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Q/ia^^.^ 7 
 
 JONES — ON THE VEGETATION OF THE BERMUDAS. 
 
 237 
 
 Carboniferous strata, the position of the red stratum, and the isola- 
 tion of (he Upper Arisaig fossihfcrous strata, attest this. Yet I 
 f believe that it has been a benefactor to our geology, as I consider 
 ithat without it this interesting and typical series wliieh is of so much 
 jervice in the illustration of Nova Scotian Geology, would still 
 inave been hidden in the depths. 
 ■ih 
 
 
 f 
 
 Art. VI. On the Vegetation of the Bermudas. By 
 J. Matthew Jones, F. L. S. / s^'/_i 
 
 \ \ \ 
 
 The Bermudas, sometimes known under the almost obsolete 
 IMOneofThe Somers' Isles, are situate in 32° 15' north latitude, 
 Imd ()4° 51' M'cst longitude, being distant from the nearest land, 
 CSape Hatteras in North Carolina, about 600 nautical miles. 
 
 The general features of the group present no remarkable attrac- 
 tions ; merely an elongated strip of land about 25 miles in length, 
 iomewhat in shape like the letter J without its horizontal summit, 
 ■lightly elevated above the surrounding ocean, and broken more or 
 Jess into a series of disconnected patches, which, although in 
 reality islets, are only slightly separated from the principal body of 
 land which may be called "Bermuda proper." On its northern 
 side, this strip of land as seen from sea, presents a rugged coast 
 outline, composed alternately of cliffs of slight elevation and lowlands 
 faced seaward with a strip of shelving sand beach, or masses of 
 wave worn rock channelled and fretted by the ceaseless action of 
 the waves. The whole is surrounded by a barrier reef formed of 
 the same calcareous limestone as the islands, coated with serpulaj ; 
 which, although originally the coast line of the Bermuda land is 
 now wholly submerged at high water, save at one point to the 
 north, where on the line of this barrier reef stand four pinnacles of 
 rock about ten feet above high water. 
 
 The surface of the land, which is nowhere higher than 250 feet, 
 appears on trivial inspection to be composed of sand and soil in- 
 terspersed with rock, and clothed over its whole extent with stunted 
 cedars. In certain places where the land lies nearly on a level 
 
 12488 
 
 <> 
 
.238 
 
 JONES — OX THE VEGETATION OF THE BERMUDAS. 
 
 t 
 
 N( 
 
 N( 
 
 N( 
 
 with the sea and is not far removed from it, occur tracts of marsli 
 which having communication with the ocean through the inter ven- 
 in"" rock, are more or less overgrown with reeds and sedges, from 
 • out which in the drier spots the palmetto raises its plume-lik( 
 1 foliage. Not a brook or natural watercourse of any kind can bt 
 observed anywhere, nor will even the strictest search reveal ji 
 spring of fresh water of any kind, the only supply of that element 
 coming from the clouds. 
 
 The geological character of the islands is extremely interesting. I 
 as their isolated position and irregular formation have always been i 
 considered to partake of the mysterious. Although the superficial ( 
 aspect of the Bermudas at once proclaims wind-power as the chiet -Now 
 agent in forming the more elevated parts of the land, through thc*P" ^^ ^ 
 medium of drift sand, we have everv reason to believe from recent p€i'plexe( 
 observations that the Bermudas rest upon a basis of compact lime- JM>r was 
 stone. The higher grounds are coated with a layer of sandy ear*^'., g^r," th 
 the sand generally /predominating as we proceed upwards, finallj (vol. o 
 becoming almost ^#^nd and of course unfavorable to the growtli Uplands, 
 of plants. This feature, however, is not universal, for in some C^"y S^ 
 parts of the islands we meet with depressions on the higher lands, 11* coloui 
 .in which is found a shallow coating of light coloured red earth, Jpeater p 
 I more or less mingled with sand and vegetable mould. This rcc Woreovei 
 (f£artli of the hills is different, however, both in colour and composi analysis 
 tion to that which is found along the shore line, and especially tht pure claj 
 ^district of Walsingham ; this latter earth M'hich is of a chocolatf Miall qu 
 colour, partaking more of the nature of clay, and possessing ! W^^ the < 
 greater proportion of oxide of iron and alumina. It was in 185! *!?wer le^ 
 that our attention was first attracted to the large amount of oxide o Wigmall; 
 ii'OTi and alumina contained in this dark coloured " red earth," fo; ^IK^^cy t 
 having on our first visit to the islands obtained a sample, we submit ^^ sumu 
 ted it to Dr. Albert Bernays, Analytical Chemist of St. Thoma wrface < 
 Hospital, who very kindly analyzed it and gave as the resul "^^ ^"c} 
 35.50 of oxide of iron and alumina. Later still, through tin «yidence 
 kindness of Major General Lefroy, C. B., F. R. S., the preseii W^^ ^^ ^ 
 Governor of Bermuda, we have been favoured with the analysijs o ■whject s 
 Messrs. Abel and Manning, which give^ for four samples fron W ^^^^^^ 
 different localities the following results : l|ieir ve< 
 
AS. 
 
 JONES ON THE VEGETATION OF THE BERMUDAS. 
 
 239 
 
 3 of mara 
 e interven 
 idgcs, from 
 plume-liki 
 ind can bi 
 li reveal a] 
 at element 
 
 interesting 
 Iways been 
 
 superficial 
 18 the chiet 
 hrough the 
 rem recent 
 ipact lime- 
 indy ear*^^., 
 'ds, finall} 
 the growtli 
 )r in some 
 ^her lands, 
 
 red earth. 
 This rcc 
 (1 composi 
 pecially tht 
 a chocolati 
 ossessing i 
 as in 185! 
 of oxide 
 earth," fo; 
 we submit 
 5t. Thoma 
 
 the resul 
 hrough tilt 
 the preseii 
 
 analysijs o 
 tnples fron 
 
 ABEL 
 
 Alumina 1 1 .74. 
 
 Sesqui-Ox. of Iron 7.63. 
 
 MANNING. 
 
 No. 1. Alumina « . . . . 13.004. 
 
 Sesqui-Ox. of Iron 12.310. 
 
 No. 2. Alumina 7.368. 
 
 Sesqui-Ox. of Iron 9.064. 
 
 No. 3. Alumina 22.790. 
 
 Sesqui-Ox. of Iron 28.318. 
 
 Now the presence of nearly 30 per cent, of oxide of iron in the 
 ^il of an island so small and remote from any continent naturally 
 perplexed us, as no clue could be gained as to its probable origin ; 
 nor was it until the recent deep sea explorations of the " Challen- 
 ger," that light was thrown upon the question. In "Nature" 
 ^vol. 8 p. 30) we find that on approaching the West Indian 
 islands, more particularly in the deeper soundings, a peculiar "red 
 C^ay " gradually assuming a darker tint until it becomes chocolate 
 in colour, was m(,fc with ; and that this red clay was found the 
 ff eater part of the distance from St. Thomas to the Bermudas ; and 
 BBoreover, it is stated that this red clay of the deep sea proved on 
 analysis by Mr. Buchanan, chemist to the expedition, to be "almost 
 pure clay, silicate of alumina, and the sesqui-oxide of iron with a 
 wnall quantity of manganese." This analysis tends to convince us 
 tifeiat the deep chocolate coloured red clay of the islands found in the 
 %wer levels, and from high water mark some distance into the sea, 
 Cariginally came from the ocean floor, and that when by volcanic 
 agency the Bermuda column was raised from the depths of the sea, 
 its summit, most probably broken in outline, appeared above the 
 surface covered with this red mud, which in the course of ages has 
 but slightly changed its composition, and yet possesses suflBcient 
 evidence to prove its identity with that now lying contiguous to the 
 Ipse of the Bermuda column. Further remarks, however, on this 
 i|ibject are unnecessary in a botanical paper, which is only intended 
 If) describe the geological character of the islands as connected with 
 j|ieir vegetation. 
 
S40 
 
 JONES — ON THE VEGETATION OF THE BERMUDAS. 
 
 The large deposits of peaty mud of the marshes is also \vorthj*id ren( 
 of note, as it may aflford some idea of the time requisite to fill ujMe of tr 
 with such vegetable matter tlie deep cavities they originally pre-plants d 
 sented. Although always proclaimed to be very deep, yet noA^* ^"7 
 satisfactory information on the subject could be obtained until the The 
 past year, 1872, when soundings were made by His Excellency theory dif 
 Governor, in the Pembroke Marsh below Government House, byaccrumg 
 means of a scries of lengths of iron gas piping about 1 in. diam.i*l^i^^s ^ 
 screwed into each other, the lower length having attached to itsWhich 
 foot a well-contrived auger, which, being wrenched around fromifi^'^i'^^^ 
 above, filled a chamber with the material it came in contact with at Ae seec 
 the bottom. The deepest sounding gave 46 feet of this peaty mudj^ing ^'^ 
 and the auger borings afforded evidence of the mud reaching quite forest ti 
 to the limestone floor of the marsh basin , portions of the limestone Arift on 
 filling the lower part of the chamber and peaty mud the upper. adapted 
 
 The Bermudian climate partakes of a temperate and tropical M^d the 
 character, for during seven months of the year, November to May fevours 
 inclusive, the thermometer rarely rises above 75°, the minimum germma 
 being reached in the months of February and March, but seldom "which d 
 lower than 50°. During this period, which may be called the '•^ uren 
 '* cool season," the weather is very variable, alternate storm and ^"^S ^"^ 
 calm, a circum.stance rendered too notorious by the large number of Vanava 
 vessels which in a shattered or sinking condition are constantly Unsuited 
 arriving. The other portion of the year from June to October in- *"® "^ ^' 
 elusive, which may be termed the "hot season," is peculiarly " ^^" 
 warm, day and night almost alike in temperature from the radiation ^^ "•'^^ 
 of heat from a white sandy ground surface, almost wholly exposed "^^^ ^^* 
 to the glare of a sun which is constant — a cloudy sky being a some- "*® ^^H 
 what remarkable event during the Bermudian summer. The sand ^Y^ w( 
 formation charged with this great heat during the hours of the day, those o1 
 only loses a few degrees of heat during the night, so that the heat ®cdar ti 
 is almost continuous, when it positively sets in, which is about the fffiiicip 
 middle of July. From this date, often until the end of September, Griesbj 
 a frequent calm prevails, day succeeds day of perfect stillness ; no "•^"i®" ^ 
 trade wind lends its refreshing influence in mitigation of the heat, ^^^ ^^ 
 and long continued droughts are prevalent, which combined with *"* ^^' 
 the scorching rays of the blazing sun, blast all vegetable growth, |"Owl^ 
 
)AS. 
 
 JONES ON THE VEGETATION OF THE BERMUDAS. 
 
 241 
 
 also vvorth}*id render the more elevated districts arid and waste. The clim- 
 
 e to fill ujjalte of the Bermudas is, therefore, not favourable to the growth ot 
 
 ginally pre-plants during summer as a rule, and it is only in the cool season 
 
 )ep, yet noAat any luxuriance of flower or foliage can be observed. 
 
 id until the The origin of plant life upon the Bermudas, is a question not 
 
 celicncy thcViery difficult of solution, after a careful consideration of facts 
 
 House, bv*ccruing from the continued observations of several years. The 
 
 1 in. diam.iilands are greatly influenced by the current of the Gulf Stream, 
 
 iched to its which brings to their shores numberless objects, animate and 
 
 round from inanimate, from the Caribbean Sea. Among such we may instance 
 
 tact with attfce seeds of trees, shrubs and plants, which are continually 
 
 peaty mud, being cast ashore; while the occurrence of several forms, even 
 
 ching quite ft>rest trees, just above high water mark, go far to prove their 
 
 e limestone drift origin. The hard seeds of the Leguminosa) seem especially 
 
 upper. adapted to withstand immersion in salt water for a length of time, 
 
 nd tropical and the fact of this order being better represented than any other 
 
 ber to May fevours the piesumption. But although several leguminous seeds 
 
 minimum germinate on the Bermudas, there are some commonly cast ashore 
 
 3ut seldom which do not ; such are the seeds of JEntada scandens^ and Mucu- 
 
 called the *<* urens, which have never yet grown on the islands, notwithstan- 
 
 storm and ^"o their seeds are frequently landed near the trailing stems ot 
 
 number of Canavalia ohtusifolia. Probably the sandy soil of the beach is 
 
 constantly unsuited to these species, which appear to grow on ^river banks in 
 
 October in- ^6 West Indian Islands. 
 
 peculiarly < Many of the European weeds have doubtless been introduced at 
 e radiation *^® ^^st settlement of the islands, when several consignments of 
 ly exposed ^^^^ ^^^ garden seeds were, according to old records, forwarded by 
 3g a some- ^^ original <* Bermuda Company" of London. Seeds in those 
 The sand ^y^ were probably often carelessly gathered, and often mixed with 
 (f the day, those of the weeds growing with them. As to the origin of the 
 at the heat cedar tree, which appears from time immemorial to have been the 
 1 about the principal feature of the Bermudas, it is somewhat perplexing, 
 ieptember Griesbach has carefully determined it as Junipei^s barbadensisy 
 Iness • no which is a true West Indian form ; whereas it has always hitherto 
 the heat ^^^"^ taken for a variety of -7. virginianay which is found through- 
 lined with ^"* eastern North America. Had it been the latter species we 
 e growth, Jhould at once hav^ instanced the cedar waxwing (Bombycilla 
 
242 
 
 J0:JES — ON THE VEGETATION OF THE BERMUDAS. 
 
