IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I ■" IIIIM •^ IM 12,2 2.5 If m .t i^ 111112.0 11:25 i 1.4 — 6" 1.6 P 7i (^ 7J / ^<3 ^t ^"^ t> >^ '4 Pnotographic Sciences Corporaiiuii A m "Q) <^, 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER NY. 14580 (716) 872-4.'iC3 "9>" V ^^^ ^ S'^. 7^ <€>- (A 4 i CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. C«. Jdian Instit jte for Historical Microreproductions / Institut canadien de microreproductions historlques Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted tu obtain the best original copy available for filming. 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Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajout^es lors dune restauration apparaissent dans le texta, mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas h\^ film^es. L'Institut a microfilme le meilfeur exemplaire quit lui a ete possible de se procurer. Las details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-etre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la m6thode normale de fi BmTIHII IHLJiS. >. IHiHlished bv order of .,\v / THL SURUMO LiTHOGHAPHIC CO HONTRtAL / c iNl pm DOMINION OF CANADA. Guidebook CONTAINING INFORMATION FOR Intending Settlers PaBLISHED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA OTTAWA : THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTV RE, 1883 .AtlA/iA3 '10 7()I/I!/oa 1 1 >i Q o a H ( I r J o OAv/JATviiyj MorrAi7i>i()i/{ ^OT ■ ?mirnZ azmz.-iTMl A'..Al\AO ^0 7 .v:.S1H3VC:: 1 .: ni a3H^IJ8iJ1 f^fer '^''/."F ro utj ^jri: T ff ' ir.": - Of! D jH'jq DOMINION or CANADA. Guide Book CONTAINING INFORMATION FOR TMl Intending Sihtli-rs PUBLISHED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA OTTAWA THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 1882 i%^^ ^ 3 2)o / 6 ?' 3. ""■ .'i " « 1 s :%\ X <» 1 CONTENTS. :iHAPTER I. —INTRODUCTORY. Motives to Emigrate Emigration from Europe . ' Classes who should Emigrate Position and Extent of Canada '••••••••4 Page • r . 8 Chapter II.-FACTS ABOUT THE DOMINION. System of;;;Government. 9 9 Federal Government... Provincial Government . Municipal Government Education Social Position ....'.'* Religion ' ] * ' Administration of Justice. The Courts rolice Militia System ......... .,\ Naturalization Laws . Climate of Canada ,..."," Land System . . FaS? Sal?"" "^ '^^^ '^^'■- ■ -■ ■ • •■ ■' ■ ■' ■ -■ -■ ■■ : lo I2 12 12 n 13 16 17 Postal System Telegraphs Newspaper Presa . , Post Office ^nd Telegraphs. Money, Banks, and Banking. Bills and Coins , , Banking .... Denominations of Money ...'." Chapter HI.-PRODUCTIONS OF CANADA. Farming and Stock-Breeding Dairy Farming Forest Products Products of the Mine ,'.'..', 19 19 19 20- 2a 22 23 23 23 24 Chai'ter IV.— public works. Pace. Canadian Canal and Inland Navigation 26 Canadian Railways 27 Chapter V.— PICTURESQUE AND "SPORTING ATTRACTION. The Tourist and the Artist 29 The Sportsman and the Angler ■i2 Chapter VI.— CANADA AS SHOWN BY FIGURES. Area of Provinces and Territory •. . 33 Population of the Dominion . .' 33 Trade of the Dominion 34^ Imports and Exports . 34 Canadian Fisheries 34 Revenue of the Dominion 34 Debt and Assets of the 1 )ominion ia Banking ■,. Chai'Trr VII.— PROVINCES OF THE DOMINION. The Province of Ontario. Extent and Position 34 Population, Occupations and Cities 35 Resources, and Demands for Labour 3 c Prosperity of Immigrants in. Ontario -if, /^i; t„ 1 r>„ ] • -_ J ^ Climate and Productions Means of Education Farms and Lands . Free Grant Lands . 06 37 37 37 Conditions of Successful Settlement on Free Grants 37 Advantages for Persons with means 3S 38 Province of Quebec. Extent and General Ca] /abilities 38 River St. Lawrence ^o Chief Cities 30 Lands and Surveys on Climate 30 Soil and Productions . 30 Population and Industries 40 Territorial Divisions and Municipal Institutions 40 Means of Communication Minerals and Fisheries Education Religious and Charitable Institutions , 42 Farms for Sale, and Prices of Government Lands 42 Valley of the Saguenay , 42 Valley of St. Maurice [_ 42 Valley of the Matawan 43 Ottawa Valley 43 Below Quebec 43 Free Grants and Exemptions 43 Titles to Lands 44 40 41 41 Page. . 26 • 27 • 29 • 32 33 33 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 35 35 36 36 37 37 37 37 38 38 39 39 39 39 39 40 40 40 41 41 42 42 42 42 43 43 43 43 44 Thr Eastern Townships. •Climate and Productions Paoe. Soil and Features 44 Settlement on Land, and Purchase 'of improVed" Farms ^ Productions and Minerals .... ^ ^ 45 Communications and Markets 45 Suitability for Immigrant:i. . 45 46 Province of New Brunswick. General Features Climate Products Fisheries Education Social Life, andAdapiahilitV k>r Seitier; iVomGreat Bntain' '.'. 46 47 47 49 49 49 Province or ^'o^ a Scotia. General Features Climate Soil and the Production thereof Peat Lands Production of the Sea and RiVers " " " Woods and F orests Game Mines and Minerals Crown Lands Education _ Trade and Commerce ■■...........,' Internal Communication [ [ Time to Immigrate , Halifax Harbour ... Province of Prince Edward Island. 49 SO 50 SI SI SI 52 52 52 53 53 53 53 S3 54 Province of Manitoba. General Features Climate, Soil and Productions" '.'. 54 Yields of the Grains 55 Communications and Markets 56 System of Survey, and Directions for Takinc up' Farm; 56 Free Giants an-on„„on trades an pS» or rD--niS;?:sr5TLi^; r^j-rs^^^ -^--^ -p »» induI%f,tKi„tr'Sdte Shlr'-f-c' '^-'-rr-. f-™ » .euding from within the Dominion itsell Th,. .hi. '^ to over-supply ,„ these callings classes to a large extent seek these pr'Ul' "™ "' '■"""•""""' "' "«= "°*i"B ?p of th: ™T„Vrer'tt?rf;;^y Kf^i«rtTe",:'li,T"'"^; """ "-= °P=™8 questions of wSes c„' of Uvn?^. '"'?"' "'■'= PfoP^'ions of an exodus. The .hey should N. " what may its people, ind general ral General ve separate ipointed by a Senate, he nomina- f the whole expended, but for tllir^enure of ofrtil "" ^ '""'"""■''' '"" ""'^ ^"^ =*» "'""'- Republic onirUniled^sSilis^^nth^t-.!;:^ '"7 ^'^^ ^'^ ^'^' "^ '^^ tr^h- rulers, to ,nake J i:^!^:^!^:^;^^':^^^^^ atlords conditions of well-ordered stability. '"''''"'*" """'^ '^' ^^^ same tune u PROVI.NCIAL r.OVKRN.MENT. MUNICIPAL OOVRRN.MENT. non^lHoi: ^^othZ!:;;^sLrr;^,ii^;:trioSir'"n" r^-??-- ^^ which regulate their local taxation for roa, ?taxe forth^ooirCrl^^"'"'"''' so that every man directly votes for the taxe's which he pa s' ' ^'"'■^'°''' EDUCATION. higher education is open and easv for ill Tn n "^"^^'.to the colleges and educati<:n more generally cbffuseTthTn in Canae Parliament Buildines and the shipping in one or two of the sea ports. There is no more peaceful country under the ^n. .-.d i.o more law-abiding steady and industrious people than the agricultural nopuiation of Canada The xounty jail is often unoccupied by prisoners for months together. 18 THE MILITIA SYSTEM .nwJ^*^'"''''''^ force ot Canada is entirely composed of volunteers The citizen Se.' Th"'"^ ""'' "" '"'■?''^' '^''"^ "^"^ thurouKhly they hTve learnt ^e^r NATURALIZATION LAWS. .1 os.ance he tecome., a n,,.u,.l,z.,l lii.ish s>,l, ecT The oath ™ ,,Ld m hi f -nn Jn""? ^""^ '""e been a question as to the status which a person naturalimi in. Canada, say a German, would have on returning home to ( ermanv -Hi s hn. It appears from this that aliens, naturalized in Canada are n]ice<] on ih^ same footing, as regards their claim ;o Hri.ish protectio^^ut of^S^ Oueen'! Dominions, as aliens naturalized in the United Kingdom. The po n of iservV ion, however, is .hat an alien is held to be subject to any duty he owed hU placed on an ec,^,al footing in this respect. '"^ ""'"''' '"^' ^'"''^^'^ ^^'"^ It IS of interest for jiersons who contemplate emicratinfr from th^ Tlnif^^ Kingdom to the American Continent, to consider what fhov win fil i • ? what is implied by, the Naturalisation irwrofTneHc' if^X^^^^ f"? to choose the United States rather than the Northern or IWt sh half nf ^^"^ continent. It is requirecl of every person from th Bri ish I an h tho d sires of ?Srt'hrhtt?r'an'r f '""' '"''^^ '^ ''''' '"" "'-^^h^—^ "^ "temion and one renunciation of the status of a British subject. In o he w„Vd in Lt KTwo ^B£9t F-'"t-" "''--•"= "-^S THE CLIMATE OF CANADA, wmters are deeded, and snow, in n,an.v pans, covers (he grS lo.he Je^th Ji 14 two or three feet ; bu. there are ^rtat advantages in this — the snow is perfectly dry and packs unrler foot, nicking the best roads, and forming - warm covering for the earth. The dry winter atmosphere is bracing and pleasant. The sun shines brightly by day, and the moon ond stars by night, during l)y far ihc f^rtatctJl part of the time. And, besides Ijeing pleasant, there is no her.ithicr climate under tne sun. There are no endemic diseases in Canada. The sensation of cold is far more unpleasant in Canada during the damp days (such as mark the winters in I'lngla.id) than when the winter regularly sets in. The summer'^, like the winters, are also of ' .-cided character, being in the main warm and l)right; rnd fruits and vegetables v. hich cannot be ripent'd in the open uir in England, such a.> ihe grape and the tomato, will here ripen t« perfection. The summers are much more favourable for the horticulturist and the agriculturi,-,t than those of En^^jland, with the single exception of length oi time in v/hich out-door work can be done. Canada has the latitudes of Italy, France, Germany, Austria, the British Islands, Russia, and .Sweden and Norway ; and has as many varieties of climates as have those countries. There is greater cold in winter in many of the latitudes of Canada than in C(jrresponding latitudes in Europe. The summer suis, how- ever, are about the same. The intending emigrant, in going from the central counties of England, Denmark, northern Prussia, or from the south of Sweden to Central Illinois, Missouri or Indiana, must go fourteen degrees, or nearly one thousand miles, due south, and make the same change in climate as he would were he to migrate to Palestine, Independent Tartary or Persia — that is, must go from a climate ol comparatively cool siunmers, with a humid atmosphere, to one of intense heat and severe droughts. Those who migrate from the north of England, from Scotland, Norway or Sweden, to Kansas, Central Missouri or Southern Illinois, must undergo a still greater change ot agriculture, for they give up, as their stajiles, the grains, pastures and meadows, with their accompanying herds and flocks. The summer temperatures of England are from 60" to 62°; those of Central Illinois, Missouri and Kansas, 75^ to 78°. London (the summer months, from July to August) has 61°; Liverpool, 57" 6'; Edinburgh, 57" i'; Dublin. 60°; the "Central Counties of England, 62°; the Northern Provinces of Prussia, 62°; the Central Provinces of Prussia, 63"; Berlin, 64'' 5'; Denmark (Central). 62" 7'; but the Central part of Illinois 75"; Kansas and Missouri higher still, 77" to 78". These latter temperatures are 15" to 18" higher than those of England and the Northern Provinces of Prussia, and at least 10° to 15° higher than" the best climates for grains and grasses. I^ut high temperatures and a burning sun are not the only enemies with which the emigrant, going so far south, has to contend. The want of rain is another and even more grievous defect in the climate in those parts of the United States; for high summer temperatures, with heavy rains, are conditions of climate favouring tropical plants; but high tem])eratures, without rain, are destructive of all vegetation; and high temperatures, with an insufilciency of rain, give only imperfect crops. Those parts of the States just named very much resemble Palestine, Arabia, Persia, Syria, and Independent Tartary. Both regions are similarly situated on the continents — both are in the zones of the summer droughts, high temperatures, arid winds and rapid evaporation, but with this important feature in favour of the Asiatic countries— they lie nearer the ocean and Mediterranean Sea, which render the atmosphere more humid, and modify the droughts. North of these desert and semi-desert areas, both in the old and new worlds, lie the zones of summer rains and moderate summer temperatures, two elements of climate most favourable for the grains and grasses. In Europe, the cajiacity of the central and higher lutitudes for cereals, coarser grains, pastures and meadows, has been fully tested and acknowledged. On this continent, similar climates are producing similar effects. Throughout Canada, from the Atlantic to Lake Superior, those great staples of the central and higher portions of the temperate zones produce better, surer and more abundant crops than in any of the is perfectly irn covering '. The sun ihc grtatcji hicr climate sensation of IS mark tlie bcinj^ in the s ripened in ere ripen t« nilturist and of length of the Ikitish i of climates the latitudes r SUMS, how- :)f England, tral Illinois, isand miles, ,' to migrate a climate ol intense heat igland, from em Illintjis, up, as their g herds and ^c of Central lonths, from lin. 60°; the sia, 62°; the . 62" 7'; but to 78^ :lng!and and lan the best nemies with It of rain is parts of the e conditions ut rain, are ufificiency of d %ery much tary. Uoth tones of the oration, but ■y lie nearer lore humid, new worlds, wo elements the capacity lastures and lent, similar the Alianlic tions of the n any of the 15 f.1ZX ^^' •^""'^^;^■^^, < f ^<^l^^<^^- Along the valleys of the Red, Assiniboine, haskatchewa.i and Mackenzie Rivers, for more than seven hundred miles north o the United States boundary, wheat has been grown, yielding a far more abundant return than in the best portions of the Republic : and\vhere wheat npcns in such positions we have the best climates for the coarser grains, grasses and root crops. Harley, the grasses and many root crops grow twelve hundred miles north of the boundary. These plants arc the fruits^f the summer ain and summer temperature of from 58^ to 70" of Fahrenheit. The signified e of he facts here stated-the high latitudes to which these plants go -is the proof h?'i!r °^^f """^^"«e agricultural areas in the interior of the continent north of me 49'" parallel. South of these fertile regions and west of the looth meridian, these plants excep in spots where irritation can be procured, from climatic defects either fail entirely or succeed but imperfectly, chiefly ..om a deficiency or entire absence of an^ ove,"! h !^^:. ;'^f '"'^^f ."•■''^1 .'"'^'^^'^.^ accompanied with high summer temperatures ; am. o\ tithe States lying immediately east of these desert areas, the summer heat 1. too great for the profitable growth of these products, and the rail siTl evIpoTation?'' unsufi^cient through higk temp'eratures and rapid Tf.lv'^r.'""'^-""^^if"\rr ''^^'-''"^^'^^•'^ °" °f the same parallel as Rome in Italy Co. sea m the Mediterranean, and the northern part of Spain-farther sou h than I- ranee, Lombanly, Venice or Genoa. The northern shires of LalS Huion are in tlie latitude of Central France, r.id vast territories not yet surveyed r nor;'h^.n'T^ '"'"fT T'^^ '""^^ f ^ood quality, lie south of till parallel of InJ \ °,'r "'^ ^^^'' ""'■°"' ^^'''^ th^ ^'""^''^^ ^"-e favourable for all the gieat staples of the temperate zones. l„.f^^ '"''^' Y "'l''''"f.t'"g.to look at the climate of Canada in the light of its pro- yer,Tt''ln!l ^'^'it'^^% ^-'7' '^"'"^ quotations will be made from Mr. Marshall's leccnt woik on Canada because his opinions are those of a well informed stranger, and one who tells us that he entered Canada without prepossessions In its favor, nviamng as we infer, that he was prepossessed unfavourab y towards the country ha^.ng come mto it through the slates, and, like many Engl i.shmen received his irst nnpression of Canada, both before he left England and Xr- wards Irom aiiencans. Mi Marshall visited an agricultural show which represented only the country around London, Ontario. Of this he says :— country " The fine display of produce surprised me. Wheat, barley, oats and other cereals were well represented. Maize shows excellent samples. The u.Z foufeSlenLT'"' •'''''• "''"?'^' *'"'• ^ '^<-^'^l Pumpkin which I measured was i.o Ibf /W. h ' '" ^'7""^''-''*^"C'^ 5 ^ squash eight feet three inches, weighing . oil • f ' ''"' '^'"" ^50 lbs., open air growth. No better illustration could be given of a summer, semi-trop.cal in heat and of great duration, than he ;;;'■?? ''"'"''"'"■' nt ^'^""''^ °^ ^"^^ ^''^' '^''- > ^he potatoes were the finest I have ever seen. Ihere were a great number of varieties, citrons melons marmvvs and tomatoes, were also exceptionally large and fine It is difficult to speak of the returns of grain commonly yielded to the farmer in this country. I have seen some fields that yielded forty bushels to he many turn farmers not before acquainted with it, the average yield gives^ a poor dea of the cnpabilites of the sod.) I remarked one morning a partkularly Lor ooking crop of Indian corn. On the Sunday, in the same county, I waked through a field of forty acres of this splendid plant, growing to a heigh of eighteen ;rr'7 ^'''' '"^y'''•^^"S thirty-seven tons to the acre as food for Se,? plucked anear nearly ripe, eighteen inches long, and counted six hundred grains on It. (p. 79). Usually there are two ears, sometimes three on one stock or stem— not, of course, all so large. " Upwards of a hundred varieties of apples were exhibited, For cooking there were the Cayuga, Red Streak, or twenty-ounce Pippin, an imposing fS SrrTKacLTr"''^^^? inches; the' Alexande^%f gloriofs crLsoi'' the red Astrachan, Snow apples, so named from the whiteness of the pulp 16 the Gravenstein, Baldwin and many others. For dessert, there were the Fameuse, he streaked St. Lawrence, the Spitzenberg, the Seek-no-farther, of gold and red" \P- 70).^ Ihe Canadian apple is the standard of excellence " (p. 5). " Even in California, the orchard of the Union, the superiority of the Can- adian apple was, to my surprise, confessed— vast quantities are exported to Eng- land, and sold as American, their nationality being lost " (p. 77). " Fruit and vegetaiiles grow generously. Melons and tomatoes grow equally with the potatoe, pea, turnip and the rest of the vegetables known in En^rland. The crape thrives well. Raspberries, strawberries, blackberries (or brambles), cranberries, cherries and other fruits, currants, plums, grapes, apples, etc., grow wild. Orchards everywhere thrive. " n 1 . t. These facts suggest some practical considerations worthy ot the consideration ol emigrants. LAND SYSTEM. As regards the land system of the Dominion, it may be stated that ir the Provinceso Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and Hritish Columbia, with the exception of a trace in the last named Pro- vince, ceded to the Dominion for the purpose of the Pacific Railway, the landsare held by the several Provincial Governments. In several of the Provinces free grants are given to immigrants, and in almost all cases in which Government land IS (or sale, it is offered at prices which are merely nominal, and which really only amount to settlement duties, it may also be stated that partially cleared farms, with the necessary buildings erected thereon, maybe purchased in almost any part of the Dominion, at very moderate prices, and on very easy terms of payment. 1 his arises from a disposition very common all over America, on the part of larmers, to sell out old settlements, and take up more extensive new ones. The lacihties thus afforded are particularly advantageous to tenant farmers or farmers possessing small capital who come to Canada, as from their previous trainin- they are not so well adapted for the settlement of wild lands as persons brought-'up in this country. ^ ^ The lands in the Province of Manitoba and the North-West Territories are held by the Dominion Government, which gives a free grant of 160 acres to every settler on the condition of three years' residence, and the payment of an office or entry fee of $10.00 {£2 stg. ). The free homesteader may also pre-empt the adjoining ciuarter-section of 160 acres, which in a good locality he can buy at $2.50 (or los. stg.) per acre ; or $2 (8s. slg.) per acre. The Canadian Pacific Railway Company has received a grant from the Gov- ernment of 25,000,000 acres in alternate sections (this company's lands are the odd-numbered sections), which they offer for sale at $2.50 (or 10 shillincs sfr ) an acre, giving a rebate of $1.25 (or 5s. stg.) for every acre cultivated within four years. _ 1 he great object of this company being to secure settlement, to bring traffic for their railway, they offer the land at these nominal prices. The Hudson Bay Company has yet to dispose of nearly 7,000,000 acres ot and in the fertile belt: which it acquired at the cession of this territory to the Doniinion. This company sells its lands at prices varying from $5.00 to $10.00 or ^l to £2 stg.) per acre, its interest being simply to obtain fair market values. HOW TO OHTAIN LANDS. More imrticular details respecting the public lands of the Province and of the Dominion, the prices and modes of obtaining them, will be given under their appropriate heads in another part of this book, the object of these lines being to afford a general appreciation of the Canadian land system. SELLING AND SYSTEM OF CONVEYING LANDS IN CANADA. Lands arc bought and sold as readily in Canada as any kind of merchandise and the system of conveying them is not much more intricate or expensive than that of making out bills or parcels. This extreme simplicity and conciseness in 17 conveyancing very frequently excites the astonishment ot those who have been accustomed to the skins of parchment, and long and dreary nL^Llamre com nion m such instruments in the Mother Country. menciature com- In Manitoba, for instance, a parcel of ground may be described bv a few -gures, name y the number of the section or part ot a s Jction, the numbef of h^ ownsh.p and the number of the range. These three figures affod an instant and absoute description of any land in the surveyed portions of the Nor"h-Wes" The words "sell and assign," for so much money, cover the transfer This L gned before a notary or a commissioner, the deed is registered, and the transac tion IS complete. n the other Provinces the forms areSery 1 ttle different and very httle longer, although the definitions of property cannot^be imply expressed by the numbers of the section, township and range expressed t;.! '^'^'■'^, s™Ple system does not give rise to any ambiguity or doubtfulness of FARMS FOR SALE. ;nolwi!'''^T''n"^'^-"™P''"''*'^'^^™'"'"^y^^^ purchased on reasonable terms ma the older rovinces l!y the term " improx'ed farms" is meant farms eS Mr^'e°c '-'Tn S..t :r;' °' "r'^' ""'• 'k"'':^ '^''^ farm-houses, outkiildtg farmS'r. ^ appliance with which to begin at once the life of a nnd !h ^''' ''"''" -sometimes asked : If larming is the main industry of the country and the farmers are prosperous, why can farms be so readily purchased ? The answer is simple. There is a tendency spreading over a large part of the continent o North America for fa-mers comfortably settlS in the E^st To move to the \%st and again commence pioneer life. A farmer who has brought up a fam ly of • sons on the old homestead may not be able, perhaps, to buy otLr and Tar on erms within his means on which to settle his sons ; but he may seU his ho'dinc or, to him. a considerable sum of money, and with this obtain still Iroade. acre! for himself and his sons There is also a sort of fascination in this so t o Lneer life for many men who have once had experience of it Pioneer In conseciuence of this tendency many thousands of persons have left comfort- h the wl' r^ -^^ -"'fr?' 'f ^"S all out and proceeding to Manitoba or eSwhere in the West within the last few years. This kind of movement is in fact T sort of fever at the present time, and it is exactly similar to that which pevaHed hi the Eastern S a es a few years ago, when the West was being settled : and popuht on in some of the Eastern States actually went back. population to tl.!!' ^'""f'!'"^"' "' "^^''"y 7^?^ i" fact almost as a rule, that immigrants accustomed to themanners and settled life of an old country, would feel themselves morri home in taking up these improved farms in the older Provinces thTn^nattemmirS pioneer life in unsettled portions of the country. As a rule, also! old Canid"^ settlers and pioneers are the best adapted for pioneer life on he pi'air es Newly" arrived imni.grants taking up the farms which would be sold by \hi cLs wmfd find themselves in the midst of society, churches and schools,%ucl as Thevhad been accustomed to. The social changes which they would have to make in selecting this mode of settlement would be only slight in deg e ; w'li e i^^oin^ to the unsettled portions of the far West they would be deprfve 1 fo a in?e k might be hovvever, only for a short lime, of those comlitions.^ It thu hapne iT fo tunat^ly for a large class, that improved farms can be so readily found aSob ai'ned $^o ( A o">T T V""''^ ^"'■""^"? '^' ^'■"^■"^'^'^ of Ontario range from $25 to *5o U5 to £10 stg ) per acre ; and in some cases more, where all the buildinrrs and fences are specially valuable, or the farm has special featui^s In!he Ea teS °:t3°(f4 to^6stg.) per acre; and in the Maritim^ Province^ of New W b^, m"i ':'' T''' ''^ ''^""' ^^^ '^"^^ ^■g"''^- 'l^hese farms may generally" be bought by paying down apart of the purchase money, and the remaSei by in stalments ,n lour or five years as may be agreed. It dnis happens tScondUion; are afforded especially favourable for the tenant farmer from he United K kigc cm f } 18 with a little capital, to actjuirc a I'arm on which he is fitted by his previous habil.s to live, whiit' iIk- older settler of the country, with more special adaptation for pioneer life is afforded a chance to follow it. Some of the Agricultural Delegates who recently visited this country askcnl why farms might lie so cheaply bought in the older Provinces of Canada. The answer given to them was, that in so far as respected jirice, it was to be observed that the value of occupied land in the older parts of a new country like Canada, must necessarily, to a great extent, be governed — first, by the cost of clearing new forest land in the wooded parts ; and, second, by the facility with which prairie land can be obtained free to the extent of i6o acres, on the simple condition of continuous settlement for three years. It must be plain to all men that the lac of vast areas being open to settlement on such conditions will largely affect prices of occupied land a few hundred miles distant, with which there is connection l)oth by water and rail. POST OFFICE AM) TELFCiRAPIIS. I'OSTAl. SYSTKM. The Postal System of Canada extends to every village and hamlet in the land, no matter how remote from the centres of business and population. The number of Post Offices in 1881 was 5i935 " Miles of Post Route 40,681 " Miles of Annual Mail Travel 17,068,241 " Letters in the same year 48,170,000 " f'ost Cards 9,640,000 " Registered Letters 2,252,000 Postal Revenue $ 1,767,162 The Postal Mileage of the year was made upas follows : Land Routes, by stage, on horseback, or on foot. . 9,961,329 liy steamboat or sailing packet . . 652,717 By railway 6,454,195 Total ^Mileage 17,068,241 These figures shew postal activity in Canada. The rate of letter postage is 3 cents {1)4^.) per half-ounce, prepaid. The postage for letters between Canada and the United Kmgdom is 5 cts. (2^d.) The average passage of the Mail Steamers is about nine days. Postal Cards can be sent between Canada and the United Kingdom for 2 cts. (id. stg.) The newspaper postage in Canada is merely nonunal ; and there is a parcel, sample, and book post, at a cheaj) rate, which are found very useful. ,01?? The money order system in operation is similar to that of England. - All Money Order Offices are authorized to ilraw on each other for any sum up to one hundred dollars; and any applicant may receive as many one hunclred dollar orders as he may require. The rates are as follows : — On orders not exceeding $ 4 2 cents. On orders up to 10 5 " Over $10, up to 20 10 " " 20, " 40 20 " " 40, " 60 30 " " 60. " 80 40 " " 80, " 100 50 '.' The Money Order Offices in Canada issue orders payable at Money Order Offices in the United Kingdom, and vitre ? e> sa, for any amount up to ten pounds, sterling, and grant as many orders under and up to that sum as the applicant may require. The rates are : — On orders up to £2 25 cents. Over £2 and up to ;^5 50 " " ^5 " £7 75 " •' £7 " ;^lo 100 " evious habil.-, (laptalion for ountry askeil 'anada. The he observed like Canada, clearing new \hich ])raiiie condition of that the fac affect prices inection l)oth X in the land, 935 68 1 241 000 000 000 162 329 717 195 241 epaid . The (2Kd.) Postal Cards is a parcel, igland.'