^, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^ >. ^ 1.0 1.1 11.25 ■i* Ui 12.2 2.0 u ■» 14.0 u U 11.6 Fhotographic .Sciences CQiporalion ^ •1>^ v <^ w ..A.'^E'- 23 WIST MAIN STRilT WliSTIR,N.Y. USM (716)172-4303 '^ <^- CIHM Microfiche Series (IMonog raphe) ICMH Collection de microfiches (monographies) Canadian Inatituta for Hiatorical Microraproductiona / Inatitut Canadian da microraproductiona hiatoriquaa Technical and Bibliographic Notts / Notai tachniquas at bibliographiquat The tol Tha Initituta has anamptad to obtain tha bast original copy availabia for filming. Faaturas of this copy which may ba bibliographically uniqua, which may altar any of tha imagas in tha raproduction. or which may significantly changa tha usual mathod of filming, ara chackad balow. D D n n n Coloured covers/ Couvartura da coulaur Covers damaged/ Couvarture endommagta Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurAa et/ou pellicula D D Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps/ Caitas giographiques an coulaur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Relii avac d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La reliure serrie paut causer de I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge interieure Blank leaves added during restoration may apftaar within tha text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II sa paut que certaines pages blanches ajouties lors d'une rastauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cala itait possible, ces pages n'ont pas M f ilmies. Additional comments:/ Commentaires supplementaires: L'Institut a microfilm* la meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a M possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut4tre uniques du point de vua bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite. ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mithode normale de f ilmage sont indiqute ei-dessous. □ Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur □ Pages damaged/ Pages endommagtes □ Pages restored and/or laminated/ PagH restauries et/ou pellicul4es Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages dicolor^, tacheties ou piquaes □ Pages detached/ Pages ditachtes EShowthrough/ Transparence r~~| Quality of print varies/ The poa oft filrr Ori) b«g the sior othi first sior oril Qualite inigala de I'impression Continuous pagination/ Pagination continue D □ Includes index(es)/ Comprend un (des) index Title on header taken from:/ Le titre de I'en-tAte provient: The shal TIN whi IVIai diff( enti begi righ reqi met livraison □ Title page of issue/ Page de titre de la I □ Caption of issue/ Titre de depart de la livraison □ Masthead/ Gencrique (periodiques) de la livraison This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est U\mi au taux de rMuction indiqui ci-dessous. mx 14X 18X 22X 26 X 30X y tax 16X 20X 24 X 28 X 22t The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: National Library of Canada L'exemplaire filmA fut reproduit grAce . la gAnArositA de: Bibllothilque nationale du Canada The Images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies In printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated Impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol •-»• (meaning "COIV- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included In one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les images sulvantes ont 6t4 reproduites avec le plus grand soln, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettet« de l'exemplaire f llmA, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de fllmage. Les exemplalres orlglnaux dont la couverture en papier est imprim«e sont fllmto en commen9ant par le premier plat et en terminant solt par la dernidre page qui comporte une emprelnte d'impression ou d'illustration, solt par le second plat., salon le cas. Tous les autres exemplalres orlglnaux sont filmts en commen^ant par la premiere page qui compcrte une emprelnte d'impression ou d'illustretlon et en terminant par la dernlAre page qui comporte une telle emprelnte. Un des symboles suivants apparattra sur la derni^re image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols -^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols ▼ signifie "FIN". Les csrtes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atre f lim«s A des taux de reduction diff Arents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA. 11 est film* A partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas. en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants lllustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 32 X 1 2 3 4 5 6 TZX£} // REMOVAL OF SEWAGE AND THE DRAINAGE OF DWELLINGS, WITH PRACTICAL HINTS ON THE PROPER SITUATION AND CARE OF DOMESTIC PLUMBING APPARATUS. Second Edition, Revised and Corrected, with an Additional Chapter on Smells. BY J. V» . HUGHES, PLUMBER, ETC., MUNTREAU ♦•» <( iUfl-i*iUL*ue ** MONTREAL : 'WIINKSS" HRINTINO HOUSE, 33, 35 AND yj ST BONAVENTURK STKK.UT. 1881 n ■♦I National Library of Canada Biblioth«que nationale du Canada PREFACE. ublte'll!°"°'''"'^ quotadon from an eminent author is my apology for intruding myself upon the .^. J' 'V' **** "'"*'^ °' *''*'^ """ '° endeavor that something may be added, by his industry, to the hereditary aggregate of knowledge and happiness." The favor and enquiry arising from the publication of the first edition of this little work was such a, to encourage me to again appear before the public with a second edition, in which I have endeavored to correct r- .-ne errors of the first, and to give my readers the benefit of my more mature experience. . u^e no pretensions to originality, but only seek to lay before the general ?^. L'" * T^ '"''""''' * '"''' '■**=" ^^'■^ •"*'* '^>'«'y« "^n *e" ^^^ to the leam«l, and initiated in the matters of which I write. I am lai^ely indebted to the columns of the " Metal Worker and Plumber and Sanitary Engineer," a. well as to their talented editors personally, Messrs. \. ingate and J. C. Bayles, for much of my information, the latter having giverconsider! able personal attention to the publication of the first edition. To G. W. Weaver, T. C Radford James Lowe, and other practical and scientific workers in the cause of sanitary reform in our city' I am likewise under obligation for many favors and much useful information. J. W. HUGHES. THE REMOVAL OF SEWAGE AND THE DRAINAGE OF DWELLINGS. self upon the ; industry, to tie work was irhich I have of mjr more e the general learned, and the "Metal J personally, 'en constder- C. Radford, > in our city. GHES. Chapter I. Soil Pipes and Drains. It is not my intention in the following pages to advocate any particular theory as to the dis- posal of sewage nor to ride any