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 MC826 
 T23 
 
 NOTES ON THE QUATERNARY GEOLOr'Y OV THE 
 MATTAWA AND OTTAWA VALLEYS. 
 
 HY 
 
 F. B, TAytoB, F.>rt Wayne, Ind. 
 
 [From The American Geologist, Vol. KVIII, August, 1896.] 
 
NOTES ON THE QUATERNARY GEOLOGY OF THE 
 MATTAWA AND OTTAWA VALLEYS. 
 
 BY 
 
 F. B. Taylor, Fort Wayne, Ind. 
 
 [From The AmeHcan Geologist, Vol. XVIII, August, 1896.] 
 
{From the Avierican Oeolofpsf, Vof. XVIII, Aiajust, /v.w.] 
 
 r4 
 
 NOTES ON THE QUATERNARY GEOLOGY OF THE 
 MATTAWA A.MD OTTAWA VALLEYS. 
 
 By F. B. Taylor, Fort Wnyne, Ind. 
 Ttitroihictnry. In the autumn of 1893 the writer made two 
 excursion? to North Bay on lake Nipissing, first in August 
 with Dr. F. S. Pearce, of Philadelphia, and again in Septem- 
 ber alone. Two or three days were spent each time searching 
 for old shore lines on the hills or in studying the lower 
 beaches and their relation to the old outlet of the great 
 lakes. The greater part cf the time, however, was spent in 
 searching for high beaches, and particularly in an effort to 
 identify the highest. The observations made then were after- 
 wards published in detail.* 
 
 In IS95 the month of October was spent chiert" in the vi- 
 cinity of Nortli Hay and in the Ottawa valley above the city 
 of Ottawa. It is the particular object of the present paper to 
 present the results of this later work. The observations are 
 somewhat scattered, but when taken in connection with what 
 has been done by others and with the writer's work of two 
 years before it is believed that they will not be without value. 
 The i)aper is presented in two parts, the first relating to the 
 higher, older shore lines, and the second relating to the lower, 
 newer lines, in part lacustrine and associated with the aban- 
 doned outlet and in part to those of the contemporary marine 
 waters in the Ottawa valley. 
 
 I. Shore Links at High Levels. 
 Xorfh Hmj. The Nelson and JMcEwen beaches on the hills 
 five miles northeast of North Bay wer e described in the pre- 
 *Bull. Ge.,1. Sou. Am., vol 5, 189.3. Contains map of old outlet and 
 
 4)^ 
 
I 
 
 4)^ 
 
 (itnlo(j!f of M<ilt,io'(i iinil Ottawa Vafle.n.s.— Taiihn-. I()',» 
 
 vimis paper.* They arc iM.tli strongly and clearly (U<velop,.(l. 
 Another, called the Thibeault beach, (.n the hill about two 
 and half miles north of North Bay was also described. The 
 part seen there was only a short fragment and on revisiting 
 the place last season it was found to be a weak feature and 
 not will developed. The lands along the slope to the west- 
 ward are better cleared now and although they present a 
 rather irregular surface of drift and are in a very exposed 
 place the beach was barely distinguishable upon them. Fr(»ni 
 this I am rather inclined to doubt the i)ropriety of classing 
 this beach as one of the greater beaches to be used in corre 
 lations with other more strongly developed parts elsewhere. 
 It is too weak and poorly defined to be safely used for that 
 J)urp()se. 
 
 (Joing north from Tliibeault's the road is mostly through 
 the forest and no conspicuous evidence of submergence was 
 noticed. Half a mile north of Thibeault's a sh(»rt ridge in the 
 woods resembles a spit u\ about 1,050 feet; but its origin is 
 not certain. About four and a half miles from town Chippewa 
 creek was crossed at ab(Hit 9')0 feet. The high fresh cut bank 
 showed sand mixed with white silt, but showed scarcely any 
 evidences of stratilicatioii. Above this is a stretch of slightly 
 rolling grt.-.ind with sandy soil at ab(.ut 1,100 feet. This sub- 
 stantially corresponds with the level of the McEwen beach at 
 about 1,090 feet (corrected) .f This tract gradually rises to 
 an ill-defined low ')lutl at about 1,180 feet and is probably 
 the Nelson beach. From this rise a level plain extends about 
 a mile through a maple for?st tf. the house of Mr. McKenzie 
 on the west side of the road six miles from North Bay. The 
 altitude at McKenzie's and for nearly a mile south is about 
 
