho'uo ('onl.l 1m> \xoyi. '\'\\o tuilorriilit' |> \\ !»-i1un«:<in \\.\\i imonv W III II. < iiriM IovmIih^ \\ill\o\if iiumi or nioiiov wsim n iiiniiiir«| (Ijjvnily. 'V\\o ;\\v \V!is» full of ]n"oiniM(»M Irn niillioiiH lo Im> lionowcti \\\ V'v.iniN' !il M\\ yov o«M\l.. \\\o niilli«MiM inor(> of ( 'onliinn l;vl p>|>tM lo ho for«'(Ml on {\\o poopio l»nl in lln' inrnn- wllilo llwM'O \\;|s ;) «|«^Hp(M;ll «* 0HI01>:\1um*o\m|]i lo nuM^I il. In II>om<> HlinilM lli<» ooniiiiiiinlrr ill ii'.n;<' M il.^l r:o i >f \\\H own forluiip. niul oIIumh. nuion-; IIumu .lolni SI;vrU. of Now HiiinpNliiro. followed {]\o 'n:1on in Hum (Alron\ily wjih KoImm'I Mt>rris. wlio livst ooll(VM<\l ;\n\on}V \\\» frioudM \\\o lnin»lr«Ml (lolliirs in ooni. ;in>l i\ iow «l;»ys lrilus:\iul dollars in I'tiab iit I I Inri THiNTiri f\'iu I'ltrNcKTor^ 2r,n It llf (lll> IP l.llllll • I i'JMiMi 'I, IIh' t ii|>l I llll'l 11 V If'l, If'IM (lir lMi;li| IViiitM \\\\» IiiIm \\<|, (Mill rimnc*' in l» f»iiTi|',n »i\iiHrH ni M liiiMlilv iiii(>vli») lolliirH in lousr in- \ I'jisb at Mil' «UH|n»Hfil ftf (Im» |fr>riMMl in flii'f, n «iifri rnor^ f»r^rl'niH III IIimI mum* III IJuiii l^ii lim^H Mm* moni y in homki Iimh nri(cnl hoiii. Afl «|Mit'|<|y flH |l(lMHilt|f> Ill(> I'lllfrliMlt fUl'l Wl'HHiliU fovriH u«'i«' «'Ml|»'rl«'(| fif. I'l in<'»'(«in. iinfil m« IIowit of flm t'tti.ntn MiMiv. vvi'io fln'in UHMiniiilrd. ('ninwMlIni in J,','/,','", ,*|,'„ ",1 "liMmiiy li(i.Hl«n«'«l frnin N«'W V'tilt \n U\\(t> '•""•»" ('ommiinil. Iniivini^ Imm mniJH lihoiti'l l!t(> Hliip nn wliirli Im> IkhI ImIu'Ii |hihm»i{M' for lifindon. ( jMlwiiJri'lM' rroMHrrl rmm Ilii«(ii| iiimI o«'rii|»ii>(| lliii lin(^fon for Urn ArnMi DiiiH. 'I'lm Now .l«'iH«'V JciOHJiif iiiM ronvonod |,f» |irornolnliMrm(>nl.H, und Mi»< I'lMHlrrn K'(m- nirnlM. uliuHn li'i'iiiH i>x|>in><| on |)rr-((>r JMhI.. wmo in- • Iik'imMo romiiin for Mix wiritH lon|/i, WdHJiinjdon whh n^jdin on tlio loff, \tnuU of llin holiiwiiro. Ah ln-foro, ho liinl duiinUoHH r-onrnt^o iiikI II wojl iMiilnroil plMn, Itiil, lin wim now Of|iii|i|)rd riH iiovor Iiofnio. 'I'lioro wiiM liojto in fill lioartH ; iwo f,lif»n- MfMKJ of liiM moil who IiimI homi hrird lifdifinf^ ruid |trivu- litin worn in ii, hoiiho vofonuiH, and iho ihroo fhoiiH'ind voliinlooiH who hud ooiiMt in from iho noi{rhl»f»rhood nrid from l'liilnilol|ihi»i„ w«'ro willini^^ and Hf.ron(^ lJnff»rtii- ludoly niiiiiy of Ihh HoMioiH had lournotl Mki IfoHHJfin vir-oH, mid il rot|iiirod Hliiii'^onf. roMlri<'l.ion io |irovont, iho |»il- l.'i;r«« of fiirniH, iiiidor |irolo\|, Ihnt. Iho ownorH worc! 'I'orioH. Such wiiH Mio lirKlonoHH (tf Iho popiilaoo \,\\id, aflor flio, fiini of fill'iiiH, Honrooly ii fiirnior would HVf)W unv Hyrri- |)!illiy f(!;iiliir Iml i:iilliti;r liio of iiIIiuhh HIkI lli'lil inhllri V «'i»iin'(ilril Itrliiiul f« ih in. 1 1)1' I'lni'lUli ' IK i» I .• h 111 Irrrsi. «tr mIIut (hiiImihIi. H wiih loin in IIm' 'I'll'ttlHII ^ , , .■ 1 1 1 I » urtrnioon wlioii liny ronlioiilrd llir Am (M'iciiii nMir^riiMriJ. wlinli \\ MMliin>:^l(tn liiiiiHrif toiii niiiiMJi'il. 'rin» AHHMiipiiili ( 'n'i'k is u ntiinidcniMr liilt- nliiiy ««f ilio l>« Invm Niniiiim A«-„n,m,U .,„,! ,,„ ji,,, |,„„|. ,,,. ||„, I,,,.,,,,.,. „ loililir.j <';ini|v liilo (liiM llu» CniiliiMMilnlH ujIImIu'W, HJuuly mikI in fjooil oitJiM'. willi nn ii)>|»fii(-nl Hrll-roiirnlriirr xNJiirli HOiMniMMo iiifonn ('ornwiilliM liml lliry ninrly ilrrlinrd Ixilllo now l»» iiwiiil M. liiirr niiil iiiori' I'livoniMi* iiiHliml ; IhiH improHsion wiiH Hlion«:;HMMirtl liy nnlxokcn liilior in tlio Iioiu'Ih'h. hh if llio iiioniin;!: wmiM Im» llir rliosm hour. 'rii«» ( JiMiiiMiiH Mini Miijilisli MivonJin^rlv "«l inrHHriifurrH \\«>r(> hi'IiI \n rnll in hvu of \\\o (lirco rr};iiiioiilH nl PiiiuM'lon. and l\\v l>ri}puh» from M:iin<* rli'.'irt^r in Iho lliickrniii^!; fjlooni. Ilioso of ri'',lilnrNH \V rt f> '.( ) n c- , . , ^ • , , , . ■ I , • 1 lon« ll;n\k Wlurll fllllod lo JiroUHO HnsiMCIOII. l\\ niKl- iiijj:Iu InonMVMH ]M'rf«MM «inirt. Aiiioiifjf ( (»rii- wnllis's mon il wmn iho h\\\\\\vhh of foiiruh^nt rr])OH(». in Wasbinjilon's o.'vmji all wovo >V!il\<^fnl an«l ali'il. 'I'lio mild woatluM' of iho ]^r(H'»Mlin}* day liad Ixmmi followed 1)V rt sharp, liard fn>sl. wliicli <'lian^x«'d llio roads from mnd io sltmy hnninioolvs. In tlu' small hours a {^unard was tt>ld olY lo oonlinm^ tho riiso by kor])iiur Iho wai<'h fires oloar. Tho onliro romaintltM". artillny inclndod, set si- lently forth by a roundabout road behind the Assani)inli for an eij::htocu-nulc inareli io Princeton, \vliieli they saw iu the early moruiujj ou its bill-top, distant about a mile. i i TiiiA'Tnv wi> i'i:TV('rro?i t>n7 Til" two r_v •1"' m III! roiid i»i- l»in;fH lii;^li\v/i_y to 'JUnton. Oiin li:it| jiitil. |iimM«(| llii' lirnl;Mi over Slony itfiiii- <>t I • rooU when M oii. II !' \\ • ( »ii « il lici' HJth' wrr»« 1\\(» licltl |»ir(!rH, wliirh liciti liiiii'lirij l<('|it. ii|i )i (*f>MHliilil. iin . 'rii«f (■uiilioiiiKJiii;^ re- rulli'il \Viisliiii;^l*i)i, wlio li.'i'j |iiimm(*<| oii to tli(; Hotilli, niir')r(> liiutlriMMJ willi liin uiiii roiiiriiii (o Wa- hc(\ 10 of nuillici, Iml. Ion,/ Im-Ioio liis lurivul ilu! iiiinforro niitiiM I'roni Mm* Anicriciiri line liiid iurnrd tlic Ud(! iij^uinHt, till* lc:iil('HM init. Hciil.l.nv'd |'»mi. 'l\\(t Mn^dinli rcfnnifnfH n't'oi'MMMl iti i\w lovvn itwilf, Imt wcro diHpcrHcd l)V flic; I'lKf of «')uiiion pltitilcd hikI Hcrvcd l>y Uic, towns|>('0|il(>. Al. Iiisl, nil (liiro nnfiniciilM wen; dcrii()iJiliz»;d and ran, l('!ivinf tlio vollcy- iii^ foe, Ik; ("sciipfil unluirt ; tin; otli(;r Anuai- cim oH'kum-h ('iLuljitcd liJH ('XJi?ii)»1o, and many f^'allunt f^oii- tlciiuMi, anionic tlirni lfii;^d» MiTcor, nsniaincd on tlio licld. Tlio l(>Ht(;H from tlu; ra/dcH woro Klij.,dit. (.'oni- walliM, with liiH iinbitii U dilatorinoMH, n^aduMl ono end of tlio village; Htn'<'t ;i^ liis triiiniplnuit (siiomy was Icavinjjf th(! otluu- to dcHtroy tlio 10n;.(lisli HtoroH at New {JruriH- wick. ]3ut tim American trooi)^« woro too hattlc-worn for tho taHk, and accordinj^dy Wasliiu^'tuii turned iiorthward ^ ■)» M I,' i H t'n " ti I! *->nH MM' I IM Nt'M WWf AMU I III' IM \ Ml I MmK/ (•t ||ii< Itifili f'liMMliI llivii f^lmt inliin II. uImiM* Im> i>M|«ilt li'llinl ||i(ni •MJitlllltllll'll lilllXI flltlM /\lM l>iM •uitintil Im HirxiHiMi Mnil uimI in INIki n>i|iiu n m|||i|i| t|t<>i lltlU-lf tt tilV'in III 1*1 ini-i'luii •'lifiii|i)>i| Iho |im|iii iMVtil(i>iM>i| Im IIi'H oI I'mmiIom inlo liin(ii«tt Tim .Ii'Imi^m ui'H' i»' I'lltrii . l»tiHi M iiiloMii mill I t( u«Mtil«< «n. '.MMHhi.l I '»'• li»ltll li'-Mlll nl \\\t* IIimI cillMlitlti'll Im II \Ml|«ll|<|«l>.| lIMil IIIIIIM'HMIM r>|||;| iimlli (Mi'l NiM\ MiuiiMu ii'h iMi lli.''iiMilli I'Imim^ Im on Aimii i't»M MimI HliMt' U'I'IHi'I (III III lltl>tl iMirllM NiMV l''.ll|> llllnl. Ol> Ml.lilliV (III' l II M|m|i«M \ fll'l* IIIMlill 'I'll!' Si\(.Mti'in I.M.'i'i ui'n» •iniintilril miil ii|, Wimli mo.f .»n I \\ .M 111 \\.<.i'il liiiriiMx i>p|«ir»'itili>tl Itv (lio lr"»i»| \\luli' III iM>ll l\|'i« «||iin|»li('Iil. Iiillnil iiinii rtn«< (ooK mhiiio iIiiv (li'iti('i> I'luil.Mi in.>\<'sl\Mo f1m( HunnKiunMniHiy xvilli IIh>m«' « Non< «, .\nvn\|^ «!otv»l«>H in Conrn^n^ ooniMnninfr roinl'oroo- tuoul'* t.- fl\f^ !\\nn, rt Hpivil ho nintiU tin. I t'onli'inpliMo i»h«>nM \\r\\c :<«M\ ;>'« («> rn«'onr!U'-<» Iho inhodntMinn of n iV"*.^ln<\>>n \n«hnolit\>t W.'VMnnt'lon nol onlv lo «mhI» Hip on<''!n> h\\\ tiV^nnihUrtlo hin\ ^rfon^ lio oonM l»(>N(irn)vHi » n«\V rh«' r»\s\il( wa* rtohinlh p!«H«Ov*. ^v m n\;iir.?> III fti |iImmIi«>i iif lliiii v'-'ir »» MiififMlM'*' 'if t 'i,ii'/ri t'M liirl vi'iil' 'I Mm AiiiMK'fMi rtini|i xn lln' lliiil« mi, t/i ri'illi' r • iinri'l Willi Witnltihj'l'ih hIimiiI, I lir «)||Oiiii/ii llMli Mini l"|tM|lllll III of n M'M|)I ( ImM<< f«(M#» •„,,.',',','",)„]' I !, I HtUtt hlli"l l)i I filly nil iiM |iii|Mii l-iiil, M will 'I lii>y ii|«iii»l. iifli I II ( iiiiinilliihiiii jiMihiMli'l liy rJiiMliiii," lo* iil mli'M'tlM. Ilitil llio Mli»|i>i mImmiIiI fiiMiiiili ii(/|ily Hum ImiI IdliMi I MfvMi liiliiilriol iMnl lifl Y Mil n I ii« li, III iiiiiiil)i I III I mhIiIIi; |m |im|imIi|||m|| llUlj VVI'llllll , MlllllilM lllllU I.I >l jiirill n|i|ii>lllllllMllM , lull. lllI'V. lll'<'»u^i». |iiil»lii' lMni|»Mr. II w iti licliMVMiJ IIimI iiiMny wm«' liohlinj^ ItMi'li in Him Iio|>m of inrrMUHMiJ lioiinliMn from Sliili", i-oimly, or l(»\viiMlii|iM. MM Him muhm inii^lil. Iim. mimI, rohlrHiy liolli fo \\ iiMliiniJ^ton'M (JMMirMH Mild Him |iiilili<' |iolii'y, houim of Him SImImm iliij iiii'irii.!r«rml>»r (loiii'ii liiil MuHiori/Mij IliM niiiiiiniiilrr in rJuMf lo ni,iH(! n Hpcciul Im\ V wliirli HJiniiM Im' iimlrr \\\h own ijiii'dion : kImIimi iMianlrv Imll ilioiiM, Hit mm Hilill'iy imimiiimiiIh, HiMii! Hi'm- 1*^ I 1 ■ 1 It' 1 , • , ' 1 ' 'l-'i ' fj , "1,1 f'l I I i « . ^^i:^:'^! i » ! 200 Tin: FiiKN'cii waii and thk hevolution saiul )v^ht horse, and an engineer corps. For six montlis all promotions under the rank of brigadier were to be in hU iiauds. In spite of all hindrances the enlistments uuide some advance, old officers received encoiu'agement by promotion, and new ones were appointed. Stirling, Miilliu, St. Clair, Stephen, and Lincoln were made major- genernls, tliough Benedict Arnold was passed by ; a num- ber received commissions as brigadiers, but the name of Stark was omitted from the list. For a time the English refused an equitable inter- cliange of prisoners, claiming that their enemies were Timidity of I'^bels. They, however,, had some five thou- tho stated, gaud captivcs, many of whom they maltreated shamefully, and the Americans had three thousand, so that circumstances compelled an unwilling compliance by Lord Hov.'O v/ith the ordinary rules then in vogue for civilized war. Congress had the best will to create a navy, and a committee drew up a pompous scheme for twenty men-of-war to protect American commerce. But their plan outran their means, and it was by privateers- mon th;it three hundred and fifty English vessels, valued with their cargoes, at about ^5,000,000, were captured during the first year of the war. The pernicious work of ths times was the continuous issue of paper money, not only by the re})re3?.ntatiYes of the union but by the States as well. Busy with drawing up written constitu- tions which declared virtual indejoendence of the union by assuming the monopoly of taxation, they yet feared, in the uncertain loyalty of so many of their inhabitants, to jeopardize their very existence by actually exercising the power of the purse, A dispassionate review of the year 177G seems to jus- tify two i^enoralizition.s : first, that in spite of inconsist- ency, feebleness, and jealousy as to the details of finance and administration, both union and independence in ', 1 ii i ik. ^, i' !» HI TION months to be in istments agement Stirling, e major- ; a num- name of >le inter- lies were ive thou- altreated iisand, so >mplianoe vogue for create a ilieme for rce. But trivateers- jls, valued captured ious work er money, but l)v the I. constitu- the union ret feared, ihabitants, exercising TUENTOX A XI) PllIXCKTON 201 some form were rendered more secure b}' the very vacil- lations of public opinion, and that in the uncertainty of military operations they might have been jeop- Amo r i c a n ardizeil by a higher hand in Congress. Sec- Ju"i't"ii,'^AlIu!p'. ond, that the matchless strategy of Washing- '*^^"" "'^■^"'^• ton, aided by exL'ellent generals, could, with the more permaneut army and growing contidence which another year would have supplied, have in the end overmatched any land force England was able to trans^^ort to America. If these conclusions be true, the American cause was in- debted to the outside aid, which appears in the next phase of the war, not for ultimate but for speedier suc- cess than it would otherwise have attained. Posteritv t.' must express a profound and hearty gratitude for the good-will and the assistance of foreign nations and in- dividuals, but impartial history repudiates the claim, so often made in recent vears, that the United States owes its independence entirely to the intervention of strangers. I fi, 'M f ' I "tl ms to jus- inconsist- 1 of finance jndeuce in it! 4 m If Hi w . r nrAXIMJTON AND 1111; nil ANHYWINK ~ .lANl'AHV SKP- 'n:Mm;w i;;r S,>.Mo( \ssisl!>n.M> fi.>in I'limt'c l-'iMnkliu in Vn\\f* I'lciifli NUliin l.MMs l.jiiavctt.' !in.l hi' Kalb Sii.m'css of I'vimKlin's Nccniia lions — iMifU^i'xl anil ll(.> r.iinm« ranipMit;!! IsxptMlilioii of lli.> llowcs !>i;;!i>ist riiiliiil.'lpliiii Pn'MniiiiiH v IMuvi'Iih'iiIm in New .lt>is(>v Nchnvlcr anil (Jalcs in tin* N»>r)l» hunlmrv ami Sk^ Uailior HnriAovn.' TakcH 'rift^inlfro^a Indian UailiarKifs- ln.ioaH<' of S, linvlcr's Kon'o Vo\{ Staiwvix Tlio I'iglil n(, Oviskany Siaik a1 llcnninulon 'l'ln> l'',ni;lisli Dt'lValfd (irn oral Howo at Mlkton \Vasliinn(ot\'H Arniv 'ri\<' Uatllt' mi (lio Hra»\tlv\vino- Loss of riiihiilolpliia Tluj lln^lish atlJcinian- (ow n. Tin: polilit's oi iho l'\'inuly (\Mn|>;i('< Ix^Iwimmj l^'uneo jiiui S[>;iin h;ul in;ul(* (^sH<>nnn(M' ooultl }H'Hv(»lv pnrlioinalt* ariiitiHt, sist.ino.' (i»in l"'n<^viMn«l ill Iho Xmovxctxn \V!n', TIk^ Hnhsidic^H li;ul boon g\\on ami Mrrnn^iMncniM miuN* for s\ip]>lyino- numitions irom tho ^•ovtM'imu'nt aiHcnalH of Franco (hrou^^li oomvalod obannols. Coiij^n^Ns had ro- qnosti^l Arlliiir Loo, a Viri^inian r<'siiloi\t in London, lo oolloot information, and oarlv in 177(» it Honi oni SilaH Doano as an a^onf. Tl\o (ornior had booonio intinialo with ]?«\inn\aroliais, wlio w.as also in London as an irro}^- ular ajiont of Franoo. anil bv his intcM'niodiation tlio lirst snbsidy of two million livros nvu'hod Aniorioa. 'J'ho groat oomo«lian tradoti nnilor tho liotitions stylo of l\odri':;uos. Hortah^s v*^ (\>.. ami ox]>ootin«:^ payinont, in colonial wares, scut, to the Uuitod States one hundred ^il i i MKNNfNnTON ANI>'nn: illlAM»V\VINK L'C'I caTiTion, ffnir Mioiiflfind IciiIm, rl«>lliin(/ f(ir iliirfy IIi'MI- Hfinil iiirti, fiml iiniiH of nil kiixlM. Aiiothrr nliiiH wnn Diinitiil, Mint \iy wliicli Im> wmm litiown iii lliivic in l>f<- 4M>nilM>r of tlio HHiiM* ,>•'"■•'. wliilo i«'lu'iiiHin{^( in Mir lowu MhmiI.I'o IiIh own ronirdirH. hrunc, with Mut licMf. infcn- iioMM, involvctj liiM coiinlrv in (MkIIcmh (Jiniiiilly, wliiin M(>('niin<^r iiIho Mk' nioHi ))r(><'iouH aHHiHliuicr. ('uMin;^ llio Iiir;^<'Hl* inlorprrldiioii on liin |>ow('rH Im> cntct-fwl npoii Mio iiiost «»\l.ni\(V{((int iH'f^oliHljonH. jManfcd roniiiiJHMionH of Mio lii;(lHHl, iMiik io voliinf.i'rr oMicrrH, arnl wlim liimjly Ijpo r<')i('lm»l l''nin(*(^ Mm l.wo Jo{f<>MM'r. ai(I«!«l by lionutnnr- rliiiiM. HcrioiiHly nidaiifjrrrd ilio (^M)od iiaino of ( 'on|MCHH l)V M M'ir IflHlUH^MH Ti fill I tin III I'lir.B. Tlir Hrcirti prrparalionH of Mm ra))irMii(, flio iwdion uaw licroniin'^ irn- piiliinl. Tlio ardnii yonlli hi^.w iinfjor Mmi i(>-\i (d' Mio l)«M*lara(ion ili(> prin^'iplcH of Mu) pnMlominant P'rcticli ])liiloHopliy, and wcro f>tily Mm nioi'p onMuiHiaHlic, an Mi«cmin^ ffom L(>wiH XVI. Wio nToffnJIion of in- dcpcndcncH*. F'ludilin Hailrd on Mio JJcpriKuI, Mio (iiHt. American national li^htinf^-Hliip, and nftor an rvrrdfiil voya^i"!, diirini^ which H('V(!ral JOrif^diHli nm ('hajittnc!! wcio captiiiVMl, arrived in I'arJH on J)('c«'nilM'r '2lKt, just in tiiim to avail hinmclf of the cnrrnnt of ]>opn!ar HcntiiiKnt then H(>ttin{4 ho Ktroiifjjly a^^aitiHt i]\o, a])parcrHoriul rcpu- tatiini, for Im hccamo immodiatcly nnd lit(irally Mic most popular man in I'Vanco. Kcpnblican comfort and nim- plicity. combinod witl\ Ix^iK^volctn^o and intellect, aw r'X- empliliod in tlio quiot iiouHo at I'asHy wLor(3 ho livoiH. Mic l>nK»' ('lt!iiloM-|*'rnm'iH do Un»<;li(' jnoH«Mdo«l <<> l>«'nnrn uoHco. on NovimmImm' r»1li. li.n,)\v.>!- ^1"' Htnon do Kall>. wim ilio«i}j:li u rniHMidti Mnl.MTs. |,^, l,j,.^l, ],;,,! ],,„jr l,oon ji, (],,, l''|(Hull M(M' \i<'<\ Idniu;; I'on^Lvl)! ;it K<>MMl>:n'h and Horfvon ivnd nolrd an ajAoni for ('lioiH«Md in a voytuvo of i]\(|niry lo Antnifa m 1T(»'\ ISovl d.'iy Oc^ K;»ll) Mppoannl ai I>onn<>'H lionwo \m11j lhr(^<^ frirnds Mnilod lo «>nlist. t1uM)isM<^ fri(Muls. !>(» Kill!) Mnd lj«fMyo<<<' ixMHisiod .'ind < Ml- {oro<\ into a dolinit(» onjj!ifr<'nnMd in FoliruMiv. 1777. It w.is i\{ iho iA\t\r>xo of i\\o l;dl4n' ilial i}\v nocrvi osy.O' diiion wliit'li horo ihowx roiniM(^H to indilVf II 10 f^om^r.'vl st;ilV. His nanu^ vns d(^sassionat«^ in ihcnr \o\o of U'oo- diMU and lavish of thoir prooions sorvioos, or to th<^ omIiu, jutiioious Slouhon, who in tlio lionr of dos]>air ])ration of liojn^ and stronj^tli. ])<* Kalb was at tirst tho a.^ront of W^ Hr<\ulio in liis ohinuM'ioal sobonio to sn]>]>lant W)ishinp,ton and hooonio a WilHjnn of (>rani;o for tho Unit(Hl Statos. liatcn* bo aban«lon(nl any bo]->o o' suocoss. but io tho last tho Aniorioan oftioora distrusted bini. Hits oorrospoudcuco was so largo aud lIKNNrN'fJ TON A\I» I'lli; I'.IJANIJVW'INF, 'J(»r» (MtnHniH»iiH timi IIh'V IVIl, i( imiHi Iihvp hoiup Hfrrci (11(1. 'riirr(> ollirr vrMM«>lM pill to m«'M willi hImith, (UmI Iavo of Hicm Mniv«Ml Hiilt ly ; llir lliinl wiiM ((iiilmctl, I'or l>^v tliiH liiiip l'',n;flMiiiIh, UM fill" H^ Mn« I'^ciirli |H»li( V (if (l('l)iv Would |i(-niiil.. ninl primlf'tMH \vrr(< mIko p(>rmili('<| |o itDI, I'lfiiiklin iumI liJM fcllow-cominiHMioiicrH Im"{^'iiii IJuir lnlmi' ol' nrjfolia- jiou imiiMMliiiicIv, mikI wliilo llir (ripiiililc «li|iloiii(i,('v of I*'r,'mc(\ S|)M.in, Jiiid Hip I'liilcfl SlairH Hccriu'd l<» Jiiovo slowly, }•«'(, it. n|)|»ojinMl n'riiiiii Unit, vviir with Miifdund w<»nld Iio dr('l!U'«'iiliiH«nluI powciH not liil(r tlwiM 177H. 'rhii'tcjMi y(\'irH had clapM-tl Hiiirc jhc liiiniilialiTift trraiy of 17(IM, a,nd, if they wcro lo Kcciirc tlH'ir rpv<>iij^<', loii;r(>r poHtpoMciiicnt wan iiii|»oHHil»I(>. l<'arly four tlioiiH»innnaiiv, and tlirco (lioiiHand nu^ii wcni . , , iMU'IlU'M (111(1 (Milistcd fiom tl»(> 'J'oricH and rcuu'Tit iinmi- Mic < <.iii ihk ... , r'iiiiimif;ii. }j[rantH in Anionca. navajjjo l)aiHlH wrrr or- f';!ini/,(Ml for work on llio froiiti(>r, j)arti('nlMrly to Hie north. Parlianiont HUHpond<'d tho writ of liahcaH (•or[)UH an to j>riHonn to ond tho war tho coining siimnior; Lord Cloorgc CJermaiii refused, aud went the reiuforccuioiits to 11' I I ■ , I. * 1 i 1 ■ i 1 i'i' ' ' ' . 1 i 1 : 1 ; •> 1 t ! 200 THE FKEXCII WAR AND TIIK IIEVOLUTION Cai'leton, that Burgoyne and he might have better suc- cess with an expeditiou from the north than the Howes had had in the previous year at Boston and New York. The indignant brothers recalled the troops from New- port, in Rhode Island, determined to combine their sea Expedition o-od land forces, evacuate New Jersey, and a^^iiust'pwk- proceed by sea against Philadelphia, whith- deiphia. gj. Congress had returned in March, 1777. They opened the campaign in June by a feint, massing all their force of seventeen thousand men at New Bruns- wick as if about to cut off Sullivan's division at Princeton and set out once more across the Delaware. Sir Henry Clinton was to remain in New York and hold the atten- tion of Washington until tlie two moves were made by Burgoyne and Howe. Washington's effective force in March was three thou- sand strong. The enlistments had been so slow that the 'O* average number in the battalions was two hun- moveinuuts^^ drcd and fifty, instead of seven hundred and ew ersey. ^^ij^ In Massachusetts and elsewhere resoii was had to a forced levy which included many negroes, and before the campaign opened he had four thousand more — raw troops for the most part. The army was divided into forty -three regiments, ten brigades, five divisions. With this force he moved from Morris- town to Middlebrook, nine miles from New Brunswick. Howe vainly strove to turn his left, or bring him to bat- tle on the lowlands, and on July 5th embarked for Phil- adelphia. Putnam was appointed to defend the High- land posts, where it was not only possible but probable that the English forces of Burgoyne and Howe would seek to join, and thus at last secure the Hudson. He was to have eight of the fifteen Massachusetts battal- ions. 1^:^ LTION" jtter suc- le Howes Lud New om New- tbeir sea sev, and 1, wliith- h, 1777. massing w Bruus- rinceton ir Henry he atten- made by i*ee tliou- that the two hun- dred and (re resort negroes, thousand rmy was ides, five Morris- unswiek. Q to bat- for Phil- 16 High- probable ve would 3on. He ,s battal- BEXNINCITOX AND TIIK JJKANDYWINK 2G7 The department of the North, comprising Stanwix, Ti- conderoga, and Albany, had so far remained under the command o f Schuyler, who for various rea- f ii.1 • 1* • \-iX 1 • • Schuyler sons lelt himsell justiaed in a severe arraign- mui (Juiih iu men t of Congress. In Ajiril, Gates, who knew how to win the favor of the legislators, was sent to re- place him. After a thorough examination of the circum- stances. Congress, by a majority of one, reinstated Schuy- ler for his splendid seiTices to the cause. Good work had been done in the interval. Ticonderoga was rein- forced by militia and new levies from Massachusetts. The two men were left, however, in an indefinite relation to each other, which bred a serious quarrel, and thus fermented at last a peevish local jealousy between demo- cratic New England and aristocratic New York. After the necessary evacuation of Ticonderoga and the with- drawal of the forces under Schuyler to Fort Edward, the public wad a second time moved to unjustifiable censure of his conduct, and on August 1st he was formally su- perseded by ih '^ arch-schemer, Horatio Gates. While these precautions were carefully taken, two mi- nor successes gave a cheerful opening to the year. Try- on had debarked two thousand of his Long Island royalists at Danbury, in Connecticut, ami sag Uur- and destroved the American stores collected there. Arnold avenged the loss by a successful attack in which the English lost two hundred men. Still further reparation was obtained in May by the feat of Colonel Meigs, who destroyed at Sag Harbor, on Long Island, a large magazine of English supplies, took ninety prisoners, and burned eleven ships. The latter officer received a sword from Congress in recognition of his daring, and the former was at last rewarded by the tardy honor of pro- motion to the rank of major-general. Burgoyne reached Canada early in May, and in virtue I b1 til Ml i , i^ I -J . ?. ' ' * ' 1 . * * J 1 ,ll 1 ?w ■ .' I!) i f 1 ''j 1 ! i 1 i ».i 2C8 TIIK FRKNCII WAR AND TIIK RKVOLTITION of his conimisHion aaHunied the chief command. T?y tho middle of June liis force vas fully equipped and the march be^ifan. Ctmferences were held on tho take;* Ticou- waj witli tho Indians, and proclamations com- pounded of threats and exhortations were is- sued to the Americans. On the tirst of July ho reached Ticonderoga, and by the erection of a battery at Fort Defiance, on tho neighborinjjf hill, dislodged St. Clair and the garrison of some three thousand men, destroying all the boats and stores. To secure his communications ho left in the famous fort a body of troops so largo that it weakened his invading army inmecessaiily. Tho Ameri- cans wisely withdrew from one post to another, until a stand could reasonably be made south of the wilderness, with tho help of the militia which Schuyler was gather- ing in from the immediate neighborhood and the other reinforcements which "wero sent mainly by New England for Lincoln's command, and by George Clinton, now gov- ernor of the State. Some of these, Morgan's band of five hundred rangers, for instance, wore oven sent by Wash- ington. Tho Indian allies of Burgoyne gave free play to their native brutality, murdered tho helpless, and committed ludian bar- namoloss barbarities. Outrages like that biirities. wliicli mado tho innocent and tinistful Jane McCroa, who, though affianced to a lieutenant in tho English army, was tho sister of an Albany Whig, tho heroine of tradition, were of far-reaching consequence in rousing tho surrounding farmers to action, and feeding the fires of patriotism. Burgoyne's own feelings of hu- manity were outraged, but he dared not punish the as- sassin. "\Mien, however, he enjoined his allies from grat- ifying their savage '.nstincts they lost heart and fell away from him in numbers. There could have been no finer strategy than Schuy- U. i kI ■ i BKNNINC.TOX AND TIIK nUANDYWrXK 2(\0 ler'fcj. Tlio Knjiflish aniiv, ciuMiiiiborcd with great bapf- {(af^ii-traiiiH, was three wetks in travorsiiin; the wild, taii'dcd, aud iiearlv trackhss forest between Sken(!sboroiigh and the Hiidsou. Everyday h< imyicr's weakened its force, while that of the Ameri- cans was hourly strenj^'thencd by the arrival of new men and the growth of an irresistible enthusiasm. In fact it was tlie very size of Schuyler's hitlicrto retreating and idle army which led to inv" lious comparisons with the scanty numbers on which the people relied for the de- fence of tlie rich country south of New York aud of the so it of govenimeut. But Washington Bhowed his dis- dain of the public jealousy by sending both Arnold and Lincol.u to comfort Schuyler and hell) him iu the coming crisis. To insure Burgoyne's success beyond a peradveuturo an auxiliary expedition, which had been for some time under c(msiderati(m, was at length organized port stan- under the leadership of St. Leger, and de- "'^* s})atched according to Germain's orders. It was to pro- ceed by way of Lake Ontario, Oswego, and the Mohawk valley, to strike the Americans on their flank and rear. Ou the divide between the water-sheds of the Mohawk aud the Great Lakes stood Fort Stauwix, a small frontier p(ist held by seven hundred Americans under Colonel Ganscvoort. As the enemy in superior r umbers ap- proached, the danger became so imminent and manifest that the militia of Tryon County, German settlers for tlie most part, were summoned, and under the command of a g dlant old man, General Herkimer, they set out to relieve and reinforce the garrison. The British expedition was composed in large part of Indians, under Johnson and Brant. St. Leger arrived on August 3d, and beleaguered the fort before tlie militia could come in. An ambuscade of savages was then laid to surprise Herkimer. I I;!:] I . 1 ! Ill ' : » ^70 rnr iufnch w \\\ \ni> nir im'\ nifnoiN^ {h\ \]\o h\\{\\, \\\ Oii'tKunv. \\i m«- "c A liMiilir Til.' «"l<) n( OvtxK Hl.'MifiMri. lt»MJni|r nil liom fi hull. riiHiird, iin. DM (lu« liiiliiiiiH fi'll <«n Itoh MimiKh fniiii Hirii- ImKiii'V pliiiTH in \\\o l"on>H(. nml Ihr >vliili» iiumi H(ii|i|iri| r !itl\!in»'o. llriKimrr wtiH H('\m'Iv woiiinlctl. ImiI Miip ]>oilr(l H|v»iMHl II hr<> in n HiMiiifr |m»mIiii'o niliiilv «'M»'imii iifjotl liiH nuMi nnlil Ww i»ml. A hiiIIv I'nun llii' I'nrl wmh in;iili\ h\\\ willionl iohiiIIn. 'V\\r lolnl Ihhh on Imlli Hi*lf>H liMH IxMMi *'(>in|>n(«Ml (i< nnnlv four Inindrott, Tlii' virloi y vonmintMl 1o Ww Intli.'inM. Sf. Iir|';oi- wmh. Iiowrvrr. ho A>r;iK»l tl\n1 lw< ooiiM no! ovon iiHcinpf lo riiny (Im> p1,\»'o In ;iHH!mli. iM<\'mlinu' iiu"^H«'n}',riH liinl rnu'ltrd S('lnivl«M'. Arnold \\i(l» ii rolicf corpH wiih |ironi|tJly dr H]v\t('lu^Ho r«'prl Hu» iM'sirtyrvH. Ily iin indiiHlrioiiH iih«> of «Mniss;ni«*M. i'\!i:inii\ s(M/(m1 fn^n llnMr ivllioH whiil plunder (ln>v ooiild sn.d«'h nnd tlc^l. Tlio fow Mni^lisli. HrHwinnH. and (Vinii- di;\ns whit'h «'onipoM»Ml i\\v I'lMnnjitd of llio (<\p(M)ition, b«\;r.\n tluMi* rolroiii on AiiiruMf 'J2d. l>iHniin<>d mwi njrhnst lit 11k^ unn'li.il>ililannovi a divornion niT'ii"'^* Hoiininj^jton, on liiw SUrk at Hon- ^^'^^'■'l* wiuj?. wllOVO tllOVC* W.'IS snppoH<»d lo 1)0 niupton. ,y^ Aniorio!U\ do]>ot. N<^nr by tlu* rodoubt- rtMo St.wk \V!\s in ooninuvnd of m f«nv Inmdnvl niilitift-n>on from tho Hain]>sliiro gr.-ints. Whon news of ihv intond(Ml jittaolv wji!^ ivooivod. jiotivo proj^nrntionH to Htr(Mi<:;thon liiH foroo boi^an ininunbatoly. Warnor, of Vornioni. broufj^lit the stronjrost voinfoivcMuonf, but tlio tlrst to como whh .1 militia rotrimont fn^u IJorksliiro. Massai'husotta, under llirNNINnToN ANIilUK HIM N h V U' f N K ^71 • T h »• r.ni'liMh flio njr|||ifi(r |irit'flMti. AlliMi, wlir» i«'»iiIh«I«mI HImiI* flinf \UrU Hliirc iiii'ii, IImi<||^Ii HiitMiruMM'il )ufnrt\ iM'vrr' had yd l*M|ioiiil)>i| now. 'I'liiM iciMHil^ himI SlfiiliH lirMf i\t'r\n- niliiiii iM\l morniiii^. "Oimh hrftno fiif^lii, or Molly SIm,»I<'h M. willow, " roi)'Mlifivi>ti IhiidIkmI in hII, hihI wmh roiiiiii(iri«l('yiiiMn, wiMi iiMirly mh iiiimy llrminwi(l< \fi»M wiih «l«'H|»(itr|ii'(| fhr ii< xl, «liiv. < >n Aiii^iimI Hull llio luiHIo vvmm Jojumj. TIm" i-iiiiiiiiif/ Hlrii|rir||) \vim on*' of Ili(> iiiohI. Htiililioin in tlif> wiir. Hero fi|r ImliMiiM |>roy«>i| iiMcrly iinnliiilili iiiMJ « full of ♦i'f""'<'i YimlviTM. (I«mI nInioMi rii l.lio fiiHl, oriHrt. Ilaiitri wmh lulli'il. iiimI liiM wliiln iroopM HiirnrMlcrfd. Iiifymufi fir- rivi'ij Hooti nClrrwiird fitid foiifdii lufivrly for a iirnr, l»iit, III* f.oo WIIH roiili'il. ()ii \.\i(\ Mii|HiHli Hiilfi only Hixiy wmo killi'il, JMii iH'firly Hfvon IiiiimIi-mI fihNpoM('d, di>iiior!ili/,(Ml liin, (iciit.rc, riiwHcA ]tiri/^('. niiiiil»r;rH of liidiaiiM and ('aiiadi)iiiH to fly in liopclrHH irtrror to their Immmch, a:id |,'av(i additional moral Htnri^dli t/» \\'(iMliin«^i(»n, wlio lirard tJio iu'Vvh wliilf; awaitiri',' rioar Wiliniiif^d.on, Delaware, tliurM«^'e when (iat,<;H ar- rived to HnperHJMlo Sclniylor on Aiii^'iiHt I'Jit). It waH a lleot of tlirec! hundred HJiipH in whieli t}io Knr/- liwh liad Hailed from N(!W York for l*hiladelp)iia. Ifowe hud been ballled in hin attempt to croHS New Jeroey the M' 1 % ! t ' 1 i » I! I I ! Nf Klkl«n. Jul, 1i>r \\hrM l\<' tm»\««.l ««|V Hl«' rr«p»>M ol Mil" hrltHMMril • j.MV'ini n..