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Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmds en commenpant par la premidre pago qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ♦► signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmds d des taux de reduction diff6rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est film6 d partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. ita lure, ] 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 m I' i , TRAVELS IN FAITH PROM TRADITION TO REASON BY ROBERT C. ADAMS \ •' "There Uvea more faJth In honest doubt, Believe me, than in half the creeds." Tbnnvson. ■ • * • • C. p. PUTNAM'S SONS Nfw York: 27 & 29 Wkst 2jn Street London: 35 IlENRiErrA St., Covent Garden 1884 15 Reproduced by DUOPAGE PROCESS in the U.S. of America The original of this book is in the collection of the WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY UBRARIES Qeveland, Ohio Micro Photo Division . Bell & Howell Company Cleveland, Ohio 44112 V ♦, .i DP # 5481 * ^ v^ I : 1 O ^ d J ^ r^ >^.. ' %-i ^ TRAl'EUi IN FAIT//. 5 though they may charm " Sabbath-school readers," are not so popular with the general public of to- day as the Tom Sawyers and the bad boys, whose "diaries" would be preferred to the extended ac- count of my youth, from which the above extracts are made. The character of my mother's Sunday talks with her children is shown in the following entry : " It is my custom Sabbath evening to tell the three older childr'^n how I have enjoyed myself, what particular truths and passages of Scripture have interested me, and what the impression is which that day has left upon my mind, with which to enter on the busy scenes of the week. Sabbath before last, as I was thus sitting with them, I said : 'Children, this morning's sermon by Rev. Mr. Phelps, of 1 ine Street Church, made me feel that I ought not to rest satisfied with anything but your conversion. Parental and Sabbath-school in- struction is not enough, you must be born again, as much as if you were heathens.' M. (nine years old) looked very solemn. I continued: 'Your father this afternoon preached to those who sin- cerely desire to be Christians. M., you think you are one of those, don't you ? ' ' Oh, yes, mother, I am sure I do. I pray and pray, but it don't come. Do tell me what father said.' The day had been intensely cold, and owing to slight indispositions the children had been kept at home. I told them TRA VELS IN FAITH. m about the sermon : one hindrance to some was the fear of what their acquaintance would think. * Ha, mother!* said M., 'that ain't mine. I don't care what they think. Mother, I should be proud, proud \.o have them know I was a Christian.' An- other hindrance was being afraid to trust the soul with Christ. * I ain't afraid to,* she said. Another hindrance was lo\in5 jssed, iim as theo- is, and in every' sermon portrayed the terrors of eternal doom and the hope of the atonement. Though an orator of great power, liis stern theology was not relished by the lax New England churches, who, though professedly holding it in their creeds, yielded inconsistently to the enlightened spirit of the age, and tried to ignore what in honesty they should disavow. One of his hearers remarked to me, while deprecating the plainness of his preach- ing : "We don't go back on the old doctrines ; but, you know, times have changed, and — eh — You understand." We weri to church Sunday morning, and to Sun- day-school and church in the afternoon ; after which, the time before tea was recognized as a period for retirement and rcllection. Never sliall I forget the mental experiences of those hours, and my efforts in them " to become a Christian." I would read a little in Doddridixe's "Rise and Progress," Allein's "Alarm," Baxter's "Saints* Rest," or some other standard book of that sort ; and, having gained a certain amount of fervor, I tried to convince myself of sin by self-examination and reflection upon my " ruined state by nature," — for, having no heinous sins of my own, I had to rely for agony upon Adam's transgression. Then, I pictured to my mind Christ's sufferings upon the cross yi;/' mc; dwelt upon the thorns, the nails, the spear, and sought to impress my feelings till the mmmiimmmyiii' ^!!^^^!SETSSBsmB9mmm I'., li, 1.. Ill II'.' lit TRAVELS "^ ''*'™- '* X Then 1 thought 1 had gained a pen- tears flowed. Then 1 tno g ^ i^^ness, and '^^"^ T n mv S'et oSe evidence of conver- lingered on my ^necb ^'°"- • 1 felt a certain amount of peace Sometimes, 1 lelt a ^^^^^^ y as after these exercises- but not h^ g^^^.^ ^^^^, 1 had read that others exp^- ^^^ ^^ j,,^,ent '^ '^"r\ft l\rten years of age. these str.v- intervals, alter i ings were repeated ^^^^ teachers ; but 1 1 had some go^^^^'f^' „f a ..entkman who, enioyed most the mn..strat.ons o a ^^^^^^^ Zr a few minutes spent upon th^. r .^^^^ ^^ ^^^ read to us ^ -m a book aboutjl^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ Spanish Inqu.s,t,o . H^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^, ,,„ West, having lorgcu .veckly feast of horrors - ,^;,„. Fox's 1 was well grounded m tne _ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ -Book of Martyrs and t ^^^^^.^^^^s, it Primer" were my f 'f ..^'^day books " on the being wicked to look a ^^cc^ V .^^. ,, ^y ^-^>' ^''^>'- ' :r-TiiLrinStmare, that the s^^^^ father's room, thiK.^^^^ ,,, . Primer" was cton witn a .->'-> n"- after me. , Sunday evening Vividly do I remember tic ^^^^^^ ^^^ gatherings in the 1- ^-J- , ;., and we eagerly 5H ^vas ining IS and 1 TRAVELS IX FA rnr. I, " I love iny Shepherd's voice. His watchful eye shall keep My wandering soul among The thousands of his sheep. He feeds his flock, he calls V/// ftamcs^ His bosom bears the ten-der lambs." One of the earliest hymns that I recited was: — " Welcome, welcome, dear Redeemers Welcome to this heart of mine." But my great favorite was : — " Lo ! he comes, in clouds descending, Once for favored sinners slain." I recall saying, with broken voice and intense feel- ing :— "Just as I am, without one plea." After the hymns were said, we were asked to tell anything we had heard or thought of during the day ; and, if we coukl muster up a quotation from a sermon or a pious reflection of our own, we were very proud. These were enjoyable seasons, but I realize now how very emotional they were. It was the climax of the day, after which the evening singing and talking, or the "monthly concert of prayer for foreign missions" at Park Street Church, where we could get into a pew with other minis- ters' sons, gave an agreeable reaction. The excite- ment was not lessened, though varied, one evening, when one of these boys swallowed the tert-cent piece destined for the collection-box. ht^ s^* iS 1;!' TRAVELS IN FAITH. Among my ^^f^^'^^^^^S^^^^^S^ of person, n^ental capacity and ^^ ^^ ^^^^ s tion. was unrivalled •" ^^^^^ ^^'J ^;^ to a degree knew him. \'^rr::irn%that pertained to approaching •"f^^"='"°"- „yuis presence was bhss. Sm was precious to me and ^^ ^^ ^ „,; , , even hesitated to X^^^^ ,„-,ght diminish be increased, lest m some wa> ,„y love (or Artl-'.--- „ „,a-had been \ly younger -^^^^'^^^^.tes. urging them to writing letters to her s hoo ^^^^_ ^^,, „ ,„end to the -Uat.on ;^^^^, _^^^ j^^,^ „y be- thc sumn^er vacation sq r. .^^^.^^^^ ,^^ j oved friend, it "purred U,^- ^^. ^^^_ ^^^^..„g , he ,„,Ue this the theme of a Wt^c ^^ ^^^^.^^ . did not desire to be a Chr s _ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^r ■ ttidterms sayinj o. Jdo^^ ^^ a correspondence vv -^^ ^^ j^^j ^o become a Chris rt;li«nous emotion. deter ^^^^j.^y a,. ^^before 1 met 1-"^/- ;.;:,• 'u the resolve to ernoon, 1 got "po" -V ^;;^,,,a „,e. Vor two remain there till Ood co ^^^ . hours. 1 wept. V^^"^,^ „ e feeling that had . until, tired out. 1 ^^ J^ufu't do his. and save done my part. and. «c ^ ^^,^^ „^, « the . tr;;acerulsatis.icUon^^^^^^^^^^^ but had no assurance '^*?!5 TRAIELS IN FAiriL •9 ■■I I When ! met my friend in the fall, our diftidence was so great that not a word was said about our correspondence, nor was the subject of religion ever alluded to in our future conversation. This evidences the unnaturalness of such mental exer- cises. He was converted a few years later under the influence of a sermon, and joined the Church ; but his fair and promising life was blighted by dis- ease, and the hopes inspired by his exquisite char- acter and uncommon powers of intellect perished in his early grave. At the age of tliree, I was sent to school, proba- bly more with a view to be kept out of the way than for regard to my intellectual needs. I can remember sittimif in a little rockiui^-chair and learn- ing to sew small bags for holding spools of thread ; but my other lessons are not recalled, though it seems to me that i was born with the ability to read, for I do not remember ever having learned the art. At an early age, I entered the Brimmer School, then in charge of that excellent teacher, Mr. Joshua Bates, ably assisted by Mr. John II. lUitler and Mr. Daniel C. Brow.i. I was often at the head of my classes, and devoted much time out of school to the preparation of my lessons. I can remember sitting in school with folded arms, al- most bursting with self-consciousness and satisfac- tion at my high rank and the approval of my teach- ers. The studies were wisely chosen, except that 90 TRA VELS IN FAITH. f Ml " I English grammar was drilled into the boys by rote before they were capable of understanding its prin- ciples, and they still talked *'bad grammar" in the playground. All that I ever learned in school of history, geography, and physics was gained here ; and the days when natural philosophy was taught and illustrated by experiments with apparatus were the most enjoyable days of my school life, and, I believe, the most profitable. I was removed from these useful studies before the last year of the course, in order to pursue a more classical routine. In a private school for a year I was confined almost wholly to Latin, French, and algebra, and then en- tered the Boston Latin School, which was under the charge of the renowned teacher, Francis Gard- ner. The usual course of study required five years ; but Mr. Gardner announced that an "advanced di- vision" would be formed of the best scholars, which would be put through in four years. My ambition was the only reason for joining this class, and led to my being " put through " most literally in one year. Latin and French occupied nearly the whole of our attention, but the former was the great study. Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar had to be committed to memory, and was recited in this way. The first boy called upon began the lesson, then another was called at random, who must continue where the first left off. If he failed • to do so accurately, it was accounted an error, and TRAVELS IX FAITH. 21 i i. every important word missed was an error. The boys were told that, if they were conscious that they could not have recited what another boy was say- ing or could not have answered a question asked another, they must count an error; and, at the close of the lesson, each was asked in turn how many er- rors he had, and was marked accordini^ly. Five was the highest mark given for lessons, and each error caused a deduction of one ; and, if as low a mark as two was given at any recitation, the pupil failed to receive an approbation card at the end of the week. A few conscientious boys counted errors to themselves ; but others, among them some of the poorest scholars, never acknowledged errors except for public failures. Thus, a direct premium was offered for lying, where detection was impossible ; and my indignation was intense at being outranked sometimes in the "placing" at the end of the month by au inferior and less truthful scholar. Being morbidly conscientious, I often turned the benefit of a doubt against myself, or else was dis- tressed with self-accusations that I could not have recited correctly, if I had been called upor. A similar rule was adopted as to conduct. When Mr. Gardner left the room, instead of appointing a •'monitor" to act as spy, he said, "I leave you upon your honor." On his return, he asked, "Who have been out of order?" The "good boys" raised their hands, and were marked for dis- z o I -29 TRA VELS IN FAITH, order ; but the bad boys, who had incited all the whispering and mischief, made no sign, and took home their approbation cards to their proud parents at the end of the week, provided their public lesson failures had not forfeited them. This system of reciting made me study intensely. I could repeat the Latin Grammar verbatim from the beginning, and its list of ** exceptions" will haunt me all my life. But little time was taken for play ; and I often cried at being sent to bed at nine o'clock, in fear that I had not |)roperly memorized my lesson. My friend Arthur was in this class ; and his wonderful genius enabled him to stand easily first, without great effort. I one month stood first, but was usu- ally second, except when one of the non-confessors supersede^' me. I approached school and recita- tion with fear and trembling ; and, after a year of this strain, headache v/as fastened upon me, and, after repeated attempts to continue with my class, I was obliged to leave school, and the family phy- sician ordered me to sea. III. I HAD made a voyage to Spain as a passenger, an -)s about to start on a voyage to England. ife had deadened my religious impressions <; I ^ I TRA I'ELS A\' FAITH. -3 somewhat ; and the profanity which prevailed on shipboard had become familiar to my ear, though not to my lips. My brother and I had a small billiard-table in an upper room, upon which we had given instructions to some of the deacons' sons, to the scandal of certain good ladies of the parish. A pious and faithful servant, who had been sixteen years in the family, tossetl this table out of window one night ; and we rescued it, badly broken, from a neighboring yard the next day. That night, as Harbara sought her couch, her bed collapscid in ruins, and proved that '* Providence" is often on the side of small boys as well as of "the heaviest artillery." Let me record here that, one spring, when the snow melted in the West Roxbury woods, old Barbara was found peacefully sleeping her last sleep, v.'ith her head upon her muff, she having strayed away in the fall in aberration of mind and laid herself down to die. The billiard-table was repaired after a fashionj though its bed was hardly a dead level ; and, dur- ing one exciting game with my brother, I startled him, and myself also, by uttering my first oath. That evening, my father called me into his study, and asked me if I did not feel that I could call my- self a Christian. 