 *See tli-.st paper iiientioned in preceding footnote. The name "Nelson 
 beach was nev-,- mtenili'd to have the wide application given it in re- 
 <-cnt papers by Mr. Warren Uphaui. but was used merely us a lucalitv- 
 nauie for eonvenienee. Being a well determined part of the "highest 
 beach in a situation \\\wvv it cannot be attributed tt> small or locallv 
 i-fstncted waters, it is (.lain that the Nelson beach is in realitv merely 
 a part of the .\lgonquin beach. 
 
 tin the previous papei-s the altitude of the 8tati.)n at North Bay was 
 supposed to be im feet above mean tide. The C. P. R. profile, obtained 
 afterwards through the courtesy of the GeoUjgical Survey of Canada 
 makes It hU'l f,.,.t. This correction, by adding four feet, should be made 
 for all the points in the earlier paper that were measured from North 
 Bay station 
 
/' 
 
 110 
 
 The American Geologi$t. 
 
 Aiitfiifit, l>«6 
 
 1,150 feet. Kiist of the road is Chippewa lake and other little 
 potidsfive r»r ten feet lower. North of the lake is a network of 
 narrow, crooked, steep-sided, stony rid};es wUh marshy hollows 
 enclosed, probably glacial forms. Mr. Mc('ollcir« house is on a 
 partially cleared hill to the east which rises to over 1,200 feet. 
 The soil is a stony till with some sand and plenty of bowl- 
 ders. No evidence of wave-wash or still water sedimentation 
 was seen above about 1,130 feet. A mile farther north iieiir 
 the cabins of two P>enchmen west of the road an old bliitf 
 was found at about the same hight facing over a swamp 
 which borders Duchesnay creek — probably another fragment 
 of the Nelson or Algf»n()uin beach. 
 
 'rntiif Creek. Two efforts were made in 1893 to reach the 
 highest beach at Trout creek, about 28 miles south-southeast 
 of North Bay. Both failed on account of rain. This season 
 another attempt was made with better success. A thin snow- 
 covered the ground in the morning, but by noon had disap- 
 peared. On the face of a steep hill about a mile east of the 
 station the Algonciuin l)each was found in a cleared Held fac- 
 ing northwest over the valley. It appears here in the form of 
 a series of lightly cut terraces or steps. Beginning in the 
 woods below the field eight benches were distinguished at al- 
 titudes of about 1,150, 1,165, 1,170, 1,175, 1,185, 1,19ft, 1,205 
 and 1,215 feet above sea level. Some of them are low 
 ridges with shallow depressions behind. Those at 1,175, 1,186 
 and 1.195 are best developed, the last one the best of tht 
 three. The upper one has a low blutf of bowldery clay three 
 to ff)ur feet high at its back in the northern part of the field, 
 hut fades away on the slope to the south. This blutt' rises 
 gently tf» a low knob at the north and passes into the woods. 
 Near the north side of the field where it is most distinct the 
 waves made a deeper cut, producing a slight indentation of 
 the blutf line, like a small amphitheater. The tough clay of 
 the slope is thickly massed with bowlders. The front of the 
 low blutf shows plainly that the clay has been washed out, 
 leaving the stones bare. The terrace is 50 to 60 feet wide. 
 The road south of the field crosses a small stream and a smail 
 deltoid Hat about 15 feet lower than the upper bench. Tiiese 
 terraces were followed through the woods toward the south- 
 west where some of them are more strongly developed, and 
 
 ^ 
 
/' 
 