«.. ^^""^ iontiil (litil oltMtiiK'iion't htnl hmi un pliivrd HM nK«» hiiv. nn o|' \\\H\ lour null « ' I'ho lon;| vt»\u«;»« Imi»u;',Ii( liim miinlv i\0!n-.M \\\'* .;.v.l i\u)\\ ho liM.i horn ii( rnlli \n)l»o\. Tin. l',j\;;lHh u»M«< llmfx lhn>(» (Ijum mm Hliiplton .1. tnxj \\\uu (ht\\ Int.lo.l. lid iv fon'»» of MOiuo H«»v»Miv \> H'^ltinj'lon. \\ho li:),l inleipom^l Iijm luni^y JH'hvooji liu'in im M nnlioiiMl innu M'on \,'Miilv Hlniiri'.Iin}!: S<;i(«» iVcliM}' ll.Jtl JMOWII ^^■l t HiouhU \\u\yo nuronMonnMc Mml moI.mI. Hu> «l«i'<>ors to IiImmIv oI' m HlMn.lin'r nimv l»i.inir \«'v ivn»l t'oncoiio.l i\«'tion. ('oiioi>\hh r intnoovcr. IkhI Inil htflo o)^)VMtnnii,\ for lo-riliniMfo worK. 1 for til Mr time w.is ^\lOl\o|>ol^/,^,l ,n tlio urtUKrlrM .^f oil )o\\r\(M' »ir}'1 ICO K.MM\(MS, 1>0<1 \ n;ili\c MM.l foreign. \ ,.,,)) how, \(n\ lor fho militi.j oi Mnrxl.-nul. Dc^l WMM IMMIln 1. >!\ni;\. inul \, w .1 orsov Tl 10 iVtMipii\l in tlu> Hi.:l\l;u\,ls iwivro. r(M\nH\l- rrsov mow woYo !ilr(>uilv noni^ <»f Hkmu Mn.l l>iil 1 o\v of fho ollirv.s ob«\v<^a iUo siniunoim. In tl)o lolnl of b(» Iwoon lourh^^a .\n.l tVihnin!v< v>vino C'nvlv. wlnoli tlows into orpmizoa aotion ou cither siao. ana Hi on. Thoro w.-im \«m'v lit Ho 10 onixaironiont was 'f-"b 1IFNNf\' nni ,\NI» Un- ltlfA^*?lV W fVK '* 7n fi M< I icM of fli'il III! I » itlillp f,;4 |illMtlMffl rM('tl|'( ( \\ II l||iM;'|MM III |l|i> mifl»«. ulii|i> (nil lUlllIlM llM»'Ml(||h^( 'Vhf l.'iMl.i llic Hhi'iiiii I'li'tily imiiI»m| IIih ii(r||| uiii}^ iiihIit SiilliMiii. (Jm'iI I'lilliiiih V wMn role, (jiiiillliiH whirli liMvo IIM|i|f> llJM imiMC I clMMVljcd Tin. Allll'lirdll loHH ill lw nIV JiiM HlinllfKil IIIIMV ill Idlf'IMliJM Ml If r. iiikI mm (Im« Ilii'liHli wimi* ililfiiiiril m Ihi* IiiuihI III' llirii' wimiihIi i| |n M >\ I'll Hilimi iii'iir ( IcniKinlMw i I, riiiliilly iniMKllli It fi" i.i I'liifi. IliC MpprniM'lM"! Ill |(|«'Vt'|||, jlJM Iw'illir flllllt ill lnlwiMl III*' hi'lllWlUT IIIkI (lie Mi'liiiylliill. (UtUl'JCHH llr'l III.:!, lo Ijiiik'mhIim-. mi'l liil< r in Y»u1(. < Mi l.liit MixiMiiMi Mm! Iuf» iiiiiii«'H wi'ic williiii Hli'ilxiiijr diHliiiM-o, Imf fi Miorm inl' i vciM'tl iiinl lli<« Aiiirrii'MiiH williflrrw ImIiIikI Jlio S<'liii\l Kill. WiiyiU' wfw l<'i'l io y n/rory, fiv«r|iovvc m y, and l,ln! city vvhh (»|i( u lo f,l ic rnnipicroi'M. t'\w K n ven the Qnakers and lr,al- ists fifavo little evidenee of pleasure. Moreover, there was no eonnnunieation between the army and the fleet, for the Amerieans still held the forts, named respectively Miflliu and Mercer, which commanded the couflueucj of the Schuylkill and Delaware below the city. ,tl I 1 ! It CHAPTETl XXm. 11 ^1 1 SARATOGA AND THE FIU']N(!Il ALUANCE-SEPTEMUTCIl- DMC'KMIJKU, 1777 Tlio Army of tlio North — Tts PoHition nonr Stillwater — Tlio First, Day's IJattlc at IJcmis's Iloi.u'hts— Tlio r.UKlisli I'asH tlio High- lands — TIjo IJattlo of Frooniiui's J''arni — U(;t'oat of Uurgoyno — Surrcmlor at Saratoga — Tlio IJattlo of (Jcrinaiitown — AfViiirrf near Tliiladolphia — Sumiiiaiy of tlio Yoar's (;amj)!iign— Con- gross and the Cabal — Continontal Monoy and Valloy Forgo — Prosperity of tho Pooplo— Success of tho Statu Govornmonts — Woakness of tho Confederation — Tho Public Finaiuios— Tho NowH of Saratoga in France — Tho Compact of Frioudahip. The army of wliich Gates took command was tlie most eflicient so far organized by the Americans. It was somewhat larj^er than that of Burgoyne, q,,,^, ^ ^^ and throupfh the generosity of France supple- ^'''^ Nortii. menting the grants of New York, was well equipped. On the right bank of the Hudson, north of the Mohawk, were about ten thousand men, including the militia from the neighborhood. Some of them, like Morga,n's rang- ers and the New York regulars, were tried and veteran. Among tho leaders were Livingston and Peter van Cort- landt. The right wing across the river was composed of New England militia, resplendent with the success at Bennington, and commanded by Lincoln, who I.ad not only the affection of his men, but could ever arouse in them an intense and patriotic enthusiasm. Arnold was returning on the left with the laurels of Stanwix, eager for glory and consumed with ambition. Schuyler re- '^it' '■h ^4 ) ' ' ^ '^T(^ rni I inM'ii u \it \ni> ihm hi;\ oi,r iion < j'flVO Jill llu' inionn:iJiiM> nl Inst connnMlltl rotilir umc nl' !i vixmI who \\\\i\ Hrhnncil for Ihm linnulifilion. MiH Ix'iti^ 1)i>,i<<'il will* (liMCiMniivAV lit' \vill»tht<\v ji> liiH l)ofni'. Irnv- 111" IllM MUl'tT siOV \i\ rOM)1 WIUMC llO IukI HM,\(<(|. <>n 11):> tM",1ilh (if St'pliMnlicr 11i(» (»ilviin('(< ln'|',n»i, iiihI «M1 i ii'MiiM Wire ciicmtnu'tl nrilV llic \ill;i,","> of Slillunlt'V, on UrmiHH IlrifjIilM. ii, lino o| ]\\\\\i ^^('r^nMnlit'nl;ll• lo llto coniKc o*' <1u' Hiiilson Jiiiil voMoliin.) «'!iM< wfird iilinoHl lo iJM lmnl(H. « roo't on It' {\M 0^ CO i\nn:in <]ii^ vviMiMHO'-!^ 1i:iil boon \ni:iooonni iMv hIow ; liolh lii^ ( ';in iili.111 ;int1 Indifin Mlli(>M l\:\tl hI'-^'-h ilirniMohoM tni- iluin nil, 'l'ioono;i|i winch mKo Imrni iho llolilld of bo'ib-!. K(^ii>\i< \\;is llmfl ly onf ofV, nnd n Ronu»- \\ln1 dislio.nloiK^l foro(^ {'>{' mIvoiiI Mi\ i>on(Mivno ntlnrUod in lliroo oolninns. Ills o \ ■« 'J s;ind Irooj^s. 1;ivj:-<^1v i]\o f.innov niililin. Ar- noliVs ohaiK'i^ Ivid oonio nml <1io luiUlc^ VMfV'^d liiorally wifli fnvv. li(>f and dir<^'l. wiih lillh^ or no n1toin]t1 ;i1 i;io1iis or ni;nioMivv(\ nidil nijriilfMll. sonu> ilvivo lionis or in^^iw If w.-is \iM(^ily iod]tr', whii^h h:vT bcon l(>st nnd W(M\ }i do7on tinn^s in the s\irj;ing cliarj^cs of the day, but thoir advtmoc was "■'-MINin'M A'JM 'llll-, I I'FN'Cil AriJANr I, '-77 'I'Ih' iiiimI iiilcil ii'jo (.!' < 'ill uli'tii IhihI ii(iii("'»f'. (Id' IimI miiM 1m r I (iriM'H V.< IC Iim| c i\\ f III IcMcllfil If) ll'' IK ',V li'iSI iMii IIh'V Iuv'I \vm|i. ni'ii'i iKil iii'Mll V f.K \V! IM IhM. f|l|l| WIlIlM l!!iV<' ( Mill ilMM'l (I l«> ''lllIlM I' lir (liiv I fi' I MIH'liiiiM wllilc III- .jM'Miv \V<'r»( Wf'ltli. I'tnl, ())||»!| (|i;. H<'il<'i| lijq I I'cliiiii (|| iiiiI'Mirily (ijoiihsl AiiMild'f! himiiI li'lll, (IIkI rnrilMcd. 'I'Im' IhM'T, i'ldhfl liy i\ <\f]n\ wliicli r<|(| iMii 111 Imimim lull |'» 'ln\'!, iiiifl in (lo mpII' iin)n»il()iic«> nl' Hciisilivc )»ii'l<'. IkihI ily mi'l r/iHJilv (c- HJiMIImI. (Ml Mi<> Iwciilv liiMl n infHFUiyo fvnu\ Sir llr'tiry ( linl'in ill Now N'n||< ic'irlMMJ r.lircdVMr'H ''M,fn(» Iti I'rcf hUlirM hinn. A .1 ivriMinii wuM In Iir> iiumIc n"-MihH| riif I'Mi/H'-ii llif iiiilili I l'(in'(> iiiidrr I'iiIumim. wlii'-li WmmIi- ik.^mii.^ii ill'ditll llMli Hf'Mo Wfllfll llic Mi IIMllll ImiM (iI||,V 'I'IiO MMHWMM'. l!ll(ill of \\\(^ lrntt|>'4, wMfi. Hill 11 (>('l(ili\i\( i<'ninr, Imil fnr.'Kccit III" h<1m tri«>, find llnowri liiin;^ II' wilh a IVw liMslilv ;';dli'r('d ?ii< n inio flif vvoiKm, wliilf^ liiw Im'oIImm" .Imiih^m v.;' i mchI, Io T'oii Moiiljfonifry far \\h d<'l' MM(M(('p Tl MTP \\i\H I ■i(>r<'|(ir/« H, ('(I tiinl icKiKlarifif! f»h i\\o wthI Hlinrr. l»iil. ill" li'illl" of Sl(»ny I'oint wa^ a, dcfi'.'ii fof III*' AMicficiiiiH, (ind l>"lh |Hif',rrrKrov(M| incnififfii, ui)<] llif; olisfarlfiB wcro cMpiiircd. '.l'Ii(< covcicd wafer- ',VM,y was Uiiih ojanuMl io AJ])Miiy, and ilic lOrijdJHli hcoiiIh pliiridorcd ffH il ? i, I ^: ^« ^^TM vnv vin-MH w \\* \\\^ hM'' 1'».'\ oir hhn i>\ Ml' M t'M Hi' )l'»il l»lrn Mr|\'\Mll;M> oi Tlu l';\mi I (•\1i"'''^ fn») [ V\vom'\\\» nvin '^ I'uvni ImiI I'ovtt,"'" f'nil 'MH>|Oi i"\ w r< r I 1)1 fM n) o IV \ w V nii'Viivin Mi'Olil'i iMl i'\ I'l \ 'iiili' Th ViMioa <''uMvliMnM, ;iMil Inilvni'l. ulio Iv./i mi'imiI Ilin" In* n^ rtn\)1i:n'it^''. bocmni^ ywovo di'shnnirni'l ii' iln' |>iini>)'t ^Mlii^ '.nvv«Mnv1\iV'> r«Mn>h\ fH'W iiuMr UmII. mil I il ( "I'l V A in o\«'v iniMtvv.111'1 nmnt'iM'' 'hi lln' oIIht li'iinl. ilii- Wi'VO i^Vcl ;MiM\".11,'>, '^^ !".iiM1 ol u\i'nr;in 1i>Vi'i' N-v>1nn1r(M 1'iniuM"^. 1'im fho h;n\rsl wim now |^•1■:i. I in i>ln (il'^to <'inn^ rt^M^>■5>» wi 111 Iwo ih.Mi".!iiiil militiii tin«! looK nni'inil oi riio nil ntiJion ol < 111' 1''n,'> !'^^^ no )n lino •i'5 Vroomnnv <1<"'r<''";i'''. *'^^'^ ""*'^ Or|o\ioi illi. Hin ihrow on< M voooiuioi';:inoo oV iWlnon linnilioil nion >1 Ivillli^ 1<^ t ^'^^ thi^ Vinovionn '--I novni. nnil nl <}io smnMuno to oo\ov ;i i'ov;vo,iii;' V''^^\^ '^'" tnlillnvv. woll so\\«N^ ;in>^ ollioiont, w ;v^> po^^loil jihonj Inill M niilo fi'oin 0\(^ VnnM^o-in <"nn]> ivilt^w mni !i iloj ■lolnnonl nil y\r]\i woio »v>sil\ Invno.l. bn< t1\o v>ovn^;inft in iho :i nnin> nil. inn>oln OusIn y\]i h\mr^iAi r^i iho ho:v\ oi 1n>^ \AA I'oi'oo^a. Mini will\ \Vns]Mon i>in^ Nr^lov 1o.^ tho rt'«'^;i)iH Vlio oonv;n>'' o f il 10 Kiisi'l'-^h Nv:*"^ '^)->lfn\i'lnV Vni iW Vnnnnv^ns oonio in mi tiKMv iN^'^r. o')i^l ilioin io >\it1 uir-nv mlo ihow tm Hni fi^iNTio \v,'>< KO o\]\'>«Nni »v\)-H5:■n Tlv .\n-»<''Vioaiii* lost lii'iv Killtvl •M\y\ -a Inin- MAI?AlitMA A'lh llfl I I'C (If ^f^l\•'^f- "'7'} \ti I I nt Kill lllf Inlttl I'!h(i|(mIi IfiMM 1*1 Ifillc'l, UMiifi'lfd, fifi'l jifiq. MMMM \mM 'liv ImiikIic'I oii'I Inrnly li . »• 'lli'if r-filrrrtfli- »MI'lll!(. tlin»l'MV«'»-, W«'»«' MM rV'«Mt|< IImiI (iM'Hflffl'- tit(.li(, Hi«' Mcvf.filli, IIm'v Ih'c'im 1" M'h».»il i »ri """"vf-' Hm' (t'fiHt Mm'V ^vftf ill jwiftili'.M |i«M,/,ii(| |li(. (jililnll fi It llilllfn V of llic ||i|(|Mnii IKIM Mfttiilnff)!. 'I III' \t''t>f IIh< iiiiMt'lt till' lw<||i» Iniii'vii fiom lli»> itiMfiuiiM nC Ifii i\tni \ HiiHi nlfiH'Ml fiiiv •c'lMi" i\1i IIm' will Till' rtiirt (ill i*i (or ti'iil'i ; Mii'|(. UMiiliilc'l. fiii'l ltfl(^'!Mi(f»' wi'fi' |i II Ik liin'j, II, ml lliicK i|(i\m" iiMMi'iiuM » I iiiiiiiHil, (iii'l il wd'i fi T'li Mr M It f r <• ii 'I (• r 'i( '''IP -\\ llfiittp'iltiM', fuel 'ii'\ rt!il nl lii'f AllM'tirMM ilcf (icIifiMilfl u«'f »- 'lii'iiMf' in oii llii' n>in. \\liilf' (Idlrfi uiiM iMiiliiil lo ft|i«iii| |,WM i'll nl»iMili>iM'i| ciiitiii (if lii'i fiM'itiy Ni>(',nl 'III i'"IM WCl*' M|HIMi| ji'i |tMI(^iivM'' "n III'' fiiill liM'tiJl). A roiiVMiliitll li('l\\Mti (lie I u It MilnniMlciMM WfiH liinilh «' kimi ynfM, Hll|>t'» io» roK'C ; I til I, < III! I'M JM Hfli'l Id lift, VC I MM! i h f' i| f rif'i I f if iln> (>\(>mIm(iI Mliiiiy roiiil, (ill liMii(r|i r>iii(ii)vnr rfinfiin''! ill i^inMKUiiM' tiiilil lite MinlcMil II, llu' vj-ry Mf'W Itfinncr nf llii> mImih mimI Hlii|i«'H, (lir> forinfili- hi'jimom'h )'(nii|ifiimt fnf llu' |i(tMH(MMiori of llif Kii'l'ion. l'"iont Miiy lit H('|tl.«'iiilM'r IIm' l'ln(.;liMli IkkI ImmI mi l;ill<'l, tJiMtiltlnd, Mini Ofi|iMv«'M. iicfiily l''ti IIiommimmI in' n, /Ufi'tnj^ whom \V(>n» jn'iRoiuifrfH of Mic liijflM'Hi (liMlinrlion. 'Ilm ri\('r, •>'<««iofi lilllf riiiclfim of onliralcMl ( 'onliiHMiliilH \V(iH (ill llidt I'CnKiiiH'd l,o rccihW IIh rsJHlDM'o. l5 ^V50 ^^\\r nn-M-n \\ \n \"»* nn- i»v\tMrn (»') i. \\\>\ }y\iVi' Mow III' ]\\'\ iM.' 11 »!' •■I'n.'ii' Inn .ii»;.Mm:n\ ,1i mr.- i(> •^ h>>n fit^'i-il 1m II 111 li- < nn\|» t 'on<>i rsf^ 'Mllinn )»1 I ,HM. -I'lr' ;nit| Sohi )r>\,\ t1>i'n\ 1.> \i.1iM\ l^iM'-nvi' iM \\i MM'.! •>Hplni<1U>'iM ■in<^ nil i^>i.'ilv ^l^ I iNiu>M')ul I'hi* Mn\n ino\i'.| Iiimh i(i ^V(W>1>.''M it M.^ln.lii'U Hill: iM llii' (M.-nino .^1 «>• <.>Im'1 '1,1 ^'W'l INW'b'-.l <'h<";tin>'l Hill - in l)\r v))\\ nioinin.) ol Him i'i>l\ ':>Vl1>>.» it • iMiiV i-tiM^nt liiMM t]\r Vni-lvli \\1\,i \\r\o .:jil A r^TllVIIUITii rt^M^^'^'-: 111. til it Vi'rt oj I \»M mint .'W n W v^l nnn "(.Ml K^rW 'llvi'l t^o\ v\.^'_v »>i>>\v^.ii>ii triinvi I'vi^ni rli. -^ti'V, tnitl lii^pnl l'\ mNiI •".nipvi tl^ t1 iviMv t1ii^ ihinini'-lnil. 1>nt ■•( «.iiV(M-i.''r. I'.Mvo oi lii'i oiioniv >ii^o ^^•n1il^ \t t^'nli i);i\\n th<^ <^\\i<»'i<'>ii iin.loi- Sil11"i\Tlll iltf -V Ivi^i^. rlilil 1'l^1 •> jiinc >:\u' \^lnilM1. i])\' iiviin I'ov. r i|r"«linri| i'<^ trvn tho «Miotn\ '^ 1o1^. hi\A hrx^w tuvjlo.l in i1\t' il:nl,nr':^» I'la f>vnN'r.^ 111 liiv^itlilt^'i-i .^Kt'iv.^M t.'' ini')>( t1•l^l^)^•5 m liicly 1l1.^ V,\i>i1 \\i'.r> «1l;1Mn 11^^ in io foniTiiv'^il, Till ^^■^,^ xx ;V5 v«-i11\ l^-H li\ Mini' in Ttv^nn'iijr. ^'n< ^lio i\''tis\>t oi tho \iiio>V';ni« \\',\n \N'»<; <-'nft "in Uto 1.^'^< Tin Siirn\'>i> -iiit^ Viit-.-ni' of mov*' t1>^r, «^ lllOn^l^n^^ iv,,^ii. whilo '(1l>^ Uvitisll r;>sii:l1tirs< w oti^ T^-iC f.i'^l n<-N>-nio fl-.o ^H'^p'ivifin.o; jv <^•>^^rt1t ^^f S?«^rfit.Vrf> ^<"^x iv^niltt-'ii'js Of^t^^iMii •in.l lit' w.-^^ J»N(^ tv-i v<^sn-m<^ fov v<<^iis\^i^iIm.i 'I, I I \\\': • . \\\ )\\ (l;1\\n Mn\»' -Mil' ill '•< ini il il:n 1« ur^j^j )^'5 >< |ii,'h M np in *nni' i)i ■\\\^ W ;Vi rr;H >\ ;'(q i1 llO \\,'><^ n \'rT(^r«' ♦ tUMll »i' M\ (I I III M '. mI Ml MH'Mll'IVll I IS' ' HlM|n|l| 'I »I'I|im*mI III' lll.llir, Im iiilllililM- liclilifrf '..I'll. ill f'ti'l u'l'i Mill ic..|(i.| |. II I., Mil. (!iili 'li fill- A lri».| i''ftri IIIlM" lli'il IImmi' willi'li I'l I 'lii I'l/ |i Iplii.) iiii'l liirififi M|iii 'll imi'i Im |i.|iiii I' ll'i I .li..l rm I ii ni'i lii.| .^r^r n |I|(. iily • Mill llu'llii'l |ic|m<\ I Ji iiii i|i ii ii. I liit I |(.M':ifiiii! fii ';! iIimv'" I M III Mini I III. W Ml |m I III Ifl l| MlKlIf, «'MI(I lli'Ml'l' .| |l ,■ ' III (M- Ji»|tlli'» < IM'I'Iii' lull llicy nw-l'' f'(iiil<"'l 'Mu. A nn i i'MiiM (iMIfilll uilll iMllMli.o illil nljll llli'!l| I |if|i;itf"l (M Mk- WMf. 'I'llli I'lllf li'ill (!<•».' Mtll (M'f'illli'l mill \\i'ii> llii'il Im 'I c'liiii'ii'ili. fi'iiM ("ill' , ii nii'l (lofiliii^j l»'lH"tll'M 'I'llcl (I n |.| 1. |i|'iM\ liiilinl lli'i- MimhI'I li'i-Z/M/M, til llln tll'iflllllMI llMMll. KHIllMllli ill CMIllliclM ffl V'lrflld/' i| Mini m| Mid ImiiIm (if VH'InrV, lIlM! I|f< Hi- v c « r ' n I II 1 I I iMi ■ II ■ -11 '''iiiiii'i)r''i. •I'lld'il |i"i\«> Im ipm||i|i. mimI lllllti(' Mm- fill uiMi (•iMnl'4 Mill I'VCll MII'iIIh'I «MUii|ifli[rM W'MiI'I f fi'l |||<> \^■ll III' tiiiiylil woll l'''f'l M'l lie dill, fur wliilf. Ilif- l;M((liMli (ipi'iil llii' winlci' in rinlnii'i (iii\«.| v in riiil(i lliviM> I'ilinM of Pliil(Hlf'l|iliifi. N«>w Yoil<, (im'I Nf'Wftorf., •iiviin in Hm piiflRnMMinn »'!' Hm M»l»'r'M. WnHJiirif^tfiri mill IiIm (Hinv wrnf inlo winlcr 'pnirli'iM nl VmII' y lOrf^o. II it \mp|r«m In F4|if>(Mil;ilo t'liMrfrniiif^ lUMlfVcIopfl |»f»R- RilMlilv(»s ; I»nl llio tvi'IiIm df Mm wfir il(»wn \,'>^ nn MMxcn \\ W VM» vni' > t ilri l-n ■»! iiin nf w -n 1m H»o I'lrtli-h Mil (M\ •ll'ini lr« mimI n n ■\< nc'iM \i\ witi' •>\ -m ,1 in llii' l.iu^ '1 I' 1 \ UM )'"M n \o nl M\i > tn H Htitf, IM to ('(Mil. I ^^^^■m1«U I>%rl1 \'^\o y , \\ •i\,\\i<\\\ nl i\\r Aini'lj wivit u>«^'.< •".<)il.<"i ni in iMU |*i<<'i('n< i-iOu'iiMn 'tnil )»n\i(>» i\ '\<' >V1 \ i-\\.' .^1 <1> 1 'nlili. \\ I'll, ni>'i'it'ii •Hid i\\'\\ ili'i ovov^m-."><^'ni w hu] 1 \i iM r I'.><1' in l-n iM> inr;vniii' ilnc In <1it> ^>,s;',i1ni1i^ \ i>1 •ii md lluinicili l''\MiHii'm» I .Mn^>1^"i1i.>n'. 1^^ I'lMrvu :nd ;ni.| miHiimi< ■iriiinm m-lf «»r»in-itii'«^ H Ivvi Imn'ii 111'ifU 1.111 ill...) Ilvij Oil' riniiim ni'il nio tt o\ nu.Mlio t ".Miu< i1 I'lnK-ii' W I -1 1' looi'llin M< Hu'iv « vi'in>"'p tlio .-il"i! {1'1<\ 1o>\ ■»'"-< 111 \ in('!i".'(i'V mid N.»i1i 111. Vrtillv "IV 'if 'Mid •'.in'no dolt^ivf^rn Wimc fiM llir niiiMf ^'■^^■i il^CfMif V V'ln Vim .1.>1 111 \d ninv .irn rViMI. .1.1) tn 1\ni>i' «ni di^11l^n1!^ i^'i whrvi* r ^ii^lio »>|iinii'>n nr« dod ''yT.Mi'
  • imnnln^VH. V^inAn T»i<* Idu" oviMnit >(
  • %-oiv Tll^^ tMil\ luvivd -ind linb.TiN^ lni< dining) 1l\f» ,^ l.i Ihoiv wido 1'> ^■>■ffon"n^': liiin llio ind(-'n.lninvnid 1\m- ;i Tni^'\lh> of T1t1n^ indiMt^iT^l d<^1 , I . I III liM I I ll. II X K I » I ' " 'i| Mil' IM IIM . lull IM'lilll, l>, IImM IiIiImIi ( Mill Iri'lili- |mi|(v ill (linliiiii vsilli III' ,'',ImImi, firi'l llll it I'liliitn |m ii""i (I ii(if| « v('|( (IK. Mm » iir \d ''iiiiMii' ('I'll III ll (I '' V iii,fi 111 I'l 'll Imii iMiihv "Ml"' ''''■•'' '' li'i'l, in I Im it 'firly/zfil, i< (ri'i'ilni IIkIi I Mjiii'iil imiH IikIIi mI' mill mi'l iriMfM ,', "ii'l lliMV lu(MIII 11 llllill^ M I I I 11' llMK ll* , r<.(|l iliMllflJ |tft(i'r, will) »iit||iiii(< Iw'liiiiil il ImiI II liiiiid ( 'M(i('f f'lfi willi itfi''r Inin |iM\v»'IM. tvflM nnl wnt lli Imll' iln ffM-r' vdliir'. \''iii ii\titit\ I lii't I ll '( I'. IIh>M' ufin I'll liiii' li'ilji |||( ill fiii'l III/ '11/ • >\rli Im miI|i|im)I, iihmIi I'mm nil i Ml ' I I i' m, IIm fiiirr, '( li'- »ijiM»M III' llifil wiiili'i v,«'»»' rvO'Miii v»' ; lli<' C'lMii in n I Vnl |i<\ |''m((m< Iim'I im illii'l I'iimI iiMi ( ImIImiii' Mill Tim I, fifi'l lli'< I'mi lili|ili> w imImucImm, Iiim Mjiiii in, iiii'l nin ifi' n ih IN' I I. II. ruihn fiiH'i' of wfinl, iniMi'lv, fili'l m| Mill ( ii|i|Vi|< Mil i'lfi I'lM |||»> i'iiiilili\ UfiM |irMn|M'Miil'i, iiii'l IIimI ill fi r.f iiK<« MMJ MMJillMlih riill||tiMl-(| v.illl III*' IMili'iM of WMI 'I ll'' nuu( li<»l\ hIiiiIi'I'V mimI Imli'M of SVii'iliiiicl'iii I'tdijiffily (if llll'l MIUll<'lw'<| llMUllI vJi'ImIv Iimiii IIic j(l". Iiiuvi'mIiM ut'K' iiJimimI(iiiI. I'oi Him'' yrfufi |»'t' I IIk* jtupiiliiliMM of 1Im> coiiiili V u'H' IM'I '"il.V iii'r'fiKlfif, \.n\. pimuMTH wi-rc Hl«>(itlily \viiiitiii(f n«'W MnpiMM in Hi" vtil li'VH of IIh' ( Miiit iiiitl ilM ll iliiildi i'H. 'I If- r'trriin' rf' of IMn-^HiH'linni'llH \V(it( ii'mIoM'iI Io IIm fV(>r- (hi'Si'tiTtfUN- tlu^l<'Mrt inl»rril ll\«' WMnlM iiii.l (m.litioim of Iho |>(^ >]>1(\ nionM(Nl in ili<' ninin on 1Ih> innncnioriiil niH- lonis of Mn;;lishni("M on l>olh si.lcM of ih(> h(>(i, bill now j\(l;ipl(Nl in inn>oilMnl ^virlicnlaiH io IlKM'ircnninliinccH of Ani(Mi«'!in iiul(^]>(Mi(lo m'o. Confrn^HH nl Iho ouIhoI, whh nn o\lr,i-l(\ii!il l)o ly, oro!\iO(l iintl Hnsljiini^d l>v ]>oi)tiltir (N>n- tin(Mil!\l opinion. Tlioso }j;ov(Mtnn(M\lH wor(^ iln oliildron. iloponilont f(U' any Rovor on Iho Huoooss of i\ robolhon foruiorly prooliiiniotl, oif^iin- izod. .'ind Busliiinod by (\)n}:^r<>HH. In iho ovont of huo- eo^^ iho tradilionH of fh(^ inibvitbiitl oolonioH and Iho babiliial obodionoc of lh(Mr roH]MM*livo ^lopnlalionH to llio common law, moiddi^l and inlov|n(^ln of tho iioiu^ssily f»)r ]iori flio army, novor oonUl bav(» an indopondont oxtornal sovoroij^niy, howovor low n\i}vhl bo ilio iorms in wliioh thoy wore willing io cxproHS na- tional cxiwlonoo and nnion. The nioo «lisiinotiona of logic often disa]ipoar in iho alavnms of war and the inmnli of revolnlion, HomeiimoH wailinj^ long" Io take an awful revenge f(n' Iho 0011 iodora- ihoir disregard. CongresM had neghvied uh opportunity to exercise the jiower of the purse, and such was the obstinacy of Delaware and IMary- land that the llinisv confederacv existed only in fact and not dp jurr. The crv of 1(kS8 had been Tiibertv and Prop- erty, and the heart of the American people, full of zeal UMl HAKAI'0(i\ AND IIIK KUrvrff A f,F,l A NCK 'MT» for tli«> loMHoiiH of lliiif « |in('|i. wHM iifif II t fil I y /iIhm wIipit itn lr(MiHiir«> wiiH. I''i(mi ImIiiimI llic Imricd iImcmh «»f h wmii- l>liM},Mm(l tliviilcfl ('uiiijiTHH ('(uim no )I|»|w'mI (ilin iiMlioii wci'p iM'VM' <'f)rn|»l(>l.«'ly uliftwii lor l)ir|< of ])rotn[)t> iinil diiici ik (ion in iIm iidiiiiniitiDitivo niiirliiti- • TV. Ai i\w opcniii'f of ITV'i Micri' nv/ih in ciic'iilnf ion n |i;i.|>(>i' nirrcniy willi ii Ti'-c Vfdin> of nhoui nisly millioriH, tliiriy four of llirHr Confinrnlnl nnd ffrowin;^ r|.,„. ,,|,,, „. woi'tlilrHH, pnrlJy bcciiuiin (»|' (Ii<> ('V(>i* vnjfiH'r "mutN. ]»o\v«'rn of ( 'oM!^M'(>HH, ,'tii I |);irlly liccfiiiKc of inilividiril Sl.dcH in iinilnlion of, Init in (linM'i rivdlry Avilli, llic olli(«rM. 'riirrt" wnn u finllicr debt of abonf, riv<> niillio.iH conlr/iclcd 1)y (^onj^rcHH, juid ko low liiid Mio mdional crcdii Hiiidv ilinf, rvcn Ani(!ricaTiH fv;- ('('])f,od i\\v ]v\\)vr will) rcliift^nno ni lialf it.H ])i\r vnlnn. Tho real Hii)>])ort of ilio arniy tlnm fur liad como fr'im rcvpiisiilionM on ilio St!i.l"H, wlii'-li lifid Hic.'ulily fniniHlKMl proviwionH, (M|ui)Mnf'nfM, and men, accordinjjf io ilif foriri'il tcM'niH of oonr«'dfMMiion, wliciJicr r!iiiru'(l or not.. And tlio army, wiili if.M conunandcsr-in-oliicf. waH now alnioHt ilio only ONjiroHMion of union, oven ilioi!^';li rcrnovfd from tlio pooplo l»y flio ini('rni"(]i!i,ri('H of Mi(>ir Kr])arato Ifj^'iKla- turoH and Cohl^'ivkm. Tlio troopH li.'id Huffcrod a Kfirions niortalify, not, on flio Held of l)att,lo aH inuoli nn in tlio slower Inii (>(pially Huro i^rocoHaoH of siclcncHH induced bv the various degrees of uakcdiiess, Htarvution, and general I s ' i?Hrt rwK vnv.sru wxn am» tiii: i;i;vni,rrinN priviUioji wliicli \v(M*(» onliilod In {\\o a\)Hv\\oo of mm cfll- «'i«Mil coininiMHiirv «l«'))in linnij. /Vtnl now n'(|MiHi(ioiiH wovo \\\u'ov\!\i\\, l»<'»';mH(» hoiiu' SIiiIch were lM'>;iiiiiiiiji; |o 1>nMl);iiul (li(>ii- vt'MouicrM for ,\ Ion«r Hlni^ij'lr, \\liih> Con- {XVOHH wiiH fluMiHliiiifr illiiMoiv hi»)u'H of imiiirdiiilc. or nf ItviHJ HpcMMly. |i('ii('(>, iiH n r<»Hnlt of ilic coming I'^rciirli rilli- 'riiroii.rli()ul iho your now ilmwin}' fo \\h rloH(> I'mnk- lin lm!itlily nml HUCfOHsfnIly luonltliti^ l''r('ii('li , (^niiiioii iolln' Hiippoil of jlio A?nni(Mn» ('(uiko, 1 li"' now* of ' ' ' S:n;ii.>Kn 111 V(M';;<>nn(>H wiiM on on(>Hi(l(> Hfrivinfj; f(H'on\ inci* ('burU^H 111. iintl \]\o SpuniHh rojirl ilinl Hm> lionv lijiil I'onu^ fo Hirik<^ a lilow in ('on- i\\v iliAny of l^'rimcr to hor ])0(^pl(^ jintl ji of oNiHfin*^ tro;ili(^H Mnd !i ^i^iMKM'al inircadinoHS. At liiHt. in {ho o.irly wintov, it bocanio ovidcMit that S))ain wonld not niovo. kiicIi was iho K(oli<1 ro|>\i;';nanr<» of both Cbarlcm and bin niinistor, I'lcnida lU.inca. to H\i)>])ort a snoccnHfiil iH^bi^lHon. Tb*' n(nvs oi S,irMlo;;!i aronnod tbo Fronob nntion (o an inipaiiiMil n tbc oaroful and nnini]i;issionod n\iniM<(M' biniKolf bob(n'o Coii- ilo. (»r nf Midi fiUi- (' I'miik- { l"'iTncli m ciuiKo. ('()nvin<'(> iliiit ilio iihI Hicir Ird (•(»)()• ''riiiicr to ' llio i)l(>a At lllHt. in would 1 ClmrlcH icrcHHful Kmidi ciircfiil at Howo oloHiiify tH of vic- RAIJATOOA ANh IIIK KIlKNCfr Af.r.fAMf'K 2H7 ei^^iod ntiHl l''<'I»nmrv fWli, I77H, Vt-r^^r'nnrM linvirif^r Ik^ju iiolilini two diivH ln'fuio of SpiiiMH llriiil aiidiat<> roiM|ia<'ti>f fr icndHliip, tu Im> niiidc pidi- lic, Mild an ovnitntd trraly of alliiiiMr, lo Ik* krpt Hccrri tor lln' |tn>H('iit. \\y tlio forinci' wuh aHHiircd a rdniplrto <'onuii( r<'iiil nM-ipioj-il y Itrlwrcn tlif two coindiii h. and tli(< llnitt'd HtidrH iiii^,dit ^(nuit like coiiditioiiH, if flu-y ho d«'Hii'(»d, to otli«'i' favinrd nationn. Tlu'liraiy of idliniico waH to «'oni(> into force oidy in tlu* (^cnt of fi drclanilion by l'ln|.f|aiid of war a^niiiiHt I'liuicr. Uy it tlui kin;' f_oiat- antced iiidr|K«ndrnr<> to tlio I'liitr*! StatrH vvifli hovci- cifjfntyand wlialrvcr territory tli«>y lu'ld at Uio end of the war. 'I'lif^ liitt(>r {fiiaranteed to l*'ian(!e lior jioHHeHHioiiH in America. Neitlier of I lie (M)iitractirit^' |taitieH wan to <'oncliide a |)(>a('« witliont tiie aHHCMit of tli(i other. The; following monili Mn^dand recaMed her anihaHHador, whieli waH an infonnal nionthH later. The following year Spain permitted the intereHt of iho JJourbon compact to out- wcii^h l»or diHt-aHto for Ameri(!an freedom and joined Frauco iu the allitiueu. I ■\ • I iil louncnig for open r 17th, a tl.it the ympathy he indc- i.'itelv to )iniscd a ted aud ; \ > { If .n I.N. liis II NnliiMiil '^riilini.M( in V'n. 1\mi1 VIi.- Uodiin"! \■u>^ \\h Miiii 1i S liu n< th.' I'n-uil) ('ninl ronnirt:'? 1?;ilill.-! (1ii. 'rir!i«\ riill- i>r Ilu> Onlvil 1(. or. 'nii ■■\1ion of 1)\i' \i ' 'oni'ili'Uinn ( M 111;) f1.>l]0u;l Thoiv Mntob Inipoilo.l 'Vlio I^Mfllo o\' A1.M\mnnl|i lii.5 I'ov :i iii(>r»MilV(N'< i\ i> ro^iH<(M M'V m\\] >r(*ninr fi>r 1)\»< > ioii?^ \-o viiisod, now IIkmv \\(^ro n^ m-inv IV.mu IiI.-ikjv.^w . I'MiulMiv.-h. Mmii ohostor. ;\}u] 1 i\or]>ool .-ilono. .-nid l>osi<1os ihoyo wvw otluM's from iho ni>;l,l,.ni,ls mul froni v.-niouR lMiolis]» sliir<'>H. TIk'' VnxMio.'in Tovic^s li.-ul ]^rino.] n R<>n\ vo s.^invo. loss ihf\n iwoWi^ lumdro.l li.ninp; bcon >lnlo i1i»^ nuinishvorlliiuoss of Tihlif^Tis hnd Won oo^u^lusi^•<^lv ]^rov«Ml in 11i<> iioviliU\ ^lr;^^^-n to iW infanw of fhi^ ivniVw in (lovnian IM ( »H!';f I IMM «ir AMI I'M'AN f ^I l» frfKN |i I ^Jf K yP5> ltMMH>i. ((M III*' tti< !Uiii("if< (MhI I'll I'll nf lli#' fif|l( (M writ' I f \<"il<'l ill lluii iii)ini|iiil)ili|||v. II. V,/MI flM 'I liil. Ilicicliu c, 1(1) IJic ('(uil imi'iiM (• fil' |Ik> MhiifM'l'' llifil f( 1 1 III V iiJiliitinl fi( III ill! ('Ill hIimiiI'I \m' uvn\\r.i'i\, i\i\i\ MdiMloj^M. IimI IIiiI . IV.tI. Till' llM(|{i)i(;||(tiii \\'lii(i;fl Ii!mI ImmI. Ilif'li- li'iM In |p'plili(H l!ii<'<.|\ lii'ifiii'u- m|' lli'ji m|i( ti Mviii|i)iMiv uilli III'- Aiii'ri- I iiri. III lic\ iiiii MM |Ih'\ (li'l IIhiI IIic fiiiff nf ,,, ,, ,, ' ' . I lie floillUlt lil'ril\ ill MiimIiiimI \\!I'I i(|. hli(i' I""-- wi.ic iiiitccMM 111' llM-ir mI(ii<>mIc. I'mv )mh| I*.iiiI<" llirlini\ llt»> l''ii<>li'i|i (ifi )ii i^iMtMiM mF Vtfii vv'rf' fi|pMi»'l iMiil niiiiii'M>iii|\ fjiviM'il. 'I'Im' lilwniJM in ('HMnl f< It. (III! hill ;m»\ lit 'm (Icl'i'dl. hImhiIiI III* fill I lifir I Miifri|ili. hi 'ipilc i>r lilt- iDiliMiMil U)iriHiii(^ llu'v wmM ipimIdiIiIv \iti\<> Wi'ii ill (111' mil, I'nr NmiIIi, iiimI willi liiiii mmiiiv who vv« lo mil, \\ lij.tM. wiiM rtiM\ iiM'i'ij III' I lie (iifi cMil V I'mc |i»nr*'. Hill llu> l''|»'nrl| )illiiiMf'»' flclcnnillMl Hm' int|ifiKf' I Urili" li f II - I ) |ii' iii'if ./ (ii- vi'ilnci* llii> coliniit'H in. miiv cohI «»I nn ii runl ini>nr\ . hI illi'il rorn liiin* Mm nniviflioriH nf ITm 'lfv'ifr«| Mini Ion n)ni|tlinM'nl niiniH|,(>f by fiji|i«'MlH in |i*rMMnnl 'U- \i>liiin iiiiil M MiMiHi' of honor, ilffiiniinj^ hIiII of nn nlljfiiicn with ( 'tilhcrino II., uho piiipiI nolhiiiff I'or \v< Hirrn nlTnirH MUiJ \vnH rrM( lui 1Im» noHpofUH. 'riii> ncwi^ of Ihn l''ron('h nU\\\ii\o snnlv nml ('oni))l('|p1y «'lmn(f(M| |jif> fiH|ir'cl of l'"/n(^liKli jioliJicH. A {^(MMMiil l''/nid|ir(iii w/ir wiiH not only (>oHHil>lo lull ncluMJIy looniint,^ on IIh' horizon, '•"ho Whij^n kuw 11) I . )>[h^ rni I'lcKNiH \\ \n anp rni': in:voijrn,»N I J I fliriv «>|>|>(Mlnnil V. for jlio oM ftllium'" ol' l'',t)}>l(mwo\\(MM of (hm'immiiv M;',Mitu)l I lie llonilninn roiiltl nlone P(MMivo lier Mf^tiinHl IIu'IommoI' Ww posilioii who h;\V(>ntll_v MRHcilnl in i]\v Seven VcnrM' Wiw. i'\\'.\i\\:\\\\ h;\\\ •,\\\\",\\\\ oxplniniMl iioMin \\\\t\ ii;',nin 1I\m1 llto \ini<(^l f<>loin<^s conlil n«Ml(> lull IioiimiIm of h!I\!1 liMil lon'V ("on- of ininiMlrv jintl ili(> oon<'iliMiion of AnKM'ii'ii, now iho Y\\\'>i\\yo of tli|>lon>!\li»' rclnlionM innl pn>b!\b1t^ WMV uith V'r!vn»M^ n\i!;hl setMii*^ hoihtnul vrsioi(> i]\o union of {}\o ]''n}^1ish on\]Mt«\ 'V\\o niilionnl Mcnii- }\\o\\\ n;::niiR< AnuM-ii'ji >vmh inlinil«^lv wc'iilvor lltjin llio ini T\ioinovi:il nnd onM. Ton- oilinlion foinu\iolifio!il r\]Mvli f jns^tit'<^ ihi\i <1u^ Kill?; |>,>iiiio.ii oonviotious. !vnd }>!V«s (hron;';h rMiliMnuMiJ a s h{c\>h wvvo oonii^lolod. "Norlh. f<^t^linji ]>s si(ion. tind the hotoro.a'onoous minis! ry wms «>>nlinn(\l in ]>ow(M" bv Iho snppvM'l oi iho orown ;nnl by w nmjorify of nioni- bors roproscuting no jninoiplo oxoopt piulianioiitary in:(MKiNnioN uk amkihcan inhki-knukntk l>!)| HH|irpiM!>('v, wliicli lliry IuhI viiliially rMnfrHHcl i(» !•'> ii I VKiJiiiv ^.iiMi !i|i|tlM(l (o imi«'|ti«H('iilrfl |>('(i|t|('. 'I li«> very |iriii('i|tl<' wlndi Imd «'Hl,M.ltliHli«'(| l''/(i«f|iMli lil»(i(irM imiMJ, iiinlniiiiiir JliMHc r»r Amnicd, uIimi, mm immv, llio ciituii \vM.H iiMo In ricnln n. |»!irliM,iiM'M Imi y niMJMcily l»y jiiil roimin', Mild liy |M»lilif'iil cliiciiii*' iimc il, mm u I.<'o|. I )iiii;';iinr. (| r\('('ii(iri(i (»r Mm' ntiicilinl'My nif'fiKiirrH Hull it' IIm> l(iii;' (iiitl rnJiiiirl, liiul iiih iidcil io ,, , , lliwjirl. Ili<> |ii»|iiil(ir will lli«>v comM imi'. wrjl y;<' iK'Icil nlluTwiHP IJifUl l.liry (lid. 'I'lifir l'in;rii(iirr\ nidil|)niliriotiM, \vliil<> Mio clinic** ol' mpt(d»( ih I'ih IIk" di|il(i iniilic CDiiiiiiiHHion wmm lilllc Ichm IIkui iim inMull, 'Ih*! Mccoiid |ini 1 ioii of I lir> I rciil y liclwcm A iiki icn, niid T'lniif (> could iiol. ol' <'ourHc. lie I'Mifr concealed. l{oc| l»y concc'dJM'j iiidc|»' n- dciicc. I)iii, Cliiilluim iiiM.dc liin ImmI, »ind hiohI, Hfi,dly dia- iiiMlic Mjt)>cMianc(> in rarliaiiiciil, oti April 7lli, in <\('- iioiiMc«i il, and Io I'oiiHc liin coiiiil.ry io IIm! li((rr')rH (»f "liHiiHMidtciiiicMl, lln died 1 Im> iicxf iiioiilli, and (icfuyc WMM finally cina.nci))a.i('(l IVom llic rcMfiaiiii lie alwajH fell, under llie«>\(> of Ihm jfrealeHJ. Hiihjecl. Such waH Hie nc'^ency of Hie (MiniM Hiai in MpiI.e of |nide, ill Hie face of conH"Hi(>in'y, and willioiit, Hu; jjopiilar warraid, an einiHHai'y waH Held. Iiy Hie ininiHl.ry VnUWr r< i.t IOII I) to open n»Y;t)liati<)nH wiHi Hi<^ AiiM'fican coin- i-n.nkiiii nt iiiiH!iinn in I'a.riM, on Hie I laHiH of a VII I ilia! in- lli>' I'" r (' II ' Il ( (iiirt.. de|>(*ny comnien'ial |>r<'lei(nc(! over oHkm" la.ndM for ilie nioHi(>i'-coiinl.ry. Ii wa,H ioo j;d(;. d 1 ranklin and Iiih collea^MieH had heen piihlicly recf'iv ei I in formal audience on Marcli 20ili, niiiid ilifs jiiaii'lilH of Ww nation. RlaleHlierheH ]iai'in(er and Hie Hon of a tallow-cliandler. 