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Tous les autres MxempJaires originaux sont fiimis en commen9ant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la derniAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shsM contain the symbol —i^> (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur la dernlAre image de c.iaque microfiche, selon Ie cas: Ie symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE". Ie symbols V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in ^tne exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre film6s A des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque lo document bst trop grand po;ir Atre reproduit en un seui clichA, il est filmA A oartir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant Ie nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 5 6 PITMANIC .- *' .■■v": Shirthand Similifictl ■ k,. . A COMPLETE AND EMATIC EXPOSITION OF PHONOGRAPHY, BASED ON THE PITMANIC ALPHABET / ■■* ^ ■ M v. •7 / BY 'i;.' * V' T ■ * - R. STANTtN WRIGHT. Official Court Stenooraphfb, Montrkai ISj. ■u^-^-, :,:■■■' m MISS GRAHAM, 345 Temple Building. 1900. f^ ■<•- - <)>■ ' « t..u.i«A ..:^fi'..\^.,^ ^«4 'i'. ,;■ — >. ■ * ■ 1- *>.. %\^**'.jt^ "*> -, K- 'H. r^ v^ * ■ x 4 ■ ■ «.. Jh^: '- A" ;> * M i- ' 5 ,.ti --> * • 3 Vg i •<■ :r4 ^,\ 1 ■.3A '--.^ -M CONTENTS. Ptgo First Series of Straight Stems i? Sonond Suriesof Slraight Stems 6 Third Scries of Straight Stems 6 Fourth Series of Straight Stems 7 VVords of Moro than one Stem 8 I irst Series of Curved Stems 9 Second Series of Curved Stems 10 Third Series of Curvcfl Stems 11 Fourth Series of Curved Stems 12 Fifth Series of Curved Stems 13 Sixth Series, Mixed Stems 14 Tho Iss-Circlo 10 Tho Ses-Circlc 18 Tho Steh and Ster Loops 19 Brief Signs for Way and Yay 20 The Shon and Tive Hooks 21 Tho Eshon-Hook 23 The JInlarged L and R-Hooks 23 Tho Lengthening Principle 24 Tho In, En or Un-Hook 25 Tho Heh Tick 26 Special Rules for Ks, Zee, Way, Yay and Hay 27 Special Rules for Tee, Deo, Ef, Vee and En 27 Rules for Ar and Ray; Lay and El 23 Miscellaneous Rules 31 Omission of Consonants 32 Prefixes 33 Aflixes 3/i Consonant Position 37 The First Position 38 The Second Position 33 Tho Third Position 41 Vocalization 42 Initial Vowels 45 Medial Vowels 46 Vowels in connection with Circles, Loops and Ticks 48 Special Vocalization 49 Word -Signs 50 Vowel Word Signs 53 Contractions 54 Phrase Writing 58 Group Phrasing 60 Implication of Words 65 Special Phrase List 67 Discriminative Outlines 69 Special Terminations '/2 Reporting List ot Wonl-Signs 74 Punctuation 77 To the Student 78 Commercial and Professional Letten sym- bols, called stems. These stems are formed from tlie sim- plest of geometrical signs — straight and curved lines. While certain stems represent single consonants only, the greater number of them are designed to represent frequent- ly recurring group? of consonants. In other words, gener- ally speaking, phonographic stems represent common sylla- bles, the vowels and silent letters being purposely omitted. (3) Obviously, therefore, the most sensible way to pro- ceed to learn the art is to thoroughly memorize the stems and the syllables they represent. To facilitate their ac- quisition, the stems have been arranged In regular series, the initial stems of each series consisting of simple lines from which other stems are developed merely by the addi- tion of a hook or hooks. Witli comparatively few excep- tions, the stems follow a definite and systematic plan of formation. They are, therefore, easilj learned and readily retained in the memory. (4) The stems should be made rather slowly and pre- cisely at first but as soon as learned they should be writ- ten with a free and easy movement and as rapidlv as they can b3 made well. Make the characters small, nert and uniform in size. The shortened steins should t»e made a little less than half as long as tne full length 'items, in order that there may be no possible conflict. Make the light stems like hairs, and the shaded stenn just heavy enough to readily distinguish them. (5) Probably the best method of memorizing the stems Is to repeatedly write them, naming each stem mentally as it is written ; thus : JVify A}?/r Continue to practice the stems in this manner until their appearance is photographed on the memory, and un- til the hand ia trained to make them easily, rapidly and faultlessly. 2 PHONCMJllAFHIC STI<:M8, CG> FlPftt Seples of Stpeiorht Stems. riav — - AW — - «r> 6^ax Ge/; G/e/z Gle/ Crfn Note — These stcMiiH aiT w ritteii fi-oin left to right. The naiiiOM of the lull length sitnia will be given in eacli series as above. The i)rincii)le of shortening adds the sound of "t." Shortened Kay is called Kel; shortened Gay is. called Gtt. The other shortened stems are named simply by add- ing *'t " to the name of the corresponding full length stpm ; tlnis, the names of the shortened stems In the above series aro : Ket, Kelt, Kert, Kent, Keft, Klent, Kleft, Krent, Kreft ; Get, Gelt, Gert, Gent (not Jent), Geft, Glent, Gleft, Grent, Greft. (7) Observe that though the initial hooks (K and L) are made first they are i-ead after the primary stem to which they are attached. The invariable order of reading a stem is (1) the primary stem, (2) the initial hook, (3) the final liook, (1) the letter iniyUied by shortening. In the forego- ing series, the shorthand symbols are intended lO represent the consonants only, not the vowels. The vowels are mere- ly used to enabl'' xis to name each group of consonants re- pres;'nted bv tv stem. TTen<'e, the stem Kert may be called Kret ; Gelt, Glet ; Kren, Kerf\ ; Gren, Gem ; Kel, Kleh ; etc., etc. The vowel " e " is used in nam'.ng all ex- cept the primary stems. % ■ 't \ 4 (W) III (IcdTniiiiiii); llio nut line of a word, tliP Hounded cunHununts tmly ure roiisiUerfd, the voweLs ure iniri)osfly omitted, and tlie aileut letters ignored. Tlie ordinary Hpelllng, tlie:efore, lias notliing wliatever to do witli tlie phonographic manner of writing it. To Illustrate : The word 'echo'* Is represented by the stem Kay, "h" being sil- ent, and "c" iiaving tlie sound of "k." lie careful not to confuse Ihe stem Gaj with the soft sound of "g." The stem Hay represents the hard sound of "g," as heard in the word "go," but not the soft sound as heard In the word "gem." (J)) The l?nrnpr will soon notice that, generally speaking, there Is a peculiar amd striking resemblance between tlie name of the stem and the word or words represented by that particular stem. In fact, the stein may be designated as the skeleton outline of the w«)rd. In most eases the stem Is immediately suggested by substituting the vowel "e" as heard in the w<»rd "net" for the accented vowel in the word ; thus, the word " grain" gives the stem Gren ; " Kane" or "cane gives Kel "cliff" gives >i "cleft" Clef gives Ken gives Kleft etc., etc. 'crate' •'gray givea Kret : "kill" " gives Greh-^Ger ; (10) The foll(>>vlng exercise must not be attempted until the first series of stems has been thoroughly mastered. The student will practice this exercise, and each subsequent ex- ercise until otherwise Instructed, in the following manner : Make a list of the words In the exercise, writing but one word on a line at the left edge of your note book. Then, without consulting the Key to the exe/cise, determine for yourself, and write opposite each word the name of the stem which you think is the proi)er one to use. ^"^'i com- pare your work with the Key immediately follcji^niig the exercise, and when satisfied that you have the proper stem opposite each word, fill up the remaining space with the shorthand symbol, mentally naming the stem and associat- ing It with the word it rei»resents, while your pen or pen- cil in actually tracing It ; thus : Cra/? A/e/'d Gru/f OrejT c^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ c^ ^ -^ Practise on paper ruled with red lines, and write the ex- ercise over and over again until the correct forms Instant- ly suggest themselves, and until they can be made with the utmost rapidity. EXKRCT8R I. Ket, Kref, Kert, Kef, Kief, Klelt, Keft, Ker, Kay, Kret, Ken, Ket, Kay, Kent, Kert, Ker, Gay, Gren, Glet, Gay, (Jer, Gleft, Grent, Glen, Gel, Gay, Gent, ( G»n, Glef, Grent, Gref, Gen, Gret, Gelt, Get, Gel, Gref, (11) Write aH dlrfccted in paraj^apb 10. the following words : Aciie, colt, care, cune, crane^ cuff, clef, Kent, cluy, craned, coat, crave, cared, cave, clove, cleft, caved, core, echo, cold, crate, cone, cut ook, account, court, crow, go, groan, gave, gloat, egg, grow, gloved, ground, glen, ogle, ago, gained, grade, gun, giOve, grunt, gruff, gain, great, gold, goat, glow, grave, grey, gale. Key — The stems which represent the words in the for^ going exercise are as follows : Kay, Kelt, Ker, Ken, Kreu, Kef, Kief, Kent, Kleh, Krent, Ket, Kref, Kert, Kef, Kief, Kielt, Keft, Ker, Kay, Kelt, -■ " " " " " ~ Gef. Gret, Ger, Gel. Sota. — Observe that the word "cared" is represented by the stem Kert, and that "crave" and "truved" are re- presented by Kref and Kreft. No confusion will result from this representation, as the letters "t" and "d," "f" and "v" are natural pairs, and when they ofcur In a sentence the context will readilj determine which letter is meant. The intelligent student will readily understand that "This Is a colt day" Is intended for " TliJs is a cold day." (12) It will be seen that many word.s entirely dissimi- lar In meaning are represented by the same phonographic outline. When written by themselves, they cannot be dis- tinguished, but when they appear in a sentence, the con- nected sense will usually determine which word is intended. For the present, therefore, this similarity of outline is a matter of little consequence. In due course vowel placing will he taught, so that outlines, which otherwise would be similar, may, whenever it is necessary, be distinguished by the insertion of the requisite vowel. The learner must un- derstand, therefore, that no attempt is to be made to read the words he is learning to write until they appear in sen- tences in his own reporting notes, when the necessary vow- els will also appear in the shape of small detached dots and dashes. hooks are designed to represent the close •«-" ,.,:<.!. «u^ preceding consonant, such words as con- (13) The initial combination of "1" or "r" with the and are. therefore, used principally in tain no Intervening vowel, as in the "pray," but not in the words "pair" inconvenient even when a ever, to avoid long and hooks may be employed venes between "1" or "r" and The final hooks and shortening tiveU tvo represent the sound of "f" or ' or "d," when the consonant represented words " plaj " and and "pale." How- outlines, the Initial distinct vowel inter- the preceding consonant. principle are used respec- v," "n" and terminates a syl- lable ; as but hot in cloudy. in the words cough, grave, cane, Kate, cloud, such words as coffee, gravy, canoe, Katie or '^ ^ f (14)-8*ooncl S«Pl«a of Stralffht St«m0. Tee nl Ter 71?n 7^/ T/en Tlef Tren ] 1 1 J J C Dee 1 De/ 1 r Ifer 1 I?e/i K J De/ J* I?re/i \ • < c 9 I^re/ \ , ^ Note — The«e stems are written downward. Tho sljort Ktems are regularly named: Tet, Telt, Tret; Det, Delt, Dert, etc. / EXERCISE 2. (15) Write the stema for the following words: Ate, told, train, tough, toad, tray, attained, trained, turf, trait, tell, uttered, tone, it, tuft, utter; aid, done- drove, odor, do, Dave, wrain, dead, don't, dray, drnined, dread, deft, debt. I I Kej — Tee, Telt, Tren, Tef, Tet, Ter, Tent, Trent, Terf, Tret, Tel, Tert, Ten, TeQ, Teft, Ter; Dee, Den, Dref, Der, Dee, Def, Dreu, Det,. Dent, Der, Drent, Dret, Deft, Det. \ % 6 (ie>— Third Series of Stpalg-ht Stems. Pee Pe/ Per Pe/i ^/ Plen Preh Pie/ \ \ \ Bee J3e/ £er Ben Be/ Blen B/r/i Ble/ Brf/ \ \ \ ^ 'N ^ V ^ ^ \o Na \ S ^ '^ ^» 'SJ N. ^ — > • .--'»^^ Note — These stems are Inclined to the left sufficiently to distinguish them from tlie vertical stems. They are writ- ten downwards. Tlie short steni.^ are named in the regu- lar way; Pet, Pelt or Plet, Pert or Pret; Bet, Belt or Blet, Bert or Bret, Bent, etc. -J EXERCISE 3. (17) Write t le stems for the following words: Play, up, upon, plain, prove, plate, prone,, paint, aped, pray, puff, proved, pain, pay, pelf, puffed, prate, pet, plaint, open, up^^er; bo, blow, blend, bone, bled, brain, boat, blunt, l)end, bread, blade, brained, believed, bay, braved, buff, able, bray, blown, brave, bed, believe. Key — Pel, Pee, Pen, Plen, Pre*, Plet, Pren, Pent, Pet, Per, I'ef, Preft, Pen, Pee, Pelf, Peft, Pret, Pet, Plent, Pen, Per; Bee, Bel, Blent, Ben, Blet, Bren, Bet, Blent, Bent, Bret, Blet, Brent, Bleft, Bee, Breft, Bef, , Bel, ller, Blen, Href, Bet. Blef. A / ^A (18) -Foupth Series of Stpalffrht Stems. V. -1 - CAay / / Jay / / CAe^ //■ Jel /*/. CAer // J'er / 7 Cne/i J .' Jf/i ^ U CAef // ye/ /. C/iem J J Jem /.