IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

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1.25

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«^ i!M 12.2

2.0

1.4

1.6

Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

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33 WEST MAIN STREET

WE1STER,N.Y. MSSO

(716) 8/3-4503

CIHM/ICMH

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Series.

CIHM/ICMH
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I'M

I'l
I

THE

WB^^^^n^^^^^

SPECIMEN^

PIONEER TYPOGRAPHY

BEING THK CONTKNTS OF

THE LOG SHANTY BOOK-SHELF FOR 1890,

i..c'

I'lOXEKRS LODGK, KXlUUmoN PARK, TORONTO, DURING THE GREAT

INDUSTRIAI, KXHIHITION OF THAT YEAR, WITH PRELIMINARY

REMARKS 1!Y THE REV. DR. SCADDING.

TORONTO:
THE COPP, CLARK COMPANY (LIMITED). PRINTERS, COLBORNE STREET

1890.

PRELIMINARY REMARKS.

It will be well to explain at once that l)y Pioneer Typography is here naant
the lirst stages of the Art of Printing generally. The reference is not to the
first efforts of typographers on this CJontiuent.

In the display of "books either written, or once owned, by persons of note in
Canada," a few years since in our log cabin, there wer<', it may perh.ipji be re-
membered, several apeeiniens of the latter chiss. The collection of early
printed books to be seen on our log cabin book-sholf in the present year 'rrigin-
ated in the same taste which led to the collection of early printed Bibles ex-
hibited on the same shelf in 1889.

From securing such early specimens of the Bible as came in the collectors
way in times jiast the idea readily extended itself to the collecting of specimens
of early typography of a secular character as well. Of eoui'se opjiortunities fur
securing specimens of this kind occurred but rarely in the old pioneer days ot
this country, but when a stray copy of a book of a very early date came in the
collector's way and could be procured for a trilling sum, it was eagerly taken
possession of, and thus by degrees the oonteuta of this year s Log Shanty Bot)k-
shelf were amassed.

It is hoped that an inspection \vill give as much pleasure and prove ;is in-
structive to many as did our array of old Bibles in 1S80. At all events piiiiters
may be expected tc take some interest in the collection which is certain!}'
unique so far as the Industrial Exhibition of Toronto of ISltO is concerned, and
prol)ably uni<pie in the whole of Western Canada. Several of ttiem boar a date
considerably more than tour iiundrud years back, and tliey are all remarkably
good specimens.

Ha\ing been in these parts, as far as I know, the pioneer amateur of litera-
ture of this kmd, I thought it would not be out of place if 1 were to allow a
portion of my collection to form the Log Shanty Book-shelf this year, (For
the bejy.ilit of the uninitiated, it should be stated that "shanty" is a very
Knglish corruption of the French word "chantier," ashed or temporary shelter
for gO(.>d8 and materials of varit>u8 kinds, and sucli was tliu a[){)eataiu.'t.' [ne-
sonted by the first homes of the early settlers in many an instance. )

The log cabin of the Society of Pioneers, with its belongings and primitive
surroundings, as it stands in the nook allotted to it, nuirked (.tD^y its primitive
snake fence in the Exhibition park, furnishes a^i it were a kind of zero mark by

Tin: LOG SlIAXTy MOOKSHELK FOR 1890.

moans of which material progicss in Westuin Canada during the past one hun-
dred years, may f»e estimated. In a somewhat similar maunor the specimens
of primitiv',,' ty^iography displayed on the Slielf may help typographers and
readers in general, visiting the Industrial l']xhibition, to compare the achiev-
ments of printiiiL' in this [^e.'^ent day with those efi'ected in the period of its
infancy ; and suijirise will douhtles.s be created in the minds of many at the
high degree of excellence attained by the "Art of Arts,'" so soon after its in-
vention. In another point of view the samples of Pioneer Typtigraphy on our
Book-shelf tliis year, will also serve as aineasure of progress. Since the date of
the earliist of them what an enormous expansion has taken place, in the sphere
of hiiuian tliought ! Wliat a multijtlication, consetpionth* of the forms of human
activity I How changed — and that too inmieasurably for the better surely — the
handling of almost every topic of human interest ! Such doubtless will \^c the
excLamatinns i>f every one who has the time, the inclination, and the capacity
to examine the contents of these venerable volumes.

