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As a lUtiiig introduction to tlu.s paper, and somowhat aug- gostivo of tlio iiect'ssity uf voduciug to a nystom, a practioiil one, of arriving iit tliu ro^iiilt aimed at, luiil an nut i'ortli iu tlio title, wo here rehuarfio tlio tblloAving remarks of Dr. StcAvart as givon under tlio heading '• SiiggoMtions aljout learning Langiiugos" in tlie Queheo M'lvnIiKj Chrniiicli', of \\\w\\ Mr Stewart Avas tlion chief editor, Tliosu rcmarlis by tlio dDctorare prefatory to an article on the subject by a writer in Clutnihcr'fi Journal whicli is reproduced herewith. "SV(*(iKSTI<).\S AlJOUr LKAIJMNO IjANOUAOKS " How may one host learn a foreign language? No one method ha.s ever been agreed uptui, and it is not likely that any one syatem Avill over receive universal ajiproval. A Avriter in Chom!>ers' Journal, Avho does not pretend to outer into scientific dissertation, but rather attempts to convey " a few simple hints" to those Avho are interested in the subject, sugiost.s tliat many porHons wi»o haA'e eudeaA'ored at A'arious times iu their lives to acipiire a knowledge of foreign tongues, hut gave up the untlertaking, would a^ain try were it nut for comtemplation of tiio hard, grinding, uninteresting natnro of tlie task betbro them -~ the A'isions of endless paradiguis, of rules upon rules Avith all their confusing exceptions, of dull exercises that seem jieA'er to got beyond the " books of my sist' r's brother's friend," or the particular situation of tliis or that particular individual's um- •lindla, steel pen, lauu'il case, or other interosting object. Tim "ac- cepted notion " of wlnit is re(|uired to be done in tlie initiatory process of learuing some iVu'eigu tou^nm — the wading through a grauunar of perlia[)s a hundred and lifty pages, gi'tting by heart all tlie conjugations, uitlections, exceptions and idioms^ after which the j)leaMiiit prospect is liuld out that onu may l/icn begin to road sonie- lliing, is o[)posiMl by tliis writer, lie says : " Such a system — if system it can bu called — is an utterlV errcuieoiis ono. Little wtmder that it repuls so many from tailing up v.'hat is really a mo-it iuteresiing study. To any who contem])late doing so, the advice laay be givon to cast aside all preconceived ideas aliout the old. uu'tli ids, and liey;in at once to read the lan prinlfd \n\yiV, at first uinv and imramiliar, will j^radimlly iinrold itsi-lT a-i wofd :ilt*'r word is k'(un<.'d, and \vl»un iv S'.'uteiice hits been tmus- latod, tlu' roador will go on with ii stnui,i:o feolin;: t>t'didijj;lit to nuistci' more of the contents Th^J-e i-. no better iiietlicd of a friijiul indiued with similar desires and aims will lw.> n.set'ul. At the very outset, attempts should bj mad(! to carry on conversation together iit the language. The power to do this, nt lir.st halting: and awkward, will gradually' e.\pand. Tb.e name of every object whiclt is round about us in our daily life should l>e learned and referred to in conver- sation. Tlte phrases employed to denoito particular action.s and feel- ings .should be looked up as they recur to the mind. Now nnd jigaLrk the eonvevsation that may be heard at tUe table, in the train, any- Avhere, may be translated mentally. There are uuiny times when one is alone and there is nothing in particular to ocoujjy the thougUts. Such a UKiment should bo sei/.ed to recall words we have come acro.ss in our reading, anil thus make them the more lirtnly (jur own. A book of poems will be of much as.sistanee. It is easier to learn a poem by heart than ."i bit of prose, and if the meaning of each passage hasi been thoroughly mastered, it will Ix; a simple operation to recall