^ Note— The stems of this series are incliaed to right as those of the third series are inclined to tie left. They are written downward. The short stems are regularly named, viz: Chet, Chelt, Chert, Jet, Jelt, .Tert, etc. Ohay represents the sound of "ch" as heard in "churcli." The soft sound of "g" as heard in "age" is represented by the stem "Jay." EXERCISE 4. s **) Write— Etch, chain, chair, etched, chum, chained, chart, churned, chafe, chafed, Joe, Jane, jet, edge, adjourn, jailed, Jove, adjourned. Key — Chay, Chen, Cher^ Chet, Chern, Ghent, • Chert, Chernt, Chef, Cheft, Jay, Jen, Jet, Jay,.Jern, Jelt, Jef, Jernt. TO THE STUDENT. The student is recommended to use none but the best writinjr materials, even in the mopt elementary practice, otherwise lie will do bad work, make poor progress, and become •discouraged. The paper shou.d always be ruled. Heavy foolscap is suitable for practice when the ordinary shorthand note hooka, which are rujei with red lines, are not available. Either a fine pen or a pencil oi' medium softness may be used, although the pen is preferable. /*^-^^/.-. J 8 iVopds of More Than One Stem. ! i (20) Rule — Let llio first upright or inclined stem rest upon the line oi writing-, and tlien, without lifting the pen, write tlie remaining Hfcni or sriteni.s, each in its proper direc- tion. Horizontal >tenis, therefore, should l>e written high enough above tlie line to iierniit the following inclined stem to rest on tlip line. If, however, the outline consists wholly of horizontal steuis, it is written on the line. No- tice carefully the following examples: -x--— f U--^ ...V- Paper Clinic Plenty To-,iic Brevity Gable Buglo No<^e.— Tn wtTds Ifke "paper," "pable,'' etc, the hook is made by slightly retracing the preceding stem. EXERCISE 5. (21) Write: Caper, coach, cupboard, Katie, credit, caged, clul), clipped, clutcL, Kentucky, canopy, cabinet, cubic, cli- nic, gayety, grope, ^ulp, gauged, gape. > Key — Kay-Per, Kay-Chay, Kay-Berd, Kay-Tee, Ker-Det, ivay-Jed, Kel-Bee, Kel-Pet, Kel-Chay, Kent-Kay, Ken-Pee, Kay -Ben-Tee, Kay-Hee-Kay, Klen-Kaj, Gaj-Tee, Ger-Pee, Gel-Pec, Gay-Jed, Gay-Pee. (22) Write: Total, topic, token, Turkej, traffic, tenet, At- lanta, treachery, trench, decay, drape, delicate, drapery, drugged, drudgery, decline, drainage, donate, devote, gi- gantic. Kev — Tee-Tel, Tee-Pee-Kay, Te?-Ken, Ter-Kay, Tref- Kay, Ten-Tee, Tien-Tee, Ter-Cher, Tren-Chay, Dee-Kay, Der- Pee, Del-Ket, Der-Per, Der-Ged, Der-Jer, Dee-Klen, Dren- Jay, Den-Tee, Def-Tee, .7 ay-Gent-Kay. (28) Write: Petty, .oached, poker, pagan, approach, purple, prickly. provo]< d, private, probe, panic, plunge, painted, prophetic, h ke, baked, buckle, bubble, budge, brevity, blended, beg, check, chirp, church, joke, Jericho. Kev — Pee-Tee, Pee-Chet, Pee-Ker, Pee-Gen, Per-Chay, Per- Pel, Per-Kel, Pref-Ket, Prei-Tee, Per-Bee, Pen-Kay, Plen- Jriy, Pent-Dee, Preft-Kay, Bee-Kay, Bee-Ket, Bee-Kel, Bee- Bel, Bee-.Tay, Bref-Tee, BJend-Dee, Bee-Gay, Chay-Kay, Cher- Pee, Cher-Chay, Jay-Kay, .Fer-Kay. (24) -First Series of Curved Sterna. Mel c- ^ JVer ^^ ^ jfen ^-^ ^ Note.— The shortened stems are named: Met, Melt, Mert Ment, Mernt, Net, Nelt, Nert, Nent, Nernt; Empnd; Ingnd. The stems Emp (or Emb) and Ing are never shortened. The hooks are made large in Mel and Nel in order to distinguish them from other stems to be subsequently explained. Mer and Ner are shaded for the same reason. No confusion will result from shading Mer and Ner, as the stems Emp and Ing do not take initial hooks. Tlie stems of this series are written from left to right. Note carefully the degree of curvature. EXERCISE 6. (25) Write the stems for the following words; Aim, more, moan, met, mart, may, meant, mourned, am, amount, mourn; no, only, none, note, "knelt, imp, impugn, impugn- ed; moment, penalty, tunnel, claim, colonel, banner, t nner, permanent, telephone, money, proclaim, temple, Canada, management, chimney, chairman, payment, demand, en- lighten, unlatch, intimate, indefinite, jump, plump, embank. King, Anglin, among. Key: Em, Mer, Men, Met, Mert, Em, Ment, Mernt, Em, Ment, Mernj Jin,' Nel, l^en, Net, Nelt; E-up, Empn, Empnd; Em-Ment, Pee-Nel-Tee, Tee-Nel, Kel-Em, Ker-Nel, Bee-Ner, " . t^- ' • - I •5-3. ' /#■• "»t *^ ^■\' 10 Tee-Ner, Pei-Men-Ku-t, Telf-En, Km-En, Ifr-Kol-Ein, Teo- Em-Pel, Kay-Eu-Dee, Em-En-Jay-Meiit, Clia.v -Em-En, Cher- Men, Pee-Ment, Dee-Ment, Nel-Ten, Nel-Chay, Net-IM3t, En. Def-Net, Jay-Emp, Pel-Enip, Emb-lng-Kay, Kay-Ing. Ing- Glen, Em-Ing. (26)— Second Sepie^of Cupved Stems. 7tA ( < Me ( ( me/ C c Mel C c TAer ■) 3 Mer ') , f/im C (. J^Aen (, c rAern 3 o J)Aern. D a Not? — The names of the shortened stems are Thet, Thelt, Thert, Theut, Thernt; Dhet, Dhelt, Dhert, Dhenc, Dhernt. In naming these stems the light ones are pronounced with the sound of "th" as heard in "tliink"; the shaded stems are pronounced with the heavier sound of "th" as in "that." Thefie stems are written downward, and corresjjond with the vertical straight stems. It will be noticed that tlie F- hook is dlspense EXERCISE 7. (27) Write the atftms for the following ^Ptords: Oath, thickly, Ethel, athlete, throw, threat, thin, au- thentic, throne, thirty, they, bathed, there, bather, bother- ed, then, threaten, thump, throng, throb, clothier, clothed, breath, methodical, gather, north, thatch, thereupon, thim- ble, thread, thumb, depth, breadth, thicker. Kej: Ith, Ith-Kel, Thel Thelt, Ther, Thret, Then, Thent-Kay, Thren, Ther-Tee, Dhee, Bee-Dbet, Dher, Bee- Dher, Bee-Dhsrt, Dhen, Thret-En, Ith-Bmp, Ther-Ing, Ther- Bee, Kel-Dher, Kel-Dhety Ber-lth,*- Em-Thet-Kel,«^ Gay-T)her, Ner-lth,«^Ith-Chay, Dher-Pen, Ith-Em-Bel, Thret, Ith-Em, Dee-Pee-Ith, Bred-Ith, Ith-Ker. ;-->^ V^ 11 l^k (28)— Thipd Series of Cupved Stems. /'en \^ (^ fre/i ^ -, rim ^ ^ Note — The shortoned stems are named in the usual man- ner, viz.: Fet, Felt, Pert, Feat, Frent, Flent; Vet, Velt, Vert, Vent, Vrent, Vlent. Careful!}' note the inclination and d^ gice of curvature of thesgjji,tems. They are written downl EXE Tee \. x. rei ^ t rer ■=> «\ Km ^ Vi yren "^l "^ nm ^ t ward. (20) Write the stems for the following words : Foe, fate, faijl^ ^failed, fray, freight, fun, faint, flown, flint, frown, friend, vote, volt, very, avert, vain, vent, fetch, coffee, flatten, frame, flavor, fable, fruitful, flung, vertical, affidavit, cultivate, vamp, verdict. Frenchman, ve- nom, vocal, pamphlet, flame, enough, voltage, travel, vigor, gravy, cavity, vapor, verbal, dreadful, mover, vindicate, notify, flattery, fringe, fragile, voucher, ferment, Fletcher, fluent, fragment, freckle, frivolity, fumigate, vegetable, ver- batim, vivid. Key: Ef, Fet, Fel, Felt, Fer, Fret, Fen, Fent, Flen, Flent, Fren, Frent, Vet, Velt, Vcr, Vert, Ven, Vent, Ef-Chay, Kay-Ef, Felt-Eli, Fer-Em, Fel-Ver, Ef-Bel, Fret-Fel, Fel-Ing, Vert-Kel,iFet. Vet, Kelt- Vet, Vee-Emp, Vert-Ket,Fren-Chay-Men, Ven-Em,'Vee- Kel, Pee-Em-Flet, Fel-Em^Eu-Ef, Velt-Jay, Ter-Vel, Vee-Ger/ Ger-Vee, Kay-Vee-Tee, Vee-Per, Ver-Bel, Dred-Fel, Em-Ver, Vend-IIet, Net-Ef, Fel-Ter, Fren-Jay, Fer-.Tel, Vee-Cher, Fer. Ment, Fel-Cher, Fel-Net, Fer-Gay-Ment, Fer-Kel, Fer-Vel-Tee, Ef-Em-Get, Vee-.Tet-Bel, Ver-Bet-Em, Vee-Vod. ' 4^ 2fv '> V •■\'- 12 (30)— Fourth Seplos of Cupvod Sterne. IsA J J Mel J . Mer J J SAen J J SAer/i :) ^ 2Aa)r Zhei Zher J. Note.— The names of the shortened stems are: Isht, Shert, Shent, Sliernt, Zhert. The stems Shel and Zhel are always writ- ten upwards, and never stand alone; that is to say, they are used only when joined to another stem. Shel cannot, therefore, con- flict with Shen. The remaining stems of this series are always written downward, excepting Ish and Isht, which are occasionally written upward when joined to another stem. "When the forn.er is so written it is called "Shay" for the sake of distinction. Some possible stems are omitted, as we have no use for them in English. EXERCISE e. (31) "Write the stems for the following words: Show, share, shirt, shone, azure, crush, shaken, shoVten, official, measure, casual, shape, attenuation, visual, pressure, bushel, nego- tiate, treasured, shipper, banished, furnished, clashed, glazier, initial, sugar, sheriff, shellac, shipment, shrimp, shank. Key: Ish, Sher, Shert, Shen, Zher, Ker-Ish, Ish-Ken, Shert- En, Ef-Shel, Em-Zher, Kay-Zhel, Ish-Pee, Ten-Shen, Vee-Zhel, Per-Sher, Bee-Shel, En-Gay-Isht, Ter-Zhert, Ish-Per, Ben-Isht, Fern-Isht, Kel-Isht, Gel-Zher, En-Shel, Shay-Ger, Sher-Ef, Shel- Kay, Ish-Pee Ment, Sher-Emp, Ish-Ing-Kay. " • ■\ ( 13 C82)— Fifth Series of Cupved Stems. ^/r ^ ^ »%^ i. £s ) •) Zee) ) ^rn^ i»M^ -» -^^J D 2en,) i Note.— The shortened stems are named: Art, Arnt, Waynd, Est, Esnt, Zet, Zent. The stems of this series are somewhat irregular, from the fact that they do not talce initial hooks (the L and R hooks). They cannot, therefore, be mistaken for stems belonging to the second or third series of curves. The stem Way is never shortened. Observe that the Ar and Way stems are in- clined to the left, while the Es and Zee stems are upright. These stems are written downward. Note carefully the manner ia which they are used in the following exercise. EXERCISE 10. (33) Write the stems for the following words: Are, iron, art, way, Wayne, wound, say, assign, assent, Zoe, zone, arjiument, fair, plainer, cleaner, remainder, awake, await, escapement, espy, asthma, estimate, esteem, finest, keenest, plainest, chaos, fancy, currency, frenzy, dizzy, Isaac, zinc, Ottawa. Key: Ar, Am, Art, Way, Wayn, Waynd, Es, Esn, Esnt, Zee, Zen, Ar-Gay-Ment, Ef-Ar, Plen-Ar, Klen-Ar, Ar-Mend-Ar, Way- Kay, Way-Tee, Es-Kay-Pee-Ment, Es-Pee, Es-Em, Est-Met, Est- Em, Fen-Est, Ken-Est, Plen-Est, Kay-Es, Fen-Es, Kren-Es, Fren- Zee, Dee-Zee, Zee-Kay, Zee-Ing-Kay, Tee- Way. Remark: In the foregoing exercise the stems Klen-Ar and Plcn-Ar are given for the words " cleaner" and " plainer," as they are preferable to the stems Kel-Nerand Pel-Ner for the expression of these words. \ K-^- ■■.V^''' 14 (84)— Sixth Series. Mixed Stems. Jiay / y Miy / ^ mi c/- XX* A X Xen yy Jfen /. Mn (/"* * Jief / ^ J/e/ /^ Note (a)~Thc shortened stems are: Ret, Rent, Relnt, Reft, Het, Heft. The hook is lurgo in Uel. Tlio steniy of tliis series are always written U2)U'(trd, and when standing alone sliould bo con- siderably shmted in order not tJ ejnilitt with the Chay stems. The stems Ret and Ilet are never permitted to stand alone in or ler to ])ositivcly distinguish them from Chct and Choft. It will be noticed that there are two methods of repros'Mitinj^ the sound of R, A'iz.: By tha straight stem Ray, gjven in this series, and by the curved stem Ar given In the Fifth series. The particular uses of these stems will be explained in a subsequent lesson. Note (6)— The stem Lay is occasionally written downward, and when so written is callevol, leisure, loafer, lonely, linear, lender, early, lower, lake, carlie/. 