IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET {MT-3) // A A O ,% ^ '4^ ^ '/ 1.0 I.I 11.25 m U ill 1.6 V] .? /i 'S /. o 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de icroreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. n n □ Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur I I Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagee Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurde et/ou pelliculde □ Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque nColouiOd maps/ Cartes g6ographiques en couleur n?n° Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ ere de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) □ Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Plan( iches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Reli^ avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La reli'jre serree peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge int^rieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, those have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutdes lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela dtait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6t6 filmdes. Tl tc L'institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire q'j'il iui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la m^thode normale de filmage sont indiqu^s ci-dessous. I I Coloured pages/ n D D Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagdes Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaurdes et/ou pellicul6es Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages ddcolor^es, tachet^es ou piquees Pages detached/ Pages d^tach^es Tl P« o1 fil O bi th si o1 fil si oi [—"/ Showthrough/ LiLJ Transparence I I Quality of print varies/ Quality in^gale de I'impression includes supplementary material/ Comprend du materiel supplementaire Tl St Tl w M di er b( "1 re m □ Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible u Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 6x6 filmdes A nouveau de facon d obtenir la meilleure image possible. D Additional comments:/ Comn:entaires suppl6mentaires; This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est filmd au taux de riducSon indiqu6 ci-dessous. 10X 14X !tfX 22X 26X 30X v/ 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X tails du idifier une nage The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: National Library of Canada The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. L'exemplaire fSlmd fut reproduit grSce d la gendrositd de: Bibliothdque nationale du Canada Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettet6 de Texemplaire film6, et en conformity avec Ins conditions du contrat de filmage. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimde sont filmds en commenpant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernidre page qtji comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autttis exemplaires originaux sont film^s en commenpant par la premidre page qu comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol —*- (meaning 'CON- TINUED "), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — »> signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmds i des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Stre reproduit en un seul clichd, il est filmd d partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. rrata o jelure, 1 i 3 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 VICTORIA 1837-QuEEisr & Empres s- ie6p THE Qt'IiKN'S JUBILEE AND hmmo -rALLHi) back" 'Mm tKH? i-»-^ J ^4? "■*;!•»( •^ f* ». iv'-^iwUNi. .s\hiLw n/iv<»(i;ii Tin. ^'^^'h:lJ statep fHf$ r^EVISED EDITION V ,*^ """■ '' * ' -* ■■'^'•''J* ■''«*' 0'I'>ViAL KKHIBmON. VITH A Ft !1, telith lUustvattous. .^., W m,,. V,WS .» tHB era- IV ,gj7 AND ,i,^ OM. A MA? OK TOK()NT— »^'- -i* >t u ^i tflf ^ 'V ') ^-^ ■•'.**-•'**'*'».■(*•' «sk V I c 'f o r^ ' A 7 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE AND TORONTO " CALLED BACK " FEOM 1887 TO 1847. ITS WONDERFUL (iROWTH AND PROGRESS, ESPECIALLY AS AN IMPORTING CENTRF ANr. RfaZ-^vS-r'"^^^ ^" ™ MANUFACTURmo InSrIES ' AND RLMINISCLNCKS EXTENDING OVER THE FOUR DECENNIAL PERIODS FROSI 1847 TO 1887 INCLUDING ' THE INTRODUCTION OF THE BONDING SYSTEM THROUGH THE UNITED STATES. • THIS REVISED EDITION CONTAINS THE PROGRESS OF THE CITY FROM 1886 TO 1887 THF OPpvimp A^:, CLOSING OF THE LONDON AND COLONIAL E?Hm,TION WITH A ™ ACCOUNT OF THE CELEBRATION OF THE yUEF^N S JUBilef IN LONDON, TORONTO AND OTHER PLACFS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD. ^^ittt iUttstratious. ALSO A ^-'^^ «^; THJ; I'KOPOSED ESPLANADE WITH BRIDGES, BY KIVAS TULLY. t-Sy., IN 1850, VIEWS OF THE CITY IN 1847 AND 1880, -VND A MAP OF TORONTO. CONYNGHAM CRAWFORD TAYLOR, Of Her Majesty'a Cmtomn. TORONTO: PUBLISHED FOR THE AUTHOR BV WILLIAM BRIGGS. 78 & 80 KING STREET EAST. 1887. * i ■fW—P 4[>. A^tbP,,0,(^. Entered accordinj,' to the Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight liundred and eighty-seven, by Conynqham Crawkord Taylor, in the office of the Minister of Agriculture, at Ottawa. M our Lord one *YLOR, in the I HON. JOHN BEVERLEY ROBINSON, UEUTENANT-GOVERNOB OF ONTARIO. TO jnic gon. Solm gcucvlcvj ^lobluson, LIEUT EN A XTGO VERNOR OF OKTA RIO, (SOS or TUB Latb Hon. 8m Johs Brvkblrv Robissos. Baros«t, Chikk Jiotick ok Uhpkr Canada). WHO, As PttiVATE Citizen, Mayou, Member ok Pahliament, or, as at Present, the Representative of HER MAJESTY, QUEEN VICTORIA, In the Premier Provinck ok the Dominion, has always Exhibited .he Warmkst Interest in all that has tended to Promote the (iROWTH AM) Pr0(;RESS OK ToRONTO, WHETHER IN ARTS. SCIENCES. LlTKIlATt.RE, RELIGION. TRADE. COMMKRCE. OU MANUFACTURES, THESE TAr.ES ARE HfcSPECTFOLLY DEDICATED BY THE AUTHOR. 1^ ■"W^ PRKFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION. ^m In the Chapter of Introduction 1 stated that " nothinir would appear of whicli the writer was not an eye-witness," and that state- ment has been verified. In the present edition it is necessary to explain tliat the eij^hty additional pages contain, cluefly, accounts of the Indian and (-olonial Exhibition and the celebration of the riueen's Jubilee, and I had hoped to have been present in England at eithei* one or tlie other. Circumstances, however, over which 1 had no control, preventee found still more use- ful and interesting. Many of the incidents relate '■ f' ■ ■'■ (.' - : :': ,v -sn Page 74, for Ceorgc Sherwoo.l, leai^ Samuel vSherwood. " 118, for H. C. Dwight, read H. P. Dwight. " 164, for cook's gallery, read cook's galley. " 263, for Morgan Baldwin, read Henry d. Bal.lwin. " 323, for H. B. Chatiin, read H. B. ClafHin. " 387, for deprive, read deprives. .1 i ill A reader should sit dow'i. to a liook, especially of the miscel- laneous kind, as a well-behaved visitor does to a bancjuet. The master of the feast exerts himself to satisfy all his guests, but if, after all his care, there shyttUl be something or other put on the table that does not suit this or that person's taste, they politely pass it over without noticing the circumstance, and commend other dishes, that they may not distress their host or throw any damp on his spirits. — AVw'twi"*. CONTENTS. Paoi Chaptkr or iNTRODPcnoN — Not an Autobiography, nor a Book of Travels, nor a Romance, nor yet a Political Dissertation of Free Trade or Protection, but a Narrative of Facts from Personal Know- ledge and Observation — Early Days — Todd, Bums & Co. and Pini Bros. & Co., Dublin— Incidents from 1841 to 1847— Daniel O'Connell — Something like Fenianism— Father Matthew — Evan- gelical Alliance — Dublin Castle— Lord-Lieutenants — Reviews in Phceni.\ Park — Holiday Excursions — Donnybrook Fair — St. Pat- rick's Cathedral — Emigration — Departure for New York — First Impressions of New York — From New York to Toronto — Arrival. 9-46 1847 TO 1857. First Impressions of Toronto — Shopping — Appearance ot Toronto in 1847 — Gossip — Incidents in 1847 — Richmond Street Wesleyan Church — Rev. James Caughey — A. &, S. Nordheimer — Toronto Post Office — Toronto Gas and Water Works — The Circulating Medium — vStore Pay — Retail Importing — Wholesale Trade in 1847 — Prominent Men in 1847 — Lord Elgin — Toronto Police Force — First vStrike in Toronto — Immigrant Fever — Bathing — (Jreat Fire on King Street in 1848— Establishment of Celebration of Queen's Birthday — First Retail Dry Goods Store on Yonge Street — Selling on the Sterling Cost — Business Houses in Toronto 1847-1850 — IJrominent Men in 1860 — A Tour of Observation— First Retuni Visit to Europe — Windsor Castle and Queen Victoria — Commence- ment of Commercial Travelling in Canada — Public Institutions- Financial AfiFairs in 1850— Toronto in 1850— Bonding System via United States— First Great World's Fair in 1851— Turning the First Sod of the Northern Railway — Mayor Bowes — Lady Elgin- - Tariff in 1850-1851— The Industrial Crystal Palace- The Esplanade — Rossin House — ^Mercantile Agencies — Erastus VViman — Paris in 1855— Passports— Queen Victoria and Prince Albert in Paris — Pro- cession on the Boulevards — The Queen at Versailles — Departure from Paris — Incidents During the Queen's Visit — The Imperial Cent Gardes — Paris Universal Exhibition— The Queen Opening Parlia- I ment — Great Peace Rejoicings in London— Fireworks in Green Park— Great Naval Review at Portsmouth — The Queen's Arrival Fleet -Close of the First Decade 47-144 VIU. Contents. I i |!ii 1837 TO 1867. Financial Crisis in 1857 — Desjardins Canal Accident — Art Treasures Exhibition in Manchester — Queen's Reception in the Building — Royal ^»Iail Cunard Steamer "Persia" — Visit of the Prince of Wales to Canada,'_1860 — Death of Prince Albert — Buying in Europe, its Pleasures and Responsibilities — Fenian Raid, 1866 — Decimnl Currency and American Silver 145-176 : ■' : 1867 TO 1877. Confederation — Paris Universal Exposition, 1867 — Fenianism in Man- chester — Assassination of Thomas D'Arcy McGee, M. P. — TariflFsof England, United States and Canada from 1869 to 1876— Metro- politan Church — Toronto in 1870, 1871 — Return of Rev, Dr. Punshon to England — St. James' Cathedral Clock 177-194 iii; T ' ' , 1877 TO 1886. Protection versus a Revenue Tariff — Exhibition Buildings— Marquis of Lome and H.R.H. the Princess Louise — Farewell Visit of the Vice-regal Party — Arrival of the Marquis of Lansdowne — First Visit to Toronto^The Semi-Centennial Celebration — Captain Joseph Dutton, R.N. — Population of British Cities— Comparative Population of Seven Canadian Cities— Climate of Toronto — Snow "v — The Toboggan — Departure of Toronto Troops for the North- , West — Return of the Toronto Contingent — Arrival at North ,. ■ Toronto — How to see Toronto in 1886 — Toronto the Centre of the Dominion — Population and Assessment Returns — Toronto Street — Population of Toronto at Different Periods — Value of Buildings Erected During the Years 1882-1885 — Commercial Travellers' Association — Toronto Custom House— Civil Service Examinations — Total Imports to Toronto tince 1849 — Coal Imported to Toronto in 1885 — Coal Produced at Nanaimo, B.C. — The Imports of Toronto ' Compared with Cities in the United States — Exports from Toronto in 1885 195-238 1886. Introductory — Ontario Assembly in 1866 — State Dinner at Govern- ment House— Toroato Board of Trade — Banks in Toronto — Public Companies— Assets of Banks in Canada — Toronto Gas Works — Toronto Water Works— Meat Markets and Horses of Toronto — Toronto a Manufacturing City — Toronto Manufactures — Percent- age of Growth of Manufactures in 50 Yuars — J. & J. 7 lylor, Toronto Safe Works— Taylor Bros.— Brown Bros. & Co. — l^lph Contents. IX. 1886-(7oH<<««t'(/. Paob. i 45-176 177-194 Smith & Co. — Heating of Buildings in Toronto E. k C. (Jurney Co. (Limited)— The (Jrand "Tiunii" House of the Dominion— H. K. Chirke & Co. -The Queen's Hotel 239-259 Toronto's Natural Advantages- A City of ("hurehes — Ministers Since 1847— The Salvation Temple and Army An Educational Centre — (Jreat North-Western Telegraph Co 2(50-268 Toronto a Musical City — F. H. Torrington — C^hamher Music— .Jenny Lind— Mrs. John Beverley Kohinson and Mi's. J. (J. IJeard — The Musical Festival — V^ocal Society-- Choral Society — Philharmonic Society - St. Michael's and St Basil's— The Manufacture of Pianos in Toronto — Heintzman & Co. Mason & Risch -Octavius New- comlie & Co. Lansdowne Piano ("o ". . 271-294 Benevolent Institutions —The Lakeside Home— Tonmto a Literary (^ity —Tile (.7o/>(' and J/ru7 -The Worhl and .Veir.s The Krinimj Tch.- iiratn -The ChriHliau (hinidiaii and Methodist Hook and Publish- ing House The Free Library King Street in ISSti — Messrs. K. Walker & S(ms— W. A. Murr'iy - Messrs. I". Eaton & Co — <>reat Increase in Imports— The .Arcade — Summer Resorts - Queen's Park — P>xhibition Park — Lome Park — Canadian Pacific Railway— Dotninion Day, 1886 — . Toronto Zoological ( Jardens 320-336 The Indian and Colonial Exhibition — Opening Ceremonie8---Interna- tional Exhibitions — Rebellion of 1837 — loronto's Loyalty — The Princess X'ictoria — Queen Victoria's Accession — The Coronation — The Queen's Crown — The Coronation Chair — Regalia — The Coro- nation Medal — The Queen and Her Family — -The Heir Apparent — The Royal Household— Civ'il List — The Queen's Dominions 337-369 195-238 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. ' The Queen's Jubilee— India — Fifty Years' Progress— Jnbilea Exhibi- tions, Manchester, Liverpool, Saltaire and Newcastle— Opening of the People's Palace London -- Various Countries — Canada — Tonmto— Dominion Day, Jubilee Celebrations -Toronto in 18S7 — Wyld, (irasett & Darling -Rossin House — St. Alban's C'athedral — Importers— Manufacturers— Exhibition of Manufactures 370-409 Sherbourne Street Methodist Church— Proposed Drives Round the City Trans- Pacific Steamers — New Buildings in Toronto — Precious Metals in the World— New Lieutenant (lovernor — Statistics of Toronto— Steamers, a Comparison — British and Canadian Rail- ways—Remarkable Features in the Jubilee Procession — The Chil- dren's fttf in Hyde Park— Jubilee Choral Concert 409-420 m LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Paok 4 8 47 79 89 102 Victoria, Queen tiiul Kiiipress FroiUixpieo- Hon John Beverley Robinson, Ex- Lieut. (Jovenior of Ontario Map of Toronto View of Toronto, C.W., in 1847 Knox Church in 1848 Windsor Castle Crystal Palace St. James' Cathedral ^^^ Toronto Esplanade • Place de la Concorde, Paris |'f [ Noti-e Dame Cathedral, Paris Former Post Office (Present Office of Heceiver-(;eneral) . . (Jovernment House and St. Andrew's Church Metropolitan Church Exhibition Building The Marquis of Lansdowne Rossin House Knox College Normal School .... Toronto Custom House View of Toronto, 1886 Osgoode Hall The Queen's Hotel St. Andrew's Church, King Street West "•iO'i The Salvation Army Temple University of Toronto Canadian Institute, Kichmontl Street West F. I i . Torrington, Esi] The Lakeside Home . . 130 143 158 187 197 20*2 221 222 225 231 239 240 259 The Globe Building The Mail Building The Tdtijram liuilding . . . Rev. Egerton Ryerson, U. D Toronto Post Offi 265 267 269 277 296 301 302 :t04 307 317 John Mac.lonald & C^o.'s Warehouse ^"^^ Yonge Street Arcaten- ;c of ears, inard uldle- pted) ; 1(1 the joitch , ,f the Allan readth , from "log" } gales, vith an nificent which as one er from peaks, it for a roaring oaming, , awfnl pleasant re — four procure ; assadors oets and nting all IS of the ocean stepiners; also of people of all nationalities, English, Irish, fScotch, American, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Turks, Spaniards, Russians, and Japanese ; of the hardships ot the steerage as well as the luxury of the saloon; all of which might make a readable volume. In the hands of the distinguished novelist, Wilkie Collins, whom I have heard read from his own works in this city, the facts with which I could furnish him might be woven into a romance equal in interest to the " Woman in White." The inimitable Dickens, whom 1 have also heard and by whose tombstone — which, amongst the numberless monuments in the Poets' Corner, Westminster Abbey, in memory of the great poets, e.ssayists, novelists and dramatists in past centuries, is most remarkable for its plainness, and without any epitaph but " Dickens " — I afterwards stood, could have produced out of the materials a book (juite as true to life as " Martin Chuzzlewit." Or the lamented Hugh Conway might have given to the world another volume quite as popular as " Called Back ;" but simple facts and " a plain, unvarnished tale " are all that are offered in these pages. A residence for several years in Lancashire, with a; oppor- tunity of seeing the working of the principle of Free Trade ; afterwards six years travelling through the United States, and sending large orders to be shipped from England to the prin- cipal cities, from Baltimore to St. Louis, in the face of a tariff which averaged 60 per cent., and watching the growth of the manufacturing industries during that time ; and, in addition to all this, the experience of an importer to Toronto, with a tariff gradually increasing from 124 per cent, to 25 per cent., ought to furnish some valuable information. But in writing on the growth and progress of Toronto, it is hest to allow every person to draw his own conclusions as to whether our city has been benefited by the multiplication of manufacturing establishments, as well as to the question of how far she is indebted to the present policy for their success. To go over the ground taken by those who so ably and IT" 1 19 Toronto " Called Back. beautifully described the progress of Toronto in its civic and political phases during the ' SEMI-CENTENNIAL " . from 18.S4 to 1884, would be (juite superfluous. The programme of the celebration itself forms a splendid reco/d of the events which transpired during that period. The grand tableaux in the daily processions, illustrating the progress of the city, from the rude and uncivilized to the high state of refinement at the present time, were most striking and impressive. If, however, the growth and progress of Toronto as an im- porting centre has been given, the writer has never seen it, and yet, in this respect, there are distinct marks of contrast between the present and the past which are not only striking but marvellous. Perhaps, with the exception of London and Chicago, no other city in the world has made such rapid strides in the march of progress, and this it will be my endeavor to show to the best of my ability. Early Days. " I have observed, that a reader seldom peruses a book with pleasure till he knows whether the writer of it be a black or a fair man." — Addisov. My uncle. Dr. Conyngham Crawford, having refused to accept a commis.sion in the British Army offered by the Marquis of Conyngham, on account of religious scruplfjs on the part of his parents, adopted the medical profession, and came to the United States, where he became a celebrated physician and lecturer in one of the medical colleges in Philadelphia. Having no pros- pect of a family, he expres.sed the wish that my parents should call me after him, partly from a wish to perpetuate the name in our branch of the family, and with the intention of leaving me his property should I survive him. When school days came I was, at his request, educated with a view of qualifying for the same profession. Having mastered the course of classics required for the examination at Apothe- ing fich( 1 '1 Chapter of Introduction. «3 pros- ^ihould name saving d with itered pothe- ■i caries' Hall, Dublin, which was necessary as preparatory for the studies for the degree of Medical Doctor, I was about to enter for examination, when, in my thirteenth year, news came of my uncle's death. The letters from the executors contained a copy of his will, in which all his property, real and personal, was left to me. Glad to find that I should not be compelled to continue the study of medicine, which I never fancied, I decided to enter into a mercantile life, and tlirough the introduction of a per- sonal and intimate friend of Mr. Todd's, soon entered the cele- brated hou.se of Todd, Burns & Co., the youngest lad who had ever entered on a salary. As I may describe another of these .«plendid establishments, for which Dublin has since become so famous, I shall only give a general idea of this house, so well known to all travellers from America. • I" ; When I entered there, in 1840, it was the largest house in Great Britain ; the house of Shoolbred & Co., of Tottenham- Court Road, London, being its only equal as to the number of employees, while inferior in amount of trade done. Including fifty well-educated lads from Scotland, there were 400 living on the premises, and for comfort of domestic arrange- ments, strict system, and thorough discipline, the house could not be excelled in the world at the time. There being an opinion in America that apprentices to the dry goods trade in the Old Country are badly paid, I shall just state the terms on which these boys were engaged and kept for ■five years. In addition to first-c1 „ss board, with comfortable bed-rooms, use of reading-rooms and magnificent library, each boy was paid £5 the first year, and £5 advance the succeeding four years, when they were at liberty to remain or leave for a better situation. «■> The oversight of their moral and commercial training was particularly attended to, and a schoolmaster kept in the house for their general education. This was attended to every even- ing in a splendid school-room devoted to the purpose, with every school requisite. H Toronto " Called Back'* Todd. Burns & Co. The house of Todd, Burns «Sc Co. is situated at the corner of Mary and Jervis Streets, and within sight of Nelson's Pillar in Sackville Street and the General Post Office at the corner. Along this street any fine day might be seen a long line of carriages, representing the wealth, beauty and fashion of the city, only surpassed by the brilliant display of equipages on the occasion of a levee, drawing-room, or ball at the Castle. A walk to the Post Office, at the corner of Sackville and Mary Streets, at nine o'clock any night, artbrded a most enjoyable sight, especially in summer when it was clear daylight. Nine Royal Mail coaches stood in the Post Office yard to receive the mails, each with coachman and guard in scarlet and gold. A gun- smith was always in attendance to examine the cavalry pistols and blunderbus of each guard to see they were in perfect order, and while the clock was striking the hour the thorough- breds, four-in-hand, prancing and rearing, emerged from the yard into Sackville Street, while the guards vied with each other in their performances on their key bugles. In Sackville Street the horses were let go to do their ton miles an hour, a^ beautiful sight to behold, . While a large wholesale trade was done, the chief feature of the establishment was the extensive retail branch, conducted strictly on the departmental system, each department man- aged by a buyer. The system of introducing customers to the different depart- ments was managed by Messrs. Todd and Burns personally, assisted by a large staff of superintendents, the principals giving special attention to the humbler classes, while the more aristocratic were looked after by the superintendents. ]" The domestic arrangements for the accommodation of .so many young men were very complete, and the diet excellent ; whether the moral tone was improved or not by the use of beer, a barrel of that beverage was made to disappear every day. The house of Todd, Burns & Co. still maintains its high rank amongst the great establishments of Britain. Chapter of hitrodtiction. 15 I left on account of greater inducements to assist in the establishment of the house of ducted man- \ '^i Pirn Bros. & Oo. This firm, composed of three brothers, Jonathan, William, and Thomas, a leading family of the Society of Friends, had been in an exclusively wholesale business in William Street up to the year 1841. At this time an old military barracks in South Great St. George's Street, oft" Dame Street, and in the vicinity of Stephens' Green, Merrion Square, and other fashionable localities, was guarded bj'' sentries, when Messrs. Pim Bros. — thinking an estab- lishment on the south side of the Liftey, similar to that of Todd Burns & Co. on the north, would be equally successful — con- ceived the idea of buying the property, which was about to be abandoned by the Government. They were not long in putting their ideas into practice. Having turned the premises into a warehouse, thf. ^ set about to engage competent young men to conduct the business, and as even a year's experience in the house of Todd, Burns & Co. was a great recommendation, I had only to make application to get an engagement; and in this way twenty-five were engaged, the writer being the youngest. With this stafi^, from which the buyers and managers were selected, we commenced to lay the foundation of what in seven years became the model house of Great Britain, and has con- tinued to grow ever since, till at the present time it has attained to the same position there that the house o? A. T. Stewart h Co. occupied for .so many years in America. The principle on which this great house was founded was to throw the whole responsibility on the heads of the departments, the firm not interfering in any way except to supply unlimited capital, and allow the results of each stock-taking to show the merits or demerits of the manajiers. WHien fully organized there were twenty-two regular depart- ments, the business of each being kept as distinct as if in different buildings, and as this was the first house in which this system was discovered and applied, a brief description of its i6 Torofito *' Called Back.'' workinj];s may be interesting and useful to some who have not yet adopted it. The difficulty always had been, that where a salesman went from one department to another he got the credit of the sale, while the department in which the goods were sold had nothing to show for it. This defect still existed in Todd, Burns & Co. and the large London houses. To cure this defect, a system of furnishing to each depart- ment bill-heads, with the name of department printed at top, was introduced. To each of these bill-heads a cheque at the bottom was attached with name of department to correspond. When a sale was made, no matter to what department the salesman belonged, these cheques were filed in the cashier's desk during the day, and the next morning a lot of boys set to work, with large sheets prepared for the purpose, entering every amount to credit of each of these twenty-two depart- ments ; thus showing daily, weekly, monthly, and at stock- taking — semi-annually — an exact return of each department's business, and of each salesman's work during that period. Of course, the goods had been previously charged to each depart- ment in the counting-house. To complete this system, when one salesman went through a number of departments, w^hich was sometimes allowed, as in the case of a friend, bill-heads were provided, with " general " cheques, on which the amount sold in each department was distinctly stated, the entry boys being careful to separate these amounts and distribute them under their proper headings; and further, ^ach department had a locked till for coppers, of which one man had the sole charge, and who, every day, emptied the contents into linen bags, all stamped with name of department and credited to each accordingly. As no bill was given for less than sixpence, and the giving a bill over that amount was compulsory, change was got at the desk, and the amount of sale dropped into these tills, so that the returns were exact. It was the duty of each manager — or, in his absence, of the second in charge — every morning, to examine the bill-heads, Chapter of Introduction. 17 Hi \ 1 of the 1-heads, after distribution by the porters, to see that they did not get mixed in being taken from the lockers. As the buying is at the foundation of every mercantile busi- ness, buying the best goods from the best houses was the great object, and proved to be an extraordinary success in this liouse. As the wholesale and retail branches were under the same buyer's management, his responsibility was so much the greater; and when a buyer decided to visit his particular market he had no one to consult, having a carte hlanclte to go when he thought proper, and buy just what he considered right. Buyers were supposed to spend a guinea a day while on their trip, with the price of a pint of wine extra, wiiich was invari- ably charged at all the commercial hotels, whether they used it or not. It being the prerogative of the president at the dinner- table to order for each guest, it would be entirely infra dig. for any house to attempt to violate so time-honored a custom, even when the principals happened, as in our case, to be the very leading " Friends " in the country. The cu.stom still pre- vails in all commercial rooms at hotels in England. These commercial dinners are always supposed to be enjoyed after the business of the day is over, and if goods were opened that appeared to have had less than the usual care in selection, or were a little inferior in value to the buyer's usual purchases, it was a sort of standing joke that Mr. So-and-so had bought such a lot of goods " after dinner." The inducements held out to buyers by interested manufac- turers required a firm resolution to refuse all sorts of presents which were offered, and which, if accepted, placed him under an obligation, greater or less, to purchase. The writer has had most liberal offers, sometimes so far as to pay all his expenses visiting celebrated castles in Warwickshire, etc., all of which he felt it his duty most positively to decline. The system of "shopping" as practised in America was posi- tively unknown to us, • , The rule was that no customer should be allowed to leave the house without being served. This boro heavily on young lads just leaving home, having the fear of dismissal before their i8 Toronto " Called Back.'' Ii ill I ^;i i I I i ii eyes ; and yet it was almost invariably enforced, the only excep- tion being by reference to a superintendent. It was assumed that, as there was no restriction imposed on the buyers, they were supposed to be constantly supplied with every line of goods in their department, and every line com- plete in widths, shades, prices and variety, and in this particular alone was there ever a question put to the buyers. . - If a salesman was asked why he had not sold any particular article and he said it was not in stock, while this was no excuse for him, as he was expected to sell something else, the buyer was generally asked why he had not the article in stock ; and, having full scope to order or personally select at all times, no excuse was accepted, but it was looked upon simply as to that extent neglectful on his part. As to the control of his assistants, it might be said to be almost absolute. The orders were, if they did not suit in every respect not to continue their services. For years the writer felt this a delicate position to be placed in, as all his assistants were older than himself ; and it being the custom to redv the number at the dull season — and the heads were expected to name the one or two that must go — he had the satisfaction of nevct iiaving one in his department discharged during six years, always managing to have them changed to another department. To explain the absence of the shopping sj'stem it is necessary to state that, the rules of these houses being known, no person appeared to enter the house except with the intention of buying. The ladies of the higher classes came with their lists all prepared, and were shown from department to department till all was selected ; so, through all classes, there was no time for banter- ing, as there was no idea of anything but a fixed price. So, with this throng of customers from morning till night, the business moved like a piece of machinery or clockwork. No person was allowed to remain in the business who violated any rule, and no allowance was made for even the slightest delin- quency, the system of fines being the slightest punishment for such delinquency — after these, dismissal. Chapter of Introduction. 19 excep- )secl on id with e com- •ticular •ticular excuse buyer c ; and, mes, no to that 1 to be suit in ars the J all his stom to is were had the chai'ged nged to 3cessary ) person buying. repared, all was banter- ce. So, ht, the rk. No ted any 5t delin- nent for The rule of serving every customer being enforced led to wonderful expedients to accomplish the object. ' Frequently ladies declining to buy an article aii the counter, yet purchasing the exact duplicate when brought fi-om the wholesale department, salesmen have often been heard to boast that they could sell black for white, which they often did. No person was allowed to stand idle for a moment, and no " buz- zing " or " clubbing " was allowed. Every head of a depart- ment was expected to see every man constantly employed. The writer's wholesale department upstairs occupied a position from which a view of over one hundred young men could be obtained at any time, and this was a favorite spot of the governor's, where he could observe all without been seen. In chatting he would sometimes say, " Who is that young man counting the flies on the ceiling ? " if the young man happened to show an indolent manner. > j ., ' ,: . ,; The number of salesmen was so great, and the changes so frequent, the heads of the firm scarcely knew even their names, except those of the managers. The system of daily business was strictly regular, commenc- ing exactly at 8 o'clock, and ending at 7 in summer and G in winter. During these hours a continuous line of carriages might be seen extending nearly half the length of the street, a watchman in livery always in attendance outside to take messages and parcels. >. v For six years the house was never without workmen con- stantly employed in carrying out extensions and improvements, as number after number on the street was added, and continued to go on during all my subsequent visits to the city up till a comparatively recent period ; and only a few days ago I heard the enlargement was still ffoinof on. The average sales in the retail department alone, all for cash, were £1,000 sterling per day in 1847. In addition to the inside business of the house were the manu- facturing departments: the celebrated poplirs employed several hundred hands; the grey calicos, at Greenmount Spinning Works, owned by the firm, and the manufacture of upholstery. I 20 Toronto '* Called Back.'' i Ij! It- ^\^^^. trimmings, and paper and leather branches employed several hundreds more ; and such was the enterprise of the firm that a time of depression was unknown. Even during the potato famine, in 1846, there was no falling off in the business, although this might have been expected in some of the departments, such as jewellery and silks, yet the sales showed no diminution. ROUTINE OF DAILY BUSINESS. The first bell I'ang at 7.30, when the junior hands and porters went down to sweep and dust — the former inside the counters, the latter outside. At 8 o'clock the second bell i-ang for all others to be iii their departments. At the same time a porter stood at the main entrance, watching the clock opposite, over the main stairway, and preci.sely to the minute the doors were opened, when a large number of customers, who waited for the time to arrive, would be admitted. The arrangements for meals were posted up in the library every Monday morning, showing a division into three classes, which changed alternately every week, giving all an equal privilege as to time. At 8.30 the firsu bell for breakfast was the signal for the first class, at 9 for the second, and at 9.30 for the third, no one being allowed to leave his place till his reliever returned. Dinner and tea were arranged on the same principle. : r The weather was the only thing that aflTected our daily busi- ness, the complaint of hard times or falling off in trade being quite foreign to us. The short hours of business, especially on the long summer days — part of the time being clear daylight till 10 o'clock — gave us ail a fine opportunity for enjoyment and recreation. Those who preferred to remain at home had the advan- tage of a magnificent library, which, although established by a monthly contribution from each young man (which was com- pulsory), had become the property of the firm. This, with the news room, containing all the leading magazines, periodicals, and latest newspapers, was an inestimable boon, and highly appreciated by the lovers of literature. At II o'clock precisely the door was locked ; and so strict i ,.;•» Chapter of Introduction. 21 several that a potato though bments, nution. porters )unters, for all I porter te, over rs were for the mts for lorning, ornately for the lird, no ^turned. ly busi- e being summer '. — gave ad van - I by a as com- irith the iodicals, highly (Ml strict was the rule, I have seen the porter refuse to turn back the key in the lock to admit a late-comer, the transgressor of the rule being obliged to seek lodgings elsewhere, with the certainty of a reproof in the morning, and, if repeated, of dismissal. At 11.80 a superintendent went round every room with a dark lantern to see that every one was in his proper bed, and all lights put out. Every morning the house doctor went round the rooms, and if any were sick, or shamming, a sick diet was immediately prescribed ; and on Sundays, if any remained in their rooms, whether to catry on a flirtation with the good-looking chamber- maids or from a fit of laziness, the same sick diet was prescribed. The cooking arrangements were perfect. Twenty legs of mutton could be roasted at one time, while the stewing, steam- ing, and boiling in the same range all went on at the same time ; one hundred loaves of Manders' celebrated bread were cut by a machine daily. ' - = • "f The domestic arrangements of the house generally would well repay a visit from travellers. The magnificent plate-gla.ss front of the house, comprising from 74 to 88 in consecutive numbers in the street, was on a fine day lined with carriages, while this line sometimes ex- tended beyond. We select one out of many of the equipages for description. Look at this *. - v./ /V.f . '■■--; \Vv- ■- EQUIPAGE . , ,,. and its appointments. Mark the exquisite balance of that claret-bodied chariot upon its springs ; the fine sway of the sumptuous hammer-cloth in which the smiling coachman sits buried to the middle ; the exact fit of the saddles sitting into the curve of the horses' backs, so as not to break to the most careless eye the fine lines which exhibit action and grace. See, when they stand together, alert, fiery, yet obedient to the weight of a silken thread; and as the coachman sees you .studying his turnout, observe the perceptible feel of the reins, and the just visible motion of his lips, conveying to the quick ear of his horses the premonitory, and to us inaudible, sound, while, with- 22 Toronto " Called Back.'' out drawing a hair-breadth upon the traces, they paw their fine hoofs and expand their nostrils impatiently. Come nearer, and observe not a speck or a raised hair on those glossy coats. Observe the nice lit of the dead black harness, the modest crest upon the panel, the delicate picking out of white upon the panels, and if you would venture upon a freedom of manners, look in through the window of rose-tinted glass and see the luxurious cushions, and the costly and splendid adap- tation of the interior. One of the twin-mated footmen waits upon my lady as she completes her purchases, and as she, with a charming smile, .says good-bye to the salesman — who had recognized a carriage customer before she had spoken ten words, was certain of it as soon as she took off her glove, and had enjoyed a Ute-a-t4te for which a Prince Royal might sigh and an ambassador might negotiate in vain — hands the parcel to the footman, who with silver-headed stick attends her ladyship to the door. The twin footman flies to the carriage door, the small foot presses on the carpeted step, the airy vehicle yields lightly and recovers from the slight weight of the descending form, the coachman inclines his ear for the half -suppressed order from the footman, and off whirls the admirable structure as if horses, footmen, and chariot were but the parts of some com- plicated centaur — some swift-moving monster upon legs and wheels. Mr. Thomas Pirn combined business with pleasure. He owned a yacht, and was the only member of the Bristol Yacht Club who was not by birth a nobleman. In the winter the skipper was appointed to work in the warehouse. Mr. Pim always kept a saddle-horse in the city, and had daily rides in the Phcienix Park. His residence was Monkstown Castle, near Kingstown. In 1846, the potato crop having failed, we never saw one for six months. This increased the consumption of bread in the house to an enormous extent. The bakers* attempt to raise the price of bread was checked by Mr. Pim's threat to open large public bakeries, and sell at a Chapter of Introduction. 23 small profit, adding, tliat if the people would not buy his bread he would put a slice of bacon in every loaf. As an instance of the generosity of this firm, Mr. John West, for many years head superintendent, having taken a trip to America, speculated largely in lands near (Jhicago. After spending a few years in Paris as agent for their celebrated poplins, for whicli thirteen prize medals have been obtained, he determined to return to America and settle on his property. Before leaving he was invited to a supper given by the firm, when on turning up his plate he found a cheque for XI, 000 sterling placed there as a parting gift. And this firm,' with its princely revenues, army of assistants, thousands of dependents, its several branch establishments and numerous agents, all working Avith a clockwork regularity in- comprehensible to the muddling proceedings of Ordnance, Horse Guards, Admiralty, Woods and Forests and Public Works, is a model of the firms which organize the labor of the staple trade of Great Britain. Neither are the principals money- grabbing drudges. They can afford time, as we have seen, for healthful recreation ; neither do au}'^ of their dependents appear to be overworked. Such is the establishment of which the writer had the honor of beinsr one of the founders. INCIDENTS FROM 1841 TO 1847. Daniel O'Oonnell. No name will remain more prominently on the pages of Irish history than that of Daniel O'Connell. His persuasive oratory, his brilliant wit, and laughter-provoking humor, attracted great crowds to listen to his speeches in Conciliation Hall. While his persevering efforts in the House of Commons were the best proof of his patriotism, it may be, that had he confined his am- bition to the attainment of a " Home Rule " for Ireland, he might have succeeded at the time in seeing his object accom- ■,-fr 24 Toron/o " Ca//ec^ Backr 11 M""^ plished. In 1843 he confidently stated that the j^reat repeal year had arrived, the repeal of the union being avowedly the object he had in vi^w. As history appear^: to be repeating itself in Ireland, when a Lord Mayor refused to i\oist the city flag on the occasion of the visit of the Prince of Wales in 1885, and, while I write, the new Lord Mayor is said, in a despatch from Dublin, to join in a movement to erect a monument to the three Fcninns who were executed in Manchester for the murder of Policeman Brett, one . is reminded that, nearly forty years ago, the celebrated Daniel O'Co lell, having been elected Lord Mayor amidst scenes of terror and riot, was said to have displayed his feelings by having the statue of King William III. in College Green painted bronze with as much green as possible. This celebrated equestrian statue, said to be the finest in Europe, had a short time before been overturned by an explosion of gunpowder, and, after its re-erection, was painted orange and blue — the Trinity College students, close by, taking great pains on the 12th of July to add decorations of ribbons and flowers of the same color. The agitation for the repeal of the union was prosecuted with systematic vigor by its advocates. The city was divided into districts, and house-to-house visitation carried on by the collectors of the " repeal rent," and as some of the contributors showed considerable ignorance of the nature of the object, they sometimes innocently stated their belief that the repeal would be over next week " for sure," and the knowing one.i, to help the joke, would tell them it was coming over from England " in three ships." The climax of the excitement on this question was reached by Mr. O'Connell issuing a proclamation calling a mass-meeting to be held upon the Strand of Clontarf, a suburb of the city, near the Hill of Howth. All went well for the cause until the aftei-noon of the day before the meeting. In the meantime the guards on the Bank of Ireland, the Castle, and all the barracks, were doubled, and orders issued for supplies of rations for the men and provender for the horses as in the time of siege. '•td'i Chapter of Introduction. 25 isecuted divided by the ibutors ,, they [1 would to help ,nd " in uestion lling a suburb for the Ind, the Ued for jrses as O'CouDell prouii.sed that lialf a iiiillion of men would meet next day to show the British Government their strength, but not being an advocate of " physical force," like Smith O'Brien and the Young Ireland party, he warned them against any display beyond that of numbers. However, the Government, regarding these meetings as an attempt at intimidation, deter- mined to stop the proceedings, and a counter proclamation was issued that afternoon forbiddin*; the meeting. This led to O'Conncll's advising its postponement ame die. Nevertheless, the Government, to effectually prevent any further demonstra- tion, marched the troops through the city the next day. Fully 15,000 of all arms marched with fixed bayonets and drawn swords, while artillery and cavalry, with nets of hay attached to the saildles and every arrangement for battle, made the streets echo with their warlike tread. In the midst of this scene appeared Tom Steele, the " head pacificator," waving a green branch under the immediate direction of O'Connell himself, driving through the dense masses of people and advising them to retire peaceably to their homes. The subsequent arrest and conviction of O'Connell, after a long trial in the four courts, on a charge of high treason, is a matter of history. The punishment was reduced to six months' imprisonment in Richmond Bridewell, and here on any Sunday during that time might be seen thousands of people all round the grounds, eager to catch a glimpse of his jolly face through the bars. Provisions, delicacies of all kinds, and a variety of presents, with every manifestation of sympathy, were given him to the fullest extent. At the expiration of the time he made his triumphal proces- sion through the city, seated on a large car drawn by four horses, with a white-bearded Irish harpist and some of his most intimate friends around him. The procession, which was about six miles in length, halted at the Bank of Ireland, where the last Irish Parliament had met, and round after round of cheers were given, after which they passed on through the city. By this step on the part of the Government peace was ; secured, but from that time O'Connell's sovereignty ceased to 3 t f ■■! !f 26 [if ;li(t I I Toronto " Called Back^ exist. He had led tlie peasantry in sight of the promised land, but failed to enter. The hot-headed Young Ireland party supplanted him, and a farcical rebellion followed under Smith O'Brien. The abortive O'Connell agitation resulted in nothing more than the uprising at Balgarry. The Liberator was essentially a man of peace, opposed to secret societies and everything resembling physical force. "''"■' ■■' -i-'-' '■ After a lapse of many years a statue has been erected to his memory, at the foot of Sackville Street. A monument repre- senting one of the round towers of Ireland stands close to the vault in which the body (except the heart, which was left in Rome, where he died,) is deposited. The writer, a few years ago, visited the beautiful cemetery of Crlasnevin and entered the vault. The coffin was covered with fresh flowers gathered close by, the cemetery being a perfect flower garden. The Botanical Gardens, almost adjoining, are only excelled by Kew Gardens, in London, and contain every specimen in botany, from the lily of the valley to the cedars of Lebanon. Something Like Fenianism. The establishment of Pim Bros. & Co. was so situated that it ran back to the wall of the Lower Castle yard. From our bed- room windows we could see the guard of 'cavalry parade, and had a view of the Chapel Royal connecting with the Castle it«elf. Whether it was the favorable position which the house occupied for an attack on the Castle, or not, a plot was dis- covered in which a large number of the young men were im- plicated. The police, having had private information, prepared for a descent on the establishment. A large number of us usually went down to the Pigeon House Fort on Dublin Bay, as here there was deep water for p swim, and one morning, having gone as usual about o o'clock, on our return we found the police had been through the bed- rooms, expecting to find their prey. In their trunks papers iHi ■ Chapter of Introduction. 27 be seen :e of the sh char- lemen in the out- aged, the road to certainly nts were a niiscel- 1 part of nd Punch skeletons, , uiounte- dv-ffurdy X din that id pipers, whiskey it on fun, one show through and the law as a it. As a is squares Gardens uty of its to make To lovers of first-class music, especially cathedral and choral, Dublin is unsurpassed in all that can delight the ear. To be privileged to hear the choir of Trinity College Chapel at early matins, then the Chapel Royal choir at ten o'clock, from which, if we choose, to go to Christ Church at twelve, and St. Patrick's at three, would be to enjoy the very greatest treat in this class of mu.sic. Trinity College Chapel on a Sunday morning is a moving sight. Five hundred young men in college gowns, thronging the chapel from end to end — the very fiower of British youth, in manly beauty, in strength, in race, in courage, in mind — all kneeling side by side, bound together in a common bond of union by the grand historic associations of that noble place; all minfiliny: their voices toirether with the trebles (all well-trained boys) of the choir and the thunder music of the organ. This is a spectacle not often equalled, and to take a .share in it a privilege not to be forgotten. In the beautiful orrounds of Trinity College the writer was accustomed to take his morning walk, frequently meeting the celebrated Archbi.shop Whately, with whom it was a favorite resort. St. Patrick's Cathedral. , The choral music of St. Patrick's Cathedral is almost unrivalled in its combined powers of voice, organ and scientific skill. The majestic harmony of effect thus produced is not a little deepened by the character of the church itself, which with its dark rich fretwork, knightly helmets and banners, and old monumental ertigies, seems all filled and overshadowed by the spirit of valorous antiquity. Mrs. Hemans, who after residing in Dublin for several years, died there, and was buried in St. Anne's Churchyard, speaks of the exquisite music of St. Patricks, the eft'ect of which is such as once heard can never be forgotten. 'If earthly music can ever be satisfying it must be such as this, bringing home to our bosoms the solemn beauty of the Liturgy, with all its endeared i 36 Toronto " Called BackT associations, in tones that make the heart swell with ecstacy and the eyes often flow with unbidden tears." There was one anthem frequently heard within these walls which Mrs. Henians u.sed to speak of with peculiar enthusiasm — that from the 3rd Psalm, " Lord, how are they increased that trouble me!" The consummate skill exhibited in the adapta- tion of .sound to sense in the noble composition is, in truth, most admirable. The .symphony in the fifth verse — "I laid me down and slept," — with its soft, dreamy vibrations, gentle as the hovering of an angel's wing, the utter abarK^on, the melting away into slumber implied by the half-whispered words that come breathing as f lom a world of spirits, almost "steep" the senses in forgetfulness, when a sudden outbreak, as it were, of light and life bursts forth with the glad announce- ment — " I awaked, for the Lord sustained me "— ^and then the old sombre arches ring with an almo.st overpowering peal of triumph, bearing to heaven's gate in the exalting chorus which follows. The leading singers in the cathedrals were David Weyman, Vicar-Choral of St. Patrick's; Dr. John Smith, composer to the Chapel Royal, and R W. Beatty, Professor of Music to Christ Church, with the celebrated Robinson Brothers leading tenor and bass. Dr. Smith, although a very corpulent man, was said to be the only true counter-tenor singer of the day, taking the highest notes with his natural voice as pure as the warbling of a bird. The first named three gentlemen were eminent composers, whose works appear in every complete Church Psalmody. Emigration. Who should emigrate ? This is a question much more easily asked than answered. The best answer appears to be, " those who are obliged to do so." If this be so, and America has been peopled with those who have come from every countiy in Europe, how does it happen that there is on every hand such an accumulation of wealth ? w in t 1 dre Iov( mei I ^^ hou '^i com of Am find Chapter of hitroductmi. 37 w alls easily " those who lappen ealth ? Was all this acquired by people rvho came here, not from choice, but of necessity ? If so, the possession and use of brain and muscle niust have stood in good stead in the absence of other capital. And yet the rule is that few, if any, do leave the Old Country from choice ; and none who are really doing well at home should emigrate with the expectation of doing better, no matter what their occupation or profession may be. But those who are not doing well, who find it difficult, with an increasing family, to keep up appearances, and find it neces- sary to make a change, may safely emigrate with a fair pros- pect of improving their condition. If these pages should meet the eye of any young man wishing to know about Canada, and Toronto in particular, he may be able to form a pretty correct opinion of the chances of success from the facts stated. No doubt that in proportion to the population the failures in business in America are more numerous than in Great Britain, especially if the figures of mercantile agencies can be relied on. But if a city can grow in wealth and prosperity like Toronto, in a comparatively short time, as no city in the Old Country (London always excepted) is doing, it is clear that some vnist become rick where on the whole so much has been accumu- lated. There are exceptions to the rule as to emigration. Some do leave heme who are well to do, but have some ulterior object in the future as to the settlement of their families. The hope of doing better for one's self in a new country, the dreams of youth, and correspondence with friends, with the love of novelty and, perhaps, adventure, influence many young men. Having gained an excellent position by remaining in the house from its establishment, while about 2,000 young men had come and gone, and being one of the two who alone remained of the original founders, when we had decided to leave for America the heads of the[^firm" were incredulous at first, but finding our decision was made, the leading partner used all his 38 Toronto " Called Back!' % lOiJ:.! persuasion to induce us to remain, telling us we would " cry salt tears" when we found ourselves in America. But all to no purpose, we had determined to find out for our- selves what AiiKu-ica was like. In the meantime addresses of regret and good wishes were prepared and signed by hundreds of our companions in the business, and arrangements made for a presentation supper at considerable expense. The writer, having conscientious objections to these festive occasions, which generall}' ended in over-indulgence, with much regret at offending his friends, declined the intended honor, and all his subsequent experience has confirmed his opinion that he acted rightly in his decision. A volume could be written on this subject. Having heard all the celebrated temperance lecturers in England and America, including Mr. John B. Gousfh and Hon. Neal Dow, also Cardinal Manning, Sir Wilfred Lawson, Wm. Lloyd Garrison, Dr. Rees, and a host of others, I can say, I never heard a statement of the evil effects of intemperance exaggerated, but have seen instances as terrible as any they have related in actual life. Where are the 2,000 young men with whom I associated in one house alone ? The history of many I know, but cannot enter more fully into the subject. When the question of temperance is growing to be of such intense interest in Canada and in Toronto, and the future merchants, manufacturers, and bankers of the city are to take part in the movement, the writer, who can safely say he has come into actual contact with more busi- ness young men in Great Britain and America than any other man in Toronto, gives it as his deliberate opinion, that nothing short of total abstinence is a safeguard against evil conse- quences, whether travelling or at home. The reception of various addresses from societies and friends, in a quiet way, wound up my connection with the beau- tiful city, which I have never missed an opportunity of visiting, when time has permitted, on my business journeys to Britain. 