favorite hobby, but rather to lay before that portion of the public who may desire to extend a little practical sympathy toward the cause of sanitary reform a few hints that will enable them to do so with some measure of success. Having for a number of years devoted a con- siderable amount of time to the study of sanitary matters, more j^articularly in regard to the sanitary improvement of private dwellings, as well as havmg had a large experience in carry- ing out the practical details of the various plans and theories that have from time to time been laid before the public, I have been much sur- prised at the mount of ignorance that exists as regards the simple littie details of a practical nature that should be thoroughly understood by every householder, or at least by all those having any claim to education and intelligence. I have found that many people who thoroughly understood the natural laws by which the various gases and fluids with which they had to deal were controlled, were almost entirely igno- rant of the practical rules necessary to be observed in the carrying out of their theories in order to insure success, and so were at the mercy of any ignorant person they might employ to carrv out what might be a most excellent plan of sanitary improvement ; and the benefi- cial results that otherwise might have been obtained have on this account been entirely lost. ' It is with a view to help such persons that I have been prompted to write this pamphlet ; and should I by my efforts assist in making one house in our city more healthy than it formerly was, I shall consider myself amply repaid. > It is not my intention to confine my remarks to the question of sewage and drainage alone, but I shall also make some observations on that portion of the plumbing apparatus of oUr dwell- mgs more immediately connected with the subject. I allude to the waste and soil pipes of our houses, which are, after all, only continua- tions of the public sewers and private drains intq our private sanctuaries ; and any person who has the slightest inte..it in the sanitary condition of his dwelling should bear the latter assertion constaptly in mind. The following facts should never be lost sight of by persons who are about to lay drains : 1st, they shou d be of the very best material ; 2nd, they should be properly laid or put down ; 3rd, they should be thoroughly ventilated; 4th. never lay a drain under your basement floors if there is my possible means 0/ avoiding \i ; 5th, except in exceptional cases, do not put a trap or cesspool in a private drain. Regarding my first head, which relates to material, I would recommend iron pipe with well-leaded and caulked joints. At the time of writing the first edition of this little work I was not fully convinced of the durability and other qualities of iron pipe, to warrant my recommend- ing it as a substitute for the tile diain pipe used in this city. Since that time I have fully con- vinced myself that a heavy grade of iron pipe IS a superior material for use inside buildings, and now unhesitatingly recommend its taking the first place for inside drainage. For this purpose pipe of not less than 13 lbs. per foot for 411, 17 lbs. per foot for 5.., and 20 lbs. for 6,1. It should be well tarred outside and in, or better still, enamelled inside and all precautions as to grade, tight joints, &c., be carefully attended to in laying it. Next in quality comes sound glazed earthen pipes (tile). When either of the forementioned materials are not to be obtained, stone set in cement, or hard-burnt bricks of a proper shape, may be used ; when either of the latter materials are used, the drains made with them must be well and smoothly cemented inside— but never, under any circumstances, use wood. In selecting drain pipes to carry off sewage matter, two errors are to be avoided : 1st. Do not select a drain that is too small, or It will soon become obstructed by the solid matter that is intended to pass through it. 2nd. Do not select one that is too large, or it will never be property flushed. A 6-inch drain 18 as large as can be properly flushed by the waste water from an ordinary dwelling, and the laying of a larger one is only putting in an effective apparatus for the manufacture and storage of sewer gas. Where no plumbing apparatus is used but a sink or bath, a 4-inch drain laid with sufficient fall IS ample. It is my opinion that drains made of a triangular shape '3st«id of round would be best, as such a shaped drain V. y laid with the point of the triangle down >/ would be effectively flushed with a very small quantity of water, and the solid matter would be leu li«ble to accumulate in it However, th h !« not likely to occur to ajv {•^T'of".""' '"■•°««d drain.: provided thly^^ wilr !hn»"" P"P«" o™*" t» the quant^y of wa er that can be used to fluih them; nuHinlf^""*! point is the proper method of Pu^'ng'n or lavmff the drain. tain«?l.?i! 1 f"-'"'POrt*nt fact to be ascer- or ^iiV' 'f *'.' °^ P"'"°" of *« ">»'» "ewer Z^JI receptacle into which it it. proposed to this has had more to do with badly^rained from than any other cause 1 know of. , I think LT^ ^^I]?- "y ""' »•'"« •« hundred* of houses m this cfty where, owing to neglect in not first obtaming the proper level of the main sewer, it has been necesKiry to dip down in order to get the drain to enter the buUdinJ telow the leve of the basement Hoor ; am! "S consccjuehce of «, doing that portion of the dram immediately under the hoilse has always contaiacd more or less sewage matter. Under such circumstances, unless the drain is perfect m Itself, and the joints have been extrTwdl cemented, this sewage filters out and thoroughly mipregnates the soil under the dwelling th£ 2 so imperfectly drained. " i,i„liy'V"* » " '"?"*' ""^ '*■* '"»™ »ewer is too ^mnt .'