1 answered, "No." He then asked me to write out a statement of my religious feelings which he might read to the examining com- mittee of the church, saying that he would like to 1 3) K U > Z D 01 % J % 34 TRAVELS JN FAITH. have me make some sort of an avowal before sail- ing upon another voyage. I did this, and accom- panied him to the meeting, where my letter was read, and some of the good deacons put questions to me, which I answered ; but I told them frankly I did not feel warranted to call myself a Christian. The ncixt day, I was astounded at being told by my father that I was accepted for admission to the Church. My brother was little less than thunder- struck, for he evidently considered me less pious than I had ever been. My father said he had long believed I was a Christian, without being conscious of it myself, and that, if I would begin and en- deavor to live like one, the evidences would come to me. After my voyage to England, I decided to adopt the sea as my profession ; and, accordingly, I shipped before the mast in a clipper ship, bound on a voyage around the world. At my father's re- quest, I joined the Church ; and I gradually accus- tomed myself to the belief that I was a Christian. I soon after entered upon life in a ship's fore- castle. My surroundings were not what would be called edifying, nor would they be considered *• means of grace." My church vows were a con- scious restraint upon me, but neither these nor the fear of God exercised so strong a hold upon me as my father's love. He had been both father and mother to me ; and my reverence and affection for him were so great that he always controlled me i TRAVELS LV FAITH. =5 without commands, his usual utterances being, " I wouldn't do so," or " I think you had better not do that." Now that I was separated from him, in any temptation the first thought that came to me was, "What would my father say?" And this so gov- erned mc that, after years of roving about the world, I was able to say to him I could not recall an act that I should be ashamed to tell him. For two years, between the ages of seventeen and nineteen, I remained on shore in a counting- room in Boston. Heinix thrown ai^ain into reliir- ious surroundings, and a great revival being then in progress all over the land, I began to test my evidences of conversion. I recalled the manner of my joining the Church ; and, realizing that I never had anything like the ecstatic s':;nsations which were proclaimed on all hands by new converts, I fell into despondency, and regarded myself as a false pro- fessor; feared I had committed the unpardonable sin, and grieved away the Holy Ghost ; and that, in partaking of the Lord's Supper, I had eaten and drank unworthily, and had thus eaten and drank damnation to myself (I. Cor. xi., 29). For some months, gloom and despair haunted me, and 1 could understand why people committed suicide ; but, at last, I resolved to think no more of the past, but to be a Christian from the present. A paper of Addison's in the Spectator, No. 465, '* Means of Strengthening Faith," greatly assisted me, espe- 1 t K Itl > Z K uJ H I % u % 26 TRA VELS IN FAITH, \l cially his first rule, — that, being once convinced of the truth of any article, we should never after suf- fer ourselves to call it in question ; and my father taught me that joy and peace were not invariable accompaniments of conversion, but were blessings which God, for wise purposes, might sometimes withhold for a time. Now, 1 began a truly " relig- ious life " ; became a Sunday-school teacher, pick- ing up my class from the streets and in house to house visiting ; distributed tracts on the sly, drop- ping them on the Common or leaving them se- cretly on seats ; made addresses at neighborhood meetings among the poor, and started a young men's prayer-meeting. The pastor and deacons disapproved of this, and thought we should exer- cise our gifts in the church prayer-meeting. After awhile, we yielded to their desires ; and they took pains to ** bring us forward." I used to crouch be- hind a pillar at the PViday evening prayer-meeting, dreading the words, ** Brother A., will you lead in prayer ? " This became a great bondage to me ; and the happiest moments of the week were when the leader said, ** We will close with the doxology," and I had escaped a call. All the week, I dreaded the approach of that evening, yet never failed to attend, and sometimes refused most attractive in- vitations, because they came on prayer-meeting night. The joyous life that many of my acquaint- ances led, by comparison, increased the sombreness TKAlliLH L\ 1' A I TIL of my own ; and 1 recall these two years as the gloomiest period of my life. My health obliged me to take to the sea again ; and I followed it steadily for several years, work- ing painfully through all the grades of third mate, second mate, mate, and captain. The life was al- ways uncongenial to me, and unsuited to my dispo- sition and tastes ; but I accepted it as a providen- tial calling, and, by faithful devotion to duty, I in a measure overcame the lack of natural aptitude. My voyages were mostly long ones, in "deep water," as sailors say. I made short voyages to the Mediterranean and the Baltic, but California, China, the East Indies, and British India were the most frequent destinations. I sailed twice around the world, and several times half-way around, and back the same way. Seven times I sailed past Cape Horn, and ten times I passed the Cape of Good Hope. The distances sailed on the various voyages amount to about three hundred and fifty thousand miles. F'or several years, I accepted implicitly the scheme of theology in which I was educated. If a question arose about any doctrine, I consulted the Catechism and the Bible ; and, if the latter was not intelligible, I referred to Scott's Commentary for an explanation. What satisfied Thomas Scott's intellect I thought should be sufficient for my hum- ble mind ; but, if a final appeal became necessary, 3 n oc u > Z K < I 28 TRAVELS IN FAITH. I consulted my father's book, " Evenings with the Doctrines," and that settled the matter. Doubt was sinful» and sceptical or controversial works were to be read only by trained theoloj^ians who had been skilfully educated to combat them. The Catechism i^ot well mixed up in my mind with the Hible and Milton's " Paradise Lost"; and a Methodist Hible- class leader at the Youni»- Men's Christian Associa- tion, j^ood Captain Girtller, snubbed me painfully, when I asserted, in reply to his attacks upon elec- tion, that the Bible said, God ** hath foreordained whatsoever comes to pass " (usinjj^ the words of the Catechism). I never had really thou<^ht for myself upon reliu^ious doctrines until my first voyaj^e as master of a vessel, when, on an East India voy- aije, I visited the ports of Sin<4ai)ore and Penani(. There, 1 met some l^Ui^lish missionaries who held the doctrines of the Plymouth Brethren ; thoui»;h, when askc!il if they l)eloni;i;d to that sect, they answered, •* Oh, dear, no ! " I learned afterward that the Brethren had differed upon some such question as whether Christ would have sinned if he could, or could have sinned if he would ; and those who held to the " peccability " of Christ were ex- cluded from communion with the I'lymouth body. A very bitter conflict arose ; and any one who had .not *• judi;ed the evil " was worse than a heathen to the orii^inal sect, led by John Darby. These jL^^ood men first instilled dissent into my mind. TKAIEI.S IN F,\lTrf. 29 I was a strict Sabljatarian, and they startled nic with the declaration that the Lord's day was in no sense the Sabbath. I believed in infant baptism ; and they taught believer's baptism, with immersion as the mode. I had taken in all Scott's spiritual interpretations of the Old Testament prophecies and his theory of the Hook of Revelation, which maintained that nearly all its prophecies had been fulfdled in past history, and soon the "dry- ing up of the Euphrates" — which meant the de- cline of Turkey — would be followed by the millen- nium. But these Brethren taught the principle of the literal interpretation of the Scriptures, — that they might be read and understood without note or comment by any one who undertook the task under the guidance of the Holy Spirit. They declared that God meant what he said, and that it was a sin against the Holy Ghost to explain away the direct meaning of his words by interpreting all the promises made to the Jews as foretellincf blessin^rs to the Christian Church. This principle led to the theory that the Jews would yet be restored to Palestine, Christ would appear to the select few on earth, and they would meet him in the air with the dead saints, who would rise in the first resurrection. Then, the " marriage sup- per of the Lamb " would take place, and, in the mean time, antichrist would gain power over the earth ; but, at the height of his persecutions of the \ t u > Z D IT U (- a \ ^^^^^■-^.--^.^■^jgjj^gl^^^^^gJgg^^B 30 TRA VELS IN FAITH, Jews, Christ and his followers would appear *• in flaming fire, taking vengeance on them that know not God." Then, the kingdom of Christ would be established upon earth, and a thousand years of blessedness wouid ensue, after which, a brief and decisive conflict with Satan would follow, and the second resurrection and last judgment would end the record of this present world. They objected to the present one-man ministry of the churches, and declared that the New Testament taught the liberty of ministry of all believers, according to their gifts. They made much of the indwelling and guidance of the Holy Spirit. Their disap- proval of commentators was chiefly directed tow- ard the standard works ; and they urged me to read Macintosh's *' Notes," and gave me a good supjily of tracts relating to their views. I studied the liible diligently at sea, and in time came to accept many of their doctrines. I especially saw that Jesus foretold, and the apos- tles believed in, his speedy return to the earth to destroy the wicked and establish his kingdom ; and the system of interpretation, which made all these yearning hopes, expressed 0.1 nearly every page of the New Testament, to be merely prophetic fore- casts of spiritual blessings to the " Church " two thousand years later, did violence to all my concep- tions of the common-sense way of treating lan- guage. Let any one read what Paul says, "by the TKA V'ELS IN FAITH. 3« word of the Lord," in I. Thcss. iv., 13-18, and say if the expression "7ir that are aUve and remain unto the comini^ of the Lord," and the whole tenor of the passai^e, does not recjuire the honest admis- sion that these events were looketl for thirin^; th(! Hfetime of some then hvini^. They were mistak- en, and Paul's inspiration was disproved ; but the Brethren found some iniienious excuses to save this last admission, thoui^h I now see them to be as dishonest as the theories I abandoned. While at sea, I took much interest in the wel- fare of sailors. In my early experience, I saw and heard a j^ootl deal of the hardship and abuse which came to their lot, nuich of which seemed to me un- necessary. To improve their condition on ship- board, I studied control by moral suasion, improve- ment in food, and in the hours and methods of work. To enable them to overcome the temptations of life in port, I endeavored to elevate their char- acters by iuoral and relii^ious instruction, and their minds by lectures and educational classes. Relii,^- ious services were held, Hi')les ami tracts freely sup- plied, and temj)erance plcds;es obtained. The re- sult commended all these measures to my i ind. A few cases of conversion occurred; ami, on ^nc voyage, five professed " a change of heart." 1 wrote an account of this voyat^e for publication, and inserted narratives of the relitjious experience of the sailors. I afterward heard such reports from 3) CE Id > Z D o: Ul ;iil *^''-- ft^KiBi If t^u^tmrntmrnmama^tmrn 3» TRAVELS IN FAITH, \i four out of the five that I felt obliged in honesty to withdraw these records and publish the book with- out allusion to them. My views about sailors w^ill be found in " On Hoard the * Rocket.'" I found it easy to secure resolutions of moral re- form, but felt disappointed in my efforts to secure "conversions." The inlluence during the voyage just mentioned was largely through a sailor who was converted in the first month of the outward passage, an ignorant but intensely enthusiastic man, who aroused the emotions of his shipmates. I preached "the pure gospel" over and over, — sin, eternal dooiii, and the atonement. But I thought often I should have succeeded better, as to the number of my converts, if I could have been more passionate and less rational. Orthodox conversion is oftener the result of feeling than of reasoning. " Religion off Soundings," a little pamphlet pub- lished by the American Seaman's Friend Society, gives my itleas about religious effort at sea. On my luist India voyages, we called, for the last port, at Padang, on the west coast of Sumatra, to fill up with coffee and cassia. The consignee, a kind and intelliirent Dutch z S % u s • ,> 34 TRAVELH IN FAITH, IV, N In my voyages to India and China, I was greatly iniprese;ed with the sight of the multitudes of peo- ple and cheir varying religions. Human life seems to be a weed that grows rankly over these lands. Its individual value appears to be small ; and I was often oppressed with the questionings of my niind as to the immortality of thes herds of cooli^^s, and as to the idea that God wn . iccrning himself separately with ^ich one, deciding his destiny in heaven or hell. As I visited the mission rooms and saw twenty or thirty of the elect gathei%*xl out of a million heathen, it seemed incredible that these were to be saved, because, by accidental cir- cumstances, they had come imJer the inlluence of the missionaries anil been converted, and the rest of the million were to endure eternal torment. Adam's sin and their own shortcoming from the teachings of the creation had sealed their doom. These theories do not shock, one m) much in the prayer-meeting at home, where one sees only the elect, anil the poor heathen are ten thousand miles away ; but, when you see the toiling millions pass by you, and when you become acquainted with in- dividuals and find them to be brother-men and not weeds, and observe kindlv and virtuous traits of TRAVELS IN FAITH. 35 character, and witness instances of family affection and neighborly benevolence, this whole scheme of damnation excites such a feeling of revolt that only the utter extinction of one's reason and a blind acceptance of ** the Word of God " can preserve one's belief. A Calvinist who wishes to keep his faith should never travel and never read secular books. By confining his acquaintance to the cir- cle of the church and feeding his mind constantly upon evangelical rca'^'mg, he may be safe. This is the life that many pietists lead ; but it is so un- natural, it seems impossible that it can be right or can develop the best sort of men. I was surprised to see the morality that prevail(.'d in Asiatic lands. I could not observe that the people I came in contact with w s Wii\mn/-\t'rrr' 36 r/!A VELS IN FAITH. I once heard a Boston lady in spectacles say at a *' holiness" meeting. When I first visited China, I was told by the missionaries at Fuh Chau that they had just bap- tized the first convert to Christianity after eleven years of labor in a district containing three million people. It occurred to my mind that God had not devised very effective machinery for ** making dis- ciples of all nations " ; and I recalled the enthusi- asm at home in the monthly concert of prayer for forcii^n missions, when a letter from a missionary told of a few conversions, and how the leader of the meetinti^ would tj^ive out the hymn, — "The inornin^ij li«;ht is breaking, The darkness d" Z % Wteii^M tmm j» THAI' ELS IN FAITH. to differ amon^ themselves, some becoming so ex- clusive in their separation from evil that they could only recognize the true Church of God as existing in their own gatherings. An adventurer came to .Singapore, announcing that the Holy Ghost was 'gathering the Lord's people to await his coming at the town of Wellington in South Africa, where all the prophecies of blessing were being fulfilled. He assembled a few brethren and sisters in a room , and, after hours of intense prayer, some were seized with an ecstasy which was called re- ceiving the Holy Ghost. One of the sisters was prevailed upon to go to South Africa, and she wrote back letters enthusiastically declaring that •* the half had not been told her." I afterward met in China a captain in the British army, who, under the influence of this man, gave up his commission, and prepared to go to South Africa. But, at Sin- gapore, he learned that the man's lady travelling- companion was not his wife, he having left that person beliind when he became '* the Lord's free- man." This opened the captain's eyes ; and, de- clarin 2 u '♦- ,cn <: S fci ) 'M.m.-i,A^^.ij.^^i^ ^ ^ mki 40 7V?y* P^£LS IN FAITH. theory that these views of truth were like differ- ent views of a mountain from various points of observation, and were capable of union into a har- monious whole, when seen from God's standpoint. The only solution of the differences among Chris- tians and of the ever-varying religions and views which I found to prevail all over the world ap- peared to my mind to be that every man makes his own religion in accordance with his surround- ings and the constitution of his mind. A friend had presented me with Herbert Spen- cer's book, ** Illustrations of Universal Proirress." I had trlanced at it and laid it aside ; for I had never in my life read a book opposed to Orthodoxy, and I had understood he was one of the vain men, who, by '* oppositions of science, falsely so called," were striving to make the word of God of none effect. But, about this time, I took it up, and found that its theories about religion agreed with my observa- tion and experience. He applied the law of evo- lution to religion, commencing with the savage's worship of his dead chief, which developed into the conception of a deity, who, at first human in all things, has been o;raduallv losimj human like- ness, each race of men forming ideas of God in accordance with their own intelligence and desires. He says, ** As humanity is a growth and not a manufacture, men's theologies must be determined into such forms as the conditions require" ; and it TKAl'lil.a JX lAITlL 41 follows *• that the rclii^ious creeds tlirough which mankind successively pass are, durini^ the eras in which they are severally held, the best that could be held." The human orii^in of all religion thus seemed to explain all my difticulties. I sailed for the west coast of Mexico, and expe- rienced a reaction from the fervor which had char- acterized my thoughts on the outward passage. I subsided into an indifference about religious truth, which, during two months' stay on th.e lonely coast of Mexico, degenerated still further into doubts concerninLT the whole scheme of Christian theol- ogy. I thought Satan was let loose upon me ; for every form of infidelity came flooding upon my mind, and I could not read a chapter in the Bible without rationalistic suggestions of its im- probability or overestimated import. I still kept up services with my sailors, though I preached what was not very authoritative to my own mind. I hope preachers on shore never do this. I re- member walking off into the i)ionti\ as the Mexi- cans call the wild-brush-covered plains, and in the evening twilight I stretched out my arms to heav- en, and with intense feeling called on God to re- veal himself to me, and convince me of the truth of what claimed to be his written word, iiut no answer came. Some weeks after, when sailing toward Cape Horn, my c^ lOtions were strongly aroused by one of those trade-wind sunsets, which t I I t ,7) < u TRAVELS JN FAITH. only voyagers know, whose glories the ablest pens would fail to describe. Suddenly, the words came to me, ** Now is Christ risen from the dead." I started at the seeming lack of connection with my thoughts, and said : "Is it true ? If so, the teach- ings of Christ and his apostles are true. I can be- lieve anything, if that fact is established." I search- ed the Scrijjturcs, aided by Scott's and Lange's Commcn'^arics and Gilbert West's treatise on the Resurrection ; and my faith increased. I made no critical study of the text for myself, but read the conclusions of these critics. The story seemed well vouched for ; and, in the course of my daily study of the Greek Testament, I came upon Paul's charge to Timothy, *' Remember Jesus Christ risen from the dead," implying that this was the founda- tion of the Christian faith. As such I resolved to receive it, and I determined to doubt no more. I read Pai'.l's warning to Timothy, " that in the last days perilous times shall come," "that some shall depart from the faith, giving heed to seduc- ing spirits and doctrines of devils " ; and, in his Epistle to the Thessalonians, I read, *' God shall send them strong delusion, that they should believe a lie." So I tried to believe that all these logical conclusions and most reasonable ideas that seemed so to agree with my observation and common sense were only delusions characteristic of the last time, and proved that the Lord was truly at hand. So TRAVELS IN lAITJI. 