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Section IV., 1894. 
 
 I 71 ] 
 
 Teans. Rot. Soo. Canada. 
 
 V. — Si/nopsis of the Air-hreathing Animals of the PalceozQic in Canada, up to 1894. 
 
 By 8ir VV^im.iam Dawson, C.M.G., I.L.D., F.R.S. 
 
 (Read May 23rd, 1894.) 
 
 Our knowledge of the animal inhabitants of the land in Palaeozoic time is very meagre 
 in comparison with what is known of marine creatures. There was probably leas land in 
 early Palaeozoic ages than later. Atmospheric conditions may have been less favourable to 
 breathers in air. Life on the land requires a higher nervous and muscular system than those 
 necessary in water, and difterent means of respiration. If, therefore, as seems probable, 
 animal life originated in the waters, it may have required a long time before, in the great 
 creative plan, these higher and more complex structures took their origin ; and the intro- 
 duction of the more elevated forms of land life may have been a slow and gradual process. 
 
 It is also to be observeil that, as the greater part of our fossiliferous deposits are of 
 aqueous origin, the chances of preservation of aquatic organisms are much greater than are 
 those of terrestrial species. 
 
 These causes are alone sufficient to account for the paucity of fossil remains of land 
 animals in the older rocks. But besides this, their rarity and their occurrence in special 
 and exceptional places, make them less likely to attract the attention of collectors. We are 
 apt to find what we expect, U^ss likely to find what we do not exjiect or think very unlikely 
 to occur. This last circumstance is perhaps coiniected with the fiict that wl en a single 
 species of a new type is discovered in a particular locality, it is likely to be followed by other 
 discoveries elsewhere. 
 
 It is of interest to us, that in several of these discoveries, the Eastern Provinces of Canada 
 have taken a leading part. The finding of Batrachian footprints by Logan at Horton Bluff 
 in 1841, was the first indii'ation of the existence of air-breathing vertelirates in the Carbon- 
 iferous rocks.' The fact was [tubiished in 1842, and in 1844 Dr. King ainiounced the 
 discovery of footprints in the Carboniferous of Ponnsylvania, and Von Decken the finding of 
 skeletons of Batrachians in the coalfield of Saarbruck The first discovery of the osseous 
 remains of any Paheozoic land vertebrate in America was that of Bn phcles ploiiireps, fonnd 
 by the author in the Pictou coalfield in 1850." 
 
 The first announcement of insects in the Devonian (Erian) was that by Ilartt of the 
 findi'-g of four rt]KM'ies of insect wings in the "Fern Ledges " of the Little River group at 
 St. John, New Brunswick, in 18()2.' Insects had ]>reviously l)ceii found in the Carboniferous 
 of Europe, and have since been traced back to the Silurian. 
 
 ' ProceedingB Unol. Society of London, 1842. 
 
 '' Not published till 185."). Owen, .Journal lieol. Society of London, Vol. X., p. 207. 
 
 'Canadian Naturalist, N.b., in, 205, lH(i7. 
 
72 
 
 SIR WILLIAM DAWSON ON 
 
 The earlieHt known Car])oniferoua Millipcdo waw Xijlohius Sigillarim, discovered by the 
 author in Nova Scotia in 1858, and deHoribed in th^ Journal of the Geological Society in 
 1859. Since that time nuraerou.* species of these animals have been found in the Carbon- 
 iferous and Devonian of Europe and America, and, in so far as Canadian species are concerned, 
 have been described by Scudder and Matthew. 
 
 The first known Paliieozoic land snail was that found by Lyell and myself at the South 
 Joggins, in Nova Scotia, in 1851.' This form of land life has since been recognized in 
 other coal regions in America, and in the Devonian plant beds of St. John, but not as yet in 
 Europe.'^ 
 
 In the group of Arachnidans, both spiders and scorpions were found in Palseozoic beds 
 in Europe before they were recognized in America 
 
 The circumstance that Canada has been so fortunate in these discoveries, along with 
 the dispersed condition of the descriptio'is of our Paloeozoic air-breathers, renders it appro- 
 priate that a list of them should appear in our Transactions, with references to the publica- 
 tions in which they have been described, and to their localities, discoverers, and dates of 
 discovery and description. 
 
 'he known land animals of the Palseozoic in Canada may be summed up as follows : — 
 
 Vertebrata, 26 species ; all Amphibia. 
 
 Arfhropoda, 33 species ; viz., Insects, Scorpions, Myriapods. 
 
 Mollusca, 5 species, Pulmonate Snails. 
 
 Four of the vertebrate species are named for the first time in this paper — two from 
 osseous remains and two from footprints. 
 
 The bibliography given on the following pages refers only to original descriptions and 
 figures, and to later papers sujiplemontary thereto. More full lists of I'eferences for the 
 Arthropod si)eeies will be found in Scudder's Index to Fossil Insects, Bulletin Geol. Survey 
 United States, No. 71, 1891. The type specimens of most of the vertebrates, and several of 
 the other species, have been placed in the Peter Redjiath Museum, of McGill University. 
 
 I. VERTEBRATA. 
 
 Up to the present time no evidence of the existence of air-breathing vertebrates has 
 been recogitized older than the base of the Carboniferous system, though it is not impossible 
 that some of the fishes of the Devonian may have been endowed with a swimming-bladder 
 capable oi' being used as an imperfect lung, in the manner observed in motlern Dipnoi and 
 Ganoids. Independently of the inference from gi'iieral siructure, the conditions of life in 
 inland waters alxiundi.ig in vegetable debris would render this probable. The pectoral fins 
 of some Erian and Carboniferous fishes also show points of advance in their bony structure 
 which nuiy have been connecteil with the habit of I'reeping in shallow water. No animals, 
 however, endowed with limbs capable of locomotion im land and with the correlated struc- 
 tures of trunk and skull have as yet been recognized in beds older than the Carboniferous. 
 We may, however, lioi)c yet to find land vertebrates in the Devonian, as the conditions seem 
 to have been suitable to them. 
 
 All the air-breathing vertebrates known in the Carboniferous proper are referred to the 
 
 ' Journal of Geological Society of London, Vol. IX., p. 6H, 1853. 
 
 " Dawson, Revision of Pttlicozoic Land Snails, American Journal of Science, Vol. XX., 1880, p. 405. 
 
PALiEOZOIO AIR-BREATHING ANIMALS. 
 
 73 
 
 class Anipliibiii ; Imt some of them iipiiroiifh in certain im[)ortant characters, as in the deve- 
 h)pnieiit of the ril)8 and chest, and therefore of tlie resiiiratory and circuhitory power, to the 
 true reptiles. In the Permian, the newest system of the I'aliBozoic, true reptili's have been 
 found in Europe and in the United States ; but not us yet in Canada, though footprints «jf 
 reptiles or amphibia occur in the upper member of the Carboniferous. 
 
