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Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film6s en commengant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboies suivants apparattra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols »► signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film6s d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est filmd d partir de I'angle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 A DESCRIPTION ur TUB PROYINCE OF NOVA SCOTIA. CONTAINING INFORMATIOX OF INTEREST AND VALUE TO INTENDING EMIGRANTS y PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF HIS HONOR THE LIEUTENANT'. GOVERNOR AND THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL. r^./^U^ 'tX^d^lA^ HALIFAX. N. S., PRINTED BY CHARLES ANN AND, 1870. Provincial Skchktary'h Office, Iliilifax, N. S., ISth Jjinuary, 1870. Sin,— I Iiavo it ill command to acquaint you that the Secretary of State for the I'roviiices has forwarded to tliis Departuient coities of letters from tho Keveral Emigrant Agents in Europe, in vhich thcv state that thev are without any reliable oflicial inforjnation respecting Nova Scotia, its suitableness for tlio settleuKMit of emigrants from Great liritain and the continent of Europe, and tho class of emigrants most needed in tho country, and who would be tho uujst like!)' to succeed. You will therefore, in your ollicial capacity as Immigration Agent, have the goodness to furnish the required information us soon as possible. I am. Sir, Your obdt. servant, W. li. VAIL, Provinckd Secretary. T. F. Morrison, Esq., M. P. P., Immi</ratlon A'jent, Londonderry. Sir,— Londonderry, N. S., January 28th, 1870. I have the lienor to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of the ISth instant, acquainting me that the Government Emigration Agents in Europe rec^uiro reliable information respecting the suitableness of this Province for the settlement of emigrants from Europe, and the class of emigrants most needed in the country, and who would be the most likely t(» succeed. In reply to which I respectfully submit tlie following pages, compiled partly from my own personal knowledge of tho country, and partly from information and assistance kindly furnished by Mr. H. Crosskill, the Deputy Provincial Secre- tary, who has many times travelled over these Provinces, and Avlio uiulorstands tliorouglily tlic resources, capuMlitios nnd reqnironients of Nova Hcotiu, and of each se])arato cotinty. Tlio floHcription is a short, general one, hiit, I think, contains all the information asked for. Hitherto no move in the right direction has ever been made by the Government of Nova Scotia to induce the right class of emigrants to settle in the country. The OovernmcntM of the United States and Canada have always expended large sjims of money for the encour- agement of immigration, by which means they have immensely increased the population of their respective countries ; and it is not probable that, while great inducements are held out to emigrants by the United Htatcs, Nova Scotia would ever become known as a home for emigrants unless some reliable official information, at least, be furnished, and circulated ex- tensively throughout P]urope. While some other countries have succeeded, by a good deal of exaggeration, and even falsehood, in inducing immigration, I feel certain that nothing more than the truth need be told in reference to Nova Scotia to prove its superiority for a good class of emigrants. The large cities of the United States can readily absorb the pauper emigrants of Europe, and find a certain amount of employment for them ; but this country cannot do so, and none but respectable emigrants, possessing a small amount of capital, could well succeed. I have the honor to be. Sir, Your obd't. servant, THOMAS F. MORRISON. Hon. W. B. Vail, Provincial Secretary, Halifax. NOVA SCOTIA. Tlio Province of Nova Scotia, in Ilritish Nortli Aniorica, is a [jcninsula lying between -43^ luul 4G' north liititudo, and Gl° and G7° wu.st longitude. It is connected with New Brunswick hy a narrow isthmus about IG miles wide ; its area is about 300 miles in length by 100 miles in width, at its widest part, containing about 10,000.000 acr(^s, about one-fifth I)art of which consists of lakes and small rivers. Of the whole extent, about 5,000,00" acres of land arc fit for tillage. The sea-coast is very rough, rugged, and rock-bound, and travellers who have seen the coast only, or have stoi)j)cd an hour or two at Halifax, can form no idea of the beautv and fertility of the interior of the country. As a liome for the better class of emigrants. Nova Scotia possesses many advantages over all the other North American Provinces : but it is no place for paupers, there are now as many laborers of the lower class as employment can bo found for. EniiAoycrs are as much wanted as emploi/es in the coun- try ; good farmers, manufacturers, fishermen, miners, etc., would do well. The resources of the different counties are so varied that a class of imun'grants who wouhl do well and make money in one county would barely make a living in another ; some counties are ada[)ted to agricultural jnirsuits, some to mining, and others to fishing, while all are suited for manufactures of various kinds, there being s[)lendid water-power and other facilities in every county. Annapolis, Kings, Hiints, Lunenburg, Antigonish, Pictou, Colchester and Cumberland counties, with a large part of Yarmouth and Digby counties, are agricultural districts ; Pictou and Colchester are also mining counties ; Halifax and Guysborough combine mining and fishing. In Queens, Shel- burne, Yarmouth, Richmond and Digby, fishing and shi[)build- iiig aro extensively prosectited. In Victoria and Inverno!