 I 
 
 tree 
 sma 
 
 caroUnensU,) as the agent, for these birds visit the islands nearl^entih 
 every winter in small flocks, often being blown oflT the Americaifftrious 
 coast. A flock of these birds with crops well charged with cedaiftirther 
 berries, leaving the American coast before a westerly gale, couloCPfttions 
 land on the islands in twenty hours, if not less, and the seeds woul(] 
 have lost none of their vitality. With the West Indian form it i; 
 diflerent. Few migratory birds visit the Bermudas from the WcfiiCLEMA 
 Indies, on their return north in spring, keeping to the continent icRANUN 
 their progress ; so we can only look to the Gulf Stream current ajR* ^'^^'^ 
 a means of transportation in the case of this species. Many of thc^ELPH 
 trees, shrubs, and plants of North America must certainly have 
 been introduced by birds, a large number of species, natives of that«, 
 continent, annually visiting the islands. The waders and water . r 
 birds could easily retain small seeds in the mud adhering to the i • 
 
 soles of their feet, which would not be released until at the end ol - 
 their lengthy but soon accomplished flight, they alighted on the i 
 
 shores or in the marshes of the Bermudas. Probably all the fruit- 
 bearing trees have been introduced by the inhabitants, as have also 
 the palms, with the exception of the palmetto. 
 
 Many additions have been made to the flora during the last two 
 years through the assiduity of His Excellency the Governor, who j^jjON/ 
 from his first arrival in the colony has paid particular attention to jt r 
 the growth of new trees, shrubs, and plants. During the past year ^t 1 
 His Excellency has sown and distributed throughout the islands ^^ j^u 
 packets of seeds from Kew, representing no less than 600 species, n "] 
 principally of trees and shrubs suited to sandy coast soils, which ygg 
 we sincerely trust may grow and thrive, so that in future years the tlir 
 inhabitants may enjoy the benefit of a more suitable arborescent j^^ ci 
 vegetation, and remember with gratitude the name of their bene- Xh 
 factor. i i tw 
 
 In the foregoing brief sketch of the physical aspect of the 
 Bermudas, we have endeavoured to exhibit the more interesting 
 particulars, in order that the readers of this paper may possess a 
 fair idea of this oceanic land which is rarely visited by naturalists ; 
 while in conclusion we cannot fail to mention the kind assistance 
 we have received from His Excellency the Governor, who in the Sarr 
 most liberal manner placed a long list of the plants of the islands ga 
 
 ric: 
 
 am 
 
 Roll] 
 
 (J 
 
UDAS. 
 
 JONES — ON TUB VEGETATION OF TJIE BERMUDAS. 
 
 243 
 
 itflands ncarl identified by liimsclf and Dr. Hooker, at our disposal, and in 
 he AniericaiVarious otlicr ways has, during our two last visits to the islands, 
 d with ccdaiftirthcred our object of making this addition to our previous publi- 
 y gale, coul(,<»tion8 on the natural history of the group. 
 
 e seeds woulc' ' ' 
 
 ianformiti. RANUNCULACE^. 
 
 om the "VVefiiCLEMATis japonica, D. C. Hab. Japan. 
 
 ! continent it Ranunculus muricatus, L. Hab. Europe. 
 
 m current a,B. rAUViFLOUUS, L. Hab. Europe. 
 
 Many of theDELriiiNiUM ? ■ 
 
 '"l^'^^^^ ^'^^^ MAGNOLIACEiE. 
 
 , ' Magnolia orandiflora, L. Hab. Southern States of America. 
 
 . A fine specimen grows at Mrs. F. Peniston's in Smith's parish, 
 
 I Z' . which did not blossom for twenty years after it was planted. 
 
 1,1 , LiRiODENDRON TULIPIFERA, Z. " Tulio Tree" of North America, 
 
 lited on the 
 
 all the fruit- 
 as have also 
 
 where in favorable situations it attains a large size. The few 
 treej which exist at the present time in the Bermudas, are of 
 small size in comparison with those of the American continent. 
 
 the last two 
 
 ANONACEiE. 
 
 ►vernor, who Anona reticulata, L. '* Custard Apple" of the West Indies, 
 attention to j^ grows well in the Bermudas, especially in Mr. Perot's garden 
 he past year ^t Hamilton. 
 
 the islands ^ muricata, L. '♦ Sour-sop." Hab. West Indies. A tree at 
 species, (< 'pijg Hermitage," supposed to have been planted about sixty 
 sous, which years ago, was never known to bear fruit until 1870, when 
 re years the tliree fruit only ripened. 
 
 arborescent a. cherimolia, Mill. " Chermoi Apple," or '* Cherimoya." 
 tneir bene- ^'his tree which is a native of the western part of Central Ame- 
 rica, is rare in the Bermudas, although it grows well from seed, 
 pect or the and the fruit sometimes attains a weight of 2 lbs. 
 interesting Rollinia sieberi, D. C. Hab. West Indies, 
 y possess a (Anona reticulata, /S'left.) • ' / 'I 
 
 laturalists ; • , ,- 
 
 assistance SARRACENIACE^. 
 
 ivho in the Sarracenia purpurea, L. Hab. N. America. Mount Langton 
 the islands garden. 
 
2U 
 
 JONES — ON THE VEGETATION OF THE BEUMUDAa. 
 
 PAPAVERACE^. 
 
 Aroemone mexioana, Z. " Lady Thistle." Very common iiSTEUiri 
 
 gardens and waste ground which has been cultivated. From ih 
 
 flowers is sometimes made a yellow dye, with which the islandert 
 
 colour ribbons and other small articles. It flowers about th(QESEi)A 
 
 end of Mardi or beginning of April. The plant appears to have Eijy 
 
 a very wide geographical range, being found in the northern m 
 
 well as southern States of America, West Indies, India, China.^^ 
 
 and probably all over the tropical as well as temperate region? 
 
 of the globe. - 
 
 ? Varieties cultivated. ' 
 
 HYrEUi 
 
 ViSMIA 
 
 Papaveu 
 
 FUMARIACE^E. 
 FuMARiA OFFICINALIS, L. Hah. Europc. 
 
 I 
 
 CRUCIFER^. 
 
 gene 
 and 
 boilc 
 are i 
 
 DiANTII 
 
 Sapona 
 Lepidium virqinicum, L. " Pepper Grass." A common weed 
 
 in waste ground. A 
 
 Iberis violacea, D. C. < Portui 
 
 CocHLEARiA OFFICINALIS, L. " Scurvy Grass." Common ever} ^jj 
 
 where along the shore, sometimes attaining a large size, almost 
 
 a bush, in sheltered places beneath the cliffs of the south shore 
 
 at Devonshire Bay. In flower March and April. It is used as 
 
 a cure for diarrhce, and also for cleansing the blood. 
 
 C. ARMORACEA. *' Horse Radish." Cultivated. 
 
 Nasturtium ? Varieties cultivated. 9 
 
 Cheiranthus ? " Wall Flower." Varieties cultivated. Sesuvi 
 
 Matthiola ? ** Stock." Wild among the rocks below j^^j 
 
 Gibb's Hill light house, south shore of Port Royal. Varieties p^^p 
 
 also cultivated in gardens. Mesem 
 
 Brassica ? "Cabbage." Varieties cultivated. ' vated 
 
 Beta ? '* Beet." Varieties cultivated. 
 
 Sin apis ? " Mustard." A very troublesome weed growing .| 
 
 in cultivated ground. I think there are two species. Malva 
 
 Rhaphanus ? "Radish." Varieties cultivated. Modio 
 
 Malcomia maritima, D. C. Hab. S. Europe. Mai 
 
DAS. 
 
 JONES — ON THE VEGETATION OF THE IJERMUDAS. 
 
 245 
 
 CAITAKIDACE^:. 
 
 common ii^TEUiriloxiA elliptica, iSprenf/. Ilab. S. America, 
 d. From itt 
 
 the islander. RESKDACE.E. 
 
 ra nhout t]i(^^SEi)X OVORAT Ay jSprcng. "Mignonette." Cultivated. Ilab. 
 pears to have Egypt. 
 
 3 northern at "^ FLACOURTIACE^. 
 
 ndia, China,. 
 
 jrate regiom 
 
 PtACOURTIA PRUNirOLTA. 
 
 HyrEiucuM 
 
 IIYPERICACEilO. 
 
 ? Pcnihrokc Marshes. 
 
 )mmon weed 
 
 ViSMiA GUIANENSIS, D. C Hah. Guiana. 
 
 I CARYOPIIYLLACEiE. 
 
 DiANTiius ? *'rink." "Carnation." Varieties cultivated. 
 
 Saponaria calabrica, Guss. " Soapwort." Hab. Calabria. 
 
 PORTULACE.E. 
 
 PORTULACA OLERACEA, L. " Purslanc " " Purslcy." Ilab. 
 mmon ever} ^jj tropical as well as temperate regions. A common weed, 
 size, almost generally found in cultivated ground. In flower end of March 
 south shore ^^^^j beginning of April. It is sometimes used as a vegetable, 
 boiled, and seasoned with pepper and salt. Pigs and poultry 
 are fond of it. 
 
 It is used 
 
 as 
 
 i FICOIDE^. 
 
 iltiyated. Sesuvium portulacastrum, L. " Sea Purslane." In sandy 
 •oeks below j^^^j above high water mark. This plant is found on all tem- 
 perate as well as tropical shores throughout the globe. 
 Mesembryanthemum GLACiALE, Haw. "Ice Plant." Culti- 
 vated. Hab. Greece. 
 
 Varieties 
 
 'I ( » 
 
 3ed growing 
 
 MALVACE^. 
 
 Malva 
 
 ? 
 
 MoDiOLA CAROLiNiANA, G. Don. (M. multifida, Mmnch — 
 Malva caroliniana, L.) Hab. N. America. 
 
246 
 
 JONES — ON THE VEGETATION OF THE BEllMUDAS. 
 
 
 Caloi 
 
 SiDA CARPiNiFOLiA, Zi. (S. acuta, Barm, — S. stipulata, Cav.— 
 S. glabra, Nutt. — S. T3erteriana, Ball. — S. balbisiana, D.C— 
 S. brachypetala, D. C — S. trivialis, Mac/. — S. lanceolata'^ ^ . 
 Rich. Cub. — S. obtusa, Rich.) "Wire-weed." Oneofthi 
 most common plants of the islands, overrunning roads ani 
 pastures. It is in flower nearly all the year round, and in ricl 
 ground grows into a perfect shrub, some three feet high. Thf 
 flowers are sometimes used to make a healin<x ointment, beini 
 boiled in lard, which is then strained and allowed to cool, 
 Horses are fond of this plant. In the West Indies the Sidiu 
 are known under the name of ' ' broom-weed " from their touffli 
 and flexible nature. 
 
 Abxjtilon STRIATUM, DicTcs. Hab. Brazil, i 
 
 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, L. Hab. East Indies. 
 
 H. GRANDiFLORUS, Michx. Hab. Florida, Georgia. 
 
 H. MUTABiLis, L. " Changeable Rose." Hab. East Indies. 
 
 GossipiuM iiERBAGEUM, D. C. Hab. East Indies. 
 
 Paritium tiliaceum, a. Juss. Hab. All tropical sea shores. 
 
 TfiSSpesia populnea, Corr. Hab. All tropical shores. 
 
 Alth^a officinalis, L. " Marsh Mallow." Hab. Europe. 
 
 A. EosEA, L. " Hollyhock." Varieties cultivated. Hab. China. 
 
 eqi 
 
 real 
 wcJ 
 
 Mai^pi 
 Ch 
 W 
 
 Bligh 
 crn 
 
 Sapin 
 TrJ 
 
 BOMBACE^. 
 
 Eriodendeon anfractuosum, D. C. (Bombax ceiba, Lun. — 
 B. pentandrum, Cav.) " Silk Cotton Tree." Hab. West 
 Indies and equatorial America. 
 
 TILIACE^. 
 
 Triumfetta semitriloba, L. (T. heterophylla, Lamx. — T. 
 havanensis, Kth. — T. ovata, D. C. — T. ulraifolia, Desv. — 
 T. diversiloba, Prl. — T. angulata. Wall. — T. rhomboidea, 
 Griseh.) "Wild Hemp" of Barbados, and "Bur-bark" of 
 Jamaica. All tropical countries. 
 
 T. ALTH^OiDES, Lam. Hab, West Indies and tropical South 
 America. 
 
 Beekya ammonilla, Roxb. Hab. Ceylon. 
 
 Tlv 
 It 
 
 the 
 frc 
 foi 
 
 lii 
 
 POD( 
 
 u L 
 
 D. A 
 
 Me] 
 
 I 
 
tfUDAS. 
 
 JONES — ON THE VEGETATION OF THE BERMUDAS. 
 
 247 
 
 GUTTIFER^. 
 
 mlata, Cav.- 
 
 siana, Z). (7.-V 
 
 S. lanceolatn^^^*^^^'^ amekicana, L. " Mammee Tree." " Mammee Apple." 
 
 " Oneoftlii H^'^' West Indies and equatorial America. 
 
 !"• roads an V-^^^^''^^^^^"^' ^'^^"^"'^' *^"'^^* " ^'•'^^''^''^•" ^^'<^^- West Indies and 
 
 d, and in ricl equatorial America. Fine examjiles of this tree grow on tlic 
 road side at Mr. T. Fowle Tucker's, Devonslilrc Parish. Tliey 
 were broujiht from the West Indies. The fruit is considered 
 poisonous by the inhabitants. ' 
 
 ;t high. Th( 
 ntment, bein^ 
 wed to cool, 
 lies the Sida^ 
 « their touirli 
 
 MALPIGIIIACEiE. 
 
 MALric.niA UREN8, L. (M. martinicensis, Jacq.) " Cowhage 
 Cherry " of Jamaica. ' ' Stinging Cherry " of Barbados. Ilab. 
 West Indies. 
 
 SAri:NDACEj!:. 
 
 Indies. 
 
 Bligiiia SAriDA, Koen. (Akeesia africana. Tuss.) Ilab. West- 
 ern Africa. 
 
 Sapindus saponaria, X. " Soap-berry Tree." "Black Nicker 
 Tree " of Barbados. Ilab. Tropical America and West Indies. 
 The first tree known in tlie Bermudas, originated from drift seed. 
 It may be considered rare, as few examples are to be found on 
 the islands. Flowers in January. In 1841 a plant sprang up 
 from a heap of seaweed, collected during the previous autumn 
 for manure. . , 
 
 Hab. West Nephelium Litchi, Doti. (Dimocarpus Litchi, Willd. — Scyla- 
 lia chinensis, G. — Euphoria Litchi, D. C.) 
 