 The Canadian species have all been grouped for the present in the order Sfetjocephala. 
 In general form, those hitherto found in Canada are lizard-like, with four limbs, often 
 well developed, and usually with tive toes. The arrangement and division of the cranial 
 bones resemble those in modern batrachians. The ribs are usually long and curved. The 
 vertebrge are often only imperfectly ossified, but their processes are well developed. The 
 body is protected below by bony plates and overlapping bony scales, and in some species the 
 back has spines, tubercles and horny scales. The order has been divided \nUy sub-orders, 
 based on the more or less perfect ossification of the vertebrte, viz., (1) Leptospmubjli, or those 
 having the vertebrae merely crusted with bone ; (2) Lemnospondyli, or those with the verte- 
 brae in separate bony pieces ; (3) Stereospondyli, or those with perfectly ossified vertebrse. 
 There is, however, good reason to believe that this arrangement is somewhat arbitrary and 
 provisional, and a number of imperfectly known species cannot be placed with certainty in 
 either group. The Canadian genera may all be arranged in two families, Microsnuria and 
 Dendrerpetonidcc? It may be remarked, however, that the former may prove to be entitled 
 to the rank of an order ; and that in the case of the latt«ir, the species included in it a|tproach 
 so nearly to the Labyrinthodonts that they have hitherto been included by me in that family, 
 into which, indeed, they appear to graduate. 
 
 Class— AMPHIBIA. 
 
 Order — Steoocephala. 
 
 Family — Microsauria, - Dawson. 
 
 TI J Microsauria are lizard-like in form, with limbs usually well developed and five toes, 
 and a long but not flattened tail. Cranial bones smooth. .\[axillary and mandibular teeth 
 numerous, simple. In some many small vomerine or palatal teeth. Verteline ossified 
 externally, bi-concave, with well developed articular, spinous, and in the trunk, lateral pro- 
 cesses, ribs long and curved, generally with two heads, chest and abdomen protected by a 
 sternal plate and by bony scales or rods. Skin above with horny scales sometimes developed 
 into tubercles, spines or lateral lappets. 
 
 Genus Hylonomus, Dawson. 
 
 Teeth luimerous, small, conical, sharply pointed, vomerine teeth small and numerous, 
 skull ovate, smooth ; hind limbs and pelvis remarkably well developed; tail long, abdominal 
 scales oval. In scmie species an ornate arrangement of tubercles and spines on the back 
 and lappets on the sides. 
 
 ' Zittel, Pa!fcontologie, 1893, uses the term Qmlrolepidoti ; but as the Microsauria also have abdominal bony 
 scales, tills is not distinutive. 
 
 '^ OrdiT MicroBAuria of my " Air-broathers of the Coal Period," 1863. I still think these animals ordlnally 
 distinct. 
 
 '•■ ,. ]V, 1894. 10. 
 
74 
 
 SIR WILLIAM DAWSON ON 
 1. Hylonomus Lyblli, BawRon. 
 
 [Journal of Ueological Society of London, vol. xvi., 1859, p. 268. Air-breathers of the Coal Period, 1863, p. 46 
 Acadian Geology, 3rd edition, 1880, p. 870. Transactions Royal Society of London, Pt II., 1882i 
 p. 035.' London Geological Magazine, June, 1891.] 
 
 Coal Formation, S. Joggins, Nova Scotia, collected by Sir C. Lyell and J. Win. 
 Dawson, 1851. 
 
 2. Hylonomus "Wymani, Dawson. 
 
 [J. G. 8., Kc. Air-breathers, p. 52. Acadian Geology, p. 378. Trans. R. 8., Pt. TT.. 1882, p. 637.] 
 Coal Formation, S. Joggins, N". Scotia, collected by Lyell and J. "W. D., 1851. 
 
 3. Hylonomus multidens, Dawson. 
 
 [Trans. R. S., IT.. 1882, p. 637.] 
 Coal Formation, S. Joggins, N. Scotia, collected by J. W. D., 1878-9. 
 
 4. Hylonomus latidbns, Dawson. 
 
 [Trans. R. S., IL, 1882, p. 637.] 
 Coal Formation, S. Jogging, N. Scotia, collected by J. W. D., 1878-9. 
 
 Genus Smilerpeton, Dawson. 
 
 Form somewhat i agated and limbs short. Mandibnlar and maxillary teeth wedge- 
 shaped, with cuttii i. Iges. Palatal teeth numerous, some of them large. i^^Mlorainal 
 scales oval. 
 
 5. Smilerpeton aciedentatum, Dawson. 
 
 [Hylonomus adedentattts, Dn., J. G. S., l.c. Air-breathers, p. 49. Acadian Geology, p. 376. Trans. R. S., Pt II., 
 1882, p. 638.] 
 
 Coal Formation, S. Joggins, collected by J. W. D., 1859. 
 
 Genus Hylerpeton, Owen. 
 
 Body stout with strong limbs. Mandibidar and maxillary teeth strong, not luimerous, 
 grooved at apex. Palatal teeth numerous and some of them large. Thoracic plate broad. 
 Abdominal scales pointed or oat-shaped. 
 
 6. Hylerpeton Dawsoni, Owen. 
 Dawson, Ai'--breather8, p. 55. Acadii 
 
 Coal Formation, S. Joggins, M. Scotia, collected by J. W. D., 1879. 
 
 [Owen, J. G. 8., vol. xviii., p. 241. Dawson, Ai'--breather8, p. 55. Acadian Geology, p. 380. Trans. R. S., 
 XL, 1882, p. 639.] 
 
 7. Hylerpeton lcnoidentatum, Dawson. 
 [Preliminary Notice, American Journal of Science, December, 1870. Trans. R. S., IT., ls82, n. 640.] 
 Coal Formation, S. Joggins, N. Scotia, collected by J. W. D., 1879. 
 
i, 1863, p. 45 
 Pt II., 1882. 
 
 1 J. Win. 
 
 ?•] 
 
 ith wedge- 
 * ^Hlominal 
 
 R. S., Pt. II., 
 
 imnierour', 
 ate broad. 
 
 rans. R. S., 
 
 640.] 
 
 PAL/EOZOIC AIR-BREATHING ANIMALS. 
 8. Hylerpeton intermedium, 8. n. 
 
 78 
 
 This spec'iGH is known as yet only by the mandibles and portions of tlie skull, which are 
 rather shorter than those of adult individuals of the last species. The extremity of the 
 mandible and the cranial bones have the same slightly waved surface sis in the other species. 
 Mandibles three centimeters long and the teeth which are about fifteen in each ramus of the 
 lower jaw are simple, with large pulp cavities. Those of the maxillary bone slightly enlarg- 
 ing upwards, and intermediate in form between the long slender teeth of H. longidenlatmi 
 and the thick obtuse teeth of H. Dawsoni. 
 
 Coal Formation, S. Joggins, N. Scotia, in erect tree, discovered by P. "W. McNaughton, 
 1893. 
 
 Genus Fritscuia, Dawson. 
 
 Body lizard-like. Limbs large and well ossified. Mandibular and maxillary teeth 
 conical, grooved at apex. Abdominal scales slender and rod-like. 
 
 9. Fritschia curtidentata, Dawson. 
 [Hylerpeton curlidentatum, Preliminary Notice, Am. J. Sci., I.e. Trans. R. 8., 11., 1882, p. 641.] 
 Coal Formation, S. Joggins, Nova Scotia, col. J. W. D., 1879. 
 