4J firm a hold had my Bible taken of mc that reason was doomed to a still Ioniser subjection to a blind faith, and for years all the light of science and the wisdom of the age were rejected as delusions it was dangerous and sinful to encounter. I thouirht my feelintx of consecration mii^dit be increased if I went through the form of believers' baptism ; and, after the end of the voyage, I was immersed, one cool October day, in a New Jersey lake, by Mr. James Inglis, editor of the Witness, a monthly paper devoted to the truths of Brethren- ism minus its exclusiveness, though Mr. Inglis had, like most of the Brethren whom I have known, gradually withdrawn from* fellowship with others, and was accustomed '* to break bread" on the Lord's Day in his own house with .ny friends who chanced to come. After ihe plunge, he kept me standing dripping on the shore, while he maile a gospel address to the dozen stragglers who at- tended us. I never had placed any stress ujion the mode of baptism ; but I imbibed a strong opin- ion of the unseemliness of this mode, and ever after doubted if immersion had been divinely pre- scribed for all climes and periods, though I believed that baptism was only to be used as the sign of the faith of its recipient. I may add that I read books in favor of infant baptism, but nothing on the other side except the Bible. No increase of *• holiness" came to me; but, by resolutely refus- a 3 kJ > 44 ■■ffcoti /'A' A VELS IN FAJTIL ing to reason and keeping my sympathies warm in religious work, 1 kept on for years sincerely lead- ing a Chistian life. I sa"" that many wise and learned men were able to accept Christianity in spite of the light of modern science, and I clung to their faith as an arirumcnt for the maintenance of my own. V. After fifteen years of sea life, I settled down to business on shore, establishing myself in Montreal. A perusal of " Theodore Parker's Experience as a Minister" at this time, let loose my reason and ;u*oused the old doublings. My father had ob- tained the book to assist him in writing a contro- versial article against Parker's views, but the book rendered an opposite service to his son.. Two words had a great effect upon me. He spoke of ]\Ioscs as a ** Hebrew iilibuster." I was shocked at his irreverence in thus speaking of the man of God ; but, on reflection, I asked. Why did the in- road of the Hebrews upon Canaan differ in princi- ple from the attacks of the American filibusters upon Cuba and Mexico? It opened up a natural view of the Hebrew wars, and brought the Bible down to a common-sense interpretation. For a year, I was in ^reat danger of an abandonment of TKA VELS IN FAITH. 4S faith, and rationalistic suggestions often crowded upon my mind. The delight of a home, after all my wanderings, was intensely enjoyed ; and I developed some love for this woiiii and coohu^ss towartl th 2 u s .^^mmm-'nrr Vf^r 46 TA'^ VELS IN h'AJTn, A business visit to Europe broke up this mind burial and let loose my reason ag^ain, and it never was subdued aftenvard. I recall a decided mental experience at Hamburg. One Sunday morning, I attended a Lutheran church ; and its candles and papist forms of worship illustrated another of the innumerable interpretations by God's people of "God's revealed will." In the afternoon, I visited the Zoological Gardens, which were thronged by respectable, orderly people with their families, who studied the rare animals and various interestinof and instructive collections, listened to good music, and partook of refreshments. All this was wicked to Puritanism, but it seemed good to common- sense that the working man's day of leisure should be employed in such a manner. Why it could be better to stay at home and read how God slaugh- tered the Canaanites ; how Jael murdered her con- fiding guest Siseni, and was declared "blessed above women " for it ; or study the order of the service of the Jewish tabernacle, — was a puzzle. I recalled that some Christians kept the Jewish Sab- l)ath still, — ate cold dinners, shaved on Saturday, and kept (juiet all Sunday except when "walking decently to and from the house of God," as the " blue laws " express it. Others believed the Sabbath was abrogated by Christ ; and the Lord's day, a day of worship and religious joy, had taken its place. Paul said he TRA VELS IN FAITH. 47 was afraid of people who observed Sabbaths, and some Christians regard the day wholly in a spir- itual light. Some observe Saturday, and others Sunday. And here on the Continent were other Christians deliberately breaking the fourth com- mandment and desecrating the Sabbath, according to our notions of God's law. The confusion of ideas about the day, its origin, its object, the au- thority for its change from Saturday to Sunday, impressed me anew with the uncertain nature of God's revelation ; and why a God of intelligence could not speak plainly on such a point was past comprehension. The superior benefit toman from this feature of man's way of observing the day in Germany over ** God's way " in New England was too evident to reason to be denied; and the whole history of the day through the ages, from all that I could learn by a careful study of Christian writers, only enforced the idea that men in each age had made their own ideas to be God's law. From that day, the conviction never slumbered, though sometimes somewhat suppressed. The strain of this combined reliLrious and busi- ness life proved unfavorable to health, and three years were passed in travel or residence with my family in other cities for the purpose of recupera- tion Observation of different nations in Europe supplied fresh illustrations of the great diversity of religious opinions, and the uniform standard of Ua» iMfUlik imM^^jbtt^giggtmmmi 48 T^A VELS IN FAITH. morality and demeanor among all people. In thrift, neatness, courtesy, and good behavior, the inhabitants of Catholic and " infidel " France were, to say the least, not inferior to those of Protestant England and Scotland ; nor did free-thinking Hol- land and Germany appear to disadvantage in com- parison with Calvinistic Switzerland. An investi- gation into the various " isms" for which Boston is noted showed numbers of equally good and ear- nest people engaged in propagating varying views of what to each one was ** God's truth." The claim of aiiy one of these differing sects to be the divinely inspired custodians of revelation, while all others were more or less deceived in their equally confident opinions, appeared to me to be a com- bination of arrogance and ignorance ; and my rev- erence for the idea of a Supreme Being compelled me to believe that, if he undertook to make a rev- elation, good, intelligent people would understand it alike. On board a steamer returning from England, I came across Baine's " Age of Reason." I had avoid- ed reading this or any other sceptical book while my mind was unsetthxl ; but, now that my convic- tions were clearer as to the human origin of ** reve- lation," I ventured to read it. My astonishment at its lofty sentiment, religious aspiration, and pure morality was intense ; for was not this " the worst of books"? Its coarseness consisted in ridiculing TRAVELS /N FAITJt. 4«> what was indecent, immoral, and absurd in the Bible ; and its lo^ic and demonstration seemed to my mind unanswerable. Modern scholarship has cleared up a few points among the mass of matter that he criticizes; but his book still exists as a con- vincing demonstration that the Hible is composed of human ideas, and not of the words of God. As Paine's writings cannot be overthrown by learning and reason, scorn and calumny are used as the only remaining weapons. Let each read it for himself. If the Bible is the word of God, it need not fear the criticism of Paine. Criticisms and reviews of all other literature are deemed valua- ble in proportion to their exposure of defects and falsity, but with the Bible only adulatory criticism is tolerated. Paine treats the Bible as all bools should be treated by common-sense people in an ago of rea- son ; and the word of God certainly should be able to bear such examination. But his criticism proves it to be the word of man. I soon after bouirh^ a copy, and procured from the American Tract So- ciety Bishop Watson's " Reply to Paine," said to be a perfect refutation of this attack upon the in- spiration of the Bible. I read these two books chapter by chapter alternately, and tried to weigh the arguments fairly. Paine's keen, logical analy- sis, couched in the most lucid and forcible English, x"wvv«' r -F* jr Kwr I tl idriiiniim mi SO TJiAV/iLS IN FAITH. was proof against the Bishop's pompous denuncia- tion and stale argument. After my return to America, I spent a year in the neighborhood of Boston, and devoted myself to reading the thought of the day, especially what related to the genuineness and authenticity of the Bible, the laws of evolution and political economy, and some social problems. The proofs of the theory of development, as por- trayed in the writings of Darwin, Haeckel, and Spencer, seemed in the main to be unanswerable: and I found that almost every scientist in the world had in a great measure accepted the evolu- tion theory. I paid great respect to the opinions of the eminent exception that exists in Montreal, to whose character and ability we all do honor, and of whom, as citizens, we are justly proud. But his objections did not satisfy me, and were overborne by the overwhelming testimony of the great schol- ars who have left him almost alone to the support of the theories of the past. 1 therefore found a scientific foundation for my doubts about revelation; and, in the words of John Fiske, I came to believe in '* divine action through natural law, instead of in divine action through supernatural fiat." The Book of Genesis and its creation stories I found to be disproved beyond any possibility of reconciliation, and I could only regard it as the record of Ifebrew guesses about TRAVELS IN FA I Tit. 5' nature. The truth of the unfailing succession of cause and effect overthrew all possibihty of mir- acle ; and I found it easier to believe in the fallibil- ity of the Bible writers, both of the Old and New Testaments, than in the violation of the order of nature. The theories of evolution trave me a reasonable conception of the universe, and seemed to put solid ground under my feet. But for their dis- proof of supernaturalism, I might not have suc- ceeded in shaking off the thraldom of tradition, so strong was the bond of educational and social in- fluences that held me. Every motive of self-inter- est in life held me to Orthodoxy, and only what seemed to me absolute proof of its falsity could have led me to renounce its connection and asso- ciations. The path of worldly advancement^ now lies through the church. My good father said to me on the eve of my departure for Montreal, " I do not think we should be religious for the sake of gain, but I believe there is no surer means of ad- vancement than to be a reputable member of a respectable church." I found it popular to be a Christian, and experience convinces me that it is he, who conscientiously leaves the church, who knows what it is to •' take up the cross and follow Jesus." It would be tedious to dwell upon the varied proofs, furnished by evolution, of the orderly de- I 8 52 TRAVELS IN FAITH. velopment of matter and mind through past ages, without interference from either God or devil ; and I presume it is unnecessary to do so, for the high- est authorities tell us that every learned man in the world, who is not hampered by conventional theological tics, has accepted the theory of evolu- tion. Nor can I enlarge upon my consideration of the deep questions of the existence of evil, God's sov- ereignty and man's free agency, and all the range of Calvinistic dogma. Day by day, I pondered upon these themes ; but it is difficult to tell the mental experiences of years in a few pages. I studied the history of other religions and the character of their sacred books ; and I found Christianity to be the natural development out of the dogmas and traditions of India, Persia, Egypt, Palestine, and Greece, just one step, and a great step, in advance on the path of luiman progress, but destined to lead to the step of the religion oi" evolution and still onward. I found all the great doctrines of Christianity, such as trinity, miraculous conception, atonement and resurrection, paralleled or foreshadowed in the beliefs of many lands. But I resolved to take my stand upon the doc- trine of the resurrection of Jesus, as I had done once before, but not to read it in commentaries IK A VELS IN FAITH. 53 this time ; for this is the foundation stone of the Christian rdigion. I wrote out in parallel columns all the testimo- nies of evangelists and apostles to the resurrection and ascension, and compared each division mi- nutely. I advise others to do this, and judge for themselves. " God's Word " should be able to tell its own story and produce conviction. To my mind, this story bears all the marks which characterize hui in legends ; and the dis- crepancies are such that it is impossible to believe that the vital truth of the Christian rclitrion would not have been more impressively stated, if God undertook to reveal it to a world that would per- ish without it. There is a great array of literature on this subject, if any wish to read human opinions about it. I found also that contemporary history was utterly silent about this marvellous event, and even about the existence of such a man as Jesus. As I have said, I took great interest in foreign missions during my voyages to Asia ; and it seemed unaccountable why God, who wishes all men to come to the knowledge of the truth, should have himself created the principal obstacle to their doing so. The chief difficulty in spreading ideas among heathen nations has been their varying languages. The missionary or teacher has had to spend a life- time in learning a new language, inventing an al- phabet, reducing words to writing, and translating en a: UJ > 2: cr UJ o 2 54 TRAVELS IN FAITH. v\ the word of God, as nearly as his ingenuity will enable him to express involved ideas, where no words exist which can convey the sense God has revealed to English-speaking people through sev- eral other languages. Meantime, another genera- tion has perished, while the saving truth has been in preparation. The Bible tells us that God got angry with a few men in the land of Shinar, who were trying to build a tower that would reach to heaven. God was evidently alarmed, and said, " Now, nothing will be restrained from them, which they have im- agined to do." So "the Lord did there confound the lano^uatife of all the earth." He all the time was ** not willing any should perish," and had " foreordained " all that should come to pass, or at least knew what would happen. He intended that the gospel should be preached to all men under heaven ; and yet, for fear that some men would climb into heaven by means '^^ a brick wall, he destroyed the universal language, and inter- posed the greatest possible hindrance to the spread of the truth. In order to embarrass these brick- layers, he left millions of heathen to perish, caused countless wars, and delayed the civilization and enlightenment of the world for ages, by prevent- ing men from understanding one another. A gor,d God would not have done this. A wise God would not have eiven himself such a bad charac- TRAVELS IN FAITH. 