It will be observed that nearly all the specimens exhibited are the produc-
tions of printing presses on the continent of Europe and not of the Bj-itish
Islands. This is natural, inasmuch as some thirty or forty years elapsed before
the transportation of the uew iirt froni the Continent to England took place.
The extant productions of England's first printer, William t 'axton, are scarce
and only procurable by persons whose means are ample. Hence no veritable
(,'axton's will be found on our Shelf, l)ut iii lieu thereof a rather plentiful supply
of facsimiles of C.ixton's work, jinsworing every purpose, should study and
comparison be desired, on the other hand many tine genuine protluctions
of the presses of the earliest printers of the several European cities which
were the c -adles of the Ai-t are exliibited, viz.: Stnisburg, Mayence, Basle
Venice, Cologne, Paris, and iVntwerp.

To this collection have been added a few specimens of Pioneer book-binding,
illustrative of early stylos of the Biblio-Pegistio Art, to use a euphuism in

vogue of late.

Tkinjty Sqltare,

ToKONTo, Sept. 1, 18<J0.

H. S.

SPECIMENS OF riONEER TVPOGRAPHV.

By " felack Letter, " ia of course meant the olil English, old fierraau or ("Jothic
character as distinguished from the ordinary modern Roman form of letter.

1468— Peter Lombard. His Sei!»*noe8, Large Folio. Bluek Letter. Striwbnnr. Priiirtr,
Ifi'iiry Ejj'jreste.vn, .'WS. Nuinerous l.ir^ff initial cuimaU inserted l)\ lianil in re I.
Thick oaken sides •.•overtd with leather eIat)ora .tly stanipwl. Bra.si> clasps perfe'-t.

H. Eggesteyii vas a partner for some time with the printer Mentei at Stras-
innirg, wholivtd 1410 t-i> 1478. B<jth were thus i:ontemporanes >>i •iutenburg
(1400-1468) the inventor of metal types, and, therefore, must have derived their
knowletlgf of the new art and mystery clandestinely, or otlierwiae, from him
or from his partners, Fust and Schoeflfer.

1474— Henrj Hefii. The Golden Mirror of the Ten Masters. (Speinhnn Avn-nw D/'cem
I'rtreeptirrvui). Folio. Black Letter. Mayenre. Printer, Peter Sdioyfffr, U7^. At the
end of the volume appears the well-known devioe of F\ist and Schoyifer, tonsistini; of
two small !>hield8 suspended from a rustic billet of wood. Ttio left shield representinjf
Fust liears on it a kind of cros.-ied saltire fonm-d apparently of rwo iron clamps or
doi,'8 used in the primitive saw mills. The rijrht hand shield hears on it a Lamtxla
shaped obje^-c ('juery '•) (head of antique .Shejtiierd's crook] with three stars in the iiack-
arouiid. Th:-* device is red, as ar» the nuiiii rou.s larire capital; inserted by hand
throujfhout the work.

1476— Anthony dt Kaiii]>e^lis. A Golden Repertory of tlu' BiV>le. (Determinations of
S'ripture alphaheti'-ally arransre<l). Folio. Rlack Letter. (Latin), llni. Printer, .).
Zeiner, 1475. Capitals i:) red inst-rted by hand throukfhout.

1477— Peter Lomrard. His Sentences. (Latin). Folio. Black Letter. Venice. Printer,
V. dfc .Spirri, U77.

1477— Bonaventura, Mirror of the Viririei. {Speailnni Viffiiain). Folio. Black Lctrer.
Auj.'sburjr. Printer, .Antony Sor^, 1477.

1478 — Livy. His History. (Latin). -2 volumes. T.all Koiio. Broad man.'in. Roman Type.
Milan. Printer, Philip Lavafrtiier, 1478.

1479— John Gritsch. Lent Lectures {Cviuteionea (iuadrageHhiuilex). Black Letter. Nurem
burjf. Printer, .Antony Kobur^er, 147!>. Larjre Foljn. Thi< k wooden sides covered with
stamped leather, vlasjis preserved. At the top of the riijfht liand covtr is a strong staple
witli movable ririg attached b\ means of which the volume could be moved to the rii,'lU
or left on a desk without beimr s-eparattd from a rwl r.mnin- across above the desk.

1480 — Summary of the Decretak. (Latin). Folio. Black Letter. Louvain. Printer, .John
of Westjihalia, 14j<t«.