each word by its context. In this way it i.s wonderful how raiudly the Vocabulary incren.se ,s." The writer does not counsel neglect of the gTammar. lie thinks that, by learning to read lirst, the grammar will by and by be taken up with almost as much interest as the tale it.self. But he- insists that the grammar should be :^iven a secunilary [)lace. The autluu' of the present paper is altogether at one with all those, and their name is legion, who are of opinion that gram- mar should be given (^uite a secondary i)lace in the learning of a language, or uf how lo spenk it, at least, if not to write it. We naturnlly hiuk around us as in all (»ther eases whert? someting is tu be done, for a clue, a hint suggestive of how to do it. To start again or anew at devising means by wdach rectilinear altermi- ting motion as that uf the pistt)n of a steam cylinder may be con- verted into circular, or the contiary ])roposition, would be absurd, without lirst enciuiring what had already been achieved in that T tamamtmm diroction and thou stiidyiii;L; how such mhkIl's or iriothods ooiild bo iiii|))'ovud on. Tint heavy weights for instiuicu can ho raised, we havo tiie jiroof around ns in tlio pyramids, iji the obelisks, in tl.o mighty works of antiquity. It Avuuld then be sheer loss of time to set to work iigiiin to reinvent tiie inclined piano, tlio wedge and .screw, the lever, pulley iuid axle, the anti-friction roller. It would behove us tlier(jfore to suidy up and see what lore wuro stored up fur usj> ready made, in ujuseums and in books. Man has been largidy indebted to uaturu iu his discoveries and inventions: how did Noah build the ark but in imitation uf the riblied structure (d'tlio hunnin frame or of that of birds and (juad- rupeds in general. Where can you have a closer roseinbluiice than between the hull of a vess(d of our day and the chest ov thorax of vertebrates, where the keel and keulsou con lining the cross ties beetwen thorn as they do, i,ro tlu liack bone of tlio structure, the vertebral column, the ribs hinged to them— thu breast bono or sternum as in uiau, the conlining dock or whalo buck; or reverse the skeleton as in the goose, with tho breast b;)ne for the bottom of the vus.sel, the projecting s[)ino or web the keel, thu yacht slip keel of the present day, Iho back bone in turn the deck, tho ribs tho sides, tho llosh ami skin the planking or outer sheothing. Again, is it at uU likely that man would over havo dreamed of makiim up a ball or the .sumblaiico uf such a liguro too vast to be cut bodily from the solid — a dome for instance, a balloon, iin imita- tion of tho terrestrial sphere, of component ungulau traced fr(jm and mooting at tho centre or at the [lolos, had ho never seen tho sugges- tive melon of tho thus ribbed type or had the inner structure of tho orange, tho very poetry of geometrical conception nut been revealed to his womlering and dolightod contoiuplatiun. And why not then apply this process to any other matter of omiuiry ; tho study of a language or aught olso. Go avo back then to the beginning of tho world, or after God created Adam and what are we to infer from holy writ, but that tho almis.hty spirit so st.u'ed Adam's min 1 with words — as Ho had provid^nl Mm with all else that was recpiirod to minister unto his material roqniveinonts of food, and dress and shelter. Yes, ami God commanded him that he should give unto every thing a name, Adam had not then learned to spell, he had no alphabet, no written alphabet, no phonetic sot of eleinunts or signs; nor did ho rc(iuire such for spokon language; but ho possos.sod within him tho phonetic elements, tho .simple alphabetic sounds and utterances, or the faculty to utter them, many ul which are of themselves and in whatever language, as today in our own, e.