 (jenda Amblyodon, Dawson. 
 
 A genus characterized by stout cylindrical teeth, blunt at the apices ; but otherwise 
 iij'perfectly known. 
 
 10. Amblyodon problematicum, Dawson.' 
 
 [Trans. K. S., II., 1882, p. 644.] 
 Coal Formation, S. Joggins, 5Tova Scotia, col. J. W. D.. 1878. 
 
 Gemts Sparodus, Fritsch. 
 11. Sparodus, sp.' 
 
 [Trans. R. S., II., 1882, p. 643.] 
 C'oal Formation, S. Joggins, Nova Scotia, col. J. W. D., 1878. 
 
 All of the above species of Microsauria have been found in the interior of erect trees at 
 the South Joggins, in Nova Scotia, a mod.; of occurrence which indicates that they were 
 eminently terrestrial in their habitat. See note appended. 
 
 Family Demlrerpetonidoi, Fritsch. 
 
 {Gastrolepidoti, Zittel.) 
 
 In general form, and in the arrangement of the bony and horny scales, thes.- animals 
 resemble the Microsauria, but the teeth a.o furrowed and have the enamel plicrded at the 
 base, and the surface of the cranial bones is strongly sculptured. They are on the whole 
 
 8t reference. 
 
 ' These species are uncertain as to their classitication. 
 
76 
 
 SIU WIlilJAM DAWSON ON 
 
 larger and more tonnidablo creatures tliaii the MieroHaiiria, Imt lesH so than the Lahyrintho- 
 dontia. I have formerly regarded them an Lal)yrintho(lonts, and an the name (JastroU'itidoti 
 failw to distingniHli tliem from tlie Microsaurians, am dispoHed to i>refer KritsehViiaine, baned 
 on tlie typical genus, despite its length and want of euphony. 
 
 Genus Dkndrerpbton, Owen. 
 
 Teeth numerous, plicated at the base and chiefly on the inne- side ; large detached teeth 
 in palate, also small vomerine teeth. Bones of skull corrugated ; body protected below with 
 thoraci(! plate and ovate bony scales; above, hornj' and imbricated scales, also scaly lappets 
 or pendants. Form elongated ; fore limbs largest ; vertebrte somewhat biconcave ; neural 
 arclies and bodies ossified. 
 
 12. Dendrerpeton Acadianum, Owen. 
 , p. 17. Acadian Geology, p. 362. Trans. R. S. 
 
 Coal Formation, S. Joggins, Nova Scotia, col. Lyell and J. W. D., 1851. 
 
 [J. G. S., vol. ix. Air-breathers, p. 17. Acadian Geology, p. 362. Trans. R. 8., II., 1882, p. 642. Geol. Maga. 
 Apl., 1831.] 
 
 13. Dendrerpeton Ovveni, Dawson. 
 [J. G. S., vol. xviii., p. 469. Air-breathers, p. 32. Acadian Geology, p. 368. Trans. R. S., II., 1882, p. 643.] 
 Coal Formation, S. Joggins, col. J. W. D., 1860. 
 
 The remains of the above species of Dendrerpeton were found in erect trees at tbe South 
 Joggins ; sometimes several individuals in one tree. 
 
 Genvs Baphetes. 
 
 Teeth conical, hooked, striated longitudinally, and with inflected and convoluted cement ; 
 in two series ; the imier of larger size. Cranial bones much corrugated. Tload broad. 
 Probably a dermal covering of corrugated bony scales. 
 
 14. Baphetes planiceps, Owen. 
 
 [Journal Geol. Society, vols- x. and xi. Air-breathers, p. 10. Acadian Geology, pp. 328, 359.] 
 Coal Formation, Albion Mines, Pictou, col. J. W. D., 1850. 
 
 Genus Platysteqos, Dawson. 
 
 Head broad and short; orbits very large; cranial bones deeply sculptured; teeth 
 strongly plicated and curved, with sharp edges at apices, especially' tbe inner palatal teeth, 
 which ar*. very large ; many minute teeth on the vomerine bones ; vertebrse ossified, bicon- 
 cave ; limb bones imperfectly ossified, short ; lower surface protected with a thoracic plate 
 and thick, densely imbricated bony scales in transverse rows ; body above with thin, rounded 
 scales, concentrically marked. 
 
 15. Platysteqos loricatum, s. n. 
 
 Characters as above. Head about 8 centimetres long ; when flattened, 9 cm. broad 
 across parietal foramen ; squamosal and temporal bones projecting backward in points much 
 
 ? 
 
PAL.EOZOIC AIR-BPKATIIING ANIMALS. 
 
 77 
 
 labyriiithd- 
 trolepitloti 
 nine, baned 
 
 died teeth 
 below with 
 ily lappets 
 ra ; neural 
 
 Geol. Maga. 
 
 p. 643.] 
 the South 
 
 (1 cement ; 
 iid broad. 
 
 9.] 
 
 id ; teeth 
 ital teeth, 
 ed, bieon- 
 acic plate 
 , rounded 
 
 m. broad 
 utH much 
 
 beliind the condylcH ; parietal foramen Hundl ; orbits larj<e ; length of lonsjoHt tootli Keen 7 
 ni.m. ; cranial boncK cloi-ely and deeply pitted ; humerus with very tliin bony walls, carti- 
 laginouH within, 8'5 cm. long. 
 
 Erect tree, Coul Formation, South JctggiuH, col. !'. W. McNaugiiton. 
 
 (Incert^, Sedis.) 
 
 Gemis EosAURiis, Marnh.' 
 
 Eosaiinis Acadianns, Marsh. — Known by two bit-ont-ave vertebrse 2*4 inchew in diameter 
 and much resembling the caudal vertebrie of Ichthyosaurus — see paper by Prof. Marsh, Silli- 
 mau's Journal, vol. xxxiv. 
 
 16. EosAURUS AcADiANUS, Marsh. 
 
 [Am. Jour. 8ci., vol. xxxiv. Air-breathers, p. 58. 1861, Acadian Geologry, p. 382.] 
 Coal Formation, S. Joggins, Nova Scotia, col. Prof. O. C. Marsh, 1855. 
 
 (Species known by footprints only.) 
 
 Some of these may be identical with species known by osseous remains ; but it is im- 
 possible to be certain as to this. 
 
 Genus Sauropus, Lea, 
 
 Large plantigrade animals, probably Labyrinthodonts or allied. Hind foot usually the 
 larger, five toes. 
 
 17. Sauropus unguifer, Dawson. 
 
 [Geol. Maga, vol. ix., 1872, p. 251. Acadian Geology, 3rd ed., supplement, p. 62. Trans. F 1882, p. 651.J 
 
 Millstone Grit, Fillimore's Quarry, R. Philip, col. Albert L. TTill. 
 
 On the same slabw with this species there are footprints of another animal of about halt 
 the size and with shorter feet. 
 
 18. Sauropus Sydnensis, Dawson. 
 [Acadian Geology, p. 358. Trans. R. S., II., p. 652.] 
 
 Coal Formation, Sydney, C. B., col. R. Brown. 
 