 DoDONiEA viscosa, L. (D. Candollcana, Bl. — D. arabica, 
 Ilochsf.) 
 
 D. ANGUSTIFOLIA, /S'W. (D. bialata, Kfh. — D. linearis, E.Mey. 
 — D. IMundtiaua, Eckl. — D. Schiedeana, SchU'cht.) 
 
 .^CscuLUS HiPPOCASTANUM, L. " Ilorsc-cliestnut." Ilab. Asia. 
 
 ea shores, 
 ires. 
 
 Europe. 
 Hab. China. 
 
 ba, Lun. — 
 
 amx T. 
 
 a, Desv. — 
 homboidea, 
 r-bark " of 
 
 ►ical South 
 
 MELIACE^. ' 
 
 Melia Azedarach, L. *' Pride of India." <' Lilac" of Bar])a- 
 
 dos. "China Tree" of the Southern States of America. Ilab. 
 
 '^ Asia. This is one of the few trees that loses its foliage in the 
 
 winter season. It usually flowers about the end of March, the 
 
248 
 
 JONES — ON THE VEGETATION OF THE BERMUDAS. 
 
 flowers appearing before the leaves. In winter it has a curio 
 appearance, having the seed berries hanging in bunches fro 
 the ends of the twigs denuded of leaves. The wood is brittl 
 and high winds play sad havoc with the lengthy branches. ] 
 light and feathery foliage recommerds it as one of the best 
 shade trees, but strange to say although hundreds of young tre 
 shoot up every spring from the fallen seed of the previous wi 
 ter, the idea of transplanting them about the woodlands to r 
 lieve the monotonous appearance of the interminable red ceda 
 is never entertained by the inhabitants. 
 
 WI 
 
 ml 
 fe 
 orj 
 mi 
 
 eJ 
 
 tir 
 
 sei 
 
 m 
 
 thi 
 
 M 
 
 CTT 
 O 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 CEDKELACE^E. 
 
 SwiETENiA MAHAGOXi, L. '* Mahogany Tree." " Caoba" of tl 
 Spaniards. Hab. West Indies and Central America. The Be 
 muda trees are stunted in growth compared with those of tl 
 tropics. The oldest known tree in the islands is at the entranc C. At 
 gate to the house of the late Mr. Samuel Musson, at the Flatt; ill 
 
 Chloroxylon Swietenia, D. C. (Swietenia chloroxyloi 
 Hoxb.) " Satin-wood." Ilab. East Indies. 
 
 gr 
 till 
 
 th( 
 
 of 
 
 su 
 pe 
 
 N' 
 
 sp 
 
 fl{ 
 
 T 
 
 ri 
 
 AURANTIACEJS. 
 
 Citrus aurantium, L. "Sweet Orange." Hab. Asia. Tli 
 climate of the Bermudas appears to suit the Citri well, for tli 
 trees are remarkable for vigorous growth and the flavour ( ^' 
 the several kinds of fruit is excellent. Of the sweet orang 
 some three or four varieties are cultivated, but to so small a 
 extent that the supply is nothing like equal to the demand. I 
 the year 1854-5 the orange trees became diseased from the ai 
 tack of a species of Coccus^ and hardly an orchard escaped sa\ ^* ^' 
 those of the parish of Somerset at the western end of the islands ^* ^ 
 In many cases not a tree survived the ravages of these insects " 
 and in one instance an orchard of fine young trees 300 in nun ^' ^ 
 ber about twelve years old was entirely destroyed. The frui ^* ® 
 sometimes attains a large size, and one of a dish of orange . ■*■ 
 which took the first prize at the Bermuda Exhibition of Januar A'* ^ 
 1872, measured 13f inches in circumference, and nine of thes * 
 oranges weighed lOJ lbs. These large oranges, however, ar V* ^ 
 
RMUDAS. 
 
 JONES — ON THE VEGETATION OF THE BEKMUDAS. 
 
 249 
 
 r it has a curio 
 in bunches fro 
 wood is brittl 
 y branches. I 
 3 of the best 
 h of young tre 
 le previous wi: 
 '^oodlands to r 
 lable red ceda 
 
 ' Caoba" of tl 
 rica. The Ec 
 th those of tl 
 at the entranc C. 
 I, at the Flatti 
 I chloroxylor 
 
 Asia. Tli 
 well, for tli 
 the flavour ( C. 
 sweet orans 
 
 80 small a 
 demand. I 
 
 d from the ai 
 
 1 escaped sav C. 
 of the island! C. 
 these insectf 
 
 i 300 in nun C. 
 1. The frui C* 
 ?h of orange 
 )n of Januar *^' 
 nine of thes 
 however, ar V* 
 
 generally coarse inwardly and are by no means to be compared 
 with many of smaller size for amount of juice and flavour. The 
 medium sized orange with thin smooth skin is always to be pre- 
 ferred before the larger kind having a coarse-grained skin. The 
 orange has been known in the Bermudas from their first settle- 
 ment, for the original Bermuda Company sent out seeds from 
 England in 1615. Seeds have also been brought at various 
 times from Madeira, Lisbon, and other places. The orange 
 season generally begins about the end of November and conti- 
 nues until the end of February. It may not be generally known 
 that the common sweet orange will stand severe cold. Mr. W. 
 M. Redhead (Lin. Soc. Journ. Bot. Vol. IX.) states that it 
 grows in the open air at the Convent of St. Catherine, Sinai, 
 where during the winter the frost is severe enough to freeze 
 water within the cells of the convent. 
 
 AURANTiiiM, va7', BiGARADiA, Duh. " Sour Orange." " Sev- 
 ille Orange." It is from this variety which is frequently found 
 growing in a wild state, that marmalade is made, but owing to 
 the want of the requisite knowledge in regard to the proper me- 
 thod of manufacture the preparation made on the islands is not 
 of a superior description. The trees yield abundantly where 
 sufficient space is allowed for sun and air to get to them. When 
 perfectly ripe the fruit turns to a dark orange colour. 
 NOBiLis, Lour. *' Mandarin Orange." Hab. China. This 
 species which is by no means common, possesses a peculiar 
 flavour, if anything, richer than that of the common orange. 
 The fruit is smaller in size, and of a deep orange colour when 
 ripe. 
 
 NOBILIS, var. MINOR. "Tangierine Orange." Not common. 
 DECUMANA, L. " Shaddock." '* Pimple Nose Tree " of Bar- 
 bados. Hab. Asia. Grows well and produces fine fruit. 
 RACEMosus, i?i5 et Poit. " Grapc Fruit." Hab. Asia, common. 
 BUXiFOLiA, Poir. (C. Paradisi, Macf.) " Forbidden Fruit.' 
 Hab. Asia. Eare. 
 
 LiMETTA, Hiss. «* Limc." Hab. Asia. Grows wild all over 
 the islands. Also cultivated., 
 LiMONUM, Ris8. " Lemon." Hab. Asia. Two or three 
 
250 
 
 JONES — ON THE VEGETATION OF THE BERMUDAS. 
 
 varieties. The common lemon grows wild every where, bi * 
 
 not in such abundance Jis before tlie disease of 18.54-5, whic ,, 
 
 attacked the lemon as well as the oran^^e. Thousands of fir ^^ 
 
 iv. r 
 trees before that date existed throu^jhout the cedar nrrovcs, nr,, 
 
 VlANGI] 
 
 tlio fruit was so abundant that it only ripened to fall and r 
 
 suec 
 upon the ground. A variety known as the " Lisbon Lemon . 
 
 is cultivated and more highly esteemed than others. 
 
 C. MEDicA, L. " Citron." Hab. Asia. 
 
 CooKiA PUNCTATA, Itetz. " AVampcc Tree." 
 
 LlMONlA CRENULATA, D. C. 
 MURRYA EXOTICA, L. 
 
 circi 
 
 den 
 
 take 
 
 AuHACA 
 
 dies 
 
 GERANLVCEyE. 
 
 Geranium pusillum, L. Hab. Europe ; N. America. 
 
 G. ? Varieties cultivated. 
 
 Pelargonium ? Hab. S. Africa. 
 
 BALSAMINACE^. 
 
 ImPATIENS nORTENSIS. 
 
 OXALIDACE.E. 
 
 OxALis CORNIOULATA, L. (O. stricta, 8w.) Hab. Europe 
 N. America. Rich moist ground. Not common : Flowers en 
 of March. 
 
 ZYGOPHYLLACE^. 
 
 GuAJAcUM OFFICINALE, L. " Arbor-vitns." " Guayacan " of til 
 Spanish AVcst Indies. Hab. W. Indies and Central America 
 Melianthus major, D, C. Hab. C. G. H. 
 
 Quassia amara, L, 
 
 SIMARUBACE^. 
 
 "Gall Tree "of Barbados. 
 
 ANACARDIACE^. 
 
 Rhus toxicodendron, L. "Poison Vine." "Poison Oak. 
 
 Hab. N. America. Common in thickets, mouths of caverIl^ 
 ,^ &c., especially on some of the islands of the Great Sound. I 
 
 is strange that this plant should prove so poisonous to som 
 
 VlTIS 
 
 tion 
 
 161 
 
 wit! 
 
 sent 
 
 Letl 
 
 wee( 
 
 ever 
 
 seve 
 
 may 
 
 rum 
 
 ^ 
 
 forn 
 that 
 ed \ 
 who 
 sma 
 bar 
 
 the 
 situ 
 the 
 is 
 seal 
 
 :± 
 
[UDAS. ' 
 
 :ry where, bi 
 1854-5, whk 
 )usand8 of fir 
 ar groves, ar, 
 
 JONES — ON THB VEGETATION OF THE BERMUDAS. 
 
 251 
 
 I'lca. 
 
 persons that even a close approach to it is sufficient to cause a 
 severe attack of inflammation of the face, while others may han- 
 die it, or even rub the leaves on their faces with impunity. 
 R. rad'.cans is merely the climbing variety of this species. 
 ^NGiFEKA INDICA, L. "Mango." Hab. East Indies. A fine 
 . , ' ' specimen some forty or fifty feet high, and nearly seven feet in 
 
 circumference at base, grows in Mr. Robert Liffhtbourne's gar- 
 den in Warwick parish. Fruit weighing 13 ozs. each have been 
 taken from this tree. 
 AjfACAKDiUM occiDENTALE, X. " Cashew-nut." Hab. W.In- 
 dies and tropical America. 
 
 VITACE^E. 
 
 VlTis viNiFERA, L. " Grape Vine." Hab. Asia. The cultiva- 
 tion of the grape in the Bermudas dates back as far as the year 
 1615, when the original Bermuda Company sent out cuttings 
 with the following instructions to Governor Tucker : "Wee have 
 gent you vynes and vyne cuttinges to be put in the grounds. 
 Lett them be fenced from cattle and conies, and kept clearefrom 
 weeds, and multiplye them by puttinge all yor vyne cuttinges 
 everye yeare into the ground, that you may have many acres in 
 severale places planted with them 8 or 10 foots asunder. You 
 may leude them alonge or upright upon poles, or lett them 
 runne from tree to tree, at pleasure." 
 
 5- Whether the early settlers carried out these instructions, and 
 formed vineyards, history does not relate, but it is very clear 
 that in the year 1764 the cultivation of the grape was not view- 
 ed with much interest, for we find that in that year one Chauvet 
 who merely petitioned the Governor in Council to allow him a 
 email grant in aid of grape culture, was ordered to attend the 
 bar of the House for his presumption. 
 
 That the grape vine grows freely and produces abundantly in 
 the soil and climate of Bermuda, when planted in a favourable 
 situation and well manured and watered, is well known ; but as 
 the only fresh water supply comes from the clouds, and the soil 
 is often subject to severe droughts, cultivatioji on an extensive 
 scale would not succeed. 
 5 
 
 lab. Europe 
 : Flowers en 
 
 yacan " of tli 
 itral Amcrici 
 
 !*oison Oak. 
 lis of cavern? 
 it Sound. I 
 Qous to fiom 
 
 -..»■ 
 
252 JONES — ON THE VEGETATION OF THE BERMUDAS. 
 
 , •" ^ . RUTACE.^. 
 
 liUTA GKAVEOLENS, D. C. Ilab. S. EuropC. 
 AlLANTHUS GLANDULOSUS, D. O. 
 
 ,y 
 
 Xanthoxylum 
 
 XANTIIOXYLACE^. 
 
 ? 
 
 LEGUMINOS.TO. 
 
 aut 
 inti 
 
 8C( 
 11S( 
 IIUI 
 
 Gil 
 
 it 
 
 Medicago LUPULiNA, L. " Clovcr." This little plant is vci IndigI 
 coininon throughout the islands, more especially on pastur ViciAi 
 lands. It forms a very nutritious fodder where herbage i disl 
 scarce, as it always is on the porous calcareous soil of these i? tr*) 
 lands. It thrives in the shallowest soil, and its small yellov Ix,\Tn 
 flower may be seen even on the rocky slopes where the mero Pisi:^ 
 scrap of earth affords the plant a rooting place. Horses an' va 
 cows are very fond of it, clipping it as close as their teeth wil PiiASJ 
 allow. It was one of the few plants mentioned by Michaux u: Ekyt 
 his visit to the Bermudas in 1806. AV 
 
 Melilotus OFFICINALIS, WiUcl. '' ^Nlclilot." This plant grow E. in 
 freely in different parts of the islands, es})ccially in the valley Myko 
 where a good depth of rich soil prevails. Strange to say, in ; M. pi 
 country like Bernmda where f rage is so scarce and expensive Caja] 
 no effort has been hitherto made to lay down pasture land or " 
 
 which to grow this and the foregoing plant mixed with grasses or 
 
 I have observed it growing in favourable situations at least tlirci Clit* 
 feet in height, where the common grass of the islands was onlv C^ti 
 of diminutive size. 
 
 Spaetium jukceuim, i).C'. "Broom." Hab. S.Europe. Thi? 
 shrub has been lately introduced by Governor Lefroy, and is 
 growing well. Apart from the pretty ai)pearance its brigiit 
 yellow blossoms will present amid the sombre foliage of the all- 
 prevailing cedar scrub, its peculiar property of binding together 
 drifting sand, will render it of great value on the southern shores 
 of the islands. ' • ' 
 
 KoBiNiA PsEUDAOACiA, i^. " V/liite Acacia." Hab. N.America. 
 