*?* the inliuliitantH ^onc.'i'ally do ti littlo in tisliin^^, sliipuiiiliiinir, and agriculture. Cape I'rctoii in a coal minin;; district, and w very lar^^e amount of capital is tnuployed in the 'lusiiicss. As all the counties have a lVontaj:;t5 on the sea, fishing and Hhi|)ltuilding aro carried on to a certain extent in all, while in the counties best ada|)ted to the prosecution of the latter business the people engage in farming on u small scale nho. Annapolis takes the f^rst rank lor fruit-gr<j\ving and gentiral agric\dtnre, Kings iind Hants second; riunenburg, Colchester, I'icton, (^unberland, and Antigonisli, for general farn>iiig, sec(jnd ; but they are not good frMit-f)rodu(Mng districts. An- tigonisli is a splendid grazing county, well adapted to dairy farming, and even now does a thriving business in butter and fat cattle with Newfoundland. In Annapolis ai»d Kings conn- ties uU the best kinds of northern fruits aro grown in perfec- tion — a|)ples, j)ears, (|uinces, i>lums, cherries, etc., are easily cultivated ; peaches, grapes, and apricots are grown in tho open air in many parts of both counties; but not for market, only in the gardens of private gcntlenu;n fur their own use. All the small fruits, such as currants, gooseberries, ras[)ber- ries, blackberries and strawberries, are abundant, both in u wild state and cidtivatod, and are very I'lieap. In grain — wheat, rye, oats, Uarlcy, buckwheat and Indiai> corn, or maize, are each a sure croi). Potatoes, turnips, boots, carrots, parsnips, beans and peas, sipiash, pumpkins, melons, tomatoes, ttc, are raised in large ((uantities. Hixty bushels of Indian corn, or three or four hundred bushels of potatoes aro not an unusual crop per acre. Sorghun), broom-corn and tobacco have been successfully experimented with. All vegetables and fruit that aro raised in tho New England and Western States of America mav be, and aro succossfullv grown in Annapolis, Hants and Kings counties in Nova Scotia. The county of Hants lies between Halifax and Kings coun- ties, and is a very fine section of tho Province. It [)ossossg3 extensive marshes or dyked lands, which produce very heavy crops of excellent hay. and which require neither manure nor top-drossing; but continue to yield year after year, without any tr()iil)l(! or oxponso to tlio ownors Imt tlmt of cutting tho gniHS ami umkiiig the liay. Falmouth, in tho wcstorii part of tho CD'iuty, in a superior agricultural district, l)ut tho most of tho IhmI horo i« owuod by wealthy indiviiluils, and perhapH could not hi) piirchased ut as low a rate as some, not at all interior, in other parts of the county. Windsor and llants[>ort aro tho principal to>' .-s,and at both places shipl)uilding is ext'^nsively carried on. At Win<lsor a largo trade is done in tho shipnuMit of gypsum. Tljo climate of tho Province varies in tho ditlorcnt counties, as tho counties do in their capabilities and resources. Anna- polis is tho warmest, and averages about G® warmer than tho State of Massachusetts, 3® or 4® warmiT than k : 'S nnd Hants, 5° or 0® warmer than Halifax and Colchest* r, and 7' or 8® warmer than (^imberland, I'ictou, and Htu counties in the Island of Capo Breton, viz., Richmond, ^ :toria, Inver- ness, and Ci'pf IJreton. In Annapolis Valley tho spriiv, ;»pons about two or threo weeks earlier in tho year than :ji Ualitax, and tiio weather is generally drier, clearer, and free from fog. The mountain, at the north side of the valley, which skirts tho shore of the Hay of Fundy, is high enough to })rovent tho sea fog coming over, and while it is sometimes damp and disagree- able weather at tho north side of the mountain facing the Hay, only threo or four miles away, in the valley it is delightfully warm and bright. There is no better agricultural district north of Pennsyl- vania, nor any equal to it in British North America. Any English or Scotch farmer possessing money enough to pur- chase and stock a farm woidd do well here. A farm of one liundred acres would not cost as much as some farmers in Britain pa}' in rent for one year. Farms, already in good cul- tivation, of two hundred to five hundred acres, with houses, barns, &c., can be purchased at from ,£350 to XI 500 sterling. Our farmers generally own and endeavor to cultivate too much land, consequently their farming is not good ; one aero of land anywhere, highly cultivated, is more profitable than three acres poorly worked and always hungry for manure. Annapolis county exports annually about 40,000 barrels of apples, a great deal of cider, and large quantities of superior 8 cheeso ; some of ihe latter made in this county is nearly or quite equal to the best English make. The upland and the marshes or dykes bordering the i iVer produce splendid crops of hay. I have frequently seen, in the neighborhood of Bridgetown, four tons of timothy and clover on one acre of land. For gentlemen of mean^' who wish to retire from business, no more beautiful, healthy, or desirable location could bo found in America. Game is tolerably abundant — woodcock, snipe, ])artridge. plover and duck shooting are first rate ; moose, doer, foxes, and hares sometimes aflbrd good sport, and there is capital trout fishing in the lakes among the