^ I?' '*"* 'J°"»* drain, I would most emphatically say, alter the whole of the interna arrangements, or even pull down and rebuild rich, "^z**"/ ".''ovealf things have the dra n nght. M/ ehe in the house U as nctkmg ««. dt^nds, m a grmt measure, our success in life as well as our happiness in this world, and peihafis tn tht world to come. '^ i^naps After having ascertained the level of our n^r^fT^L^"'' P^^j***** '*»« necessary materials, nlZi ^'*' "•" forgetting the skilled labor h^^^i,'° "' P™tf ' "'*' '*•« reader will per- bu si'„"S ^^ "" ''" '?i^y '° •^Kin operations ; but, stay a moment. Do not put in a foot of sewer pipe unless you are sure it will remain ™?.UT ■5''^ *' ' •" other words, your drain Z,r 1^ "* •?."u ^^"'P*'' foundation, else all your labor will be in vain. Where the soil St *,'i''^ r' ^"'" .» '° ™" ^ fi"^ ^d solid no special preparation will be required. Eminent authoritTes have i«ommendT^e laying of dram pipe, thrt p^aover loose sand or snifting soils, or on any poor foundation, in a box, the Box to be filled w&hPortland cSiSt his plan is adopted hand-hoWriiould be left in the pipes at suitable intervals, to allow of examination and aflford access fbi removing* ny cases a plank of some comparatively imperish- able wood laid under the Srain b all tWis necessary, but in other cases a foundation of concrete or other suitable material to meet the requirements of the case must be p"^kj3 otherwise the drain will sink down and defect!;: uruiJiage wih he the result. " After the foundation is prepared and the levels have been found to be^r^^the laykj of the pipes may proceed. If you have laid a p^ank or other foundation, with a proper incline ^ n»ain sewer, nothing will reauire to be done „ ' to 'ay your oipes on it. If^imn sewer pipes are being used the icints should be well caulkwl 7o^^\r' rt'T'y^'^ '«^ beruifin S top of 1 and the lead, when cold, should be fi^i ^"'J'^- ?''"" »J'P"' » "ttleoakum mim fii7L .u "'" '"• ""d the joint be then well thl ™.u'/i"/?K"'' '*f'''"K sufficient cement on the outside of the socket or colUr of the pipe to lT"„«^ fi "? ** «"?d durable joint. Where ^Vum is not fiist put into the joint great care must be taken to remove any cement that may have got I.™ itii"*;''* M '•" P'P*- Portland cement is very good for :his purpose. It may be used in the proMrtion of one of cement to two of river sand. Each length of pipe as it is put in should be tested with the leveC to prevent any twist in «w pipe from causing a disturbance in the fall. mis IS best done by means of a straight-edce. long enough to rest on three of the piSs-coniri at tje same time. The straight-dge my beio made as to indicate the correctness of the work. when the spint-level bead rests quite in the *Ti" '1?,*''* •"•trument, the proper fall beinir allowed for on the straight-edge. This is the most certain plan, and is better than levelline ^L;^i » "1 t '™*- . ^"' whatever plan U adopt«l et it be certain, and the gra^e not dejiendent on any guess-work or sleight-of-hand for Its success. In taking levels always give the peatest amount of incline possible, although it "well, in cases where there is ample fall, to dlow for a foot of earth to cover the pi^ Yet, on no account should any sacrifice be made in the incline or fall of the drain for the sake of reaping the questionable advantage of havine a few inches of earth over it. * n^^^^'^'lf "[?'''. •'e the least amount of fall per vard, allowable m laying a drain that will work, I am not prepared to say-good authori- i'^^^.r^L'"'.*''''" ?" eveiv'ioleet-but no t^lu \^ T^^L '" ?'''"« "" 'he fall you can. On the other hand, a drain will work well pro- yided It u laid with the slightest possible mcline-no water can remain in It, and, V regu- larly flushed, the water will carry off my s^l quantity of solid matter that may have iKn to accrmukte ; but a drain laid with a w«%light incline IS liable, -on the slightest deran/em^t tL'^*'r'"' °' "pH*^'' 'o have the incline i^T!^ the wrong way for a portion of its length, ' and thus the foundation is faid for all theevifa that follow and result fi-om a choked drain, in laying drains under basement floors, as is k'lLT^K^^*""" "'^' ' '^"«^« " great mistake 18 nmde; but as custom becomes habit, and S ifl.^.^S""'* '"''f?' '* '" ^*'y '•*"> 'o prevent ita being done, and in many cases all one can do IS to see that the least amount of harm is done by this system, by having the mechanical operations wefl done. One weak spottethe present system of house drainage is tlie junction fcetween Uie soil and waste Jpes of the house and the drain^ These joints are usually well r"f '^'■^' =f "'c«t ; rat as the »oil pipes are firmly secured to the walls of the building/while .seen that the slightest settlement of the wlls carry the soil pipes with them, while the drain. ifwd in the is sur jointa easily drain and 1 seriou A, mat * P, ventl ■Ink* I... Havii^ to the jt the hous tant sanii ' « proper incline juirc to be done iron sewer pipe* > be well caulked Imd be run in on cold, should be ittle oakum must nt be then well icient cement on ar of the pipe to Where oakum »t care muat be It may have got rtland cement is may be used in : to two of river is put in should ent any twist in >nce in the fall. » straight-edge, the pipe-collars edge may be so fss of the work, s quite in the oper fall being !. This is the than levelling latever plan is the grade not sleight-of-hand dways give the >le, although it ample fall, to ver the pipes. :rifice be made for the sake of ;e of having a amount of fall train that will -good authori- • feet~but no e fall you can. ■ork well pro- itest possible , and, if regu- off any small lave begun to a very slight derangement, e the incline of its length, ' all the evils id drain. t floors, as is tn&t misuke s habit, and fd to prevent all. one can t of harm is ! mechanical spot in the the junction )f the house usually well ii pipes. are ilding, while 1 plainly be )f the walls le the drain, If wall laid, is preventeti from sinking. A crack in the joint at the junction of xoil pipe and dra'n is sure to occur, and on this account all such joints should be made above the floor and left »«ily accessible. On the other hand, if the drain IS laid on a poor foundation, it will sink and leave the soil pi,,e, cither mishap being serious and to be most carefully guarded against do this in a satisfactory manner requires greater skill and attention than have yet been called for. A perfect sewer with imperfect plumbinir apparatus connected therewith U even worse than an imperfect sewer with perfect plunibins work, because, as already mentioned, the waste and soil pipes are b«t a continuaiion of the drain into the interior of the house. Starting ??^- /--•. '-'/fyff;>^^i«i^s^-y>r'y',- HOUSE DRAINAGB, ,__, J, — ,, r,=.E.