1481— Thomas Aquinas. On the Book of Sentences. Folio. Black Letter. Cajiital Letters
in Colours. Venice. Printer, Nicholas .Icnson. at tlie e.vpense of .luhn of Cologne. 1481.

1481— Compendium of Chronology, (Fn'<cicnlui< Teiiiporvni}. Folio. Olil Koman Type.
Venice. Erhard Ratdolt, 1481. Numerous curious wootl cuts inserte<l in the text.

1482— Matthew Fahnator. Light of the Soul. {Lumen Animas). Folio. Black Letter.
Euatadt. Printer, G. Reysner, 1482.

1487— Holy Bible, (Biblia Sacra). Folio. Black Letter. 2 volumes. Cologne. Printer,
yiri'h Zell. 1487.

Tin: LOG SHANTY nOOK-SHRLF FOR 180(1.

14g9_Sf. Anir"'<t'no, on 'hi' Trini'v, niul on the City of fJo'l. (Latin). Folio, niaok Letter.

li.isl.'. Piiniii. .1. Aiuincrl)a( ti, Us't, Lcitlu; xidfs with diitpti pftHnii juipicsx'd.
1490 llichiinl Ptiefroed, fMti/.cii of l)iuoiU;i. A .Mirror of v\i\\u[AGa{Spficulinri Exc}Hi>lor]ijti).

Folio, niai'k Lettrr. Sti-MhiirK. I'rintor, UW.

1491— Francis rlo MaynMi.'-. Lcnttn S<'m'ior\fl('/iin<ii-n<ii:tiiiinl<'). t^timrto Hlook Letter. Voiiice.

Printer, U. De Novaria. llfti, tllniniiiiited ( 'apituls. Clasii, Wooden covers. \Vood

oxpoitcd on sidc.'^.
1492-PPii'an'h. Familiar Lett. 'rH. (In Latin), (jninrto Italic Tyi»'. Venire. Printers, The

Brother's de (irt i^orius, I4.>-J.
1499_p, .niponiiis Letus. Compendium of Roman History. Latin). <^uarto. Venice. Printer,

Brrnarilinns, UTO. Roman Tyi)e.
1499— Hauiherir .Missal. Commnnion Service arofrdin;; to the use of IJanihert,'. (Latin).

Folio, niaek Letter. Ramheru. Printer, .'dl.n I'teyl, U9!>. Stamped vellnni. Wooden

covers. .Many lar^je capitals illuminated in ewlours on j,'i)l<l. Jlusical notes.

1600~Busehii's. lluflnus's Traii.slati')u, also Hede (Jhiirr^h History of the ICnicli^h Nation.

Folio, niack Letter. Siiashiirf.'. Printer, ,l.'>iiO.

1803 --t>ionysius, the Areo|)at;ite (St. Denis). l!i> VVorUi. Folio. Rlack Letter. Straa-

luirjr. Printer, , L'^^iKi.

1814— M. Cato, Vano. (iolumella an'l I'.alladius. On l{nral Affairs (/)«' AV y.'t(.s'/i'('(0. Venice

Printiv Alduii, L'U. (In Italic type throujihnui ). .\nchor and Doljthiii on title jiaj^'e.

1617 -Honisi. K}{>priaii Hiero^rlypliies. (From tlie (ircek), yuarto. lJolo;4na. Printer,
.ieronie Platonidcs, 1517.

1618— .John Geiler. Seinmns. Folio. Black Letter. Wood cuts and wood cut frame on
title pajfe. Straslnir'^. Printer, J. Uruninirer, l.'.US.

1619— Peter Comestor. Scholastic History if the Sacred Scriptures. (Latin). IFairenuu.
Printer, H. Hamerpen, I.'.IO.

1621— Laciiintiiis' Works. (Latin). Folio. Italics throughout. Basle. Printer, Andrew

Cratander, l.v21. TitK pai;e surrounded hy line wood cut framr.
1824- Thomas .\i|uii)as. on the Heathen (C<uttr« Gintili's'\. Folio. Black Letter. Venice,

I'rinter. L. A. Jnntu, l.vji. Title surrounded by woodcut frame composed of Heads of

Famous Pliilos()]ihers.
-ne^tsip)Hii<. J. ■wish History. From St. Ambrose's Latin translation. Paris. Printer,

Badius AscensiuH, U^li. Large wood cut of the interior of llie printin-r otflce of Radius.