'Dio tlirouo, the iiriatocmey. iiic l)iir;^eHHeH, mid ibc laboring Id 1 Ii* I 292 THE FKENCII WAR AND THE REVOLUTION classes all knew it, but for various reasons lie was the idol of all except the tirst. The moral effect of such a (leitication on the conditions of French society, with its revolutionary theories and its ideals of individual worth and personal liberty, was incalculable. The king him- soli did not deeply disguise his distaste for the policy forced upon him ; but the queen's sympathy, though per- hai)s shallow, was nevertheless hearty, and the cause was not only popular but fashionable. This sufficient recognitior of sovereignty exhilarated the advocates of independence in America. On April Con cress ^^^ Congress, using language almost identical ratifies the with that of the previous November, resolved treaty. ^ not to treat with English commissioners " un- less they shall either withdraw their fleets and armies or in positive and express terms acknowledge the indejjen- dence of the States." France had already fitted out two fleets, one at Brest, to engage the English fleet in Euro- pean waters, the other at Toulon, which sailed for America under D'Estaing on April 17th, but owing to adverse winds and accidents did not reach Delaware Bay until the beginning of July, two weeks after Howe's fleet had left it. On May 4th Congress ratified both portions of the French treaty, and addressed the country as if in- dependence were already secured. The people grew in turn as enthusiastic for France as the French were for them, and in much the same passionate sentimental way. Lafayette became, and has remained, the idol of the United States. The international sympathy, though tried by time, by differences of interest, and the widest divergence in religious and political institutions, con- tinues firm and strong, the more so that the Fr'^nch Revolution, consequent to the success of our own, and measurably produced by it, has finally, purged of all dis- tasteful excesses, resulted in a firm and tolerant republic. EECOGNITION OF AMERICAN IXDEPENDENCE 293 The cabal formed in the early winter against Washing- ton collapsed almost as soon as its schemes became pub- lic. The people became stronger in his sup- q^ inpsn m port as ihey learned how dark and ruinous '^" '^'^^"'' had been tlie conspiracy against him. Congress, too, repented, and, yielding to the force of public opinion, roused itself to energetic though spasmodic action. Conway was made commander in the North, but com- plained of his exile and resigned. He had been accused by Cadwalader of cowardice in the battJa on the Bran- dywine. Wounded in a duel with that officer, he wrote a servile apology to Washington and sailed for France, whence he never returned. Mifflin and Gates were com- pelled to silence, and remained to display, the former his better side, the latter his true character, in the sub- sequent stages of the war. Lee was soon to be utterly discredited. A congressional committee, moreover, set out for Valley Forge, where the renmant of Washington's army had spent the awful winter, and had some- times under the lash of dreadful suffering tion of tiio had recourse, for the barest support of life, to ""^' marauding and other doubtful courses. Steuben, once aide-de-camp to Frederick the Great, joined the army toward the end of February, and in May was appointed inspector-general in place of Conway. His fine system of tactics and drill was at once introduced, new troops were called in, and the new spirit of organization re- stored courage and efficiency in the army. Most of the French officers, chilled by the coolness with which their extravagant expectations were met, had rei-irned home at the expense of Congress, but Lafayette and a few of the choicest, some ten in all, remained. They were given rank and employment. Pulaski also was put in a cavalry command, and Kosciusko was appointed to fortify West I, "' i I 204: THE FIIKNCII WAR AND TUK IIKVOLUTIOX .i'fi l!i ij if >i Point. Greeuc Avas most cfiicicnt as head of the com- luisaary departincut. The terrible blunder of retaliation in l)arl>arity wan made by the enlistment in Yirgiiii:i and the Carolinas of two hundred Indiana to serve under Xatli;ini('l (iist. The first knowledj^o of North's conciliatory measures had come to America throu«^h New York. The frag- t oiK-iiitiMou iiients which reached Congress caused some oiiired. nu>dety lest the people might be recalled to their old allegiance by such sweeping and unexpected concession. But nothing definite or authoritative was known until after the i*;ititication of the French treaty. • On June Gtli Sir Henry Clinton, who had been appointed to succeed Howe as commander-in-chief, fonnally com- municated to Congress the official text of the bills. The same day the throe commissioners arrived. Of the three — Carlisle, Eden, and Johnstone — not one was a friend of the American cause, and two at least had been its most alnisive enemies. But such was the character of their embassy that they never doubted of success, forgetting liow" delay, tyi'anny, and opprobrium had settled the conviction of the American leaders tliat English lib- erties could only find their full development this side the sea under a new government with perfect sover- cigntv. On June 17th Congress formally refused conciliation unless accompanied by the acknowledgment of indcpen- F;uiiiic of the dence and the cessation of the "war. The com- raissiou. missioners replied in two letters of July 2d and 18th. These were purposely relegated to the limbo of a routine which made no answer to their unt uthor- i/ed jiroffer of independence in everything except foreign allhirs, and did not even dii'ectly communicate to the writers a resolution declaring their mission of no effect. The offers were three years behind the time ; the} might '\^ riox IC COIU- aliation iii aud under easures c frag- 1 some illed to xpected ive was treaty, pointed ly coiii- ■;. Tho 10 tlirco , frieud ts most ^f their 'getting led the ish lib- lis side sover- ;iliatic>u adepen- \ie com- Julv 2d A/ } limbo i uthor- foreign to the ) effect. , might KECOGNITIOX OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE 295 bo nothing but a move in the game which the king and his ministers were phiyiug to deceive the House of Com- mons. Tljo Articles of Confederation were signed by ten Htates in the interval. In August Heed informed Congress of an attempt l>y Johnstone to bril)e him, and finally the resolution was taken to break oft' all conniinni- cations witli an embassy which counted Johnstone as one of its menjbers. It appears to be a fact that the i)atriotio leaders, fearing the ellect of these efibrts on a i^eople tired of tlie sacrifices entailed by war and encouraged by the suggestions of Gerard de Hayneval, the first French minister to the United States, adopted a course delib- erately intended to turn the whole aftair into ridicule. Their success was duo to the unfortunate antecedents of the commissioners and the jiersonal character of one of them. Gates was the only Ameri(!an officer willing to meet them in conference. Washington and the active patriots of the country were with Congress. The real temper of the commissioners was shown in a j)roclama- tiou issued just before their departure in October, de- claring the alliance of Protestant colonies with Iiom- isli France to be monstrous ; that the real interest of America was sacrificed to the ambitions of a few ; that if the colonies did not submit within forty days the sole object of the war would be to devastate the coun- try. Germain was aware of D'Estaing's departure and of his destination. He therefore ordered a concentration of the English forces in New York, and Phil- , ,_ The English adelphia was evacuated on June 17, 1778. abandon ruii- Clinton's plan was to cross New Jersey to " ^'^' ""' Sandy Hook, where the fleet was to meet him and assure the easy transport of his forces by water to the city. The eflfective force with which he crossed the Delaware has been variously estimated at from twelve to seventeen n\ yon TMK FHKNriT WM? AXP THK RMVOIJTTtciN ii 1 Mi 1 T: il ■( .1 f i| Tlii'ir miivch (t> proiMMMi \\\\U the flooi l>v HOfi. l»nl Oicrc niiH. iu'vitUu'- Ic-tM, iin Jinny of cninp-followorH llyinj^' Ix'I'on* iho rNpcct- (m1 vou'^oiinco of ilio AnHMiciiiiM \\\\vu ilicy kIiouUI rt^luni, Jliul Ji l>.i;^,'5ii}?('-lr!iin hohu> l\vrlv(> inil«>H lon^. Wnslunfvtoii III i^Wi'o inovrd froin \'iill<\v I'\>r}j;o. rnlcrcd New 'lovHcy Hi\((MM» milcH !iI)ov<» TiimUimi \vill\ nearly 1reHH«>(l on lo llo])(>\vell. imiiciUti. ]j(,p I,. 1,1 ii,>isily aHH(Ml l>nt. h'MMsn th«» (MUMny on his nu'ivi'h. WMnhinj^lon, h\\]\- ]H>ri«Ml by (Jvo(M»(\ \\ jiyno. Cadwiiliulor. and Jiafayrtio, was »lof(M'niin(^(l ii'^ the eontniry. jvi;'.! sent, out Ji body of tiftcMMi lunidr;lis]i biij^oao-e-train was so onmbersome that tliov oould not lioix^ to oross tlu^ Haritan nnn\oleHt(>d, and the army, tl\(M'(^fore. sw(M"ved eastward. Monimniiii. arri\in,r(^])are a ]dan of attaek. but ho refns d. Tho h<\it was e\eessi\e. and the next day boin;;' rainy as well, both armi(\s rested ; bnti Wash- in,v;"tou peviMnv-lovily ordercnl IjOo to throw oui six to eiiiht hnndrc 1 s''{irmishers. 'I'he mornin<>- of the twentv- T!io ^y^^Vo o( 01 rhth wa; OiO U" ll ouah the heat was still intense. Tho Enghsh move 1, but. tlu^ oonnnan(hH''s order to Lee was so rohiot.intb- .•"'nd slowly obeyed as to bo inetTootivo. The attack w.is bo^iui by Dickiusou, of New Jersey, witli i»^ iniCnONniON OK AMKIJK'AN I N IHJ'KM DIAT'I': ^t)? IiJM iiijliliii, li(M' ln'iiif^ al)i4<'iil oil Ili(> ri^'lif, Hlriviiij^. tm Im> cliiiiiKMl, to ilraw cII'IIm' rciir-j^'iKird ol tlu< ciuiii^v, cii- iitr Imh Hirnh'yy wtiH i'litilp )Ui(l liin iiKMi \v(>r(! ilJMlinirtf'iird, for (liiilon H«Mil KiiypliiMiHr'ii t'orudid wKli tlu^ l»i>KK"''<' '"•'' •'•in- forced liiH K'lir. H. NviiH nu iiic'vplictihlo oI'mHiwuv vvilli wliicli Lro rcl'iiHcd to (illiiclv (iiid coiiliiiiicd liin iimicli- iiif^H mid croHHiiinH; JiiioJly ln' Ix-jriiii To rclrciii w illi IiIm two |»ri|.rH(l«'H, ('\|il(iiiiiiif( to liiil'(i,yrlt.<' tlmi he coiild ii(»f Htdiid ii};;uiiHt. I'orccH ho hii|m rior. |jM.I'ii.V('ti«' Hdit, for the ooimuMiidcr-iii-rliicf. who ni rived lo lind tli(^ lelieiit. in full Uro'^eMH. With a few Hharji and awful woiiIh \V(iHhiiif(- toll ehan};(>d tlM> direction of the troopH. WMViie'H rejd- iiieiitM were (|iiiclir advance waH HiicceHKfiilly cliecl: mI until the i'eniaiiiin<^' Anieric/in forc(^ coiilrl he drawn up on lii^li (ground. 'rii(> l'',ii|diHii fell Itack, hiit rofornied in n Htroiifj!' defeiisihle ponition ; iho AmericatiM eucanip(Ml on tJie liattle-liehh The battle of IMoninonth wan t.lio iaHt {^'erieral eri^'af^e- iTKMit on iioit.h(>rn noil, Imt it, wan one of the iiiohI tfsrii- ble. 'The tJiennonietcr rej':iHler(>d 1)(>" ]'\'di!'. y tiridciifu or in the nhade, uiid under tli(^ relent hnw ru-vK of ti"' "uiiL tli(> Him nianv men on both Hid(>H fell dead frfun ilieir ex- criioiiH without, a wound. The Ain(>riciuiH lost, III killed and Avounded two huiidr<' llow-('iti/onH on that Uiomorable day. The rcHult waH a victory for n(utlier nldo, but CJlintrdi withdrew at mhbiifjflit and Wasliin;.,d(m did not follow but marched away to hiu old position of advantage be- \\\ :\\ II M ill. '■ ' ; \l ) h VUM 'VUV 1UKN<'I1 W VU AND '1111'! IM'Nnl rH(»M 1 i' ii ill l\in Hhinlv Mow. tiinl WivuioM (ontlnci wmm so Hplmdid llini ho hcciunr n pop tiliiv honv I M>)' AMH i'onvl inmliMli'il fof Iom lirliinior. found }>tiill\ oj in^nhordinnlion. nn»l mtHpi mini for n \(\'iv. Ho wnn Mllrvwiml diMininHrtl foi un i»u|i('vlinrnl li^lttM' io rou})i«'H'^. Mi\«l H'liri'il lo ]Mi\nJ(« lili> in riiilti ilolpliin. >\luM(< lie (lit. I in ITS'l 'riic (lt>plli of Ihh fttilli li^'^snt^s^ >>!is nnKniMvn nnlil isr>7. ^\lu>n 1)h> )nil>Iicidion of Iho Uo\M> |>;>]MMH pvovod lnn» lo \m\o l»rrn iin mcli- tv.-nlin'. A \\oo]\ Mf<(>r llio b.iKlo of iMi>nn\onll». on .hily Md. oooiintMl iho ninHHinno of \\ vonnn}>. \\\v nunto l>v \\lii(li t^(» upper N.dliv of ll»«' S\impi('l\MnnM, in ronnsvlvnnifv. >\ns nnd HJill in li*anfod 1\\ ni;nl(>M 11. TonnooiitMil lind «'liiinM'd jlio diw- fvi»H. and ii b;id l>r(Mi srlllod l>v n rolonv of Ix r llnifly inh!ilnt:\nV(» rtvlin'V nndrr m s«mis«' of llto \\ron 1 i>^nt 'h.\\] TO \\« r»^ now idlii^H of llio Ann licMUH, nnd il WMS not dillnMiU for ;in V'nj^lish »MnissMry lo indin'c llioni lo i:\]\0 vovonjr*' on tlw d(^fvlio >v(M"(\ n\o\o- ovor. invndinp; flu'' \\ildorn<^ss. \v. o\]>o«lilion for llio ]>nr]''«"»s:o was orjO;ini/«\L 'Vl\oir> v»oro nlMnil ho\»m> luni- d\H\i nn^n. \ho Inrg'O niajovily IndinnH, bnl n considcM-MMo r.iinoritv vnnji'ors, 'Vlio s(^IMon\vnH l.'iKon by siir- priso. i]\c mUiicos and slo»'lod. and Mio v llij^ld or sliot. Tlio l wliilos nnd oijrbt Indians, slnlinjj th:i1 llioy had burnoi^ m11 fui.li ImilKuifv »im il «l«« i!i immI. Iiill l||)< jHilicy uliicli Inl |m i|, UMH IM»| nlilin»l'iHf 'I. iniil il il iMMv III rMiu'rivc Imw shniifr Iktmiim' IIm' Amoii- ciiii (riiniiiiili(iii in Im> liil ul' hikIi hhvi^m'IV. nini). in HIH M(>n> n\ iu»>\o- \rn Iwni- 1- m\ n I III (*n\rri"i{ \\v y\',}, iMM'TTM or 'rm: ioijmhin M.MANti! p,m ir;u Avni'M :l( Philrlili l|'lii'< I'll." (!ii\ I'tniMiMit n.liiiU'i l>' I ■■l:iliir''i l':nhn>"4 i'1i(< I'lvjii'iUtioM Vi'iiiti'M NtM\|M.il SKiinliiMi nl lln' NiMtli II \nnili;i(iiin i>l' IIh' rKiilt'iln nrv MItMil'i I'l I In' Mm; li.1\ Mi(n:iM Vnil'iHiMM Mini I '■'lu-i ol' S|>!ili( S|vi|ii .Inin'i tlin AUini".' \\ I'^Mi'in Sclll.'iwi'til (lin U'm l'.\|"'ililiiiii I uiii^iiinii nui \ \'\o\\,\:\ \.o<\ 1.1 Miu'lnntl I'liini'i' Miiil Snlli\ iiiT'i ( 'fnii|i!iiiMi Arniii I tin' li.'.pnM-i rin' I ii-in ol riiHliiU' Tin' llxplnil't iil rmil ,'.>i\i"j Miwr.Miv •,)\\<\ iln> i'-i1in\'l on \vlnrl« 11 mIjmhIm. New YtnK. (\«V«l»'UMl>\n;<:1i. Nit»;v'n;». iiMtl Mflroil wno Hir imiI\ poiiilt Vv'io'.i It ''"^^^ lu>l.l 1\\ Ww l''n,",liMl». Ani(»lil wmh miiiI ri\nn.i,'i(>hit(. ^,, .'otmntni.l il\«' i(MM)vorr.l cily of riiilmlrl y]\\'.\. 'Vho iv:\y\H\o]\H of l'',n>>li'0» occnutjHon. willi Hm In\- \ivv :\}\\\ liol, ('oiuImmcI \\\{\\ ]\\^ own inrlitinlion. Icil liim to Mssnnio ;in (*\i V!n;»>r;\n< uhloin li\in«'. II \\i nxmiMMM \V(Mo nimlvO'l l\v M oliililish mIv of H(>lf iniporlMUcr. innl l>«Mov(^ lon'V \i \\:\'i vinnor(>il 11i;»i l\iM nioncv ()Mns!H'lionM >v«M'<'' irr(\;:ul:n'. 1< nniwl \>o «'onf»'HM(Ml IIimI IIio roiiilii'l of ni;vnv tunon'V ^^'<' V(^lnrnin«^, WM'V^ ^^'^^ f'"' IVimii iidnii v:iM<\ In !i spirit of v«^rirM wvw H«'i/('tl in N(^\v .1(MS(\\. tvic^l. Mn«' lunifV- '^"* liivin'VstvMK tho (ivnornov. psvrdonotl (luMn mU. In riiiln di^lj^ln.i. ho\v(n(^v. {<,\o wovo Innu'T. Tho s\i]M-omo o\o»Mitiv<^ oonnoil of ( (»ii}ri*<^sH ])r()n»|>l1v r(Mnrn\ovl in liKlo {n"«'i>p^ "'"' slowly. i\ii I M iir'iH or 'iiii-: i.oifM(iiv( ArriANrr ;iri| 'll inn til I Im' 'I ( III' I'llll' ill .lllill'l I lll> I >iiiiMiiin'i •Mfl' IMkV'' ii'll Al'Mill I nil'i «tl I'inil N<<\v YoiK. Mil\ pdiiil't I WUH Mini I' rililllilrl iHi 11 M liiv m. Icil liim ilnnco. mill •imHMcliMiiM \o nuiiliii'l Voin Miliiii ViM'C Hci/ril In IMiilii I ])r()nipl1y iijVM. uliilo ml hIowIv. '111.' ('llVftll hii III ri'iiii iiH. 'I'lirir wii'i n pliiM lit fu jtii'i'itil inn III' 1Im« ( 'onlinrnliil rmrrnr^' H|ir('n Itilion mil wilil, 1Im> mmIm'I' »iii|i|iiii Iitm uI' < 'iiniMrfm ronl'l iinl I' IHI liiinlwiiv iii^ninHl. IIm» wiIiI I'liyrlirH of Hm «iini iii'imlri Mini lii'( ml. I'iinillv. llnic unin (wo |iM,HHiMjniln I'lirliiMi'i. \ini>lil WMM runil nnii I imIIcI, mnvirln'l «if Hnri i\. II IM 1m) II I II u'h fllllllM'M. mil iiiilmrn'l nni. iiiiil Hi'iili'in'MJ lo ii i«'|irini(iiM )iiMiii| |i ni|i)>t iMHilil ill l>i(M)|( fiinli linniiliiilinn, iind llin riirnniiil iiirtM inoluildy iiiinlf linn r('r«|ilivn lo llin hii>^ jri'ifinn III' I I CMNMll. hi '.^^l!lill|;'M niirnr HniMnnd (Ifionnd lo fnlilily rroiri lln> oiiImi'I. IImiI Ii<« if'inlM'il llic hrliiwiiK" iiiiliri lin niii'lil liiivn IumIcii I lown, ninl nniH«>(|in'nl ly, |,| < 'linlmi, rnii|jn;r mt t i'iinM|Mn Im iil Miimly llonh, wniilil |nt»liiil»ly liiivn litrn roni|ii||(i| In cniiilnliiln. 'I'Ikmc wi'i lo Itc (inullinr HiiHni. I''iny IiiihI Mini MOM. IhiI lin coiilil liinl no |iilo|i-t lo curry IiIh Hliiji^i inio |Im> Imy iiinl Iniii;;' llinin to m |MiHil.ion MiiiliiMn I'or iillMrK. \\ iiMJiini'lon Minn |iro|ioMn(l nn n\|»('(liliori M;::iin!«l Nr\\|t(»rl. Snilivim. willi Iwo (liviHioiiM iiinlnr liil';i\nlln Mini (linrnc. wmh io lnM*l n, I'orcn «»!' rnjMiJdr ('mil iniMilMl'i Mini mm ninny inililiii. hh lin ('(nild iu\, lo- ;<('llinr Ironi Mm imi;,Mil)orli(M)(l iiilo Ihn iHliiinl ninl id- lirK liy liiiiil, HiniMJIiinnonHly Avilli (i> lioniliMriltnnnt I'loni D'l'.MlMinjr'H HliipM. II, WMM lioprd Mini Mm nilirn (oirri- (ton of si\ IIioiimmikI would Ix^ <'oin|M'll('d l,o Hiirrnndnr. 'rin^ ImiuI lorrn wiiM proinplly or<.^(ini/<'d and nwidy in tine MCMHo.i. I mi, njVHin, iim in croMHinjc Mm ofiniin, Mmro wnc ninnvcHHiiry «l('l(iyH in Mm niovcincnt of Mm P'rcncli ll(>t 1. II wiiM Au'inst Hill when J)'!'lHt!uii<' forced an en- % 302 THE FRENCH WAR AND THE REVOLUTION <■ ! i, n m i 1 . Umk\ '• ii' trance to Newj^ort harbor. But: tliia time tlio Eiip^linli had .shown capacity and speed. Clinton was inarchiiin; ,. rapidly with four thousand trooi)S to tlio Till' CNJM'di- I .' 1. ti>.!i !itriiiiisi i-(.li(>i' o" the citv, and Howe's llect had fol- lowed so promptly as to be aln^ady m si;;lit of the tardy French ; D'JOstain^jf iurncd and sought tlio open sea for a decisive en<;ar two years' manoeuvring and the strangest vicissitudes both ar- mies are brought back to the very jioint they set out from, and the oftending party at the beginning is re- duced to the use of the spade and pickaxe for defence. The hand of Providence has been i-i conspicuous in all this that he must be worse than an infidel that lacks faith, and more than wicked that has iiot gratitude to acknowledge his obligations." The real weakness of America was in her own folly, or rather mania, concern- ing taxation, and in the preference by her leaders of local interests to the Continental welfare. The campaign of 1778 came to a premiiture close for lack of money. Congress had neither the inclination nor the courage to ask or assume authority to lay taxes ; the States were busy with their own promis- EVIL KFFKCI'S OF 'IITF FOIIEIGN ALLIANCE 303 sory iioteH, the country was flooded with Enpclish ronntcr- i'((its of Continental (mrrcncy, and tlio o])li}^'iitious of tho union wore ijfrowin*' more and more worth- „ .,. ,. loHH. J lu'ouj^diout tlic summer the operations <>' iiKsconivd- ol" ai^riculture had been uncheckcMl hy the presence of an enemy, and by the end of October tho country liad j^arnered anotlier ricli liarvest witliout molestation. But su{!h was the moral imbecility pro- duced by a now rampant sei)aratisni tliat Conj^a'css con- f«>ssed to France that their only hoi)e was in forei<^n loans, and with words which in the perspective of history sound i)nsi]lanimous asked for the " protection " of tlio Idn^. Tlwy also addressed the country in lan iiii; uiaoM iion oonslMnilv oN|>r<'H«in;!: I't^jncf nl. Ilto «'oiili?imMH'(> of 11h> WMT. Www ndmiiaiioM I'oi- jli«> AiMcriciin InidnH \mih iml, i'on('('nl«>tl, MUtl M n';i»lin(>HH lo _\ irM Anicriciiii iiidcpcii- «1(MWM' Ix'jiMn io |M>rnM>Mlr nil cImhsch. nniKc (IrMoimccd i]\o I'lic^HJ inMnilrHli) of lln' itiuliaiiMMiliiiT i'oinmiHMioiHM'M io ilio AiniMicnuM mm m " «IiT!i(lful iiumiikm'," mikI KocKinn- or Hin('<> Jli(> comiiuv «»f h iHM iMt>no\intMM I ii M(MMirMMin found luM'sclf in n HcrioiiM niniH. 'J'lic Hccondiirv ro]c mIio wmm ]'l;nin<; undrr lli(> l''!iinilv CV)ni))!H'i wmh Ini- niilinlint', l>nl worse Ihun Mud. Iicr coloinid Anih'li ii 11 o 1 iv.ivj ot MvsliMn in South iuni NoiJl) /Vinci'icM. WMM j(Mt|) Mvdi/(>sHv'ssions nu'lndi^l ili-^ <;r(\d(M- ]>orlion of lIuMvcslcrn luMuis]>h(MV, for vxcw in Norili Ani<>ric.*i six' clMinHMl Mnd ho]M^l io M(^(Mir(^ M sliMiH^ of iho gn^Mi iiM'viiorv tm; i of ili(> Mississippi MM fMV MS ih(^ All(\';h(Mii(^M, wliilo rvcrviliinfv >\Tsi of ihMi v\\vv In lon-V(Nl io ]wy ; iho groat iniM'CMniilc n;\iions wcmv^ iliirsiin;;,- \'or i\\v IxMioliooni Hi^iilcMuoid of torrii oriels so violi. lud «'los(nl mm voi io conmuMHU^ Mnd ilu^ \1S«^ o i n\Mn. If ih(^ I'-n'dish colonioH sliould socurc tl\oir indo]HMul(MUH\ ih»^ infociicni of lilxMiy woidd cor- i linlv s]>V(\ul in ilu^ ntn-lluM'n coniiniMd. I'IimmiIm lUMnoi. iiiorof»n'<\ woidd hMvo nindi^ ih(^ oroction of m (Miinos(» wmU of s{^]>MrMii(">n by m shMr]> di^lindiaiion of InnnulMrioM m, <'ou- tliiion of iho Uinirbon Mllianoo MgMinsi CivoM I'riiMin, An ind(\'isivo ongMsv^'nioni in .Inly, 177S, botwc^n ilio Cliannol lloois of I'rMnoo i\\u\ l''nj;lMiul o]XMiod hostilitios, fnrihor *!( Imv was iin]H>ssibh\ Spain twioo (hoiiKiuuv. olTorod niodiaiion and a soiihMnoid. of btnni- davios. but iho Kn^rhsli ministry doolinod wiili anuisod dis^Jaiu. At this jimoturo Congress took the wiwc atop S]vnn j cm s Kvrr. lorFKniM ok tiiic FrufKKm aujanck H()5 of «IiHH()lvifijr Imt ()tif)(l(hm oI* llin AiMcricMii |:(<)v<>niiiH'iil. hh nil Jirp^iiiiiciif- thiil. Mm'v iM'VtT (MHild ln> nil Mi^f^^iTHnivp |M(\v('r, lie ('(»ii- viiummI ImiIIi liiiiiH(>lt' aixl \\\v SpfuiJHli iiiiiiiHicr Mini ilic W(»Hi(>ni froiilirr ol" ilio llnjlcd S(.ii,l,rH would in any rvriit. 1)0 llic AII(>;,di('iii«'H. Af. Iiih(,, by (in /I'^rnoiiiciit, fo rcHforo (lihrnll.ar, Miiiorcii, mid IN>iiH(icoln,, willi l.lu^ Florida cfuiHt, likowiHi^ lo (>\|M>1 Mm^ I'liifrliHli from lloiidiiiJiH nnd Cniii- pinioliy, iln^ Olid wliicli Hoonicd ho oHHoiiliiiJ t.o Vor^rf.niij.H waH }^^niii(*d. .SpHiii Mij^iK'd IJic ircal y on April l'2Mi. I77!>. and tloclarcd war in .liino. On l.lio fwoiily-lil'lli a Hoot. Huilod from ('adi/ to join that, of tJio J''roiioli. TIiIm ikuv allianoo, aooordiii{:( io int-ornatioiial law, ro- loaHod ('on^^roHH from it.H promiHO not, t.o nia.k(^ ])oaoo wit/liouti I'ranoo. I5ut, ovoiitH woini wildornoHH doHtinod in tlio ond Ht'm'ni. to provoni ili(^ diHint.of^ration of tlio union, and at. tlio Biuuo t.iiiK* to thwart. t.h(> plaiiH of t.lu^ l>ourl»oii powoiH. 1'ho ])OHM(5HMion of tho MiHHiHHi|)pi Valloy in ilH into^Mity liiiH boon from tho b(^;^aiiniii}:( tlio aHHiiranoo nnd tho coniont of union. Tho moii who won it nnd occupiod it havo b(>oii in a Iii;^li hoiiho tho innkorH of tho Uiiitod St.iitcH. Ah onrly nn 177(5 tho ])ion(!(-i'H in and nboiit Jlai- vodHbiir;^h had cIiohoii doh><:^nit.oH to i\u) Virj^'iiiin Ahkoim biy, and after tlu^ d(>('laratioii of inch^pondonco the din- trict wan r(HM)}]jni/,(5d an th(> (Jounty of Kontiicky. Ono of tho lirst r(!i)roH(Mitativ((H wan (Jlaik, who, aftor (lonKul- tatit)n with 'riioman JolTorHon, Patri<'k lloiiry, and othc^iM, Hp(Mit. t.li(^ y(>ar iu Hoouriiifj^ authorization and HU]>j)li(!H for M.H oNjMMlitiou into th(^ iiit(>rior. Hin ])lauH woroat l(!n{.(tli porfoctod, and witli a HulViciont Hum of mouoyho rotiirnod luMiioiii January, 1778, to bo^ifin tlic organization and out- littiug of his nion. liy Juno 2GtU all wan in rondlncfts ; ^0 ' nil' i?i'\ <»M' I |M Ni n \ o i'i>u>^>')nii") o f 'il'onl fi'vl\ (Mel) \\<'it> cmlMnlu'il on lh.^ in>M. MUil I'M .lllh \\\\ lIliM IcMt'lU'tl Hxil (.i>!ll ||t(< 1 \ I'li'o h;>,l l»(>(>i\ -ni 1'"n)>liHl» j>i"if. lutl in rTT.'n''iiI 1.M> w >\\ Hio ,n <<> -nvrnnlhrn llini i>i iVIioiJ, r'inl iVlion ('\^>i' V( iv m'l iM\ 1 lu \h >l.l IrV') M < \ iii!">nni"i ;nti I II \i< Inli'ni ^>n.vl. r non williiMii ji Mow. (he I'linrh iiih-ili 1<'n\<'. w lUnv ]\ >^i\\oio rillo"i'inr<* 1o <1\(< \'nilri| Mf'H'"t. •yuA !■ i >Mi Oir.l \ 'onn( v of lllinoiq in Mio "^I'Ho o| \ ii i>niv) K )1\olvii '-nlMuiHr.] in \\\t^ 'iMn\i' w ;V\ Mnil ;» |Mii ■:( 1>'>ni( ^ liibinU nn.^i>i \ in tVnini^': \v ],\> li. \\iil> ii". ,.;;ivri'^on. liUow i"^!)' vononn 1 I'li; h^h \ ' niM-lioii lVi'avfnv(Nl 1^ iM l^ri'«Mnl>rv Pnviiifi i\\o ntuno 'ic.iMon niiiHV.'M- rv)>. ilinon. un<1ov \\ illiii;). i>l' rhiln>1i^l|iliitK >'^)yi Mr.-.1 l''(^ V'lv o h ioH< on Iln^ lowin '^li••!•;i^■5i^^|^^. i>i' wlii.'li ^»Miih(^ • w .1^ <1io n)o-i >ni]>«Mi:ini Tin onoliinif llio w in iov ol 17TS T'^ \rii]>;>ni in 4 nwA i^uAy im yv\' oncM-::. -i'ov l^ifinnlton. vinii^^<^nno^. l>o)1i lown ;in.l ioH, onii-i-,-: (^lV ^li«' ^iii^^pb ^v;>nvi 1'v.Mn Privoil. (nnl (n1<"'r'^ fhr oov.\o\ «^{ fovf.x nii^n, Ti) Vi^vil wris .v.i^1in\o fifii^on 1unitli(sl rii'-n. Tl; r\ wvro I'oinnvniilo.l In l'>;n\ Slit^lln jin.l <\in^ipp«N^ l'>v l'5'i;i<\ Ins fjon. V'ni'onniorin-; 1 .M-. c'lni 1 o s ( to K'\!- l»iif). STuS r>^n.lov< v^ iW Pt-'liomo of ;in Mf<;iolv on iho Sonfh from lli.nl o,nnv1osiiMo, VW rh,'vnnol« of innni^vvti^i'^ii n> Sl-»|."i. o o| Nil ;» pi icMJ \ ji» \ in 1 V\\>\ InM. <';»|>1 (>l w ln>'1\ viM UioM (nil\ MnM IimI 1.1 (i^Kinjr hnntlvt .1 o\h\ !>u«l .''»ni<(M in«: .>\1<1\ fv.MU nn.«vv,'i7 1Im> pI'Mfi ff M|ifiiM u»'M« cfMHiiNlcl llir'v uM" filiffi'ly llnmiltil, Im» |Im> ultfilii \\nuU '•( IIm> M j<4fHMMi|)|ij fioiii l\)»'i|{iifi|{ iti !!itMl liw 111 -I lit Ndl'lic/ \\!iM )tltf M|i)iiiiH|| |iMVfl iioi ol' I |M|iiriifi|iri, !» il)>('liii>il ion 'if uni, miM('<| !i imkIIi \ JMM (>, f'MiiHiHl iiic in |niil, of |Im> r>'i'\\\nfn •.\\ lii'i iliM|iM"'il. Iml cliicllv iif /\ MH'i i'Mii V'lliiiili « ift fin'l n<'|>rn("i. iitul wkmIc.I lifiiti ||m> I'inclifili fill wi'Mlfin I'ldi- iiJM «'Vri«pl I "lUMMrnltl. Till" li'lln |'M|!ll\MiM (tf l'",||j>liMll flllivily U dfl Illl('rlv ijllf' III M t rliiMl l(!lli|i> imhllitl |ill('linitl<'li(i|i, Mix {"iiilic finfi), III' «'if'lil\ iliM'i ill llii' |ir('\iMiifi niiilfi. uliidi (,, „„„„ „^ MUM|iiMI.|r.| (ill rll.-i,,\ ill pilMir lll'c I'lir Mint I"' •" ('"""•• liini' iiii'l fi|||miI. 'I'Ik' I''mim Ii !llli;iiici' iliil iiolliiiifi |i» )iiiiiiMi> ( 'miic I ('f4f<. 'IImv fuliilly pvjiiM'lt'il M M|n(>il\ |Hvi. (Mill III I !lii('»'iiH'iil'i wire IK IhmIIv lUMili' liM ill iii\"it| ijil iiiii, \ I'l (M'liiM") MiK r«>i\ Ilii' iiciMMjioii III I'piiii. iiml liiiiiliii)! llii'lii Mill III ii- I'lililc M |ii'il\ willi'Hil |Ih> rniniiil niiiMi III nf I'iimicp. Tlu' IjIIi'mI ii'M III' ImMIIhIiII \ \\!1M III I M' (M IIICI 1 1 1 1 1 ; ('(MKnln mill NiMll ImhII:! till |1h< lliillll. i||)> /\ I III II I ii' «MI ll|l>r»IMl, l''l(irii|;i on 111' Moiilli. iiiiil llio l\lifJMiiiHi|i|ij on llm urMl. |Mo\iiloi| \inrii('!i wonlil nol iiiMiul on ||ii< rHrliiMivp lij',lii |.< nn\i;vil(> il 'I'lio norlli iiinl fionlli lioiiiiilnriiH svilo llioto (joi'lriicil liy I'lifjiind in \i\.\. I'illri ilicciitujiuii iiioMc o\iM llii' li'ili(v) i(>M (jin'Ml ion, roHiiHiiif^ in n, iN • it;i m |o iii'MMl on lln'ir rnjov nicnl mm Iu'Ioip |Ii(» uiir. r'iimlly '.\ iorn>:il !i)i|>o!il \v;im nnnlo In llio iSliilffi I'oi' In l|> in luoniM niMlliMM. lull no roH)»onH»' wmm cxiirrliMl |l!lin. (''illy inillioiiM inoin of ('mili urnlivl (Mnroin'v wovo imhimmI ilnrin|r .liiniiniy. '>"U\\w l\\o n»arU(>l vniiuMif ji i'ontiiiciiliil dolliir whh uiio- >t i y 1§ r 1 1 ' r * ' n08 TTTT! FUKNCTT WAT? ANT> THK UKVOT.TtTION ■t^''i twontirth of itfl fjioo ; bv tlio oiul of \]\o yrnr, v,hou \ho H\nn 'otal ill circnlfiHon wnn two InindrcMl iiiillioiiH, i<. wmm woilli \oHH than a tliirti(^tli. 'Vho I'mMiioial colhmHo waHi-oinpIclc. OiitoH li!i(l ihroo thcniHand iihmi in New I'nf^land, willi hoa(l-<|nart(M'M at. ProvidiMiOO ; thcro \v(M'(» hIx llionHand in MovonnniH tlio HIj^hlandH nnt\v("(Mi TNliddlobroolv, in Now .Icrsov, and Ncnvhurjvh. on tho Hud- son, whoro his h<^ad-rH wcro. 'rh(> l'n,';;hMh had olovon thonwand nuMi in Mow York and liv(> thoiisaiid mI Ts«Mvport. And yot tlio HnninuM* of 177!) wim a. xc^ason of g'onoral inactivity at tho orifjjinal Hoat. of war, thon<;h thoro was domdtorv ti;.;htin}:f of oonHidiM'ahh- iniportancc both North and Sonth, aswoll an tliat amon^if tlio ])ionoorH nb-oady nnutionod. Clinton booamo rosib^sH nnib^r ih(^ tiro of boatilo oriticisni as ho lay Hhut nj> in Now Yoik. and in IMay (b^spatohod an (>x|)(Mlition with two ihonRand mon to tho OhoH!i]>(\'iko. In pursnanoo of tho niinisbMial policy of dovastatioii tlio prosju^ronn Vir<;inia nhoros wore ravagocb a hnndrod voss(»1h bnrnt, and tho Knj;1ish sbipa rotnrnod to Now York witb a riob booty — s(n(>n- tcon ]iri/os and throo thousand bo<;sh(>ads of tobacco. Tlio Virginia j^ovornniont rotaliatod by tho sci/.urc of pro]iorty boloiij^inpf to T3ritisli pubjocts. Karly in Juno Clinton hinisolf led a sally forty inilos up tho Hudson. tmd occujnod Stony Point on Oiie sido and Vorplanck's on tlio otlior. Tho Amoricans woro thus (b^jirivcul of ;ill comninnicatiou between the opposite shores south of tho Itij^hlands. A similar foray wroueflit serious bavor on the Coniioc- tic .t shore at Norwalk, Fairiiold, and Now Hav(Mi. These do]>redations oonld not be pcrniittc-l Stoiiv Point. . ^ ^ to continno. uashinj^ton and ^Vaync elab- orated a plan which tho latter carried to successful oxc- cutioii. With the utmost care and secrecy twelve huu- . 1 KVIL Kl riO( IS OK rilK I'OIMlKiN ALF.IANCK IJOD «ln'(l iiiofi wcr*! ]vd in dctuclKid coluiniiH l»y tlio itKniiituin [»HHH«'H of UlO Jlil^dllutMlH io Jl ITIK |» /VOUH Vvilllill two inilcH of Stony J'oiiit. After (i l»ri(;f rcconiioiHHuiico by W'liynu llio iitifu'k l)('}:r(iii in tlio vnily iiioiiiiii^' of Jiuu! l(!tli. 'V\w woiliH wen' Htonin^«l iit tli<3 point of tli(j I»jiy- oiu't, Jinil livci liiindrcd iiiid foity-tlii(M> ])iisoinrH, oiric with a Hiiiall J)arty Hui'[)riHcd tlu* fort at L'auluM Hook, now J(!rHey (*ity, and alnuwi without a "HHualty eapturod ibo {,'arriHon of ouo liuudrod and tifty-nino men. Tho IndianH, moreover, and tlieir Tory allien, were puni.slied for tlio continned and bloody exeoHHOH which wore tho iittin^^ He<]uolB to tlio masHaeroH of Huiiiv/urB Wyominj,' and of Cliorry Valley. Con^^roHH li^/Jl.'