=iB«; L,ira«itaMi M,s>*(Un, «,W.O., O.irall, F.ii5S]lj,7irt. Having laid the sewer from the street sewer from the drain Dioe "Mve the floor of hii«.m,«» tant sanitary agents has yet to be done, anrto direct manner Jxmible up thSJh VZa^ •ketch) above nay fire walk or chimnevi that mightlinterfere with the free diichanre of sewer jja*. It ihould be fitted on the top with a cap of such coMtructlon u will prevent the wind blowing down It. The joints of the soil pipe must Ih! made perfectly water and air-tight, and I may here remark that they usually are so. From this pipe on its way to the roof branches must be left in suitable positions to receive the different fixtures that are to be used. It is at these points that the traps require to be placee plain that the atmospheric pressure exerts it.self on the water containetl in the trap, and empties it of a greater or less quantity of water, ji.,t in proportion as It takes a greater or less (]uantity of air to restore the balance which was disturbed by the water thrown down the soil pipe. In fact the arrangement is a perfect pumn-or. more cor- rectly speaking, a syphon -of which the long leg IS the soil pipe and the starter usually the housemaid. But, whatever we may call it. the principle is the same, and it is sure to work every time. It acts according to well under- stood natural laws, and nature makes no mis- takes or omissions. Now. just as a hole in the pump pipe or syphon prevents its efficient working (and a very small h«>lc- w II do), so will a hole in the soil pipe answer the same purpose, and this is best provided by the ventiln»or pipes before alluded to, as the air rushes in by means of these openings to restore the bala .ce that has been disturbed, and so prevents the air coming in through the traps ond the conseciuent empty- ing of them. The facts just laid down regnrtling the benefits of ventilating soil pipes have al.vays been well understood a-id acter, more cor- lich the long 'T usually the ly call it, the ure to work well under- kkes no mis- It hole in the its eilicient I do), so will tme purpose, uiln'or pipes in by means I ice that has e air coming |uent empty- ; the benefits vs been well I intelligent acy of some >lic that this ly necessary, trell the bill, or principle dram under g if it can lot the least the trection opinion, be arrange the avoid long loors. The •tVirii^iKt ' — should be : basement stent. The toward the but always f seen and repaired when necessary. The various pipes should not be boied up, as is at present the custom. It frequently takes much longer to get at the pipes than it does to repair them. Where it is necessary that they be enclosed it should be with boards secured with buttons, or hinged, so that the occupant of a dwelling could in a few moments make an examination of the various pipes. Where the soil and drain pipes connect just inside the wall of the house, it should be done in such a manner that by unscrewing a plug or cap (see sketch on page 3) access may be had to the drain fo. the insertion of a roarts. If our system of loying private drains were changed, and the traps fitted in them in such a manner that their chukage should Iw immediately made known, by the various fix- tures ceasing to work, as is the case when a chokage occurs in any of the traps situated under sinks, basins, &c., they might not be so objectionable ; but as long as our drains are buried under the floors, out of sight and inaccessible, I say most emphatically, and after large experience and careful consideration, we are better without them. I understand it is in contemplation to pass • bv-Uiw compelling the introduction of traps in all private drains. .Should such a law be passed, the traps should be placed outside the bouses, preferably on the street, and they should be in chari^e of the city authorities, whose duty it should Iw to keep them clean, and, at the same time a Uw should be made forbidding the bury- ing of tile drains in the ground under floors, as is the universal custom at present. Should this be done, and the soil and waste pipes be kept above the floors as I recommend, one of my greatest objections to traps would be removed, but the important Question of ventilating the private sewer would still remain, as the plan adopted in cities situate in milder climates is not suitable here. Given honest materials properly fitted, and the chances of injury from the omit- ting of traps in private drains is very small. Chapter II. Drainage, By drainage I mean the carrying away of the water that accumulates in the earth, and where siwh accumulations are Lirge, such as in swamps ■' low-lying lands, we invariably find disease jj^vails to a greater or less extent. In fact diere are a number of coniplaints that are peculiar to such localities. That these com- plaints are ca- sed by the accumulation of water IS proved by the fact that removing such surplus water renders the localities, previoi^y unhe^thy, salubrious and fit to live in. Now, in our city there are certain low-lying dutricts that were originally swamps or marehes, and notwithstandmg that these localities have in many cases been effectually drained in the usual'accepunce of the term (that is, they have had sev/ers put in), they are notoriously the unhealthy districts of our city, as the statistics of our health association will prove. Now, what is the reason of this ? These localities have the usual allowance of sewers, yet they are more unhealthy than other districts a little removed from them. Is it not that the provision for draining the soil is not adequate ? And although the original swamps are not to be seen, having been built over, still they actually exist, no pro- vision having been made for their eradication, and consequently the parties so unfortunate as to be living over them have their vitality lowered § >iy the unhcnithy enuuMiioni (hercrrom. ami lo fall euf viii ms to aiiv prevailing (liieaiie, \}e%n\c% been M.l.ject lo the cUu of cumplainti IKxuliar (o luch localities. Our prcMtit lystem of drain inipection. ^hile nllinK a wnt) hai a tendency to aggravate the •tatc of affair* juit allude be naturally, in the time of heavy rains, or during the rapid fhniva ru>rii1inr to o1iiwtnf«a 'ISIfa ^..p* «....u i ^ ments will be damp and unhealthy unless some- thing is done to provide a means for the rapid escape of surface water. Chapter III. Position ofSamilary ApparnlMt. As the iMMilion of the various unitary ap|Mr- atus in connection with dwellings has a great deal to do with their effectivencM, I will endea- vor to lay down a tew general piinciples that may aid j>er8onsal>outtobuilcr hag no lay in the nun- tion, but mu*t obey the mamiatei of those employed to look after luch matten. The reuoning of the latter penona may lie, with exceptiona, well exprc«nee covered with ornamental gratings. Water Pipes placetl in cold basements should be buried so deep that frost cannot reach them, this being the only certain plan. The stopcocks should be inclosed and covered so as to be easily acccaiible. Where the pipe* need to nasa upwani to the upper stories, a U)x should be put rounti them, lieginning in the earth lielow frost and carried up to the story alwve the cold of basement. This box should be at least a inches larger than the pipes, which are so sup- |M)rted that they do not come directly into con- tact with its sides. Outsix must contain nothing but the pipes ami con- fined air. I have known pines placed in very exposed positions completely protecte««' convenient appara- portion of the walls under and around K'mav mnn-„ ^^'' """^ '* prepared to speni the Ssobemadeofcen^entTrslatt^ffadvantr^^^^ 7y"r^\es^T'^ 'I r"'^ "^ '^'l'"^'^^ j°^ >» as they are not so liable to absorb moisture froT^th T ' *'*«*'-^*""* are better omitted &.'""