 19. Sauropus antiquior, Dawson. 
 
 [Trans. R. S., I't. IJ., 1882, p. (J5-'.J 
 Lower Carboniferous, Parrsboro', col. F. M. Jones. 
 
 Genus TIyi-opus, Dawson. 
 
 Smaller footprints, digitigrade, and made by animals liaving a long stride and hind and 
 fore feet nearly equal. Five toes. I'robably footprints of Microsauria and possibly ot 
 Dendrerpeton. 
 
 ' Systematic position uncertain. May be Amphibian or Enaliosaurian. 
 
78 Hlli WILLIAM DAWSON ON 
 
 20. IIylopcs LoaANi, Duwhoii. 
 [Air-breathers, p. 5. Acadian Geolojfy, p. .'Vi3. TranH. R. H., Ft. II., 18li2, p. 663.] 
 Lower Carboiiiti'i-oiiH, llorton, col. Sir W. E. Loi^aii, 1841, M. Tiiico, 1881. 
 
 21. IIvLoi'us T[AKi)iNai, Dawson. 
 
 [Air-broatliers, p. 8. Acadian Geology, p. !550. Trans. R. 8., l.r., ji. (WH.] 
 Lower ('arl)Oiiitt'roiiH, Parrwboro', I'ol. Dr. irardiiif;, lH4(i? 
 
 22. IIylopu.s caudifer, Dawnon. 
 [Air-breatliers, p. S, F<g. 3. Trans. R. 8., l.c., p. <I63.] 
 
 Coal Formation, S. Joggins, i;ol, J. W. D. 
 
 23. Hylopus minor, s. n. 
 
 On a slab of sandstone in the Mnscnm of the Geological Survey of Ottawa, collected by 
 Mr. Weston, is a series of small footprints about two c.ni. in diameter, with live toes, the fore 
 foot being a little smaller than the hind. The length of the stride of the hind foot is eight 
 cm. The distance transversely from the outside of tlie tracks is about six cm. There is a 
 central tail-mark, and at the sides, when the animal has turned, it has left a few slight striie 
 probably representing the ends of the lateral lajjpets. These tracks are probably those of a 
 Microsaurian. I liave some small slabs with similar but less perfect impressions collected by 
 Mr. Devine at the Joggins, a few years ago. 
 
 24. Hylopus, Sp. 
 
 Mr. Weston has also placed in the Survey collection a small slab with some footprints 
 of a different character from the above. They are merely niarks of five toes, about three 
 centimetres broad, and somewhat close together longitudinally, the distance being less than 
 live centimetres. Tliere is no tail-mark. They may be footprints of a species of Dendrer- 
 peton walking over a firm surface. 
 
 25. HyI.OPUS ? TRIFIDIJS, 8. U. 
 
 Footprints small, trilid ; in some, traces of a fourth toe pi-ojecting outward ; footprints 
 uniform in size and close together in two rows three-fourt.is of an inch apart — footprints an 
 inch apart. It is just possible that this creature may have been biped. South Joggins, col- 
 lected by Mr. Devine. 
 
 26. Hylopus? Si). 
 
 Tritid, or occasionally tpuidrilid, tracks, with slender toes about a (pnirter of an iiu'h in 
 length resembling those of modern sandpi[pers, but with occasional smaller tracks as if of 
 smaller Ibiv feet. Tbey probably indicate some creature as yet unknown, otherwise than 
 by its footprints. South .Joggins, collected by Mr. Devine. 
 
 On the slabs containing these footprints, there are trails of small invertebrate animals, 
 showing many punctate impressions. They may have JKicn produced by worms, millipedes, 
 insects or small crustaceans. 
 
PAL.EOZOlC AIR-BKKATHINO ANIMALS, 
 
 79 
 
 Tlicrc iiro in our collections numerous iiMU'tcrminiitc iind inipcrrccit t'ootprintH which hiive 
 not hccn niuiuMl or caiiilogiUMl. They indicate tlic presence of hind vi-rtehruti-K tVoin tho 
 base of the Lower Curhorjiferons up to the rturuniit of the l^pper Coid-fornmtion ; iind it is 
 liighly probable that Heveral of them belonj? to creatures not otherwiHe known. It is hoped 
 that eventually means will be found to publish those, as well as many characteristic bones 
 of batracnians in the above list, which have not been adefpiately fijjnred. 
 
 »llected by 
 's, the fore 
 ot is eight 
 There is a 
 ight striue 
 those of a 
 llected by 
 
 footprints 
 bout three 
 f less than 
 " Dendrer- 
 
 footprints 
 tprints an 
 ggiiis, col- 
 
 li. ARTHROPODA. 
 
 Class— ARACHNID A. 
 Order — Pedipalpi. 
 Family — Gemlinnridce. 
 
 Genus — Gr^eophonus. 
 
 1. Graitphonus Carbonari hs, Scudder. 
 
 [Can. Nat. (2) VIII., 187(); Acadian Geology, 8npt. 2nd edition, 56 (as LibilMa Carbonaria) ; Mem. Boston 8oc. 
 Nat Hist. IV., 454 ; Fossil Insects of N. America, I, 430.] 
 
 Coal Formation, Cossit's Pit, Cape Breton, col. Albert G. Hill, 1874. 
 
 Family — EoscorpoidoR. 
 Genus — Mazonia. 
 
 2. Mazonia Acadifa, Scudd. 
 [Contributions to Canadian Paleontology ; II., pp. (i3, (14, PI. 5, flgs. 5, 6, 8, 9.] 
 Coal Formation, S. Joggins, col. J. W. D. 
 
 3. Mazonia, Sp. 
 [Ibid., 64, 65, pi. 5, fig. 4.] 
 C/oal Formation, S. Joggins, col. J. W. D. 
 
 Geims — Pal/EOPHonus. 
 
 4. Pahvopluinus arctus, Matthew. 
 [Com. to Royal Society of Canada, 1893.] 
 Devonian,' Little River Group, St. John, N.B., col. W. J. Wilson. 
 
 an inch in 
 s as if of 
 ivise than 
 
 e animals, 
 iiillipedes. 
 
 (iNCERTiE SedIS.) 
 
 Genus — Eurypterella. 
 
 5. Eurypterella ornata, Matthew. 
 [Trans. E. S. Canada, VI., Sec. IV., p. 60, 1888.] 
 Devonian, Little River Group, St. John, N.B., col. W. J. Wilson. 
 
 ' Mr. Matthew desires me to state that he has recently found some reason to suspect that these beds are as 
 old as Silurian ; but the fossil plants indicate rather a Middle Devonian age. J. VV. D. 
 
80 
 
 SIE WILLIAM DAWSON ON 
 Genus — Ami'hipkltis. 
 
 H. Ai/qjliipeltis paradoxus, Salter. 
 [Published (as a crustacean) Journal Geol. Soc. of London, Feb., 1863 ; Acadian Geolojiy, 2nd edition, p. 523.] 
 Devonian, Little River Group, St, Jolin, N.B., collected by C. F. Hartt. 
 
 7. Spider-like animal, allied to Avthracomarht^. 
 [Pommunicated to Royal Society of Canada, 1893, but not yet published.] 
 Devo!nan, Little River Group, St. John, N.B., collected by G. F. Matthew. 
 