.'^i'ii,". had in J^'obniary oonnentod to au expedition ''■'"ii">'»- against tho Iroquois ; and in Au^MiHt, after in(!\))li(;al)lo dolayH, a l'or<'o of about throo tliouHand men under Sulli- van ontorcid tlio SuHciuolianna Valley. I'oforo tluur arrival tlio i)atriofH ii..d ooninieucod a Heri(!H of deHultory movo- mentH ajjfaiiiHt tho ononiy. TIioho wero now Htrciii^ftli- onod and eoiitinuod until tlio Onouda^'aH, SenecaK, and MoliawlvK were tliorou{,'bly cowod. A pitehod battle was fought ; t Now town, near Elniira. Tho mixed force of somo hIx hundred Indiaiia and Engliwh was lod by Brant, Johnson, and the liutlors. Tho whites ilod, and the red men linding their aUies couhl not protect thorn, begged for permission to remain neutral. Tho oarly season had been uuexamplod for horrid cxcgsboh, at its close tho perpetrators had lost their own homes and crops. No sooner, however, did Sullivan proceed than tho allied Tories and savages rallied again, and in one long revel of I , i il ■i f ■ : ^ I' ' ■ u 1, * ■ii 'lt ( '] 310 THE FUENX'II WAR AND THE KEVOLUTION destruction spread desolation alon^if the frontier. For lack of money and provisions the little Continental army could proceed no farther than the Genesee Valley. During the same month an attempt agiiinst the Eng- lish post of Castine, established in June at the mouth of Tbo iiiiKco of the Penobscot, in the Maine uildomess, ^vas Castine. j^j^q thwarted. In July ]M;issachusetts, with an access of natural but ill-considered resentment at what was an inexplicable act of bravado, fitted out two frigates, twenty-four transports, and nearly twenty pri- vateersmen to meet daring with daring and destroy Cas- tine. A thousand men were embarked. In due time, on July 28th, these arrived before the place and disembarked. The strong fortifications defied their efforts and pro- tracted the siege. The expedition had been followed by five English frigates and a sixty-four- gun ship, which ar- rived from New York the second week in August, to find the Americans again embarked and oflering resistance. The very same day the English attacked and overjjow- ered the adventurers. Soldiers and sailors alike landed to escape capture, and set fire to many of their own ships. The brave but Quixotic party then set out on their weary retreat of three hundred miles through the forest wil- derness. Saltonstall, the Continental commander, was court-martialled and degraded. Lovell, the local ofiicer, was acquitted. The cost in money had been enormous ; those who incurred it would not j^ay, and as the blame had been fixed on the Continental authority', eventually, but most reluctantly, it was assumed by Congress. The net result in the North, therefore, was a slight gain for the Americans, especially as they held King's Theexpioits Ferrj' and as Ne^^"port was now abandoned, of Paul Jones. Qwiug to a determination to strengthen New York against a possible attack by the French fleet and American army in conjunction. Moreover, there was EVIL EFFECTS OF THE FOllKrOX ALLIANCE 811 great encouragement on the ocean. A Scotcli nil ven- turer of remarkable character, naiued Paul Jones, had two years previously taken service ^vith the United States as a naval oflicer. In 1778 lie suii)ris(>d AVhitehaven, and in July of this year had sailed from L'Orient -with a squadron of live small vessels — two American and two French men-of-war, with one priviitoer — to cruise on the coasts of Ireland and Scotland. In Sei)temLer he de- scried oir Flamborough Head a merchant lle(>t from the Baltic, under the convoy of two war-ships, the Serapis and the Countess of Scarborough. An hour after sun- set, on the twenty-third, Jones, in the Poor Richard, of forty guns, engaged the Serapis, of forty-four. The bat- tle lasted at short range for an hour and an half, and the American ship was sadly battered. Her commander bore down and grappled his antagonist. Two hours more of a desperate hand-to-hand conflict ensued in the long twi- light and dusk of those latitudes, and at length the Sera- pis struck her colors. Next morning the American com- mander had just time to transfer his men and stores to the prize before his own vessel sank. The French frig- ate Pallas, after another gallant action captured the Scarborough, and the fleet bore away for Holland, enter- ing the Texel, October 4th, 1779. "4 ■J 'f\ jil I .;:!; ij I» t ' ' .1 1 ' i ' • iu..]; .1 ' CHAPTER XXVT. CAMDEN AND KING'S MOUNTAIN-1779-1780 Ilostilities in Georgia — English Authority J^e-establislied — Lincoln and D'Estiiing Fail before SaviiMniili — Proposition to Arm Slaves — l''all of Cliarluston — Engliali Policy in the Sontli — Meaaurus Taken by Cornwallis — Tlie lleign of Terror in Soiitli Carolina — The Patriots Prepare for Resistance — Gates Defeat- ed at Camden — The Frontiersmen Meet the Crisis — Battle of King's l\Ioiintain — Moral Ellect and Character of the Victory — Greene Relieves Gates — Bankruptcy and Mutiny in the North — Failure of Plans for Co- operation between Washington and D'Estaing — Arrival of Rochambeau. The year 1779 is not memorable in the annals of the Revolution for these successes and reverses, but for an Hostilities in entire change in the seat of war. The plan Georgia. f^j. jj Southern campaign had been matured by Germain in the previous year, but had for a time re- mained in abeyance owing to a lack of new troops. An effort was made to enlist men in America, but only a few could be secured, and these were for the most part Irish Roman Catholics, who hated France because she had ex- pelled the Jesuits. The arrival of the French fleet also made it more difficult to land such soldiers as were available. Two expeditions of refugees entered Georgia from Floiida and ravaged certain districts, but their ca- reer was short. Lincoln, who had been wounded in his Northern service was now convalescent, and had received the appointment of commander-in-chief for the South. Early in January, 1779, Prevost, who was the English military governor of Florida, marched with a small con- THE SOUTTIERN COLONIK?; ILLUSTRATINO THE SECOND-HALF OF THE REVOUITIOy SCALE OF MILES .1 I I'll I Ifl A i Ill I CAMDK.V AND KINfS H MOUNTAIX :n3 tinj^'cnt to Savannali, outwitted Robert Howe, the iiiivul v(M'(> latulod io mmwImI. in a h'w^o of Mi(> cHy, wliicli by tills iinic l*r(>V(»Ml liiul slr<)ti;'ly lorlilicd. I'.iil, owijii;' lo niKMM'lMiiily nud lack of conccric^d iiclioii week aflcM* Avcck |>:tsM(»il l>('fo]'<> ilu> I'lisl liiicM of jii»j)roacli wcro thrown uj), Tlio slonny S(\'isoii wmm a,i IimikI, and llu* i\ool n»ij;lit <\'isily ho driven olV ili<> coast, li wan, IIkm*;- forc. «lci(M'tnin(Ml lo li*v .'U» assmll on OcfidxT '.)Mi. D'l'istainj;' land(Ml wiMi liin men, and led oneeolninn coni- ]>osMrl. of Noi'lh Carolina niililiM. lo tlie allack. The oilier, under hincoln, moved sininUan«M)nsly. 'riie ons>^l, wax tl(^sj>(M'al(\ l)ul ii wmh m(>l. l)v a tir(> no 1(>sh so. For a monient the AnuM'icMn f1;i'jf .'ijipe.'UHMl on tlu^ ram- j>art, but it disnppoarcd as the Iwo Sonlli (/.irolina lien- tenants who bore it wore shot down. 'V\n) Fr<'nch sbnid- ard-bearer also ])lanted his banner o]\ a eonspicuoiis spi>t, but ludy for an instant. [V\\o >-esnlt was an utt<>r discomliluro of tlio assailtmls. Six hundred l<^-enchmen fell slain or woundod, amonjjf Ihe latler D'l'iSJMin'jf him- self. The AnuM'ieana lost about two bundred. Pnlask , the <;all:uit l\)lt\ was struck by a ball, and died soon af- terward. The lMi;;lisli loss was triilini^ The failure was atlributeil to the information ^ivcn by a deserter to the l%ni:[lish. l>ut in evcM'y case, so far, dis- rinroiii Mu.i Hster seemed to wait on eid(M'])rises under K'mv'^iu- ^'^1^^^'^ oonji)inny by tlu^ allies. Thn ll(>(>t "■'''• sailed back to the Antilles. Nss ils presence on the coast had di^layed ihe movenuMibs of the Eno-lisl \, am 1 it was Decom lier before three thousand ! troops from Now York, under ram]>b(>ll, linally landed. Clinton's flotilla of transports had been scatt/n'od by ad- verse wiiula, and it was not until January, 1780, that he himself, with six thousand men, reached the mouth of the Tyboe l\iver. The I'Aiglish foroes were at once directed apfainst Cliarlestou, which both opponents held to be the key of ^i V '■.( i OAAIDKr^ AND F, iln» Aiii(>ric(i?i Iciulrr ilircw liiiiiHcIf '*y i" iim- , . . . Suiilh. iiil.o lli(> cil y, H('('iir<'(l HVi])[tli('H for ii Hir;^^*', jukI forlilicd Mm* iidck. IS(!V((ti limi(lr('(l Vir^'inin, icjmiImi'h liud bo('!i Hciili iVoMi llic. N(ni!i mm ii rciiiloi'ccinciil, to Lincoln, and ('orn\V)illin canH" iti Apcil willi ihicc (li»»uHand men from N(*\v \ Orlv io coinpN-id Mic ovci'wlichiiin;^ Knjx'i-ior- ily of ( 'liid.oM. Ai lliis jimcliifo liani'cdH jii'iivcd from \VaHiiinf;(()n uitJi a propoHilion fo iirm ihc. ncj^rocH. Men of color liiid bnivcly fon^dil, iij, Monmoiilli. 'I'lio ca])l.nrc of Hliiv(!H bv ilu* I'Injj;lisli w;i,h a Konrco of ])rolit; HO imiiKMiHo i\\id Mic.y never drcanuid of cmfuicipuf inj^ tJic b1ac1d t,lie bar under ilie {.^nnH of VoH, ''""•'^•^•"n- JMoulirie, (Jeort^ia was nlready losi, and iliou^diin of ft Hnrrender were onieriained and discnHHed. Finally Clinton wrh aHlced for terniH by tlie dis])irited civilians, wlio would liavo ajj^reed eiilior to neutrality or to capitu- lation. He refused to treat cxee])t witli the military ftutlioritios. There v.'as disafleciion of the most sorious kind in the city, and lanj^fuor nmrlced botli the Rief^e operationH and the def(\n(;e. Finally, after the tliird parallel of approach had been completed, Lincoln yielded to terms of a very strinf^ent natui-e, and on May 12th surrendered. The nund)er of combatants included in the articles embraced all inhabitants Avho had ever par- i i I I n H I 'A\Cy rni; lUi.Ncii w\i: .\m> riii'; i:i:v<»i,r'nnrf iicipnliMl in roHislMiKM^ on i\\o AnuMicMn niilo, mid wnn n(^!nl\ li\«' l!ic(\ And ko lirli \viin llio \\i\\c lown ol" lil'{(>rn ilionsMnd pruplo Hinl. booty wmh >Norll> Ml>onl ihvi'o lnindr«'d IhoiiHiind |»onndH Hlnlinjv. Tlu^ losM of ( MunlcHlon wmh morr.lly iin nwl'nl Mow, 'rii'» Slide }>"vornnuMd. wim uliorly diHor«vnni/.<'d nnd Wh nuM\d)(M"H i\vd norOnvivrd. Sonlli Ciucilina \o (MKMnv nnd wiis soon ov«>r- V: :\ ": n ros l,')Ui>n h\ Til, 11 w;illi«. " W!iH opon U> <]) run l)v pMilioH HonI in all dircMdions lo |>l>m- dri/.(\ l''or a tinu^ lli(> populfdion Hcrnn^d shnnK^l and no nvsiMljuuM^ wns niiid(\ 'rnrlclon nnd liin troojKM-M IxM'Mnu^ !i H«'ourf;(\ In d Hinj^lo HkirniiHh willi iho niildi.'V ho kill(>d o\ov a InnidrciJ niiMi. wonndrd a hnntlrovl and liflv of iho fngiiivi^M, and liinisclf losl, hut oi;L;hi(^(Mi nuMi. iNlonarinfJ" ])roolaniaiionH wvw Hprcad bn\uK\'U;t. and \\\h nanu' bcoanic^ a word of lionor. \\y .hmo CMinfiMi f«^li liimsc^lf jnsliruMl in ]M«M'lainiin«;" Iho ro (^slaMislmuMd of royal vvov(Mnni(>nl. Tlu* a,('l. waw most ill advis(^d. Torios an«l ]ilnndor(M'M lia«l done' llicir worst, and any of royalists, A «1(^s]>(Mat(^ ])(H»|»1(* ronscil itsolf io r(^t;iliato ; many v\ou of tlu^ trinmuM's an«l in- ditVortMii woro stnni^- io aotivity. Hut tho sti^j) was takou in ordor io \o\\d ono ray oi i;lory to liis AnuMioan candor, tho aotivo part of wliicli was now n«\'iriy ovtn", Dis- piritod l\v tho lukowarni s\i]>port of tlu> ministry, and irrilatod by tlio ovidont favor wliioli C'ornwallis on joyed, ho (^hoso this jnnoturo to rosii;n tho oommand into tlie hands of his sidn^rdinato anil d(^]virtod for Now York, ohorishin!^- tho boliof that two Southorii IStatos woro sub- d\u\l ; that thoro wero fow. as he wrote, in Si>uth Carolina who wore not either prisoners or eulisted in tho I'n^lisb Ho felt assured also of his reputation in that the iivni hob suj^i^lies of eottou, rice, and indigo, which were as C'AMUKN AND KINOS MoirNTArrf 1517 cnrifMil. MH K'*''l« woiiM now Ixi nil, oIVhikI IIi«> crijuth'd HliilrH r()ni|H'll«'(l ((( yield. (loinwtilliM found liiniHelf willi nn cn'rclivn forco of nhoul, H«>v«>n lli(HiMand Fnrn. Willi I,Ii«'H<> and tlio new rci^dnuMilH wliicli lin lioprd |,o niiKo jurmnj^^ Mm n,l)(Hindin'r 'I'oiirH of N(mI.Ii (Inrolinii, who t< 'I'lif rr''t;ii (il Mill' ill Siiiilli W (M<> oidv wnilinjr for liiH /iirivMl. uh lie I »e- I MKllillll. li«>v(Ml, io riH(^ Mild delivrr Mi(> StMl»> inl.o liiH liatidn, lie inl.mded l,o tiiiircli vicioiioiiHly f.o Mi(> ( MieKdjienke, lenv- int^' hcliiiid liiiii n. Innd Hnl»diird nud nr head. 'V\i(> eonlij^iiralion of the Stale mad(* ( ■anidef) on Mie Wnleree a.n iniporidiii (oiiewny io tlio norlli<v Ijo»(I Kavvdon uilJi a Hiiiall }(arri"on of Mn;^,diHh re^nJarH, and ('oin- walliH advaneed froni (HiarleHion io niak<; ii HCicnro. 'JMi(> liii^hlandH i.o iln^ norihweHi were iho HfifcMi nilly- in^-]»oini foi* 1-he Anu'ri<'anH, beeauHe I here, an in ihe jo.v- landH, iho ixMiple \v(>r(( Jirdeni HiipporierH of tho CMUHe, Thiilier nnder Siiniicir repaire*] pn i"in' fdi ro t'hc iKilriotH hkI(iii<:»;, the n^iliened by a rei^finieni conipoHCid of ilifiir breiliren. 'J'heH(Mn(>n had Heeniin^^dy yielded iolhe I'lnj.^- lish recpiisiiion ihat all main inliabiianiH Hhonld bo cm- rolled an niiliiia, Imi liavinj,' reeciivf^l iheir ai'niH and 0(piii)nieniH bad ilieti dcHeried in fi, l)ody. Virj^^'inifi a(> nn- n;i \ iuk in\ oitiion Vili' |>1rt inpHiwliMy nuil Iciiv- in;; «l('Mol;ilii>n IxOnuiJ. To iumhv llu» mil Mpriucd \\rm\ l>nf Mill »<>Mo in m moMl nncxnerlnl (Himlcr M.Miu' from M 1mh*I nnKnown lo Mm* MhivUmIi mul ini funuliiir «>ri<'nnH. 'I'lic itniK- f llio All(V''lHM\i«'H \v«Mo »l»>Hlii\«M| no! only In \\Mi\ l.-tm. >voi>(lMinon o iwvKt* An\(Mi»";in union oMS(M)ul lirtin\ nl iUo viMv ('visiH Avl\«M\ in lnin;r \MiV(Min«v in llio Ronl(\ A1r(V»ilv \\\o l\Mrn Inil m Ml«')Mni)|lnM' lo so n\!vnv of Ikm- nn|uivil<\oo»l «'lnlilr(>n. liiid li< intl of ilic iuvjision. its sno«'(^ss(^M. mi nl ii H onhinvoH. Thrir hiif^lctl l(\ivl(^vs wovo nuMi in whom oonviclitni Mnd «'tnnln('l wvvo olos(4v V(^l;vi<^l in r(Oi>vi(>n. ]M»lilit's. .'unl \\!uf;no. l''n>in io vnllrvs. fioni \\'nlMn< n1i<"' lil\^ w.vs n siS'ond nnlnro. Tl \o\ wvvo coni- niandivl In u\o\\ \vlios<> ntvnn^H iwo now f.'unili.'ir lo cvcmt er^i >ol \)oy slu(l_vin;v .'vrni>l>y of lliose pnrlH. Miolbv. SovitM* nn«l ('l(n(>lMud. (\'un[>lM'll. iMePowcll. nnd AVillinns. T ins >v r.'is forniod m Irwo nrniv of 11)(^ \V(>sl. mm il wmm dosio'n.'ihnl. abc>n< sov(Mi1o(M1 lunnlrod siroiifV •'"><' «'<"" n»:ind(Hl liv ils o\vt\ oIVkmm'm. TIk^ j'omnionil- Slid oivir.n UT (M"-in-oln<^f >v;»M Willi.'unw. 1'\Mvnson liiid of Iho vivtorv , . » ■ postovi ;v for«M^ oonsistinjv of (>1(>vosi vi< lorv wim rlrcf.! ic, ( '(UMwiiIIim nvmh NliinniMl, iiidI (iiiniii;', on liiu nlipM Im rrtrnii lo \VimiMlH»r<>ii(',h. 'I'lic H|tinl. (»!' (Im» |t('it|»l(> wmh nvivcfl II IK I tlHMvlloIr I'Ollllll'V HJtit' roi4)> 1,(1 IdMIIMM IiIm IIDllcIl, Slltll- t >!' M(>riiMIMlv MIIIMMII);; llllU DM lilM IImiiK 'I'l M' U( Ml IM'I III jiio, wiiM iii('li>iii<>Ml, imkI llic 1) v( I MiinMiii fjiiinicij niiMiy vii'liliiM iiJiKMi;; ilir iiiiiK'rJiiiiiiii/.nl i*iii;',liHli ; ( 'oniwiilliH iiiiMHi'lC wiiH iiiii()M;f IIm« ii,llli( I«'i|. Tiulrlofi wmh iiI l.ickrd, «i<>f(vil(M|, mill
  • ;IimIi HiiccrMM riidrH in o\< r- wlirliniiif!; »-. II i;« riiHlomiirv lo coMipm'** I.Im' liiililr of Kiiiffn M(niii- 1 liii will) llio iilVn,ii"H III I ii'\iii|d<»" unil I'miiiiiidon. 'I'liiH \h iioI. iiiiiimIiiiiiI. for llii>y wnc nil llin work of "riiiloil,- llod firnu'iH." Iliil IIm> oiiIm'!' wmh m, (hlViii, mikI tiicri ly MJiowcil Hull ill*' AiiMMicMiiM woiiM I'lidil, ; IIm' hccoimI wmh M. vidory i^^'illfinlly mimI (IrHprrM.l.rly won, l»iii llir iiimi w» io well (>(|iii|)|)<'(l, Wf'ir williin ipmcIi «>f ft inilifMiy (l«'|»o|,, Miiil IiMtl IIh> iiioi'mI Mii|»))orl of M, Mlfon;^ «»r'fMni/<(l iirmy n(>;ir I»y. lviii«''M MonnlMiM wmh Mm' iiiui.HHiHlod vv(»rk of iiHMi wlio iiu'l. /I. (liH('i|»liiM'(| lore*' (»f wiiilr M<»l'lirrti lor llif) llM.(l lifMl, iiii(>, 111 M. niotiii'ii I, wl M>n Ml HH'iicMfi nririv (liM'i|)|)(>M.r('(l in iiij^lorioiiH drl'rM.I. Miid mI! Iiopc! of Hiiccf hh li;i.d viuiiHli<>d from IIm» licMrlH of miiv Imi llir. inost mmm- !niiM(\ In ilM rliM.riM'l.rr mid iln rlTccl. Mm' li|dii Mi Kinj^H IMonnlMin in \.\u\ nionl, fypicMl of iiny n'voliil,ionM,iy <'oii. Hid, ('\liil)ifinnlH wlio li.'id nnwil.liiMdy (iivM.I('d hcliiiKl llu ir ol('or HrlllciiMMiiH a rciir-ipiard wliidi now clMinird ii nrw oiilnido llio ori'^iiiM,! colonirH, mthI wmh ilici niKticiiH H oi M iiMiion, (luij)iM.yin;^ ii. posHiinmy mthi a proirii.sc. oi iii- i iimato HiiccoHH ai ilio niomnil when Mir; oMcr roJonifH i woro disjilayin<,'j iiieir HcpaniliKin and luKHitudo in ways \il ' r! 11 H 8i?2 TIIK I'MtRXOII WAR AND THK UF.VOLTITION and for roaRons wliich postoiily can undorHtaiid l)ui not ali«.'nonicnal as their ai>])caranoo. Tlio army nu'ltcd away inHcnHibly, an company aitcr com- pany marched back to their frontier honicH. In the interval {j^aincd hy tlie battle of Kinjif'H l^Ioiin- tain, elates re-CHtabb'slu^'/ his hcad-(]nart<>r8, coUectcd lif- cnHMto r.'- t^'t'^1 ' ^'^ ■'*■ <^f ''ii^ scattered army, and re- liovim tJaU'B. tumcc- to ' Ji -lotto. ]int ho was now known in his true colors , ' ' ,*.j^ress recalled Iiim, and linally choHo the ener^(^tic and ck.vr (Jn^Mie to replace him. The wholesome chan KIN(.'S MOHNTAIN 3'i:j rocomtnondationR as an unjuHtifiablo iiHiirpation. In January, 17H(), there was neither bread nor moat at West Point for over a fortnij^lit ; (bn-in;^' thiis to them, but they were abhj to olVer hard cash, riii^in<^' (toin, for the rich produ(!ts of tiio neiijfhborhood, and the temptation overpowered tho patriotism of tlio farmisrs. A subtile poison had instilled itself into tho popular blood, even the patriots of radical stamp were under its inlluenco and seemed to have forj^otten tho F,iii„n. of days of onerj^etic manliood. This venom was |,*J'„\'nitio',[ i'"* a sellish conviction that France and Spain {XYon^and would deal with Enj^dand, and in the hour of l>'^HtaiiiK. victory Conjjfress as a comndttee, with slif^ht but sufti cient delegated power, would gather tho fruit of inde- pendence. To tho sui)erficial observer it appeared as if disintcjjfration were complete, tho battle fought but lost by apathy. Anud such moral and financial disaster Washin«^ton's foresij^ht was unavailing. Ho had cher- ished and matured a jjjreat desi<(u for the co-operation of tho French fleet with his oAvn land force in the capture ol' New York. D'Estainpf had i)ermitted himself to be drawn into tho Southern campaif:jn in the hope of a trivial advantage which he did not gain, and the oppor- tunity was lost. This was but an example of the cross purposes which had so far nullified any possible benefit from the alliance. The despatches of the French minis- ters and tho journals of the French officers in America unite in proving how thoroughly they misunderstood the men with whom they had to deal. There is a tone of sarcastic superiority, of good-humored ridicule, of mi- nute and carping criticism which is entertaining and in- jNI t* f , Mf'i l\ nMk 11 n Mt?4 TlIK FUKlVrTT WAIl ANi» THK KKVCM^I'TIOX Htiucfivo, but. of friondly Hvinpatliy oillior with n riiw imd iiufonuc*! people, or with the fi^retit. chmhc^ in wliich they wi'H^ eiifj^ii'^ctl, iinpiM't'ectly understood even by theni- Helves. the only repreHeniiiiivo wjih liiifayette. Karlv in I77i> tluH Hericnm utid now nmtiired vouth, the eonlid«Miliid friend of Wjishin^don, depnried for Aniv.iioi l''i'<'iH<'<^ H(^ nveived an inipreHHivc^ and H.HimiiiiHaii. lj(.artv welcome at court, hin re])reHentationH were heard and wei^di(>d ; the ministry determined on nu>asur(»s more (»lVectiv(» than anv thev had vet t.alv(>n. In • • • May, ITS), ho returned with tiie news of his succ(>ss, and on fluly r2th a sipiadron of titty t.rans[)orts, with their c'onvoy, r(>ached Newport. AV'ashin^^ton by a skilful ly landed, and when l{o(biey with liis lleet a]>peared they were so entrenched that ho passinl by. ]{einforcenients wore to follow, but they never arrived, as the IOn«;lish blockaded the harbor of I^rost, from which tI;o next instalment was to sail. The French army was well sup])lie(l. ]mid the farmers for its requisitions with coin, and for the lonpf months of its ex- pectant inactivity brou*vht ^roat local prosperity to tlu neighborhood. Winter at last came on, and it was not luitil late in the cam]>ainn of 1781 thai they saw any s(^r- vicc. Washinj^tou was for the moment encourapfcd, but he could not bo content. In order to end the war there must be co-operation in some decisive stroke between a stronef land force and a fleet ]iowerful enou.tifli to nullify temporaiily, at least, the naval superiority of the Enjj^- lish, and thereby prevent the enemy from either receiving assistance by water or securing its retreat on the same element. In September he visited the French cam]i to enforce his views, and preconcert measures with his allies. i ClIAlTKll xxvir. THTi so^ITlll:I^N invasion iii:pkllioi)-itso-17hi Wa.sliiiiKtoii llcpriniinKlrt Arnold— Arrest of Aiuln'-llis Character and (Jiiilt IiisiilMiKliiiulion in tlio Army — llolwrt Morris uinl tliu I''iniin (lonrfdcrulion — Arnold in VirKinia — lialav- <'ttt* and SLrnlicn tlrnrno Orratcs a Sonlhorn Army — Morf:ati nt (lowpcns-Circfnt'.s R»'tr«'at— 'I'lio I''orccs at (iiiiU'ord— Coiii- wuIMm Victorious Init Tliwart«'d— (Jroton Ifoiglds - KfTcct of Ilii\vi'!irv abHonco, wuh a Hcrion:! discour- ajjfonient, not syniptonmtic, however, of pre- vailinj]f and hidden disalVcetion, aa niiglit have r«'|/i i'huuhIh been feared, Hceinjjf how iiiHubordinate and unruly the unpaid ollicers and men occanionally were. Li accordance with the verdict rendenul in I'hiladelphia by Arnold's judfj^es, Washinj^ton adniinistered the repri- mand, but in a letter both fjjentlc and considerate. Tlio culprit had been reckleHsly brave during the early years of the war, and to tlic fertility of his genius some most important pnjfatory movements were probably due. Hoping that the prodigal would return, the rebul.e was further broken by his appointment to the important command of the Highlands. But Arnold's moral and financial ruin had gone hand in hand. Almost immediately he opened negotiations with Clinton for the betrayal of his trust. The chosen agent of the British commander was a young officer of I'll y ^llt 320 THE KUKNCir WAIl AND Til 10 UKVOM'TIOX eiifi^af^inpf prcsonoo, cxoellont parts, find pood family, ISla- jor AikUv. His huccoss in roiicliin^' Arnold's (juarttTS ArroHt of An- ^"^^ concludin}^ tlio nc;,'<)ti;iti(>ns wascoinplctc. Uio. 'j^jjo journey to West Point \v;is l)y wuior, but unfoi'oscon circunistaiu'cs conii)ellod his return l)y land. Docunicnta conccruinj^ tlio nefarious transaction were concealed on the younjjf ollicer's jjcrson. Disguised as a traveller and provided by Arnold with a passj)()rt throufjfh the American lines ho set out on horseback for New York. Near Tarrytown, on the east shore, which he reached on Soi)tember 23d, he was stopped by a party of three Americans, who were neither regulars nor militia, but volunteer patriots watchinfjf the movements of suspected Tories in that troubled roj^iou between the En«^lish and American zones of influence. The ajipoar- anco and conduct of Andre were suspicious, and losijig his head he for^^ot to show Arnold's passport. His cap- tors accordinj^ly searched him, and discoverinpf both the character of their prisoner and the evidence of Arnold's treachery, promptly carried the papers and their bearer to the American head-quai*ters. Washington had just returned by Hartford from his eastern journey. In spite of sentimental pleas of youth, His cimrncter station, obedience to superiors, and the like, and guilt, coming with bad grace after the fact, Andre was tried by a military court in due form on the charge of being a spy. Ho was competed and sentenced to be hung, his judges being convinced by the most conclusive considerations ; to wit, his disguise, the nature of his er- rand, and the information he had obtained, which would have been used whether the plot failed or not. The exe- cution took place on October 2d. In the heats of pas- sion which then arose and lasted for many years after the war waa over, aspersions were constantly cast on Washington's character because he would not at least TIIK SOUTIIKUN INVASION KKPKLLKD 327 commute the flentcnco to military execution by Hhootiiipf, auartici2)ate in the war, nevertheless pro- ceeded, with scarcely a check, to unite with Gr€3ne, and on February 9th reached the camp at Guilford Court House. But Cornwallis, reinforced by Leslie, had destroyed all his heavy baggage, and, though harassed at the fords by American attacks or checked in his advance Greene'Bre- by swollen currents, was pushing forward in *^''^'"'- light marching order. So few in number was Greene's armv that he had withdrawn across the Eoanoke into Virginia, where the strong and welcome contingent of that State came in and for the first time gave him a fight- ing chance. The English plan of leaving no enemies in the rear was carried out as far as possible, Wilmington and New Berne being occupied by soldiers from Charles- ton. North Carolina thus restored to royal domination, , 1] m Wni : > ; 1 i ': 1 1 ,1 i i 1 1 ^ 1 > !i 1 88^^ JIIK FTIl'J.sCII WAR AND THE KEVOLrTION- Oornwallis bad iii tended to effect a junction with Arnold's force in Virginia to complete the conquest of the South. 13iit Greene was at hist strong enough to dispute the field, and a(!Cordingly recrossed the border into Korth Tiio forccfl ftt Can^lina to meet Alorgan, reaching Guilford aiiiiiorii. Court House, now Greensboro, on February 10 th. Oornwallis, knowing the wretched condition of the Ah^ieiicans in the lack of accoutrements and sui^plies, was anxious lor an immediate engagement. But his oppo- nent was not to be surprised. 13y a series of clever re- treats, lasting four days, and by successive feints during the ensuing week, he elltctually thwarted the English general and postponed the battle. At length, several im- portant bodies of militia having come in from the neigh- borhood, on the fourteenth of j\Iarch Greene returned to Guilford and, carefully choosing his ground, awaited the attack. In the disposition of his troops he threw the militia forward, carrying out a favorite but untried the- ory that they were more valuable in the attack than as a reserve. There were upward of sixteen hundred vet- erans with two thousand militia in the three American lines, while Cornwallis had leps than tv.o thousand reg- ulars ; but the Americans were dPo*'.ii• ■t' M , r> I ri 334 THE FRENCir war and the revoluttott i' ^ It 1 Hi ■ 1 ( '■ I V 1 whom ho had just delivered it. Tlio Americans lost but twelve men in repelling the attack, but after the surren- der upward of seventy were killed and thirty womuh d. The English lost forty-eight who were killed and double the number wlio were disaljled and wounded. In his re- port to Clinton, Arnold represented tlie action as honor- able warfare. He was never again employed in the pub- lic service, the rest of his life being S2)ent in obscurity and embittered by remorse. The successor of C!ornwallis in tlic Carolinas was Lord Rawdon, who faithfuUy carried on the i)()licy of his pn>- T.« . « decessor in dealing with the i)at riots whon- Effcot of ^ , , ^ . i liawaon's ever tiiey fell into his power. There were cruelties. c ^' -x i i i ^ many men oi limited cajiacily v.iio wavered in such extremities and turned first this way and then that, in the hope of quiet and protection. Some were thorough loyalists, many, perhaps a small majority, were at heart in sympathy with the Ameriv'^an revolt. Such men were treated with uniform cruelty, even wlieii the impossibility of protecting them gave the English no right to deinajid even a show of loyalty. The conse- quence was a smothered but bitter disaffection, which grew in extent with every day ; but the peoi)le were overawed and cautions, so that a timid inertia continued to lame the local militia. It was therefore with a force reduced to eighteen hundred men that Greene marched into South Carolina to cut off the communication of Charleston w:th Camden and Ninety-Six. Greene';. ro"i courage and ability were fully displayed in the subsequent events. His force was insuilicieut to Greene march- ^uai'd '\'ir jT; ( nia, and with the trust in others es southward, ^^-iijeli characterizes great minds in a crisis he left it unpro'ectod to march into the interior of a doubtful territor without the possibility of securing commuiiK^ations in hiu rear or establishing a base of TTIE ROUTIIKllX IN\ ASIOX RKPELLKD 335 ill Bupplios. Lee and Marion with the lijiflit cavalry wore to mana3Uvro iu the low country against the line from Charleston to Camden, Sumter with a few State troops was to keep the district between Ninety -Six and Cam- den, I^ickeus with the mountain volunteers was to cap- ture sup])lics destined for Augusta and Ninety-Six, while the commander himself was to move directly against the controlling point. The march to Camden occupied tliirteen days. Greene did not Und the enemy exactly where he expected and encamped at Hobkirk's Hill noai' by. After i),.f,.