•"»- p.™*.'»i'^srii'7,:£ iw^dr.'^t%'iTs:rurrp z All water-closets, bath rooms, laundries scul- S'nn^T "^^'"^"^^ depenf to detect foul leries, &c., should have welKrainted wltu nnli ™,^^ a"^ «tting the water from any remedy, especialj"^hrsewerrc^nnected iH ™" °'^-^' 't^ fame tj^e. While the ssJe-iiSs'S'^L^i^iiS sir": mjins « s^ next-door neighbor erectine Le of t W ih^,m 1 ^' neariy as possible with water, in order inablenrivie^^r^^^^^^^^^ |S -J^XTewer '" ™^' "^ '""^'^'^ ^^^ lltdyX S"S°o^dSfo7c;rta?n eTen^'b? b,?^ pP-nder the various apparatus should ffi-sloM^l^^^^^^^^^^ measure, avoicf this trouble by fleeing from the ro'.S"^S,T' I'^T P-^*" yi*"" "P'^ ''^^ '^^ ^'^'h this l^nTth O.J th- -«hf-r' -! " u_ V "^^" Of smell from the closets when the handle is 11 ivancing the f fitted in a >ot, cold and aient appara- to spend the class job in :tter omitted angement in the occupant •ns from the locks up the ) detect foul lie kind. A trapped, and entilated as This should ir should be a, the waste the outer 5, owing to al rule, be ! in such a 3, &c., under Quble. ;ssary as to as are to be it advice is >e r^ularly •Id, or some appearance )e had ; by ill be saved, are cleanli- ent fixtures !r attention the drains, bus baths, water from While the i closet or t down at of the pan- ying of the Iter run by so good a ■ is thrown i^ater from will be of the house '. in order ried away tus should ig out the used the Ijr cleaned iron fresh •ken apart ys gathers starred or eat cause handle is ich times ilation of 1 the pan eldom as tides for k should be so ventilated that a curculation of fresh air majr be continually taking place through it. Thu may be accomplished by fitting 2 pipes to it, one from the top and one from the bottom of the trunk. A i» or J(" pipe will be large enough. These pipes miist be run above the roof, the one from the top of the trunk being left higher than the one from the bottom. For dwellings some of the more improved closets should be used. Where the expenses would prevent the adoption of one of these, I would prefer to fit a hopper closet, properly ventilated, as being far less liable to be the cause of foul odors than the pan closet. A ventilator from the trunk of the closet will in a measure prevent this, but the great preventive is to keep the apparatus clean. In cold weather care should be taken, im- mediately after lighting the fire in the cooking ranges, to see that the water contained in the pipes attached to them is not frozen. This can easily be ascertained by feeling the pipes close to the range. If they are both of the same temperature and hot water cannot be drawn from the nearest tap, the lire should be drawn at once ; otherwise steam will be generated and an explosion may occur. When the water in the pipes in connection with the range is circulating freely, one pipe will always be found hotter than the other, and immediately after kindling the lire the difference in temperature is considerable. In case of a sudden burst in the water pipes the best thing to be done is to stop the water at the stop-cock, which should always be con- veniently placed and left easy of access. The position of this stop-cock should always be ascertained on moving into a strange house. The next thing is to have it repaired in an eihcient manner. When water suddenly makes its appearance in any part of the house, try to ascertain where it comes from with some accuracy before sending for a plumber, and, when possible, send an in- telligent message, that the man who is sent may have an idea of the nature of the trouble and the necessary tools and material required to remedy the defect. It is an every-day occurrence to send out men to repair a water pipe when the trouble may be caused by a defect in the roof or cistern, the overflowing of a hath, basin or sink, or the result of carelessly spilt water, a fact which the interested one carefully keeps concealed, only to be revealed to the plumber in strict confidence after a rigid cross-examination. Try and trace the leak to its source, as water may show itself in the basement that has come from the upper stories. By a liuie attention to these matters your plumber's bills will be much smaller, as a great deal of time is generally wasted because the facts of the case have been improperly stated when ordering repairs. People should under- stand tbjit it is a physic.'*! impof^sibility for a man and his helper to carry all that might possibly be needed to do work ; yet most persons leave orders simply to repair a water pipe. Last, but not least, I would say employ the best men to be had. Depend upon it, this is the cheapest plan in the end. Having secured a good man, be guided to some extent by his advice, for, depend upon it, he knows more about the matter than you do. I write this, as I know many people give orders to workmen as to how they want a job done, and are then very apt to grumble if the results are not what they ex- pected, and say, if told it was doiie to their order, that the workman should not have done it if not right ; but, on the other hand, they would report the man for impertinence if he refused to do as ordered. •Chapter IV. Protection of Pipes from Cold. As the greatest enemy to plumbing work in all cold climates is frost, I have thought it advisable to devote a chapter especially to the best means of avoiding damage from this cause ; and here the old adage applies with mare than its usual force and significance — " An ounce of prevention is worth tons of cure." In order to make my subject as plain and easily understood as possible, I will divide it into the fr 'ing four parts or heads : — 1st. T. preventive measures as regards position or situation. 2nd. Protection. 3rd. Mechanical action. 