Fine wood cut border on title pajre.

- Roi'thius. On the Consolation of Philosopiiy, with eonnnentary b ,■ Thomas Aipiinus.

(Latin). Folio. Rlsick Letter. Venice. Printer, Octa\ianu8 Scotus, ir,24. Device of

the I'rinter a' die End, l.")24.
-Viricil. (Latin). Folio. Paris. Printer, Radius Aseens-ius, Ixl". Fine wood cut ijrroup

of fi^'ures on title paue, and wood cut illustrations throujjhout.

Holy Bible {mhlia Sacra). Paris. Printer, T. Kerver, Um. Small Black Letter.
Ker\ cr's tine de\ ice on title payc.

Homer. I II i;\d and Odyssey. (Greek). Small Folio. Basle. Printer, John Hervagius,
l.'i:!). Printer's device on title pa};e.

-Rede. Chinch History of the Kn>.lish Nation (Ho'li-yiastica lUsforia' (^ctitix Anijlontin).
Venerable Rede. Antwerp. Printer Ouarinus, LViU. Device with Motto, "Qtiare
)u!c ultia."

C. Si^roiuus, i;rrors corrected in the Texts of Livy. Cicero, Vir-il, etc. (Rmmdatiuio'n).
\enice. Printer, Aldus, .\nchor and Dolphin surrounded hv wreath of (lowers and

1624

1627-
1634-
15.35-
1650-

1657-

fruir.

THE LOO-SIIANTY nO0F< STIF.LF FOF{ i>'H,

1587— Tpromu FnktiiH ()i\ the Sioanihrian Wnr. T'^^llo Vtiiicc. I'lintiT, AMih, l.'i.'iT,

15S8-B Lavri'danus. On Cici'io. Vcnioe. Printir, Aldus, IMS.

1562-"lii">«o.'ston) (Ic Virf^itiiinii'. Translatcl from the Oreok. i^»narto. Rome. Printer,
raujus Mttiiiitiui AldiiM, Kiai. Fine duvii'e of |)i>t)ihiii ainl Anchor on title iiat,'t'.

1578— (JaH.Hian. On Monastitnsm. Antwerp. Printer, Christopher Plantin, ir)78. Planting
device oti title pajre.

1690- Holy Itil'le (A?/WiV .SVkvvO. Antwri". I'lanthi, I'.OO. Title in wood cut frame. Plan-
tin's device. Stamped cclluni bindinn.

p\v

ter,

lis.

XIV. Century M.S. nemardinus of Sienna. (On the everlnstinj; C!osi)e!K (//i .Ktrrn,
Eimiiiivl). Manusii-rijit on M.'Unin of flic UthCcntnry. Folio. lilai'U I.i'ttev.

This volume is placed here to show how closely th<i Pioneer Printers
imitated the handwriting of the srikilled s(;ril)ps of the perif)d, iind their arranye-
inent of tiie matter oit tlie pages of tlieir inaiuiscript, generally in douhle
columns with a good space between Iwith, and line wide margins in th(! ease of
large folios, as in the present instance. So complete was the imitati<)ii in the
tirst editions of the I'ioneer rrinters, that tht- work \.as often mistaken for
nianuscrjpt.

In the specimens for 1477, described in this catalogue, tin; printei*, Antony
Sorg, of Augsburg, thought it proper to inform the reader, that the book was
not "Cyrofjrnjt/iafKs," as he in his barbarous (ir.eco-Latin expres.sed himself,
written by hand, but "qimm dilii/i nta impremiis," i.e., very carefully impiinted.
The latter expression aeijuired it.'^ peculiar tet/tmical sense after the invention
of ]>rinting. It was ^ireviously in common ',ise tn denote the marking of a device,
motto, name, etc., on ]iaper or other substances by means of a stamp. The
old Norman French for stamp "was em/m'ii'nf and to api»Iy it was enipre'mdre.
Ifence we derived our familiar imprint and to imprint. Here too. ])y discaid-
ing the tirst syllable, we get in English our word print, so concise, so full, and
so convenient.