 4l > 
 
 Geofoffi/ (,f Mitffait'u mn/ (Nfdti'n Valleiis, — Tayl<,i\ HI 
 
 the ui)|)er one was triiced a short (listniice south of thf road. 
 The Hurfacc of the Hekl ahove the iii)|)er heiich shows no 
 henehes, hut only a nu.i-her of rain giilleys. From the top <,f 
 the tieUl, (at uhout 1,385 feet) the view over the valley showed 
 that several hill tops two or three miles away formed a con- 
 siderahle proteetion a^aint the open sweep of waves from over 
 lake Nipissing. A level terrace lit.e eould he seen hetween two 
 of these hills apparently at the same level as the benelu-s jnst 
 described. Half a mile farther east the road ends on a hill 
 top. Vmm this point one looks down on a hilly landscape of 
 forest and field, the latter strewn with many large bowlders. 
 In the road on tlie hill top there is one 15 feet long, 12 feet 
 wide and projecting 1(» teet above the ground. The altitude 
 is here about 1,406 feet. Xo sign of submergence was seen 
 above the terraces described. 
 
 Two miles north of Trout creek on the Pawassan road this 
 beach was iound again at about 1,220 feet. The position here 
 is more exposed and the beach is correspondingly stronger in 
 its development. It is a great curved spit of gravel about 400 
 or 500 feet long. It is mostly on Mr. Weiler's land in thr ' ' ■ 
 which tills the corner southeast of the cross roads. J 
 next lot east a gravelly hill of drift rises about 25 feet 
 the top jf the spit. From the top of this hill lake Nip-, 
 can be seen plainly. The waves had torn away the north 
 of this hill, making a sharp cut at the water line and leaving 
 a very steep slope above. From this the gravel and sand were 
 carried toward th- southwest into shallow water and built 
 into a wide spit which curves slightly southward. The soil 
 on the spit is remarkably light. It is composed of tine gravel 
 and sand, with a light loess-like material, and is very soft 
 under foot. The hill was evidently a small island at the time 
 of the beach. A mile to the east in a more protected place 
 the knobs of gneiss had api)arently been washed bare of their 
 thin coating of drift at about the same level. All the hill tops 
 for several miles around were islands. Some of these ex- 
 tended two or three miles farther northward. 
 
 Callender (C. P. !{.). From this place a drive was made 
 out the Pawassan road to a hill some six miles south-south- 
 east. For two or three miles, and up to about 260 feet above 
 thn station, the country surface is largely silt and silty clay 
 
113 
 
 The American GeologtB',, 
 
 AiiKiiNr, istoi 
 
 with iiH.n- or Ifss <«M(l, all water laid thinly over tli.- n.cks 
 and the jjn.iitid morainf. On the wi-st point of a hill ahont 
 two mih's out is a faint terrace ahoiit lUd feet above the sta- 
 tion or almiit \)lh ah .ve Hea levei. Just northeast of this is a 
 lar^e kettle-hole (M» to 70 feet deep. The n.lMnff stony drift 
 at this plaee appearcU to he part of a terminal moraine. Some 
 of thejiills seem to he mainly of drift, hut some show hare 
 ledjres of jr„,.iss. espe<.ially towards their tops. A wide huekle 
 h.M-ry Mat ealled die "Hlue Sea," whieli was crossed at ahoiif 
 l.n.jr, feet, is hounded hy \u^U hills and is evidently a shallow 
 lake Led lilled with sediments. From the east side of this a 
 long iiill rises quite steeply. Hare bosses of gneiss were 
 reached at the top of the slope r.\ about 1,290 feet. Tliey were 
 evidently rounded by glacial action, but were weatiie'red so 
 that no stria' were discoverable. The house and bai of Mr. 
 .Joseph Hinet. half way up the hill and north of the road, are 
 on a fairly well formed terrace at aboui l.l!};-) foet above" sen 
 level. Above this are two others at about l,ir)0 and 1,170 feet 
 respectively, both more sharply cut. Above the upper one is 
 a steep rocky ledge with talus top about 'M) feet above. The 
 water may have stood at that place, i)ut no distinct terrace 
 corresponding to it was observed at that level on the gentler 
 slope a few rods to the southwest. The benches are out into 
 stony drift, which is composed of tough day with many <-ob- 
 bles. The slope faces nearly northwest and on the steep !iil!s 
 opposite there api)eared to be a zone of rock washed l)are at 
 about the same level. Although it is al)out 10 feet lower than 
 the l)ei»ch at Trout creek, it seems almost certain that this is 
 the Algonquin beach. The ground and situation are favor- 
 able, but no trace of sul)mergence was seen at a higher level. 
 Loctlifiv.s hi the Otftora V,nivji. Two trips were made in 
 search of high shore lines from Mattawa. The first was up 
 the west side of the Ottawa riv<'r to Les Krables. At on- 
 place north of the Antoine river a faint terrace with gravelly 
 surface suggesting light wave wash was found at i-bout 870 
 feet. Birch hill farther north holds a small lake high above 
 the river. The north slope of th( nill is ;•. great mass of nio- 
 rainic material undoubtedly constituting a t. rminal. it is 
 apparently this bank of drift which holds the small lake up. 
 The composition r,t the moraine is well shown in exposures by 
 