55 ter ; and an intelligent God would not have feared that men could build "unto heaven," and jump off into it while the earth was revolving so swiftly on its axis. I perceived this story to be the myth of an ignorant people. VI. I COULD fill volumes with the record of my study and questioning about Bible doctrines. I had be- lieved that a Christian should be a man of one book. I enjoyed a great deal of leisure when in command of vessels upon long voyages, and my tastes were almost entirely literary. This convic- tion of the paramount importance of religion led me to concentrate all my reading upon the Bible and theological books. I [)rocured Lange's Com- mentaries as they were published, and read several of the volumes from beginning to end. One voy- age was devoted chiefly to the study of the Greek Testament. I look back with regret upon these years, which, if devoted to the study of the facts of nature, would have made me a learned man ; but, instead of this, I was trying to discover the probable course of future events by comparing the obscure rhapsodies of Hebrew prophets and poets, or in trying to learn the mind of God by studying S 3 S5 u 21 56. TRA VELS IX FAITH. i ^ the fragmentary remains of the writings of bar- barous, or less enlightened ages than the present. I will not call it wasted time, because it has in the end taught me that the Hebrew Scriptures are to be judged by the samo rules as the literature of all other nations, and that they possess no authority beyond what pertains to all other writings of men. I hope I may prove further that this time has not been wasted, by persuading some that it is useless to study the Bible in the hope of discovering how the world was made, or when and how it will end ; when Jesus will return to earth ; how the ten king- doms of the Roman Empire are to be restored in Europe ; who is to be the antichrist ; or, if it be true that the British nation represents the lost ten tribes of Israel, to determine whether it will pos- sess Constantinople, or what its future is to be. As a venerable book, the best thought of the ancients, the record of the customs and characters of men of other days, the Bible stands peerless in its own sphere, and will always be prized. It is only injured and degraded by the effort to elevate it to a sphere where it has no place. It may be of interest to mention that my knowl- edge of sceptical objections to the Bible was first gained from orthodox commentaries, for I never read a sceptical work until long after my doubts had arisen. In searching Lange's Commentaries for explanations of the contradictions and obscuri- TRAVELS IX FAITIf. 57 ties of ** God's Word," I often came upon refuta- tions of the German critics, and sometimes the superiority of their opinions was stroni;ly appar- ent to me. Attacks upon " heresy " thus often help to spread it; for they make known its nature, and, as " truth is mighty and must prevail," it only needs to be known to win its way. All criticism should be welcome for this reason. The inconsistencies of Christians, myself in- cluded, led me to doubt if any really believ(!d the doctrines the) professed. Christ taught his follow- ers not to lay up treasures upon earth, to sell all they had and give to the poor. He said the rich should hardly enter into the kingtlom of heaven. The early Christians believeil him, and had all things common ; and Ananias and Sapphira were killed for hypocrisy in the matter. Now, Chris- tians are foremost in the struggle for riches. They explain away the meaning Jesus evidently attach- ed to his words and the literal sense in which his disciples understood them, and say that only in- ordinate affection for money is condemned ; and no Christian millionaire ever believes himself guilty of that sin. They give away driblets of their incomes, for v/hich they receive great praise, and hoard up and increase their principal. I do not say it is wrong to do this, but that it is unchristian. An old bachelor, an elder in a Presbyterian church, who had been lauded for his benevolence, lately [ 58 TKAVKLS IN FA/TII, died ; and his estate footed ud two millions of dol- lars. He had given away part of his income yearly, and once about fifty thousand dollars of his principal to found an asylum bearing his name. Jkit in what sense had he followed Christ's teach- ings ? Many excuse themselves in the race for gold by saying they are seeking it to do good with, to use it for Christ ; but it is generally used first to do good to themselves, and supply summer and winter palaces and carriages, and to amass a cap- ital. Paul directs that "women adorn themselves in modest apparel wiJ.i shamefastness and sobriety, not with briided hair, and gold or pearls or costly raiment " ; out the wife and daughters of the Christian millionaire enter the handsome sanct- uary, which has succeeded to the "upper room" of the disciples, wearing glove-fitting dresses of expenj^Ive fabric, braided hair purchased of poor- er women, barbaric ear-rings and gold bracelets, and many accessories of costly raiment. I do not say tluit this is wrong, but is it consistent in those who believe the apostle's words to be divinely in- spired? Christians, as a rule, do not give to those that ask of them, and are apt to turn away from bor- rowers. They do not turn the other cheek to the smiter, nor refrain from going to law with breth- ren, — and that before unbelievers; and, when the TKAl'ELS IN FA J 77/. 59 plaintiff is awarded the coat, I never heard that the Christian defendant offered his ** cloke " also. The love of enemies, avoidance of public prayer, concealed alms, no anxiety for the morrow, are maxims which a few follow in intention, but which the multitude of believers wholly disreij^ard. The explanation t^iven is tliat these thins^s were good for the time when they were prescribed ; but times have chani^ed, and the spirit, not the letter, is to be observed. If the spirit is truly rcj^arded, this is a satisfactory answer, provided Jesus and Paul were merely reformers of their own aiL^e ; but, it is professed, these divinely inspired maxims were ii^iven by the Christ of (lod and the Holy Ghost through the apostle to the Gentiles for all time. If so, they are as binding to-day as when they were uttered. The Hible becomes iutelliLrible and useful, when we see it to be men's best thoughts for the good of the times they lived in ; but, when it is made out to be God's universal prescription for men in all ages, and the only compendium of infallible truth, it is as hard to accept it as such as it >vould be for the medical profession now to re- ceive the works of the surgeon barbers of the Mid- dle Ages as standards for the regulation of their practice. Prof. Huxley, in " Lay Sermons," gives Descar- tes* golden rule: "Give unqualified assent to no propositions but those the truth of which is so or i :2 00 TRAVELS IN FAITH, I *■ clear and distinct that they cannot be doubted," The adoption of this rule will overthrow nearly all doj^matic theoloj^y, and it will likewise deter the inquirer from too confident an assumption of the m(.Te hypotheses of evohition and tlu; science of the (lay. The main conclusions which I have n^iched rest upon a common-si-nse interpretation of the facts which nature ami man present to every eye. Once accept the idea that reli^^ion is the record of the aspirations of the human mind and changes from at;e to aj^e and day to day, as men's capaci- ties and natures alter, there bt^iiiLT no infallible rev- elation from God of one true reliij^ion, and it will be found that all the history kA human thouj^ht is intellii^nble. Religion, which is now to each man the blind acceptance of ii. comprehensible ideas, be- comes a simple and common-sense affair. Instead of searching the Hible with the Holy Spirit, or swallowing whole the tlecisions of fathers, councils, and commentators, or surrendering one's mind to the control of tninisters and priests, each man may learn for himself from the book of nature all the grand outlines of truth that are necessary to be known as general princi|,les ; and the details can be learned from the investigation of live facts by living men, instead of from musty researches by scholars among the obscure and doubtful records made by erring men in dead languages, in dark ages. TRA I' ELS IN I' A I Til. 6i Only he who has experienced it can understand the relief that comes to the mind of one who for years has strui^gled to understand " the Word of God " and its complicated theolo'^y for himself, in- stead of takini^ it all for j^ranted because his par- ents believed it, when at last he puts it in its rii^ht place, as records of past thoui^ht, and comes into the freedom and li8 TKA VELS IN FAITH, < 1 1^ c \ proof of a personal God, who sits up aloft and makes butterllies, counts hairs, and conjures up squalls to upset the boats of Sabbath-breakers." This is the kind of God I was *' brought up on," a being who consciously superintends the formation of every insect, who notes and inlluences all the details of each human life, and who takes ven- geances on sinners through "special providences." Many still believe in such a God, and draw the be- lief from the Bible. As opposed to this idea of a supreme being, I say, *' I see an ever-active, un- erriiii* force in nature," and "all thini^s are sub- ject to law." "There is no supernatural interfer- ence." Many intelligent religious teachers call the force, which works in an orderly method throughout nature, God. They personify the principle of action which i)ervades existence ; but this personal God is a great first cause, who en- dowed matter with the i)resence of force and the principle of development, by which all events spring from i)receding causes, and who only acts through the successions of cause and effect, never exercising his will in an arbitrary way. My only purpose was to deny the existence of such a being as the Hebrew Jehovah or Calvin's God, who walked and talked with men, who destroyed them purposely with llood and fire and earthquake and plague, who turned a woman into salt, made an ass speak, killetl fifty thousand and seventy men 6V//A' OK LOSS.f 79 ii h for looking Into the ark, stopped the sun and moon in the heavens that a " liebrew 6Hbuster " might slaughter the Canaanites, saved a drowning |)roph- et in a whale's belly, ami who makes eternal de- crees for the salvation of some, and allows others to inhabit an eternal hell. What "God" is 1 am not wise enough to say. I am only sure he is not what the Hebrew writers imagined him to be. Hut, even had I denied the existence of any principle which can be calK*d God, it is not inconsistent to speak of law. Webster L^ives nine definitions of / «?. L-^/ 1.0 I.I 1.25 ■^IIIIIM IM 32 IM 1-4 il.6 c*. O ^1 <^] ,^ >'s. >/ *. "-^ v^ Photographic Sciences Corporation J3 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTi2R,NY 14560 (716) 872-4503 x^^ \ ^ \r ii 92 TRA VELS AV FAITH. > CB CI*. C3 V- "revelation" in unintelligible allegories. If he speaks, he means what he says. Afterward, I came across men praying for the Spirit, who found the doctrine of annihilation of the unbelieving ; and I met others who saw a limit to eternal pun- ishment, and some who denied the deity and the atonement of Christ. Hell was my strong point, as became the son of the champion of the *' Script- ural Argument for, and the Reasonableness of Future Everlasting Punishment." Hut here were believers in the inspiration of the Bible praying for the Holy Spirit's guidance, and disproving eternal hell from the very words of the Bible. In dismay, I cried, Of what use is such a word of God and such a Holy Spirit? Man's word, inspired only by man's spirit, teaches me when it pretends to, and men agree upon its meaning. If God's word is true and my observation of men is worth anything at all, some of these men who hold op- posing views are led by the Spirit, therefore the Spirit teaches error. This is impossible, therefore God's word is not infallible. If this is a hasty inference or is illogical, if some one will kindly demonstrate it by some argument other than the Orthodox one, — " You are mad or possessed with the devil," — I shall welcome it, for this is the root of scepticism with me. Let me re- peat and condense my argument. The revelation of an infinite God must convey to men truths GALV OR LOSS? 93 which they will understand alike. The Bible is said to be a revelation from God, Good, intelli- gent men understand it differently. Therefore, the Bible is not the "word of God." One point more. It is denied that *' Christian- ity ignores the sinful world as incapable of im- provement." Bible Christianity does, — not that which now prevails most generally, — though the growing pre-millennial creed is decidedly pessi- mistic. The Bible calls Christians out of ** the world," warns them not to " love the world," re- minds them that all will ** be burned up," tells them not to " lay up treasure," but to "wait for their Lord." My own sense of consistency has in the past weakened my interest in either the mate- rial advancement or the pleasures of the world. Spiritual growth and salvation from hell were the only worthy objects of concern in this rapidly end- ing age. How could I dance and smoke and go to theatres, as many Christians do, while the mul- titude of men around mc were passing into cease- less doom ! I helped to start a young men's so- ciety in the church, " for the moral, social, and lit- erary improvement of the members and their en- listment in Christian work." The pastor was pres- ident. We started a night school and a prayer- meeting, which were soon abandoned ; and the meetings became jovial entertainments, with violin and piano, songs, readings of Shakespeare and I ~j 94 TRA VELS IN FAITH, Ca fct C3 •c •■c Handy Andy, and finally the erection of a theatre stage in the lecture-room of the church, and the performance of " Bardell vs, Pickwick " in cos- tume. Believing the Bible to be the word of God, I could not approve of this, and left the society. Seeing the Bible to be the word of man, I now say, Do what will make you better and happier now, in church and out of it ; take care of your body and mind, and your ** soul " will take care of itself. I do not deny that Christians enjoy life and believe in ** the world," but I say they do so in spite of their creeds. I must congratulate the Congrcgationalist and its friends that they have ceased to believe the teachings of the Bible as they were understood by the last oreneration of Christians. The sermons which I read or hear from Orthodox pulpits show that the most scholarly ministers are adopting the religion of evolution, which scientists and liberal thinkers have propounded, and quietly ignoring miracle and dogma, they add to this a sentimental and exaggerated estimate of the character of Je- sus. This they call Christianity, and preach as though it had never been anything else. Heresy hunters are turned off by this enthusiastic loyalty to the person of Jesus. Greatly was I astonished to hear Boston's most talented Congregational minister declare that the Eden stories were allego- ries, and in their literal sense were offensive to I UAIX OK LOSSt 95 reason and conscience. Would that more minis- ters would show such " courage of conviction " ! Such consistency would relieve them from unfair statement and save the hearers from the hasty in- ference that the preachers are still ** Orthodox." I have been treated with more courtesy by the Cong regationa list than heretics often receive ; and I appreciate the kindly-intentioned desires for my restoration to the faith, though their fulfilment I should only regard as a calamity. I have lost a superstitious belief which I know ^1s been inju- rious to me. All else is gain, unless my position loses for me the regard of the gc^ d Congrej^aiicn- aiist. •> 5j iaf- k HUMAN RELIGION. 3» CB ■ e Wherever we travel, we find that religious be- liefs are as varying as the conditions of men, and that there is a correspondence in quality between the faith of the heart and the intelligence of the mind. Men's religious beliefs are elevated and ra- tional in proportion to their enlightenment upon general topics. This fact has sometimes been inter- preted as a proof that a man's religion determines his complete state, and that nations are high or low in the scale of civilization in accordance with the elevation of their creeds. Observation, however, convinces one that religion is not the cause, but the effect, of the education of the mental faculties. The Bushman of South Africa comprehends all of God that his untutored mind is capable of receiv- ing, while the educated modern philosopher soars into the transcendental theories that are incompre- hensible to the ordinary intellects of civilized lands. The proof of this lies in the fact that the improve- ment of the intellect always precedes an advance in the religious creed among races of men, though the stimulus given to the mind by the statement of a nobler faith quickens the faculties, and some- times makes both advances appear coincident. Polytheism, or idolatry, is abandoned for monothe- HUMAN KEI.IGIOX. 