1 " cry or our- is were in the supper festive li much honor, opinion eard all Lmerica, w, also rarrison, neard a ted, but ated in iated in ot enter ,_ perance I and in > jankers ,er, who re busi- y other ;( nothing conse- t'riends, 5 beau- ■f. nity of ;- ourneys 'i 1 Chapter of Ttitrodiiction. 39 Departure for New York. " " Isle of Beauty, fare thee well." On the 17th of March, 1847, our party of five, and a man- servant who accompanied one of our friends, sailed from Liver- pool in the ship S/irrldan, Captain Cornish, of the " Draumtic" Line — the other three being called respectively the Garrick, liosc'us, and Siddons. Not being pressed for time, we had decided to come, by a sailint; vessel, and as far as the writer is concerned it was the first and last experience in that line. When time becomes money it does not pay to roll on the deep froin side to side, in the most beautiful weather, in a dead calm for days together. The voyage was devoid of interest and very unlike any of my after passages in steamers. The cabin passengers were few, and those of the steerage had a hard time. Th« Captain, being a harsh man, thought nothing of kicking them should they trespass on the after part of the deck, where they would sometimes lie down to get away from the surroundings of the forecastle. On the other hand, we who liked a change would fain get out on the bow, or the jib-boom, and watch the figure-head of the gallant ship, as she alternately rose high on the crest of a wave and then plunged into the deep abyss. Our first adventure in this way taught us a lesson. Standing on the forecastle we scanned the horizon for the sight of a sail, when quietly a ring was made with chalk around our feet, and out of this we were expected not to move till we had " paid our footing," and of course we could not refuse the jolly tars their usuai douceur. Had we been in a hurry the passage would have been a terrible tax on our patience. Now terrific storms, with thunder's roll and lightning's flash — and so vivid was the lightning, that from pitch darkness the sea, as far as the eye could reach, was sudd^ly lit up so as to appear like an ocean of flame. Again '!;?J| m i i 40 Toronto *' Called Back!^ Hi ill J i:li followed a dead calm, with a ground-swell so heavy that in the roll the niainyards would dip in the water ; the rolling so violent that standing was impossible, and many a fearful pitch took place. When sea-sickness had done its work amongst the steerage passengers, the natural passion for a tight soon showed itself amongst our Hibernian friends. The Munster and Coimaught men soon got up a good old- fashioned faction tight, perhaps to illustrate the beauties of " Home Rule " on the " rolling deep." So at it they went, hammer, tongs, and shillelahs, pitching each other down the hatchways, head over heels. Matters having become serious, the sailors thought it time to spoil the sport. Handspikes, from " heaving " the capstan were heaved to some purpose, and the Irishmen soon beat a retreat. The most remarkable incident of the voyage was having spoken a vessel one hundred days out from Ireland, short of provisions, which were libe* v supplied from our ship. And so twenty-six dayj ed, and the land appearing in sight we soon arrived in Nev/ York. ! ill m \^\-.M First Impressions of New York. "Hail! Columbia." Our youthful dreams of this city represented it raetapliori- cally as having its streets lined with oranr e trees and paved with gold, but this illusion was .soon dispelled. From Liverpool docks — tive miles in length and having twenty miles of dockage, with massive gates set in everlasting granite — to the wooden wharves of New York, must strike the eye of every one arriving there as a wonderful contrast. On reaching the dock over piles of merchandise and emigrants' baggage, we found ourselves in a sea of mud. One of our party, on taking " soundings," reported a depth of twelve inches in the middle of the street. On our way to the hotel we were struck with the melancholy appearance of the private streets, — long lines of houses, having Chapter of IntrodHction. 4« green outside shutters all closed, without the appearance of a flower-p. )t, or the face of a chambermaid airing curtains or looking out, presented a striking contrast to scenes so familiar just left behind, when wall flowers and crocuses were blooming, and whe.e windows were opened every morning all the year round. It being now the middle of April, we expected spring weather, and feeling hearty after the sea voyage, enjoyed the fresh air. Our astonishment on reaching a hotel was very great to find the guests crowded round a stove, nearly red hot, all very grave, ruminant, expectorant and whittling. Our appearance soon attracted attention, and remarks were made as to the freshness of our complexion (a compl-ment we could not truthfully return), and we were informed thp o they "guessed " (the first time we had heard the word so r^pplied) we would not be long in the country before we shoulu lose all that high color. Not at 11 anxious to adopt the sallow shade, we were by no means lucou raged, and having made necessary arrange- ments, and feeling uncomfortable with the sickening heat, rushed out of doors to get relief ; and never for the week we remained in the city did we venture again near one of those health-destroying inventions. The stoves of the present time are entirely different, and in every way adapted to the climate. We soon found that to see Broadway, including A. T. Stewart's marble store and Barnum's Museum, was to see New York. A. T. Stewart's was very fine in marble, and the in.side arrangements were very superior, but the system of doing business did not appear to us as perfect as that we had just left. We were struck with the signs of "Dry Goods Store," "Flour and Feed," " Help Wanted," etc., none of which we had seen before, and had to enquire what they meant. We found that "helps" meant servants, and as there were no masters, the term " boss," which we have never yet known the meaning of, was used to distinguish what in the Old Country is known by the other familiar term. -^ — On enquiring as to the police, none of that class appearing ■jpprsf" 42 Toronto " Called Back.'' to us on the streets, we were told they might be known by the wearing of a small metal badge fastened to the collar of the coat, with the stars and stripes and " E inlnrihns unum " in- scribed upon it, and further, that no man in the country could be found to wear a uniform. This accounted for the entire absence of anything in the shape of livory on the coachmen. To wear a livery button or cockade would be derogatory to the dignity 01 men who were all equal. The ladies on the streets were invisible as to tlieir faces, each having a green woollen barege veil tightly drawn over the face. The appearance of Astor House illuminated, on the night of our arrival, as seen from the Park opposite, was very fine. This was effected by a candle being placed in every pane of glass in the whole building, and the name " Taylor ' in gas over the principal entrance. This we found was in celebration of one of General Taylor's victories in Mexico. The experience of our first morning at the hotel did not alter the unfavorable impression of the previous day. According to our usual custom, our boots were left outside our doors, pretty well coated with mud, and on taking them in found them just in the same condition. In reply to our enquiries why they were not cleaned, we were told, if we required that labor performed we must make a special contract with a person that they would send ; the arrangement was made accordingly. The cheery voice of the English chambermaid, as she knocked at the door and called " hot water, sir," with boots which might serve as c iiirror, by the application of " Day and Martin's " blacking, were all sadly missed. Breakfast was announced by the ringing of a bell, when we found what was to us a novel bill of fare. The selections by the guests were chiefly in the shape of mush, buckwheat cakes, pickles and green tea, while we were satisfied with old-fashioned ham-and-eggs and coffee. The solemnity of the proceedings was quite remarkable ; so far we had not seen the shadow^ of a smile on any one's countenance. Having got through we found all the other guests had long since disappeared, and then, with- Chapter of Introduction. 43 y the .£ the ," in- could in the iovy to }s, each le face. \orht of •y fine, pane ot in gas 'bration lot alter outside thein in nquiries Ired that |a person rdingiy. knocked ih might artin's " [when we fetions by jsat cakes, lashioned )ceedings Idow of a |we found len, with- out giving offence, we gave full vent to our feelings by hearty bursts of laughter, and the mutual exclamation, " And this is America ! " How different from all our expectations ! On Sunday we observed in the churches notices that gentle- men were " not to spit in the pews," and the clergymen during the service made free use of the " cuspadores." But " tempora mutant \ir nos et iniitamur in Hits. We have lived to see the millionaires and aristocrats of New York vie with the " creme de la creme " of London society, and the Central Park equipages, including crests and mottoes, with livery of every hue, rivalling Rotten Row and the carriage drives in Hyde Park ; while a four-in-hand coaching club copies the style, as far as the roads will admit, of the Brighton Club of noblemen in London. Touching crests and mottoes, a story is told of the celebrated Lundy Foot, manufacturer of the snuffs known all over the world as " Irish Blackguard " and other remarkable brands, known only to the writer by enjoying many a good sneeze in passing the mill near Essex Bridge. When Mr. Foot first got a carriage, he adopted as a motto beneath the family crest, the Latin words, '• Quid rides?" — why do you laugh ? On his first appearance, the Dublin street boys, (juick to catch a new idea and enjoy a joke, taking the words in their English orthography, set up the cheer, " Quid rides ! Quid rides ! " The upper ten of new York, no doubt, are more careful in the selection of their mottoes. To see New York to-day is to see an almost entirely new city. Some of the old buildings, as the Astor House and City Hall, remain, but the magnificent warehouses on Broadway and adjacents streets are unsurpassed in the world, and nearly all have been built since that time. A. T. Stewart's fine store was latterly turned into a whole- sale warehouse, and the magnificent new marble block, bounded by 10th and 11th Streets and Broadway and the Bowery, a perfect palace, was opened as the great retail house of America, and altogether the finest in the world. 44 Toronto '' Called Back!' The hotels, for magnificence, are of world-wide fame, while Central Park, Brooklyn Bridge, the great reservoirs at 42nd and 150th Streets, the Grand Central Depot, all so often de- scribed, are now striking objects of interest. The splendid private residences, of 5th Avenue especially, are magnificent in style and finish. iiliii Prom New York to Toronto. By night steamer on the Hudson River the travelling was very fine and comfortable. The steamer Isaac Newton, then called a floating palace, landed us at Albany. The New York Central to Rochester and Buffalo was then taken. The rails consisted of a plain plate of iron fastened to the sleepers with iron spikes. We were informed, that for one of these plates to start at one end and obtrude itself into the car, to the danger of life and limb, was a matter of common occurrence. We escaped this danger and arrived safely at Rochester, where, for the first time, we noticed frame houses and plank sidewalks, with both of which we soon became familiar. Arriving, via Buffalo, at the Falls, — the station at Buffalo con- sisting of the open firmament above and the street below, — we took up our abode at the American Hotel, from which we were to make our first visit to Canada. •. . The ice was coming down from Lake Erie in great masses, and the only means of crossing was a small ferry-boat, which took passengers across to the landing below the Clifton House. On enquiry wc found that this boat had not crossed for several days, and it was quite uncertain when any attempt would be made. The ice became more and more massed, forming the usual bridge. Having waited for several days the ice at length began to move, when the ferryman asking us if we would risk the cross- ing, we consented. The ice at this time was floating in large packs; so off we started, with two oarsmen, and with one foot on the ice and one in the boat thoy pushed the boat by main force through. To have been carried a hundred yards below the Chapter of Introduction. 45 landing would have sealed our doom, but having worked our way through we placed our feet for the first time on Canadian soil. Having executed this dangerous navigation we soon tasted the pleasures of land travelling. The stage for St. Catharines was soon ready, and we shortly found ourselves " at sea " on dry land. Having driven a long distance on what we thought was a field or common, there being no sign of hedge or fence visible, we enquired when we should reach a road. With a smile of self-complacency and a look of pity for our freshness or ver- dancy, the driver informed us we had been on the main road all the time. It so happened that the year before, being the year of the memorable potato famine in Ireland, the Govern- ment had spent immense sums in making and repairing roadS) to give employment to the people, the consequence of which was the greatest perfection in road-making ; and without exaggera- tion, the worst road you could find was infinitely better than any we saw for years afterwards, not excepting the city macad- amized streets. We soon found, however, that to mention this to our driver only subjected us to his contempt. Our driver appeared to think " the lines " had fallen to him in pleasant places, and was quite satisfied with the state of things; while the wtter, years after, on handling "the lines" (as Americans say for reins) over mud, slush, old planks and corduroy, found it incumbent to drive from his memory the smooth roads, hawthorn hedges, and the beauties of highly cultivated landscapes left behind, and think only of farms without rent, and the real necessaries of life enjoyed so abun- dantly, in this land whore the inhabitants po.ssess truly a " goodly heritage." ST, cathahines was reached at length, and here we rested for the night, and the next afternoon started with four good horses in the Mail Stage for Hamilton. To attempt a description of this journey as it appeared to us at the time would only result in failure. filfl; 'fm M. l l lillj Hl l m i lWIHIH 46 Toronto " Called BackT With both hands we grasped the seat to save our heads from bumping against the top of the conveyance, and many times when we got into a deep i-ut we had to use rails from the fence to pry the wheels out. And so at 2 o'clock on Sunday morning, ccered with mud and thoroughly exhausted, we reached Weekes' Hotel, the clerk at the time being Mr. Riley, so long and well known afterwards in Toronto in connection with the firm of Riley k, May, of the Revere House. Having been regular church-goers, we were in our places in the red brick Wesleyan Church on John Street, at 11 o'clock, and soon found we were on British soil and amongst our own countrymen under the same Queen and flag. Here we soon found friends, and myself relatives, the first day, and with the natural longing for old faniiliar faces when far away from home, we walked ten miles to Copetown to see a family with whom we had been acquainted in Dublin, and were amply repaid for our visit. Again taking the regular Mail Stage, we arrived in Toronto, after a tedious ride, and put up at Mac- donald's Hotel, King Street, then the best in the city. from times a the inday :1, we Riley, ection Lces in 'clock, r own e soon ith the ' from y with amply ige, we t Mac- ^!^!i{ fl^' X u o z O TORONTO FROM 184T TO 185T. First Impressions of Toronto. Our first view from the door of Macdonald's Hotel, which stood on the site of the present Romain buildings, did not give us a favorable impression of the town. From near Bay Street to the corner of York was an immense vacant space filled with rubbish, and at the back a dirty lane with a few of what we for the first time heard of by the name of " shanties." Walking eastward as far as the Market, and, returning to Yonge Street, proceeding as far north as Queen, we found we had, so far as business was concerned, seen Toronto, with the exception of a few wholesale warehouses to the south of King. Having never seen a view of Toronto, except one which appeared a short time before in the London Illustrated Neivn, our expectations were not of a vei-y sanguine character, — that view representing the " City " of Toronto something like what a view of Oakville might bj at the present time. Why it .should be called a city was something we could not quite understand, as even towns in Canada lately honored with that appellation are far superior in architecture to what Toronto was at that time, — such cities as Guelph, Brantford and London having kept pace with the improvements which have taken place in the intervening years. Everything appeared fiat, dull, uninteresting, and e.specially unfini.shed. Not a single point of attractiveness could we dis- cover in or about the place, although we were quite taken with the people. H ■p 48 Toronto ''Called Back'' The contrast between the city we had left and Toronto was most depref-' ng, and grew more marked as we viewed the outskirts. Having letters from friends we soon found a cordial welcome to several homes, which went a great way to reconcile us to the place. On enquiry we found, rather to our surprise, that there were two churches having organs, something we had not expected to find : one was in the old Cathedral and the other in the Richmond Street Wesley an Church. On being introduced to Rev. Messrs. Cooney and Harvard by letters, the former took us with pride to see the new church on Richmond Street. It then stood on an almost vacant lot, there being no building between it and Bay Street. On entering he pointed with a good deal of satisfaction to the tine organ, which stood behind the pulpit at the time. We attended divine service on the following Sunday, when Mr. Cooney preached, and were much interested. The musical portion of the service was very pleasing and effective. A well- known alderman of the city at the present time was leader of the tenors, and the writer has a distinct recollection of his flexible voice as he glided from tenor to counter-tenor, and occasionally appeared imperceptibly to run into a falsetto, which added much to the harmony and contributed very greatly to the general effect. We were equally pleased in the old Cathedral. The beauti- fully composed and impressively delivered sermons of the Rev. Mr. Grassett were such as should never be forgotten, while the music was of a very high order. During the week we had an opportunity of visiting some of the retail stores, the principal of which were Betley & Kay's, corner of King and Yonge Streets ; Walker and Hutchinson's, P. Patterson's, and Walter McFarlane's. My friend and companion of seven years, dropping into Betley & Kay's, was immediately offered a situation, which he accepted, much to my surprise, as we had not decided to remain in Toronto at the time; rnd here my loneliness com- menced. Frot)i iS^j to fS§j. 49 My destination was Brockville, where I intended to go, hav- ing a letter from my grand-uncle (and his uncle) to the Hon. George Crawford, who was to advise me as to my future movements. The unwillingness to part witii my friend, and the unsolicited oflFer of a situation, also on King Street, with the desire to have a rest after so much travelling, led to my acceptance of the ofier, and so we entered on our new career. To compare the business of King Street in 188G with what it was in 1847 could give no conception of the difference which it may be imagined we found after leaving the business already described. The prospect of its being only temporary alone made it at all endurable, while it gave time to arrange plans for the future and get some knowledge of the mode of doing business before deciding where to choose as a future field of operation. The want of system in showing goods, the bantering about price, and the lack of customers, made it tiresome beyond description. Here we first became acquainted with the hal)it of " SHOPPING," either for amusement or for comparison of prices before pur- chasing. The custom was almost universal to go from Yonge Street to the Market before deciding on what or where to buy. The common expression was : " We will look around, and return if not better suited elsewhere," At the same time the anxiety to press sales was painfully apparent, the offer of a reduction in price being the principal inducement held out. This of course led to exaggeration, and often misrepresenta- tion, and was altogether demoralizing to both seller and buyer The few houses named were, I believe, exceptional in thi respect, and were the first to introduce the " one price " system. In consideration of my previous experience, the principal of the business in which I had made a temporary engagement immediately took charge of a customer where any deviation from the marked price was asked, well knowing that on no account would I condescend to such a practice. rmm 50 Toronto ''Called Back:' The arguments of friends to induce us to settle in Toronto were drawn more from the absence of the rudeness and incon- venience *hat existed before we were born, or the wonderful future that lay before the city, than from any especially attractive features the present afforded. Amusements or entertainments there were scarcely any. There was the old Mechanics' Institute, where the pres<»nt Police Cotni now stands — then a dirty lane, — where a subscriber could read books or papers. This, and the auction room of William Wakefield, who, by his genial humor and English physi- ognomy, did all in his power to entertain his customers, were about the only places of resort of an evening. And so summer came on, and recollections of botanical and private gardens, parks, squares, delightful suburbs, music, lectures, literary entertainments, all crowded on one's memory to make the contrast painful. Subtirbs there were none, except Yorkville, then an embryo village with a few scattered hou.ses, the best being the residence of Mr. Bloor, which still remains. As no resident of Toronto went there except on business, the journey was not often under- taken. Toronto basiness men lived either over their stores, or on some street south of Queen. Our first tour of exploration in the outskirts was along Carl- ton Street from Yonge, then a clay road without houses or side- walks. Having got as far as the present Ilomewood Avenue, we found a small gate-house, and on entering the wicket dis- covered a natural pathway through a thick pine grove. Pro- ceeding north we reached the house now occupied by Homer Dixon, Esq., and finding further progress that way, or egress, impossible, retraced our steps. Our next adventure was along Bloor Street east to the present cemetery fence, and thence backwards again ; and these for a time constituted our only recreation grounds, except thd College Avenue. In taking a morning or an afternoon walk, thv;re was the absence of many pleasing objects so familiar in former every- lati tlm bus Stre( of theii Th finch, the abour Ap repea what presei From iS^j to iSj"]. 5' (lay life. Tlie " wee erimsoii-tippit " Howers that covered the pasture fields like a carpet ; the banks of primroses, buttercups and violets, abounding by every roadside ; the double line of hawthorns whose blossoms perfumed the air with their delicious fragrance, and the honeysuckle and wall-tlowers in every lane ; the meadows, thick with May flowers, all were missed during this first summer in Toronto. For the hedgerows we found the unsightly snake fence, and for the evergreens of holly, laurel, and ivy, the everlasting, monotonous pines, good for use but not very ornamental. The study of this class of "flora" no doubt might be inter- esting to those who studied the subject from a utilitarian point of view, and the smaller species migh> have been discovered by an adventurous descent down the ravine to where the river Don flowed in its native beauty ; and some ferns and beautiful wild flowers might have been discovered, very interesting to students in botany ; but to the casual observer these beautiful objects were at that time conspicuous by their absence. Along Church Street, any summer's afternoon, especially in a swamp at the south-east corner of the present beautiful Normal School grounds, could be heard the music of a frogs' concert, accompanied at a short distance with the tintinabu- lation of the bells on the necks of the cows which roamed through the browny-green pastures and amongst the thick bush which prevailed east of Church and north of Queen Streets. These souads were further augmented by the cackling of flocks of geese, which, in their amphibious character, had their choice of both native elements. The song of the lark, the thrush, the blackbird, and gold- finch, so familiar before, was no more heard ; the buzz of the bumblebee, and the whirr of the numerous insects that abounded in the bush, being the only substitute. Apart from its political history, which has been given so repeatedly, Tox'onto possessed no points of interest beyond what any town on the shore of Lake Ontario posses.ses at the present time, except that she had made a step in advance and outgrown them in population and trade. ' — ^^^^^L 1 52 Toronto " Called Back.'' The younjif friends witli whcjiii we became acquainted, and whose ideas were circumscribed by the visible horizon, would not admit of the superiority of any other place in any respect. If you spoke of London, Dublin, or New York as great places, you were immediately met with the question, " Was not Toronto also a city ? " And the statement that she had one street forty miles long extinguished all your arguments and left them masters of the situation. When it is borne in mind that at that time Toronto, as far as intercourse with the outer world was concerned, was far more isolated than is Regina to-day, it will be admitted that these young people had a pretty good conceit of tli.e place.) A correspondence was soon opened with friends in Great Britain with a view to importing goods, either to Toronto or Montreal, and at the same time I had an opportunity of writing to my uncle's executors in Philadelphia, as to the property already referred to. The reply was to the effect that the cHmate of Mississippi was bad, and if I went there I could not find an honest lawyer in the State. The American war coming on prevented further efforts for several years. Under these cir- cumstances I allowed the matter to rest until I visited that city, when no trace of the executors could be found, and only at the Centennial, in 1876, did I discover my uncle's tomb in " Macpelah " Cemetery, where a handsome marble monument is erected to his memory. It may be that, like the Lawrence- Townley estate, the property may turn out to be of fabulous value. Toronto in 1847. To give an idea of the general appearance of Toronto at this time, it may assist the imagination to conceive of all its present attractions being removed, and all the improvements that have taken place still unanticipated. To do this it will be necessary, commencing with the Island, to remove every building there at present, leaving the light- house, Privat's Hotel, which then stood near the present gap, and two or three fishermen's huts at the West Point. From 184J to iSjj. 55 Crossing the Bay, the whole Esplanade must be taken away, leaving two or three wharfs with a ragged edge of stagnant water between. The whole of the railway tracks, with all buildings and stations, must next disappear. (voniing north, all the block, stone and wood pavements; all the street railway tracks ; all telegraph poles and wires, except a single line to Hamilton and Montreal ; all the gas lamps except about a hundred ; all the water hydrants except about twelve ; all that are called " modern conveniences," which are now considered indispensable in every house ; the suburbs of Brockton, Parkdale, Seaton Village, Riverside, Leslieville; all the streets north of Queen and west of John — leaving some scattered houses outside these limits — except Yonge and Cimrch Streets. As it is supposed there are at present 30,000 houses in the city and suburbs, you must imagine 26,500 of these taken away, leaving 3,500 as composing the entire city at that time. From these 3,500 you may deduct 2,500 of frame and rough- cast houses, leaving 1,000 of a better class; from which again, if you take 500 two-storey red brick, you have 500 which com- prised all the best buildings, including churches, banks and private residences, the best of the latter being those at present on Bay Street, and a few detached mansions scattered over the city. To complete the picture must be added the absence of every shade tree — except those on College Avenue — which now adorns and beautifies the city ; every flower-bed and conservatory, and in stores all plate-glass windows. In addition to all this you have to conceive of 90,000 of the population being left out, and some idea may be formed of Toronto in 1847. At this time only four of the present churches were in existence : the Richmond Street Wesleyan, Power Street Roman Catholic, St. George's Episcopalian, and Little Trinity. The others that were then built have either been burned down, or removed to give place to present structures, amongst which are ni ■•'IJB*'-' i.-.^.^pST- ^^?ss!^!ssBssam 54 Toronto '' Called Back ^ the St. James' Cathedral, which has taken the pUxce of the old one burned in 1849, and Knox Church, on the site of the old one burned in 1847. Not one of the banks or large insurance baildings ; none of the wholesale houses as they now appear ; none of the benevo- lent institutions, then existed ; and none of the public schools or collefi;es except Upper Canada College. Front Street occupied the same relative position to the Bay as the Esplanade does at present. There were no buildings on the south side except the Custom House, and only a few scattered along on the north side, leaving the view of the Bay uninterrupted. There was a skating-rink near where the Custom House how stands. Going westward from Yonge Street, on the north side of Front, where the warehouse of Messrs. McMaster, Darling & Co. now stands, was the residence of Judge Macauley; next that of Judge Jones; further west the residence of Mr. Joseph Rogers, and at the corner of Bay Street was the Baldwin mansion. Where the Queen's Hotel now stands Capt. Thomas Dick had four dwellings ; the.se afterwards were used as Knox College, and subsequently were turned into a hotel kept )iy Mr. Swoi'ds, Holland House, in the rear, on Wellington Street, lately the residence of ex-Mayor Manning, and at present the Reform Club, and which was built in 1832 by Hon. Henry John Boulton, and from its peculiar style of architecture sometimes called " The Castle," was occupied by Mr. Boulton at this time. At York Street corner, a picturesque cottage was the resi- dence of Capt. Strachan, son of the Bishop of Toronto, whose palace adjoined with the entrance on Front Street, This building is now a boarding-house. Turning up Simcoe to corner of Wellington you saw the Hagerman mansion, and returning eastward on Wellington, the little white house lately occupied by Mr. Mercer, standing by itself at the corner of Bay. When Toronto was first settled most of the buildings were From 1847 to iS§j. 55 erected at the upper end of the Bay, towards the river Don, and it was generally supposed that the east end would become the principal part of the city. As the buildings were extended, liowever, they began to creep westward and northward. The town in its young days was much scattered, the roads were bad, and communication between distant portions of the town, at least in certain sea.sons of the year, was difficult, in con- sequence, houses of business were started at each extremity, which, in .some cases, realized to their owners hand.some profits. As the town increased the footpaths were improved, business became more concentrated, and at this time was almost con- fined to the space between York Street and the Market, and it was doubtful whether, if the best store was removed to either extremity, it would do a paying busine.ss. The nece.ssary consequence of this state of things was that the value of pro- perty and rents within the limits mentioned had risen enor- mously. In the absence of street railways the few travellers who had occasion to reach the .steamboats in summer (in winter the .stages called for passengers at their houses) were limited for accommodation to a few old-fa.shioned one-horse cabs, owned by well-known drivers, and the number of horses and vehicles of all kinds was so small as to make it an easy matter for any inquisitive person to know the owner of every particular turn- out in the town. The only city omnibus at this time was one that ran to Yorkville every hour, and a ride in this was not very exhilar- ating at certain seasons, especially when t^ <^ frost was breaking up. The jolting was terrific, but as few ( none of the Toronto people lived in Yorkville, there was not much travel up or down. An hourly omnibus started from the Market to Parliament Street, but it did not pay and was .soon discontinued. The question of meat being an important one, it may be stated, from actual experience, that after repeated endeavors to masticate the beefsteaks, my young friend and myself came to the conclusion that, having heard that oxen wert employed in ~r^.ap"* 56 Toronto ''Called Back.'' h the country for ploughing and other purposes, the Toronto market was supplied with beef from their carcases after their usefulness as living animals had departed. The supply of vegetables was excellent. Gossip. The extent to which regard for local boundaries, customs, and every-day chit-chat is sometimes carried, can only be realized in a small town. At home, in this nook, all life is lived under minute inspec- tion of neighbors, and perhaps the unavoidable supervision of parson and squire. The fierce light that beats upon the throne is not clearer than that which exhibits the young man "sowing his wild oats." He sins under a microscope, and the professional gossip finds rich material for the next social or tea-party by placing him under the instrument for the general entertainment of the company, and so the engagement of lovers is discussed as earnestly as if each person were personally or directly interested in the result of every matrimonial arrangement. In 1847 Toronto had not outgrown the habits which charac- terize the country town. The gossip which prevails where every person knows all about the business and social life of his neighbors, was still noticeable, and the absence of all foreign news, oftener than once a fortnight, gave a local character to the general topics of conversation. Every birth, marriage and death furnished material for dis- cussion in every family circle, and very much as it is on board ship, out at sea, the most trivial matters were invested with exaggerated importance. On Sundays, generally, three carriages could be seen at St. James' Cathedral, and as a good deal of rivalry existed between the owners of two out of three, in the style of the appoint- ments, the coachmen's livery, and horses and harness, their appearance on driving fi'om church was a standing topic at almost every dinner-table ; the dresses of the ladies coming in for a full share of the criticism, of course of a good-natured character. From 184J to i8^y. 57 The arrival of the English mail, once a fortnight, created a pleasing diversion for a time from the monotony of daily life. The news telegraphed from New York ahead of the mails was given in a condensed form, in printed " extras," which were issued by the newspaper people; there being no second edition of papers as at present. Incidents. Amongst the incidents of the summer of 1847 a strange one occurred, which afforded matter for town-talk for some time, although at the present time it would probably be confined to the daily police reports. A gentlemanly-looking person was observed for several even- ings to promenade a portion of King Street — between Yonge and Church — fashionably dressed, and when nearly opposite the present Globe office, stand near a lamp post and read what appeared to be letters, then, using a white handkerchief, make signals of a mysterious character, and repeat the same time after time and evening after evening. At length a plan was laid to discover the identity of the individual by a number of young men approaching in a body. Apparently afraid of detection the "gentleman" took to his heels, making for the darkness which prevailed beyond Simcoe Street, where the gas lamps ended. A policeman joining in the chase an arrest was made, and the prisoner taken to the police station to account for "his" conduct. On being brought to the light, and the hat, which was -i handsome silk one, removed, behold a maiden stood " revealed in all her charms," which was clearly seen by lier long flowing tresses falling over her shoulders. On being brought before the magistrate the next day, wear- in^ the same clothing, she was discharged with a reprimand, but the motive which led to such an extraordinary adventure was never fully explained. During the summer a young minister, to whom the writer was introduced, was engaged to be married, and asked me to be his best man on the occasion, to which I consented. On the Sunday following my first interview he was appointed 5 58 Toronto " Called Back." to preach somewhere on the Dundas Road, and requested me to accompany him, statin*^ that he would call for me with a horse and buggy. Feeling curious to know what description of vehicle that might be, never having heard the name before, and at the same time thinking it very repulsive, and also wish- ing to have a specimen of Canadian driving horses, besides being assured that a drive on Sunday on a mission of piety, necessity, or mercy, was perfectly justifiable, the arrangement was made. Arriving at the place in good time, my friend preached an ex- cellent sermon, apparently to the edification of the congregation. On our return to the ^ity he appeared to be in excellent spirits, and showed off the trotting qualities of the horse to good advantage. When near Queen Street we espied a pig lying in the middle of the road. He said to me that if the animal did not get out of his way he would drive over it. No sooner said than done. The .squealing of the pig being likely to set the owner in pursuit the horse got a loose rein, and in a short time we were out of sight, never pulling up till I found we were in the old barrack square. This was my first experi- ence of buggy riding and fast trotting in Canada. I attended to assist my clerical friend in the matrimonial affair, some fifty miles west of Toronto, the following October. So much has been written on the condition of the streets of Toronto that the subject has become monotonous, and as in 1886 it still continues to engage a large amount of public attention, nothing will be said in this connection from personal observation, the writer preferring to quote the descriptions of a few other parties, some of which were written prior to 1847. The first is that of a lady, ten years previously, Mrs. Jamie- son, wife of Vice-Chancellor Jamieson. This lady, whose name is pleasantly familiar to lovers of art and literature, was for some time a resident of Toronto. She reached the city by way of New York, Albany and Queenston, towards the end of 1836. Her husband, then Attorney-General, had been a resident for several years, but she arrived unexpectedly and he was not there to meet her. the led ences and gra and pic "It M sticking King Si "Th( From 184'j to 1857. 59 When she stepped from the boat her foot sank^ankle deep in the mud, and there being no conveyance at hand she was compelled to walk through the muddy, uninviting streets to her husband's residence near the foot of Brock Street. It was during her abode here that she wrote her " Winter Studies " and " Sunmier Rambles." She describes the city as it appeared in the winter : "What Toronto may be in summer I cannot tell ; they say it is a pretty place. At present its appearance to me, a stranger, is most strangely mean and melancholy. A little ill-built town, on low land at the bottom of a frozen bay, with one very ugly church without tower or steeple, some government offices, built of staring red brick, in the most tasteless and vulgar style imaginable ; three feet of snow all around, and the grey, sullen wintry lake, with the dark gloom of the pine forest bounding the prospect, — such seems Toronto to me now." As a set-off" to this desponding account, she admits that some of the shop fronts on King Street are rather imposing, and declares, in a patronizing kind of way, that the front of Beckett's apothecary shop is worthy of Regent Street in appearance. A few words from Sir H. R. Bonnycastle, in 1845, may be given. He " was greatly surprised and pleased to see the alterations since 1837, then not one-third of its present size. Now it is a city in earnest, with upwards of 20,000 inhabi- tants, gas lit, with good plank sidewalks, and macadamized streets, vast sewers and houses of brick or stone. The main street, King Street, is two miles in length. St. George's church was built in 1844." Another writer says : " Few who now stroll down the well- boarded sidewalks of King Street reflect upon the inconveni- ences attending this recreation to their sires and grandsires and granddames, who were compelled to tuck up their garments and pick their way from tuft to tuft and from stone to stone. "It was no unusual sight to behold the heavy lumber waggon sticking fast in the mud, up to the axle, in the very middle of King Street, opposite to what is now McConkey's refectory. " The party-going portion of the citizens were content either ill 60 Toronto " Called Back!' mMm to trudge it, or to be shaken in a cart drawn by two sturdy oxen. The fashionable cry then was ' Mrs. McTavish's cart is here,' and the ' gee up ' resounded as clearly among the pines and elms. as the glib ' all right ' of the modern footman along the gas lit street. Since those days the art of photography has been discovered, and it is not probable that Mr. Eli Palmer — the only artist of which Toronto could boast in 1847 — could have brought his camera with the Daguerrean process to bear on Mrs. McTavish's cart to get a good picture in a conveniently short space of time. A late number of London Fun thus describes a scene in the studio of a photographer in that city : Mr. Juggins — "Look here, Mr. Photygrapher, 'ow much d'yer want to take me and the missus and the kids altogether ?" Photographer — "Well, I could take a carte of you for five shillings." Mr. Juggins — " Cart, be blowed ! Stick us in a waggonette." No doubt Mrs. McTavish would have preferred a waggonette also, and had the art attained its present state of perfection an instantaneous photograph could have been taken that would have been quite interesting. " A little iKjnsense now and tlion Is relished by tlie wisest men." Mr. Wm. Osborne — who had left Dublin, in consequence of the failure of the silk trade, when French goods were first ad- mitted free of duty — was a good specimen of a Dublin gentle- man, and amongst other stories about the state of Toronto streets in former years, related the following, without in any way vouching for its accuracy : A gentleman, walking on the loose planks forming a sidewalk on King Street, espied a good-looking hat in the middle of the street. Curious to see and pick up the hat, he managed to reach it, and on removing it, discovered to his surprise the head of a living man underneath. This individual at once appealed for help and deliverance, urging, as a special plea, that if prompt assistance was not From 1847 to iS^y. 61 rendered, his horse, which was underneath, would certainly perish. The usual mode of extrication by the use of shovels and oxen was soon applied, and man and horse excavated. This being the climax of exaggeration on this muddy ques- tion, it must now be dismissed. Apart from the social enjoyments among friends — and of those we had a full share — there was nothing, either in the business or surroundings, to lead to a preference of Toronto to any other place, when the world was befoi'e us where to choose. In business, the farmers were always complaining about some- thing. Prices of produce were too low or too high ; the former from too good crops, and consequent low prices, and the latter because they had not enough to sell. The roads were a constant source of complaint, which appeared to be natural from our little experience of mud and ruts, and when winter came on they generally had either too much snow or too little. Those leaving home in sleighs, fifty or sixty miles back, found bare streets, and had a hard time to get back to sleighing again. As my friend and myself had never heard complaints of roads before, this topic became terribly monotonous, and the same remark applies to the prices of produce, although in Toronto a trade of the greatest importance. There was the prospect of trade increasing by the growth of towns and villages outside, and the facilities for transport by water navigation in summer; but as raih'oads were not thought of, and there was neither steam nor water power, except what could be got in the Don river for the latter, and by importing coal for the former, little was said of manufactures, and the prospect of their establishment was exceedingly dull. The prospect of the growth of Toronto — from the two facts of the great agricultural country at its back, and the harbor and water communication in the front — led to a decision, and within a few months of arriving in the country the writer was in communication with friends in England with a view to 62 Toronto '' Called Back!'' importing a stock of goods, which was successfully accomplished the next year. Information as to Toronto in England was not very flattering. A gentleman had a servant-maid whose brother had enlisted in a regiment which was subsequently ordered to Canada. While quartered in Toronto, the young man took to himself a help- mate, an Anglo-Canadian, who afterwards returned with him to England. On his arrival at home his sister paid him a visit. On her return her mistress asked her if she had seen her new sister ; she replied in the affirmative, adding, " But Lor'» mammy, she's not very dark, I thought she'd be black." As an example of the accuracy of description, Mr. R Mont- gomery Martin wrote about this time : — " The country bordering Lake Ontario is well wooded ; through the numerous openings the prospect is enlivened by flourishing settlements, the view being extremely picturesque along the White Cliffs of Toronto, (!) heightened on the north by the remarkably high land over Presque Isle, called the Devil's Nose." Richmond Street Wesleyan Church, around which so many hallowed memories will ever cluster, is one of the four which remain of those existing iii lo47. Thinking it may interest many who have been associated with it in years gone by, and some since its erection in 1845, a copy of the inscription on the brass plate at present in the corner stone i,s given on the opposite page. This fac simile was obtained by the writer twenty-five years ago, in England, from the Rev. J. P. Hetherington, who was one of the resident ministers at the time it was built. It will be seen that it was calle>ij Hall, and these com- prised the whole of the dry goods warehouses at that time. There being no houses exclusively in the millinery trade, that was done by the same houses. The wholesale grocery trade was represented by Messrs. F. & G. Perkins, Mr. A. V. Brown, and Whittemore, Rutherford & Co. There were no exclusively wholesale houses in the hardware trade, nor in earthenware, jewellery, hats, caps or furs. The oldest house in the latter trade is that of Mr. James Jtl. Rogers ; the business having been established by his father in 1815. The large block at the corner of King and Toronto Streets was, in 1847, the finest svholesale house in the city, and was occupied by Messrs. Whittemore, Rutherford & Co. as a whole- From i8^y to iS^j. 73 sale grocery warehouse, and afterwards they added dry goods, being the only house in which both classes of goods were com- bined. This building is at present being demolished to make i-oom for the new Quebec Bank, thereby removing one of the most prominent of the old landmarks of the city. Prominent Men in 1847. Amongst the prominent men to be seen on King Street in 1847 was the Right Revcend John Strachan, Lord Bishop of Toronto. Although small in stature, his lordship was dignified in manner and commanded universal respect. Mr. Peter Brown — father of Messrs. George and Gordon Brown — was a gentleman of venerable appearance and much respected. The Messrs. Ridout Brothers, hardware merchants, Mr. Rice Lewis, Mr. John Harrington, and Mr. T. D. Harris, all in the same business, occupied prominent positions as business men. Mr. E. F. Whittemore, of the firm of Whittemore, Rutherford h Co., took an active part in every benevolent and philan- thropic enterprise, and was distinguished for his temperance principles Mr. Hugh Scobie, proprietor of the British Colonist, was a man of commanding presence and univ^ersally respected. Lord Elgin. In January, 1847, Lord tigin — two months after his second marriage, to Lady Mary Louise Lambton, daughter of Lord Durham — sailed for America in the Cunard steamer Hibernia, and encountered unusually rough weather, the voyage being most uncomfortable. They arrived at Halifax on the 20th, intending to proceed to Montreal by way of Fredericton, but the condition of the roads was not suited to such an under- taking, so they re-embarked for Boston, arriving on the 2.5th. They set out for Montreal the following morning, and reached their destination on the 29th, three days' journey, and took up their abode at Monklands. 6 74 Toronto " Cilled Back!' He was young and healthy, ,>;ihief being a quiet, good-natured man, did not insist on any strict T-egulations as .o the dress or discipline of the men. They wore a sort of uniform, but without uniformity, except in one respect — th(>y wore uniforndy slovenly. Day & Martin's blacking and white gloves were not considered at all necessary ; the latter Isad not come into fashion, and as to the former, the men might say as to their boots what was generally said as to waggons and carriages, that if the mu only restriction was as to time, there being none as to dre.ss. No person was allowed to bathe after .seven o'clock, before which time it was perfectly legal. By those of us who had been accustomed to " disport beneath the crested wave" on the Atlantic Coast, in ptiyris naturalibus, the privilege was highly appreciated and enjoyed. One r.iornirg the writer cho.se a spot in front of the Com- missariat Depot, which was always guarded by a sentry, who, with fixed bayonet, " walked his lonely round " in front of his box. These sentries appeared to be authorized to enforce the rule as to time. Not knowing it was past sev^en o'clock, I had (|uite prepared for a dip, when the sentry advanced a few paces, and, in a very decided tone, .said if I went into the water he " would do his duty." Not liking the look of the cold steel, and thinking that in this case discretion was the better part of valor, I quickly dressed, and apologizing for having mistaken the hour, beat a retreat. i; 78 Toronto " Called Backr Great Fire on King Street in 1848. This fire originated eastward of the Cathedral, and spread rapidly as far as Jarvis Street, and northward to Adelaide, then across to the old City Hall and Market, all of which were speedily consumed. The Rectory of St. James escaped, but the Cathedral, taking fire from some sparks which lodged on the spire, was entirely consumed. One bucket of water would liave extinguished it, wbcn first discovered, but there was no way of reaching it, tlie fire hose being quite inadequate for the purpose. The writer distinctly recollects the falling of the spire. When the fire had done its work, and the crash V)ecame inevitable, it was supposed the spire would fall outwards, and the spectators kept a long way off, when, to the surprise of every one, it fell almost perpendicularly, top foremost, the vane on the top strik- ing the flag at the front door. The buildings on the opposite side were badly scorched, but escaped destruction. Establishment of Celebration of Queen's Birthday. To Toronto belongs the honor of having first inaugurated this celebi'ation. In the year when every throne in Europe was shakeu when Louis Philippe and his illustrious Queen were driven by the mob from the Tuilleries, and every vestige of Royalty on which the latter could lay their ruthless hands v/as destroyed, and when in disguise the Royal pair escaped to England as a haven of refuge, never did our noble Queen sit more firmly on her throne ; and the feeling of loyalty appeared to be intensified by the surrounding contrast. At that time it was proposed to celebrate her birthday in Toronto, but it was not till the following year that it was fully kept, and shortly afterwards it was made a legal holiday, other cities having taken the matter up and followed the example set by Toronto. In 1850 Monsieur ISapheygi, Secretary to the celebrated Louis Kossuth, the Hungarian patriot and orator, who had 1 n e I en M ler by in lly ler [pie Ited lad KNOX CHURCH IN 184S. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /. :/ f/. 1.0 I.I 1.25 ■ 50 ""^"^ 12.5 2,2 2£ 1.8 14 11.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation s ^ ^^^l « 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 145S0 (716) 872-4S03 ? \ V o \ K'' 8o Toronto '' Called Back! \^ '-■'ia .'Jr3 visited Toronto, assisted in the celebration of Her Majesty's birthday by a grand display of fireworks in front of the Par- liament Buildings. First Retail Dry Goods Store on Yonge Street. Up to 1849 the retail dry goods trade was confined to King Street, and to a very limited portion of that street. The only dry goods sold on Yonge Street were in connection with groceries, in a store kept by Mr. James Leask, one door south of Queen Street. Mr. John Macdonald having decided to start a store, with the enterprise and pluck which has characterized all his movements, decided to try the experiment of an exclusively dry goods busi- ness, and in a short time was doing a thriving trade, one door south of Richmond Street, then known as the "Large 103," that being the number on the street at that time, and the figures conspicuously painted in front of the building. The result of this venture is referred to in the chapter on the Model Wholesale Dry Goods Warehouse of the Dominion. SELLING ON THE STERLING COST. The system of selling at an advance on the sterling cost gave buyers the privilege of inspecting the invoice books be- fore the arrival of the goods, and if the buyer knew of special cheap lines, and wished to favor a particular customer, these lots were selected beforehand and laid aside as soon as opened. In this way Mr. Macdonald secured many a lot which, by judi- cious advertising, he brought before the attention of the public and soon acquired the reputation of selling cheap goods. The population of Toront6 in 1847 was 21,050. Total assessment, £122,981, or $591,924; total expenditure, £7,288, or $29,152. The total importations to Toronto in 1848 were £197,225 5s. 3d., equal to $788,901.05. The same year Montreal imported goods valued at £1,603,027 17s. 9d., or $6,452,111.55, or nearly eight times as large as Toronto. - .