 R. DUBIA. ' ' ' ■' '" ■■ ■■■'■ ' ' ' • • ' ' ' •''■' " ' 
 
 Wistaria frutescens, Z>. G. Hab. S. States. ' 
 
 Ulex EUROP^us, Z. mr. stricta. " Furze," or " Gorse." The 
 
 Can/ 
 
 VI 
 
 h^ 
 
 
 
 a 
 t 
 r 
 
 Poi 
 P. 
 
 Ca: 
 
MUDAS. 
 
 I 
 
 JONES — ON THE VEGETATION OF THE BERMUDAS. 
 
 253 
 
 ,*A 
 
 plant is Acr 
 'y on pastui 
 re lierbage 1 
 il of tliese i. 
 i small yellov 
 I'e the nici'c\^ 
 Horses luv 
 leir teetli wil 
 Y Michaux o: 
 
 i plant grow, 
 n tlie vallev 
 3 to say, in ; 
 J expensive 
 ture land oi 
 vith grasses; 
 at least tlirct 
 ids was onlv 
 
 Ji'ope. Thi; 
 'ft'oy, and is 
 c its briglit 
 e of the ail- 
 ing together 
 thern shores 
 
 ^.A 
 
 merica. 
 
 Tse." The 
 
 autlior elaima to have JBrst introduced this familiar English shrub 
 into the Bernmdas, having raised healthy young plants from 
 seed taken from Southampton Common. It will form another 
 useful forage plant, as when cut up and bruised in a mill it iy 
 much relislii d by cattle, and is very nutritious. According to 
 Grisebaeh ir grows in the higher mountains of Jamaica, where 
 it has been introduced. 
 
 Indic.ofeua TiNCTOiiUM, L. Hal). E. Indies. 
 
 ViciA SATiVA, L. Common in pasture land. This plant is widely 
 distributed over the globe, being found in the tcmj)erate and 
 tr()j)ical regions of both hcniispheres. 
 
 KviiiYKUS ODOiJATUS, D. C " Swcct Pca." Hal). Sicily. 
 
 PlSOi SATIVL'.M, L. " Pea." Hab. S. Europe. Varieties culti- 
 vated. 
 
 PliASEOLUS ? " Kidney Bean." Varieties cultivated. 
 
 ERYTiiitiXA COUALLODEXDIION, L. (E. spcciosa, Aiidr.) Hab. 
 AV. Indies and central America. 
 
 E. \y{\nvx, Lam. Hal). Tropics of both hemispheres. 
 
 MYijosrEHMu.Ar toluiferu.m. Hab. S. America. 
 
 M. I'EliUIFERUM. 
 
 Cajanus indicus. ^pren(j. (Cytisus Cajan, L. — C. flavus, D. C.) 
 " Pigeon Pea." Hab. Tropics of both hemispheres. Common 
 on David's Island. 
 
 Clitoria tei:natea, D. C Hab. East Indies. 
 
 Ci'Tisus laburnum, D. C. " Laburnum."' Hab. Europe. 
 
 Cana YALTA OBTU8IFOLLV, D. C (Doliclios roscns, Sw. — Caua- 
 valia rosea, D. C "Bay Bean." Hab. Tropics of both 
 hemispheres, on sandy sea shores among stones. Very conuuon 
 on the southern shore of the Main island, trailing over the rockt^ 
 and stones above high water mark. It also grows well when 
 transplanted to gardens. On the coast of North America it is 
 not found higher than the south of Florida, from whence its 
 seeds have doubtless ori<]jinallv come alon"; the course of the 
 Gulf Stream. 
 
 PoiNCiANA ruLCHERRiMA, L. Hab. Tropics of both hemispheres. 
 
 P. REGiA. Bot. McKj. Hab. Madagascar. 
 
 Cassia baCxLLARIs, L. Hab. West Indies and central America, 
 
1S54 
 
 JONES — OK THE VEGETATION OP THE BERMUDAS. 
 
 C. GLAUCA, Lam. (C. Plumieri, D. G. — C. planisiliqua, XojPtr 
 — C. arboreecenfl, V» — C. sulfurea, D. C — C. discolor, Desv. t 
 ttab. Tropics of both hemispheres. v 
 
 C. FLORIDA, V. (C. gigantea, Berter. — C. arborea, Macf.) Pru 
 
 Tamakindus indica, L. (T. occidentalis, G.) " TamaritCTD 
 tree." Hab. East Indies. Several fine trees grow in differei 
 parts of the islands. 
 
 Hymen^ea Courbaril, L. '* Locust-tree." Hab. West InduSt^iR 
 and central America. A fine specimen grows on Mr. SomeiFHA 
 Tucker's farm in Smith's parish. Another fine example of thRtJB 
 noble tree grew on the Cavendish estate, the property of ChidtOSA 
 Justice Darrell. Under the branches of this tree the celebrate 
 Wesleyan minister Whitfield used to preach to the people who 
 refused the pulpits of the English churches by Governor Poppl 
 in 1748. It was blown down during the heavy gale of Oct. 31 
 1847, but a stone slab marks the spot where it grew. 
 
 Bauhinia ? 
 
 Detarium sentjgalensis, D. G. Hab. Western Africa. 
 
 MiMQSA PUDiCA, jL. Hab. Tropica of both hemispheres. 
 
 ACACA PANICULATA, Willcl. (A. microccphala, Bich. Gub.~ EfeiO 
 A. Clauseni, Benth. — A. martinicensis, Prl.) Hab. Wct ^^ 
 Indies and S. America. From the seeds of the common acaci Crai 
 which has become a perfect nuisance in many parts of the island.^ 
 are made very pretty baskets, necklaces, bracelets, &c. Tli SpiR 
 seeds are first soaked in water and then threaded with a needle 
 The seeds are ripe about September. 
 
 Inoa vera, Willd. (Mimosa Inga, Z.) Hab. West Indies. J ami 
 
 its 
 
 in 
 
 tr 
 
 ex 
 
 fii 
 
 th 
 
 eti 
 
 Ja 
 
 Ceratonia siliqua, /). G. " Carob-trce-" Hab. Levant. 
 
 CHRYSOBALANEiE. 
 
 Chrysobalanus Icaco, L. "Fat Pork Ti'ce'' of Barbados 
 Hab. Tropics of both hemispheres. 
 
 AMYGDALE^. 
 
 Armi:niaca VULGARIS, Z). (7. "Apricot." Hab. Levant 
 Amygdalus persica, Z). C. "Peach." 
 var. nectarina. "Nectarine." 
 
 I] 
 
 EUG 
 
 Ana 
 \ 
 
 PiM] 
 
 I 
 
 t 
 
 iPsii 
 
 My] 
 
RMtJDAS. 
 
 JONES — ON THE VEGETATION OF THE BfiRMtlDAS. 
 
 265 
 
 misiliqua, Zrt)Pnius MALUS, Z. "Apple." Hab. Britain. Although the apple 
 
 discolor, Desv. tree bears fruit, it is of inferior growth and flavour compared 
 
 with that grown in northern latitudes. 
 
 ^rea, Macf.) Pkunus ? Varieties cultivated. 
 
 ) •' TamarirCTDOMA vulgaris, e/ac^-. Hab. S.Europe. 
 
 frow in difFerei 
 
 ROSACEA. 
 
 ). West In(li(Si*iRiEA salicifolia, L. Hab. Britain. 
 
 on Mr. Some: FftAGARiA vikoiniana, Ehr. Hab. N. America. 
 
 example of thRtJBUS ? 
 
 3perty of Chit RoSA ? Perhaps in no country in the world does the rose in 
 
 3 the celebrate its several varieties thrive and blossom in greater perfection than 
 
 he people who 
 overnor Poppi 
 fale of Oct. 31 
 rew. 
 
 Africa, 
 heres. 
 
 in the Bermudas. Both standard and climbing roses are ex- 
 tremely common, and of the most luxuriant growth. One 
 exception, however, must be made ; the moss rose is a perfect 
 failure. From what cause it is difficult to imagine, but perhaps 
 the failure of the fuchsia also may arise from the same circum- 
 stance. 
 
 POMACEiE. 
 
 i?icA. (7w6.- EtiiOBOTRYA JAPONiCA, Z). C Hab. Japan. " Loquat." Very 
 Hab. "VVc; common in gardens. 
 
 ommon acaci Crataegus ? 
 
 of the island. SPIRE ACE^. 
 
 ts, &c. Til Spiraea japonica. Hab. Japan, 
 ivith a needle 
 
 MYRTACEJi:. 
 
 '^est Indies. Jambosa vulgaris,!). C. (Eugenia jambos, L.) Hab. East 
 Levant. Indies. 
 
 Eugenia ugni ? " Mvrtle." 
 
 Anamomis fragrans, Gr. (Myrtus, Sw. — Eugenia, TF.) Hab. 
 of Barbados West Indies. 
 
 Pimenta vulgaris, W. a. (Myrtus Pimenta, L. — Eugenia 
 Pimenta, D. C.) '< Allspice." Hab. W. Indies. A fine 
 tree grows on the estate of the late Sir William Burnaby. 
 evant I'sidium Guava, RadcL (P. pomiferum, L. — P. pyriforme, L, 
 
 — P. fragrans, Macf.) " Guava." Hab. West Indies. 
 Myrtus communis, Lam, 
 
!25(} 
 
 JONES — ON THE VEGETATION OF THE BERMUDAS. 
 
 LYTIIRARIE.'E. 
 
 Lythiium 
 
 TAAIAKISCINEiE. 
 
 Tamahix cjallica, lUvm ct Schult, " Spruce." Common 
 tlic north shore near the Flattd. / 
 
 Fuchsia 
 
 OXAGRARIE.E. 
 
 ? Hal). jNIcxico : Chili. The climate of the Ben 
 
 ;. Mo?ri 
 
 jAOENAI 
 
 )ari( A 
 The 
 
 toui: 
 
 (hk-> appears to be untavoiira))Ie to the growth of the fuchsia, 
 it will nut blossom freely unless placed in a sheltered situati 
 which is a singular fact, when we consider that in ^Madeira wli' '^cgoM. 
 is in precisely the same latitude though far to the eastward, 'assuix 
 fuchsia grows in the wildest profusion. >. laik 
 
 RIITZOPIIORACE.E. 
 
 and t 
 
 KnizoriiOKA manglk, L. (K. racemosa, J/ty. ) " ]Mangro\ 
 Hab. Shores of the warmer regions of the globe. Perhaps • 
 most extensive mangrove swan)p in the Bermudas is at lluni:. V1eloca( 
 Bay, Devonshire Parish. On the op})osite coast of X. Ameri Head 
 the mangrove does not occur farther north than the south Jereus 
 Florida. 
 
 COMBEETACE.E. 
 
 CoNOGARrus EiiECTUS, L. Hab. Tropics of both hemisphen3PU>>Ti^ 
 Called "Button-wood" in Jamaica. In mangrove swamps. Ame 
 
 C. 1UCEMOSU8. 0. TUN/ 
 
 Termixalia C'atappa, L. Hab. Tropics of Asia and Afri flt)wt 
 
 J. Gil AN 
 
 Indit 
 
 " Indian Almond-tree" of the West Indies. 
 
 LAURACE.E. 
 
 Persea gratissima, G. " Avocada Pear" " Alligator Pear.* 
 Laurl-s norilis. " Bay-tree." 
 Oreodapiine ? 
 
 CUCURBITACE^. , 
 
 Bryonia ? 
 
 0, coco 
 and ( 
 
 PlERESC 
 
 Gool 
 
 CucuMis SATivus, D. O. "Cucumber." 
 
 Hab. East Indies. 
 C. ciTRULLus, D. O. " Water Melon." Hab. Africa. 
 
 Bryopk 
 
 of b( 
 
 Echevi 
 
 Varieties cultivatt'E. met 
 
 BiQES ( 
 R. RUB 
 
MUDAS. 
 
 
 • 
 
 JONES ON THE VEGETATION OF THE HEUMUDAS. 
 
 257 
 
 !. IJOSCHATA, D. C. *' Musk Melon." Hub. W. Imlict^. 
 /AOENAHiA ? "Gourd." Ilab. Asia. Varieties cultivated. 
 
 Common PAPAYACEJO. 
 
 Jarica PAPAYA, L. " Papaw." Hal). All tropical countries. 
 The fruit is used as a vegetable, and the leaves arc said to pos- 
 sess the peculiar property of rendering tender in a few hours the 
 
 toughest meat wrapped up in them. 
 
 PASSIFLOKACE.E. 
 
 ) of the Ben, 
 the fuchsia, 
 ered situatl- 
 
 Madeira wli! 'acsgnia ? 
 
 eastward, 'absifi.oua CyEiii.LEA, D. C. Hab. S. America. 
 .'. LAiRiioLiA, J). C Hab. West Indies. 
 .■*. Qi:i)UANGur,ARis, L. " Grenadilla Vine." Hab. W. Indies 
 
 and tropical America. 
 " ^Iangro\ 
 Perhaps • CACTACEyE. ' 
 
 i is at Hung, vIelocactus communis, D. O. (Cactus Mclocactus, L.) " Turk's 
 of\. Ameri Head." Hab, West Indies. 
 
 I the soutli Jereustkiangulaius, 7/rt«j. Hab. W. Indies and central America. 
 S'. GUANDiFLoRus, //«?^'. " Niglit-bloomiug Cereus." Hab. W. 
 Indies. 
 hemisphoiOPUNTiA tomentosa, D. C. " Tall Prickly Pear." Hab. South 
 e swamj)s. America. 
 
 0. TUNA, JMill. '' Small Prickly Pear." Ilab. West Indies, 
 1 and Afri flowers ^lay. Very common. 
 
 D. cocciNELLiFEiiA, 3Iill. " Cochiiical-plant." Hab. W. Indies 
 
 and central America. 
 PiERESciA aculeata, 31111. (Cactus Percskia, L.) "Barbados 
 ator Pear." Gooseberry." 
 