4th. Emptying the pipes. The merits of the different methods rank in the order I have enumerated them. The position of the plumbing apparatus is most important for various reasons, some of which I have attempted to make plain in the earlier chapters of this paper, nothing being more urgent, after the sanitary aspect of the case has been disposed of, than the proper protection of the pipes from damage caused by cold. Having this object in view, all very exposed quarters of a building should be avoided as dangerous places for plumbing apparatus, and on no account should pipes be placed in immediate contact with out- side walls. Where it is impossible to avoid at- taching pipes to such walls, certain precautions preventing immediate contact must be taken, they alone proving effectual safeguards against damage to pipes from cold. In many cases where the running of soil pipes on such walls is unavoidable, the water pipes, which are far more likely to give trouble, can be run in another direction, and in such positions that they will not be exposed to cold. There are in all dwellings certain apartments that should be avoided, as they are not proper situatic: . for plumbing apparatus ; for instance, coal and meat cellars, lumber rooms, &c., because, there being no necessity for keeping such places warm, any pipes that pass through them are very apt to be a source of^ trouble. After having laid our plans to the best of our ability in this northern climate, certain protective measures are still to be taken before our plumb- ing work is safe from damage by frost. This brings me to my second head, referring to pro- * Chapter IT vm written nt ipeolal request of Mr. Bailee, Editor of tht Mttal Worker, after the foiMoinit ohapten were prtnted, whioh aoeounts for dome iliglit repetltiaiu in itt bnt aa the anbjeot ia a most impoitank oiie I oono)a4e4 not to itrlkt tbent out.— ^, W. H, 12 I^«^LP'P*''''''P**='''"y ""<:'' as are fitted in fhnf .^ H""^' «"*' ' *«"'d here remark E^ ^''''^u."'^' '° ^'^ 'f the pipj that are pving trouble cannot be removyTo a more ^.?^^'"'°!1' "" ' *'" '" »» probability pay best m he end to do so. This will be gran^S when It IS considered that the best means of Sr*r k"" "^"^ ^"^ 'he wall, the object be ng to have a space in rear of board and between ,t and the wall containing coS a?r In some cases it will not be necesSiry to fit these pieces, as the sides of the boxing covering tl^e pipes can be made to answer the purtwse • bul the great object in all cases is "o'^JeTTs'p^ce containing confined air between the pipes to'^ ^ig- /. protection are liable to disarrangement from ^rLTt^.t'^^^'^T^'''^ "•= thedepredations Of rats and the carelessness of workmen who mav have had to remove materials in order to make repairs. Pipes that are situated on outside walls may be kept fi-om immediate contact by i*"!?] r^*^ metfjod :-Have the wall thorough- ly plastered, then fasten at intervals on th.. thi^/f u "^ ^^l^. '"•^''^^ 'hick, and nail on Awe bocks a ik-inch well-seasoned board, me latter should be wide enough to leave an inch or so of margin between the pipes placed on It and its edges. Pieces are then fitted protected and the cold atmosphere. In nine cases out of ten the cause of damage to water- pipes from cold has been draft. Wbere there is great danger it will be better to nail other blocks on the face of the i^-inch board at suitable intervals, nnd to these blocks the water-pipes may be fastened, but the soil-pipe will be quite "'I' J~ • /f*'"^' *"£ pipes m orainary situations inside a dwelling may then be boxed m the usual way, openings being lefl in the t)ottom and top of boxing to allow the heat of the house to circulate through it, These open- ings may be covered with ornamental iron IS gratings. Such o|)enings should be lefl ir ' boxes containing pluinl)ing work, to a';!.. ." , circulation of air in all cases where they an: -k filled with packing of any kind and are sit liitctl in the inhabited and warm portions of the house. The foregoing aketches (Figs, i and 2) will, I hope, more fully explain what I have attempted to describe : — , Where pipes run from story to story great care must be taken to secure space t)etween the under side of the floors and the upper side of the plaster, that is, the space formed by the beams Detween floor and ceiling, so as to cut off any drafts. This should be carefully attended to in all buildings, and may be done either by fitting a section of well-made boxing that will extend below the plaster of the ceiling and above the floor before the plaster is put on. If it is not convenient to do this, boards may be nailed between the floor and plaster, and the space so strips of hair felt over pipes that gave occasional trouble was ull that was required. This is especially the case where pipes are frozen by draughts caused by the temporary opening of a door or window or some similar cause. Where pipes have to pass through cold cellars, it is far the best plan to bury them below frost when the nature of the ground will admit, or to do so does not interfere with their proper working. This plan is adopted in this city with great success. Where pipes so buried leave the ground in order to reach the stories above, the foUowiiig method of protecting them will be found effective :— Make a box of i-inch or i^-inch stuff, large enough to contain the pipes to be protected, leaving a space of at least 2 inches all around them. This box must be ' >ng-enough to reach from the ground below frost and up into the flat above that is warmed. Secure the pipes in the centre of this box by means of blocks, as _L MK B TWIW i ^^^ fe' F IT J^fffJ- A A, walla ; B B B, beams ; ^ enclosed apaoe aronnd water plpea fllled with nonmsondnotor ; D, pipei ; B, boards and floor to form space C ; F F F, the same to form space against cold from the ftaUery ; G Q G , between plaster ^ ., space similar to C, filled with non-conductor. inclosed be filled with charcoal, cork cuttings, dry sawdust, or any other suitable non-conductor that will pack tight enough to effectually cut off drafts. Where there are galleries supported by beams that pass through the walls, cold air must be carefully prevented from coming in through the space leu by the shrinkage of beams, to secure protection to the pipes and to have warm floors. At any rate no effort should be spared to prevent such cold air from coming into con- tact with any pipes that may be situated between floor and ceiling, or near door and window frames, especially in stone or brick houses. I know of no other method of keeping cold from coming in around door or window frames let into brick or stone than to carefully caulk the space between the wood and stone with oakum, and then to point with oil cement. I have frequently traced the cause of frozen water pipes to a defective door, window frame, or to gallery beams that were situated yards away from the pipes affected, but the cold from which had been drawn toward the pipes, the boxing in which pipes were enclosed acting as a chimney to draw the cold air in the direction where it was certain to do most harm, no effort having been made to cut it off from contact with the pipes. (For the method of protection see Fig. 3). Pipes secured to ceilings of coid rooms or cellars must be protected on principles similar to those already laid down ; the great secret of sticcess, if I may so call it, being to have the pipes isolated in a space containing confined aif . In many instances I have found that tacking before described. Another box must be made of same length as the first one, but large enough