^^ _ i _ _,__ From iS^j to i8^y. 8i In 1849 Toronto showed value imported to be £326,863 17s. 9d., or $1,307,455.55, and Montreal £1,236,533 6s. 3d., or $4,- 946,133.25, Toronto having within the year brought the pro- portion as compared with Montreal from one-eighth to about one-fourth. Business Houses in Toronto, 1847-1850, WHOLESALE DKY (!OODS. Bowes & Hall. Bryce, McMurrich & Co. John Ewart, jun. & Co. Henry Fowler. Gilmour & Coulson. William McMaster. Moffatt, Murray & Co. P. J. O'Neill. W. L. Perrin & Co. John Robertson. Ross, Mitcliell & Co. Taylor & Stevenson. Shaw, Turnbul) & Co. Topping & Brown. R. Wightman & Co. RETAIL DRY (lOODS. John Macdonald. P. Paterson. Betley & Kay. J. Garmichael. Edward Cooper. William Creighton. John Eastwood. Arthur Lepper. Walker & Hutchinson. Robert Sargant & Co. George Bilton. Richard Hastings. Walter Macfarlane. Scott & Laidlaw. Hughes & Co. Thomas Lailey. Charles Robertson. John Ritohey, jun. RETAIL DRY GOODS — Continued. J. R. Mountjoy. G. B. Wylie. J. Charlesworth. WHOLE.SALE OROCEKS. A. V. Brown. Thomas Brunskill. Fitch & Matthews. B. Torrance & Co. F. & G. Perkins. George Munro. Whittemore, Rutherford 8c Co. RETAIL UROOEAS. Alexander . gilvy & Co. A. M. Smith. K. M. Sutherland. Richard Yates. HARDWARE MERCHANTS. John Harrington. Rice Lewis. T. Haworth. T. D. Harris. Ridout lirothers. Darling Brothers. Hayes Brothers. P. Paterson & Son. DRUOOLSTS. Neil C. Love. Joseph Beckett & Co. Lyman Bros. & Co. .. W. H. Doel. Hugh Miller. J. C. R<»ttridge. 1 i 1 1 I {■.—■■ 4 -Ti'-rn- - 82 Toronto '' Called Back!' JEWELLERS. Rossin Brothers. E. M. Morphy. George Savage. J. O. Joseph. Henry Jackson. FURRIERS. Joseph Rogers. John Salt. J. (J. Joseph. J. Bastedo. CHINA AND EARTHENWARE. Patton & Co. H. F. Norris. HIDES AND LEATHER. James Beaty. MERCHANT TAILORS. C. "■ W. Walker. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. A. & S. Nordheimer. BOOK.SELLERS AND .STATIONER.S. Brewer, McPhail & Co. Thomas Maclear, Henry Kowsell, Hugh Scobie. A. H. Armour & Co. BOOTS AND SHOES. Thomas Thompson. Edward Dack. Brown & Childs. WATCHMAKERS. J. E. Ellis. William Bell. CLOTHIERS AND OUTFITTER.S. Evans & Hamilton. FANCY GOODS. James Skelton. SADDLERY HARDWARE. Alexander Dixon. MANUFACTURERS. STOVES. J. R. Armstrong. G. H. Cheney & Co. PAPER. John Taylor & Brother. FURNITURE. Jacciues & Hay. IRONFOUNDBR. James Good. STEAM MILLS. Gooderham & Worts. SOAP AND CANDLES. P. & R. Coate. Peter Freeland. STARCH. J. A. Cull. PIANOS John Thomas. OLDE. Peter R. Lamb. AXES. Samuel Shaw. Hon. J. G. 1 •'. G. U'. B. Hon. Hon. A Hon. It men cxcepi good respec From i8^y to i8y^. 83 Prominent Men in 1850. ALPHA BKTICALLY ENUMERATED. Dr. W. T. Aikens. Hon. R. Baldwin. F. W. Barron, Principal U. C. CoUege. M. Barrett, First English Master, U. C. College. Charles Berczy, Postmaster. Hon. \V. H. Blake, Chancellor. W. H. Boulton, M.P.P. Hon. Col. Bruce, Secy, and A.D.C. to Earl 0/ Elgin. Hon. R. E. Burns, Judge. John Cameron, Cashier Commercial Bank. Hon. R. E. Caron, Speaker Legislative Council. W. G. Cassels, Manager Bank of B. N. America. H. H. Croft, Prof, of Chemistry and Vice -Chancellor of University. R. G. Dalton, Barrister, Lieut. -Colonel DeSalaberry, Deputy Adjutant-General. Hon. W. H. Draper, Judge Queen's Bench. J. C. P. Esten, Vice -Chancellor. George (iuruett, Clerk oj' the Peace. Ilev. Anson Green, Wesleyan Book Steward. Hon. Francis Hinck8,/n.'s/)ecnie of Edward, wise and brave! Wliere warlike Honor's brightest banners wave. Thy royal piles that rise elate, With many an antique tower in massy state." Never having seen Her Majesty the Queen, I expressed a wish to visit Windsor with" that object, and accompanied by my brother, who was buyer for the house of Brown, Davis & Halse, of Gresham Street, and afterwards for Cook Sons & Co., St. Paul's Church Yard, went down to that historical town. We knew by the Royal Standard floating from the Castle tower that Her Majesty was at home, and after ins2)ecting the portions of the Castle accessible to visitors during the Queen's residence there, and St. George's Chapel, and getting a splendid view of the surrounding country from the top of the tower, we had not yet seen any indication of the Queen's appearance, and were returning to the railway station to take the first train for London, when, while walking in a private street, without a single person in sight, we heard the noise of horses' feet, and presently an equerry in royal livevy came in view, and immedi- ately afterwards the Queen and Prince Albert, in an open carriage and pair, enjoying a quiet drive. We, of course, uii- ':V.i;-Av t ' WINDSOK CASILE, ^g p^.<.^S4iL^M 'W«i.iM»!>wr' Frovf 184'] to 185"]. 91 covered our heads, and in return had a most gracious bow and smile from Her Majesty, Prince Albert at the samo time raising; his hat in response to our salutation. This was an opportunity seldom enjoyed, even by residents of London, and often earnestly desired by Americans, and although having seen Her Majesty frequently afterwards, no sight on state occasions was so gratifying as this one. Commencement of Commorcial Travelling in Canada. In 18.50 the tirm of Taylor & Stevenson was established, and their business was carried on at the corner of Yonge and Col- borne Streets, in the building now occupied by Messrs. Buntin, Reid U Go. It was then newly built, and was one of the finest warehouses in the city. Mr. Stevenson liaving had extensive connections with all the straw goods manufacturers in London and Bedfordshire, that trade was made a leading branch. The first importations of these goods, in the .spring of 1851, were the largest that had ever been made into Canada, and having sent out circulars, we had buyers from Wind.sor in the west to Brockville in the eist. The whole importations were closed out in a few weeks, and such was the quantity to be entered and packed that all hands were obliged to work for several weeks every night, except Saturday, till 2 or 3 o'clock, so as to get the goods forwarded within a reasonable time. To obviate this in future, the idea of taking the orders beforehand and shipping the goods direct soon took shape, and in the fall of that year samples were got out from the leading manufacturers, and the writer undertook to travel for orders. After the close of navigation there was only one regular mode of travelling. Weller's line of Mail Stages left daily for Mont- real and Quebec, and in this way the writer, who was the first commercial traveller in Canada, started from Toronto. In these days of Pullman cars and commercial hotels, to hear travellers complain of the discomforts and annoyances is rather amusing to those who have ploughed through mud and .slush, 92 Toronto " Called Back.'' I- J J sometimes carry in<^ rails off the fences to "pry" the wheels of the stages out of the ruts, anci, again, in snow, carrying sliovels to dig out tlie horses when large drifts were encountered ; all which is known to the writer by actual experience. The accommodation for baggage for nine or ten passengers consisted of a "rack" at the back of the staofe, so that bajjojage trunks and 300 lbs. weiglit of .samples were never even thought of up to the time of the opening of the railroads. To meet this difficulty the writer had his .samples sent out in miniature models, so .small that samples representing thousands of dozens, for which he actually took orders, could all be carried in a small valise. The experiment was a great success; the goods were all packed in England to the various mark.s, and in the spring of 1852 were shipped in bulk to the various merchants, from Quebec to Wind.sor, or sent to Toronto for distribution. During that fall not a single traveller was met on the whole road, but the following season a gentleman appeared as a com- petitor from a New York house, and one or two others, amongst them Mr. Darling, of Montreal, in the hardware trade, and Mr. D. B. Macdonald, in fancy dry goods. The summer trips by steamers were very pleasant, but in the wmter there was nothing but hardships, and in crossing the ice at different points very great danger. My rule was, that wherever the mail driver would venture I would go. On one occasion, in crossing from Belleville to Picton, the ice had melted, and in the whole distance across the Bay of Quinte no ice could be seen — the horses being almost knee deep in water. Again, in crossing from Kingston to Cape Vincent with four horses in the Mail Stage, and a heavy mail with a large number of passengers, where the ice was cracking, the horses had to "jump the cracks." Many rivers and canals were crossed in this way. One adventure on the road will give an idea of snow drifts. The town of Brockville was always to me, whether in summer or winter, a delightful resting-place, a sort of oasis in my travels from east to west, or vice versa. Young men away From 184'/ to 18^7. 93 from home in a tkjw country will appreciate my feelings when I say, that to find a sort of Canadian home, when a young traveller, was indeed a delightful feeling. Here I always rested for a few days amongst my friends — the Hon. Georjre and Messrs. John and James Crawford and their con- nections, and especially Mr. Sheriff" Sherwood, and the late Hon. John Ross, whom I had the pleasure of meeting there frequently. In the winter of 185.'} I arrived there from the East in a heavy snow storm ; it was the 23rd of December, and I wished to get to Toronto by Christmas Day. On the 24th the Mail Stage came along, and having supplied ourselves with wooden shovels, wc started for Kingston. Hav- ing got on a few miles we found the drifts getting worse, and after repeated efibrts in literally digging the horses out, we were compelled to put up at a small tavern on the road side, and here, with bitter regrets at my folly in not remaining at Brockville, where I might have spent a pleasant Christmas, we were compelled to remain all Christmas Day. In the meantime the path masters had been notified by mes- sengers that the track must be opened at their peril to allow Her Majesty's Mails to proceed. On the 2Gth we again started, having much the same shovel- ling as before, when, having got on a few miles, we heard the sound of the down stage's horn, and knew the track had been broken, and arrived in Kingston in a reasonable time. The formation of the Commercial Travellers' Association followed soon after the opening of the railroads, and has grown to immense proportions, as the annual reports of the various associations now existing abundantly show. In the last year (1874) in which the writer travelled in con- nection with the Toronto Association, his orders taken, in the United States and Canada, with some assistance, represented close on half-a-million dollars, and during the year scarcely a day was lost. With the comforts and facilities afforded by the Pullman and Wagner cars, enabling travellers to work all day and travel at night, ami the best hotels on the Continent '■&! I r <•<• 94 Toronto " Called Back. competitifj for the patrona^^e of the commercial travellers, the occupation has become, from being a drudgery, quite a pleasant life. Having served a good apprenticeship, and then given a son to sucsteed me in the Association, anything connected with com- mercial travelling is still a matter of great interest. The following newspapers were published: British Colonist, Christian Guardian, Daily Patriot and Express, Globe, North American, Canada Gazette, Church, Examiner, Mirror, Watch- man. It will be seen that of all the papers published in 1850 only two continue, the Globe and Christian Guardian, the latter being the oldest established weekly paper in Upper Canada. W. H. Smith says of Toronto in 1850: — "Let a traveller, starting from Montreal on a summer trip, proceed westward till he arrives at Toronto. He sees a city, which he is told fifty years ago was a swamp, with street beyond street and building after building. He sees town lots selling for £10,000 an acre where thirty or forty years ago flourished a garden ; a magnificent church being erected where an old settler told him he once shot wild ducks." In connection with the old Mechanics' Institute it .should be recorded that Mr. Robert Edwards was the polite and obliging Secretary for many years, and it is also due to the memory of Mr. John Harrington to state that it was chiefly through his exertions and the liberality of the citizens that the present Free Library building was erected. The Music Hall in the upper part was, for years, the principal place for concerts, lectures and various exhibitions, and many celebrated men appeared from time to time on its platform, including Wilkie Collins, Proctor, Pepper, Punshon, and many others. Important public meetings were held, and public balls and banquets took place in this Hall, for any of which its capacity w^ould be insufficient at the pre.sent time. The office of the Express Company, styled the European, United States and Canadian Express Company, was on Front Street, and James Burns was agent. ^x," v 7 . - F^'oin 184'/ to iS^j. 95 Public Institutions. Athenaeum and Commercial News Room. Mechanics' Institute. Post Office. Telegraph Office. University (old building). Upper Canada College. Osgoode Hall. Parliament Buildings. Financial Affairs 1850. KEVENDE. Assessment 8,540 Rental 3,417 Fees 1,32.5 Licenses 994 Drainage 150 Fees & Arrears of Taxes 2,366 Cash on hand .'i.SO d. £17,322 14 or $69,290 80 EXPENDITURE. C H. d. Interest 4,800 Salaries 2,875 Roads 1,355 (Jas 1,277 7 4 Fire 1,600 Redemption of City Notes 850 Use of County Jail 600 Ward Appropiiation . . .'iOO Incidental Police Ex- penditure 110 Printing and Stationery 280 Coroner's Kxpen.ses ... 115 Miscellaneous 2,994 Estimated Revenue over Expenditure 16 6 8 £17,322 14 or $69,290 00 CITy DEBT. £ 8. d. Debentures 67,372 15 6 Corporation Notes .... 17,346 15 Sundries 2,444 14 8 £87,184 5 2 or 11348,737 04 AS8KT.«t. ^ 8. d. Outstanding Rents, Fees, Debts, Taxes, and Cash on hand 2, 436 9 Leaving to be paid .... 84,727 16 2 ^^ ■■ 'iJ _ £87,184 5 2 . ~ . . or |i348,737 04 96 Toroni. ^' Called Back.^' Toronto in 1850. In 1850 the principal streets running east and west were Front, King, Richmond, Adelaide and Queen ; running north and south were Yonge, Church, Bay and York. These were the most thickly settled and best business portions of the city. The two principal thoroughfares, and the streets containing the largest number of shops, were King and Yonge. A little eastward of the centre of the city were situated the Market Building and City Hall. The old City Hall was a decent, old-fashioned pile of red brick, the front of which was on King Street. Beneath and behind was the Market, walled in, and enclosed with gates. After the fire the new City Hall, the present one, was erected of white brick, opposite the Market Square, and running down towards the Bay. This is a very strange looking building, and it was unfortun- ate for the reputation of the architect employed that he had not left the Province before he completed the building, instead of afterwards. The old City Buildings having been destroyed in the great fire, a magnificent pile of buildings was erected in their place, called the St. Lawrence Hall and St. Lawrence Buildings. At this time the St. James' Cathedral was in the course of erection ; Knox Church, Holy Trinity, and St. Michael's had been built. Bonding System via United States. In the .spring of 1848 there were no new spring goods shown in Toronto till the middle of May, on the opening of navigation. The arrival of sailing vessels, which then conveyed all freight to Quebec, was looked for with great anxiety. The ladies, in the meantime, were compelled to wear their last spring bonnets, dresses and mantles, and the retail dry goods men had a chance of selling off" their old stock from the previous season. The effect of this was that when the goods arrived in Toronto the country storekeepers, who awaited the event, came in a body to From 184"] to i8^y. 97 the to the city, and at seven o'clock in the morning it was no unusual sight to see as many as thirty or forty on the street, awaiting the opening of the warehouses, and ready to grab at the first lot of goods they could get their hands on — styles and prices being considered a matter of no importance : they wanted British and foreign dry goods, and were determined to have them. There was no time for making prices; that was to follow after the rush, and each man tilled his locker or bunk with an indiscriminate collection, subject to revision on the first opportunity. When, perhaps, his neighbor's back was turned, to make a fair exchange was considered no robbery, should he happen to spy a chance lot of something he coveted in his neighbor's bunk. As the goods were sold at sterling prices, with a certain advance added, the invoice book was then called into requisition, and goods entered accordingly. In this way the whole importations were generally pretty well cleared out in a few weeks, and as the country merchants wei-e .suppo.sed to have laid in their whole season's stock, the wholesale houses had a quiet time m the warehouse after this, however it might be in the counting house, the financing following such a sys- tem requiring much tact and ingenuity. This state of things could not continue, with the increasing demand for early spring goods, and something must be done in the way of improvement. While British and foreign goods were arriving at Boston or New York weekly, Canadian merchants were debarred from getting any of their importations from these ports via thts American railroads, there being no law to permit it. The firm of Hill, Sears & Co., of Boston, a branch of the i-^on- don Hrm of Alfred Hill & Co., seeing a prospect of getting hold of the Canadian business, supported by the Montreal and Toronto wholesale houses, undertook to make arrangements for a bonding system, and after some negotiations with the Govern- ment at Washington, were successful in their object. In the spring of 1852 permis.sion was given to allow goods for Canada to pass through on the bonding system at present in operation. The writer, with representatives of two other wholesale houses, spent a week in New York with brokers at the Cu.stom IIou.se, MHir 98 Toronto " Called Back." completing the arrangements for the despatch of the first goods by that route, and after many days' delay on the road, a large lot of goods, comprising the bulk of the spring imports, arrived at Oswego. Toronto Bay was then frozen solid, and as merchants east, west and north were anxiously awaiting the arrival of the goods* there was no other course but to make a channel for the steamer Admiral to get out. This was accomplished by sawing the ice from Yonge Street to the Queen's wharf, and in this way the spring goods arrived comparatively early. First Great World's Fair. The year I80I was renmrkable for the grand project of Prince Albert to a.ssemble a display ol the industrial resources of the world. Subscriptions were raised, men of science were chosen to form a committee, and a colossal palace of glass was erected from a design suggested by Mr. (afterwards Sir) Joseph Paxton, head gardener to the Duke of Devonshire, at Chatsworth. The building from which the design was taken was the smallest of the conservatories of the "Palace of the Peak," and contained the celel)rated Victoria Rcgia lily. When the great palace was built in Hyde Park, a mighty bazaar of nations was summoned. Nor was the summons unavailing. Before the opening Lon- don was crowded with foreigners and native visitors, all anxious to enter the wonderful dome. Even immense London could not afford accommodation for the throngs that poured in ; people walked the streets through the night or slept in cabs, unable to procure a bed. And who that witnessed it can ever forget the opening scene? Her Majesty, in the pride of beauty and glory and domestic happiness, looking around on the representatives of all nations, while the Venerable Archbishop of Canterbury' pronounced his benediction on that meeting of the nations in peace and pros- perity. -- •--.....-..;..-.:-.... ■ . - Then day by day poured into that fancy palace the strangely mingled crowd of voluble Frenchmen, grave Germans, sharp From iS^y to iS^y. 99 Americans, active, monkey-like Chinamen, and sensual-looking Turks ; while the rustics, who had never travelled beyond their native village, gazed with astonishment, and even with awe, as they entered the lofty transept, which actually enclosed tall elm trees, and where the tropical plants, the fountains, the statuary, and the rich fabrics of India realized the tales of the "Arabian Nigrhts," and seemed the work of enchantment. The building was afterwards removed to S^Mlenham, and was greatly enlarged so as to form the now celebrated Crystal Palace. At this exhibition Canada was well represented, and obtained a large number of prizes and medals. Turning the First Sod of the Northern Railway. On October 15th, 1851, the first sod of the Northern Railway was turned by Lady Elgin, assisted by Mayor Bowes, nearly opposite the Parliament Buildings. Mayor Bowes was in full official costume — cocked hat and sword, knee breeches, silk stockings, and shoes with steel buckles. The earth dug by her ladyship, with a beautiful silver spade, was taken by His Worship a short distance in an oak wheel- barrow, the whole ceremony creating great interest. Mr. F. C. Capreol ha'i^?r^7*'«i7^-'ViT>^ ST. .JAMES CATHEDRAL. 8 Ai From 184'] to 185'j. 107 shanties ; these have been completely swept away, to make room for elegant brick houses. While the retailers have been improving their places of business, the wholesale houses have also continued to augment in number and beauty." The present Bank of Commerce was then newly built, and was by far the finest wholesale warehouse in the city, and was about to be occupied by Messrs. Koss, Mitchell & Co., wholesale dry goods merchants. During the times the Parliament remained in Toronto, between 1850 and 1857, many men celebrated in history could be heard to speak. Papineau, W. L. Mackenzie, Cauchon, Cartier, Prince, Merritt, Gugy, Drummond, Dorion, Hincks, D'Arcy McGee, Baldwin, John Sandfield Macdonald, and others. When Mr. McGee rose to speak, the most profound attention prevailed, all admitting the superior charm of his eloquence. No matter what the subject of debate might be, it was in- vested with new interest, and having at command art, science, poetry, and history, his ideas were clothed in most beautiful language, and were full of originality, and given with such a sprinkling of wit and humor as never failed to delight his listeners. In 1852 Mr. George Brown made his maiden Parliamentary speech, which occupied two hours. On the 28th of December, 1853, Lord Elgin left Toronto, and was succeeded by Sir Edmund Head, in 1854. The Esplanade. It is said that when the Grand Trunk Railway was bein?f built, the Company offered to build stone wharves or quays along the front of the city, with iron bridges across the tracks at tlie principal crossings, and at less than the cost of the present Esplanade, but through the obstructiveness of some, and the squabbling and procrastination of others, of the Corporation, the offer was withdrawn. At present, when so much public attention is directed to the proposed new street and general improvement of the city front, it may be interesting to refer to the various schemes proposed rTiV" ■r fc I JfiL: 1 08 Toronto " Called Back!' from 1850 to 1854, and for this purpose we extract a few items from Maclear's Anglo- Amncrican Magazine. The " Editor's Shanty " was supposed to be the resort of representative characters, under the Hohricjuets of the "Doctor," the "Laird," and the "Major." These gentlemen met to discuss the current events, and to review the literature of the week. The regarding the occupation of the water frontage by the railway companies. One party advocates the conversion of every foot of ground now lying waste, into track, brick and mortar Another party, with more concern for the healthful recrea- tion of future generations than the convenience of the present, insists on these reserves for pleasure grounds being retained for the purpose they were originally intended to serve. All must admit that the interests of the public and the railway companies are one in the most important particulars, and that every facility should be afforded them in endeavoring to establish their work ; but, if in so doing it be found expedient that these public grounds should be surrendered for the purposes of business — the life and soul of all commercial cities — it ought not to be forgotten that posterity has some claim on the repre- sentatives of the public at the present day, and some effort should be made to provide breathing space for those who come after us. " It will indeed be a reproach if, within the limits of the City of Toronto, comprising an area of six square miles, and which, half a century ago, was just emerging from the wilderness, a few acres be not set apart and held inviolate for these purposes." .-r:^-,-' .'.r/i .-■n,-.':> )t a- »t, ed lU ay nd to mt ses rht re- brt nty icb, lese UJ UJ y UJ . 5: in ^ lU^ UJ o^ '< o 3: > " UJ ca Ill' ■^ m "Wm From 1847 to iS^j. Ill Doctor — " I quite agree with the writer in many respects. It will indeed be a great reproacli if space be not left for a few parks and public walks. She has now, exclusive of the pro- posed Esplanade and Terrace, only one lung for the airing of 40,000 human beings, with almost a certainty of that number reaching 100,000 in ten years. I refer to the College Avenue, a strip of land about half a mile long by 130 feet wide, and if that be insufficient now for the recreation of the inhabitants, what will it be in ten years hence ?" Laird — " Onybody will admit that the arguments in favor of public works are guid, an' that it's better to hae nae " level crossings " if ye can arrange so as no to hae them, yet if I understand your plan, Major, I dinna think it'll work weel. Look at the number of bridges required to cross the railways, and the trouble it wad be to climb up a slope as high as the tap of a locomotive, just to come doun the other side again, and a' the gudes frae the wharves wad hae to be drawn up to the bridge and doun again to the street, in the same way, J rather think the carters wad gie up work a'thegither." Major — " Ah, Laird, I see you are laboring under a mistake. You have forgotten that Front Street is already about as high as the bridges would require to be, and that slopes would be wanted only from the wharves upward, similar to the present roads from the wharves up to the level of Front Street." [Major continues to read]: " It is proposed to set apart a strip of land throughout the entire length of the city, of a width sufficient to accommodate nine railway tracks, to be level with the wharves, to be crossed only by bridges, and to be used solely as a railway approach and for railway connections. " Front Street to be converted into a Terrace above the level of and separate from the railway approach, by a retaining wall and parapet, to be 120 feet wide, and planted with rows of trees throughout the entire length. — " The entire area south of the Front Street Terrace to be on the wharfage level, and reached by slopes from the bridges. The bridges may be of iron of a simple ornamental character. ■ i . I 12 Toronto '* Called Back.'' " It is also proposed to reserve certain portions for the land- ing of steamboats, for private forwarders, for baths and wash- houses, or for rick arches, an' tree-plant- in', and level cro.ssin's, and so on, its enough to dumbfounder a body. Na, na, gentlemen, the auld plan is a plan ye can all understan', it's a simple one, an' the simplest way is ot'ten found the best way." Doctor — " I confess I feel quite taken aback, not having thought of the subject before. It appears to me, however, that there are many good things in all of them, which, if combined together, might form a better plan than any one of them." This ends the "sederunt" of these gentlemen in 1850, and it may be remarked in 1886, that if we cannot have a work as solid and grand as the Thames embankment in London, we can have one which in point of situation and beauty of prospect may form a more delightful promenade, and now appears to be the time for prompt action to secure its establishment. Ros3in House. With the prospect of railroads being built, and the consequent increase of travel, the want of a first-class hotel was much felt, and Messrs. Rossin Bros., very popular and enterprising gentle- men, then doing the principal watch and jewellery bu.siness, undertook to canvass the wholesale merchants and others in- terested in the growth and prosperity of the city, for subscrip- tions towa-ds building an hotel worthy of the Queen City. The stock was I'on taken up, and debentures of £100 or $400 each were issu. 1, one of which the writer willingly took in behalf of the firm, just as all others did, not with a view of making profit but to promote the enterprise. The ground was secured and the first hotel built and finished, and was placed in the hands of Mr. A. C Jo^lin as proprietor. It being found that it did not pay, Messrs. Rossin Bros, bought up the debentures at 50 per cent, discount, which the holders were willing to lose From 184-] to i8s7- 115 to keep the concern afloat, and in this way it was continued till it was burned down. It was soon re-built on a much grander scale, and has gone on increasing in size and splendor ever since. In June of 1853 the Grand Trunk Railway was opened to Portland, and at the close of the year the Great Western was opened from the Suspension Bridge to Hamilton and London, and within a month was completed to Windsor. The contract for the road from Toronto to Montreal was signed by Mr. Jackson and his associates on the arrival in London of the Hon. John Ross. The line from Toronto to Hamilton was undertaken by another contractor, at £1,000 more per mile than the Grand Trunk. The writer travelled in the old leather-swung stage from Hamilton to London the night before the opening of the voad, and in anticipation of their occupation being about to go the following day, the hotel-keepers at the different placta where the horses were changed were especially grumpy. The St. James' Cathedral organ, built by Messrs. Warren Bros., of Montreal, was put in its place on 17th May, and was worthy of the reputation of that firm. The choir at this time was composed of effective and well-trained singers, and the whole musical service gave great satisfaction. Mercantile Agencies. The system of reporting the standing of business men by regular subscription rates was commenced in Toronto in 1855. Previous to that time there had been private correspondence with New York, but no regular agency had been opened, nor was the arrangement publicly known. A Mr. Hart was sent to Toronto by the firm of R. G. Dun & Co. at this time, to obtain subscribers, and the firm of Taylor & Stevenson was among the first to give their names. Having received a sufficient number to warrant them in opening an office, Mr. Kimball arrived shortly afterwards from New York, and commenced his agency in the Excl. ..ige Buildings, Wel- lington Street. :;;; ; .: Ii6 Toronto " Called Back'' The principle of giving information as to every man in busi- ness was not well received by a portion of the press. Several severe articles appeared, denouncing the introduction of such a system of espionage. The agents vrere called pimps, detec- tives, spies, informers, and eaves-droppers, and the business community was called upon to denounce the whole busi- ness, and stamp it out, as a blot on the respectability of the citv. Lawsuits for defamation of character were threat- ened, and although the agent and his assistants were well received personally, the system was looked upon as wholly disreputable. To think that a man's private business was to be exposed by strangers who had no legitimate means of knowing the circum- stances, was said to be an outrage on public decency, and only a system of black -mail for the purpo.se of extorting ujoney and compelling business houses to subscribe to the agency in .self- defence. Notwithstanding all this opposition, the business grew in strength from day to day, and merchants found that the infor- mation received was, on the whole, of a more reliable character, because more disinterested and independent, than could be obtained b}-- references from one house to another. It had been known that merchants' references were more or less unreliable, on account of the interest they had in keeping up the credit of their customers, who, if in the books of a house to any great extent, would not be likely to receive an unfavorable character, and in this way other houses would be led to give them credit on the strength of these interested statements, often resulting in a loss to the new creditors, while the old had an opportunity of reducing their line of credit, and saving themselves either partially or entirely from loss. In this appeared to be the secret of success of the mercantile agencies, the information given being alike to all subscribers, and recorded in their books for constant reference, with changes in rating given from time to time, and all preferences or securi- ties regularly registered and reported. The style of R. G. Dun & Co. was shortly afterwards changed From 184J to iS^j. I] to Dun, Wiman & Co., by the introduction of Mr. Erastus Wiman into the firm. The name of MR. ERASTUS WIMAN is so intimately connected with Toronto as to deserve more than a passing notice. Although a resident of the United States, he is still a British subject, a Canadian and a Torontonian, and owes his present high position more to Canada than to the United States. In Toronto he commenced his career as a printer boy at .^1.50 per week, which at twenty he was proud to have advanced to $1.50 per week. From this he became a market reporter, then commercial reporter on tlie staff of the Globe, and Superintendent of the Toronto Exchange, and in 1860 became connected with the mercantile agency of R. G. ])un k' (Jo. He was subsequently promoted to the position of travelling reporter, and in 1862 became manager of the Toi'onto office, succeeding Mr. Kimball. In 1863 he was transferred to the Montreal office — both the Toi-onto and Montreal districts being placed under his administration. This continued till 1866, when he was transferred to the New York office, and admitted as a partner in the firm. Owing to the war the business had run down, and was sustained chiefly by the amount of money made in Canada. This success, with his knowledge of printing, gave Mr. Wiman great advantages, and firmly established his posi- tion. The business has grown to vast proportions. The books of the firm are published quarterly, and contain one million names. They employ forty printers, and have standing in type twenty tons agate, costing one dollar per pound. There are one hundred and six branch establishments through- out the country — forty of the managers being Canadians, witli salaries ranging from fifteen hundred to twelve thousand dollars per annum. There are about one thousand Canadians employed in the business. On the death of Mr, Barlow, the interest of that gentleman passed into the hands of Mr. Wiman, and he became virtually the working-head of the entire agency. The consolidation of the two Canadian Telegraph Companies is due, to a great ex- ii8 Toronto " Called Back.'' tent, to his assistance, placing tho whole system on a paying basis, Mr. H. C. D wight being made general superintendent. Mr. Wiman has shown his liberality to this city in the free gift of the baths which are called after his name, and which cost about fifteen thousand dollars. On returning from Europe after making spring purchases in February, 1855, on board the Cunard Steamer Canada, a terrible hurricane was encountered. One tremendous sea broke over the forward part of the ship, carrying an immense hawser, weighing several tons, off the forecastle, and rushing along, stove in all the doors on the main deck, throwing the sailors down and breaking one man's leg. The water rushed into the intermediate cabin, and when the passengers jumped out of their berths, they found themselves up to the middle in water. On being removed to the saloon, where they lay wrapped in blankets waiting for dry clothing, one of then^ a g-ntlemau at present in Toronto, who had supposed the sbit v linking, asked amidst the raging of the storm, and much to the amuse- ment of those who had similar experience before, whether " she was nearly full yet." The storm soon abated and Boston was reached in safety. In June of the same year, when great numbers were going to the Paris Exhibition, a delightful passage was made in one of the Allan Line steamers from Quebec. Amongst the passengers were the late Col. R. L. Denison, of Toronto, and Messrs. Kirchkofter, Meredith, and Eraser, of Port Hope, who proved to be most agreeable ' covipagnons de voyage." The two former never having seen uhe Old Country, and the two latter he' ing been away from boyhood, described their sensations as " ^ very peculiar on approaching the Irish coe^t, and eve.;\t they saw in Liverpool proved to be intensely interesting to thei. Paris in 1855. Having completed my purchases in Britain, I went to Paris and got through my business there. In anticipation of a matri- monial arrangement in England, and a return to Paris in a few days, apartments were secured at my usual stopping place, the From iS^Y to iS^y. 119 Hotel do Tours, in the Place la Bourse ; and through the kind- ness of our commissionaires, a stand in the balcony of a fan manufactory in the Boulevard des Italians was promised, from which a view of the great processions would be had. Leaving England on the 16th of August, by the Great Western Railway from Birmingham, and stopping at Oxford, the unique classical and historical city of colleges, libraries, parks, gardens, meadows, and " academic groves," of indescribable beauty, 39^ familiar to the greatest scholars of Great Britain for many centuries ; then through Reading and Windsor to London, and thence, via Dover and Calais, Paris was reached ; and here was spent the week during which the Queen's stay continued. While during the summer the great Exposition was the attrac- tion, the grand sights connected with the Queen's visit caused quite a diversion to every point where the Royal party ap- peared. Passports. The system of passports being then strictly enforced, with the crowds that were then flocking into Paris the delay and annoy- ance was very great. These passports were procured from the French Consul- General in London, and bore the Imperial Seal of France. They described minutely the bearer's height, measurement, color of eyes and hair, complexion, expression, shape of countenance, nationality, religion and destination, and, having passed all the inspections, must be deposited with the proprietor of your hotel, so that the police could have access to them at all times during your stay. , While the clash of arms and deeds of heroism on the fields of Balaclava, Inkerman and at Alma were still fresh, and the thunder of the artillery of the allied armies of Great Britain, BVance and Turkey was still booming at Sebastopol, Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, amidst scenes of unparalleled splen- dor, made their grand entry into Paris, to visit the Inter- national Exhibition in the Palais de I'lndustrie. By special order of the Emperor, great preparations were ^fr 1 20 Toronto " Called Back!' m m made for this visit. Every liouse wao cleaned or renovated, and the most lavish decorations were to be displayed, especially where the procession was to pass. The success of the allied armies in the Crimea, the recent demonstration by the allied Heets at Sveaborg, and the com- mencement of another bombardment of the Ru.ssian lines south of Sebastopol, were circumstances of such happy augury, that the Queen seemed to carry victory and good fortune in her train, while the glorious weather gave unbounded hope and joy to the royal progress. On the evening of the 18th of August, Her Majesty arrived at the Strasbourg railway station from Boulogne. Here a military band struck up the National Anthem, thrilling many a heart. At the close of the performance, Her Majesty, leaning \iXi the arm of the Emperor, trod the soil of the bright Capital of France amid intense applause. The Emperor was in full costume, and wore the riband of the Garter; Prince Albert, the Prince of Wales, and the Princess Royal came next with their suite ; then Prince Napoleon, accom- panied by a host of high officers of State. The illustrious party entered the open carriages, six in number, drawn by four horses, prepared to convey them to St. Cloud. The Procession on the Boulevards. It was curious to observe the intense desire displayed by all classes to make this wonderful city look its best an■), 136 Toronto " Called Backy whales, and stretching from their vicinity far away past Monck- ton towards Browndown, where lay the heavy, round hulls of the mortar vessels in the grim gray rest that seemed to have its attractions. The sun shone brightly on the white walls of Southsea Castle, with its tower soaring away above the embankments, bristling with guns, and on the varied crowd that covered the Esplanade. The entrance to the harbor was thronged with boats, some of which, filled with merry bearded faces, were carrying liberty men from the ships of war to the shore. Others were crowded to the thwarts with curious spectators, anxious to gain a view from the water. Passenger steamers, gun-boats, and tenders to the fleet were perpetually passing in and out of harbor, bewildering the eye by their rapidity of motion and quick successions. Stream- ing down the streets of the town, vj.-sitors iiom London and elsewhere, curiously viewing the great guns in the embrasures, and peering into their muzzles, did not wait long, but rushing to the pier, invaded the steamers, which left the^(jua}'s swaying to and fro in an alarming manner. It is almost needless to say that the usual accommodation to travellers at hotels had long been pre-engaged and taken. Those who trusted to chance to find a bed were woeful!}' disap- pointed in the endeavor to find a resting place. The streets were filled with people who seemed totally at a loss how to spend the night. Tired gioups might be seen wandering from street to street, making fruitless attempts at admittance at various houses, where the price seemed too exorbitant to any but millionaires. While wandering about the streets in this way the writer had offers of beds at a guinea apiece, or to be rowed over to the Isle of Wight for the same price, but the appearance of our soliciting friends not bespeak- ing extra accommodation, we declined their kind offer, and the night being fine, with the exception of a rest on a chair at an hotel, was spent in promenading the city. • The weather was most suitable, and never did a more delight- ful day shine upon the millions of spectators congregated at the Fro7n 1841 to iS^y. m various points, commanding a view of the fleet and its evolu- tions. And splendid was the sight it was destined to shine upon, for never was there a more magnificent and gorgeous spectacle in ancient or modern times. The " Great Cleopatra," could she have risen from her sar- cophagus and been witness to it, would have envied our Island Queen her rule of a nation which can boast possession of the (greatest and most splendid armament that ever floated, of which it might well be said : ' ' Britannia needs no bulwarks, No towers along the steep ; Her course is o'er the ocean wave, Her home is on the deep." Although for days before the railways had been bringing thousands of visitors from all parts of the kingdom, and steamers from every port on the southern coast, teeming with human freight, had been day by day discharging their living cargoes, yet it was on the morning of the Review that the town presented the most extraordinary appearance. From an early hour, and up to midday, thousands of excur- sionists were seen issuing from the various railway depots and wending their way in one continued stream toward the shore to secure a good position to witness the sight. Southsea common was literally teeming with human beings. From the ramparts and along the Esplanade to beyond the Castle, was one dense living; mass. An immense grand stand was erected on the Esplanade for the accommodation of those who preferred to witness the Review from the land. The admission to the stand was ten shillings, a moderate demand compared with prices required for accommodation on board the steamers. But it was not only upon the land that the scene was interesting, nor was the interest on the waters confined exclusively to the Royal Fleet. There was another fleet important in itself, which contributed greatly to the splendor of the scene. Our mercantile steamers are of a class that astonish and com- mand the admiration of all who behold thern. Several of these 10 '38 Toronto " Called Back." Ill lllii were present, belonging to the Oriental and Peninsular Naviga- tion Company, and the Atrato, the largest paddle-wheel steamer in the world, La Plata, Trent and Tay, belonging to the Royal Mail Steam Packet Cor yany, were all thronged with visitors. The Directors of the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company and their friends were on board the Atrato. The steamers of the Soiith-Eastern Company, from Folkestone, and those belong- ing to the South-Western Company were also present, together with many others from various ports, all swaying with pas- sengers. The French steamer L'Imperatrice, from Calais, with a numer- ous company of ladies and gentlemen on board, was among the list. She had a splendid brass band, which, in passing the Admiral's yacht, struck up " Rule Britannia " — a graceful com- pliment. Nearly all the large steamers carried the French flag at the fore, in compliment to our gallant allies. On the arrival of Her Majesty she was at once conveyed by her state barge on board the Royal yacht, accompanied by Prince Albert and the other members of the Royal party and suite. The Victory and the other ships in the harbor manned yai'ds and fired a salute as soan as the Royal Standird was seen flying at the masthead. Her Majesty was accompanied on board by the Lords of the Admiralty. The yacht then moved rapidly out of the harbor, when the forts immediately saluted. The Queen's Arrival, Never had monarch a greater opportunity of witnessing a people's loyalty and devotion than our august and beloved Queen had on the occasion of her reviewing her mighty and magnificent fieet on that day. The moment of Her Majesty's appearance in the port was a signal for that enthusiasm which is always displayed whenever she is graciously pleased to appear among her subjects. Simultaneous cheers burst from tens of thousands of loyal hearts, showing the hearty welcome of the " Sea Queen " by her delighted people. The review of such a fleet as the world never before beheld, equipped with From 1847 to iS^y. 139 oved and hich id to from come jw of witb an efficiency which all the newest appliances of art and science had ^iven to each of these powerful engines of war which com- posed it, and manned by seamen whose services our vast com- mercial wealth enabled us to command without limit, was most gratifying to all who witnessed it. This gorgeous and truly national pageant was a fitting spectacle in celebration of peace, and one which illustrated the greatness of our triumph, the immensity of our resources, and the solid basis of our strength. The fleet as it appeared at anchor on the morning of the review, extending in a line east and west from pivot ship to pivot ship, covered a space of more than twelve miles, and com- prised line-of-battle ships, frigates, corvettes, sloops, floating batteries, mortar ships, mortar boats, and gun-boats, and up- wards of two hundred and forty sail, of which not more than ten were without steam power. There never had been a time when the British Navy was more efl^icient than it was at that time. The Queen was most enthusiastically cheered by the assem- bled thousands on the shore as the yacht pursued her way toward the Spit buoy, on rounding which the whole of the fleet manned their yards and coumienced a royal salute. The scene was most imposing at this point. The yacht then proceeded rapidly towards the westward, followed by a large fleet of steamers which were desirous of keeping pace with her, but which her superior speed rendered a matter of impossibilit}'. As she passed along the line each of the men-of-war manned their rigging and cheered Her Majesty. The French corvette of war La Chavalor manned yards and joined in the cheer of welcome. Then followed the sham- tight, and after the signal was made to cease firing the Royal yacht proceeded to the harbor under the salute of the fleet. Southsea Beach, extending for many miles, aflbrded a splendid opportunity for the immense multitude, numbering fully half a million, to witness the whole spectacle. As the Royal yacht Victoma and Albert steamed close to the shore, the writer had a distinct view of the Queen and Prince Albert sitting on the deck. I40 Toronto " Called Back. ■:k.^ x4 The following is the list of the fleet with their order of sailing : STARBOARD DIVISION. VICK ADMIRAL SIB G. SEYMODR, COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF, Name. trunn. Eloyal George 102 Nile 91 Conqueror 100 Cressy 80 Caesar 91 Algiers 90 Sanspariel 70 Centurion 80 Ajax 70 Hawke 60 Hastings 60 Imperieuso 51 Amphion 34 Pylades 20 Crew. 920 8-)0 930 750 850 850 626 750 600 (iOO (iOO 530 342 260 yarns. Ount. Cossack Esk Falcon , Conflict Harier , Eurolas Seahorse Vulture Magicienne 16 Samson ' Vesuvius Baselisk (iorgon Firefly Crew. 20 250 21 240 16 160 8 165 17 160 12 200 12 200 6 200 16 220 6 200 6 160 6 160 6 160 5 100 imMi PORT DIVISION. BEAR-ADMIRAL SIR R. CUNDAS. Duke of Wellington . . Orion James Watt Majestic Exmouth Colossus 131 91 91 80 90 80 1100 850 850 750 860 Brunswick Edinburgh 60 Hogue Bleinheim Russell . . 750 ' Euryalus 61 REAB-ADMIRAL R. L. BAYNES. Arrogant 41 Pearl , Tartar ... Archer . . . Desperate . Cruiser . . . Rattler . . . Forth Horatio . . . 20 20 14 8 17 11 12 8 450 260 250 175 165 160 130 200 200 Retribution Centaur . . . Dragon .... Bulldog.... Geyser .... Merlin .... Hecla Hydra 80 750 60 600 60 600 60 600 60 600 61 530 28 300 6 200 6 200 6 160 6 160 6 110 6 135 6 135 Meteor Glatton FLOATING BATTERIES. 14 14 200 200 Thunder 14 200 Trusty 14 200 SAILING SHIPS. London 90 830 Rodney 90 820 Belleisle 244 From 1841 to iS^y. 141 300 200 200 160 160 110 135 135 200 200 244 (JUN-BOAT FLOTILLA. Centre, Red — Algiers, 91 ; Flying Fish, 6 ; Ringdove, 6 ; IMter, 4 ; Starling, 4 ; Snapper, 4 ; Bustartl, 4 ; Dove, 4 ; Lovcret, 4 ; Fervent, 4 ; Beaver, 4 ; Opossum, 4 ; Firm, 4 ; Blazer, 4 ; Brazen, 4 ; Rainbow, 4 ; Reilbreast, 4 ; Havoc, 4 ; I'ioneer, (5 ; Lapwing, 6 ; .Swinger, 4 ; Skylark, 4 ; I'incher, 4 ; Charger, 4 ; Grasshopper, 4 ; Mackerel, i ; Forester, 4 ; Whiting, 4. Van, White — Colossus, 81 ; Victor, ; I'eter, 4 ; Thistle, 4 ; Sanillly, 4 ; Plover, 4 ; Carnation, 4 : Insolvent, 4 ; Mayflower, 4 ; Spanker, 4 ; Traveller, 4 ; Louisa, 4 ; Erne, 4 ; Mastiff, 4 ; Lively, 4 ; Ruby, 4 ; Tickler, 4 ; Seagull, 4 ; Bulldog, 4 ; Hasty, 4 ; Herring, 4 ; Oriper, 4 ; Thresher, 4 ; Julia, 4 ; Sepoy, 4; Manly, 4 ; Mistletoe, 4 ; Magnet, 4. Rear, Blue — Brunswick, 81 ; Intrepid, 6 ; Mohawk, ; Stork, 4 ; Dapper, 4 ; Cleaner, 4 ; Magpie, 4 ; Redwing, 4 ; Badger, 4 ; Skipjack, 4 ; Forward, 4; Banterer, 4; Haughty, 4 ; Assurance, 6 ; Procris, 4; (ioshawk, 4; Grappler, 4 ; Hyena, 4 ; Violet, 4 ; Weasel, 4 ; Jackdaw, 4 ; Hind, 4 ; Lark, 4 ; Snap, 4 ; Sheldrake, 4 ; Cockchafer, 4 ; Stanch, 4 ; Charon, 4. Light, Stripeu — Sanspareil, 71 ; Surprise, 6 ; Cheerful, 2 ; Daisy, 2 ; Pert, 2; Drake, 2 ; Angler, 2 ; Pet, 2 ; Rambler, 2 ; Wanderer, 6 ; Chub, 2 ; Onyx, 2; Janus, 2 ; Ant, 2; Nettle, 2 ; Decoy, 2 ; Partridge, 4 ; Coijuette, G ; Beacon, 4; Brave, 4 ; Bullfinch, 4 ; Raven, 4 ; Hardy, 4; Tilbi-ry, 4 ; Sparrowhawk. 