15 alike, Irrelevant, violent, jKiver, diver, cover, engraver, nialigner, mariner, venerable, beluivior. Key: Ray, Rel, IJen, I!ent, Helnt, Jtef, lleft. Hay, lief, H^ft, Lay, Let, Len, Lent, Yay, llay-lluy, liay-Fent, liay-Klen, Hel- Vent, Uel-Enj, Iton-Ar, ilenL-Lay, lief-Lay, Kef-U.iy, Uay-Glet, llay-Plen-Ish, Kay Pie'f.y llay-Tref, lliiy-Uef, ILiy-Ilay, Hay-Vee, llay-EnMlef-llay. lien-Kay, Lay-Ment, El-Ment, El-KniEn, Lay- Ith-Uref, Lay-I3er,VLay-Kcr, Tiay-Kel, '.ayVel, Lay-Zher, Lay- Fer, lien-Lay, Len-Ar, Lend-Ar, Ar-Lay, liay-Ar, Lay-Kay, Ar- Lay-Ar, El-Kay, Ar-Tiay Vent, Vee TiCnt, Pef-Ray, Def-Kay, Kef- Ray, En-Grof-Kay, Em-Len-Ar, EmRen-Ar, Ven-Ray-Bel, Bee- Hef-Ray. TO THK STUDENT. This lesson completes the presentation of the various stems. From this point) on the lessons will deal with the successive steps of abbreviation embodied in circles, loops, ticks and other expedients which secure additional brevity, increased legibility, greater speed, and at the same time enable the writer to make the necessary distinction l>etween the outlines of conflicting words. P A review of the preceding lessons should now be made, and the student should not permit himself to proceed beyund this point until he is so familiar with the principles already presented that he can, without hesitation, write the correct outlines of all the words given in tlie various exercises; as his success will depend, in great measure, upon the thoroughness with which he has mastered the phonographic stems and their application. "With this method, as with any other, it is absolutely neces- sary that the learner should closely observe and faithfully follow the iustructions. Now, the instructions are thus far to be found iu tha NOTES. These Notes, therefore, are of the greatest im- poitance, as in fact all the information concernin;^ the stems will be found there. The student is assured that so long as he is care- ful to follow the instructions, and accepts and learns the outlines ^iven in the keys as the correct outlines for the words represented, h« need have no fear as to whether hs wU' be -"ble to read the forms he is learning to write. V ■ ,^ The laa-ClroIe. i =^' (30) In order to secure greater brevity and facility of form, the sounds of "a " and "z" are provided witli an additional character in the form of a small circle, called Iss, which may be joined initially, medially, or finally. (a) The Iss-circle is written on the L and F-hook side of straight stems and toUowing the direction of curves. (Lines 1, 2 and 3.) (6) The Iss-circle is joined on the outer side of two straight stems that form an angle at their junction. (Line 4.) (c) "When "Iss" is written within a small hook, it presents the appearance of an ellipse. (Line 5.) (d) When the combination of circle and hook occurs in the middle of an outline, the hook is made as distinctly as possible. (Lines6and7.) (e) "Iss" is prefixed to the straight R-hook stems, when used initially, and affixed to the straight N-hook stems, when used finally, by the simple expedient of changing the hook info a small circle. (Lines 8 and 9.) (f) When the hook cannot be formed, the combination is repre- sented as in line 10. llemark: The expression of the letter "x" generally confuses the beginner. The sound ^f " x " is simply a combination of the letiers " k " and "s," and is, therefore, represented in shorthand by the stem Kays. Compare " tax " and " tacks." ,-''; (37) lu the following and subsequent exercises, repeatedly trace the forms given, naming mentally each outline as it it; writ- ten. Continue in this manner until thoroughly fami ur with every outline. Then write the words of the exercise, and test the accuracy of your outlines by comparing with the forms given. Each exercise should be studied and ])ractistMl upon in this way until the words can be written with perfect ease, correctly and" swiftly. ■^ 4;' 17 KXEUCISE 12. I / / .A..V.V^/^..^._..,.^..^.^../'.t £ S.XS.S<...X..C..C.....^.^°^.':>..'^.J.J,.J!... 3.0..\o..^.......^...^ y...iz...{..-^. -^...Y- ;J A..i..,^.,.%..^..^,..r...^,..'j..^,.^ J„.. < .V I a ^.... ^.,.r^.....^]...a.3,..k_... 8:.'\...°S 1 1...,o-r-. eseecl», .justice, rasp, trusty, liusk, dispose, ^rasp, cask, proceed. .'). Supple, civil, saner, braves, loans, amounts, settle, curves, friends, oceans, mourns, assi^ius. (\. J'risonir, display, extra, tracealile, lonesome, noticeable, pastry, lllustriou.s, mistrust, physical. 7. liisper, execrable, l)icy(le, exprerfsivo, gainsaid, atmosphere, destroy, fastener, listener, deslKuer. H. Spray, soher, stray, (con)sider. succor, cip\r, sprained, straight, sacred, sobered, sutured. 1). Pains, drains, chains, canes, runs, paints, attends, accounts, rents, sprains. 10. Obscure, discursive, subscril)er, disagree, proscrilie. dis- course, superscril)e, .jasper. The Ses-Clpole. (3S) Ses Is a large circle used to represent such syllables as ses, sis, sus, or se/. it is joined as far as practicable similarly to the Iss-circle. .>'.TlC. KXEliCISK 13. I '?-* 1 .^O....t. l....\>. ,...— D....X>,.,.^... <^....6 —jD 2-So...^.../?. ^.<7:).^.....G....^..'h..A. 6...^..\J...Z^..^.....^....j :^...rs... Note.— The Sos-circle Is generally named in connection with the preceding or following stem; thus: JJk.^^^''> Efses, Chay.ses, Ses- Tee, etc. |l'he words of the exercise are: Jjine 1. Paces, cases, dies8e.s, races, hisses, chases, gazes, braces, traces. amed ■rt-. J. :;--i-- ■ ■'*. V ■*■'."■■,*'■.•-. -^ . 1ft 2. FaccM, vjiHcs, luces, (comtiOcnces, Musos, oraMCH, thesis, nursos, phrases, assesses. 'A. InsisLcnro, possosslvc, rosistamjo, 8UHtenanc«\ riifhnslast, excessive, desist,, disaster, liistuiices, expenses. 4. System, rumaaces, bU8puiiduil, ruiiouuccis, cvincoH, utuauu- ensiH, cxurcisuH. The Steh and Step Loops. (39) Steh ia a small loop used to represent the sounrl of *' st " initially, and "zd" as well as "M" finally. Ster is a largo loop used to represent tlie syllable " ster." Ster Is not used initially. Steh and Ster are occasionally used between stenis but, unlike the circles, they must not be formed by the crossinij of two steins. ^Line 5.) (a) Steh must not be used for the exprossioa of "st" or "zd" when a vowel sound intervenes. (Line (J.) {b) Steh and Ster nmst noo be used when followed by a llnal vowel sound. (Lin67.) EXERCISE li. ^. .^.. v.,W.^/^..^3.,.s^. J. J...l..■ ^...^^ b...«>^ "^..ry/..,.. // Note- -The brief sign for Way o»' Yay may be named separ- ately or in connection with the stem to which it is joined; thns, Weh-Pee or Wep, Wuh-Kay or Wek, Yuh-Kay or Yek. The W- hook is invariably named in tonnection with the stem; ♦hus, Wei, Wer, Wen, Wem. The words of the exercise are: Line 1. Weep, web, wait, wed, watch, wedge, waif, waive, withe, wash. 2. Wake, wag, w'tng, Oswty^o, unwejjve, unweighed, bewitch, unwashed. 3. Well, ware, one, _,..l..,<:^...i— ,..1-3... Note.— The Shon and Tive-hooks fire named !n connection with the preceding stem; thus, Kayshon, Peeshon, Layshon, Ptc, Kaytive, Peetive, Raytive, etc. The words of the exercise are: Line 1. Occasion, notions, motion, sanction, operation, fashion, ovations, lotions, ration, impatience, version, suasion. 2. Notation, deception, discussion, donation elevation, ani- mation, abomination, accumulation;;, remuneration. 3. Invention, regulation, elaboration, erection, attention, adoption, impressions, excursions. 4. Active, dative, lucrative, negative, venerative, al>ortive, talkativ^e, fugitive, dlscretive. 5. Collective, effective, assertive, executive, deceptive, .recep- tive, detective, defective. 0. Optional, occasional, receptivity, comparatively, talkative- ness, passionate, auctioneer, functionary. tf [^ 23 The Eshon-Hook. (42) The phonetic syllable '* shon," occurrinpc after the sound of "8"or"z>" is expressed J>y continuing the circle into a small hook or curl on the_ opposite side of tlie stem. The device of repeating the F or N-hook is ulso occasionally usedYor the expres- sion of this syllable. EXERCISE 17. /.._:.V..V:.\..v^....c^...'>.;.,L..::l... 5 . .rt^. . j(^ . . ^ . ,. W-. J . . . .y. . L . .'v: 1^. Note.— The Eshon-hook is named separately; thus, Kays- Eshon, Pers-Eshon, Ens-Eshon, Pref-Eshon, Pers-Eshons, etc. The words of the exercise are: Line 1. Accession, procession, profession, positions, vocaliza- tion, realization, (con)versations, devotion, indecision. 2. Crystallization, dispensation, succession, moralization, authorization, professional, devotional, conversational, transi- tional. * The Enlapeed L and R-Hooks. (43) The L-hoo'.. may De enlarged to add the sound of " r." The R-hook may be enlarged to add Ihe sound of '" 1." (a) This principle cannot be applied to Mel, Nel, or Rel, as their hooks are already large. EXERCISE 18. ,\i.,..^....^.,..f]. '■!h^:. ■4., i.\ 24 Note.— The added letters are named in connection witli the hook; thus: Line 1. Kler, Ar-Em-Bler, Ter-Vler, SonvGler, Tler- Bel, Dee-Kler, Ish-Fler. Line 2. Prel, L»»y-Brel, Em-Krel, Pees- Trel, Ker-Prel, Merl, Dee-Trel. The words of the exercise are: Line 1. Color, rambler, traveller, smuggler, toleral)le, declare shuffler. 2. April, liberal, mackerel, pastoral, corporal, moral, editorial. The LenKtheniner Principle. (44) Lengthening the stem Ing adds the syllable "Ker" or " Ger; " lengthening Emp adds " Er; "lengthening any other stem without a final hook adds the sellable Ter, Der, or Ther. (a) Straight stems without a final hook are occasionally lengthened to add the syllable Ter, but only when preceded by another stem. (Line 0.) (6) The lengthening principle must not be used when the syllable implied by lengthening is followed by a final sounded vowel. (Line 7.) EXERGISK le. 7 c— 'L- ^~A /Tl *\ ^ ) *-^ ^>^ /O --v^-^ % 25 Note.—The lengthened stems are named simply by adding the implied syllabic to the name of the original stem; thns, Ingker, Tngger, Ember, Emper, Metter, Layder, Wayther. In pronounc- ing these names let the accent fall upon the first syllable. The words of the exercise are: Line 1. Younger, sinker, finger, linger, stronger, banker. 2. Bumper, romper, stamper, lumber, jumper. 3. Matter, center, letter, neutral, entrance, s*velter. 4. Federal, slender, render, shudder, older, smolder, wonder. 5. Smother, another, rather, feather, weather, mother, leather. 6. Educator, lubricator, liberator, speculator, supporter. 7. Angry, trumpery, entry, sultry, fortress, mattress, astray, sentry, feathery, leathery. The In, En, op Un-Hook. f^ (45) The sound of " n " occurring before or after the Iss-circle is represented by a small Hook or curl preceding or following the circle. This expedient is generally used initially, and only when the circle would otherwise come on the convex side of the stem En. This curl will not conflict with the Eshon-hook although it is identical in every respect. EXERCISE 20. /..3 \..:^...r..f^.. w:.,.%:>^.^ v^.. s..i-^.:yr...\..S),..../rr....A. /...a»/....>. Note.— The In-hook is named separately when joined initially, and in connection with the stem when joined finally; thus, In- \ ir 26 Sker, In-Sper-Bel, In-Ster-Ing, etc.; Tee-Emsin, Arsin-Lay Bensin, etc. Tho words of the exercise are: Line 1. Insecure, inseparable, unstrung, unsettle, uncivil unseemly, unceremonious, enslave, unswayable, unsociable. 2. Thompson, arsenal, Benson, frozen, lessen, Janiieson, .Johnson, cloemosiuary. The Heh Tick. (10) The aspirate "h" is also provided with an additional sign in the form of a sliort, slantin.L? tick joined whenever possible at an acute anj^le to tlio foKowinr stem. The expression of "h' may be omitted between stems without endangering legibility. EXEUCISE 21. I i.^^^ ^X\.\y./../..J..../r...lJS... Note.— Heh may be named separately or in connection with >;he following stem; thus, Heh-Kay or Hek; Heh-Em or Hem, etc. The words of the exercise are: Line 1. Huckster, hug, hem, heap, hub, hair, whiz, hitch, hedge, hush, hail, hot, head, heath. 2. Hogshead, homicide, Henderson, hemlock, harmony, whiskey, Hutchison. 3. Hugely, helper, Headly, Birmingham, whence, whina, whale, whirl. * I y 27 Special Use of Certain Stems. (47) Special use is made of the stem representation of those consonants which, for the sake of greater brevity and facility of execution, are provided witli additional expedients in the form of circles, semi-circies, loops, ticks, hooks, etc. The use of the stems in question is governed by certain definite rules, the appli* cation of which enables us to distinguish the outlines of a certain class of words which would naturally be similar, and at the same time to make our outlines correspond more closely with the ordin- ary syllables, thereby immensely increasing the legibility of our writing. (48) It may be stated, as a general principle, that the brief expedients cannot be used in connection with an initial or final sounded vowel, nor when two concurrent vowels precede or follow the consonant represented. Hence the following ^^1 Special Rules fop the Stems Bs, Zee, Way, Yay and Hay (49) Use the stem to represent the sound of s, z, w, y, or h, and not the brief form: (1) When there is no other sounded consonant in the word. (2) When s, z, w, y, or h, is preceded by an initial vowel, or followed by a final sounded vowel. V* 2..n_.v.:>.<..^..<^~, _/^..v}..':i..v. ^../r/:"/'4.>..'N, .'-a.^J- j ..v..\/..wr..>^-v/.. v.. V... k:. //»/<^^< 6../1...A...^...y/.....'..'>../'..rw.)r.i,..-r>...wC vrr^..~..Vy:.. '*..-:i^.^^<-_..^.S_,.:>,.,.l|...-_..^:.-\_,\.. ^..,,.,.ij..|.j..Y.y.Y^/--S-">|-',-f/4- The words of the exercise are as follows : Line I. Revenge, crafty, cavity, range, guarantee, warranty, Toronto, month, manifest. 2. Made, end, aired, load, framed, ascertained, desired, mould, meddle, indication indent, hardly, ladle. --{ '1 32 M. TiOcafo, . select, vacate, snlTocatc, kicked, aRRrcpjatp, roared, ju.i^..\o. o..Vi... a .L,^yf.^....,^....\)...r....,r-^...J'....%.... ** -^TJ) ... ik .. . C O /. . V.--V_.^.. . .Vs^A,^ . . . . b Tho words or tlio cxcniso nro as follows: I.iiio I. Mdstlv, /uljuslalilc, postal-card, jiosla^^o, testimonial destitute, trust lul, l.oastt'ul, oKsiiiclf. ".'.. 