 Class— INSECTA. 
 
 Order — Pal^eodict yoptef, a . 
 Family — PalceoblattarioE. 
 
 Genus — A rchimylacris. 
 
 8. Archimylacris Acadica, Scudder. 
 [Acadian Geology, 2nd edition, 388; American Naturalist, I., 639.] 
 Coal F'ormation, Pictou, N. Scotia, collected by J. Barnes. 
 
 Genus — Mylacris. 
 
 3Iylacris Bretonensis, Scudder. 
 [Can. Nat., VII., 271 ; Acadian Geology, Supt., p. 55, (as Blattina) ; Mem. Boat. Src. Nat. Hist, III., 41.] 
 Coal Formation, Sydney, Cape Breton, collected by R. Brown. 
 
 * 
 9. Mi/laeris Heeri, Scudder. 
 [Can. Nat., VII., p. 272 ; Acadian Geology, Supt. 55, (as Blattina) ; Mem. Boat. Soc. Nat, Hist., III., 4:5.1 
 Coal Formation, Sydney, Cape Breton, collected by R. Brown. 
 
 Gomis — Petrabi.attina. 
 
 [Mem 
 
 10. Petrablatfina sepulfa, Scudder. 
 
 ;XIV,, B. III.; Can. Naturalist, N. S., VIII. 
 Soc. Nat. Hist., III., 125.] 
 
 oal I'ormation, Sydney, Cape Breton, collected by J. W. D. 
 
 fProc. Aid. Aid., Adv. Science, XXXIV,, B. III.; Can. Naturalist, N. S., VIII., 89; Acadian Geology, Supt. 55, (as 
 ■^•lattina); Proc Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., III., 125.] 
 
 Order — Pal.'EOneuropterida. 
 Family — Platephemeridce. 
 
 GcllUH — Pi.ATEPUEMERA. 
 
 IL Plalephe.mera atitiqua^ Scuihler. 
 [Devonian Insects of New Brunswick, 18(15 ; Canadian Nut., N. S., III., 205 ; Acadian Geology, p. 524,] 
 Devonian, Fern Ledges, St. John, N.B., collected by .1. W. iind C. F. llartt. 
 
ition, p. 523.] 
 
 111,41.] 
 
 III., 415.1 
 
 ', Siipt. 55, (as 
 
 p. 5L'4.] 
 
 PAL.150Z0IC ArR-BREATHING ANIMALS. 81 
 
 Family — Hemeristiva. 
 
 Genus — Lithentomum. 
 
 12. Lithentomum Hartii, Som' r. 
 [Devonian Insects of New Brunswick, 1865 ; Can. Nat. (2) III., 2C6.] 
 Devonian, Fern Ledges, St. John, N.B., collected by C. F. Hartt. 
 
 Family — Homothetklxv. 
 
 Genus — HomuTHetu.s. 
 
 13. Hum othettis fossil is, Scudder. 
 [Devonian Insects, 1^. Brunswick, 1865 ; Can. Nat., N. 8., U., p. 235 ; Acadian Geology, p. 524.] 
 Devonian, Fern Ledges, St. John, N. B., col. J. B. Ilogan. 
 
 Family — Xenoneurida-. 
 
 Genus — Xenoneura. 
 
 14. Xenonmia ovtiii>iorum., Scudder. 
 [Devonian Insects of New Brunswick, 18(i5 ; Canadian Naturalist, HI., 206; Acadian Geoloay, p. 52(5.] 
 
 15. Geroneio'a Wilsoni, ^latthew. 
 [Trans. Royal Society of Canada, IV., 1888, p. 57.] 
 Devonian, Little River Group, Lancaster, X. B., col. ^V. J. Wilson. 
 
 Family — Profophasmifla. 
 
 GemiS — HAPLOPHLEBIt\M. 
 
 16. Ifnpfophlebinm Bovhcsii, Scudder. 
 
 [Mem. Bost. Socy , Nat. Hist, Xf., 151 ; Acadian Geology, 386 ; Geol. Maeazine, IV., p. 386; Canad. Nat., 2d series 
 III., 262.] 
 
 Synonym, Dictyoneura haplophlebium, Goldonhurg, Fauna Sarcp. Foss. 
 Coal Formation, Glace Bay, Cape Brotcn, col. J. Harnc,'^. 
 
 Family— 
 
 GenuH — Gerepiiemkra. 
 
 17. Gerephcmem simpic.r, Scuddor. 
 [Scudder, Devonian Insects of New Brunswick ; Gejl. Maga.. V., 174] 
 Devonian, Little River Group, St. John, N. B., col. J. "\V. TTartt. 
 
 (iNrERT.n Sedis.) 
 
 ]H. f)i/srritiis rrtiistiis, Scudder. 
 [Devonian Ins., N. Brunswick, 1865; Geol. Mag., v., 172.] 
 Devonian, Little River Group, St. John, N. H., col. C. K. Tliirtt. 
 
 Sec. !V., 1804. 11. 
 
-^^ .^^„ 
 
 8^ SIR WILLIAM DAWSON ON 
 
 10. Archfvosnole.r comexs, 'Mntthow. 
 [Trail*. R. S. Can., 1888, V., 39.] 
 Dovoiiiiin, Little River Groui), St. Jolii>, K B., col. W. G. Wilson. 
 
 Class— MYRIAPODA. 
 Order — ARCHiPOi.vpoDA. 
 Family — Archixlida: 
 
 Genus — Xylobius. 
 
 20. Xi/ldhins sigillaria'., Dawson. 
 
 [Journal Geological Society, XVI, p. 271 ; Canad. Nat., VIII., 280; Aca-lian Geology, 2.1 edii , p. 49-496, supple- 
 ment, p. 56; Air-breathers, p. (i2 ; Geol. Maga., V., p. 210 ; J. G. 8., XXV., p. 441 ; Mem. Bost. Socy ., 
 N. H., II., 2;!2 and 3()1 ; also snp. v. .te. foss. Myr., 1 ; Contributions to Can. Pal., Geol. Survey of 
 Canada, II., p. 61.] 
 
 Coal Formation. S. Joggiiis, Xova Scotia, col. J. W. D. (1858, described in 1859). 
 
 21. Xi/lohiiis Dcui-Nom, Scndder. 
 
 [Acadian Gedozy, p. 406; J. G. S., XXV,, p. 441 ; Mem. Bost. Secy., N. H., IL, 2.S.5 and 561, and sup. note Mvr. 1 ; 
 Ac. Geol. Supplement, p. .5(5 ; Contrib. Can. Pal., II., 61.] 
 
 Coal Formation, S. Joggins, N'ova Scotia, col. J. W. 1). 
 
 22. Xi/lohhi.s fractiis, Scuddor. 
 
 [Acadian Geology, 2d ed., p. 496 ; lb. Supt., p. 56 ; J. G. S., XXV., p. 441 ; Mem. Bost. Socy., N. H., II., 234 and 
 361, and III., 148 ; Contrib. Can. Pal., II., p. 61.] 
 