„t ,,1 nob- some unimportant movements he returned to ^^^^^'"^ ^^'"• the same place and on April 2Sth was sur2)rised by llawdon with a force somewhat inferior to his own, but not before he had been able to array his troops. The battle was as stubborn and Ijitter as aiiy of the w'ar, but Greene was again defeated, with a Ions of three hundred meii. Again, however, he drew oil' in good order, his loss was no greater than Rawdon's, and although the lat- ter was soon reinforced by five hundred men, he could not again baffle Greene's strategy and force the Ameri- cans to an immediate engagement. Meantime, on April 2()th, Lee and Marion had cap- tured a British post on the Santee, and his communica- tion being thus broken, Kawdon set lire to s,„|,t(,r etna Camden and withdrew. Throughout IMay -Muriuii. both Sumter and Marion carried on a ceaseless and suc- cessful warfare ; Orangeburg, Fort Motte, Fort (h'auby. Fort Cornwallis, and Georgetown fell into their hands, and by the middle of the month the State as far as Au- gusta and Ninety-Six was again under American control. Early in June Pickens captured Augusta, and Greene had already besieged Ninety-Six. The latter fortress, how- ever, was soon relieved by llawdou and the garrison withdi-ew in safety. ijf 1 !.' I,: t 1 ■ 1 J \'i Itlyi , i ' < )l 1 ! [. ' 1 1 \l 330 Till-: FUENCTT WAIl AND THE IlEVOLTniON" The roinfiiiuler of tlio RiiniiiKT passod ^vitllOllt any * « pfreat activity. J'ho Ainorioaus cucaiupcd iu tlio lulls near H.iHio of En- Camden, while the Enj^liHlircoccupiedOraiigo- (aw si)iini,'H. jjuj.jr. Kawdoii woiit back to Charloston, wiioi'c lie hariir tirst halt was at Eutaw Si)rings. On the morning of September 8tli thoy were overtaken at tliat place and in the fighting which followed Marion and Pickens with their militia bore the burden of the onset. Tlie Americans were victorious and the British tied. The pursuers were hot and rash ; there was a tem])orary and serious check to their course, in which many bravo men were : aptured uud carried by the Hying English to Charleston. The American loss was five hundred and lifty-four, that of their enemy nearly a thousand. Col- onel Stuart with the remnant of his force withdrew to Charleston, Greene to his position on the heights of Sautce. Defeated iu almost every important encounter, the American general and his callable lieutenants had nevertheless gained their end. The three cities of Charleston, "Wilmington, and Savannah remained tem- porarily in English hands, but Georgia and the Carolinas were freed from invasion or the fear of it. I, n I CHAPTEIl XXMII. YOUKTOWN-1781 Kiins of Corn wallia— Ill's Advuiico ngfiinst Lafayotto — The Pursuit and lU'trt'Ut— Stuuboii Creates an Aiiiiy — I)i.sai,'n;fnit'Ut 1m;- twoen Clinton and t'ornwallirf— PoHition of tlm Lattor at York- town — Arrival of tho French Fleet under De (Jlrasse — Washing- ton's Plans — Sectional Feeling among th(! States— Events in tlie North during 1780— Conferences of Washington and Kochain- beau — Clinton Expects an Attack on New York — The Coni- hined Armies March Southward — The Threatened IMutinv at Philadelphia — Defeat of the Englisli Fleet in the Cliesapeake — Investment of Yorktown — Cornwallis Surrenders — Disposi- tion of the American and French Forcesi -Closing Events of tho War. 'I In the early sprinpf, Lafayette had received orders from the North of the utmost importance, a j^eucral statement, namely, that Virginia was soon to riansofCoru- be the centre of operations, and that to this wuiiis, end he must defend it temj^orarily as Le;.t he could. Scarcely more than a hoy in years, he was now display- ing the qualities of a veteran in the difficult part as- signed to him, which he filled entirely on his ovm re- sponsibility, though nominally under the couiinand of Greene. There had been a curious analogy between the determination of Greene to abandon Virginia, and that oi Cornwallis to desert the Carolinas. The former had used the geography of the disi">uted territory with skill, and won by strategy. The earl, however, had counted on English ascendency at sea, and was indifferent to tlie topography of the low lands which were his goal. He 22 1*^ 338 TIIR FRENTTI WAR AND TIIR REVOLUTION "1 i 1 ! 1 > 1 i • 11 I ii' , knew, but disrcpfarded, the great streams which flowinpf southcaHtward divide the State iuto long pcuinsulaH, which open to receive an army from the hmdward, but, being enclosed on three sides by the waters, arc a trap to one unsupported by a fleet. liichmond was the central dejiot for military stores in Virginia, and thither, l)y a forced march of two hundred miles, Lafayette, with a thousand men, had jiKdiuHt Lufiiy- betaken hiniHtilf from Annapolis, to join Steu- ben, who had raised a few hundred militia, and await tlio coming of Wayne from the North with a thousand Pennsylvanians. For nearly a month he held in check the sui)erior force of Phillips and Arnold, at Petersburg. When Cornwallis arrived, on May 20th, and dismissed Arnold, he found himself at the liead of sev- en thousand men, but realizing the iusufliciency of this number for his great plans, at once appealed to Clinton for reinforcements from New York. There was no de- lay, however, in moving against Lafayette. Washington and Greene had learned the tactics of re- treat before superior forces, and Lafayette was scarcely Tiio pursuit their inferior in the art. Withdrawing stop aud rotivat. j^y ^^^-^ jj^ ^\^q direction of Fredericksburg before the English, he occupied the strongest i)ositions, and finally, without risking a battle, met Wayne on June 7th. Tarleton was despatched on raids to Charlottcs- villo and Albemarle, in order to disperse the legislature and seize stores. On his return the conclusion was reached that Lafayette's force being now equal to a de- fensive campaign, caution required a return to the base of supplies and a temporary cessation of operations. Accordingly, the English marched back first to Rich- mond, and then across the Chickahominy to Williams- burg, marauding as they went. The arsenal stores de- stroyed at Albemarle, the excelJent cavalry horses and j,.ii f- ii YOUKTOWN 339 othor captured supplies, together with the booty taken from the Virt^iuiauH iu the course of the month, were worth sums estimated by milhons. When for the first time Steuben had reached the {:joal of his ambitiou by obtaiuiu<,' an independent command in Virginia, he had displayed lis genius in isf,.„i,e„ ore- raising and equipping troops for Greene. So "ti;»"u»'"'y- now he steadily increased the force of Lafayette. There were upward of live thousand men in the army which, following on the flanks of Cornwallis, did what was possible to restrain his i)illaging. On Jidy ()th Wayne rashly brought on a partial engagement at Greene Springs in which serious loss was inflicted on both sides, but the Americans were defeated. Cornwallis, iu accordance with orders from Clinton to seek a defensive position, continued his march to Yorktown, called in tlie garrison from Portsmouth, which increased his army to nearly eight thousand men, occupied Gloucester on Iho opposite shore of the York River, and proceeded to throw uj) iutrenchments Avhile his active and well-equippod riders ravaged the country for miles around. Lafayette remained in camp at Malvern Hill. The movements of the English in Virginia had been in p irtial accord with orders received from Clinton. Between him and Cornwallis there was now a Disaprce- hearty dislike, engendered by mutual jealousy rni'ifon^'riM" and distrust. Sir Henry knew how hopeless Comwaiis. would be any attempt to reduce Virginia, which was a focus of American patriotism, and realized the strategic importance of New York, which he felt to be threatened by the armies of Washington and Rochambeau in possi- ble co-operation with a French fleet. The earl, a'-suied of ministerial favor and scheming to supplant the gen- eral, blindly desired to evacuate New York, transfer the seat of war to Virginia, and with the help of Rodney's \^^ \fi IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT.3) ^/' /./ ^*V^ .(,n,>nt of doned it. On September 29th, the invest- Vorkiown. ment of Yorktown was complete. On the night before October Gth the Americans and French simultaneously began the trenches of the fii*st parallel, and on the ninth they were completed. With unusual promptness the second parallel was begun three days later, on the twelfth. Two British redoubts impeded its progress. The American batteries began on the fourteenth to bombard them, and continued some hours until breat^hes were made. At a preconcerted signal two columns, French and American respectively, advanced, one against each. The American assault on the right was led by Alexander Hamilton. His success was instant and com- plete, so gallant were his lieutenants and so daring his men. The American loss was very slight and only eight of the enemy were injured. The French, on the left, were prematurely discovered, their struggle was long and bitter, and a hundred brave men fell before the works were taken. The same night the besiegers' trenches included the two outposts. There was but a single desjDerate chance left to Com- wallis. Gloucester Point, on the opposite shore, '.vas beleaguered by a force comparatively email. His hope 11 \ I I \ ^ ■'! I III '\ ] 346 THE FIIENCII WAR AND TITK REVOLUTION was to trnnBport tbe garrison thither and break through the French dragoonH and moiines who, with the Vir- oornwaiHn &^^^ militia, had been sent to invest his Burrcndors. foiiifications at that place. Early on the sixteentli he ordered a sortie against the narrowuig lines of his besiegers, but a momentary success was soon checked by the stronger force of his enemy. At dusk on the same day he began to ferry over the soldiers, but a storm arose and prevented the accomplishment of his puri)ose. Thwarted in his last resource, with famine im- pending, he yielded to necessity, and on the seventeenth asked for terms. Tlie following day a commission of four members, two from the British army and one each from the American and French, drew up in form the de- tails of surrender. They were identical as far as possible with those exacted by Clinton from Lincoln at Charles- ton, severe but just : public f 'tj to be surrendered, private property respected, a. le Tories left to the mercy of their fellow-citizens. The ceremonies took place on the afternoon of the nineteenth, Lincoln rep- resenting Washington as commander-in-chief of the allied victors, CHara acting for Comwallis, who pleaded illness and remained in his tent. The Americans and French stood in line as the English marched by and stacked their arms, their standards furled and their diiims rolling a quaint measure known as the " World turned upside down." The prisoners of war numbered eight thousand and eighty-seven, of whom eight hundred and forty were DUponition sollors ; in addition to the small arms of the ?c a^n '^a'n d cttptured there were two hundred and forty- French forces. fQuj. cannon included in the surrender. Thirty-five ships and seven thousand men were the French contribution to the victory, nine thousand sol- diers that of the Americans. The same day Clinton YO UK TOWN ni7 sailed from New York with Hcvcn thousand soldierH and the retitted fleet for the rehof of Coruwallis, but he was met oflf Cape Henry by the packet coutiiiuing Coruwal- lis's despatches and returned to New York, where he remained until the final evacuation of the city. The Americans would gladly have seen De Grasse depart to recapture Charleston, but he had remained longer than he wished, and sailed away for the calm waters of the AVest Indies ; Washington and his army returned to their position before New York, Rochambeau and the French troops encamped at Williamsburg, Wayne departed with the Pennsylvania Continentals to reinforce tiie army in South Carolina. In November Greene assumed the offensive once more, but he had to contend with mutinous disaffection among his new forces, and the situation re- closing ovcntB mained unchanged about Charleston. Wayne "^ "'^ "'^• marched into Georgia the following spring, and after two successful skirmishes, one with English troops, one with Indians under an English officer, compelled the British to take refuge in Savannah. In general the country at large was heartily sick of the war. The re- joicings over the surrender at Yorktown were general and hearty, but they were not followed by any prepara- tions for the active continuance of operations. There was a universal reliance on some hoped-for turn of af- fairs in English politics, a settled determination to raise no further funds nor men, and a stolid persistence in sectional self-assertion with no care for the public inter- ests except among the patiiotic few. ' ' 1 i k I IN ■<'U .11 ij ■fl I i ; 1 i, 'li f \'[ I f . ) ( , > TIIK IMIACK OF V i;iis.\ii,m:s i;s;M7s:i Ann'ric.'ui Tiiilcpt'iKlfiioo ami Kiirojx'aii TolitirK Kiiirlfiiiil anil tlio llniirlioii I'nwcrH — IlittMiiutioiial l.iiw Itlorkmlo aiitl I'oiitiii- biiiiil Till* I'ontiiiiMital Neutrals Tlic AruH'tl Nciilralilv — William i.co and \\\o Ainstrniaiii l*roiiosal I'nsilinii of llii* Nt'tlu'i laiiils Tlu' N't'ws of Yoiklowii I'all of (lie Norlli IMiii- istrv Stato of l''i!ij;lish raitics 'I'lio Kurkiimliam IMiniMtrv — Aiiu'rifan Tcaco ('oiumissioiwiH Tlu' '!"( riiis propoHcd liv Cuii- fifcsrt Oswald ami I'ratikliii- (in'tivillo and N'oi^ciincs Ciush rmiiost'M in tlio Nctiofiation- 'I'lio SIhIImhih' Minish-v- Tosi- ti«)n of day and Adams - Franklin's Ati itU'ic -TIh' Wislu's of V»'ii,M'nn»'s -Sorrot Mission of Kavnoval Jay's l'roiM)salH — Final Ncuoliations— CliaracliT of llio Trcafy Tlio (Ji'iu-ral Vafilication -I'all of Slicil»nrni''s Ministry — Tlio Coalition lyiinistry— Final llatil'u-ation of tlio Trt'aty. ii' Thf, war was over, but AnioricMiifl could not, know it as n cert it lido, wiiilo in fjict the involution was fjir from Aiuorican b<'iii^ acconiidiHliod. Tlio rest of tlio Ktrii;^ I.mn-'nn4H'm ^^^ ^^''^^ *« ^^ fouj^'lit ill tlio I'lii^^disli l»arlia- poiitus, mont. The truth, unpalatablo porhaps, to the solf-snflioiont, but coinfcu'tinfjf to tho patriot, in that tho stars in tlioir courses had boon tio^htinji; for Anioiican iudopondonoo. A Providoncc in histoiy can nowhoro be more oloarlv soon than in tho study of our own ori- pj'ins. If the so-oallod doctrinaire requires n text from which to prove the unity of history, ho will choose the connection of the American revolution with contempo- rary European politics as his theme. As this is not our Tin; im;a(K ok vi';i:sAir,i,iN :{40 Hiibjrct WO iiiUHi 1)0 conieiit with i\ Hhort gliinco at tho flUlH. Ill ilio Hijiid HVKioni of KnnnH' (•(|iiili)»riiini liml ho far IxTii iiitiiiiliiiiKMl ill Hoiiio (l<';.;i*r() liy ii nmful rc^'Kid to tliiit «lo('f lino known hh llu* baltinco of power ' Kml'IiiihI Mini accord 111}^ to winch no one Htato waH to m|n»Hii(! direction, and JIii^'ImikI luul f^raduallv Hecnred not only vast colonial ])OHHCHHionH, hut a virtual inaHtrry of Ihe HcaH. TIm^ itrewnt Htru}^'^,de waH one phaHe of an elVort by the I>ourhon poweiH to dejirivo lier in part of both. Jncidentally thero would he opeiuul to all Iho Kiiropean jjowc rH channelH of tnuhj hitherto nneivcd to (ireat IJritain. To that extent, therefore, all Kurojx^ would look on with cioniplacency and see lOnj^land ho lar huiniliate*!. 'J'Iuh waH true aH ft matter of coiirHe in the caH(> of Austria, which not only l)elon;^e«l to th(! nistc r- hood of lionuin ('atholie powers, 1)ut waH also now in oiH'U alliance with Franco and Sj)ain. It was also tiu(! of Kussia, PruHHia, and even of the Dutch llepuhlic, tlics ally of lOnjifland for a liundred and nix yeaiH, l)ut her rival in tho carryinjjf trado of tlio world'H coninicrcc. Tho peaco relations of tho modern European nations wero comparatively easy to iOf(ulatc. liut for tho very reason that they wero Histers, and had all luicitwiiioimi Bprunjjf from tho samo womb, that of tho ^'^^'' Holy Roman Empiro which died as they wero born, their relations in time of war wero moht eomi)licated aiid difficult. Amon{]f other doctrines held with refer- ence to these was that of contraband, that certain arti- cles, namely, could bo seized wherever found, as an act oi" self-defence, because without them an enemy was weaker as a belligerent. Under this theory tliere could bo no question about guns, powder, and other munitions, but tl 8/50 TIIK FKKNCir WAi: AND TIIK UKVOM'TIoV many, CRprcijilly tho jmiHtH of miintiino powrrH, luKl ilmt dotliin;^, food, niid Hiinilur Hiii)i>li(>H were (|uitc uw esHcntinl to succoHHful wftrfuro nn woiipoiiH with whith iiuMi actually fouj^ht or iiii«^lit li^lit. A further cxteuHiou of tho huiuo cliiiiu wjih that almost any harbor of an <'noniy n»if,'ht hv rcfjfardtul aH undtr uiiHkiid.' 1111(1 blockade if a diwplay of force, natural or arti- n.iiiraimiHi. fn-j^i^ yfi^ nuide before it. Kn^dand in jjur- ticular rejjfarded all {jfoodn belonj^dnj^ to an enemy as con- traband, no dirt'ereuce under what llajjf they were found, and a.sHorted that by reaHon of her inntdar position any enemy'rt harlM)r opjumite her shorcH, or before which her tlajj: lloateil from a vcHsel, wiih both really and technically blockaded. In accordance with this contention her ships scoured tho liij^h seas, sear<'hiny the jtcacu of Utrociit. It ^'nuluiill)' bocuiiui clear tiiut tho j^'i'ueml welfare of neutral poNvei-H reiiuired a fiirtlu r oxteUHion of an iuchoatu priiici|ile, ami tlu! leHHer btatoH of the north naturally' Ktoked to KiiHHia hh a leader. Spain had joined the Franco- American alliance for various reaHonH, amon^ others to repiin (iihraltar. in 111\) a Dutch lleot convovin;^ a number of rp|„. ., rnnd Dutch vcHHelH loadern powers was the consequence. According' to its terms, set forth by llussia in February, 17H0, no ^'oods are contraband, cxcei)t arms and amnuuiition, no port is blockaded except when a suHlcient number of war vessels make entrance or exit dan*jjerous, and a neuti ,1 lla<^^ pro- tects all «?()ods except contraband, not only on the hi^di seas but from port to port. Spain, France, and tho United States all saw their account in such an a;^n"eement, for its tendency was to weaken En<;land and compel a peace advantaj^eous to them. The neutral j)()weiK of tlio continent one by one adopted its provisions, and assui'cd thereby a permanent development of international law. Durinjjf these nci^otiiitions AVillinm Leo, an American agent in Londcm, who was at the same time a Jhitish merchant, had concerted with an irregular wniiam i-w commissioner from the city of Amsterdam ",','','.,)',',',*,' ,,'^r",'>^ an outline for a commercial treaty between ^'"'^"'• the Netherlands and tho United States. AVIk'U, in 1780, Hem*}' Laurens, the American commissioner to negotiate a Dutch loan, was captured by the English wlii](> travel- ling to his post, a draft of this document was found hi u< 1^ ^ li!J ']t)'2 TIIK rKKXCH WAll AND TIIK IIKVOMTION" nnioii}^ luM |».'ip(M'R. 'J'lio Dutch rluimod ilmi it, was l>un'lv a personal niaticr brtwccn two iudividualH, (lio Kiif^lisli Uiat tho paper was HtMui-onicial, aiul iinpliciricil tlio >vholo ropiiMio in an act lioKtilo to itH allv. Acconl- ini^ly the stat(»s of Holland formally r(>i)udiat('d ilio act of Amst(M'danK At the naine time it Nvas clear that for the protection of their coninierce a,';ainHt I'in^land tliev were aboiit to join the league of nortluMii poweis. The rcpiiMic was Htill rich, very rich, but it had been cjifeebletl by a monstrous dev(>l.>pni(>nt of the coninier- i'.wiiiim,>ftho ^'i'^1 spirit in exclusive devotion to ^ain, and Ni'tiK'ibiuis. 1,^. iiit^^iiial dissensions under a bad eonstitu- tion. England tnereforo deterniinod to prevent its ad hesion to the new league by a declaration of war, and to that end di^nauded that tho Amsterdam authoriticH should be jnmished. Tho nature of tho demand is clear in the fact that Laurens, tho second party, and a j)risoner in their hands, was neither tried nor even speciully pun- ished, except in tho severity of his iniprisoinnent. The Dutch republic accepted the terms of tho armed neu- trality on December 21th. To forestall any possible advantage to tho Netherlands of tho formal declaration of war, which was to bo made on tho thirtieth, hostili- ties be<:;an early in tlio month by tho seizure of some two hundred Dutch merchantmen, and tho despat<'h of orders to capture Ht. Eustatius, in the West Imlies, the free port whence A.morica had during the early stages of the war obtained such important sujiplies. The i)lace was seized in February, but was shortly recaptured by the French, and throughout the year Euglnid's f())tunes m the West Indies were at the lowest ebb. They di<""'''"""• 177!) of tho nH(!l('SHn('HH of furlher bloodHlicd, ])uf ovcr- |){!rsiiad()(l l)_v lii.H ijhisUt and iiciin;^' contiury io liis con- vict ions, niij^lit well ;.jivc way t.o a dramatic v(M\" His conntiy was in aitivcf warfare with tiio I'nitcd St itcH, l"'rancc, Spain, and Jlolland, in i)aHHivc but «lisantrouH hosjlility with the armed nciutralit^y which al- ready had the Hvm|)at hy of thoHc })ow<'rH of impoitance that had not yet joined it. At home tiie \Vhi;-;H were aH hitt(U* in tlK'iroppOHition an tlic^ lon;^ contempt for liberal ])rincipleH HJiown by the kiiij^and government could make thorn. All l'iUr()p(5 lon^^'iid for j)ea(!e, and both to that end and for tho better H(!(Mirity of the balance of power ev(>ry nation excejjt Spain dcHir(;d tho inde})endon(;o of tho United States. S[)ain, for obvious reasons, feared tlx; extinction of her rights in North America if a ^'reat power were cstablisluul east of the Mississij)])i. Nevertheless when a motion (!ailin^' for tho cessation of hostilities a;j;ainst tho colonics was put on Novend>er 25th, it was lost by a maiority, ominous bo- „ ,, , ., cause of its wasted nund)er, hut ncvertholess ^'"rtU minis- try, a substantial one. The kin^^, under the spe- cious plea for the integrity of tho cmjuro, reasserted his persistent determination to carry on the war. AnothcT attempt made by tho liberals, on February 22, 1782, to coerce the administration also failed, Init the adverse majority was only one. At last, on March 4th, the risincf tide of popular feelinp^ found expression in the bouse, and by a majority of nineteen it was declared that those attemptinfif to prosecute the war in America " for the puiijose of reducing the revolted colonies to submis- 23 I ?! P f r r, J iTTi 1 ,, 1 |i i t ! 1. ■ > s 1 354 TIIK KUKNCII WAU AND THE REVOLUTION sion" would be coiiHidcrod cucniios to king aud coimtry. On March 2()tli the niiiiistry rcsiguod. George lU. was for the moment overpowered and atimncd as he saw the ruin of liis cherished hopes ol ex- ^^ , ercising sui^rcme iioWv.r by the assertion of KiiKiitth piir- the prerogative. But he soon regained his composure, and with it his adroitness. The "Whigs were of three oi)inions concerning the essential questions of constitutional development — one small fac- tion was soon to merge with the new Tories, another, with llockingham at its head, was true to the party tradi- tion, and a tliird, represented by Shelburne their leader, were the real liberals. In the hope probably that an equilibrium of only the most unstable character would exist in the new cabinet, Slielburne was chosen to form a ministry. But tiie representative of Chatham's ideas re- fused to be caught in the trap, insisted that Bockingham be called, and prevailed. The task was delicate, but it was performed. Thurs- ton, the chancellor, was held over from the North ad- Tho Kork- ^^^iuistration ; besides the premier there were iivjrhamminiH- Yo\, Caveudisli. Kcppcl, and Richmond of the old line; Grafton, Shelbunie, Camden, Ash- burton, and Conwav of the new. The balance of interests was too nice to be permanent, the members being hope- lessly divided as to the burning qTiestion of parliamen- tary reform. Fox, as Secretary for Foreign Affairs, was to negotiate a peace with the FiUropean powers ; Shelburne, as Secretary for the Colonies, v>as to treat witli the Unit- ed States, not yet recognized officially as indejiendeiit. From the outset Fox wished to monopolize the entire negotiation and drove Shelburne to shifts which sub- jected both him and the Americans to criticism. "When two years previously Kaunitz was organizing a peace coxiTeutioD in Yieuna, with the idea that Bussia and TITK PEACE OF VE1ISAILLE3 nnn Austria were to mcdiiite hetvveen Enj^'land nnd the Bour- bous, and thereby obtain j^neat couceKwions in the Orient and Italy, the American Conij^rtss Lad been asked by the French niiniKter at Pliiladcl- iniko (•(.lM■ l)hia to prepare its terins and aj)p()int its coniniissioners. Accordinj^ly five negotiators were elect- ed in onler that every sectional interest might be rej)- resented. The men chosen were John Adams, Jay, Franklin, Jefferson, and the elder Lanrens. An ill con- ceived dislike for the French made A ti ■i i JC)I) TlIK I'KKNril \VAI{ AND TIIK KKVor.l'Trct V tl>('rofor(\ U. wfis unavoidaMc llmt llio oju'iiiiii,' h<,'|;m'h of ni^j^oliation hIiouM bo irregular. In U\v Hctinol it provi d tluit tlio oloninjjf H(ji<;;rH hiuhI, bo o<|ually Ro. As oarly as IMairh 2*2, 17H2, Franklin wroto a Icttor In liis ohl friond Sholbnni(\ (>xpiTHHin>jf HatiHfacHon wiMi t)s\vMi.i iin.i tl"' t'lrn alVair.s wen* takinjjf. AbnoHt iiii- KuinUm. ino American Tories with estates in i>lace of those they had lost by coniiscation. The En<^lisli minister replied that such a proposition could not for a moment bo cnt;M-- t lined ; on tlio contrary, England should receive an in- demnity for tho evacuation of Savannah, Charh^ston, and Now York, which she still hold ; to that end tho Penob- scot River mij^ht bo mado tho eastern boimdary of tho United States." The plenipotentiary of the Eu'^lisU Foreij^n OfTicc was Thomas Oreuville, who was ordered to open negotiations with Vor}::^enuos on the basis of yieldiuji^ the indepen- dence of the United States as part of the consideration ^^ ■ ^ Tin: I'tiAcr; ok vi;i:s \h,i,km :^^)7 for wliirli flio t'onfli'Miu liiid \uvu (ij-Iilinj^ Tlicy iridii^- iiimily n'|)<'II(!(l Mir luojtoHdl, uHncrtiii'f Hiat, ilicy Imd found ihn ilnitcd Stntri4 iiidi'|)(>nd(>iit. Ji, Imd , .,. . . , . , .... ... (Jroii viih- lxM'ii a HiiliiciciMly (uiiiiMin;.^ tiii'ii III tllltlirH tlllU, II II «l V<'r- I'nuiklin niiould, iui \w did, Milroducd to iJio *-'''"'""• Fmicli lMiiiiH<.siii'd oll'cr tliUH niadr. On Dm ronlniry, lioMi ho anil Slirl- burno dcHirod fhaitlu^ n('ffo|iali(HiH Ixstwcon Knj^dand and licr foj'nicr coIonicH Hlionld not bo liain|)crod nioro Mum j^ood I'aiili iMMjuircd by tho ('oni[>li('at,ionH of contiiuinial (M|)lonia<'y. On nx^cipt of tlio nowH from llochioy tlio c'al>inot, foclin}^ iliat Mio national H(!lf-n'H[), / I U IS I I t h X>S TUK KKKNCII WAU ANI> TMM nKV<»I,rT!(»lV hiid tlio in(oi('H!' (Iio Ainnionn Icniloiy io \]\o wiwvynwni yM^Hs\\^\o boundu : Mi!»( I'lanUlin. Ixm'ihih** of liin lovfiHy io Vvimco. slioiiltl «l<'nro('j»l(' haHJ v aciion in HoiMirntin}!: froni Vor};«Mn\<^H. \\]\\]o .]',\\. \\\\\\ i\\o Ivorn virion of n ncnv- roiU(M\ H!i\\ {\\M \\o u\\\hI \)o \\v\:i'\\\ <■> forcHlMll \\w mAwuw of iho Vvc}wh ininisjcr. \vlii«'li. wIhmi \\o rcuoluMl I'MiiH on .Inno '2'M. ho nbnosi inHl.nHly «loJo»Mo«l. Tho Mnnlish o;\l>ino(. lio\v;no*l on .Inno JUXIi. Tho «lisin<«\«';rfili(Mi o{ iho nuniMtrv wmh oon)]^l(^(o(l l»v M»o Hnd-.^M) Jojilh of ih<^ j>rinu^ nunisliM* on iho Any ixiiov. J)nrin^ iho Uw nu^nlhs oi \\h o\iHio\\co iho H«>(Mvin};luun frovcrniuoni l\!inrn«l«Mic(> to lrolan«l. nv>\v m|Mlioy oi dividing: parlira nnd forming: oabinots as woak as |)ossil>lo, iho king: Hnn\- monod Sholbnrno, aliliough iho Duko of bm\w luiuis- Portland was il\o hoir io Kockiugham's posi- ^^" tion Jis loador of iho old Whigs. Of ihis fac- tion iho majority n«>w adhorod io iho Torios, althoufrh a oonsitloniblo numhor camo ovor to iho rising lihondisni rojnvsontod by Sholburno undor iho loadoi-sliip of tiio l")nko of lUchmontl. who was rot,*iinod along w ith Kojux'l. William Pitt snoooodod Cavondish as Chancollor of tlio Exchequer. Sholburno himself was Firsi Lord of iho Tivmh- iiry. and Thomas Townshond was ajipoinied to tJio post of Secrettuj for the Colouies, while Lord Grantham be- m TiiK. im':a<'I': <>k vkksaii.mom nnn crtiuo INIiiMHlrr for l'\»roi;ni AlTiirw. 'V\w cotnpMHilion of \\w ininiHlry wiih in Homr inoiiHuro Mm* woiI< of (li<> Itiiijf. riiul tSlirll)unH\ llioii},'li a Hincoro and coiiHiHii-nt lu'lirvrr in reform, ujim iii tin* iiinr HnHjUM-trd l»y niiiiiy of having Immmi lin«; (ho {^ovor?Mnrnt (o (roa(, with (ho lIni(,od S(a(,«>H n(»(. aw (hir(oon Mcparaio rolonirH, whirh thoy had hi(,hor(,o hoon in (ho h'((or of lOnt^hnh hiw, hni HH a Hin}j;h> powor, nndor (ho H(,yh> of (,ho 'rhii(oon lIni(od Sl.aioH. (JronviUo had. of oonrHo, r«"HJi^nod, and (Jio pow- tM"H of OHwald woro niodiliod acoui'ding to tho now for- ninla. Tho only olwtaclo to oonipl(>(in|y tlio tronty v aw Jay'M fo(>Unt^ that indopcndon^ro on^ifht to bo ro(M»rr|ii/,(.