'IVnipt, tlmniiJid, puni])od, tenij)ter, assutnptlou. prcsuiup- tioii, c'u-cMMptiiiu, pnt-uiptiuii. • 'X Function, anxiety, anxious, sanction, expression, exist, exuniinu, extei:d, except. -1. Dostnu-tion, produ(rtion. refraction, protraction, reduction, dellection, iiifra(^tiou, ins))cclion. T). l*roscril)e, s\il)scril)er, transcribe, describe, sujicrscrihe, manuscript, transeript. n. Demonstrate, stranper, identical, ijassenner, messenger, enhance, unhung', adhesive. Preflxes. (.')()) ACCOM,— represented by a heavy dot written at the »)eginninjj; of the remainder of the word. (00) CON, COM, C0G,-repre8ented by a light dot placed immediately at the beginning of the stem. (a) When one of these syllables, or " uccom," occurs in the middle of a wo»*d, it is imj)lied by writing the preceding syllable in place of the dot. (h) These prefixes may also be represented by using tho pre- ceding word in place jf the dot. (01) COUNTEn, CONTRA, CONTRI, CONTRO,-represented by a small tick written at the beginning of the remainder of the word. (02) INTER, INTRO, ENTER,— represented by tho stem Net, either joined or disjoined. (03) MAGNA, MAGNE, MAGNI,— represented by the stem Em written over the remainder of the word. (04) CIRCIIM, SELF,— represented by a small circle written before the remainder of tho word. (05) INRE, TJNRE,— represented by the stem Ner, generally joined. (00) WITH, represented by the stem Dhee, or by Weh, joined to the remainder of the word. (07) FOR, FORE,— generally represented by the stem Ef, either joined or disjoined. (a) The stem Fer is used in the foilovving words : forget, forgotten, forgive, forgave. (6) The stems Ef-Arare used in the following words : foreland, forelock, foreman, foremost, t'oierun, foretell, forego. f^r^ I 34 EXERCISG 2CI. ^ ■ B . ^^i/-3i- r:Tr. .3l . Z .'^ .°.<^ 'kj) •'s/'. i. e.«a..^..l..lJ.:."^r\-"S.?nr.?-f,M... The words of the exercise are : Lino 1. Accomplish, accompany, accommodation, commend, compare, connection, conversation, conscious, consecrate, conceal, conduct. 2. Discontent, discontinue, decomposi*^'on, incomparable, incompatible, unaccomplished, nonconformist, miscomputation, recognize, reconcilable, irreconcilable, concomitance. 3. They consider, it comprises, this ccnriection, present con- figuration, this contrast, may comply, considerable confusion, iii conversation, mercantile concern. 4. Controversy, counterpane, contraband, countermand, counterfeiter, countersunk, interpose, intervention, interfere, intersect, intercourse, entertain, introduction. 5. Magnanimous, magnificent, magnitude, magnify, circum- jacent, circumvent, circumllex, circumvention, circumference, self-denial, r 6. Self-love, selfish, self-confidence, self-control, self-conscious, unreasonable, unrecompensad, in reply, in regard, in receipt, unreconciled. ,7. Withdraw, withstand, withhold, forewarn, foreseen, for- swear, foreclose, forefather, forefinger, forward. ^^^ Affixes. >\. (08) ING,— represented by the f-teni Inp;, or hy a li^ht dot written at the end of the word. (a) INdS,— by two dots when thostem is not more convenient. (b) INGLY, IXCr TII'R,— by turning the dot into a heavy, dis- jointed, slar.ting tick. (c) ING THE,— by turning the dot into a light, disjoined slanting tick. (J) ING A-AN-AND,— by turning the dot into a light dis- joined, perpendicular or horizontal tick. (09) BFiE, BLY,— represented by the stem Hee, when the stem P'?l cannot be more conveniently joined. (70) BLEXESS, FULNESS, SOMENESS,-represcnted by a small circle written at the end of the preceding part of the word. (71) TiESSNESS,— represented by a large circle written at the end of the preceding part of the word. (72) FUL, FULLY,— represented by the stem Ef, or by the F-hook, when the stem Fel cannot be conveniently joined. (73) MENTALLY, MENTALITY,-rcpresented by the stem Ment, joined to, or disjoined from, the preceding part of the word. (74) TIAL,— represented by the stem Ish, when Shel cannot be conveniently joined. (75) SHIP,— represented by the stem Tsh either joined or disjoined. (70) ALOGY, OLOGY,— represented by the stem Jay either joined or disjoined. (77) 'LIT ¥, 'RITY,— represented by disjoining the last stem of the preceding part of th'^ word. (78) SOEVER,— represented by Iss-Vee joined to the preced- ing part of the word, and sometimes by Iss, disjoined. (79) FORE, FAR.— represented by the stem Ef, joined to the preceding part of the word. (80) SELF, SELVES,-Self is represented by Iss, and "selves by Ses, joined to the preceding part of the word. ^' ^ '■ > 36 EXERCISE 27. K^^ ^i^^ aX...^^ y^..%,\.\..St-..n'....\^..^.h>... ^..U/.)y..y..r}f...y.^...>i^...j^.:?^..fY. T.^\.:iv..^y..l\...\v..y.\|...^-^V,.X Note.— The object of writing " myself" and "ourselves "off the line of writing will be explained in a subsequent lesson. (See line 8.) The words of the exercise are: Line 1. Tracing, casing, laboring, tempting, trusting, amaz- ing, castings, doings, proceedings, amazingly, lovingly. 2. Going there, permitting their, making their, training the, executing the, saving the, refunding the, counting an, doing a, praising a, sending a. 3. Sensible, attainable, forcibly, accountable, nobleness, ser- viceableness, carefulness, slothfulness, irksotneness, trouble- someness. 4. Carelessness, blamelessness, worthlessness, restlessness, careful, deceitful, helpful, painful, graceful, mindful. 5. Instrumental, fundamentally, regimental, supplemental, {)residential, potential, substantial, friendship, partnership, fel- owship, statesmanship. 6. Etymology, zoology, phrenology, mineralogy, physioloary, phrenologist, pathology, theological, mythology, geology, phy- siologist. 7. Sensibility, instability, accotintability, disparity, prosper- ity, popularity, posterity, vulgarity, fidelity, principality. 8. Wheresoever, whensoever, whithersoever, therefore, wherefore, so far, henceforth, send forth, oneself, myself, our- selves. i '■^^^.' 37 Consonant Position. (81) Phonographic stems may be written in three positions with 7'ererenco to the line of writing, for the purpose of indicatiug the accented vowel of a certain class of words, thus conferring a greater degree of legibility upon outlines which, on account of their slight consonant form, might otherwise be Bmbiguous, or occasion more or less hesitation in reading. The positions referred to are above the line, on the line, and through, or under, the line. For the sake of convenience, they are named respectively the first, second, and tlie third position. (82) Comparatively few words, however, need necessarily be written in the first or third position, as tlie great majority of words are sufficiently legible from their consonant forms, without respect to vowels, and are, therefore, written on the line, as the easiest and most convenient position for rapid, continuous writ- ing. The first position is next in importance to the line of writing as the vowels indicated by the first position occur more frequently than those indicated by the third position. Hence it is that the most frequently recurring wor.ds are written on the line, the less frequently in the first position; and the least frequently in the third position. Rule of Position. (83) "Write the first upright or inclined stem of an outline a trille above the line for the first position, on the line for the second position, and through the line for the third position. When the outline is composed entirely of horizontal stems, it is written con- siderably above the line for the first position, on the line for the second position, and just beneath the line for the third position. The first half of a lengthened stem governs its position. The following examples will illustrate the method of placing outlines in the difl'erent positions: tft ' N T 38 The Fipst Position. (84) There are six vowel sounds which control the first posi- tion; viz., the vowel sounds as heard in the words of tlie sentence HE WILL CALL FOR MY BOY. In determining; the position of an outline, the student niusr reniemher that ho has to deal with voicil sounds, not letters merely, and that, in our common spelling, a vowel sound may not always be expressed by the same letter or combination of letters. The long sound of the vowel c, for example, as heard in pronounc- ing the word he, is also heard in the following words, but is expressed by a diflferent combination of letters in each word, as indicated by the italicized letters: eat, ace, kei/, iieUl, ptjople, machtne, ceiling, mosqta'to. (a) The short sound of i, as heard in the word will, is expressed variously, as in the following words: hren, dut/>s, marriage, for- feit, barh'i/, business, bwild, veomen, trul.i/, symbol. (6) The broad sound of a, as in call, is found differently expressed in the words frawd, air], aice, houyfiU broad, George. (c) The light sound of o, as in for, is usually expressed by the letter o; it is, however, represented by the letter a in t(;an ' J 42 KXKRCISE 34. (95) Write the outlines for the following words: Announce, action, Hut, rcganl, ruin, narrow, traffic, absence, ample, doubtful, suitable, canal, secure, mature, handle, attach, pladly, duly, askance, actual, absolute, stamp, fashion, allowance, gradually, profound, poor, soon, rumor, travel, black, group, groom, tanner, banner, channel, angle, angry, bugle, avenue, proven, graphic, glance, banish, inactive, sanction, sample, match, cattle, armed. Exepoise on the Thpee Positions. EXERCISE 35. (96) In writing the following exercise, which is made up of words belonging to the first, second and third positions, bear in mind that it is the accented vouel which determines the position of the word. Dream, voucher, harsher, labor, shrub, banner, lisper, unset- tle, graphic, miner, replenish, banish, engraver, contention, revision, induced, smoother, hardly, inventory, divide, floated, liked, recognize, subscribe, dictation, hasp, officer, unwell, oblige, pupil, recline, refuse, disinclination, destroy, timber, Canada, remove, statement, national, resources, lumber, completely, traffic, message, garment, bicycle, conclusion, planting, irksome- ness, results, supposed, remain, St. James, ballot, escape, previous, arouse, imprison, cruise, voyage, person, horses, mask, excellent, resolve, place, besides, during, opposition, dreadful, progress, political, scandal, fragments, anxious, rescue, driven. Vocalization. (97) In phonography vowels are seldom actually written. Their presence, nevertheless, is generally indicated by the man- ner in which the consonants of a word are represented. In other words, outlines to a great extent vary in accordance with the position and character of the vowels in the word represented. To illustrate: The words stray, stare, satire, austere, oyster, history, astray, estuary, each contain the consonants **str" in the same order, yet each word has an individual and characteristic outline, moulded, so to speak, by its vowel elements. Not« carefully the correspondence o£ the following stems with the words repre- sented. 1 t- 43 t' ..1 °» Stcr Mrny Star stare ■\ ^ ■)■ Sct-Ar EsfAr Ester satire austere oyster l^ EstRay history •■••] ]/ J]s-Tcr Es-TccRay astray cstuaru These outlines almost spcfik tlic words they represent, and it, is on account of this jicc^uiiar flexil)ility of phonographic stems that thcTowels may l)c safely omitted. (!)8) It is unnecessary to insert the initial or final vowel when the adjacent stem clearly indicates its presence. In the following examples the '.nitial vowel is omitted, as the stems Es, Way, Hay, El and Ar, used in this connection, clearly signify a preced- ing vowel. (Sec Sec. 49: 2.) >r., ..VI ^ Es-Lay assail Way- Kay awake Ilay-Deo ahead El- Mont clement Ar-Gay aryne (a) On the other hand, if there were no initial vowel the brief form would be used for the expression of the consonants s, w and h, and the stems L;iy and Hay would be used to represent the consonants " 1 " and " r," as in the following words: r.. /:?. Iss-Lay sale Wek wake Hed head Lay-Ment lament Ray -Gay ruj (6) Also in the following words the final vowel is plainly indicated by using the stems En, Ef, Vee, Es, Zee, Tee, and Dee, instead of the brief forms for these consonants. (See Sec. 50 : 1.) ^^-...7>r.....