 CKASSULACE^. 
 
 Beyophyllum CALYCiNUM, /6'a/is6. " Life Plant." Hab. Tropics 
 ; . of both hemispheres. 
 
 ECHEVERIA SANGLINEA. , , , , 
 
 es cultivate E. METALLICA. 
 
 f t 
 
 «. Bl^ES GRossuLARiA, i^oem et /Sc/i. "Gooseberry." 
 
 ica. .. B. EUBRUM, i>. C. " Red Currant." 
 
258 
 
 JONES — ON THE VEGETATION OF THE BERMUDAS. 
 
 Kalanchoe 
 
 ? 
 
 Sbdum acre, D. V. Hub. Britain. 
 Sempervivum ? 
 
 SAIFKAGACE^. 
 Hydhangea hortensis, D. C. Hab. China. 
 
 ARALIACE^. 
 
 Aralia 
 
 ? 
 
 >. FOl 
 3. NI'I 
 aONDE 
 
 Reach 
 H. 
 
 Oepha 
 S. 
 nin 
 
 Hedera helix, L. " English Ivy." 
 
 UMBELLIFERjE. 
 
 Daucus 
 
 past 
 dest 
 
 oil;- 
 
 Pastinaca SATivA, D. C. '♦ Parsnip." Ilab. S. P]uropc. GrovQ^joj-i, 
 well. ^ nea 
 
 Thaspium ? " Alexander." This plant is useful in liv'IxoKA 
 
 complainta, the root being made either into poultices to alkj^ pj^^ 
 inflammation, or infused and the liquid drank. The seeds ar[^ ^jju 
 boiled and the decoction used as a draught to cleanse the livej. acu 
 Horses are fond of the plant in its green state. Cofff, 
 
 Apium graveolens, L. " Celery." Hab. Britain. Grows wel Eas 
 
 Helosciadium leptophyllum, Z). C. (Sison Ammi, Jacq,- diff< 
 Pimpinella laterifolia, Z«.) Hab. S.Europe. yati 
 
 Petroselinum sativlm, D, C. "Parsley." Hab. SardinkjJoRRE 
 Grows in perfection in winter and spring, but dies off in tl VALA^ 
 hot summer months. Vangi 
 
 Capri FOLIUM 
 
 LONICERA — 
 
 CAPRIFOLIACE.E. 
 
 ? "Honeysuckle." 
 "Fly Honeysuckle." 
 
 EUPAI 
 
 grc 
 
 ASTEI 
 
 Sambucus nigra, L. "Elder." Hab. Britain. 
 
 Viburnum Tinus, D. 0. " Laurestine." Hab. S. Europe ^I 
 
 171 • T Ebigi 
 
 flowers in January. , 
 
 RUBIACE^. 
 
 / Solid 
 
 Bacci 
 
 Randia latifolia. Lam. '? "Box." Hab. West Indies. Grov Ambr 
 
 in abundance on the ridge above the Paget Sand Hills. 
 
 
lUDAS. 
 
 4 
 
 JONES — ON TUB VEGETATION OF THE UERMUDAP. 
 
 259 
 
 3aki)KNIA FLORIDA, D. C. " Capc Jasminc." Hub. China. 
 
 3^. rUHTlNII. 
 3-. NITIl^A. 
 
 ElOKDELETiA ODOUATA, Jacq. Ilnb. Cuba. 
 
 Rhachicallis HurESTKis, Z>. C. (Ilcdyotis amerlrana, Jacr/. — 
 
 H. rupcstris, Sw. — Buchncra, /Sw.) Ilab. W. Imliee. 
 Cepiialanthus occidentalis, D. 0. "Button wood." Hab. 
 S. States. In marshes. The bark and leaves arc used for tan- 
 ning. Among tlie old acta of the .Bermiidiaii rarliument is one 
 passed in the year 1704 for the protection of the Button-wood 
 ivhich nuist then have been highly prized. Tiie penalty for 
 destroying button wood was fixed at twenty shillings for eacli 
 offence, " or the value thereof in good tobacco of the islands." 
 ^^'^^'Chiococca hace^iosa, Jacq, " Blolly Snowbcrry." Kuad side, 
 near Tucker's Town, 
 useful in livixoRA javanica. 
 
 jltices to alhj, tlammea, D. C. (I. stricta Uoxh.—l. speciosa, WUld. ) 
 The seeds iq, amijoyknsis. 
 [inse the livcj^ acuminata, D. CJ. The Ixoras are natives of tropical Asia. 
 
 COFFF.A AKAinCA, L. (C. guiancnsis, Sieb.) "Coffee." Ilab. 
 ijrows wel Eastern tropical Africa. Grows wild about Walsinghani and 
 mmi, Jacq,- different parts of the Islands. No attention is paid to its culti- 
 vation . 
 
 ab. Sardini:BoRREiJA ? 
 
 dies off in tl Valantia muralts, D, 0. Ilab. S. Europe. 
 Vangueria edulis, D. C. Hab. East Indies. 
 
 uropc. 
 
 - COMPOSITiE. 
 
 Eupatoriu3i roF,NicuLACEUM, WUld. "Dog fennel." Waste 
 
 ground which has been cultivated. A common weed. 
 
 Aster TKirvOLiUM. Hab. Britain. Koad sides, common. Fl. 
 
 S. Europt Ar"l- 
 
 Erigeron rHiLADELPiiicuM, L. (E. purpureum. Ait.) Flea- 
 bane." Hab. N. America. 
 
 Solid ago ? Low ground. 
 
 Bacghaeis ? n. sp. Pembroke Marshes. 
 
 ndies. Grow Ambrosia heterophylla, D. C. Hab. N. America. , 
 
 lills. @. 
 
260 
 
 JONES — ON THE \T:GETATI0N OF THE BERMUDAS. 
 
 Zinnia ELEGANS, D. C. Hab. Mexico. / i; i - 
 Pyrethrum PARTHENiFOLiuM, D. G. Hab. Caucasus. 
 Gazania si'lendens. Hab. C. G. H. 
 
 Helianthus ? 1 .\ ■'^^' ■- !":"'■; /: 
 
 BiDENS ? .i: ."» .^^ .^- \. ::\ -l : M 
 
 Artemisia ? ' "'• — '"^ 
 
 A.RTC 
 
 El 
 A. \i 
 
 Mam 
 
 Senecio vulgaris, X. " Grounclsel." Hub. Europe. - Ptt-e 
 
 Centaurea gynocarpa.. t ' ' p. 
 
 CicnoRiUM iNTYBus, D. O. " Succoiy." Hab. Europe. • I 
 
 common weed, much relished by pigs. Fl. May, B(Eh4 
 
 Taraxicum dens Leonis, Desf, Hab. Europe. '* Clock." 
 
 Lactuca sativa, L. " Lettuce," Varieties cultivated. TTrtic 
 
 SONCHUS ? . ^ 
 
 SYNANTHERE^:. 
 
 Borriciiia AnBOiiESCENS, D. 0. (B. frutescens jamaicense, IMacl 
 — B. argentea, D. C.) Hab. West Indies. Among rock 
 south shore. 
 
 LOBELIACE.E. CbIti 
 
 Lobelia ? of 
 
 GOODEXOVIEiE. 
 
 SciEVOLA TLUMiERi, L. (LobcHa L. — Scfevola Lobelia, aS'w'.-Plat^ 
 S. Thunbergii, Echl. — S. sencgalcnsia, Prl.) Hab. Tropics 
 both hemispheres. 
 
 ERICACE^. QtjER( 
 
 -Azalea ? Varieties cultivated. 
 
 . ILICIN.E. Anag 
 
 Ilex AQLiFOLiUM, L. "Holly." Hab. Britain. wi 
 
 T. VOMITOKIA, D. C. Hab. Florida. an 
 
 miTICACEiE. /gh 
 
 Ficus ELASTICA, Uumb. Qt Bonp. " India-rubber Tree." Ha! Peim 
 East Indies. A fine example grows in front of the late ]\lr 
 Perot's residence in Hamilton. Also at Mount Langton, whcr 
 the remarkable extent of the lateral roots is observable on tli ABDi 
 hill-side above the garden. "'^ 
 
 a;, h 
 
 • I 
 
RMUDAS. 
 
 JONES — ON THE VEGETATION OF THE BERMUDAS. 
 
 261 
 
 casus. '.. 
 
 I" 
 
 i t t; • 
 rope. 
 
 b. Europe. 
 
 Y- 
 
 " Clock." 
 vated. 
 
 A.RTOCAKPL-S INCISA, Willd. '< Bread Fruit." Ilab. Pacific and 
 East Indian Islands. 
 
 A. iNTEOKiFOLiA, Willd. " Jack Fruit." Hab. Pacific and 
 ilEast Indian Islands. 
 
 Maiius ALU4, Willd. '* Mulberry." Hab. China. 
 
 M. NIGRA, Willd. Hab. Italy. 
 
 Pile A MiCRornYLLA, Liehm. (Parietaria L. — Urtica, 8to. — 
 Pilea mueicosa, Lindl.) Hab. West Indies and Central Ame- 
 rica. 
 
 BffiiiMERiA CYLiNDRicA, Willd. (Urtica L. — U. reticulata, tiiv. 
 — Bochmcria litoralis, 8to. — B. lateriflora, Muhl.) 
 
 Urtica dioica, L, '* Stinging Nettle." Hab. Europe. - ■ 
 
 ; ARTOCAllPEiE. 
 
 jamaicense, IMaclura aurantiaca, JSfutt, Hab. N. America. 
 
 Among rock , , ., ! 
 
 ULMACE^.. ' ' ■•'• 
 
 Celtis 0CCIDENTALI8, iy. " Nettle-trcc." Hab. Southern States 
 of America. 
 
 PLATANACE^. 
 
 obclia, /Sio.-pi^TANus occidentalis, L. Hab. Southern States of America. . 
 ab. Tropics 
 
 ' • CUPULIFER^. , i//v.;ii. '-■!,< 
 
 QuERCTjs NIGRA, L. Hab. N. America. •■'■ '' '■ '' v'"' '- 
 
 " ' " PBIMULACE^. 
 
 Anagallis arvensis, X. "Pimpernel." Hab. Europe^. This 
 widely distributed species is a very common weed in, gardens, 
 and other places which have been cultivated. Large masses of 
 this plant may be seen in flower beneath the cliflfs on. the eonth 
 'Shore of Smith's parish, k Feb., Mar., and ApriL 
 Tree." Hal Peimula sinensis, Lindl. " Chinese xVimrose.'' ''i '^•ibnl 
 the late ]\lr . , .. ... ,; koji t \ya I 
 
 ngton, wher i" ^ ' ■ ''^ .-'.n 'MYRSINACE^. ^ "■ •,■..,-," 
 irvable on tli ioAtoisiA acumutathi, Willd* (Icacorea guianensis, AtobU-r—Ax' 
 . .(lidieia fiemioreoate, MaH.) 
 vAk HUMiLiB, F«»<. (A. aolonaoea, i?o«6.) Hab. East Indies. 
 
262 JONES — ON THE VEGETATION OF THE BERMUDAS. 
 
 SAPOTACEiE. 
 
 Chrysophyllum cainito, Z. " Star Apple." Hab. West I 
 
 dies and Tropical America. 
 Sapota achras, Mill. (Achras sapota, X.) *' Sappodilli 
 
 Hab. Tropics of both hemispheres. Grows well in the Bern 
 
 das, and the fruit attains a large size, sometimes 13 ozs. 
 
 weight. 
 LucuMA mammosa, G. (Achras, L.') " Mam race Apple. He 
 
 W. Indies and Tropical America. 
 
 (•* ^ EBENACE^. 
 
 DiosPYROS Mabola, Don. Hab. Phillipines. 
 
 D. VIRGINIAN a, Willd. Hab. Southern States of America. 
 
 OLEACE^. 
 
 Olea europ^a, G. Don., var. longifolia. " Olive." Hab. 
 Europe. Common in different parts of the islands. A " ^v: 
 olive" is mentioned by the early settlers as being abundant abc 
 the islands. . 
 
 LiGUSTRUM vuLGARE, L. vav. sempervircns. Hab. Italy. 
 
 JASMINACEjE. 
 Jasminum OFFICINALE, L. Hab. East Indies. Very comm 
 
 among the rocks and mouths of caves at Walsingham. 
 J. FRUTiCANS, G. Don. Hab. S. Europe. 
 J. GRACiLE, Andr. (J. volubile, JacqS) Hab. Pacific Islanii 
 J. SAME AC, G.Don. Hab. East Indies. • 
 
 ■' . '; ','. APOCYNACEiE. ^ 
 
 Thevetia NEBiiFoLiA, e/tt««. (Ccrbera Thcvctia, X.) " Yelloi 
 trumpet flower." " French Willow " of Barbados. Hab. We 
 Indies and tropical America, i »< .-','•■/',.■ -n - 
 
 ViNCA ROSEA, L. ? Hab. Tropics of both hemispheres. 
 
 Plumieria RUBRA, L, *^ Red Jasmine." Hab. Central Americ 
 
 Nebium OLEANDER, X. ** Oleandeui^" Hab. S. Europe. Ve 
 common all over the islands. Them is an old lady now livinj 
 90 years of age, who well recollects when a school girl eighi 
 
 kJ 
 
 »^- 
 
JRMUDAS. 
 
 Hab. "West ] 
 
 " Sappodilli 
 n in the Bern 
 times 13ozs. 
 
 Je Apple. E 
 
 ■4 
 
 '■fi 
 
 JONES ON THE VEGETATION OF THE BERMUDAS. 
 
 263 
 
 America. 
 
 'live." Hab. 
 ids. A 'Mv: 
 abundant abo 
 
 b. Italy. 
 