 Coal Formation, S. Joggins, X. Scotia, col. J. "W. ]>. 
 
 28. Xijlohidti si mil is, Scudder. 
 
 S., XXV., p. 441 ; Mem. Bost. So 
 Joi trib. Can. Pal., II., 61.] 
 
 Coal Formation, S. Joggins, X. Scotia, col. J. ^Y. D. 
 
 [Acalian Geology. 2d ed., p. 496 ; .1. G. S., XXV., p. 441 ; Mem. Bost. Socy., N. H., II., 233 and 551, and supt. note 
 1 ; Ac. Geol. Sup., p. 56 ; Coi trib. Can. Pal., II., 61.] 
 
 Genus, Auciiiur,*. 
 
 24. Arrhiiihis .n/fohididcs, Scuddor. 
 
 [Acadian Geology, 2nd ed., 496. ,1. G. S., xxv., p. 441. Mem. Boston So". of NaS Hist., II., 236 and 561, and 
 Sup. Note 1. Ac. Geol. Supt., j). 56.] 
 
 Coal Fnrniation, S. .Toggins. Xoxa Scotin, col. .1. W. J). 
 
 -.1. Arcliiiihis cHii/Kilirriiiidcs. Scuddcr. 
 [< iintributions to Can. Pal., II., p. 59.] 
 Coal Fiirnialion. S. .loggins. Xova Scotia, col. .F. \Y. 1). 
 
 2ll. Anhiiihts />//('///, Sciiddcr. 
 • [Ibid., H., p, (1(1.] 
 Colli Formation. S. .Foggiii... Xo\a Scotia, col. . I. W. 1). 
 
49-496, supple- 
 Q. Bost. Socy., 
 )ol. Survey of 
 
 859). 
 
 ). note Myr. 1 ; 
 
 ., IL, 234 and 
 
 lid snpt. note 
 
 and 561, and 
 
 PALEOZOIC AIIM}REATIIIN(; ANIMALS. 83 
 
 Family, Euphohendce. 
 Genus, Amynilyspes. 
 
 27. AmijniJijspes, ep., Scudder. 
 [Contrib. Can. Pal. II., 59.] 
 Coal Formation, S. Joggins, Nova Scotia, col. J. W. D. 
 
 Genus, Euphoberia. 
 
 28. Euphoberia atava, Matthew. 
 [Com. to Royal Society of Canada, May, 1894.] 
 Devonian, Little R. Group, St. John, N.B., col. G. F. Matthew. 
 
 29. Euphoberia, sp., Matthew. 
 [Ibid.] 
 
 (Incert.e Sedis.) 
 
 Genus, Pal/F.ocampa, 
 
 30. Paheocampa obscura, Matthew, 
 [Ibid] 
 
 Order, Ciiilopoda. 
 
 Genus, EibETicus, Scudder. 
 
 81. Eih'ticii.s / a iitifiinis, Miitthew. 
 [Com. to 11. S. Canadrt, May, 1894.] 
 Devonian, Little R. group, St. John, X. B., col. G. F. Matthew. 
 
 Genus, lLY()nES, Scudder. 
 
 82. Ihjtides f aVcunDiti, Mattlicw. 
 [I bid. J 
 
 •So. Vliiliipinl^ not named. 
 [Ibiii.] 
 
 in. MOLLUSCA. 
 
 C 1 ass — ( 1 A sTit I > p o 1) A . 
 
 Order — I'llmonata. 
 
 P'amily — lli'Vu-iiln. 
 
 I. Pupil {Dciiilriipiijiii) ritiisfii, Dawson. 
 
 [Sir C. Lyell nn.l Dr. Dawson on Remains of lte|)tiles and a Land sliell from tlie South Joggins in Nov.i Scotia, 
 -iounial ot Geological Society of London, vol. I.\ , 1S.")2 (ligured but not namod); Acadian (ieology, 
 1805, p. 160; Ail-breathers of the Coal I'erio 1, 18tKi; Acadian Geology, 2d and 3d editions, p. ci84, 
 1868 and 1879; Ruvisiou of I'aiicczoie Land Snails, Ainefican .lournal of Science, vol. XX., Nov. 
 1880, p. 405.] 
 
 Coal Fornmtiou, S. -loggins, Nova Scotia, col. Sir ('. Lycil and J. AV. D., 1851. 
 
84 SIR WILLIAM DAWSON ON 
 
 2. Papa Bigsbii, Daweon. 
 [Am. Jl. of Science, vol. XX., 1880, p. 410 ; Revision of Pal Land Snails, Am. Jl. Sci., 1860, p. 410.] 
 Coal Formation, S. Joggiiis, N. Scotia, col. J. W. D. 
 
 3. Papa pervetus, Mattliew. 
 [Trans. Royal Society of Canada, 1893.] 
 Devonian, Little R. Group, St. John, N. B., col. G. F. Matthew. 
 
 4. Strophiii {St, u^hella) gmndfcva, Dawson. 
 [American Jl. of Science, vol. XX., p. 413 ; Sa'.ient Points in the Science of the Earth, p. 288.] 
 Devonian, L. River Group, St. John, N. B., col. G. F. Matthew. 
 
 5. Z()))i(es (Co))i(la^) priscas, Carpenter. 
 [Quarterly Journal of Geological Society of London, Nov., 1867; Acadian Geology, 2d edition* 1868, p. 386.] 
 Coal Fornnition, S. Joggins, I^ova Scotia, col. J. W. D. 
 
 XoTE ON Erect Trees Recently Discovered. 
 
 These remarkable repositories of animal remains, occurring in the section of coal-forma- 
 tion rocks so beautifully exposed at the South Joggins in Nova Scotia, were discovered by 
 Sir Charles Lyell and the writer in 1851, and were tirst described in a joint paper published 
 in the Journal of the Geological Society of London in 1853.' Sul)se(piently they have been 
 more fully noticed in " Acadian Geology," in the " Air-breathers of the Coal Period,"'' and 
 in a paper published in the Transactions of the Royal Society of London' in 1882. Shorter 
 notices will be found in my " Salient Points in the Science of the Earth " and in the Trans- 
 actions of this Society for 1891. 
 
 The singular cond)ination of accidents necessary to secure the i)reservation of remains of 
 land animals in the interior of erect trees was, of course, of very rare occurreno9, and in point 
 of fact until the year 1803 these conditions were known to occur in only one set of beds : 
 under the thick-bcddcd sandst(»ne in Division 4, Section XV., Coal-group 15, of my section 
 of tlie South -loggius in "Acadian Geology." 
 
 In the spring of 1893, however, Mv. W W. McXaughton, of the Joggins Coal Mine, 
 who hail bet'ii so kind as to watch the exposures of trees in the cliff at my request, found two 
 productive trees in l)eds t'onsiderably below that which had afforded the previous discoveries. 
 Acconling to Mr. McXaughton's observations, the lowest of these trees is in Division 4, 
 Section XII., Coal-group 20, ol' my secti(»M, or 414 feet lower in the series than the original 
 bed, and aliout 1.017 feet distant IVom it along the shore. The intervening beds, besides 
 sandstones, shales and underdays, include tifteen small seams of coal, and Hve beds of bitum- 
 inous limestone and ealeareo-bituminous shale, so that they must represent a considerable 
 lapse of time. This trei-, from the imperfect marking preserved (Ui its surface, was evidently 
 a ribbed Sigillariii. It was roote<l in a shaly unoerclay, with coaly streaks aiul stigmaria 
 roots. It was 1 foot 11 inches in diameter near the base. Below this, as is often the 
 
 ' Vol. IX., p. .-18. 
 -' Montreal, 18GH. 
 ■' Volume of 18H2, p. 62\ et seq. 
 