97 f 1 ism, or the worship of one God, when the savage learns enounrh of science to know that the sun is not a fiery dragon, and that all the forces of nature are not so many demons. If *he higher religion is given him by authority before the facts of nature, upon which it is based, arc made known, he soon degrades it to the level of his former creed. Thus, Roman Catholicism gains many followers in heathen lands simply by a change of idols and the superior sensuousness of its rites. The Chinaman worships the statue of the Virgin Mary instead of that of Joss or Buddha, and experiences no mental altera- tion, whereas the effort of Protestant Christianity to overthrow idolatry is based upon reason, and its progress is therefore toilsome and slow. That religious belief depends upon the intellect is evi- denced by the different interpretations given to the same faith by its followers. The ignorant Persian worships lire as his god, and firmly believes it to be the supreme power. But an intelligent Parsee in Bombay once said to me, " Me no worship fire, me worship mighty God, but me worship him through fire." The ignorant Romanist is on a level with the idolater in his reverence for the objects adored in his faith, but the educated man knows they are only symbols of spiritual truths : each makes his religion to suit his capacity. The chicken-stealing member of the African Church of the Southern States has a conception of Christianity as widely Iflf •J ■ -J 1 .: J _ 98 TRAVELS IN FAITH. f" , Car, fa I'. J t. different from that of the graduate from a theolog- ical seminary as is the range in the capacity of their brains and the difference in their culture. One of these devout negroes thus related his con- version to my brother, who was for a time his pas- tor. I will not attempt to imitate the negro dia- lect. " I had been thinking a good deal about religion, and at last I had a dream one night. I thought I was on board of a ship, and a big monkey came and chased me all around the deck. I got into the rigging and climbed up the mast just as fast as 1 could go, but the monkey came after me ; and when I got away up to the top of the mast, he was just going to put his paw on me, when I fell off and tumbled away down to the deck. Then, I woke up, and found out that Td got religion." His es- cape from the monkey gave him "joy and peace in believing." A sailor, who was converted under my influence at sea, told me that, while in great distress on ac- count of his sins, he turned into his bunk, and, fall- ing asleep, dreamed that he had a pet animal '\\\ his arms. He was pursued by the devil ; and, just as he was going to fall into his clutches, he tossed the animal to him, and made his escape. He awoke feeling happy, and at once told all the ship's company he had become a Christian. Another sailor, of more education, dreamed the end of the » HUMAN RELIGIOX 99 world had come and he was wading knee-deep in a fiery river : this so impressed him that he soon after "gave his heart to God," in order to secure his eternal safety. I recall the conversion of an- other person of superior attainments, who for some years had been repelled from embracing religion by '. the representation of God as a consuming fire. When led to realize that God loved her, she said, "Then, I will love him." She became a Christian. When asked for a 'statement of her belief, she wrote out the following: "God loves me, and therefore I love him. Loving us, he wishes our greatest and eternal happiness ; therefore bids us keep his com- mandments. Because we love him, we try to keep his commandments and brinor forth the fruits of the spirit, so that, becoming like him, we may be fitted to enjoy his company, which is heaven." She knew nothing of conviction of sin or atonement. Others "experience religion" by feeling guilty, dreading the wrath of God, and accepting Jesus as the Sav- iour, through faith in his blood shed for them. Thus, Christianity is a different religion to differ- ent believers in it. Each adapts it to his own bent of mind. The Bible statement, "God made man in his own image," is therefore rightly reversed, and we say, " Man makes God in his own image," and it is true that " an honest God is the noblest work of man "; for, as a man thinketh in his heart, so is he, -I'i Ji ' ' I too TKA VELS IN FAITH. r" '!f' CB 'C. «■«;.■ and the conception each forms of the Deity shows, the highest capacity and aspiration of his own na- ture. Many will admit that religions owe their origin to the fears and hopes of men, if we except their own religion. All are of human invention except their own, which came direct from heaven, God spoke to Confucius, Zoroaster, Gautama, Moses, Paul, Mohammed, Swedenborg, and Joe Smith, — so the follower of each claims, but denies that he spoke to any of the others. Among the followers of Moses and Paul, called ** Christians," a difference exists about the interpretation of these words of God, each claimin*): to be the custodian of the truth. The Roman Church, the Greek Church, the one hundred and sixty sects of Chris- tians in the United States and one hundred and forty-six in England, each believes itself to have the mind of the Spirit, that Christ promised should lead his followers into all truth. A leading light among the '* Brethren " in England seriously told me that he never knew any one to study the Bible prayerfully without accepting his views as to the order and standing of the Church : others studied, but not prayerfully. Yet this good man had quar- relled with the other leaders of his sect, and set up a separate meeting of his own. Each believed he had the Infallible guidance of the Holy Ghost and possessed a knowledge of the truth. But their bitter expressions of disapproval of each others HUMAN RELlGIOiV. 101 divinely received views almost brought their quar- rels into the civil courts. When asked, '* Why, if , the Brethren have the real truth of God, do they not give the divine evidence of unity?" his answer was : "When Saul and Barnabas were set apart for the work of the ministry by the Holy Ghost, Satan at once proceeded to sow dissension between them. He doesn't trouble himself to annoy professors of false creeds ; but as he saw Saul and Barnabas about to engage in spreading the true faith, and therefore attacked them, so he now sees the true Church of God in the Brethren, and uses every ef- fort to disperse them. The fact that there is more dissension amonj^ the Brethren than amon^- almost any of the sects of Christendom is only a proof that they hold the truth whose destruction Satan deems most vital to his cause." This came from no com- mon man, but from one noted for his learning, skill, piety, and self-sacrifice. But no utterance has done more to convince me that his religion is from man, not from God. God is not the author of confusion. Men sincerely pray for the Spirit to lead them into the right view of the written word of God, and each gets a different result. Each is equally sure of his own sincerity and conscientious search, and de- nounces the views of all others as error. Who shall decide what is right ? No one is Fitted to be judge in his own cause. No Christian can be accepted as an infallible arbiter, when he tells us all religions i '5 ■1\ ~ I 103 TRAVELS m FAIT/f. 2*' cr if It are human conceptions except Christianity ; and no member of a Christian sect is good enough au- thority for the assertion that his sect only reads ^ the Bible aright. He is assuming the infallibility which he denounces the Pope and the Romish Church for claiming. The only fair tribunal to which can be referred the claim of Christianity to be the one divinely revealed religion, is the great and increasing body of men, who, in all civilized lands, are devoting their lives to the study of the facts of nature and society and the critical research of the records of each in past ages. Christianity, as God's sole truth, must stand or fall by its accord with the facts which are scientifically established. The records of nature have now been found to reveal an orderly and progressive system of the development of matter and mind into its present forms, extending through vast ages, proving the Mosaic story of creation to be untrue, and placing it among the myths of earlier days of the human race, which are found to abound in the traditions or literature of all people. This orderly progress of nature reveals an unvarying method, which makes every effect the result of preceding natural causes; and the violations of its methods, called ** miracles," are unsupported by sufficient evidence to warrant their belief. Every miracle of which circumstances have permitted a scientific examina- tion has been disproved, and shown either to be a HUMAN RELIGIOX. '03 fraud or to be the result of a law of nature known or fairly supposed. The miracles of our days are now on the eve of solution by the discovery of the laws of psycholo<;y and animal magnetism, which many learned men believe will in time soKe all that is not fraudulent in the phenomena of Spirit- ualism. Historical study shows the Bible wonders to be of the same character as those recorded in the religious books of all other nations ; and liter- ary criticism proves it to abound in errors, incon- sistencies, and contradictions, showing it to be the word of man. The Christian scheme of theology must therefore take ics place in the order of the development of human thought, and in time give place to the next system which the advancing niind of man evolves ; that, in turn, to be improved upon as knowledge of nature and the control of her forces increases. A study of the theories of evolution leads most people to accept them, and the only certain way in which one can maintain his belief in the religious faith he has adopted by the accident of birth is never to question it. One who attempts to sub- mit his creed to rational tests, as he treats every- thing else in life, must either become an entire sceptic of the supernatu.al, or else fall into the arms of an authoritative Church and accept all its dogmas without question. The churchman who reasons for himself is lost to bis religion. This r II. ;3l .'a ' 104 TRAVELS IN FAJTIf. 'i I? is well illustrated by the careers of the Newman brothers, who, in the search for truth, have be- come, one a cardinal in the Romish Church, the other an ultra-rationalist. While firmly believing that all religious ideas proceed from men's minds, and not from direct ex- ternal revelations from God, we may recognize the law of evolution in the development of religious thought as the same which produces all variation and progress in nature. Religion as well as sci- ence is the result of the working of the infinite power which inspires matter. These, and all things, in this sense, are "of God." y^/// religions are therefore "of God." "God" has developed erroneous ideas in science and false notions in re- ligion ; but they were steps in progress, and the infinite force is slowly evolving newer and truer conceptions from men's minds. Religion is as truly of human origin as astronomy and mechan- ics, and as truly divine as geology and meteorol- ogy. " God" has revealed religion as truly and in the same manner as he has revealed ship-build- f. < ■ (I ' IS THE BIBLE THE WORD OF GOD? Criticism of the Bible is considered to belonir to an elementary stage of rationalism, and is scarcely tolerated by many advanced thinkers who have far outgrown discussion upon so trite a theme. But a book that has an annual circulation of three million copies is still deserving of attention ; and it is possible there are some readers to whom one more statement of reasons which led an inquirer to the rejection of the inspiration of the Bible may be beneficial and interesting. The Book of Genesis gives an account of the creation of the present condition of the world and all its forms of life in six days, man being formed complete and "grown up" out of the dust, and woman being made from the man's rib. Science proves this to be entirely untrue, and history shows the record to be on a par with various other le- gends of creation, which other races of men hav^e made, though it is superior to most in one respect, the recognition of only one God. Theologians are desperately trying to save the Bible by ingen- ious theories, none of which, so far, will bear the scrutiny either of ricience or common sense. They make the days long periods, though this is in con- r » i io6 TKA VELS IN FAITH. 3r «?: fet '•eJii '■»-, tradiction to the plain words of Scripture, and even then fails to solve the difficulty. The second chapter of Genesis contains another legend of the creation, differing from the first in important particulars, but no more reconcilable with facts. It is now established in the opinion of scholars that the world is of immense age, and that man has existed upon the earth for a much longer period than the story in Genesis makes pos- sible. The records of the earth itself contradict this legend. The nebular hypothesis, though still only a theory, accounts for the formation of the universe in accordance with all known facts ; and science discovers many uncontroverted evidences of the gradual progression of the earth and its in- habitants to their present form. Prof. Huxley as- serts that the chalk cliffs of England, whiclv are composed of the minute shells of sea animalcules, must have been at least ten thousand years in forming at the bottom of the ocean. They have slowly risen to the surface and subsided four dif- ferent times, remaining exposed such long periods as to collect vegetable and animal life, whose re- mains tell their own story. A pious lady, to whom this was mentioned, excitedly exclaimed, ** It was all made by God in one night." When asked if it was either reasonable or honest in God to create old bones, fossil plants, the rock debris from ice- bergs, and then cover them up in four successive /S THE BIBLE THE WORD OF GOD? 107 layers to deceive man as to the earth's origin and to contradict his own story in Genesis, she was speechless. But the next day she said, " God says so, and I believe him." There is a marvellous succession of forms in vegetable and animal life, and a connection be- tween each ijrade so close as to suixirest the probability and almost certainty that the higher forms have sprung from the lower. Anatomists tell us that the embryo of man appears successively to be identical with that of a plant, an animalcule, an oyster, a fish, a quadruped, a high form of mammal, an ape. If the individual passes through these forms, is it not probable that the race has likewise developed from these lower races? Anat- omists also tell us that men have rudimentary tails, and it is observed that the disuse of an organ in animals tends to its disappearance. Why should God take the trouble to make a useless tail bone, when he formed Adam out of the dust ? Is it not more likely that man has developed from a tailed animal? This theory is considered revolting by many, who think it less honorable to be an im- proved animal than a degraded God ; but taste should not be an arbiter in the judgment of truth, though it is usually deemed nobler to ascend than to descend. But leaving the question of creation, as one pro- ceeds through the Bible, he is confronted on nearly ii «. 1 io8 TRAVELS JN FAITH. k t:»- every page with statements which offend either his reason or conscience. If any one wishes to see a statement of Biblical errors, let him read Paine's " Age of Reason," and with it let him take Bishop Watson's " Reply to Paine," and read what is con- sidered by the orthodox an unanswerable defence of the Bible. Or, for a smaller work, let him take the " Lecture on the Bible," by Rev. Charles Voy- sey, published by the Index Association, Boston. It would be sufficient to read the Bible alone, to discover the falsity of the claims its friends make for it, were it not that educational prejudices are so strong one cannot easily treat the book as he does other literature. But let one take up the Bible as he does any modern book, and judge of its contents according to the impression made upon his faculties, and it seems impossible not to reject its claim to be the infallibly inspired word of God, and perceive it to be a compilation of Hebrew tradi- tion and poetry made by men in darker ages than the present. All the phenomena of witchcraft are now be- lieved by scientists to be the products of natural laws. If they are right, is not God proved guilty of ignorance when he gave the edict, " Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live," and was it not a wicked ignorance which through this command has caused such countless murders and persecutions? Dr. Sprenger, in his " Life of Mohammed," estimates /S THE lUIil.L THE WORD Oh GOD? 109 that nine million people have been put to death as witches during the Christian era. Blackstone said that to deny witchcraft was to deny revelation. How can the inspiration of this law stand the lii^ht of the present day ? The issue is avoided only by denyinLj the facts of scientific research and re- vivinor the old belief in " bein*:^ possessed of the devil." Prof. Phelps, of Andover, has consistently avowed this solution. The atrocities of the Hebrew armies, done in the name and by command of God, the absurd wonders of Balaam, Gideon, Joshua, San\son, V.