[The two following specimens are facsimiles of Block-books. Long before
the discovery of printing with moval>le types, it had been the practice to carve
literary nuvtter with pictorial illnstrations on lilocks of wood in relief, from
which ini])ressions were taken on paper, afterwards made up into book form,
lu China this is still extensively done.] «

1410-l420~-(Fa<^simile). Bible of the Poor {BiMia Patiiwruni). Scenes from the Old and Xew
Testament with texts on Scrolls, engraved wholly on wooden blocks. Uussel Smith's
reprodnotion from copy in the Hritibh .Museum, edited by .). Ph. Berjean, 1859. Larjje
Quarto. 81 plates containinjr !' compartments on each plate, .^i of which are .sitenes from
the Old and New Testaine?it. The other 4 compartments contain Scripture te.xts.

1433 -The Sonjr of Son).fs {Cantica Vanticonun). Numerous titrures in deli(^ate o\itline and
uncoloured. Quotations from the Sonjr of Solomon, copiously inserted on Scrollsi, are
all made to apply to the Vir,ufin Alary, 1433. Berjeau's rejiroduction.

FArsnni es of hooks from tuv. press of william caxton

AND OTHERS.

Williaiij Civxton set up ;i i»rintiiig pruaa in the precinotH of Werttministcr
Abl)ey in 1474. lie is said to have atndied the new art at IJruges under tl.o
direction of Col.vrdl Mansion the first printer in that city.

1474 — The Oaini- ■>! the CIicsh. Repiodiuert from tlif «i"''onri edition printed by William
Caxton ai Wostminster, in 1474. A juvvioiiH edition ha«l lieen i.xxned l»y him at Coio^rnc.
In 1471, ThiH pdiilon <if 1474 is ilic firnt l>ook ever priiited in Kiitcl.md. In this i.-dition
ih>nv lire twenty -(our bold wood (niw i)niiintl> illllstl•uti^l' of the namf.

1477— I»i<it*s and WIhc ,Sa,vin(,'8 of the Philosophersi. Caxton printed thn'e editions of the
Dictew. souifc iujap;ine this to have tuen the first i)roduction of Caxton 's Pretis at West-
minster.

I483--Thc I'iljrrimaifc of the Sonl, Tranwlated ftoiii the French of (Jnillaume De (iiiileville,
with SDme .idditions hy i.ydirate. NiiniiToiis wnrwl cnt illnstrations from illinninated
eopieH of the same work. One of tlu' prototyiwjs of Hunyan's I'ilgrim's I'royre^iu. The
I'ilKi'imoxe «as printed hy Caxton in 1783,

1483 — laoolms de \'orauine'8 Golden I>ej;x'ii(l, translated Ity Caxton. l-'olio. Double columns.
Numerous \v.)(xl cuts. A Netherlandish version of ti-.e same v.v.il. at the end, from the
preris of Wynkyn de Worde, 14!W.

1485- Paris and Vieime. An early chivalrous story translate*! from P" jvcnral French.
Printed by (.'axton in 148'). A tvanslatioii in aretiaic En^.'lisli arrompanies this facsimile.

1485- Tr<Mtise on death from the Freiu^h )iy Caxton himself, HS.").

1488 -The fifteen t I'a and other prayers i)rinted by order of Queen Elizabeth (t^ueen of Henry
\'n.)ami tht l.adj Marnaret (the Kin^''s mother) UjJb.

1489 -The .'^tiitutcs of Henry VII. The first cijUeetion of Knudish I.awi> ever printeil. They
compri.-ie the enactments of the tirst three I'arliamenis of Henry the VH. This was the
la^it work printed by Caxton who died in 141)2.

Francis Compton I'riee's Facsimile from the i)re.ss of Willi ini Caxton at Westminster, privately
iniiitcrl. Loiido;). 1^77. It include.^ Caxton's liand-bill advertisement, ante llflio. The
first broadside in Kn^dand.

I486— The IkHiK i>t St. vlban's. Printed by the (unknown) schoolmaster, contains treatises by

bade .(idiana Perners, on llawkinj;, Ilnntinj,', and Coat-Armour, with numerous woo<I

cuts. list). William niades's reproduction,
1497— Braiidi'- Ship of Fools. Hasle, 1497. Patterson's Facsimile from Pynson's e<Jition of

Ban'la\ 's translation, t^iarto. 2 volumes. The celebrated illustrative wooti cuts, all

reproduceii.