(| by a proolanuUion, whi(^h Hhonld nt tho Hfuno (inio p„„iti„„of.rnv ordor tho osacnation of tho harbor oidoH of "•"' '^'•'"ii^- Aniorioa Htill hohl by Mn^linh fo coh. T! \h ^fjivv riHo to dangorouH «lolay. A oon»pr()niiH(» waH (inally pro])OH(wl, bnt not iinniO(liatoly ao(M>pt(>d, ])y which tho pnnonblo to tho troaty HhouM (h^linitoly and oni))liati('ally roco<^'ni/o indopi^ndonoo wi(hont rofon>n(u< to tho adoption or ro- j(»ction of othor portions. N(»^otiationH woro tlnm ])ro- lon^^od until Soptoinbor, 17H2, whon TownHhond yioldod, explaining, however, tliat tlio formal anthori/ntifm mnnt await an act of l*a.rliamon(.. Jay wtood firm in Iuh de- mand, even at the rink o^ the indefinite dolay wliorfjby siU'ooHS wan jeopardized. Meantime tlio question arone of how far tho Auiorican comniinHionorH niuHt ho ])ound by their instruetionH from ConjjjrcHH to act in concert with France and keep equal step with Verf^enncH in tho nejjfotiations. Thoufjfh indilToront to tlio comj)licationfl of English politics, Jay and Adams clearly understood ii :JGO Tin*: fkexcii war and the REVoLnioy the situation in France. The I'ltter, nej^otinting with the Netheiianda for the recognition of American indcptn- tlcnce, was still resident at The Hague, although chief of the commission to treat with England ; but lie shared as far as possible in the councils of his colleagues. ]3oth he and Jay were concerned for the end, without regard to their instructions, which being virtually dictated by Luzerne, the French minister at Philadelphia, were suf- ficiently timorous. They had been passed by Congress on June 15th, 1781, and, directing the American agents to be confidential with the French Government, instruct- ed them " ultimately " to be governed by its advice and opinion. They were repeated by formal vote in Octo- ber, 1782, too late to reach the commissioners, who had gladly forgotten them. Franklin felt that the end could better be secured by obeying the instructions and yielding in matters of de- Frankiin'8 at- ^^^^ ^^ hasten the conclusion of business be- titude. fQj,g jj jjg^ cabinet crisis in England could possibly endanger it. He seems to have thought suf- ficient Oswald's first indefinite commission *' to treat with the colonies and with any or either of them, with any description of men in them, of and concerning peace," and with stalwart good faith insisted on keeping Vergennes informed not of confidential detail but of the fact of negotiation ; his colleagues were of another mind and determined to disregard the French interest for the sake of what they thought the highest principle, the in- dependence and dignity of America, without regard to her treaty engagement, which many, moreover, consid- ered cancelled in international law by the French alli- ance with Spain. Vergennes had informed Grenville that the English demand for restitution of conquests could not be con- sidered ; that in 175tj his country fought for boundaries THE PKACE OF VKIISAILLKS 301 i/i the Ohio and in Miiino, but liy the pcfico o^ 17n3 had kept all of New P'rance ; that wliile in the present war France had primarily fonj^'ht for Ameri- TiuMvii-JxK f can independence, she had in the course of ^ < rt'^'""''- events contracted other oblij^ations and would keep nil she had gained ; that consequently the question of inde- pendence was confined to En<,dand and the United States. But this was antecedent to Rodney's victory over l^e Grasse, and on September llUh, 17H3, the famous three years' siej^fe of Gibraltar by France and Spain, conducted against Eliott by D' Arcon, whose floating batteries could " neither be burnt, sunk, nor taken," ended in disaster to the Bourbon cause. The moral effect of these reverses changed Vergennes's attitude radically. Liberal Eng- land was now in power and well disposed toward liberal- ism in America. To reknit the questions of American in- dependence and co-operation in negotiation with his own interest would be a great gain, and if at the same time he could appease Spain by limiting the territories ceded to the United States, he would score a diplomatic triumph. His position was, that by the treaty of 1778 his country sought the independence of the United States within their colonial limits, but he would be willing to divide the great Western lands between the United States, Eng- land, and Spain. The fisheries on the Banks he main- tained belonged to England and France ; ind:pendent America must renounce her colonial share in that source of wealth and training-school of seamen. The attitude was exactly that of an adroit craftsman who regarded, as many French writers still do, the American Revolution as but a phase of the perennial struggle of England and France for supremacy in the West. It was distinctly hostile to the interests of a groping but conscious de- mocracy, with a manifest destiny for united action to secure the Western hemisphere for free institutions. r>! i I '■ 802 TIIK FlilONCII WAIl AND THE REVOLUTION Franklin had infcirmod ORwald in July what tho condi- tions of poaco would he : lii'Ht, the acknowledgment of in- SicM tniHHion dcpcndcnco ; second, the fronti' -on the C!ana- oi Kayiuivui. (|j,^,i f^[^\^^ ^q i,^, ^m [^ ^vHH bo''' ne paKsa^jfe of tlio Quebec act, anil on tho west to the x iHsisHippi ; third, piirticipation in tho tishcries. On tho clian«^e of minis- try Slielburne sent Vau«]fhan, a friend of Franklin's, to asstire him that there would bo no ehaufjfo of policy. Oswald's new commissicm came on July 17th, and Frank- lin certainly thought this one '* would do," as Ver^(>nnes did also. Jay's position has been stated. At this junct- ure tho Frencih minister entered on a course of double dealing. Tho motives are uncertain, but tho facts are clear and seem capable of but one inteipretation. Durinjjf the late summer Marbois, secretary of the French lej^jatiou in Philadelphia, wrote a letter which was intercepted by tho English and communicated to Jay. It proved to be a plea against America sharing in the fisheries. On Sep- tember 15tli llayneval, a former agent of tho French Gov- ernment in America, received from Vcrgennes formal in- structions to proceed secretly to London and demand for Spain either Gibraltar or a compensation for it, but to refuse if questioned to engage in conversation con- cerning American atfairs. Jay suspected what is now known, that there was something behind this, and Ray- neval, in 1795, confessed that he was also to learn the truth concerning certain overtures made to De Grasse. It is also kno\vn that he " expressed a strong opinion," in his intorvioN, v;itli Shelburne and Grantham, " against the American claims to the fisheries and to the valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi." By this time Vaughan had become the confidential friend of Jay. "Without the knowledge or concurrence of Franklin he was prevailed on to accept a mission to Shelburne, and convey to him the considerations wbich TTIK PEACE OF VKKSAILLKS r,c3 should inrtiionoo Oivat IJritiin in trcfttiii^' with Anicr- Sho could not ('oniiucr and ou^^'ht thcrcforo to ica. H |ir(ipi>- conciliate ; tlio United StutoH would not treat j„j. excei)t on an eciual footin;^', and it nii}j[lit be to the intercHt of France, but waH not to that of ICnj^lund, to postpone independence until a jjjeneral i)euce. Amer- ica would not make peace without the ('mherieH, and would be HO irritated by exclusion from navi^iitinj^ the Missis- sippi that the peace if made would be little more tlian a truce. Jay also thou^^ht that there should be reeip; ,(•- ity in trade and commerce. West Florida shouM not be left in Spanish hands, as eiulanj^erin'jf the trade of both countries. England was to share the free iiavi^'a- tion of the inland waters and the great river, "which," wrote Jay, "would in future be no less important to Great Britain than to us." Shelbui*no had once before determined to divide the Americans from their allies. Then it was to gain a tactical advantage over Fox, now the oppor- j,!,,,^, „ofr(,tia. tunity would give him a tactical advantage ''"""• over France and was irresistible. Vanghan returned to Paris on September 27th with a new commission for Oswald on the lines suggested, authorizing him to treat with the ministers of the United States. Franklin and Jay proceeded at once, and in perfect harmony, to fur- ther negotiations, but without consulting Vergennes. On October 5th Jay completed his draft of prelimina- ries, which Oswald at once foi-warded to London. Adams, having concluded a treaty with the Netherlands, arrived in Paris on October 25th, and disregarding diplomatic formalities made no visit to the king's minister until some days had elapsed, permitting the public prints to announce his presence. He believed that Luzerne was plotting in Congress for his removal, and felt even less love for Frenchmen and things French than he had H :i Tin; ki:\ oi.rrioN" (lono l>rf(>n'. AliMont HlnmllamMinsly rnmo i]\o rrHjilts of Slii'llnirncM il«'IilM'r;j( loii. Tlirv \v««i'»« ill variiiiKf iti H(»nii' iniporliiiil rrs|i(«clH n\ itii tlw (IimI'I, niul Shaclu'v. Ili(> I n.h'r St iii'ifuv ol" Sl.ilr, wmh Hciit (»> t'liloii'i' llit> juir- tit'iiliirH t>f llic l'.nj',lisli roiilciilitm. 'I'lir iu'};«t(inlioiiM uliirli i'iisiumI l.'iMtctl iitiJil tlio nid n|' KdvoiuImt. TIu'V Imnrtl »hi« llv on liic |M>ini «»f wlirlln r dinrnoi.T of <'>' '"»^' AiMciit'.'iu nu'rcliMiils iniiHt |mv for lln. nioiivai.v. j^,»,)ilM tlu'V IijmI |Mir»'linsi»l Im'Toh' <1i(> war, ninl on iho (pu'slion of oompcnsiition Jiritisli n(>j,'oliators piini>il tlic lirst di'nwuul cntiicly. in answer to the Hivond (lu\y ol)iaim>(l nuMcly a promise that I'on^ross "onld roconinicnd iho i)oli«\v to tho Stales. The main j>oints as to inde|HMuU'n('<' and th(> honndarics woYO frrcly ooncodod, l)ut whih» Athinis Ki'cnrod a fairly dolinito lino for tho norlhivist bonU'r, that of tho wt'st was hM't, imfortnnatoly, va<^no and }::onoral. Atafutnro tinio it was fonnd that (hMiciont ^{M)^ra|>hi('al knowh^l^* had niado nocoHsarv a snrvoy and roadjnstniont of tlio cntiro boundary. Tho Anioricans woro to enjt)v llio same ri<^lita in tho tisliorios whidi thoy had liad as Kuy,- lish colonists ; hnt whilo tliov niij^rht dry thoir fish on otht r iinsottlod shores thev ini«;l»i not do so on tliose of New- foinidland ; at the same time tliey secured the exclusive ricjht of tishiufX on their own coasts. Jay's proposition for reciprocity iu coninierce aud trade was rejected, but England retained the equal privilege with tho Uuited States of navigatinsf the IMississippi, which separated tliem from the Spanish possesyions, and bad uo natural y^ ! ^ Tin: I'MACK OK Vr.ltSAir.I.KM ',U\r} 'riinr \vrr<^ two I>|o|n mm the |)1{M'H «»f 1,Im> nimii kiiMo (liMMiiiii'iil MiiiM oiitliiMMl : (>iii>, III)' Nii;';jfrHliitn iinplird in l\w riiiiiiu'nitioti l>v iwiiiic of Mm) 'i'liirlmi StatcH, tliiil, i\\o I'liitvtl SliilrH \V(>|'(* nut, ti iiiitioii ; Hio oilier, ii virliml nM'();,'iii(,i<)ii of Kliivcl'V. liiiiirciiH had hrrii r\<*liMii;,^nl lor (*i)ni\v.'illiM, mid ii|)])rar«'vii<-iiiil«>d Ainrric an Hoil tJM'V HJioiil I iiol. ninv iiwu.v "any iir^,'ro«'S or oilur pi'o|»i'ri V of llie iiilial>i(aiilH." TIm r(^ svas oiks Hccict, <'l r.i.-t(^ d( IrriiiiMiii'j jln' Hoiilliern bonmlary in <'aH(' I'liij,'- land HJionld recover WeHJ, l''loiida by Iier tividy Nsilii Sjiai'i. The coiiiniisHionerH alliNcd (heir Hi-i^iialni'eH lo these preliininaiy ai'lieleH on N«)V('nil)er JtlMli, 17S2, hut, with tho understandiiijj: thai ilio ireaty was noi lo li(« coiicludcd iiniil alter the general paciliealion, in whit ii S|)iin, l''ran('(\ and Holland were also ron<*('ni«'d. Ii is eustoinary to look upon the work ihiis acconi- plish(>d as a irininpli of Anjcricaii diplomacy. Since ilio Siai(Mi Island conference in 177(1, America ti,,. ,,,,,„. ,.,ii ha't^><>" of her in- i""'"'"'""'- depondenco as preliminary io any iie;^'oiiaiioii. Adams and Jay were th(> sn(M'esslul a^enis in Hecnriii}^^ thai c()n- cession. Franco and Spain earneslly deKired to limii American territory on ihe west hy the Alle<^henieH. Tlio violation of insirnc.tions from Conj^ress, in Avhieh the same two comniissionorfl were ehielly concerned, thwarted Ver- gennes and prcn-entcd such a disaster. Secrecy wonld nevertheless have availed liitlo hnt for the j^ood-will of Kni^land, which thon^^h def(>at(Ml in America was iriumjdi- ant over the IJourbon powers in the snccosses of Itodiiey and Eliott, and now meant to use American indepen- dence for the purpose of dhninishin<^' the chums sure to 1)0 mado by Sjmin. The intennediate stapfcs of the ne- gotiatiou were inconte.stubly the work of Jay and Adams. i i ■ffllil: tt, ■ill 300 TIIF. FKKNClt WAU AND T1T1C KKV(>LrTF()>r AVImi flu\y ini^lit. h,:vo rrs>iUo(> (>HliiMa<0(l. His roll('n|riu>H wvro tlio HtnicHincu mi.l poliliciMim, Htiindinfif oni for Atiu'riciui oliiiniH mid d<'<(M'lin}^ \\\o HoluMiioH of V«M>r('mn'H ; l»> wuh \]\v hUAvh m.'Ui m>d diploinidiHf, ojx'iiiii^ Hh> way i\v Ii'h lirHt r\- orl)i(;ini dcDiMnd for a«'H Mchially H(MMiroHilioii of Mn^limd in n^^^ard to i\\o r<'H valncof Ani('ri<'an |>ro|)(M(y (U»- Htroyfor(> V(M'}^(Min(^M wiili a oopv of \]]o ])r«'limiiiari('H to forcHljdl luH !i('(Mi«;dionH of iiifj^ratiliido Mud bad failli hy tlic jtlain, fnilliful. Mild ooiiviiuMUfj: Htal(M\i(MH, iliaf 1h» aiiHy. AVitli no diHjtaiii<]^(Mn«Mii to tlio iiKM'iiM of all tlir<>(\ who W(M'0 gr<>!ii and al>l(> v',ir]\ in liin way, llio faot in iho last aiialyHiH a|>|>oarH to bo that, the terms ob- tainod wovo dno dircuMly both to YorUtowii and to »li[)- lon\ati(' r(^sontativ(^ of a public virtno which was risini;- hi,Lrh(M' and hii^hor at tho oIoho of tho oi};htoonth oontnrv. and was ovontnally to Hnl)nu>rj4(» th(^ wr(>clru ab- solutism. Thtit this M'as larj^oly trno was pvovon by snbsoqnont events. Savannah and Charleston wore ovaurno!» miuii*- eombor. Tho fiu'mal cossaticni of hostilities try. between England and America occurred iu January. ITSM, nnd was ofticinlly }>roclaimod by Conf^fress FnllofSliol- on April lOtb, eight years after C umou oucor* The preliiu- iiii TITK rKACK OV V K1JM A ITJiKfl :m iimrioH of pom'o, ln>tw('(>n (Ircfiti I'rif.diii on Mmi oho baiul and l\w rdiiliiiciit/Ul iillirH oti ilui o(,Imm-, wd Toh.-ij^M) juid Mcnf^fal ; Spain waH o()ni)(('ll(Ml to i'('lin(|niHli (ill liopo of (Hilnaltaf, ob- taining only tlio r(>ti()c<>HHion of Minon-a aTid Florida. 'V\\v clatiHCH arnin<^M>(l bctwoon {''iiij^lniid and tlio United StiitcH in tlic previouH NovcujiIk r wcro of coniHo incor- porated. 'J'lio nviHon for tliiH lon^ (Iclny waw not in ono hctiho a roHnrjj^onco of ronHorvativo inducnce. Ycr^^'cinicH, if iii- diH'd \h) wvw n>;dlv {jjricvcd, wast cfiHily ])a('i(i('d, foi- ji few (layH aft(U' Franklin'H int(>rvic!W (UJnininnicalln;,'' the con- chiHion of nof^otialionH on tlu^ ])ait of I'ln/^lund und llio United Stat(>H, France Jicceded to tl»e r(>(|MeHtof (!on<^n(HH and granted a n(>w loan of Hix ntillioiiH of francH, to cover tin? e\j)(>nditnreH of 17HI5. AVlien 11k> <|neHtion of ijtfify- injjf tlio American trcafy waH brouf^dit Ixiforf? Parlijinient, in DecomlxM', it was Kelect<^d l)y tlio (^oiiHcrv/itiveH and tlio malcinitent Wlii.L^K an a nieann of overthi-owin;^ Sliel- bnrne. l\Tany tlionj^^lit tlui conceHMionH too ^n^at, tlio kinr of the lr(\aty in the CornmonH was William Titt. {Similar couyidcratiouy wcro advanced ia M 808 THE FRENCH WAU AND THE llEVOLUTION the uppor house, and Sliclburno could not witlistaud tlic torrcut. The iniiiiHtry resigned on December 24tlj, and the fate of the treaty was in the balance. By wlifit Bcemed a dis«»raceful coalition between the Tories and old Whisks the notorious ministry of North and Fox was formed, but only after days of stru;jfgle and undcsr the displeasure of the king, who looked on North as a trait- orous deserter and on Fox as an enem3\ The much-abused coalition was not a mere accident of party government. It stood for something. By a The co.iii- curious subversion and rearrangement Shel- tioii ministry. |)i|,.ne's Opinions favored in part a return to the old order and an active participation of the crown in government. Fox, on the other hand, held to the no- tion of a continuous liiHtorical development of parlia- mentary supremacy, and tlio gradual extinction of tlie crown oven as a regulative force. No one had more rea- son to support this position than North. Shelburne's remedy for the existing conditions was what has since been known as parliamentary reform by the extension of the sulfrage, so as to secure n real representation of the people and thus counterbalance the po\er of tlie crown. The remedy of Burke and Fox wan the system of so-called economic reform, whereby privilege was to be maintained in the aristocracy, lawyers, and mer- chants, while the evils of place and patronage were to bo abolished and a retrenchment in the public finances thereby secured. The practical result of Fox's temporary victory was unfortunate for the United States. The old Whigs stood firm on the Navigation Acts in order to se- c.it oti of' lUe cure the world's carrying trade foi' England, '^'''^•^' and were, of course, supported by the mer- cantile classes. For this end a commission was promptly despatched to Paris in order to negotiate a commercial 11 THK PKACK OF VERSAILLES .'jr,o treaty with the American luinisters, which would retain for England, by the same interference with freedom of trade which had so far been her policy, the monstroiia monopoly bho was losing. The skill, insight, and true greatness of the three American commissioners foiled the plan. They were not overawed by the dangers of delay nor by a menace of failure, and the treaty ratitied at Ver- sailles in December was the same they had made. ]3ut in the long months which had elapsed between Oswald's first mission and the final authoritative adoption of the preliminaries, most serious harm was nevertheless done- The old bad elements of English conservatism had reas- serted themselves as a power, the seeds of ill-will be- tween the two English nations were i)rematiirely sown, and the harvest, which the newer people reaped in the first twenty-five years of national existence made neces- sary a second war for independence before they were strong enough to fight it. Hi r I I! n I CH.VPTEK XXX. WEAKNESS AND STRENGTH American Independence and European Politics — The Former and Later Generations — The American Navy — Its Achievement — Its Gradual Diminution — Privateering — Morris and the Li- nances — Expense of the War — Congress and the Army — Wash- ington Allays the Discontent — The Army Disbanded — The Cin- cinnati — Washington's Political Insight — The Southern States — The ]\iidd[e Status — Their Occuj)ations and Educational In- stitutions — New England — Masyachusetts and Virginia — Char- acter of the Revolution — Effect on Ecclesiastical Movements- Slavery — Tendencies toward Union in State Administrations — Importance of the New Forces — Literature of the Revolution —Signs of a National Spirit— Political Writers— The New So- ciety. In speculating as to what mipflit have "been, it seems likely that as European politics were in these years s'j American comj)licated aud arranged as to throw all the mifturopean continent in the scale against England, and poutics. as English pohtics were so developing as to create a true liberal party which was steadily a fricud to American liberalism, we could by the vigorous use of our resources have won our independence without for- eign assi tance. In the beginning we pro'^ed our capac- ity and displayed our resources. But in fact it was to the French, our faithful and loyal allies to the end, tLiit we owed ultimate success in the actual conflict, ard it was through the adroit use of European diplomacy and party politics that we obtained the favorable terms of ]>oace which gave us a national territory in spite of sec- tional prejudices. WEAKNESS AND STllENGTII oil e Former and .chievement— and the li Army — Wasli- aed— The Ciu- oiitheru States ilducatioual In- /irgiuia — Cliar- l Movements— ministrations— the Revohition —The New So- een, it seems lese years s') throw all tlie England, and reloping as to dily a fricud rorous use of witliout for- ed our capac- :act it was to tlie end, that .nflict, and it [iplomacy and tble terms of spite of sec- The contemplation of weakness, vacillation, and liikc- warmness displayed at one time or another in every dis- trict and by all classes except the one which was composed of a few steadfast leaders with and lutor gtu- their devoted followers, should overthrow that view of our history which refers everything good to the forefathers and everything bad to their successors. Es- timating the men of that day in the light of their times we may well be proud of them, but we should also re- member that what they began in iu>perfection has been preserved by at least equal wisdom and equal fortitude both in war and peace ; that the stability of the small beginning has been secured in a structure large beyond their visions, built by architects at least as capable as they and j)erhaps as creative, for the federal state as we have it was probably not in their minds at all. The Constitution even was in part the work of a generation which did not begin the Revolution, and has by the in- terpretation of still later ones been steadily adapted to conditions not foreseen. Throughout the struggle thus brought to a close there had been naval warfare, both regular and irregular, which was in some ways of very great importance. The American Reprisals for the depredations of English '^"^• revenue cutters and warships began in Narragansett Bay and were continuous thenceforward. Washington gave the broadest interpretation to his lirst commission, and sent authorized vessels to prey on English shipping. Massachusetts soon had a little fleet of six ships afloat. The example thus set was quickly followed by private enterprise in nearly every State. Vessels were over- hauled, prisoners taken, and stores captured. By the middle and end of 1776 Congress had a navy of its own numbering thirteen ships ; five of thirty-two guns, five of twenty-eight, and three of twenty-four. ' 1 »72 ruK KUENcir wau and tuv. nEVoLFirox Tbo oflioorfl of ilio now imval pcnvor wrro inoTi of m- rr^y ami Hkill in tlioir |HHion. lint ilu\v IukI ii (lilli- iiH nciiiovc- <'"'^ <)iHk, and HonH»iinu»H l>v ilio coininica- "'•'"'• iionH of inicrnaiional law f<'Il into Hlnin^(> ]>Hfj:]ifH in their attcniplH to tlispoHc* of tlicir pvizcH ))(> ft)ro tlio l^'ronch allianccMvaH I'onHnnMnatcd. lint in ^\n^o of all v dorly their ])lac(*H. By that time, (imiMuiiion. lioxvever, a juiwerful French fh^etwaRin Amer- ican waters. Jonos'R e\]>loitrt have elnewhero been re- ferred to. Simultaneously one l'n«>lish store-Rhij) after another was captured this side the sea, and not without hard tightinf?, by such American otHicers as Manly, Hop- kins, llallett. and AVilliams. The rise aj^ainst Castino brought the American navy to the verge of ruin. Thenceforward the regular warfare against England by Rea was virtually oarriengress and Alliance, won laurels until the end of the war. But privateering assumed dimensicms which are now difficult correctly to estimate, so untrustworthy are local . records and so absurd the notions of diftercnt writers. The official records at the national capital are, however, certainly accurate as far as they go, aud they probably cover most of the facts. From them AVrVKNKSS AND BTUKN(iTII 873 h until the it apprarn tluit uboiii fiftcon Imndrod ami ttixty-ciglit |)ul)li(! and j)nviito Jinncd vchhcIh wore fitted out in the United StatcH iM'tvvt'cii 177(1 and llKi. Of ilicHO moio tiian half wero from New J'liigljind. In ihc^ liHt of Statin MaHHaclniHcttH h-adn with live hundrod and ci^dit, J'ci.n- Hvlvnnia followH with four huiulrod and Hcvcntv-niiic. 'J'licn conio in oriU^r Maryhind, Connecticut, eacli witli h'HH (lian two hundrod, Mew lianipHliire with nearly a Innidred. The Hnt tlien nnm — Yir^'inia, Khode Iwland, Now York, South C-arolina, M(>w JerHcy, and Kortli Caio- lina, with from five to twenty-live each. Tlio RUcceHHCH of tlio private(>rHmen wc^rc enormouH, and Huch were tlio protitH of adventurcuH and ownerH that New ]*'nglaud wan never more proH]>(»rouH in itH entire liiHtory than durinf^ the L'lHt years of the llevolution, wliilo Homo l*liiladel])hia merchant/H amaHH(>d fortun(>H. It is estimated that as hi«;li as seventy tliousand American sailors were afloat at one time enj^ai^ed in the stiugfjjlc with En}j:land, either as regulars or privateersmen. There was prol)al)ly one year, 177(5, in which at various times ninety thousand (continental Koldi(>rs and militia were in service or at least enrolled, but in pjeueral the numbers of the Ameri- can land f(n'C0 did not reach fifty thousand. When Coufj^ress, in 1781, determined to substitute a Rur^lo head for each of its most imi)ortant committees, Kobert Morris was made the linancial a^ent MorriP mni the of the confederation. He committed the un- i'"'"'"''- certain and timid body of which ho was a mend^er to a temporary policy of strong union by securing the char- ter of a national banic with four hundred thousand dol- lars ca])ital. Massachusetts alone resisted. By adroit manipulations and powerful enerp:y the plan succeeded, at least while it had the support of Oonp^ress, and its author was end)oldened to suu^pfest federal taxation in the shape of contributions from excise imports and land. !r '■I . ■(' H\^ i 'N r .V ?)7l THE FlJKNCIl WAK AND TTTF, T^EVOLTniON" IMoincntarily tliorc was a proflpoci that the United States, with their wcs'ilMi and proHperity searcely ehecked hy tlio war, would be e()nii»letely Holveiit and meet all their oh- li^ations. The Middle States were brought in Honio de- fifreo to terms, but neither the Kant nor South could overeome their ori;^;inal repnj';nanee to pay. Tlio total eost of the war made an averaj^o annual ex- penditure of twenty millions of hard dollars. I'irst and ExiMMiHCf. of li^'f^t the country received from France. S])ain, the war. j^^jj| Holland about twelve millions, of which nearly two and a half were ^ifts from France and Spam. At the peace there was a public debt of between nine and ten millions, of which seven were owin<;" to Franco, t\No to Holland, and the rest to Spain. The remainder of the immense expenditure for the war, a i>roportion of nearly tive-sixths, was really borne by the people, thouj^h in the most irreo^ular way. the losses by the utter extinction of value in continental paper ^'enerally fallinof upon the pa- triots and the poor. Cong-ress disbursed about two- thirds, the separate States about a third of the total. As to the public debt, Franklin made an arranj^ement by which the arrearages of interest were forgiven by our generous ally, and the principal was to be repaid in yearly instalments, to begin three years after the peace. In spite of its great services, Congress at the close of the war was held in no esteem whatever. Its career coiiirrcss and ^^'-^ been oue of compromises to such an ex- the army. ^^^^^ ^\^^^ |.|jg people at large, with a too com- mon inconsistency, despised them for pursuing a course initiated rather by the delegates than by public opinion, but supported at a later time by a general resuiTection of local jealousy. The situation was made acute by the fact that promises of pay to the army had not been kept. The American seafarers during the war seem to have been satisfied with their own self-help, and well they WKAKNKSS AND STUENGTII 375 mipflit 1)0 if half of "what wan told al)oiit captures woro true. The case was far (lilVcront with the army, which from first to hist was l^iit wrctcthodiy supported, and was often rcfjfarded even with jealousy, by communities wlio recalled their own sufferinf^'s and those of th(;ir fore- fathers at the hands of a trained and centralized H(j1- diery. The troops were, therefore, outraj^ed by the aj)- parent indillerenco of Conj^ress in lillinfjf its empty treasury in order to fulfil its broken promises to them. They would not have been indisposed to exert a forciljlc pressure on the civil power to compel the levy in {j^ and collecting of continental taxes. Some stron^^ advocates of a true federal union, and many of the crculitors of Congress, were willing to try the experiment. The movement was partly organized and was actually ini- tiated at the army headcjuarters in Newburgli by well- written addresses to the soldiers, which bore the name of Armstrong. But Washington was averse to such extreme measures, and by his commanding personal infiuence succeeded in averting the calamity of a civil war between ,. ,, „, ,, Waflmif.'ton the respective advocates oi loose and strong aiiayn the (Uh- federation. A mutinous handful of exasper- ated soldiers did, however, actually threaten Congress, and its members fled in panic from Philadelphia to Princeton, where they summoned Washington and con- sulted in regard to the size and organization of the small standing army which was to be maintained for the de- fence of the frontier. The establishment of a militia for the regulation of internal order, of the military r^chool, and other matters of a like nature were considered. The immediate demands of both officers and men were met by partially funding the sums due into the general debt, giving paper obligations for three months' pay to the men, bearing interest at six per cent., and by voting to HTH rm': kukncmi wau and tiik UKVctM-rroM 4 r ?