\. ^ ^ ^ ^.. Em-En Kay-Ef Bee- Vee money coffee bevy Ray-Es Ilay-Zee raey hazy Fol-Tec Wen-Doe Highly window (c) The brief forms for the consonants in question would be used in such as the following words, in which there is no final vowel sound: N. Z / Men Kef Ref Rays Hays main couyh buff race haze /» Flet diyht V.end wind .i>^ I 44 (99) It ia always ndvlsablo, however, to insert a vowel when tlnTdutlino would oiherv/iso be anibi^juons; timt is wIumj neither its appearance, position, nor its relation to the other words in the sentence would render it suHiciently IcRihlo to be easily deciphered. . I I (100) The vowels are represented by light and heavy dots and dashes, written In three positions with referencof to the stem; viz., at the beginning, in the middle, and at the end of a itfem, corresponding with the first, second and third i)o.siticn. "The short vowels are represented by the light signs, the long vowels by the heavy signs. (101) The following table will indicate clearly 1 lie josition and character of these dots and dashes. The vertical lino is used only for the purpose of indicating the position of the vowels. Long: Vowrels. First position Second position Third position • 6a3 in he . rt as HI bravo • rt as in are . a as in call - o na in go - 00 as in school Short Voivels. First position Second position Third position . I as in will • e as in men • a as in at - o as in for - 11 as in mjtst - 00 as in books ^ f (102) The diphthongs, or double vowels, are represented by light angular marks written in two positions, as follows: DIphthongrs. First position i^y&a in my | a oy as in hoy Third position |a ottas in found |< era tin in new Note.— Keep in mind the three sentences given under the head of position, the, vowels of which control the three positions. First position vowels are written at the beginning of a stem, second position vow^els are written opposite the middle, the third position vowels are written at the end. /■ \ l'\ jL . .1 45 i \ RftMiark.— Tho Rtndont mnflh rnmombnr that thoso dots, rtaflhofl and aiiKtilar inarkH roprcsniit vowel hoiiikIh, not. leLt.orq nioroly, Init tho HunitdH rcpn'Hiiiitod by tlio lotterH in ilnlir in tlio forcKoinn tal)lert. That, in to «ay, a lioavy (lot, in tlio nrsh posilioi), that, is, «)|)posito tiiti bui^inuiiiff of a Ktoiii, ropresoiitHtlio lon)( houikI of r. aH Ixninl in tho wohIh Av//, Ivo, .ire. A lieavy dot. in Mio Hcicond posit ion, tlmt is, opposite Mm middle of u stuin, ruprosentu tho lonK>^oiind of (i, as heard in the words pdi/, dim, A heavy dot in tho third position, that is, opposite tlioond of a sioni. rt^pro- ponts the Italian sound of a, as in far, ah, arm. A liKhl dot in tluHirsr position indicates the short Honnd of / ns in it; while tlio first position anKiilar mark opening npwards represents tho lon^ sound of i as in mile, time. In like nmnner th4! heavy and li|;iit dashes represent tho SMundH as indicated in tho foroKoinK tables. Initial Vov^els. (103) An initial vowel, vi/., a Vowel occurring at tho beginning of a word, should always ho inserted unless its presence is implied by the nmnner of writing the adjacent consonant. (Sco Sec. TS.) Since an initial vowel is read first, it is naturally placed above a horizontal stem, and to the left of an upright or inclined stem. (o) The consonant outline of a word should be written first, without lifting the pen, and the vowel sign afterwards inserted. The following exercise will illustrate the manner of placing initial vowels: EXERCISE 30. i ,r^:U:r...'y...:^..h..^.h^A.:C- ♦ ;n.::4.^,.^rrA,'\:'k'..y=^ *^^v>>/■•'•^••.(^•V■-^^ f 4^ t ^ " . n 40- 40 I ' i If k. Note- Tho first po.sition diphtljonp.s may lio joined when used initially. 'I'ho words ol' tlu; exercise aii' ; liiiip 1. Eager, caKl«% <';italtle, ('conoiiiizi', Alps, cvirtion, evil, anct ioli, iiudaciuus, uudiblc, auditor, augment, authorize, auto- grapii. 2. Opposite, ohlijije, olisceno, oocupy, occulist, offer, o'^ca illustrate, imnunent, immoral, imply, insiKlil, initial, Italy. X AindesH, atheist, ato, ale, acrcaK*'. ocean, open, ochre, opium, efi; r ■ 47 f (l(X>) The brief Way si^ns may '>o flisjoincdaiul written in the ^r, vowel places, when it is inconvenient to join them. WehlMnsed for the (lot vowels, and Wuh for the dn.sh vowels. (SeoLinoT).) Brief Yay may ulso ho disjoined to represent two coneiirrent vowels coalescing closely. Yeh is used for the dot vowels, and Yuh for the dash vowels. (See Line H.) The following cxcreiso will illustrate the manner of placing vowels between stems. EXERCISE 37. /. a' / The words of the exercise are as follows: Line 1. Cage, baker, loaf, lodger, poacher, faith, mail, noble, bale, title, pitch, labor. 2. Pauper, minor, penal, final, vigor, total, label, flavor, knocker, fisher, leisure. 3. Track, shook, pull, jar, room, battle, grammar, tunnel, kennel, treasure, lover. 4. Travel, ledger, shackle, rumor, pannel, voucher, couple, bell, dull, bevel, buckle. 5. Quick, quake, quack, quash, thwack, quail, twill, dwell. 6. Odium, India, Victoria, ammonia, interior, residuum, folio, maniac. .^ ,jm. "^ y PT I 4fe Vowels in Connection wltli Cipcles, Loops and Ticks. (i07) An initial circle, seuii-circle, loop, or tick must be read before the vowel, but a Jinal circle, loop, tick or hook must be read after the vowel. The syllable implied by lengthening is also read after the vowel. EXEHCISE 38. /.. T r V y !/ ir..^.. f...V.rTJ-...^../v'.^.T...S?, -y-.N-^^.i- Note.— It will be observed in lines 5 and 6 of the foregoing exercise that when a vonel is placed to the right of upright or inclined stems and below horizontal stems, it occupies the same position with respect to the order of the letters in forming a word, as the universal vowel, viz., the vowej e, occupies in naming phonographic sl,cms. The word^i of the exercise are as follows: Line !. Sake, sale, sight, supper, sing, sap, sun, sore, saah, soup, sour, soil. 2. Steam, stole, stitch, i-tage, stub, stoop, stall, sting, star, stack, style. X Web, wit, wave, wash, wag, war, wine, whim, wake, wail, wool. ■1. Heal, hail, hiie, ham, hush, hub, hedge, hitch, hack, hung, hug. .5. Pace, coin, trust, ; os',er, lotion, plant, treat, vision, ground, freight, braved, caution, a :ve. 6. Later, nitre, fitter, ah Act, winter, slaughter, smoother. ,,pf jn^ [id be so id Special Vocalization. (108) The L and R-hook stems may bo vocalized to indicate an intervening vowel l>v writing circles for the dot vowels, and inter- secting the stem with the dash vowels. The circle is written before the stem for the long vowels, and after the stem for the short vowels. (a) The circle Sea maybe vocalized by writing the vowel with- in the circle. (6) The aspirate H may be expressed in the middle of words by writing a little dot before the ^owel. This device is rarely used, and only when "h" cannot be more conveniently expressed by the tick. EXERCISE 30. or le a /..\...JL...^.. <■ ..^.....-^...,^...'^..h.^.^.: The words of the exercise are as follows: Line 1. Feel, fail, fill, sh.'irp, park, charm, marvel, paralyze. 2. Volume, coal, core, cool, fall, portray, cure, recourse, courage. 3. System, exercii^e, disease, precise, basis, saucc^r, wchism, season, insist. 4. Unhealthy, adhere, mayhem, exhale, unhook, upholster, boyhood, behalf. * * .■Mf. 'T '^:'ii /T *^i^ 50 /UJ-i-W^^V Wopd-Slsrns. '.k (109) Notwithstanding the natural brevity of phonographic outlines, there nre many words which occur with such frequency as to re ;u ire specially abbreviated forms in order to meet the demands of speed. These abbreviated forms are called word-signs. Included umon^j; tlio word sij^ns are certain other words, which, while not abbreviated, are written oui, of their true position, for tlie purpose of distinguishing them from other words having the same outline. (110) Word-signs are not arbitrary characters, Ipit abbre- viated forms expressive of one or more of the principal sounds of the Avords they represent; and in most cases that part of the out- line is selected which is suggestive of the whole word. The care- ful observance of position in writing the word-signs is absolutely necessary, as they become worthless and confusing the moment khey are written out of their correct position. In naming the word -signs, the figures 1, 2 and 3 are used to indicate r8spectively the first) second and third position. (111) The word-signs must be thoroughly memorized. Prob- ably the quickest way to accomplish this object is to write each sign repeatedly, at the same time mcMitaliy naming it, its positidn, and the word it represents; thus: En (1), any; Vee (2\ have, etc. Where a hyphen and added letters occur, as thank-ed, it indipates that the same sign stap^ds for both words. ,/7 y^f, .-.■ ,-"^' J Kay (1), common. Kay (2), come. Kavs (1), because. Kef (1), call, equally. «- — Kel (2), difficulty. Kel (3), calculate-d-ation. Ker (1), correct. '"" Ker (2), care, carry. Ker (3), accuracy. Ken (2), can, question.—^ _ Kref ^2), careful-ly-ness. C^ Ket (n, quite. Ket (2), could. Klet (1), called, equalled, t Krct (1), according-ly. Kret (2), cared c Kret (3), accurate-ness. Kent (2), account. "^ Gay (1), given. / _-- ^ Gay (2), together, t Gen(l), begin-ning. Gen (2), began, again. Gen (3), begun. -O G.Jt (2), good. A Tee (1), time. Tee (2), it. take. Tee (3), at, out, took. Tees (3), itself. Tel (3), until. P Tel <2), tell, till. Ter(2), truth. , Tef (2), whatever, t) Tref(2), truthfully. Telt(2), tohl.f Tret (2), towArd. I ■F. " / jhic ncy the ?ns. ich, for the L)re- sof )Ut- irc- tely ent the 'ely ob- ach dn, etc. ites ^^ ^ J ii \ / Dee (1), dollar. Dee (2). do Dee (3), had Der (1), doctor. Der (2), dear. '1 Der (3), during.' Def (2), differ-enL-cc. / Den (2), done. \i Den (3), down, had been. Pee (2), up. Pee (3), hope, party. Pel <1), comply. \ Pel (2), people. Pel (3), »pply. Per (1), proper-ly. X Per <2), principle-ally. Per (3), practice-cal-ly. Pen (2), upon "^j, J^ref (1), perfect-ly.\. Pref (2), prove. Pref (3), approve-al. Pef (3), put. Pret (1), particular-l^v Pret (2), opportunity. \ \ / Bee (1), by Bee (2), be, object. Bee (3), to be. ^ Ben (I), coiubine-ation. Ben (2), been. \ Ben (3), to have oeen. Bees (1), business. Bef(2), before/VS W Ber(l), libe^ty.<^v^ Ber (2), member, reniember-ed. Ber (3), number-edl liel (I belong-edv^' Bel'(a) believed. N ^^ Brens (2), remembrance. EMP Emp (1), important."""^ Emp (2), iinprove-d-ment. Enib (2), may be. "—^ Emp8(l), impossible-ity. Embeu (2), may have been. CH / / Chay (1) each. ^ Cliay (2), which, changed. Chay (3), much, charged. Chef (2), whichever. / »^ay (2), advantage. / N En (1), in, any. En (2), no, know. En (3), own. Ens (1), influence. # Ner (1), near, nortt.^ Ner (2), manner. Nen (1), opinion. »— H? Nen (2), none, known. Neil (3), no one. Ensbon (1), inform.ation. Nel (2), only. C,^ Enses (2), necessary. Wen (1), when, we knov: Enter (1), entire. Enter (2), another. Enter (3^, no other. Net(l), not. Net (2), nature. Net (2)-El, nafurnlly. Ned (2), under, hundred. Nerd'. Dhee (2), they, thein. Dhee (8), though, thou. Dhees <1), these, thyself. Dhees (2), thiti ^ \, Dhees (3), those, thus. Dheeses (2), themselves. Dher (1), either. p Dher (2^, their, there, they are. Dher (3), other. Dhen (1), Within. Dhen (2), then / Dhen (3), than, h Dhet (1), that, Dhet (2), without. Dheether (1), that there. Dheether (2>, the other. 1 , V Ef (1), if. Ef (2), for, fact, far. Ef (3>, few, affected. FeM2), fully. Q. .^ Fer Q), form-ed. \ Fer (2), from. Fer (3), for our. Ferthe^2), farther, further. Fet(l). feature. Fet (2), after. Fet (3), future. Frent (1), fiequent-ly, o V \ Vee(l), ever. _ ' \ Vee (2), have. >»,» Vee (3), however. ^ Vel (3), value. Q._ f Ver (1), over. "^ ' Ver (2), very, evt^ry. lifir (3), favcy ed, ~s ^Wted (1), of it. ' —■ Ved i2y, evidently-ce." - - : VoldX3), valued. ..f^.A 52 ISH Ish (1), wish, she. Ish (2\ shall. Ish (.3), issu«4. Sher (2^ iStlrely. JshtJ^, wished. Is};^3), issued. J Zhay(2), usual-ly, Zher (2), pleasure Zher (3) measure r—r-^y^. ) Ar, ray Ar (1), her> hear, here. Ar (2), are. Ray (2), are. Ar (3), our. . Ars (1), herself. Ara (3), ourself. , Arther (2), rather. Ard (1), Lord. read. Ard (2), heard, word. Wer (1), we are. Wer (2), where. Wer (3), aware. Way (1), why. AVay(2), way. Way (3), away. Wayther (2;, whether. Weh (1), we, with. C- Weh (2), were. / Wuh (1), wh»W Wuh (2), would. Yay „ Yaya (2), j Yayses (2), yo Yeh (1), ye,/ year. Yeh (2), yet. Yuh (1), beV'ond. Yiih (2), you. , w • 8 ■ ^ ' EsOi, E.s(fr, see. so, Ea (3>, jj*rlTse (^noun). Est (l^astonish-ed-ment. (2), establish-eil-nient. / V f ^ ) m r ZEE Zeo (2), was. Zee K{ / ^/gA \ ^a ^ei» f Ac>^^ i) The vowel word signs are named from the stems, thus: Tetoid, Chetoid, Betoid, Detoid, Jetoid. Petoid is a arter length Pee; Tetoid, a quarter leii^th T6e, and so with the other signs. These ticks are called vowel word-signs, as they are the vowel signs written in changed directions for the difierent words they represent. The dots are called the "dot^a" and the " dot-the." The sign for " I '' is called the " I-diphttong." " (a) "Whose" and "owes" are formed from "who" and owe " by adding the circle Iss, €. .»