 Very comm 
 ham. 
 
 years ago, going to see as a curiosity the only oleander tree then 
 known in the Bermudas. It grew on the estate of Mr. Bm'ch, 
 near the parish church of Warwick. There is a curious idea 
 prevalent among the islanders, that water left standing beneath 
 an oleander tree is poisonous to poultry drinking it, and 
 also that crab grass which generally grows luxuriantly under its 
 shade, is poisonous to cattle, an effect certainly not applicable 
 in all cases, as we have allowed a horse to graze at will beneath 
 these trees without any bad results. The oleander is now ex- 
 tensively used for hedging about cultivated ground to keep off 
 the violence of the winter gales from the crops, and as it grows 
 from cutting* very quickly to a good height, and from the flex- 
 ible nature of its branches is never broken by the winu, it 
 proves an excellent screen. About the middle of March it puts 
 forth its lovely blossoms in vast profusion, and fields and road- 
 sides present a glorious floral scene. The oleander has one 
 great drawback, however, in the great kngth to which its roots 
 extend, encroaching sadly upon the land it shelters. This we 
 tliink might be prevented by trenching at about three feet from 
 the stem. The flexible branches are used extensively for hoop- 
 ing up barrels in which potatoes are expoited. There are three 
 varieties ; the common or single rose coloured, the double rose, 
 and the white. 
 Stephanotis. floribunda, Bot. Reg. Hab. S. America. 
 
 Pacific Islanc 
 
 >.) "Yelloi 
 I. Hab. We 
 
 sres. 
 
 itral Americ 
 urope. Ve 
 ly now liviDj 
 >1 girl eighi 
 
 ASCLEPIADACEiE. 
 
 AscLEPiAS cuRASSAViCA, L. " SHkweed." " Ipecacuanha. "" 
 Hab. Originally a S. American fm'm, this plant has become a 
 weed in all tropical countries. It is very common throughout 
 the Bermudas, its leaves forming the only food of the caterpillar 
 of Danais archippus. It is in blossom nearly every month of 
 the year. 
 HoYA CARNOSA, G. Doti, Hab. Asia. . n. .. ,- 
 
 Orbea maculosa, G, Don, Hab. C. G. H. . j:i ' 
 
 ^. - ., .- 
 GENTIANACE^. 
 
 Ertthr^a ramosissima, Pers. "Rice Plant."' Hab. Europe. 
 
2G4 
 
 JONES — ON THE VEGETATION OF THE BERMUDAS. 
 
 A very common weed. The plant is sometimes used to mal Xhymus 
 bitters, and tea made from it is said to afford relief in cases Rosmar 
 
 colic. ' ■ . .:•;•. AKETIU 
 
 . :: CONVOLVULACE.E. . ;: , g^rly 
 
 Ipom^-a batatas, Lamx. (Convolvulus L. — Batatas cduli 
 
 Chois.) " Sweet Potato." Varieties cultivated. Ilab. Anit 
 
 rica. .• 1 ; 1 ' ; .1 t . i ^ : > . Nemoi-t 
 
 I. NIL, Kth. (I. hederacea, Jacq. — Convolvulus Nil, L, — Pliar N. mac 
 
 bitis Nil, Ghois.) Hab. Tropical America. 
 I. C^TiAMOCLiT, L. (Quamoclit vulgaris, Ghois.) Ilab. Tropic Phlox 
 
 of both liemisphores. .::-.';' 
 I. corciNEA, L. (Quamoclit coccinea, Moench.) Hab. \\ 
 
 Indiea and South America. • . . Solani' 
 
 I. LEKII. , ,1 i! i ,' 1 ; •■' ..: . ■..,•.■• g^ TOR\ 
 
 ' : ! : . BORKAGINACE^. - hcmi 
 
 CoKi)L\ Sebestena, Jacq. (C. speciosa, WlUd.) " Scarle S. ovk 
 
 Cordia." llab. West Indies and tropical America. S. tui^i 
 
 Toui{Nefohtia lauhifolia, Vent. (T. syringifolia, V. — T. Sag Capsicu 
 
 roiana, />. G. — T. surinamensis, D. G.) Physal 
 
 IlELiOTUonuM PERUViANUM, G. Doti. ma, 
 
 H. cri;ASSAVicuM, L. Ilab. Western America. P. rER^ 
 
 BoKAOO OFFICINALIS, G. Don. Iliib 
 
 is ki 
 
 ■' '■ '1^ LABIAT.E. ■'■'"'■■■ Datupj 
 
 OciMi'M Basilicum, L. "Basil." Ilab. Tropical Asia ami and 
 
 Africa. Tiiis plant according to old records was grown from cult) 
 
 seed by the early settlers in 1(515. vine 
 
 Mentha auvensis, L. ** Field Mint." Hab. Euroi)€. ■ ' T>- ^^i" 
 
 M. KOTUNDIFOLIA, /Sw. 
 
 M. vmiDis, Willd. ■' iii ' "•' ; - us:.. I -;i .'! 1 .t,.!: •; 
 
 Salvia splendens, (t. Don. li -i ;i .-^ ■.•Jm'' 
 
 S. COCCINEA, L. "Nip." 
 
 S. OFIICIXALIS, L. ' • n . x-»A ..'' 
 
 Nepeta ? "Catnip." -a1 .^.-U .^h ..■ 
 
 
 Scutellaria ? 
 
 Lavandula Spica, L. "Lavender." ^^^ 
 
 CoLEus . < ? Varieties cultivated, /i^]-".! -«'/.• ; L.iin /; 
 
 D. SUA 
 
 Dat 
 Ind 
 
 D. FAS 
 
 Nicot] 
 
 OUS 
 
 tob 
 Ijut 
 the 
 
 :$; 
 
DAS. 
 
 JONES — ON THE VEGETATION OF THE BERMUDAS. 
 
 265 
 
 ' I 
 
 36(1 to mat Xjjymlts \x-lgari3, L. <« Thyme." ■■' 
 
 ■ in cases jtosMARiN us officinalis, G. Don. "Rosemary." • ' 
 
 AifETiiUM FCENicuLUM, L. "Fennel." Grown from seed by the 
 ■' ' ■ . early settlers in IG 15.. .••;!; : !i ' . '. 
 
 tatas eduli- • . . ■ „ ,. 
 
 Ilab.Am, inrDROPIIYLLACE^. ^ 
 
 Nemophila insignis, G. Don. 
 
 , L. — Phar N. maculata. 
 
 POLEMONIACE^. 
 
 [ab. Tropic Phlox Dhummondii, G. Don. Ilab. Texas. 
 
 Hab. AV SOLANACE.E. 
 
 Solanum nigrum, L. Hab. Europe. 
 
 S. torvu:m, Sw. (S. ferruglneum, Jacq.) Hab. Tropics of both 
 
 licmis[)hcrcs. 
 " Scarle S. ovigekum, i. "Egg Plant." Ilab. Arabia. 
 
 S. TUBEKOSUiM, L. " Irish Potato." Varieties cultivated. 
 
 K — T. Saa' Capsicum ? Varieties cultivated. 
 
 Physalis lanceolata, Mlchx. (P. Elliotii, liunz. — P. mariti- 
 
 nia, Cicrtis.) Hab. S. States of America. 
 P. rEKuviANA, L. (P. pubcscens, li. Br. — P. edulis, Sum^.) 
 
 Hab. Warmer countries of the globe. The berry of this species 
 
 is known as the " Cow-cherry." 
 Datura Stkamoniuisi, L. " Stinking- weed." Hab. Temperate 
 1 Asia ami and tropical countries. Common in waste ground that has Ijcen 
 ^rown from cultivated. In yellow fever cases the leaves, first sprinkled with 
 
 vinegar, are used to apply to the wrists to cool the patient. 
 D. Metel, L. Hab. Warmer regions of Africa and America. 
 D. SUAVEOLENS, Tluiuh. ct Boiipl. (Brugmansia, G. Don. — 
 
 Datura arborea, Ilort. — D. Gardneri, Hook.) Hab. West 
 
 Indies and tropical America. 
 D. FASTuosA, L. Hab. Tropical regions of both hemispheres. 
 NicOTiANA TABACUM, L. " Tobacco." Hab. America. Previ- 
 ous to the more extensive settlement of the Colony of Mrginia, 
 
 tobacco was cultivated to a considerable extent in the Bermudas ; 
 
 but when the former colony began its career of tobacco culture, 
 i..iin f:; iH the extent of country and fertility of soil enabled the Virginians 
 
 )€. 1 
 
 .1 . ' it 
 
266 
 
 JONES — ON THE VEGETATION OF THE BERMUDAS. 
 
 to eclipse the Berraudians in this profitable trade, which gradu- 
 ally declined in the islands, and has never been attempted since. 
 In the year 1070 one ship received as part of her cargo for 
 England, 250,000 lbs. It is stated, with what truth we know 
 not, that tobacco plants arc sure to spring up where old stone 
 walls are taken down. 
 Petunia ? Varieties cultivated. 
 
 SCROPHULAllIACE.E. 
 
 BuDDLEJA Americana, L. (B. occidentalis, R, P.) " Snuff- 
 plant. Ilab. Western part of America, California to Peru. 
 The odor of this shrub is very powerful and unpleasant, and it 
 should never be allowed to grow in any quantity by the public 
 roadside, as it is in Paget parish near the " Head of the Lane." 
 Fl. Jan. 
 
 B. madagascariensis, G. Don. 
 
 Verijascum tharsus, L. " Dock-leaves." Ilab. Europe. The 
 common mullein adds not a little to the scenic effect of the flora 
 of the Bermudas ; for where such a paucity of wild flowers ex- 
 ists, its noble spike of yellow bloom rising full five feet high in 
 good ground, presents a peculiarly pleasing effect, and recalls 
 home scenes in days gone by, while rambling amid the sunny 
 glades of old England. The woolly leaves are used by cotta- 
 gers for cleaning plates and dishes. 
 
 LiNARiA VULGARIS, Mill. Hab. Europc. Very common in gar- 
 dens and waste land which has been cultivated. It is much 
 smaller than the northern form. 
 
 Antirrhinum 9 Varieties cultivated. 
 
 Veronica salicifolia. 
 
 Capraria riflora, L. Hab. Tropical Africa and America. 
 
 Rf<:^''^' -.. -TUNCEA, 7^0^ 7?e_j7. '^ Heath." Hab. Mexico. 
 
 MaI'', A';'>i bARCLAYANA, G. DoH. 
 
 jSI, ^!:.vT*t irT.jRENS, G. Don. 
 M. ^■ 
 
 Lirl 
 
JON'ES — ON THE VEGETATION OF THE BEEMUDAS. 
 
 267 
 
 
 ich 
 
 BIGXOXIACE.E. 
 
 Crescentia cujete, L. " Calabash." Common in low groundt*. 
 
 The shells arc made into cups and dippers. 
 C. cucuRBiTiNA, L. Not common. 
 
 Cat ALFA ? 
 
 Tecoma pentaphylla, D. C. (Bignonia, West.) ♦• White 
 
 Cedar." Hab. West Indies and Central America. 
 T. capensis, G. Don. Hab. C. G. H. 
 
 T. RADICANS, «/«6f5. (Bignonia radicans, X. ) Hab. N.America. 
 T. STAXS, Jiiss. (Bignonia, L. — Tecoma eambucifolin , Kth,) — 
 
 Hab. West Indies and Central America. The Teoomas are 
 
 known as " Trumpet-flowers." 
 Bignonia Ciierere, G.Don. (B. lieterophylla, B7/W.) Hab. 
 
 S. America. 
 B. VENUSTA, G. Don. Hab. S. America. 
 
 B. OBLIQUA. 
 
 ACANTHACE.E. 
 
 Thunbergia alata, Bot. Mag Hab. Eastern Africa, 
 
 T. ? 
 
 JusTiciA alba, Roxh. ? 
 
 J. — ? 
 J. — ? 
 
 GESNERIACE^E. 
 
 AcniMENES ? 
 
 VERBENACE^E. 
 
 — ? Varieties cultivated. 
 
 Verbena — 
 
 Aloysia citrodora, Pers. (^Verbena triphylla, Bot. Mag. — 
 Lippia citrodora, Kth.) 
 
 Stachytarpha jamaicensis, V. " Vervain ; " supposed from the 
 Celtic <'Ferfaen." One of the more common weeds. In rich 
 ground it grows quite shrubby two or three feet high. It is 
 useful in cases of yellow fever, the plant being boiled for tea, 
 which given to the patient promotes perspiration. In flower all 
 winter. 
 
 Lippia heptans, Kth. 
 
268 
 
 JONES— ON THE VEGETATION OF THE BERMUDAS. 
 
 Lantana odorata, L. (L. recta, Ait. — L. peduncularis, Anders.) 
 Hab. West Indies and Central America. This shrub also 
 grows on the Galapagos Islands. It forms the principal under- 
 wood of the Bermudas, clothing every spot of waste ground, for 
 wherever the land remains uncultivated, or more particularly 
 where the cedar groves are not properly cleared, this shrub is 
 sure to spring up and increase rapidly. It has no beauty to 
 recommend it, and its brittle stems are of little use save for fuel 
 and placing as supports for the tomato vines to run over ; a pro- 
 cess very commonly resorted to by the farmers of the present 
 day ; but one only conmicndable for the service it renders towards 
 annihilating this worthless form. The leaves are said to be a 
 febrifuge in yellow fever cases ; tea made from them, when 
 taken hot, promoting perspiration in a high degree. 
 
 L. Camara, X.? (L. aculeata, Z.) "English Sage." "Red 
 Sage-bush." Hab. North and South America ; Southern States 
 to Buenos Ay res. This species which a few years ago was 
 confined to a few localities, is now fast spreading over the 
 Islands. It grows much more luxuriantly in shady places, 
 particularly in cedar groves occujiying rich ground. In such 
 places it will run up among the branches of the cedars to the 
 height of 20 or 30 feet. On the eastern and western sides of 
 Prospect Hill it forms dense thickets. 
 
 ClTHAIlEXQYLUM QUADRANGULARE, Jctcq. (C. Caudatum, S\G. — 
 
 Q. coriaceum, Desf.) " Fiddle-wood." Hab. West Indies and 
 Central America. It would be well for the scenery of the Ber- 
 mudas if this tree was more generally grown, for when mingled 
 with the all-prevailing cedar it helps to render the landscape less 
 monotonous. But slight difference exists between this form and 
 C. ci7iereiim, L. 
 