moun- tains. The Province contains thousands of lakes ond small streams in which good sport may be had, and no par. of the country is more than thirty or forty miles from the salt water, where may be found the best sea fishing in the world. Salmon, cod, halibut, haddock, mackerel, herring, shad, &c., are abun- dant, and the shallow waters teem with large lobsters ; tho latter are often sold in the Halifax market for less than one shilling per dozen. Large shipments of smoked or red her- rings are made at Annai)olis and Digby. Th()se small fat herrings make their appearance annually in the river of Annapolis and Digby Basin, which is its outlet. Immense quantities of them are taken and cured, and quite a profitable business is done in the article. The Province possesses great resources in coal, iron and gold. Copper, lead, and tin ores have also been discovered in small quantities. The coal mines are quite extensive, and number more than thirty, atfording employment to thousands of people and a very large fleet of vessels, by which the coals are transported to other ports in the Province, to tho United States and to other countries. The production of gold from quartz rock is steadily in- creasing, and new mines and leads are being discovered almost daily, some of which are very rich in gold. The animal exports of this metal must, in a year or two, amount to millions of dollars. The quality is the best and purest yet discovered, and the quartz from which the gold is extracted is very abun- dant, and surpasses the best leads of California and Australia An richness. 9 Iron is also a staple production of tho Province, and the business done by the Acadia Iron Mining and Manufacturing Company, at Londonderry, is very extensive. The quantity of ore on their property is inexhaustible, and the quality of iron manufactured is at least equal to the best Swedisii. Building stone of all kinds, lime stone, and brick and pottery clay are in good supply. The forests contain a great variety of superior timber; oak, beech, birch, maple, ash, poplar, larch, spruce, fir, pine, hem- lock, etc., all grow to a large size, and furnish a ])lentiful stuck of building material and fuel. In short, and in fact. Nova Scotia surpasses every country of the same extent in tho M'orld in the variety and supply of natural resources. Small towns and villages are scattered over tho Province, which-are accessible from tho most remote districts by rail- ways or good carriage roads, and in which all the necessaries and luxuries of life may be obtained at moderate prices. All that an emigrant need supi)ly himself with before leaving Europe is money; some kinds of clothing may be a shade cheaper in Britain than they are here, but that would not make a din'erence in a man's outfit of more than a few shil- lings, or, at most, of a pound or two if ho rciiuires a large supply. Halifax, in the county of Halifax, the cajjital of the Pro- vince, is a city of about 35,000 or 40,000 iniiabitants, and contains a mixed population of English, Scotch, and Irish ; it has tho proper proportion of churches, (of all denominations of christians,) school-houses, hospitals and otluM* charitable institutions and asylums ; and although the most of the houses are built of wood, there are many handsome stone and l.rick edifices, both public and private, which are quite equal in style and finish to those of larger cities in other and older countries. Tlie harbor of Halifax is the finest in America ; tho Inman line of steam packets to and from Liverpool and New York stop here to land and receive jtassengers and freight. They frequently make the trip across the Atlantic in eight days. Xova Scotia is therefore the most accessible of all the British Colonies, and emigrants w'jo go to Australia, or who 10 pass Nova Scotia aiu.l proceed to the United States, very often " go fartlicr and fliro worse." Travelling here by rail is 3 cents, or about l|d. per mile ; stago coach travelling is, of course, somewhat higher, but very little of that has t(j 1)0 done. Immigrants from Kuropo would most naturally rsither settle in parts where their own countrymen are the most numerous, such being the case Scotchmen would prefer Pictou or Anti- gonish county, or the counties in the Island of (Jape JJreton, which is separatetl from Nova Scotia proper by a narrow strait, averaging half a mile in width, called the Strait of Ganso. North of Ireland })ooplo would choose Colchester, and Germans Lunenburg county. The latter county is settled almost entirely by Germans; it is a splendid agricultural dis- trict, and in quality of soil and beauty of scenery cannot bo surpassed anywhere. All the other counties are settled by the descendants of English families, excepting Yarmouth and Digby, the population of which is partly composed of Acadian French. I would, however, not advise emigrants to this country to choose a locality merely because a people of their own race or religion are already settled there; all classes and religions are tolcated, and have equal rights in the Province, and no matter what a man's nationality or creed 7nay be, if ho bo a respectable, well-behaved individual, ho will be respected and well treated in any part of the country, — all have an equal chance of success. Nova Scotia contains a population of about 370,000, and is steadily increasing. The climate is, at least, as healthy as any in the world ; the sunnner is warmer and the winter somewhat colder than in England. In Halifax and the eastern counties the mercury seldom rises in sunnner above 8G° in the shade, and in winter it is not often down to zero. In the interior, say in the Annapolis valley, the winter is about the same, but the summer is con- siderably warmer, altln)ugh, owing perhaps to the dryness of the atmosphere, tlie heat is not o[)i)ressive. The Province exports lumber, iish, coal, iron, gt)ld, building stone, gypsum, and general produce ; and imports West India produce and European and American manufacturos. 