4 ; Goldfinch, 4 ; Delight, 4 ; Bouncer, 4 ; Nightingale, 4. This list of vessels, taken from the programme of the day, will j^ive a good idea of the strength of the British Navy, especially when it is borne in mind that these ships were ordered only from convenient naval stations, and many more were scattered all over the woi'ld on every sea. Since that time a new fleet, comprising the most magnificent specimens of naval architecture, has been built, and England's claim to the supremacy of the sea cannot be denied, and never since " first, at heaven's command, she rose from out the azure main," did Britain more triumphantly "rule the waves," than at the present time. The most interesting feature in the day's movement was that reserved for the night, as an Emeralder might say, and was a thorough novelty to all who witnessed it. The illumination was effected by simultaneously lighting up the yards and port- holes with blue lights. At nine o'clock gun-fire, the whole fleet at anchor burst into light as if by magic. The jets one above another, main topmast- high aloft, and the port of each opening at once, showing a vivid glare between decks, caused an unusual roar of cheering from the shore, which was echoed and given back by the boats m^mm i J, RiHi !1fi^' 142 Toronto " Called Back^ and tlio lefjion afloat. This, in the stillness of the cahn night, had an effect as imposing as it was rare. Cheer upon cheer applauded the spectacle. From nine till ten, rockets were .sent up thickly from the .ships and rained a golden shower upon the " floating capital." The Close of the First Decade. After making his purchases for the P'all trade of 1856 the writer came out to Toronto and found everything apparently prosperous. The importations for the year exceeded those of any previous year, reo,ching a point equal to 1800, ten years later. Sales were large and payments gocd, and none seemed to anticipate hard times. The progress of Toronto during the ten yd s ending in 1856 was accelerated by the opening of railways, east, west and north, and by that time its population was 45,000, showing an increase of 28,000 in ten years ; the nuu)ber of its houses was 7,476 ; the assessment of property had increased from $69,000 to $515,000, and the imports from $750,000 to $6,670,500. Toronto had been reaping the first fruits of her connections through the Grand Trunk and Great Western Railways, and the close of this, the first decade, contained in tliis sketch, found Toronto improved almost beyond recognition to tho.S(! who had not seen it during that time. The wide streets, con- taining splendid sliops, and the number of hand.some churches, all conspired to impress a visitor with the growing character of the place. Dr. Mackay writes of it at this time as " a thing of yesterday, a mu.shroom, compared with the antiquity of Montreal and Quebec, though rivalling the one and exceeding the other in trade and population. It is built on the American plan of straight lines, preferring the chess board to the maze, and the regularity of art to the picturesque irregularity of nature. The streets are long and straight. There is a Yankee look about the whole place which it is impossible to mistake, a pushing, thriving, business-like, smart appearance in the people and the streets, in the stores, and in the banks and churches. From 184"] to iS^y. 143 "Looked upon from any part of itself, Toronto does not ^^reatly impress the imaj,'ination, but seen from the deck of a stean»er, it ha.s all the air of wealth and majesty that belonj^s to a great city. Its numerous churches, stores, and public buildings, its wharves, factories, and tall chimneys, mark it for what it is, a thriving place." Durin<^ this decade the following buildings had been erected : The General Hospital, Normal and Model Schools, St. James' and St. Michael's Cathedrals, Knox Church, St. Lawrence Build- FOHMER PO.ST OKKICK (I'RKSENT OFFICB OF RKCEIVKK-UENEKAI-). ings, Nordheinier's Buildings on Toronto Street, the Exchange, Free Library Building, Post Office, City Schools, the University, several Banks, and the Rossin House Hotel. Toronto was now the headquarters of the Royal Canadian Rifles. The science of photography had lately been discovered, and artists styled photographers and auibrotypists began to multiply. . ■■' i 144 Toronto " Called Back.'' 31 Manufactures had not shown much progress, and consisted chiefl}^ of wood-working and planing mills, boots, shoes, safes, soap, spices, paper, and blank books. From the time of the introduction of the bonding .system through the United States, Bi-itish goods to Boston generally came to Toronto via Ogdensburg, and from New York via Lewiston, until the opening of the Suspension Bridge, and pas- sengers sometimes had difficulty in making connections in winter. In the winter of 18o6-7 the writer had .secured his passage to Liverpool by Cunard steamer from Boston, and started in good time to Prescott, intending to cross to Ogdensburg to connect with train for Boston. On arriving at Pre.scott a vio- lent snow storm prevailed, and the captain of the steam ferry refused to cross. On telegraphing across to our agents, Messrs. Stark, Hill & Co., Mr. Stark, who had been a sea captain, immediately came across in a small row boat and offered to row me across. As the storm grew worse, while thanking the captain for his kindness and courage, I declined to risk both our lives when the steamer would not risk the crossing, and telegraphed to Messrs. Hill, Sears & Co.. of Boston, to write to my family in England the cause of my detention. Not wishing to return to Toronto, I went on to New York and waited for the next Cunard steamer from that port. h;;j:';--;.,i.Yfr";;i7:.:tf;^.:',«;r.;jft^v'^;,- TORONTO FROM 1857 TO 1867. Financial Crisis in 1857. Returning to make the spring purcha-ses in Europe, and back to Toronto in February, 1857, there were indications of an im- pending change. The stoppage for the time of railway operations and the circulation of money was soon felt all over the country, and the testing time of the 4th of March was the crisis, when pay- ments at the banks were so bad as to cause a number of failures. In a short time the panic ensued with full force, and the whole picture suddenly changed. Railway enterprise suddenly came to an end ; some of the largest houses were compelled to sus- pend payment. Old establi.shed houses smashed like glass bottles, and mercantile credit collapsed. To show, however, that this state of affairs was not confined to Canada, one fact may be stated. During this year the deficiency in remittances from the United States to England amounted to nearly hfty millions sterling, the great bulk of which was never paid. Wo depressed was trade in Toronto tliat hundreds of persons in the city who had heretofore enjoyc all the ordinary comforts of life, for the first time felt tiie sharp pinch of poverty. There was much suffering and want amongst the laboring classes, with a corresponding amount of drunkenness and crime. There is good reason to believe that .several persons died of .sheer starvation. For the first time in her history her streets swarmed with mendicants. 1:'^ U [jfTp^^^'^^ hi I A \m: $§'■ 146 Toronto ''Called Back.'' The British Colonist of August 4th says : " Pass when you will, you are beset with some sturdy applicant for alms. They dodge you round corners, follow you into shops, they are to be found at the church steps, and at the door of the theatre. They infest the entrance to every bank. They crouch in the lobby of the post office, assail you on every street, knock at your private residence, walk into your place of bu.sine.ss, and beard you with a pertinacity that takes no denial. " In this, our good city of Toronto, begging has assumed the dignity of a craft. Whole families .^^ally forth and have their appointed round. Children are taught to dissemble, to tell a lying tale of misery and woe, and beg or steal as occasion offers." This picture is far from attractive. The advent of brighter days, however, brought in a very perceptible change, and when trade as.sumed its normal condition, our streets ceased to be suggestive of poverty and mendicancy ; but it was not till 1850 that business resumed its healthy appearance. The writer re- turned to Europe in May 1857. The Desjardins Canal Accident. During the writer's stay in Toronto at this time the most terrible accident which had happened since the opening of the railroads, occurred at seven o'clock of the evening of the 12th March, 1857, at the bridge over the Desjardins Canal, a mile east of Hamilton. The train from Toronto, consisting of a locomotive, tender, baggage car, and two passenger coaches, the latter containing about ninety-three persons, left about five p.m. When this train reached the junction just above Hamilton, it was ascertained that the train from Detroit had not gone down to Hamilton, as it was entitled to do before the Toronto train. After waiting twenty minutes the Toronto train came on. Just before reaching the bridge over the Desjar- dins Canal, the train left the track by the misplacement of a switch or some other cause, and ran upon the bridge. Tlit; force of the train knocked the bridge down, and engine, cars and all plunged into the canal thirty or forty feet below. I'TTi'-^T ■ :•.. From i8^y to i86y. H7 The catastrophe was sudden and awful, and the work of death was instantaneous and complete. The locomotive and tender were entirely submerged, and the baggage car partially so. The forward passenger coach turned bottom upwards, and sank so deep that the floor was but a few inches above the water. The rear passenger coach rested upon one end and was about half submerged. Most of the passengers in the rear of this coach escaped ; the remainder were drowned. The writer had a description of the scene inside this car, from one who escaped, by the wood-work being cut through with axes within a few inches of his head, and the scene described was terrible in the extreme. Every person in the first car perished except four — two men and two children. One of the children was thrown out of the window on to the ice ; the other was dragged out of a window, having been up to its neck in water for fifteen minutes. They were brother and sister ; their father, mother and uncle perished, Among those who were killed were Samuel Zimmerman, the great Railway King of Canada, and Captain Sutherland, owner of the well-known iron steamer Magnet, with other prominent men, botli American and Canadian. Mr. Hugh McSloy, of St. Catharines, having come over in response to a circular to see the spring opening of new goods, had made some purchases, and bid the writer good-bye, stating he would soon be back to complete them. At about 7.30 a telegram came from his brother to know whether he had left by that train, when a reply was sent accordingly. He was amongst the victims of the terrible tragedy. British canital to the amount of $400,000,000 was invested in the Unitt' I'l m. ":\ w\ m/L ' 1 I860 to 1865. Outside of general events, the local history of Toronto ftjU) 18G0 to 1865 was that of the proverbially hap])y country that has no history. The close of the decade of the fifties had witnessed commercial depression, stagnation in trade and manu- factures, stai-vation and misery. The first half of the decade of the sixties brought connnercial vigor, activity in trade and manufactures, abundance and prosperity. It was the story of Pharaoh's kine reversed. The American war caused the country to be overrun with connnissariat agents purchasing stores for the army. American gold poured in in steady streams, and produce of all kinds could not be supplied to meet the denumd. Farmers and merchants reaped a golden harvest, and many a fortune was accumulated b}' trader and speculator. Toronto had its share in the general prosperity, and the condition of the city was one hitherto unexampled. During this period the .speculation in gold reached its climax. Fortunes were made and lost in exchanges between New York and Toronto. Goods bought in American currency ami paid !Di*.-; I 60 Toronto " Called BackT for in gold at a high premium, corresponding with the depre- ciation in American currency, gave the importers of American goods room to realize immense profits. As an illustration of the difference in the values of the cur- rency at one time, the writer and the late Mr. A. W. Lauder, M.PR, when starting to New York to meet our families, who had been visiting in England, took $40 each to a l)roker on King Street, for which we received SlOO in American currency, and as the price of everything on the American side had re- mained unchanged — their argument being that a dollar was still a dollar, which they soon found to be rather a delusion — the fare to New York, which frc iie Suspension Bridge was SIO, was to us only $4, while a charge of $4 a day at the St. Nicholas' Hotel, New Yorl, was to us just Sl.GO. Travellers to Canada soon found out the real value of their currency, com- pared with ours, when coming off the boats to make their purchases. One gentleman, on purchasing an article on King Street, the price of which was 25 cents, and getting 15 cents change out of his dollar bill, was so chagrined that he vowed he never again would put his foot on Canadian soil. The return to specie payments was much more rapid than any one had anticipated. Mr. J. G. Bowes, who had filled the civic chair in 1848-49- 50, and had been describe can do to make a voyage pleasant and comfortable has been done. And now the hour of sailing has arrived, and under a full head of steam the noble vessel moves out seaward, a thing of life as well as a thing of beauty. If sailing from New York, the decks are crowded with passengers as they pass Staten Island and view the charming villas and merchants' mansions so thickly studded all over that beautiful suburb. Soon outside of Sandy Hook, now for the first time the heavy swell and roll of the Atlantic is felt, and presently the scene Changes. The indefatigable stewards are already at work. The elegant crim- son silk-embroidered table-covers give place to the plain "Tur- key red," and the satin daniask to worsted. The linen covers are soon doing duty on sofas, where wet boots would prove fatal to rich plush covering, and the ominous guards are attached to the dinintj-tables, somcthincj which all sea-jjoers understand. A certain lady writer has said that in naming the Cunard steamers in some of which she crossed, while there \va.-> a Persia, Gallia, Etruria, etc., it was a wonder that none had been named the N'ausm ; and Dickens said that on his first trip to America he counted twenty distinct smells ; but that was long before the late improvements in ventilation and other matters, and must have included the smell of beautiful flowers in the saloon, and the fragrant odors of the cuisine; and yet tl.eru is something on board every ship to justify the lady's remark as to the feelings that are experienced when once on the " rolling^ foaming billows." At the worst, at the present time, the voyage is short, and enjoyed greatly by most after the first desagrc- ments are over, and England is soon reached. The buyers who go to Europe from Toronto are chiefly ,-i'i From iSsy to iS6j. 165 IS confined to the dry goods and millinery trades ; while a few visit the markets for fancy goods and toys, a few more for china and earthenware, and one or two for jewelry, watches and watch materials ; in these branches of business a visit twice a year, or once at least, is indispensable ; and while a good share of pleasure may be enjoyed, in the variety of scene, the attentions of business men, and the delightful scenery through which the journeys lie, yet the responsibility is very great. In the dry goods and millinery trades especially, the buyer is thrown very much on his resoiirc'^s as to whether he shall risk the novelties which are constantly coining forward, and then as to the quantity that would be safe. This applies, of course, to fancy goods, while as to goods of a staple character he must be wide awake as to price, which is the main point. The responsibility is enhanced where one buyer has to select every class of goods ; but even where the ground to be gone over only includes the goods for one large department, a buyer must not only possess judgment and taste, but have a quick perception of the value and suitability of the goods. Prompt- ness of decision is absolutely neces.sary, as his time is valuable and limited. Every buyer of dry goods must make Manchester one of his principal points; here, in the very heart of the cotton trade of the world his contracts must be made for printed and plain cotton goods, and many classes of dress goods and small wares. If he has time to go through the various mills and manufactories, he cannot fail to be instructed and interested ; and as every experi- enced buyer has his eye.s- and ears open, he will gain information of great practical value. The print trade must be regarded as one of the greatest importance, and the perfection to which these goods have been lirought during the present century is one of the greatest triumphs of art and science, whether regarded as to the finish and style, or their marvellous cheapness. As late as 1860, in the very district where calico printing is now carried on so extensively, Squire Raven owned the parish of Kavensborne, a fine estate in the most rural part of Lancashire. \f 1 66 Toronto " Called Back.'' M}^ In this parish he ruled supreme. By his orders, in the Squire's servants' pew on Sundays was ranged a row of serving-maids in the old Lancashire costume — a calico jacket, a Lancashire bed-gown, and a striped linsey-woolsey petticoat — a very pretty costume, no doubt, and formerly a costly one, for the old- fashioned chintz, in the good old days of Queen Charlotte, would have cost five sliillings instead of five pence a yard. If the Squire's ukase had been as powerful in Parliament as in his own parish, the long line of manufacturing towns and villages which, beginning at the green oasis of said Squiredom, stretches into Yorkshire, and gives employment to millions of operatives, might be still in the future. The cheapness of machinery has swept away a crowd of prejudices and flooded js with comforts and luxuries unknown to past generations. The reference to Lancashire takes the writer back to his former residence at Bran lesholme Hall, near Bury, just nine miles from Manchester. From my hali door one could look out on a forest of factory chimneys, extending for miles in every direction. Yonder is the old seat of the Peel family, in which the late Sir Robert Peel was born, and here the calico printing, from the hand block work to the copper cylinder productions, has been carried on from its commencement. Just behind is the Peel monument on Holcomb Hill ; on the other side is the Grant monument, erected in honor of the family of that name who, coming here from Scotland, by wonderful skill and industry in this trade, accumu- lated an immense fortune. Away in the distance is Bolton, whene, amongst a wilderness of factories, only one can be named — the firm of Barlow k Jones, wdio have supplied the woild with quilts and counter- panes, all made and bleached in their own works. A little nearer is Ratcliffe, where the firm of R. Bealey & Co. divide some of the business with Barlow & Jones ; and a buyer from Canada, and esnecially from Toronto, will be sure of a cordial welcome to the beautiful mansion, and grounds and conserva- tories of Ml-. Bealey, as the writer can abundantly testify from happy hours spent in that delightful home. Fro)n iSsi to iS6j. 167 The same may be said of the cotton spinning works of Mrs. I Robinson Kay, at Summorseat. the town bcin^^ entirely occupied by the employees of the firm, some o.OOO finding employment and the kindest treatment. In the Wesleyan ('hiu'ch a tablet to the memory of the late Rev. J. P. Hetherington, a most intimate friend of the family, is placed in the chancel, and in the adjoining yard is seen the tomb beneath which he is buried. This cliurch is the free gift of the firm for the use of the work people, who with the family are the sole worshippers, Walmersly House, the family residence, is a fine specimen of the princely mansions of these manufacturers ; the furniture and decorations inside corresponding with the beauty and maornificence of the surroundings. Here has ever l)een found the most unbounded hospitality without ostentation, and finest style without a particle of affectation rnd here delightful evenings were spent, which are pleasant to the memory of the writer. Five miles on the other side is Rochdale, where the river Roche, after the water has been used in various ways, carries off the off-scourings of hundreds of factories includinjj those of Mr. John Bright and others, ii^ the ffannel and drugget trade. Yonder are the paper work.s f Messrs. Wrigley & Co., who supply the London Times, and pay to the excise about £80,000 sterling a year. All around are the works of the Rylands, Bannermans, Henrys, Westheads, Phillips's, Barbours, Hoyles, Ashtons Watts', etc. The sight at night, when the factories are lighted up, forms a fairy scene which is quite indescribable. The thousands of windows, as far as the eye can reach, illuminated, which, with the hum of machinery on all hands, show the enter- prise of the capitalists (nearlj^ all self-made men) who control this trade and give employment to such vast masses of people. From Bury to Manchester trains can be had about every ten minutes, by a choice of three lines of railway, besides omnibuses, from the top of which a splendid view may be obtained, and a delightful ride on one of the finest roads in the world. I ' itli m\k m 1 68 Toronto " Called Back''' The nephew of the writer, Mr. J. C. Kay, proprietor of one of the oldest and most extensive foundries and engine works in Lancashire, will introduce any Canadian buyer who may call to any of these large manufactories, which will well repaj' a visit. His residence is Heaton Grove, and the works are on Bolton Street, Bury. It will be evident from the advantage of being in the centre of this district, that a house with large capital and being in a position to place orders of from 50,000 to 100,000 pieces of prints, can always get bottom prices, besides being able to avail themselves of opportunities of a depression to get even below the cost of production. The Tuesday meetings of the Lancashire manufacturers in the Exchange in Manchester is a sight which, once witnessed, is not soon forgotten. The hum of thousands of voices by which, without any visible signs in the way of goods or samples, and in the quietest manner, yarns and goods to the value of millions of pounds .sterling change hand.s, is something mar- vellous. East Indian, Turkish, Greek, Australian, Canadian, and other resident merchants contract for goods for their different markets, while the spinner contracts with the weaver, and the weaver with the finisher or printer ; the cotton is bought on the spot by telegraph to Liverpool for cash. The merchant or man- ufacturer in this way can calculate to a penny what his profit will be, and sometimes as many as 500,000 or 750,000 pieces of one line of shirtings, for Calcutta, are bought and sold in a few minutes. A transaction was mentioned to the writer, in Manchester, in which such a lot of goods was sold in Calcutta in the morning and repeated four times in twenty-four hours by telegraph. A large portion of the trade of Canada in this class of goods has been lost to England through the competition with Canadian and American manufacturers, who produce on the whole a purer article. One of the most interesting branches of manufacture in Manchester is the cotton velvet trade. The perfection to which cotton velvets and velveteens have been brought within the From iSs7 to iS6j. 169 last few years vvouhl in itself require a separate paper to ex- plain. Rivalling in lustre the very finest prodiictions of silk velvets from Crefelt and Lyons, they possess a brilliancy and finish that fit them for the use of royalty itself ; and yet, wonderful as it inUy seem, these goods when taken from the looms in Lancashire are simply fustians, such as are worn by brick- layers and other attizans at their daily work . very few wouM suppose that the process of tiu'ning these fustians into velvets is accomplished by boys and girls, thousands of whom are em- ployed in that trade. The cloth is stretched on frames, and these boys and girls, with sharp-pointed knives, cut every thread so as to form the " pile " on the face, (this being tlone on the silk velvets by the threads being cut each, time tlie shuttle passes through, but it is hand-work in the cotton trade,) and afterwards comes the singeing, dyeing and finishing, which brings them to a state of perfection that is truly wonderful. Passing from the cotton to the linen manufactures, we remark that while Russia, Scotland, and England are large producers, we must go to the great centre of the flax-growing districts in the north of Ireland for the chief supplies. Not only Canada anforce- mcnts would soon follow, and that they would probably reach Toronto before their progress could be checked. The moment the news was received by the Government, troops, both regu- lar and militia were despatched as rapidly as possible from Toronto. Two columns c^' troops were directed by different routes to Fort Erie; one — consisting principally of regulars, with a battery of field artillery, amounting to about 1,500 men, under the command of Colonel Peacock, 16th Regiment — proceeded by way of Niagara Falls and Chippewa; the other — composed altogether of militia, about 500 in number, under the command of Colonel Df.nnis — went by the Welland Railway through Port Colborne. From 1 85 J to i86y. 173 The Fenians remained in possession of Fort Erie till the morning of the 2nd of June, when they advanced towards Port Colborne. Colonel Booker, on whom the command of the militia devolved, found them strongly posted at Ridgeway. He immediately attacked them, at first with success, but find- ing himself opposed to superior numbers and his ammunition failing, he returned towards Port Colborne with a loss of six killed and forty wounded ; the enemy suffering about equally. Colonel Peacock did not reach Fort Erie till after night, when the Fenians re-embarked, leaving a few of their wounded and a few stragglers, in all about sixty men, in the hands of the Canadians. The brunt of the battle fell upon the Queen's Own Rifles, five of whom were killed. They were so placed as to be with- out support, and behaved with the utmost gallantry. The bodies were removed to Toronto, and were displayed in the drill shed for several hours on a platform draped with black. The coffin of Ensign McEachran occupied the middle and front position, covered with the Union Jack ; that of Corporal Defries was placed on the right, and that of Private Anderson on the left. The coffins of Privates Alderson and Tempest were placed behind and above, covered with flags. The procession from the drill shed to St. James' Cemetery was led by the band of the 47th Regiment. The Mayor and Corporation, with an immense concourse of citizens, accompanied the funeral. The burial service was read by the Rev, J. H. Grassett. Several other members of the Queen's Own died from the efl'ects of wounds and exposure, amongst whom were Mewburn, Mathe- son, Leckie and McKenzie. A handsome monument in the Queen's Park commemorates their bravery. To prevent further attempts nine steamers on the lakes were temporarily turned into gunboats, and 20,000 troops stationed at different points along the frontier. Colonel O'Neill, and other ringleaders, including a Protestant and Roman Catholic chaplain, were tried, and the writer was 174 Toronto " Called Back.'' present when the Colonel was sentenced to be hung. The sentence was not carried out, however, having been commuted to imprisonment in the Penitentiary ; and so ended the great invasion. \';\A Decimal Currency and American Silver. During this period the Halifax Currency was abolished and the Decimal System introduced ; at the same time all accounts in banks and war^ouses were changed from pounds, shillings and pence to dollars and cents, thereby assimilating the whole system to that of the United States, getting rid of the confusion with sterling money and facilitating exchanges generally. During, and subsequent to the American War, American currency became depreciated, and the premium on gold rose to a corresponding degree, at last reaching to 250 premium. The effect of this fluctuation was to drive the silver and gold in the United States out of circulation, leaving it in the hands of brokers and speculators, and specie became an article only to be bought and sold in the Gold Room in New York, where scenes of intense excitement might be witnessed every day. The effect of this was to send it over to Canada in largo quantities, where it passed freely in the purchase of cattle and produce, as well as of every kind of merchandise, at a discount of from four to five per cent. Tb " nuisance " commenced when the banks refused to take it, and the greatest inconvenience was experienced by merchants, when making deposits or paying duties at the Custom House, and messengers were running round the city every day to get it changed into bankable funds. At the same time the want of a Canadian silver and copper currency was sorely felt. At this juncture the Hon. Francis Hincks, Minister of Finance, undertook to grapple with the difficulty, his first act being to issue twenty-five-cent paper " shin-plasters," and afterwards to get an Act passed for the issue of a silver and copper coinage, which was shortly after- wards shipped to Canadt. from the Royal mint. At the same time Mr. Hincks undertook, through the agencv ot Mr. Weir, From 1 8 SI to iSdy. 175 of Montreal, to buy up all the American silver in Canada and ship 't back to the United States. The value of the same was reduced by the Government, and every precaution taken to prevent its re-importation. This put an end to what was long icnown as the " silver nuisance." Thi^ decennml period was not marked by any extraordinary progress, being more a time of recuperation of resources than of actual advancement. The importations at the end of 1866 were a little less than they had been ten years previously, amounting to !i?6,840,679 ; the city expenditure was $322,892, compared with $299,848 in IS.')6 ; retrenchment and economy had been judiciously exer- cised and the future made all the brighter in consequence. The opening of the Street Railway by Mr. Easton in 1861, from Yorkville to the St. Lawrence Market, was hailed with great delight, and a good deal of excitement took place when the first car arrived at the corner of King and Yonge Streets. The undertaking, not proving profitable, was afterwards handed over to Mr. J, G. Bowes, who was the owner up to the time of his death. One or two locomotive engines had been built by Mr. James Good at his works on Queen Street, from whence they were taken down Y(mge Street to the Northern Railway track with quite a display of pride on the part of the citizens generally. Between 1860 and 1869 Toronto was visited by three Princes besides H. R. H. the Prince of Wales. After him came Prince Alfred, as midshipman in the Royal Navy; leaving his ship at Halifax he paic Toronto an informal visit, and was received with every demonstration suitable to the occasion. As Duke of Edinburgh he has since sailed round the w^orld. Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, arrived in Toronto in 1869, and won all hearts by his princely demeanor. Of more commanding presence than either of his brothers, his appearance created great enthusiasm. He appeared in a public procession and was loudly cheered. The Prince planted a tree in the Hor- ticultural Gardens as a memento of his visit. The Grand Duke Alexis, of Russia, also paid Toronto a visit and was well received. IS II f ; i 176 Toronto '"'Called Back!' \\ ' s The increase of manufactures since 1856 was not very re- markable, and consisted of chemicals, brushes, confectionery, engines and boilers, pumps, scales, vinegar, trunks and saddlery, stained glass, carriages, refrigerators, and brass work, all of which gave employment to numbers of operatives, and con- tributed to the growth and prosperity of the city! Notwithstanding the financial crisis and consequent depres- sion experienced in Toronto during this period, improvements went on. Churches, banks, several benevolent institutions and private residences sprang into existence. The city continued to extend in every direction, and the population continued to increase. The Esplanade had been built, forming a continuous street, which proved a great convenience in reaching the wharves to which access previously could only be had by coming up from one wharf to Front Street and down to another, and the receiving and shipping of goods were greatly facilitated. K iS TORONTO FROM 18CT TO 18T7. Confederation. When the clock struck midnight on the 30th of June, 1867, the joy bells of St. James' Cathedral rang out; it was the 1st of July, the birthday of the new Dominion. Confederation was accomplished and Toronto was once more a capital. The capital only of a Province, it is true, but that Province the wealthiest, the most enterprising, and the most populous in the Union. The day was observed by the greatest rejoicings in the city. What with bonfires, fireworks and illuminations, •excursions, military displays and musical and other entertain- ments, the citizens and the thousands of strangers who crowded the streets did not want for amusement. Since the visit of the Prince of Wales no such day had been witnessed in Toronto. To celebrate the event a banquet was given in the Music Hall, over the present Public Library room, at which the Hon. John A. Macdonald and Hon. George Brown were the principal guests, as having united for the accomplishment of this grand and crowning work. Their mutual interchange of compliments on the occasion, when each spoke of the other as respectively the greatest statesman and patriot Canada had ever produced, was a striking feature on this memorable and festive occasion. Paris Universal Exposition, 1867. From December 1866 to January 1868, the writer crossed the Atlantic six times, keeping up a constant correspondence with Toronto, as far as circumstances would permit, a large portion of the time being spent on the water. ■J,ii'iiJ!WMWiiB!SB 178 Toronto " Called Back.'' 1 ! i \ 1 \v Ml ■ } ■ I I IM ■15. 'I 1 Hi r .1 While Toronto was recovering from the reaction caused by the cessation][o£ the American war, with the consequent loss of demand for Canadian products, and the alarm of further Fenian invasions was subsiding, important events were trans- piring in Europe, some of which are memorable as matters of history. The most remarkable trial of modern times, that of the Tichborne claimant, was going on in the Westminster Hall, London. London and Paris were visited by the Sultan of Turkey and the Viceroy of Egypt. The splendid Exhibition in Paris was the great centre of attraction for visitors from all parts of the world, amongst whom were numbers from Canada, and many from Toronto. The building of the Paris Universal Exposition of 1867 was erected in the Champ de Mars. The palace consisted of eight elliptical galleries, intersected by sixteen transversal avenues, each about five hundred feet long, and all radiating from a central garden. These avenues were described as streets, nametl after the various countries whose particular section of the palace they abutted on. There were the Rue d' Alsace, Rue de Normandie, Rue de Flandres, Rue de France, Rue de Lorraine, Rue de Provence, Rue de Belgrave, Rue de Russia, Rue d'Afrique, Rue de Prusse, Rue d'Austriche, Rue de Swisse, Rue des Indes, Rue d'Angleterre, Rue des Etats Unis, Rue de Canada, and the Grand Vestibule. The palace had sixteen different entrances. The Exhibition Park filled the whole of the Champ de Mars from the Point de Jena to the Ecole Militaire, and was covered with buildings erected by all nations, representing the exact mode of life in each country, both as to the style of the interior and the costumes of the inhabitants. The Russian stables and post-house were elegant looking buildings. The marble steps that led to the elegant orna- mented polished steel doorway, were beautifully engraved and inlaid. The majolica balustrades were remarkably handsome. The stables contained stalls for tw^rty horses, which were led From 186"/ to i8yy. 179 every day by a Russian groom in the Czar's livery, and put through their paces. The Emperor's Pavilion was furnished and decorated in gorgeous style, and was an object of great attraction. There was the Palace of the Bey of Tunis, the Prussian Garden and Pavilion, Egyptian Okel, and model of the Cata- combs of Rome, model of the house of Gustavus Vasa, in the Swedish quarters, Turkish Mos(|ue and Palace of the Pacha of Egypt, the Egyptian department with costumes and figures, the establishment of the Bey of Tunis, and the English Cottage and Terra Cotta Boiler-house. The outer of the seven con- centric ovals, in the vast range of buildings, about one mile in circumference, was entirely taken up with restaurants of every nation in the world, where the attendants, in native costumes, served their own countrymen and others with re- freshments to which they had been accustomed in their own country ; and in addition, there were the magnificent Spanish, Swedish, Austrian, Turkish, Japanese and Chinese cafes in the Park. No attempt is made to describe the wonders of the exhibits ; one article only can be mentioned from amongst the long line of cases of Lyons silks, which were purchased by Grant & Gask of London — a silk dress, richly embroidered, was sold by that firm at their grand display after the Exhibition was over for £1100 sterling. This particular dress the writer saw, and was credibly informed of the price at which it was sold when in London. The Sunday before leaving Paris on this trip was spent with several Canadians, amongst whom was Mr. Richard Brown, of Brown Bros., of this city. Having met at the Wesleyan Chapel in the Rue Roquepine, a visit was paid to the celebrated cemetery of Pere La Chaise, where repose the ashes ot kings, queens, emperors, statesmen, poets, philosophers, musicians, painters, and all ranks of Parisians, down to the humble work- man ; and here crowds of people resort on Sundays to decorate the tombs. In the evening the sight of the Champs Elysees, at ten o'clock, being still daylight, was such as even Paris -herself .■?*il m -TSTSTT-r 1 80 Toronto " Called Backy wm has never witnessed before or since. The climax of splendor had been reached. From the Place de la Concorde to the Arch of Triumph was one stream of carriages, while on both sides the various exhibitions were in full blast. The following Thursday, the 11th of July, may be regarded as the turning point in the history of Napoleon III. He had seen Paris arise under his direction, as with a magician's wand, to a point of unparalleled grandeur. Mile after mile of magni- ficent new boulevai'ds had sprung into existence. The Exhibi- tion had eclipsed all those which preceded. Paris had been visited by kings and emperors, and on the day named a grand review of the troops took place in the presence of Abdul Aziz, then the Sultan of Turkey ; Ismael Pacha, G.C.B., Viceroy of Egypt, being there the same week. This was the last peaceful military display ever witnessed by the Emperor. Not very long after the Franco -Prussian war broke out, terminating in the surrender at Sedan. " 8ic transit gloria mundi," The same day the writer left Paris for London, accompanied by Mr. Richard Brown and the late J. H. Mead, who, bc'ng an excellent French scholar, as well as a gentleman of very general information, made a very agreeable fellow-traveller. As an incident of the Exhibition, the writer had an oppor- tunity of seeing the Empress Eugenie in one of the picture galleries, where from the peculiar shape of the building allowing no long views, the Royal party had the advantage of a quiet inspection. The Empress had become quite matronly in appearance since 185.5, but still retained marks of beauty which were very attractive. 11. i iff I He I Fenianlsm in Manchester. While residing in Manchester, in 1867, the trial and execu- tion of Allen, Larkin and O'Brien, for the murder of Policeman Brett, took place. Two Fenian head centres, Kelly and Deas;, — who were styled Colonel Kelly and Captain Deasy, officers of the Fenian Army — From 186"] to iSyj 181 having been arrested, we ; put in irons and locked in the police van with a number of other prisoners. The van proceeded over Ardwick Green, and along Hyde Road, a fino open street nearly a jnile in length, toward the prison. It was drawn l>y two horses and was guarded behind by seven policemen, with Brett inside the door, while each prisoner was locked in a separate compartment. The van had proceeded about halt' up the road, when, in passing under the viaduct of the London an.d North-Western Railway, a volley cf shots was fired at both horses and men. The policeriien dropped from the van and spread them- selves out wide. There was a rush of thirty or forty men (said to be Irish) upon the police and the van. One had a hatchet, another a hammer, and a third a bayonet, with which they set to work to break open the van ; one man took a revolver and fired it into the lock. At last several men, with large stones, broke through the top of the van and the panels of the door behind, and set all the prisoners, including the Fenians, at liberty. The policemen collected in a body to pre- vent the prisoners from being libe'*ated, and Brett refusing to give up too key, several revolvers were discharged. Sergeant Brett was shot over one of his eyes and died shortly afterwards. It was proved that Allen fired the fatal shot. The trial which followed wa,s one of the most remarkable in history. The Fenians threatened to burn up the city, and the greatest excitement prevailed. Troops, including dragoons, hussars, and infantry, amongst which were the 42nd Highlanders, with artillery, poured into Manchester, while policemen from the surrounding towns were ordered into service. The splendid new assize courts, where the trial was held, was guarded by immense bodies of police, who were heavily taxed to keep back the crowds. After every day's trial the police van was escorted to the prison by a strong body of military marching before, behind, and on each side, the whole width of the streets, while police- men stood on the van with loaded revolvers to meet every or any attack that might be attempted. !' l82 Toronto " Called Back." After the fullest and fairest trial Allen, Larkin, and O'Brien were found guilty and sentenced to be hung. The writer — using his unfailing talisman to gain admiss'on to every place of interest after working on the feelings of a policeinan for nearly two hours, and speaking of Canada and America — succeeded in getting admittance to the Court Room, and was present when the death sentence was passed. Larkin, amid the shrieks of some of the female relatives of the prisoners, jumped up in the dock and shouted " God save Ireland ! " The morning of the execution of these three men was so foggy that those on the opposite side of the street could not see the terrible spectacle. The streets around the Old Bailey at Salford, where they were hung, were barricaded with immense beams of timber, and all traffic was suspended till all was over. The judges at the trial were Justices Blackburn and Mellor. For the prosecution. Sir J. B. Karslake, Attorney-General, and Mr. Hinuian ; for the defence Mr. Digby Seymour, Q.O., Mr. Sergeant O'Brien, Mr. Cottingham and Mr. Ernest Jones. Assassination of Thomas D'Arcy McGee, M.P. Having, when a young man of twenty-three, been one of the accomplices of the Smith-O'Brien rebellion in 1848, Mr, McGee escaped in the guise of a priest to America., and when the am- nesty was granted became a loyal citizen of Canada ; and at the time of his assassination represented Montreal West in the House of Commons. He was a man of high personal character, and of remarkable talents and accomplishments. Mr. D'Arcy McGee was most earnestly opposed to the Fenian Conspiracy, and by speech and writing warned his countrymen against it. On the night of April 7th, after an eloquent speech in the House of Commons in favor of loyalty and unity, he was shot dead from behind, at the door of his lodgings. The agent of the bloody deed was James Whelan. The murder was planned by forty Fenians in Montreal, among whom lots were From i86y to iSy]. 18 cast as to who should execute the deed, and the lot fell upon Whelan. • He was hanged on the 11th of February, 18(59. Sir John Young was sworn in as Governor-General on the 2nd of February. Tariffs of England, United States and Canada from 1869 to 1876. Having retired from the direct importing trade in 1869, the writer accepted the agency of the firm of Potters & Martin (Limited), of Manchester, England, for the United States and Canada. This firm had been established nea.'ly a century before, the head at one time being Sir John Potter, under the style of Potters & Norris, and subsequently of Potters & Taylor ; the present Mr. Thomas Bailey Potter, M.P., continuing the busi- ness till the introduction of Mr. Martin as partner, is well known as the friend of Mr. Cobden and Mr. John Bright, and is still the chairman of the Cobden Club, and a representative free trader. Having been a buyer of American goods for many years, I had a good knowledge of the leading lines of their domestic manufactures, which up to a comparatively recent period had been limited in both number and exterit ; and having engaged three travellers to look after the Canadian business, I undertook to do all the American trade myself, and with this view got up an immense line of samples weighing some five hundred pounds, and comprising a full assortment of British dry goods, besides everything in French and German goods for which an order was likely to be obtained. During six years of this business I had the best opportunity of seeing the operation of the tariffs of the three countries. Every invoice passed through my hands, and all the correspondence, extending from Halifax to Winnipeg, and Baltimore to St. Louis, was carried on by myself directly, while the ground gone over twice a year was about 5,000 miles each journey. * The amount of business done in the States may be judged from the sales of the year 1875, representing in American money about !$.S00,000. That amount was done from a very few lines of the samples carried, and if a fair proportion of the 1 84 Toronto ''Called Back.'* ' J 1(1 Hi If i < 5! i'l goods previously imported from England had been ordered the amount could have reached the millions. But the rapid growth of their manufactures from season to season, under the high tariff, gradually excluded line after line, and instead of having six hundred pounds of samples, one hundred pounds would be amply sufficient to represent all the goods there was any chance of selling,, and by the end of 1876 the United States were independent of the world for all necessary goods ; those which might be called luxuries only being required for their wn,nts. The firm which I represented did not seem to appreciate the real position of affairs, and in the face of these facts would supply me with lists of members of the Cobden Free Trade Club, amongst whom were a few American names, including that of Rev. Henry Ward Beecher. " . To circulate literature of that kind amongst my clients would have been as ineffectual as the efforts of Free Traders in 1885, described by the Philadelphia Free Press, which says : — ''The Free Traders are preparing to smash the tariff again. The performance will resemble the efforts of an over-ripe tomato to smash a stone fence." In taking orders, it was necessary to take the American tariff constantly as a vade riiecitm. This required constant study, with its endless distinctions in specific and ad valorevi rates, and both combined. It was evident that no branch of industry had been overlooked, and that every manu- facturer, small and large, had been at Washington and had a clause inserted for his own benefit, and so the manufac- tures spread and grew with amazing ra^'idity. The average rate on our goods was about 60 per cent, ad valorevi, and this was always payable in gold, the premium on which, during this period, averaged nearly 20 per cent. To illustrate the actual cost of foreign goods to the importer, it may be stated, that at the highest rate of duty paid this year (1886) in Canada, goods can be laid down at about 65 per cent, advance on the sterling cost, or 3^ cents to the penny. The simplest way the leading importers in the States used to From iSSj to iSy/. 185 arrive at the probable cost of goods, in giving their orders, was the latter calculation of so many cents to the penny. As nothing in dry goods paid less than 35 per cent, ad valorem, no goods could be laid down at less than 4 cents, while most cost 4^ to .') cents. The effect of this high rate of duty was to bring some British manufacturers to establish their works in the States. Messrs, Coats and Clark, the great thread manufacturers, finding the difference in duty between thread in hanks and on spools to be so great (on the latter the duty, being specific, reached to an average of 72 per cent, ad valorem), opened large establishments in New Jersey, where now their thread is all spooled, giving employment to hundreds of operatives, and by .so much depriving Paisley of the payment of these people's wages, and all the corresponding advantages. All this time American goods were being shipped to England free of duty, and the climax was reached when, on my last trip, I was asked to take samples of American cottons, these being largely sold close by the warehouse in Manchester, and offer them for sale in Canada (!) while not a yard of .similar goods made in Eng- land was sold in the whole of the United States. This pro- posal I at once begged to decline ; it would have been too humiliating. The go6ds referred to, admitted free into Eng- land, were liable at the time in the States to a duty of five cents a square y&vd, and ten per cent, ad valorem. This did not appear to me to be in any sense " fair trade " the opinions of the great Manchester manufacturers to the contrary notwith- standing. About the same time the firm of Randall, Farr & Co., of Hcspeler, Ontario, who were extensively engaged in the manufacture of Alpaca cloths, not being able to compete with British goods, removed their whole machinery to Ma.s.sachusetts, and never returned. Metropolitan Church. During the residence of Rev. Dr. Pun.shon in Toronto, the congregation worshipping in the old Adelaide Street Church, corner of Toronto Street, feeling the necessity of increa.sed accommodation, as well as of having a building of more modern 13 ! '■■v<*a *l i86 Toronto " Called Back'' i ' 1! I style, in looking round for a «ito, fixed their attention on McGill Square, then about to be sold. The late Kev. Dr. Taylor and Dr. Punshon, with other members and trustees, soon secured the property, relying to a great extent on the services and influence of Dr. Pun.shon to raise funds for the erection of a church in the centre of the square. The corner stone was laid in 1870, and soon the present magnificent structure appeared in its grand and beautiful proportions. The building has so often been described, and is so familiar to both citizens and visitors, that any present description is quite unnecessary ; besides, any attempt to describe the churches of Toronto would involve a larger atuount of space, from the vast number that has sprung up of late years, than these pages couhl afford. The Metropolitan Church with its beautiful grounds, so splen- didly ornamented with trees and flowering shrubs, as well as flower beds, belongs not only to the Methodist body, but to the whole city of Toronto, forming, as it does, an open square, which is at once a boon and ornament to Toronto, and remains a lasting monument to the memory of Dr. Punshon, and also to Drs. Taylor, Ryerson and Green, as well as laymen who contributed liberally towards its erection. While some churches in Methodism are more elegant and greatly more expensive, there is not one in the world — take it altogether, internally and externally, the grounds included — which, in all its appointments, is so complete as the Metro- politan Church of Toronto. Messrs. Langley & Burke were the architects. A beautiful stained glass window, in memory of Mrs. Punshon, who died at their residence on Bond Street, was placed by Dr. Punshon in the south-west gallery. In 1870 and 1871 Toronto had become a very important commercial centre. The principal streets wore an aspect of staid, unpretentious pros- perity. They had begun to spread out indefinitely ; the area of 1 Kp fe 1'^ 1 ii Wt mMr't.i 1 nl • ■/ / ... 'i^-l METROPOLITAN CHURCH. ^ ! From iS6y to i8yy. 189 the population had been widely and rapidly extended. From the Provincial Lunatic Asylum on the west, to far eastward beyond tlie Don, stretched mile upor. mile of densely popu- lated thorou<:rhfares. To the northwai'd, Bloor Street had long since censed to be anything more than a nominal boundary between Toronto and Yorkville. The Esplanade on the City front had become a hive of railway and general industry. Jarvis Street had been beautified with elegant and stately residences. King and Yonge Streets continued to monopoli^^e the lion's share of the retail business; but Front and Wellington had developed into the centre of the whole.sale trade, and many lai'ge and wealthy establishments had headquarters there. A writer in the Canadian Illo-sfrated News (Montreal), at this time indulges in some rather severe strictures on the aspect of our streets, which he describes to be, generally speaking, either dirty or narrow, with the light of heaven almost sluit out ; or broad, wretchedly paved, certainly with a number of sufficiently handsome houses, but at the same time with an undue preponderance of common, and generally having the appearance of being laid out on the sand-flat. He admits, however, that Toronto possesses two principal streets, sufficiently broad, well lit, and well paved, and lined with handsome shops. Some of this gentleman's comments on the social aspect of the streets are sufjgestive and entertainintj. " Between the two principal streets of the Western Capital is a great gulf, made by the inflexible laws of society and fashion — a gulf as great as separates the Bowery from Broadway, the Rue de Rivoli from Rue Mont Parnasse, or Regent Street and Rotten Row from the humble thorouohfares of Pentonville and the City Road. "The buildings on King Street are greater and grander than their neighbors on Yonge ; the shops are larger and dearer ; and last, but not least. King Street is honored by the daily presence of the aristocracy, while Yonge is given over to the business of the middle-class and the beggar. Amid the upper classes there is a performance that goes on daily, that is known t , among habitues as doincj King.' It consists principally of igo Toronto " Called Back'' I III i Ik I: marching up and down a certain part of that street at a certain hour, performing, as it were, ' Kotow ' to the goddess of fashion, and sacrificing to her sister divinity of s<^iety. " At three o'clock in the afternoon the first stragglers appear on the scene, which extends perhaps a quarter of a mile. These consist principally of young ladies, whose proper place should be at school, and young men attired in the height of fashion. By the time the.se ardent devotees have paraded a few times, the regular h.abltiu's make their appearance, and till six o'clock in the evening one side — for one side only is patronized — is crowded to excess. " It is rather considered ' the thing ' to patrol King Street in this manner ; and of a fine evening every one who belongs to the elite, as well as many who do not, may be seen perseveringly trudging up and down, no doubt to their great comfort, and to the intense discomfiture and dismay of others less smiled upon by nature or less favored by their tailors or their dressmakers. Kin»T Street is in a way a great social ' (change,' where every- body meets everybody and his wife ; where the latest fashions are exhibited, and the last quotations of the matrimonial market are exchanged. " Would you see the newest style in hats or panniers ? They are to be seen on King Street. And would you know how many young swells are doing nothing for a living ? You are sure to- find them on King Street. Would you wish to hear the last imprudence of young Harum Scarum, or the progress of Miss Slowcome's engagement ? You may be sure before you take half-a-do.zen turns some conversant, intelligent busy-body of your acquaintance will have whispered the facts of the case in your ear, all of which he has 'on the best authority, sir.' It is on King Street that Clelius makes his appointment with Clelia for their afternoon walk ; that Thersite-s, jealousy stricken^ scowls at Adonis ; and that Pomponia depreciates the value of her dear friend Amaltheus' new silk and trimmings. There Cornelia, the careful mother, brings out her treasures and exhibits to the public gaze those desirable lots of which she is so anxious to dispose on advantageous terms. While far above m From 186'] to i8yy. 191 all, Diogenes, in his garret, little more roomy or commodioiis than the ancient ' tub,' looks down upon the motley throng, notices their petty follies and foibles, and thanks his lucky stars that he»is not as other men." In 1871 the population was oO.OOO, an increase in ten years of 11,000. During the next three years Toronto, in common with the Province, enjoyed an unexampled epoch of prosperity. A remarkable impetus was given to all the usual branches of trade ; and the commerce, both wholesale and retail, assumed such proportions as not even the most sanguine had hoped for. More than 18,000 were added to the population, and both public and private enterprise kept pace with this rapid increase. The streets were full of bustle and aCi,.vity. Mercantile palaces were built by some of the leading houses, and many of the tinest n»ansions and most beautiful churches in the city were erected. The progress made since Confederation had been amazing. Not only had its area and population largely increased, but it had been greatly beautified by the erection of huge business establishment=i, and palatial private residences; and it had developed a commercial enterprise and energy which seriously endangered the pretensions of Montreal to the mercantile supremacy of the Dominion. It was during 1872-74 that Toronto began to make the rapid strides in commercial enterprise that placed her in the proud position she now occupies. They were years of uniisual pi'os- perity, and trade of all kinds received a remarkable impetus. Happily the foundations then laid of the city's mercantile greatness were sufficiently solid to resist the shock of the reaction that followed. In July, 1873, a delightful passage was made to England in the Allan steamer Polynesian from Quebec. After passing through the Straits of Belle Isle large icebergs were seen, while the weather was that of summer. Amongst the passengers were Dr. and Mrs. W. T. Aikens, of Toronto, and the family of Mr. and Mrs. Gammon, of Chicago, visiting Europe for the first time. The fine weather gave an opportunity for games of U I !