PALAEOZOIC AIR-BRKATIIING ANIMALS. 
 
 88 
 
 X 410.] 
 
 J88.] 
 
 68, p. 385.J 
 
 eoal-forma- 
 oovered by 
 ir published 
 r have been 
 riod," * and 
 2. Shorter 
 the Trans- 
 remains of 
 nd in point 
 et of beds : 
 my section 
 
 Coal Mine, 
 , found two 
 discoveries. 
 Division 4, 
 he original 
 ?ds, besides 
 of bitum- 
 onsiderable 
 s evidently 
 stigmaria 
 often the 
 
 case with erect sigillarise, there was a slight swelling or bulb. The lower part is imbedded 
 in gray sandstone and shale for 5 feet 2 inches. Above this are 2 feet 6 inches of gray shale. 
 Above this is a sandstone 12 feet thick, but the tree penetrates this only about 8 inches, 
 when it is broken off. Thus the total remaining height is 8 feet 4 inches. 
 
 Five feet of the lower part of this tree are tilled with matter which must have been 
 introduced into it while it remained an open pit, accessible to land animals. This material, 
 while all probably introduced by rain-wash or accidental falling from the surface, is of varied 
 character. At the bottom there is a layer of mineral charcoal about an inch in thickness, 
 probably representing the wood or inner bark fallen in, and immediately above this is a 
 black shaly layer, with bones of small batrachians, remains of millipedes and coprolitic matter. 
 Above this is a hard material, composed partly of indurateil calcareous clay and partly of 
 vegetable fragments arranged in very irregular layers, which have usually a shallow basui- 
 shape, being hollowed toward the centre. This is partly an eft'ect of compression of the 
 vegetable matter, and is partly caused by the greater thickness of the earthy beds toward the 
 sides, a consequence of raiii-wash from the surface. Here and there, throughout this part of 
 the stem, there are thin, black, coaly or shaly bands marking surfaces of some duration. 
 Toward the upper part of the productive five feet, sandstone predominates, but there are 
 still occasional dark beds. Throughout all these layers there are animal remains, which are, 
 however, more abundant in the dark and laminated beds. There is, more especially in the 
 lower part of the tree, much coprolitic matter, sometimes in distinct layers, and rich in phos- 
 phate of calcium. Under the lens it is seen to contain fragments of bones of small reptiles 
 and of chitinous matter of millipedes or insects. It is in short in some places a very fine 
 bone-breccia and in others an indurated guano. 
 
 This tree is remarkable for the number of vertebrates which have left their remains in 
 it, and which belong to nine species, represented by portions of about 30 individuals. Papa 
 vetusta also occurs, though rarely, and there are numerous fragmentary specimens of milli- 
 pedes of the genera Xylobias and Air-hiulus. This tree is further renuirkable above all others 
 hitherto found for the great thickness of the productive lasers and the abundance of coprolitic 
 matter, which probably indicate that it remained open ., l()ng time, and that some of the 
 animals continued to live and subsist on their feebler companions for some tinie after they 
 fell into it. It results, however, from this that the bones of the snuiller species are much 
 scattered. The devourers of these smaller animals would seem to have been the species of 
 Dendreri»eton whose bones are least scattered, and in some t-ases associated with carbonised 
 cuticle. One specimen of Doitlrcrpcton AcaiVnumm is the largest yet found, the skull being 
 4 inches in length. It may have been nearly 8 feet long, and could not therefore ex«^end 
 itself within its prison. 
 
 The second tree found by Mr. McXaughtun is in Division 4, Section XIII., Group 20, 
 of the section. It is thus 203 feet 7 inches below the original bed at Coal Mine Point, and 
 is about halfway between this and the new tree in Group 20. It is remarkable as standing 
 on a bituminous shale, one of the few beds of this kind which have been elevated to con- 
 stitute forest soiln. It is 22 inches in dianioter, and is about seven in height ; but only about 
 18 inches of the lower part are productive, and are largely ct)niposed of a dark-coloured 
 laminated material, much damaged by the percolation of ferruginous water. The inclosing 
 beds are, in ascending order, coarse shale and sandstone 3 feet, sandstone 4 feet, and beds of 
 coal with shaly partings 2 feet. This tree seems to have contained remains of 13 individuals 
 of four or five species. 
 
86 
 
 Sm WILLIAM DAAVSON ON 
 
 Note ox Devonian Plant-Beds at St, John, New Brunswick. 
 
 It may seem ronmrkablo that tliese beds of shale, ocoiiiiyiiig a limited area in the 
 vioinity of St. John, Now Bnuiswiek, should have yielded 8o rieh a flora and fauna, and 
 at tiret night they seem to Vte altogether oxeei)tional in this respect — so much so, indeed, as 
 to have occasioned doubts in some quarters as to their Devonian age. Remarkable though 
 they are, howevei', a little consi<leration will serve to remove their a])i.)arently anomalous 
 character. Though the beds of the Middle and Upper Devonian are largely marine, and, 
 therefore, not likely to be rich in plant renutins, we find even in some marine limestones of 
 the Middle Devonian of Ohio, trunks of trees of the genus Dadoxylon, trunks of tree-ferns, 
 stipes of fronds, indicating imperfei-tly many other species of ferns, and the vast masses of 
 Macrospores and Sporocarps of Protosalvinia in the Dev(jnian shales of Ohio and Ontario ; and 
 these associated with Calaniitean and Lepidodendroifl plants, which also occur in the 
 Devonian of Pennsylvania. In the Chemung grouji of Gilboa, New York, Prof. Hall has 
 even discovered erect stumps of large tree-ferns surrounded with their aerial roots. Fresh 
 water bivalves also occur in the Catskill group of New York, and in the Kiltorcan beds of 
 Ireland and the Devonian of Europe, and even the Upper Silurian has atibrded remains of 
 scorpions and insects. It follows from these facts that if we can anywhere lind a true fresh- 
 water accumulation of this period favourably constituted for the preser\'ation of the more 
 delicate fossils, we nniy expect to find a land flora and fauna comparing in richness with 
 that of the Coal-formation. This is what we seem to have in the fern ledges of St. Join. 
 Besides tliis, th.ese beds are favoural»ly exposed in the vicinity of a large city, possessing a 
 zealous society oi' naturalists and geologists, eminent among whom have been the late Prof. 
 Ilartt, and Mr. Matthew, who is still spared to us. The hibours of these gentlemen and their 
 colleagues have nndoutii'dly been the leading cause which has enabled this peculiar deposit 
 to yield up its treasures. It is rarely that such ex<'eptionally rich beds a;- those of the Cam- 
 brian and Devonian of the vicinity of St. .lohn have been sosjiecially and th(>n)Ughl\' worked. 
 Hence we need not be surprised that they have contributed so nuicb to remedy the imper- 
 fections of our geologii-al record. 
 