> (6) All of the vowel word-signs are writte1i,,downwar-Ket. Artificial-ly-itv, Ret (l)-Ef. Aspect, Es (3)-Pee. ^^spicious-ly-ness, Es (l)-Fee. Average, Vee (Sz-Jay. ■^■sH, Bankrupt-cy, Bee (3)-Ing, British America, Bret(l)-Em- Kay. Busybody, Bees (l)rBed. Beneficial, Bee(2)-Ef. Beginner, Gen(l)-Ar, Become, Bee (2)-Kay. Calculable, Kel (3)-BeJ. Capable, Kay-Bel (2). Capability, Kay (l):Bee. Certificate, Iss-Ret (l)-Ef. Changeable, Chay (2)-Bel. Character, Ker (2) -Kay. Characteristic, Ker(2)-Kayst. Chargeable, Chav (3)-Bel. / ' Collateral, Kay (2)-Layter.C ■ Collect-ed-ion, Kel(2)-Kaj% Comfort-ed-able, Ef (2)-Ret. Commercial, Kay (2)-Mer. Conscientious-ly-ness, Ish (2)-En. Conspicuous-ly-ness, Spee(l)- " Kays. Contingency, Tee (2)-En-Jay. Cross-examineation, Kers(2)- Men. Cross-examined, Kers (2)-Ment, ' ;■■■ -Knf ; - ; i ■:i -■ it if f?;^!jRBi,? / v-*' 55 cr ly ly y- t, '• ; r. t, y > I- ' T)eceml>er, Decs (2)-Em. Declare-d-ation, Dee (2)-Klor. Deficient-cv, Def (2)-Shay. Deform-cd-ity, Dee (1 )-Fer. I Deject-ed-tion, Deo (2)- Jay, Depth, Dee <2)-Pee. Destruction, Dee (2)-Ster8hon. Destructive, Dee (2)-Stref. Detemiine-ed-ation, Dee(2)- Tren. Detest-ed-ation, Det8(2)-Tee. Detracted, Dee(«)-Ter. Develop-ed-ment, Def (2)-Pee. Devolve-od, Def (2)-Veo. Dilapid>ite-d-atioii, Del<2)-Pet. Director, Der(2)-Ter. Directory, Der (2)-Kct. Disadvantage, Dees (2)-.Tay. Disbelieved, Dees (2)-Bel. Discharf?e-d, Dees (2)-Chay. Discriminate-ed-ation, Dees (2)- Kay. Discrepancy, Dees (2)-Kay-Pee. Dissatisfy-ied, Dee (2)-Stee. Distinctive, Deest (2)-Vee. Distinguish, Deest (2)-Ing. Distract-ed-ly, Dees (3)-Ter. E Effected, Ef (2)-Kay. EfHcacious, Ef (2)-Kay-Ish. Efflcient-ly-cy, Ef (2)-Shay. Electric-ity, El (2)-Kay. Entertainment, Net-Tee(2)- Ment. Enthusiastic-iasm, En-Ithses (2). Enveloped, En-Vee (2)-PQe. Equivalent-ce, Kay-Vee (2). EspeciaMv, Es (2)-Pee. Essential-ly, Es(2)-En. Eventual-ly-ity, Vee(2)-Net. Everythinp:, Vee (l)-Ing. Exaggeratory, Iss-Jert (2)-Ray. Exchange-d, Kays-Chay (2). f Exclaim-ed-ation-atory, Kays(2)- U Kel. Executrix, Kays (2)-Kays. Exorbitant-ce, Kavs(2)-Ray- Bet. Expedition, Kays-Pet (1). Experiment-ed-al-ation, Sper(2)- Ment. Extenuate-ed, Ston (2>-Too. Extenuation, Sten (2)-Isli('n. Extinct-inn, Kays-Tee (2), ExtiiiKiiisli-ed, Kays (2)-T('P. F'^xtraordinarv, Ster(2) Ard. Extremity, Ster (2)-Tee. Facetious-ly-ness, Efs (2)-Shay. Faniiliar-ly-ity, Ef (2)-Euk Fel)ruary, Ef (2)-Bee. Forever, Ef (2)-Vee. Formal-ly, Fer (D-Lay. Former ly, Fer (l)-Ar. Forward-ed, Ef (2)-Werd.. y Government, Gef (2)-Ment. Governor, Gef (2)-Kay. Gracious-ly-ness, Ger-Ish (2). Great Britain, Gret (2)-Bret. H Handwriting, Nert (3)-Ing. Hazard-ed-ous, Zee (2) Ard. Henceforth, Ens-Ef (2)-Ith. Heretofore, Bet (2)-Ef. Highly, Petoid-Lay (1). History-ical, Est (l)-Ray. Horticulture-al, Art (l)-K^ I Identification, Dent (2>^fshon Imaginable, Jen (3)-Bee.' Imperfect-ly, p]m-Pref (1). Indefatigable, End-Fet (2>. Independent-ly-ce, End-Pend (2). Indescribable-ly, Ends-Kay- Bel (2). Indignantly ation, End (l)-Gay. Indispensable, End-Iss-Pens (2). Individually, End-Ved (I). Individuality, End (l):Ved. Indiscriminate-ion, End8(l) Kay. Indifferent-ce, En-Def (2). Ir.dulge-d, End- Jay (2). Indulgence, End-Jens (2). Inferred, En -Ef (2). Infers-ence, En-Ef (2). Inferiority, En (l)-Ef. '^ J nf-*-*""* ""' *JJ3^ V i: X \ Tnnnontial, KiWD-Shof. Iiifoniied-Jint, Enl-'er (1). Informally ity, Kn-Foi- (O-La}-. In(iuire-y, En-\V'er(l). Insi^nilicaiit-ce, Ens (l)-Oay. Inspect-eiJ ion, Ens-l'ce (2). Inspire-ecl aLion, In-Sper (1). Inte^rrity, Net (2)-(;ret. Intellect-ual-ity, Net (IVKet. Intelligible-ity, Net-Jay (2) Intelligence, Nel-Jens (2). Intelligent, Net-Jent (2). Interest, Net-Stee (2). Interested, Net-Slet (2). Interpret-ed-ation, Nct-Pret (2). Intolerable, Ent-El (1). Introduction. Net-I)eoshon (2). Inve!'stigal!on,En-Vees-e,slion(2). Invite-d-ation, En-Vet (1). Involve-d, Eh-Vee (1). Irregular-ly-ity, Ar (2)-Gay. January, Jay (2)-En. Ju(licioua-ly-rtess, Jed (l)-Shay. T-^risprudence, Jers <2)-Pee. ^ uxtaposition, Jays(2)-Pees- eshon. K Knowledge, En-Jay (2), Knew, En (2)-Chetoid. Lej;islate-ed-ture, Lay (2VJay. Le.jcislation, Lay (2)-Jayshon. Legislative, Lay (2)-Jef. Lengthwise, Ing (I^)-Weh-Iss. Lengthy, Ing (;i)-Ith. Liberality, Lay (I)-Brel. m Machine, Em-Ish (2). Machinery, Em-Ish (2)-Ray. Machinist, Em-Lsh (2)-Steh. Magnificent-ly-ce, Em (1) Gay. Manager, Em-Jer (2). Majority, Em-Jert (1). Manufacture-ed-torv, Em-En- Ef(2). Massachusetts, Ems-Chay <3). Marked, Em (3)-Kay. Maximum, Ems(2)-Eni. Meanwhile. Em (l)-NeT. , IVfemorandum, Em (2)-Eni. •? ■•;■!>•-:-■ J«^^ 60 Minimmn, Men (l)-Em. MiiKiriLy, Em (l)-\ert. Misfortune, Enis-l'Vet (1). Modification, Med-Efshou (2). Mortgage, ^^er (l)-Gay. N Needful, Nod-Ef (1). Neglect-ed-ful, En (2)-Gay. Negligence, En (2;-Gel. Never, En-Veo (2). New, En (2)-Chetoid. Nevertheless, En (l)-Vee (inter- secting). New York, En (2)-Yay. Next, Enst (2). Nobody, En (2)-Bed. Nothing, En-Ith (2). Notification. Net-Efshon (2). Notwithstanding, En(l)-Tee (intersecting). November, P]n-Vee (2). Now, En-Petoid (2). Nowhere, En (2)-"\Ver. Obstruct-ed-ion, Bee(2)-Ster. Obstructive, Bee(2)-Stref. OfTicious-ly-ness, Ef(l)-Ish. Oftentimes, Pent (l)-Ems. Ofttimes, Fet (l)-Ems. Onward, Retoid-Werd (1). Overwhelmed, Ver (2)-El. X. Patentable, Pet (3)-neL Patentee, Pet (:5>-Tee. Paternal, Pet (2)-Ren. Patronage, Pet (3)-llay-Jay. Peculiar-ly-ity, Pee (2)-Kay. Pennsylvania, Pees (2)-Vee. Perform-ed-ance, Per (2)-Per. Pernianent-ly-ce, Per (2)-Men. Perpendicular-ly-ity, Per(2)- Pen. Perpetual-ate-ity, Pee(2)-Ray- Pet. Platform, Plet(2)-Fer. Papular-lv-ity, Pee (l)-Pee. Powevful-ly, Pee (3)-Ref. . ,. Practicable-ity, Per (3)-Ket. / f r Prejudice-d, Per(2)-Jed. Prepared -ation, Per(2)-Pee- Ray. Prescribe-d-ption, Per (l)-Skay. ■iff., -v \ J H r 1 .1 A \ Prescriptive, TVr (1 )-Skrcf. Pr«?teiisioii, J'tT (2)-'I'tMi. l'rivileK s(2)-l{eu. Speakable, Spec (l)-Bel. Structure, Ster (2)-Ter. Su fticient-1 v-cy, Sef (2)-Shay. Substantial-ly, lss-J3ees(^)-Ten- Ish. September, Spet(2)-Em. Technii 1-ly-ity, Tee (2)-Kay. Thanksgiving, Iths (:{)-( Jay. Tlienceforward, Thees(2)-Ef- Werd. Tranquil-ly-ity, Ter <:i>-Ing. Transatlantic.Ters (2)-Lent-Kay. Transcribe-d, Ters (l)-l\ay. Transgress, Ters (2)-CJays. Transfer-ed-ence, Ters(2)-Ef. 'f ransform-ed-at ion, Ters (2)-Fer. U Understand-ing, End (2)-Stend. Understood, End (2)-Stet. Undertake, I<:nd-Tee (2). Undertook, End (2)-Tee. Uniform-ly-ity, Eu-Fer (3). Unfortunately, liln-Fret (1). Unquestionable, En-Ken (2)-Bee. V Validity, Vee(2)-EId. VexatiouR-ly-ness, Vee (2)-Kays. Vice- versa, Vees (2)-Vee. W Warrantable, "VVernt (l)-Bee. Whenever, Wen- Vee (2). AVherever, Wer (2)- Vee. Y Yesterday, Ester (2). Note.— To indicate that a stem is disjoined, it is preceded by a colon; thus, End: Ved (individuality) indicates that Ved should be disjoined and written partially under End. In the outline for "notwithstanding" the stem Tee is written through the middle of the stem En. In "nevertheless," the stem Vee is written thrc the stem En. 'W M^. r m B8 Phpase-Wpltinar. (115) The joining of words, or phrase wri(in'_? ns it is callnd assists materially in acqniring speed, and when judiciously used, adds greatly to the legibility c f the writing. (IIC) The "I" Tick.— A sniall initial tick, confined to tho first position, and joined in tho direction of I'ec, Chay, or l!tty, ia used In preference to tho diphthong sign for the expression of the pronoun "I." „:.r'..'-..-:r:.t.,U.^y.,^.^)^..^.:i.V^^..f.. I should, I can, I am, T know, T think, 1 do, T was, I hear, I charge, 1 wish, 1 will, I use, I call, I ajsrce, 1 trust, 1 believe, 1 feel, I assure, I said. ' (117) The "HE" Tick.— The lleh Tick is used suggestively for " he," but when joined initially, it is confir.cd to the siecond position in order to distinguish it from the tick for " 1." ./f 'W- He should, he can, he may, he knows, ho thinks, he does, he hears, he charges, he wishes, he will, he says, he was, ho calls, he agrees, he trusts, he feels, he said, he is, (or), he has. (118) The "THE" Tick.— A^tnai slanting tick corresponding to the tick for "he," but not confined to any position, is used sugges- tively for "the" in preference to the dot. -^.ll ^...^.ILSy/. . <^. In the, may the, give the, at the, it is the, is the, can the, of the, gave the, sell the, knows the, trust the, all the, for the, shall the, on the, should the. (119) The "A- AND" Tick.— An ini/iaZ horizontal or perpendi- cular tick not confined to any position, is generally used instead of the dot for a-an-d. And it, a few, and they, and which, and will, and give, and shall, and are, a use, a mere, a difficulty, and is, a principle, a thing, and as, and trust. J W HpapmniHiw ^ra^g! T no Note.— For ease and certainly of loading, thia tick should be used initially only, although it is allowable to allix it to any of tho vowel word-signs, if extra care is taken to make it accurately. Note carefully tho followin;^ joinings: .7 . ., of a, or a, on a, should a, and a, and but, and the, and should (120) Phrase-writing, however. Is not limited to the joining of "I," "he," "the" and "and," as already exi)lfuned, but the principle applies equally well to other words. This rlocs not mean the in- discriminate 'stringing together of words without reference to their natural relationship. Such joinings would not only retard speed, but also render the writing illegible. Only such words, therefore, as bear a grammatical relai-ionship toward one another should be phrased, and then only when they can bo readily joined. Un- natural phrases and awkward forms should be carefully avoided. (121) Write the first word of a phrase in its proper position, the other words following without regard to the rules of position. .EXERCISE 40. k 2..,w^ k^ \... /o>-^,...rA:..n'^ 4.. ^-^.M^.^>^^i---^.. /:r^..{;^ s.^ ..^. .^ 4..&., It is, in his, such as, which ha^, for his, with us, of us, as well as, which has been, by us, that is, as long as, it is the, about as, without his, as far as. t Note.— If the outline ends with a circle, it may be enlarged to add one of the above words; thus, .6....<^...e....o/..b..°..o...^...^..~^..<^.. This is, is seen, as soon as, shows us, it is his, is as, knows his, as has been, sees us, gives us, just as. (124) ALL or WILL is suggested by the L-hook; thus. If all, of all the, they will, which will, and all, by all, at all, for all, in all, above all, over all, it will, on all, there will, but all, from all. ■A f ■ ■'iV% X ' '. ^ if; J -.1*. .'Jtei '.'a', .< iluvi,... 'J . X 1 -h f ei (12n) ARE, OUR, and occasionally OR, are suggested by the ,x R-hook; thus, .;./.. y ■^■^■■*] .?...T^.^.(i ...... 4 Which are, each arc, to our, by our, in our, foronr, of our, at our, they are, if our, on or about, for all are, who are, and are. (120) WERE is suggested by attaching the R-hook and writ- , Ing the stern in the third position; thus. ;:v ■1 ■1 ; ; It were, as it were, such were, who were, which were. (127) ONE, OWN, THAN, and occasionally BEEN are sug- gested by the N-hook; thus. >...f...f^..r-^.A.^..r.,?.,,«-i...v^/'.v, i ^ J / By one, at one, some one, any one, our own, in our own, your own. their own, more than, better than, less than, have been, had been. ^ (128) OF, IF, HAVE, or TO HAVE is suggested by the ,/^ F-hook; thus, ..(^^...-<^.t...C..i.'.-..\^,......:.l,..t^.. Out of the, all of, and of the, I have not, which have been said to have, they have, it will have, ought to have, hope to have and all of the, but if the, they should have been. City of New York. Note.— The representation of they have, as above indicated, is a survival of the use of a long, narrow, final hook for the expres- sion of/ or i' following curved stems. Now, however, its use is generally limited to the foregoing example. Care need not be taken to distinguish this liook in appearance from the Shon-hook, as there will be found no occasion for using the Shon-hook follow- ing the Stem Dhee. / 62 (12!)> OUGHT TO HAVE ih suggested in the following phrases by attaching the F-hook and writing the stem in the first position; thus, ...t / (^ / It ought to have, which ought to have, they ought to have been, such ought to have. (130) WOULD HAVE is suggested in the following phrases by attachinfi the F-hook and writing the stem in the third posi- tion; thus, ^ ^ / / It would have had, they would have been, which would have, such would have. X (131) IX is sometimes represented by the In hook; thus, ... X)^ H^. .....