 DuRANTA Plumieri, Jcicq. (D. Ellisia, Jacq. — Ellisia acuta, L.) 
 Hab. West Indies and tropical America. 
 
 PETRiEA ARBOREA, Ifth. Hab. W. Indies and tropical America. 
 
 Clerodendron cafitatum. 
 
 AviCENNiA NiTiDA, Jacq. " Black Mangrove." Hab. Tropical 
 Africa and America. 
 
 
 P. 
 
 P. 
 

 JONES — ON THE VEGETATION OF THE BERMUDAS. 
 
 269 
 
 irs.) 
 also 
 ider- 
 , for 
 larly 
 lib is 
 ty to 
 fuel 
 
 
 PLANTAGINACE.E. 
 
 Plantago 3IAJ0R, L. "English Plantain." Hab. Europe. 
 
 Common about the sides of the marshes. 
 P. lanceolata, L. " Kibvvort." Ilab. Europe. A common 
 
 weed in high ground. Horses are very fond of it. 
 P. liuGELii, Dec. ? Hab. Southern States of America. Raro " 
 
 high and rocky ground. , 
 
 PLUMBAGINACE.E. 
 Plumbago capensis, Beam et Schult. Hab. C. G. H. 
 
 CHENOPODIACEiE. 
 
 CiiExoroDiuM AxTiiELMiNTicuM, L. Hab. United States to S. 
 
 America. ., 
 
 Salicoknia ambigua, Michx. Hab. North America. 
 Basella coiiDiFOLiA, Ro&m et ScJmlt. Hab^ East Indies.. 
 
 Amarantus 
 
 AMARANTACEiE. 
 
 — ? Varieties cultivated. 
 
 Alternanthera ? Varieties cultivated. 
 
 Iresine Herbesti. 
 
 NYCTAGINACEiE. 
 
 Mirabilis longiflora, RcEm et Schult. Hab. Mexico. 
 OxYPAPiius ? " Four o'clock." Hab. N.America. Com- 
 mon about old ruined houses. 
 
 POLYGONACE^. 
 
 RuMEX ? The root of the " dock" is used medicinally, being 
 
 found of service in cholera complaints. 
 
 Rheum rhaponticum, L. " Rhubarb." Hab. Asia. General 
 Lefroy introduced this useful plant last year (1872) in the 
 garden at Mount Langton, and a bunch was exhibited at the 
 Industrial Exhibition at St. George's, last May (1873.) 
 
 Polygonum platyphillum. , /,, 
 
 CoccoLOBA uvifera, t/acg-. "Sea-side Grape." Hab. Florida 
 to Guiana. Common in sandy places near the shore. 
 
270 
 
 JONES — ON THE VEGETATION OF THE BERMUDAS. 
 
 PiPEROMIA 
 
 PIPERACE^. 
 
 EUPIIORBIACEiE. 
 
 Euphorbia buxifolia, Lum. <' Tittimelly." Hab. Tropical 
 America. 
 
 E. CANDELABRA. 
 
 E. HETEROPHYLLA, Z. I lib. North and South America. 
 
 E. MACULATA, L. (E. I>urm:mniana, Gay. — E. thymifolia, 
 Pursh. — E. depressa, Torr.) Hab. North and South America. 
 
 E. SPLENDENS, lIooTc. Hab. Atadagascar. 
 
 Jatropha MULTIFIDA, i. " Coral-trcc." '< Physic Nut." Hab. 
 West Indies and tropical America. 
 
 Janipiia Manihot, Kth. ( Jatropha, L. — Manihot Aspi et 
 utilissima, Pohl.) " Cassava." Hab. West Indies and tropi- 
 cal America. The climate and soil of the Bermudas are very 
 favourable to the growth of the Cassava, roots of one year's 
 growth having been taken up six feet long and three inches in 
 diameter, and weighing 22 lbs. It is prepared much like arrow- 
 root, and is perhaps superior to that article as food for invalids, 
 when the preparatory process has been conducted with care. 
 The manufacture is tedious, and probably for this reason but a 
 small quantity is made, barely sufficient for the requirements of 
 the inhabitants. 
 
 Aleurttes triloba, Forst. Hab. East Indies. 
 
 RiciNus communis, L. " Castor-oil tree." Hab. East Indies. 
 
 Croton discolor. 
 
 C. varieqata. Hab. East Indies. 
 
 HuRA crepitans, X. " Sandbox tree." Hab. West Indies and 
 tropical America. A fine specimen grows in old Government 
 House garden, St. George's. 
 
 Pedilanthus tithtmaloides, Poit. (P. carinatus, 8pr. — 
 Euphorbia carinata, Bot. Mag.') ,1 
 
 Stillingia sebifera, Michx. Hab. China. 
 
 Poinsettia pulcherrxma, Bot. Mag. " Fire Plant." 
 
I 
 
 JONES — ON THE VEGETATION OF THE HEUMUDAS. 271 
 
 BEGONIACEiE. 
 
 Begonia fuchsioides. 
 
 B. HyDR0C0TYL^.F0LiA, Ilooh. Ilab. J5rn;dl. 
 
 B. rex. 
 
 JUGLANDACE.IO. 
 
 Juglans nigra, L. " Black Walnut." Ilab. N. America. 
 
 SALTCACEiE. ' 
 
 Salix uabylonica, L. var. Napolcana. Ilab. Levant. 
 
 8. ? 
 
 PoPULLS alba, L. Ilab. Europe. 
 
 CONIFEIi^E. 
 
 .Juniperds BARHADENSI3, L. ( J. bemiudiana, Lim.) Ilab. West 
 Indies. [Combined by Endlicher with J. virginiana, L., 
 which is quite distinct by having a short gland and no linear 
 furrow on the back of the leaves, and by the galbuli ovate- 
 obtusate. Note, Grisebach, W. I. Flora, p. 503.] The Ber- 
 mudian cedar has generally been considered as identical with, or 
 merely a variety of, the Virginian cedar, which form in its 
 several varieties is found throughout the eastern portion of the 
 North American continent. Grisebach's identification therefore 
 bears out our theory that these islands owe more to the current 
 of the Gulf Stream and the prevailing southerly winds for their 
 vegetation than other causes. A few drift seeds of this cedar 
 germinating, and the plants attaining maturity at any point of 
 the shore, judging from the extraordinary abundance of young 
 plants springing up annually on every spot of ground left uncul- 
 tivated, would soon over-run the group ; a circumstance only 
 too notorious at the present day. The attachment of the Ber- 
 mudians to this their only forest tree is great, so much so that 
 a large extent of the richest land upon the islands has from time 
 immemorial been devoted to the growth of ceaar alone. The 
 more extended and profitable cultivation of vegetables for the 
 New York markets, a trade which is increasing rapidly every 
 year, will, however, soon tend to lessen the number of cedars, 
 
272 
 
 JONES — ON THE VEGETATION OF THE HEUMUDAS. 
 
 an event not altogether lamentable where their preponderance, 
 in the abacnce of other formn, creates a saniencsa j)ainfiil to tlic 
 eye. In former years when ship l)niUling was carried on with 
 some spirit, the vessels were built entirely of cedar, which, from 
 its extreme durability, was well suited for the purpose, the only 
 drawback being its l)rittlc character. The wood is much used 
 also for housebuilding purposes, doors, windows, beams, rafters, 
 &c. being made of cedar, and it is no uncommon occurrence to 
 see window sashes fifty or more years old looking (piite new in 
 a[»pearance. The cedar also makes excellent fencing ; a post 
 am^ ^ail fence when well made at first, lasting some forty years, 
 and curious enough the poles, although worn by the elements to 
 skeletons in th.i. loi '^ course of time, yet perfectly sound at 
 heart. There are several very aged trees now standing in differ- 
 ent parts of the islands ; that in the old churchyard of Devon- 
 shire Parish being perhaps older than any other. Cedars of 
 very large size must have existed in years gone by on the site of 
 the present marshes, for wherever drains or deep cuttings are 
 made through them, huge trunks arc revealed. The circum- 
 stance of cedars not being found growing in these marshes at the 
 present day is worthy of consideration, for it tends to substan- 
 tiate the generally received opinion regarding the subsidence 
 which is known to have taken place since the formation of 
 the group.* When the marsh land was higher than at present, 
 a moderately dry soil existed, and upon this grew a vigorous 
 growth of cedars, but when the land subsided and the ocean 
 level became higher than the marsh land, salt water found its 
 way through the caverns or underground channels, and over- 
 flowing the ground, caused it to turn into a morass entirely 
 unsuited to the cedar, which, gradually decaying pt its base, fell 
 at length to the fury of some passing gale. The size of the 
 cedar varies much, according to situation, as it is only in the 
 valleys, where the richest soil exists, that the cedar attains its 
 full dimensions ; on the hill sides and coast line where they are 
 
 I stunted and in many 
 
 C; 
 
 C.1 
 
 cposed 
 
 prevailing gales, they 
 
 S. 
 
 * See "Nature" Aug. 1, 1872. 
 
JONES — ON THE VEGETATION 01- THE BERMUDAS. 
 
 273 
 
 |I1C0, 
 
 I) the 
 
 iwith 
 
 from 
 [only 
 
 cnpcs contorted in form ; indeed, so much so, that trees known 
 to be tliirty yearw old and upwards, are only a few feet in height 
 and not more than three inches in diameter f trunk. 
 
 PiNUS ? Several species recently introduced by General 
 
 Lcfroy. .. ■ , i 
 
 Thuja ohii;ntalis, L. ITab. China. ' 
 
 PoD'jCARrus SAi/iciFOLius, Kl. Karst. ITab. "West Indien and 
 
 tropical America. .* 
 
 Callitris varicosa. 
 
 CYCADACEiE. 
 
 Cycas revoluta, Thunh. " Sago-Palm." Ilab. China. 
 
 AROIDE.E. 
 
 CoLocAsiA EHCULENTA, /S'c/do^^. " Eddoc." ILib. East ludics. 
 DiEiFENiJACHiA Sequine, Schott. (Arum, L. — I). Plumicri, 
 
 Scholt. — D. ncglecta, Schott.) " Dumb Cane." Ilab. West 
 
 Indies and tro[)ical America. 
 RiCHAiiDiA vETHiopicA, Sw. (Calla rctliiopica, Bot. Mag.) Ilab. 
 
 C. G. II. 
 Lemna minor, L. " Pond Weed." Ilab. Europe. 
 
 PANDANEJE. 
 
 Carltjdovica iNSiGMS, Diich. Hab. West Indies. It is from the 
 leaves of a species of Carludovica that the celebrated " Panama 
 hats " are made. 
 
 Panuanus odoratissimtjs, X. " Screw Pine." Ilab. China. 
 
 P. MURICATUS, S^reng. Ilab. Madagascar. 
 
 ARACEtE. 
 
 Calla — 
 Caladiim 
 
 PALM^. i 
 
 Sabal Palmetto, i?. (& 8. (Chama^rops palmetto, Michx.) 
 "Palmetto." Hab. Southern States of America. It is from 
 the strong leaves of this tree that the well known ' ' Mudian 
 
274 
 
 JONES — ON THE VEGETATION OF THE BERMUDAS. 
 
 plait " is made. It is prepared in the following manner. The 
 young leaves are tied about their centre to prevent them being 
 torn into strips by the wind. When these leaves are fit for use 
 ^. e., before they have grown too hard and coarse they are cut 
 from the tree and placed in the sun to bleach. When suflfici- 
 ently dry they are smoked with burnt brimstone in casks to 
 render them white. W hen ready for use they are cut into strips 
 and different forms of plait made according to taste. Of the 
 coarser plait is made labourers' hats, the finer and more difficult 
 of manufacture being used only for ladies' bonnets and fancy 
 basket work, sj^ecimens of which are sometimes produced of ex- 
 quisite finish. 
 
 Oreodoxa oleracea, Mart. " Cabbage Palm." 
 West Indies. 
 
 AsTRocARYUM AURKUM, Gr. ct Weiidl. '' Gri-gri." 
 Hab. Trinidad. 
 
 x4lReca Catechu, L. Hab. East Indies. 
 
 Rhapis flabelliformis, Willd, Hab. China. 
 
 Cocos NuciFERA, L. " Cocoa-uut." Origin. Westcoast of Panama. 
 
 Martinezia caryotje FOLIA, Mart. Hab. Brazil. 
 
 Pritchardia pacific a. 
 
 livistonia mauritian a. 
 
 Rare. Hab. 
 
 " Gru-gru." 
 
 , 
 
 COMMELINACE^. 
 
 Tradescantia virginica, h. Hab. North America. 
 
 T. DISCOLOR, Spreng. Hab. We i Indies. 
 
 Commelyna COMMUNIS, L. Hab. Southern States of America. 
 
 Cyanot:s discolor. 
 
 GR AMINES. 
 
 Arundinaria TECTA, jMitAZ? Hab. Southern States of America. 
 Bamrusa vulgaris, Schrad. (B. Thouarsii, Kth. — B. arundi- 
 
 nacea. Ait.) Common in the marshes. 
 Alopecurus piiatensis, Kth. " Fox tail grass." Hab. Europe. 
 Panicum molle, Sio. " Para grass." (P. barbinode, Tr. — 
 
 P. guadalupense, iSteud. — P. meyerianura, iV. S. — P. sarmen- 
 
 tosum, Hoxb. — P. punctulatum, Arn.) 
 
JONES — ON THE VEGETATION OF THE BERMUDAS. 
 
 275 
 
 I 
 
 p. MAXIMUM!, Jacq. (P. jumentorum, Pers. — P. trichocoiulvliim, 
 Steud. — P. fasciculatum, i^/. (7rt/'/6.) " Guinea grass." Ilab. 
 Tropical Africa. 
 
 Zea MAYS, A'?7i. "Indian Corn." Ilab. unknown, supposed to 
 be American. 
 
 Zea japonica. 
 
 AvENA SATiVA, L. "Oat." Grows well for a time and then 
 dies off before ripening seed. Oats are generally sown in ground 
 intended for a potato crop, and when about a foot in height, are 
 dug under in order to manure the ground for the coming crop. 
 