^' All m up to one dollar orders loney Order ten pounds, Dplicant may 19 TKI.KCRAl'IIS. The telegraph system in Canada is in the hands of public companies chartered hy Act of Parliament. The large- 1 and most important of these is the Great North-Western Company of Canada. This is formed by the union of the old Montreal and Dominion companies; and the extent of its operations will convey an impression of the extent to which telegraphy is practisetl in Canada. This company has 31,673 miles of wire in operation, and 17,042 poles. The rate in Canada for a message of ten words, address and signature not counted, is 25 cts. (is. stg. ) and one cent for each additional word. A message is sent at this rate for a distance of 1,300 miles. The price for s])ecial newspaper reports is as cheap as 25 cts. (is. stg.) per loo words; and the actual number of words of newspaper reports received at one city, Toronto, and furnished in one year, is 10,807,668. This ccmipany has a capital ot $3,500,000, with 2,000 offices, and 2,500 employees. Besides this great Company there is the Canadian Mutual, and the Coverument also owns some telegrajih wires. The Telephone system is in very active operation in all the towns of Canada; and the city of Ottawa alone, with a population of about 28,000, has about 100 miles of wire in operation. NEWSPAPER PRESS. The Canadians are well supplied with newspapers. Every considerable village in the Domini m publishes its newspaper; and in all the large towns they are several. These newspapers are for the most part conducted with energy and ability. They are supplied with full telegraphic reports from all parts of the globe. All important news that transpires in the United Kingdom, and Europe is instantly pul^lished in Canada; and, in fact, owing to the difference in mean time, an event which takes place in London at five o'clock in the afternoon, may be known in Canaila at about noon of the same day. As a rule the newspapers of Canada discuss party politics with vivacity, but all, with scarcely an exception, are in a marked degree loyal to British connection. There are a number of special commercial jiublications; as well as monthly periodicals devoted to agriculture, literature, medicine and branches of science ; and three illustrated weekly papers. MONEY, BANKS AND BANKING. KILLS AND COINS, The money used in Canada consists of bank bills, gold and silver coins, and bronze in single cents. The bank bills are instantly convertible into gold;' and rom the confidence they everywhere command, practically displace gold from the circulation, being more portable and easily handled. The Dominion Government issue notes of the small denominations uji ta $4.00, the banks not being by law allowed to issue notes of lower denominations than $5.00. It therefore happens that the bulk of the paper money in circu- lation and actually in the hands of the people is government currency. The banking laws are so framed as to prevent the possibility of loss to the holders of bank currency ; and even in times of severest crisis, the public confidence in it is not impaired. BANKING, In the Appendix to this Book, some figures are given of the banking opera*^ tions in Canada; which the intending emigrant is invited to study, as an important fact relating to the country in which he is about to take up his abode. There is a system of Savings Banks, connected with the regular chartered banks, and also with the Post Office, similar to that in the United Kingdom. Depositors in these Savings Banks obtain from three to four per cent, interest oii their money. Previous to making their permanent investments, immigrants are advised to deposit their money in one of these banks on their arrival in th 20 acSlecl'^wh'h all t^ ^JcI'T'r '""'^^''" '''°"' ^^^"^ =^"^> ^^^«™« thoroughly DENOMINATIONS OK MONEY than Pounds, Shi!lin.rs and I^nce and morv. '• ' "''^ "\?'''-' convenient sterhng, values stated in dollars and cents : understand in Sterling into Dollars and Cents. y. Id. is. sterling is o o o 4 $ CtS. OI 02 24 87 Dollars and Cents into Sterling. ct;nt IS. o o o 4 i^ o '6 5^ I o 6^ dollar is oj ,nires, the indicate the Pou„ 1 .,e,l,„g ,„„)• |,e c<«,Me,l n. 5 Dollars. This sign $ is „5e, Chicago, .o\hrS,)anUc"p"r,s°f;; 'eTfSr'; tocLTBrWr' bind, ^? TT "5^'"^"'"°^ »f climate, and 'favorable conditio,^ f?r fee ir'all B^s^Jc^: N'rtiia''S''i:;;*:= f ',rar.','™ir,' °i °t""' '^r"- ''r called ,he now Nor.h^Wes,, leave no rl^nTfo!^!" « ' rCa^ld" itea'S'l n^r, ?-, ' ,1, I ,° reniarkal, moreover, that since the beginning of this ex' '^^^^X^r^ HeX/3xr;Lrii Her ■'• '^ ''- ^"■'»™''°" °' .renjt'h! ^t ef ^tfil^S?' ■je^rtlil" rfi^^rS t^TicKKrv^r';!',,-;! prairies, make the attraction she offers foi the agriculturist ^ Canadr''" Sll'l T°'k r'"'"'^^'" '"^''^^"2 in England and in Scotland, than in Canada. English high farmers would find in Canada much that thev unn Id inlhi'p'""^' rough work; but there are exceptions of highly-cult vltec farms In the Province of Ontario there is a School'of Agriculture^ connectid Sa e thoroughly v'enturing on I are Dollars ce are legal, convenient ver the con- comparison iderstand in ferit'n^. £s. d. o oj 4 n o 6i ' sterling figures, the ndicate the iroductions i point out hes, or for h much ot ces export from the vlieat and 1 the great e into full le nearest lorts than V success- Britain. 2cding all bee, New- It may be apable of ies, cattle if this ex- rtation of ;alth and It rolling , than in y would d farms. i with a 21 model farm at which scientific and practical agriculture is taught. There are also nif.Qtl farms in the Province of Quebec. The result is a marked improvement of Inte years in the style of farming in some parts of the country. But there is much to he done yet m this direction. In too many instances the land is merely scratched over ; and it speaks well for the character of the soil and climate that under such adverse circumstances such excellent yiek^s are obtained. It has been hitherto found that what we may call pioneer farming, that is, taking from the soil in the roughest and readiest manner what it will produce, is more profitable than higher farming with its more costly appliances of labour and fertilizers. Hut mV "1 portions of the country this state of things is beginning to chance. Ihe sufficient reason for this state of things in the past has been that the land has .>een plentilul, cheap and virgin, while on the other hand labour has been dear It wa^, therefore, natural to lake the most from the land at the least cost There is no more independent man in the world than the Canadian farmer • he may not have so much wealth as some English farmers ; he may not be in a position to cultivate his land to such a degree of perfection, yet, as a rule, he is a happier, a mo e contented, and a more independent man. His land is his own aoso.uiely. His taxes are light ; his family are well to do ; he is the equal in every respect, (not unfrequently the superior) of the mo.t successful persons in the tOAvns near by. ' The English farmer coming to Canada, particularly to the older Provinces, will find a general similarity in work and conditions to those he left in England 1 he producis are the same, and the nature of the work very little different As a rule, machinery is more generally applied in Canada, and farming tools are lighter and handier. 1 he more general application of machinery naturally arises trom the greater dearness and difficulty of getting labour. The farmer in Canada cannot do the same kind of f^'eld work in the winter as in England ; but he finds enough to do, and there are ample compensations. The climate is a little warmer in summer and colder in winter ; but it is clearer brighter and more pleasant to live in ; and it is believed, more healthy. The great majority of English farmers who come to Canada, will all testify to the truth of these statements. Again, the PZnglish farmer in coming to Canada, feels tfiat he has not gone a three-months' journey away from home, but only about nine days. ' ^ The field crops that are produced are wheat, oats, barley, rye, Indian corn, potatoes, turnips, mangel wurtzel, peas, buckwheat, flax, etc. The garden fruits and vegetables are similar to those of England, except that tomatoes, melons, grapes, etc.. will ripen and are grown in the open air in Canada. Let a new-comer in Canada go into a farming district, and call at the first arge, comfortable house he may meet with, surrounded with well-tilled fields lierds of sleek cattle, great barns and extensive stables, all shewing evidence of prosperity._ Upon asking the owner's experience, in nine cases out of ten the reply to this would be that he came from the old country fifteen, twenty or twenty- hve years ago, with an empty pocket ; that in his early days he had to struggle with difficulties; but found his labours rewarded by success, and ultimately crowned with independence. Paying no rent, and owning no master, he has educated and settled his children around him in equally favourable conditions with his own. This is not an isolated case; it is the experience of hundreds and thousands of men. For the agricultural labourer who comes to Canada, the question IS not simply what wat-es he may earn, but to what position of independ- ence he can attain in the evening of his life ; in contrast to that possible goal in the mother country, il he should become unable to work with his accustomed vgour — the workhouse. The opening up and successful carrying on of the export o, cattle trade with England has sensibly changed, in many cases, the charact. i of the farming in Canada, and this is well, for farmers had begun to overcrop the soil, in so con- stantly producing cereals. In comparing Canada's present standing as a stock-breeding country with her standing twenty years ago, we find that her progress in this direction has been most remarkable. It is barely twenty years since the first herd of English 22 thorough-bred short horns was brought to Canada I>revin,.« tn .^.. .• Mev" ^^f«>/™" '"-sn». -.)' Canadian farmers DAIRY FARMING. Great progress has been made with dairy farming in Canidi nn,I th« f ^ ency is towards improvement and economy of h 1 nr '^^^"/"f ' '^"^' ^"^ 'end- been latterly introduced in tne older PrSce There J f ^^^1""^^ ^^-^{,^"1 has ufocture of cheese, and creameries Lrmam.facT re o^^So^^^^ .he work is detf;";:/;:!!';,^ '"' "'"*• "■= p^'-" " -«'■»<. »"e fact that r a cheese- iian Ched- ^nglishmen h they are : American client, and fried on in 23 MARKKT-GARDENINc., POULTKY-RAI-INd, AND HEE-KEEPlNG. Near the large towns, market gardening is profitably carried on. A com- paratively small capital is necessary, and with industry and perseverance, backed up by experience, a good income is assured. I'oultry-rai ing is only beginning to be much looked after in Canada, pro- bably because poultry is so cheap. In course of time, however, as the market extends, and as means are found of exporting fowls, geese and turkeys to Eng- land, henneries on a large scale will be established. The exportation has already begun. Hee-keeping is profitably carried on in many parts ol the Dominion. These few jioints show that what may be termed the smaller branches ot farming are not neglected by the Canadian husbandman. Still much remains to be done in this respect. FRUIT-GROWING. The growing of fruit, as well for home consumption as for exportation, is a very important industry in Canada, and one which excites the wonder of many new-comers. People who have Ijeen accustomed to think of Canada, as described in the words of the French king before the cession, as "a few acres of snow," are at first incredulous as to the extent and excellence of the fruits produced in a country which has the summer skies of Italy and France. There are vineyards in the Province of Ontario, of fifty or sixty acres in extent ; peach orchards ot similar extent ; and apple orchards, almost innumerable. strawberries are raised as a field crop. Plums, pears, gooseberries, currants, and raspberries are everywhere produced in the greatest abundance. The tomato ripens in the open air, and such is the profusion of this fruit, that it is very often cheaper on the market than potatoes, selling at 50 cents (2s. stg.), and sometimes less, per bushel. Melons ripen in the open air, as a field or market garden crop, and this delicious fruit is sold at very cheap prices in the markets. Wineof excellent quality is now largely manufactured from the grapes, and this fruit is so cheap as to be within the everyday reach of the poorest. It may be mentioned that in the county of Essex, on the shores of Lake Erie, the vine is very largely grown for the purpose of wine-making, and both the growing of the vines and the making of the wines, n'-c systematically carried on by French vinticulturalists, by French methods and processes, with very great success. Frenchmen engaged in this work have declared the conditions for growing the vine are more favorable in F "•; than in the ea::* of France, while the wine which is made is of a superior „ The great wealth ol Canada •. a fact which is not only interesting to the intending settler as an industr' , ^ a climatic fact, the country in this particular being much fjcfore the tj; .. jdom. It is especially interesting to the intending settler as a consumer, in •.:. .1 he can always obtain a supply of the healthful luxury of delicious fruit. The apples of Canada are especially very highly prized, and find their way in very large quantities to the markets of the Unitetl Kingdom ; and it may be men- tioned here that at the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia, the Americans honestly admitted themselves to have been fairly beaten by this Canadian product. A New York illustrated paper, on that occasion, stated that the finest show of fruits at that great Exhibition was "made by the Fruit-Growers' Association of "Ontario, Canada; a Society which has done much to promote and encourage the "cultivation of fruits in North America." FOREST PRODUCTS. The forest products of Canada constitute one of her most important sources ot wealth. They find their way to all parts of the world ; to the United States ; to the United Kingdom ; and to our antipodes, the Australian colonies. The Canadian saw-mills are at once among the most extensive and best appointed in the world. It excites the wonder of a stranger to see a log taken out of the water by an automatic process, placed in position under the saws, and reduced to inch 24 seconds a giant pine ? o S s n; hi L.?T"^ ^'"'''' "'" ^'^''"^i"^ '" « few period of Lre ,Ln a ceZy c ed' fo t '^nU^'^Thl' • 'T^^'"''^ • "''^ '^« •stages employs large numbers of men Vs w II n^Ti V ^^^ '"''"'^I'-y in all its shipping. '' "'^"' '^^ ^'-" '^•'' 'iffording freight to railways and useJlo^rlo/'Lmrj'of^nnnvki^f .7^7' rr"^ ""'''^ '--' -^ich are in many parts of Canac a fo Zl A ' t'"'''''"^' P"r,)o.se.s, fcr furniture, and, soft), efm'. hickory nwoo^^ '^'^'^i'.e tZcJ 'i ''?''"-? ''^^ "'^' ""'^''^ ^^^^'^^ '-^"d ^ Wood. p>p,ar. chest^u^-^r wilC;:S-;S^^^^^^^^^ thec^f;Sr;;?;:i:;!r?^;",J::;:!;|>; - f '-^-Pc in many parts ot ing shelter an' '•''^ ^^'■' ""^'^ ••^"^' the brilliancy of atmc.phere of the c'a^^S il^.^^;:; ^riirimd^l^lll^.r '' ''''' '" ''^ '^'^^^' ^^^^^ mens5"":,S:;:;u;;nu£^3'r;,^:^:;- '"-";-. -ver and above the im- Appendix to this Guide l5oo|- ' "'" '" ^''^"''^''''^' ^'" ^'^ ''"""^1 i» the PRODUCTS OF THE MINE. devebl;;;:;" li^h'lmS^I^^K;;^;':^^:!;; -^^ -^ '^^ great attractions, and their wealth for the Domi S^ O , hi 'bi' ' r'"'"'"'' T '/ '^'' greatest sources of published w.nk :- '"''J'-'^' '""^ '1""^'-" the following from a recently natu^i^b!S::iiS;.d;;;:l:;l:S^ti^i^^l ™^ to every country, and ations. many of the orclinL^n Lt'l nn o,vs T "' '" "'u^^''^'^ geological form- well-known American writL 'to nnrL i • ^" ^"^t^, the words of Lanman, a northern land woukl rec^ire ^olumel ' T '"??! '^r ""^'^^'^•''^P'^^l ^vealth of this of the oldest known for.LatTon, t™L;uremhn wh"i^b f""'' ''""^'r'' "" ^""'^^ ^^^^ of the earth, either in its rnrk-J nl .7. • ' , ^""6^ "P from the bowels erals. The Pacific co It ove ^n ^,f °'"{?^'^">''"g them, nearly all the known mfn! is composed of rod s m^r lo those orCo?' '^'^"1 '^r^'"'^ '^''"-^ "»'-- bearing -rocks. The clistr tlnween tL Ir^. I'l ^ ancU\evada-the bonanza! the precious metals, furnishes no small amo^mofr' ''''''' W-]'-^"tly without prairie regions contribute their sha"e '"■ "''"'^''^^1^- "^ ^'hich also the past Z^^S^UrSth J^^Jl"S'rtr' ^^^^^^ the prove beyond a doubt that Canada is desHn. I f'u "^ ^-^"'^^ting facts which finest mining districts in ]Lrr,rSeimn^^^^^^^ ^-^ ^'^""^ ^^ ""'^ °^ the inquiries constantly being made has cau.er T ^ ^i^en to prospecting by economic minerals of vas^t extent and of sn ''^^''f °^f y ^^/'^Portant deposifs of existence of whic^ in Cai Ida w^^^^-.'^T^ """'^ "''^^"^ ^ character -the to the geologist andm^n'o 'iSiTrs^fiL""^ "' ^^ '^"^^' '^"°^" -'^ rapid development ,.f new sou ce of iErvTh' '".'"''">' '"^^'^^ '^^^ 'o the tion and analysis afforded bv the Inn nn nt ^' r T^^r' °* '^"^"tific explora- Survey is gradually unfokli fg\t hid l^nTeS? h^ ■^"^•^^""-"t. Geological prise is doing much toward this end T^ , ? TT' ''^'Y' P^^'^te enter- been in the Lt that sufficLc'ni^^^^^ r''^'''" ^^P^^i^"'--^^! has of the general mineral wis to nil if "° '":''" ^PP^'«^ to the development happened that n a. y m n t o, er^^^^^^^^^^ ^"^ ""^ unfrec/uently the eflect of which was to "hrow S ^^''^r'^ "^ '" ^P^-^^^'^-^tive character, capital is now beinrr brought in wS ""u •"'"'"§ ^''^'-''"^■^- ^^"t foreign mineral resources o^f th?s"fottry b co e'Jirefouel T""""" ,^'^''^"p- ^^ ^^e wdl be fully brought out mam/fnrtnrl. ''^''f'^P*^'*' 'ts agricultural capabilities numerous aLl thr^-ing popXtLi wHlfind r.JT"'"''''^ "^'^ '"^^^''^^'^' ^"^^ ^ branches of trade. P^P^'^tion will hnd ready employment in the various ■ting of the i in a few y with the ' in all its ilways and which are lituro, and, (harcl and ^1<, Initter- , and many y parts ot in afTord- iiliancy ot -ar, bright e the im- nd in the and their sources of a recently I try, and cal form- in man, a 1 of this irge area : bowels wn min- e miles, jonanza- without also the hin the i which ' of the ting by osits ot r —the 'n only to the xplora- )logicaI enter- ed has jpment juently racter, foreign •^s the bilities and a 'arious 25 '"Afcfaisam//uirOres—Vn(]ct this head are the following :— Iron, which exists as iiog ore, hematite, magnetic and specular ore and magnetic iron sand • lead, copper, sulphurets and native; nickel and cobalt, zinc, silver, gold, and plaimum. > h > "«•" ,v."n " \''';'"'"^\^l'H'<:<'^lc to Chemical Ma»ufacturcs.-hon ores and chromic iron, sulphate of barytes, molybdenite, cobaltiferousand arsenical pyrites, bismuth antim«n>-. manganese, dolomite, magncsiie, phosphate of lime and calcareous tula. Uf the above, iron ores and sulphates of barytes, chromic iron, bismuth and others are used as pigments and in the manufacture of paints ; molybdenite and manganese for l,leaching and decoh.rizing ; pyrites for the manufacture of copperas sulphur and sulphuric acid; doUmiite and magnesite for medicinal pur- poses ; |)hosphate of lime and calcareous tufa for artificial manures co„ i'! ''^'""'''"l\''Pt'l>/"h'c to cuHstrHction.~\]rM\cv this head are lime-stones and sandstones for building purposes, the former is also used to prepare lime and hydrauhc cement ; gneiss ; syenite and granite for paving purposes; marbles, found in great variety, white, black, red, veined, dark and light green, brown grey, mottled, etc., for pillars, mantlepieces and decorative purpos.-s and sculpture ; slates for roofing ; flagstones ; clays, various colors, for bricks and ^^Miucruhfor frrindiufr and /<^//s/»'/;/,^-Whetstones, hones, grindstones, millstones, and emery powder. *^ piun;5f^;-^.h;;:;':;dT;:;^sr bSr ^'"^ ' "'^^ ' ^"^^^^""^' °^ -'^^'''^ ■' crystris^'amet^yMt^''"'''' '" ^''"^ ^'''--^'^^"'^^''^P'- «'--■ ««ates, jaspers. '' Miscclhwcuus mhicrn!s.~Coa], lignite, rock salt, petroleum or rock oil, leldspar, bituminous shale. Gold mines have 'iK-en worked in Nova Scotia, in (Quebec and Ontario, and largely in IJritish Colum])ia, where there are yet immense fields to open up hilver mines have been worked in Ontario ; and that at Silver IsL-t, Thunder liay, IS the richest which has yet been discovered on the Continent. Iron ore is tound all over the Dominion, and many mines have been successfully worked some ot the Canadian iron ores are among the most valuable in the world Copper has been mined to a considerable extent, both in (Quebec and Ontario; and the deposits of the ore are of great extent. There are very large coal deposits in Nova Scotia ; and many mines are profitably worked. This coal is sent up by the river St. Lawrence and by rail into the interior The coast of British Columbia is very rich in coal of a quality which commands a preference in the markets of San Francisco, notwithstanding the United States coal duly. '^ As regards the North-West Territory, coal is known to exist over a vast region to the east of the Rocky Mountains. This region stretches from 150 to 200 miles east of the mountains, and north from the frontier for about a thousand miles in places where the seams have been examined, they are found to be of ereat thickness and of excellent quality. Beds of true bituminous coal have been lound There are also large c|uantities of lignite, which will prove to be very usalul hiel. It occurs in considerable quantity along the Valley of the Souris Kiver, near the frontier, not very far west of v/innipeg. The coal under the Rocky Mountains may be floated down both branches of the Saskatchewan to Winnipee • and the construction of the Canada Pacific Railway will open another outlet from these coal beds to those places on the prairies where it is required for the use of the inhabitants. ^ It may be added that these valuable coal beds have been found cropping out on the banks of the Saskatchewan, near to the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. 1 his fact IS of great importance . both for the Railway and the country. Specially among the minerals which are used for agricultural inirposes may be mentioned Apatite Phosphate of Lime. The increasing demand for this valuable material has led to a great increase in production, both for home use and exporta- tion. Last year 15,600 tons were exported, against 12,000 tons the year before that : and this year the work of mining has been much more active. The per- p«.w (• X^^^^ ^ ' ".ann^ictunnK it inl„ supcr-phosphate are very Cs. !ai.;> 1^5^ J^ P ^to "^ """ -»"-n.i;ap'rice.,f $.5.5J the market.:^ I'h.^nJn „ " f ^l"'" - ps apju^ars by a recent .,u,>tati..n in thr(nmh..ut a Iwe v.,n, r ^""".'' '" ''"■^•'" ''»'"' ^''^''''y workable beds havJi^^Z!h^w7T7"'l!'' ''''^?' ''""^ "f '''^' l>'-'>i"i"n, but the wells M IS a so f.u.n.l ,n ()ntari.. ; an.l a. (Ju-k-rich there are extensive salt works an. /;-;iii;:-n ■:.^r';,::; sr ^;aS;;b^-;. ';i/^.. ■;:;;;;:fl; ---i: riir,.,l n( ^ I • .Maiiuuii;i aiici tie lemtoriis cure, t a el eap rn,.. ,„ any of ,he olrler J'rovinees as a fcrtilUr. made hi .!:""' •'" '■',■■«"' ''^''"'^"^ '■" '^" "'^' I'n-vinces; a , made ha^e proved it lo he very valuable lor fuel. CnAPiKR IV. -i'UHLIC WORKS. the experiments CANADI.W CANAL AM) INLAND NAVKIATION SYSTEM. natu.InS^Uonof'ivei^'^d ^T''''''^ '" "T?""^ the obstructions of tl.e The St 1.- n ' ' 1 •'^'«^'^''i "ver;., a.i,l the ^^roat lakes. Strait ,^f'^;djter,I^r,rST;i^''s'^ -u,.,..rup,e.l navigation fro.n the which 7:3, „, artilici:.! ;;. ';;^i,lJ:;:!;;i..;;^'''^^''''- -^ '"^^-^ "^ ^.384 miles ; of Mon;'"!' aid U^Ci^Ton::T'Z^ '^ ll"^"'""^ "'" '^^ ""^^^' '-^-'^^" Ottawa and Kiuy,su>n. "'"-'' '>'''^'"' "I""'"'' navigation l)etween St. Lawrelice.'"'"' '^"'"" '"""'''' ^*'^'^^' ^"'^amplain with the navigation of the nectii^ "irv^]^ ,;■ ,|''^'"'« Ca"al crosses an isthmus of half a mile, con- Atlantic. ^ ' ^^•''''^'' P<«-'--^^i»S "-^ natural ..utiet into tlie navigal;o,;'"'A7 orient '!;' ^""^^^■-^ ^--tory afi^.rds thousands of ndles of ahnas t theVoot'of the Rork?' M ""S '"" '''^•''■"" '^ '""'l'^'« ^'^ ''"'I-'nton, miles. ^""""^^ Mountanis-a distance of more than a thousand systeJw in? "f 1 ''}'?.'' "^^^-'^atiou may be connected with the St. Lawrence of constn.rn'n 1 • t '^" ^''''- '^''"> ''>' ^"''^"^^'■^ ^■'"'^'' ^^i" •>-' comparatively c>asv "croi tht V .u . , "•" .L'v/'P'^"I to New Vork. The shortest sailin-r cirrle across the North Atlantic ,s from Liverpool to ()uebec, via the Strait.i of jieile 27 MILU. Livcrpoul lo (Quebec vi.i the Strn'ts of Uellc Isle 2,503 n I'uillanil 2,750 tt 1 lalifiix 2,480 II New V'ork 2,980 It Huston 2,895 The ruuic of steinurs is liy tlu' Straits of Ili-IK' Isle, txccnt in very early ■iprini; or laic fall. Uy this route, it is further to he reinarkcM, there are only i,H2j niilcs of ocean navigation. The reniainiler of the distance, 825 miles, is inland or river navigation, whioli very much enchances the interest as well as the smoothness of the voyage, an important consideration for those who suffer from sea-sickness. The St Lawrence scenery is very beautiful. This was remarked by the I'rincess Louise in the notes to iier appreciative ketchcsof the .St. Lawrence, at <^uebec, published in Good Words, Willi respect to the view from the citadel of Ouebec -taking in the harliour ; i)art of the city; t!ie opposite town of Levis ; the Island of > 'rlean>., with a spur of the Laurentian range on the left shore, thnjugh which the l'"alls of .Montmorenci are precipitati-d into the .St. Lawrence - >.he says that "It is always umlcrstood to be one of the " hnest views in the world, an ever-varying scene of beauty." The sail up the St. Lawrence to (Quebec alone is worth a journey to Canada to see. Passengers from I'.urope select the St. Lawrence route, because it affords ihe most direct and shortest line to the very heart of the American continent. The Canadian Railw.ay system connects as well with that of the Western States as of the Eastern and .Middle States ; and the same remark applies to the system of canal and lake navigation. These facts account for the large number of emigrants who go to the United .Stales by way of the St. Lawrence ; and it is certain tlial the numlierof these will increase as the advantages of the route become more and more known in luirope. It has been rejiresented in certain ipiarters that these passengers have left Canada to go to the United States ; l)Ut nothing can be niore absurdly untrue. The fact of the large use made of this route is simply a trii)ute pai^;:: Se^^s:.r^v^s;i^e^t:^f^^7" -^-^^^ 2,730 or 636 miles in favour of the CantHLi;.ur '' ^'^°"'''-"' ^^ '' ^^'^ Bostonld'l^rlCrwdl^b^'biouir^""/'^"'^ ^'^'■^^:^>'' ^-" ^^^ "^'^rk, coast than they are at present ^ ^°° '° ^oo miles nearer the Pacific the i^^Sn^z?:Sr;i:ScE'^n^s^;^i!;:,^^--^^- ;- -^■' ^^--. on th: s-,t srb th^^^^f^^^^^^^ are taken into ccins ck'mUon it ^ LS^ 7.''"'?,°" n "\"'"'^Se above referred to entering into compethi n for the tl^ro ' h^^ ffic^w "''"^ ''^''"'^y- ''^ T. -11 .1 , » • --s'-^ ■•'■>- c.iaciuiui elements tor success ' but lii;:^i.!t J;:str'^" ^'" ^'^ ^^"^^'^^" ^-^'^^ ^^^^'-^^ not omy Canadian it is i:^S'rZ ^f th^'SJar 'J^'T °' '^-.p-clian Pacific Railway, generally tUiv.rpool Is fr ™ f oS) ,0 2^-^^; ^^'"f "I ^^.^ ^^^'"^^'^ ^^^'^^ than by the Union Pacific RilvlT ?n l' r f '?•' ''>' ^^"^ Canadian Pacific U.S., writes •-''Tirtr. 1? ^ , '^efcrence to this point, Professor Maury " vessel under canvas teethe iXr S.^^JuT f '^^'"Pletely that a trading " bound for VancouveS Island so th?t ZT f '" '^" ''''''' ''""'^^ ^' ^^ '^^ "^^^ " there in order to sav^twroTthre weeks be i l'>"-1 "°"'^^ "'^""">' '^^"^^ must, however, be clearly under tood Tat f'h " '' ''"'' ^'^'P^^^-'^es." It distance between Vancouver Khnd I Snn '^.''^'-^"tage, equivalent to the independent of and h, addUion ]o tC I i^ran^isco, viz., about 100 miles, is route given above ' '^'' ''^"^^ of direct distance by the Canadian line, "iS^Ll^^ieir^^K^r v^ir^'^ r'" ^V^ ^"^^^^' -^^ ^h-'-ss of endowed with coal are ta en n mlZ^ ' .yi^'tural country, bountifully marked by if Railways continental in North portion of salt plains. e selected ne of rail- 1 of 7,534 Company tains than -•d by him. will be in ^iistance is icted from I'een port* ^ as above esses over the more yond dis- adian soil n Pacific t is only !w York, le Pacific 1 shorten 30 miles. l)tainable ferred to ilway, in ans, will Canadian. Railway,, ic Coast 1 Pacific Maury, ; side of trading she was ly come -■s." It to the niles, is madian tness of ntifully ions as appear "hich is narked 29 influence upon if it does not command, what has been commonly known in Eng- and as the trade of the Last; China and Japan, however, being the West from tne Canadian pomt of view. Chapter V.— PICTURESQUE AND SPORTING ATTRACTION. THE TOURIST AND THE ARTIST. «f f3'^? "t'''^^ ^""^ ^^^" '"""^ '" '^^ preceding pages of the magnificent scenery inr,..; Lawrence constituting aUut one-third of the distance of the ocean steamship voyage, and of the very r. piJ development of Canadian railways, enab ling one to proceed rom the pons of either lialifax or Quebec, all the ^^^; by rail to very nearly the base of the Rocky Mountains ; one may very naturally ETrone who ni"^v7""^'" '"^ ^^^^ travellers from the United Kiifgdom and S Jv .In ' ^ ,^^'^-^''^»^''-' f re sighing for new worlds, if not to conquer at least ionf7n., f ' Th ' ■' "^'''' .'° ^'^''"^' '^''''' ^'"^P-^ ^° '^^ ""^^1^^"^ half of the American continent There is much in such a trip to attract the tourist, to afibrd him pleasurable excitement and to fill his imagination. This trip may, moreover be made with comfort, comparative cheapness and economy of time. descried '?n"r "f Ih' '^""^^'''"'^ ^^ '^^ g'^-'^t o^ean steamships have often been described, and yet they are ever new and present fresh attractions to thousands. reHnrrr."'"^! ^'^ ^^ the ocean voyage, which is now, however, for its lovers, mluced to so brief a space, the steamship not being more than six or seven days on the ocean between the coast of Ireland and the iron-bound rocks of Newfound- land ; whence the navigation assumes the character of that known as inland. tn .nin '! ^''^'^ comfort on these great ocean steamships, and every incitement TnTSIT]' """ ff '" '"r \^' '°"^P=^"y '"'^''^ '' "^^'^Ily '""""^l- ^- in the novelty and stimulating effects of the surroundings. A company in such circumstances is cut off for a time from all news and all associations Ivith the outer world. They h^ZVu^ '^ overhead and nothing but the good ship between them and the .3n ?' ^^'''^^"V'eneath and around, and certainly noVhing else to do but to be Sreea e ff^.T f?i^'r ^^^P^'^'^"y/^'hen the first peculiar and sometimes dis- agreeable effects of the beginnings of ocean navigation have passed away. Such a company, composed of ladies and gentlemen, judges, lawyers, doctors, clergy- ZmsJl ''l '^'TT"' """'''''' °^^'^' P^--^^"^ '-'"^l others, very often find among iovnl. nf n" ' r^"''"" resources for pleasurable entertainment and making the Ind Sn i^T-'f hie Concerts and charades, readings, etc., etc., follow each other; in h.V 1 ^ ^^ .""f '' """ '''-''°'^"'" °^ '^^'"^^h services. These are generally held m the saloon, and steerage passengers are invited to attend. h rom the Atlantic ocean off the coast of Newfoundland, there is a navigation Gulf '.2 V*'°"ll"^""''' '° '^''^'y °^ Q"^^hec ; through the great water, of the f^au is of tr' •• L'T'^^".^'-^ ^hich form one of the most remarkable physical features of the continent The shores of the St. Lawrence are fairly lined with the white VI lages and churches of the French Aa/>i/a,Us ; where the traveller may Frn,r"^r. '^'' ^r^-"""'' ^'''lil'heir simplicity, of the Province of BretagnTin France of two centuries ago. These are a strong and happy race of men. They ooweirr'" '^rc.namere handful at the time of the French settlement to a pTo:?coi;Sl°of'irff'^^^' -^ ^^-'^'"^^^'^ ^''"^^^'^ heaUhydimate and pros- Arrived at Quebec if our tourist is inclined to pause, be may find much to interest and instruct him in this "ancient city." Thence proceeding i8o miles fimher west towards Montreal, he may have the choice of tlvo railways anrthe fine steamboat line which plies daily on the St. Lawrence between theUo cities! Ihese river steamers may at least cause him surprise if he has not W(nr. h.