 «n 
 
«i> 
 
 fieohiiiji of MtiUntiut in,l (tff(i,r,i Vulh'ifs.— Tinihr. US 
 
 thr nmd whicli (Iohc.mkIh northward throuKli ii sf-.'|. ravine. 
 Jt is Htony, gravelly drift with consi.U.rahii' Mind and much 
 white silt. A (|iinrter cf, mile Houth of this lake the slope 
 on the west was explored and a horiji.Mtal zone of l,owl<ter« 
 a'pparently washed fr-e of oth.-r materials was fvind at alx.ut 
 1.010 feet. From the op of tl... hill .^,0 fret higher the sur- 
 rounding hills were seen to have a similar mark 0:1 their 
 steeper slopes. No (.ther littoral forms wore seen and it is 
 uneertain whether this feature is in reality a shore line. 
 
 Th'« second trip was made from Mattawa to Hurdman's 
 l»iii. about 21 miles S(,uth. .Mmut three miles out a,:d at an 
 altitude of about 720 feet a riuge of gravel and eobbles was 
 found running nortii and south and exposed over lower 
 ground both east and west. The southern part is level, but 
 it drop^ Mir slightly towards ivs north end. This was not cer- 
 tainly id^'ititled as a beaeli, but ;:uiy pi ve to be such on closer 
 exaniinati( n. At this level there is an .Indidating plain two 
 or three mi;es wide and much of it is covered with a thin sheet 
 of white silt with some day. It is water-laid, and in ;.r,nie 
 sections four to live feet deep was sen to be free of stones. 
 It appea-d generally to overlie stony drift, which outcrops at 
 many places. In the drift itself the .silt seemed to be the main 
 tine ingredient mixed with the stones. It takes the )lace of 
 clay largely in making up il^e ground moraine. The same 
 character was frecpiently seen in other places in tliis region. 
 As observed on this excursion, th( upper limit of the water- 
 laid silt appeared to be at about 800 feet. From Koscoe's, six 
 miles out, the road to Hurdman's is over a veiy rough, rocky 
 country, for the greater part consisting of bosses of gneiss 
 with half buried ravines between. The drift covering is gen- 
 erally rather thin, and almost the whole stretch is thickly 
 covered with bowlders. The average is a goi.d size, a fcmt or 
 more in diameter with many much larger, mostly angular and 
 nearly all of varieties of gneiss o.- granite. Two terraces of 
 tine sandy gravel were found at about 1,0(50 and 1.100 feet. 
 Both were in a somewhat protected |)(tsitioii in an east-west 
 valley and covered with dense undergrowth. It is doubtful 
 whether either is a beach. Nothing else suggesting submer- 
 gence or a shore line was seen. Hurdman's house is about 
 1,320 feet above sea level while some of the knobs in the fields 
 
 I 
 
114 
 
 The American (icoloyiHt. 
 