} h ill the ofTlocrfl coHilicatoH for five yofiVH* pny. alHo licarin^^ \]\. tvrvHi ni HJx prr iM'nt., ('oniiuiitiii^ IIm' liiill'-piiy lor lifo ]>r()iniH(Ml ai Viilh'v J'\)r}jf<> into full i)a_v for that ])«'rio(|. Jiolli HortH oi ]»n; or \vrrn rrally irnMl(M>nuiM(«, luii \w. ooHHitv compcllc*! ihoiv ncov\)Umcv. \*\i\A\c iin'clin^'H in many parlH of New Knfjfland iliHplayiMJ a liiltcr oupoHi- iion to \\w (■onnnuialion Aft for ])ro!niHin^ even llic lit- iio'H army in tlu> Sontii wnn lit(>rally Htarvinfjc, tlio ]>rovorl)ial in^Matitudo of HtatoH h.ivin^r boon hIiowii by Son*'i Carolina. Both North and Souih, indiviport thoir familioH. The anny mcllcd imniiiMi. iiiHonHibly awiy unlil but a few eoni]uinirH wore loft. Finally, on reoei[>t of iu»wh that peace waR eonohided, the iow r'^mainin^ forooH W(>r(> HueeeHHfnlly (bHbtnulod by formal proelamation, Novend)or '2d, IIH'A. Some yoai*H elapHod before (>vr(^jn- iliee, which sprang from overstrained devotion to ab- stract }>rincipl(^H. .Just bt^fm'o their iinal separation tho oflicorH, at tho instif^ation of Knox, formed a 8oci(>ty to ])erpotuato the Tho cinoin- niomory of their partiiupation in j^reat deeds. iiati. ^y Ciuciniiatus had left the plough and re- turned to it, the members wore to bo known as C-incin- iiati, and mombeiMhi]) was to be hereditary. The coun- tiy felt that wherever soldiers met there would bo advocates of "a hoop to the barrel," as they themselves were wont to phrase their devotion to strong union among the States. Many professed alarm at the estab- lishment of an heroditarv aristocracy. The society was ■ ft ft never popular, but it abolished the hereditary feature and still exists, its vacancies being tilled by election. m. WKAKXI'^SS AND KTUKXHTTT 377 Tlio liiHi Miii^HIhIi HoIdioi'H rnrDiiiiiii^ in Ainorica Hdilcd from N(nv Y«)rlv on NovcimImt 2r»|,li. It wan cHiimutcU iliiit. iwcniy MmmihuikI loyiiliHiH loft tluir * . tt* 1- *i VVftHlilnif. h(MII(>M t.(l H<>ttl(> in NoVH OCotlll, ( liniKlll, tllO toUM ixililldtl JJcrimKliiM, or tlio AntilhiH. \Vtisliiti|.^inii uikI (!liiit«»n, t^'ovcrtior ol' lli<> Stat(% <'iit<'ir(l tlu' city ni tlio ticiid of tlin Uwv iTiiiiiinin^ coiiipiiiiicN of tiio iiviuy on tlin (lay tli(^ HriiJHli dcparicd. On Dcccinhcr llli, a fiirc- wcll nicclin}^' of tlui olli('«'rH was licld, and u fovv dii>rt afterward l\u\ (^oinniandcr-in dliicf Hct out for Annapolis, wliitli(»r (Jonf^rcHM had l\\vi\ r(Mnov('poM(>d, to privato lif(\ In (li^iit ycarw ho had oxpcnchMl from Win privato ]>urHo Hixty-foiir tliou- sjuid dollaix. For tliiH, aH Wy a^'roomoid., h(! aHkcd rcim- buraomcnt, hut domandod nothinf^ for liiw own nrduouH labors. Dnriii}^ tho woary dayH of waiting and li^ditiiifjf ho had pcmdorod tho <(U(!HtionH of tho time, and witli almoHt Huporhiiman inHi;jfht roaohcd their Hohition. In tho provi()us Juno ho had, thorcfforo, writtoii a Icttor to tho Stato (jfovoniorH, whi(rh contahiod tho CRHcntial ])oli('y from whioh Iuh countiy haH novor dopartod, oxc(!pt to it^ hurt : " First, on indiHsoIublo union of tlio StatoH under Olio federal hood ; Hocond, a Haorcd rcf^^ard to publio juh- tico ; third, tho npled by poverty and closed during the war, had exeiied a strong influence in training the minds " the upper stratum of society, but the education of the people in general was sadly neglected. wi:akm:s?< axd STi:KNr.Tit or.) Tho IMiddlo Statofl oontmiu'd loss tlmn a lliird of llio tot'd number of inlmbitmitH, l*(>niisvlvjiiuii boiiij; tho see- ond State of tli(5 Union, f()ll<»\viiij; Vir{;iiiia, tio MMdio and New York rankin;^' til'lli, tluit in, after ^'•"'^''*" IVlasHaelniHetts. Ah in eortain partH of tlio Sonth, tlio Preabyterians wero very nnnicrous tliroii<^diont tliis sec- tion. Tliero wero otiier stronj^ denoniinationH aflniate1 Hesiirnatioii of the Newcastle-Pitt ministry October 6, 17(51 War between England and Spain January, 1702 Bute Prime Minister May 21), 1 7(>2 Peace of Paris February 10, 17G2 Grenville Prime Minister April 8, 17(53 Pontiac's conspiracy May 7, 1703 Revenue Act foi the Colonics passed March, 1704 Passage of the Stamp Act, March 22, 1705 Bockingham Prime Minister July, 1765 Stamp Act Congress in New York October 7, 1705 Brown University founded 1705 Repeal of the Stamp Ai:t February 22, 1700 Duty imposed on tea u'ld other commodities 1707 New York enjoined from independent action 1707 Customs oflicers appointed 1707 " Farmer's Letters "' written by Dickinson 1707 Chatham Prime Minister August, 1707 Queen's (Rutgers^ College founded 1707 Grafton Prime Minister December, 1707 Massachusetts issues circular letter January, 1708 Bernard dissolves ^Massachusetts Assembly April, 1708 Riots in Boston occasioned by seizAirc of sloop Liberty. June, 1708 British troops in Boston October, 1708 Organized resistance in North Carolina 1708 Settlements in Tennessee 17(58 Botetourt dissolves Virginia House of Burgesses 1709 Dartmouth College founded 17(59 Repeal of all duties except that on tea Marcih, 1770 Lord North Prime ^linister 1770 Boston " ^lassacre " March 5, 1770 Battle on the Alamance !May 10, 1771 Burning of the Gaspcc June 9, 1773 Virginia appoints Intercolonial Committee of Correspon- dence 1773 Hutchinson letters divulged by Franklin 1773 Boston Tea-party T. , Deccm])er 10, 1773 Franklin before the Privy Council Januarj', 1774 Passage of the Penal Acts March, 1774 Enforcement of the Boston Port Bill June 1, 1774 First Continental Congress September 0, 1774 APPENDIX 391 A.D. Indian fi jrht, Point Pleasant October 6, 1774 The American Associulion ... October 20, 1774 Cliatbain and Hiirke plead for reconciliation 1775 Tlie conflicts at Lexington and Concord April 19, 1775 Capture of Ticonderoga i\Iay 10, 1775 Second Continental Congress May 10, 1775 Mecklinburg Resolutions of Independence ^May 20, 1775 Washington commander of the American forces. . .June 15, 1775 Battle of Bunker Hill June 17, 1775 Siege of Boston July, 1775 Capture of Montreal November 12, 1775 Siege of Quebec December, 1775 " Common Sense " published January 8, 1776 Boston taken by Washington March 17, 1776 Congress directs colonies to organize their own govern- ments May 15, 1776 British driven from Charleston June 28, 1776 Declaration of Independence July 4, 1776 Battle of Long Island August 27, 1776 British occupy New York Se])tember 15, 1776 Battle of White Plains October 28, 1776 Battle of Trenton December 20, 1776 Battle of Princeton January 3, 1777 Adoption of the American Flag June 14, 1 777 Battle of Oriskany August 6, 1777 Battle of Bennington August 16, 1777 Battle of the Brandy wine September 11, 1777 Battle of Bemis's Heights September 19, 1777 Battle of Germantown October 4, 1777 Battle of Freeman's Farm October 7, 1777 Burgoyne's surrender at Saratoga October 17, 1777 The confederation of the States November 15, 1777 The French Alliance February 0, 1778 Parliament's offers of conciliation February, 1778 Battle of ^lonmoutli June 28, 1778 Masfiacre at Wyoming July 4, 1778 American retreat from Newport August 29, 1778 British capture Savannah December 29, 1778 British victory at Brier Creek jNLarch 3, 1779 Tlie Spanisli Alliiuico April 12. 1779 Capture of Stony Point July 10, 1779 1 ^ 392 APPE^iDIX A.D. Naval victory of Paul Jones September 23, 1779 Lincoln and d'Estaing repulsed at Savannah Oetober 9, 1779 Clinton captures Charleston May 13, 1780 Battle of Camden August 16, 1780 Capture of Andre September 23, 1780 Buttle of King's Mountain October 7, 1780 Battle of the Cowpens January 17, 1781 Battle of Gull ford March 15, 1781 Battle of llobkirk's Hill April 25, 1781 Battle of Eutaw Springs September 8, 1781 Surrender at Yorktown... October 19, 1781 Cessation of hostilities January 20, 1783 Kockingham Prime Minister March 20, 1783 Completion of peace negotiations November 30, 1783 Treaty of Paris and Vcrsiiilles September 3, 1783 Evacuation of New York November 35, 1783 !■ i-i I'i^'i ' t' A.D. 23, 1779 9, 1779 13, 1780 16, 1780 23, 1780 7, 17S0 17, 1781 15, 1781 25, 1781 8, 1781 19, 1781 20, 1783 20, 1783 30, 1783 r 3, 1783 35, 1783 4, f V. I n. BIBLIOGRAPHY The works of Francis Parkman form a complete and exhaust- ive history of the Freucli in America. Tlie two portions, entitled respectively Montcalm and Wolfe, and The Conspiracy of Pon- tiac, cover tlie period of the Seven Years' War in America. They are admirable in respect to thorough n(!ss, reliability, and style. The general histories of Bancroft, Hildretli, Lord Mahon, and Lccky arc accessible to all. Bancroft's is a monumental work of the lirst importance, philosophical, yet minute and painstaking. Its faults are those of style and sometimes of bias, which, how- ever, is never sufhcicntly concealed to be dangerous. No one has so conscientiously used the original sources, nor had access to so many and important ones as he. The student must use the original as well as the revised or centennial edition. Lord Mahon is the contemporary representative of the English view, and is quite as polemic as the American statesman. The portion of Lecky's great work relating to American affairs is concise and has the appearance of impartiality, though written with a tinge of Tor}'' feeling. The huge volumes of Justin Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of America are very valuable to the student for their full references to books and sources. The plan is confusing to the general reader, and while many of the monographs are fine, there is a necessary diversity in treatment and style which shows the dangers of historical dissection. The Header's Handbook of the American Kevolution by the same editor is an excellent bibli- ography and indispensable both to the investigator and the reader. Its use will obviate the necessity of any other, except for works p\ ' Mshcd since 1879. The throe volumes of John Fiske, two on the Revolution and one on the (Critical Period of American History, can be recom- mended almost without a reservation. The style savors a little „!.l I m 394 APPENDIX of (he popular lecture, but the facts arc clearly given and the judgments are excellent. !Much interest has been manifested in France under the re- public concerning American history and the U idled Stales. 'I'ln.; extensive work of Douiol, llistoiie de la participation de la France a. Tetablissement des Etats-L'nis (rxVuiericjue. Correspon- dance diplomaticiues et documents, views our struggle as an epi- sode of Frenc'' history, but makes accessible much hitherto un- available material. So also does the interesting volume, Documents on the American Revolution, edited by John Durand. (Jircourt published, as an appendix to the French translation of Volume X. of Bancroft, a volume of hitherto unused original documents from the French archives. Sloireau's Ilistoire ties Elats-Unis is an intelligent and sympathetic attempt to use the newest materials. The earlier history by Laboulaye has permanent value, and that by Botta, an Italian, though published nearly a century ago, is not yet antiquated. The standard collections of contemporary records are the Jour- nals of Congress and the Secret Journals of Congress, the Diplo- matic Correspondence of the American Revolution, the Life and Writings of Washington, and the Correspondence of the American Revolution. The three last are edited by Sparks, and his method of correcting "errors of grammar and obvious blunders, the re- sidt of hasty composition," has given rise to some controversy. Besides these there are Force's American Archives, Niles's Prin- ciples and Acta of the Revolution, Moore's Diary of the American Revolution, and many others of less importance. There are many other interesting collections of private correspondence, of pulpit and f{,'-ensic orations, of ballads and s^ngs, of editorial writing — in short, of everything which sheds light on the times of the Revo- lution. Their titles are given in Winsor's Handbook. Bancroft, in the prefaces to his original Volumes VI.. IX., and X., gives an account of his manuscript sources. The fac-simile of manuscripts in European archives relating to America and the catalogue of all original documents in European archives which illustrate American history, edited by B. F. Stevens, are of the utmost value. The following is a list of other works, all valuable in their way, which may 1)0 useful to those who have no extended book-list at hand. It is given simply as a selection. For the French War : IMantc's History of the Late War in North America ; Rogers, Journal of the French War ; Barnaby. APPENDIX 395 and the Iho rc- Il's. 'I'hu n (le hi nespoii- s an c'|)i- VVU) Ull- c'limc'iits Circourt lime X. iits from iiis is an natcrials, and that ry ago, is the Jour- he Diplo- ! Life and American is method rs, the re- titroversy. les's Priu- American are many , of pulpit writing — the llevo- Bancroft, . , gives an anusei'ipts alogiie of illustrate lie utmost their way, lOok-list at c War in Barnaby. Travels through the Middle Settlements of North America ; Grant, Memoirs of an American Lady (Mrs. Schuyler). For tlie Coustitutioiud Kevolulion : Hutchinson, History of Massachusetts, also Diary and Letters ; Pitkin, Political and Civil History of the United States ; Prothiugham, Rise of the Repub- lic ami History of the Siege of Jioston ; Greene, Historical View of the American Revolution ; Thompson, The L'nited States as a Nation ; Almon, Charters of iho British Colonies ; Stokes's Con- stitutions of the British Colonies ; Poore, Collection of the Fed- eral and State Constitutions, Colonial Charters, and other Or- ganic Laws of the United States ; Massey, History of England ; Adolphus, History of England ; Donne, Correspondence of George HI. ; iNIay, Constitutiouiil History of England ; Alexan- der Johnston, his articles in Lalor's Political Cyclopedia ; Gra- liame. History of the United States ; Doyle, The American Colo- nies ; Wells, Life of Samuel Adams ; Works of James Otis, Patrick Henry, John Adams, and Benjamin Franklin. For the War of the Revolution : Bryant and Gay, History of the United States ; Hart, Formation of the Union (Epochs of American History) ; Baker, Itinerary of General Washington ; Gordon, History of the Rise, Progress, and Establishment of the Independence of the United States ; Ludlow, TJie AVar of Amer- ican Independence ; Carrington, Jiattles of the Revolution ; Los- sing, Field Book of the Revolution ; Mrs. Mercy Warren, Amer- ican Revolution ; Ramsay, History of the American Revolution ; Lee, Memoirs of the War in the Southern Department ; Thatcher, Military Journal from 1775 to 1783 ; Smith, American War from 1775 to 1783 ; Trescot, Diplomacy of the American Revolution ; Lyman, Diplomacy of the United States ; Elliot, American Dip- lomatic Code; Curwen, Journal and Letters of an American Refugee in England ; Stedman, History of the American War ; Sabine, Loyalists of the American Revolution ; Ryerson, Loyal- ists of America ; Jones, History of Now York during the Revo- lutionary War ; Fran von Riedesel, Letters and IVIomoirs relative to Burgoyne'a Expedition ; Stevens, Campaign of Virginia, Corn- wallis-Cliuton Controversy ; Neilscvii, An Original of Burgoyne's Campaign , Garden. Anecdotes of the Revolutionary War; Mrs. EUet, Women of the Revolution ; Johnston (H. P.), The York- town Campaign. The Biographical Literature of the times is extensive, and the works of nearly every man of distinction have been collected and edited. The most important are the following : Appletou's Cy- 306 APPENDIX Ifti.! '•■|i !v : ■ ^■■1 clopcdia of Amerionn Bioi^raphy ; American Statesmen Scries ; Flaiulcrs, Lives of the Chief- Justices ; Sparks, Library of Amer- ican ijiograpliy ; Lives of Washington, by Sparks, Wasliingtou Irnng, Aaron Bancroft. Marshall, Everett, Upham, unci Cornelis de Witt ; Sparks, Worlis of Benjamin Franklin ; Bigelow, Life of Benjamin Franklin, written by liimself and edited from orig- iual manuscripts ; Hale, Franklm in France, from original docu- ments ; McMaster, Benjamin Franklin as a Man of Letters ; Lives of Franklin, by Parton and Bigelow. Other notable bi(;graphies are : Patrick Ilenr}'-, by AV'irt and by William Wirt Henry ; Sam- uel Adams, by AVells and by Hosmer ; John Adams, by Adams ; James Otis, by Tudor ; Thomas Jefferson, by De Witt, Tucker, Smucker, Randall, Parton, and Morse ; Alexander Hamilton, by Hamilton, Marshall, and Morse ; James Madison, by Rives and Oilman ; John Jay, by Jay. Flanders, and Whitelocke ; Nathan- iel Greene, by Greene ; Marshall, by Magruder ; Gouverneur Morris, by Roosevelt ; Shelburne, by Fitzmaurice ; Robert Mor- ris in Finances ' : the Revolution, by Sumner ; Joseph Reed, by Reed ; Charles Read, by Read ; Richard Henry Lee, by Lee ; Arthur Lee, by Lee ; Stark, by Stark and Everett ; Trumbull, by Stuart ; Putnam, by Humphreys and Tarbox ; Schuyler, by Lossing, The best naval histories ar** ; Cooper, Naval History of the United States ; Clark, Naval History of the United States ; Em- mons, Navy of tiie United States ; Hall, Naval History of the Revolution, in Vol. VL of Winsor. The State 1 istories are numerous, and the collections of the va- rious State Historical Societies grow larger and more valuable every year. The most important details of various events will be found in the following : Maine, by Willitunson ; New Hamp- shire, by Belknap ; Vermont, by Allei:, Hall, and Williams ; Massachusetts, by Barry, Bradford, Minot, and Holland ; Con- necticut, by Hollister, Peters, and Hinman ; Rhode Island, by Arnola ; New York, by Dunlap and Jones; Pennsylvania, by Gordon ; New Jersey, by iMulford ; ^[aryland, by jVIcShcrry ; Virginiii, by Campbell, Howison, Burk, Girardin, and Jefferson ; North r -irolina, by Cooke, Jones, and Martin ; South Carolina, by R'^nisay. ]\Iou]lrie, Gibbs, Simms, and Drayton ; Georgia, by Stevens ; Roosevelt, Winning of the West. Scries ; I Ainer- hiiigtou Cornclis >w, Life )m orig- al (locu- 's ; Lives graphics y ; Sam- Adams ; Tucker, ilton. by ives and Nallian- iverncur )crt Mor- llccd, by by Lee ; rumbuU, lyler, by y of the ,cs ; Eir<.- ry of the )f the va- valuable ts will be f Hamp- Villiams ; id ; Cou- jlaiid, by rania, by cShcrry ; effersou ; Carolina, orgia, by INDEX Abekcuombte, General, 5, 51 ; be- fore Ticonderoga, 65, 07, 09 Aborigines. tSee Indians Abrahiim, Heights of, Wolfe's plan to scale, 88 ; battle on the. Do, '.)4, 1)5 Absolutism, work cf, 1 Acadia, boundaries of, 40 ; treat- ment of, b" English, 40. Winslow in, 48 ; Uxspersion of the natives of, 48 Act of Settlement, 2 Adams, John, counsel for English soldiers, 158 ; his broad views of government, ^01) ; proposes in Congress the independent govern- ment of the colonies, '*il5; his resolution ended the proi-rietary government of Pennsylvania, ^35 : arguea in Congress for the declaration of independence, 329 ; peace commissioner at The Hague, 335 Adams, Samuel, on the Stamp Act, 185; pleads for liberty, lo8; his patriotism, 157; after the "Bos- ton Massacre," 158; organizes committees (f correspondence, .101; ihia "Rights of the Colon- ies," ll'l ; reads Hutchinson let- ters to .vlasaachusetts Assembly, H'l'i; in the first Continental Conrress, 170, 184; excepted froni amnesty, 200, 213 Aix-la-Chapelle, Peace of, 2, 38 Alamance, battle on the, 1.')'.) Albany, trooj^s billeted in, 53 Alexandria, Congress at, 41 Allen, Ethan, his readiness to seize Ticonderoga, 183; and Arnold seize Ticonderoga, 1 80 ; cap- tured and sent to England, 2U3 America, geo^naphy of, 'J4 American, the name, 132, 173 American Association, 206 American Colonies. See Coloniea Americans, the, proclaimed rebels, 311 Amherst, character of, 01 ; at Louisbnrg, 04 ; loiters at Crown Point, 81 ; captures Montreal, 98 Amsterdam, commercial treaty pro- posed by, 351 Andre, Major, capture of, 320 Anglican Church, the, in the United States, 378 Anglo-Indians, their influence in j)arliamentary corruption, 140 Armstrong, John, at Kittanniny, 54 ; at Fort Dnquesne, 73 Army, American, weakness of, 245 ; IAims for organizing, 259; dis- banded, 376 Army of the North opposed to Bui-goyne, 275 Arnold, Benedict, at Boston, 187 ; expedition of, to Canada, 203; makes a successful attack on the English army in Connecticut, 207; resigns his command after Bemis's Heights, 270 ; leads the assault at Freeman's farm as ;i volunteer, 278; in command oL" Philadelphia, 300; courtmartial- ed, 301 ; rc^primanded by Wash- ington, 325 ; his treason, 325 ' t set/. ; in Virginia, 329 ; at Crotou Heights, 333 Austiia, alliance of, with Russia, 38 ; alliance with France, 39 Baptist Church, the, in the United States, 378 Barlow, Joel, 380 Barre replies to the plea of grati- tude, 131; opposes Stamp Act, 131, 133 398 IXDKX - ri •M,| Beanmarchais in Rngland, 21>>, '.'30 ; sfoiiies u huLsitly for Aiiierica, 'J('.:i Bcdt'onl, kudpr of the old Wliijjs, r.",) ; his followers prctioiniuiiiit ill the {'liatlmm-draftoii minis- try, 14S; Ilia followers and the new Tories, 14*.) Bonus's Hei^'hts, battle of, 270, the Hocond action at, 2tf> Bonnini,fton, battle of, "JTl Beinard, {,'overuor of Massachu- setts, 125; demands money from Masaachusotts Lcf^islatnro, llJ*); summona man-of-war from Hali- fax, 151 ; his recall demanded, ir).5; recalled, 157 Bigot, knavery of, 59 ; peculations of, 75 Bill of Rights, 3 Billi'ting Act, 51, 52 ; consoqnencrs of, 54 ; resisted in New York, 144, 145 Blockade and contraband, Eng- land's i)osition as to, o50 Boaril of customs, established at Boston, 14(5, 14'.) ; finds it im- possible to enforce the law, 15(1 Bolingbroke, his theories, 117, 128 Boone, Daniel, in Kentucky, ItAi Boscawen, in the St. Lawrence, 41 Boston, Stamp Act riots in, 1Ij5; Board of Customs established in, 14(5, 149; threatens the revenue officers, 14(S; revenue riots in, 151 ; " Massacre," 1.58 ; tlie " tea- party " in, 1(J7, 108; North's re- taliatory measures against, 1(58 ; Port Act, idem ; union of colon- ies, to support, 170 ; fortified by the English, 175 ; invested by the Americans, 187; besieged by Washington, 205 ; evacuated by the British, 200 ; population of, 381 Botetourt dissolves Virginia Legis- lature, 15.5, 172 Bougainville arrives, 53 ; at Isle- aux-Noix, 08 Bou<[uot at Uedford and Grant's HiJl, 72 Bouilamarqne at Tslo- aux -Noix, 8! ; .at .Montreal OS Brackenridge, Hugli H., 38(5 Braddock, character of, 40; con- venes Alexandria Congress, 41 ; ) march to Fort Duquesno, 43 ; de- j leat of, 44 ; death of, 45 1 Brandy wine, battle of the, 273 Bribery in English jiolitics, 4, 140 Brunswickers and other (Jermans sold to (;(K)rge UL, 212 Bunker Hill, 109; battle of, 200 it i *'''7' Burgesses, House of, at William s- I burg reject North's proposal, 107 Burgoyne, John, 18! ; in Canada, I 2(»7 ; takes Ticonderoga, 2(i8 ; ad- j vances from the north, 27(5 ; re- j treats after the engagements at I li.niis's Heights, 270; surrenders at Saratoga, 270; efl'ect of his ! surrender in England, :i88 Burke, relation of, to the; Wliigs, 128; to llockinghiim, 13',); hU|)- ports position of Massachusetts, 1.54 ; colonial agent for New York, 1(53; opposes the penal acts, KiS, 1(50 ; his eloquent eulogium on America in Parliament, 180; his ineffectual plea for reconciliation, 182 Bute's ministry, 109, 127 ; full of, 128 Byng, Admiral, 5 Cai'.inkt, the English, 3, IfTS; re- sponsibility of ministers in, 129 Calvinism in America, KJO, 378 Camden, defeat of (iates at, 318 Canada, 2(5 ; expedition of Schuyler agitinst, 203 ; Burgoyne in, 2(j7 Cannibalism of Indians, 57 Cape Fear lliver, Clinton enters, 223 Carleton defeated by Schuyler, :J(J3 ; made commander-in-chief of Can- ada, 21(5 Castine, failure of the expedition against, 310 Cartwright, opposes North's penal acts, 108 Cutherin<' of Russia, 13 Charles HI. of Sjjain, 108; declares wiir on EngLind, 110 Charleston bombarded by Clinton, 223; captured by the British, 315 ; evacuation of, 3(50 Charteis, character of colonial, T-3 Cliatliam(.s'rf' I'itt), his coalition wit h (Jrafton, 143 ; dares not remove TowTishend, 144 ; reconstructs the ministry on Townslieud's death, INDEX 99 !, 43 ; do- !, 4, 140 (aeiniiina of, aoo it ^Villiains- lOSill, 111? Canada, ;j(18 ; ail- a^O; 10- nieiitH at urrondeiH ct of his 88 (• Wliigs, ;i'.( ; Kun- acluisctts, few Yi)i k, acts, l(i8, Dgiiim on ISO; luB nciliution, full of, ;, i;:3; re- 's in, 12'J iU, 378 at, ol8 f Scliuylcr e in, aU7 57 enters, ;2;22 uylcr, ::U8 ; lef of Can- expeditiou :tli's penal 5 ; declares ly Clinton, o Uritish, >lonial, VJi ilition with lot remove struots tlie id's death, 14S; his hnmiliation as kinj,''8 contidant, 1411; rcHiyns power, l")! ; Hll^,'geMt8 pailianifiitary re- form, 157; elocjiicnce of liis plea for conciliation, 180; last appear- ance in Parliament, :J'.M Clierokcea quarn^l with Lyttletcm, 100; capt.uie Fort Loudon, lOl ; fictt.loiuent ot tlioir lands, lOl Chois3ul, Frriich minister, 107, lOS ; foresees American indepeml- encc, 114; his interest in Ameri- can colonies, 147 Cliiirclios, tlie difl'i'ient (Icnomina- tions, in the Uniteii States, at the close of the Uovolution, o78 Cincinnati, the Order of the, o7(5 Clark, e.\|)editioii of, into tlie inte- rior, oO.") it siq.; locaptiues Vin- cennes, J-jOO Clinton, fieorge, defends Fort Clin- ton, ;i77 Clinton, Sir Henry, 181 ; leaves IJodton for Ca{)(! Fear llivor, 'j'i! ; attaiiks Charleston, 22M ; returns to New York, passes the Higlilands. 'J77 ; replaces Howe, !i',)4 ; despatches an expfMliti, V.12, 147, '57; wealth and educa- tion, 131 ; '!ollegesin, 13:i, 380; un- ion against Stamp Act, 132, 138 ; jurisdiction over western lands, 137 ; Kiiiglish grievances against, 144; (Jhoiseul's interest in, 147; their governments to be unified, 148 ; dissolution of their royal governments, lof), 150; th(;ir loy- alty, 157; effects of oppressing the, 1()0; social and conmiercial state of, 1(')1 ; collapse of their ad- ministration, 102; united to sup- port Uoston, 170; their reception of Boston Port Act, 172 ; organi- zation of, after Concord and Lex- ington, |.s7; dcbtitution of their troops, 343 Colonists, loyalty and self-reliance of, 192; character of the, 193; their prosperity, 193; largo con- Bcrvativo element among, I'.W ; the spirit of iini(m among, 194 Ct)luml,ia or King's College, 132, 379; Jay a graduate of, 171; Hamilton a graduate of, 171 Commerce, Kiiglish, captured in tlie first year of the war, 200; Anieric!an, regulation of, by C'on- gress, 210 Commissionei's arrive with tlie con- ciliatory offers of Parliament. 294 Committees of correspondence, 101, 102 Concord, the conflict at, 184 ctseq.; losses at, 180 Confederated States, use of the term, 303 Confederation, weakne.ss of, 284 : the CI cation of the States, 234; its powers and lack of executive, 2.i5 ; articles of, signed by the States, 295 Congress, meeting and composition of the Stamp Act, 130; memori- als drawn by, i;i7; intlueiiee of, 138, 139; its petitions disregard- ed, 140; new, suggested by New York, 150, 171 ; other colonies accept proposition for, 1 71 ; char- acter of delegations to first con- tinental, 174 ; the idea of a general, 175 (set' Continental Con- gress) ; the first jjroceedings in, 170 etsrq.; declaration of rights by, 177 ; acts of, discussed throughout the country, 182: an English convention, 194 ; ques- tions ))efore, 190; petition of, to tiio king, 190; moderation of, 197; appoints generals 208; is- sues bills of credit, 208; regula- tion of Ame-rican commerce by, 210; jjetitious George HI. for a restoration of the old govern- ment, 212; authorizes independ- ent government by the colonics, 215; avoids * .e laying of direct taxes. 218 ; the debate in, on Lee's resolution for independence. 227; conunittce of, ou the declaration I 400 INDEX !(if ' ,1, 1^' 'li'*! of indeneiKlencc, !2;i.S ; a(loi)t8 Jcflcrson k docununit, *J'.'9 ; a jier- fectly rcj)reMentativc assonibhigc, yjil ; c()mi)lotos tho federal union, 2o'' ; a disposition to limit its powers to the niininiuni, 'SA'A; its inelficiency during tlie war, '-':!() ; linally autliorizes long enliHt- nients, 'i4('> ; leaves riiiladelphia, 2'A ; at a low cljl), 2x2 ; ratifies the treaty with Franco, ^".»xi ; re- fuses conciliation. 294 ; apjioints Franklin sole plenij)otentiary in Paris, ;{(>r» ; terms of peace pro- posed by, or)r) ; hold in low x-s- teem after the war, ;)74 Connecticut, Stamp Act in, 134; cautious in regard to her charter, 148 ; seizes Wyoming Valley, \(\2 ; supports idea of general congress, 171 Constitution, " spirit of," 133, i:i9 ; the American, in i)art the work of i^ later generation, 371 Constitutional government, now issue in, IK), 118, I'J.'), i:W Constitutional revolution in Amer- ica, lirst stage of, ; secim . stage of, 147 ; third stage of, 157 Coufcinental, the name, 173 Continental congress, suggested, 175 ; composition of the first, 170 ; the second, 11)5 Continental currency, issued, 2US ; dej>reciation of, 383, 333 ; p.mount and value of, 285 Conwav, Cieneral, leaves for France, Cornwall is sent to the South, 331 ; treatment of South Carolina by, 317 ; retreat of, after King's Mountain, 331 ; in Virginia, ;i3I etseq.; defeats Wayne at ( !reeiie Springs, 339 ; ill-feeling between, and Clinton, ;>39 ; his position at Yorktown, 'MO ; surrender of, at Yorktnwn, 33<) ; surrender, eftect of, in England, 353 Courts of vice-admiralty, without juries, 134 Cowpens, battle of, 331 Crown Point, 37 ; importance of, 49 ; captured by Johnson, 50 ; evacuated by French, 81 Crown, supremacy of, 118, 133 Cumberland, Duke of, 5, 43 Currency, large iasuec of, 307; de- I»reciation of, 308 Cusiiing disciiHseH general congrcha with Franklin, 175 Danhuuy, American stores de- stroyed at, by Tryon, 3ii7 Dartmouth continues Jlillsbor- ough's ctdonial ])oliey, 103 Dartmouth (.,\)llege establibhed for tlie Indians, 183, 380 Davis, Isaac, 185 Deane, Silas, seeks aid in France, 219; sent by Congress to I-omioJi as agent 2^'>2; his extravagant negntiatioiiB, 203 Declaration of the rights of the colonies by the first Continental Congress, 177 Deelaration of Independence, Jef- ferson's document adoi)ted by Congress, 229; the pojmlar re- ception of, 330; adopted by New York and New Jersey, 330 ; its character in the estimate of pos- terity, 331 Deciaratorv Act passed, 140; mean- ing of, 141, 1 13; efiects of, 145 Do tirasse arrives in the Chesa- peake, 340 ; defeats the English fleet in the Chesapeake, 344 Delawares. Ate Indians. Denominations, religions, 8, 378 D'l'^staing, 392; fails to enter New York Harbor and goes to New- port, 301 ct scq. ; death of, at Savannah, 814 Detroit, 37 ; occupied by the Eng- lish, 1(»1 ; besieged by Pontiac, 102; relief of, 103 Dickinson, John, writes "Farmer's Letters," 147 ; his loyalty to Eng- land, 157; moves Pennsylvania to accept the propositioJi of a general congi-ess, 171, 174, 181 ; argu(>s for federation before sep- aration, 229 Dieskau, career of, 41 ; at Cro^^^l Point, 50 Dissent in America, 9 Dominica captured by the French, :;i3 Drucour at Louisbnrg, 64 Dunbar, retreat of, from Fort Du- qnesne, 45 Dunmore, prorogues Virginia Legis- INDEX 401 307; (le- congrcsa ires «lc- Hillsbor- ibhcd for 1 Fnince, ) Lomldti travugaut tB of the ntincntal moo, J<'f- L»i)te(l l)y jniliir ro- d 1)V Now , 2;;(» ; its ,te of poB- 10 ; nioan- of, 145 ic Chcsa- 3 English 8, 378^ niter Now to New- ith of, at tlin Kng- Pontiac, ' Farmer's tytoEng- iiHylvauia iitioti of a 174, 181; oeforc scp- at Cro^vn he French, 4 I Fort Du- 'inia Legis- lature, 173; flight of, toWillianiH- biir{% 188; Buminons tlic Houac of UiirgoBses to meet ut WilliuiuB- 1)11 rg, v.n Dwight, Timothy, »S« Dyer, Oliver, on the Stamp Act, 134 K ASTON, Indian conference at, 7u, 101 I'M wards, Jonathan, 387 England ; her jiolicy in America, 24, 3.'), 30, •>7 ; BucceBsea at boa iu 175'.