^n *r. hoTeTs''H.In^fi'?.i°Vf^^1!'V ^"'' '''^°'''' "^he accommodation of first"class • behind h?n h h 'iT't '•'' '''-'">''^^ '-'^^■'^^ '^' gr^"^''^"^ °f ^hat he has left iDehind him in the lower St. Lawrence, it is still very beautiful and enjoyable on 30 a fine summer's evening. If he prefers the rail, he can leave at night, enter what is called a "sleeping car," and lie at Montreal on awakening the next morning. Our traveller has now arrived at the commercial capital, over a thousand miles from the ocean. Montreal has a population in round numl)ers of 150,000 inhabi- tants, within its somewhat narrow city limits. These figures would he largely increased if the adjacent villages, which virtually form jiart of the city, were taken in. Montreal is a handsome, welldniilt city, and a place of large com- merce and great wealth. It is rapidly increasing, and probably in the immediate future wdl fill the whole Islai.d of Montreal, In addition to its commercial facilities, being the head of ocean navigation, it is a railway centre, and has very favourable manufacturing facilities. The population is mixed English and French s])eaking, each contributing to the city's progress. The Victoria Bridge cr()ssing the river, about two miles wide at this place, is one of the features_ of Montreal. The city is beautifully situated, and the view from the Mountain Tark overlooking it is one of the most charming to be found in any country Proceeding west, the tourist may call at Ottawa, the seat of the Federal Government ; which he may reach by the choice of three railways, or by the steamers on the Ottawa, a river having a course of more than 700 miles in length, yet itself but an atlluent of the great St. Lawrence. Ottawa has a population of about 28,000, The Parliament Buildings form the most prominent feature of attraction to the tourist, from their architecture (Renaissance Cothic) and commanding situation. They stand on the south bank of the Ottawa, on high and spacious grounds, of about twelve acres in extent, and are visible for miles around. An eminent writer has well said of them that they "are among the glories of the architecture of the world." Proceeding westward, the pleasant city of Kingston, the former capital ot the two old Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, at the foot of Lake Ontario, is next reached ; and further west, at the head of the Lake, the tourist will come to the large and beautiful city of Toronto, claimed by its inhabitants to be the " Queen City" of Western Canada, Toronto has a population in round numbers of 87,000. Its streets are beautif dly laid out, and it has many handsome buildings. It is surrounded by a rich and pleasant farming country. Many lines of railway centre in this city, opening up large portions of the Dominion tributary to it. If the tourist should make Toronto a point at which to stop, and from which to see the Province ot Ontario in detail, he may visit Hamilton, St. Catharines, Niagara Falls, Guelph, London and numerous other thriving and prosperous towns, situated in a rich farming country, where the numerous pleasant homesteads, with fields, orchards, flocks and herds, give everywhere the impression of agricultural contentment and success. If the tourist shou' " continue on his journey westward, and go to Thundu- Bay, near the head of Lake Superior, he will again have gone more than a thou; and miles, as the crow flies, from his last stopping-place ; or 2,500 miles from t!:. ocean. _ In other words he will have travelled as far from the Atlantic Ocean ;>. from Liverpool to the city of Quebec. The upper lakes have been not inn])i;\ termed "inland seas"; and Lake Superior is at once the largest and vm)< remarkable sheet of fresh water in the known world. The scenery is very beautiful ; and particularly about Thunder Bay, the lake terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway, where there is the town of Prince Arthur's Landing; and where undoubtedly in the near future a great city will arise. The tourist can now take the Canadian Pacific Railway, and proceed tlirect to Winnipeg. Measured on the map in a straight line, the distance is about 40C; miles ; but the meanderings of the railway through the rugged and highly pictur- esque country it passes through would make that distance longer. It might Ix worth while to stop at a place called Rat Portage ; a ])oiiU at which the Lake 01 the Woods, a large and beautiful sheet of water literally studded with wooded islands, in tne same way as the Thousand Islands below Kingston — falls over a ledge of rocks into Winnipeg River ; the waters of which now run northerly into :m Lake Winnipeg ; a lake which is over 240 miles long. Tfic scenery here is vej-y beamifv.l : and the immense water power will probably induce the buildin.' of a large manufacturing city— the Minneapolis of the Canndian North-West Proceeding on his westward way the city of Winnip. j:. situated on the Re.l Kiyer, at the confluence of the Assiniboine, would sureiy give him a surprise Within the years that may be counted on the fingers of one hand. Winniue.* wis almost naked prairie. By the census of April 188, li tha.l a population of about X,ooo ; but now it is said, as these lines are written at the close of 1882 the pomi lation IS 15,000. There has been a rush to it from all parts, so great that build ing .-iccommodation could not be procured for all incomers ; and one saw even ate in the fall, whole streets of canvas tents, and primitive constructions of mere- ly wooden boxes, while substantial buildings of every kind were everywhere be- ing ' rushed up. There are splendid villa residences in Winnipeg ; handsome houses and magnificent blocks of shops or "stores," .as they are railed which would be conspicuous in the great cities of Europe. A very large business 'is done, large numbers of people have grown rich, and the streets which have tram railways are already lighted with electricity. Its citizens believe and appar- ently not without good reason, in view of the vast territories that must be tributary to Winnipeg, that it will become in the near future, one of the great cities of the world. Business eagerness seems to be depicted on the faces of the people and at times the hurrying and crowding on parts of Main street, Winnipec remind one of State street, Chicago. ' ^' After having travelled about three thousand miles from the ocean, the tourist has now arrived at the centre of the continent of North America, and he has fairly entered on the I'rairie Region of the great North-W'est of the Dominion 01 Canada, lie may now drive over the plains, directing his course by the poinds of the compass in the same way as on the ocean ; and prt.cetding west ft r about 1,000 miles will reach the Rocky Mountains. The Pacific Railwav as these lines 1883 in grandeur are written, has pushed 660 miles west of Winnipeg, and' will be at the base of the Rocky Mountains, flere :he scenery has a which words fail to describe. The Rev. Dr McCJregor in a paper cr^UrnnitecTm he Contemporary Revtetv, says :-" Our first glimpse of that long and magnificent line of gigantic peaks and mighty masses-a broken mountain w.all of glitterine snow some hundred miles away— was a vision of glory never to be forgotten On our ascending from a great Indian pow-wow on the Bow River to the upper level they looked in the clear morning air like a long series of sharp-cut white pyramids burlt upon the prairie ; then the great dog-toothed line rose higher ; then the long serrated range of jaggerl peaks and twisted masses, seen under sunshine almost tropicaUn its heat and purity, stood OuFin all Its splendour, sharp .and distinct as if only'a few miles away, their sides blue in shadow, while their peaks and faces were ^ glittering snow-white down to the yellow prairie level out of which they seemid to rise. When forty-five miles dis- tant from them, I noted as special features the straightness of the range from the two extreme points of vision, and that, though broken into every variety of form the pyramidal peak predominating, the summit line "'as pretty uniform likeadeeo and irregularly toothed saw. I suppose that nowhe. else on earth is there such an ecean of verdure bounded by such a shore." His Excellency the Marquis of Lome, on the occasion of his visit to British Columbia, made a speech in the autumn of 1882, in which he referred to the im- portance of cultivating the attractions held out by the scenery of this Province He said : — ,, " ^,.^*^"H ^^'■^"g'y '^^^^^se you to cultivate the attractions held out to the ^ ^ travelling public by the magnificence of your scenery. Let th is country become what Switzerland is for Europe in the matter of good roar/s to places which may '^ be famed for their beauty, and let good and clean hotels .attract the tourist to ^ visit the grand valleys and marvellous mountain ranges. Choose <;nmc district ^ and there are many from which you can choose, where trout and salmon abound! ^ and where sport may be found among the deer and with the wild fowl Select some portion of your territory where pines and firs shrou^l in their greatest rich- ;J2 '• nS 'on .^''''"i ' ''"••'". '""'' "'"•'''■'" "Pvvarcls to glacier, snow firl.l, an '•"'""■"">" "i" '•>■ ■»»*■ •" th. ,iJc wnlc-,L,f .l,c IVifc THE Sl'ORTSMAN AND THK AN(;i |.R txjjtri, and, .IS a iiilc, triistworlliy, hcnest an«l rfspei-tfnl In tlio f,,rcsls „f New lirunswick and (lueliec, mixiw ate al.ui.,l-ini ■ l,„f .p, . n.ore.-.ea„l,. ,„„n ,l,e full l,l,„„le,l In.lianJ; an.l li^e^ai;!;, " ' ^'"' "' he,l,t-es7i,e™il ," '"?,": "V"'' ',°."" ^'"'"^ ""'1 ha'ch their yonng „" kind?lf^i,h I '•,^"',""™'P"'"='' »••''"«'" »"'l iroul.fehing. Many "her on Jr.?";;;;";! ;;} ^.^:^;;- :--- :;---^ much sport, from its .nouth to ts o... The fi h Tlh' r" "'''•'''' ^'^"'^^ FK.umIs in wei.rht ; firm har.I in,! „if„ii "'^r' '''': '^'°'" ''"^' t" seven the requisite fevm p Zimre an ro S sZhi" I " FT"^; '° ^^^ ^'P'^^"' Then at Sauk Ste! Mario, on 'he wr. two ha .r , ' ^^ '" ^' ,^°''""'«- cHKaj^'ci. The fish lake,; can be .^ wd a, ef I v h' Tnlf 1 ""'T '^^""'.^ ^'' [a-rfectiv for months. Jlass, „ii ^«"'^ the a^r Jt^ UnuJ:i't;:^^tc;;::i^^^^ ^^ 3.900.000 square miles; that of Alaska is 5^7 390 ^nnrrn I? iif'i '' ? ^'93.3-588 square miles- Thus the Dominion is nrrlyirhunlre^^^ '"^'''"? 3,510,978 miles. United .States without AlTskn nn,1 n ? '.^ousand square miles larger than the than both combined ' "'""■'^ ''^^'^''^" 'h""'^'-^"^' square miles larger The total pojnilation of the Dominion bv the cens.i<; nf 1S8, a^airist 3,687,024 as shown by the census of iSr^Th was 4,324,810. Provmees during the .iecenniaf is ove 8 , er c™ ' The iZ-^'^V '\u^' "''^ Provinces n 1871 over 1861 wi« ov,>r ,-, ' . r' ^ "^ increase for the same was 2,188,854; tha of the Snles 2 x foS ,h ^7 ""'"" "^ "^'*^^ ^'^ ^««^ ss.'t;-ire":2ri;;-;SS^^^^^ in Appendix to this Gmde Sook ) ""'"'^'^"*'°" '^^ ^^''"'''l^-^- ^^^' ^«n^»« Tables ;o.^V?^ i^s iS;^i£x^,^o:o88^:^N;;^t^^^ - --r ^ 77,753 :n the United States ;andl3°330 if ^tl^;^!;^;^^^^^'-''^^^ ^'^""^"^^ ' popuPadoSTot'sCci' intSrts"";^^''^ ''^^^.f''^? ^"^^ ^^^ ^--^ a Guide Book.) ^ '"habitants. (See Census Fables in Appendix to this u The Iradt' of ("atuiiia has \cry yn-atly increased sinco the Confcderatitjn. At the end of 1868, the first fiscal year after the union, the total exports were $57,- 567,888.00. In 1881 they were $98,290,823.00. In 1868 the total imports were, $7^459,644.00. In 1881 they were $105,330,840.00. The total trade being in f868, $131,027,532.00, and in 1881, $203,621,663.00. The figures for 1882 show .<»till further large increase. The imports were $1 19,419,500.00 ; the exports $102,- 159,243.00 ; the total trade $221,678,743.00 ; and the amount of duties collected $21,708,837.00. Among the exi)orts, the value of animals and their produce (being products of Canada) wa-. $21,360,219.00. Agricultural products, $21,268,327.00, and prtxlucts of the forest $24,960,112.00; of the mine $2,767,829.00, and of fisheries, $6,- 867,715.00. (SeeTal)le of Exports and Imports in Appendix to this (luide JJook.) The total value of the Canadian Fisheries in 1881 was $15,817,162,64 against $14,499,979.71 in 1880. The value of fish exported in i88l was $6,867, - 715.00. These figures show that by far the largest portion of the product of the fisheries of the Dominion is consumed at home. (See Table in Appendix.) It will ajipear from tlie comparatively small export of j)roducts of the mine, that the vast mineral resources of Canada have scarcely begun to be developed. There has ])een, however, a considerable consumption of coals in the Dominion. The total amount of receipts for the Dominion in 1881 was $48,807,084.00, and the receipts at the credit of the Consolidated Fund were $29,638,957.00, The payments from the Consolidated Fund were $25,508,232.00, These two last payments representing the ordinary revenue and expenditure. The total amount of the Funded and Unfinv'-xl debt of Canada on the first July, 1881, was $178,200,- 918.00. Against this amount the Assets held by the Dominion for .Sinking Fund, etc., amounted to $17,763,400.00, making a Net Debt of $160,436,518.00. The amount of Net Dl:\A />t^r ca/>i/a, was $37i^ifjy. The total interest on the public debt of Canada, chargeable against the Consolidated Fund for the same year, was $7,594,144.00, or $1.75 /^; lapita. The total amount expentled on Capital Account during the same year amounted to $8,176,316 00 The Revenue of C'anada during the present year, has shewn great elasticity, the figures l)eing from July to October of 1882, $12,487,761.00, against $10,943,- 998.00 for the correspcmding months of the previous year; showing an increase of no less than $1,543,763.00 during those four months. ^.???The Dominion has made great strides in its banking operations since Confederation. The total paid-up Banking Capital in 1868, the first year after Confederatitm, was $28,529,048.00. In September 1882, $60, 103,394.00. The total amount of Deposits in »868, was $30,168,556.00. In September 1882, the total Deposits amounted t(j :j)i5o, 156,425. 90. (See Appendix to this Guide 15(M)k for an abstract of the Banking Statements of the Dominion.). • ^^■^'The progress made in the constructiim of Railways and Canals, has been previously shov.n in these pages. (.See Appendix for figures in detail.) Chapikr VII.— provinces OF THE DOMINION. THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. K.VCTENT AND PCSITION. Ontario is the most populous and wealthy province of the Dominion of Canada, and its growth has lieen exceedingly rapid. The area within its old limits, as taken from the Census districts, is 101,733 square miles ; but if we com- pute this area from simple measurement of the map, including rivers and lakes, its extent would be increased by about 20,000 scjuare miles. It should further be stated, that the award of the recent arbitration would add about SOjOoc? qu.are miles additional to the Province of Ontario, making altogether a total of about 200,000 square miles ; Init this award is not yet ratified. i)t;en 85 modified by their influence. The principal so 'roe o? h w^lth is S^ It may be said to take the load in the famiinn oi^erations of the oSion t5^ number of acres of land surveyed in this Province, i aL ^oooSi? ^nH^L numl>er of acres already gran.ed and sold, is al>out -,i«,oci ' ' ' ^"'^ '*"" POPULATION, OCCLTPATIONS AM) cniK-S. .n^ The population of Ontario is 1,923,228, as shown by the Census of 1881 and, as a ready stated, agriculture forms the principal occupLion of Se"nhabS^^^^ although lumbering in the rich forests, mining in the bour tif 1 depciits com^^^^ ^:^i:^;s^7z?^j:i:j;-'' ^^^- -^"-^^^ ^ portion^rariaZuT:, Shi^ci»ers!rs:=; ^^^^ *- -''-' •-''"'^^■- "^^^^ Ottawa has a population of over 28 000 • i» k th,. c,.^» ^r ♦! ?-. RESOtfRCES AND DEMANDS KOR l.AllOtlR. In rliffvflnnM "'^•!''' ^."""^'"^.e n^'iy ^'•'' generally described as very rich. I. varies m different localities but a large proportion of the whole is the very best for aS? thl u ■ r }^ temperate zone ; its special adaptation to the erowth of ttore'at lIS" " """ '^ ''' """"^'''^ ^""^ ^'^ ''^ '^' mo.lif>^ng inluence of river^ltrn?' ?""^'^""'fa/io\by means of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence nised^ in' ';T?''^ S ^^e magnificent series of Dominion canals, is unsur fn tw" f '"'""^' \ealth, excluding the one article of coll, is probably eoual to that of any part of the world, abounding as it does, in iron, copper lead sUver gold, marble, petroleum, salt. etc. Its numerous forests o ^i^ t 'n S^'areTc^ Ws"S ^amr' ''^"^ '"^'^^^•'^"- '^^^ "^''^^^ L^^^-^ •'^'--' ' -"^' ««h' -d tt Men to work and develop these resources are therefore the kind of immi fn^ry^'Slnt'^'i'? T" "^. Agriculturists, from thL tingle' Sg and cult'ivlte it son it rfi' "• ' "' T"-,^' .^^=^"^^"8 "^^" ^^ '^^^' ^'^ ^orJs hnuJ^ \a a J '^ requires men to build its houses, to make furniture and il^ I ^T^'' •''"^ '°. ''P"" "P communication from one part of ih7countrv "o another by the construction of roads and railways country to these manufactures, as is also steam, for motive power. the towr''-;nd l^Z^'^^' t"'?""^ for female labour for domestic service, both in ine tow!.. and cuuiury ; also for work m some of the factories • also a dpmanH gr drgsmakers. milliners, and seamstresses ; all of whonTiS^un grod'w^":"' 36 Bui, a!> has been clscwhcn- sfntoi in this (iiiidf Hook, and cannol Ik; loo strongly impressed \ipon intending immigrants, the wtli of such prcKlucU part ,.f .his (;ui.i:. . ok Ir i^ U ". ''^^ l'""'V" '' '"* *''*'^'-' '" -^"^''hcr !>ca.:h or,.J,ar.l.s ..f f.lty . V v y -, '^ ' i^^"^ ^T^''''' "' "'^' '"""i'-on that .ipi'l^'-s having Ik. • . o ' of tC m r m' p '""• ' "">"I"^'">'I»^ i the ex,K.rt of MKANS Ol- l-.KUCATiON. This has hern hr mh to i. nV •'^'''■".'■aN.; syste,,, ,.f ['uMi.: Kducation. systems in the n S J J o ;Z 7 Fur^ Y "'"''l '"^^ ""' ^""'y = '^^ and their best points approp^'ued '' '"^'"'^' '"'■" '^'''^^''■""y ^'"'"'''-•d. adn^i/.l::; i;';!;!;;;.? Si;;;:,:'*'"-^^'-''''''"''- •'"''^- <■•''•<'-" -^ ^" -lenonnnations arc riic school funds arc derived from four diffen-nt sourr.-s , 'in i .• til.- ratcai)le propertv within their r .. y'"'^^' >' ^-'acli school to levy a tax on KARMS AND LANDS. and ^iJr'^^cl^l.r'l^l^^lii^i^^S fT "^ '' T^ ^" f ^^' according to situation m!^st^nS'S.to'o;^r^:;KUh:: adUv.S^'^T'-" '"/^^ ^--ain.i^'i would do well not to he in Inste to .Xh Y . ^''"'^'"''^"^^ possessing means taking so imp<.rtant a te A 'ncultu ? I T'' ' '" V'f '"?'^ ^■^P'-Ticnce before KREE GRANT LANDS, free g^."nt and^klm'stld' Act'of TsS 'f'cl"""^!''^'^- "I^? '"^ '-''^»-" "-'" ^he ooo acres ; making a og'ther a b, u t 6 7io)^T"'"'% r"'""-"'" 5°'000 and 6o,. ^at;^^-:nVb-h5!^ -;.on, pai througi; to;Si;; ^^ ^:st^:;-i;^ £^;rt;^l;,s;i^- ever/;::;' ^:5'rL^[;^ i;^^:;:;;' s;'; °"f ""'^ r ^""^''^'"" ^^ -"'--^ ^ mal/over eiXerve.rs o^ie c^^^^ "/S^^""" >'^'-'^'''^ ''^ ^^'^ ' ^^^^^7 dition of s.nUem"nt? Thes ZaT^rfTlLlT ^""- '^ '?^ ^^''-''^ °" '^"^ cnrred K^rr^r.. ♦;, • ^ "^^'^ '^ncis are protected from seizure for anv debt in. 'Tiol^st^Jd E^i^tJric!:" ^'^'^"' "^"'^ '^' '--^'y y-- '-^^^^ it^LtV- CONDITIONS OF SUCCESSKUL SETTLEMENT ON TME FREE GRANTS have^ at'tt" iLTrlo ToT^lff'^'^T "\"" ^ ^'^^ S^'"^"'' ^^e settler should least ^40 to /.so after reaching his location. But, as elsewhere 38 advised in this CnitU- Ik)ok, it woul ""t for a yt^^r as agricultural lalK.urers. The experience thus ac.piired, will far more than compensate for the time lost. The settlers are always willinj^ to help new comers. A house, such as is reciuired l>y the Act, couM he erected by contract for from /, 5 to^8 ; buf with the assistance which the scf.ler would certainly receive from his neighlunirs, it mi'ht be erected for even less. The best season of the year to go on a Iree jrrai, is the month of .September, after harvest work in the ohl settlements is over. There is time to put uu a house, and get comfortably settled before the winter sets m; and during the winter, the work of chopping and clearing can go on. Ihu- one-ration of putting in the first crop is a very simple one. Ploughing is at once. impracticable and unnecessary. The land is light and rich. All it needs is a. little scratching on the surface to cover the seed. This is done with a d"g or harrow, which imy either be a very rough, primitive implement- a natural crotch with a few teeth in it -or it may be carefully made ami well tinished. AUVANTACIKS KOR VERSONS WTIH .MEANS. Persons of mtKlerate but independent means, who are living on the interest of their money in England, could double their incomes by settling in C/ntano, where seven per cent., and sometimes more, can easily be obtained for investments on first class security. Add to this, that living and education are cheaper than in the Old C:ountry, and it will be at once olwious how great are the advantages- Ontario offers to this class of persons, and especially those with families. Another class of persons to whom Ontario offers special inducements are tenant farmers, who are ambitious of changing their condition as leaseholders to that of freeholders. Improved farms can be bought in Ontario for the aniount ot capital neces^ruy to carry on a leased farm in (ireat Britain, thus placing the well- to-do farmer in a position of independence. T!1K PKOVIxNCE OF QUEBEC. KXTK.Nr AM) OKNEKAl. CAIAIUI ITIES. ^' The Province of Ontario has an area of 1 88,688 scjuare miles as taken from the census districts, but if the map is measured, including the waters which com- prise a portion of this Province, the area may be stateil at 2.0,000 square miles. The soil of a large portion of this immense area is exceedingly fertile, .net capable of high cultivation. The cereals, grasses, root crops, and many of the fruits of the temperate zones grow in abundance and to perfection. In the southern parts of the Province, Indian corn is a large crop, and fully ripens. Tomatoes grow in profusion, and ripen, as do also many varieties of grapes. It may be mentioned as a climatic fact of importance for the purpose of comparison, that neither Indian corn, nor tomatoes, nor grapes, will ripen in th^ onen air in the United Kingdom. Quebec hrs vast tracts of forest land, and a ve ., large lumber trade. It is rich in minerals, including gold, silver, copper, iron, plunibago, etc.. etc., and has especially immense deposits of phosphate of lime, but it has no coal. It has large deposits" of valuable peat. Its fisheries are of immense extent, and among the most valuable in the world. , ^ , .1. 1 The inhabitants of the British Islands and France will l>oth find themselves at home in the Province of Quebec, the English and French languages being both. ^^ This Province was originally settled by the French. Among the first English ,^,{tlcrs who fixed their homes in Quebec were the United Empire Loyalists, whom the War cf Independence in the United States caused to emigrate to Canada. To recompense their allegiance the British Government gave then* magnificent grants of l.Uid in the Eastern Townships m Quebec. 39 RIVRR ST. IjWVRKNCK. navigation to the Gulf of SLlTwr^^^^ ^7' .'^'^- ^c^'l of ..cean commercial position of rominin.limr i',,,^, ,^ ^ I'rovmce of Quel.cc ii Province of (Ontario, .^kiZ^o th"^Vr ^'^^^^^^^^ ^^Z '" '''■'f""" *" '''^* of the adjoininR Uniftvl Sta ks Tl.i? .r" ., " ' ^'"^ "'';'' *" ^ '^'g»-' P<'r"'>" ' ='' ^-^^^'X PO'nl r.'spect the opposite of tSc^ mu ff waVr of'th %''i"*'^">' ""^' (^^''"K "' ^^i^ aOluents, some of wlmh are 100^^1110^1^.1 ^ f '^^'PP' ; ami many of its "n the Continent of Ku,' pe I " ""vv th u rin'lo r '" ?''''^''\ ^''''' '^'"'^ 1 '-• 11 js. worm a trip to Canada to sail up the St. J.iwrcncc. CHIEF CITIES. LANDS AND .SURVEYS. CLIMATE. in i^:r^: pf^iis^trcinrih; ^um,:;:: r^^r^ '•^"'^^'^^^ --- ^^ ^^^-e latidude. But very o/^.^'S notion^ no v.T f ^T^'''' ^eing in the same winters in the Province of Ouebec Th4.^- ' , f^^"^, ^1 *° *^^ ^^^^^'X ^^ the dry and brilliant, and "rcoi? t WfoJ no? luT\"'^ "^"'l ' ^^"^ '^' ''^" ^« K '"^""X covers the ground during te.f:^,^:^' "uVlT^'^T ,«"«^' g-^erall-; everywhere winter roads, over which hTavv Ion nf ^ i' "!'''"' '^"°^' '''"'' "'^I'es the greatest ease. These roads fnr?h,^ r """"^ .^'^ '''■^^" '" ^'^^'ghs with in the world, and they a^Venfoyed in fhrnTr.^^'f """«u ''' P^obablyShe best l^efore the regular summer "oX a e ma^ Th''"'' '•""gh^^M^ts of the country X>ecember and goes awTy in April ' '""''' g^^^-^^^'X commen.es iJ alsotIt'w?SfroT'"lith l"ave tlT'^T' ^'^''/^g"^"''"-! operations, as is rest for rapid vegetable growJh ^ """"^ '" " '^'^"'■"^'''-' «'^*« ^f'*^^ ^^^ winter ^ost^XtTto lt^i^!'^5> ^wf t^ue^\^^^ ""'^"^ ^'\^"' - -" - tJ^^- States, are unknown here. The cLnfmahr T'^'^'v °^th9 south-western healthy and pure. malaria, every climatic influence being SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS, products. The cereals hav rnnt V-r^ aciaptcd to the growth of very varied .hi. Province ,o .he K„S ^:Jfe.."X";'^uS.r ol l^l^^^IrS +0 npcciftl cxrellencc, particularly those in the Kastern Townships, and north ol the Ottawa. Indian corn, homp, (lax and lohacco ari' prown in many parts of the I'ro- vince oCOucIh-'c, and yield larf;e crops. Parts of the I'rounce of (^)iicl)ec arc especially favorable for the growth of apples and pliinis. Large <|ii:intities of the former are exported, and some of the varieties which are particular to this I'rovince cannot be excelled, if they can he ef]ualled. The small fruits everywhere grow in profusion, and grapes, as els wiiere stated, ripen in open air in the Southern parts of thir I'rovince. 'I'll are now heginning to be largely grown. I'OI'tn.ATION .AND INDtT.SIRIKS. The [inpulation of the I'rovince of (^)uebec is 1,359,027 by the ensus of 18X1. Of these 1,073,820 were of French origin ; 81,515 of Knglish ; 54 '^ of Scotch ; 123,749 of Irish, and the remainder of other origins. ( lassilied . >rding to re- ligion, the populali()pulation, as do also lumbering, mining and shipbuilding. The most imi)orlanl trade in (Quebec is ihe lumber industry, and this affords nearly everywhere a ready market for the farmer, and in the winter .season em- ployment for himself and his horses. The value of exports of i)roeen very rapid, and these in fact now connect all the coiisiderable centres of population l>olh on the north and the south shor-,- 'if fhv St. Lawrence, The wild lands arc opene-d up by colonization roads, and besides the regular macadaamed roads there are every where roads throughout tht Province, 41 MINKRALS ANf. KISHKRIRS. ■lane. The ^„a, .t';„i,h"';,?i"h,,f ;,;';'■'• '""■ '"=•; "» f""-i ^»i » foreign parts. ^ ^^H'otua t(. distant portions of tl,..- Dominion S KIJUTATION. rr'^^^P'-^^^^^^ "^^^r- -^ very «oo.. ■s sn.,..livi''''" ''« I^ound to school grant allowed l,y the (;overmnenf ' " •'^'l"^' '" ""'"nnt to the Hesides this, heads of fa.nilies aJe ^in ^''':L;T"V'''^''''>' '" ''^' '''"vince 'orty cents for every chil.l between he' aLs 0T7 1^ ^'''' '^^^^S ^^"'^ «ve to schoo . There are annually allowed ,0 poo munir r'-^ '"I'C'''^" "^ '-^^ten.ling schools are placed under the control of c'Z^nsn ''''"' r'"°°- '^^''^ary of each municipality. <^ ommissioners elected by the ratepayers In municipalities where there ..vkt ,i;fr ,. . .Schoo,Co,„„i,,i„„,.,, of the ma .rity g nx' n K,,:^''^'""'' /'enominations the with their management as it concerns tlum .n • n """""'y •'^'■*-' "ot satisfied "ssent to the I'resident of the SL^honl r "P^^"^")-' t^ey may signify thei < .rect their own schools. Tl^is .iS" mlwtri'irS V ' 4' '^-^-" no fearer being oppressed. "noriij. be u Catholu: or I'rotestant, ha.s .......x..,. ov,„uui icticiiers are and one I'rotestam. There aiv to-day mi Oueb... .1" " . -^o ^-ainoiic Schools wherein elementary insfructioi is\r v n f. ru'^ "''"" '*'°"° ^""''-^O' "'■arly 300 .Secondary and'.Mo.lel .Sd o Tt end I ""'VT'°°° ''"l'''^ ' ^^^ These schools are maintained at a joinf st of i? ^^' ^^ '"-'"'^ 40,oco pupils withtheE,h,cationl)epartmerv it\; i;Tfr^ are appointed to assure themselves of th, . ^'-' /''■''"••' ^" ^vhich they eH.ciency of their n.anageinem BeJde tie e^''cb"'r^-''^'^'-'''--h^ ''^"^i S ti>cre are Special Schools, Lyceums Cm rmr-L Si '1 "'^ ^T'^^'y '"^truction. cuUiire. These number al ou i ?o a ,d T.. n, ^T^'' '''"^' ^"^'''^^^ of Agri! There ..re. besides those wherei. th/ H. • '' '*>' 3.ooo pupils. ^ Superior Sdiools in the PHnM-l^r kightcit "S r'.thT'"'^' Z"!^'^^' '-'"'"'y--^ Tlie Catholic colleges owe thdr existence to .I. ^'^'^ohc and eight J'rotestant. jnajority of cases She l'rofes«orVare :c Ui.sti'"^]?^^/^ ^^^^^^y- I" ^hJ tl.eology while they act as teachers, .aiul atSmer, " "•''" '^''' "^"""^ o*" or$40 per annum, besides board aid I ddmr "n [''•■■'''^" ''emuneration by pupils for tuition any his Lordship Bishop Mountain. The Catholic University, Laval, like the English ones, is incorporated, but, beyond this, has nothing in common with thiin. It was founded in 1854 by the Seminary of Quebec, which spent in the undertaking $300,000, and now maintains it at its own expense, without State aid. RELIGIOUS AND CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. These institutions form one of the chief features of Quebec. "With the earlier missionaries came the Soeurs Hospitalieres to care for the sick, and the Ursulines and the Sisters of the Congregation followed to attend to the educating, of the rising generation and assist in civilizing the Indians. These institutions, endowed Vjy the State or by private individuals, have gone on multiplying and meeting the requirements of progress. By the side of the Catholic institutions have grown up and prospered those of other religious communities, lietween which and the Catholic institutions no rivalry exists, except in doing good. The Government of the Province devotes a considerable portion of its revenues, about $160,000 a year, to the support of charitable institutions. FARMS FOR SA! S AND PRICES OK GOVERNMENT LANDS. Tenant farmers from the old country may find frequent opportunities to pur- chase improved farms in the Province of Quebec at very reasonable prices ; from £,\ stg. to £fo stg, per acre, including dwelling-house, outbuildings and fencing. Farms of this description, particularly suited to emigrants from the United King- dom may be found in the Eastern Townships. It has been already stated that about 6,000,000 acres of land have been survey- ed by the Government, for sale and free grants. Lands purchased from the Government are to be paid for in the following manner : one- fifth of the purchase money is required to be paid the day of the sale, and the remainder in four equal yearly instalmeiits, bearing interest at six per cent. But the price at which the lands are sold is so low, that is from 20 cts. to 66 cts. peracre(i5d. to 2s. sJd. sterling), these conditions are not very bardensome. In fact, it is equivalent to the same thing as giving them away in the wilderness form ; for the price at which they are sold barely covers the cost of making the survey and making roads. The purchaser Is requiref »h». vf„. Upper St. Maurice, draining a Lweract of Hn/^ '"* .\"'^"'"y ^^ ^h,. Uurentian chain, h^s revealed ^he fxis ence of an .v T • 75 miles beyond th. which is now attracting the attention of colonists '''^" '''''' ""^ ^'''^^' '«"'* froml^SL^Lrjl-:^^^^^^^^^ the town of Jo.iette. the second as the Matawan. Settlernt is tlking placfon The^^ already been opened as fn, ^ OTTAWA VAL1,EY. these lands is gointr on very rinidlv in, nJu. / ^^s. 2^d.) fhe colonization of valleyofthe4taw^istrpr;Sipi{i^^^^ Many of the tributaries of the Ottawa contain large nnmi"L are caught in large numbers in some of the back waters ^n-^i I , • ' ^'T transport to Southern markets, where they brfng a S",^^^^^^ ^'""'^''^ '" ^"«" ^"' and sitUeif ^''''P-^-^ P'^-P^ate of lime in that r^ioi are 'attracting capitalists JIEl.OW QUEHKC. Below Quebec, on the south shore of the St. Lawrence fh^r.. ., i of land favourable for settlement. The Governmem S , aJf^o^ .'i^'^r'T^ into farm lots, for sale at ^octs (is 23/H >.trr \ / 1,223,200 acres dividc(» .ion road h., W„ ope„ent i^-,,* 1... ._,i .■' ,- -■ ^awrence and the Bay of Chaleurs." It is in grea par 'rockv nn 1 ^ h' , f '''• ^?^-'^"*-'-" ^^^ the Bay many portions which arf extreme v fertile n l". ^""L .^""^^ation ; but there are the 1^ advantageousTn^hrDo'^in ^^ '' Bofh ' l/wSTnT fish" "'' i?^ manure by the farmers. The Government offer, fnr Jfl. '^ are used for Cia.sp^, at from ao to 30 cents per^'jrS^f^^^f^.^Jdr ^l^i.ooo acres of land in FREE GRANTS ANJ) KXEMl'TIONS, uke„':SAi„T:j„',tLS'Sv^:cS'1;,tri "" 'r"'^-- ''"'*-'''° ">« ■» tion of four years The (W„ I ,„? . ' '"'uf.' "''"^uon at the expira- vegetable., for family u'se, two horses. fLr cl^fr .t, 'f':,,-'": LT"' ••■"'! cv,., i„„ ,™,y „he„ ,fe Jc.;ri:-co„:;::;ri?/,s.i:,,Xs'nT"si;irst'' "^hT, 44 protection is an evidence sufficiently strong of the interest taken by the Govexo- ■ ment in the settler. Independently of these provisions, societies exist everywhere