 Triticum vulgare, L. " AYheat." Grows well in some places, 
 and produces fair grain. In former years it was more exten- 
 sively cultivated, and bread was frequently made in farm houses, 
 but of late years its cultivation has ceaspJ altogether. 
 
 HoRDEUM VULGARE, L. " Barley." Grows well and ripens, but 
 is seldom cultivated as a crop. 
 
 Saccharum officinarxjm, L. (S. violaceum, Tuss.) " Sugar 
 Cane." Grows well, especially in low moist ground. 
 
 Sporobolus iNDicus, M. Br. (Agrostis, L. — S. tenuissimus, 
 P. B. — S. elongatus, JR. Br.) Ilab. Warmer regions of both 
 hemispheres. 
 
 CiiLORis PETRACA, Thunh. (Eustachys, Besv. — C. Swartzii et 
 septentrionalis, C. Miill.) 
 
 Cynodon dactylon, Pers. This grass is widely distributed over 
 the tropical and temperate regions of the globe. 
 
 Paspalum distichum, L. (P. litorale, B. Br. — Digitaria 
 paspaloides. Dub.) 
 
 P. FiLiFORME, Sto. (P. Swartzianum, Fhgg.) Hab. "West 
 Indies. 
 
 Stenotaphrum americanum, Schrh.. (Rottbosllia dimidiata, Sio. 
 — R. stonolifera, Poir. — Diastemanthe platystachys, /S'/e?<c?.) 
 Hab. North and South America. 
 
 Andropogon ScHiENANTHus.. (Cymbopogon Schaenanthus, R. 
 Qt S.) Hab. East Indies. 
 
 Phalaris CANARiENSia, Kth. Hab. Europe. J. 
 
 8 
 
 / 1 
 
pi 
 
 27G JONES ON THE VEGETATION OF THE BEKMUDAS. 
 
 JUNCACE.E. 
 
 Juxcus MARiTiMus, Lam. "Large Marsh Hush." Very com- 
 mon iu tlie wetter portions of the nmrshes. 
 
 LILIACEiE. 
 
 Aloe vulgakis, Zam. (A. barbadcnsis, 3/^7/. — A. pcrfoliata, 
 var. Tcra, L.) " Aloes." Tliis plant is considered very use- 
 ful in yellow fever cases, the native nurses placing great faith in 
 its virtues. In a wild state it is not very common, its pretty 
 spike of yellow flowers which afford a honied treat to the chil- 
 dren, being only seen occasionally on the sunny slopes of the 
 southern shore. It is a native of the West Indies. 
 
 A. soccoTRiNA, Haw. llab. C. G. II. 
 
 A. LINGUA, Ilooh. 
 
 Gastekia OBLigUA, Ilaio. Ilab. C. G. II 
 
 G. MACULATA, Haw. Ilab. C. G. II. 
 
 IIaworthia tortuosa, Ilaic. Ilab. C. G. II. 
 
 Yucca serrulata, Hmv. (Y. Draconis, L.—Y. aloifolia, L.) 
 
 Ilab. Southern States of America and ^lexico. 
 Y. GLORIOSA, L. Ilab. Southern States of America. " Sticker 
 
 bush." " Spanish bayonet." Drifting sands of Port Koyal. 
 Y ? 
 
 Agave AajERio ANA, X. «' Bamboo." Ilab. S. America. Very 
 common. Why the islanders should call this plant '' bamboo," 
 we know not, and repeated enquiries have failed to produce any 
 satisfactory reason for the appellation. The fibrous leaves when 
 ' cut open and dried are used as scrubbers for floors, &c. Very 
 good rope has been made from the fibre. 
 
 A. STRIATA. . 
 
 A. picta. ' 
 
 A. xylonacantiia. 
 
 A. mexicana, //am;. Hab. Mexico. , 
 
 FouRCROYA GiGANTEA, Ve7it. Ilab. West Indies. (Agave 
 
 fa3tida, L.) '. . - 
 
 Crinum cauENTUM, L. Ilab. S. America. 
 Phormium tenax, Willd. Ilab. New Zealand. 
 
 ' ; I .' 
 
 L 
 
JON^ES — ON THE VEGETATION OF THE IJEiniUnAS. 
 
 2T7 
 
 L.) 
 
 Amaryllis equestuis, Ait, (ITippeastmm, Herb.— 11. occideu- 
 tale, Bann. — Ainarvllis Belladonna, Siv.) 
 
 Neuine SAKNIEXSIS, //eri^ Ilab. Gnernscy. 
 
 N. rULCHELLA, Ilook ct Am. Ilal). C. G. II. 
 
 ZErnYRANTHES ATA]\L\sco, Don. Ilab. N. America. 
 
 Z. ROSEA, Iht. Bej. Ilab. (kiba. 
 
 Pancratium ovatu:m. 
 
 Narcissus Jonquilla, Bot. Mag. 
 
 Sanseviera guineexsis, Ilaw. Ilab. Eastern Africa. 
 
 Orxithooalu^i ? 
 
 Hyacintiius ? 
 
 Scilla ? 
 
 Allium Cepa, L. " Onion." The cultivation of the onion occu- 
 pies a larg-e share of attention at the hands of the Bermuda? 
 planter, as the soil of the islands appears to be well suited to 
 this vegetable, and the higli price obtainable during the spring 
 montlis in the Xew York market, renders it pro!)ably the moat 
 profitable of crops. The Bermudas, owing to their position 
 eastward of the warm current of the Gulf Stream, have a winter 
 climate far milder than the Southern States of the American 
 continent, situate in the same latitude ; and are moreover never 
 visited by those sudden changes of tempcratrirc during the early 
 spring months, Avhich do so much damage to growing crops even 
 in South Georgia and Florida. Once only in the memory of 
 man have the Bernmdas been visited by frost, the thermometer 
 rarely falling ))elow 50^ even in February. The crops therefore 
 l->lanted in December or January, regularly attain maturity in 
 April, the onion being ready for shipment aboat the first week 
 of that month, a date far earlier than it is to be procured from 
 the Southern States. To the Bermudas Xev^ York must there- 
 fore always look for the eai-liest supply of vegetables, and it will 
 be well for the islanders to bear in mincl the great necessity of 
 maintaining a proper system of steam communication with the- 
 metropolis of the western v/orld. 
 
 LiLIUM CHALCEDOXICUM. ' ' ' 
 
 L. CANDIDUM, Willd, ■;.• ,\ • - ^ 
 
 L. SRECIOSUM. "0I-. '' v" " ' ' '-' •■ ■ ■: 
 
^p 
 
 2T8 JONES — ON '^ .L VEGETATION OF THE BERMUDAS. 
 
 AsrATlAGUS OFFICINALIS, Z. 
 DUACENA TEKMfXALIS, L. 
 ClIAULWOODIA AUSTRALIS, 8w. 
 
 SMILACE.E. 
 
 Smilax ? " Sarsaparilla." 
 
 DIOSCOPvEACE.E. 
 DioscOREA LUTEA, Jfey. (D. hcptaneura, Fe//.— D. eatlva, Z.— 
 D. Cliffortiana,Z«wi.— D. multiflora, Prl.—D. altissima, Lam?) 
 " Yam." Ilab. West Indies and tropical America. 
 
 IRIDACE.1^. 
 Iris virgtxica, L. Hab. l^axXXx America. 
 I. YiOLACEA, Bot. Man. Hab. S. Europe. 
 SiSYRiNciiiUM Bermudiaxa, L. (S. anceps, Cav.—S. mucro- 
 
 natiim, Michx.) Hab. Florida to the Arctic Circle. 
 Tritonia ? 
 
 BROMELIACE.E. 
 
 PiTCAIRNIA ? 
 
 MUSACEiE. 
 MusA SAPIENTUM, L. Hab. East Indies. "Banana." 
 " " var. rosacea. (Mauritius.) 
 
 Two or three other varieties. 
 MusA PARADisiACA, L. '' Plantain." Hab. East Indies. 
 M. CAVENDisiiii, Paxt. Hab. China. 
 
 Stkelitzia ? 
 
 SCITAMINE^. 
 'HEDrciiiUM ELATUM, Bot. Meg. Hab. Nepaul. 
 Renealmia ocoidentalls, Gr. (Alpinia, iSio.—A.. jamaicensis, 
 Gartn.) ♦* Shell Plant." Hab. West Indies and tropical 
 America. . . 
 
 Oanna iNi)[CA, Z. "Indian Shot." Hab. West Indies and 
 
 trppical America. 
 C. coccini:a, Ait, (C. occidentalis, Rox. — C. surinameusis, 
 
 Miq.) *' Scarlet Indian Shot." 
 Maranta arundinacea, X. "Arrow-root." Hab. West Indies 
 
 and c tropical America. The culture of the arrow-root which 
 
 r 
 
JONFo — ON THE VEGETATION OF THE BERMUDAS. 
 
 279 
 
 ?n.) 
 
 3ro- 
 
 sis, 
 ical 
 
 and 
 
 sis, 
 
 lies 
 lich 
 
 ( 
 
 has rendered the name of Bermuda so familiar in Enirlish homes 
 # is rapidly declining owing to the cultivable ground being requir- 
 ed for the growth of onions, potatoes, tomatos, and other vege- 
 tables for the American markets. The arrow-root, althouixh a 
 valuable crop, requires much labour, and above all, occupies 
 the ground for nearly a year, during which time the planter 
 could raise from the same ground two heavy crops of vegetables, 
 60 that it is easy to understand why the growth of arrow-root 
 should receive so little attention at the present day. There are 
 some planters, however, who having obtained celebrity in the 
 manufacture of arrow-root, continue its cultivation, and to these 
 estates the public must principally look for a supply. The name 
 of Bermuda is doubtless often made use of by unprincipled 
 dealers both in Europe and America to promote the sale of the 
 far inferior article made in the West Indian islands, for it is 
 quite impossible that the comparatively small exportation of 
 arrow-root from the Bermudas at present can be equal to the 
 demand for the "Bermudian arrow-root," even in Great Britain 
 alone. Much of the Bermudian arrow-root of the finest quality 
 is rendered most unpalatable through the strange practice of 
 packing it in boxes made of pine, which, even in a few days, 
 imparts the disagreeable turpentine odour peculiar to that kind 
 of wood. If the boxes were made of well seasoned oak, which 
 could be easily procured of any degree of thickness from the 
 United States, this sad mistake, which, singularly enough has 
 been continued for years, would be rectified. 
 
 ORCHIDACE^. 
 Vanilla planifolia, Andr, Hab. Tropical America. 
 Oncidium ? 
 
 POLYPODIACEiE. 
 
 AcROSTiCHUM aureum, L. " Great Marsh Fern." Hab. Coast 
 
 of South Florida. Very common all over the marshes. 
 Polypodium pectinatum, L. Hab. West Indies. 
 Pteris aquilina, L. Ilab. Europe. This form which is com- 
 
280 
 
 JONES — ON THE VEGETATION OF THE BERMUDAS. 
 
 mon all over North America is equally so in the manhes of 
 Bermuda, where with the scdj^e and do<,^-bush it forms dense 
 thickets, making a noble covert for the rails and galinulcs that 
 visit the islands in the winter season. 
 
 Adiantum CAPiLLUS-VENEius, X. Hab. Europe. " oMaiden-hair." 
 Grows in profusion in all the shady nooks and corners of the 
 rocks, old buildings, &c. Caverns have their entrances lined 
 with this pretty form, and even the road side ditches arc draped 
 with its delicate fronds. 
 
 A. Farlayense. 
 
 A. cuNEATUM, 8preng. Ilab. Brazil. 
 
 ASPLENIUM lilJIDA. 
 
 A. cicuTAKiUM, Haw. ^'f>, America. 
 
 A. MONANTIIEMUM, Willd. II.. . 0. G. II. 
 
 A. SnErnEKDii, Sj^reng. Hnb. East Indies. 
 
 CrsTorTERis ? • ' ^ 
 
 AsriDiuM ACULEATUM, /S'if?. ILd). Tempciuic and tropical regions. 
 
 A. TATEXS, Sw. (A molle, Kunz.) 
 
 A. MOLLE, Sw. (A. sclerophyllum, Ent, — A tetragonum, Iluok.) 
 
 Hab. All tropical countries. 
 
 A. EXALTATUM, Siv. (Polypodiiuu, i. — Ncphrolcpis, Schott.) 
 Ilab. Tropics of both hemispheres. 
 
 OnYCIIIUM JArONICUM. 
 
 OsMuxDA REOALis, L. (O. spcctabilis, Willd.) Ilab. Europe 
 
 and America. 
 O. ciNNAMOMEA, L. Plab. N. America. 
 
 O. PALUSTRIS. 
 
 Note. — In the " Annales du Mnaeuni d' Ilistoire Naturale" for 1807, occurs a very 
 interesting account of the unintentional visit of the celebrated Frencli botanist Francis 
 Andre ISIichaux to the Bermudas, He set sail from Bourdeaux on Fob. ;">, IS^n for 
 Charleston, his intention being to exph)re the Southern States of America. On March 
 23, the vessel was captured by H. M. S. " Leander," and sent to Halifax, Michaux 
 being the only passenger, who was allowo<l the privilege of going on board the Leaudei, 
 where he seems to have received every attention from Captain Wetlieby, lior com- 
 mander. Arriving at the Bermudas on Ajtril 7, they remained there tight days, and 
 Michaux was allowed to go on shore. He gives a fair account of tlie general appear- 
 ance of the islands, but his flora is very Tneagro, only comprising the following species: 
 Juniperus Bermudiana;Verb(iscum thapsus; Ana<jallis arvensis ; Leoniodon tarax- 
 acum; Plantago miijor ; Urtica urena ; Gentiana nana; Oxalis acetoseUa. The 
 "Sage bush " is mentioned, but not identiiiod; also a species of Verbena and a Medi- 
 cago. He app^mrs to have regretted his inability to procure ripe berries of tiie cedar 
 owing to his v'sit being during the flowering seas<m, as it was his desire to have intro- 
 duced the tree into the island of Corsica and the southern departments of Franoe 
 irhioh bordei- upon the Medi terra uean. 
 
 
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