{ \ '-}'■ ki 192 Toronto " Called Back." Ill ; i' ill various kinds on deck, those of shuffle-board and nuoits being the favorites. A very pleasant time was spent in London in sight-seeing. Return of Rev. Dr. Punshon to England. During my stay in Manchester, in 1873, the late Rev, Dr. Punshon — who, had he lived, would have done as much to recommend Canada, and Toronto in particular, to the attention of the English people as any other man, having frequently stated he was bound to the country by the dead and the living — re- turned to England. In company with Dr. Gervase Smith and other friends, we met him at the railway station on his arrival from Liverpool. The Wesleyan Conference being then in session in the Free Trade Hall, the Doctor was expected to attend one of the even- ing meetings. The Conference, numbering about six hundred ministers, occupied the great platform, while the audience was full}' six thousand in number. Dr. James occupied the presidential chair, and all were on the qm-vive for the appearance of Dr. Punshon, who was known to have arrived. Soon he entered quietly at the back of the platform and took a seat, but was instantly recognized, when the immense audience stood up, and between clapping of hands and waving of handkerchiefs, round after round, the scene baffles description. For the time all the Doctor could do was to stand with head bent down and eyes streaming with tears, until an opportunity was given afterwards for giving expres- sion to his feelings in words. It was a scene never to be for- gotten. In 1874 a voyage fi'om England was made in company with several Toronto gentlemen, including the late Rev. Dr. Jennings. One of the passengers was the now celebrated Mr. Joseph Arch, M.P., who, it is reported, took the oath in the House of Com- mons dressed in a suit of corduroy, and appeared at a banquet given in his honor, amongst a number of noblemen and gentle- men, dressed in a tweed suit. Mr. Arch was accompanied by a secretary, and represented the i m From iSd'j to i8jj. 193 ,ed the Laborers' Trade Union of England ; himself a working-man. Their object was to get information as to the desirability of emigration on a large scale. After travelling extensively through Canada and the United States they returned to Eng- land, but no practical results followed. On the passage many lively discassions on politics took place, in which Mr. Arch showed himself to be a man of good common sense and of moderate views, with a flecided tendency to the democratic side. He is a Methodist local preacher. St. James' Cathedral Clock. About ten years ago the citizens of every denomination united to purchase the world's prize timekeeper from Benson & Sons, of London, and succeeded in placing it in the tower on Christmas Eve, 1875. This clock possesses a threefold movement, viz., keeping time, chiming, and striking the hours and quarter-hours. The com- bined weights to keep it going are over three thousand pounds ; the pendulum is over sixteen feet in length, the end weight being two hundred and fifty pounds. The quarter-hour chimes are a copy of the famous Cambridge chimes in Elngland, com- posed by Handel one hundred years ago, and may become in time, to citizens of Toronto, what Bow Bells are to inhabitants of London. The year 1875 had been marked by a very perceptible re- action in the commercial world of Toronto. The year 1876 came in gloomily, and with murmurs against the trade policy, and yet improvements went steadily on. New streets were being opened up in all directions, and the popula- tion went on increasing. At the close of 1870 the imports to Toronto had reached $11,231,543; the value of taxable property was $47,150,302, and the population had grown to 71,093. It will be seen from the above that the value of the imports had nearly doubled in ten years ; the greatest increase having taken place between 1871-72. After a period of prosperity a time of depression .set 1 ■ i 194 Toronto " Called Back.'' \ I in that continued till 1878, when the city began slcwly to recover from the effects of evil times. Several new and additional manufactures had been intro- duced, amonj^st which were fine jewellory, steam gaufjes, engipe.s and general machinery, watch cases, elevators, rubber stamps, cork cutting and varnishes. The highest point the duty had reached up to this time was twenty per cent, ad valorem, except on one or two articles on which, by way of incidental protection, twenty-five per cent, was charged. These goods were principally ready-made clothing. rtii t|« I If « Wrx •♦f TORONTO [FROM 18TT TO 188C. ! I Protection versus a Revenue Tariff. The question of Protection versus a Revenue Tariff, inaugu- rated in 1H7«, brought in the Tilley Tariff and National Policy. Previous to 1858 the manufacturing industries of Toronto were few and small. At this time, in the Parliament of United Canada, then sitting in Toronto, a pi-otective tariff was intro- duced by Inspector-General Cayley, the rate being twenty per cent, and, as previously stated, on some goods twenty-five per cent. The improvement was soon perceptible in the immediate impetus given to manufactures, which continued till 18G6, when Inspector-General Gait cut down the tariff to fifteen per cent., producing a disastrous change. Manufacturers who had invested large capital in machinery, at once losing confidence, became discouraged, and commenced to withdraw their capital from what appeared to bo a policy of fiuctuation and uncer- taintv, — a state of things which continued till 1878. It will be seen by comparison with the Tariff of the United States that in general the principles are the same. Although the rates of duty in Canada are much lower th^^re is evidence of a similar arrangement for the protection of home manufac- ture, especially those in actual operation throughout Canada. 1 ; i i , i i H i t Exhibition Buildings. These magnificent buildings were opened by His Excellency the Earl of Dufferin, in September, 1878. The palace is built with solid brick foundations, with sides and roof of glass, and ; ,1 |.i; t' M ti 196 Toronto " Called Back'' affords admirable accommodation for the display of goods. The cost of the buildings was i!?250,000. Through the suggestion of Mr. J. J. Withrow, the indefatig- able President ol the Industrial Exhibition Association, the whole of the material of the original Crystal Palace was utilised in the erection of the present building, thereby effecting a great saving, and accounting for the similarity in appearance of the two buildings. The design was copied by Mr. Sandford Flem- ing from that of Sir Joseph Paxton for the London Crystal Palace, in 1851. The grounds, sixty acres in extent, are the finest in the Dominion. They are most beautifully situated on the shore of Lake Ontario, and from there a splendid view of Toronto and the surrounding country and lake can be obtained. The other buildings comprise horticultural and machinery halls, apiary, dairy, and horse and cattle pens, etc. The build- ingi! and grounds are kept in the most perfect order. The Marquis of Lome and H.R.H. the Princess Louise. The appointment of the Marquis of Lome to succeed the Earl of Dufferin as Governor-General of Canada gave great satisfaction. ^ The Vice-regal party sailed from Liverpool on the 14th of November, 1878, in the Allan steamship Sarmatian, and ar- rived in Halifax on the 23rd, having had a very rough passage. They were met by the Duke of Edinburgh, who, with a naval squadron, had* come to meet his royal sister. Leaving for Montreal the following Wednesday, and stopping at various places on the way, they arrived in Ottawa in a few days. The Governor-General held his first New Year's Day recep- tion at Rideau Hall on the 1st of January, 1879. Their first visit to Toronto was on the 20th of January, on their way to the Falls, and was quite informal ; their object being to get a winter view of Niagara. The lamented death of the beloved Princess Alice had oc- curred on the 14th of December. Under the circumstances it .4. 'HI If if p From iSy-j to 1886. 199 was considered best to defer the Vice-regal visit till after the harvest of 1879, and the Governor-General having consented to open the Exhibition, the date of their visit was fixed for that time. When Toronto had been visited by three princes it was scarcely expected she would so soon afterwards be honored by a visit from one of Her Majesty's daughters, and when the announcement of the appointment of the Marquis of Lome as Governor-General was made, it was received with intense pleasure. Tlie Earl of Dufferin, in his speeches on the occasion, in truly eloquent and beautiful languagii described the character of the Princess Louise, and congratulated the country on this distin- guished mark of the Queen's love and affection for Canada, in consigning her favorite daughter to her care ; at the same time portraying the character of Her Royal Highness, from actual knowledge, in colors which he well knew how to use. As an artist, musician, and scholar, she excelled in every accomplish- ment, and her benevolent and kind disposition was truly and beautifully described. Her visits to Toronto fully confirmed the description given by His Lordship, and Toronto fully sustained her reputation for loyalty by giving the Vice-regal pair a right hearty recep- tion. The party arrived in Toronto on September the 4th, and were received with a guard of honor, and by all the civic and military dignitaries. The Exhibition was opened on September the Gth by the Marquis and Princess Louise, amidst great enthusiasm. There was a general illumination at night. They left for London on the following morning. Returning on the 18th, Her Royal Highness laid the foundation stone of the Home for Incurables, and the Governor-General presided at the opening ceremony of the Credit Valley Railway. During this and subsequent visits all the public institutions were inspected, especial attention being given by Her Royal Highness to those of a charitable and benevolent character, in- cluding the General Hospital. r. R ., I ! I! i'' ! it: ! I "i i| If! 200 Toronto " Called Back.'''' The Grand Opera House was destroyed by fire in November, 1879. On the 25th of March, 1880, the Hon. George Brown was shot in the thigh and succumbed to the effects the following May. The funeral was attended by an immense concourse of people, and business was almost entirely suspended while the procession was passing. Bennett, the murderer, was tried and executed for the crime. In June, the Hon. John Beverley Robinson was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario. During this year Prince Leopold visited Toronto, accompanied by the Marquis of Lome and the Princess Louise on their third visit. The Princess and Prince Leopold left for England by the steamer Polynesian, on the 31st of July. On the 6th of August a fight occurred between Roman Catholics and Orangemen, and one policeman was fatally wounded. Dr. W. H. Russell writes : " Toronto, seen under the most disadvantageous circumstances " (it was pouring rain when his party arrived), " was voted to be very surprising, and my friends were not i pared for such fine buildings and such a great array of whai v^es and quays on the bay, and the great fleet of craft alongside them. Toronto* has increased in all the elements of wealth and consequence by bounds, and since 1861, when I was there, the population has doubled and is still increas- ing very rapidly." The Doctor pronounces the University to be worthy of a great nation, a noble Norman pile, beautifully situated. Farewell Visit of the Vice-regal Party. Having on several occasions expressed the pleasure with which they visited Toronto, the Marquis of Lorue and Her Royal Highness the Princess Louise, before leaving Canada, paid a farewell visit to the city. On the 12th September the Vice-regal party arrived at the Union Station, and were received with a guard of honor of one hundred men of the Royal Grenadiers, accompanied by their at |r of leir From iSyj to 1886. 201 band. A large number of civic and military dignitaries were present to welcome the distinguished party. Additional interest was manifested ixowx the fact that another member of the Royal family, Prince George of Wales, second son of His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, was with the Vice-regal party, and for the first time in Toronto. The first day was spent in visiting the public institutions, including the Home for Incurables, General Hospital, Infants Home and House of Providence In the evening they attended a concert in the Horticultural Pavilion, given by J. T. Thomson. The artists were Signori Brignoli, Poggi, Adamouski, Madame Teresa Carreno, and Miss Carrie Mason. The next day tlie Exhibition was visited, and preparations were made to present the Marquis and Princess Louise with a farewell address. By one o'clock the Queen Street Avenue was lined with immense crowds of people, while detachments from the Queen's Own Rifles and Roj^al Grenadiers took yp their positions around the gates of the enclosure. An archway was erected on the mound which rises in the centre of the flower plot, surmounted with the Royal Arms, hedged in on either side with Hags, and decorated with flowers, and having the words " Welcome to Toronto," " Lome and Louise," artistic- ally displayed. The steel helmets of the Body Guards were the signal of the approach of the Vice-regal party, and amid a down-pour of rain they entered the enclosure and stood on the dais, in front of which about 8,000 people presented an unbroken covering of umbrellas. As they made their appearance, cheer after cheer arose from the assembled multitude, the pouring vain being ineffectual to dampen their enthusiasm. When the cheering for the Marquis and Piincess had subsided, some one called out for three cheers for Prince George. Not catching the words at first, as referring to himself, the Princess turned towards him and pleasantly said, "That's you." The cheers were given heartily, and Prince George bowed his acknowledgment. When the ceremonies were ended the Princess drove to the 14 202 Toronto " Called Back.'' t' I I !i-; II l», Hospital for Sick Cii'.Idren, and the Marquis to the Exhibition. They left Government House on the 14th ; Toronto, as usual, having done herself honor in this display of genuine loyalty. Arrival of the Marquis of Lansdowne. The new Governor-General, Lady Lansdowne and suite ar- rived by the Allan steamer Circassian, at Quebec, on the 23rd of October, and were met by Lord Lome and the Cabinet. The Marquis of Lansdowne took the oath of office the same day, after which they proceeded to Ottawa. FIRST VISIT TO TORONTO. On the 9th of January, 1884, His Excellency the Governor- General, Lady Lansdowne, Lord and Lady Melgund and suite arrived at the L^nion Station, where they were met by His Honor the Lieutenant-Governor and Captain Geddes, A.D.C. A guard of honor from the Queen's Own Rifles, composed of one hundred men and the Band, assembled to meet the dis- tinguished party, who were immediately driven to Government House. The first day was spent in sight-seeing. The route taken was through the principal streets to the University. In the evening a large number of the leading citizens were invited to meet the party at Government House. The next day they went to the Falls, and crossing the new Suspension Bridge, were landed on American soil for the first time in their lives. On their return to Toronto on the 12th, His Excellency proceeded to the City Hall to receive the Address of the Corporation, to which he replied in the most felicitous terms. The Vice-regal party visited the Hospital and other institutions. The Marquis and Lord Melgund visited the Granite Rink and attended the ball of the Royal Canadian Yacht Club. In letters to the London World addressed to eminent persons, an independent critic ."id, at the time of his appointment as Governor-General of Canada, to the Marquis of Lansdowne : — " There is no Englishman of your age whom I could congra- M- HIS EXCELLENCY THE MOST HONORABLE THE MARQUIS OF LANSDOWNB, O.C'.M.O., ETC., ETC., QOVERNOR-GENERAL OF CANADA. s ■u I' \ I'' F^'om iSyy to i8S6. 203 tulate with equal warmth and sincerity upon the assumption of an arduous and anxious post. Everything is in your favor. You carry witli you more than promise, more even tlian the tirst fruits of performance. "A singuhirly blameless youth was crowned with the highest iionors at the first University of the world. The advantages to which you were born, and which arc not pcssessed to the same e.xtent or in the same degree by any but the peers of historic English titles, liave been turned by you to adnurable account. You have acquired a valuable insight into the routiiie of office, and you have shown, both in the House of Lords and elsewhere, that you possess that power of speaking which is indispensable to public men of your race. "The Canadians will recognize in Lady Lansdowne a guar- antee that they are about to welcome a Vice-Queen after their own heart." The Semi-Centennial Celebration took place in Dominion week. The 6th March was celebrated by the opening of the Free Library by the Lieutenant-Governor, and a reception by the Mayor in the City Hall, this being the proper day for the commemoration of the birth of tlie city in 1884 ; but it was deemed advisable to postpone the celebration till Dominion week. The celebration commenced on Monday, 30th June. Flags, bunting, mottoes, and evergreens were used in the decorations, and the scene, looking down one of the principal streets, was simply a vista of fluttering colors. The whole week was given to pleasure, and thousands of sight-seers, from all parts of the Province and the United States, crowded the city. Monday, June SOth, was the municipal and historical day, specially commemorative of the city's municipal organization and progress. The procession comprised municipal bodies, police, fire brigade, etc. Tuesday, July 1st, military day ; grand street parade and review, comprising visiting and city corps to the extent of over four thousand men. ||. 1VJ, ! ft , ! hi 204 Toronto '' Called Dacky Wednesday, July 2nd, trades and industrial day, specially commemorative of the progress and standing of the commercial interests of the city. The parade comprised members of the dirt'erent labor organizations of the city, each with a tableau, illustrative of the trade followed ; aiso representatives with illustrative tableaux from all the mei'canMIe and manufacturing establishments of the city. It consisted, in part, of waggons, on which various mechanics were plying their daily vocations. Thursday, July .'Jrd, " U. E. Loyalists " day, connnemorative of the settlement of the U. E. Loyalists in Canada, one hundred years ago. In the afternoon there was a reception at the Gov- ernment House, and in the evening the Oratorio of Reilemption was given at the HorticnI*^'U'al Cf.irdens, also a grand display of fireworks in the harbor, and imitation naval combat. Friday, July 4th, benevolent societies day ; parade compris- ing uniformed and un-uniformed lodges of Masons, societies 01 all kinds, etc. Suturday, July ath, commemorative of our educational insti- tutions. The parade comprised over 8,000 children from the public and separate schools of the city. Captain Joseph Dutton, R.N. This popular and favorite Commander, as Commodore of the Allan Line, always took charge of the newest ship; and having had the pleasure of his personal acquaintance, I desire to pay some small tribute to his memory. On land an accredited local preacher of the Wesleyan Church, he never failed to fulfil the duty on board his ship, except by consent to give place to regularly ordained clergymen. Those who have crossed with him will remember his appropriate sermons and his leading of the singing, while he accompanied himself ^n his melodeon, which he always had in addition to the piano belonging to the ship. Not alone in the saloon did he study to please and profit the passengers by getting up concerts, but on certain nights in the week, and also on Sunday after- noons, he got the sailors to carry his melodeon into the steerage, much to the delight of the passengers. Here, accompanied by From iSjj to iS86 205 le ich, by he irts, ;er- by a number of the saloon passengers, he would sing and phiy and then call on those around for a song or recitation, the response to which often showed a wonderful amount of talent, scarcely to be expected from such a motley crowd, many of whom, who, from necessity or economy, were travelling in this way, would put to the blush those who would not deign to associate with them on the saloon deck. As a total abstainer Capt. Dutton was a pattern of firmness and consistency. On his ships no sailors were allowed any intoxicating liquors, and in his place at the head of the table, while surrounded constantly by the most distinguished pas- sengers who had the place of honor, neither wine nor other liquors ever passed his lips. At the same time he never inter- fered with the chief steward, who attended to the wine list — and every passenger ordered what he wanted ad libitum — but kept on the even tenor of his way, always ready to "crack a joke " when chaffed on his temperance principles, giving offence to none and setting a good example to all. Once a week he delivered a temperance address in the steerage. His genial manners, united with the fearlessness and bravery of the true seaman, inspired every passenger with the most perfect confi- dence in times of danger. When relieved from the severe duties incident to stormy weather, all his efforts were directed to make the time pass pleasantly for the passengers, a contrast in this respect to many who were almost unapproachable be- neath the weight of their responsibility. His pleasant humor turned at one time on composing what himself and his intimate friend. Dr. Punshon, called "logograms," which consisted in making the name of a town or city out of a sentence given im- promptu. The writer, having on one passage lost his perpendicular by a sudden lurch of the ship, saved himself from an actual fall by grasping a rope attached to one of the life- boats, but in doing so was caught by another rope, taking the skin off his legs, and causing him to lie on a sofa in the saloon for several days. Capt. Dutton soon propounded as one of his logograms, " Mr. T. has a sore leg." The answer was shortly given in the 2o6 Toronto '"' Called Back!' ! hi; name of the town " Sorel." Many a dull hour was relieved and enlivened by such innocent ainuHernent. In these days of fast sailing a passage made in the Poly- neuan, under command of Capt. Button, in five and a half days from si«,'ht of land to land, is worthy of mention. Although faster sailing has been made from Sandy Hook to Queenstown, this was the shortest sea passage of which there is any record. Those who have .seen the Captain's family come out from New Brighton on the Company's tender to meet him, and have seen the joy of all, will sympathise with them in their loss, which will also be felt by tho.se who waited for his .ship to have the pleasure of cros.sing with him. Population of British Cities, Professor Seeley, speaking of the expansion of England, says: "As an instance of a lack of a due conception of the spread of the Briti.sh race, how many people, on being asked to enumerate the twenty most populous British cities, would think of including Melbourne, Sydney and Montreal. And yet, leaving London with its five millions out of the list, the following are the fourteen chief cities and towns in the order of population : Ciiy, Popxilation. City. Populatimi, Glasgow (571,oS)5 Liverpool 57^,202 Birminghiim 421,2r)8 Manchester 3.38,290 Leeds 327,324 Melbourne 30r),000 Sheffield 300, ">63 Sydney 250,000 l)ul)lin 249,(i02 Edinburgh 23(1,002 Bristol 2ir),4r)7 Bradford 209,564 Nottingham 205,298 Montreal 200,000 And in the next fifteen would be found Adelaide and Toronto, each with over 100,0^0 inhabitants." He proceeds to rer.i,, rk of Toronto, that it is "a political centre of great activity, wh-re originate plans and projects that largely infiuence Dominion politics ; the tone of its intellectual life is higher, and it is generally admitted that there is a more assured type of culture and urban refinement by the shores of Lake Ontario than even in the Island of Monti-eal." i From 1 87 J to 18S6. 207 Comparative Population of Seven Canadian Cities. ,^., INCHKAMK ,^^, TKU (KNT. (IK .j^. ''*''■ INTKNVKAEIH. '*^'- INCRKASK. "*^'' Toronto 5«,()»2 ;W1,.T2;J WJJlT) ."»4.0:) 1()'2,(>00 .Vi..ntreal * 107,225 .•W,.V22 140,747 31.21 200,000 l^u'l)ec .■)0,t»i»0 2,741 00,440 4.00 tM,0(M) Hiimilton 20,7 10 0,24.-) 35,iM)l 35.00 42,000 Halifax 2»,5«2 0,518 30,100 22.03 40,000 Winnipeg 241 7,744 7,!»S5 .1213.21 '^0^\^M) Ottawa 21,545 5.807 27,412 27.23 20,700 *Hiiice 1H81 Moiitrenl oUilt-il ilochelui^n with 40,000. In reference to Toronto, the Fredericton (N.B.) Reporter says, " The (^rowth of Toronto is something astonishinfj. The census of liSiSl gave that citj' a popul;ition of 8(5,415. In 18(S.') the asse.ssors' returns place it at 111,800, and this may be re- garded as under the mark, as the census wouhl be taken in a more liberal manner. That city is now fast approaching Montreal in the number of its inhabitants, and when the next census is taken, if it continues to make the same rapid progre.ss it has in the past five years, it uiay be the first city in the Dominion in numbers. Its growth in wealth and its substan- tial improvement are very reuuirkable." re Oy is ed ke Climate of Toronto, 1885. FllO.M THE METKOROLOtJICAL RECORDS. Av. 45 yrs. Average temperature for year 41.57 44. 17 Wannest mouth, July. • Average of warmest month 68.30 67. 58 Coldest month, February. Average of coldest month 11 08 22.60 Ditt'erence between the warmest and coldest ,57.22 44.91 Warmest day, July 25th. Average of warmest day 75.45 77.41 Coldest day, February 11th. Average of coldest day 5.90 2.00 Date of highest temperature, July 17th. Highest temperature 88.6 90.73 Date of lowest temperature, January 22nd. Lowest temperature 16. 1 12 00 Mean temperature, winter, 26 4 ; summer, 63.6. N.B. — The year 1885 was the coldest on the records except 1875. Number of hours of possible sunshine 4,463 Number of hours of actual sunshine 1,931* Number of fair days 184 ♦ Over 43 per cent. MM ij li Is; i 208 Toronto " Called Back!' Toronto is situated in North Latitude 43.49, and West Longi- tude 79.71 ; o hours, 17 minutes and 2G seconds later than Greenwich time. While writing the above, on the 19th of January, 1886, at one o'clock in the afternoon, the thermometer stood at thirty degrees, just sufficiently below freezing-point to prevent a thaw. The universal desire was expressed that we would not lose our snow, the sleighing being good and everybody wishing it to continue. The disappointment felt by the absence of snow at New Year's would seem strange to people in Britain, but is well know^n to those who have resided in Canada any length of time. The thermometer is in this respect a sure indicator of the state of trade, which rises or falls according to whether we are favored with a good fall of snow or otherwise, its absence being regarded as a calamity by all business men ; so any feel- ing of compassion towards us by those at a distance on the ground of climate would be entirely thrown away. As to the fall of rain, it will be sufficient to mention that nature is very propitious ; there always appears to be a suppl}' of the right degree and at the rii^ht seasons for all agricul- tural purposes. In 18S5 the number of days on which rain fell was 103 ; the average in forty-five years, 112 days. As .0 whether more rain is desirable or beneficial there will be a difference of opinion. The writer never left his home in Lancashire, summer or winter, without an umbrella, and it was said that rain fell in the neighborhood of Manchester about 250 days in the year. The effect of this was to keep every bit of grass in a state of constant verdure unknown "in America, but it may have disadvantages as great as the absence of such a quantity has in Canada. The quantity of fruit shippe' "-^e States of the Union where the plug hat prevails all ine year round. The custom of wearing furs by gentlemen must have origin- ated at the time when the beaver, mink, otter, fox, wolf, raccoon, and the bear were trapped by the Indians in the neighborhood of our present cities, and being found useful for articles of clothing, have continued in use and will do so till these animals are gradually exterminated from the country. Not many years ago the same ideas were entertained in Toronto of the climate of Manitoba and the North- West as are now held by many in Gret.t Britain with regard to Ontario, and yet the Canadian Pac'tic Railway Co. assert of the climate of Manitoba, that "it is healthy: there are no epidemic diseases, no uialaria ; spring, clear and bright ; summer, warm with cool nii^hts ; autumn, balmy and plea.sant ; winter, uniform, dry and bracing." It would be just as incorrect to put down the whole of Canada as having the same climate, as to compare the State of Florida, where flowers bloom all the year round, with northern !«"$ From iSyy to i8S6. 21 1 Minnesota. It must be remembered that the whole of England is farther north than Toronto, and that Aberdeen is seven de- grees still farther. That fur coats are not confined to Canada, it may be stated that a Boston gentleman, last winter, purchased an overcoat costing !?4,000, and it is declared that it could not be duplicated for a much laiger sum. Jt contains sixty-nine Russian sable skins of the finest quality. The overcoat, which is quite large, is of the finest German castor; the body and sleeves being lined with sable, while a broad collar and deep cuff's of this costly material give a rich finish to the iiarmeni. Althoutrh so warm c5 Oct that the wearer would not feel the most intense cold, the over- coat is much liohter than our ordinary ulster. Much misapprehension certainly exists in England with respect to the climate of Canada, including Toronto. The im- perfect knowledge possessed by the great mass of the British people as to the innnense extent of this Dominion has led to the error of giving to each portion the character of the whole ; and when travellers who happen to be in Montreal during the " ice carnival " describe ice palaces, toboggan slides, and skating rinkij, and when snow-shoes, blankets coats, and tucjues are represented in pictures and photographs, the general idea conveyed to persons at a distance is one of discomfort, whereas the very contrary is the fact. At what season is there so thorough enjoyment as when all this goes on ? Young and old alike enter into the spirit of the season ; and the very horses in the sleighs seem to keep time in their prancing with the musical tinkle of the sleigh bells. Every resident in Toronto knows that the absence of snow and frost in the winter is regarded, instead of a boon, as little short of a calamity. The bracing air, with the thermometer verging towards zero, instead of having a depressing effect, is quite exhilarating, and everybody is more healthy and hearty. The writer, after a residence in Toronto of over thirty years, can positively assert, that he has suffered more discomfort from 2 12 Toronto " Called Back." i\i\ \:\' 'i u \\ the climate of Enjjland and France in one winter than all he has spent in Toronto, and this is true, whether applied to travelling or staying at home. In the former the want of heat in the railway carriages, (except the hot water tins for the feet, which soon cool, and are altogether inadequate to impart comfortable warmth on a night journey,) affords a striking contrast to the comfort in our Canadian cars, where, if there be any discomfort, it is from excess of heat ; and leaving out the higher class of hotels and private residences of Europe, which are heated by all modern systems of steam and water, the great bulk of houses are entirely unprovided with proper heating arrangements, such as are common all over America. The writer knows well from experience the feeling in England, in cold, raw weather, of crouching over a fire in a grate, when the face is burning while the back is almost freezing ; and to go to bed was something to be dre a d, unless, indeed, a fire was ordered specially in the grate, and the warming pan applied to the bed linen before you ventured in. The most intense cold experienced by the writer in his life was during a night spent at a manufacturer's house in Stafford- shire. An extra supply of bed-clothing seemed ineffectual to keep up the desired warmth during sleep, and in the morning, on lifting the water jug, instead of water, a solid lump of ice, having burst the jug, rolled on the floor. The second jug was tried, with the sau\e result , but the gentleman being a manu- facturer of these articles, did not suffer as much as his guest. Such a thing has never happened in all my travels in Canada, the arranfjenients for heating bed-rooms being so much more complete and convenient. Such a thing could scarcely ever ha})peii in Toronto, and it is of Toronto I am writing, and not of some of the Hudson Bay stations. In churches and public halls the same difference is perceptible. The custom of wearing overcoats in these places, so prevalent in Great Britain, not being necessary in Canada, they are all so comfortably heated. P» From i8yj to 1886. 21 Snow. Snow ! snow ! beautiful snow ! It falls upon king and pauper alike, Regardless of station, of wealtli, or of might. The white cloaks of courtiers it contra : n| t- ^1 From iSyy to 1886. 223 the surroundings. The University buildings, Meteorological Observatory, Divinity School, and splendid mansions, follow in rapid succession. The Queen Street Avenue, rivalling in beauty the finest in Europe, and the Queen's Park, are such as Toronto citizens may feel proud to show to visi'^^ors to the city. Driving north are .seen the monument to the Queen's Own and the fine statue of the Hon. George Brown, and a little to the westward of the Pari: gate the beautiful building of the Baptist College and McMaster Hall stands. Thence eastward to Sherbourne Street a view may be had of the romantic ravine separating the city from Rosedale. If the latter suburb is visited, the ravine may be cro.ssed by either of three handsome bridges, and the scenery here cannot fail to delight the eye in summer. In Rosedale are .some elejjant man.sions. and here are the new and spacious grounds of the Athletic Association, with a grand stand and all .suitable appointments. Sherbourne Street itself has become the residence of many leading merchants and manufacturers, and will impress a stranger most favorably. The streets intervening between Sherbourne and Yonge are Jarvis and Church, the former still retaining its character for beauty and style, and the latter steadily rising in importance, which will be enhanced by the new block paving. Both of these latter .streets ought to be traver.sed, especially as sight- .seers invariably visit the Horticultural Gardens, and the Normal and Model Schools. On Bond Street, bounded on the south by Queen, and on the north by Gould, a view of the finest churches in the city may be had. The .splendid proportions of the Metropolitan, with its fine tower and beautiful grounds ; the magnificent Roman Catholic Cathedral of St. Michael, with its lofty and graceful spire; the elegant and substantial Congregational Church of Bond Street, with its tower and dome, are all in full view on this street. While in the distance may be seen the spire of St- James' Cathedral, and the tower of St. James' Square Presby- ' ii'j ^If If'' 1^^^ ill III If t^nlri' 224 Toro7ito " Called Back.'' terian Church on Gerrard Street ; also the new Orange Hall on Queen Street, and the Normal School grounds, having the principal entrance on Gould Street, and forming the square surrounded by Gould, Gerrard, Church and Victoria Streets. A traveller from England taking this route in summer cannot fail to be struck with the beauty of the shade trees on all the principal private streets, and the profusion of flowers dis- played on every hand, which have become a source of rivalry, and the cultivation of which is now studied as a science. Toronto the Centre of the Dominion. A few years ago a book was written to prove that St. Louis was geographically the central city of the world, anSt ii i I 5 O H O o H IS TOEONTO IN 1886. Fair Toronto ! Queen City of the West, Of all thy sister-cities thou art best ; As far as eye can reach, fnjiii Don to Huinber, Rise towering si)ires in goodly number ; Cathedrals, cliurclies, schools, and mansions rise In stately grandeur toworing to the skies. A noble harbor fronts thy southern bound, And gentle hills encircle thee around ; From north to south, and east to west expand Streets, avenues and roads, so wisely plann'd, That strangers visit thee with ease, and find In thee a home at once just to their mind ; Long live Toronto ! loud her praises swell, Here Commerce, Art, and Nature love to dwell. — Imrie. 3f It will be no exaggeration to say that no city on the con- tinent is making greater progress than the City of Toronto. Within ten years the population has doubled. Not only has this increase occurred within the limits, but the city has thrown off shoots east, west and north, which are now rapidly assuming the proportions of towns. Indeed, one suburb, which a decade ago was a series of farms, with cottages scattered here and there, has been recently incor- porated, and its large population, its populous streets, its hand- some stores and private residences well entitle it to the dignity of a town, — and this is Parkdale. The population within the limits now reaches 111,000. That without will no doubt very shortly bring it up to 140,000. Ten years ago Toronto extended from the Don to Bathurst Street, and from the Bay to College Avenue. Spadina Avenue north of St. Patrick Street was a field, where the troops were reviewed, and Sherbourne Street above Carlton resembled the '• forest prinieval." It is possible now to walk from half a mile east of the Grand \i^:i ^ 240 Toronto ""^ Called Back !' mm Trunk crossing on the. Kingston Road to within half a mile of the lake shore, on Queen Street (a distance of about four miles), through an avenue of shops, and to inspect store windows on Yonge Street from the Bay to the hill north of the city, which was formerly regarded as the country. Nothing illustrates the growing opulence of the city more than the character of the places of business and the architectural improvements on the private residences. A shop is not a shop now unless provided with the metropolitan plate glass front, OSGOODE HALL. and the tendency in every business is in the shape of extension, — in short, to occupy two or three buildings where formerly one was sufficient. Where many cities have one fine street of which they are justly proud, as Euclid Avenue in Cleveland, and Wabash Avenue in Chicago, none can boast of so many fine streets or private residences of finer build or more elegant design. The old square house which was the palace of a merchant years ago, has given place to a building of Elizabethan or other ■%mm From i8yy to 1886. 241 fashionable style, in which the taste for ornamentation is fully gratified. Formerly Jarvis Street was the home of the wealthy, and then Sherbourne laid claims to rivalry ; and while these go on improving constantly, new competitions for style and elegance are springing up both on the north and west. To the person whose business confines him to the centre of the city, a visit to what recently were fields is at once a revela- tion and surprise. New streets have been opened out, new and magnificent mansions have been erected, comfortable houses for the middle classes have been built, and places of business to meet all local wants have been provided. In addition to this, there are very few points which are not within five minutes' walk of the street cars. The enormous development of Toronto of late years is largely the result of a liberal policy which has brought the railroads of the Province, and with them a large portion of the northern and western sections, to our doors. There are to be adtled to this, the public spirit of the people, the business enterprise of the merchants, the good sanitary condition of the city, and the presence of all those religious and other metropolitan advan- tages which persons retiring from active business life elsewhere naturally seek. Toronto is making great strides toward being the Chicago of Canada. The Ontario Assembly in 1886. Ontario's Legislature was convened with the old time civil and military display. The cannon of the Toronto Field Battery, stationed on Wellington Street, thundered a salute as, Lieut.- Governor Robinson, attended by Capt. Geddes, A.D.C., drove from Government House, under escort of Denison's troopers, to the legislative headquarters of the Province, there, for the sixth time in his gubernatorial capacity, to present the Government bill of fare to the people's representatives for digestion during the session. As His Honor's sleigh made its way through the throng of 242 Toronto ''Called Back''' l>«W' spectators in front of the building, the guard of honor from C Company, Infantry School, presented arms to the strains of the National Anthem, while the cannon kept on booming. The Legislative Chamber overflowed with civil and military mag- nates, legislators, politicians, and the beauty and fashion of the Provincial Capital as represented by upwards of two hundred of the fairer sex. All the galleries were jammed. It was generally remarked that the ceremony was unusually large and brilliant. STATE DINNER AT GOVERNMENT HOUSE. The festivities that followed the opening were on a larger and more brilliant scale than usual. Government House was the scene of a magnificent state dinner, which eclipsed anything hitherto attempted in that line at Government House. The table was a perfect gem in the way of decoration and arrange- ment. It was laid in the ball room with covers for tiftj^-six. Mrs. Robinson herself designed and superintended the work. The centre piece was a miniature lake, in which fragrant flowers of rare delicacy and hue floated amidst tender green vines and lovely leaves, being refreshed by a gentle spray from a rockery, surmounted by a device in which the word " Ontario " glittered in gas. The lake was flanked by a profusion of flowers, and numerous little ornaments and devices added to the beauty and effect of the display, the tout ensemble, under a brilliant flood of light, being really magnificent. Toronto Board of Trade was incorporated in February, 1 845, the council being composed of the following gentlemen : — Thomas Clarkson, President ; E. F. Whittemore, Vice-President ; John Harrington, Treasurer; Charles Robertson, Secretary ; Messrs. W. P. Howland, James Brown, jun., William McMaster, William Henderson, John Shaw, Charles Robertson, J. G. Worts, T. D. Harris Rice Lewis, George A. Piper, Henry Fowler, John Henderson. Members in 1886, 822 ; total income last year, $5,553.35. From i8yy to i8S6. 243 Banks in Toronto. Bank of Toronto $2,000,000 | Quebec Central 1,000,000 Canadian IVk of Commerce 6,000,000 Ontario l.iiOO.OOO Bank of Montreal 12,000,000 Merchants' r),725,000 Imperial 1,500,000 Federal Standard Dominion Traders British North America. CAriTAI,. $2,500,000 1,250,000 2.000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 5,000,000 SAVINGS BANKS. Assistant Receiver-General's Office. Canada Permanent Loan and Savings Company. Dominion Savings Bank. Farmers Loan and Savings Company. Freehold Loan and Savings Company. Home Savings and Loan Company. People's Loan and Deposit Company. Post Office Savings Bank. Toronto Savings Bank. Union Loan and Savings Bank. Western Canada Loan and Savings Company. PUBLIC COMPANIES. Toronto General Trust Company Toronto Land and Loan Company Union Loan and Savings Company York Farmers' Colonization Company British Canadian Loan and Investment Company (Limited) Building and Loan A.ssociation Canada Permanent Loan and Savings Company Reserve fund $1, 100,000 ; assets Credit Foncier ( Franco-Canadian) I^'reehold Loan and Savings Company Home Savings and Loan Company Imperial Loan aud Investment Company London and Canaciian Loan and Agency Company London and Ontario Investment (,'ompany Ontario and Industrial Loan and Investment Company.... Ontario and Qu'Appolle Company People's Loan and Deposit Company Commercial Building and Investment Society Loan and Investment Company Canada Company Canada Landed Credit Company Farmers Loan and Savings Company Land Scicurity Company Trust and Loan Company Western Canada Loan and Savings Company National Investment Company $500,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 300,000 5,000,000 750,000 2,200,000 8,539,476 5,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 5,000,000 2,250,000 500,000 1,000,000 500,000 ASSETS OF BANKS IN CANADA. In January 1886 $222,905,522 -aiip 244 Toronto " Called Back!'' it ,. Toronto Gas Works. The Gas Works of Toronto wore originated and built by the late Albert Furniss, in 1842, who was also the builder of the Water Works. The present Consumers' Gas Company origin- ated in 1847, and the first meetintj of the subscribers for stock was held on the 29th October, 1847, when Directors were ap- pointed for the management of the Company. The Act of Incorporation was passed in 1848. The Directors had not pro- ceeded far with their arrangements for the construction of the Works before they ascertained that the Gas Works then in use could be purchased, and they unanimously decided on concluding the bargain for their purchase. The late Charles Berczy, Postmaster, was the first President of the Company. The Directors in 1852 were Charles Berczy, Hugh Miller, John T. Smith, David Patterson, J. Arnold, M. Betley, I. C. Gilmor, W. Mathers, S. Alcorn, E. C. Hancock, S. Piatt, and James Strange. When the Company took over the Gas Works the price of gas was $5 per thousand, net, besides a large meter rent, and the quality from ^on to twelve candles. On September 30th, 18-i . . there were one hundred and sixty- four street lamps and three hundred and seventeen gas con- sumers, and the total amount of rental for gas for fifteen months — two quarters at 25s. and three quarters at 20s. — Amounted to only £4,G19 7s. lOd. The first manager was Mr. John Watson, who only occupied the position for a short time, when he was succeeded by the late Henry Thompson, who occupied the position until 1874, when he was .succeeded by W. H. Pearson. The gas manufactured up to September 30th, 1854, was 14,000,000 cubic feet. The quality of gas now supplied is from seventeen to eighteen candles, and the price charged to small consumei's $1.25 per M., medium size consumers, $1.15, and very large consumers, $1.10. Gas stoves and engines, $1 per M. No charge now is made for meter.s. Over one hundred and twenty -six miles of pipe were laid up to September 30th, 1885. There are two thousand five hundred and fifty-seven street lamps, and six thousand seven bh, ive 'en From i8j7 to 1886. 245 hundred and seventy eight consumers. Hiis rentals amounted to $353,498.26 for the year ending,' September 30th, 1885, and the gas made was 273,483,000 cubic feet. The present officers of the Company are: James Austin, President; Lairatt W. Smith, Vice-President, and W. H. Pear- son, Secretary. There are one hundred and fifty-four hands now employed by the Company, and its -business is rapidly increasing. Toronto Water Works. Toronto is supplied with water from Lake Ontario by means of pumping engines, manufactured by Messrs. Inglis & Hunter, of this city, having a capacity of 12,000,000 gallons per twenty- four hours ; also two Worthington Duplex Engines of a capacity of 12.000,000, making a total of 24,000,000 gallons. The build- ing of the Water Works in which they are placed is a handsome structure at the edge of the bay. The reservoir at Rose Hill, from which the water is dis- tributed, is beautifully situated to the north of the city. The wonderful growth of the city will be seen by a comparison of the following statistics with the .system in 1847 : Total mileage of water pipes 144 Number of hydrants 1 ,414 Number of services 2'2,000 Number of hydraulic hoists 140 Gallons of water pumped in 1885 3,543,735,410 It is interesting to notice that in 1847 there was no hoist of any kind in any building in Toronto. All goods and furniture were carried to the different floors, while passengers iiad to walk up stairs. The first two hoists were of the old wheel and rope pattern, and one was placed in the present Bank of Com- merce building by Messrs. Ross, Mitchell & Co., and the other in the warehouse at present occupied by Mr. P. Jacobi by Taylor & Stevenson in 1853. Meat Markets and Horses of Toronto. Contrasting with the inferior meat of former times, the markets of Toronto, for splendid supplies of first-class meats, cannot be surpassed anywhere. The display at Christmas time u ■ I^^H[i 1 |i|;l |; ;|;. 246 Toronto " Called Back," is another evidence of Toronto's great progress, and would do credit to any city in tlie world. In connection with this, reference may be made to the won- derful improvement that has taken place in all classes of horses, which are to be seen in such numbers on our streets. Whether for saddle, carriage, or heavy draught, no city in America can show finer specimens of horse-flesh, and it is only in point of si/e that they are excelled in Britain. The finest display of heavy draught horses in the world is to be seen on the first of May in Manchester, when, in splendid new brass-mounted, shining harness, and gaily decorated with ribbons and flowers, the proud teamsters display their leviathian animals, sleek and fat, in a procession extending for miles in length. Toronto horses belonging to the railway companies are quite equal in .symmetry and condition. Toronto a Manufacturing City. A Sheffield teacher gave a school girl, for a home lesson, a composition on the question of trade. Next morning she brought an exCuiSe for not having done her task, and also handed to the teacher a note which her brother had sent, and which contained the following : — " ' Trade is the substance of things hoped for, and the evidence of things not .seen.' It will come ' in the sweet by-and-bye.' Trade ! trade ! where art thou I Come forth and show thy.self." This is the problem which the greatest political economists in the world are trying to solve to-day. An Imperial Commis- sion has been appointed in England to find out where her trade has disappeared to, and the cause of its decline; with this only result so far, that new markets must be found to supply the place of those that have been lost. It is probable the 3'outh knew nothing of the theories of Free Trade and Protection, and did not know that Sheffield goods were excluded by a hostile taritt' from what had formerly been the largest market for these goods ; nor that the manufac- turers of Connecticut and Rhode Island were sending in similar goods to England entirely free ; he only knew the .sad fact of poverty and all its attending evils. From iSyy to iSS6. 247 When — either by defective legislation or some unfortunate circumstance, as the Cotton Famine during the American War — tens of thousands of industrious operatives are reduced to the verge of starvation, it is a drea Organ Reeds 1 Oinamental Iron Work 2 Overalls ^ Paints '} Paper ? Paper Bags . . 2 ' I u 250 Toronto " Called Back." Pattern Making 3 Pianos 5 Pickles and Sauces 4 Picture Frames 8 Phuiing Mills 23 Printing Ink 1 Printing Presses 2 Puhlishers 45 Pumps 3 Rattan (roods 1 Refrigerators 2 Roller Skates 2 Hopes 2 Rubber Goods 2 Saddlery Hardware 1 Safes 1 Sanitary Appliances 1 Sash, Doors and Blinds 12 Saws 1 Saw and Shingle Mill Machinery 1 Scales 1 4Sculptors 3 Shirts 6 Show Cases 2 Silversmiths 1 Silverware 4 Soap 4 Spring Bed;j 8 Stained Glass 2 Stamps 4 Stencils T) Stereotypes . . . 3 3 3 1 1 2 1 2 3 3 20 Wall Papers 1 1 I 3 1 o Stoves Straw (roods Tanners Supplies . Tassels Telegraph Supplies Trunks Trusses Varnish Vine \Va ,^^ Washing Machines Watch Cases White Lead Wire Matts Wire W(jrks Window Shades 5 Wood Turning 7 Wooden Ware 4 Wood Working Machinery 1 Wool Knit Goods 1 Yeast 1 Great Britain liavincj, throusrh hostile tarifis, lost access to the markets of many countries which were formerly the best outlets for her trade, is now turiiinij her attention to new tiekls for her enterprise, and in the future will look to India, China, Japan, Burmah and Siam to take her surplus productions. As these countries comprise about one-third of the population of the earth, there is abundant scope, and it will indeed be a novel sight to find the young Dominion competing with the mother country for this very trade, with ail the advantages on the side of Canada, in being so much nearer the field^of operations. PER (JENTACiE OF GROW! H OF MANUFACTURES IN ">0 YEARS. 183() to 184(5 5 184(5 to \Am 10 1856 to 18(5(5 15 Total 186(5 to 1876 25 1876 to 18S6 45 100 From iSyy to 1886. 251 From the long list of Toronto manufacturers a few old- established firms are selected as representing the " wonderful growth and progress " of the city in its manufactures : — (?■; J. T11ERS ,(■ GO. In the manufacture of book- and the publication of every form of diaries, this firm is the longest established in the city, and in the latter trade stands unrivalled in the Dominion. The house was founded in 1846 by the father of the present firm, which was formed ten years later. The business includes every branch of book-binding, from the plainest to the most orna- mental and highly finished work. The most improved and labor-.saving machineiy is employed, and the general facilities for production are unsurpassed. ^ 254 Toronto " Called Back'' The business is thoroughly systematized in departments, and the stock comprises every description oi" pap'-r, stationery, and a full and complete stock of book-bind rs' and printers' materials. The trade extends all over the L»>-niinion, and has latterly been pushed to the far east, — the greater portion of the books shipped to Australia and New Zealand, as well as to foreign countries, are the productions of this establishment, which holds a front rank amongst the numerous manufacturing establishments of Toronto. The exhibits at the London and Colonial Exhibition are attracting much attention, and reflect much credit on the firm and on Toronto. ROLPH SMITH <(• CO. While the principle laid down in " Toronto Called Back," of giving the history of the importing trade and manufactures, is strictly carried out, this firm is selected as being exceptional. The history of lithography and engraving is so inseparable from both of the above-named interests as almost to be included in them. The work executed for all other branches of trade, and for banks and public institutions, stamps it with great importance, and exhibits in a remarkable manner the progress of trade and its constantly increasing requirements, and this applies in a very special manner to Toronto. For many years the writer or his partner, on their half- yearly trips to Europe, made a rule of placing their orders for stationery and all printed, lithographed, or engraved matter in the hands of some large house in London or Manchester, imuie- diatel}^ on their ai-rival, so as to have it ready for shipment with goods. This necessity no longer exists, as everything in the way of account-books, invoices, cards, cheque-books, pro- missory note forms, and circulars, which were then ordered in England, are now done quite as well in Toronto, and the duty and freight saved besides. The business of this firm was originally founded by Mr. John Ellis, in 1849, in a small engraving shop on King Street, and from him it passed into the hands of Mr. .1. T. liolph, the senior ''■' -^m- Front iSyj to iS86. 