' "^ '""^^'=*'^P^' *^^ Eastern Townships are conl SETTLEMKNT ON LAND AND HURCFfASR OK IMPROVED FARMS. PRODIJOriONS ANb -MINERALS. the ^^rT^:X^.^'^Z.:;''^S^ '^^"^ '^^ P"ri-' industries of for its special excellence ; the riS) g ^is of th. hilf '°'. '^T' '' ^^'^^rkable 'ng most favourable forgazing T^ie Sod o^.IiK f't'' l"^ "'^^^ ^'^^^»"^' be- that of butter. In point of stfk rah^r?3 ^ °^ '^^ '^'^'^"^ '^ '-^^ ""^rked as Ihips. both Short-hirns and Polls wh^cVwoflnT '^"'' '\'^' ^^^^^^ Town- There are also fine Herefords and other v,S ""lu^ ^'!^ ^">' '" ^^e world. COMMUNICATIONS AND MARKETS. western ponions of ,he Town™ i^,'' '^^.r^?"'^ Qu^'bec, » well a, ,h. I' ;, 46 and is being rapi'lly pushed on, so as to form a tiuough line connecting with the ports of St. John and St. Andrew, in New Hrunswick; making the shortest possible line between Montreal and the Atlantic sea-board. The St. Lawrence and Lake Chaniplain Railway, the Montreal, Portland and Boston Railway, the Massawippi Valley Railway, severally open up other portions of the Townships ; and there are other railways. Besides these, there are many good carriage roads. SUITAIIIMTY KOR n'MKlRANTS KROM THE UNITED KINGDOM. The settler from the United Kingdom may find good society, ample means for the education of his children, from the Primary Schools to the University ; Churches of all denominations, and congenial social conditions. On the shores of Lake Mcmphrcmagog, and in many other parts ot th Eastern Townships, very handsome residences have been erected in situations o almost unexanipled natural beauty, coupled with very favourable climatic condi- tions. Comparatively small means would enable a man to obtain an estate in the Eastern Townships in which he might find conditions of C(jmfort and natural beauty which even a large fortune would not enable him to secure in the old country. There is, moreover, the fact that society is much more free and open than in England ; and it then-fore happens that the conditions are particularly favourable for the settlement and retirement of men who have themselves acquired competence in the walkd of commerce or manufacturing industry, in the mother country. PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK. ■\'f GENERAL FEATURES. ■: :rS The next Province to the East of Quebec is New Brunswick. This, with Nova Scotia, iii nearer to Europe than any of the populated portions of the Con- tinent of America. It is larger than both Belgium and Holland united, and nearly two-thirds as large as England. It is 2IO miles in length, and i8o miles in breadth ; having a ,oast line of about 500,000 miles, indented with spacious bays and inlets ; and it is intersected in every direction by large navigable rivers. The surface of the country is generally very undulating, and on its west coast, from the Bay of Chaleurs to the' boundary of Nova Scotia, there is scarcely a hill exceeding 300 feet in height. There are elevated lands skirting the Bay of Fundy and the river St. John, but the only section of a mountainous character, is that bordering on the Province of Quebec on the north, while the country is beautifully diversified by oval-topped hills, ranging from 500 to 800 feet in height, clothed with lofty forest trees almost to their summits, and surrounded by fertile valleys and table lands. New Brunswick is a farming country ; also a lumber country ; and it has great fisheries, both coast and river. According to the record of the British Army, it is one of the healthiest countries in the world. Ship-building is one of its industries. It has fine harbours, open all the year, and as already stated, its rivers water every part of the Province, floating down to the sea-board the pro- ducts of a fertile country. It has many manufactories, and is well opened up by railways and waggcMi-roads. The postal and telegraphic systems of the Province connect it with other Provinces of the Dominion, the United States, Great Britain, and t'.ie Continent ol Europe. It is said that N..w lirunswick has the greatest number of miles of railway in proportion to population of any country in the world. These railways connect the capitals of Si. John with Halifax on the Atlantic, with Pictou on the Gulf of .St. Lawrence , and all the cities and towns of the United States by lines via Bangor, and with Quebec, Montreal, and other places in Canada by the Inter- colonial Railway. Besides, there is the River du Loup line via Fredericton and Woodstock, to the St. 1-awrence ; also several other lines. 47 RIVERS. throS^he ProvbceZ I'disUnlc i^^^a.^^Snes '' 1?° "''"^ '", '^^^th. and flows large size for 84 miles from the sea to Frecleri^?n • 1 T^'^"'^'" ^""^ «'*^'^'"«« of tween St. John and Fredericton Xin.f In ^-^ ^""^ ^^l": steamers running be- boats that pV on the great An/JLxnrvers^Alov '"'^V'fi^'^^ce those splendid ply to Woodstock, about 70 miS faXr • I^h J ''^-'''f"^^"" «"»il« steamers occasional trips to Tobique, a fa her d ?.n ' o? en '? ''^ ^^'^^"^ ^^ ^igh. make GrarKl Forks, a distance\f 220 mils &hesea^ ""les ; sometimes reaching five .^nes'^rt m^uthT forscSSrfi.lt^r'^t ^'r \°°° '°- ^^ '-"ty- pomt it is farther navigable for sixty , XL t'wio";" '"''" '" ^"' ^^°^« '^'^ ChalS;:.^SttSiSe tl^ljir ;^ "^'- -i-^ -^--uth at the Bay ol tributaries drain abouU ooi mfef YeTrftorl.r^^'?" "^^'"'•. ^'J^i^ "ver and valuable resources. territory, abounding m timber and other a.. r^J^i:^":^:;: 'r^Ji^^i^i ''''£'''-' s^^ ^'- c-^- .mportance. Some of those of the St fohn .nZ 1 .^^"'"^' °^ "^"'^ °^ !««« namely, the Kennebecasis, the Washacemoak th. T"^'^^ r' ^?' T'""' ^'«'^""« i the Aroostook. vvasnacemoak, the Grand Lake, the Tobique, and rr.iMATK. he Pr^vincS Gotr^^em :-' ' '"""""^^ '^'"'^^^^ ^-" fP-Phlet published by Engi:;!,", the'Tan^eroTiem^eratr beli^ 1^^" .^"'^ ^'^. "'"^^' ^'^^ ^^an in 18" below zero (Ahrenheit)^ The Se^' ';;^kL'"'/"°'-' ?""» 92'' above zero to temperature is below zero^arely exceeds twentv °^^P' VT""' '"^ ^^'^^ the than four days occur together when the rner^ur^;; 1 '^'"'^ ''^PP^"^ *^^' "^^^e generally in the course of the vSnter fhrf ^r ' "^'"^^ ^^'"^ ^^ a"' There are days each, when the weathe is very cold and \h°"'' P'"°'^'' '^^'"^ ^^^ °^ 'hree the whole breadth of America from ?h. An r'''^ T'V ^' '^^ ^^^^^ '»»« over are thaws, occasional ra^rand warm sunnt ' ' ?° '^' ^'^?^^^- ^^'^e^" them of the mercury is from 10' to 40" above zer J In' """^, 't'^-'^' ^^«^^« ^«'^e and a few days of extreme cold are nn^hinl°' ^^''^'^^ *^^ ^^"'^'^s are pleasant, of fine weather. " ^ ^'"^ ""^^'"^ '" comparison with the average amount seed:t;ie^coSef a^S^^^^^^^ Ploughing commences ; in May. In June the apple tfees are "n full t^i ^'t '"f ^ '" ^P"' ""^'' ^^'^i of fine flavour are ripe and abundant havini ttn b. ' '" 1""^ ^'''^ strawberries toes are brought to market as aknrS • ^^J^"'', ^" August, early pota- tember, oats, w\eat, another cereal StrSTe '"^/''r"* \^^ .^""'^- ^^ ^^P" generally secured before October The^SitLni/T^' ^o^" the sickle ; these are delicious. This is decidedlv the n.nff rJ ^ '•*'"S' ^""'^ '^« weather is then usually heavy rains in Nov4ber. dfinTot w^e?!!?" °^ 'I' ^^^^- ^here are ant. The rivers generally close during fh. i L ^ '^^ "^r^""^^^' ^^ ^^^ and pleas- middle of Decei^bcr JScr again fS ^ s i n " ^^^ °' ^"'^ "°"'^' ^"^^ ^y the TheeflTectof the winters t, fqr frrL 1 • • • • a great advantage to him, as when tieTro r"L;"^""°"l'° '^^ agriculturist, are pulverized thereby, and this isone of the LSs ^^I ^^T^"^ '' ^°""^ '"^ ^^* crops. «^ c 01 ine agents that tend to bring about large PRODUCTS. This Province is especially Tan S ,1,T' e^-fbemes, and strawberries, spnns wheat pves an average of eighteen bushels to the acre ^Thitlloiiligt 48 I ': the testimony of eminent and trustworthy men respecting the capabilities of New Brunswirk. Major Robinson, R. E., who in 1845 explored the Province under direction of the British Government, thus describes the Province in his Report to the Im- perial Parliament : — "Of the climate, soil, and capabilities of New Brunswick, it is impossible to speak too highly. There is not a country in the world so beautifully wooded and watered. An inspection of the map will show that there is scarcely a section of it without its streams, from the running brook, to the navigable river. Two-thirds of its boundary are washed by the sea ; the remainder is embraced by the large rivers the St. John and Restigouche. For beauty and richness of scenery this latter river and its branches are not to be surpassed by anything in Great Britain. The lakes of New Brunswick are numerous and most beautiful ; its surface is un- dulating, hill and dale varying to the mountain and valley. The country can everywhere be penetrated by its streams. In some parts of the interior, l)y a por- tage of three or four miles, a canoe can be floated either to the Bay of Chaleurs or down to St. John, on the Bay of Fundy." Some years ago. Professor Johnston, F. R. S., of Knglaml, the author of works on agricultural chemistry, was invited to visit New Brunswick for the pur- pose of examining and reporting on the soil and agricultural capabilities of the Province. In his report he conchides : — " I. That the soil of New Brunswick is capable of producing food fur a population of from five to six millions. " 2. That in the cJlpability of growing all the common crops on which man and beast mainly depend, the whole Province of New Brunswick, taken together, exceeds even the favoured Genesee Valley. " 3. That the climate is an exceedingly healthy one, and that it does not pre- vent the soil from producing crops which, other things being equ«l, are not inferior, either in quantity or quality, to those of iverage soils of England." In fact, it may be stated that at t'.a London and Paris Exhibitions, New Brunswick took the first prize for oats, the weight being fifty-seven pounds to the bushel. Archbishop Connolly, the late Roman Catholic Archbishop of Nova Scotia, speaking of New Brunswick, said : — " He had sjient years in Italy, had been twice in France ; he knew every county in Ireland, and had seen most of England and many other countries — but he never saw any other country teeming with greater abundance of everything necessary for the sustenance of man ; no country more highly endowed by Pro- vidence with beauty and fertility than New Brunswick appeared to him to be when on his visitation ; during the summer season he travelled through various districts, and saw on every side fields of potatoes, and corn, and vegetables, such as could nowhere be exceeded, and the people in a corresponding degree com- fortable, happy, and independent." Macgregor, in his work on British America, speaking of the forests says : — " It is impossible to exaggerate the beauty of these forests — nothing under heaven can be compared to its effulgent grandeur. Two or three frosty nights in the decline of Autumn transform the boundless verdure of a whole empire into every possible tint of brilliant scarlet, rich violet, every shade of blue and brown, vivid crimson, and glittering yellow. The stern inexorable fir trees alone main- tain their eternal sombre green ; all others, on mountain or in valleys, burst into the most splendid and most enchanting panorama on earth." Among the products it may be specially mentioned that coal is abundant. Antimony, copper, iron, manganese, and other valuable minerals are found in considerable quantities. The favourable maritime position of New Brunswick, with her wealth of forests, has very largely led to the interest of ship-building. New Brunswick has, therefore, always been eminent as a ship building country, and in every market and in every port her ships have a welj-known character for; strength, durability, workmanlike finish and model. The manufactures of New Brunswick consist of woollens, cottons, boots and shoes, leather, luml^r, furniture, carriages, doorK, .sashes, staves, paper, soap, The •ire rem 5f ix;^!;i;:;s ■L;:;:.S:r=;;^^^L--u tk„ co..oi "pon the entire population of the country 49 S^£':i^Tl^::i^T:.:r''' — -^-s. locomotives, etc. The. KibHERIES. sea anci"j;rt!;L;:rr£'^,;|iit ^'""''^ ^--"ment that the dec,, superior to all others in Ame ica ^n.l .k °''?"' "^ <^*""^^a «re admittedlY the West Indies, and SoutTAmerlc. arTll "", '^' '''"}''' "'^ '^' United Stat^ <^od, mackerel, herring and shad fiht-ries iifh^ '"P/^"^'- . ^^'^ «"^^' ■^''^'"^"n «'ght of the shores of New Brunswick 'd her inr"""'' '^" '''^ Prosecuted within ^imon. (See appendix to th>" G^d^ T Lok fn. '^/^'"''^ 'i""^'" ^^'^ trout and i-ishenes). '^' '"'^ ^'"''*« ""o"^ 'or statistics of the value of the KOUCATION. poorest of the population ThlJ "^" ''^^^ '»^y '^« made use of bv the and Training of N'ormaTschlor or "VK";'" '^ '^" '"^ ''-vincialVniS; ranging from the Primary to ^ C^^' ""^ {i^^^^'^l ^^ '''''T'''' "^"^^^^ oi iiigh Schools. The Common the Provuicial Revenue, and by rate -CtAL U.. ..o .OA.rMut,,XV KOK SKXn.KKS KKOM .KK. X „KtT.t. -ithIJ5.^£g:f Jte^S;;^;:J.^ri:;^^ '- '-^ -f Great Britain. <>wned by the tiller of the soil; vhere th r^i t " '" f ""'''>' ^^''^^ '^"^ ''-^"^ i. ujiore, in the ej'e of the lav, all men id ^l.."" .^'■^^'"■^'^^' or favoured class; physical characteristics of the'county are fitted to 'l T '^"^1 ^"^^ ^^ere the in/"'?- ^-^^ ^^^^ Brunswicker is or nar U „^,u '^Tm^.- '''" '^'^' ^"^"^'^^ ^^ and enterprising. He is surrounde^ith all fh^ ' ■ /^'''''' ^/''"'^' intelligent, every settlement there is the posNoffiTJfhJ '-'^•'^^^"ces of civilization In ■;-hurch. The country is a new co, mr, ' i • "t^^'-'^P^P^r, the school, and the history. The emigrant Lm EnSr^Jj!? 'Y f f "^•'-^ -'" traditions and a Oeimiark, or France, win comet ?r if T'' ^'''-''■''"^'' ^"^'^rway, Sweden fon as the country' he hTle^.r^^' '""'''''""" ''^^^^^^ ■economic drawbacks' which often 'render f^ in the T,"^' "' ''''■ '""''''' '-«'-'' ^-^1 labour unremunerative. Wherever hJ i.m u "'' ?,' ^'^"'itries unpleasan and profitable markets, free ^S ZJ^l^'^^'^jV "'''^^" '^' --^^ "I New Brunswick all religious i,odieV ^.L . religious worship. And in ■State Church. ^ "''"'' ''^'■'' "" terms of ef|uality. There is rlo PROVINCE OF NOVA SCOTU of ^^?^l^']^Tjr^^:l ^^^!^leST 'Tu 'l '- ^^— - becretary. and published under the aiUhoritv of h-^'^H^'"' ^'-'P"'y Provincial <.overnor and the Executive Council [ 'j! "'', "^"°"r the Lieutenant- passed by the Provincial Government .vhrhT^''^ ''''' ^" ^^'"''^'■■i" Council opinion that the information th^em^otW^^^^^ ''^'' ^ 't'^ ^^"""^i' '-^re of ' culated to be useful tointencling eXr? ts " Vl Tu"''-'"'''^ ''^'''^^''^ ^^'^^ cal- tore, taken from this pamphlet:- '''"'^''^"^'- ' '^^' Allowing extracts are. there- CJKNERAl, FEATURES. latitude? ''a'nd 6,'' .nlt^^^''' w ° t b'- 4 ^?""'^r'^- '^'"2 between 4^ and .r." N^rth New Brunswick bya n^rr^w i thm'us 'aEout l6^'r"''^-'?'' "'''^"^'^^ Province o -"■les m length, by 8o to ,oo muZu, width Tu T. '"'t^ ''" ^''^ '« '''^0"' 3o- «,dth. Its length running about north 60 cast and south-west. The Province containfs about 11,000,000 acrefi, of which alK>ut one-fifth part consists of lakes and small rivers. About 5,000,000 acres of >and are fit for tillage. ••There is no finer scenery to be found in America than in many parts of Nova Scotia; there is a great variety of hill and dale, small, quiet, glassy lakes, and pretty land-locked inlets of tho sea, which would afford charming studies for an artist. The gloriously bright ti its of our autumn forest scenery, wanned by an Indian summer sun, cannot be surpasi>ed anywhere." CLIMATE. " It is not generally known outside the Province that the climate of Nova Scotia is more temperate than that of any other part of the Dominion; but such is the fact. The extreme cold which is experienced in winter in other parts of America is not felt here, owing perhaps to the fact that the Province is almost completely surrounded by the sea." " The climat J is extremely healthy; there is probably none more so in the world. The health returns from the British military stations place this Province in the first class. Nova Scotia has fewer medical men in proportion to the popu- lation, and requires their services less than any other part of America. The inhabitants live to a g(x>d old age. There are many people now in this Province who have passed their one hundredth year." SOIL ANn Tf{K PRODUCTIONS TUcRKOK. " The fertility of the soil in the agricultural districts is unsurp.issed, as is evidenced by the fact that, in quantity am) quality, the productions of our farms are equal, and in many cases superior, to those of Great Britain, for instance our orchards produce larger and finer apples than are grown in any other part of the world." "All the small fruits. suchii.i currants, gooseberries, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, blueberries, huckleberries. Sac, are very abundant, both in a wild state and cultivated. Our wild strawberries, although small, are remarkably rich and high-flavored; indeed, they are far more delicious than any of the cultivated sorts. Probably nn country in the world produces a greater variety or abundance of wild berries." '* Our grain and root crops are also excellent, the average production of which in the Western counties is, as nearly as il is possible to come at it, as fol- lows: — Wheat, per acre, 18 bushels; rye, 21 do.; barley. 35do. ; oats, 34 do.; buckwheat, 33 do.; Indian corn (maize), 42 do.; turnips, 420 do.; potatoes, 250 do.; mangel-wurzel, 500 do.; beans, 22 do.; and hay, 2 tons." "The above is a general average of the crops in three counties; but there are many farms which, being highly cultivated, produce crops that are truly astonishing. For instance, in King's county, a few years ago, I knew a farmer who in one season raised on a little less thin one acr«* of land /our hi4ndred and three bushels cf potatoes; and in Annapolis county I have frequently seen sixty bushels of shelled corn raised on an acre. In Colchester county forty-six bushels of oats have been produced per acre. Mr. James E. Rathbone, of Lower Horton, in the county of Kings, cut last summer five and one half tons of hay (*.wo crops) rom one and one-eighth acies of land; and in 1870 he raised on the same piece of ground seventy-Jour bushels of barley. " Beets, carrots, parsnips, beans, peas, squash, pumpkins, melons, toiratoes, etc., are raised in large quantities. We sometimes see squash at our Agricultural exhibitions weighing from 100 to 150 lbs. each." •' Broom corn, sorghum (Chinese sugar cane), anci tobacco have been suc- cessfully grown, a proof of the warmth of the climate and fertility of the soil." "The crops of hay, timothy and clover and coarse ' salt grass,' that are raised on the dyked lands anr! marshes in the counties of Hants, Kings, Annapolis and Cumberland, .ire sometimes .ilmost incredible." "I have seen four tons, of 2240 lbs. of timothy and clover taken off a single acre, b<.sides a light seco-^d crop late in the - ason." 51 " Hemp can be raised here in perfection, but none is crown Rv u,av o# experiment, however it was tried in 1868 by several farmers fnd the exir^m^^ was remarkably stjccessful." '"'"••^r.-,, ana me expcnment "Every farmer keeps a few sheep, })ut the flocks arr «».lrlnm ..l— S/'of theT ^[h1 thorouBhbrecl.shepherds, wt J^^dd i'nToduc^^thriS nS^\ cmo^f 7\^'' ^Z:^"^^ producing and for mutton, would, in a few yea^ make a small fortune. There is a great deal of land suitable for the nnmn!^^» every country, and even among the wild lands thercTre lar^? r-TrS Xtl'" vince'.''^^'^^""""^ ""^^' ^ extensively and profitably prosecuted in this Pro- form^S'""','"^°''V'^u"^'- '^■''-■^e^^'^'^^^^^of P«'k for their own use and he'"'^'^^;^' u'"^ °^'^' '"""'''' ^'^^'^^ «^»^'" considerable pocket money br .hfv^ •. .P""'*''^ '^"'^ ^ee-"'- ^hey also make a great deal of van, wfiiS ^ey kn,t and weave .nto sIie Montague mines are the most prolific." " Although we have iron oi-e in inexhaustible quantity almost all over the I'rovince, we have but one iron mine in operation, namely that of the Acadia ■Company, at Londonderry, in Colchester County. The quality of the iron of their mines may be judged of by the price in the English market as compared with English iron. The latter, in pigs, is worth an average of ^"4 stg. per ton, while Nova Scotia iron brings £-j. English bar iron is worth £q, Nt)va Scotia ^i6pert(m. There is but one Swedish iron which is considered superior for steel. A/I Nova Scotia bar iron is u;ed for this purpose." "In addition to coal, gold an-^i iron, we have silver, copper, le.ad, zinc, tin, manganese, mercury, plumbago, su'.phur, etc." " Of minerals for jewellery and ornamental purposes, several kinds have been found, namely: Opal, topaz, ameihyst, garnet, cairngorm, agate, jasper, heliotrope and chalcedony." •'■ Bnildin^iT Stone. — The Province abounds in superior granite, free-stone (or sand stone), of several colors, iron stone and flag stone. There are many beauti- ful varieties of syenite and green stone, also of marble. There is a mount in al- most entirely composed of the latter in the neighborhood of Hra;^ d'Or Lake, in the Island of Cape Breton. W ; have o'sc abu-ulance of gy])sum, limestone, barytes, clays for pottery and for common purposes ; moulding sand, mineral paints, etc." '■'■Mineral Waters, — Of these we h.ive salt springs in several counties." CROWN LANDS. " There are now in Nova Scotia nearly four millions of acres of ungranted lands, a considerable quantity of which is bairen and almost totally unfit for cultivation ; but there is a great deal in blocks of from five thousa.'id to ten thousand acres of really valuable land, and some of it the best in the Province, -anti quite accessible, being very near present settlements. The price of crown lands is #44(^^8 1 6s. stg.) per loo acres. No distinction is made in the price between loo acres and smaller lots, as the difference in cost of survey is very trifling. An emigrant would have to pay as much for twenty acres- as for one hundred acres. Any quantity over one hundred acres must be paid for at tho .rate of 44 cts. per acre. The cost of survey is defrayed by the Government." in 58 forest and aiicnJ io^clhh-^'ZZfJ^^^^^^ enngrants to go into the ability for this kind of life. H. st,U ho J r7^ ^'■"""'' "^^■•""' '?^»"''- cumstances in which they micht ,1 wdl X f .'r fc T *"•"! *P<--c'^» ci'- refer to this pamphlet. """ remarks on th-s point we be blnlghr." U';y''5:::on"brJ"at"es' 'Ti' ''''''''' ""df^-•'-ation which mav capital, may at onL no s"^^^^^^^ »ny pr.ct.cal farmer, with a small KOUCATION. but the CO eces are sertiHnr. vv„ t,o. i • ^"""o' "' the Government, TRADE AND COMMERCE. a few' yTJ,V'"TweMv"vr'''"""' °''""' '''°""" "■"^ ""'•''"'My increased wi.hin oj«.. Province. a„,o,„„ I abo„. $.,i^z^"s 're':;^ .■o"xr$^';r; INTKRNAI, COMMUNICATION. THK TIMK TO IMMIGKATR. HALIFAX HARBOUR. J* There is excellent anchorage in every part of it, with room foi all the navies at the world. The city and harlnmr of Halifax are prottctet to west, by al)out 34 miles wide, with an arcaof 2.III sciuare Oftilcs •'•' ' The Island is ijenerally very rich in .igricultural resources. The surface is audulatinj;, and presents a chariiiiiij,' aspect uf hill ami as^'aken fl'ac'lV: -e n^t'h.^t J !:? .t'rc;luirc';S:;led^r;.? i^r ^•'''" ""^'^ ■- '- '"^"->' ^-- «^^' p^- CI.IMATK, SOU, AND I'RODUCTIONS. mer meL'ilT,'"',"/" ^^^""'^l'*-^ '? ^"'". '" '^"'""'^^r and cid in winter. The sum- mer mean s 67 76 which is about the same as that of the State of New Vorl 'Tk houses built to resist the cold fh.. ul»h ""'""m^ "'" '*"'■' >'"i.f"'^>' contiguous to Manitoba is of the same character the isothermal line running from Winnipeg nearly due N W cnaracter, h..uv "/" "^ ^"- '^^ North- West Territory of Canada are among the absolutely i.«^.i "' TT""' °" '^^ elobe and most pleasant to live iru The^ if, « ProvTc'eTr'th'dL:;: "° ''''''-' "'^""^^ •'"' °^' -I-'-'" toieirherti;: parts of Canada or the United States as far South a^'NerYo^rk ^ ;„.k Very little snow falls on the prairies, the average depth beine about eiVht*.^.. mches and buffaloes and the native horses graze out of c oors aKn^er In th^ Anr/'^/f"?'^.^.''''' away and ploughing begins from the ist to the latter end o5 X '.t ''"'^''^' *"''^'' '^^" •" '^'^ O^'-^^a region. The Red River ooens ^ about the same time, or a fortnight earlier than the opening of the Ottawa^ The S umiT N v' T P"^°^ ^^'' J""f' J"'^' ^"K"«^ and^September Autum. iJTIugust. ^''"''"•'''■' ^^^" ^'^^ '^^"^^'- f'"'^' ^'^t^ in- The harvest takes plT*. The soil is a rich, deep, black, argillaceous mould or loam, resting on a deen Tn hITo fd'and est"-'?.''"} V' T""^ '^^ "^h^'' '^ ""t the fichest.lol Zli„ T ?.' 5' especially adapted to the growth of wheat. Analyses by chem- Svei in th a"^ ^"r Germany have established this. One or two of hese aTe given m the Appendix to this Guide Book. iff^^r tt! T\ K '°T •'''^ ^^^\ '^ ''"*'' ""' '■e^l"'''e the addition of manure for years after the first breaking of the prairie, and in particular places where the iS loam IS very deep, it is practically inexhaustible. This great richness of the ana asnes ol praine fires, which have accumulated for ages, together with decavp«i Itf to th/:;? r^"' r^^^'^ •^^"^°'^ ^-^'"S on a L; ISve dS 3 ft^mX^^o'utrLTifin'vtr"'"'^ ^^^'^' '" ''' ^°''' ^^^ ^'^ ^^-•^-- adan^l! hJfh f'^u'" ^-^"^ f"^- "P''" '" ^reat abundance. Wheat is especially litt lb? r 'b^.,:°hi^."i?r4!- „ T?^i.r^,^- ^--> -^ ^eavy, beiSg frotJ fr. »»,« ^'V^i. ' '"" a^-^nB'- J'^^^j ^vuu lair larming, ueilu* 2< bushels >\:i m 66 Potatoes and all kinds of field and garden roots grow to large size and in great abundance. The same remark applies to cabbages and other garden vegc- tab es. Tomatoes and melons ripen in the open air. Hops and flax are at home on the praines. All the small fruits, such as currants, strawberries, raspberries etc., are found m abundance. But itisnotyet established that the country is adapted ;MnWK^^P M, °' ^^"- J^^^^ ^''"^''*' however, do grow at .St. Paul; and many tnink they will m Manitoba. ' For grazing and cattle raising the facilities are unbounded. The prairie grasses are nutritious and in illimitable abundance. May is cheaply and easily Trees are found along the rivers and streams, and they will grow anywhere very rap'dly if protected from prairie fires. Wood for fuel has not been very ex- pensive, and preparations are now being made for bringing coal into market ; of which important mineral there are vast beds further west, which will immediately be brought into use. The whole of the Vast territory from the boundary to the f eace Kiver, about 200 miles wide from the Rocky Mountains, is a coal field . ^^^f 's found by digging wells of moderate depth on the prairie The rivers and coolies are also available for water supply. Rain generally falls freely during the spring, while the summer and autumn are generally dry. The drawbacks to production are occasional visitations of grasshoppers, but Senator Sutherland testified before a Parliamentary Committee that he had known ISTt"'ome ™ "^ '^^ ^'^^^^' '^^"'^ ^^''^ '"^ "°^ "'"'^'' ^^^'""^ ' ^"* ^*'" '• There is reason to believe, however, that if it should come after the country has become thickly populated, it might be met, and in a large measure overcome, as nas been proved by an experiment in the neighbouring State of Minnesota. YIELDIs OK THE (JRAINS. The Canada Pacific Railway Company caused their officers and station- masters in the autumn of 1882 to get a return of productions by means of ques- tions put to farmers. The result of these returns tabulated, showed that the inlormation obtained at eighty-eight points gave an aggregate of 182,250 acres sown m wheat, yielding a total of 4,974,200 bushels, or an average of 27 bushels ot vvheat to the acre Some of the returns gave the average at 40 bushels; others over 30 bushe s, with many less averages, the larger or smaller yield being depen- dent on good farming. ^ ' These returns further showed from answers from the same eighty-eight points that there was an aggregate of 126,750 acres sown in oats, yielding a total amount of 6,614,500 bushels, or an average of 52 bushels of oats, to the acre borne of the returns gave an average of as high as 80 bushels, while others made returns of as low as 35 and 40 bushels ; the yield of this grain, the same as wheat, being dependent on the kind of farming. And further, with respect to barley, a cultivation of 3^990 acres gave an aggregate return of ^09 1,400 bushels of barley; or an average of 32 bushels to the acre. Some of ttie returns gave an average of 50, others of 40 bushels, while some were down as low as 20 bushels; the return of this grain, the same as others being dependent on good farming. COMMUNICATIONS AND MARKETS. Manitoba has already communication by railway with the Atlantic seaboard and all parts of the Continent ; that is to say, a railway train may start from Halifax or Quebec after connection with the ocean steamship and run continuously on to Winnipeg. It can do the same from New York, Boston or Portland, and Jurther the Canadian Pacific Railway, as elsewhere ^.tated. is now completed 660 miles West of Winnipeg ; and will reach the Rocky Mountains before the close of the summer season of 1883. The branch from Thunder Bay on I^ke Superior "' ^-r^-t>» - ..i..