\\- jah, Hezeki'h, and Jonah, and the incomprehen- sible rhapsodies of the prophets, out of which learned and imaij^inative men can invent any the- ory they choose, are to a rellectiuij mind strong means of breaking down an inherited belief in the inspiration of the Bible. But, admitting the Old Testament to be a hu- man compilation, some think the New Testament can stand alone as the word of God. One of the first things that excites distrust here is the discov- ery that all the prophecies claimed as referring to Christ are found to be uttered about people or events of the times in which the writer lived, and that the application of them to Christ is either fraudulent or the use of an excessive poetic li- cense. The story of the temptation in the wilder- ness is as hard to accept as that of the temptation % ; •3 ; -J '1 • no TKA VELS IN FAITH. I of Adam and Eve in Paradise ; and, if one begins to admit that any Bible stories are mere symbols, there is no end to the extent to which its text can be symbolized away. A comparison of the different accounts of the resurrection of Jesus reveals discrepancies that no honest harmonizint^ can blend into consistency with the idea that God has told us the story. Nor would any English-speaking j^^i^Rc accept a fact upon such testimony in a court of law. Let each write out the stories in parallel columns, and de- cide for himself. The different ti;enealo THE BIBLE A HUMAN BOOK. Why is it that differences of opinion upon earth- knowledge are regarded so much more leniently than differences upon theology ? Bitter words cer- tainly are waged between scientists, but social os- tracism and denunciation of personal character seem to belong especially to religious controversy. The reason is that scientists know thai all knowl- edge is the result of human research, but theolo- gians claim a direct revelation from God to man about their doctrines. When they admit that knowledge of the unseen world has no other key than that which unlocks the secrets of visible mat- ter; that all departments of learning are on an equal footing, each open to the full, free, and fear- less investigation of man ; that no supernatural information has ever been given by any supreme being upon any subject, but that all the attain- ments of man are the result of progressive steps, — then the earnest searcher for spiritual and relig- ious truth will be no more despised than is the in- ventor, the chemist, or the electrician. They may still see God as the inspirer of matter, the won- drous power which enables man to take his toil- some, progressive steps into the realms of knowl- edge, even though they admit that he never re- I ' ii6 TRA VELS IN FAITH. eg ■I vealed morality all at once from Sinai, nor his scheme of mercy in one dogma from Calvary, any more than he revealed the railroad in E norland or the telegraph in America. All have grown from man's gradual experience through the ages ; and yet this is no less truly '*of God," if by that name we mean the principal of action that pervades na- ture. God spoke as truly to Stephenson and Morse as he did to Moses and Paid. He said, Let rail- road-trains run, and. Let words be telegraphed, just as truly as he said, *' Thou shalt not steal." And he said it in the same way ; namely, by working through matter in nature and in man's organism, until experience and observation made man per- ceive that theft was injurious to society, that steam could move carriages, and electricity could repeat motion. If the I3ible is recognized as a human book, it will become of more real value to man. Now, it is by many worshipped ignorantly, as a sort of fetich. Others injure their intellectual powers and lose their common sense in attempting to make the works of different writers in different ages tell one harmonious story, as though written by one - being. Others, who find some repulsive and in- credible things in the book, spurn the whole, be- cause o^ " i lo consider the book as a whole. If they were : lu.vcd to read the Old Testament as a record of the traditions, history, and poetry of a THE BIBLE A HUMAN BOOK. »«7 i \ distant age, it would become an intelligible, inter- esting, and valuable book to them. If the New Testament could be admitted to contain the best portrayal of human excellence ever written by man, and the philosophies and theologies of the early centuries of this era, it would then be prized by such men for what it is worth ; and no one will honestly deny its real value. Men find there eternal pun- ishment for the many and salvation for the few. They are told it is God's Book, and they must ac- cept every word ; but they revolt against these words, and throw away the whole. One of the most noted authors of our day tokl a friend that he grew up with very little knowledge of the dogmas of religion or acquaintance with the Scriptures. Marrying a Christian woman, he yielded to her entreaties to read the Bible. Me perused it from Genesis to Revelation, then shut up the book, and said, "If you wish me to have any respect for your religion, never show me that book again." Its supernaturalism offended his reason and instincts ; and, as he was told it was all God's truth and must be taken as a whole, he would have none of it. This man's books are read in every Christian family in the land, and his unbe- lief does not seem to disqualify him for pleasing* and instructing others. Another great difficulty in receiving the Bible as the word of God is the manner in which its. ii ii8 TRA VELS IN FAITH. ^! -1 eg fc«J« if-' books have been chosen. A large number of apoc- ryphal books are known to have been excluded from the Old Testament, though quotations from some of them appear to be used by the apostles ; and the New Testament is the result of the votes of councils, some Gospels and Epistles having been rejected, while other Epistles were retained by a bare majority, but all henceforth is the infallible word of God. When we revolt against inconsist- ency and error in it, we are told the finite must not judge the infinite, reason must give place to faith. But it is faith in the Christian Fathers that is needed. Again, if God is God of the whole earth, and will have all men to be saved, even though he did not make Christ known until four thousand years after Adam sinned and brought doom to his race, why was not this word, which proclaims the fact, made intelligible to ordinary men, that they might not be the intellectual slaves of the learned hier- archy, who alone are professedly able to make a consistent story out of it ? As it stands now, it is in no true sense a ** revelation " to man ; for scarcely two people can understand it alike. A God who had the intellectual powers of a modern college graduate could make a revelation that would not set all the world at variance in attempting to ex- plain it ; and he could find a way of making it known to the world, instead of confining its mani- THE BIBLE A i UMAX BOOK, 119 s festation to an obscure and semi-barbarous people in a corner of the earth, leaving vast multitudes to perish ere the saving tidings could reach them. It is derogatory to infinite intelligence to call the Bible its " revelation." Christ is said to have spoken in the Aramaic tongue, a laniruaore now extinct. His words were reported from mouth to mouth, were probably written in Hebrew, and after many years were translated into Greek. Their record was tran- scribed repeatedly ; and the manuscripts, written several hundred years after the death of Christ, are now rendered into the English language. These words, passing through four languages, and subject to all the changes that gossips and copy- ists may have wrought, are now presented to us as the word of God, which determines our eternal welfare. Such a revelation is unworthy of an omnipotent being, who is conceived to have infi- * nite perfection and who desires to convince men of truth ; but it is a consistent act on the part of a God who hardened Pharaoh's heart, who is said to create evil, who said, " Make the heart of this people fat, and make their ears heavy, and shut their eyes ; lest they see with their eyes, and hear with their ears, and understand with cheir heart, ^ and convert, and be healed" (Isa. vi., 10), and of whom it is said, '• God shall send them strong de- lusion, that they should believe a lie" (H. Thess. I20 TRAVELS IN FAITH. Cfc: ii., ii). It is conceivable that such a God should give a revelation that would be incomprehensible. Literary research is constantly throwing light upon the human origin of the Bible and the pagan sources of its doctrines. The ** Bible for Learn- ers" revolutionizes the chronology of the Old Testament and its reputed authorships. Kuenen's *' Religion of Israel" gives a masterly exposition of the details of these subjects, which is condensed in a work with the same title by Knappert. The oldest books are said to be Amos, Hosea, Zecha- riah (ix.-xi.), and the first twenty-seven chapters of Isaiah. The principal part of Deuteronomy was written about 620 u.c. Then, at about the time of the captivity in Babylon (586-538 ii.c.), Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the rest of Isaiah were written. After the return, Ezra brings to light (444 15.C.) ** God's Law which was given by Moses." The Psalms and Proverbs are gradually collected together, histories and prophecies are compiled and written, nobody knows by whom. The apoc- ryphal books follow, and the book of latest date in the Old Testament is thought to be Daniel. (See ** The Growth of the Hebrew Religion," by W. C. Gannett, Unity office, Chicago.) The author of " Supernatural Religion" claims to prove the spuriousness of the Gospels. The Oriental origin and human development of Chris- tianity are shown in such works as Clodd's ** Child- THE BIBLE A HUMAN BOOK. 121 I J 1 i^ hood of Religions," Johnson's •* Oriental Religions," and Max Mullen's " Oricrin and Growth of Reliir- ion." All the Christian dogmas are found in pre- vious creeds in Egypt, Persia, and India, or in clas- sic mythology. The miraculous-conception dogma was common among the ancients. Romulus was the son of Mars ; Plato, of Apollo ; Alexander, of Jupiter Amnion ; Sosiosh, the Persian saviour, was born of a virgin, and will come to regenerate the world, preceded by two prophets. The Per- sians taught the doctrine of the resurrection, that the good will inherit the earth, and Ahriman and his angels will be purified in a lake of molten metal. One author says : " Every Christian dog- ma has its origin in a heathen rite Chris- tian theology is only a potpourri of pagan mythol- ogies." Renan says, " Nearly everything in Chris- tianity is mere baggage brought from the pagan mysteries." The coincidences in the lives and teachings of Jesus and Gautama Buddha have been remarked upon by many writers. Taylor says, " Everything of Christianity is of Egyptian orig- in." The fables of India and Persia were brought to Egypt, and recast. It is difficult to trace the exact origin of ideas, and learned men differ in opinion as to the birthplace of some dogmas, but this much is certain, — Bible theology was not an exclusive revelation to the Jews. Many of our interpretations of Scripture and ; ltd ' 123 7Wi< KiSZ^ AV FAITH. much of their authority rest upon the assertions of the "Christian Fathers." If any one would gain a true estimate of the value of the testimony of these worthies, let him read of their lives and writings and superstitions, and he will be slow to accept their dicta about "God's Word." If one would see how legends originate and spread, and see a plausible suggestion for the existence of many of the Bible stories, he should read John Fiske's " IVIyths and Mythmakers," and S. Baring- Gould's " Curious Myths of the Middle Ages" and " Legends of Patriarchs and Prophets." Modern research is throwinc: crrcat Jieht on the manner in which the present Bible was compiled. How a majority of one in a council of " Fathers'* could make one book the infallible word of God, and a larger majority condemn another to be the word of man, is a mystery which it needs the au- thority of an infallible Church to make one be- lieve. Pappus, in his " Synodikon," says all the Gospels were put under the communion table, and the inspired ones got up on the table, in answer to prayer. Stanley, in his " Eastern Church,** alludes to this " tradition." But, whether this story is true or not, can it be that God's Word has been left by its author to drift about the world, subject to hu- man alteration, to be finally rescued from a mass of literary rubbish by a council of men in a dark and superstitious age ? This is not God's way, or fr t I THE BIBLE A IIUMAaW BOOK. »23 at least not the way of a God whom this Century can worship. What a terrible waste of intellect there is in the world, arising from this assertion, that the Hible is the word of God and contains a harmonious sys- tem of final truth 1 When the powers that are now used to defend theories concerning the Script- ures are directed toward positive explorations of nature's secrets, how the world will spring for- ward ! When theological seminaries become sci- ence schools, and look for truth in living facts, they will be greater boons to the world. To my mind, the true theory of the Bible is that, on the principle of the survival of the fittest, the best and most helpful writings of men have been preserved ; and the book is to be prized as an evidence of the working of the secret power of nature in men's minds, and also for whatever of truth it contains, according to present perceptions of the good. It is the bad use men have made, and are still making, of the Bible that has done harm. Interpreting men's sins and crude ideas as revelations of God's mind debases man. If men now find the Mosaic beginning and the Christian ending of the world, as portrayed in the Bible, to be opposed by science and sense, is It not more honoring to God and creditable to man to admit that there is no revelation save what men have slowly and painfully learned for themselves from Q| 114 7W.4 VELS IN FAITH. nature's operations, while the race has been ** toil- ing upward in the night " of ignorance and super- stition ? One rev^ilation pervades all nature ; and* the students of tnis revelation have recorded their observations in Bibles, works upon natural history, and histories of man. The " Books of Moses," Hume's, Gibbon's, and Macaulay's histories, Hum- boldt's " Cosmos" and Darwin's "Origin of Spe- cies," contain men's perception of revealed facts. The Psalms of David, Bryant, and Longfellow, the Proverbs of Solomon, ^^isop, Cervantes, and PVanklin, the prophecies of Isaiah, Carlyle, and Emerson, — all contain ** the word of the Lord " ; and the latest is the truest and the best, because most in accord with known facts and present needs. ! ^1 • « 1 \ \ HUMAN IDEAS OF GOD. The idea of God has gradually developed in the human mind through stages corresponding to the intellectual condition of the race. Graduating from the regions of fetich ism and idolatry, the early He- brew writers conceived of God as a powerful being who, by the might of his word, called everything into existence ready-made at a moment's notice, and controlled current events by direct supervision. At later periods, we observe changes in the names and nature of God. Ewald has noted distinctivii names of the God of the five great periods of the history of Israel. He was Almighty to the patri- archs, Jehovah to the priests, God of Hosts to the kings, the Holy One to the prophets, and Our Lord to Ji.daism. We see an increasing approach of God to man from the Creator to the Leader, Rock, Fortress, Helper, until he is known as the Father. ii. may be said that God thus revealed himself pro- gressively to the race, but it is harder to conceive of an omnipotent ;mu1 omniscient God ^ >is play- ing hide and seek Wkth his creatures tlian r; is to believe that men in each age have evidenced the nature and extent of their needs, desires, and aspi- rations by the conception they have formed of a supreme being. God is always the complement of 126 TRAVELS IN FAITH, I i •a. IS the weakness of man. What man consciously lacks of perfection he attributes to God. Down through the Middle Ages, we see a vary- ing God, suiting the degree of light and darkness that pervaded the mental world. The Pur'^an made a stern God glorying in his decrees, in ac- cordance with the resolute self-sacrificing devotion to the view of truth which inspired his own breast. And, now, Moody and his kindred evangelists are proclaiming the God of whom they have learned from the English " Brethren," — a God of love, his attribute of vengeance softened to Justice, and all his characteristics put into a nineteenth-century dress. The Brethren evangelists have flocked over to America for fifteen years past, making the Young Men's Christian Associations their rallying points ; and, telling their ardent disciples that they were •' living by faith," their needs have been bountifully supplied by voluntary contributions ** from the Lord." Through preaching services and Bible readings and the circulation of their literature, they have widely indoctrinated the associations and churches with the truths of a full and free atone- ment, assurance of salvation, the presence of the Holy Spirit, and the pre-millennial advent of Christ. They have been mostly gootl men, and have sub- stituted a better and more Scriptural theology for that of the Nev/ England churches of the previous half-century. Moody's preaching only became ill i HUMAN IDEAS OF GOD. 127 noted and effective after he had been Indoctrinated by Needham and Moorhouse. When you find an evangelist gaining converts by exposition of the Scriptures, not by sensationalism, you will usually discover the theology of the Plymouth Brethren as the inspiring influence. Their doctrines about prophecy prevail widely in the Church of England, and are spreading through the various sects of America. Their missionaries are all over the world, living by faith and preaching a " pure gospel," the needs of many being *' supplied by the Lord," through George Muller, of Hristol. My father came under these influences in his later years, and preached a sermon called '• The Free Gift," which was considered such a contrast to the " hyper-Calvinism " which had previously- characterized his preaching that it was printed and widely circulated by an enthusiastic parishioner who held the Brethren's theology. He afterward said to me on a voyage at sea, "If I could live my life ovci again, how differently I would preach!" He sa^J he had proclaimed too much \\\i\ terrors of the law, ai:d alluded to certain good lady parish- ioners who had lived and died in gloom, feeling that they were lost sinners, as they felt no evidence that they belonged to the number of the elect. He said he had not made the gospel free enough. The s<:rmons in his volume, "At Eventide," were writ- ten: :*t ui\\s period, and breathe a milder spirit than 128 TRAVELS IN FAITH. -J II 1 g ■i those of his earlier miniatry. His God changed as his mind mellowed. If individual Christians are now questioned about God, it will be seen that quite different beings are worshipped under that name: each man creating his own mental image of the deity whom he loves, fears, or adores. We set up a standard and try to attain to it, and we call that standard God. One beauty of the Bible is that, • Jp't;" written by men of varied capacity in differenl ; . >, there are cor- respondingly var ed views of God's nature, so that different temperaments will find something to suit their phases of mind. If God had written the book, it would have been consistent ; and there would have been a pattern deity revealed, who, while more noble in design and elevating in influence, would not have been so comforting to imperfect creatures who enjoy a God '* after their own hearts." The Delphic Oracle said, " The best religion is that of a man's own city." Now comes science, and asserts that nothing has been made oil at once, and that all the facts of creation are or will be accounted for by the theory of the evolution of matter. Everything now and in the past has grown or developed by slow stages from simpler forms, in accordance with laws which are just beginning to be clearly understood. There is no such thing as the "act of God," as that term has usually been understood ; but every event, HUMAN IDEAS OF GOD. 129 from the lightnin<^'s stroke to the moscjuito's sting, is traceable to the workings of law. God never in- .terferes by miracles or special providences, and it is only our ignorant and sluggish minds that seek such a solution for our baflled investigations into the subtle laws of nature. It is convenient to say **God did it," when we cannot explain a matter. Where knowledge ends God begins. Some call this great law and force God, and rightly consider that it is a far loftier conception, to think of the Being who could originate matter and endow it with the properties of evolution, so that for ages it could work on without a single act of interference, and produce the wonderful diver- sity we now behold in nature, working in never- failing precision, than it is to enthrone one as the Supreme Being, who, like a necromancer, calls up what he wants upon emergencies ; who takes a notion to have a new kind of butterlly, and makes it on the- spot ; who causes a profane man to step on a bit of orange peel and break his leg, and sends a tornado to an infidel village. These tell us we can know nothing of God beyond the reve- lation of his works, and must content ourselves with the investigation of secondary causes. Others, having traced all the variations of mat- ter back to a single atom, and believing that every form it has assumed can be accounted for by the workings of natural law, are averse to calling in 130 TKA VELS IN FAITH. % i the supernatural even here, and think that quali- ties inherent in matter may have initiated the first movements which have led to *' differentiation." This leaves only the origin of matter to be ac- counted for, and some are daring enough to be- lieve that the intellect of man will yet solve this problem. They claim that, as the most complex organism can be traced back to the simple cell, so the profoundest operations of the mind are the result of an unbroken ascent from the first in- stinctive effort of the lowest animalcule to propa- gate its species or obtain food, and this gradual development of mind can be followed through all the animal kingdom up to n.a i, the difference be- tween the mental operations of man and animals being differences of degree, not of quality. The ant, the horse, and the dog think the same kind of thoughts that men do, as far as their range of thought extends. The operations of mind are foun(^ to depend entirely upon physical organs, and can be suspended or altered by changes in the conditions of those organs. Anatomists and phys- iologists find a correspondence between the brain, the contour of the head, and the meiital faculties, so that a man's or animal's mental powers and characteristics can be predicated from his physical formation. This chain of sequence is so well traced that it is made clear that the link between the briehtest doir and the lowest Hottentot is HUMAN IDEAS OF GOD. »3» I closer than that between a Hottentot and a New- ton. Wallace remarks that the faculties exercised by savages are very little above those of the ani- mals. If mind, therefore, can be followed down to the first instinctive motions of the earliest forms of matter, and is proved to depend on the organism, may it not yet be shown that the first motion that signifies intelligence is as truly a development from the inherent nature of matter as is the growth of the structure ? The assumption that there is an eternal distinction between mind and matter, and that it was necessary at some point for a God to step in and conjure the principle of mind into mat- ter, would thus be shown to be false by the proof of the theory that matter has always possessed the principle of determining its actions which we call mind. May not mind be traced as truly in the vegetable world ? When plants catch and devour insects, reach out tendrils toward supports, close their fiowers in the shade or at the approach or touch of a person, may it not be called an opera- tion of mind, as truly as when n dog answers the dinner bell or a man opens an umbrella when it rains ? Thus there is a mind or soul in all nature, and it IS so connected with and inseparable from the c.t- ward form that they may be considered one, the mind, the later manifestation, being an inherent property of matter from its first existence. 132 TRAVELS W FAITH. Si 3b These facts and theories either place God away back at the beginning of all things, and then leave the puzzle of his existence to be accounted for, or, ignoring any idea of a personal God, they consider the existence of matter as the only mystery to which we have not found a hopeful key. Nothing is arbitrary in the action of nature, implying an exceptional discrimination. As a general rule, the good and the bad reap the results of their acts in the long run. Just so many accidents of a given kind occur during certain periods under similar circumstances. The number of suicides in Lon- don in each decade and the number of mis-directed letters in certain periods is about the same. There is no event in the world of mind or matter which it is not easier to account for as the result of natural consequences than as being the direct act in each case of a superintending God. The blast of lightning from a clear sky, which struck twenty men resting under an oak-tree, was not spe- cially directed by a God with reference to those men. But a sufficient knowledge of natural law could show a chain of causes extending back for ages, which required that flash to gleam and that it^ should strike that tree ; and laborers are apt to rest under trees at noon in hot weather. As the mind revolts from the idea of a God who deliberately or- dains some men to eternal life of his own free will and leaves others to perish, so it rejects the thought HUMAN IDEAS OF GOD. 133 \ I of a being who consciously distributes the accidents and ills of life, and orders the daily warfare and destruction which pervades all o.ders of nature. If, then, it can be shown that all the present forms of existence maybe accounted for by natural laws, reason obliges us to prefer this theory to that of the special creation of the various orders of life by the magical word of a Supreme Being. Man's ignorance has always taken refuge in the act of God as an explanation of what could not be under- stood. God was supposed to cause cholera, plague, and small-pox by direct exercise of his will, until the germ theory of disease showed that these ca- lamities could be accounted for by natural laws. God made the lightning, in popular estimation, till Franklin flew his kite and brought it down from heaven to the realm of nature. God caused storms, rains, and droughts, till the science of meteorology showed the power of natural causes to produce these effects, and foretold their occurrence. So, in earlier ages, the mysteries of life were conveniently refer- red to God ; but, now, we see the laws of nature satisfactorily explaining all the facts of existing forms, and we only refer back to God the origin of matter and force. This is merely saying that as yet we are ignorant of the first cause of all exist- ence ; but, having resolved so many of the acts of God into intelligible processes of nature, does not analogy suggest that what is still unknown may «34 TRA VELS IN FAITH. f I lie o 2s yet be discovered by the advancing mind and un- ceasing investigation of man? Thus there is no ** unknowable," and no limits need be placed upon man's mental progress, nor need any barriers be raised to stop his researches. It is imprudent to express a decided opinion upon these theories about God, upon which the wisest of men are at variance. None of them solve the great mystery of existence. We are all grop- ing through the dim day-dawn toward God, if, haply, we may find him. My only object in writ- injr is to show that the ideas of God in the Bible are human conceptions, just as are the ideas of the- ologians and philosophers of to-day. They are not authoritative ; but they are instructive, and show an orderly progression which ranks them among the evidences which pervade all orders of nature of a development through which an inscrutable force, or ** God," is working. Many, from policy or conviction, are making a .compromise with Christianity as to belief in God, and thus avoid an open rupture. They say, in the words of an intelligent scientist, " The mind with its yearnings for and capabilities of religion is as much a part of nature as are the objects we may handle with our fingers ; and the moral education of mankind has as much followed the lines of de- velopment, which the survival of the fittest de- mands, as has the physical advance of structural HUMAN IDEAS OF GOD, '35 forms. Viewed in that light, the history of the human race, whether drawn from sacred or pro- fane sources, is a history of the evohition and atl- vance of moral sentiments." But they go on to call the manifestation of this growth in the Bible a "revelation," and the principle, unknown and inscrutable, which thus works for good or " makes for righteousness," they call " God " ; and thus they retain their status among Christians as believers. This is a use of terms in a sense entirely different from their general acceptation. In this way, most rationalists believe as truly in God and revelation as they do; and I know honored men among Chris- tians, who practically think as I do, who, by this accommodation of old phrases to their new ideas, are still accounted orthodox, and are held up to me as examples of the agreement of science and faith. The God of evolution is not God, as men in the Christian Church understand the name ; and, when they call the Bible a revelation, they believe it is the direct, authoritative, and final word of God, communicated in a miraculous manner to man, — not that it shows how men have gradually grown in religious knowledge, and is, therefore, ^ revela- tion to us. For the present, it seems wise and hon- est not to use the old phraseology, until men cease to misapprehend the inte .tion and infer agreement with their own supernatural ideas. In this sense, the Unitarian use of the terms, "Our Lord and rm 136 TRA VELS IN FAITH. I ^ Saviour, Jesus Christ," '* Our Divine Master," while they utterly deny his deity and atonement in the orthodox sense, appears inconsistent and injurious to the progress of the demolition of superstition. True freedom of speech will not be attained until men can be permitted to express their ideas about God as freely as their notions about geology. The First Cause is as legitimate an object of research as is electricity. The loftiest intellects of this age, who have gained conceptions of the Infinite Power as far above the Hebrew notions of Jehovah as are their differing ideas about astronomy, are liable to prosecution by some anti-blasphemy club, com- posed of men who believe that God has revealed nothing about himself for eighteen hundred years, and who accept as final the ideas of deity enter- tained by men whose opinions upon almost every other subject they despise. In their minds, to agree with the ancients in any of their opinions about nature is to show an ignorance and stupid- ity that is beneath contempt ; but to differ from the ancients in their estimate of the greatest of all myster ies is blasphemy. To sum up, in a few words, the main truths I desire to impress, I would say : The Bible, like all other books, is the product of men's minds. All ideas about God and the various doctrines of re- ligion are likewise the products of men's minds. There has never been a revelation by God to man HUMAX IDEAS OF GOD. •37 of final truth, g'ven directly and all at once, either by word or vision. Hut all human ideas of relig- ion are the result of a prog^ressive development of man's mind, in accordance with the laws of evolu- tion which pervade the universe, through which all growth in nature and all progress in man are pro- moted by the working of what men variously call ^*the inscrutable force," "eternal matter," "the great first cause," " the eternal and infinite spirit," *^ the Almighty Godr PRAYER. UJ ::> Oct If all events are the effects of preceding causes^ and God, the supreme power in the universe, acts only through natural laws, prayer in the form of petition is irrational and useless, unless it can be proved that prayer is a natural force. Upon the orthodox ideas of God, petition to him to vary the succession of causes and effect is unreasonable and wronij. It is askinjjf for bless- ing v/hich involves suffering to others. The sailor who prays for a fair wind really asks that other b;ulors, equally deserving of prosperity, may have a head wind ; and supposing that sailors pray, God is daily besought that the wind may blow from every point of the comp;.