\prossivo of numerous things as a an article or one uf any thing, aye -ay e — afllrmative — e, he— !, /, my.self. oyo tho organ of vision— o - oh o.vcl., owe or to owo — U,you,your.solf, owe tho female sheep.yew a tree and others; conso- nants fur instance which nut generally expressive of themselves, can Itc wirli \t)Wfls I'liiiipoiuuli'd iutti \S(W(is tiil>sorvo the pm'pose.s at' wiirds as* b-be V. - l)ee an insect, e- see v. -sea (»cet»n. j -jay a Mnl, k- • peiv a vegetaUK', ([-cue, i'-ai-e> v.. t - tea an hevb, y - why aUverlk. [iatev en and alter tradition had hantled d(Mvn these appelhi- tives t;iu i).'iiini tc separati> rroui iiis I'ellows and emigrate to [)arts remote, parls whereto tlie hunva.i voieo eiiuhl no lonner rearli : it Iveeann' necessjiry ti» seek lor iu>am>s whieh like the eouunandments eoiild l)e trtieeil (tn stinie or wood or liark or pa- |>yrns or paper, and hei.iL'; [u'rhiani iit and iuetVaoeahle could he sent by water or l>y land, conveyiiiii niess;ines and inrorniution. Hence thi'ncelorth the necessity of written laniiua,L'.e and of enihodyinij; I'ach alphabetic soiind in to an iuia,;i;e of itself ; ami \v liicli variously coniiiin- ed with other sounds or si^-ns we now call letters, came in course of time to I'orm our wriiit u lauj:ua^e. Uut with this we are nut now roncernetl. t>uren<[uiry is how to learn or teach another to ^peak or talk and thus put one in u way to convey one's nieaniui;. Now how (lid Adam [iroeeed to brinn forth oj-tler out of chaos — precisely as liis Divine .Master, the cix;ator of all things, had done in the beginning, when us the Mot^uie version reads. He eliminatetl all things out of chaos. Adam's mind as stated, was stored by the ('reator with all the sounds and WMU'ds his vocal organs cou'd give utterance tu, his hearing ph(Ui(»graph, his eyes perceive and of which inuiges could l»e ph(Uo,ed ^m the retina ; but he must do it ami he no doubt did, by ^tr(jceeiUng, as the Deity had done, in order. His lirst re(iuireiuent» were ecmeernjd wlih the names of things or what we now call lu^uus or substantives ; 'nit us there are thousands such In* must divide them into I'umiliesoi distinctive gr(»u[>-! and this he di(l at the hat of the Crtutor by descemling from the concrete wlude — the universe — to the component parts or features: the Earth he !itood on svhich to hint was the kisis of the system, the sky or lirma- lueut. the Sun, the Moon, tiie Stars, Venus, .lupiter and Mars may be, unless that by his unassisted visi(m he could take in what we can- not now a day without a telesco[»e, the planet Mercury, Saturn ami its rings uiul the very satellites. He ma/ not have known, save by divine intuition, the cou- ligurati(m of the Kartli ; but if lie ilid he would proceed to call this a sea and that a ciMitinent, a lake, an island ; and if he did not. or his descendants, mitil lat'c ; still was there ample m;»ti'rial for classi(icati(Ui in his mind ■ the land, the water, the plain and valley and the mountain ; tl\e rill, the rivulet, tlu bro )k. th '■ rivv^^rs, and now, as said, what he wasmoi\; directly intere.steil in as .shelter, food and raiment : and lirst thi' grjiss and shrubs and trees, calling each one in sncco.s.sion by its nam.! smd storing th.Mu in thit ci)iu;)artineiit of his brain adapted to the remembrance of such n series ; and now the animals, the u.x, the ass. the hin'.sf, the mammalia in general ; i mmm llii! iitliL'f iiiliiihitiiiits of tliu eai'tii all oliissiCuMl !iy hiin. tlu; vorto- hiates, invcM'terl)iitcs. suiikcs, rt;|itiK,'s, iiist'etts jiiul tlio liko. Now Ik" looks forth