>„.!te 01 ovvt ^00 muea, is ;iireiiuy cumpietcd. uthei' rail- ways are chartered, and it is believed will soon be fconstructed. A portion of the Manitoba and South-Western has already been opened. thecoumjr"?T.l°'' ""f °'" ""'1 !he Nonh.West is a striking fea,„re of proceed Tthew.vTT-'"'^^°1^ "' ^'^" '■"''^^y '^^^"^'""^ ^t Thunder Bay and with '• tows." ^ ''"''^ """" steamboats and tug propellers MoT^'cllhr\oTelT.^TTrT '^^'''' ^^' '^^^" '^""^^yed from Manitoba to g?oK^t"4o^^^ the twonaUed^intU^ West aid bttlken'lo'thf^' T"^ ^' "i"''"^ ?1 ^'^^ ^^^^ ^r^'' ^'^^^ ^^ ^he North- hafbeen alreidt set on ff>n? r?),"""'^"'' ^"^ P''^^*- Enterprise of this nature MountaLs. ^ °^ '^ ^^' ^"'""^'^^ "'^"'^hes near the foot of the Rocky and thrNoirWe't wr;fo'.!2 'rT''''^-^''''''['T ^^'^*^ ^ ««"'" ='" Manitoba SYSTEM OF SURVEY AND DIRECTIONS FOR TAKING UP FARMS. mmmmmmm r)8 i''>' 'M' r ■-'■ .;•*? subdivisions of land in Manitoba and the North West Territories of the Dominion. The Townships are laid out upon certain " base lines," al>out twenty-four miles apart, running east and west, to the depth of two townships, both to the north and to the south, upon each. The lines upon which adjacent tQ\ifD3hips, surveyed from different base lines abut, are termed "coriection lines," and upon these all discrepancies of survey are adjusted. The townships are arranged in tiers running from south to north, and start- ing from the southern frontier, which is the International boundary line. These tiers are marked on the map with ordinary numerals, thus, i, 2. 3, etc. Town- ship I being on the international boundary or province frontier, which is "the first base line ;" Township 2 would be six miles further north ; Township 3 again six miles north, etc. The townships are further numbered in what are called "ranges" east and west, from lines called "principal meridians." These numbers are marked on the map in Roman characters, thus : I, II,' III, IV, etc. The first Principal Meridian starts from a point on the International boundary tine about eleven miles west of Emerson. The west "ranges" run in regular num- bers to the left or west of that meridian ; and the east "ranges" to the right or east of that meridian, Thus.Township 3, range III, West, would be three townships ncich of the boundary line, and three townships west of the principal meridian : or, Township 3, range III, east, would be in the same way, three townships north to the east of the principal meridian. Anyone with this simple direction could put his finger on any township in Manitoba, or any other part of the North-West Territory, of which the number north of the International boundary or first base line might be given, with the number of the range or tier of townships East or West of the first or any of the principal meridians on the map. Any section of a township can be found by its number on the diagram of the map ; and the •eader by looking at this and seeing the way in which the numbers run, can in- stantly put his finger on any section of any township marked on the map. The boundaries of these sections being all laid out on the cardinal points of the com- pass, East, West, North and South, the section is divided into East half, and West half, or North half and South half; whichever way the dividing line is run. These half-sections are again divided into quarter sections ; such as, north-east quarter, north-west quarter, south-east quarter, south-west quarter ; these quarters may again be divided in the same way ; and these terms, as before stated, are legal or statutory definitions of land in Manitoba and the North-West Territory. Under this very simple, but scientific method of arrangement, any Township, or Section, or subdivision of a Section, can be instantly and unerringly described. A transfer or conveyance of property may likewise be made by deed in as few words as any ordinary Bill of Parcels, and that with perfect accuracy and aljsolute- aess of definition. The settler from the United Kingdom will at first find the nomenclature of this system of survey a little new and strange ; but he will, on slight acquaintance with it, become charmed with its simplicity. The surveyed lines are marked on the ground itself by iron and other kinds «f monuments and posts at the corners of the divisions and subdivisions ; and, .so soon as the settler makes himself acquainted with these, he will instantly under- stand the position and extent of his own farm on the prairie, or of any other in the country. Or, when travelling in any part of the country, these posts will tell him at a glance exactly where he is, so that he cannot get lost in any surveyed district. Distances on the Map, in miles, may be ascertained approximately by count- mg the Townships to be passed over and multiplying the number by six. The unit of the surveys is the statute mile or section of 640 acres, all the townships being made six statute miles or sections square, as nearly as it is possible to make X series of squares on the face of a globe. KRKE (GRANTS ANO I'UF.-RMl'TtONS. A settler may obtain a grant of 160 acres of land free, on rvo-n numbered s^c- 59 DIRECTIONS KESPKCTING LANDS. rthrM^p"^'"'^' ""'^ ^^ ^^^^'-«'' ^^ *h« Local LrncrcM^- ..h£rir^:r;„ Hud^';B"'S^f;:St'rS:i^""^^ V"'^ three-cuarters of 26, which are g'^nerallv st-ited to L R |^^'\^'de of the Canadian Pacific Railway, may be which have been appron a ed I'n I nf ' ^^ '' ''1;'' '" '^ "^^^" ^^=^"^^y Lands, Regulations in th^KS fto tlSf r[nr;^ri!'T'''Tl"'''"^^^ <^-^^ ^^^^i^' Land granted to such ^nttS^toM^^^^ ' ^ ^^^'Z'"^ ^^"^ ^"^''^ "^ '^^ '^"^ WHAT CAflTAL TO BKlWN WITH. oxen and a ploueh his sppH .^rl;^^ . a • ^ '^ '^^ country, to buy a yoke of for one yearf or until hsfirstrrnn ^^^^^nt provisions to enable him to live ^^-^o^-^^ at first. -i^n^wheat growing or stock Ung;t?j:?UL;ri!:^f;;;:;s^s'^ he can obtain for about Uoi or /-(io*.?; a,-' • " 1' '^'^dsteads, etc., which built for ^30 more. The mst of n.l ^" P.".'"'''^^ house and stable may be ^18 to M. The cost ,7t?ese scvST.'^' '^'"''"'^'""^ ^^^ I '"^""'j' ^^"W be from being more or less but a settler wh '' T^' J'^'-J' ^^th circumstances, either poufoes and othe" 'cro^s m:;"!:.e :t've?; 1^^^ c'd^t '"'" ""^'^""'^ ^"'^ '^ ^'^^ CanadLnLrncI io'u1/?n^l£"?f" "^ 'T^' """'"'^ ^^^^ ^oo dollars of chains. S, shovels ^ic^^Z' "fP°"' ^^^ ' ,P'?^^ ^"^ h^"°-' ^^S-oo ; stable «x5o.;x. ..^o^-ist;.; fe. ^r:h '^6i;^S'^' ^'^^ ^^-"^ ' '^^"^^ -•'^ bette?L5ranr;?ftVf £X!^^^^^^ '"^ farmer to start in a. nowUo. .J^StinS^iietiS^;;^:;:^'^^^^^^^^ iS;:;S;^&^;^^;;?p!^^^^-;;j-»-^^fi8uresar^^^^ I', ''M- 60 required for a femilj. breaking" one ox could do all the ploughing a fe JtSs'S'-^hT^r^lhf "'"' ^.^° -^'"^^ ^° ^^"'^d^^ ^^«™ S°»thern Russia less "anTtheyTre tJlAeV'/rorn'ot^anl ^/i/'r -^'^'^^"' ^^^^ ^^'>' ""^^ g.wing^ax.V which Ihey ^^IKeS!^ ^V^^fX^^ £Se^t?S yoke''or%^eron'Tw''onI "XT'jTn ^^"'^^'"^ '^^'^. P^^^°"^' -"^^^^ ^^ "- whole obtained at a c^s^ of $£S^r/cT^^^^^^^^ °"- T'^'"^ stove-the family, and in the case of thf n™ . ^t f^" comprised the outfit of one nnffif Th« me case ot the poorer, two families clubbed together to use onp ^/i8 rcWh -P'°'''"°".' ^°'' «»'^sistence of one family La year was S intey't 'e^Sern the"?uin! '^"°^' f "^.'^^ ^°"^' ^''^' -d'"-- N^ for the fir?t viar of bri^sh ht? "^' '" '^^'''^ '^'^ }'''' '•^^^^- ^hese consisted resided on hi, hcnes.ead, if Ji^J^^lll^^^lC ^^i^^H: ll^;^;:;:?' HINTS FOR SETTLERS IN MANITOBA. .o employ .„ a new country ,h„» p,.c.i4 to „^hia he'°h2 S tcrstot°d 'S prairie°'lh"/m«hAH"'*M'P°' '° P'°"B'''"S. »'. »» it is called, "breakinc" the ^hT,' I; ^ °^ '? "^"""--^ 's quite different from that in the old cSunlrv SrvTnr^* ciecomp^st^y d'^rt-lnflu/ilc^ S^-'gr^o^wrnTc^^-^q^uJ^e^af^e^c' njally. If not more so, than when simply turned and left by itself for that ouroose Jlppen^Thr Th?""7''?'K"^'*^' '' °' ^-"y g-^' importance, ^s t r^qS y as?£soi k elf Tartf ^'^ ^r°^ '°°" after breaking 'are as difficult tolubdu^ ^^ Ja Vhf . f "T "'^ °''*' ^""^ obtained from sowing on the first break- ing, and thus not only is the cost defrayed, but there is a omfit It k niVrf . f great importance to a settler with limited means to get thi crop the first v.af ?ZT?w"''^}^'' kind of planting is to scatter the ^fts on the Cs an^ Ind V^V"^ ""T 'l'""- . The grain thus buried quickly finds it! w/C Toigh and in a few weeks the sod is perfectly rotten. Mr. Daley near Biestone cFfv' n the vicinity of Bigstone Lake, sowed ten acres of oa' fi this wlv He nm oreakiag. It yields well, pays well, and rapidly subdues thf A.rnpd end other mtle'thin'Jon'h' /'i^"\ P°'t^'°'' '^^ ''''' ^^^ ^""^ ^'' family use, and do otner little things of that kind. Potatoes may be put in as late as June the 20th. 61 on the seed. No hoeing or fur'Lr cul'tivaMnn = '• ^"'t'' ^""^ placed directly weeds that may grow. Very hervv rrnn ^'' ''"^''"^"^ ^""P* '« cut off anV this way. ^ S ^- very heavy crops of fine potatoes have been grown in brealf ^Ll^rJ^hS ':ncXt ^Sl^:d^7 ^^'^' ^"' ^^'^"'^ ^^^ '^-e t<^ ea.y from the friability of the soil and ^.nt n^ ^,"^-''^^"^"' ploughings are very On account of the frr^nV w ' • ^?^ P'oughs may easily be used. there are many who peirox:rrh'o;:e';/' ""'^t '^' P^'"^'"^ '" ^^^ «"' '"^^ance. becoming sic/in Ma^nitoba when Hrs tUen" ther''? '' "If " '/f "''^ °^ ^^^^'^ contment, until they become accnJlom^ i !^;t r ^"'"^ ^^'-' °'^'*^^ P^^ts of the if they are worke-^^' . ^ The fare from Quebec tn Winn-'ne^ at ^l -° ^^/°'- - '^$30.50 (£6 2s. stg.), and by the'mlfed rnnf/ f'""-, ""J^">' ^^e all rail route '■X * I ■■%, fl2 of ,^ miles for iZT/Tn' ^°"\^'"'"g ^ -^'ght of 20,000 lbs., for a^distance CANADIAN J'ACIKIC RAILWAY LAUDS. Ihebuildincof rSnadkn piS^[r "^ '^"^ ^^ ^-^si^t in • .0 uru,..^^^^^^^^^^^ for the settler tion ^f ,in'nH^,r''K' u' °^i'-""™'^ered sections of townships (with the excep- St -^^^s;;^ -- 'ot'^^r^ 4h - -5;;^; [ hr^i 1 V ^PP"'-}''^"^^. ^° them in other portions of the N. ih West whlc^ w J£ r tJs-c^ilj'jLr- '^^ ^-"^ ^^^"'^^^°- «^ '^^^ coS^f ;;f ^i^j;!:^ mnv^«/«l7.'^°"'**'T'''^S"'^^'°"''h^t 'f=^ ^'-'"Jer buys land from this Com- Kfn ^^H ^'?'- '^^-^ P" ^"*^' ^"'l getsa rebate of Si.zq (Cs. stg ) per acr^ t liV'T^r '^^ ^^'"^P°«i'>on in the case of a purchase of a half fectfon ^ if he obtamed a free grant from the Government of i6o acres, and paid for the o^.r quarter section a pre-emption rate of $2. 50 ,' ics. stg. ) per acre ^ ' l.nHc e.^'^^"^^'J^5^'"'^"'^'"2 '^^tler should understand, are very cheap The lands so sold by the Company are probably worth $10.00 or »2o 00 (/2 ' or /! S ^K'i^T' • "^ T'^ ^" '"''^"y '^^'- But the interest of the C™nv is less t J le s' S "1"""^ '7^ "^"^ "^'^^^ ^I:^^'^ ^- speculation thanto a« act set c^t vated fkrr^s ^r!^'"^ ^""'""T' """^•^ ""^ ^^'^•^^^ ^'•°'" ^he produce of the r h^hnlv / ^ are very much more miportant for the Company than simplv high prices for ands m the absence of settlement. The great interest of the (?om Sty. '" °'^"" ""''^"' ^"' '° '^^"'^"^ ^h^- "^y affordfng 'therevery pos^^^^^^ r^J^ "^^ ^-PJ?^!"" ^'■^"' ^ comparison of the conditions of the Pacific Railwav Company with the Dominion Land Regulations, that if a family of four S t:Z Vof instan^r'" ^^-X obtain' a really' large estate t^ei^'roderl rf^f' i '"-'tance, each of the four members of the family may settle on the ton LlT^'f.'' of 160 acres each, in any even-number JdunCu^edsJ^' tion. tiach may then purchase another 160 acres at «^ er. /t^c of^ ^ ^ rom the Pacific Railwiy Co. in the ad oiiCi oTd-nunierfd ^sectionf ^ ^'he 'set' the P'^; fi;"p,r,!!"'f ,"1T'°"^"' ^^^;^ t- '^"Jt-ate the whole or the greatei the Pacific Railwav lands. Th't . — r ■•• — - "■ i-i.c greater part of office fee for entering Government Homesteads will 6:i ^^^'^r^^J^l:^^^^ '" ^7 y-rs ol.a.n a large merely nomina price anrl fhncd "^"^^' )^."«-at growing and in theworlH if « substantial wealth. Cners wi h'^n ^ ^^'''-T "°' «">>' ^^ compara iv°. but of of these conditions. ancTK tritcSuSos" f nS ''^t^"!''^^^ ^^''' '^^InsdV:/ In cases where it is an object for f.^n" "'^"^'S'^^'O'-hood in settling together more extensive tracts of hnwfff ;an?il'i--s with means to take ud and farm stance, two brothe;"^^^!^?"',??^ T^^ ^'«° «^™t of'tht ^For „ of any Government Lands and nr^emnffh ^T"'*''"^^ ^^° quarter secUo," fc"'"g ^ -hole section (or 640 rresXthdr"'h" 'T f'^^'^'" sections thus They could then purchase he whole ofV.nh flu ^^'^^^teads and pre-emptions Tcr r-^Bl^^;'^^>: ■--'■^' -dTh^lU at'^lfvs^et t?f ""^ o'dd-num'bered acres. By cultivating the odd sections 3l .^.I^^ u ^ ''^'Se estate of 3,200 be purchased on excotdingly mS ate terms^^T^^ '^' ''>'''' '^'^ ^^^'^te could to come will have large tracts of In^i * T r^^" ^"^'"^I settler for some vear. mdicated is especiaIl>'dSblf fLT^^^^^^^^^ The arrangementTeC The land policy of the Govt-nm In? r? England with means, tages offered by the Pacitir kJn r^ ' °^ Canada, combined with the a,|.,.n Continent of N^onh wfca'"'"'^ "'"T"'' " '''^ "^"^^ ''^--"°f -"X - The "^^^"'"^"i^ «AY COMPANY'S LANDS. TownrhiS* al"milon's'Ba?Soanv''T'"T ^^"/^ '" ^^ £'-'- number of not to enter upon them unl^.fh^ .f ^^ ''''"'''' '"^"'^ ^" settlers must be carJfn prices vary Jcordinrto tS, ty'^ '^ J^^^r^ T"" ''^ '^^ ^'-'Pany Th"e' ^^t^-hi^t ^^^^^' -^-^'^^n^Si'^L!^l:?:s= -.w^nS^^lf S^rLS^.i^Si?7?S^ S^°" V^^^ ^r^-y -^ -titled to iions of acres. "" i'ertile Belt, estimated at about seven mil SCHOOL LANDS. ■ .Proceed?oTthdr"saleTre fo h ''''^'■^- T°-"'^'P ^'^ '"School Lands. That is fh not obtainable a ^vate sale ^tnV'' '^'. ^?P°^' ^^ education. The; l^e |on at auction. ^All squatters Tnthet^n? 1 '' T" ^' ^y P^^Hc coZet? them the price they bring by auc^ron ^f t/ '^^''^fo'-e, will have to pay for out of their hands.^ ^ ^ ''"'''°" ^'^^ "'''d, or they will pass by su?h sa?e LANDS AT PRIVATE SALE. happens .ha. ha,f-b.ed o. „£e, .a'^" ml/K.aBrSi JL^il^f '"''^ PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. GENERAL FEATURES. more value. It has a coast line of abou ?^ m °'' ''' ^reat resources were of innamerable bays, harbours and inlets it^^« ""''' °'' 'l^^ ^^''^^^ Ocean, with and If u were described from the Sacten-hV^ f'T" "^ 34I.305 square miles, '■^'ftalth. It mieht h^ «niH tn uJ^r'^^':'''^^'''' of its climate and areof „,;.„:.; ».NOTE.- .u- f^ :^-:-'. ' "' 'IS Lumate and areaf ir>.v — 1 .h^Grcar Bmain and California of th°e Dom/nion' -In every fifth township the Hudson'.: R,.T7 ~^ 1 P Hudson s Bay Company has the ,oAaU of Section ^ i "7'' >■ , Wi 64 Main'^^'na'^'rhe 'fslS'""' .'"'°. '^° '^''^li^^T^he Island of Vancouver and the IIARDOURS. m.., fr„,„- the east „,as,, anfl o„»y c„n,„„ hca.b , ,^, y a wi ^ i ""'¥hr walc, IS very ? saul to be superior to l4'n'^^^^^^^^^^^ ^-^"^^^ Charlotte's Island.^ Th s' California, that which is minSf in rillsh r 1 '', • "'' ^''^""gl^ ^^al is found in »^6 (^3 4.S. stg.) in San Franc co ^^^fi p !!"'''^ comn.ands the high price of respecting it iV a speech rtv'c^ori.Drftfshr'r '^" ''''^^^'"■"^ "'^ LohSk said ^anauno mines now leads the nrnke^.s! V '"'"''' =T" "^^^ ^="'-^1 ^^o'" the coun ncs is such coal to be fo k nncf i^ ^ ''''":'''''■ Nowhere else in these that bK s fair to make Nanafn o one o he chie^nTi """^ ''"^'^''^ ^^''''^ ^^ -"ergy aL^to^h-^S;^-T^-;i^^ Sir Charles S:::n:'o^,L%l:a^ - P-nted out by book entitled "(Greater BritL^'' aTfoHow"!- "' '^' ^^°"" ^" ^"S'-^. in S portance as^^ inde'^\o'%;^t;ur:^df; 1 T' ^". ^'^^ --'^^^ - ^'^ extreme im- world; h.t it is not enough to wX^^^^^^^^^^ 'hat portion of the also to the quantity, qualfty cheapness of 1.? '' '°.^ ^°""^'' ^'^^'^°"' ^°ok "g China and in Borneo there are exteS coa tn"" T"^ ^^^^'y ''^ '^^n.porU In for trade; on the other hand th. Pniir ^'f^' ^"' '^ey lie ' the w/one wav" and Monterey lies well but ^ 1 i'i^'qXn "^^ Monte Diabolo. San girio". " no great quantity, and the beds nearest^ oE" ^f "^^"'^ has good coal, but ir^ cHe. The three countries oTihTv:^c\tc l^LT^^^ manufacturing greatness arP l^Tn^ ^r " "^"^' ^*''' a time at least risP fn but which ofShlse wnrCn^^ralthSr^d"^^^^^ ^"^ ^^^ SoSth'wdesI the amomit of coal which ihey respective vnn"'°'^ P°'^^'''^^'> ^'^Pends mainly oi^ raised. The clearness of labou^r under hchTncn,f° "'"''T^ '^ '° ^' ^^elply by the opening of the Pacific Railroad • lultJtT ^'^' '"S^"' ^^" ^e removed the cheapest labour, and upon her 'hore n^lV '""T"' ^^'^ ^^^^h Wales has coal of good quality for mLufacu ring purposes alth l'% ''^'""^^"^ ^'^^^s of dirtily and too fast. * * * tL P"fPoses, although for sea use it burns bn iliant, but it is not New Zealand fh/"? °^ '^e Pacific shores is inevitably wdl occupy the position th^t E, g and has L\tn%°n t^A^.f^-'^r'^P^- "S -der;pXl\^?elSrwrhit^^^^^^^ -- apparent to those the vast region-agricultural, industrial and 1 ^''- f ""'''"ous resources of Ca„ad.a„ Pacific R.,„., p.' . wi.Kl ^S:^:^^:^^^^.^ mi 66 «f 1 Ik , distances, are ances these greatly important facts, afTerting the considerations of empire, not set fully forth in the w-.rk from which the above extract is taken. KORESTS. o,„ 7''^/'"l^'' ^^"''' ^''' "•" ^'"^^^' ''''*^"^' *"'' 'he timber most valuab .; ''hev frl..?" .V, n"^ I'"' nearly the whole extent of the Province. The nnnorn{l vellow nin," J'\^ T"' ^''"'''' '"•',' y*^""^ *•'■' ^'^'^^'"' hemlock, whi'c pine, ye low pine, cedar, yellow cypress, arbor vita-, yew, oak, white mai.le, arbutus aldtr, dogwood, aspen, cherry, crab apple, willow and cotton wood. The Douc- nrir'nV' 1 '"^ ""'versa on the sea coast, and up to the Cascade range. It cZ .h'^'r'' f /^' "T^'""?- "":' "^ Vancouver, ind along its east and west coast, the finest being found m the valley and low grounds alone the west coast. ength, can often be obtame.l 150 feet free from knots, and has s(,uared forty-five Brlent T"? ^T . ^' '' ^^'^"^'^^ ' ' ^'"^ ^'"^^ '^'^^^S*'^' P'"^'' ^>' «^' i" -^i^tence. kT.fnri V ^"J '' ^'^t'^^'" 's splintered to a height of at least twenty teet. and it nfTh^ t'T ° "''' *?Pu' ""^" ^ P"*"*'"" "<" ^''^' '"'"l^ ^^''" withstan wonderful forests, which so amply and generously clothe the Sierras from the Cascade range to the distant Rocky Mountains, will nfn^ 1 ?i^ as communication opens up. The great arch of timber lands begin- ning on the West oi Lake Manitoba, circles round to Edmonton, comes down along the mountains, so as to include the whole of your Province. Poplar alone, for many years, must be the staple wood of the lands to the south of the Saskat- chewan, and your great opportunity lies in this, that you can give the settlers of the whole of that region as much of the finest timber in the lorld as they can desire, while your cordwood cargoes will compete with the coal of Alberta Coming down in our survey to the coast, we come upon ground familiar to you fn wni ^''"i^'i "^ It 'f f '^ ''■^'^"' ^'■■^^'^y '^^^^'^ ^ith China and Australia in wood, and how capable of almost indefinite expansion is this commerce. Your SSh.To. P ^ JK^f: ^",1. there are plenty more logs, like one I saw cut the other day at Burrard Inlet, of forty inches square and ninety and one hundred feet I V *u ' ^"?'"^ss, wh'ch has assumed such large proportions along the Pacific S°!^ ?! """"""'"^ °^ '^'"'?"' g''^''^* ^^ ^t is, is as yet almost in its infancy, for n sDrin.r';? ^"T' '''''''ni^ ""'''^-^'^ ^'■"'^^ '^^ *™^ "f the first run of salmon ;" y -i",^ <> he last run of other varieties in the autumn, on which many a can- nery IS sure to be established. ' FISHERIES. ir, ,J^^ fisheries are probably the richest in the world. Whales and sea'.s abound in he northern seas. Sturgeon are plentiful in the rivers and estuaries of British diSS^" ''"' ^^'ghins over 500 lbs., and are caught with little famou They are small, but of fin 67 Salmon are excelKnt, and most nlnmclant Thn r ,• .SemcmlL^r ^1 1 ' "'■'BIh"),' from six to fourlcm 111 -?? l'™.''' ''"""B from CO.I bank, i„ rS„?'„f r'iCia'"'""' ""' '' '^ "="''«' ""•' 'h- are ...ensivc °" =5!S-' ¥^'^^^ o;'^,fr„t""'' ^" -^ "' ''' ^»V» a„. i„,e., „„., ,he .hr.e.o'.^S.rn'.:^"' "= '-'"" ^" ™°- "f -he la.es a„„ .,„„, weighing fr„„ quaUy""" "^' *■""'"' '" »■' P^"' of ,he Provtoce. The P ■ ■"""<="'•'■•"« AND KRU.T GROWING. .h'oughou,i"wholcexl"';* BulTve^r""' '"' '""'^'1 >" agricl.ural country especially „ view of its mine" a'nd K^"' ^">'S''«>6'fe"ll«raIresou"ce? position It possesses tracts ofaraUe hml „f ""' "^ "'"'*• "^ well a, its and thechSevly JatrurabYe' IheV?!"? P"'^"^^^ ^'^ °f ^^^o^t endless extent not in ordinary seasons. On the C rdboTfn""^.^''"'^'^^ ^°^ ^^^^P' and :ven S .' and sixty or eighty wide, and betwce tho T^ '^"'' '' ^ P'^'" 150 miles long an innnense tract of arable and gr,z " 'Lnd Tf t'n"^ F^^^er 'rivers the^efs with bunch grass, on which the cattle fni^ r*" ^\"' ^"'' Plains are covered quahtu^s are said to exceed the celebrated H.^"' ''^' ' ' ^^"*"' ^"^ its nutrft ve His Excellency the Marouis nf T . ^'"''.g'^^s and clover of Virginia following remarks -.1 ^ '"^"^' °^ ^^"••"^' '" a speech at Victoriaf made the flocks'of s:^r'\tJ::^;:^^,^j^:^^y r -" - ^^^^ ^--e to have large among the people now crowdTne in sl7°"™K^°^''-^ ^"^ ^^^^ys be very r;,^f "^1 ^^orld as fet calls S^S Wes fV^r v'l "^ '^°'' '«g^°"« ^hfc^ East to you. Th«»r^ jc „ -^^ortn Uest, but which is tho No'^»^-^a- — 1 portion of our terrTtory wtat' CalifornS' is ^o'S ^^''""^'^?^ should "noVi^et; This fruits. The perfection attained by "m-i^^^ fru ts'-^'"'"- '?, ^^^ ^"PP'^ afforded of the Pemnsula of Ontario that yoj would 1.^1 f """^^lled, and it is only with gj-apes, peaches, pears, apple /cherdenlu^f '° '°'"P"*" ^^' ^he supplies of Waers. Wherever there is open ,: J^l^f ^S^? " ---j.-T r'^'" ^°- 68 dsewherc;. while there is nowhere any drarth of ample provision of luel an.] himher lor the winter. As you Ret your colonization roads pusli.-.l and the dykes alonir l.ra h''''r ""7. ''"''!'>•-" ^^''" ^^""^ ^ I'-i'-ger availuWe a.reat;c, for there are .,u,et straths and valleys hid.ien away anmri^j ihe rich forests which would provide comfor ahl.. far.ns. As >n the North-west last year, so this year, I hav'e lake^ down the evidence of settlers, and this lias been wonderfully favourable. To say the truth, I was rather hunting for yrunihlers and found only one 1 He was a , youiiK man of super-sen.itiveness from one of our comfortable Untario cities." MANUKACTUkES AND EXI'ORTS. The manufactories of Uritish Columbia have been hitherto comparatively few in number ; but water power k everywhere abundant. Tho.e manufactures which are at present be.n^ earned on are in a prosperous stale. The exports from the lT^'dev"^nT'^^■"•r''"f'7 ""' •^'" "-'-''t^-^iy in tl.e ..Ur futur lie Brki IW- f .k' "'^ "'" ''^^'^ 'J".'"'''"^ ""^ '-'''''^' ^hat visit the ports of B m. h C.dumbia there are steamers plynifr beUvccn Victoria and New West- minster, and on the Irazer Kiver as far as Vale : and there are abso others. POl-UI-AIION. But sI?cVt'!!.^I 'l'T"',f "" ';'' ^'f'"^' Columbia was 49.459 l^y the census of i88l. But since that date there has been a large influx of Chinese, and also of whites in connection with the works of the Canadian I'acirtc Railw.a y. 'I here is n hrce disproportion between the menan.l women m the province, the men bein.r ^rJatlJ of i.m'ni'^r.ui. 'n! ^"'""'^l'"''"^'" ^^ '"' ^^^^■^'■<^^> Probably be remedied by the progress On th-''^ ^"'!'n'' 'k ^^'n'''' ^'"'l""''''-^ ^'^ remarkable for their peaceable disposition. ^emaJK' V laorla^^^^ '"' ''"''"'^ "' ^"^"^' '"^'"^ ''- f<'"owin, ap.lropriat; "I believe I have seen the Indians of almost every tribe throuchout the Dommion, and nowhere can you find any who are so trislworthy in repa d to anxious to learn the secret of the white man s power. While elsewhere are met constant demands for assistance, your Indians' have never asked rr\^,;rforn the It terviews given to the chiefs their whole desire seemed to be for schools and •schoohnasters; ami in reply to questions as to whether they would assist them^el ve n securuig such instituiions, they invariably replied thai they would be -rlad to pay for them. It is certainly much to be desired that some of the funds an or t loned for Indian purposes be given to provide them fully with schools, in which ndustnal education may form an important item. But we must not do inju 1 ice Th r ff'"" ^"''''- J^""" '^■'*'* '" '°'^"y '^'^'''^' '■^«>" 'hat of your Indian' fread rr"?-''"'^'''''"^' '° the nomad. It gave him house, fuel,' clothes and bread. The disappearance of this animal left him starving. Here, on the ?h.? n;'7' "^^r'^■"' °^ "'V ^^'hit^-' ,>^en has never diminished the food supply-„f the native. He has game in abundance, for the deer are as numerous now as they ever have been. He has more fish than he knows what to do with, and the lessons in farming that you have taught him have given him a source of food supply of which he was previously ignorant." uu suppiy His Excellency further pointed out that population will come to British Co umbia so soon as the Pacific Railway is pushc-d through. Its isolated position and the expense and difficulty of reaching it, have hitherto stood in he way of immigration. His Excellency eloquently aid :— ^ "There is no reason ultimately to doubt that the population attracted to vou as soon as you have a line through the mountains, wilfbe the population whichwe nost desire o have-a people like that of the old Imperial Islands, drawn from the strongest races of >vorthern Europe-one that with English, American. Irish! Gmnan, Hench, and Scandinavian blood shall be a worthy son of the old ATn/h"; Oi Nations. • - HOW TO OBTAIN LANDS IN THE PROVINCE. The lands in British Columbia, with the exception of those transferred to fiO Wttlers, anri those allotted tn th„ <„„ r t, .- Provincial (InvH-rnmen ho U;wv.:^^^^^^^^ 'f?"^*^ '^^''^">'' -r^ held by the p.c following ,..rti..daVs respS«e^^ and up::Sd^:;:^s:;i.;i!ie;;l;,;;: !r;is^7'''"^' "^ r?'^ --" -^^ •« y-- of mountains, or of i6o acr^s i, , I m^ . r I T'"'"""'' "'^ '^e Cascade range ''is own Ian.!, rc.or.ls U "^ he i c^ ' J 'l ^^, i*^? ■^''"'^y'"'^^'- ''"^^ «-ttler selects whuh is two dollars, and a oL e Uers^ . '^^^^ ^^""■'^'' <^^'"""i>'^i""er, the fee for P'w.ry, and certain cmuiition as to ,. .„ ' '"■^•"■'•j^"""- Alter two years' occu- Crown tjrant or conveya •" wi | 1 ! d' ''ar''''\ ''''^'"« ''^■^■" ^""'Plie ^^""1'' ''e healthful c,n.nlry for al.M,ttlurlvihdi;nKs'! '^ '" "'""'"'-''' '" ^ ''^■•'^"'if"' and at Ih. rate of one .!..! a^ 't "o- t, 'l! T- ^'"'''r'' '''' "l""'" ^''^ l'"rchase annual payments of 50 cent ■ ,^r ^^rl • nf"'' ,'" T ^"" '"^y"'"'"'' "' i" two time of purchase. ^ '"- ' P'i>'n^^'"t »" be made in two years Irom pie^ l-able to he pre-empted by others but in tht" '^'''--^'T'"!'- "'^l"''' '^■''^^^■'' '^"'' '« proportionately. ^ ' ""' '" ''^at case the lessee's rent is reduced more';i::;"^cS'acr:s TH :o'anI: c^^ pLrt^ '^ '""^'f '? '^^ ^^^^ -^^ '>"' not " Mining and timber leas^^wMir* f"'' T"^ '^°'' '""^^^'^ "^an five years. " Mihtar^ ^naZ^l"-^^^']^"^^::!^^;};!^ their proper heads fu/ther ^n. grants on certain con.litions. The ALrcnt r.n "'r 1^ ■\,-^^'':^'^"^ are entitled to free , " y/m../.W.^/rA -Most im ornnf i ; r?' "^'^ ^'''"^ 'nformati.m. this Act must be dear t< h m ff f^rtn . 'd .^■^,''''^''' ^^^^ '"^ ^i*"'^ and children be tak.n for debt incurred afte he tv^'strat ,n ! i'"f ' "^'" '^'^i^^<^r..\, cannot than $2,500 (^500 Knglish) ; goods and chn ?.l' ';' "? '" ^ "'"'"'^ "'" ^''^'-'^t'-^r Enghsh); cattle ' farm 'l on^;h^arS^a;"also nro U'cted l"" ^r' "'^ "•' ^5°° (^100 " I' arm lands in private hands mnv P^'^^ted by an Exemption Act. (20s. English) to $4oU-rEngh S^'cre n"^^^S'' ''^'"""^ '-^"^ I'^'*^^' '"^""^ $5 ment." ^^'^ ^ "'■"-' ^"'^' according to situation and improve- . Chapteu VIII.-THE NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES. OENERAL KEATURES. Cani?r:'1^;f^„^t'^;^Ma.iU,j^^ the North-West Territory of the United States. It follows thKnU.. ^^u P''"'^"'"'' ^^'"^^ ^'^^i^'^'-'^ it from which it touches at very n ^r ; tV u a h , ° ee^'f"" "' l'^' '•'"^'^y fountain" north-west trend along the base of the Jwlt^M •'"'' '"ngitude, and takes a with the Territory of ^Alaska, and proceecls^L:^ "" 1 ''"' 'T^ ''r^''' ^" ^""^act On the eastern side there is a q estion w hh H^ A 'f ""'■'?- '° '^^ ^'"'^tic Ocean, boundary. xNorth and east of te points rien.ion.?"'^^ Government as to the the continent. ^ '"^^ mentioned it comprises the remainder of This vast Territory contains "reaf hbrc ^„ 1 • • one 01 the largest river's in the wor^] ,nd t^ F"""' "'".'• '^^'^ ^^ackenzie is estimated length is 2,500 miles, inXtg'the SI? ?r"^° '''' ^'f' Ocean. Its system. This river is generally navigable excen'^^t ,t k""' '''r'? '' ^ P''^'"' «f its ta.ns. where it is interrupted b/ casc^de^ '^':^y'Z:^^l^y ^i^l r t %: 70 'SthWe"srtff"'r' 'r'r''"« '";'• ''^'^^' ^'^=^'^^' another groat river of the ^ rrcr^rir^? nt r';f n n i """i'' "^ ' * '°° ""'•'^^' ^^'-^'"'"e a country containing vtTy great agricultural and mineral resources. Another great river which takes its rise in the Rockv Mountainr i« fU., M^lntr" T?"' ""'^'"-^ '"'", ^=^'^'^ '^'""'P^e' haling rtf^tanTnS of bou wl^ ■ ^'^'^ "^'r"'- 'f n^ivigable from the Lake to Fort Edmonton andi cirams an immense agricultural region. There are numerous othe^ r vers' in th Territory such as the Nelson the Churchill, the Winnipe,^ancthe Ts nibo n T .1- W- ' *'"■' ^^^ l''"'"^ ^'''' L^^^' the Great Slave Lake, the Athaba Sa' sauaremn"''''V."^"'^'''c:, ^K' ^'''^' ^^''' ^^^^^'- ^'^"»'"n« an area o 14 S .square miles. 1 he Great Slave Lake has a length from east to west of loo miW^ •ts greatest breadth being 50 miles. The Athabasca Lake haTa leng^oT 2.0 miles, averaging 14 miles in width, having, however, a very niuch Ster wid?h niirbJt itT^han^ts' '''""'^^^^ "]'' ' l^^^ ^' 280 mile:, 'w'St Sth :'S miles, but Its Shane ,s verv ,rr.