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A DESCRIPTION 
 
 ur TUB 
 
 PROYINCE OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 INFORMATIOX OF INTEREST AND VALUE 
 
 TO 
 
 INTENDING EMIGRANTS 
 
 y 
 
 PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF HIS HONOR THE LIEUTENANT'. 
 GOVERNOR AND THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL. 
 
 r^./^U^ 
 
 'tX^d^lA^ 
 
 
 HALIFAX. N. S., 
 PRINTED BY CHARLES ANN AND, 
 
 1870. 
 
Provincial Skchktary'h Office, 
 
 Iliilifax, N. S., ISth Jjinuary, 1870. 
 
 Sin,— 
 
 I Iiavo it ill command to acquaint you that the Secretary 
 
 of State for the I'roviiices has forwarded to tliis Departuient 
 
 coities of letters from tho Keveral Emigrant Agents in Europe, 
 
 in vhich thcv state that thev are without any reliable oflicial 
 
 inforjnation respecting Nova Scotia, its suitableness for tlio 
 
 settleuKMit of emigrants from Great liritain and the continent 
 
 of Europe, and tho class of emigrants most needed in tho 
 
 country, and who would be tho uujst like!)' to succeed. 
 
 You will therefore, in your ollicial capacity as Immigration 
 
 Agent, have the goodness to furnish the required information 
 
 us soon as possible. 
 
 I am. Sir, 
 
 Your obdt. servant, 
 
 W. li. VAIL, 
 
 Provinckd Secretary. 
 
 T. F. Morrison, Esq., M. P. P., 
 
 Immi</ratlon A'jent, Londonderry. 
 
 Sir,— 
 
 Londonderry, N. S., 
 
 January 28th, 1870. 
 
 I have the lienor to acknowledge the receipt of your 
 communication of the ISth instant, acquainting me that the 
 Government Emigration Agents in Europe rec^uiro reliable 
 information respecting the suitableness of this Province for 
 the settlement of emigrants from Europe, and the class of 
 emigrants most needed in the country, and who would be the 
 most likely t(» succeed. 
 
 In reply to which I respectfully submit tlie following pages, 
 compiled partly from my own personal knowledge of tho 
 country, and partly from information and assistance kindly 
 furnished by Mr. H. Crosskill, the Deputy Provincial Secre- 
 tary, who has many times travelled over these Provinces, and 
 
Avlio uiulorstands tliorouglily tlic resources, capuMlitios nnd 
 reqnironients of Nova Hcotiu, and of each se])arato cotinty. 
 Tlio floHcription is a short, general one, hiit, I think, contains 
 all the information asked for. Hitherto no move in the right 
 direction has ever been made by the Government of Nova 
 Scotia to induce the right class of emigrants to settle in the 
 country. The OovernmcntM of the United States and Canada 
 have always expended large sjims of money for the encour- 
 agement of immigration, by which means they have immensely 
 increased the population of their respective countries ; and it 
 is not probable that, while great inducements are held out to 
 emigrants by the United Htatcs, Nova Scotia would ever 
 become known as a home for emigrants unless some reliable 
 official information, at least, be furnished, and circulated ex- 
 tensively throughout P]urope. 
 
 While some other countries have succeeded, by a good deal 
 of exaggeration, and even falsehood, in inducing immigration, 
 I feel certain that nothing more than the truth need be told in 
 reference to Nova Scotia to prove its superiority for a good 
 class of emigrants. The large cities of the United States can 
 readily absorb the pauper emigrants of Europe, and find a 
 certain amount of employment for them ; but this country 
 cannot do so, and none but respectable emigrants, possessing 
 a small amount of capital, could well succeed. 
 
 I have the honor to be. Sir, 
 
 Your obd't. servant, 
 
 THOMAS F. MORRISON. 
 Hon. W. B. Vail, 
 
 Provincial Secretary, Halifax. 
 
NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 Tlio Province of Nova Scotia, in Ilritish Nortli Aniorica, is 
 a [jcninsula lying between -43^ luul 4G' north liititudo, and 
 Gl° and G7° wu.st longitude. It is connected with New 
 Brunswick hy a narrow isthmus about IG miles wide ; its 
 area is about 300 miles in length by 100 miles in width, at its 
 widest part, containing about 10,000.000 acr(^s, about one-fifth 
 I)art of which consists of lakes and small rivers. Of the 
 whole extent, about 5,000,00" acres of land arc fit for tillage. 
 