huyoiul tlio oartli mid fiiuls liimst'lf in iiu (irciiM wliicli he culls the air, tlic atiuospluu'o and in.' takos cogiilzaiicL' ol'itH wiiiytnl (loiiizo)is: tliu lly, tlio Ijl-o, thu Ijii'd whitdi lie succossi. VLdy classes ill ills mind or iiuMiiory— tliu fowl, tliu oa^lo, tlm liird of prey, the owl, tlio ostrioli and llio hiimmiiiy bird. Ho iioxl ox. I'lorcs the waters of the earth and with rod and line and liait intent, ho lirin,i;s I'oi (h the dwellers of the deop and names and elassilies tlicin MS do our naturalists of tu-ila-y ; and tli'J amphihia and all other living croatnros, A;;'aiii tlii're lire the rocl<^ and soils : tho hard, thi; soft, the lig-ht, the heavy, the iineliioiis, tl. >,se lit for culture and those not so ur only partly so ; and then the metals or their ores or s ich of them MS may have heon known to our sire an I siiilloii'iit for his wants and whereof or wherewith to make ur fashiun iiillileiiuuits — domestic, oU'ensivo and defensive. Adam after lakiii- in all that surronndeil hln,, |all,^t likely have cunceutrated his attention on himself and seen the necessity or ailvisability of so to say disinte,ii,ratin,u, his eomponnd nature into its components, his synthetie make-up into its analytic uloineiits, his concrete heing into its abstractions, his whole in one word, into its composing parts; proceeding in regular rotation from head to foot ; and llualy so iiuieh as he may have known or surmised of the physiology of life; ihe breathing or inhaling and expiring, the digestive apiiaratns lis evidenced in the preparation of his animal food, the lungs, the heart, the other viscera, the secretions, the blood Mild whether or nut its circulation, its double circulation, the arterial or nervous and the pnlnumiiry, were known to him mid lost again ere Harvey rediscovered it, as so many things among the Chinese, Mild other nations, have beer, found to exist and to he known though nut as yet dreamed of by Europeans and other civilized [leoples. And then with Adam and his family there must have sprung n|) as in our time the necessity of other nouns and names distinctive of relationshi[) in its many phases, forming another important and essential subdivision ; and then of pronoins expressive of proprie- torship as mine, thine and iind their and his— mid uf identity as he and rilie mid it; and again of iidjeetives both qualitative and qnaiititativo ; and of numbers distinctive of iho singular and plural ami vif ordinals MS ill hiorairiiy; the article as a and ///o illustrative of the abstract mid the concrete; the preposition and the adverb and (iiially the verb exiiressive of the kind of action of which the meaning is \u be im- I arted or conveyed. And when all these parts of speech have been mastered in the analytical way setforth, they can be put together, built up into sen- tences; as with the written language we build up words from their component letters into syllables and coiiipouud them into e.xpressiuii.s illustrative uf all we can have to sav or write abjui. I] — Well, ill till' sii'ii ' luamicr US our ciiiniiniii piirrut li;is li;iii(lo(i; i-|i)Wii !■) us liy tniditiiMi tlm' Miimi'Sdffill tliiiijis kiiown to liiiii,iuiil our rorclallu'i's tlio>r III' tliiii'js imkiiowM to Adiiiii il' siicli iImm'i' iiiay Uiivi? Iici'ii, SI) i|(i \vc (iriH'i-cil lo tfiii'li our cliililri'ii, liy I'iiUiu.i; tmt ami Li'lM-atiiiu as r('nuii<'(l ilic naim- ol'i'vcry t liiii^r uinl thus is tliu sitoki'ii laii.uuaii,!' inu'in'tiiiiU'il, ami In li- [H'r()otua.toil Lit all tiiu ;, ami tin is is iIh- tlt'^ii'i (l (.'Iiii' at lia.ni).. Tlu' iK'st \va\ (lu'n i,f aciiiiiriiit; or iiii|)artiii'_'; tlu'Wonls of vour own or any luvciipi laiiLiua^e