•• Itha^H^iP5voit1d,#vhich had (or) which would they had (or) they wouW; she had (or) she would, such had (or) such would, there had (or) 'there would. J ' i -^ X. mm . c^- 63 Note.— NOT may be added to any of the phrases giveu iu the last two paragraphs hy allixing the N-hook; thus, y V-'D' J-V"^C It ought not, which ought not, they ouglit not, such ought not, there ought not, it had not (or) it would not, which had not (or) which would not, tliey had not (or) they would not, such had not (or) sucli would not, there had not (or) there would not. (135) NOT is suggested by shortening certain stems and add- ing the N-hook. "Not" is added to the vowel word-signs or and but by attaching the N-hook. ./o. ./?.,."3. ^.J. May not, will not, are not, were not, it will not, if not, can not, they are not, did not, do not, had not, or not, but not. Note. — "Could not" and "migiit not" are represented by Ket- Net and Met-Net to distinguish th'im from "cannot" and "maj not." (136) WHAT is occasionally represented by shortening a stem, and placing it in the llrst position. "AV'liat" and "would" are added to certain of the vowel word-signs by attaching the N-hook. ^ <^ *^ \ b -^ In what, for what, from what, by what, of what, to what, about what, and what, and would. / u' (137) WE or WITH is suggested by the W-hook, placing the stem in the first position; thus, «-/ ^^ (T ty ^ o^ . . V. . . . .p . . .Jl. . . 9 . !V^ —e Can there, would there, I have been there, sent there, around there, since there, whab their, upon their, does there, were there, remain there, because there is. Implication of Wopds. (145) AND may be implied in phrases like the following by joining the adjacent words; thus, •'^■•'•}----\ ^-v-^ Again and again, more and more, over and over, through and through, wise and good, over and above, backwards and for- wards, north and south. (146) OR may be implied in certain phrases by joining the the adjacent words; thus, *^. 1 ^ y".. more or less, one or two, two or three, large or small, early or late. Note.— In certain phrases "or" may be represented by the Stem Ray, and occasionally by the R-hook; thus. >S^-^ .!^...^..^ W \/^ Three or fo«ir, four or five, five or six, six or seven, seven or eight, eight or nine, nine or ten, whether or not, did you or not. H m 1^, (117) IIAVFl may be omitted in phrases like the foiluwinp; without endangering legibility. < ^ k 5 Shall have been, it must have been, itmay have been, we have done. (148) OF or OF THE may be indicated by writing the adjacent words in closo proximity; sometimes the adjacent words are joined. t^-.A/^A-.J-o. K....v^ A' s v^ Days of the week, subject of the letter, a number of men, statement oi the CHse, piece of paper, bill of sale, bill of lading. (149) TO or TO THE may be implied by writing the following word under the line. This does not apply, however, if the follow- ing stem is written upward. ■> }• \ ^^...VX.J'. J'- To-day, to see, to me, to whom, to you, to pay, to go, to receive, to live, to regard. Note.— Outlines written beneath the line for this purpose are said to be in the fourth position. It is advisable to vocalize "me" when written in the fourth position, in order to distinguish it from " him." (150) FROM TO may be omitted in such phrases as the fol- lowing: oo ■^^ XV ff II ■JJ From time to time, from hour to hour, from year to year,"* from place to place, from side to side, from day to day, from tdwn to town. (151) AFTER may be implied in phrases like the following by writing one of the adjacent words below the other; thus, I/.. \.' place, I " ~ ^V Day after day, year after year, week after week, place after f*.- ,-fe \.:^/- .■ ■f'-i ; 5'., ■ t '^. / />. / >V >" ■> ^v \ \ ■-/ W^'jAowf ■'9 ■.■W- I T i *-x^- j if € s^ V 1 I -"/ 67 (152) Special Phpase List. r ^ The phrases in the foregoincc list arc as follows: Line 1. At the time, at a time, at that time, at one time, at this time, at any time, at the same tune, at once, at first, at length, at least, at last, at ail events, at all times, at present, at the present time, at the present date, at or al)out, at any rate, at some fnture time. 2. As a matter of fact, as a matter of course, as near as, as near as (I, you) can recollect, as great as, as soon as possible, as fast as, as much as possible, as far as regards, as a rule. 3. I a.ii in receipt of your letter, I am in receipt of your favor, I am in receipt of your valued favor, in reply to your favor, in reply to your letter, we are in receipt of your letter, 1 am pleased to iicknowledge receipt of your favor, I beg to acknowledge receipt of your favor, in response to your letter. 4. In the ordinary course, in the ordinary way, in the ordinary course of events, in the ordinaiy course of business, in the usual way, in as much as, in consideration of the fact, in his behalf, in oar behalf, in point of fact, in such a manner, in such a way. 5. In such a case, in this manner, in any event, in this respect, in the meantime, in exchange, in your letter, in the course of a few days, in like manner, in accordance with the. 6. In reference to that matter, in all probability, in every respect, in reality, in your own interests, in your handwriting, in my handwriting, in some manner, in other words. 7. Nothing less, nothing else, for the most part, on the con- trary, a good deal, a great deal, as I understand it, is it not a fact that the, for instance, just at hand, just so, just as soon as, beforehand, behindhand, on the one hand, on the other hand. 8. I beg to call your attention to the fact,. I enclose herewith, we enclose you herewith, I beg to hand you,. I beg to say, I send you to-day, I have no doubt, bear in mind, I dare say, etc. (et cetera), do you remember, yours truly, how long have you been. 9. It seems to me, it seems to us, it seems impossible, it seems to be, it seems to have been, it seems proi)able, it seems reason- able, it stands to reason, it is said, it can only, it is therefore, it is nevertheless, it is notwithstanding. 10. Will you please state to the court, in your opinion, in your vicinit". your favor received, and have carefully noted contents, and greatly oblige. I think it was, I think it probable, so that you will, when you were there, stockholder. 11. I trust that you may, I know that you will.be pleased, balance sheet, that there is no other, my dear sir, please acknowl- edge receipt and oblitre, from the fact, and ia a, half an hour, in all its iiearings, more than once. 12. Once in a while, in relation to, in the first place, in the second place, tirst rate, first class, the first, for the first time, lor the last time, I beg to inform you, joint stock company. ^/•^•-"ii. #'<.■• .luMi j - a a m 69 13. T'lcaso state whether or not, in some way or otlicr, do you know that the, do you know wliether, to the hest of njy knowl- edge and belief, I don't think so, as I said, as he said, of their own, isn't it truo, I need scarcely say, learned counsel. 11. For the sake of, for a lonj^ time, for the purpose of, for some reason or other, under any circumstances, under any other circumstances, elsewhere, as to their, have you ever seen the, where were you. 15. There is no doubt, Ladies and Gentlemen, mayititlease the Court, General ManaLcer, aiul all that sort of thinjj;, were you ever there, I cannot be sure, beyond you, and yet you say. Gentle- men of the jury, in this instance. 10. I am not positive, have you liad, from first to last, do you mean to say, in spite of, in some respects, step by step, are you ac(]uaintcd with the, I am certain that, iristead of. Dlscpiminatlve Outlines. (153) Words containing the same consonants in tlie same order must be distinguished, especially when the conflicting words are the same part of speech. Theio are three methods of distinguish- ing such words, viz., (1) by variation of consonant outline; (2) by difference of position; (3) by vocalizing one or more of the con- flicting words. The following is a partial list of such words, some of which the student has already learned, bub they are here gathered in convenient form for study; and when these distinctions are made thoroughly familiar, the student will be able to form distinctions for himself when occasion requires. Prepare, Per(2)— Pee— Ray. Appropriate, Per(2)— Pret. Purport, Pee(2)— Pee— Ret. ^ Propose, Per(2)— Pees. Perhaps, Per (2)— Pees. Purpose, Pee(2)— Pees. Portion, Pee(2)— Rayshon. Apportion, Pee(3)— Rayshon. Operation, Pershon(2). Oppression, Pershon(3). Proportion, Per(2)— Peeshon. Appropriation, Per(2)—Pershon. Preparation, Per(2)— Pee— Ray- shon. Proffer, Pref (l)-Ray. Prefer, Pref (2)— Ray. Approver, Pref(3)— Ray. Separate, Spret (2). Support, Spee(2)— Ret. Strife, Stref(l). Starve, Steh— Ref(2). Disease, DeeseR(l). Decease, De(PS(2) — Es. Devise, Def(2) -Zee. Advise, Vees(l). Daughter, Dee(l)— Ter. p:ditor, Dee(2)-Ter. Auditor, Det(l} — Ar. Doubter, Det(3)— Ar. Direction, Dershon(2). Duration, Dershon(3). Adoration, Dee(2)— Rayshcn. Unavoidable, En-Ved(l)— Bel. Inevitable, En-Ved (2)— Bel. Collision, Kelshon (1). Coalition, Kay(l)— Layshon. Collusion, Kay(3)— Layshon, 70 Poor, Pee(3)-Ar. Pure, Pee(3)-Ray. Appeal, Pee(l)— Lay. Compel, Pee(2)— Lay, Comply, Pel(l). Apply, Pel(3). Protect, Pret(2)— Ket. Product, Per(2)— Dee. Protection, Pret(2)— Kayshon. Production, Per(2)— Deeshon. Completion, Pelshon(l). Complexion, Pelshon(2). Application, Pel8hon(3). Compilation Pec(2)— Layshon. Prompt, Per(l)-Met. Permit, Per (2) -Met. Promote, Per(3)— Met. Traitor, Ter(2)— Ter. Trader, Tied (2)— Ar. Breath, Ber(2)— Itli. Birth, Bee(2)— Ray— Ith. Turn, Tee(2)— Ren. Train, Tren(2). Attainable, Ten(2)— Bee. Tenable, Tee(2)— PJn-Bel. Trouble, Ter (2)— Bel. Terrible, Tee(2)— Ray— Bel. Repeat, Ray(l)— Pet. Rapid, Ray(2)— Pet. Repute, Ray(3)— Pet. Diminish, Dee(2)— Men. Admonish, Dee(3)— Men. Alcohol, El(2)-Kay— El. Alkali, El(2)-Kel. Migrate, Em(l)— Gret. Immigrate, (i)Em(l)— Gret. Emigrate, Em(2)— Gret. Mrs., Ems— Es(2). Misses, Emses(l). Eminent, Men(2)— Ent. Imminent, Men(l)— Ent. Accordance, Kred(l). Credence, Ker— Dens (2). Expert, Kays— Pert(2). Export, Kays- -Pee(2)— Ret. Expired, Kays— Pee(2)— Ard. God, Ged <1). Guide, Gay-Dee(2). Good, Ged (2). Greatly, Gret <2)— Lay. Gradually, Gred(3)— Lay. Affect, Ef(3). Fact, Ef(2). Ettect, Ef(2)-Kay. Firm, Fer(l)— Em. Frame, Fer(2)— Em. Farm, Ef(2) -Ar-Em. Form, Fer(l). Finely, Fen(l)— Lay. Finally, Ef(l)-Nel. Valuable, Vel(3)-Bel. Available, V'ee(2)— Lay— Bel. Unsociable, Ins— Ish(2)— Bee. Insatiable, En8(2)— Shay— Bee. Embrace, Em— Bers(2). Embarrass, Enjb(3)— Rays. Renewed, Ray(3)— En— Dee. Ruined, Ray(3)— End. Relevant, Rel(2)— Vent. Irrelevant, Ar(2)— Lay— Vent. Patient, Peeshont(2), Passionate, Peeshon(2)— Tee. Pledge, Pel(2)-Jay. Apology, Pee(2)— Lay— Jay. Person, Pers(2)— En. Parson, Pee(2)— Rays— En. Rational, Rayshon(2)— Lay. Irrational, Ar(2) — Kayshon — Lay. Repression, Ray(2)— Pershon. Reparation, Ray(2)— Pee— Ray- shon. f 71 Latitude, Lot(2)— Tet. Altitude, Let(2)— Tee— Dee. Volition, Vee(l)~Iiayshon. Violation, Vee(2>— liayshon. Evolution, Vee(H)— Lfiyshon. Valuation, Velslion(3). Domonstralion, Dee(2)— Ems- Tershon. Administration, Dees(3)— Tcr- shon. Extricate, Kay.s(2)— Ter-Ket. ICx tract, Ster(;{). Avoid, Ved(l). Evade, Vee{2)— Dee. Cost, Kayst(l). Caused, Kays-Dee(2). Agent, Jay(2)— Net. Gentleman, Cent(2). Veracity, Vee(2)— Rays-Tee. Voracity, Vee(2)— Rays — Tec (voc.) Desolation, Dee8(2)— Layslinn. Dissolution, Dees(2)— Elshon. Placid, Pels(3)— Dee. Pellucid, Pee(2)— Lays -Deo. Abundant, Bend(2). Abandoned, Ben (2)~Den;I. Prosecute, Pers(l)— Ket. Persecute, Pee(2)— Rays— Ket. Promise, Per(l)— Ems. I^remise, Per(2)— Ems. Respective, Rays(2)— Pof. Irrespective, Ars(2)— Pef. Moderate, Emder— Tee(2^. luimoderate, Med(l)— Ret. Resolute, Rays(2)— Let. Irresolute, Ar8(2)— Let. Repel, Rav(2)— Pec-Lay. Reply, Ray(l)-Pel. TTndefined, En— Def(l)— End. Indefinite, End— Ef(2)— Net. Intention, Net(2>— Enshou. Inattention, Eln— Toe(2) En- shon. lAtension, Sten (2). Extenuation, Sten(2)— Ishen. Indication, End(l)— Kayshon. Induction, End(2)— Kayshon. Opposition, Pees— E8hon(l). I'osition, Pees — Eshon(2). Possession, Pees— Eshon(3). Spend, Spend (2). Expend, Kays— Pend(2). Confident, Ef(2)— Dent. Evident, Ved(2). Afternoon, Eftern(2). I'crenouii, Lf(2)Nen. i\Taterial, Emter(2)— Lay. Immaterial, "erl(2>. Immoral, Merl(l). Mortal, McT-t^2). Immortal, Mert(l). Ingenious, En— Jay(2) — p]ns. Ingenuous, En— Jay(2)— lln— Es. Thorough, Ith(2)— Ray. Through, Ther (2). Mistake, Ems— Tee(2). Mistook, Ems— Tee(3). Effort, Fret(?