 The sea-coast is very rough, rugged, and rock-bound, and 
 travellers who have seen the coast only, or have stoi)j)cd an 
 hour or two at Halifax, can form no idea of the beautv and 
 fertility of the interior of the country. 
 
 As a liome for the better class of emigrants. Nova Scotia 
 possesses many advantages over all the other North American 
 Provinces : but it is no place for paupers, there are now as 
 many laborers of the lower class as employment can bo found 
 for. EniiAoycrs are as much wanted as emploi/es in the coun- 
 try ; good farmers, manufacturers, fishermen, miners, etc., 
 would do well. 
 
 The resources of the different counties are so varied that a 
 class of imun'grants who wouhl do well and make money in 
 one county would barely make a living in another ; some 
 counties are ada[)ted to agricultural jnirsuits, some to mining, 
 and others to fishing, while all are suited for manufactures of 
 various kinds, there being s[)lendid water-power and other 
 facilities in every county. 
 
 Annapolis, Kings, Hiints, Lunenburg, Antigonish, Pictou, 
 Colchester and Cumberland counties, with a large part of 
 Yarmouth and Digby counties, are agricultural districts ; 
 Pictou and Colchester are also mining counties ; Halifax and 
 Guysborough combine mining and fishing. In Queens, Shel- 
 burne, Yarmouth, Richmond and Digby, fishing and shi[)build- 
 
iiig aro extensively prosectited. In Victoria and Inverno!*?* 
 the inliuliitantH ^onc.'i'ally do ti littlo in tisliin^^, sliipuiiiliiinir, 
 and agriculture. Cape I'rctoii in a coal minin;; district, and w 
 very lar^^e amount of capital is tnuployed in the 'lusiiicss. 
 
 As all the counties have a lVontaj:;t5 on the sea, fishing and 
 Hhi|)ltuilding aro carried on to a certain extent in all, while in 
 the counties best ada|)ted to the prosecution of the latter 
 business the people engage in farming on u small scale nho. 
 Annapolis takes the f^rst rank lor fruit-gr<j\ving and gentiral 
 agric\dtnre, Kings iind Hants second; riunenburg, Colchester, 
 I'icton, (^unberland, and Antigonisli, for general farn>iiig, 
 sec(jnd ; but they are not good frMit-f)rodu(Mng districts. An- 
 tigonisli is a splendid grazing county, well adapted to dairy 
 farming, and even now does a thriving business in butter and 
 fat cattle with Newfoundland. In Annapolis ai»d Kings conn- 
 ties uU the best kinds of northern fruits aro grown in perfec- 
 tion — a|)ples, j)ears, (|uinces, i>lums, cherries, etc., are easily 
 cultivated ; peaches, grapes, and apricots are grown in tho 
 open air in many parts of both counties; but not for market, 
 only in the gardens of private gcntlenu;n fur their own use. 
 
 All the small fruits, such as currants, gooseberries, ras[)ber- 
 ries, blackberries and strawberries, are abundant, both in u 
 wild state and cidtivatod, and are very I'lieap. 
 
 In grain — wheat, rye, oats, Uarlcy, buckwheat and Indiai> 
 corn, or maize, are each a sure croi). Potatoes, turnips, boots, 
 carrots, parsnips, beans and peas, sipiash, pumpkins, melons, 
 tomatoes, ttc, are raised in large ((uantities. Hixty bushels of 
 Indian corn, or three or four hundred bushels of potatoes aro 
 not an unusual crop per acre. Sorghun), broom-corn and 
 tobacco have been successfully experimented with. All 
 vegetables and fruit that aro raised in tho New England and 
 Western States of America mav be, and aro succossfullv 
 grown in Annapolis, Hants and Kings counties in Nova 
 Scotia. 
 
 The county of Hants lies between Halifax and Kings coun- 
 ties, and is a very fine section of tho Province. It [)ossossg3 
 extensive marshes or dyked lands, which produce very heavy 
 crops of excellent hay. and which require neither manure nor 
 top-drossing; but continue to yield year after year, without 
 
any tr()iil)l(! or oxponso to tlio ownors Imt tlmt of cutting tho 
 gniHS ami umkiiig the liay. Falmouth, in tho wcstorii part of 
 tho CD'iuty, in a superior agricultural district, l)ut tho most of 
 tho IhmI horo i« owuod by wealthy indiviiluils, and perhapH 
 could not hi) piirchased ut as low a rate as some, not at all 
 interior, in other parts of the county. 
 