as I'reuoli, or (ii;nu'iii, or Italian or any otiicr, is ('('rtainly tlu- sy-^liun of cate'j.ori/iiMj; tlit'iii so U\ say into lainilics, liciMuniiiL'; witli nouns a.ud nunu'rals lunl tiu'sc, not liy lii\'iii,t:, to liuni tlnin np in vocalnilarii-s or li.'xicoiis or otiuM Imoks^ liut \ iva \(i('i' or as in olden lliin's l>\- vorlial triiditioii, I'roiii a t'rioml ur |uiilV>s(ir sittiii'^. \valkin'.c with you or at your K' or at iiiiiic, hi'i.'ausc then you havr helon.' yon and around you the very thiiiiis \<.y\\ Want to know ti;i' nan'.cs of, as thi'V aro suii'iiustc I to you throMLili llir fVf or otlu-r siuiscs, a.nd. ciM'taljily would, not alwa_\ s Ik' were t(ic\ not tlicff as r<.>niind(>rs. And »\ lion I say : (irsl tlu' iioun.s mid nuna'rals, it is that tin; inurr name of the thiiiii asked lor or re'^uir-'il is in roality tlio (uily word that nt.'ed lu' pi'iuiouneed, as lor instaiici' on entering!; a liote', die side Willi! '■ room " with, an interrogativo tono toil, it' you arii not sure there i-one to lie h.ad, or a luore [)oreni|>tory tone if yi>n ihink or know there is, will siilliee ami you may [lossihly he ahle to linuioiinci' tiie won! eorreel ly m sulheiiuitly so to make your nn'an- iiiu understood, you iniL^it not h' a ivaiic' 1 enou^'h to say " ean \'ou ai'cv)U" j me with a room '" or 1 wan' a room please, or words to that ell'eri — and so with ehair or cah. or horse, or water or anythiiiL!: else you niav rennlre. And that 1 am riiiht in assert ini^ this, that onl\ the name of the thin.i^ is rennii'ed to render your ineaiiiiig unmistakeahle — what else doi's the almost infant say hut liread and milk and sugar — hall, and doll, and dog. and eat. ete, and there ran he no mistake ahmit what if wants without the addi- tion of any article or \eih nv other part of speech. Till' writer can not ineliue to Olendorf's inethoil of teai.'hing a liinguagy. He professes to do it in a hundred lessons more or less, where you formulate .such phrasts as " give me my hat " •' where is my stick." Now, I'y this systiiin if you reipiire a knit" or tork, a plate, 11 spoon, etc., insti.'ad of linding these words in one and the same ca- tegory or chapter as they should !>>', they are dis[)erse(l at distaiuies ihroughoiit the jiook ; hread is in one lesson, hutter in another ; .Mon- day is here and Tuesday there and the names of other daws not to lie found-— one, and two, and three may he together or near at hand v\ liil" ot litu' numhirs are searched for in \ain -needle where .^ and where again is thread. 'I'hiui sit we down together at your h.tard or at mine and the greater necessity of our human nature h^iiig foj.l, let u* cuininencu i T —Mill iHmUin«!M»»i Willi tcachiiii,' or \)v\\\<^ taiifilit, iiftor tlie words taljU;, Nrfiikfiint , liiiicli, (liuiu'r, ,sii|iii('r. iiniil, ilossjrt, uto., tlu' iiiiiiu's of till cdiuus- tililcs oi' iii'tii'l(!s III" foi) 1, tlu'v l)t>iii;^' all tiiiTO hiiloi'o our eyes to iuig,t,'(.'st tilt' iiKiniry us to their i(|)|)(!lliitioii, us hn-ail, meat, potato ; or lollowiiiii out tlu! mi'iiii oi hill nl'faro : soups, lislus, iiiuats roast ami hniliMJ Mild iVii'd, \<'g(>tal)l<'s. salt, |u'p|iL'i', viiu';;'ai'. olo.. — puddinff.i, pa^liy, iViiit, not I'orfji'ttiii;; ales, wiiios and porters, lli|iioi's, tea, ooliee, creams snid so oii. Tliero is one category j,^oiu' through and ad and easily ill a siiinje lessi>ii till' sti'eiit or M([iiiii'i' nr |iuMic hiiiliwiiv tlicio is ilio slii-i'l ilscir. llu> j-'dc wiilk, tlir koih, till' culfU U:i-iu liir siirfiico Wiilcr. llii> l!iin|> \Mist, telf^nipli ainL lrli'l>li(iii(' (Hisi- ;iuil wir.'