11 Tho exports amount to aLout $9,000,000 and tlio imports to ^12,000,000 annually. The Frovinco owns moro siiip[<ing in proportion to tho number of inhabitants than any other coun- try ; and Xova Scotia built ships may bo Ibund in every port in tlio world. Wild lands may bo obtained from the Government for about Is. 9d, sterling per acre, but they are mostly covered with timber. It takes six or seven years to cut down tho trees, eradicate the stumps from the land, and bring it under culti- vation, and it is really more ])r()fitable to jnirchasc live acres of land already under the plough than one hundred acres of forest land. A farm of one hundred, or even fifty acres, is quite largo enough for any industrious and practical farmer: and I would suggest that emigrants wisiiing to come to this country would do well to club together in joint stock companies of ten or twelve, and each company i)urchase a farm of oOO acres in ono of tho best agricultural districts, and divide it among them by lot or otherwise. In this way eacli would possess a farm quite large enough, and with suflicieiit land under cultivation to enable him to begin business at once, and get good returns the first season. As a sheep-raising country there is pei-haps no better locality in America, notwithstandhig which there is not a single slieep farm in the Provi)ice, and perhaps not one regu- larly bred shepherd. Every farmer keeps a few sheep; but tho flocks are seldom taken pro])or care of. A number of thoroughbred shepherds, who would introduce the best breeds of slieep, both for wool-producing and for mutton, would in a very few years make a small Ibrtun :. There is a great deal of land suitable for the purjiose in every county; a'-d even among the wild lands there are large tracts of open, rough pasture, that might be made capable of maintaining vast flocks of sheep at very little expense. A good opening is presented in Xova Scotia for tho estab- lishment of manufactures of woollen and cotton goods ; the climate is well adapted, and tho facilities for obtaining tho raw material, and for converting it into marketable manufac- tured goods, are equal to any in Euroiie, and the market for 12 thorn is quite extensive enougli, as tlio Provinces, called now the Dominion of Canada, contain a population of four millions of people, whose wants are at present su[)plied mostly by European manufactures. It would not, in niy opinion, bo advisable for the lower class of laborers to emigrate to this country at present, as there would be some difficulty in finding employment for more than a limited number. Perhaps a few hundreds of good practical miners would do well, as the prospect now is that our gold mines next summer will afl'ord a demand for such workmen. As a home for farmers of small means, and for half-i)ay officers or others with limited incomes, this country i)resents great advantages. Education is free to the childr(.'ii of all classes, and, although the people are taxed for the mainte- nance of the schools, general taxation is not by any means as great as it is in England or Scotland. House rent in the country is moderate, and provisions of all kinds are cheap, at the same time that they afford remunerative prices to the farmer. It pa} s a farmer better in this country to raise beef or mutton for 3d. or 4d. per lb. than it does in England or Scotland at 6d., for the simi)le reason th it he does not have to pay an enormous rent for his farm, as he does in Britain. I have now given a general idea of the Province, its re- sources, capabilities, climate, &c., and 1 am convinced that no other part of America possesses such advantages for a good class of emigrants as Nova Scotia. Its nearness to luirope, and the facilities for ra[)id counnu- nication with the Mother Country is one advantage which should not be overlooked by intending emigrants ; its exceed- ingly healthy climate is another, while the fruitfulness of the soil, and the extent and variety of the natural resources of the country, offer inducements to emigrants which are quite unequalled elsewhere. In connection with the foregoing, the writer would suggest the formation in Great Britain, by the capitalists and others among the agriculturists, of a Joint Stock Nova Scotiii Farm- ing and LanI Company, with a capital of, say £50,000 sterling, divided into 10,000 shares of X5. With this capital a number of large farms, already in good cultivation, could be pur- 13 cliiiscd in the best agricultural districts, wliicli could bo sub- divided into several hundreds of farms, of from 50 to 100 acres each, such as would bo worth in England from £2000 to £5000, and costing here, to the company, £100 to £250 each, many of them with good buildings already erected. The shareholders of such a company should come out them- selves, or send out good practical agriculturists to occupy the land. Such a speculation could not fail to prove remunerative, and, as an investment for spare capital, would give large and sure returns.