 AnKUst, 1886 
 
 near by rise to 1,400 feet or over. This is the top of the 
 eountiy and alf'ords a ^^rand view all around. One looks away 
 east and south over the tops of rany hills that rise almost to 
 the same level, forming apparently an ancient peneplain. Be- 
 tween the hills are deep valleys of ten wide, holding many lakes 
 and streams that tiow eastward with moderate descent. To- 
 wards the northeast the hills of Quel)ee north of the Ottawa 
 river were seen clearly. 
 
 At Deux Kivieres, 22 miles east of iMattawa, another effort 
 was made to find high shore lines. Almost the whole distance 
 of eight miles south to Stony hill was over what are locally 
 '•ailed -'the plains" but which proved to be a great area o'f 
 kames. This kame deposit is composed almost entirely of 
 yellow sand too coarse to be blown by the wind. Deux Rivieres 
 hus an altitude of 520 feet above sea level (C. P. K. profile) 
 and tlx' limit of the sands was not reached on Stony hill at 
 an altitude of about 1,210 feet. Upon this slopy of over 700 
 feet in something less than eight miles the dejjosit is spread 
 in characteristic kame fashion. In some parts the knob and- 
 basin topography is well developed. Other parts are billowy 
 and others more nearly a plain. There are also some high, 
 rather irregular ridges. Some of the kettles are 50 to 75 feet 
 deep. All that were seen were dry, but there are a few lakes 
 in the larger basins. Ab-ut six miles out the road passes in 
 view of Green lake along its west side. This lake is perhaps 
 half a mile long and nearly as wide and is approximately 450 
 feet above the station (970 feet above sea level). In the cen- 
 tral and lower part of the area the stony grounil moraine sel- 
 d<.m protrudes through the sand. But towards the south in 
 the higher part of the area stony drift surfaces are common. 
 The sand appeared to thin out in that direction and occurs 
 there in patchc-s. At an altitude of about l,l;50 feet a distinct 
 terrace about ;500 to 400 feet wide was found facing north or 
 slig'itly west of north. This shelf sloi)ed from ba<-k to front 
 ten or twelve feet and had a few bowlders scattered over its 
 surface. The bluff at its back is high but not steep. The 
 bench was followed to the east.where it fades away on a steeper 
 slope, but no certain evidence of wave work was found— noth- 
 ing resembling a Imich ridge nor a spit nor did the bluff seem 
 (luite like one cut by wave action. It is not quite certain that 
 
 (1 
 
(1 
 
 -Oeologn of Mnttawn nn,l Olfmrn Vfmr„.s.— r,^',)or. 115 
 
 this terrace is a beach although it so strongly resembles one 
 Above Its level there is the same billowy surface of sand and 
 *lose to the road at about 1,210 feet there is a small 8teen-«ided 
 kettle about 15 feet deep. The sand as seen on this road ap- 
 peared to be gathered more densely along three east-west belt- 
 one low down, say (>50 to 700 feet, another at 900 to 1 OOo' 
 along the north side of Green lake and apparently hohlin- 
 n up, and a third at the top of the hill, 1,100 to 1,200 feet The 
 middle one shows bowldery knobs that seem to nuu k it n. a 
 terminal moraine. About two miles southeast of Green lake 
 1^ Windigo lake, said to be larger and at ab.-ut the same aiti 
 tude, and Windig(, hill as high or higher than Stony hill 
 Their basins are probably of impervious drift or rock under- 
 lying the sand. 
 
 The area of the sand is said to have very definite limits on 
 the east and west extending about two miles each way from 
 the road. Southward it thins out, but is said to extend "several 
 miles beyond Stony hill. 
 
 Nearly opposite Deux Rivieres the deep narrow valley of 
 the Maganasippi river opens through the high plateau of 
 <iuebee, and it seems j)robable that the glacial drainag^ that 
 formed the kame deposit was in some way related to that val- 
 ley. The relation here is much like that described by Prof 
 Fail-child between the large kame areas of western New York 
 and the deep valleys which indent the south shore of h,ke 
 Ontario.* 
 