 SuOflE.STIOXS TO Col-LECTOUS. 
 
 My attention was first called to Pabeozoic land aninuils by the discovery of Baphetcs 
 jdidiircps in 1851 ; and since that time I have in all my exjilorations in the Carboiuferous 
 rocks kept c<>!.stai\tly in view, the possibility of the occurrenci' of such remains; and when I 
 have employed others to collect for me, have instructed them to be constantly on the watch 
 for specimens of this kind. I have iuf.ee 1 not been without hope that we might some day 
 be rewarded by a trut' reptile, (U" a liird o" even a prototypal mannnal among the debris of 
 the Carboniferous forests. In any case we 'nay expect to find many more species of the types 
 of life on the land already known in the Paheozoic 
 
 The most [iromising repositoiies are undoubtedly those erect trees wliicl.' have already 
 yielded so many remains, and the recent discovery in the Joggins section of such trees at 
 two new liori/.ons in the do<>'<>ins section in Nova Scotia ' should st'iuulate to I'ui'tber search. 
 Froiu the summer of iHol, when tlu' writer in company with Sir Claries Lyell, tbund remains 
 
 ' bee preliminary notice, Canadian Record of Science, May, 1894. 
 
PAL.EOZOir AIR-BREATHING ANIMALS. 
 
 87 
 
 3a in the 
 luua, and 
 luleed, aa 
 e though 
 nomalous 
 rine, and, 
 t'stones of 
 tree-ferns, 
 masses of 
 ario ; and 
 ir in the 
 
 Hall has 
 s. Fresh 
 m beds of 
 eniains of 
 rue fresh- 
 
 the more 
 iiess with 
 St. Jol n. 
 sessing ,i 
 iate Prof. 
 
 and their 
 ar deposit 
 
 the Cam- 
 y worked, 
 he imper- 
 
 Baphetcs 
 )oniferuus 
 id when I 
 the watch 
 
 some day 
 .' debris of 
 
 the tyi)es 
 
 e alreatly 
 •h trees at 
 ler search, 
 id remains 
 
 o; Deiidrerpeton, Hylonomus and a land shell in a tree at Coal-Mine Point, down to 1893, 
 flueh discoveries were limited to this one bed, and it was supposed to be unique in this 
 respect. 1 had revisited the Joggins many times in the interval, had extracted about thirty 
 "ees at different times from the bed in question, and had made trials of all the trees exposed 
 i.i other beds. Yet in 1898 there appeared in the olift"two productive trees in difleront beds, 
 one of them 203 feet below the original productive bed, the other 414 feet below it ; and 
 tha?iks to the watchfulness of Mr. P. W. >rcXanght(in, who had kindly promised to attend 
 to tliis matter in my behalf, they were secured and have proved fruitful of interesting 
 remains, i)f vhich in so far as the species are new, preliminary notices are inserted in the 
 foregoing .=!ynopsip.. 
 
 Erect trees occur in all our coal-fields, and are not infrequent in the roofs of coal-beds 
 from which they are apt to fall when the supporting coal is removed. All such stumps, and 
 especially their lower parts, should be carefully examined. "Were this attended to, T have no 
 doubt that discoveries similar to those made at the South Joggins would result in other 
 coal-fields. 
 
 The next most likely places in which to find land animals are the roof-shales of the 
 coals, especially where these are rich in remains of lerves. Such beds have yielded many 
 fossil insects, and Bnphetes planiceps was found in the roof shale of the Pictou main seam. It 
 is to be observed that in these beds remains of arachnidans, insects and millipedes are often 
 very faint and obscure, and so require careful examination of the surfaces in a good light. 
 It is also to be noted that remains of land animals are apt to occur iji special limited localities, 
 where local circumstances have caused them to accunudate ; and where one specimen is found 
 others should be looked for in the same i>lace, and in the continuation of the same surface. 
 Nodules of clay-ironstone, contained in bands of shale or clay, have also proved productive, 
 and should be carefully examined. In many beds the nodules will be found to be barren, but 
 where nodules are found to contain plant remains they will repay search for animal remains 
 as well. 
 
 Beds depor-ited near the margin of the upland country are also the most promising. In 
 Nova Scotia the older rocks seem to have constituted islands in the waters or swamps of the 
 Carboniferous period, and even of the Erian, and in the vicinity of such old margins of 
 lagoons and swamps, discoveries of land animals may be expected. From this point of view 
 the ba.se of the Cobequid Hills, at Apple River and elsewhere on the Cumberland side, and 
 from Advocate Harbour eastward on the south side, have yielded interesting facts in the way 
 of footprints, and nniy be expected to iifibrd more. So. also, on the south side of Minas 
 Basin the Lower Carboniferous rocks of Horton liluif and Lower Horton deserve careful and 
 repeated search. The thick slia' ' beds over the South Pictou coal scams are also very 
 promising, and the roof-shales of (^a[»e Breton have afforded some of our l)est insects, and 
 oidy require search to afford nuuiy more. It is interesting also to note that the higlier 
 fauna of batrachian life has been traced back, thdugh as yet only by footprints, to the basal 
 l»eds of the Carboniferous. The skeletons of these older creatures are yet a desideratum, 
 and nuiy at any time be found in these beds. 
 
 As to the Krian or Devonian, the shales of the Little River grouji in Southern Xew 
 Brunswick, which have attbrded sd nuiiiy land invertebrates, are a ]iecnliar and exceptional 
 group (if Iteds, unrivalleil as yi^t in the iireservation of the more delicate forms of Devonian 
 vegetation. Similar exccjitional s}iots nniy exist elsewhere, and the riches of the St. John 
 
88 
 
 SIR WM. DAWSON ON PALAEOZOIC AIR-BREATHING ANIMALS. 
 
 beds are perhaps not yet exhausted. T have elsewhere remarked that in the middle and 
 later Brian the surface of the land seems to have been more varied than in the Coal-forma- 
 tion age. This would afford hope for a rich land fauna, more especially when taken in 
 connection w'th the known abundance of plants and of insect life in some localities at least. 
 There is thus good reason to hoi)e for unexpected discoveries in Erian deposits which contain 
 vegetable remains, and those of shallow water and cptn.arine fishes. 
 
 Such prizes will likely fall to the lot of local tiollectors, who can watch new exposures 
 and visit productive localities again and again. Had we more of such observers scattered 
 over the fossiliferous districts of Canada, we might hope i'.)r a more rapid progress in discovery. 
 My own time for field work is, T fear, mainly in the past. I must be content to work at tho 
 material I have already collected, of which much remains to be studied, or to attend to 
 specimens brought to me by others. Nothing, however, will give me greater pleasure than 
 to aid in an entirely unselfish spirit any of our younger observers. It is one of the highest 
 privileges of the aged to aid those who are to continue the work of scientific exploration in 
 the future ; and it is with this viev: that I have added the above suggestions to the present 
 paper.