. llio iirci'ii--i\vai'(l, stt>|v|(inir stone. I'omitiiiii. iiioniiiiKMit ; anil :m':iiii oltji'i'ls in motion : tlio liorsL* or ilo|;; or .u;oiit,. till' two \vIh';1, I'oiir wln'cl vcliirlc. iIm'cxcIc, liicvcli', tiii-vrlc, ioidf. Now ooncLMilnUi- IV littli' oi' your iitti'utioM un vnnr^cU' iind It'iirn thu niiinc ot'iVtTv onniiioncnt portion ol" ymir Ixidy, in onliT iinil ill a wiiy in tnr:.'i't notli.iii^ a-i iioiul iiml liiiir iiiul car aiul ears ami iiosi' :iin( iimiitli ami tuutU uiul ti'ctli, eve and eyes, nock, shoulder urin. hand, tiiui'-, and lli.'iiee di seeiidiiin' toyour very fo)! iu\d toe and toe nail, Inr siirtdy iliis is an iin|iortaiit j^'mnii ol' words, imt li lie jninliled n|i hetero- 'i'''*''"^'.''' with uiiy otlii. . cateuory and yi>n ran loriiet uoiliinu l>\ lids ninde of proeecdinij; witli your edni'atioii. 'I'ake iiji now ili(^ innir uiini and Iind out in the laiiirnaire you ai'i' striving to ac'iuiie the earri'spouiliiiLi' word lor heart and lunus mid liver and the other visi^era, llesh, hone and niiiscle, luu've, mar- row, hraiii, hloeil. vein and artery, etc. And now that you aro iibio t<) tell of your own oiiiwaid. and iiiwiu'd individual, soo to your iiiit-oii or artirles ol' dress as ho Us and shoes and pants ;kud shirt and coat, collar, uoik-tie, hat, cap, iverehief, oaue, iiailirella, hroast pin, eye glass or ghisscs; not forgetting the feiiiak' rennireineiits of similar import as ulster, ehomi-e, cu'set, panisol. hrooeli, huitoii and huttoii holo liook and eye, [lorki-t, ear-ring, watch, and fan, etc., and us aho\e made up, one is a man, a woman, a lioy, a girl, a child, ii hahy. Now groii|i together tlie a[>pellati ves e.xpre.ssivo of rcdatioii- ship as father, hrotlcr. sister, cousin, husiiaiul, wife, nephew, iiiece^ god and grand fat hei-, and aneevtors of the maternal persinision, and to wind u|>this li\iii'j,- moviu'.;' group, Ije sure not to omit thr ever acti\e and idjiipiitous mother indaw. Well, as ydu see. iiouiisjtre the groat desideratum; luit when tlie.st' arc mastered, lU' as 1 said before, as a side issue and to guard against mouotunw take a lesson or givo one in the articles : a, an, the, and the [U'onouiis 1, you, she, they, him, her, it. mine, thini?, yours ; and now you can ask lor "" iiiy caiie. "' give him "' his hat, " allude to •■ her boiiiHt." their M'hool, my secmid hiisliaud, his third wife, l*rejiosit ions and adverlis may now idaim your atti'iition iinil you need not be part icular as to the part of speech tlu'V are to be clas- >ilied under, for many such wiu'ds arc at the same time prepositions, adverlis, adjectives and nouns. You can now say: before breakfast, after dinner, nearly six oclock, at church, with hcM". enough wine, too much wat(.'r, tu nmrrow, this ovoning. agreeably, politely, hones- tly &c. Adjectives are iiumerDns liut those luiist likely to be lirst. re([uire(l are giiod and bail, stout ami thin, i'.it ami lean, pretty, ugly, — — fiiio, cloudy, rainy, cold, iliiinp— honutiful .sky, a hn\>x way, fat fel- li)W, tt fiiiick lioisi', (Ml \igly dof.^ Vt-rhs i-aii ho dUiieiiHod witli ti) a ■^icat oxtont till otiioritarta iirspeccli aro iiiaston.Ml. \Vv all kimw iuiw imuili moaning luay l)o cuKveyed liy iiitunatitiu of tlio vuice, tiio most sin\plo of josluros, a nuM'o ;,'lanoo (if tlio oyo, a slirug uf tho HlK>iildorH,u fn»\vii, a sinilo, a, 11 Inuiv. Until VdiJ kiiiiw tho vltIis puM.i, hand, ploaso and aro al»lo In Hiiy ; will yon hand ine an urango, tins .siniph* wkkI orange will Kiifflfu ^vill^ a lc)(d\ at tin* (Mintainin^ dish or h;isKct, an inulination of tho lioad oxprossivo of" I would thank yuu (of" ;iud iv slight advanoo uf till' hand or your iiliito. Uf many vortiM wo huvo tho action a?< a noun, a^i witli play, danco, walk, rid", drivo, Nm