255 member of the present firm. In 1873 Mr. Rolpli admitted his brother, Mr. Frank Rolph, and Mr. David Smith, as partners* under the present style of Rolph, Smith & Co. The exhibits of the Hrm forwarded to London for the Indian and Colonial Exhibition are a fair representation of the regular work executed in the business. They consist of twenty-one large walnut frames, containing specimens of their work, com- prising colored show cards, labels, lithographed portraits, and all kinds of commercial work, such as cheques, notes, drafts, letter, note and invoice headings, litiio;[^raphed menu cards, copy book head-lines, embossing, etc. These specimens are alike creditable to the skill and enterprise of the firm and to the business men of Toronto, and will undoubtedly attract much of the attention of the colonies, as well as of this Dominion. The extensive new premises in course of erection on Wellington Street West will aftbrd increased facilities for carrying on the business. llEATINd OF BUILDINGS IN TORONTO. This is of so much importance, combining health and comfort v/ith the beauty and adaptation of house furnishing, as to have become a matter of scientific skill, as well as one of the orna- mental arts. In 1847 the only stove in use was the square, unsightly, box- shaped article, and these were of all sizes, from the .smallest up to those large enough to admit a whole stick of wood with- out being sawn or split. The gradual introduction of coal, which at this time was only used by blacksmiths, led to great improvements in the shape and designs of stoves. Some were made as open grates, which added much to the cheerfulness of sitting rooms. To witness the display at one of the annual exhibitions, or in one of the large manufacturing establishments, is to see in a most remarkable manner, as much as in any other branch of manufacture, the pi'ogress of taste a^^d refinement, as well as in arrangements for comfort. The rarity and beauty of the 256 Toronto ''Called Back. i! W designs, as well as the arrangements for promoting health, and the convenience of " self-feeders," in which the Hre need never go out the whole winter, are truly marvellous. The stoves of the present day are not only useful but highly ornamental, and other heatinsf arrangements, whether from furnaces supplying hot air, or by steam, or hot water, all are made to appear as part of the furnishing of hall or drawing room. THE E. & C. GUKNEY CO. (LIMITED), was founded originally in Hamilton, in 1843, for the manu- facture of stoves and other castings suited to the requirements of that time. Since then the firm has taken the lead in introducing every improvement and new design, till -t the present time the busi- ness has extended to Toronto, Winnipeg, Montreal, and has also extensive .scale works at Hamilton, and also carrier on the manufacture of agricultural implements at Dundas. The Toronto branch was establi.shed about sixteen years ago, by Mr. Edward Gurney, junior, under who.se management it has grown to its present gigantic proportions. The buildings on King street, erected by the firm, four stories high and 400 x 60 feet, are occupied as store-rooms and mounting shop, and another of the .same dimensions utilized as a foundry. These have been supplemented by a large addition the present year, making the whole arrangements complete in every de- partment. The very best talent and unlimited capital are emplo^-ed in producing every article of the most approved and artistic con- struction for the heatinff of builcinufs, from the cottage to the palace. Stoves and ranges of every descripcion, combining beauty with utility, are manufactured, and shipped all over the Dominion ; and as a result of their exhibits in London, no doubt a large trade may be anticipated with Australia, and possibly with Great Britain, the stoves now in use in j^Canada being equally suitable for all the.se countries. The specialties of the firm are steam and hot water boilers, with the Bundy radiators, adapted to every building and to .:1J From iSyy to i8S6. 257 every part of any building, and these, when ornamented with the new coil screens, whether in hall or drawing-room, may be made to correspond with the most luxurious furniture, and become an attractive feature in the general effect. The firm in Toronto employs from 175 to 200 hands. THE GRAND "TRUNK' HOUSE OF THE DOMINION. If any person would like to have proof of the wonderful •development of commercial travelling within the period of the present reminiscences, let him read of its first commencement, and then take a walk through the baggage-rooms of the Union Station and inspect the vast piles of iron-bound, grindy-defiant, smasher-proof contrivances which contain the samples of home and foreign manufactures, used by the army of 2,300 com- mercial travellers of the Toronto branch alon , by which the large manufacturing and wholesale establishments are repre- sented from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and the comparison will be found to be rather surprising. The history of the firm of H. E. CLARKE k CO. is intimately connected with this branch of trade. Mr. Clarke commenced business abo it thirty years ago, in a small store on Yonge Street, his staff consisting of one boy. The writer recollects distinctly of his purchase from Mr. Clarke of the first commercial trunks for tiie firm, on the opening of the Northern and Grand Trunk Railways, and since that time the demand has steadily and rapidly increa.sed, with a corres- ponding improvement in the manufacture and convenience of these articles. No less remarkable has been the progress of the trade in trunks, satchels and valises for the tourist, and espe- cially in everything to suit the convenience of ladies. The old flat-bottomed scow has given place to the noble three-decked " Saratoga," where everything appertaining to ladies' dress, from tip to toe, parasol and fan included, may be arranged in compartments from which they will emerge with- out crease or wrinkle. ; '■■ *a. 258 Toronto " Called BackT Milill Messrs. H. K. Clarke & Co. occupy large premises as a factory, employing a large staff of workmen, and have recently enlarged and beautified their retail store on King Street, making it the leading establishment of the kind on the continent. The Queen's Hotel, founded by Captain Thomas Dick in 1802, received its name, no doubt, from the well-known loyalty of its founder, and while a "rose by any other name would smell as sweet," there is an appropriateness in this being applied to the leading hotel in the Queen City of the West that will always strike a traveller, especially from Britain. This attachment to every- thing appertaining to royalty was further evidenced by Capt. Dick in the name given to the steamer built for him on the Cl3'de, which he called Her Majesty. The writer crossed to England with him when going over to place the contract, and when all had been completed, and the steamer was on her wa}'^ out, she was unfortunately lost. This was regarded as matter of great regret, not only by the Captain, but by all Toronto citizens. From the commencement the aim of Captain Dick was to provide a comfortable home for his guests, as distinguished fi'om the '■ caravansary " style of most hotels in America, and in this he was most successful, even to the minutest detail. The present proprietors, Messrs. McGaw & Winnett, have followed up the original design, making constant improvements in every department. This popular hotel has recently been renovated and changed in many respects from the first to the third story. A year ago its elegant and commodious dining-room was very handsomely frescoed. During the last three months many of the parloi's, corridors and lialls have been tastefully decorated and painted. New private staircases have been fitted up in the Queen Anne style. Each landing has a magnificent stained glass window, and as one ascends these unique windings the idea must flash upon him that he has mistaken the Queen's Hotel, and is ensconced in some baronial hall. The halls and corridors have all been relaid with costly and luxurious carpets. From iSyy to 1886. 259 Wlien all those changes are added to the previous coinuiodious and handsomely furnished drawing-rooms and Vtedrooms, with bathrooms, to say nothing of the tine suites of rooms wliich were fitted up for the Princess Louise and the Mar(juis of Lome on the occasion of their first visit to Toronto, as well as other suites that were prepared several years ago, in a magni- ficent style, for the reception of the Orand Duke Alexis, then heir apparent to the crown of Russia—the Queen's stands unrivalled in this respect by any hotel in the Dominion, and as 1;^ '■''^^^}4mim^^-^.i % IMMM kC*l THE QUEKN S HOTEL. regards the ciusinerle and the daily nienu. notliing is left to be desired. Need we wonder, then, tliat the Queen's is largely patronized, not only by guests of the first standing from all parts of the Dominion, but also from the United States, England and the Continent. In May, 1880, their Royal Highnesses Prince Leopold and Prince.«ss Louise occupied a suite of apartments at the Queen's. His Excellency the Earl of Dufferin, Governor- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) I 1.0 I.I s^ lis iiiii^:;^ .. .. IIIIIM 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" ► V] ^ ^/. /A ''W / Photographic Sciences Corporation 4 V :\ V m^ <3> Ci^ 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 '%^ I C^ mffsm 260 Toronto " Called Back!' General, and the Countess of Dufferin, also occupied apartments at this hotel. The situation is delightful, commanding a splendid view of Toronto Bay and Lake Ontario, and from its proximity to that splendid sheet of water, the cool breezes can be enjoyed all through the summer, making it a most desirable resort for visitors from the south. The beautiful grounds around are both spacious and airy, and with croquet and chevalier lawns, nothing more pleasant could be desired by business men, pleasure seekers or tourists. The Queen's is furnished with all the latest modern improve- ments, having a handsome passenger elevator and electric bells, and in addition will be found the most polite attention to every wish of its guests. The building being only three stories high, covering a large area of ground, and used exclusively as a hotel, having lawns on either side, with means of exit from the house, in addition to those in front and rear, renders it almost impossible for an accident to take place from fire, and consequently the Queen's is looked upon as the safest hotel in the Dominion of Canada, and is regarded with pride by the citizens of Toronto as an establishment worthy of a great city. Toronto's Natural Advantages. We get here no earthquakes such as those of which the San Franciscan sleeps in nightly dread. We get no fervid heat, such as in New York often slays its scores in a day by sun- stroke. We get no excessive degree of cold, such as all places to the east, west and north, and some to the south, including Chicago and St. Louis, suffer from. We get no cyclone or wind- storm, such as all the cities west of us, even as neur as Detroit, are subject to. No western cyclone ever yet reached this district. We get no floods, such as periodically inflict loss and suffering beyond calculation upon many of our sister cities. Nature has done everything for our comfort, providing even for the absence of the mosquito, which is just beginning to ply its proboscis elsewhere. Frovt i8yy to 1886, 261 Toronto a City of Churches. Wherever God erects a house of prayer, The devil always builds a chapel there ; And 'twill be found upon examination The latter lias the larger congregation. — Daniel Defoe. If this celebrated man, the father or founder of the English novel, was living in Toronto to-day he would scarcely venture to introduce the above lines into a satire on churches and church-goers. The congregations worshipping in Toronto churches would show a very different result from what is im- plied in the above verse. In no city in the world are churches more numerous, or the congregations larger, in proportion to the population, and it is safe to say that in this nspect the church accommodation is larger than in any other city. Taking the average capacity to be one thousand, and the number of churches in Toronto and suburbs at one hundred and twent}*, the entire population, if present at one time, could nearly be accommodated ; and this cannot be said of any other city. Although this can never happen, it is evident the average attendance mi'~t be very large and the accommodation abundant. It is safe to say, that nowhere else can such a sight be wit- nessed on a fine Sunday evening, within the same limits, as in Toronto, when the churches are emptied of the crowds of wor- shippers and the sidewalks are blocked with the throngs re- turning to their homes. The writer having spent Sundays in every large church - going city on both sides of the Atlantic, can make this state- ment without fear of successful contradiction ; nor is there any- where to be seen better dressed or more respectable looking congregations than worship in Toronto churches. What the feelings must be of those who absent themselves from Toronto churches on Sunday I cannot imagine, never having such an experience, but it seems as if that very absence would preach a sermon which, to every freethinker or agnostic, would be as powerful in favor of Christianity as if a sermon were listened to inside the walls of a church. !'!S ra f 262 Toronto " Called Back!' The ringing of ohe bells is at an end, the rumbling of the carriage has ceased, the pattering of the feet is heard no more, the flocks are folded in the numerous churches. For a time ST. ANDREW 8 CHURCH, KING STREET WE.ST. everything is hushed, but soon is heard the deep pervading sound of the organ, rolling and vibrating through the buildings and out into the streets, and the sweet chanting of the choirs makes them resound with melody and praise, while it is poured Fro7n i8yy to 1886 263 forth like a river of joy through the recesses of the city, elevat- ing and bearing the soul on a ti of triumphant harmony to heaven. The wanderer about the streets at such a time is not a proper subject for envy. In writing of Toronto as a city of churches, the men who, by their faithful discharge of duty and their advocacy and in- fluence, have been to a great extent mstrumenta! in educating the religious element up to the presen"; high standard of church- going in Toronto, ought not to be forgotten. The following are amongst those to whom much of the credit is due, and as the names are given entirely from memory, and none given whom the writer has not heard preach since 1847, any omission will be overlooked : — BAPTIST. Rev, Messrs. Piper, Fyfe, Caldecott, Castle, and Thomas. CONGREGATIONAL. Kev. Messrs. Roaf, Ellerby, Marling, Lillie, Burton, Powis and Wild. PRESBYTERIAN. Rev. Messrs. Burns, Topp, Barclay, Gregg, Taylor, Parsons, King, McLeod, MacDonnell, Kirkpatrick, Milligan, Robb and Kellogg. EPISCOPAL CHURCH. Bishops Strachan, Bethune, McLean and Sweatnmn ; Rev. Messrs. Grasett, Baldwin, Lett, Givens, Sanson, Williams, Dar- ling, Pearson, Scadding, Lewis, Jones, Rainsford, Dumoulin, Langtry, McCollum, McCarrol, Bilkey, Boddy, A. H. Baldwin and Morgan Baldwin. METHODIST. On account of the itinerant system of the Methodist Church, the array of names will necessarily be much greater than of the others. Rev. Me.ssrs. Hetherington, Cooney, Harvard, Richey, Evans, Wood, Rice, Stinson, Wilkinson, Squire, Bishop, Douse, Douglas, Elliott, Ryerson, Rose, Taylor, Green, Spencer, Sanderson, 264 Toronto ''Called Back!' Borland, Howard, Williams, Hall, Lavell, Stevenson, ^unshon, Cochrane, McClure, Savage, Potts, Brigsfs, Dewart, Dorey, Johnston, Antliti', S. J. Hunter, W, ,]. Hunter, Clarkson, W. W. Ross, Jeffrey, Jeffers, Hannan, Learoyd, McRitchie, Stafford, Poole, Bri.lgeman, Harper, Laird, Starr, Blackstock, S. P. Rose, and Shorey. • ROMAN CATHOLIC. Not having heard any preachers of this Church except Arch- bishop Lynch and Rev. Mr. Teet'y, I can only say that both of these gentlemen are distinguished for literar}'^ ability and devo- tion to the interests of their Church. The improvement in the numbers and respectability of the worshippers since they were confined to the comparatively in- significant church on Power Street is something marvellous, and no one visiting any of the handsome Roman Catholic churches in Toronto can help being struck with the decorum and reverence observed during the service. CHURCHES. The total number of churches at present in Toronto is one hundred and ten, divided as follow: — Episcopal, 26; Presby- terian, 18; Baptist, 11; Methodist, 25; Roman Catholic, 9 ; Hebrew, 1 ; Congregational, 7 ; Reformed Episcopal, 2 ; Uni- tarian, 1 ; Lutheran, 1 ; Catholic Apostolic, 1 ; Plymouth Brethren, 2 ; Miscellaneous, 5. THE SALVATION TEMPLE. The Salvation Temple just completed is quite an imposing structure with its castellated bastions, combining in appearance the castle, the barracks and the temple. The frontage is 106 feet, with a depth of 100. It is built of red brick with stone facings. A space of 22 feet has been divided off in front to be used as offices. Through this portion three entrances reach the Temple ; the central one being broad and lofty. The height of the ceiling inside is 32 feet, and the width 96, with no roof columns. This is the widest span without support of any From i8jy io 1886. 265 public bwildiiii,' in Canada. The walls are four feet thick, and are capable of standing an enormous strain. The auditorium will hold about 2,500 people, and there is not a bad seat in the house; the ventilation is perfect, as are also the acoustic properties. The Temple is constructed in amphitheatrical form and has one gallery at the back. The ground floor rises from the centre, and a passage runs entirely round next the wall. The officers conducting the services sit on the north side, with the soldiers and audience all about them. The soldiers for the most part occupy the pit, or dress circle. This latter . THE .SALVATION ARMY TEMPLE. arrangement is in accordance with the system followed by General Booth in England. The ceiling of the Temple is of varnished wood, while the walls are finished stucco work in plaster. Texts and mottoes will be used as additional orna- ments. The entire height of the building, which comprises four stories, is 80 feet to the top of the tower, and 50 feet to the centre and slates. The windows are all stained glass with Scripture mottoes. A pair of iron gates close in the front entrance, over which appears in stone letters the single word " Hallelujah." The entire cost will be ubout $40,000. 18 .» « 266 TorofUo " Called Backy THE SALVATION ARMY reports that the organization is at work in one hundred and fifty-one cities, towns and villages throughout the country. It has outposts in fifty-three places. In five places land has been secured for building purposes, while there are barracks in forty places. The number of officers in 1885 was 418, number of ■corps 148, and outposts 47. The attendance numbered 209,000, being an increase over the previous year of 76,612. The amount of money received and expended weekly on the local corps was $2,905. The Temple was formally opened on the arrival of Marshall Ballington Booth, who came this way from Australia (on his return to England) to dedicate the building. The " Council of War " continued from the 1st to the 8th of May, and was the occasion of enthusiastic demonstrations. The daily processions accompanied by bands of music, were witnessed by immense crowds of people, and at night the vast auditorium of the Temple was crowded to excess. On Sunday, the 2nd, the formal dedication took place, and each succeeding day and evening through the week there was a change of programme, including a Hallelujah Wedding and Infant Dedication. On the night of the latter ceremony a number of officers and soldiers who had been imprisoned for noisy demonstrations appeared in prison costume and related their experience. In connection with the presentation of the infant the Marshall stated that twenty-eight years ago he was taken by his parents sixty miles in England to be baptized by the Rev. Jas. Caughey, so well known in Toronto, who is still living, and commencing again to preach as an evangelist. The Marshall gave a striking account of his opening cam- paign in Manchester, — the extraordinary language used in the posters having brought immense masses of the people to see and hear, — and then of his arrest and imprisonment ; all of which had a thrilling effect on the vast audience. He left for England the following week, accompanied by Commissioner Coombs and William Gooderham, Esq., of this city. From rSj"/ to i8S6. 267 Toronto an Educational Centre. This position claiined for Toronto will be admitted by all. From the lowest stop in the ladder to the highest, no city can boast of equal advantages in the shape of education. The Common School sy.stem, a lasting moninnent to the ability, wis- dom, and indefatigable exertions of the late Dr. Ryerson, ha.: been brought to a state of perfection perhrps unequalled in the world. Framed on the models of all the best systems in every Iff in i;.MVKK.SITY OF TOKOM'll. im- Isee of for bner other country, it combines the best feature of all, and improve- ments on most. Rising in the scale, it will be found that no educational want has been left unsupplied ; whatever the pursuit or profession the student may intend to follow through life, he will lind a school, academy, college or university in which he will have full scope for his ambition. From the Public Schools, there is a step upwards to the Model Schools, then to the Collegiate Insti- tute, Upper Canada College, and to the University of Toronto. Then there are technical schools, including the School of Prac- tical Science and the Ontario School of Art. I II f §mi 11;. 268 Toronto " Called Back.'' A city possessing so many advantages for students must afford increasing attractions from year to year, the high stand- ing of its professors, and tht honors to be obtained, whether as medals, schohirships, fellowships, or other degrees, otter induce- ments superior to tiiose of any other city in the Dominion, and nmst lead ultimately to the federation of other colleges with the University of Toronto. In addition to the colleges named are Knox College, Ti'inity College, the Baptist College, and St. Michael's. There are also the College of Pharmacy, Toronto School of Medicine, Trinity Medical College, \'eterinary College, Canadian Institute, and School of Divinity, or Wycliffe College. The Normal School, for the training of teachers, was estab- lished in 1847. The present buildings were erected in I80I, the corner stone being laid by the Earl of Elgin, and in the month of November, 1852, the buildings were opened. They were then described as being elegant in architectural appear- ance, commodious in their accommodations, and healthy in their situation. They are at present an ornament to St. James' Square, the grounds surrounding the building being beautifully laid out with trees and flower beds, and in addition there is a hand- some conservatory. 'llie Educational Museum is a source of attraction to visitors, as well as valuable to the students, and contains paintings, statuary, and curiosities of various kinds, plaster casts of Egyptian, A.ssyrian, Babylonian, Persian, Grecian and Roman antiquities. It also contains philosophical apparatus, being representative, on a small scale, of the South Kensington Museum. Great North- Western Telegraph Co. Miles of lines 34,000 Number of offices 2,000 Number of messages in 1885 2,446,000 Number of words in press '•eports , 63,500,000 Number of miles for messages at twenty-five cents 1,275 Number ot mues controlled by connection with Western Union Co. 450,000 p]mployee8 of the Company 2,500 Toronto staff 174 CANAUIAN INSTITUTE, RICHMOND .'STREET WEST. A'.'' ■I t i :i From iSyy to r686. 271 Toronto a Musical City. High on the shore sate the great god Pan, While turbidly flowed the river, And Iiiicked k :d liewed as a great god can, With his hard bleak steel, at the patient reed, Till there was not a sign of a leaf, indeed. To i)rove it fresh from tlie river. He cut it short, did the great god Pan, — How tall it stood in the river I Then drew the pith, like the heart of a man, Steadily from the outside ring, Then notched the poor dry, empty thing. In holes, as he sate by the river. "This is the way," laughed the great god Pan, — Laughed while he sate by the river, — " The only way, since gods began To make sweet music, they could succeed." Then dropping his mouth to a hole in the reed, He blew, in power, by the river. • Sweet, sweet, sweet, Pan, Piercing sweet by the river, Blinding sweet, O great god Pan I The sun on the hill forgot to die. And the lilies revived, and the dragon-fly Came back to dream on the river. Elizabeth Barrett Bromnny. Prior to the period when the preisent reminiscences commence tlier'" was little to note of the musical history of Toronto. The writer is indebted to the Toronto Mail for some account pre- vious to 1847. It appears by the earliest records, that as far back as 1818 the sole instrumental artist of Toronto was a Mr. Maxwell, distinguished " for his quiet manner, for the shade over one eye, and for his homely skill on the violin." With military music the townspeople were familiarized by the occasional performances of the regimental bands which were stationed here from time to time. The ecclesiastical music was entirely destitute of organs or melodeons. V: ' 272 Toronto " Called Back." «?V: At the Church of St. James' a Mr. Hetherington officiated a.s clerk, and his mode of procedure was to announce the psalm or hynm, give out the tune on the bassoon, and then accompany the vocalists present with original and often grotesque improvi- sations on that instrument. At one time a choir was formed at this church with a bass viol, clarionet and bassoon as the accompanying instruments. The music was almost entirely confined to the churches that then existed ; the choirs being accompanied by flutes, violins, violoncellos, and occasionally a trombone. It is said that Mr. James Baxter organized and led a choir at the old Methodist church on King Street, near the present site of R. Hay & Co.'s establishment, in 1831. The first impetus of a permanent character given to music was through the services of the late Mr. John Ellis and Dr. McCaal ; the former distinguished by his performance on the violoncello, with which Toronto audiences were favored gratui- toush for many years, and the latter on the piano, showing himself to be an accomplished musician as well as composer. For many years Dr. McCaul was the patron of every enter- prise which contributed to the pleasure and advantage of the citizens. No meeting for any object of a literary, benevolent, oi' pleasurable character wao considered complete without the presidency of Dr. McCaul, and whenever he took the lead his felicitous remarks, always mingled with real Irish humor, in- variably resulted in success. Through the influence and ettbrts of Dr. McCaul, selections from the oratorios were first given in 1845, in the Parliament Buildings. Monsieur Bley, a talented violinist, was brought over from New York to conduct, and with him were engaged Miss Andrews, Miss Northrall, and Mr. Miller, as principal vocalists. Two concerts were given, which were very suc- cessful and excited great enthusiasm. Dr. McCaul presided at the piano, and the Toronto Ma'l says, " was received with a burst of applause on making his appearance on the platform." The result of this new venture led to the inception of the idea of establishing a Philharmonic Society. Monsieur Bley, having been induced to remain in Toronto, was appointed conductor of From 1877 to 1886. 273 the new organization, which started in 1846. Dr. McCaul was the President and Mr. Ellis the instrumental manajier. This Society gave a concert in the University Hall, Parlia- ment Buildings, on St. George's Day, April 23rd, 1847, a few days after the writer's arrival in the city, for the benefit of the Irish and Scotch relief funds. Among the voct^Msts were Mr. J. D. Humphreys, who became Toronto's favorite tenor, Mrs. Searle, and Messrs. Ambrose and Barron. After a short stay in Toronto, Monsieur Bley returned to France, and the Society was started afresh in 1848, with Dr. Strathy as vocal conductor and piani.st, and Mr. Schallehn as *'' chef d'attaqiie " of the orchestra. The first concert was given in the City Hall on the 28th of December, 1849, which created quite an excitement ; some of the most difiiculb morceaux of the great masters were given with fair success. The second of these concerts was given in the Temperance Hall, on the 31st of January, 1850, under the patronage of the Earl and Counte.ss of Elgin. Mr. Schallehn was a clever clarionet player, and was bandmaster of the 71st Kegiment. In 1851 the Toronto Vocal Music Society was formed in the room of the old Philharmonic. Dr. McCaul was the President, the late Chief-Justice Draper, Vice-President, and Dr. Clarke, Conductor. At the first of the reunions of this Society, in May of that year, the solo vocalists were Miss Davis (afterwards Mrs. F. Thomas) and Miss Harris ; among the choral numbers given was Handel's " Hailstone Chorus," from " Israel in Egypt." These meetings culminated in a public concert in the following December. The programme embraced selections from the works of Handel, Weber, Rossini, and Mendelssohn. The soloists were Miss Davis, Mr. Hecht, baritone, and M*-. T. Cooper, tenor. The second cont'.ert was given in June, 1852, in the St. Law- rence Hall, whicii had just been opened. This concert was given in commemoration of Moore, the poet. Mr. Paige, tenor, and Miss Paige, soprano, made their appearance and became great favorites with the public. •I 274 Toronto " Called Back'' After this a new o^'ganization was formed under the old title of the Philharmonic Society. Dr. McCaul was elected Presi- dent, Mr. Fred. Widder, vocal manager, Prof. Croft, instru- mental manager, Dr. Clarke, conductor, and Mr. F. Griebel* leader of the orchestra. Mr. Griebel, who came to Toronto with the Jenny Lind concert troupe, was one of the greatest violinists ever resident in the city. The first open meeting of this Philharmonic Society was held on the 25th of April, 1854, in the University Hall, Parliament Buildings. On the px*ogramme was a symphony of Beethoven's, the " Hallelujah Chorus " from the " Mount of Olives," a cornet solo from Mr. Harkness (bandmaster),the overture to"L'Italiana', and a violin solo, " The dying scene," from " Lucia," by Herr Griebel. At the third meeting, Herr Griebel played De Beriot's first concerto for violin, and one of Paganini's concert solos. The Chorus sang Handel's " Fixed in his everlasting seat." This society next figured at a concert in aid of the patriotic fund for the Crimean War sufferers, in the St. Lawrence Hall, February, 1885. The programme included the '• Funeral March," by Beethoven, piano solo, Mr. Haycraf t ; song, " Oh, God, pre- serve the mourners," Miss Davis ; solo and chorus, " Qui tollis,' Mr. Hecht ; fantasia, on the " Cujus animam," Mr. Hayter; song " Ruth," Mrs. Beverley Robinson ; song, " I would be a soldier," Mr. L. W. Smith ; piano and violin d\io on " William Tell," Messrs. Griebel and Haycraft ; " Heroes of the Crimea," Mr^ Humphreys ; piano solo, " La Violette," Mr. Klophel ; song " The sea is Merry England's," Mr. Barron, (then late Principal of the U. C. College). This concert excited unbounded enthusiasm, and was very successful. The patronage of music lovers was at this time diverted from the soc'ety by the introduction of subscription concerts given by Mr. and Miss Paige. This resulted in the fall of the Phil- harmonic Society, and musical matters were comparatively neglected tUl the arrival of Mr. John Carter, who accepted the post of organist at the Cathedral Church of St. James, then From iSyj to 1886. 275 newly built. Mr. Carter arrived in Toronto in October, 1856, and the aspect of the musical world of Toronto was soon com- pletely changed. Mr. Carter was not long in developing the" resident talent, for in the following year he gave the fir:?t oratorio performance ever given in Upper Canada. The oratorio selected was the " Messiah," and was given on the 17th December, 1857. The work was accomplished in twelve weeks, and such was the enthusiasm created, that the concert room was filled to the doors. Mr. Carter was assisted by Herr Griebel, and Messrs. Noverre, Maul, Schmidt, and Martin Larare, amongst the instrumentalists, and by Miss Davis, Miss Kemp (afterwards Mrs. Cobban), Miss Robinson, Mrs. Poeiter and Mrs. Scott. Among the vocalists were Messrs. Jacob Wright, Sugden, Barron, C. Grasett, Briscoe, Lang, Jas. Baxter and F. Roche. "Judas Maccabeus" was performea in 1868, under the direc- tion of Rev. Mr. Onions, who started an opposition scheme which divided musical society into two parties, known as the Onionites and the Carterites. The feud, however, was of rather an amicable nature. The Rev. Mr, Onions had Mr. Noverre as leader of the band, and Mr. G. F. Graham as organist. His vocalists were Mr. and Mrs. Hickok, Mr. Lindsay, Mrs. Dunlevi, C. J. Martin, Mr. Humphreys, Mr. John Baxter, the |Misses Robinson, Madame Wookey, Mrs. Hastings, Miss Searle, Mrs. Emerson, and Messrs- Briscoe, Sugden and Vial. The band and chorus were adver- tised as numbering two hundred. At one of these oratorios, the v/riter and his party sat near a> gentleman of the legal profession, recently out from London* who criticised the performance of each vocalist, and during the performance of one tenor singer, not appreciating his efforts, he made himself conspicuous by shrugging his shoulders and screwing up his countenance, at the same time exclaiming loudly enough to be heard, " Oh, Sims Reeves ! " Having lately heard that celebrated tenor, in Exeter Hall, we could partly sympathize with his feelings, but not so far as to 276 Toronto " Called Back." lose tlie enjoyment of the Toronto performance, which v.hs highly creditable to all concerned. The rivalry resulted in each party giving the " Creation." In 1861 Mr. Carter formed the " Toronto Musical Union," and Mr. Onions the " Metropolitan Choral Society," under the direc- tion of Mr. Martin Lazare, a most able musician. Some of the performances of this gentleman on the piano were truly mar- vellous, especially " medleys " and " fantasia " with one hand. In 1863-4 Mr. Carter, as director of the Musical Union in connection with the Mechanics' Institute, in the Music Hall over the present Free Library, gave occasional concerts ; and among the works produced were the " Messiah," " Judas Mac- cabeus," the '■ Creation," the " Lay of the Bell," the " Stabat Mater," and the operas " II Trovatore," and " Martha." In 1872 Mr. Robert Marshall, in connection with Mr. Alex. Mills, undertook to reorganize the Philharmonic Society, and succeeded in inducing a sufficient number of instrumentalists and vocalists to combine for this purpose. Dr. McCaul was appointed President, the veteran Dr. Clarke, Conductor, Mr. Robt. Marshall, Vice-President, and Mr. John Hague, Secretary. The first concert of this new society was given in October, 1872, when the " Messiah " was given in Shaftesbury Hall, The chorus con.sisted of twenty-eight sopranos, twenty-six altos, forty-eight tenors, fifty basses, and eight principals — in all one hundred and fifty. The orchestra, under the direction of Mr. Marshall, consisted of twelve violins, three violas, three basses, two double basses, two flutes, two clarionets, one bassoon, one horn, two trumpets, and two drums — total thirty. The solo vocalists were Messrs. J. G. Sheriff, Marriott, Martin and Pearson, and Mrs. Grassick, Mrs. Cuthbert, Miss Hillary, Miss Clarke and Miss Thomas. The pianist was Mr. H. G. Collins. This was the last occa- sion on which Dr. Clarke conducted at an oratorio. Mi. Marshall wielded the baton, until the arrival of Mr. Torrington in 1873. This event marked a new epoch in the musical history of Toronto. FroiH i8yy to 1886. F. H. TOllUINGTON. 277 This gentleman received his musical training as Cathedral organist, choirmaster, pianist, etc., under James Fitzgerald, of Kidderminster (pupil of Dr. Gorge, Bristol), under whom he was articled for four years. As violinist he was a pupil of Geo. Hayward, Birmingham. In 1854, Mr. Torrington was elected a member of the London Society of Sciences, Literature F. H. TORRI^OT0N. and Arts, for which he has a diploma. After a successful career in England he came to Canada, and was engaged in Montreal as organist of Great St. James' Street Methodist Church, a post he held for twelve years. During this period he developed his musi'' 1 talent, and worked hard to cultivate public taste for the best class of music. For a considerable portion of this time Mr. Torrington was bandmaster of the 25th Regiment, and as 278 Toronto " Called Back. founder and director of various vocal and instrumental societies, his services as solo organist and violinist were in constant de- mand. His reputation brought him to the notice of Mr. Gilmore, and he was engaged by that gentleman to form a representative Canadian Orchestra to take part in the first great Peace Jubilee at Boston. During this visit Mr. Torrington was asked by Mr. Gilmore to take up his residence in Boston, and a short time afterwards was offered and accepted the posi- tion of organist and musical director at King's Chapel, which position he left for the one he now holds at the Metropolitan Church, Toronto. During Mr. Torrington's residence in Boston he was engaged as teacher of the piano and organ at the New England Conservatory of Music, solo organist at the Music Hall Concerts, one of the first violins in the Harvard Symphony Orchestra, solo organist at the Saturday afternoon organ con- certs in Henry Ward Beecher's Church, Brooklyn, N.Y., con- currently with Messrs. S. P. Warren, Geo. W. Morgan and other eminent organists. His services as conductor of musical societies were in much demand in and around Boston, and in the last Great Jubilee, six societies which Mr. Torrington was conducting took part. In connection with this event he was extensively engaged as conductor of the Mass-rehearsals preparatory to the great gathering of the txventu thousand voices which met to- gether on that occasion. During the period of his residence in Toronto his work speaks for itself, as, in addition to the palpable improvement in church and choir music which he has effected, and the training of pianists, vocalists, organists and choir- masters now to be found occupying positions in Toronto and other Canadian cities, he has produced with large chorus and orchestra, through the medium of the Toronto Philharmonic Society, the following works of the Great Masters, many of them heard for the first time in Canada, and some for the first time on this side of the Atlantic : Messiah, Elijah, Creation, Lay of the Bell, Fridolin, St. Paul, Stabat Mater, May Queen, Hymn of Praise, Walpurgis Night, Naaraan, Fair Ellen March and Chorus (Tannhauser), March Cortege (Reine de Saba), March and Chorus (Life of the Czar), From 1 8 "J J bo i8S6. 279 Miserere Scene (Trovatore), Mors et Vita, Israel in Egypt, Spring's Message, Bride of Dunkerron, Rose of Sharon, Judas Maccabeus, Gypsy Life, Tlie Last Judgment, Acis and Galatea, Preciosa, Redemption, Rose Maiden, Crusaders. Mr. Torrington is also Conductor of the Hamilton Philhar- monic Society, and in that capacity has produced in Hamilton^ Romberg's "Lay of the Bell," " The Messiah," " Elijah," " Hymn of Praise," " Naaman," " Rose of Sharon " and " Samson." And with the Toronto University Glee Club Mendelssohn's music of " Antigone," in the original Greek, and Max Bruch's " Erithjof." CHAMBER MUSIC. The extent to which classical music is cultivated in private in the shape of trios, quartettes, and quintettes for stringed and other instruments, is generally considered a fair indication of the degree of musical taste that has h)een developed in a community. The earliest quartette party in Toronto consisted of Herr Griebel, fir.st violin ; Mr. Noverre, second violin ; Mr. Childs, tenor, and Mr. Ellis, bass. After the death of Mr. Griebel, a piano quartette party was formed as follows : Mr. Carl Pieler, piano ; Mr. Ernest Pieler, violoncello; Mr. Thomas, tenor, and Mr. Noverre, violin. Although the amateur players on stringed instruments were few, there were in proportion to their number many fine and valuable instruments among them. Mr. Thomas had the Walmsly bass that belonged to Mr. Ellis (who died in 1877, at the age of 83,) and an Amati tenor ; Mr. Marshall had a beau- tiful Testore ; Mr. E. R. Parkhur.st had a Johaine Baptiste Guadagnini, date 1751 ; Mr. H. Parkhurst, a Jacob Stainer, and Mr. Torrington is tl'e owner of an Amati. From a host of star artists who have appeared in Toronto since Jenny Lind's arrival, we name the following : Piccolomini, Mario, Santley, Carlotta Patti, Rudersdorff, Parepa Rosa, Catharine Hayes, Cary, Lucca, Canissa, Madame Anna Bishop, Di Murska, Kellogg, Thai berg, Rubinstein, Vieuxtemps (the king of violinists), Arabella Goddard, Wieni- 28o Toronto ''Called Back'' owski, Sauret, II. C. Cooper, Lichtenberg, Tlieresa Liebe^ Alfred Jaell, Camilla Urso, Prinne, Listennan, Ueinenyi, Joseffi, Teresa Carreno, Brignoli, Nillson, Lehmarn, Musin, Rummell, Wilhelmj, Fabre, Leopold D'Meyer, Paul Julien, Brega. Among the clubs, the Mendelssohn ancF Beethoven Quintette, the Damrosch and Thomas Orchestras, and Gilmore's Band have appeared from time to time in Toronto. The Toronto Quartette Club is composed of Mr. J. Bayley and Herr Jacobsen, violins; Mr. Fisher, viola; and Mr. Correll, cello. •JENNY LIND. The arrival of Jenny Lind, the "Swedish Nightingale," in America, in 18.53, created such a sensation as was never known in the musical world. The sale of tickets for her first concert in New York was a great event. The first choice of a seat being set up for competition, was purchaseil by Genin, the Broadway hatter, for five hundred dollars. On her first appearance she carried all hearts by storm, not for her great beauty, either of face or figure, but the irresistible charm of her simple and natural manner. Once heard, Jenny Lind could never be forgotten. Nor was her wonderful gift as a songstress the only cause of the royal ovations she received wherever she made her appearance. Everywhere she was fairly worshipped for her goodness and benevolence. Although she had hundreds of letters every day asking her for help from all sorts of applicants, no worthy cause was over- looked. Her purse was always open to afford relief, and no request to give her services towards any charitable object was denied. The foundation of the Protestant Orphans' Home in this city is due to her kind-hearted benevolence. In New York espe- cially, the Jenny Lind mania became so strong that fabulous prices were paid for anything that might be preserved as a memento of her visit. It was said that chambermaids at the hotel sold the combings and even stray hairs from her hair-brushes, at large prices, and so of every article of which she had made use at the table. ' » id From iS/y to 1886. 281 Jenny Lind was the first and greatest star artiste Toronto has ever seen. Her one concert was given in the St. Lawrence Hall, in the fall of 1853. Before the time announced, on the sale of tickets at Nord- heimer's, the window shutters were put up, and the door strongly barricaded to keep back the crowd and allow appli- cants to enter in batches. So great was the scramble that coats were literally torn on men's backs ; and to the great amusement of the crowd, one gentleman, determined to secure his prize, hoisted a small boy over the heads of the people, ancl in this way the boy procure■;;: .iv^.-*^J'.' ^1 M Front iSyy to iS86. 297 o Lil I U € 1 hundred j^ards north-west of the lias two stories, and each floor has a space of twenty-eight hundred square feet. It is lighted throughout with lai'ge windows, and a broad stairway leads from the entrance hall to the second story. On the ground floor there is a large dining room, a pantry, kitchen, board room and two large wards for forty children. On the second floor there is a large h»ill, on either s' le of which is a large ward for the use of the boys and girls respectively. Opening from these wards is a smaller room, wdiich is occupied by children in advanced stages of disease. At the east end of the hall is a commodious bath-room, which is fitted up with the most improved appliances. Tiie interior of the building has been finished in Canadian pine, and every provision has been made for the comfort of the inmates. A broad and shady verandah runs round the north-west and south sides of the building. This is two stories in height, and is reached by wide doors which open f roui the boys' ward. Here the little invalids are placed during portions of each fine day, and on the hottest day they receive the full benefit of the cool breezes which blow in from the broad expanse of Lake Ontario. A laundry and washhouse has been erected at the'east end of the building, and an ample supply of pure water is brought from the lake by means of a windmill on the lake shore. The entire expense of building the Home and bringing it to its present state of com- 20 aJ 298 Toronto " Called Back'' pletion has been borne by Mr. J. Ross Robertson, of the Toronto Evening Tele(/ram, who attaches to his fjift tlie co.;o"' of man, and the hellei* lettren, which operate for the advancement of the mental condition of the middle and haml)ler classes of society, might now as well as then hold a higher place in pulilic estima- tion, and with advantage be more generally called into practical retjuisition. The Canadian Institute, which now ranks so high as a literary and scientific institution, did not come into exi.^tence till 1849, since which time it has done much in the higher sphere of literature, and takes the highest rank amongst Canadian literary societies. Amongst the literati of Toronto may be named Drs. Wilson, Scadding, Loudon, Hodgins, and Withrow, and Prof. Goldwin Smith, who is contributing largely to the literature of the city. The Week new.spaper, of which he is editor-in-chief, holds a place between the ordinary newspaper and the maga- zine ; the latter being represented by only one, The Canadian Methodist Magazine, which is alike creditable to the publishers, the contributors, to Toronto and the Dominion. It is an interesting question, whether the taste for solid read- ing is more cultivated amongst the young men of ISSfi than those of 1847 and whether their general intelligence is greater. The number of amu.sements and attractions of various kinds which Toronto now affords may have a tendency to reduce the hours spent in study, and thereby prevent the acquisition of knowledge which, in the absence of these surroundings, made the old Mech-iuics' Institute itself the leading attraction for young men. It cannot be denied that the newspaper is the great educator 300 Toronto ''Called Back. of the nineteenth century, and that no literary power can com- pare with it. Rev. Dr. Tahnage says: " The newspaper is the ' flying roll ' of the Apocalypse. It is book, pulpit, and platform, all in one. And there is not an interest, religious, literary, commercial, scientifical, agricultural or mechanical, that is not within its grasp. All our churches, schools, colleges, asylums, and art galleries feel the quaking of the printing press. The vast majority of citizens do not read books. " How many treatises on constitutional law, or political economy, or works of science are read ? How many elaborate poems or books of travels ? Hew much of Boyle, or De Tocqueville, Xenophon, Herodotus, or Percevil ? Whence, then, this intelligence and the capacity to talk about themes secular and religious — the acquaintance with science and art — the power to appreciate the beautiful and the grand ? "Next to the Bible, the newspaper, — swift-winged, and every- v/here present, flying over fences, shoved under the door, tossed into counting-houses, laid on the work bench, read by all — white and black, German, Irishman, Spaniard, American, old and young, good and bad, sick and well, before breakfast and after tea, Monday morning, Saturday night, Sunday and week- day. The man who neither reads nor takes a newspaper is a curiosity." The literary taste or the people of Toronto may be judged by the value of the importation of books for the year ending 8 1st December, 1885. The value for the first quarter was $47,761 ; the second, $50,070 ; third, $57,234, and fourth, $63,299, making a total of $218,370, or an average of two dollars a head of the population. The addition of the value of books published in Canada would show a considerable increase in the amount. i The Globe and Mail. Theae two great leading political papers — the former repre- senting the Liberal Reform, and the latter the Liberal Con- servative party — are published daily, morning and evening, and also weekly. Both wield an immense influence, and have extensive circulation throughout the Dominion, and also in From 1877 fo 1886. 301 Great Britain. For literary talent and enterprise, these papers compare with the first-class leadinoj press of New York and London, nothing being wanting to furnish the latest news through the associated press despatches, and through special correspondents, several times a day. The Globe newspaper contains its own history. THE GLOBE BUILDING. From 1847 to the time of his death, the writer had a good opportunity of observing the career of the late Hon. George Brown. While the principle of de rtior^tuis, nil nisi bonuvi was not adhered to in his paper, it is only just to say of himself, when he is gone, that, apart from politics, he was a man highly respected for every generous and noble quality. He was genial and pleasant in manner, honorable in his dealings, kind and benevolent in disposition. 302 Toronto '' Called Back!' In the days when business men were thrown together in the Montreal steamers for a couple of days at a time, the writer has spent pleasant hours in his company, in conversation and chess playing, a game in which he excelled. The glory of his career cul- minated in his coalescence with Hon. John A. Macdonald and the other gentlemen who founded the Confederacy, and the paint- ing now opposite the main entrance to the Parliament Buildings, in commemoration of the great event, and in which the Hon. George Brown is one of the most prominent figures, ■>''l perpetuate his name even uuie than the monument to his n\emory in the Queen's Park THE MAIL BUILDING. '^^ TorOntO. The World and News. The World has well supplied a want previously felt, in the shape of a one-cent morning paper, and is remarkable for the full reports of all leading topics, as well as ably written edi- torials, which display a large amount of literary ability and ! ound common sense, on all questions of the day. The Ne.ws is the only one-cent paper ^ i\)lished both morning and evening, and is fast rising in i, i-- tmce, and shows a rapidly increasing circulation both in hi, ' r*" md the city. The Evening Telegram. The Evening Telegram has for some years past been com- monly recognized by the public as the principal paper in Toronto. It is now in the ninth year of its existence. The first number was is.sued on the 17th April, 1876, and from that From iSyy to 1886. 303 time down to the present six editions of it have appeared every afternoon, except on Sundays and holidays. It was founded by its present proprietor, Mr. John Ross Robertson, who had previously been connected with several newspaper enterprises in Toronto, and had acquired a reputation as an energetic and capable man of business. During the first year of its existence it was issued at two cents. It filled an acknow- ledged want in local journalism, and met with considerable success from the first. In 1877 the price was reduced to one cent, and the efiect was at once apparent in a largely extended circulation, which, from that time forward, grew with rapid strides. Advertising patronage was a necessary accompaniment of increased circulation, and by the time the paper had been established three years it had begun to yield a large and lucra- tive revenue from this source. Of late years it has been subjected to very keen rivalry, but as a local advertising medium it has fully held its own, and is to-day one of the most profitable newspaper enterprises in Canada. It is read by people of all classes, and is more extensively sold on the streets and in the news stores than any other paper in the city. Its present circulation ranges from 17,000 to 19,000 ; on Saturdays it runs up to 21,000 and 22,000. The Telegram was the first daily paper started in this Province on independent or non- partisan political principles. From the date of its first issue until now it has kept itself entirely untrammelled by party ties, and has always been ready to award its approval or its censure upon considerations of merit alone. Speaking in general terms, its pervading tone is decidedly liberal, but it is in no sense the organ of any hard-and-fast school of politician?, and it criticises both sides with the utmost freedom. It has from the first devoted special attention to municipal matters, a feature which has had no slight share in contributing to its very remarkable pecuniaiy success. It has also been noteworthy for the freshness and comprehensiveness of its local news, in which respect it has generally distanced its larger and older contemporaries. Its editorial notes and articles are light and readable, the writers carefully avoiding the ponderous, unwieldy ■"III »i 1 i SSSmi 1^^ i m IIIE TELEURAM KUILDINO. From iS// to 1886. 305 style which mars the effect of so many of the articles in the mornincj dailies. The fine building in which the Telegram has its headquarters, at the south-west corner of King and Bay Streets, was erected expressly for its accommodation. The structure was completed in 18S1, and was fitted up with all the latest im- provements, and with little regard to the mere question of expense. The counting-room and the private offices are the handsomest for their size of any in Canada, and the private office of Mr. Robertson is considered by connoisseurs the most artistically furnished office in the Dominion. Indeed, outside of one or two offices in New York and Philal^3lphia, there is no office in America that will compare with the private office of the Telegram. Within its walls there are thousands of dollars' worth of statuary, oil paintings, etchings and bric- a-brac. The etchings of the " Breaking up of the Agamemnon," and " A Lancashire River," by the celebrated etcher, Seymour Haden, are gems ; and an oil painting entitled " The old Poli- tician," by Guzzardi, is regarded as one of the finest specimens of that kind of work in the Dominion. This office also con- tains a marble bust entitled " The Coquette," a veiled figure, by Bazzanti, of Florence, which is so perfect that the lines of the face may be seen distinctly through the marble veil. The velvet decorations, and the leaded glass screen which separates the private office from the main office, are highly commendable pieces of work. The furniture is in keeping. The front office is finished in cherry, mahogany,' and Hungarian ash, and the ceiling and cornices, in plaster, are so finished in detail and design, that they attract the attention of not only those who are interested in that kind of work, but the thousands of visitors who yearly visit the office to inspect its contents. The Telegravi is printed on a Scott Webb Perfecting Press, which has capacity for printing from 25,000 to 80,000 impressions per hour. The appointments of the establishment are fully com- mensurate with the spirit of enterprise which characterizes the general management. The editorial department is, beyond comparison, the most comfortable to be found in the city. The 3o6 Toronto " Called Back." library and chief editor's room are artistically furnished, and no expense has been spared to render them pleasant for the gentle- men who occupy them. Of the business of the Telegram it is a! r.G&o unnecessary to write. It is not an unusual thing of a Saturday to see sixteen to eighteen columns oi the paper occu- pied by small type advertisements, varying from one to three lines each. The returns from this source are considerable, and it has been stated that they average over one hundred dollars a day which is certainly a large amount for a paper published in Toronto. Take it all for all, the Evening Telegram is an honorable monument to the energy and enterprise of its pro- prietor. The "Christian Guardian" and Methodist Book and Publishing House. The Christian Guardian, the chief paper of the Methodist Church in Canada for many years, and now the sole organ of United Methodism in Ontario, Quebec, the Northwest, and British Columbia, was started in the fall of 1829. Its first editor was the late Dr. Egerton Ryerson. In 1879 the present editor, Dr. Dewart, issued a jubilee number, for which Dr. Ryerson wrote an article, giving an account of the origin of the paper. He took the long and toilful journey to New York to obtain printing material, spending six days and nights between Lewiston and New York. The first number of the paper was issued on November 22, 1829. During these early years the Guardian did valiant battle for equal religious rights and privileges. Dr. Ryerson was editor for nearly nine years with some breaks, which were filled by Revs. James Richardson, Franklin Metcalf, and Ephraim Evans. In the earlier years of the Guardian, before the establishment of the political papers that have since become famous, it was a leading organ of public opinion in a greater degree than since it has become more strictly a religious paper. During its whole course it has vigorously contended for all moral and social reforms, as well as defended the doctrines and usages of From iSyy to 1886. 