^. Comfort, Ef(2)— Ret. Before, nef(2>. Above, Bee(2)— V^ee. r 72 Special Tepmlnatlons. t (154) The pliability of this system of shorthand is such that many words may often bo written in two or more different ways, cither of which would be quite legible and entirely permissible under the rules. For example the word "Calendar" may be written in either of the following ways: .'rrrl.. TV , The first outline is generally preferred by writers of this system. In all instances where a word may le expressed by more than one outline, the preferable form should be selected, and .'ilways used, as the highest ^need can only be reached when every word in the language beci> es associated with a particular form. With this object in view, the following hints are given to enable the student to select the preferable form for the repre- sentation of certain terminations which it would be allowable to express in more than one way. (155) FER, VER. For the expression of these terminations use the stems Fer and Verfollowing curved stems; usethe F-hook followed by the stem Ray after straight stems; thus, ,^..^ rro, >^.y.i^..y. Loafer, lever, mover, paver, river, discover, driver, behavior, engraver. (156) NER. This termination may be expressed by the stem Ner, or by the N liook followed by the stem Ar or I^iy. The lat- ter method is generally used in writing derivative words; thus. ^•\ ^^ riA.'T'.'^ V Complain, complainer, fine, finer, turn, turner, mine, miner, clean, cleaner, banner, schooner, minor. (i:.7) FP:N. VK\. Tlie F hook followed by the stem En is used for tho oxDiossiori of tlicso tcnninanons when preceded l»y any oLl»erhtr;iij;!it stetii.s thiiii Ray or IJay, in which case the stems Fen and \'en are used. The stems Fen and Yen, of course, are always usi I following curved stems; thus, !W..u..'-. u- v. ^ A. Yl» Driven, toiighen, divine, s[)avin, i)rofane, graven, juvenile, Heaven, eleven. (158) TEL, DEI.. For the exjn-ession of these syllables follow- ini; inclined straijj;ht stems, always use the stems Tel and Del. In other cases shorten the preceding stem and add El or i-ay; thus, >■•■>•/ ^ r 7 l..^. r Bottle, pedal, total, chattel, middle, cattle, fatal, vital, metal, ladk (151)) TEN, DEX. The stem Pen is generally used fur the expression of the latter syllable, while the principle of shorteninjjj the precedinji; stem and adding to it the stem En, is preferred for the expression of the former syllable. The stem Ten, however, must be used when preceded by ^>, h, t, d, or 7/i, in accordance with Section 50. .-^..yl .-]..Q..^.^ ¥ 1 Warden, redden, garden, laden, flatten, fountain, forgotten, mountain, obtain, tighten, mitten. (160) TARY, TORY. These terminations are preferably ex- pressed by shoi'tening the ])receding stem and adding Ray, rather than by the stem Ter. Note the following illustrations: .<^.rv.iv..a.^.^..'r^- Solitary, inventory, tenitory, aun'fory, laboratory, secondary, notary, century, sultry, entry, wintry, sentry. ^ T4 RepoPtlnK lAmt of WoPd-Slvna. (161) The following list of word-signs contains nearly all tho more common words of tho languaRo which reciuire a special siun. Thi'y recur fre(iuently in any kind of literature; th^i forms given to them uro brief and easy, while the full outlines of many of them would 1)0 awkward and cumbersome. Their careful study will furnish an invaluable shorthand discipline, enabling the writer to reach a much greater speed with them than without, and they render notes more legible by furnishin.'j: absolute distinctions between words which would otherwise conllict. Another great value in their study lies in tho ability which it gives the student to form in analogy with them short outlines for nmny similar words. The student should i)ractiHO unremittingly on each outline until it can be made automatically and without the slightest effort at recalling. Abundant-ce-ly, Bend(2). Accept-ed-ation-ance, Spet(3). Accident-al-ly, Iss-Dent(2). Advertise-d-ment, Dee(3). Advance-d, Def(3). Advancement, Dees(3)-Ment. Advise, Vees(l). Affection-ate-ly, Efshon(3). Annual-ly, Nel(3). Appearance, Prens(l). Appliance, Plens(3). Applicant, Plent(3). Application, Pelshon(3). Apprehend-ed, Prend(3). Apprehension-sive, Pren(3). ^pprensible-ity, Pren8(3). Arrive-al, Ref(l), Assist-ed-ance, Es-Steh(2). Astonish-ed-ment, Est(l). Attract-ed, Ter(3). Attractive, Tref^S). Attraction, Tershon{3). Authority-ative, Thret(l). Avocation, Veeshon(3). Affection, Ef8hon(3). Afliiction, Felshon(l). Awfully, Deftoid(l). Beauty-iful, Bet(i:). Behind, Bend(l). Behold, beheld, Beldp. Belonged, Bel(l). Body, Bed(l) [Voc] Brother-hood, Ber(3). Calculate-d-ation, Kel(3). Certain-ly-ty, Iss-Ret(2). Charity-itable, Chert(3). Childhood, Chelt(l). Children, Chel(2). Christian-ity, Kren(l). Circumstance, Stens(3). Circumstantial-ly, Sten(3). Citizen, Stee(l). Clerk, Kler(2). Combine-ation, Ben(l). Conmience-ment, Ens(2). Compliance, Plens(l). Comprehended, Prend(2). Comprehension-si ve, I*ren(2). Comprehensibleity, Prens{2). .. i <•> Consoquently, Skent(l). Con.sc(|uenc(!, Skens(l). Conse(|uentlul-Iy, Sken(l). CoiisiMtency, Ses-Ten(l). Constituent, Stt'h-Tent(l). Construct ed, Ster(2). Construction, Stershon(2), Constructive, Stref(2). Contracted. Ter(2). Contraction, TershonCi). Contractive, Tertive(2). Contradict-ed, DeeUK Contradiction, Deeshon(l). Contradictory, Dee(l)-Ket. Correct-ed-ness, Ker(l). Correction, Kershon(l). Corrective, Kref. Evident-ence-ly, Ved(2). Exact-od-ly-ness. Skpt(n>. Exaggerated, Lss-Jert(?). Examine-ation, bmen(2). Example. Semp(3). Exasperated Ion, Se8-Pee(3). Exceedingly, iHs-Dee(l). Elxcept-ed, Spet(2). Excluded, Skled(2). Exclusion, SkelHhon(2). Excuse-able, Skay8(3). Exist-ed, SesTee(2). Existence, Ses-Ten8(2). Expanded, Spend(3). Expansion si ve, Si)en(3). Expansible, SpenN(3). Expect-ed-ation, Spee(2). Expedient-ce, Spet(l). Expensive, Spen(2). Experience, feprens(2). Experienced, Sprenst(2). Explain-.'.torv-ation, Splen(2). Explicit-ly-ness, Spei8(l). Express-lve, Spersd), Expression, Spershon(l). Excjuisite-ness, Skays(l). Extemporaneous-ly, Stemp(2). Extension-sive, Sten(2). External ly, Ster(l). Exterior, Kayst(2). Extract-ed, Ster(3). Extraction, Stershon(3). Extractive, Stertlve(3). Extravagant-ance, Stref(3). Extreme-ly, Ster(2). Falsiflcatlon, Fels-Eshon(2). Family, Mel(3). Feature, Fet(l). Fiction, Efshond). Formation, Fershon(l). Fortune-ate, Fret (1). Found-ed-ation, Fend(3). Frequently, Frent(l). Frequency, Fren(l). Farnish-ed-iture, Fren(2). Future-ity, Fet(3). Generalize, Jens(2). Generalized, Jenst(2). Generalization, Jens-Eshon(2). Generation, Jay8hon(2). Glory, Gel(2). Governed, Gef(2). Guilty, Glet(l). 7B H Happy r«?e(3). Happiness, l*ens(3). Happiest, Pec3st(3). Hereafter, Reft(2). Hesitate-d-ation, Zet(2) Hopeful-ly-ness, Pef(3). Idle-ness, Del(l). Ignorance, Nerns(i). Ignorant, Nerr.t(l). Imagined ary-ation, Jen(3). Imaginative-ness, Jaytive(3). Immoral-' ty, Merl(I). Imn^ortal-ity, Mert(l), Insecurity, ln-Skret(3). Inscribe, In-Siier(l). Inscription, In-Skershon(l). Inscriptive, In-Skref(I). Instinct ive, Enst(l). Instruct-ed, In-Ster(2). Instruction. In-Stershon(2). Instructive-ness, ln-Stref(2). Intercession, Nets-Eshon(2). Internal, Ter(l). J Jehovah, Jef(2). Junior, Jer(3). Jurisdiction, Jers(2)-Eshon. Justice, Jayst(2). Justification, Jays-Eshou(2). L Large, Jay(3). Larger, Jer(3). Largest, Jayst{3). Length, Ing(3). Lengthen, lngen(3). Lengthened, Ingend(3). Liberty, lier(l). Little, Let(l). Longer, Ingger(3). M Market-ed, Mert(2). Measure, Zher(3). Mental-ly-ity, Ment(2), Mercy-ifiil-lv, Mer(2). Might-v, Met(l). Moral iy-ity, Merl(2). Mortal-iy-ity, Mert(2). Movement, Ment(3), N Near ly, Nerl(l). Next, Enst(2). No less, Nels(2). Objection, Ik'esli()n(2). Objective, Beetive(2). Obligation, Belshon(2), Occurrence, Krens(2). . Ordinary-ily, Ard{l). Organ, CJen(l). Organization, Gens-^]^•hon(l). Orgai\ize, Gens(I). Ornamentation, Hen-Eshon(2). Owner, Ner(3). Paralleled, Prel(2). Patent-e 79 OommeiKjlal and Ppofesslonal Letters. I /S :' if ....\/C/r>-^V^.''./UA /Vu^r^.A \ «^ J ■ .'!.■. .1 - I !i ,Tr--Tnn ^ '% 80 •■^VA'-f '■• r^./.r:^-t. ^. ^. s ^C:^/. ^.c V". \r • # • • X- • • 1^ •- '^ . . . . r . /..... T* . . . •' ''-•' . C. . J* . < . . . . . / . . . O / // r r » ^♦■r m^ .. 4 ,1 81 Key to Commercial and Ppofesslonal Letters. 4 1. Dear Sir: Wo are in receipt of your letter of the 15th Inst., and in reply regret to say, in regard to advertising in your journal, that our appropriation for advertising for the present year is com- pletely exhaustetl by the arrangements Ave have already entered into, so that it will be impossil)le for us to entertain any proposi- tion for advertising of that character. Wc regret very much that this should be the case, but you will readfly see that we could easily spend a great deal more money than we make on these articles by advertising them. In consequence we have been obliged to make a choice of our mediums and then consider the matter completed. Again expressing our regret that such is the CHMC, we remain, Yours truly. \ r a. l">ear Sirs:— We are in receipt of your favor of the 10th inst., and In re|)ly wo nnist say that wc are surprised and disappoinied to receive such a letter from you under the circumstances. You have only just commenced doing business with us and have matle no arrangements whatever with us for special terms, and yut nf t lu* your bills have run about four months, you not only :u e not prepared to pay but you ask us for an indefinite extension. If you hud been dealing with us for a long time and had been pay- ing your bills proinptly, wc would /thin v that you had some grounds for asking for such acconruodation, but this is not the case and we cannot avorably consider your request. If you will remit us on the 25th inst. for the amount of your February bills, $0.5.00, with interest at seven per cent, and will send us a thirty day note for your March bills aKso including interest, we will accept such a settlement. If we do not hear from you on the 2.5th we shall be obliged to take measures to enforce the collection of the whole amount. Trusting it will not be necessary for us to take such a step, which we jshould very much regret being obliged to do, we remain, Yours truly, .^ / J 82 '■*>r- 3. Dear Sir:— Your favor of the 15th inst. is received and liave carefully noted contents. "We have placed your name on o\ir list, and will send you our market report weekly in the hope that you will soon favor us with aa order. We believe that the time has come when large profits can be made in both grain and stocks, and if you intend to invest we tidvise you to do so immediately. We would much prefer lo have definite instructions regarding these deals, but if you wish to leave your investment to our judgment, we will do our best to niako you some money and give you the benefit of our long experience and any information we may receive. We believe that a purchase of wheat at present prices will insure a profit of from ten to twenty cents per bushel within the next fifty days. Hoping you will favor us with a trial order, we are, Respectfully yours. 4. Gentlemen:— Please buy for my account and risk one thou, sand bushels of grain and on each adverse fiuctuation of one-half cent buy as much more as you have already bought. When there is a net profit of ten dollars in my favor for each day t^at I have been in the market, close all my deals and commence over again by buying one thousand bushels of the same at the then market price and act in the same manner as above directed in the first instance. Continue trading in this manner until otherwise advised by me. I enclose herewith fifty dollars to cover margins. Should more than this be requiicd, please advise me by wire immediately, and oblige, Yours truly. 5. My dear sir:— The case of Ferguson versus The Danville Asbestos M ining Company has been fixed for hearing and is likely to be reached by the Court during the next ten days. I send you this information in order that you may have your witnesses in readiness to respond to our call upon telegram. If there is any change in your address or if you are likely to be absent from your present place of residence during the next ten days for any con- siderable length of time, please advise us of that fact so that we may be able to communicate with you promptly by wire. It is impossible at this tin)e to state definitely on what day the case will be tried, as there are six or eight rases ahead of tliis and they may be disposed of rapidly or they uiay take u greater amount of time. Yours truly. I ^ j>. ?/ o c i . i \\ "^1 ■) cj f / 1 .^•" yv - J :-.. ■/■ / y / .it-,