„„io.. There are numerous other lakes of large miles, but its shape is very irregular size in the North-West *.,t The mouth of thj Nelson River is nearer to Liverpool than is New Vork year' m:;P'°" V' ';'"^'"', '' -"^----^ly open for'otr S n on l" i nte year. Efforts are, therefore, already being made to render available this n^r communication from the veiy centre 'of the I. tinent with the ^t o live pS the Wood^^^ F'''' •"^' ' '"V" ^'"""^"^ ^'■"" ^''^" ^^°"f^-^^^-^t corner of the LaKf he \\oods, an.l running north-west to the height of land, divides this Territorv into two nearly equa portions, and for the most part fol ows the course of tie isothermal line. A diagonal line thus drawn also roughly separates two geolo"ia1 formations, the southern half being generally available for agri ultu °l?urSs The portion north of this line comprises the wooded portion of the North- We ' It s rich in mineral and other resources, and undoubtedly, as the coum y coS; to be more thickly settled, will be cultivated in parts country comes A remarkal)le feature of this great extent of territory is its division alontr lines running generally north-west and south-east, into^hree d t nc pS h?£d%-^'''' v"n '' '^7 A' generally called. The first of the e ffkno^v™"s I?ie?s ahonr^? '^ '"'i ^t^' ^^^""'P^S plateau. The widtli at the boundary me IS about 52 miles, and the average height about 800 feet above the sea \i tne boundary ine it is about r.ooo feet. This first plateau lies entiiely wUhin the Province of Manitoba, and is estimated to contain about 7,000 square S of he best wheat growtng land on the continent or in the world ^i^th^f 'k''''"/^ ^''''^^''■\' °' '^''PP^ ^''""^^ ^" '''^'^'"''^g^ *'^l^''"^e of 1.600 feet, havinp a 7^f L '''^''"^ ^^° '"''^' °" the national boundary line, and an area ot" ^ K ips.ooo square miles The rich, undulating, park-like country lies in this ri on I!:r^ZSi:'^.'^''''^' '°' -"^---' -^ incuLsthe AssinS; }"e^'m'.k^' '°°' ""^ '^' Rocky Mountains, where it has an aUitlde of abou 4,2^ foet, making an average height above the sea of about 3,000 feet. Gene aiW speaking the first two steppes are those which are most Ivourab e foV Sul ture, and the third for grazing. Settlement is proceeding in he first t^ a a Ta^eSn :SlirheV" ''' '''' ^'"^^" """^^^"^ ^^' ^^P--^ caUleTanct^ PROVISIONAL DISTRICTS. f«r .7^^ .^O"ii"io" Government, by Ordcr-in-Council, has formed out of this territory for postal purposes and for the convenience o settlers, fo r piovSionS districts, named respectively ^.m„7Wa, Sasi-atchewa,^ , Mber.a^nd^Ziaua 71 .,., . '■>l.STRri;T OK ASSI.NIHOIA. Land, .systcn, of Survey into Tow hips h^S j^'i"^'^-^"".^^"^' "^ '^'' ^^'^'"inLn .j.j^. . '".^'KIIT or SASKATCHEWAN. r-ges of townships wes, of ihe fo^h SJitlarlnSS.""'"^ '''^ '^^^^ -^'"^^ ,^.^. . . rjISTKJCT Ol.- AI.JiEKTA. south b^Tthe 'Ji^eSolSnCS;^ t^';;/°°'°°^ ^^""« "^'Jes, bounded on the on the west hy the Province of ] hIv, "fV k'"'''' ^'^ '^'^ ^"'^'"^ of Assinibo a^ fai/Ks ; and on the north hy , I. r«ur '"•''''' '^ ''^^ '^^^^ of the Rock Mm n' near the ssth parallel oflJtiJude '' ''"""'"" ^ine before nKntioned. UlcT^^ .^^. J. . DISTRICT 01. ATHAliASCA. ■'"'' ''■•••»"™"' "J '"■= Prov'ince „f M[i,:;",„t,,^"' l'"»"" <"■ '^'"A latitude *''"""" ''^„;;'''rf "''°-^^' O"- SKTT,,ERS, TRAVFr r FR. ntI,E(;ATES AND EMINENT MEN ' T/ie Earl of Dn/r.-rf,, Avi ^mglenver, but the owner of h- If ,?',•"' '"^^'''^^ '^''^"'^'r alon.. he b^nU "' ^.S.'-?s:M^f --^^ wins: ;:;'l;,K>^i;:r"¥, '^ P-^^^ inipossihl. to i/,.S. '"'""!f^ enterprise can alon. 1/ "' "'7v ^" Keewatin the J i 72 except for some differences which had arisen amongst its peojile, we see Winnipeg now with a population unanimously joining in hajjpy concord, and rapidly lifting it to the front rank amongst the commercial centres of the continent. We may look in vain elsewhere for a situation so favourable and so connnanding— many as are the fair regions of which we can boast." " Nowhere can you find a situation whose natural advantages promise so great a future as that which seems ensured to Manilolja ami to Winnipeg, the Heart city of our Dominion. Tlic measureless meadows which commence here stretch without interruption of their good soil westward to your boundary. The Province is a green sea over which the summer winds pass in waves of rich grasses and flowers, and on this vast extent it is only as yet here and there that a yellow patch shows some gigantic wheal held " Like a great net cast over the whole are the bands and clumps of poplar wood which are everywhere to be met with, and which, no doubt, when the prairie fires are more careiully guarded against, will, wlierever thev are wanted, still further adorn the landscape. The meshes of this wood-netting are never further than twenty or thirty miles apart, Little liay swamps and sparkling lake- lets teeming with wild fowl are always close at hand, and if the surface water in some of these has alkali, excellent water can always be had in others, and by the simple process of digging for it a short distance beneath the sod with a spade, the soil being so devoid of stones that it is not even necessary to use a pick. No wonder that under these circumstances we hear no croaking "There was not one person who had manfully faced the first difficulties— always far less than those to be enccnmtered in the older Provinces— but said that he was getting on well and he was glad he had come, and he generally added that he believed his bit of the country must be the best, and that he only wished his friends could have the .same good lortune, for his expectations were more than realized. It is well to remember that the men who will succeed here, as in every young community, are usually the able-bodied *' Favourable testimony as to the climate was everywhere given. The heavy night dews throughout the Nc^rth-Wcst keep the country green when everything is burned to the south, and the steady winter cold, although it sounds formidable when registered by the thermometer, is universally said to be far less trying than the cold to be encountered at the old English Puritan city of Boston, in Massa- chusetts. It is the moisture in the atmo.sphere which makes cold tell, and the Englishman who, with his thermometer at zero, would in his moist atmospliere be shivering would here find one flannel shirt sufficient clothing while working. " With the fear of Ontario before my eyes, I would never venture to com- pare a winter here to those of our greatest I'rovince, but I am bound to mention that when a friend of mine put the question to a party of sixteen Ontario men vho had settled in the western portion of Manitoba as to the comparative merits of the cold season of the two provinces, lourteen of them voted for the Manitoba cUmate. and onlytwo elderly men said that they preferred that of Toronto. "You have a country whose value it would be insanity to question, and which, to judge from the emigration taking place from the older provinces, will be indissolubly linked with them. It must support a vast population. If we may calculate from the progress we have already made in comparison with our neighbours we shall have no reason to fear comparison with them on the new areas now open to us. l-'.xclusive of Newfoundland, we have now four million four hundred thou.sand people, and these, with the exception of the comparatively small numbers as yet in this Province, are restricted to the old area. Yet for the last ten years our increase has been over i8 per cent., whereas during the same period all the New England States taken together have shown an increase only of 15 per cent. In the last thirty years in Ohio the increase has been 61 per cent, — Ontario has liad during that space of time 101 per cent, of increase, while (Quebec has increased 52 per cent. Manitoba in ten years has increased 'zSg per cent.,_a greater rate than any hitherto attained, and. to judge from this year's experience, is likely to increase to an even more wonderful degree during the following decade." His Rev. James MacGreqor, D.D —One nf t>,« * ' .. Excellency the Marquis of I orn^nn\ • P^''^^ """^^ accompanied .xi, MacGregor, who haTsin^e wr tten n f J""''"^^ ^" ^^^'' ^^^« ^he Rev. Dr. James hungry millions of Europe. FronT \stlrtt \TL"v1"x^^^' '^'^'^'^" '"''""^ ^^e come across a thousand 'acres that were no ht e ,\ or f^ ^ Mountams we did not Of the marvellous fertility of the first nrah-ie.f^ n' ^[f'V',^' ^'-''o'-ngriculture. ^s no doubt whatever. Ae .soil ,' a S hh k^ frhl f' ^'^"Vf^y'^'' ^^^''""' '^"^ feet m depth, and has in some places vdderrtf'i '^°"'^"' '"-""^ l«o to four manure. The unbroken ,.ra,rie h^^^^l^lZlV V ''"' '°'' ^'^'y^^^'^ ^vithout 'n the pile as velvet. Here is the ; v d 1 " ^"^^f Sy^^n, thick and close arm.rs who recently visited the country ll f^lT^'^T^f J"''^^^'^''^' ''^^"'^^ beneath that .surf^ice „f dried gra's an i ashe^ ;n: "' °^ ^^""''^"^•''le. -^ays that there hes hidden a treasure in fe ti i'y of 'ii^^S'^'T""' T'\'^'^ ^'^'^'''''' «^'-'«' m. hons of the human race." ' Alone he R^.^p' "" '" ^1^'\^' "f^"'' ^•'" ^"'^'''^h loth.an, ' the soil is a very stronir 1 hcl- i L f '''[', ''''>'' ^^^'■- •'^"°^^' "^ Mid- crops of wheat for thirty yc4rT'^ ' As '^ ST/ ' T"'''' '""^ ^^""'^ ^^•'O' paying of Kirkcudbright, ' I much nrk-r \fn,:-, f "r.^^^^^ --a'si' g,' -says Mr. I igkr ess : the soil Is deep.^; a J w 1 stin mo'e c ''"^'' T'^^ ''"^ ^"'^^ '^^ '^-"^ better, and the produce five to en In shH '^'^^'J'P'"S = ^he .sample of wheat is On the whole I was favoifral y" „ ' i ^'"', '\'.'''' "'"'''-^' ^" "^ ^^hich is profi the immense extent J^M^.^^STi^'^^''^'^ ■ ^'° °"^ ^^hcS sei; moment doubt that there is a c e^ Lure ? r '"? "^ '^' Products can for a Ha,pcr's Neu, Mouthly /J/ '^'^' ^""ntry.' A writer in ground of that comparativSy .H ,^^^^^^^^^^ and us afHuents wer[. sown t^, The. th " o^luct I ''"'""' '''' '^' '^"^ ^'^^'^^ 500,000,000 bushels, or more than 1 k- 1,; ^ '''"• ''''^"S'^ yield nould be in 1880.'" ^''*^" ^'^''* ^'"l-'e amount raised in the United States OHhe second prairie steppe, Dr. MacGregor says — by forest, con'p;eLnS; tletuTT f' ""' ^""'^ ^" '^^ completely covered Asstniboine, th'e Little Saskat£wan Z^Hl': Ou'l"' n' '\^. ''^^'"^^ ^'^^'^he aggerate the prettine.ss and the rici'ss of t "^ ^PPf ^- ^o words can ex- • crossed it. No words can comev '^h • ''°-'""'>' ^'""-^ ^^^^ 'i"'-' at which we after day, in the most del^Etf rweiher ZllSuZ """"''''f ^^>' ^--'"^g ^l^ mg ever as we moved onward th^t the fm li v^ rn '-'"'T"'^'""^ ''''"^'' ^"d find^ for the ploi,gh. ,From the time we emered W '"'"''^'"f ^ ^^«^"" and hungering North Saskatchewan, a journey oLuDvini fi^ '?°"'' T^^^ ^'" ^^'^ ^^'^^^k thf the country may be described!^ that S Ast rollTn. ?'' '^ ^'"^^^' ^^^^^^'^^ ^f broad, stretching as far as the eye ci^ ee 3,^ '"' ^°'".'r ^° '^''^'y ™'es gra.s.ses, these plains lying between lonrr'^n^l 1 ' / T^'^"^ ^''^ ^'^^ succulent ten miles across, running m.^nly norfh "'s "nH "''^f "^ "P'^"^^ '"^"•^ «-« to clumps of copse or bush^ These coitn,'"^ -south-east, and dotted with pretty Iake.s, often look less like the v^k of T'f ^^^^gl'-^^'^s, interspersed with dener. . It rf>n„irJi fr . ' ^ '''^"''^' than of the landscitip .nr Land.' Taking no .s'oTthT ^muJ^L"'? 'I ""''''"' ''''' ^^^^ was " No^M^n" words ' park-like. ' ' copsy gladeT ' ^etc or^? ^""' "' u' ,J°"^"'^>'*^^ °"' ^ ^n^' "he t.on. Here for exampl^,^.s^X?I nite of ^h7'"^-^-''^ "'"Tf^ wearisome reitera- and cleanest we had yet seen tretH.^1 , f 'J'"'"' ''''''' Humboldt, the largest east far beyond vision^-^k; ^S iL '°'T''^' ''''^''' north-west and somh downs, rolling like a lum w sea tL -l'^' ^^ '•' '"' ^'^'°"'' "'""^ ^^"'^^ ^"^^t autumn, and a.vered with ^h ehso ni?'"r 'TT''^' '']^' ^- ^he Cheviots in reached a higher rising croun i th.n ^^ , ""^l ^"^^"-'^"shed grass. As we less plain, unbroken b? r^ociri t^" "?": Ld"' '°"'"' TT' "P- 'he '-und " At the t h ' ' ' ^-^'- i*iacGregor says -^ J", owing to .h J/ wi?c,'r,lm'll"ne ", "o'a'nv d.mhT';" '"''°"'"- " '» I/': of oats, and found them to be diSnJ ll^u n r \ '"sk"'" ^°"' '"'Sle grains stalks to the stool, and eaih sta 1 like a reed w rV ""''^ ""' ''T^' "^ '■"^^^"^"^ were eighty-five stalks to the sttl, and fift^r;i.:l^t"avrao:t;£t,^ ^^ a return of 4,250. While there can h. LSloubt what^^r ih,, ?n L ' "'' under review there is an ample supply of fertile HnrffilLr • ^^T" "I saw thousands and thousands of acres of wheaJ cle- riS .n ^ k , . u acre, we gh nr 6^ and 6? nonnrk tr, tJ.Vi i i ^^"'^'^^' cleanng 40 bushols to the ada are now as Inderal So us as lo ThTh '" ^T ^i""*^' ^^' '^"^ '^^« °f ^^-" People are crow ng there ranidll and ^'"^^^^^d' P'.e-emption and free claims. Their great railway will reach^hey^ffi towns;^are springing up as if by magic, before our NorSrn l4cific wiM L? f V\' ^'^""'^ ^^^^°"^ ^^ P^g^' Sound Montreal. The clTs"ance o L '' 'n^nf ^^u ^ ""'?"^'''' ^^'^'^^^^'' P^^-^P^ly to can line can get^t wheat of'i^.lIlS'th:;" -'' '°" "'" ^'"'•'" ^h^" ^^ ^"-■• thec5e:r^;u;e^^^sri^;:r^^^^^^^ "^ ^-^^- ^^^'^^ «^ CirencestTjySb "ll" had 'bou^.htT^?"^ the Manitohan farmers one of my old of Winnipeg, payin.r as a thought il" ?^ '"'"^ '^°° ^^''"^ ^ ^'"'^ miles west acre. H^ d^cLrd^o^cve / o m' 'that\'rh'a7^^^^^ P"ce of 20 dollars (^4) an which may he taken as evidence of his 1 e'ng sadsL Iwifh i ', u '^^ '°'^'^.'J"' crops of turnips notifops mtw v-V • if ^^tistiecl with it; and he was grow ng in the Provinc? \£^ wSlne C 1 etter ^';^^^'^ ""''T^^ '. '^''''' ^^ convlrsatio^ used to, and it is clear Sa the soi]uSn'''^'T '^'''" '''" '^"^ "^ Manitoba is satis^ctory way, P^^^ U Is^^li^^ed/Slt^^'r ^"^ '^"'^ "^^^^^ ^" ^ -^> organic mSttl" in'sc^'m^'Xts'm^n'v^fS tTf-f ''V"""' '-^'^^"^ ^^ ^"•^' ^^ full of the Red and AssiniiW^Rivers ft k of ' '"^ '"'''"^^ °"-^^^ ''^""^'=^1 ^rift of ments of plant-foo Tid cannof" ...V 1 u""'" ^"^^'•^'"'^ly "'ch in the chief ele- they take all . cy can out of iHn Z\''. "^^^^^^^^^ '' '^'^ ^^"''''' '^""^ this, s<, whaWrtoitiAhrro°:!"f^,^;'i^l^ '^^ff P««''^'-' time and return nothing now and again, the fertilitv of th r ^ '"""S "P ^n inch or two of fresh soU system of loH^ng uSa' ve^r bi Zf"" '" 'r'"'''^' ^"^' '^^ ^^'"'^ exhaustive impunity. It is m e in f4t tl^^it ^ZV"'' '' r^'^^ ^""^ ^ long period witii manurin^g the soil wo\dd^,ot;.J'l;^L^:h\7m^Ln^t^d.■^^^^ ^'^^'^' ^^ "^" ^^■^-- foIlo.';ngf:nt;;;Jtlt'\ttTe7^^^^^^^^ take another American witness, the Foreign Secretary to hehe P o S.n/l^ f^^ Honorable William Seward, the His sratement isiuh fraJfk ancUxpl"cU '"'"^ ^'^ "'^-^ "'^^ ^^^ South. thoughi'^a^^rir;:^;];^; "rr;^;j>;^-^^^--^- ^ suppose, I have from the parent State but innm X ^? . • • ^ ",'."' ^^''^^^' ^^^^'X detached nay, right soon, rbe\7en on S ,h^ ^^"'1 '">'"tt ''''^ ^"^ therefore ultimately, ing or uffecting'its v'n devebp eit I w' Union, without materially chang-' conceit. I sec in British kwhT,;.-; f 'u-^P'^^ ^>' °'''"^°" ^« ^ "^^ional nent from the Atlant c to the plcifir in ' T'' '^"1^ ^^'^^'°^^ ^^'^'^^ ^^e Conti- fisheries, and its m"neral wealth nr' ^^heat-fields of the West, its invaluable empire. '• '''*^'"'' '^ '^'^^""" g*'^"^ enough for the seat of a great imerSti'Tl^'^'^::^^:; ;r'''' ''' ^'^ '^^Shest importance to the cultivated from a few m es wSt of T nU. fll 'w '"^^^ ^^^' ^^" ''^ ^^«led and Mountains, and any line of commun^ratlnn V. Y.°°t '° '^' ^""'''^ ^^ ^^e Rocky ing through it, wiiUve-Vu HvTnTov h ' ') i^"" ^'^ ''^^g^" °^ '•''^•''•oad, pass cultural population from oiil^xtTmitv ?oT .r>?''"*'^^' °^u'^'^'"S fed by an agri- can Continent possesses an nnnrnTl^ f ?'•'"'•• ^"^ ^^^er part of the Ameri- of soil and climate " ^^ """'^ "^'-'" '" ^'"^ ^'ngularly favorable disposition East^JtrHr^Sru-erilF;:;^ '"f ^ r '/^^ ^^^^''^ ^^'^' - «" "^ and prosperity: but in -S o^a L-'- "^^^^^ '^^ elements of future wealth paramount importance T ml e^ 3inr"r ''','"'' !he^«"'i"ent, they acquire iron ore, are widely cHstrilS of grnnui^^^^ building purposes, doal, salt in quantity sufficient for a den^c' nof^datin '"il "''''''^''^^\' ^t^^ndance ; wealth lie within the limits or on the oE^r^e^/^n o^'^Lt SlU^^^"^^ "' It* Jf •'I M*;|;' * are occasionally supposed to havf a mo'io, o v of IcZ .V ' '^""ntraes, which yo,. „»y like ,„ Low";;"l:,?,';„"hf „r, .i:;"'^' ■" ''<■•'"" >""'■ s-"°» efror,», from . „,„„ i„|,,„,i,i, ,h,. ,„rrul\„nc T„, I confes, h LfX ""''Tf '».?','• »h..-n ,vm,c.„ i„ a„^°' "-. - - "■»« -he w«,, and .ha, h.yji'si'^^^'^^z:':!;;:'::^ ZnT/^'iT'"""" parallel, or fully a, hich as h?,vS "'?, ""-•""'American plains (o llic-6lst coast below the 43r(l ..aralld , ^ U .h. ! ^ mountain plateaux, and of the approach these iea o rth' "?. ,, l,^'' aclvan age more or less to those who cias, of Californk n ouchX istamn '^''f '^^''''^^ ^'^'--> ^"^1 from the north, the width of t eir has^ , „f h^^^^^^^^^ ranges r,n,ain high at the less than at "the 42nd paralH* The Hev fl . T ''^"r"? ''^'-^>' "««, is much proportion of cul'vahli suric' is far greater "' " "'''"^' ''^"' '^^ northwi^cUn ""^^^X^^^ l^ ''' '^^^'^ ^^^^"" ^^ ^^n.wn a.rther winter and su>r .^ id7acrr.te dh Jn^I IT "^^ r'l '\' '''''''''' ''^'^'''' the areas of laUi.^i and t. ^ le T^y s IhT" r/'^'i 'dermal lines across upper Athabasca 1, l^na o. Lr 1 ^ ^ ^t"l^ing. The buffalo winter on the al^^/^f^^ol. a'^aX:^^^^ '''^' '^•'i"^'^' of St. Paul, Minnesota! in.grasses; a„d proSS/IffiL ^ tS iKLrfheTarcn^l^iT,'!"'^ '''" tarns, m positions corresi^ondinc to the most dc^rt ThTw I , ''''' '"°""" iravdlcrs i„.li<«r^''"'^' ^" ^ «="-^te hoo?\,;:;;L;;r\i::;:!ri? '^"^-^' p-^p-ity. The city of business blocks filled with thechoic e" .^rHcC ^''"'"T'^v'''^ '^''S^ '^"^' '^"^'^y Its hue dwellings with their 1)611.117,?. .^rl T T^'f ''^ "" "i^'tropolitan city, the i.nmigrant while engaged^ 'Y '^""^=^"^' '^"''^ sheltering the many long and heavy lac ei t?ii. ^fhth "'"' ^"'^^''^"tial place of abode, and the conviction that the cc>Ut y u rrnd t nn^i^r """^ n'"^'' ■^rn^r..,,a me with up The many and large wL'at fiel v?h T ■"''^P-'^^y "^P^oving and settling crtainly this year-indicate that fo vl eit riisinTn'" '^' ^'^ P'^'" ^'^'''-T- can excel it. So far as one could judge from a t^ ^ ''''' '"r 'u^*^ ^^^«rth-West rounding your city, it seems to m h Ut^lu«"'ittrarrX/''"' "^ '^? •'°""''-y «"^- seeking^a newhomem the far west. Si^ ^^Xr^:^:^;,:^ actual observation - ---^n of a couple of days • 1 ut fmm ' " '"V^ ^^" ^'^ ^^''1 from gentlemen who have s,.ent\som • yea s' in 10^^,^'^'"''^^ '^"^. ^^^^ intelligent tavourable to agricultuiil pursuits'Sd wit^a heafi A I '"V^ j!" ^'fT '^^'^' ''' a very favourable opinion of the resourc es ind nr. ^" ^^f "^^ole, I formed H^^ Honour, Governor ^^^^^oS S^^.SS^ZZt^l^Z:. ^ " EXECUTIVK Okkick, Mauison. W,s., Sept. .3, 1882. I fully concur with General Frisby in the foregoing statement. "^^''^"ed) I. M. RUSK, Governor •' «rS^ The everlasting snow of Canada is a myth.' Toronto is on the nicMklian of Florence, tn Italy and resembles its heat in summer, but the winter with the exception of a few days occasionally, is not colder than in Irelan.l ' Ihe soil H very fertile, almost as fertile for wheat, potatoes, and other vegetables as Ireland, and excellent for raising cattle. ^.rhJ-^"" wages for farm hands are as good as in the United States. Wages for mechanics generally not so good, except in Manitoba, where wages are enomous but living IS cheaper in Canada than in the United States enormous , '' The lands in Ontario are mostly taken up by old settlers, who are sellini? out their improvements to new comers at a fair price ^ '! '^.'^^ '^."^■'^ tJ*" Manitoba and the North-West— an unlimited territory formorlv rd^for'tafe.^'' ''"'^°" '''' Company-are thrown on the mSi^rSl'merad^ ,Ao n ' ^^^ po^ernment has reserved a large portion of land for homesteads-of l6o acres-for actual settlers, who pay only a few dollars for surveying ees. h.,f t., "^'^ of Manitoba and the North-West is very colcl in the winter but the peo,,le are well prepared for it. Besides, the air being free from mol U re s not so penetrating as in Ireland, where the pores of the body are Tpt o, e by ?.v^rT ,''"'T^u ■■'• ^^' '°'' ''' '" "^°^' P'*'^^'^. exceptionally fertilV. I have Sabie ?h^ '^" r"'-'T '"^ -■•-K^^^oni.h.a at the'size of ^he potato s and vege.ables. The winter is long, but the vegetation is very rapid, and the croos ripen comparatively soon. The country is fdling up very rapidlfwih inhabitants many of whom sold out in Ontario, to have homestiads for t'hei? child en I have found Irish everywhere and prospering." cnuaren. i nave ,, ^^f'^y ■^'''^''^ff:^^"(^^^{-~^^^omed is a letter from the Londonderry Steel Company of Canada (Limited)," descriptive of a test of a specimen of coal brought down last fall by Mr. James Turner, of Hamilton. He say'^n a leUer addressed to the Hon. J. H. Pope, Minister of Agriculture, dated dIc. 6. ,882^ The enclosed report handed me by Senator Mclnnes will no doubt interest you as the coal referred to was brought down by myself this fall f°om Edmonton as a sample of what was two years ago mined, or rather, I should say dugout Edmo^iS. »"'"'' ''" ^'^ "" °' '''' '"""^ °' '''' Saskatchewan direct? oppS .R^^^'^n C;i'';'-^NY OK Canada (Lt,m/e,/), Londonderry, N.S., Nov nth 1882.-Z? f^-^""^s, Esq., Cornwall. My Dear Sir,-I have ecelved the analysis of the Edmonton coal. It is as follows :— mvl received tne Fast Coking. Slow Coking. iT '776-S I776-S Volatile MaUe"r::'.V.';.". ■.;.■;: 2^-2^3. 2rQ8- Fixed Carbon 49.60- 53-85. The moisture is quite heavy ; exclusive from that, however the ash is indeed rery small as compared to Pictou or Spring Hill coal. -of A tog,, her. I would say that it is a very fine c.T anr! f 1 « "' """^ '"•''"• thickness of vein, and suitable angle, shC.?d h" /VeTy'vl^h-Thf^pr^eit?:"'^"''^ ""' y, ,. ,, ^ '*'"• ^^'■y «"'ly. (Signed) G. lAMMi*;. .'^^(i'nonvofOnt Hundred and f'ifiy.Three Farnur, TK, t, . Agriculture has published a statement xZr^icxZi ,r ■7\^- '^eP'-^rtment of paoe for settlement, based p^ n he a' ' ^^^^^^^ c! hl''"'"^ 'u' ^^'''^"'''^''•'^ ^'^ * addresses are given, and to vlhnmrofJrnZr^ ^f "*"""'' ^^""""^ "a'"^'"* ^"'1 of this statement in p^n p?dt" f •! e- • E ^'%u\T '""'-' '" '"■'•^'•-'- ^^ '^"Py nished post free I y any of th<. i'J,us .f^ h! r >• ' JV'"''"''''' '^'''y' ^•" ''^ Air- by letter. These Umors testify^; ^'"'^'"" ^°^'="""ent on application U) rt] \u\^ 't '■"""''>' ?"" ^"-^ '^""^=^^^* ^^'^ healthy. ^.J-^ l-«; mat the soi is exception ulv rirh thf.r,. i^ ; i i , . "■"joU.a (5^. Ulat (he cficcl of the wina-r is ii„i imfr. , .niraMe on colli,. very ,e.,vy, l,ei„R f,„„, „j .^'ee' ll.s! per Inihel ' ""''■"" "' ""» ^''"" '" bushels in 1880 ^ "^ "usntis , in 1&79, 58 ),-■ lels, and stH yi...uf 5 „:^f,'tr-7e 1^' ,s".; t"f ';;'.s'e,°-, IS"' -- "" — - Some of the yields of neis wf>r.. v„r, u i '^' ^ ' ^^^^ bushels in 1880. averages, the kf s ^viSlyXeSgrfhrfS^i^"/ ^'"^ -^"" ^^^ ^'^se acre fnS!" W 7^ Ivl^^oT ^'^V"'' "^ ^'^ ^'"^^^'^ °^ P°^-'-s per turnips to th; acre aml^ buXls nf h 'k ^' '"i°''\''^"^^ ^°° '"^ ''°°o ^"•^hels' of weighing 25 pounds each- ThoV R P.h ^P' ^^^ '."'^'^^ ''^^°""^'' ^"^^ ^"^nips at^°ftL'c7ntrwm. Vor:^r°,^s Sff'hr"'\"^T'^^5 ^- ^^-^- pounds each, and turnips mea^lg'l'n^'cK in ci?JumS' ^^f' ""^''".^ ". Stonewall, states that th^ common wifX^r/ circumference; James Airth, of some of them have gone as S"sthfr^ two".'n 'f ' H l^^^' ?°""^''' '^'^' ^"^ of Green Ridge, has raised 270 bnllv= ^f • ' "" ^f P°""''^' ^^^^'^ Casson. Kildonan. stafes' ttt h^hai^Js' tc^^" hTo7 °^ nips per acre; John Kellv of Morris ho. ^r^^ carrots and hoo bushels of tur- turnips to the acre- ^s in AnnleS nf .^r'^^'f/'r ^°° ^'^ 1,000 bushels of to have been i.cS) iu hels ne'r Sre th '^'^""^'^"' ''^^? ^^^^'^-'^ his crop of turnips Ed. Scott, of pSSge La Pr^'rie^ r^^^^^^^^^^ ^"'"S 12 pounds each; of land; W. H. L Swain TMoris^ ^ turn. ps from half an acre Francis bgletree, i pSe L S ""''^^'"^ '^ '^"""^^ ^''^'^h; through the cen re; A. v!^Beci:stevl of Kelson """^"t-'"'''^''"""^ 4? inches lows: Mangel Wurt'zel we ghfng2?iundsS^E^ experience a.s fol- cabbages weiizliine 40 nounds r-^h^ ^1" '- , weighing 23 pounds each, pounds each, and gives ,ha weigh, of h'is turSprgtST/M^Ss'Taeht I %. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) y A / ■6r 1.0 I.I i^ Iij2.8 IIIM 2.2 1^ m »«u._ 1.8 L25 iU. .6 V] <^. .-/^ "■ '"# / liuiuglapijiu Sciences CorporatiGii \ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 4^ ^\ Wk\^^ /. i/.A i .■. i t-. »■ '^tmi^mmmif^mfmmmgmmmmKai W m it ■:.r: ■t of an acre of land, some of them weighing 25 pounds tach; he has produced car- rots 4 inches in diameter and 14 inches long, has had cabbages measuring 26 inches in diameter solid head and four feet with the leaves on; his onions have measured 16 inches in circumference, and cauliflower heads 19 inches in diameter. James Lawrie & Bro., of Morris, have produced turnips 30 inches iu circumference, onions 14 inches and melons 30 inches; they had one squash which measured about the same size as an ordinary flour barrel. James Owens, of Pointe Du Chene, had turnips 30 pounds each, onions 14 inches around, and cucumbers iS inches long; Neil Henderson, of Cook's Creek, has raised 1,000 bushels of turnips to the acre, carrots 5 inches in diameter and ; 8 inches long, while his onions have frerjuently measured 5 inches through; Jas. Bedford, of Emerson, has raised 1,000 bushels of turnips to the acre. It must be remembered, moreover, that none of the farmers mentioned above used any special cultivation 10 produce the results we have described, and out of nearly 200 reports which we have received from settlers concerning the growth of roots and vegetables in the Canadian North- West, not one has lieen unfavourable. Ifon. Mr. Sutherland.— ThQHon. John Sutherland, a member of the Senate, gave the following evidence before a Committee in 1S76 : — " T have been in the North-West all my life. I was born within the corpor- ation of Winnipeg. My age is fifty-three years. I am a practical farmer. "From my long experience there, and from what I have seen in other provmces, I have come to the conclusion that the soil, climate and other natural advantages of Manitoba are conducive to successful farming, and that a poor man •can more easily make a living there than in other parts of the Dominion. "The uSual depth of alluvial deposit on the'prairie is about two and a half feet, and on bottom lands from two and a half to twenty feet. The natural grasses are very nutritious, and cattle can be wintered without any coarse grain, neither is it customary to feed any grain except to milch cows or stall-fed animals " I consider the North-West as very well adapted for -lairy purposes, as we have many miles of natural meadows throughout the country, and hay can be cut and cured for about $1 per ton. We have Wvq or six varieties of grasses thai are good and well adapted for stock-feeding, while a few others are not so suitable. "We have occasional frosts ; generally one frost about the first of June, bul not severe enough to injure the growing crops, and showers are frequent during summer. The average depth of snow throughout Manitoba is aljout 20 inches, and is quite light and loose. . ' "I consider the country healthy, and we have not been subject to any epidemic. We had fever in Winnipeg in 1875, but none in the country places. It was brought in»o Winnipeg, and it owed its continuance there, no doubt, to overcrowded houses and insufficient drainage "The average yield of grain is, wheat, about 30 bushels per acre; oats, about 40 ; barley, -^.bout 35 ; jieas, about 50 bushels. " The soil and climate are well adapted for growing root crops. Our potatoes are pronounced the best in the world. Indian corn is not extensively cultivated, and I think the large kind could not be cultivated " I think that extensive seitlement will prevent the ravages of the grass- Tioppers, and we have good reason to believe that we will be exempt from them during the coming season, as there were no deposits of eggs in the province in 1875, a"d, in all probability, we will be relieved from that plague for many years to come. To my own knowledge, the province was not affected by grasshoppers for forty years previous to 1867, since which date we have had them off and on." Professor Macouu.—S^ii^kmg of the country in the higher latitudes, nine •degrees north of the boundary. Prof. Macoun stated in his evidence before the Immigration Committee :— "At Vermillion, Lat. 58" 24, I had a long conversation with old Mr. Shaw, who has had charge of this Fort for sixteen years; he says the frosts never injure anything on this part of the river, and every kind of garden stuff can be grown. than loo feet above it. ^^ "*' '^'■*'^ °^ '^^' ^^""tfy is less start:;^i^i;i'';S"a;rVrfuii7:?r:'"^ii:;,3^^^^^^^^^^ ^r- ^"^""^^- wise ripe August i«;th. Fort rh fnlj!,"^ !'. ^v^ ^''''"' ^"^ P*^*^ «^ere like- are - ---——., "w>. lilt idiicr 30 IDS. much damage. " ^^^'' "P^" ^■'^^'- ^"-ost seldom does them "Chief Trader Macdougall says that Fort Liarrl in T ,f a," xr u Five.si«hs of all iL land nThe PeT^"!?? ■' "''''=.' °' f°' '"''^''°" P"POses. cited, and will produce ,« eood rroo, In /h^f 'r"°" xj'"'' "' ^ood a, ths point vated is owinK to the facMhat fhfS.l " f r'"' ^'"= '"■"•" »° «"'« « culti- Mr. MacfarlaL Chief facto in SSf o"f tC th ?"" '"n'""'- "" "'* ■=«="• ss,t-.E!.r-' '^ -" 'y "•= '"S/iH?„^ ir^^i^r^^p-otS^e^:: a fim:ci: •^^,^;;:i;:i''w\t;!'td^^'c^ oftcSe^sitT^V" f-^'- -- identical spot wh?re Mr PoS h.V^.'"? ''^n''?'^P/'^^^^^^ This is the v-hen Sir /icxancle; MackenS'viSd'itTnts;''''-'' ""' ^"^'^I"^" ^-^^^^^bles be said of the Saskatchewan rSsgL;^^^^^^ l^"^^5«^'7 the same may seems to advance from north ^.bl T S^"^f^"y- It i-' a curious fact that spring ■lay, and ,ha. in ^he f",;°|;^ e ' gi'^'s^'^SLn ITJ f""' ''° ""I"' P" same rate. The followinc data select -,1 ft™ ■ ^""^^ westward at the able light on the <|ues«o°f of cmt," ^ e ,,™ T' r'T ""' l,*""* ""•''''"■ .he:^STe;f;=ro'f' ?;;iran^,' A"S"-£r ^j;- 5;^"-:a*'^ '^ ^''^«' Latititde Summer. Spring. Autumn. July & Cumberland House ... r^ ^,7' /^^ /-^ August. Fort Simpson ' ' ' If u tlA ^^'^^ ^"'^^ ^4-25 Fort Chippeweyan ' ksA csin '^^ -7-34 62.3? Fort William. .... ^H! fn'l ^^'I^ 31.89 60.60 Montreal ^,^J 59-94 39.67 37.80 60.52 Toronto '^ ^S-ii 67.26 39.03 ^^,^8 68.47 Temiscamingue 1H° ff^^ 42.34 46.81 66.51 Halifax. . . .^. . . . f7. 9 65.23 37 58 40.07 66,43 ^-39 61.00 31.67 46.67 66.5s I 'fr 'If » f,, *r w Belleville . 44. lo temperature nearly that of Toronto. Dunvegan, Peace River 56,08 average summer six months u.^ Edmonton 53.31 3970 ^^ '^ Carleton 52.52 3570 W'""'peg 49-:2 64.76 30.13 35.29 65'. 