 Windsor and llants[>ort aro tho principal to>' .-s,and at both 
 places shipl)uilding is ext'^nsively carried on. At Win<lsor a 
 largo trade is done in tho shipnuMit of gypsum. 
 
 Tljo climate of tho Province varies in tho ditlorcnt counties, 
 as tho counties do in their capabilities and resources. Anna- 
 polis is tho warmest, and averages about G® warmer than tho 
 State of Massachusetts, 3® or 4® warmiT than k : 'S nnd 
 Hants, 5° or 0® warmer than Halifax and Colchest* r, and 
 7' or 8® warmer than (^imberland, I'ictou, and Htu counties 
 in the Island of Capo Breton, viz., Richmond, ^ :toria, Inver- 
 ness, and Ci'pf IJreton. In Annapolis Valley tho spriiv, ;»pons 
 about two or threo weeks earlier in tho year than :ji Ualitax, 
 and tiio weather is generally drier, clearer, and free from fog. 
 The mountain, at the north side of the valley, which skirts tho 
 shore of the Hay of Fundy, is high enough to })rovent tho sea 
 fog coming over, and while it is sometimes damp and disagree- 
 able weather at tho north side of the mountain facing the Hay, 
 only threo or four miles away, in the valley it is delightfully 
 warm and bright. 
 
 There is no better agricultural district north of Pennsyl- 
 vania, nor any equal to it in British North America. Any 
 English or Scotch farmer possessing money enough to pur- 
 chase and stock a farm woidd do well here. A farm of one 
 liundred acres would not cost as much as some farmers in 
 Britain pa}' in rent for one year. Farms, already in good cul- 
 tivation, of two hundred to five hundred acres, with houses, 
 barns, &c., can be purchased at from ,£350 to XI 500 sterling. 
 Our farmers generally own and endeavor to cultivate too 
 much land, consequently their farming is not good ; one aero 
 of land anywhere, highly cultivated, is more profitable than 
 three acres poorly worked and always hungry for manure. 
 
 Annapolis county exports annually about 40,000 barrels of 
 apples, a great deal of cider, and large quantities of superior 
 

 8 
 
 cheeso ; some of ihe latter made in this county is nearly or 
 quite equal to the best English make. The upland and the 
 marshes or dykes bordering the i iVer produce splendid crops 
 of hay. I have frequently seen, in the neighborhood of 
 Bridgetown, four tons of timothy and clover on one acre of 
 land. 
 
 For gentlemen of mean^' who wish to retire from business, 
 no more beautiful, healthy, or desirable location could bo 
 found in America. Game is tolerably abundant — woodcock, 
 snipe, ])artridge. plover and duck shooting are first rate ; 
 moose, doer, foxes, and hares sometimes aflbrd good sport, and 
 there is capital trout fishing in the lakes among the moun- 
 tains. The Province contains thousands of lakes ond small 
 streams in which good sport may be had, and no par. of the 
 country is more than thirty or forty miles from the salt water, 
 where may be found the best sea fishing in the world. Salmon, 
 cod, halibut, haddock, mackerel, herring, shad, &c., are abun- 
 dant, and the shallow waters teem with large lobsters ; tho 
 latter are often sold in the Halifax market for less than one 
 shilling per dozen. Large shipments of smoked or red her- 
 rings are made at Annai)olis and Digby. Th()se small fat 
 herrings make their appearance annually in the river of 
 Annapolis and Digby Basin, which is its outlet. Immense 
 quantities of them are taken and cured, and quite a profitable 
 business is done in the article. The Province possesses great 
 resources in coal, iron and gold. Copper, lead, and tin ores 
 have also been discovered in small quantities. 
 
 The coal mines are quite extensive, and number more than 
 thirty, atfording employment to thousands of people and a 
 very large fleet of vessels, by which the coals are transported 
 to other ports in the Province, to tho United States and to 
 other countries. 
 
 The production of gold from quartz rock is steadily in- 
 creasing, and new mines and leads are being discovered 
 almost daily, some of which are very rich in gold. The animal 
 exports of this metal must, in a year or two, amount to millions 
 of dollars. The quality is the best and purest yet discovered, 
 and the quartz from which the gold is extracted is very abun- 
 dant, and surpasses the best leads of California and Australia 
 An richness. 
 
9 
 
 Iron is also a staple production of tho Province, and the 
 business done by the Acadia Iron Mining and Manufacturing 
 Company, at Londonderry, is very extensive. The quantity of 
 ore on their property is inexhaustible, and the quality of iron 
 manufactured is at least equal to the best Swedisii. 
 