 Somewhat similar sand formations, but not so extensive 
 nor, so far as seen, reaching to so high a level, were found at 
 Bissett 12 miles and at Mackey 25 miles farther east. The 
 knob-and-basin structure is not (,uite so prominent at either 
 oi these places, but at both there is a great rolling sand de- ' 
 posit overlying the ground moraine. At Bissett it was follow- 
 fHl up to an altitude of about 800 feet above tide and -.t 
 Mackey up to al,out (H)0 feet. At McKinnie's farm on the 
 hill south of xMackey the highest point reached was nearly 
 mi) feet, but above (500 feet the surface is of stony, gravelly 
 elay. No trace of shore lines or sedimentation was seen on 
 the upper slopes. At neither of these places, however, were 
 
 oouus iia\8. bj n. L. Fail-child, Jour, of Geol. vol, iv, No. 2, 18J)G. 
 
IK) 
 
 The Anmrican Geologist. 
 
 AiiKusf, lS9e- 
 
 liijriits above 1,000 feet reaehed. Just o])|)osite Mackey the 
 valley of the river Du Moine opena towards the north just as 
 tines the Maganasippi at Deux Rivieres. At Hissett there is 
 no valley opening exactly opposite. A small one opens fronj 
 the north a few miles below, but at neither of these places 
 did the relation of the sand area to the opposite valley seem 
 so plain as at Deux Kivieres. 
 
 Eastward from Deux Rivieres the railway passes by a back 
 valley and rises to 827 feet at Aylen. This valley appears to 
 have been swept Iwire of nearly everything but bowlders. 
 Much the same appearance was presented by the region east 
 of Mackey past Moor and Hass lakes where the railway again 
 rises to about 700 feet. It is not improbal)le that these valleys 
 were swept out by the outri:shing waters of lake Algonquin 
 when the ice front still blocked the course of the Ottawa which 
 lies a few miles farther north. Perhaps the sand deposits at 
 Bissett and Mackey were modified by the same cause. Per- 
 haps they might otherwise have been typical kame areas like 
 that at Deux Rivieres. 
 
 The new observations near North Bay and those at Trout 
 creek and Callender (C. P. R.) accord closely with what had 
 been done before in that region. There can be no doubt of 
 the recent presence of wide waters at high levels over lake 
 Nipissing and the headwaters of the Mattawa river. At the- 
 tlve places seen in the Ottawa valley, however, no clear and. 
 c'.M-tain evidence of high level submergence was found, except,, 
 perhaps, the thin silts and clays overlying the drift south of 
 Mattawa up to about 800 feet. This limit for such a deposit 
 would seem to imply a contemporary water surface at a still 
 higher level, and it is more than probable that for a compara- 
 tively brief perioil such an eastward extension actually 
 existed. 
 
 As related elsewhere, the results attained during the i)re- 
 ceding month on the north coast of lake Superior, showing 
 that there were no straits northward to Hudson l)ay, seemed 
 to leave little support for the marine hypothesis of the high- 
 est beach in the northern part of the lake basins unless that 
 hypothesis could be shown to be stronglj^ reinforced by evi- 
 dences from the region to the east of North Hay. The o})ser- 
 vations in the Ottawa valley are too meager to lie taken as* 
 