32 '• Any unprejucliceci person making a careful examination of the above figures will be struck with the high temperatures obtained in the interior. Edmonton has a hit,rher sprmg temperature than Montreal, and is eight degrees farther north and oyer 2,000 feet above the sea. The temperatures of Carleton and Edmonton are taken from Captain Palliser's explorations in the Saskatchewan country durino the years 1857 and 1858. It will be seen that the temperature of the months when grain ripens is about equal throughout the whole Dominion from Montreal to Port Simpson, north of Great Slave Lake. The country, in my opinion, is well suited for stock raising throughout its whole extent, the winters are cer- tainly cold, but the climate is dry, and the winter snows are light both as to depth and weight. All kinds of animals have thicker coats in cold climates than in warm ones, so that the thicker coat cornterbalances the greater cold. Dry snow never injures cattle in Ontario. No other kind ever falls in Manitoba or the North- v\est, so that there can be no trouble from this cause. Catlle winter just as well on the Athabasca and Peace Rivers as they (\o in Manitoba; and Mr. Grant, who h.-is been living on Rat Creek, Manitoba, for a number of years, says that cattle give less trouble there than they do in Nova Scotia. Horses winter out without feed other than what they pick up, from Peace River to Manitoba. Sheep, cattle, and horses will require less attention and not require to be fed as long as we now feed them in Ontario. Owing to the light rainfall the uncut grass IS almost as good as hay when the winter seLs in, which it does without the heavy rains of the east. This grass remains good all winter, as the dry snow does not rot It. In the spring the snow leaves it almost as good as ever, so that cattle can eat It until the young grass appears. From five to six months is about the time cattle will require to be fed. and shelter will altogether depend on the farmer." And again, referring to the region supposed to be desert, Prof. Macoun con- tinues : — "Mr. George Dawson, speaking of this region, says : 'In July of last sum- mer (1873) I saw a band of caitle in the vicinity of the line south of Wood Mountain, which had strayed from one of the United States forts to the south. They were quiie wild, and almost as difficult of approach as the buffalo; and notwithstanding the fact that they had come originally from Texas, and were unaccustomed to frost and snow, they had passed through the winter and were in capital condition. ' " EXTRACTS FROM REPORTS OF TENANT FARMERS' DELEGATES FROM THE UNITED KINGDOM. In 1879-80 a number of delegates from tenant farmers in the United Kingdom were invited to visit Canada, for the purpose of examining into and reporting upon Us suitability as a field for settlement by their class. All these gentlemen were men of great intelligence and good standing; and they did, as they were invited, report their honest opinions. The following are some extracts :— Mr. Biggar, T/ie Granoe, Dalbeattie.— K% a field for wheat raising, I would much prefer Manitoba to Dakota. The first cost of the land is less; the soil is deeper, and will stand more cropping; the sample of wheat is belter, and the produce five to ten bushels per acre more, all of which is profit." Mr. George Cowan, Annan, speaking of Mr. Mackenzie's farm at Burn- side, says :—" I was certainly surprised at the wonderful fertility of the soil, which IS a rich black loam, averaging about 18 inches of surface soil, on friable clay subsoil, 5 and 6 feet in depth, beneath which is a thin layer of sand, lying on a stifltclay. The land is quite dry, and is well watered by a fine stream which flows through it." ^ 85 'The land between Rapid City and the Assiniboine, which lies to the south- ward 25 m.es d.stant, IS a nice loam wi.h clay subsoil on ton of gravel I was tion the richest f have ever seen, and I have little, doubt it will continue for niinv s^i: r^s^' -''- °^ ^-'" ^^^^^-^ -^ — > and^iirvXs^ trict ^WlT"^ ^*'- "■^''' ^'""^''f'\' '^'''T'^'' '""y =-"^" '^^ l^"d round 'his dis- frinVa^andpTt."'^ " ""'^' ^ ' '"'^ '^""'' ^''' '^''"■' "^ ^^""'^ '"^'"' =^^ ^« ^^^• Mr. John Snow l/iV/^M/a«._" Along the Red Rivei and about Winnipeg the sod IS very strong black vegetable mould, and I have no ' 86 ion sometimes even not being moulded up, yicl.l between 300 and 400 bushels of the ground.-' ^ '" ^"'^'" ""^ ^'''''^' ""^'' ''"^ ' "''^^ ""' '^^^ ^''X o" '•',* .k '■•* .'■fi- ,1 ■*t M ;* h I'l;!^ f- s: .Vf.,. 1 ' I: ■r • '{^ '' We spent a short time on the farm of Mr. McKeth, and walked over a field vvh.ch I was mforme.1 had been continuously under crop 'for fifty f„u years I was told It would average 28 or 30 bushels per arre." ^ ^ ' " -,J,K M^- ^i"'*'''?''' ^'«/w//.-" Wheat may safely be estimated to yield wuh reasonable cult.vat.on 30 bushels of 60 lbs., and oats 60 bushelsof 32 fbs - Inn,l h ^ ' ^"''^'(''"' ^P^-'ik'ng of the yield about High Bluff says :-" The land here has grown wheat for forty years in succession, yielding from 2? ui tS ^c^t^^SS^ri:^-"^ "" -^^- -'^ --" '-'^'- /^ege^^/'tr^ * . * • *' We arrived at Portage on Saturday arternoon. .' . ' He told us h^ had grown good cropsat an average of 32 bushels per acre of 60 lbs. weiidit '' Mk SNOW, I'ountain Hall, Mullolhian.-^^ \ consider I keen safelv bu h e s' th "r'. "''■" ' "7 ''^' '^'^''^ ^ ^'"™' P'-^- "' '-^>' '^ will p • ducet manure." ^''"' "^ '" ^'"^«' "^ ^'^ ''"''^^'•^ '°^ ^^'^^X ^^^'^^ ^i^hott cronti^'vIl^M ^^4^;!'^^''^- CaW,-./..-"! give an estimate of the cost of wheat crop m Dakota. The same system may be adopted in the Canadian North-Wes nnn 'n r'/f '^'" T'^^f ^'^^'^' ''' '■"^ ^■'^ ^'-^"^'^ '^--^^""l «n present informa non wjll be 8 to 10 bushels per .ncre higher than the yield in Dakota, United p:r-Lr:rtrSpod:re?'^'"^''^ I'-"'^" p^^'^'"^^-'^ ^^"^-^ ^" •■^''•"- ^^^^-^-^ All the other delegates confirm these figures. The extracts above given were of the gentlemen who came in 1870. In 1880 there came '^ 1.. xoov^ Mr. Hugh McLean, Rhu, Tarbert, Argyllshire, Mr. George Curtis, Woodside, Silsden, Leeds. »/• IVr ^h ^- ^'- --^^l^KRsoN, Listowel, County Kerry, Ireland. Mr. W. Cubitt, Bacton Abbey, North Walsham, Norfolk. Mr. Peter Imrie, Cawder-Cuilt, Mai7hill, Lanark. Mk. J. Sparrow, Woodlands Farm, Doynton, nefir Rath Mr. G. Brooeric'C, Hawes, W^>nsleydale, Yorks. Mr. John Sagar, Waddingtcm, near Clitheroe, L.incashire. The reports of these gentlemen were, if anything, more favourable than those 01 .he delegates of the previous year. Persons desiring to obtain the full testimony given by them on almost every feature of the Dominion, cannot do better than to consult these reports. A copy will be furni.shed by post without charge on application to any Government Agent. The names of these agents are elsewhere given m this Guide Book. Harvey J. Philpot M. D. -17ie following is an extract from a book written by Dr^ Harvey Philpot, Assistant Surgeon to Her Majesty's Forces in the Crimea •— Canada is an exceptionally healthy country. I do not hesitate to mak*- the statement after seven years in the country engaged in an extensive medical practice. As a race the Canadians are fine, tall, handsome, oowerful men well built, active, tough as a pine knot, and bearded like pards. The good food upon which they have been brought up, with the invigorating climate, appears to develop them to the fullest proportions of the genus homo:' Mr. Marshall.— This author, in his recent work on Canada, said :— "I am persuaded that despite its severity, the climate of Canada is one of the healthiest m the world. It is expressly fitted to develope a hardy race. For the brindne up of a young family it ,s to be preferred very decidedly to the climate of almost all the States of the Union south of the chain of Canadian lakes. The fact of the 87 cnerally healthy con.i.tion of (he people, the splendid ..evelopment of the men Droo^o'fT °" ?f '^' English type of beauty of the women, may be takeiTn nlt^il • *-""" l*^"'^^ "^thc chmate. The Cana.lian. whether Knglish, Irish or Scotch, ,s well-proportioned and vigorous, often tall, with broad shoulders smewy frame, and capal)le of great endurance. He is ( uick of resource ent"- ?nrf npN "^"""v!"^'''' ^^'^'^"^'^"^ •-^"'^ trustworthy. The r'aces of the BrTt sh ? [es and of Norway have certainly not degenerated here." !».* ^^''A' ^^^' ^V^"''-— The United States Consul at Winnipeg, in a recent sif T''Tl-u^?'-J'^''^ newspaper, made the following s atementsM'Tn 1871, Mr. Archibald the well-known proprietor Df the Dundas Mills in Southern Minnesota, visited Manitoba. He remarked that the spring whea in his country teSu : iTr""' ^r;'-'""^'^' -Ji.he -ught a change i} sell to re.;to? ^sflJn J of Irl!; J^ -""'[^ ?'' ''T' to Winnipeg with the harvest, and found the qual" y of wheat fnhirhan^!" ^'^ T'^^ TT""''^ '"";• ' ^""'^'' -'^l ^e, with i head 01 wneat in his hand, 'we have had an excellent harvest in Minnesota but I roT™hrrt^ru!r ^^"-^"'--! ^'--"^ "\ -^h group or cluster fo^mi'g' a be ween 20 and ^n h.! h T '' ^''''"L'" "'"''' ''^''^'^'- ^^^''' '^^ difference of fw"a^ ^ ^u '''','' J?^' '''=''^- ^°''-* '■^^^"""y ^''•^'f- Macoun, the botanist from Pwt. Al>" ^ "'"' ^^^''^'"y ''^"'■^"y' '^^^ ^h"^" '"'^ ^^-^ heads ^f whe^ t, one noTh . ^^'■''/ •'^^'"^^"'^"t "e--^'- the forks of the Saskatchewan, latitude S? north longitude 106 west; and another from Fort Vermillion on Peace Riv..r latitude 59 north, longitude .,6 west, and from each clius^ "f tL tToI sepa rated five well forme.l grains with a corresponding length of the head. Here was tl^f T "^ '^' ^'J."".' P''^"^' ^"^'"^'^' according to the well-known physrca law, near the most northefn limit of its successful growth." pnysicai C.r.ST' T ^' <^^^"^f^-.-The Hon. Mr. Ogilvie, a member of the Senate of Ster a'sTo1ln°""'''f ^f^ '^l ^^'^''' "'"''"^' fi^'" i" the Dominion; wrote a became h ^oi7'' ""'•'' f''''' ?°'- '^'h, 1879 :-"W^e like Manitoba wheat because it contains more ghitm than any other. This is the quality that is required to make a large light loaf of bread ; there is nothing in the seed they have^ Us altogether in the soil, which is new, dark and deep; it has a greater depth of dark wt ^p"er:^rrfor°thirvV" r^^^ '''-^^"'^"k' '' ^'^^'y to^-w" "totuSidstf rnnrf ^^\ u u '^ ^° ^'^'^ ^^"^"^^ '^''^hout manure; and you will get 12 lbs mo e, and much better bread, from 100 lbs. of Manitoba wheat flour than from oTZ ^l"^\ ^T.- \! ^"'/'-^^ Sive 2 to 3 lbs. more flour per bS han Sg mScttarch and' T'^'"/ 1 ^"'^''1° " '^-''^ ''''' getting weaker, and contain goocXur^ut of i^ Tu/T"' '' '^^'^^'! r^' ^'^ ^'"^ '' ^possible to make ou^of the land .nd nn '"* '■•,?""'''^ ^""^ ^'■^'"'"g ^ood wheat has passed lZ.A -1^ '^"f''/nd no manuring will restore it. Vou may be able to grow a food yj^f «"' °f g°°^-looking wheat, but it will not have^/L« enough to^m.'ke fooner On i'rin 1 f T' v '"^ ^"^'''^ ^" '^'^ ^'^^'« and Eastern Stites. The cau"e t?e St te'r ^ork. gives up growing wheat and turns to dairy and Asirand A ij • -^ 1 • • ^ ^^''^ travelled over the wheat fields of Europe. Except Sl^ornk b"iff r 1°^ '"^ ^'" '" l^^ T^^^^ '^"^^ "^ '^^ United Sta?S S-Wes^Te^^^^^^^^^^ never seen wheat lands equal to Manitoba and the f«, ^-n? '^"^' establishes the superiority of fhe wheat grown in the North- West for milling purposes, and especially for' the new patent process with roS «fMn "' T P«."^«t"ly "IPJy that if the land in Ontario, or more southern paS tufnf ^^^J°r'"g 'h^ United States, does not grow wheat of this quaHt?,Tha1 FarZl "^'V^l °'\" "«^^'^hich in the eyes of many may be\refe able S^o^^ r"'"'^',' the other Provinces of the Dominion are especially fevourablv situated for stock-raising ; for which industry a very profitable market^hSrecent J AcLnSrf '"/°""f tion with the cattle export^rade to the United Kingdom fdvJn^^ of products, from the =ereals to stock-raising, would in fact probably ^ advantageous in many parts of the older settled Provinces; and would°n aK time very much increase their capacity for the growth of cereals, in suih way I^ ^render competition possible in quantities, per acre, at least, with Ihe NoftS m if 88 Chapter X.— INFORMATION AND ADVICE FOR INTEND- ING EMIGRANTS. «, ,J^^ ''"* f^^"^?' ^^'^'.c*-' ^" '"^ K'^'^^" t" the intending emigrant before he starts or the ,mm,grant after arrival, is that he should apply to the ,u^.res' agent o he obtain an iT''"'"'"/ '^'" '""/'"'' *■"!: ""^ "'^^--'^'i"" "^ -ivice he may desire ta h m l.t nnv r' '^ '^'■' '''y '\",:^'■ P"""^^'^"^ ^""^^'y "f ""y statement made to hm^ by any Government agent. All Dominion agents are strictly charged not to make any exaggerated or misleading statements. ^ cnargtci not to In the United Kingdom all arrangements for emigrati.m to the Dominion are placed under the ,ln;ection of the High CV.mmissi.mer for Canada The fd! mSnuT ':•-'' the Canadian Government Agents, including the High Com- ^^^^^^ Sir Alexander T. Ca.t G. C. M. G., &c., Hi(;h Comm.ssioner tor the IJuininion. lo, Victoria Clianibtrs, London, S. W. MR. J. Loi MKK, .Secretary, High Commissioner's OfTice, (.'\dclress as .Toove). r-l\'S:!*r^9.9^-^'''- }""'' t^^'^'^' '"i ^^'•■»'ei Street. I«l7l ^-A^-r ;.'"• '^.'"'"^''^^ tlKAHAME, St. Enoch Square. M Vm ')m M "• ,V,"'^«'-'-^.^■"V. 29 Victoria Place. BR iv'mr M ^'V.?'''r^ Connolly, NorthumberlandHou.se. BKI.SIOL .Mr. J. VV. Down, Bath Bridge. Information r'nd namnhlpis maw olcr. i,„ ,vi,.„;„„,i :„ , is a list ■ ' '^^ ' " ""<.,«(, ■.,^,., I i,,t country. The following •9npoS9.A--,I"- V- ^'^TAi FORD, Point Levis, Quebec. OTTAwi Ml^'-ll/'^f '^"'^^Lu.so.v Strachan Avenue, Toronto, Ontario. MONTR FA i" A u- 7-,-f- W1--I.S, Welhngton Street, Ott.-xwa, Ontario. K NGSTON \ p" -R -^M^''"-''' '^onavemure Street, Montreal, Province of Quebec. HAM II 'm^"Yt ?• ^^^5' "ERSON, Wilhnm Street, Kingston, Ontario. LONDON^ M«" i"r' Q^'"''"' ^"^'Y ^'^'^^tern Railway Station, Hamilton, Ont. H AVfiA V ?. ■ i^- ^'- Smyth, London, Ontario. «T rrfu^—^I'*- ^- ^''^^' Halifax, Nova .Scotia. wiK^Sr m;;;-^^'*- ;1-, *^''^«»nkr. St. John, New Hrunswick. FMKR>^n'' '""'' "'^y ^hus have an opportunity to choose at he S^ra/ wls^t'" 'h"''^'' '^'' '""^^advantageous location. In Manitoba and ll^..,^,V, ? • ' ^hc -summer and autumn months are the best for moving for a suit.lSr ^^ r ''"■\^- °K ''"^' ' r' ""' '' '^ com„>only called, « ' land-hunting"^ «ecthi h L^^^^^^^ f 'v '" ''-■"^": "r^"^' ^^'^'^^^^ >'• he may proceed to Tas Lean^S^^n th^^^ preparations for living over the winter'; and, if he fromTdnglthe sp'o!" "''^^ "''^'^ '" ^^"' "^'^ ^-"^^^ ^'^^''-^"^"Se in the spring »nv ST"'°" '-'^hourers and railway labourers, or navvies, may. find work during l7J^ri^. °P'" T""'^'' '^^' '•"' '" ^P"°g' ^""^'"^^ ^"d autum/; and a great deal rocrcut fnH in'.-" ^'"''' '™'-' ^^y ^his class of labourers, particularly where rock-cuttmg and blastmg are necessary ; and there is also other work now done demand^'lr fi; ^^^oure^s of this kind will, as a rule, find their services most in win he ,.;,lh ^'" ^"*^'' ^hie the demand for them in the winter months Tome durimr rh '^ ™""'- J' '' ^""' therefore, for labourers of this class to come dunng the summer months. It would not be advisable for any large num- ber to come m the wmter. ^ ^ mark^.T.'^P'''' v'"^^^"""'" connected with all the building trades, the same re- marks apply Very large numbers of buildings will be erected in the old Provinces ?he r.n^'*""' ^''•^"^'^'•.^°''^-^'^''^^'' ^°^ "^"^^ t™^ to come, in consequence of the rapid extension of railways, and the necessary buildings connected with them. MlitbaTn^hrNrth-Wes^ '''' "^'' ""'^^"^"^ "''^'^ '' ^^^^"^ l^'^" - rr,.fo?'''^'i mechanical operations connected with machinery, all branches of metal working and carnage-making, being conducted indoors, employ labour at all seasons of the year; and the demand for such labour in the sev-eral branches being to some extent special, will be from time to time specially made known. The demand in these branches has not any limit of seasons. /^ema/e Domestic Sovan^s may come during any month of the year, either winter or summer. There is a steady and crr^^t dem-rd ^or thi- -]^<,~ Z -n ZllT . } c ^^^■' ^""^ 't is hkely to continue, especially in view of the very S moll " of t'^>-"tory which is being settled in the North-West and the excess ot males over females m tne population. Servant girls coming to Canada have 91 not only the advantage of being sure to f.tul gocxi places, hut they have better prospects of settling thcmselvts comfortably in life, and themselves l)ecomine heads of families, than in older communities. There is the special great advan tage for this class in coming in the winter, namely, the steamships are less crowded. The voyage can be as safely made in winter as in summer, and nearly as comfortably, the temperature of the ocean not being much affected by the seasons. ■^ It is advised, as elsewhere stated in this (iuide Book, that farmers and all others who come to Canada with means should immediately on their arrival dcnosit their money in a bank The Savings Banks connected with the I'ost Office, for the secunty of which the Government is responsible, allow 4 per cent, interest on deposits. The Savings Banks connected with, any of the chartered banks allow he same rate of interest, and deposits in any of these banks are specially pro- tected and absolutely secure. Time should be taken to look carefully about before investing, that step being of the last and greatest imi)orfance. The money, while the immigrant is thus looking about, instead of being in danger of beipa lost is on the contrary earning; and he himself may with advantage in many "cases do the same if any suitable work should offer, and thus have time to learn more fully and particularly the ways of the country. OCEAN KARES AND BEST WAY TO REACH CANADA. . , ''"ormerlyan ar^ice was given to intending immigrants to select steamships instead of sailing vessels, although the fares for the former might be a little more expensive. It is now scarcely necessary to repeat this advice, as few would now hink of selecting a sailing vessel for a pas.sage across the Atlantic, more particu- larly as the steerage fares are now so reasonable; and these again, in their turn, so much reducetl by the assisted passage rates of the Canadian Government. Uf course the intending emigrant will find out the days of sailinc of the steams^hips by the hand-bills or advertisements which are now so very cenerallv published; and he will also find by the same means the rates of passage -cabin, intermediate and steerage. It may here be particularly pointed out, however, that the most favourable rates of assisted passages are offered to female domestic ser- vants and families of agricultural labourers. Assisted passages are, however, afforded to other labourei. and certain classes of mechanics and agriculturists! Ihe Government assisted passage, as regards the former class, is less than half of the ordinary advertised rates of steerage passage. The assisted passages are con- fined to the steerage, and do not apply to either the intermediate or saloon passage. Application should be made to any Government Agent to obtain infor- XaTiTtS^''^'"^ • '""^^^ °'' ''"'"''*'''' passages and the conditions necessary to The saloon passage, includes all provisions and stateroom. The intermediate passage mc udes provisions, beds, bedding, and all necessary utensils. The steerage includes a plentiful supply of cooked provisions, but steerage passengers must provide their own beds and bedding, and eating and drinking tins. The outfit for a steerage passage is as follows:-! mattress, is. 8d.; i pillow, 6d. : I hltfn 1'^^'' ^ V "^Tc f"' 9^-5 I quart mug, 3d.; 1 tin plate, 3d.; i wash basm 9d.; i knife and fork, 6d.; 2 spoons, 2d.; i pound marine soap, 6d.,. i towel 8d.; total, 9s. 6d. The whole of these articles can be obtained of any outhtter m Liverpool at one minute's notice. These articles may now, however, be hired at a merely nominal rate from some or all of the steamship companies. All children above the age of twelve years are considered ocean adults, and charged full price. All children under twelve, and over one year old, are charged half-price; infants m arms being .barged los. 6d. stg. Children, under the' ocean adult age, have special rates made for them in the assisted passages of the Canadian Government. The steerage passengers being so well provided with food on the steamships of the principal lines, need not think of providing themselves with any kind of provisions. If they should be sick, they will be attended to by the ship's doctor and supphed with medical comforts. , '^ iii I 'il •I ..h' 92 ABOUT PUYINO TICKETS. «,-.K^i*""""^ ''V intending tMuigrant will d,, well U, put himself in communication w Ih the njjent of ihe sleam.slu|, line l.y which he has ma.le up his mind K, sail; «Uher living at or near the place where he resides. He will generally yet all in- formation rom such aBonl, icKar.iinK the rates of passage, steamship ouKit, and '-^"^y ar.i.ios.as these-. l.esi.les cSirriu-m a great lea o trouble m.;,y ,n the end cost a K'rcat deal n.ure than thevarc worT fee, ^"l "^^^"•'•^""''"P I'ills the passenger will tin.l state h/,wm"an^^^^^^^ t '1 "^?^:' '^^^•^^"^'<^v^ilh hln, on lKmr.1 the steamship, (.'ahin "assenl n are allowed 20 cul.ic feet. inteime.li:.tc passengers ic eid ic feel an su-™! S nirr? 'rr'f ^"' «'n«;KKa,efree. I.^mjs t.w.v5r . .!^Vhartt 3 A fa ndy o, party ^oniK toKetlier, however, may have their luLnVe al TeiXd ogether and no charge n,ade unless there is an excess a ,. v?^n^avele of , o not u T ' •' ^"? '""''y '"'"•-■^■'•i"« things sometimes carried hy imSants aS not worth paymg the excess of freight for, and can he better and e cheanf! purchased „n arrival a. their .lestmation The luggU an 1 1 oLs frunS 1^^ .hnnl. ^^ ^ "^'^"^''" '''"'' '"'•'^•'' ''"■^" •'^'"^'-''' a^^y '■" thi^ hold, Inn the emiL'rant mt voyage. Ihese lie should keep by hmi and take into his berth U^LraJr^'ruVT'^T'l"''^!'' ^'I'"'"' ^'''' ^"'' inconvenience from losing their luggage. 1 hey should, therefore, be careful not to l.«e sight of it until it is m [ ^ &L ^1.- -;cni!;:that li'-n-;;^ ^.;s^: -■ ;« M;Sa:;i^e:t^-;^/^^st^^^^^^ ;Sh;^;a::;:ir:;:^;n:;:ir"'" '^ ^•^^^■^'■^ "^^^^^•" ^^•---'" ^- After arrival at Quebec or Halifax, however, the immigrant should see that hs luggage ,swuh h.mon the same train; and if he is going to th^Cth Wes z^^a the United States, he must see that his baggage is passed by the United States Customs officers there, and again put on the^rain.' Many have suffered great loss from not taking this precaution, their luggage having be^enlefl bS. WHAT TO TAKE. Wr.1^^ emigrant should take with him as good a supply of clothing as he can Woollen clothing and other kinds of wearing apparel, blankets, housed.nen etc are generally cheaper in England than in Canada. (Generally all beddS ^ho dd thevire 'suld ' 'T" °' ''^\\^^ '^' i^"'^' ^'"^ "°^ ^^e m^aterials wit^ wS ch they^are stuffed, as these would be too bulky, and can readily be obtained on m;„K^^']"^ °?/^^ ''-^^'^ household necessaries which the emigrant possesses he might do well to bnng, and they may prove very useful ; but still itTs advisable to consider well the weight and bulk, and how far it is worth while ^"^''^'''^ ware sholld t r.^M^' ^"'^"•'"••e'^>-°c''. f'^^ept in some circumstances for special reasons which the emigrant will consider. It must be borne in mind that such amcles are very liable to breakage, especially on long railwa; journeys L the ... ^e.^'^V.'tu'-al labourers should not bring any of their tools with them, as these can easily be got m Canada, of the best kinds, and suited to the nee Is of the M 1 1 V- ^ ■''^r .v M V til 94 Mechanics and artisans will of course bring the special tools for their special tiadfis and pursuits ; but they must bear in mind that there is no difficulty in b-iymg any ordmary too s in Canada at reasonable prices, and that it is better to liave the means of purchasing what they want after reaching their destination, than .o be hampercc' with a heavy lot of luggage on their jou.ney, causing them rouble and expense. As a general rule the tools made ir America are lighter and toetter adapted to the needs of the cou^itry than those piade in the Old Country. MONEY, In bringing out money from the United Kingdom, it is better to get a bill of exchange or a bank letter of credit for any large -urn, as then there is no danger ol Its bemg lost. Any smaller sums are better brought in sovereigns or 'lalf- sovereigns, as far as possible, rather than in silver or bank-bills. Even Bank of Jingland bills are subject to the .rate of exchange, which may vary and not always an favour of the emigrant. But gold sovereigns and half-sovereigns have always hen absolute par value, which is fixed by law. On silver coins, shillings, florins, half-crowns, etc the emigrant will lo.e. Take the shillin- for instance. Although U freely passes for the ,Vth of a pound in England, it is not really worth that pro- portion it being only what is called a " token," and not a legal tender except for smal change or in sums over ;^2., and in Canada it is only taken for what it is worth, bull, what silver the emigrant brings had better be in shillings. The values of English money in dollars and cents are given on page :8 of this Guide- PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS FOR INTENDING SETTLERS TN MANITOBA. In view of the certainty that: an influx of population into Manitoba will be the most mark'd feature of the immigration movement for many years to come, it IS advisable to furnish particular directions respecting it in this place at the risk of some repetition of .nfonnation in previous pages in this Guide Book. Tne previous directions how to go, and what routes to take, from the United Kingdom, or the continent of Europe, are common to all immigrants ; and all assisted pab=.v/es to Canadian ports and facilities afforded to immigrants are common to those going to Manitoba. The word " Manitoba," in this particular, being also mtended for the Canadian North-West, Manitoba being thoGateway Any intending settlers in Manitoba arriving at United Stat^^s ports— either Boston or New York-should, if they have net already procured through tickets, u. once get them to the point of destinaUon without suffering themselves to be antluenced and probably misled by specious misrepresentations made to them by persons interested in the sale of American railway lands. They should persist in proceeding to their destination to judge of the facts for themselves. From New Ycik to Boston the fckets should read via Chicago and Si. Paul to Winnipeg •.V u ^"'^*"E 3t Winnipeg the settler should put himself in communication W7th the oAcers of the Canadian Government, from whom he may obtain maps afforoing clear indication of the localities and general information as to where he may nnd lands. If the wnmigrsnt sh ould be an artisan, mechanic or labourer, the Government Immigration Agent wil! afford him information as to how he sho>i!d p: Aceed to •otjtain work : and, in many cases, he will find that applications have been lodged with the ayent making a demand for such service as he may nrnbably be able lo supply. The same remark applies to agricultural and common labourers, and aiso to female domestic servants. It will be observed by the Table of Wages —published in this Guide Book— ■that very high prices were paid at the time o) its publication : those pnces being, as stated, actual quotations of facts at the date of publication ; they being also in- cident to the rapid development of wealth in a new country of immense extent. w— j-ii !.^ K.r „ .f.jifj i,me u^n.iiiuc lu uv. nign. i\x the s'lnie liDie it must be oorne in mini that a new community migh^ be, owiug to the attraction of high !ialf- 95 waqes, subject to a glut ;— that is— fh^r^ ;c r Ucular branch of industry'might, at a given time 'cThA ' '™,''' '° ''^''^ ^"^ P"' practicaily no limit to the nTasses whfdi Hie p' '°'' ";°'-'<"^cn- But there is the territory being about as iargfas the whofe of f;;'" ^""''^'Z''' "" ^l^^^^^ ees of every kind to cievelop. The rate of ^vlS'-^' ^''^ '"instable resour- naturally relation to what may be earned bv Tl.J^u '" ,'"'^ conditions has Free Grant lands, for the plain^easonTatf^mT; '*''''%"P '^° ^'''' ^^ the ready resource which 'is ab.vays onen to inm o ,T '° '"^^^ ^° "'"^^ from work for wages at very great disadvantage '^ "^ "J' ''''"''' ^e will not ^ry i:^::^^';:^ -^i7s!:::cf :Ls^',r ^^:;r'r^ °" ^^^ '-^^^- - to agriculture can, with the application oTenertv nn.l , '""" P'^'-'viously used soon become sufficiently proficient t^be sucS ul f °'' '^r^T " ^^"■^^' ^'^^^X Tenant Farmers' Delegates, who recent v vk^^ i a " -^T^ ""^ ^^e Agricultural the Minister of Agricuhure/statlTnth Report' u^^^^^^^ °" '^^ '"'^^''^^'°" -^ men who had been in other pursui s LT th ,1 nJ '^ T^ '"''P"«<^^ to find Kmgdoni succeeding nerfectlv as larrnpr« in ^f!^°'^ agriculture in the United the change of life fn.i sen i" of in EJenel'k br'' \"f ""f!"'^ ^°"^^"'-' ^'wl cited was that of a waiter of a LoncC .,ti' },'''""Sht. ^"" 'P'^'^'^' ^"^tance Manitoba, taken up a free erant of and a, d ^^.^n f '/"'^^ ^"'' immigrated to armer his previou's occupation Lv ng been he mo t unn "" '' " ^''''y ^"^^^^^^"1 hat of an agriculturist. It has ha,)nened ?W , J "npromismg introduction to in offices, and other sedentary oSionr"^ ^ Grant lauds in Manitoba vi h^succe s a °rn ''^''^'- ?" <^overnment fVee ments are made to show wha men cancln Z ^ ""^ f '^^/^^'^on- These state- them. Ives to a given situa.ion rXr tlan .s ^4^'"/-^^ •''^- ^^^°"' ^° ^^^Pt wouKl not have such power of adaptation aft ? if i"^''^''°" '° "^^" ^ho occupation of agriculture. ^^^^Ptation as to leave sedentary pursuits for the desir^to^rkruVhnd-:holl Si^.^rinr-'^"^ r- -P-->^y those who Dominion Lands Surveys and thTi^nrb^^"^'"^^^ '^'^h the system of the and maps being quite dSnt fro rthose" in thJ oi;f P '°^-' '""^ ''T^ ^^ --4' of Europe. Tfie settler is referrS to thrchVerHnl 1"'^ '^^ continent vious pages of this Guide Book in the chante fn ^? "'i'^"'' "^'^ ^"'^^''"g '^ P^e- very simple, and a half hour's studv will n.L- I ^^^''^"^t^'?"'^- The pnncipl >s are very little practice will enable hn to a^v them ^^"''"''^ ^^^^ '^'^' -"^ a surveyed territory in which he may findSe f pTaced "' "'^ °' '"^ P°'^'°" *^^ In addition to learning the man -inHfvi ^ sections and townships on^it the s< uler shn„rr'"^f"\"' °^ '"^•^'°"«' P'-^^^s of soon as possible, with the f^^oun^s IssorZ '"^^' u"l'"'^ acquainted, as praine itself, to mark the townships id ZrT'"7"^' ^^'^'^ ^'^ P^^^ed on the soon as a man has learned thTs he could noi hl"l ?" '° ^""""^^^ ^^'^tions. So North- West; but. on the contrar^. if" e wa Sroined'^"^' T'T'^ ^^'^ °' 'he balloon in any part of that regior he wouir.