307 Methodism. Of the editors wliich succeeded those already named the Rev, Jonathan Scott was in office four years ; the Rev. Geo. F. Playter two years ; the Rev. G. R. Sanderson five years : the Rev. James Spencer nine years ; the Rev. Dr. Jeffers nine years ; the Rev. Dr. Dewart, at the present date (188G), has been in office seventeen years. REV. EOEHTON RVERSON, D.D. The Wesleyan Book Room was begun at tlie same time as the publication of the Guardian. The publication office was on " March Street, north of the new court-house." It was after- ward removed to the present stand on King Street East. At first it was a small bookstore doing a very limited business. But it has steadily grown, till it has become an extensive pub- l;:^ I I ' ' > ' ;o8 Toronto " Called Back. lishing house. It probably publishes a larger number of books and other publications than any other house in Canada. It gives employment to over one hundred fifty hands ; and does a great deal to supply both Methodists and others with whole- some religious literature. The present Book Steward, Rev. William Briggs, D.D., has done much to extend the business. Free Library. The good the Free Library is accomplishing in informing and brightening the life of large masses of people should make its operations welcome. The growth of the Toronto Library, owing to its efficient management, has been steady and onward, and its future seems bright and assured. The increasing rate of its book circulation is very marked, and the interest taken by its promoters, is manifested in a practical way by a hand- some addition to the reference department in the shape of a donation of some 2,000 volumes, the valuable private collection of Mr. John Hal lam, of this citj;. It may be hoped that others will follow his example, and multiply the resources and attrac- tions of the Public Library until it becomes the pride of Toronto. The largest private library in the city is that of Professor Goldwin Smith. The Or.taiio Parliament Library ranks first in importance amongst those of a public character, and con- tains 25,000 volumes. Next comes Osgoode Hall with 20,000 volumes, chiefly on legal subjects. The University Library is in every way worthy of that splendid institution, and occupies one of its handsomest rooms. The Canadian Institute has 4,000 volumes ; Normal School, 5,000 ; Free Library, 38,000 ; Trinity College also possesses a large li>*rHry which is steadily increasing. There are seventy- two newspapers and periodicals published in Toronto. The five daily papers are the Globe, Mail, Tdegram, World and News. These are all published every morning, except the Telegram, which continues as it commenced, as an evening paper. As such it is, perhaps, both as to its popularity and circulation, without an equal in any city of the size of Toronto in the world. From i8yy to 1886. 309 King Street in 1886. In every city tl ere is some street which is the special resort of ladies for promenading and shopping. Here strangers and visitors first receive their impressions of the wealth and taste of the citizens, and in reporting their opinions to their friends, the effect will be favorable or otherwise just as they are struck with the elegance of the shops and the richness of the goods displayed. King Street, Toronto, has long been known to travellers as the centre of attraction, but the tourist of 1886, in describing the splendid plate glass fronts of immense establishments especially in the dry goods trade, would completely cast in the shade all previous descriptions. To illustrate the subject 'f Toronto's growth and progress, two of the King Street stores are selected, and the first is that of iion, the MESSRS. ROBERT WALKER ,i- SONS. as being the oldest established house in the trade. While scores, if not hundreds, of dry goods stores on King Street have either changed their entire form, or failed, as the writer knows by experience and losses, there is only one which can date its existence back to 1847, when this sketch commences. The firm of Walker & ^Sons was originally established in 1836 by the late Mr. Robert Walker, and in 1847 the firm was Walker & Hutchinson. In that year two stone-fronted buildings, the first in the city, were erected by Mr. Peter Paterson and Mr. Walker^ at a cost of $30,000. In 1867 Mr. Walker acquired the whole site, pulled the two buildings down and erected the present magnificent building, at a cost of $50,000, and since that time it has been enlarged and increased to its present immense pro- portions. Every visitor to the city is at once struck with the impo.sing appearance of this establishment, which is, indeed, an ornament to the city, and a self-evident proof of its wonderful progress and advancement. The front of the building is of ornamented cut stone, surmounted by a large figure of a lion, iir in 11 i\:. 3IO Toronto "Called Back. the trade mark of the firm. For the first thirty feet the front of the structure is entirely composed of plate glass, running from the sidewalk up to a massive ornamental iron girder, extending the entire width of the building. The windows and doorway contain over 1,500 square feet of glass. The interior is beautifully finished, and in addition to the front, light is supplied still further from an ornamental dome, which adds greatly to the general effect. The premises extend to Colborne Street, where there is another entrance, and altogether it may be said to be the finest retail dry goods and clothing house in the Dominion. The staff consists of nearly one hundred salesmen, cashiers and bookkeepers, and the average stock amounts to about a quarter of a million dollars. In 1847 this firm and Mr. Peter Paterson were the only retail importers in Toronto. The business is conducted on the departmental system, and the European markets are visited semi-annually by one of the firm, their immense capital giving iinsuipassed advantages in purchasing direct from the manu- facturers. While King Street has always had the reputation of possess- ing the finest shops, as London has Regent Street, New York its Broadway, Boston its Washington Street, and Chicago its State Street, there are in each of these certain houses distin- guished as the leaders of fashion and as caterers to the highest taste. The house of W, A. MURHAY a- CO. may, in this respect, be considered as the " Swan & Edgars," or " Marshall & Snelgroves," of Toronto, as in this splendid estab- lishment may be found the richest classes of goods, to meet the requirements of the most refined and wealthy or the most fashionable. From the " layettes," to the " trousseaux," for wedding or christening, ball or opera, every want can be sup- plied by " modistes," " costumieres," and " coiffeures," not ex- celled by Mr. Worth himself. So perfect are the arrangements Fro7n iSjy to 1886. 311 in every department, that a special room is provided, where may be seen, by artificial light, the efiect of shades for evening dresses, at any hour of the day. The senior partner, Mi'. W. A. Murray, having graduated in some of the large houses in Britain, two of which are already described, and having been a buyer in 1854, when the present business was estaV)li.shed, brought to Canada all the experience and judgment already acquired ; and, devoting all his attention to the buying department since that time, by continuous visits to the British and foreign markets has not only kept abreast of the fashions, but has had the advantage of leading them in Toronto by anticipating the styles and designs in course of pre- paration for the cominii season. The fact of Mr. Murray having crossed the Atlantic this season for the one hundred and twenty-fifth time, is a sure guarantee of the experience he brings to bear on this depart- ment of the business. The splendid plate glass front of this establishment extends from 17 to 27 King Street East, and here are displayed the finest productions of British and continental manufac- tures. The interior arrangements are simply perfect in every detail, the departments being so connected that each harmonizes with the other, and the light has been studied with such artistic skill as to be adapted to each class of goods, advantageous alike to the buyer and seller. Every article in woollen and linen drapery, silks, hosiery, lace goods, haberdashery, house furnishings, including the finest curtain materials, millinery and mantles, is to be found in this well-regulated establishment. The staff consists of about one hundred salesmen, besides cashiers and bookkeepers, and from one hundred to two hundred workwomen are employed, according to the season, in the dress- making and millinery departments. Mr. John Drynan, a member of the firm, has the general management, and Toronto may well take a pride in this, as a representative house in its line, of the wonderful growth and progress that are still going on. I 312 Toronto " Called Back.'' The Art of Pottery. While other arts, as painting and sculpture, have been culti- vated to please the taste and delight the eye, the art of making vessels of earthenware for domestic use, and in particular of turning them into shape on a wheel, is of very remote anti(}uity, and was undoubtedly suggested by the instinct of necessity. In Egypt, all the processes of mixing the clay, of turning, baking, and polishing vessels and vases, are represented in the tombs of Thebes and Beni Hassan, and to-day may be seen in the potteries of Staffordshire — as witnessed by the writer in his frequent visits to the pottery district — the same kind of wheel, and the potter moulding the clay into beautiful shapes of great variety by his manipulation while the wheel revolves. No art has a more wonderful record of self-sacrificing and heroic per- severance and endurance in experiment, nor more wonderful success in discovery in bringing it to its present perfection, than the art of pottery. The Palissy's, Wedgewoods and others, by their chemical re- search have produ'^ *^.he variety of enamelled and variegated ware which rival aauty the finest china, which, accord- ing to Chinese chronology, has been made in that country for thousands of years. In Chelsea, porcelain was made so beautiful that George II. bestowed the light of his countenance upon it, and it became all the rage ; one service was purchased by the King for £1,200. Then comes the Wedgewood ware, manufactured by the Wedgewood's, of Burslera (a place well remembered by the writer as having spent the coldest night of his life there), — at first, tableware, dense, durable, well glazed and cheap; then the Queen's ware ; then terra cotta, a kind of pottery in which Wedgewood was enabled to imitate porphyry, granite, Egyp- tian pebble, and other beautiful stones ; then basalt, or black ware ; then white porcelain biscuit, having a smooth wax-like appearance ; then jasper, or white porcelainic biscuit, of exqui- site delicacy and beauty. But although the Chelsea and Wedgewood ware were both From 1877 to 18S6. 313 beautiful, and are now souglit out by connoisseurs, — as much as five guineas a piece for dessert plates, and twenty-five guineas for a couple of tea cups having been paid, — it was a West-of- England man who discovered the clay in Cornwall from which the pure porcelain is made, and the clay is largely shipped to Staffordshire to be manufactured. The discovery of felspar, at Belleek, County Donegal, Ire- land (only celebrated before for the catch of eels), led to the establishment of the pottery there, and the most beautiful ware is produced. Hand-painted dishes were shown to the writer when visiting this establishment (just six miles from the Atlantic coast), the prices of which were from twenty to fifty guineas each ; the painting being done by first-class artists. The terra cotta ware at Torquay, in Devon, is very beautiful and fashionable, as are also the Royal Worcester and Royal Derby ware, placing the English manufactures high up in the scale of pottery, as seen -t Kensington and other places, where the largest collection of tht productions of all countries are on permanent exhibition. To add one more to the list of enter- prises in Ireland, the Vodrian ware, manufactured in Dublin, deserves special notice, being awarded the first prize medal at Cork Exhibition, in 1883. |i- MR. GLOVE R HARRISON, of the China Hall, King Street, has for the past twenty-five years made this art his study, and in catering for the citizens of Toronto has done much to educate the taste of the people in this branch of trade, combining the useful with the orna- mental more than in any other department; while on the other hand his efforts have been appreciated by all classes, from the highest, who have expended their wealth in furnishing and decorating their hoases (showing as much as in anything else the wonderful progress of Toronto), down to the humblest, who have suited themselves in every article necessary for com- fort and convenience. Mr. Harrison visits all these sources of production periodically, including Limoges and Sevres in France, and Dresden, in Germany. A. visit to his galleries of art 3H Toronto " Called Back.'' -: 1! il % 'i treasures will be found exceedingly interesting and instructive and evervthin2>7 [ind he The Indian and Colonial Exhibition held in London, England, 1886. When Albert " the Good," Prince Consort, first conceived the idea of inviting all nations to exhibit the productions of their skill and industry in London, the project was entertained with some doubt, but when the crystal structure was reared in Hyde Park, and all countries poured in their treasures, and after the invocation of a blessing by the Archbishop of Canterbury, the youthful Queen, surrounded by her great ministers of state, and ambassadors from all foreign nations, amid the strains of music and the boom of artillery, proclaimed the Exhibition open, and when for six months the millions of visitors had gazed with wonder and awe at the vastness of the building, so high as to enclose large elm trees, and then had feasted their eyes on all that was lare and beautiful, the giand result showeintries. Every thinking mind nuist look back with wonder and admiration on the past years of the now waning century. These have been years of miraculous progress, of vast revolu- tions in surrounding empires, of startling discoveries in science, of beneficial changes in social life. Time and space have become the servants of science. The telegraph enables us to converse with ab.sent friends instan- taneously, or by the railway we fly to see them on the wings of swiftness; and England, in the midst of the changes of other nations, rears her proud head, great and glorious, powerful and peaceful, rejoicing in that precious liberty of mind and body which constitutes her the Queen of Nations. As children separated from the parental home anticipate with joy a reunion, .so are England's sons, the world over, look- ing forward to the grand family gathering of 1880. 23 -an^ Pi!' h HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCE OF WALES. i THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE AND TORONTO "CALLED BACK." -\i mt Indian and Colonial Elxhibition, South Kensington, London, 1886. " That they coll may be one I " That mother and daugliters, Tenderly linked like the Graces in love, Girdling the globe, over lands, over waters, May be united beneath and above. Here on this orb's upper hemisphere olden, There on that younger half-circle beneath, Everywhere shall one sweet union enfolden England's fair scions in olive-twined wreath. All to be one ! What a blest federation ! Britain, Imperial Queen of the World, Sealed as one hejirt, one life, and one nation. Under one cross, one stand ird unfurled : Owning one law of religion and reascn. Speaking one language, and rich in its wealth, Proud of the jiast, and the bright present season, And the grand future of hope and of health. So may the whole world's glorious communion, Nature, and Science, and Commerce, rejoice ; Growing together in one happy union, Filling the welkin with gratitude's voice. Canada, Africa, Zealand, Australia, India, continents, isles of the sea. Adding your jewels to Britain's regalia. One with Old England the home of the free ! — Martin Farqtthar Tnpper. 1 . ;i;i;- iS :::l 344 Tlie Queen's Jubilee and Opening Ooremonies. The Exhibition was formally opened by Her Majesty on the 4th of May, and was characterized by the impressive, peaceful pomp and pageantry of a Royal progress, and was one of the most remarkable the world has ever seen. The weather was beautiful. Crowds gathered along the route taken by Her Majesty from Buckingham Palace, and greeted her with enthusiastic cheers. The main hall in which the opening ceremonies were con- (hicted a3 crowded with the elite of London. 1'he large numbei v^i foreign princes and diplomats who attended in court dress, combined with scores of British officers present, in full glittering uniforms, made a magnificent spectacle. The Prince of Wales, Duke of Edinburgh, Prince Henry of Battenburg and his wife (Princess Beatrice), and the Crown Princess Victoria of Germany, led the Royal procession through the building, and were followed by Lord Hartington, the Marquis of Salisbury, Earl Derby, and scores of other distin- guished persons. So grea.t was the rush to witness the Royal procession to the Exhibition building that it required, besides a strong force of cavalry, upwards of 1,000 policemen to keep a passage-way for the Royal carriages through the streets. When the Queen's carriage arrived the entrance was surrounded by throngs of distinguished persons. The Royal guard of honor lined the corridors when Her Majesty alighted and passed into the building. When the Queen appeared in the hall she was greeted with enthusiastic cheers. The opening ceremonies were simple, and consisted of a carefully prepared programme of music, the presentation of addresses to the Queen by the Colonies participating in the Kxhibition, and a formal declaration by Her Majesty that the .show was open. The music was grand. Among the numbers was " Home, Sweet Home," sung by Albani. The immense choir, accom- panied by the great organ and (irchestra, rendered the Halle- lujah Chorus with powerful effect. Toronto " Called Back.'' 345 The chief feature of the opening ceremonies was the singing of the new British Ode composed by Tennyson for the occasion. The poem is in four parts — one of welcome to the exhibitors ; one of prayer for the inheritance by the Colonies of England's attriinites ; the third describing the loss of the United States, and the lesson of it ; and the fourth an appeal for the unity of the Empire. Her Majesty was immensely pleased and much affected by the singing of the ode. She smiled and nodded approval over each patriotic sentiment rendered, and was fairly radiant with pleasure when the vast audience caught up the poet's spirit and vented their joy in deafening thunders of applause. The text of the ode is as follows : a le, in- le- Welcome, welcome 1 with one voice In your welfare we rejoict, SoiiH and brothers, thut have sent Fi )!u Isk, and Cape, and Continent, Produce of your tield and flood, Mount and line and primal wood. Works of subtle brain and liand, And splendors of the morning land ; (Jifts from every British zone. Britons, hold your own ! May we find, as ages run, Tlic mother featured in the son ; And may yours forever be That old strength and constancy, Which has m.ade yc ur fathers great In our ancient Island State ; And where'er her flag may fly, (ilorying between sea and sky, Make the might of Britain known. Britons, hold your own ! Britivin fought her sons of yore ; Britain failed, and never more. Careless of our growing kin, Shall we sin our fathers' sin. Men that in a narrower day — Unprophetic rulers they — 3,4^ T^h^ Queens Jubilee and Drove from out tlie mother's nest That young eagle of the west, To forage for herself idone. Britons, hold your own I Sharera of our glorious past, Brothers, must we part at last ? Shall not we, through good and ill, Cleave to one another still l Britain's myriad voices call : Sons, be welded, each and all. Into one Imperial whole — One with Britain, heart and 8<3ul, One life, one Hag, one fleet, one throne^ Britons, hold your own ! And God guard all. All the parts were sung in English but the second. This had been translated into Sanscrit, by Professor Max MuUer, as a mark of courtesy to the large number of Orientals attending the Exhibition. A noteworthy incident in the ceremony was the presentation to Her Majesty, by Sir George H. Chubb, of a master key of the most elaborate workmanship, which could open any of the 500 Chubb locks in the Exhibition. This choice and costly specimen of the locksmith's art is adorned with jewels of all kinds, and decked with many a dainty and symbolic device. It is well worth a minute description. Imagine it, half a foot long, made of burnished gold, set off with enamel and a variety of jewels, the bow being hexagonal in shape. In the centre of the hexagon, as seen from one side, is a golden representation of the head of a lion in high relief, langued with ruby, crowned and set in red enamel surrounded with a band of white enamel, with the inscription, "The Colonial and Indian Exhibition." From this central circle radiate to the angles of the hexagon six shields in raised blue enamel, each bearing a symbol in gold of the colony or dependency — the animals chosen being the sheep, elephant, tiger, opossum, beaver and buJalo. At the bow end of the key, and surmounting the bow, is the Imperial crown, the band of which is jewelled with rubies and emeralds. The pin ite^i Toronto " Called Back. ;47 of the key as it leaves the hexagon starts from a centre of four elephants' heads, whose trunks form a socket on either side of the bow. The radiating shields are of yellow gold and bear the names of several of the Colonies, whose symbols are of the obverse, and in the centre of a small nugget of gold. This key repie.sented symbolically the opening of the Exhibition by FCer Majesty, after which she handed it to the Prince of Wales. In addition to the distinguished personages named above Her Majesty was accompanied by several young Princes and Princcs.ses, including in all thirteen of her children and grand- children ; all the former being present except the Duke of Edinburgh, who commanded the fleet in Greek waters. When the Prince of Wales had read the address on behalf oi the Commissioners of the Exhibition, and the Queen had read her reply, he kissed the hand of Her Majesty, but she drew him towards her and kissed him on the cheek. Thus ended a most significant and appropriate celebration, which, as the first strictly Imperial pageant, attests the strength and unity of the British Empire, and emphasizes that desire for still closer union which has become almost a passion of patriotic hearts, whether they beat in the younger Britain beyond the seas or in the old Island Home. International Exhibitions. Among the institutions which have developed in the long- reign of Queen Victoria, none are, perhaps, more remarkable than the series of great exhibitions inaugurated by that of 1851, when all nations were invited to ^jondon. Th ^ Exhibition of 18,51 was > pen from May day until the loth of October, during which time it was visited by 0,170,000 persons, while the receipts were over half a million pounds sterling, and the surplus profits amounted to £150,000, which sum was devoted to the promotion of science and art. The following were the three Exhibitions of 1886, with the respective attendance up to the end of October, when the Edinburgh finally close>I with a surplus of £17,000: — Indian and Colonial, London, 5,878,120; International, Edinburgh, 2,740,000; International (Shipperies), Liverpool, 3,182,516. ■J !'; Ill ■.'ii ""'*Wlff*S" 348 The Queens Jubilee and m ■ THE INDIAN EMPIRE. While till Einpiie of India IkjUI the leadinf]^ place, from the point of vie\ of antiipiity and a past civilization, her romantic history, and the gorgeous coloring which characterized her productions ; her gold and silver works that were rich and rare ; carpets of excjuisite workmanship ; cloths interwoven with precious metals ; carvings in wood and ivory ; models of ox-drawn palaiKpiins and nij'stical carriages, decorated with gold and silver and rare woods; fans made from the feathers of the Indian ibis, — nevertheless, even India must suffer by com- parison when in juxtaposition with the young and vigorous colonies of the Empire. THE CANADIAN EXHIBITS Created a profound impression on the British mind. The people of England had never before been able to realize the extent and variety of Canadian risouices, and it niay be said with confidence, that this country never stood in anything like as high estimation amongst the British people as she does to-day. The magjiitudo of bar public works, the healthfuiness of her climate, and the imiuensity of her territorial extent, were made apparent through the Exhibition as no other means could have accomplished. Commemorative diplomas and medals have been awarded to every exhibitor at the Indian and Colonial E.\hibition, number- ing about three thousand of each. The medals are of bronze, and are very handsome in design and finish. They are about double the size of an ordinary penn)'. On the obverse side is a profile portrait of the Prince of Wales, while on the reverse are the words, "Colonial and Indian Exhibition, 1880," surrounded by a cluster of oak leaves. The diplomas are large-sized and of exquisite design and finish, being artistically colored. Britannia is represented, trident in hand, seated on a throne guarded by the British lion. Behind her stand two figures, one with toich in hand, the other spinning cotton, both repiesenting, according to the interpreta- tion, the march of progress and the speed of enlightenment in Toronto '' Called Back^ 349 the British Empire. Directly in front of Britannia, who extends her rififht hand in friendly welcome, are groups of individuals attired in characteristic costumes of the various Colonies. Here the noble red man, with uplifted head, presents his contribution to the wealth of the Empiie ; while there his more thinly-clad fellow-subject from the burnincf plains of India, the lordly Zulu, or under-sized ne((ro, laden with the product of his clime, seemin^dy vie with one another in theii- amiable j^lances in the direction of welcominii; Britannia. Without an open window is .seen a pur^^l? sea, on which is calmly floating a British man-of- war, reminding the Colonists of their security at all times. es. nd ed, )n. ler ta- in TORONTO EXHIHITS. No city could compare with Toronto in the number and variety of her exhibits, as shown by the large nuudjer of medals and diplomas distributed. The number presented through the Education ])epartmeiit alone was IHT, and advan- tage was taken of the presence in Toronto of the (jovernor- General and Lady Linsdowne to make the presentation. This interesting event took place on the 4th of May, at a conver- sazione given in the Normal School buildings ; the proceedings being interspersed with vocal and instrumental .selections. The recipients of medals were connected with the Normal and Model Schools, the Art School, Public and Separate Schools, Collegiate Institute and various Colleges, School of Practical Science and Toronto University, and exhibitors of school supplies, books and musical instruments, and proved a most interesting occasion ; the principal feature being the address of His Excellency on line arts, which was replete with informa- tion and both complimentary and encouraging to the students. An interesting description of the arrangement of the educa- tional exhibits and the general eflect was given by Dr. S. Passmore May, who vv^as the Commissioner in charge, under the direction of Hon. G. W. Ross, Minister of Education. Dr. May has published a complete report, and also a catalogue of the whole educational exhibits, which are very valuable and inter- esting. '-'•': % 350 The Queens Jubilee and The number and variety of Toronto exhibits reflect nrreat credit on our manufacturers and artists, whose names are worthy of being placed on record, and are hereby given, all of whom have also received medals and diplomas. Abell, John Machinery anci Iniplenients. Acme Silver Co Silver-plated Ware. Allcock, Laiglit & Westwood Fishing Tackle. Allen & Co., W. H Flavoring Fxtracta, Anglo-Anioriuan Art Co Colors for Artists. Rocckh & Sons, Charles Brushes, Brooms, Wood ware. Booth & Son Copper and Brass Ooods. Brown Brotiiers Account Books, Diaries, Leather IJoods. Brown, James Stands and Pilevators for Maps. Bruenech, (}. R Paintings. Canipl)ell & Son Photographs. Canada Printing Ink Co Printing Inks. Canada School Publishing Co School Books. Canadian Manufacturer Pu' I ishing Co. Specimen Sheets of Canadian Mann factivrer. Cheeaewortli, J. W Clothing of Canadian Cloth. Cheeseworth, W. L Tailors' Compendium. Christie, Brown & Co Biscuits. Clarke & Co, A. R Morocco, Coat and Calf Leatlicrs. Clutiie, Cliarles Ventilator, Chandelier, and Trusses. Cobban Manufacturing Co Picture Frame Mouldings. Cooper & Smith Boots and Shoes. Copp, Clark & Co School Books. Crompton Corset Co Corsets in Satin and Jean. Cross, WMlliam Canadian Birds and Mammal?. Dack & Son, E Boots and Shoes. De la Salle Institute Photograph. Department of Education Organization, Methods and Appliances, Apparatus and Models, Drawings, School Materialand Pupils' Work. Dodge Wood Split Pulley Co Patent Wooden Belt Pulley. Dubois, Louis E Model of Plough for Ditching. Dubois & Son, Mrs Ostrich Feathers Dyed, Feather Trim- mings. Edvi'ards, W Books of Mechanics' Institutes. Elliott & Co Linseed and its products. Fletcher, John Refrigerators. Forbes, J. C, R.C.A Paintings. Gage & Co., W. J School and College Books. Garrod & Co Sauces and Pickles, Gibson, J Brick. Toronto " Called Back, 351 Gooderham & Worts, (Limited) Canadian Malt and Rye Whiskey. Grip Printing and Pulilisliing Co. . . . Books, Framed IMctures. Heap's Dry Eartli Closet Co Dry Earth Closets. Heintzman & Co Pianos. Industrial Art School Fancy Needle Work. Inglis & Hunter Steam Engines. Jones, J. L Wood-engraved Blocks. Jones, John Red Brick. Kindergarten Schools Children's Work. Lainh & Co., Peter R Glue, Blacking, Fertilizer?. Lansdowne Piano Co Pianos. Leon & Co. , L. K Patent Adjustment in P]ye Glasses. Lindsay, J. A Magnetite. Loretto Abbey Oil Paintings, Water Colors, Crayon Drawings, Embroidery, Wax Work. McCausiand & Son, Josepii Stained (ilass. McFarlane, McKinlay & Co Window Shades. Map & School Suj)j)ly Co School Maps and Apparatus. Marshall, Geor_'c C Hat and Coat Rack. Martin, T. M. . RCA Paintings. Mason & Risch Pianos. Massey Manufacturing Co Agricultural Implements. May, S. Passmore, M.D A Red Deer. May & Co., Samuel Billiard Tables. Methodist Book & Publishing 'House. Printing, Binding, Electrotyping and Stereotyping. Morrison, James Gauges, Counters, etc. M(. eciiueiiH of Drawing. SearH & Co White Eiiainelled Letters for Sigim. Selby & Co Kindergarten Material. Slieppanl, J White Brick. Sloan, James F Mattrasses. Staunton & Co., M Wall Papers, Borders, etc. Steele Bros. & Co Seeds. Steiner, N. L Head of Moose, Stewart, F. J Petrified Wood. Strange & Co Sheet Music an. ^^f PL"*' \ %' m Q- \\ ■ ' ; 1 N '4 liii. HON. SIR CHARLES TUPPER, G.C.M.G., C.B. (High Commissioner for Caii-vda in London); Executive Commissioner. ::>? 1 i 1 |Lu>' Toronto " Called Back.'' 155 interests of the Exhibition. Of this sum £2*,000 is assigned to the Imperial Institute, which is the successor and natural heir of the Indian and Colonial Exhibition. HON. SIR CHARLES TUPPER, G.C.M.G., C.B. All the exhibitors from Toronto speak in the highest terms of the indefatigable exertions, inexhaustible patience, and uni- form courtesy displayed by Sir Charles Tupper during the exhibition. Rebellion of 1837. In the session of Parliament at Toronto, in 183G-37, Dr. Rolph used the following language : " Our geographical situa- tion is singular. To the south we are barred from the Atlantic coast by the American Republic ; to the north and north-west you pass through barren lands to mountains covered with everlasting snows, and among Indian tribes unknown ; and to the east we are intercepted by the sister Province, the very Province with which it is propo.sed to unite us." The state of political affairs may be judged from the language used at this time by an English orgf i of the Opposition : " Henceforth there must be no peace to the Province ; no quarter for the plunderers ; agitate ! agitate ! ! agitate ! ! ! Destroy the revenue ; denounce the oppressors. Everything is lawful when the fundamental liberties are in danger. The Guards die ; they never surrender." At public meetings the Imperial resolutions were denounced as a breach of faith and a violation of right. Resolutions were adopted to use as little as possible of imported articles paying duty, and to raise a Papineau tribute in imitation of O'Connell's Repeal Rent. Such was the state of affairs in Canada while j'et His Majesty William IV. sat on the throne of Great Britain. On the loth of June, 1837, five days before the accession of Her Majesty Queen Victoria, Lord Gosford tried the effect of a proclamation on the agitation which was convulsing society. He assured the people that the Imperial Parliament had neither 156 The Queen s Jubilee aud violated nor was about to violate the just riglits and privileges of His Majesty's Canadian subjects. This proclamation was torn in pieces by the hahitans in Lower Canada, aniid cries of "A bas la proclamation!" The French-Canadians rallied to the popular cries "Vive Papinean ! Vive la liberie ! Point du despotisme ! " In Upper Canada, William Lyon Mackenzie in his journal declaimed on the condition of public aft'airs with scathing bitterness. He thus wrote : " Canadians ! Brother Colonists ! Your mock Parliament has done its duty; bills and badgerings have followed each other in quick succession. " Ye false Canadians ! Tories ! Pensioners ! Placemen ! Prof- ligates! Orangemen! Churchmen! Spies! Informers! Brokers! Gamblers ! Parasites and knaves of every caste and description, allow me to congratulate you ! Never was a vagabond race more prosperous ! Never did successful villainy rejoice in brighter visions of the future than ye may indulge. Ye may plunder and rob with impunity ; your feet are on the people's necks ; they are tranrformed into tame crouching slaves ready to be trampled on. Erect your Juggernaut ; the people are ready to be sacrificed under the wheels of the idol. "The four-pound loaf is at a Halifax shilling (20 cents); the barrel of flour brinfjs twelve dollars. Woe and wailinir and pauperism and crime meet us at every corner of the streets. The settlers and their families on the Ottawa, in Sirncoe, in the rear of the London district, and many new settlements, seldom taste a morsel of bread and are glad to gnaw the bark oif the trees, or sell their improvements for a morsel to keep away starvation. " The settlers are leaving the country in thousands for lands less favored by nature, but bles.sed with free institutions and just government. The merchants are going to ruin one after another ; even sycophancy and degrading scurrility have failed to save them this time. They cry out. Why is it so ? I pity them not. Money, wealth, ])ower, was their god, the Dagon of their idolatry. Let them cry aloud and spare not, perhaps even now he will help them. Toronto " Called Back.'' 157 " But why are want and misery come anumg us { Ah ! ye rebels to Christianity, )'e detest the truth, ye shut your ears against that which is right. Your country is taxed, priest- ridden, sold to strangers and ruined. What then ? Ye share the plunders ! Like the Lazaironi of Italy, ye delight in cruelty and distress, and lamentation and woe." Mr. Mackenzie died in 18GI, and even at that time he must have been himself astonished at the wonderful changes which had taken place in the condition of the country during the previous twenty-four years of the reign of Queen Victoria ; and had he lived during the following twenty-six years and wit- nessed the Jubilee — with its glorious avssociations and unpar- alleled record of progress and prosperity, and nowhere greater than in the Dominion of Canada, and the City of Toronto — no doubt he woidd rejoice with every other loyal subject — as he afterwards proved to be — at the results of tlie benign and benignant sway of her who sits upon England's throne and lives in the hearts of her Canadian subjects. It must not be inferred from the preceding historical extracts that the Canadian people had become disloyal : although a large number joined in the abortive rebellion, they were only a small minority of malcontents, while the great body remained true to the Government, their loyalty being intensified by the insurrection which had taken place. Toronto's Loyalty. Toronto, always foremost in her allegiance to Great Britain^ manifested her loyalty to tha young Queen on the occasion of her Coronation, on the 28th of June, 1838. The citizens of Toronto, in their expression of joy, joined heartily in the celebration. Public rejoicings, dinners, speeches, and fireworks were the order of the day and evening. A grand procession of firemen was the principal public feature and formed a fine display, being headed by the bands of the Queen's Rangers and of the Royal Foresters. The fire engines, drawn by two or four horses, were magnificently 24 358 The Queen s Jtt^bilee and decorated, and mottoes of loyalty were prominently displayed on flags and banners, amidst which were the names " Victoria," in a wreath of Rose, Thistle, and Shamrock, and " British Supremacy," City of Toronto arms in gold, three gilt lions, gilt Irish harp, and the motto of the City of Toronto in gold — "Industry, Intelligence, Integrity." The Princess Victoria, Born May 24th, 1819 ; baptized same day; vaccinated early in August same year ; presented at court, February 24th, 1831 ; visited Powis Castle, Wynstry, Beaumaris, and other parts of North Wales, and attended the Eisteddfod, 1832 ; presented Colors to 80th Foot (first public act), August 3rd, 1833 ; con- firmed by Primate, August 30th, 1835 ; attained legal majority, May 24th, 1837 ; accession to throne, June 20th, 1837. The Princess Victoria at the Bazaar. Miss Martineau relates an anecdote of the Queen when she was a nine-)'ear-old Princess, with no knowledge of the great future before her, and the story shows that she " was reared in as much honesty and care about money matters as any citizen's child," being rigid'y guarded against any extra expenditure. At a Tunbridge Wells bazaar, tlie Princess had bought presents for nearly all her relatives, and spent her last shilling when she recollected one cousin more,, and saw a box that she thought would just suit him. The price of the box was half a crown, and the shopkeeper placed it with the other purchases, when the governess admonished him with the reraai'k, "No; you see the Princess has not got the money : therefore, of course, she cannot buy the box." The shopkeeper offered to keep the box for her, and the Princess exclaimed, "Oh, well, if you will be so good as to do that." Next quarter day, before seven o'clock in the morning, the Princess appeared on her donkey to claim her purchase, and this time, having the requisite money, she W!i3 enabled to carry off in triumph the box intended tor her consin. - Toronto " Called Back. 359 Queen Victoria's Accession. " The King is dead ! God save the Queen." At five o'clock on the morning of Tuesday, the 20th of June, 1837, the Primate of all England and the Lord Chamberlain reached Kensington Palace, where the Princess Victoria then resided, to inform her that her uncle, William IV., had died at Windsor Castle at 2.12 that morning, and to hail her as Queen. The messengers had to knock long at the Palace door before the porter could be roused, and when at length admitted they were turned into a lower room and apparently forgotten. They had to ring several times, and an attendant declared that " the Princess was in such a sweet sleep that she couM not venture to disturb her." " But," said they, " we come on business of state to the Queen, and even her sleep must give way to that." The young Queen shortly entered the room in a loose white night-gown and shawl ; her night-cap thrown off and her hair falling upon her shoulders ; her feet in slippers ; tears in her eyes, but perfectly collected. The first words of the Queen were a request that the Archbishop would pra}' for hei. They knelt together, and as Miss W^ynn states : "Victoria inaugurated her reign like the young king of Israel in the olden time, by asking from the Most High, who ruleth in the kingdom of men, an understanding heart to judge so great a people." Her Majesty's first act was to write a tender letter of condo- lence to Queen A.delaide, widow of the late King, and she addressed it to " Her Majesty, the Queen," remarking, wh^n told that this was inaccurate, that she was " quite aware Ji Her Majesty's altered character, but I will not be the first person to remind her of it." A Privy Council was held at 11 o'clock, and consequent upon the short notice some of the members had not time to wait for the robes of state ; the Duke of Cumberland, Lord Glenelg and others appearing in undress. The Cabinet Min- isters and other Priv^y Councillors then knelt before the throne and took the oath of allegiance. At 10 o'clock next forenoon Her Majesty was formally proclaimed Queen of Great Britain w 360 T/ie Queen'' s Jubilee and and Ireland, and when she presented herself at one of the windows of St. James's Palace, she was greeted with deafening cheers by the multitude assembled outside. The Queen wore a black silk dre.ss, with a crape scarf over her white tippet, and a little black chip bonnet. Deeply moved by the enthusiastic manifestations of popular loyalty, .she repeatedly bowed to the people, who, even while the proclamation was being read, cried out, " God save the Queen." The Coronation, The Quecm's Coronation took place in Westminster Abbey on Thursday, the 28th June, 1838, with great pomp and cere- mony, even the dawn of the day being announced by the guns of the Tower and those of a temporary battery in St. James's Park. All London turned out, and the line of route fro'n St. James's Palace to the Abbey was crowded from pavement to housetop. The procession was long and imposing, and its several branches were separated by mounted bands and detach- ments of Life Guards. There were numerous grand new carriages of foreign representatives and differeuu branches of the British Royal family. There were twelve of Her Majesty's carriages, each drawn by six horses, attended by four grooms walking, while the state equipage of the Queen was drawn by eight cream-colored Hanoverian horses with a yeoman of the guard at each wheel and two footmen at each door and one at the head of each horse. The royal progress was marked with continuous enthusiasm, and the young Queen was much affected. Meanwhile the Abbey's space was utilized to the utmost. The grand procession entered the choir shortly after noon, the Queen wearing a royal robe of crimson velvet furred with ermine and bordered with gold lace, while round her shoulders were the collars of her orders, and on her head was a circlet of gold. She was preceded by the Bishop of Winchester bearing the Bible. Some of the foreign ambassadors were magnificently dressed, especially Prince Esterhazy, whose dress down to his f4-i Toronto " Called BackT 361 boot heels sparkled with diamorids. The only ambassador who received special attention from the crowd was Marshal Soult, who represented the Kin;^ of France. Immediately on the Queen's entrance the National Anthem was performed by orchestra and choir, while the vaulted roofs of the Abbey resounded with the acclamation of the spectators. At the conclusion of the Anthem the Primate announced to the east, south, west, and north, " I here present unto you Queen V^ictoria, the undoubted Queen of the realm; wherefore, all you who are come this day to render your homao^e, are you willin<:j to do the same?" Each time the Archbishop made this e your liege man of life and limb and of earthly worship, and faith and love I will bear unto you, to live and die again.st all manner of folks, .so help me God." The last created baron having sworn allegiance, the Queen .showed where her own houmge was due by removing her crown while she received the Holy Communion. Then the last blessing having been uttered, with the crown on her head, the sceptre in one hand and the orb in the other, the Crowned Majesty of England left the Abbey. The whole gorgeous array swept after her. The Queen's Crown. Tlie crown in which Her Majesty appeared at the coronation weiglied little more than three pounds, while the crown made for George IV. weighed over seven pounds, and was much too large for the Queen. The new one made for her was compcsed of hoops of silver enclosing a cap of deep blue velvet. The hoops, which were completely covered with precious stones, were .surmounted with a ball covered with small diamonds, and had a Maltese cross of brilliants on the top. In the centre of the cross was a splendid sapphire, while the rim of the cross was clustered with bril- liants, and ornamented with rich Jieur-de-lis and Maltese crosses. In front of the Maltese cross, which was also in front of the crown, was the enormous heart-shaped ruby, once worn by the hi! if Toronto " Called Dackr 363 chivalrous Black Prince. The value of the jewels of the crown was estimated at £112,700 (S5G8,000), comprising— 2() (Uamonds round the circle £30,()(M) 2 large centre diamonda 4,(K)0 54 smaller diamonds at angles MM) 4 crosses, each with ITy diamonds 12, (MX) 4 large diamonds on top of crossea 4(),H()() 12 diamonds in thoJlcitr-de-liM 10,()()0 18 smaller diamonds in tho Jleur -de tin 2,000 Pearls, diamon ,< . vj' > 70 The Queens Jubilee and The Queen's Jubilee. The Queen attained her 68th birthday on May 24th, and the 20th of June completed the fiftieth year of her glorious reign. There have been but three similar jubilees in our history. The jubilee of Henry III. was kept on the 19th of October, 1265, and the festival celebration was hardly a joy-inspiring one. The next royal jubilee was that of Edward III., kept on the 25th of January, 1377, in connection with which also there seems to have been little cause for jubilation. On the 25th of October, 1809, the jubilee of George III. was celebrated with more joyous hilarity than characterized that of the two prede- cessors. The Queen's Jubilee excels them all in the loyalty and affection of her subjects. •'''I' 1 1 f) "Carmen Saeculare." LORD Tennyson's jubilee ode. I. Fifty timea the rose has flower'd and faded, Fifty times the golden harvest fallen, Since our Queen assumed the globe, the sceptre. II. She, beloved for a kindliness Rare in fable or history, Queen, and Empress of India, Crown'd so long with a diadem Never worn by a worthier, Now with prosperous auguries Comes at last to the bounteous Crowning year of her Jubilee. III. Nothing of the lawless, of the Despot, Nothing of the vulgar, or vainglorious, All is gracious, gentle, great and Queenly. IV. You then loyally, all of you, . - Deck your houses, illuminate '"'"" All your towns for a festival, ..... ^ And in each let a multitude -- -"-— - -r; • Toronto " Called Backr Loyal, each to the heart of it One full voice of allegiance, Hail the great Ceremonial Of this year of her Jubilee. V. Queen, as true to womanhood as Queenhood, t^lorying in the glories of her people Sorrowing with the sorrows of the lowest ! You, that wanton in affluence, Spare not now to be bountiful. Call you poor to regale with you, Make their neighborhood healthfuller Give you gold to the Hospital, Let the weary be comforted. Let the needy be banqueted. Let the maim'd in his heart rejoice At this year of her Jubilee. VII. Henry's fifty years are all in shadow Gray with distance Edward's fifty summers, Ev n her Grandsire's fifty half forgotten. VIII. You, the Patriot Architect, Shape a stately memorial. Make it regally gorgeous. Some Imperial Institute, Rich in symbol, in ornament, Which may speak to the centuries, All the centuries after us. Of this year of her Jubilee. IX. Fifty years of ever-broadening Commerce ' Fifty years of ever-brightening Science ! Fifty years of ever-widening Empire ! X. You, the Might: the Fortunate, You, the Lord-territorial, You, the Lord-manufacturer, • - - - You, the hardy, laborious, 71 i! Mr 372 The Queen s Jubilee and Patient childron of Albion, You, Canadian, Indian, » AuHtralasian, African, All your hearts be in harmony, All j'our voices in unison, Singing " Hail to the glorious Golden year of her Jubilee I " XI. Are there thunders moaning in the distance \ Are there spectres moving in the darkness / Trust the Lord of Light to guide her people. Till the thunders pass, the sj)ectre8 vanish. And the Light is Victor, and the darkness Dawns nto the Jubilee of the Ages. Only six sovereigns of England since the Norman Conquest attained an age equal to or btyond that which the Queen attained on the 24th of May, 1887. These were : Queen Elizabeth, who reached 69 years ; James II., 68 years ; George II., 77 years ; George III., 82 years ; George IV., 68 year.