 Building stone of all kinds, lime stone, and brick and pottery 
 clay are in good supply. 
 
 The forests contain a great variety of superior timber; oak, 
 beech, birch, maple, ash, poplar, larch, spruce, fir, pine, hem- 
 lock, etc., all grow to a large size, and furnish a ])lentiful stuck 
 of building material and fuel. In short, and in fact. Nova 
 Scotia surpasses every country of the same extent in tho 
 M'orld in the variety and supply of natural resources. 
 
 Small towns and villages are scattered over tho Province, 
 which-are accessible from tho most remote districts by rail- 
 ways or good carriage roads, and in which all the necessaries 
 and luxuries of life may be obtained at moderate prices. All 
 that an emigrant need supi)ly himself with before leaving 
 Europe is money; some kinds of clothing may be a shade 
 cheaper in Britain than they are here, but that would not 
 make a din'erence in a man's outfit of more than a few shil- 
 lings, or, at most, of a pound or two if ho rciiuires a large 
 supply. 
 
 Halifax, in the county of Halifax, the cajjital of the Pro- 
 vince, is a city of about 35,000 or 40,000 iniiabitants, and 
 contains a mixed population of English, Scotch, and Irish ; it 
 has tho proper proportion of churches, (of all denominations 
 of christians,) school-houses, hospitals and otluM* charitable 
 institutions and asylums ; and although the most of the houses 
 are built of wood, there are many handsome stone and l.rick 
 edifices, both public and private, which are quite equal in 
 style and finish to those of larger cities in other and older 
 countries. Tlie harbor of Halifax is the finest in America ; 
 tho Inman line of steam packets to and from Liverpool and 
 New York stop here to land and receive jtassengers and 
 freight. They frequently make the trip across the Atlantic in 
 eight days. 
 
 Xova Scotia is therefore the most accessible of all the 
 British Colonies, and emigrants w'jo go to Australia, or who 
 
10 
 
 pass Nova Scotia aiu.l proceed to the United States, very often 
 " go fartlicr and fliro worse." 
 
 Travelling here by rail is 3 cents, or about l|d. per mile ; 
 stago coach travelling is, of course, somewhat higher, but very 
 little of that has t(j 1)0 done. 
 
 Immigrants from Kuropo would most naturally rsither settle 
 in parts where their own countrymen are the most numerous, 
 such being the case Scotchmen would prefer Pictou or Anti- 
 gonish county, or the counties in the Island of (Jape JJreton, 
 which is separatetl from Nova Scotia proper by a narrow 
 strait, averaging half a mile in width, called the Strait of 
 Ganso. North of Ireland })ooplo would choose Colchester, 
 and Germans Lunenburg county. The latter county is settled 
 almost entirely by Germans; it is a splendid agricultural dis- 
 trict, and in quality of soil and beauty of scenery cannot bo 
 surpassed anywhere. All the other counties are settled by 
 the descendants of English families, excepting Yarmouth and 
 Digby, the population of which is partly composed of Acadian 
 French. I would, however, not advise emigrants to this 
 country to choose a locality merely because a people of their 
 own race or religion are already settled there; all classes and 
 religions are tolcated, and have equal rights in the Province, 
 and no matter what a man's nationality or creed 7nay be, if ho 
 bo a respectable, well-behaved individual, ho will be respected 
 and well treated in any part of the country, — all have an 
 equal chance of success. 
 
 Nova Scotia contains a population of about 370,000, and is 
 steadily increasing. The climate is, at least, as healthy as any 
 in the world ; the sunnner is warmer and the winter somewhat 
 colder than in England. 
 
 In Halifax and the eastern counties the mercury seldom 
 rises in sunnner above 8G° in the shade, and in winter it is 
 not often down to zero. In the interior, say in the Annapolis 
 valley, the winter is about the same, but the summer is con- 
 siderably warmer, altln)ugh, owing perhaps to the dryness of 
 the atmosphere, tlie heat is not o[)i)ressive. 
 
 The Province exports lumber, iish, coal, iron, gt)ld, building 
 stone, gypsum, and general produce ; and imports West India 
 produce and European and American manufacturos. 
 
11 
 
 Tho exports amount to aLout $9,000,000 and tlio imports to 
 ^12,000,000 annually. The Frovinco owns moro siiip[<ing in 
 proportion to tho number of inhabitants than any other coun- 
 try ; and Xova Scotia built ships may bo Ibund in every port 
 in tlio world. 
 