 iVi 
 
iVi 
 
 ^eolo{,y of Maffftwu and O/fan-a Valhuis.-.T,n,hn: HY 
 
 •'final. But so far as they go they not only add nothing to th. 
 'narme hypotl,esis, but the presence of the Deux Rivieres kame 
 deposit, which appears to have been the h.test noticeabh^ 
 ■phase of deposition at that phiee, suggests rather the hypoth- 
 esis of a glacier dam. The absence of silt or clay ovJrlying 
 the sand on the lower part of the slope proves that the latter 
 was not long submerged beneath still water after it was un 
 covered by the retreating ice. The Mattawa and Ottawa val- 
 eys are troughs in the ancient peneplain of ,he region and 
 they are comparatively narrow and deep. It is in.possibie to 
 deny that ,f a great sheet of land ice n.oved over this region 
 from the north or north-northeast, as the stride indi<..te 
 n.ere may have been a short period when the ice bh.cke.1 thJ 
 ■Ottawa valley by filling it up for some distance east of Deux 
 Rmeres and resting its front against the southern highlands 
 below that place. The valleys to the west and possibly als<, 
 for a short distance north above xMattawa n.ay have been 
 temporarily open water. But this cndition would last on'y 
 .» short time at most. Perhaps this supposition explains tlie 
 absence of stronger shore lines and the general absence of 
 still-water sediments at high levels north and east of xMat 
 tawa and It may be that ^he faint, doubtful shore lines and 
 the thin silts south of Mattawa are in reality the remains of 
 such short-lived still waters. The great vallev of the river 
 I)u Moine reaching far to the north offers an appropriate 
 channel, both as to position and direction with reference to 
 ■ce-u.ot,on,foragreatlobeor tongue of ice that may have 
 ormed a dam below Deux Rivieres. About two miles east of 
 .Mackey sfrue were found running S. L>0- and 25^^ W (mag ) 
 A little nor.h of Mattawa on the west side of the river thev 
 bear nearly south (the direction here was not measured by 
 compass). One and a half miles n,u-thwest of North Bay line 
 spec.n.ens of stria- we found close to the railway track -muI 
 the predominant direction of the su-onger ones is about S 1«« 
 W., with a few running 5- to 10^ east of s<,uth. No stride 
 were seen at the other places named. It is perhaps a signifi- 
 cant fact that the scoured valleys east of Deux Riviere, and 
 Mackey are just where the front of the Du Moine glacier 
 would be at one stage of its retreat. These ideas, however 
 are not offered as conclusions which can be cle.rly affirmed 
 
IIH 
 
 The American Geoloyiaf. 
 
 .iusrnsf, 18(«- 
 
 on the facts now jit lifuul. but merely ns suggestion!* which 
 are indicated IVy these facts and wl)ich nuiy he profitably 
 bf>rne in mind in future investigations. 
 
 One otiier point deserves mention in this connection. From 
 Huntsvilie to South river the Algoncjuin beach rises at the 
 rate of nearly six feet i)er mile.* Then from South river to- 
 Trout creek it appears to be about level. But from Trout 
 creek to Nelson's, five miles northeast of North Bay, the beach 
 descends northward about 75 feet in 33 miles. The ("allender 
 (('. P. R.) observation also shows the same northward de- 
 scent. If the fainter forms found in the Ottawa valley are 
 accepted as continuations of this same shore line, as they may 
 be, then they too show northward descent and apparently a 
 ! light eastward descent aho. It might be thought that the- 
 northward descent from Trout creek to Nelson's is not in re- 
 ality a measure of the deformation of the Algonquin plane^ 
 but that the beaches at the two places are not the same. This 
 is (>',■ course a possibility. But at each locality, at South 
 river, Trout creek, Callender (C. P. R.) and near North Bay 
 in 189;? and again in 1895. the greatest care was taken to de- 
 termine the upper limit of submergence and the result was 
 clear and satisfactory in each case. Callender (('. P. R.) is 
 about 18 miles east of a straight line drawn fron) Trout creek 
 to Nelson's. The northward component of distance from- 
 Trout creek to Callender is about 21 miles and from Callen- 
 der to Nelson's about 12 miles. The altitudes of the beaches 
 are. 1,220 feet at Trout creek, 1,170 at Callender and 1,145 at 
 Nt'son's. Thus the northward descent from Trout creek to 
 Callender is nearly two and a half feet per niile while that 
 from Callender to Nelson's is a little over two feet per mile. 
 This allows nothing for a possible east-west deformation af- 
 fecting Callender. 
 
 The beaches at these three lot'alities are so situated that it 
 can hardly be sui)i)osed that one was made and abandoned 
 before another was begun. And the clear detinition of each 
 as the highest shore line adds much strength to the supposition 
 of their unity as one beach. 
 