1 542 -Andrew Borde, His Book of Knowledge. Reproduction of the wood cuts. l.''>42.

As an illuatration of the facihty with which a manuscript of supposed great
ami(|uity can be imitated, there has been placed in the collection a copy of an
Egyptian Court circiiiar of B.C. 1302. Supposed to have l)een l)rought from the
Meuiphi.s Pyramid to London by an English ofiicer during au expeditiou to

THE LOG SHANTY IIOOK-.SHKLF FOll iai«).

E^ypt. A burK>8<,ue pro^luctiou which much ainus.!-! the I;ihli..granhical
savants of < Jcrmany and England a fi-w years sincfc,

Tw(. samples of a new <lei«irture in ooniparativoly mo.lern Knglidh tvpo-
Kmphy are shewn. (1) A Folio copy of The (Lurch Services, from the press
ofJhon.as Ba.skt.tt, Ix,n.l..n, ITlo. Exhibiting hype of a dear an.Umhl char-
acter especially adapted for public use in . hurches. {'2) An eiUtion, in Quarto
of (.'atullus, Tibullus, and Pr.,]xrtiufl, print-.-d at Birniinghain by .Juhn Ha«kcr'
viUe, 1772, in a finely (leaigne<l typt^ applicable to gen<ra! purposes.

In Scotland hkewise about the middle of the last century, hue typography of
an ).Hlividuali8ed charr -^r beyan to be practised i,y Andrew and Robert F.'uljs
at(ihwgow. A small .i.-mo copy of Cray's poems serves to show the Fouli»
btyle.

SOME SPECIMENS OF PIONEER BOOK-BINDING.

Book biuJi))!; i.f a highly tinished chararcter had becu in use long before the
invention of printing. The manuscripts oi' the monks and others were put
togethoj- in volumes elaborately bound, as may be seen from the vellum
Beniardinus in this collection. The sides were usually formed of very solid
pieces ot uak, and other wood, covered with leather, vellum or hogskiu and
carefully stajuped and ornamented. Clasps were generally added, and often
rioldy designed metal ornaments at the four cohiers of each cover, and a con-
spicuous raised boss in the centre. An example of this style may be seen in
the large fulio liilde placed among the specimens of pioneer book-binding
printed at Strasburg in 1030.

A curious specimen of A Martyrology from the press of Plantin at Antwerp,
IGOS, has on each side tivf» hemispherical brass Itosses and two clasps.

Two examples of a curious kind of half binding will be seen, the back of the
book covered with stamped leather or vellum extending only a few inches
over thi: cover on each aide. The rest of tiie wooden boards remaining exposed
as in Mayronis' Book, 14111 ; and I'olydor Virgd'8 English History printed at
Basle in folio by Cluariiuis in lo70.

In the latter case the wood appears to be beech, reminding one of the origin
of the word book itself, whicli appears fundamently to indicate material formed
from the beech tree.

An English black letter (^uarto Bible of A.D. lOOH, presents another good
exr.mple of stamped leather covered wooden sides with metal ornaments at the
corners and in the centre. Two smaller volumes duodecimos have also thick
wooden sides with cla.sps, vi^. ; Prudentuis, printed at Basle by Henricus i'etri,
150- ; and Coclda'us on Martin Luthei', j)riuted at Paris loOo, by Chesneau.

A French octavo Bible printed at La Rochelleby Haseltin, 1016, has its sides
beautifully covered with graceful gold tooling ; and a tine example of the so«
called fan-fare ornament in the centre .

A small ijuarto copy of Erasmus on "Preparation for Death," printed by
Froben at Basle in lo;^4. iletaius its original binding, richly stamped leather
on a l)asi8 of stiH' pasteboard in exact accordance with the wont of modern
binders. The date of this volume shows that it issued from the press o£
Froben during the lifetnne of its author, Erasmus having died A.D., 1530.
Instead of clasps sometimes strings tied together the sides of a limp parchment

THE LOG SHANTY BOOK-SHKLF FOR

18!X*.

to,. Irvm« aiHl c„„t,„„i„^, his authogiaph dat«l May 16th iZl , . f"

tho plac,3 of olaaps i, .„pp,ied by h,„ps' and ,„,a], faob' t u th fZ "

the wu ve, .^h;;:!,"," :;r:a r::;:Lth?;x-" "* "'"• -"