^t I ^^^r ^'°''^ ^^ ^'°"''« °' f^om a mounds and poks ; and, fromX fiCes nd I^I^'^'fJ" Z'''^ *° ^"^ ^he nearest he would know his ex.c position ^nd the ll '' ^r"V^' ^^"'^' ^"d on them, tance from any given poinV as acci'ra e v - ^^""^' '""""P^"'' ^""^ ^^' ^^'- good observation of the sun Tn£TTZiner^^^^^^^ appliances and a . A verv full and exact diJSion hmv tn ^l ? "7- ^•'J?'^''' '?"' °" the ocean, in the "/.««./ /V..Ar/J/Sw «7/^w^r/" tjns information may be found Allen, of Winnipeg^which com^t ^UaL^f^^^^^^ ^^ 9'P'T ^^^^'- ^'^l''^"' tions and townships: the whoI^offirS 'i"?""''' ""^ '""'^'""■■^"ts, sec- Interior of the Got-ernmait^f Canada ^ ^^"'"''^^ ^^ '^'^ Department of the Thet h, .^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^S IN CANADA. 188., as^ ;:ptted"b7 Ufe ^nt '.'^tre^^^^.^^^.f ^ P^'-^' "".^^-^^^ ^ November, named. Ail wages are of course lable to v.r*; . "' '-^ '^^^ "'^^"^ '''"^^ Provinces figures g^'en may be accenw H ^f^'^'^^o variation with circumstances, but the in the tables. ^ P^'"- ^' ""'"^^ quotations at the date and places named ? III! f !■ •I ■■• il i p. m « 00 00 w > O C/3 w u iz; !> O pL, hJ P4 W CO W o O P^ > < <: H o O U ;? I-H > o »J (I* 96 o h i < X ,!>nQ O iflioOQ ino m ,. 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V >« •a v ba bO c s V ^j: X u c > s I. c i I o 4-1 3 o v o J M (y) o b vo .iS *"■ b/D ^-§ « § S6 I !3 qj O in (U rt •■^ tj ^ 5 >i H •5t3 II . > ci ^ S t* o ■S -S rt >. .s fa D g >. t3 b I, C t U!u 5 i) u rt _ 0) * » -<-- 3 O J5 M fji <«• Of o C ^•§ SB 4J O •T3 I 13 V 0) a. c o D ^3 u u-l U « 5 rt " <-> r* ^ <^ ^ E M o 75 - rt ^ c fl *- ,- " J3 s c «j E >. t3 b I, c t Mu 2 D u rt P u |! » -t- -I- ■■■* a > C/3 u w ■< t3 u o o O M « N M E 5 e c u oj V 4j-=;-~ c"5 S'5'3 s f I :i if 98 Q a H 55 Pi Q < P O O o w u H P< < Pi O c/5 W C/3 < u o ui Pi o O (/) w u p^ Pi o H O o w u z > O Pi 2! O h .J S •< S z o o h U •< i* < H O O h O O H 1/3 u H Pii *» o o w> o 2 S, IT'S OogNin«~inoOoooOOOO>riOv«voOOOOOO>oO OOOOOOOOOOvoiOOOOOOOOOOO ooooooo>o O OOOOOOOOOiomOiomNNMOOOOOOOOOOO ♦ C m mio N«0*>Of^00'"000p0>n0N>O00000h»00 «MM6">"'i"ii>"00'-'O0OOOO>-"0mmwir>iriO>;-l0 oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo VO O ro >£>>0 C0^s00"000000000oo0000000•«•0•n M«MOOOOOO"'OinOtoOoOOOOOO<»-OOOOOOt>. OOOOOOOOOO io>o OOOroctmOOOOOOOOOOO* o '♦■ ^ O »n 'Tvo fOM0^»'^wQ»n0O0Q0Ou,00C'!in000O0O "^ M>,r«MMOMMMMMM0«NOOOOOOOl-'Oin* "^O VO *^ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO . mNO>9900°oON'OOi0020000000000000in O *^mmOOOOOOi-imONOO»^»OionOOOOOO-*0*W o0»Oio«Mir)000000000 m o o m ^8 O rn ,; IT) « vo O "100 Ooo«>/~mcnoOOOOOOO w Mi-iMMMOi-<0Hi-iHi-i55MO0O0OMMHO'nu-ix'«-O ^'''OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO* • OOpOf^OOOOOOOOOOinOOfom moo OrooopomOOO U OOOOpOOOOOOO irioo Hi«Oin«>OOOOOOOOtOMOOO «»000000000000'0>OOiniAM««0000000000«iw • r^Oooaxoi^^mN-^-inNppoOOQOO moo 0>000«00000 O (-.N-MClMOHMMMMM^OClOOOOOOOMOmrO fOVO t^ M VO Q ^^^ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC iOOOOOOO • " 2 2.2 22S22"22252o2°2®222229ooo209 Vt- OOOOOOOOOOOO -i-O OiO>OrommOOOPOOOOO«Om i) E 2 * J= 71 N "^ P-'-r: IT is 3 — 4-i O k v; o V O I- ffl « O V a. a ~ u o % 1 * Ck 3 . J2 - O laq m OSsa^iieaW EKKfc I .« ** "' 1- "i y be c o ^ ■ 'j = .^ O 3 iS = ,:) - 3 c o^ . I) I- 73 fc,S.88 CJOa;f/3Uc«(i(C«uH KHfc &• 3 O O m O 3 O O 0>O 5 O O O *■ •* o t m 3 O O O ■«• > O (^ O O r» m o m o 3 O O O O 3 O O O •*■ \S 5 wi 3 O O rr, O O 2 1 ■" •*■ o O O M « 3 O O 58 3 O O O O 3 o •* O in 8 3 O • O m r. Si^i ) - V a ~ 99 *' m o H < H O U < > O u w n w t^ o b O M U > o Pi Pi u H 100 n a < O v> 00000000000>0 M vv OOOOOOOOOOOOO U88 : ; lo m • :: : J : i 8 8 8 ; ; •' 8 00mOOOOi/100030 ♦♦OOOOOhOOOOOO 8 8 8g"8?8 8?o8S8?,"k OOOOOOOOOOOOOt^ *»000000000000«^vO0lNVONMf.00O00000000M- u 8 8'8 8 8 8^ ^ 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 Vs-VVs 8 «> o o o o o^_o_o_ oooooooooooooooooooooooo V) •ir, X o >-> <^ > ^> h u in l^; . 00 ( ^^ S S^IrS-2 S-8-2 ?2 SiSS 8 8 ??;?8'§"§ ?^ ^??^^5 ^y:5 8 ««-OOOOOOOOOOOOiOrnOh^>Of4N,r,OOOOOOOOOOOvO §ooo o fOinoo inr^c N OiinwOOOOOm 8 8 88 8- OmO"PlSoOO ««-000000000000.o.r,0>Ou->0«^ioOO--» lOOMWMMHOOfOO Opo 0OOOO'«-'<»-O l>.*o « o 2 o o »n in 8^8 8^ ro O O u-1 O vo t^oo in < O O O O •-« ( 88888 8888 OOOOOOOOOOOvOioO I CO 1 o o o o o •nooinoioooo O CO lo ^v5 t^ H in 5 ooooooooo ■♦oo^ooooo OOOOOOOmco O """r0"0"0MMHM00«-«-0io>rii0 00M0»OM rrjvo in m in 5 «/}-00000000000000>O0vOvOMrr)m00000000000t> u 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 V8 ««-00000000000000000000000000000000 S -a O cj o S tr. _ " - u - 3 - JS m u £■? >i'!3 (/J O" c " ■" o >- IS *"-8 •;n rt " = h M i: S ii! - 2 " "a j; O rt - i op _- rt "^ = :>« r/] )^ OJ _i-! be o. A — 'u a <9 — c >1 1) o hc2 M^ O = s i; «> O — fc* Q O •- - o bflC ^iS -It: « _ u^ 101 2;:"----.. L^^!????'s'-28Vo8V8V8 ""OOfOMOOOcOM ;;8S8?n^o^i-„-o8^^j.3g^ *♦• t> o, •«. f, O O O O o mMooo-«-«o j;88888888888^888V88 Mug ^- a K = V o.!3 ';8 8?.8i?.g^°S'oo^.^2 5,8& ^?.8 8^8?.8 8 8^Vs"V2V8V5 ;^8888^a88^888^.-288R '2z j::: ^§88888885V88¥?V2888l ^*" rr,„„MOH00«HO00-n«„ ^^8^a§888lfg°os,2oo^o M0Or«^«OOO-«-«o O ^888888888888V288§8 <'»■ O CO O O O OOOOOOOOO O O O O : o ^ •T3 ^ " ^ w c J! <5 — ™ fc, O flj _ C p 1> p 4^ C C O 1» (-» *^ s ntJTi S i2 2 ■ • C.s •3 o c . o " ; *j a^ * " == i2 » 8 -^.-c^ * -V ^ u; g O Sm-Ow.b M-^ Si£'c2 I •f ■ > ' .,, *• : 5 f« if-i 102 and iho'r.K'i^ri"^ tables show (he relative proportions between rates of wage fercnt I or ,r/. f' ^' "'T^' ^'''^'' '"'^y ""^'"^''-' ^'^^ circumstances in S- .^li! J ' ,''"'' "' "'^y '^'' "^"'"^ ^'^'^h <■""" 'he cost of living. In the older Provinces, however fluctuations of this kind are not likely to bet great a^ in a n-w community, such as in Manitoba for instance. ^ Moth the rates of wages and the cost of living arc higher in Manitoba thui m the older Provinces. This state of things is incident to tl" prrticular cS cumstancescfanew connnunity: and especially in view of the siddenlv raS 1 rrJi" , T'"' ""'' '^"'' ""^'•^"^•'■''■' ^hich it takes the workingman ccn- ' ru h " . T; " , '"T'^^" '''''^- ^" '^•'^"'^"'"•^ '^^^^^^ ha« l^cen what is called a rush to obtain land. Large sums have been taken to that Province for the purpose of speculation in land ; and also by immigrants ; and large svms hive been expended both by the Canadian Pacific Kailv^ay an"" 'o examine into Dena t n^^^^^^ country as a held for English immigration, encpiired of the numirr f "Vr"' ''^''' ■"?'''• ^^ '"echanics. artisans or labourers, and in what numbers, would be sure to obtain work. This question is the first to occur to all S)lecr of fh?s' f'-n.- l"\''''i ^""'^'f'^'-^'r to the subject of immigration. It is the teMiVibl/nn ^' "' 'f''""'^ '!> '^^"^"'^h the information that will form the most in- telligilMe answer to the question. in wi^rh '/if'"'' ""''" """""l'' ^'"^ '"'■^ ^l ''^ ^'^^ '" ^^'^ '=°""try' ^"^1 the numbers renl/.I h ^ """i '"^'ted to come, have been fully indicated. But it maybe fmft to l'^''\''"'^ ""VT' ^' '°° ^"^^ ^'°'"" ^" """''' that there is practicaly no lirnit to the demand for men to work the land, to carry on Public Works col7ho?"'''/° -'""S'" ''''"'''''' '''-'''''' ^'-^ '" °-'- of ilbLl'uld come those mechanics and artisans who do the work of building in all its branches Information with reference to many of the particular trades is made known by their own organizations and by capitalists wanting skilled labour in such trades. 1 he Department of Agriculture did a few years ago send circulars all over the ip ^*7°? ascertain what numbers and what classes of immigrants were required domes iv"''Th^' n^'''""^ '^" ""T'^f ^ °^ '^'^""^"^' "^^-chanics and female domestics. The Department caused the answers received to be tabulated : and these indicated that in the five Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswrck JNova Scotia and Manitoba, nearly 150,000 persons of these classes were required! continued 'foA"^ ascertaining and tabulating the wants of localities was not S b-^frfoTv. rV-fTv-'^S'' "■?' '^°""'' ^" be impossible to obtain and transmit such lists to the United Kingdom in tune to have the wants supplied. The time E'tn o."^ make representations to the emigrating classes, and afterwards for nr^^ni 1 °" s"^h representations, was too long, to make that system of any practical use ; and the conditions of a locality became changed in the meanwhile, other incomers supplying the wants. The practical courle now taken "s : the Agents of the Department take means to inform themselves of the demand for labour of all sorts within their several districts ; and direct the immigrants h^rLt"^ ^°': 'Y-' "'"r'^l- ^^'' 'y'''"^ ^' f°""^' *« be effective, and expSce for. St ""'k^ '! '^ ^ '^' °"'y °"^ ^y^il^hle. These agents in their respective locahties keep books of application and registration. It is practically found that IhflTV^"' ^""^ ^^' "i'T^S up of new lands attract a large immigration, while on the contrary, times of commercial crisis and depression check it. lastly, It may be pointed out that the communities which have been built ud Se wnrM ^"Jif^^'°" "% amo..g the most thriving, energetic and prosperous in Ix^mnlirnf 7^^ ^TJ" °^ ^"^^ralian colonies, the United States and Canada are examples of this. The men and women who voluntarily emigrate are naturally ?,«h .• I energetic or enterprising of the peoples from which they come, and fresh stimulus is given when they find in the new countiv the rrmdJn-nnc of ../^--ss m lUe open before them on almost every side. It is not simply or mainly.'there- 5-" tes of wage mces in dif- ig. In the i so great as 1 Manitoba rticular cir- donly rapid 1 is distant igman ccn- t is called a ncc for the sums have ncnt. The :ts, and the perhaps for ;amine into tired of the to officially nd in what Jccur to all . It is the fie most in- le numbers it may be acticaly no ic Works, bers would s branches. known by ich trades, ill over the re required nd female ated ; and Jrunswick, e required. es was not id transmit The time r wards for ;m of any leanwhile, m is : the emand for nmigrants ixperience respective 'bund that nigration, t. n built up 5perous in anada are naturally :ome, and ily, there- 10.') APPENDIX. «n b. c. ^^^^ DOMINION LANDS RKGUI.ATIONS. ■""TV r.„?.' -iM"; '- ^tt:r^' ■"- ^ ■""■■■•-« '-l."'H.«::i:r„'oi':'jr ^ Clas, A or B ""^ '""'" ''"« ^^ 'he Canadian Pacific R,ii Class Iy._uJ^j,,^r ,. . '""* »«='fi^ ^^''^vay not included in ar.er WoWdir "' "'"" '"'^^ -^V >- »«-cctcd by col„„i.a.io„ agreement, as h • Except where it mav U m- "treements, as herein- f xcerVt in cls:rwTe're'lhrM"1sTer°"oV1h''r/'''''°^''''= -°'l >o..s for set.Ier, «• E«"P. wher. ,h„ ha.. h.,„ . "°" " *' P" ■"«. l»y"b]. ., dm. „. nam&d «;,K "^ "> °'''"" l>°">~.ad .nd P''-.mpuo„ .™,i3,),'~i'^^^^ PRE-EMPTIONS TIMBER FOR SETTLERS. Act, i,e.„.,, ,„ c„, „■„£■; ;:Xh. .S4;;""'' ™''=.' "» p™™.". <.r .1.- r,.,.-v- . . P n i I » 1^ m 106 PASTUKACJK LANDS. and .he ,|l«n an. ■oal or other to :h Dei-.vhtment ok tmu interior, Ottawa, aard Decemlier, 1881.' LINrt.SAY RU.S.SFJ.L, -'^'uri'ej'orCeHera/. i 107 Canadian Pacific Railway Company's Lands REGIJUTIONS FOR THE SALE OF LAND, , , """ *-«'"-«:' "'<'>'« hitherto in forc«. TERMS OK I'AYMENT. ^ I REBATE. GENERAL CONDITIONS. -nt-h£&rar-P'-'^"Pon -and purchase, to h. .aintained the.on unti. fi„a, ,, pu^r - — '^ .a-.v .po.d „po„ th. ,.d or .p_:r'^: :: 3- 1 ne Company reserves frnm c,i. .._ , . "c P3ia t>y and power VrhTr' "^ ""^ °'' ""Provements to be oii By order of the Board, Montreal, November 30th, 1882. CHARLES DRINKWATER, Secretary, I 4'. 108 i M •*■ >0 rp E ■<■ in M u 11 b. o>co ^ a ■<■ s N . 4 '. 109 0. o >. rt ^ 0) A "1 •d e (4 tf; 0) o a o, a s Ji x: U o H " I t3 W-d u H r-i Pi (U o n) w H Ah w h ffi H m 1'% 110 ■k *• ■ ) "i ■ m ■ : . >. " 1— 1 CM o w :( '. a^ V * !'>r. O u < l-H K H P< t— 1 ■-;>. m -..1 ''ri f?j'"' ■ I'M 1 V . p: .CD t« O ro f, c7» N »- M M to d'vo ^o" n' Is fc ;5 £ flS o ^CO "^ •^ fj irivo 8ii !-• lO u-j o* ►^ ■^ ^ ts. CI M tN. f o m Ch in M pT i>. O 'S c O 1) (U a s (!) 2 J S 13 . oa o C/3 M U > O "' N 00 OO N -^ in ^ ro o d m m m g t M in 8. >«■ M C> M d" in C7\ hT h% M t^ in t^ in^o M -T 4 fC t ~ N W O 00 vo M O « fi M cT vnvo" ro . O rn f^ -I CO CO in n C* "O rs. UTO w '«^o^mln■^^o■^m H r^rOM O rooo 00 00 « o o M Ox m 00 ro in ?r rnoo" in w N in m ^ ^ ? ,i» *i* — 'C o u a c rt u ;?; Oh U c "5 a o (1. -s l-H V o c H !/: :z; w n u 'c p^ i w w PL, 'n c o .a u fc V o e a o bo c '> o S o Q T3 u .S '> o a c o a u o .2 HS H :c: Ill POPULATION OF CITIES AND TOWNS HAVING OVER 6,000 INHABITANTS COMPARED. Population. NAMES. PROVINCES Numerical increase or decrease. Montreal Toronto '..'..'. Suebec alifax '.'.!.' .".'.'.■.'! Hamilton .'. . . . Ottawa St. John .';.".".'.'.';.".■ London Portland Kingston ' ] _" Charlottelown . " Guelph St. Catharines ." * Brantford.. . Belleville ....'.'.'.'..'. [ '. ] [ TroisRivieres ' ' ' St. Thomas Stratford Winnipeg .'. Chatham " Brockville .'..". Levis Sherbrooke . Hull '..'.';.'.■.'.■.■ Peterborough ..'.'.. Windsor St. Henri ""' i n.,»u Fredericton., l^^^u Victoria . , : ^^y( ^'•""f^'lH • • • SMean Baptiste (viVlag: ).' ' ' ""''"'' ^"'"-"^'^ " " Port Hope ......... Woodstock ..'.'..." St. Hyacinthe '. Gait ...'..'" Lindsay .'.".'.".'."" Moncton Quebec Ontario ] Quebec Nova Scotia ! Ontario Ontario ' New Brunswick . . . Ontario New Brunswick . . . Ontario Prince Edw'd Island Ontario Ontario , Ontario Ontario , Quebec .] Ontario [ Ontario ," " Manitoba .......... Ontario Ontario ' Quebec Quebec Quebec Ontario Ontario Percent- age. Quebec , Quebec Ontario Ontario Quebec Ontario Ontario New Brunswick Totals 404. 600 I fijT .T^^ I . I 29- 71 fire :p it^:i fr^!%t%r,'^[':^^^!^^^ were thereby driven into th4 surroundird"strfcts Ld m'''^ ^f '^'^ '"• ^^'^'-■^- Great numbers thus severed, did not return to the City ""'"'='"• ^"«^ ^any whose busines and social ties wire def eJ?n^ ll^ifnlt pi?so°n^?n^'ie-.l^e'.^ Sn'J S, ^C'^'^ Moncton not having been increase and rate per cent, are as represented in the tlbl^ ^''°'''= ^"^ ''*"'• '°^"''. 'hi total witha?otalVpula?on^'r^y:o;;'"M^,h^^^ inhabitants and over to 37. having a total population of 66o?o4o °^ ""'^^ '^'"^^ *"d ^°^^^ had increS 112 EXPORTS AND IMPORTS. N.wrL°:ict':;:fr„ta°s^^,'iJzrfJ!!„t|';r^^ YEAR. Fiscal Vear ending 30th June, 1868 do do do do do do do do Ido do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873- 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878., 1879., 1880.. 1881.. Aggregate for fifteen years. Total Exports. $ 57.567.888 60.474.781 73.573.490 74.173.618 80,642,015 87.750,592 85.711.413 73.164,748 75.774.94' 70,907,303 74,098,157 66,330,856 82,918,828 93.631,677 102,159,243 $1,158,879,550 Total Imports. $ 73.459.644 70,415,165 74.814,339 95,838,908 108,697,928 124,902,934 122,422,458 "7.322,425 87,076,194 94.487,130 88,320,474 77.389.736 82,581,648 99.751.014 "9.419.500 $1,436,899,497 Duty. $ 8,819,431.63 8,298,909.71 9,462,940.44 11,827,932.53 12,656,253.1a 12,667,508.07 13.798.458.16 14.452,030.38 11,789,892.89 11.653,186.17 11.895,572.61 11,920,828.38 13.170.507.78 17.173.017.75 21,708,837.00 $191,295,305-62 ARTICLES EXPORTED. SUMMARY OF EXPORTS OF THE DOMINION IN 1881. ARTICLES. Produce. Not Produce. Total. Produce of the Mine $ 2,767,829 6,867,715 24,960,012 21,360,219 21,268,327 3.075.095 622,182 $ 148,425 31.169 749.836 1.305.391 ^ 10,025,800 968,028 146,468 do Fisheries $ 2,916,254 do Forest 6,898,884 Animals and their Produce =5.709.848 Agricultural Products 22,665,610 Manufactures 31,294,127 Miscellaneous Articles 4,043,123 768,650 Total $ 80,921,379 $ 13.375.117 Coin and Pullion $ 94,296,496 Estimated amount short returned at Inland Ports 971,005 3,023,322 Grand Total. ■ .^- $ 98,290,823 Duty. 113 Z^^!:^!i2]L!!!!!!^^fiOF the dominion. PROVINCES. Nova Scotia New Hriinswick... '." <^)uel)ec j'nnce Edwar.i Island .' British Columbia... Ontario Total Increase 1880. $^,291,061.46 =■744. '46-58 2/' .3 «, 556. 45 '>''75,o88.9o 7>J.3.35 32 444it9i.oo $14.4991979.71 1881. $6,314,781.50 2.930.904 58 a.75J.962-5o '.955.389.80 '.454,331.36 5"9,903-oo $'5,817,163,64 '4.499.979. 71 RAILWAYS. Vear ended 30th June. 1876 do do do do do do do do do do 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 , 317.79s. 468 I 326.328 976 360,617 186 362.086 138 I 371 051,192 389.285,700 5.544.814 ^.073.233 6,443 924 6,523.816 6,462,948 6,943.671 6.331,757 6,859,796 7,883,472 8,348.810 9.938,858 12,065.323 19,358,084 18,742,053 20,520,078 '9,925,066 23,561.447 27,987,509 $ 15,802,721 15,290,091 16,100,102 16,188,283 16,840,705 20,121,418 Th^ returns for the year endo^I tl,- .u t 2n.:iruS. :m^:o:::^S::^^^^'^t:::^tC'i:^^ -fed. The, wi,l probacy have made unprecedentediv r^ln^''"^'" '^^" '" 'S^x. ThT S%ln P. "fi^P^'^V"" '»"^' ""der w,ll b. coJplS'in ffcj;.° "S, 'r' "'"'■■' ■"''«•*:• (.™nk C'™;'? "» ■'"' 'l" Company length, and. hv m-an^ of - -!;■ ""''" pa.ssage between fh- ,.."5";?''°'' L'ne Company" .H. -an.., „„..,, inilStSr,°/o'pt S™ <"' ■"">" ■«»'.) ■<> .h. 3o.h J„„, .,3,. i * I f» *> J* ?^-' '4 i , ^-t ( ': > •»■ rn' \ • I i* ■ . ■ 'kv .'.■*•" 114 LIST OF CANADIAN RAILWAYS. {From Official Report, joth /une, 1881.) J 9 10 II 12 »3 M 15 16 17 18 »9 20 az aa as «4 as 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 NAME OF RAILWAY, Length of Line. 36 37 38 39 40 41 4a 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 Albert Canada Atlantic .'"'.."!.'!.!!! Canada Central .'.'.'...'..' Canada Southern .".'.'..'..."!! Canada Pacific !!!!..".! Carillon and Grenville ................. Chatham Branch Coboure Peterboro' and Marmora" .' ." .".".'"" Credit Valley Fredericton .!.!.'..!, Crand Junction . , * Grand Southern Grand Trunk ■.■■......... Buffalo and Lake Huron Grand Trunk, Georgian Bay and Lake Erie Great Western , London and Port .Stanley' '.'.'.'.' '.'^.':.':.':.'.'.: ^IV^ Wellington, Grey and Bruce "\ll .. London, Huron and Bruce ^lll Brantford, Norfolk and Port Burweil '.'.'.':.:'." ' Z. ll Gait and Guelph J4 74 Harnilton and North-Western (Included in n". "& N Vw ) Halifax and Cape Bretor. Railway and Coal Co Intercolonial _ International Kent Northern Kingston and Pembroke Massawippi Valley Midland Missisquoi Valley ..!."...'..! Montreal and Vermont Junctiori . . . " , ' New Brunswick New Brunswick and Canada Northern and North-Western Nova Scotia, Nictaux and Atlantic Petitcodiac and Elgin Prince Edward County Prince Edward Island Quebec and Lake St. John Quebec Central ' " Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa and Occidental' '.'.'.'.'. 'I'ln'sn" Joliette jiy.oo Laurentian Stanstead, Shefford and Chanibiy '..'.".'.'.'.'. '^'"^ St. Lawrence and Ottawa ." St. John and Maine .'....'. St. Martins and Upham South-Ea.stern Lake Chaniplain and St. Lawrence ^° Completed (Rails laid.) Miles 51-50 210 326.60 512.00 13 9 47 183.50 22.30 90 82.50 1.156-25 144 902.71 Under Construc- tion. 79-75 840 69.66 II 63.50 34 143-65 10. 10 23.60 17600 127 377-54 14 32. 4o 198. <.o 36" 145 Montreal, 63 o • „.., '' Portland and Boston .....'.'.'.'.'" J, Spring Hill and Parrsboro' ' " •' Toronto and Nipissing '. . . . _ Lake Simcoe junction ,? Toronto, Grey and Bruce Victoria Welland '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. Waterloo and Magog 1 '!!!!.!!.! ! Western Counties .'.'.'.'. Whitby, Port Perry and Lindsay. ......'.'.'.'..'. Windsor and Annapolis '.\\ Windsor Branch , , . . . 50 J 339-05 43 59 92 30 239 32 105 . 50 Total Note,— Great additions were made to this list during 1882. 191 55-50 25 23 67 46.50 84 32 75,95-81 Mile.s. 125 2,358.00 50.00 16 47 75-00 239 2,910.00 115 LiNB. Under lonstruc- tion. Milex. "5 2.358.00 Jo. 00 16 47 o pq 75.00 »39 N CO 00 w m w H w O H w M H oog;; rS jra.j^'G^ .C; 2 ♦ £" t> M 0) o ip ro m" oi rovo" t>.CO N 5 tT I^ ro M M ^ 1^ HI ^ 00* w ci ■ .9 ™ J!; _2 ? w ^ r^ d^ lT: .>: ." .-*. HO. 00 a 3 a.2 rtJS ,__ OUQ i! o H M Sfe- 116 GOVERNMFNT CIKCULATION, j.sr AUGUST, ,882. Fractional Notes Provincirtl N.ies '.'.'.'.'.'.['.'.'. $ 174,014 10 DoininiDn Notes .'.".'.".'.'.*.".".' 58,739 23 _ , " i6,5as,«o2 as Totnl Bank Cinnilaiion ...,...'.". $«6,758,sss %B ^. ,,^ , , 3J..;5J.'3" '1. lotal Circulation $50,71 ',943 39 AMOUNT OK DEPOSITS IN SAVINGS BANK. (Jovernment SavinRs l!nnk« Post OfTiLo Savings Hanks .." $ 12,295,000 16 Otiier Savings lianks 'o.44-i,o5i 46 9.33 0.057 55 Deposits in Chartered Hanks $ 3»>f>67,iog 17 118,089,31673 Total Deposits • ^ $'5«>'5<',425 90 GOVERNMENT SAVINGS BANKS 30TH JUNE, 1882. Balance 31SI May Deposits during June $"1673, 17s 80 Interest for year ..'!...'.'.'] 605,348 60 4» 1,948 61 Deposits withdrawn and Interest paid (luring June • $".690,473 oi „, ., 395,4 72 85 Ualance 30th June ' $12,395,000 16 POST OFFICE SAVINGS BANK. Deposits in hands of Minister of Finance on September loth t8R, * Deposits during month ' •^cptemoer aotn, 1882. . . $10,442,051 46 Payments during month . . '■'.'.'. 9474,232 00 319.92074 CITY AND DISTRICT SAVINGS BANK OF MONTREAL-SEPT., 1882. Deposits Cash in hand and Securities.....*.'.'.'.'.*'.'..'."." .' $6,371,271 24 6.873,03916 CAISSE D'ECONOMIE DE QUEBEC. Deposits -\.,ivin aTiu securities $2,958,735 £1 3,c-:5,098 62 «. 117 THE CANADIAN CANAT.S. comprising „^ n.iles of artifu:ial >,av,Sn '"his vst^n^^L^ '^1'''^ 'r'"'"'^' °^ ''" '=*"»'«. Isle to TluMuler Hay, at the head of I !akc Superior ^ '"''' ^'■°"' "" ^''""* "(^ "«"«• 1 he following table of distances indicates also the respective positions of ^hese canaU, thu. :- Straits of Hellelsle to Father I'oint Statute MiUt. Father I'oini to Rimouski 043 Kiinoiiski to (^iiehec 6 Uiifhec 10 Three Rivers (or Vide- water)! '.'.'.'. '77 1 hree Rivers to Montreal 74 I.achine Canal _ _ 86 I-achine to Heaiiharnois . '.......'..''. ^/^ Iteaiiharnois Canal '5» St. Cecile to Cornwall ,,.'.. "J* Cornwall C'anal 3a)* River and Farran's Point Canal." .*.'.'." "H Rapide J'lat Canal "5J^ River and Point Iro(|iiois Canal. .'.'. *•,, Junction and (Jalops Canals 7/4 Prescott to Kingston 4>8 KinK'ston to Port Dalhousie. . .'.".' ^^n Port Dalhousie to Port Colborne (WeJland Canaiy W '^° Port CplbornetoAtnherstlmrg.. '-aiiai; ^7 AniherstlmrK to Windsor '3S Windsor to Foot of St. Mary's island '^ foot of St. Mary's Island to Sarnia "S Sarnia to foot of St. Joseph's Island . ^3 K)ot of St Joseph's Island to Sault St. Mary'.'. ^"7° Sault St. Mary Canal 47 Head of Sault St. Mary to I'oint a'ux 'pi'ns .'. ' Point au.v Pins to Duluth 7 390 Total 2.384 ceasf :f Stt>o^:f "'■"-r.JCii^^^n.iir i^tr^rr- ^° r""^ "^'»' -«-"- come a heiRht of 533^ fee' mi?e C S . ,' U ^ \t°'?' ?^'"'\''\ "^ S3 locks, over- States, has one lockMlfting xa . ^''^ '""^ ^^"" ^''^^ ^*^"« '-^""'. l^""' ^y the United 45 feS/i86s 4.374 4.470 2,228 2,202 1,992 2,194 1,670 1.693 145 1. 013 892 1.657 1.736 1,708 240 319 470 767 808 1,010 no 13a 6i 2oa 30t ANALYSIS OF MANITOBA SOIL. {TraPulatioH of l.ttttr to Sinator Emit Klotz.) " Hon. Senator : " '^'"'•» »9'h April, 187a. " "^ ^iw^'''"^ '*" Manitoba soil i, now complete.!, and the result i, in ,00.000 parts :- Sodium "^'Z Piiosphoric Acid 33-8 Lime '.'.'.'.'.". ^9-4 Mngnesi.i 683.0 Nitrogen , »6.i 486.1 " Yours truly, (Signed), " V. Emmrkling." (Extract fro,n I etUr 0/ Senator E.nil Kiotz to Jacob E. Mot., A^ent /or the Dominion Goriemment. ) this place, and ho,. "? n^ i e of seVvi.e „ v o" Ainel«?r°^i ""^ '''«''"^"""'-?' Association of productive soil in Holstein wherehv vm. Z\\\Z' 1 ^""'^^^""^ \ S'^" >?" ""<• analyMs of the most of the Manitoba soil^^rand wh?ch fuHv 7:^ ^ZT f'^f fi,'''"*^^^ r^'}^^ productive qualities fertile, even without manure ^ '^ "' ""^ '^"^' "''*' ""= '""'^ '" Manitoba is so very " ^//a/;v/j ^/- iAe Holstein soil and Manitoba soil ompared : Holstein Excess of Properties oj Potash ""• Manitoba Soil. Sodium.... '.'.'." .■".■■■.■.■ 3° 198-7 Phosphoric Acid '" ^3-8 Lime ^° 29.4 Magnesia '3° 552.6 Nitrogen '° 6.1 .** 40 446.1" Analytical Laboratory, Surgeon'.s Hall. Edinburgh. 14th December, 1876 Analysis of Sample of Manitoba Soil. Moisture Organic matter containing nitrogen 'equal to ammonia', '2 3° .'.'.'.'.■.'.'.'.■. ■■.■.'. ',',['" Saline matter : Phosphates Carbonate of lime °"*^' Carbonate of magnesia '-763 Alkaline salts °-937 Oxide of iron '.'. '-273 3-iiS Silicious matter : Sand and silica Alumina 51-721 8.132 S11.364 11.333 7.560 59-853 ferti£;S;^.-'JoiLd17JlY^^^ ^f^^^^lit^""' ''' "'^ ^'"°""' °^ '•'^"^"^ (Signed) STEPiiii.Naox M/.cadam, M.U., Lecturer on Chemistry, etc. 120 NATURALIZATION. Unittd States Naturalitation law. and t^pZ t'"'-''"'' •'' ^-- • citucn of .h. United Sut.. i„ the following .«„„., r^_ first. Me shal' ■ • - District or Su Common-law it is bona/iii DECLARATORV STATEMENT OF A UNITED STATES CITIZEN. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA STATE OK MINNESOTA. ' ss. ,--.-■'. f. DISTRICT COURT, ' County of the District Court of the personally appeared before the subscriber, the Clerk o. IS? ■ -If -s-rlt;^^^^^^^ United States, and landed at the port of ' ^^at he emigrated to the bona Ade his intention /" i"'= ^•^^^ •='?'^'^«^" ^'""dred and °" °' ^'^^^ '^' T"'!" "?'" aneKi^fei'i^d'Sry-t'o" ..':rfore?en"p ■"nc':.^ tte^^l^t:' It'f"' ''".^ ^ --nounce L'r ^Ir'Vll ''^y°f A.D.,8 } UNITED STATES OF AMERICA \ ^'"■''• County o7'''' "' '"'"'^^''■'■^' '-- 1' D istrict for the State of M,„„ ^'f'''' f'^ 'l''* 9''*"''^' Court of the Recotd now in my ofllce. ^ Minnesota, do hereby certify that the foregoing is a copy of a Dist;i"ctl:;^^;rfh"^ ^'^"'=°^' ' X%'f^''^""" ^" ""^ ^^"^•„-" ^«--'' "'e Seal of the said Clerk. »• . ' FINAL OBLIGATION OF A UNITED STATES CITIZEN. STATE MINNESOTA. Term, i8 to become a citizen of the being severally sworn, DISTRICT COURT, \ County of Judicial District, I . J" the matter of the application of United States, ^^ - „.... „ .„.,,,. „, .^^ do depose and say, each for himself, that he is a ritl^^n of »»,» tt • j being severally sworn, acquainted with the above named ^" "'^ '''^ V""^'' ^'*'«''- '^^^ he is well imits and under the jurisdrction of the United States for fix,« „» ''"i*'^ ^^^ resided within the last past within the State of Minnesota • and th-it HnrIL tl ^ ""'^ >."', P^=^'' ^"d for one year ^ a man of good moral character, aTtL'hed to tL prind les''o?'tfe 'r ^ ^'- '^"? '"^?^^^ ^ir^self States, and well disposed to the good order and hap'pi'nes o'the ^^^J=°"«'"""o» of the United Subscribed and sworn to in open Court this 1 Clerk. 121 STATE OF MINNESOTA. DISTRICT COURT, ) _ Judicial Court, V County of j 1, that ~ Foreit (>w.y« oj t.nslanii, whose subject I win. Aeul further, that I have never Iwrnc any hereditary title, or been of any of the degrres of nobihty of the country whereof 1 have been a subj^t, and that I have resided within the United .States for Jive year* lakt past, and in tliik Slate for oiia year la.st past. Subscribed and sworn to in open Court thi« ) day of ] Clerk. DISTRICT COURT, ) STATE OF MINNESOTA, Judicial District, \ County of ) And now, to wit : At a term of said Court, now beinp; held at in and for th« County of in said Stat»!, upon the forrgoing oath, and affidavits, and upon fiirtlier proof havinc been made by the production of a certificate that the said did, before the Clerk of Court the same Ijeing a Court of Record, having common law jurisdiction, make the remiisite declaration of his intention to become a citizen of the United States, and to renounce all other allegiance, aa required by the laws of the United States. It is Okdkkki) iiv i hk Coi'k r, that the said be, and he is hereby admitted to be, a cituen of the United States. Hy the Court : A true Record. Attest : Clerk. CANADIAN NATURALIZATION, PASSPORTS, AND OATHS OF ALLEGIANCE. CIRCULAR DowNiNfi Street, i8th May, i88a. Sir,— Her Majesty's Government have had under their consideration the position of Aliens naturalized in a Colony, when travelling beyond the limits of the Colony in which naturalization h.is been granted, and they have decided that Aliens naturalized in British Colonies shall, as reg.-iids th' ir claim to British protection out of Her Majesty's Dominions, be placed, in future, on the same tooting as Aliens naturalized in this country under the Naturalization Act of 1870. 2. lo carry out this object. Aliens naturalized in British Colonies will be allowed to receive from the Governor of the Colony in which they have been naturalized a passport unlimited in point of duration, instead of a passport for one year, as is now authorized. These passports will also be issued by ihe Foreign Office in London, on the recommendation of the Secretary of State lor the Colonies. . . 3- Ifi however, an Alien naturalized in the Colony, and not possessing such passport, finds himself in need of one when in a foreign country, a British Minister or Consul will be empowered, on such evidence as he may deem sufficient, to grant him a Provisional Passport, limited in duration, m order to meet the immediate requirements of his case, and to enable him to return to his Colony or to the United Kingdom, and so establish his identity beyond question, and obtain a Permanent Passport. 4. I enclose an amended Regulation, which will be substituted in the Colonial Regulations u- u^ Pr.^^ent Regulation No. 404, in Chapter XIV.; and also an amended Form of Passport, which will be inserted in the Appendix, in place of the Form and Memorandum now in use. I have the honour to be. Sir, Your most obedient, humble servant, Tk nm A • • • . • L KIMBERLEY. The Officer Aaministenng the Government of Canada Form 0/ Passport, This Passport is granted to A. B., natura'ized as a British subject in this Colony, to enable him to travel in foreign parts. ,. .'^'"/ Passport is granted with the qualification that the bearer shall not, when within the limits of the Foreign State of which he was a subject previously to obtaining his Colonial Cer- tificate of Naturalization, be entitled to British protection, unless he has ceased to be a subject of that State in pursup.nce of the laws thereof, or in pursuance of a Treaty to that effect Governor, (LieutenanfGovernor, or Otncer Administering the Govern- ment) of the (Colony, Island, or Province) of (Signed C. D. '*,! 122 ^- "' ^«'>»^' (0 NaturalUrd Briti.k Subject ,n tks C.I. ■ , 404- Governors are author,,. j .» • \. -"Jtec tM t/u Colomet. their respecf-e cXn'« The Fo.^ "f o' P'^'PO"* for foreigt, travel to ,« Passports must oe signed bv thf ^"'^ ^""f P''" '"' '""rted in^he AooenH?*'"/*'"* ""'"Wl'^ed in express declaration tlarthe ^Ln^"' •"■'^™'"'''"^""K the Governm^n. ^i'*^"^ ^i;)- These sutject in the Colony ""* P*"**" "«'^'"K the Passport h^ S naturi'Sd'' *'°"'*'" *" 'i'V J '■■ \ - "^ tturalized in »7). These t contain an « a British