 Wild lands may bo obtained from the Government for about 
 Is. 9d, sterling per acre, but they are mostly covered with 
 timber. It takes six or seven years to cut down tho trees, 
 eradicate the stumps from the land, and bring it under culti- 
 vation, and it is really more ])r()fitable to jnirchasc live acres 
 of land already under the plough than one hundred acres of 
 forest land. 
 
 A farm of one hundred, or even fifty acres, is quite largo 
 enough for any industrious and practical farmer: and I would 
 suggest that emigrants wisiiing to come to this country would 
 do well to club together in joint stock companies of ten or 
 twelve, and each company i)urchase a farm of oOO acres in ono 
 of tho best agricultural districts, and divide it among them by 
 lot or otherwise. In this way eacli would possess a farm quite 
 large enough, and with suflicieiit land under cultivation to 
 enable him to begin business at once, and get good returns 
 the first season. 
 
 As a sheep-raising country there is pei-haps no better 
 locality in America, notwithstandhig which there is not a 
 single slieep farm in the Provi)ice, and perhaps not one regu- 
 larly bred shepherd. Every farmer keeps a few sheep; but 
 tho flocks are seldom taken pro])or care of. A number of 
 thoroughbred shepherds, who would introduce the best breeds 
 of slieep, both for wool-producing and for mutton, would in a 
 very few years make a small Ibrtun :. There is a great deal 
 of land suitable for the purjiose in every county; a'-d even 
 among the wild lands there are large tracts of open, rough 
 pasture, that might be made capable of maintaining vast flocks 
 of sheep at very little expense. 
 
 A good opening is presented in Xova Scotia for tho estab- 
 lishment of manufactures of woollen and cotton goods ; the 
 climate is well adapted, and tho facilities for obtaining tho 
 raw material, and for converting it into marketable manufac- 
 tured goods, are equal to any in Euroiie, and the market for 
 
12 
 
 thorn is quite extensive enougli, as tlio Provinces, called now 
 the Dominion of Canada, contain a population of four millions 
 of people, whose wants are at present su[)plied mostly by 
 European manufactures. 
 
 It would not, in niy opinion, bo advisable for the lower class 
 of laborers to emigrate to this country at present, as there 
 would be some difficulty in finding employment for more than 
 a limited number. Perhaps a few hundreds of good practical 
 miners would do well, as the prospect now is that our gold 
 mines next summer will afl'ord a demand for such workmen. 
 
 As a home for farmers of small means, and for half-i)ay 
 officers or others with limited incomes, this country i)resents 
 great advantages. Education is free to the childr(.'ii of all 
 classes, and, although the people are taxed for the mainte- 
 nance of the schools, general taxation is not by any means as 
 great as it is in England or Scotland. House rent in the 
 country is moderate, and provisions of all kinds are cheap, at 
 the same time that they afford remunerative prices to the 
 farmer. It pa} s a farmer better in this country to raise beef 
 or mutton for 3d. or 4d. per lb. than it does in England or 
 Scotland at 6d., for the simi)le reason th it he does not have to 
 pay an enormous rent for his farm, as he does in Britain. 
 
 I have now given a general idea of the Province, its re- 
 sources, capabilities, climate, &c., and 1 am convinced that no 
 other part of America possesses such advantages for a good 
 class of emigrants as Nova Scotia. 
 
 Its nearness to luirope, and the facilities for ra[)id counnu- 
 nication with the Mother Country is one advantage which 
 should not be overlooked by intending emigrants ; its exceed- 
 ingly healthy climate is another, while the fruitfulness of the 
 soil, and the extent and variety of the natural resources of 
 the country, offer inducements to emigrants which are quite 
 unequalled elsewhere. 
 
 In connection with the foregoing, the writer would suggest 
 the formation in Great Britain, by the capitalists and others 
 among the agriculturists, of a Joint Stock Nova Scotiii Farm- 
 ing and LanI Company, with a capital of, say £50,000 sterling, 
 divided into 10,000 shares of X5. With this capital a number 
 of large farms, already in good cultivation, could be pur- 
 
13 
 
 cliiiscd in the best agricultural districts, wliicli could bo sub- 
 divided into several hundreds of farms, of from 50 to 100 
 acres each, such as would bo worth in England from £2000 to 
 £5000, and costing here, to the company, £100 to £250 each, 
 many of them with good buildings already erected. 
 
 The shareholders of such a company should come out them- 
 selves, or send out good practical agriculturists to occupy the 
 land. 
 
 Such a speculation could not fail to prove remunerative, 
 and, as an investment for spare capital, would give large and 
 sure returns.