 *Am. Geol. , vol. XIV, Nov.. 1894. 
 
 i\\% 
 
i\ 
 
 '* 
 
 Geolo(f!i "f Mntfrniu, „,i,t Ottanui l^xflei/s.— Toylor. 119 
 
 Wherever the hills were ascended in the region east and 
 northeast of G«orgian bay it became at once apparent that 
 their even tops were the remains of an ancient peneplain. 
 From the hills south of Callender (C. P. R.) Mt. Talon. 15 or 
 20 miles to the north and beyond the Mattawa valley, was 
 seen rising high above the general plain as a tine monadnock. 
 No other so prominent was noticed in this region. In the 
 highlands south of the Mattawa tlie Algonquin beach marks 
 a water level that entered the deep valleys between the hills 
 and extended far into the interior. On the north side of the 
 Mattawa not only is the beach depressed, but the peneplain 
 seems to show a corresponding depression also. In short, the 
 descent of the Algonquin beach northward from Trout creek 
 appears to be due to deformation since the beach was made, 
 and it seems probable, therefore, as previously stated,* that 
 there are post-Algonquin faults between Trout creek, or 
 rather between South river, or Sundridge and Nelson's. And 
 this deformation appears to have been finished before the be- 
 ginning of the Nipissing beach. 
 
 The upheavals which tilted and warped the plane of the 
 Algonquin beach before the formation of the Nipissing beach 
 have been called the Algonquin uplifts. f Whether these orcur- 
 red after, or part of them during the making of il-e Algonquin 
 beach is a very complex question, which is full of importance 
 in its bearing on the lake history and the history of the Nia- 
 gara gorge. There is much reason to believe that the Simcoe 
 region, including the Trent valley outlet, was raised daring 
 the life of lake Algonquin and before the breaking of the ice 
 dam in the Ottawa valley. Sharp warping occurs in the region 
 east and northeast of Georgian bay, but it apparently dies 
 out towards the southwest so that the St. Clair river and the 
 south end of lake Huron were only slightly affected. If the 
 Mattawa-Ottawa region was uplifted before the ice-dam broke 
 it would follow that the surface of the lake in the region near 
 the dam was not up to the level of the highest beaches at the 
 time of the break, and hence that the whole lake was not 
 lowered over 500 feet when the dam broke, as it must have 
 been the case i f that event occurred before all the uplifts. Jn 
 
 *Am. Jour. Sci. vol. xLi.x. April 1895. footnote on patje 258 
 ,JJ^*^ Inland Educator, Tenv Houto, Ind., vol. 2, No. 1. „ "JO'? Mav 
 1896. I - -) J 
 
120 
 
 The American Geologist, 
 
 AllKHSt , 1«9« 
 
 the latter case the surface cf the lake must have fallen from 
 its place at present lake level at Port Huron, Mich., in Saginaw 
 bay, and at Two Rivers, Wis., to a level 500 feet lower or to 
 within 80 feet of present sea level. Then there had t(» inter- 
 vene time enouf,'h for about 500 feet of uplifts in the Mattawa- 
 Ottawa region before the Nipissing beach could have begun 
 to be formed. We cannot say positively that this was or was 
 not the course of events. It is a possible alternative. But it 
 seems much more likely, and it apparently agrees better with 
 the Niagara gorge, to sujjpose that the major part of the 
 Algonciuin uplifts (.ccurred during the life of lake Algon(|uin 
 and hence before the breaking away of the ice dam in the 
 Ottawa valley. In this case when the break came the level'of 
 the lake at North Bay was not very much above the pass and 
 the fall to the pass and to the level of the Nipissing beach was 
 not great. But we do not know whether the change was 
 directly to the Nipissing beach, the uplifts ceasing then alto- 
 gether, or whether there may not have been some slight up- 
 lifting at North Bay after the fall to the level of the pass. 
 
 The whole subject of the Algonquin uplifts and their rela- 
 tions to the lake history is extremely complex. While a large 
 number of data have been gathered which bear on the (luestions 
 involved, probably many more will be needed before any de- 
 cisive conclusion can be reached. But injustice to the subject 
 and to those who have been most closely connected with its 
 study it should be said that the data even now on hand have 
 not yet been fully worked over. An account of submergence 
 phenomena observed at lower levels in the Mattawa and 
 Ottawa valleys will be given in another paper. 
 
 i.