**, and William IV., 72 years. Her Majesty's reign has only been twice exceeded in length, namely, by Henry III., who reigned for 56 years, and by George III., who reigned for 60 years; but the reign of one other sovereign, Edward III., equalled it by extending to 50 years. Queen Victoria is only eighth in descent from James I., a long stretch of history being covered by the seven intervening lives. She is fourteenth in descent from Edward VI., twenty- eighth in descent from Henry I., thirty-fifth in descent from Alfred the Great, and thirty-seventh in descent from Egbert, the first sole monarch of England. The ramifications of her pedigree connect her with many other illustrious personages in addition to those already named. India. The fiftieth year of Queen Victoria's reign was celebrated in the capital cities of different Provinces of her Indian Empire, in the most festive manner, on the 16th ot February.. .;_i^ -__„ Toronto " Called Back!' 37. At Calcutta, Bombay, Delhi, Lahore, and many towns in the north, western, and central Provinces, and in the loyal Native States, also at Mandalay, in the newly annexed Dominion of Burmah, the utmost loyalty was displayed. At Calcutta, the Viceroy of India, Lord Dufferin, with the Commander-in-Chief, Sir Frederick Roberts, reviewed the troops on the Parade-ground ; afterwards attended with Lady Dufferin a thanksgiving service at the Cathedral, where the Te Deum was sung; and in the afternoon, at a public assembly, ninety-two deputations from various bodies, municipalities, and local communities, educational institutions, representatives of trade, of the professional classes, and of different races and religions in Bengal, presented their congratulations to His Excellency to be sent to the Queen. They were introduced by the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal. Lord Dufferin made an eloquent speech, assuring them that Her Majesty the Queen and Empress watches over the interests of the people of India with affectionate solicitude. The military bands played the National Anthem, and there was a grand display of fireworks in the evening. On the same day thanks- giving services were held at the English, Scotch, Roman Catholic and Greek churches, the Jewish synagogue, and the Brahminical temples. By order of the Viceroy, 23,307 prisoners for minor offences and for debts throughout India were released upon this happy occasion. At Bombay, the proceedings commenced with a parade of troops. The streets were crowded with natives, who displayed great enthusiasm. In the evening the buildings were brilliantly illuminated with festoons and coloured lamps, and with gas devices with the words " God Save the Queen," " We are Happy," " England and India United." The triumphal arch over the Queen's statue was magnificently illuminated, and the city generally presented a splendid appearance. . At Poonah, the Duke and Duchess of Connaught gave a State Ball. The Duke held a grand parade of troops. The Duke and Duchess left for Bombay in the afternoon of Wednesday, when 374 The Queens Jubilee and three thousand Eurasian and European ci.Hdren were in proces- sion singing the National Anthem ; and there was a general illumination and grand display of fireworks in the evening. The peculiarity of the Indian celebration has been the hearti- ness with which the natives, despite the stories of their discon- tent, have taken part in it. So important a personage as the High Priest of Baidaijanath, one of the most sacred shrines of Lower Bengal, has led in the native observance, and has further issued an appeal to the Hindoos, drafted in true Oriental fashion, to do honor to the Empress. He says, "May that great Empress, under whose protection religious ceremonies have been practised without molestation for fifty years — may that august Empress Victoria live long ! The lustre of her reign, which illumines the hollow vales of the wilderness, and the concealed places, and which brightens the night itself, has like a second sun made India blossom like the lotus by dispelling the gloom of injustice originating from the severe tyranny of Mohammedanism. " May the Empress Victoria, under whose kindness all her subjects have grown strong in the strength of religion and happiness — may siie live a hundred years with her sons and friends. May the Empress under whose influence uninter- rupted peace reigns in India live long! It behooves you Aryans, one and all, to pray for long life for the Empress. May that Empress in whose Empire men of scierce sing with delight the manifold blessing of telegraphs, railways and other inventions ; may the Empress, whose moonlike deeds spread a halo of light far and wide — may the Empress Victoria be victorious. This is my constant pra5'er to Shiva." On the 20th of June, at Madras, the Jubilee was celebrated by the Governor unveiling a statue of the Queen, and the illumination of the city in the evening. On New Year's Day, 1877, Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India with great pomp and ceremony at Delhi and other Indian cities, and the ten years which have elapsed since that time have fully established the title, as the display of loyalty in the great Indian Empire fully testifies. Toronto " Called Back. 375 Fifty Years' Progress. No equal period in the history of the world has witnessed such advances in science and speed, such rapid development in the useful arts, such an increase of comfort, liberty and enlij^ht- enment. Since Queen Victoria ascended the British Throne the population of Great Britain and Ireland has increased from 26,000,000 to 37,000,000. The acquisition of foreign territory by Great Britain is without a parallel in the history of the human family. She bears rule over one-third of tlie surface of the globe, and over nearly one-fourth of its population. Her possessions abroad are in area sixty times larger than the parent state. She owns three millions and a half of square miles in America, one '^:iillion each in Africa and Asia, and two and a half millions in Australia. At the Indian and Colonial Exhibi- tion in London, in 1886, sixty-eight colonies and dependencies were represented, varying in extent from Gibraltar, with its two square miles, to Canada with her three millions and a half. In the fifty years her aggregate wealth has more than trebled, her foreign commerce has increased five-fold ; the imports of the United Kingdom have increased from ^.66,000,000 to £374,- 000,000. During the same period the imports of the British Possessions have increased from £26,000,000 to Jb2 18,000,000. The public revenues of the United Kingdom have grown since the Queen's accession from £55,000,000 to £93,000,000, and of the British Possessions from £23,000,000 to £115,000,000. In 1837, the shipping of the United Kingdom was 9,000,000 tons, this year it will reach 64,000,000 tons. In the fifty years the average entered and cleared at ports in tlie British Possessions had increased from 7,000,000 to 78,000,000 tons. The penny postage was introduced soon after the Queen came to the throne, and in 1839 the total number of letters delivered in the United Kingdom was 82,471,000. In 1885 what was their number ? The to^l was 1,403,000,000 letters, 496,000,000 newspapers and books, and 172,000,000 post-cards, making a total of 2,065,000,000. /. . The increase of wealth in the United Kingdom in the fifty M' 37^ The Queen s Jubilee and years has been enormous, the taxable income having risen in thirty years from £308,000,000 to £03 1.000,000, or in the pro- portion of lOo per cent. When Queen Victoria ascended the throne, Australia was only a convict settlement, British India belonged to a commercial company, the South African Colony was little more than a barren rock, and the Dominion of Canada was shorn of an immense territory by the Hudson's Bay Company. These are marvellous facts and figures of material pi'ogress within one reign, but what is quite as important is the fact that the enlightenment, enfranchisement and bettered condition of the masses, the growth of civil liberty, of art and culture, have kept pace with the vast strides in population, trade and wealth. Newspapers, schools, churches and benevolent societies have grown as never before, and accomplished practical results as they grew. Laws have improved, humanity advanced, wages increased, and the prime necessities of life cheapened, till now it is the deliberate judgment of the most cautious statisticians that the British labourer is 30 per cent, better paid, 40 per cent, better housed, 50 per cent, better clothed, and 150 per cent, better educated, than he was in the reign of William IV. Royal Jubilee Exhibitions. The celebration of the Queen's Jubilee in England was in- augurated by exhibitions in Manchester, Livei'pool, Saltaire and Newcastle. It was fitting that Manchester should be assigned the first place on the list. The great Lancashire town has long been in the van of the great army of progress. In population, in wealth and independence, it has made vast .strides in the last fifty years. THE MANCHESTER JUBILEE EXHIBITION was opened by their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales, amidst a scene of ^great magnificence and unbounded enthusiasm, on the 3rd of May. The Royal visit extended over two days, and the decorations and illuminations were of the most elaborate character. Miles of Venetian masts, triumphal :8 Toronto " Called Back. 77 arches with flowers, countless flatus and gay streamers, with the hundreds of thousands of spectators, formed a brilliant sc^.v;. The second day was given to Salford. LIVERPOOL. The Royal Jubilee Exhibition was opened on the 16th May by Her Royal Highness the Princess Louise and the Manjuis of Lome, in the name of Her Majesty. The demonstration in Liverpool was essentially a popular one, being both spontaneous and enthusiastic, and the manifestation of love and aflection for the Princess Louise was unbounded. SALTAIRE AND NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE. The Exhibitions in these towns were opened in the name of the Queen by their Royal Highnesses the Duke of Cambridge and the Princess Beatrice respectively. Opening of the People's Palace. The first public appearance of Her Majesty in the Jubilee year occurred on the 1 4th of May, when the People's Palace in the East End of London was opened by the Queen with great pomp and pageantry of ceremonial, and with a full ana loud chorus of loyalty and enthusiasm which will in future time mark the 14th of May as a red-letter day in the annals of a glorious reign. The spectacle provided for the East-Enders was of the greatest possible interest. Besides the Queen herself, the Prince and Princess of Wales and nearly the whole of the Royal family then in England graced the proceedings with their presence, and nothing was wanting in the shape of pomp and parade that could heighten the attractions of the scene. Her Majesty was in excellent spirits and visibl}*^ enjoyed the hearty acclamations of the myriads of working people who lined the route and filled the great jball of the new Palace. An interesting incident of the day's proceedings was a visit to the Mansion House, being the first time, since 1838, Her Majesty was entertained by the Lord Mayor of London in his civic residence. The Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress had invited 800 w 378 TAe Queens Jubilee and guests to participate in the ceremony of roceivinfr Her Majesty and the other members of the Royal family. The decorations were superb, and the scene of the grandest description. The Lord Mayor's youngest daughter, Miss Violet Hanson, had the honor of presenting Her Majesty with a boucjuet of orchids, roses, and geraniums, the latter being arranged to form the City arms. In receiving the bouquet the Queen made a kindly observation to the young lady and kissed her affectionately. This was the first occasion on which Her Majesty had appeared so far east of Temple Bar, and the hundreds of thousands of cheering voices of the " masses " prove that the rule of the Queen to-day is as surely as at any prior date " firm based upon her people's will." JUBILEE SERVICE IN ST. MARGARET'S CHLTRCH, WESTMINSTER. The State Jubilee Service of the House of Commons was celebrated on the 22nd of May, and was a pageant worthy of the occasion. It was the first time in the reign of any English Queen that such a service had been held, and was celebrated with great pomp. Over 400 members met in the Speaker's House, and 40,000 people assembled to witness the ceremony. The Queen's Westminster volunteers formed an escort, and kept the passage clear. The leading clergy of the city churches and Westminster Abbey, and the Bishop*^, marched in proces- sion from the House of Commons to Westminster, where 600 ladies had already assembled. The two ex speakers. Lord Eversley and Lord Hampden, were in the church together with the Archbishops of Canter- bury and York. When all were seated the scene was a remarkable one, such as had never before been witnessed. Speaker Peel, like King Saul, head and shoulders above his fellows, walked in a digni- fied manner, robed in his State attire and with becoming cere- mony, to his seat in front of the mace, which betokened the .sittincr of the House of Commons in church. Messrs. A. H. Smith, Gladstone, Goschen, Edward Stanhope, Lord Churchill, Sir Henry Holland and other leaders and ministers followed. Toronto " Called Back.'' 379 When all were seated, "God Save the tjjueon" was sung with great fervor, and the beautiful service of the Church of Eng- land was rendered in the most effective manner. Bishop Hipon preached an eloquent sermon. At the conclusion of the service the Speaker and his attendants returned to the House of Counnons. The scene was a remarkable one, and will form a chapter in the history of the nation. The Queen's Jubilee. To attempt a detailed account of the various forms of the Jubilee Celebration in different parts of the world would be altogether vain, and would itself till a volume. A brief refer- ence to what took place in the leading cities on both sides of the Atlantic may, however, prove interesting, and thia is all our space will permit. LONDON, Never in the world's history did so many circumstances com- bine to produce a grand and glorious spectacle as on the 21st of June, when all that boundless wealth, military pomp and illustrious rank could do to heighten the effect of a State show of loyalty, or demonstrate the affection of a people for their sovereign, was done, and the result exceeded every display of the kind in ancient or modern times. London had spent her wealth with a lavish hand; everything that skill and money could do to transform the world's metropo- lis into a dream city of splendor had been accomplished, and the weather was perfect. Thousands of people sat up all night to secure their places, A steauy stream of carriages and pedestrians poured constantly all night until dawn, through the city towards the West End, At Hve o'clock in the morning every point of vantage along the streets composing the royal procession route was secured. At nine o'clock this line was on each side a compact mass of people, AT WESTMINSTER ABBEY. The scene at Westminster Abbey was most brilliant. Every seat was filled, and every person present was a person of dis- 38o The Queens Jubilee and tinction. It seemed as if every locality in the world had sent one or more of its representatives to do honor to England's Queen on Britain's greatest holiday. There never, probably, in modern times, assembled under one roof an audience so ""^ell and so brilliantly arrayed. Every man present, entitled to wear a aniform or decoration, displayed it. The scene presented was indescribable. The line of the procession from Buckingham Palace to West- minster Abbey was from the Palace portals along Constitution Hill, Piccadilly, Regent Street, Waterloo Place, Pall Mall East, Cockspur Street, Northumberland Avenue, Thames Euibank- merit, and Bridge Street to the Abbey. The line of route was kept by nearly 20,000 troops, represent- ing all branches of the service, and in addition GOO boys from the naval training ships were drawn up at the base of the Nelson Monument. At Buckingham Palace the two services were equally honored, the Guards lining one side of the road- way at Buckingham Palace gates, and on the other side the blue jackets were posted. The same services were also repre- sented in a like manner at the entrance to Westminster Abbey. The first of the Royal procession was composed of Indian princes and a few minor German princes. The second part was composed of fifteen carriages, the occupants being the King of Denmark, the King of the Belgians, the King of Saxony, the King of the Hellenes, the Crown Prince of Austria, the Crown Prince of Portugal, the Queen of the Belgians, the Crown Prince of Greece, Prince George of Greece, the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg Strelitz, with their attendants. HER MAJESTY APPEARS. As the Queen, in an open carriage, emerged from the Palace gates thousands of voices were lifted up in cheers, the applause being accompanied by the music of many military bands. The carriage was drawn by eight cream colored horses, and wps a large one of chocolate color with red wheels, and having the Royal Arms emblazoned on the panels. Red morocco harness with gilt mounting was used for the horses. The servants - wore state liveries of scarlet and gold. ' - "i i Toronto " Called Back'' ;8i A CAVALCADE OF PRINCES. The Prince of Wales, the Duke of Edinburgh, the Duke of Connaught, her sons ; the Crown Prince Imperial of Germany, the Marquis of Lome, Prince Christian, and Prince Henry of Battenburg, her sons-in-law; and Prince Albert Victor and George of Wales, Prince Alfred of Edinburgh, and Prince William of Prussia, her grandsons, — all rode in full uniforms beside the Queen's coach as a bodyguard. When the people at the Palace had shouted themselves hoarse cheering for the Queen, they continued to cry out long live the Prince and Princess of Wales. The other carriages containing members of the Royal Family were of a gorgeous character, horsed with four bays each, and all open. On reaching Regent Circus, where six main streets converge, the sight was a memorable one, the streets being all splendidly decorated. The procession, as viewed from the Duke of York's column passing down the Hill from the Circus to Pall Mall East, was a sight to be remembered. The shouts of the multitude were loudly heard as one vast roar. On reaching Trafalgar Square the crowds were tremendous, and completely eclipsed any assemblage that had ever gathered in that great square. On the procession nearing the Abbey by the Thames Embankment, the troops .saluted, the guns fired, and the bells of the churches rang out merry peals, and flags were run up ; the cheering continuing till the Queen had reached the Abbey. A SCENE OF SURPASSING SPLENDOR. Inside the Abbey the picture was one of surpassing beauty and absolutely dazzling. Thr jewels worn by the ladies flashed and reflashed as they reflected the rays of the .sunbeams that found their way through the transepts. The three tiers of galleries seated about 10,000 persons. The peers and peeresse.s were seated in the south transepts; the ambas.sadors and diplomatic corps right and left of the peers; members of the House of Commons in the north transepts, wliile the seats for members of the reigning families of Europe were within the communion rails. All the great learned societies and corpora- 382 T/te Queens Jubilee and tions were represented, whilst the notables of the law, science, art, agriculture, and workingmen representatives from all parts of the kingdom had seats duly allotted to them. A GRAND AND THRILLING SERVICE The Queen's advent was arranged so that she entered the Abbey precisely at noon. Dr. Bridge, organist of the Abbey, who had for the occasion a specially trained choir of 250 voices, selected from the great choirs of London, and a number of eminent soloists, besides a large accompaniment of brass instruments and drums, gradually drew the immense congrega- tion into silence to be prepared for the Queen's coming by rendering a number of selections in a manner that made every person within hearing of the great organ eager to catch the softest notes. When the Queen reached the Abbey, the State trumpeters in gold and crimson uniforms executed fanfares from the organ loft nearly in the centre of the building. When the clergy, at the head of the Royal procession, moved into the church the National Antherii was rendered on the organ — the music was thrillinnr. The audience rose as a unit and lent their ten thousand voices to accompany the choir. The effect was so grand, so profound, that many were moved to tears. At this moment the Queen appeared. Then the singing ceased and the " Processional March," by Handel, was given by the organ during the progress of the Queen and the Royal Family to the dais. When they were seated, the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Dean of Westminster, who had taken their places within the sacrarium, began the services bv askinjj God's blessinij upon the Queen. The Te Deiivi Laudamus was then sung by the choir to the music composed by the Prince Consort, accord- ing to Her Majesty's request. The Lord's Prayer was then said, and the responses adapted to the occasion were intoned. Then three special praj^^rs were offered up, after which the Exaudiat te Duviinus was sung with organ and brass baml accompani- ment. The lesson for the day was then read by the Dean of Westminster, after which Dr. Bridge's special anthem selected Toronto '^Called Back." Z^7> by the Queen was rendered, followed by the choral Goltha, composed by the Prince Consort. In the rests the National Anthem was produced. Two more special prayers for the defence of the Faith, the spiritual welfare of the kinj^dom, and for peace and love, followed, and were supplemented by the benediction which was pronouj ced by the Archbishop. When the benediction had been said, the Queen's sons knelt before her and kissed her hand. They arose, and Her Majesty kissed each upon the cheek. The princesses ne\'t advanced to the Queen and kissed her hand, and she kissed them all, favoring some twice, making unusual demonstrations over the Princess of Wales and Princess Beatrice ; other relatives of the Queen then saluted, and she .shook hands with some and kissed others, kissing the Crown Prince Frederick William of Germany twice, very heartily each time. At all this the congregation applauded warmly. Nothing in connection with the aftair was more touching than the.se affectionate greetings extended to the Queen by her children in the presence of the throng that filled the Abbey. They spoke eloquently of the domestic love which has ever been character- istic of the Queen and her family. .'.I i ( s ■ LONDON AT NIGHT. The illuminations were like the transformation scene in a pantomime. As the natural light faded, every window blazed and flashed, and as night darkened the whole city became a flood of light. Beautiful and elaborate designs in gas were to be seen everywhere, and in every pane. In the windows of private houses were to be seen old-time candles and colored oil lamps in clusters. Up to a late hour there seemed to be no diminution in the crowds which went singing, a liv^ing stream, good humored and enthusiastic. The number of congratulatory telegrams to the Queen from public bodies and private individuals all over the world was so overwhelmingly large that it was impossible to answer them individually. The Queen was greatly touched by such expres- sions of loyalty and devotion from all classes of her subjects. - 384 The Queeii s Jubilee and ^ii .^SSSi 1 b'^9^B L THE queen's jubilee GIFT. The joint Jubilee Gift to the Queen from all her children and grandchildren is a gold and silver centrepiece for a table, adorned with precious stones. It comprises three parts resting on a common base, in the centre of which are the British Arms bearing the inscription, " Her Children and Grandchildren to our Beloved Mother and Grandmother." The middle portion consists of a vase adorned with the arms and the portraits of the donors. It has a solid gold lid surmounted by the Royal Crown. To the right and left respectively, are a lion and a unicorn. PARIS. A Jubilee Garden Party was given at the British Embassy. The guests numbered 1,000, and included the members of the Diplomatic Corps, the Cabinet Ministers, M. DeLesseps, M. Ferry, the Due De Broglio, M. Floquet, and Marshal McMahon. The Journal des Debats says : " We cordially envy English- men and would give a great deal could we ever be what they are to-day, a people mad with joy and happiness. This uni- versal homage is • id not only to the Queen, but to the woman who has given an example of two great virtues of royalty — gravity and dignity. Her influence has been great and salutary; and her great merit is, that in using her prerogative for the public weal she has never been tempted to strain its exercise." NEW ZEALAND. The celebration was commenced on the 20th, and was con- tinued for three days throughout the country. The greatest enthusiasm prevailed, the natives joining heartily in the festivities. Thanksgiving services, balls, concerts and illumina- tions, were extensively indulged in, and the utmost loyalty was displayed. RUSSIA. The Russian press commenting on Queen Victoria's Jubilee says : " The British people's love for their Queen is merited by the internal reforms and improvements in the condition of the Toro7ito " Called Back. 385 masses, which have been effected in England during the fifty years of Her Majesty's reign." AUSTRIA. The Official Gazette at Vienna says : " Millions of voices throughout the world-wide Empire extol the queenly and womanly virtues of Victoria. The day marks a long epoch in the political welfare of her realm. The whole world sym- pathises with the festival, for the fame of the Queen's blessed rule reaches every quarter of the globe. This sympathy is most cordially shared in by Austria's Sovereign." AFRICA. At Pieterraaritzburg, Natal, on June 20th, thanksgiving services were held in honor of the Queen's Jubilee, after the Governor reviewed the troops. A number of children's festi- vals were held, and in the evening the town was illuminated. On the 22nd, 30,000 Kaffirs had a joy dance in the presence of the Governor. At Capetown the festivities included a grand military demonstration and the firing of 100 guns. GIBRALTAR. The Queen's Jubilee was celebrated by religious services in the Spanish Cathedral. The streets were beautifully decorated and the vessels at anchor were gay with bunting. There was a review of the garrison, and at night the promenades were all illuminated. AUSTRALIA. The Jubilee was celebrated in Melbourne, Australia, with great enthusiasm ; also in New South Wales and Queensland. CHILT. Queen Victoria's JuL.xee was celebrated at Valparaiso with great rejoicings. GERMANY, The Berlin Post says : " What makes Germany a sympathetic onlooker at the Jubilee is the plenitude of events which has crowded the last half century. This is a period of importance in the world's history, not only for Englishmen, but for the I* ibs It *■*' 386 TAe Queen s Jubilee and whole civilizod world. The English people will feel that they have grea'; reason for gratitude which cannot be better ex- pressed than by more and more foresightedly and resolutely facing the great inevitable tasks of the future." NEW YORK. The flags of Great Britain and the Ignited States were draped together in the vestibule of Trinity Church on the 19th of June, and several thousand per.sons attended the Jubilee Choral Services to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of Her Majesty Queen Victoria. Each person received a programme of the services printed in red, blue and gold, with the Royal Arms emblazoned on the title page. The few places mentioned, scattered over the five great divisions of the globe, are only given as representing the universality of the celebration, not only in the colonies and dependencies of Great Britain all over the world, but in foreign countries, nearly all of whic'i were represented in London. In China, Japan, Turkey, Algeria, Italy, Servia, Bulgaria, Spain, Egypt, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Holland, Switzerland, and in nearly every town in these countries the celebration was kept on a scale of great magnificence. DOMINION OF CANADA. From the Atlantic to the Pacific, in hamlet and village, city and town, whether the inhabitants were English, Irish, Scotch, French, German, Indian or Ethiopian, all united as Canadians to honor their Queen, and enjoy a hearty celebration of Her Majesty's Jubilee. If some solitary cynic, or false-hearted traitor may have nursed a feeling of disloyalty, either through ignorance or unmanly insolence, and by a threadbare recital of Ireland's wrongs for fifty years, or by the use of contemptuous epithets towards majesty itself, should have introduced a " rift within the lute" of the general harmony, or cause a blot on the fair escutcheon of Canada's fame, they are so insignificant as to only mar their own enjoyment of the universal Jubilee rejoicings. v v - ; v. ■ Toronto " Called Back. ;87 It would have been the pride of the writer to Imve recorded the celebration of this glorious Jubilee in his native as in his adopted country, but, alas ! that one element should still exist in Ireland which only reacts on their own natural instincts, and deprive themselves of the enjoyment of their innate noble and generous characteristics, so celebrated in prose and rhyme from time immemorial. Yet the fact must bo acknowledged and deplored. Ireland, the sister of England and Scotland in peace and war, sharer of her glories and equal inheritor of her grand historic achievements and renown, has not done herself justice on this glorious occasion. Nor was this feeling confined to her own shores, but one or two self-constituted missionaries of agitation and discord, sought to introduce this same element amongst us in this fair land, by threats against the representa- tive of Her Majesty in this Dominion, which, unfortunately for themselves and happily for Canada, only redounded to the honor and distinction of the noble Marquis of Lansdowne, and to their own utter shame and discomfiture. The names of these gentlemen are Mr. William O'Brien, M.P., and a Mr. Kilbride, who appeared as a representative " evicted tenant," living in u, fine mansion with lawn, conservatory, avenue and gate-lodge, and yet would not pay his rent. As landlords in Canada expect their tenants to pay their rent when due, Mr. Kilbride would not improve his position by emigrating to this country, as, to use a common Irish expression, he appears to have a " very good America at home." While these gentlemen were indulging in their rodomontade, the Marquis of Lansdowne and his lady were pursuing the " even tenor of their way," in receiving addresses and holding levees at Government House. Their visit of three weeks to Toronto called forth a display of spontaneous enthusiasm, such as was never accorded to any Governor-General in Canada. Their entry into the city on the 3rd May was one grand ovation from the railway station to Government House, and during their stay, on every occasion, whether in visiting public institu- tions or reviewing our volunteers, the affectionate devotion of the citizens was of the most marked character. ;88 The Queens Jubilee and TORONTO. The most enduring monument to commemorate the great event will be the erection of a new hospital for sick children, for which the citizens have voted the sum of $20,000. The Jubilee celebrations were inaugurated by a Military Church Parade, on the 19th of June, when a Thanksgiving Service was held in St. James' Cathedral. The Bishop of Toronto and several leading clergymen officiated. The troops which marched to the church headed by their bands consisted of the Governor-General's Body Guard, Toronto Garrison Artillery, members and ex-members of the Queen's Own Rifles, Tenth Royal Grenadiers, and Army and Navy Pensioners. The service, which was most appropriate, was rendered unusu- ally attractive by the addition of the services of the band of the " Queen's Own ' to the musical programme. Major-General Sir Frederick Middleton and Colonel Gzow.ski, A.D.C., were present in the congregation. The sermon was preached by the Rev. Dr. O'Meara. The Jubilee celebration was observed by religious services in the other churches on the same day, all of which were in- tensely interesting and fervent. Jubilee Praise and Thanksgiving Services. While no language could portray, or pen describe, the emotions which thrilled and vibrated in the hearts of the millions of Queen Victoria's subjects in all parts of the world, as in ode and anthem their voices joined in loud and harmonious acclaim in expressing the sentiments contained in " God Save the Queen," and with the swelling notes of the organ, now melted to tears and again lifted in rapture to the very gate of heaven, they gave expression to their feelings of gratitude and love for all the blessings enjoyed under the beneficent rule of our Empress Queen; yet if it w6re possible to collect and publish the sermons and addresses of ministers and laymen of all denominations, "distinct as the billows, yet one as the sea," who, in tens of thousands of churches in all parts of the world, on Toronto " Called Back.'' 389 the 19th and 21st of June, 1887, expatiated on the theme of the Victorian age, comprehending all its vast and mighty interests, the personal goodness and virtues of the Queen, the purity of her court, the example of domestic love with its world-wide influence on society, the development of art, science, trade and commerce, the spread of civilization and education, the advance of literature, the origination of numberless benevo- lent and religious institutions, and the general advancement and present grandeur of the British Empire during the past fifty years, they would form a volume such as the world has never seen, and such a memento of the grand Jubilee as would eclipse all former histories of nations or monarchs since the world began. The appointment of the 30th June and 1st July for the Jubilee celebration proved to be both appropriate and success- ful, combining the usual Dominion Day rejoicings with the anniversary of the Queen's accession. The principal feature of the first day's proceedings was a grand procession of nearly 12,000 children from the public schools, which was witnessed by immense crowds of the citizens, and was a sight of which any city the size of Toronto might well be proud. Nearly every child wore a jubilee medal or badge, while flags and banners were plentifully displayed. Jubilee Service in the Metropolitan Church. A grand united religious and musical service, in which all the Evangelical Churches were represented, was the crowning event of the 30fch June. The magnificent edifice was crowded to overflowing, and was beautifully decorated with flags, plants and flowers. The rans'cal portion of the service was the chief attraction, the selections being of the most appropriate and loyal charact*, and were quite as eloquent and even more in- spiring than were the beautiful addresses delivered by the speakers. A large number of distinguished gentlemen occupied the platform, amongst whom were the Hon. Sir Alexander Campbell, the newly appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario; Hon. 0. Mowat, Premier ; and W. H. Howland, E.sq., Mayor 26 '•Ai ■ J< 390 The Queens Jubilee and also prominent clergymen of all denominations, while in the body of the church were members of the City Council, and representatives of the various National and Benevolent Societies, all moved by the same spirit of enthusiasm, and joining with the choir of nearly 200 voices :n the music set apart for the audience, with "glad hearts and voices," to swell the general harmony. The service commenced with Mr. Torrington's performance on the organ of Gounod's March Cortege, \i\\\Qh was followed by the flinging of " God Save the Queen " by the vast audience. The etfect of this inspiring hymn, when joined in by thousands of voices, was most thrilling. The other selections were chiefly the same as given in Westminster Abbey, including Dr. Bridge's Jubilee Ode and Anthem. The addresses were practical, enthusiastic and eloquent, but above all breathed the spirit of true and genuine loyalty throughout. The closing song am^ chorus were composed by Mr. F. H. Torrington, and were sung with great spirit and feeling : Old England calls upon her sons To honor England's Queen ; Her sons respond, and daughters too, To keep her memory green. With loyal hearts and ready hands The Empire's children stand, Prepared to do, prepared to die 1 For Queen and native land. Choeus. Victoria ! Our Queen beloved, With loyal heart and hand. Thy colonies and fatherland United by thee stand. For fifty years our country's flag Hath borne, o'er earth and main, The name of Empress, Queen belov'd, With neither spot nor stain. Long may it bear Victoria's name, Long o'er us may she reign, ' , ' - ,,^^,,... ,,, And for our Empire broad and grand _ ,.;. f May she new honor gain. '"*' '::■' ' Pf Toronto '^ Called Back'' 391 Upon our Queen, our Country, Flag, God's blessing ever rest, With pence and plenty everywhere. Her people's homes be blest. From hearts sincere and free ; God save our lov d Victoria, And crown her Jubilee. AT THE SYNAGOGUE. The services held by the Jewish residents were remarkable for their intense devotion to the person and character of Queen Victoria. The beautiful and appropriate prayers, the music and eloquent sermon by Rabbi Phillips, were all expressive of the reverence in which Her Majesty is held by the Jewish people throughout the world. He alluded in thrilling tones to the flag of England, which lent its protection to the Jew as well as the Gentile. The Jewish merchant kings had found guar- dianship beneath its folds, and Jewish legislators had found honored places in the Imperial courts. God had been gracious unto His chosen people and provided them with a protectress in their well-beloved Queen. At the conclusion of the discourse the ark was opened and prayers were offered for Her Majesty The choir sang a number of Psalms in the original tongue, and the service concluded with the National Anthem in English. Mr. Torrington's Amateur Orchestra. In the evening a jubilee concert was given by the above organization, and was a splendid success. The appropriateness of the selections, and the excellent style in which they were rendered, elicited the enthusiasm of the audience. The feeling was one of mingled surprise and delight. To hear the perform- ance of an orchestra of a year's existence, display such pro- ficiency in time and brilliancy in execution must have surprised most of those present, and will, no doubt, have the same effect on those who still have the pleasure only in prospect. Toronto may now confidently look forward to being independent of foreign aid in producing the highest class of icstrumeutal as 392 The Queens Jubilee and well as vocal music by her own unaided talent. The orchestra numbers sixty performers, comprising sixteen fir.«t violins, ten second violins, four violas, five 'cellos, four dou'jle basses, five flutes, two piccolos, one oboe, one clarionette, three horns, two cornets, one trombone and tympani. Dominion Day. The grand event so long anticipated was one to be long remembered as perhaps the most remarkable and the most thoroughly delightful day in the history of Toronto. The clanging of bells all over the city at 11 a.m. announced to the 150,000 people of Toronto that the deuionstration in honor of Her Majesty's Jubilee, in the shape of a procession, had started toward the Exhibition Grounds. The route was thronged with immense crowds of spectators, who cheered heartily as the various organizations appeared. The road was kept clear by a detachment of mounted police, after which came the Mayor and Aldermen in carriages ; following them were the Trustees of the Public and Separate Schools, the Industrial Exhibition Trustees, and Boai*rl of the Public Library; then came the fol- lowing societies, military corps and organizations in the order named, bands, banners and flags being interspersed in regular order : — Retired Ofl^icers, Army, Navy and Militia, in uniform ; Veterans, Army and Navy ; Veterans, Volunteers ; Governor- General's Body Guard, Toronto Field Battery, Garrison Artillery, Queen's Own Rifles, Tenth Royal Grenadiers, Irish Protestant Benevolent Society, and Sons of Ireland, Sons of Canada, St. David's Societv, Sons of England, St. George's Society, Young Men's Protestant Benevolent Association, Orangemen, Foresters, Knights of Pythias, Ancient Order of United Workmen, Man- chester Ur:!./ (Oddfellows), Knights of the Maccabees, Peter Ogden Lo'l^e (Oddfellows), Toronto Butchers' Association and the Toronto Fire Brigade. The appearance of the procession was very fine, and took an hour to pass one point. Had the trades of the city joined in, the length would have been immensely extended, but they have reserved their procession for Exhibition week. At the grounds loyal and patriotic speeches were made by Mayor Howland, Toronto " Called Back!' 393 Hon. O. Mowat, the Premier of Ontario, and otliers ; aito Foster & McCabe. ' ; Kauffman, Carl. Maycock, Edward. "' v 4; Nelson, H. A, & Son. Nerlich & Co. Robertson, Frank C, & Co. Russell, J. H. Smith & Fudger. WetSe, G. A. FANCY STATIONERY. Bryce, William. Taylor, C. M., & Co. FIRE ARMS. Cooper, W. M. ' ■ Stark, Charles. FISHING TACKLE. Allcock, Laight & Westwood. Croft, Wm , & Son. Leckie, John, GAS FIXTURES. Keith & Fitzsimmons, Lear, R. H. McGuire, J., & Co. gents' FURNISHINGS, Fisher & Fisher. Sims, A. H., & Co. Treble, J. M. groceries. Davidson & Hay. * Dunbar, Richard. Eby, Blain & Co. Eckardt, Kyle & Co. Forbes, McHardy & Co, Fulton, Michie & Co. Kieran, F., & Co, Kinnear, T., & Co, Lang, J, W., & Co, Perkins, Ince & Co. Sloan & Mason. Smith, Frank & Co, , , /■ Smith & Keighley, -r^' Warren Bros. & Boomer. HARDWARE. Aikenhead & Crombie. Bertram & Co. Bertram, J. & A. Howland, H. S., & Sou, Toronto " Called Back:' 401 IIARDWAEE. Lewis, Rice, & Son. Risley & Kerrigan. Samuel, M. & L., Benjamin & Co. Tliompson, Wm., &Co. HATS, CAPS AND FPRS. Allan, A A , & Co. Basteclo, C. N., & Co. Dunnett, McFherson & Co. Lugsdin, James. McArthur, Gowanlock & Co. LACK GOODS. White, Joselin & Co. LEATHER AND FINDINGS. ' Alexander, D. M. Belton, John. Clarke, A. R., & Co. Dowker, H. B. Jaeobi, Philip. j^^ . ; King Bros. King, Joseph. ■ ''; Knees, Charles. : ; McLean, D. Parsons, C, & Co. Pepler, James, & Son. Proctor, Henry. LINEN THREADS. Davison, Samuel, MEDITERRANEAN PRODUCE. Bendelari, E., & Co. MILLINERY. ' Gov. Iding, G., & Sons. Ivpy, JohnD., & Co. McCall, D., & Co. McKinnon, S. F., &Co May, Thomas, & Co. Reid, Taylor & Bayne. ." PAINTS AND OILS. E. Harris Co. Hovenden, Richard. Sanderson & Pearcy. Stewart & Wood. Paton, J. W., & Co. PLATE GLASS. Cobban Manufacturing Co McCausland, J., & Son. St. Helen's Glass Importing Co Toronto Plate Glass Importing Co, printers' SUPPLIES. Gwatkin & Son. Miller & Richard. SADDLERY HARDWARE. Davidson, Charles, & Co. SADDLERY HARDWARE. Martin, G. W. Spriggs & Buchanan. Trees, Samuel. 1 Woodbridge, T. C. sewing MACHINES. Empress Sewing Machine Co. Singer Sewing Machine Co. Wheeler & Wilson S. M. Co. TAILORS' TRIMMINGS. Edwards, E. VV., & Co. Mills & Hutchinson. TEAS. Cowan John W., & Co. Mann, George, & Co. Minto Bros. Musson & Morrow. Williamson & Lambe. WATCHES, CLOCKS AND JEWELLERY. Benham, H., & Co. Ellis, James PI, & Co. Ellis, P. VV.,&Co. Frenkel, Samuel. Goldsmiths Co. Gunther, E. & A. Lee Achillas. Lowe & Anderson. Robinson & Brother. Rothschilds & Co. Saunders, Max. Scheuer, Edmund. Segsworth, J. C. Smith & Fudger. Thayer & Co. Windrum, S. B. WOOL. Frind, Paul. Fisher, T. S., & Co. Hallam, John. WOOLLENS— WHOLESALE. Alison, Thomas. Darling, Cockshutt & Co. Fisher, M , Sons & Co. McKenzie & Hamilton. Nichol, Sutherland & Co. Ryan, John & Co. Williamson, Dignam & Co. WOOLLENS— RETAIL. Bilton Bros. Clark, P. M., & Co. Saunders, Bernard. Score, R., & Son. Stovel & Armstrong. YEAST. -^"-~ "■"' Fleischman & Co. Gillett, E. VV. 402 The Queens Jubilee and MANUFACTURERS. ACCOUNT BOOKS. Brown Brothers, liarber & KUis Co. Carson & Stewart. Copp, Clark & Co. Davis & Henderson. Warwick & Son. AORILCULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. Abell, John. Maasey Manufacturing Co. APPLE MACHINERY. W. D. Moody & Co. ARCHITECTURAL WOOD-CARVING. Toronto Cabinet Co. ART FURNITURE, Ewing & Co. Smith, W. P.,&Co. ARTIFICIAL LIMBS. Authors & Cox. Chithe, Charles. Swinburne, W. H. AWNINGS AND TENTS. Black, VV. G. Matthews, J. K. National Manufacturing Co. Pike, Duncan. BAKING POWDER. Clark & Co., J. P. Collins, J. F. Gillett, E. W. Jardine, A., & Co. Todhunter, Mitchell & Co. BASKETS. Ashdown, Richard. Ehrensmann, A. Moody, Edwin. Moses, Andrew. Theissen, John, BELTING. Canadian Rubber Co. Dixon, F. E., & Co. Gutta Percha & Rubber Man. Co. Toronto Rubber Co. Williams, A. R. BELTS AND BRACES. Morrison, Angus, & Co. BILLIARD TABLES, Samuel May & Co. BISCUITS. Christie, Brown & Co. Hessin, William. BLACKING AND GLUE. Lamb, P. R, & Co. > BLACK LEAD. Pugsley, Dingman & Co. ' BLANKETS. ^ Standard Woollen Mills. BOAT BUILDERS, Akroyd & Son. Bassett, Edward. Clendinning, J. A. Evans, Alfred. Forman, T. K. Gunsell, C. Heakes, S. R. Hicks, S. L. Hodson, Harry F. Ibbotson, James. Larsh, D. G. Noverre, F. A. Saulter, Thomas. Warin, G. & J. BOILERS. Currie Boiler Works. Doty, John, Engine Co. Garton Boiler Manufacturing Co. Inglis & Hunter, Perkins, John. Poison, Williams & Co. Ramage, Alfred, Williams, A. R. BOLT AND NUT WORKS. Ontario Bolt Co. (Limited). BOOK BINDERS. Barber & Ellis Co. Blackball, W. B, Brown Brothers. " Canada Publishing Co. Davis & Henderson, Gage, W. J.,&Co. Hunter, Rose & Co. Methodist Book and Pub. House, Warwick & Sons. Union Publishing House. BOOTS AND SHOES. Cooper & Smith. Damer & Son. Hamilton, H. F. Toronto '' Called Back." 403 BOOTS AND SHOES. Hamilton, W. B. King, J. D., &Co. Turner, Valiant & Co. Weston, F. J., & Son. ', • BRASS FOUNDERS. t Arnott, A. Dean, Thomas. Earsman, A., & Son. Fo^'g, John. Lauder Bros. Lauder & Thornton Manfg Co. Meadows, Samuel. Morrison, James. Rabjohn, Richard. Simpson & Whittaker. BRIDGE BUILDERS. Dominion Bridge Co. BRUSHES AND BROOMS. Barton, E. VV. Boeckh & Sons. . Cobb, William. Nelson, H. A., & Sons. Pearson, R. S. Pullen, Joseph. Richards, Thomas. Rossiter, Aaron. Sanderson & Pillow. Smith, Robert. Wilson, James. . Woods, Walter, & Co. CANNERS AND PRESERVEKS. Richardson, C. , & Co. Snyder, William A., & Co. CARRIAGES. Briscoe, William. Dixon, .John. Dixon, William. Guy, Matthew. Hutchinson & Son. Symons & Lockhart. Thompson Bros. ' CARPETS. Unser, George. CHAINS. Dominion Chain Works. CHEMISTS, MANUFACTURING. Evans' Sons & Mason. Lyman Bros. & Co. Toronto Chemical Works. CIGARS. Davis, S., & Sons. CIGARS. Dobson, W. E. Eichhorn & Carpenter. Flefcher, Michael. O'Kolloran, Denis. Roberts, J. D. Spilling Bros. " Taylor & Wilson. Wood Brothers. CIGAR BOXES. Kidd, William, & Co. Simmington, J., & Sons. CLOTHING. Lailey, Watson & Co. Livingstone, Johnston & Co. COCOA AND CHOCOLATE. Todhunter, Mitchell & Co. COFFEE AND SPICE MILLS. Barton, Son & Co. Dalton Brothers. Ellis, Keighley f Co. Watson, James. Wilson, C, &Son. CONFECTIONERY. Beasley, ^Villiam. Craig, J. F. Hessin, William. Park, W. \V.,&Co. Robertson Bros. Watson, R. & T. COMBS. Elrick, C. G., & Co. COPPERSMITHS. American Copper Co. Booth & Son. CORKS AND BUNGS. Auld, John. Freysing & Co. CORNICES AND GALVANIZED IRON. Douglas Bros. CORSET.e. Brush & Co. Canniff, J. A. Crompton Corset Co. Gray & Harold Manfacturing Co. lelter Manufacturing Co. DENTISTS' SUPPLIES. Toronto Dental Manufacturing Co. DIE MAKERS. Banfield, A. H. . ,■ , !l i. % 404 The Queens Jubilee and l-i DOVETAIL AND JOINTED BOXES. Wood, John, & Sons. York Milling Co. DR0OS. Elliott & Co. Lyman Broa. & Co. ELECTRICAL APPARATUS. Ball Electric Light Co. ELECTRICIANS. ■ -: ; , Frame & Co. .. Norman, Addison. Richardson, J. T. ELECTROTYPERS AND STEREOTYPERS. Diver, F., & Co. Jones, J. L. National Electro, and Stereo. Co. Kolph, Smith & Co, ELECTRO-PLATERS. Dorien Plating and Manfg Co. Paris Manufacturing Co. Wells, W. W. ELEVATORS. Fensora Elevator Works. ENGINES. Doty, John. ' > Inglis & Hunter. Northey & Co. Perkins, John. ; Poison, William, & Co. Smith, Charles, & Co. Williams, A. R. FEATHER TRIMMINGS. Woodcock, Edwin. FEATHERS— OSTRICH. Butler, J. W. A. Dubois, Madame, & Fils. ■ .- ■ FILES. Graham File Works. FIRE APPARATUS. Fire Extinguishing Manfg Co. Richarddon, J. T. FLOUR MILLS. . ; Barclay, Alexander. Citizen Milling Co. ■ McLaughlin & Moore. FURNACES AND RANGES. Gurney, P]. & C , Co. Pease, J. F., Furnace Co. Toronto Furnace Co. Wheeler, Frank. FURNITURE. ' All \\\ Furniture Co. ' ' ' ' *• Ewing & Co. Hess Bros. ' " Jolliffe & Co. Rogers, Chas., Sons & Co. * Samo, J. H. Smith, W. T., & Co. Spanner & Co. FURRIEHS, Allan, A. A., & Co. Bastedo, C. N , & Co. Dhieen, W. & D. !; Gillespie, Ansley & Martin. McPhail, Hewatt & Co, Rogers, J. H. GLASS STAINERS. Dominion Stained Glass Co. Elliott & Son. Lyon, N. T. > - McCausland & Son, GOLD SILVER AND NICKLE PLATERS. Millichamp, W, H. Paris Manufacturing Co, Welsh, A. H. Wells, W. W. ' , Wyness Plating Co. GRANITE WORKS. GuUett, F. B. V Pearen, J. E. .4 ? McKay, George. , , HARNESS. ' .; Canadian Harness Co. . \; ?■ Lugsdin & Barnett. Thompson, Thomas. Toronto Winker and Saddle Co. HATS. American Felt Hat Manfg Co. » Gillespie, Ansley & Martin. Langley, Neill & Co. Rogers, J. H., & Co. HOSIERY. Toronto Knitting and Hosiery Co. Universal Knitting Machine Co. Winter, C. R, HYDRANTS AND VALVES. Smith, Charles, & Co. INFANTS CARRIAGES. Gendron Manufacturing Co. IRON FENCING. Toronto Hardware Manfg Co. \\\ Toronto '' Calhd Back." 405 IRON' KOrXDKRS. IJoyle & KichaitUou. Connor, We)))j & Co. (lood, James. '>fiehl, \V. H. Bonn 'v & Gunning. Butterworth, Henry. Davis Bros. Dewdney, A. H., & Bro. Doherty & Co Ellis, James E., & Co. Ellis, P. \V , & Co. Ooulden & Trovey. Cunther, E. & A. Hill, W. B. Johnston, T. F. Kent Brothers. Lewis, William. Morley, W. J. Morrison, W. C. Parkman, John. Pea- sail, Benjamin. People's Watch and Jewellery Co Rice, G. F. Trowern, E. M. Ward, George. Welsh, A. H White, >amuel. AVindrum, S. B. York, J. J. jewellers' boxes. Hemming Bros. & Co. KNIT (UIODS. Lamb Knitting Machine Co. New, J. H., & Co. LADDERS. McFarlane, (ieorge. ladies' furnishings. Allan Manufacturing Co. Page & Page. Gray & Harold Manfg. Co. LAMl" FIXTURES. Toronto Light King Lamp Co. LINEN HA(;S. Dick, Ridout & Co. 27 LASTS. Iredale, .J. C , & Co. Selway & Lendon. LEAD WORKS. Ontario Lead and Barb \Vire Co. Roljertson, .James, & Co. LETTER FILES. Schlioht & Field Manfg. Co. MANTLES — WOOD. Ewing & Co. Toronto Cabinet Co. Wright, J, & Son. MARBLE. Gibson, J. (}. Gullett, F. B. Heaslip, S. R. Macinto.sh, D., & Son. Oakley, (ieorge. Pearen, J. E. Powell & Parkinson. Sheppard, R., & Son Steiner, N. L. MATTRASSES. Cahill, D P. Canada Wire Mattrass Co. Chaney & Co. Chapman, Charles. Heppin, J. J. Hewlett Manufacturing Co. Savacool, N W. Smith, H. J. Thorne & Co. Townshend, J. E. V^anSkiner, Samuel. Wills, Mrs. E. Whitworth & Restall. METALLIC SHINGLES. Metallic Roofing Co. METALLURGISTS. Dewar, J. D. METAL STAMPS Fell, J. C, &Co. Kenyon, Tingley, Stewart & Co. MILL MACHINERV. Greey, Wm. & J. CJ. MITTS AND GLOVES. Clarke, A. R , & Co. •MOULDINGS. Black, Ar.drew. Cobban Manufacturing Co. Harkins & Smyth. McMahon & Woltz Matthew.s Bros & Co. — Threlkeld, J J., & Co. 4o6 The Queens Jubilee and ^ . NKOKWKAB. Leviaii, Vi. A., & Co. W'illitunson, W. H., & Co. OIUS. Crown Oil Co, Empire Oil Co. McCoU Bros. & Co. People's Oil Co. Rex Oil Co. Rogers, Samuel, & Co. Sii.iHiiiiin, SoiiH & Co. (Linseed). Htandard Lubricating Oil ('o. Star Oil Co. OKKICK FrKNITlIKK. IJell, Wm. H , & Co. ()K(;ans. Bell, I)., Son* Co. Lye, Kdwaril, & Son. Warren, S. ii., & Son. ORIiAN KKKDS. Newell, Augustus, & Co. OVEKAM-S Bradshaw, Alexander, & .Son. Friendly & Co. (!ray, R. H., &Co. Latham & Lowe. I'ACKINO HOXKS. Barchard & Co. Firstl)r()()k Bi'os. Powers, E. \V'. PAINTS. Peuflien, Collins it Co. Toronto Lead and Color Co. PAPER BAOS. Brayiey, Robert. Hovvorth & Smith. Kilgour Brothers. Ninnno, .John. PAPER. Buntin, Reid & Co, Canada Paper Co. Taylor Brothers. PAPER ROXE.O. Dominion Paper Box Co. Hall, Samuel. Harrison, J. H. ■ PIANOS. Heintzman & Co. , Herr Piano Co. Lansdowne Piano Co. Mason & Risch. Newcombe, Octavius, & Co, Williams & Son. PICKLES ANI> SADCKS, Bryant, (iibson & Co. Lundy & ('f». Park, W. W., & (Jo. Riuhardson & Co. PICTURE FRAMES. Cobban Man. Co. Cook & Bunker. Ewing & ("o. ' Housten, W. .J. Mattliews Bros. & Co. Potts, Edwin. Sprotde, O. F. Threlkeld, .J. .L, & Co. PRINTINO INK, Canada Piinting Ink Co, PKINIINl! PRESSE-I. Westmaii k. Fiaker. Vivian, J. H. PUMPS. Northey & Co. Ontiuio i'ump Co. Plews, I). & C. Smith, Chas., & Co. RATTAN FlRNITrRE- American Rattan Co. REFRKJERATORS. Bryee Bros. Witiuow & Hillock. Fh S. Taylor, . SADIi. . tlAKUWARE, Birmingham Manfg. Co. SAILS. Adam.s, .James. Pike, Duncan. SAWS. Robertson, .James, & Co. .SCALES. Warren, H. B., & Co, Wiiite, .J. (;!. Wilson, C, & Son. SEWINd COTTONS. Kerr &, Co. SHIRTS. Williams, (Jreene & Rome, (iale Manufacturing Co. SHOW CA.ShS. Dominion Show Case Co, Millichamp, W., k, Co. SILVERW.ARE. Acme Silver Co. Dorien Plating Co. Hodges, Wiuans & Co, Toronto Silver Plate Co, Toronto " Callici Back. 407 SOAP. Morse Soap ('(,. I'ligsley, IHiignmn & Co. Toronto Soap C'o. SfKINO IlKKS. AdiiniM Miiimfaoturiiig Co. Ht'wlftt .Manufacturing Co. STRAW (JOOIW. Kxcel8ioi- Straw Works. Ontaiio Straw (Jooils Co. STOVKS. Armstrong, .1. R., & Co. (Jurney, K. A: C. Co. Hiirte & Smith Munfg. Co. Toronto Stove Co. SYRlTp. Toronto Syrup Co. Srsi'KNDKKS. Loiiglirey, .lames. Mc(;regor, Arcliihald. Morrison, Angus, & Co. TANNKRS. lieartlmore & Co. Hickell & Wickett. Clarke, A. R., & Co. ,ioo,ooo,oeo $7,750,000,000 Total (!old and Silver $9,900,000,000 $l.-.,270,OOO,()OO Weight of (toKI (tons) Weight of .Silver " 4,5.50 148,000 10,760 201,000 National debt, 1837. National debt, 1887. £788,000,000 746,000,000 4'4 The Queens Jubilee and New Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario. Sir Alexander Campbell, K.C.M.G., was sworn in as Lieuten- ant-Governor on the 1st of June, 1887. Customs, Assessment and Post Office Statistics. TORONTO IMPORTS FOR YEAR ENDING 30th JUNE. 1887. Value in 1887. . . . 821,020,528 Value ill 188(5 ... 18,.310,145 Increase |2, 7 10,383 Duty in 1887 ... . $4,273,038 Duty in 1886.. .. 3,419,265 Increase $853,773 Exports for year ending .30th of June, 1887 $3,192, 157 CITY ASSESSMENT. Total for 1887 |;82,837,4()0 Total for 1886 72,721, r.59 Increase $10,1 15,841 Estimated expenditure for 1887 : $4, 125,91 7 TORONTO POST-OFFICE STATISTICS FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31st DECEMBER, 1886. Amount of Money Orders issued .*!337,G08 28 Amount of Money Ordei-s paid 1 ,404,743 J 8 Nunilxa- of Orders paid 88, 140 Amount deposited ii. the Post-Office Savings Bank . $553,648 00 Number of letters delivertd by carriers, exclusive of box holders and genertl delivery 9,776,409 Number of newspapers delivered 2,592,380 Numljer of letters posted 20,614,656 Number of cards posted 2,856, 104 Amount of postage stamps sold $257,23(S 25 Steamers— A Comparison. LENOTU. BREADTH. T0.N.NA9K. iVmiw, paildle, 1837 172 ft. 17 ft. 249 City of Rome, screw, 1887 560 ft. 52 ft. 8, 144 Toronto *' Called Back. 4»5 The Railways of the United Kingdom. In the year 1S42 there were 1,857 miles of railways open, and in that yeai* the trains carried 18,458,504 passengers, while the aggregate traffic receipts amounted to £8,820,122. At present the authorized capitals have an aggregate of £927,748,- 988 sterling, or about *4,G00,O00,O0O. Adopting the ytar 1843 to compare with that of 1885, the following results are dis- closed : • 1843 1885 Miles of railway open 1,952 19,165 Total actual capital £65,530,792 €818,858,058 Passengers ; 23,466,896 697,213,031 Canadian Railways. In 1849, when the writer made his first journey to Montreal and Quebec, the only railroads in Canada were a few miles between Lachine and Montreal, and from Laprairie to St. John's, and were of the most primitive character, the rails being plain plates of iron fastened with iron spikes. The carriages were of English make and fashion, having doors at the sides only, and the coinpartments, consisting of six seats in each, were on the vis-a-vis principle. The Lachine road was utilized for the ■conveyiincc of ihe Upper Canada mails, and those passengers who preferred going through that way to Montreal rather than " shooting the vapids," or in case of the steamers not going through the same evening. In 1887 the principal railway statistics of the Dominion ofive the followiner fiiiures: Total mileage of railways completed 11,523 Amount of capital paid up .5653,759,9*4 Passengers carried 9,861,024 Tons of freight carried 15,670,460 Train mileage 30,481,088 Remarkable Features in the Royal Jubilee Procession. ■ Each .section of the procession was preceded and followed by an escort of Life Guards, by heralds, and by grooms in gorgeous livery. The Life Guardsmen alone, with their magnificent horses, were a sight. 4i6 The Queen's Jtibilee and The start' of the Duke of Cambridire, the General commanding in chief, consisted of fifty generals — all of whom had been in battles, and nearly all of whom are distinguished soldiers — with their white plumes a,ving in the air, and their prancing steeds; the sight was one never to be forgotten, for who will again see half a hundred generals in procession ? They were followed by native officers of the Indian Cavalry in gorgeous uniforms. Every man of the picked troops which lined the streets, 10,000 on each side, was fully six feet in height. Prince Frederick William, Crown Prince of Prussia, who is extremely popular in England, in his pure white uniform, .shown otl' to perfcctif)n by his magnificent physi<|ue, out-topping all his Royal companions, was the " observed of all ob.servers," and attracted more attention than even the Indian princes, although resplendent with diamonds and jewels. Prince George of Greece, a splendid youth of .seventeen, and six feet three inches in height, who is every inch a sailor, was n)uch admired. The decorations of the streets and hou.ses along the route of the procession were most beautiful and elaborate. The weather, which was es.sentially " Queen's weather," was perfect, and no single accident or unpleasantness occurred during the day to mar the enjoyment of the millions who witnessed the magnificent pageant. The Children's Fete in Hyde Park. No description of the Jubilee celebrations would be complete without some account of the children's fete. This was an assembly of an eminently domestic kind, one which appealed to all hearts and touched a sympathetic chord in every breast. The unnumbered thou.sands of .spectators were all of one mind, and the happiness of the children was reflected in alb faces present. The arrangemefits were perfect in every detail. The military bands, of which there were ten, were stationed at various parts of the ground and played at intervals throughout m Toronto " Called Back. 417 the day. In addition to a squadron of Life Guards, and a large number of the Foot Guards, there were 3,000 policemen, of wliom 100 wore mounted, co-operating with the military in keeping the ground clear. There were ten marquee.s, in whicii the food was distributed to the children, presided over by a number of the leading nol)ility, both ladies and gentlemen. The extent of the catering arrangements may be gathered from the fact that Messrs. Spiers & Pond supplied no fewer than 27,700 meat pies, as many cakes, as many oranges, 50,000 buns, and 9,000 gallons of lemonade and gfinorer ale. As to the amusements, there 'Vas a small army 01 about 4.50 entertainers. Twenty Pimch and Judy shows, eight maiion- nette theatres, eighcy-.si.x cosmoramic views and peepshows, nine troops of performing dogs, ponies, and monkeys, hundreds of Aunt Sallies and knock-'em-downs, a hundred large lucky dip barrels, a thousand skipping ropes with jubilee handles, 10,000 small balloons, and 42,000 toys, distributed at the centres of amusements, and to each child was given a Jubilee medal and mug. The Prince and Princess of Wales, and their sons and dauo-h- ters, accompanied by a large number of the Royal guests, visited the Park during the fete. The children rushed towards the Royal guests, when all eticjuette vani.shed, and the princes and princesses, who seemed delighted at their position, mixed among the children with perfect freedom and pleasure. All at once the children began to sing " God Bless the Prince of Wales." When the Queen arrived, the children massed themselves alono- both sides of the road whei-e Her Majesty passed, when the bands played the National Anthem and the children all samr with grand effect. When the Queen departed the whole assem- blage sang " Rule Britannia." This was a fitting and beautiful exhibition with which to close the public celebration of the grandest event in the hi.s ry of any monarch of ancient or modern times. Of the sixteen reigning sovereigns of the present time, leav- ing out the Queen herself, and including the President of the United States and Pope Leo, four were actually present, and all 4i8 The Queens Jubilee and the others were represented on this glorious occasion. In the historic Abbey of Westminster, built by King Edward the Confessor, which, more tlian 800 years airo, Pope Nicholas If. ordained to be the place of enthronement for the monarchs of England, whose wall; are hallowed by monuments to all whom England holds great — kings, statesmen, heroes, philanthropists and poets — the Queen, surrounded by her children, her grand- children, and her great-grandchildren, returned thanks to the Almighty for her tifty years of reign. To witness this act of homage to the Divine power there came kings, princes, and potentates, and representatives from every nation in the world. Never in the history of England has so proud a sight been seen. Thoi'e were Peers of the Realm, the Commons, High Officers of State; India furnished her princes, Canada and Australia and all the Colonies sent men who have sustained the dignity of the Crown in these distant lands. But hark ! the benediction is pronounced, the choir sends up the final song of praise and triumph, its echoes die away in the groined roof of the Abbey ; the great portals open, the brilliant procession files down the nave, is.sues forth, and wends its way back to the Palace. At this moment the lonely splendor of the crown vanishes. The reward of fifty years of beneficent reign has come. As the Queen passes the crown shines out in all its glor}', but no longer alone, for it is illumined by the upturned faces of thousands and tens of thousands an