*, 77; her conqneBta from Franco, 103, 104, 108; her naval supremacy, 104 ; her territorial expan«ion, 113; separation from America, 110; insufticicncy of her couatitution, l'J3 ; patronage in, 140; her view of the MissiHsippi Valley, 153 ; her diplomatic isola- tion, 155 ; liberal opinions in, 157 ; effort of the Bonruon iiowors to deprive, of her maritime and colonial powers, 349 ; jiractiee of, in regard to blockade and contra- band, 350 ; desires the alliance of Russia, 350 ; preparations for the second campaign of tiie war, 305 English ministry in sore straits, 303 Europe, the character of tlic Ameri- can situation not realized in, IDO Eutaw Springs, battle of, 330 Express riders, system of, created, 177 Expenses of the Revolutionary War, 374 Family compact of the Bourbons, 108 " Farmer's Letters," written by Dickinson, 147; answered by North's ministry, 155 Fircships of the French, 84 Fisheries off Newfoundland. 31 Fishing on the Banks forbidden, 181 Fisheries, Marbois's letter concern- ing, ;{03 Flag, the first American, 310 Forbes, character of, (H ; expedi- tion to Fort Duquosno, 71 ; illness of, 73 ; captures Fort Duquesne, 73 ; death of, 74 Foreign aid hastened, but did not 20 detorniino, dice, 3(il American independ- Fort Bull captured by French, 53 Fort Duciuesne, 37, 43, 71 ; capture of, 73 ; renamed Pittsburgh, 74 Fort I'Alward, 50 Fort Lee, captured by Howe, 245 Fort Lo Biruf, 37 Fort Loudon built, 54 ; captured by Clierokecs, 101 Fort William llcury, massacre of, 57 Fort Stanwix, 300 Fort Washington captured by IIowo, 214 Fort William Ilcnry, 50 Fox opposes North's penal actn, IGS Franco, in America, 30, 'J3, 34, 35, 3(5, 37 ; losses in 1750, 80 ; in the following years, 103, 104, 108 ; her attitude toward American Re- volution, 140; anxious to renew conflict with England , 147 ; in- terest of, in American affairs, 218 ; subsidy from, 203 ; volunteers from, 364 ; American vessels pro- tected in ports of, 305 ; secret al- liance with, 387 ; treaty with, rat- ified, 3i)^ ; forces of, at Yorktown, 340, 340 Franchise, 11 Franklin, on internal and external taxation, 140 ; his loyalty to Eng- land, 157 ; his relation to the Hutchinson letters, 103; before the privy council, 1()4; discusses general congroKS with Gushing, 175 ; request of, for a hearing re- fused, 180; returns to America, IHl; commissioned to create a post-office, 210, 31 3 ; becomes the rago in Paris, 203 ; bis negotia- tions successful, 3()5 ; influence of, in France, 38(5, 303 ; American I)eace commissioner, 355 ; calls Jay from Madrid, 350 ; informs Oswald what the conditions of peace would be, 303, 387 Frederick the Groat, 13, 30; in the Seven Years' War, 03, 7(5, 77, 104; hated by Pompadour, 107; hia alliance with Russia, 109 ''Freeman," of New York, OQ Stamp Act, 134 Freneau, Pliilip, 386 Freeman's Farm, battle of, 278 403 INDKX r* i GAnsnRN, rhristophor, joins Lyt- tlfton's- xptMlitioii, 11M>; hisl)ii)U(l plfii for iinitm, i;>7 ; oppoHCB peti- tions of (^'oni;res8, I'AH Giige, liiH iiiotKcifticy at Niagara, M ; iiiadt! governor of iMu«Haclm- Bi'ttH, 170; proiK)se>i Bavage auxil- iaruK, 175; hcikIh n bngadu to Jamaica Plain, 1S:{, 180 ; expelH tho citi/.OQs of Boston, 1S7 ; re- called, 'J 11 Gaspeo, ))iirnin5 of the, 100 Gates, General, intiiguea to Buper- Bcdo Schuyler, 'J()7 ; army of, op- {)oscd to Uurgoync, 275 ct act], ; lis lenient terms to IJurgoyne, 27*.> ; defeat of, at Camden, [ilH; replaced by Greene, '622 George I. and the Whigs, 4 George II., 13 ; death of, 105 George III., accessijm of, 105; his cliaractor, ihid. ; his policy, llHi, 107 ; the faction of his " friends," KXi; his attitude concerning the Btamp Act, 140 ; becomes virtual prime minister, 140; efforts of, to raise trooi)s in Europe, 211 George, Lake, 50 Georgia ado|)is tho articles of the American Asanciaticm, 200 ; over- run by the English, 313 German troops sold to George III., 2V.i Germain orders a concentration of the English forces in New York, 2'.t5 Germantown, Howe in, 273; the battle of, L'SO Gist, Nathaniel, put in command of Indian forces, 294 Governments, colonial, 11 Grafton warr- the king, 216 Grant's Hill, defeat at, 72 Grattan, the Irish agitator, 157 Gratitude, plea of, 121 Green, Jacob, writes the constitu- tion of New Jersey, 225 Green Mountain boys resist the sheriff, 182 Greene, Nathaniel, at Boston, 187 ; Governor of Rhode Inland, 207 ; taken by surprise at Fort Lee, 245; reorganizes the Southern army, 3l>0 ; his defeat at Guilford by Cornwallis, ',]?)2 ; defeated at Hobkirk Uill by Hawdon, 335 Grenvillo, his theory of taxation, ll'.»; secretary of state, 128; be- comes prime minister, 128; sup- pt)rts >Slain|) Act, l>>\) ; his minis- try tulls. i:;'.» Grenville, Tliomas, negotiates with W-rgeiuuH cdnccriiing the inde- penilence ol' Ann rica, J>57 (Iroton Heights, (|uurter refused by the liritiHli at, 3:n> Guilford, battle of, 332 Hale, Nathan, hung as a spy, >>A'> Hamilton, Alexander, in tho New York public meeting concerning first C(mtineiital Congress, 174 ; in conunand of an artiliery eom- panv, 240 ; leads the assault at Vorlvtown, 344 Hancock, Jolni, seizure of his sloop Liberty, 151, 184; excepted from amnestv, 200 Harvard College, i:]2, 380 Hawley, thinks internal and exter- nal taxation identical, 147 Hayno, Isaiic, hanged by llawdon, .).)0 Henry, Patrick, on Stamp Act, 134 ; on tiixation, 134 ; a leader in Vir- ginia, 155; marches witii the mil- itia to WillianiK})urg, 188 Herkimer, General, death of, at Oriskany, 270 Hessians, scandalous conduct of, in New Jersey, 252 ; the traffic in, 2s<> Hillsljorough, his policy as colonial secretary, 148 ; issues warrant for Hutchinson's i)ay, 150 ; his in- structions to Hernard, 150 Hol)bes's Leviathan, 117 Hol)kirk Hill, defeat of Greene at, 334 Holland, return of tlie Scotch bri- gade demanded of, 211 ; repudi- ate the commercial treaty pro- posed by Amsterdam, 352 Holmes, Admiral, at Que))ec, 85 ; movements of his fleet, 8*.» Hnwo, Lord, character of, 01 ; death at Ticonderoga, (17 Howe, (Jeneral, made comiiiander- in-chief, 181 ; tradition of, at Mrs. Murrav's, 242 ; his long jour- ney to Philadelphia, 272 j| INDEX 40: J B with iude- iBcd by a epy, 10 New ccriiiiitJ IB, 174 ; •y com- luult at lift filoop ed from (1 cxtcr- 7 lawdon, let, in4; r ill Vir- tlie mil- ; h of, at iduct of, lie traffic H colonial irraiit for ; hia iu- 50 irccnc at, cotch bri- ; reinuli- rcaty pro- uobcc, 85 ; , 01; death •mr.iander- ion of, at s long jour- rid IIowo, tho brothorfl, ref used rein- I furomiuiitH, direct their uttentiun j to Philudelphiu, 2lt() Iliiuter, Juino«, luidor of tho North Carolina ref^iiiatorH, 15'.) HiitchinHon, Tiu)nia«, lieutenant- | Kovernor of MaHHaeliiinottH, rJ5, 1 157 ; tho warrant i'or his pay, IIU; Franklin an ; his position as to the treaty, 350 ; proposals of, to Shelbourn through Vaughan, 3(')3 Jefferson, Thomas, a leader in Vir- ginia, 155, 18;^ ; address of, to Dunmore, IW ; his Declaration of Independence adopted with amendments, 239, 387 Jenkinson, author of the Stamp Act, 131 Johnson, Sir William, 36; cap- 27 turos Crown Point, 50; atTicou* dcroga, (IS; at Niagara, 80 Johiihoii, Samut'l, Dr., 181 Jones, Paul, exploits of, 311 Judiciary, tho Eii^dish, 3 ; salaries of Xcw York, lr.'5; in Nivv Jer- sey, Maryland and I'oimsylvaiiia, r/ii; •ipnointinent lor lifo, 137 Jury, tn i by, 137 Kald, Baron dc, enlists in tho Aniorican cause, 3t>4 Kant foresees American independ- ence, 114 Kaska.skiu, settlement of, by Clark, j;o() Kentucky, explored by Daniel Uoonc, 153 ; county of, recog- nized, 305 "King's Friends," faction of, 10(5 King's Mountain, battle of, 330 ; character of tho light, 331 Kittaniiing captured by Armstrong, 54 Knox founds the Order of the Cin- cinnati, 376 Kosciusko, 304 LAKAYRTTn, cnlistsin tho American cause, 2(i4 ; the idol of the United States, 2'^2 ; returns to Franco and brings back a fleet under llochambcau, 334 ; in command in Virginia, 5>30, 337 ; retreats before Cornwallia, 338 ; before Yorktown, 340, :i44 Laurens, Henry, negotiates a ora- morcial treaty with the Dutch, o5l Lee, Arthur, in London, 302 Lee, Charles, won over to the Ameri- can cause by Scars, and ap- pointed major-general, 230 ; his popularity, 331 ; refuses to obey Washington's orders, 34(5 ; cap- tured by tho British, 340 ; ox- changed for General Prescott, 340 ; his treachery at Monmouth, 307 Leo, Henry, captures Paulus Hook, 300 Lee, Richard Henry, his resolution in Congress, 335 Leo, Williara, an American agent in London, 351 Levis arrives, 53 ; at Quebec, 85, 404 INDEX i'^ I li ji m 8G ; at Montreal, S8 ; attacks Sfcc. | Foy, 96 ; retreat to Montreal, "J7 ; surrender of, 1)8 Louis XV., 13 Lexington, the conflict at, 184 ; losses at, ISO Liberals, spirit of English, 139 Liberty, Sons of, on IStanip Act, 135 Ligneris abandons Fort Duquesne, 73 ; i)eculations of, 75 Lincoln, General, 275 ; surrenders at Charleston, 315 Literature of the Revolution, 385 Livingston, William, leads New York patriots, 120 ; his syni- [)athy with Massachusetts circu- ar, 150 Local prejudices as to the federal system, 233 ct seg. Locke's contract theory, 117 Long Island, battle of, 240 ct scq. Loudon, Earl of, 5', 52; withdraws from Louisburg, 50 ; recalled, 60 Louisburg, fall of, 04 Louisiana, 26; as a Spanish fron- tier, 152 ; and Florida lost to Eng- land, 307 Loyalty of the colonists, 20 Lyman at Crown Point, 50 Lyttloton quarrels with Cherokees, 100 Luzerne, his part in the treaty of | Paris, 360 Magn*. Ciiarta, principles of, 135 ' Macdonald, Allan and Flora, in | North Carolina, 232 : death of j Allan, 224 Madison, James, calls for reprisal, 1.S8 ; opposes the use of the word " toleration " in the Virginia de- claration of rights, 224 Mandamus councillors, 109 ; their activity, 173 ; compelled to re- sign, 175 Mansfield's plea against the chart- er, 148 Marbois, letter of, respecting the fisheries intercepted, 362 Maria Theresa, 3 Marion, Francis, joins Lyttloton's expedition, 100 ; in South Caro- lina, 319 Maryland wants general congress, 171 Massachusetts, broadens her ground for resistance, 139; cautious in defence of her charter, 148; cir- cular letter of her assembly, 150 ; her legislature dissolved, 150; her legislature refuses Bernard's sal- ary, 150; her charter attacked by North, 109 ; Gage removes as- sembly to Salem, 170; oliooses delegates to first Continental Con- gress, 173; petitions Congress for authority to organize her govern- ment, 207 ; directed to choose a hoi se of representatives, 209, 381 McCrea, Jane, story of, 208 Mecklenburg, the town of, 194 ; de- clarations, 195 Meigs, Colonel, destroys English stores at Sag Harbor, 207 Merrill, Benjamin, leader of North Ctarolina regulators, 159 Mercer, Hugh, death of, 259 Methodist Church, the, 378 Middle States at the close of the war, 379 Militarj' control of colonies, 125 Militia, colonial, 42 Ministers, responsibility of, 1 29 Mirabeau attacks the Landgrave of Hesse on account of the sale rf troops, 289 Mississippi, the, as a bond of union, Monniouth, battle of, 296 Montcalm, character of, 53 ; at Ticondoroga, 07 ; discourage- ments of, 70, 90 ; strength of his forces, 79 ; at Quebec, 82 ; policy of, 85 ; desperate condition of his arm\-, 88 ; his defeat and death, 93, 95 Montesquieu, school of, 14 Montgomery abandons Fort Lou- don, 100; death of, 204 Montmorency, Falls of, conflict neax", 85, 80 Morris, Robert, raises money for Washington, 254 ; his success with the finances of the Confed- eration, 328, 373 Morristown, Wasliington establishes his iieadquartcrs at, 258 Moultrie joins Lyttleton's expedi- tion, 100 Murrav, General, at Quebec, 89; his defence of, 96 INDEX 405 ground iouB in IS ; cir- 150; 50 ; her •(Fs eal- ttaekcd ovcs as- chooses tal Con- jTcss for govern- jlioose a ;209, 381 94 ; de- English )f North 9 8 le of the s, 125 f, 129 dgrave of lie Bale r? I of union, ', 53; at iscouvage- gth of hiB S'i; policy lion of his md death, Fort Lou- E, conflict money for is fiuccess iie Confed- cstablishes )8 n's expedi- uebec, 89; » Mutiny Act modified, 1''.3 Mutinies in tlie American army, Mutiny of troops at Philadelpliia allayed by fuuds furnislied by Roehambeuu, U44 Navioation Acts, evasion of, 118; character of, 118, 1*J-J ; enforce- ment of, 149 Natchez and other forts captured by Willing, 30(; Navy, the American, during the Revolution, 210, liTl Netherlands, position of, with re- gard to Eugliiud, ;>52 Newcastle ministry, liO, 40 ; fall of, 108 ; coalition of, with Bute, 127 ; its fall, 127 New England, shipping interests of, 124; her local prtjndico, 137; her plea for charter rights, 138 ; her attitude tovvanl " Quebec Act," 170, 171 ; her passive resistance to Port Act, 172; army, char- acter of, 109; at Bunker Hill, 201 ; dwindles away, 203 ; at the close of ttio war, 3Si) New Hampshire, 30 ; Stamp Act in, 134 ; royal authority overthrown in, 307 Jiew Jersey, college of (.sr« Prince- ton) ; disavows Ogdon's luke- warmucss, 139 ; wants gon(n'al congress, 171 ; adopts a constitu- tion, 225 I New Orleans revolts against Spain, ' 152 I Newport, D'Estaing's expedition against, a failure, 301 ; aljandoned by the British, 310 | New York Stat(>, 42 ; demands free ' judiciary, 125 ; Stamp Act in, ! 134; her boundary claims, 152; her proposition fur a general con- ' gress, 171 ; character of her dele- , gates to first cont ineutal congress, ' 173 ; refuses to give full power to her delegates, 2.vO New York City, the Liberty Tree conflict in, 150', sends baek tea- ship, 107; anomalous eoudition of afl"airs in, 220 ; entered by Charles Lee, 221 ; held l)y t'le British, 224 ; strategic impor- tance of, at the opening of the , war, 230 ; fortifications thrown up by Washington around, 2;;9 ; English forces landed near, 240 ; evacuation of, 377 ; population of, 379 Niagara, Fort, 27; importance of, 49 ; resists the English, 49 ; cap- tured by Johnson, 80 Non-importation agreements, 101 Norfolk captured by the Ameri- cans, 200 North becomes prime minister, 154; his penal acts, 108, 109, 170, 179 ; devises a compromise, Ibl ; attempts conciliation, 210 ; min- istry, fall of, 353 North Carolina, regulators in, 151 ; emigration from, 152; battle on the Alamance, 159; republic of Watauga in, 103; wants general congress, 173 ; Tories of, pro- scribed, 207 Officials of England in America, 125; their hostility to America, 148, 149; letters of, 103, 104; compelled to resign, 175 Ohio, valley of, 20, 45 Oliver, letters, 103; resigns imder compulsion, 175 ; proposed sav- age auxiliaries, 175 Oriskauy, battle of, 270 Orleans, isle of, 83, 84 Oswald, engaged to communicate with the American peace com- missioncrs, 350 Oswego, cajitured by French, 53; recaptured, 70 Otis, James, his arguments against writs of assistance, 125 ; on the spirit of tlie Constitution, 135 ; thinks internal and external tax- aticm identical, 147 ; r(>moved from public life by an accident, 155 Paixe, Thomas, his " Common Sense," 213, 387 Parliament, supremacy of, 118, 121 ; admitted by Stamp Act Con- fress, 138, 140 ; secured l)y George II. as a princiiile, 145; corrupt elections and, 149; reasserted in the refusal to repeal revenue laws, 154 ; passes penal laws 406 INDEX ' I against America, 168 ; adopts con- ciliatory measures, 290 Parties in America, 158, 170 Pai tisan warfare, 59 Patriotism in America, 135, 139, iro Patronage in England, 146 Paxton letters, l(i3 Peace commissioners, American, 355 Pelliam ministry, 39 Penal acts demanded by the Tories, 179, 180 I Penn, Richard, 196; arrival of, 210 Pennsylvania, 43 ; university of, I 1 3"3 ; the proprietary government of, ended, 2:25, 220 Philadelphia, prevents landing of tea, 107 ; and the Boston Port Act, 172 ; Howe's army at, 281 ; occupied by Cornwallis, 294 ; evacuated, 295; Arnold in com- mand of, 300 ; population of, at the close of the war, 379 Philip V. of Spain, 13 Pitt, William (the elder), 5, ; plan for the French war, 40, 78 ; min- istry of Newcastle and, ('0 ; awak- ens American enthusiasm, 05 ; rejects Choisenl's offer of peace, 108 ; resigns with Newcastle, 108 ; relations to the Whigs, 128 ; holds American taxation imconstitu- tional, 39 (.sfc Chatham) Pittsbnrgli, founding of, 74 Point Pleasant, skirmish between the Indians and frontiersmen at, 178 Political theories, 117, 122 Political writers of the llevolution, 380 Politics, liberal, 5, 139 Pontiac, truce with, 101 ; conspir- acy of, l(t2; his rebellion sup- pressed, 103 Ptipulation of the colonies, 9 ; of the United States after the war, 378 ft sr(/. Port Act, effect in colonies, 112 Post, Frederick, at Easton, 73, 101 Postage, reduction of, 133 " Presbyterian junto " of New York. 171 Presbyterian Church, the, in Amer- ica, 379 Presbyterians, disabilities in Ire- land, 17 ; as patriots, 174 Press, freedom of, 3; eecured Vw Wilkes, 130 Price, Richard, his pamphlet on liberty, 211 Prideaux killed at Niagara, 80 Princeton College, 132, 380 Princeton, Cornwallis in, 248 ; bat- tkof, 2:7 Prisoners, Howe consents to an ex- change of, 2(iO Privateering authorized by Con- gress, 214; by Americans, 373 Providence, a, in history clearly evident in the origins of America, 348 Provincial and colonist, 118, 131, 108 Prussia. See Frederick the Great Public meetings, inaugurated, 157; in New York, 171, 174 Pulaski, 204 Putnam, Israel, at Ticonderoga, 60 ; in Boston, 187 ; at Bunker Hill, 200 QtAKERS, their attitude concerning independence, 174, 379 Quebec, disposition of French forces near, 82 ; topography of, 8)] ; sur- render of, 95 ; Murray's defence of, 90, 97 ; relief of, 9*7 ; North's act concerning, 1 09 ; failure of the campaign against, 204 Quebec Act, object of, 177 Qucsnay, 14 Quincy, Josiah, counsel for English soldiers, 158 Rationalism in England, 5 Rawdon, Lord, his cruelties in the colonies, 334 ; defeats Greene at Hobkirk Hill, 335 Regulators of North Carolina, 151 Religion, revival of, 5 Religions lil)erty in England, 3 Representation and legislation, 147 Representation and taxation. Sie Taxation Recjuisitions on the colonies, 121 Revolution in continental jiolitics, 2 ; in constitutional theory (>' ( Constitutional revolution) ot' 1(188 in America, 10; American, char- acter of, 382; changes resulting from, 382 ■t 9 wS :>^-- INDEX 407 In Ire- red by ilct on 80 8 ; bat- an ex- »y Con- I, 372 clearly Imerica, ,131,108 B Great ed, 157; nderoga, Bunker ncerning Lch forces 83; Bvir- i defence North's are of the r English , 5 ,os in the jieeno at olina, 151 nd, 3 ition, 147 Aon. iS< c ies, 121 1 politics, leory {x'< n)(.i' If-J?^ can. char- resulting »i Rhode Island ready to unite with | Massachusetts to resist Port Act, j 173 ; elects delegates to first con- tinental congress, 173 Riedesel's memoirs of the retreat of Burgoyne, 27U Richmond burned by Arnold, 3'39 Rittenhouse, 2Vd Rochambeau enters Newport with French troops, 324 ; furnishes funds for the American troops, 344 Rockingham, leader of new Whigs, 128 ; his ministry, lo'J ; his posi- tion on repeal of the Stamp Act, 140; fall of his first ministry, 142 ; helplessness of his followers, 14U, 17U ; declares the act of Par- liament a declaration of war, 180 ; ministry, the, 354 ; ministry, work of the, 358 Rodrigues, Hortalcs & Co., 303 Rogers, near Lake George, 55, 59 ; destroys Abenaki village, 83 ; oc- cupies Detroit, 101 Roman Catholics, disabilities, 15, 10, 19 Rossbach, battle of, 63, ,"4 Rousseau, teachings of, 14 Ryswick, peace of, 2 Saint LiiOEU attacks Fort Stanwix, 200 Saint Lawrence, Blench in the val- ley of, 23 Saint Louis, settled by the French, 152 Saint Lucia seized by the English, 313 Saint Simon's army landed in Vir- ginia, 341 Sivinte-Poy, battle of, 06, 97 Salem made provincial capital of Massachusetts, 170 ; powder at, seized, 183 Savannah besieged by D'Estaing un- successfully, 314 ; evacuation of. 300 Schuyler, General, invades Cana'ia, 203; sends reinforcements to Washington in New Jerst\v, 247; rci)lacc(l by CJatcs in commiind of the department of the North, 20T ; fine strategy of, against Burgoyne, 208 ; hands over his couimand to General Gates, 270 Seven Years' War, 62, 63, 76, 104 ; etfect in Europe, 112 ; effect in America, 112, 113 Shirley, at Niagara, 49 ; his plan to ta.\ America, 51 ; removal of, 51 Slave-trade in America, 9; increase of, 133 ; Virginia revolutions concerning, 174 Shelbiirne, secretary for colonies in Chatham-Grafton ministry, 143 ; deprived of power in Chat- ham-Grafton ministrj', 148 ; with- draws from it, 154, 179 ; ministry, the, 358 ; determination of, to di- vide the Americans from their allies, 363 ; fall of, 367 Shelby, Evan, defeats the Indians at Chickamauga, 306 Slaves in the Southern States at the close of the war, 378 Slavery after the war, 383 Smith, Adam, a friend of the colon- ists, 21 1 South Carolina, seizure of tea in, 167 ; proposes nnion for resist- ance, 171 ; royal authority over- thrown in, 207 ; Cornwallis de- vastates, 317; opposed to the plan of supporting the army, 233 ; at the close of the war, Sons of Liberty, 170 Spain declaies war on England, 110; her losses, 110; her view of Louisiana, 152 ; revolt of New Orleans against, 152 ; refuses to join Prance in an American alli- ance, 287 ; in a serious crisis, 304 ; joins the alliance, 305 ; desires to regain Gibraltar, 351 Stamp Act, Jenkinson proposes, 1;>1 ; revenue from, 131; pas.sage of, 13:> ; declared illegal in Amer- ica, 134 ; its reception in Amer- ica, 134; repealed, 140 Stanwix, at Oneida portage, 70 ; occupies the frontier, 80 Stark, John, at Ticonderoga, 60 State governments, success of, 284 Staten Island, the only availaljle landin<4-j)liice for the English at New York, 230 ; ccmference on, between Howe and a committee oi' Compress, 242 his Stark, John, at Boston, 187. 254; victory '>f, at Bennington, 271 i.i : ■ llv II 408 INDEX Sterling, Lord, retreats from Prince- 1 ton before CornwiiUis, 248 ! Steuben, Baron, matle inspector- gonoral of the American army in place of Conway, 31K) ; raises an army in Virginia, ;Jol> Stony Point, battle of, 277 ; cap- ture of, 809 Sumpter, resistance of, in South Carolina, 318 Tariff laid by Parliament on American imports, 1 15 Taxation of colonies by England, 41, 51, lis ; internal and external, 111); and repi'esentation, 121, 184, 186, 138 ; legal argument for, 121, 122; ofiicials plead for, 125, 1(>3 ; Id imconstitiitional by English liberals, 139; De- claratory Act concerning, 140 ; revenue to be raised by, 1 44 ; by import duties, 145; of tea, 145; and revenue discussed by Otis, 147 Tea, tax on, 166; measures to pre- vent landing of, 167 Theories of colonists, 1 3, 147 Thomas, Geno-al, at Montreal, 204 Ticonderoga, held liy Frencli. 66 ; evacuated by them, SI ; seizure of, by Ethan Allen, 1 S9 ; taken by Biirgoyne, 268 ; recaptured by tiie Americans, 276 Tories, the new, 3, 109, 143; American, 185 ; called loyalists, 170 ; design to enforce the Penal Acts, 179; in North Carolina proscribed, 207 ; treatment of, at New York, 289; hung in Phila- delphia, pardoned in New Jersey, 300 Towns'nend, Charles, overthrows llockingham ministry, 142 Trade, regulation of, 120, 183 ; dim- inution of English and American, 166 Treaty of Piuis, 109; Btipulations of. 111 ; uni)opular in England, 111 Trenton, battle of, 253 Trinity, old, ])urned, 242 Trumbull, Governor of Connecticut, 207, 3S() Tryon attacks North Carolina reg- ulators, 151 ; at the battle ou the Alamance, 159 ; action cf, at New York, 289 Tucker ojjposea North's penal acts, 168 Turgot, 14; Stamp Act, 143; his death, 148 Ulstrh, migration from, 16 Union, tendencies to, 7 United States, the djiteof the legal existence of the, 229 ; at the close of tlie Revolution, 878 li scq. Utrecht, Peace of, 2 Vallky Forge, Washington's army in winter quarters at, 281 Vaudreuil, 41 ; braggadocio of, 76 Vanghan, 862 Venango, 87 Vergennes refuses to consider the English demands in the treaty, 8()1 Vorgor in Acadia, 48 Vermont, 86 ; conilict between the Green Mountain Boys and the sheriO' in, 182 Versailles, the peace of, the treaty, 864 ; secret clause in, 805 ; the agents of, 865 ct scq. ; final ratifi- cation of, 8()8 Virginia, 42 ; reception of Stamp Act by, 184; circular of her Leg- islature, 151 ; claims Kentucky and the Northwest, 152 ; her As- sembly dissolved by Botetourt, 155 ; organizes intercolonial com- mittees of corresj)ondence, 162 ; her support of Boston and prog- ress toward independence, 172; Legislature ])rorogued by Dun- more, 172 ; denounces writs of assistance and becomes a State, 225, 881 Voltaire, 13 WAi.roLE, ministry of, 4 War between England and Franco, 52 Warrants, general, 180 Warron, Joseph, killed at Bunker Hill, 201 Washington, George, at Fort Ne- cessity, 87; at Braddock's field, 44 ; at Cumberland, 71 ; at Foi-t Duquesno, 78 ; his sympathy with Massachusetts's circular, 150 ; a ( I I p^'^-4 [ id France, at Bunker ; Fort Ne- Dck'.s field, 1 ; at Fort pa thy with ar, 150 ; a n;.'.:x 409 :f , at New )enal acts, 148; his 16 the legal t the close t acq. ^on s army io of, 76 nsidcr the ho treaty, ;t\veen the and the ihe treaty, o05; the iual ratili- of Stamp )f her Lcg- Kontucky ' ; her Ab- liotctourt, onial eom- ence, 1(5^ ; and prog- ence, 17^; by Diin- I writs of ;s a (State, leader in Virginia, 155 ; his family and early lite, 197 ct sc'/. ; ap- pointed commander-in-chief, 19'.); at Boston, I'.Ut; at Canihridgo 203 ; persists in his Fabian policy, 214; the solo respecter of ('on- gress, 286 ; his siipjHirters, 2;)7 ; throws up fortifications around New York, 280; retreats from Long Island, 241 ; attempts to arrest the flight of his troops at Kip's Bay, 241 ; his headquarters at Morrisania, 241 ; retreats from New York, 242 ; retreats across the Harlem, 248 ; covers (ireene's retreat, 245 ; invested with the j)Owers of a dictator, 247 ; retreats across New Jersey, 247 ; masterly retreat over the Delaware, 24S ; eflectivo force of, at the opening of the second campaign, 2(i(» ; army at Brandywine, 272 ; cal)al formed against, 283 ; collapse of the cabal, 2',)8 ; description of the situation by, 802 ; i)leads for long enlistments, 803 ; his foresight, 328 ; holds his communications •with New England intact, 341 ; deceives Clinton .ind marches South, 343; revisits Moimt Ver- non, 344 ; allays the discontent of the army after the war, 875 ; resigns his command to Congress, 877 ; outlines the future policy of the country, 8S7 Wayne, General, conduct of, at ]\ionmouth, 298 ; captures Stony Point, 80y Vv ..aey, John, 5, 60, 190 West, jurisdiction of lands in, 137; colonization forbidden, 187 Western lands, claims to, by the States, 285 Whigs, policy of, 3,118; division into old and new, 138 ; name American, 182 ; attack Chathara- (Trafton ministry, 145 Whibefield, i)reaching of, 60 Whitefield, on the stamp .. b, 134 White Plains, the battle o'., 348 William and Mary, (College of, 133 Wilkes and freedom of the press, 180, 163 Winslow in Acadia, i'^ Witherspoon, inspires the Constitu- tion of New Jersey, 225 ; influence of, in the adoption of the Decla- ration of x-.Jependence, 229, 8S7 Wolfe, character of, 61, 79; at Louisburg, 64 ; defeat at the falls of the Montmorency, 86, 87 ; ill- ness before Quebec, 87 ; his move- numts at Cape Rouge, 90, 91 ; lands and scales the heights of Abraham, 93 ; prepares for bat- tle, 98, 94 ; his victory and death, 94, 95; effects of his victory, 115 Writs of assistance, 124 Wyoming, seizure by Connecticut, 162 ; the massacre of, 293 Yale College, 133; 386 "Yankee Doodle," 385 Yorktown, invested by the French and American troops, 345 ; Corn- wullib'a surrender at, 337 1 4 ui LONDON : PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITEDj STAMFORD STKKET ANU CUARING CUUdS. m :\\A \\ ^ ■/■^■^