to enclose it, leaving a space of from 6 to 18 inches, according to the nature of the situation. This space must be filled with some dry non- conductor. I have known pipes so protected to give no trouble for several winters, although exposed to an outside temperature. (See Figs. 4 and 5.) I hope enough has been written to make the general principles to be observed in protecting pipes from frost understood, which is all that can be done in this article, the limits of which prevent my giving instructions suitable for each particular case that might arise. My third head refers to mechanical means ol preventing water from freezing, or, in other words, of keeping the water in motion. This may be done in cisterns, vats and similar vessek by means of mechanical contrivances, but it would hardly pay to do so. It is generally ac- complished by letting the water run continually from some of the faucets in the house — ^a most effective but wrong method of procedure, as it is very wasteful, and in all well-regulated com- munities would subject the parties so doing to fines and penalties for infractions of the laws. Where, however, a house is supplied from a private lake, spring, or any such source, there is no objection to its employment, the only danger beinp that a very slow stream trickling through the w As,te pipes is likely to cause those useful arti^.'. :!^ to gradually fill with ice, a flooded house being apt to result therefrom. u My fourth head refers to emptving the piDes of the water contained in them.' u f hou« is In7^*'^""'; P'P*^ ^'tJ" thi'' object in v?«i hi^J'^:^? ^'^"" *" •»" Pipeslkding toihe do„T. h,"^ ^'.emptying them, this may b^ done ; but as this method requires constant remarks as to the best means of preventine them from freezing, which they frequently do^S rn"f„'!:Pir*>:j'!?'"^. <^ «ver kneTft tJS:^" ca„^o^*"**^'*T""e) when the properTre- cautions have not been taken to prevent it I will endeavor to explain the way i^ wS thesJ . /%•• ^. will ponetrate. watching and attendance, and to forget only once >Y0uld render a large outlay fruitless and result m perhaps great damage, I cannot recom- mend it for general adoption for dwellings In stores, stables and outbuildings, by adopting the hydrant pnnciple, it is very effective, and is accomplished by having the stop and waste faucets buried below frost underground, and a rod extending therefrom that has to be turned every time it is desi ved to draw water. This can be so arranged as to permit of water being drawn from a faucet in the usual way durini the summer, while in the fall the ordinary faucet must be left fully open and the handle removed to prevent Its being shut, and the water turned on and off only by means of the rod or key attached to the stop and waste faucet. It must be borne in mind that in shutting off water with the intention of emptying pipes, it is necessary to open the various faucets throughout the building to admit the air, or the water will not run off. It IS also a good plan to blow forcibly into some of them. All unoccupied houses should have the pipes they contain carefully emptied m the fall. This should only be done by a plumber, or some one who thoroughly un- derstands what IS required, as there are various cisteras, traps, water-backs, &c, that it is not pMsible to empty by simply opening the ordmary &ucets. ■> r s ^ „....„..,„ j.,„.M.„jj louis lo the centie and running the down spouts or leaders through the building m connection with the plumbing work is becoming somewhat extensively adopted It may not be out of place to make a few pipes generally become frozen. After a spell of very severe weather there is apt to be a sudden ^ .kTPu"*"""^' ^"^ '' ^*» be readily under" stood that the temperature of the air in a build- .ng that IS carefully shut up will not ri^e at he b w«^m } '■ ".'^''""^ P°^«"^'e that while it IS warm and rain is falling outside, the air in the building may still be several degrees below the J-ff^'^g^Point. Now. as the wa.e Ss to fall on the roof and trickle down the leadfr pipe t begins to freeze to the sides, and it does iot take long to fill the leader pipe with ice Then tJ flnn"/^"'^*',"! ^"^""^ P'^'^^"' Ihe roof is filled to r«ulf. Those having charge of unoccupied buildings that are fitted lith inside kSr £ should always open doors and windows on% sudden rise o temperature, after a cold snap.^J S .^°.^*^?*i''^ '^^ temperature of the buildiiS mh that of the outer air, although this mean! must not be depended upon as a ture preventive safety is to have the down pipe drop perfectly Sfnln"" '°°^*° ^'^•"- (Thelat?erW£ untrapped in every case,) as any bends in such cEtfE'"L"'" '^' '•°°f' "' ^^rtoi" S ^h^™^. " ''' ^J"^ '"°^' &c., falling into the pipe, is arrested at such bends, and will soon cause a general chokaae. F„^p ^^..^-j-, "!.. " is partiilly arrested by a^beVd," and tce^lj speedily begin to form.' The n^xt imporS f^Znl ^'\°^'^l pipe; it should never be w • u*"'"*'^. '"•'* ^ '»*^e ^^ trouble with that size, but with 5 or 6 inch, straight through. 15 of preventing equently do in ew it to occur le proper pre- prevent it. I in which these , 'adnctor ; E B to wblob froit er a spell of « a sudden idily under- in a build- rise at the 5 a sudden lat while it >e air in the s below the ' begins to leader pipe t does not ice. Then oof is filled ng is sure inoccupied *der pipes ws on any ilsnap, in e building lis means Jreventive uisite for perfectly sr must be s in such :ertain to IHng into will soon •ig water ice will nportant never be ible with through- out, you can depend upon having no trouble, as the warmth from any ordinary system of town sewage is quite sufficient to keep pipes of these siieslree from ice in the coldest weather. It is better that houses fitted with the centre pitch roofs should have the space between the ceilings of upper flats and the roof ventilated ; in fact, it should be done in all buildings that are in climates subject to severe cold and heavy falls of weather ; water in which salt has been mixed to the point of saturation also has its freezing point considerably lowered. /i^. 