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 >^UG 23 JS46 
 
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 Preliminary Note on the Linnestones of 
 tlie Laurentian System. 
 
 By Elfkic Drew Ingall. 
 Geological Survey, Ottawa. 
 
 " Seprinted from the Canadian Record of Science, April, 1894." 
 
 
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" Itcpriritid frotii the Caiiu<lian Record of Scn'ticc, April, 1S94." 
 
 Preliminary Note on the Limestones of the 
 Laurentian System. 
 
 By Elfric Drew Ikgm.i.. 
 (Jeolooical Slrvev, Ottawa. 
 
 In view of tlio attention which is no?r being iliicv Icil to 
 tho above mentioned subject, in connection with the work 
 of the (Jeolooical Survey of ('anncia in the 1 aureniian area 
 Ij'iu}^' north of Ottawa, it is deemed a littintj time to record 
 the observations and conclusions of the writer on the ques- 
 tion above denoted. 
 
 Those observations were made whilst 8ind3"ing the mode 
 of occurrence of the jthosphate deposits of the county of 
 Ottawa, Province of (Quebec in the years 1888, 1889 and 
 1890, and have not before been presented to the public 
 owing to the pressure of other duties in connection with 
 the supervision of the division of Mineral Statistics and 
 Mines of the Geological Survey. A fuller and more com- 
 plete statement of results must even yet await the evidence 
 to be adduced from a microscopical study of the very com- 
 plete series of rock specimens collected. 
 
 At the commencement of the investigation with a view 
 to prevent any prejudice in observation special care was 
 taken to avoid any preconceived theoretical bias and the 
 
 I I • 
 
89 
 
 PreHminary Note. 
 
 viowH arrived at aro nimply the rcHult of an extended and 
 detailed study of tiie piienomeua observable in iho Held. 
 
 Apart from the chief object of the investigation — i.e. the 
 mode of the occurrence of the phHophate deposits — it was 
 intended to show the dlHtribution of the rocks over a 
 typical area which should include the chief mines of the 
 district, and in this way it became necessary to attempt a 
 delimitation ni certain limestone areas, in doing Avhich the 
 following features were brought forcibly to light. 
 
 Their mode of occurrence was extiemely indefinite and 
 irregular. Although great pains were taken it was found 
 impossible in most places to draw any very sharp line be- 
 tween the limestone-" and the surrounding rocks. 
 
 They contained inclusions of gneissic and other associated 
 rocks in the form of bands, nodules, etc. 
 
 The propoition of this included rock in relation to the 
 limestone proper was extremely varialde so that whilst at 
 some places limestone with inclusions miijht be a fi'ting 
 designation, at others one would latber describe as gneiss 
 with intercalated i-ibbons or bands of calcite. Thus, in 
 passing from a limestone area on to another rock, it became 
 a question of percentage as lo where one would draw a line 
 between the two and in the area of gneiss, etc., proper, one 
 would often find little scattering patches of limestone. 
 
 These litnestono areas show a very constant and more or 
 le.ss definite striping or parallel structure which always 
 maintained a marked parallelism with that of the surround- 
 ing gneiss in all its variations of direction. 
 
 On close ob>ervation, the inclusions in these limestone 
 areas, bhow some very interesting leatuies. Jn sinipe they 
 are varied. One exposure might show a number of con- 
 torted bands of gneisaic material running parallel to each 
 other, separated by limestone, and much thickened at the 
 sharp bendft by doubling. At other jdaces these inclusions 
 form a comparatively small i)i-oportion of the rock mass 
 showing as detached nodules, of irregular shape. These 
 nodules are very commonlj'^ roughly lenticular, showing a 
 tendency to taper off at either end along the striping of the 
 
 ' . ■ « 
 
 
 • f • 
 
CanailiuH Record oj Science. 
 
 90 
 
 enclosing limestone ; at jilaces this tapering ort' is seen, on 
 closer inspection, to he clue to strings of jmrticles of fel- 
 wpathic and similur material arranged in line. 
 
 All those inclusions of whatever shape seem to have one 
 feature in common. Their exterior surface it hacUl}', pit- 
 ted and with n geneiall}' coiToded ajjpearance. 
 
 The general striping of the limestones would seem, on 
 careful study, to he due, cither to little irregular chains of 
 such particles or to a different colouring of the re|)lacing 
 calcite crystals, prohahly marking the j)hices where such 
 paiticles have l)een. 
 
 The detailed explanation offered hy the wi iter seems to 
 him to satisfactorilj' and thoroughl}- oxi)iain these and 
 other features of the limestones of the Laurent ian. He is 
 led to the conclusion that they simply represent areas of 
 gneihsic and similar rocks altered in place into limestones. 
 Furthermore, that the extent and location of these areas 
 have been largely determined by the presence of the abrupt 
 bends and other contortions of these rocks, whose folije 
 ■would thus be separated and opened up to the complete 
 action of the subterranean waters. Where such contor- 
 tions and crumpling of the rocks had extended over a con- 
 siderable area, the alteration would have gone further and 
 have produced the solid limestone masses so frequently 
 found. In these the inclusions w^ould naturally be scarcer 
 and represent the more solid portions of the ribs of the 
 gneiss which for this reason or owing to their mineral 
 comi)Osition were less amenable to change than the rest of 
 the area. These would natural l}^ show the corroded sur- 
 face already alluded to, and the tapering off along the strip- 
 ing of the rock. The lesser and scattering occurrences of 
 limestone throughout the district, which are a very confus- 
 ing feature on any other supposition, would thus be satis- 
 factorily accounted foi- as well as the extreme irregularity 
 of the boundaries of these limestone areas and other 
 phenomena of their occurrence. 
 
 Doubtless also the mineral constitution of the original 
 rocks must have been an important factor in the determina- 
 tion of the position, etc., of these alteration areas. 
 
m 
 
 Contributions to Canadian Botany, 
 
 Tho occurrence of these limtstoncs at the nnticlinnt 
 folds of the formation has been noticed in a /i^eneral way 
 by Dr. Klls, of the Creoiogieal Siii-vcy staff, who is now en- 
 gaged in mapping tho general geology of a veiy large 
 district north of the Ottawa Jliver, extending from Ottawa 
 city eastward, nearly to Montreal. The writer, however, 
 believes that this is tho first attempt to explain in detail 
 the reason of this association on the basis of subsequent 
 alteration in place, and to put forward a theory which 
 should harmonise all tho features observable both in tho 
 largei- and more definite areas ami irj the smaller and scat- 
 tering i>atclies found throughout the district. 
 
 Since writiriK the above I unJer.stan>l from Dr. Selwyn, the Director uf the 
 (leologiciii Survey, tliiit in some corresiiondence ho hinl with Messrs. Howney 
 and Kinft in regard to tlieir bool< on Rock Metainorphisnii issued in connection 
 with tlie EoJoon controver^'y in 1881, lie wrote a.s follows : " I iiin led to believe 
 thiit the two kinds of limestone or dolomite have had a disiinct origin and that 
 the non-fo8siliferou8 and senerally crystalline set are newer than the strata 
 with which they are associated. Nearly if not tiuite all our Laurentian and 
 Iluroiiiaii limestones seem to me to have this non-contemporaneous character 
 BotwithstandinK that they conform more or less perfectly with the lamination 
 and with the larger llcxures of tlie associated gneiss." 
 
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