6. OT leader ; G, apsoe between waUs of building; KB, openings A A, roof; B, down' root and celling | D 1 left In tbe wall to allow oiroulatlon of air between roof and oelllne ; If V, oelUng, ueaally bavins Inoliot of dry sawdnst pboed on It to prevent escape ot heat from honae ; Q, wire grating to keep dirt oat of leader pipe. snow, as it equalizes the temperature of the roof and prevents the heat from the house melting the under portion of the snow, which is usually frozen again during the night. This goes on until there is frequently from 6 inches to i foot of ice on the top, especially in the vicinity of the down-spouts. Then in case of a sudden thaw the ice prevents the free escape of water, and a flooded and leaky roof with all its annoyances is the result fhe accompanying sketch will, I think, make my meaning plain. This plan will also prevent the roof from sweating, as it is called In conclusion, I would say that a great deal depends upon taking the proper preventive measures in time against damage from frost. If cellars and similar places were properly secured early in the fall, so that the natural heat of the place would be retained, there would be hardly any trouble ; but generally it is only after damage has been done that people find out open doors and broken windows, and as the frost has then*got fast hold, any amount of packing and fixing is of little avail unless fires are lit and the place is warmed. While the temperature b above the freezing point pack and secure, and there is a chance of success. During extreme weather spare bedrooms, pantries and similar places should be put into communication with the rest of the house, in order that they may be warmed. It is also well to open the doors of wash stands and the boxing of pipes, &c., for the same reason. Four or five gallons of glycerine to lo gallons of water will prevent water from freezing solid in ordinary cold Chapter V. Smelis. '. That the nose or smelling organ was intended by the Creator for more than an ornamental purpose, no intelligent person will deny, neither can it be denied that no attention is paid to the education and training of our smelling faculties. It is true that in time most persons become familiar with certain odors,' pleasant and un- pleasant, but the number of persons who can intelligently distinguish and understand the many lessons conveyed to the mind by the sense of smell, is small. An unpleasant and unusual odor in a house is, by 99 out of 100 persons, • immediately attributed to sewer gas, as that is the fashionable stink, at present, in our city, and nearly all unpleasant odors in our dwellings are immediately set down to this cause ; but experience warrants me in stating there iire many other causes of foul odors in our dwellings, a few of which I will enumerate, hoping by so doing that some of my readers will by this means be enabled to trace out and remedy ex- isting causes. Ranking second as a cause of foul odors, I may place illuminating gas. Now, while both these gases, sewer and illuminating gas, are largely to blame for foul odors in our dwellings, yet there are many other causes which, to use a paradoxical expression, may be easily perceived by an educated nose. In further explanation of my subject, I will name a few that I am familiar with. Third on the list is that foul abomination, that should be im- mediately banished from every well-regulated household, the swill barrel or bucket. One of these pests carefully concealed under the enclosed sink is a fruitful cause of foul odors, especially during the heated term, and it is astonishing to find with what care it is- put out of sight into the yard or outhouse when the servants become aware that an examination of the premises is to be made for cause of a com- plaint of foul odors. I have frequently, on suspicion of the swill bucket being the cause of complaint, had to make frequent and unexpected visits before catching the otfender. Now there is hardly any substance thrown into the swill pail but what can and ought to be burnt in the cooking range or stove, and I know from actual observation in many families that it can be done with little or no inconvenience. Fourth, in my list I place odors from vermin, especially rats and mice, filth from these pests under floors and between walls (the accumulations of years) is more frequently the cause of foul odors, especially in old houses, than is generally suspected. When it is ascertained that a house is being poisoned from this source, it is first necessary to rat-proof the building and ex- terminate or drive out the cause, then the filth must be removed by having floors and base- boards removed, and thoroughly cleaning and disinfecting the spaces. Sometimes it is more convenient and inexpensive to remove the 16 slacking a mmntity of lime in them L a\ery S smelling a^d u„h^.hv^"'"n-^ ""^ ^T^ °' swee enmg effect, and, where possible, a plentiful are CL^H v •i^T^^'''^ dwellings. Houses supply of lime wash should be used. Shur frL e^S/ '^""''.t' '^"'' '^"' "^""^ '»"«>'£ may be burnt, or any method suggested b/ ex' wUhin tSL? "*?( ""*' ^^ *='»."«'« "°» "'"t'"! perience and convenience can be^do^TedVpro- ^aS and lales u^SlnL'^"'^P'''' "'""es, dirt? vidmg the work is effectually done. About the K XnSr ^ '^S^?r'''°"i"''P''"B». e«.est way to get rid of rats, after care has been similar Ses exi ^ /„H „ "' ''^^''A^' »"<» laken to prevent their entrance, is to starve difficult ^^mnl. ' f* ^'.'neHmes very .lem out, leave no loose food or a crumb of SoliL^n?u ''' T'^^'^^^^'^y'^"'^^''"'^'^ anything they can feed upon within their r«ch, neghS^ rt' ^'"^"^^'T^ apathy of the and they will not care to stay about the place SrSu^'n.I Jvl w ?""'! «^'"^aced houses Fifth. I place dirty kitchen sinks, wash-tufcand fheirSn ^ ^ J- '^^ '^"''/°"' '™<^"^ '"'^*ng water-closets; they are verv liable, with but thl ^^"A'l.ll'V.^'''".'"^ '^°"«««. w^ch make Slight neglect, to be a prolific source of foul amells. especially when they are so constructed that the surrounding wood work becomes saturated with filthy moisture. For this reason ' wooden wash-tubs boxed in sinks, and similar arrangements, should be carefully avoided ; slate, marble, tile, cement, stone, brick, are all their way from house to house by means of holiM.H """'• •^'^"'"S^ around'^be^mTrat holes, and, m many cases, through the walls themselves. I have had many such^as^ to dS with. In conclusion I will give the following recipe, in which I have greit faith It wa! written by a physician in a^wer to a pa ient"s request for a good disinfectant. to use during the warm weather :— "umn, me •• R— Brush, substitutes for wood that can be utilized in most cases. Last, but not least, many houses are .. „ „ . loul Bmelling because not kept clean, and these . R— Brush, i • pail, i • shovel, i : wheel- cases are about the most difficult for a sanitarian ^'"■'■°*' ' 5 broom, i ; cloth, i ; soap, arf/,'*. ^ua to take in hand, as it requires a good deal of P^^.f'Mn/um suf. (plenty dean water), add a nerve and moral courage to enable one to face fiJ**^'?"' quantity of brains and muscle to cause the lady of the house, and tell her it is stinking f"^ "''''''e to be vigorously worked, and use in because not kept clean. Yet dirty store-rooms? 'a>"eequantities until complete relief is afforded " n^Iected pot-holes, unwashed wood-work, J. W. H. WJ*^ A\ ^