>ss. How can he grant any of these petitions without injustice, even if the direction of the wind was not determined by natural laws which God has never interrupted ? The Hour merchant, praying for a rising market, asks God to do that which will make the laborer pay more for his bread. The laborer prays for cheap Hour. How can God answer both prayers? The prosperity of one often means the adversity of another, the success of one the disappointment of his perhaps equally deserving fellow. How can a just God discriminate w the bestowal of an- *i I PR A YEK, '39 . v swers ? We narrate deliverance from sliipwreck and accident in answer to prayer ; but an honest consistency would oblige us to tell of shipwrecks in answer to prayer, and of misfortunes traceable to the following of "indications of Providence" succeeding prayer. Jesus had a wise conception of the limitations of prayer. The Lord's Prayer deals largely with desires for God's giory and man's moral improvement, its only material re- quest being for daily bread, which every one would seem to have a natural right to possess. But it is more rational to work for it than to pray for it : and that this is the more effective course is proved by the popular proverb, " God helps those who help themselves." Prayer is not only usually futile, but it is often injurious. It concentrates the mind upon itself and promotes selfishness. The calm of the even- ing subdues the throbbing brain of the business man ; but, as he kneels by his bedside to pray, all the desires connected with his unfinished schemes are aroused, he often changes prayer into a re- newal of his schemings, and, in utter forgetful- ness of his purpose, calls back the trials and dif- ficulties of the day, and his excited brain defers the approach of sleep. To some temperaments, the prayerless pillow bririgs the sweetest sleep. Prayer leads to trusting to God what should be sought by our own efforts A landlady was over- 140 TRA VEIS IN FAITH. % I heard to pray imploringly that God would fill her house with boarders and blrss her dog " Gypsy " ; but she left her room and scolded so much at her servants that her boarders left her ; and she stuff- ed her dog into an apoplectic condition. Prayer has been the resort of laziness, and has often paralyzed efforts and lost the attainment of de- sires, while the devout person was " waiting on the Lord" instead of using his best efforts for himself. Prayer has an even chance of being answered or of failing, except that we usually pray for what is. unlikely to happen. Most of the reputed answers to prayer are just this chance of having desire cor- respond to natural results. But there are some cases where prayer has really produced effects by its reflex inlluence : the will and faith of the de- votee have affected the nervous onjfanism and produced the desired result. The effect follows prayer to demons in Asia, to the Virgin and saints in Europe, and to Christ in Anif^rica, and is there- fore purely the action of physical laws. The shak- ing of the Joss-sticks in China, the whirling of the prayer-wheel in Burmah, the seven daily prostra- tions of the Mussulman, the counting of beads in Rome, and the prayer-meetings of Protestants, are alike in their measure of success or failure. Dr. Hammond, in the lutLrnaiional Revicio for March, 1881, in a valuable article upon this sub- ject, describes a cure effected by Croton water, la- mni i I ' PR A YEK. 141 belled •' Lourdes Water," after genuine Lourdes water labelled Croton had failed to produce effect, proving that the power lay in the imagination. Perhaps, it nr\y be found that prayer is some- times effectual in another way. One or more per- sons sometimes " will " that another shall do cer- tain things, and the acts arc performed. This is believed to be a ** psychological " influence ; which only means that it is produced by a natural force that as yet we know but little of. In the N^inc- icenth Century {ox June, 1882, an article entitled "Thought Reading" gives most interesting facts of this character, with suggestions of explanation ; and the editor adds a note containing a theory that "brain-waves" are produced by mental ef- forts, and sometimes affect others at a distance with a consciousness of the thoui^ht that caused them. Many visions, apparitions, and impressions would be explained by this theory, if it could be established. A man in a prayer-meeting felt an intense impulse to give a stranger five dollars. He did so with great diffidence, and learned that the stranger had been praying throughout the meeting for that sum, in order to bestow it upon a distressed person. This was narrated as an an- swer to prayer, and so it was. Hut, instead of its being the direct action of the Being invoked, is it not as well or better explained by the supposition that an intense desire may sometimes intluence 142 TRA VELS IN FAITH. the mind of another person, or even affect natural forces in other ways, and thus produce the answer? If so, it is the feeling, and not the petition to God, which has brought about the result. Princi- pal Dawson, in his latest work, ** Facts and Fan- cies in Modern Scie^c(^" says, '* The bleat of the lamb will not only meet with response from the mother ewe, but will even exercise a physiological effect in promoting the secretion of milk in her udder. ... In the case of animals there must be a certain relation between the one that prays and the one that answers." He argues for prayer to God, but such facts better illustrate the effects of desire upon natural resources. When men become i^ood and wise enoucjh to '• will " with benefit to themselves and others, we may find that the power of nature to produce re- sults has also enlarged, and it may be found that the instinct of prayer was a dawning conception of a grand force to become available for man's use in a more developed state. As people meet now in a circle to ** will " that a table shall move, the prayer-meeting will perhaps be succeeded by a gathering of intelligent persons who shall effectu- ally " will " for results more useful to man, in cer- tain directions where the possibility of success has been scientifically determined. Meantime, the area of prayer will gradually be narrowed, as men learn to trace results to natural i rKAVK/i. M3 causes. They cease to ask God for thinirs as fast as they learn nature's laws. No one prays that the sun may rise or that the seasons may change ; and men are ceasing to pray for rain and wind and all other events, in proportion as they see that they are as inevitable as the sunrise, or else can be di- rected by their own knowledge. But many rationalists, either from early habit or inherited impulse, while abandoning direct peti- tion to God for specific material needs, delight in prayer as communion with the Power and Good- ness which they perceive in nature, which they in a measure personify as God, and toward which or whom their spirit of thankfulness and wonder is outpoured. This it is not intended to criticise. The remarks made apply only io pctitional prayer. Worship of God can do good only as it elevates the mental faculties to aspire toward a superior conception. Reverence for the powers of nature and an enthusiasm for the progress of humanity may produce as good effects upon the mind, and may lead to better results for the world. MORALITY. r I < It is asked, If you take away the doctrine of the inspiration and infallible authority of the Bible, what foundation is left for morality? Those who ask the question believe that the Bible has created religion, instead of religion havingr made the Bible ; and that morality springs from the ten command- ments, instead of the commandments being the ex- pression of human morality. Morality is the re- sult of experience. That conduct which men have found to produce the best results has been incul- cated by maxims which superstition ascribes to the finger of God upon stone tablets. The experience of ages is compressed into the Golden Rule, of which, when quoted by Christ, it is said, ** For this is the law and the prophets" (Matt, vii., 12); and Moses gives the precept, *' Thou shalt Icve thy neighbor as thyself." This rule and most of the maxims ascribed to Christ are found in writings centuries before he lived, and are the inheritance of the ages, needing no thunders of Sinai nor suf- ferings of Calvary to give them authority. Thales, about 600 n.c, said, "Avoid doing what you would blame others for doing." Pittacus, one of the seven wise men of Greece, about 570 RC, said, "Avoid doing that to your .) MORALITY. MS neighbor which you would take amiss if he did it to you." Confucius, the Chinese sage, 500 ii.c., said : " What you do not want done to yourself do not do to others." To one who has been accustomed to regard Jesus as the author of our present morality, it is instructive to read the maxims of the ancient phi- losophers of Greece and Rome and the teachers of Persia and India. Jesus summarized the morality of the past. If the Golden Rule be expressed in these words. Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you and yours, do ye even so to them and theirs, it seems impossible to imagine a relation in life to which it would not apply sufficient guidance and restraint. It teaches us to treat a man and his wife, sister, daughter, house, property, cow, dog, as we feel it would l)e rii/ht that a man should treat us and ours, and to set the example in speech, dress, and behavior we wish him to set. By this simple rule, we are thrown upon our conscience, and are relieved of all the burden of an immense code of maxims, which by their conllicting and unbending letter often destroy the spirit of morality. Educa- tion, which secures an enlightened conscience, will enable men to apply this rule rightly ; and morality will not only stand, but grow purer and gain in uni- versality, even though the Bible takes its rightful place among human compilations of man's deeds 10 146 TKAVELS IN FAITH. u t' and thoughts. As Christ deh'vered his disciples from a yoke of ceremonials, which neither they nor their fathers ** were able to bear," so modern criti- cism delivers men from the bondage of a multitude of rules which they call the word of God, but ha- bitually violate, and leaves them with this grand *' law of love " as the simple but effective guide. The liberty which the Golden Rule gives is well expressed in the words of Herbert Spencer, in "So- cial Statics " : •' Every man has freedom to do all that he will, provided he infringes not the equal frt;edom of any other man " ; and its restraints may be summed up in the words of Lecky, in his " His- tory of luiropean Morals": *• Man must abstain from whatever injures happiness or degrades char- act(;r." Men will be more moral when they learn that morality does not rest for its authority upon arbi- trary edicts thundered from the skies, but that its foundation is the experience of mankind as to what is l)i!st for man. Now, some men abstain from evil because they say God forbids it, or they do good because it is conuuamled so to do ; but, when they learn to choose the good for its own sake, they will lose the sense of bonilage which imbues virtue with the idea of self-sacrifice, and they will find, as Herbert Spencer says in the "Data of Ethics," that " the good is universally the pleasurable. Con- duct is good or l)ad as its results to self or others : I MORALITY. 147 is pleasurable or painful : the need for command- ments from God disappears." He also remarks : "In the improved state of society there will be less self-sacrifice in helpin<^ others, and it will become pleasure. . . ; Great miseries are caused by per- severinji; in actions repufjnant to the sensations, and neglectinf^ actions which the sensations prompt." We may with hope look forward to a day when men will instinctiv"^' ^ncl from pleasurable motives ** refuse the evil ana choose the<;ood," though this will be attained to neither by eatin the difficulty of detection and conviction abrogates the fear of man. Sir Wilh'am Harcourt, when in- troducing the bill for the repression of crime in Ire- land, said, " The mainspring of crime is the expec- tation of impunity." The telegraph, railroad, and detective police have done much to lessen the se- curity of criminals ; but we need to find a way in which evidence can be secured, of so positive a character that concealment of wron««>-^ 77//: CHURCH AXD /TS WORK'. '75 .1 :1 mission ciforts told mc, with an injunction of se- crecy, that he was much less interested than for- merly in the society of which he was a manaorcr, because in their policy the salvation of souls was becoming more and more secondary to the educa- tion of the mind. We shall some day see these agencies devoted solely to spreading moral and physical knowledge among savages and ignorant nations, and then earnestly supported by rational- ists. The wholesale denunciation of missionaries is unjust. I have visited numbers of mission sta- tions, and never saw one where there was not an apparent influence for good nor where the workers were not faithful and earnest peo[)le. The religion they teach is certainly better than the one it dis- places, and the dogmas of theology are not made as prominent as tliey are at home. When they are entirely dropped from the teaching, and missionary societies become educational societies wholly, they will demand and receive the support of all intelli- gent men. Those who still believe in the story of the Tower of Babel m.ist be puzzled, as I used to be, to ex- plain how God should have caused the existence of the greatest obstacle to the spread of knowl- edge, — the diversity of languages. Since learning that this story is the myth of an ignorant people, I am relieved from the necessity of believing that God, who *' desires all men to repent and come to *M TRA VELS IN FAITH, 9 i the knowledge of the truth," has been the greatest enemy of foreign missions. Theological seminaries at present are mainly in- stitutions where men are taught how to maintain preconceived theories formulated by their ances. tors. The education thus given is one-sided, for fact is warped to conform to theory. The language of the Hijjle is made to conform to the desired no- tion by taking it literally, figuratively, or spiritually, as best suits the requirement. I am convinced that the peculiar difficulty attending the settlement of theological discussions is owing to the habit of mind which is formed by the custom of spiritualizing the meaning of Scripture words, when it helps an ar- gument to i\o so. It creates an unconscious ten- dency to an unfair use of language in controversy. A l^onirreirational minister tells me that his room- mate at Andover Seminary felt unable to assent to the creed. The profesi:or said, " Oh, you can sub- scribe to it as we all do, in the sense which the words mean in your own mind." The necessity for such warping of mind and conscience must be in- jurious to intellect and heart. Hut the theological seminary is not to be dis- carded. It may become the greatest help and the grandest power. Workers in every field of science are gathcing facts, each in his own special depart- ment ; and the need of a generalization of results is most apparent. The varied facts must be gath- »»«ii»Wi»<»— ii»1*i »— n »ii — < THE CHURCH AND ITU \VOHh\ i/i ered, harmonized, and arranj^ed in systems and philosophies, and the theological seminary is the place to do it. Instead of an exclusive study of Hebrew religion, upon the false assumption that this alone is revealed by God and all others are inventions of men, a studious comparison of all re- ligions will be made, and the development of the religious idea in man will be traced and followed out scientifically, showing its past connections and suggesting its future resolution into one universal creed. Instead of dismissing diversity of language by a summary reference to Habel, a comparative study of anci(.'nt languages will throw light upon the growth of speech and give indications of the methods to secure a universal language. Instead of the vain effort to reconcile Genesis and science, the views of tlu* Hebrews about nature will only have an antiquarian interest, and religion will cease to oppose all knowledge that conflicts with the the- ology of the Jews. Then, with unbiassed mind, the newly revealed facts of nature can be studied with reference to their relation to the infinite first cause. Political economy and many branches of social sci- ence could here find a proper nursery. In fact, there will be no end to the sphere of usefulness opened when the theological seminary shall be changed into the scientific theorizing seminary. Christian institutions, therefore, are to be en- larged in scope, even though the names be not i 176 7W// Ti^Zi" /^r FAITIL chanji^ed. We, who desire to be in active accord and harmony with all efforts for the welfare of man, call upon the many ministers who by the light of science have discovered the falsity of the creeds they are bound to, asking them boldly to instruct their people in the truths revealed by the evolution philosophy and modern Biblical criti- cism, that they may cease to shun and despise good and intelligent men who have learned that the Bible is a human compilation of scattered and fragmentary Hebrew literature, and that God has never acted save throui^h natural laws. When these senseless prejudices, survivals of paganism and ignorance, are removed, all who love their fellow-men and whose religion is to do good can unite in the practical worship of the Church uni- versal. THE DECLINE OF THE ISUNISTRY. From many quarters arise com[)laints that the number of younij^ men in |)reparation for the min- istry is continually lesseninf;. In Eni^lantl, it is said that the learninjj^ of Oxford and Cambridi^^c diverts their graduates from the Church ; and in America, we are told, the physics of the colle^res indisposes students from the pursuit of metaphys- ics in theolot^ical seminaries. It appears that we are called to consider the pros[)ect of an important decline in the supply of ministers, and it is there- fore timely to rellect upon its causes and probable results. Those who habitually sneer at the ministerial profession, and devote themselves to catalo<^uin;^ and portrayinjj^ its crimes, do injustice to a bo >' WJ. 1.0 I.I ^IM IIIII2.2 m |40 12.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 "^ 6" ► V] <^ m ^'^^ ■0 '?- ^y o W 7 ///. m p Photographic Sciences Corpordtion 23 W2ST MAIN STREET WF9STER NY UiSO (716) 872-4503 '(9 "VAsS^. ' W.r (/x \ 1 178 TKA VELS IN FAITH. I $ u 3 influence of late years has usually been on the side of human advancement, except where the mainte- nance of dogma has in some cases interfered. But* the fact remains that their number is becoming proportionally less. The first and most immediate result of a scar- city of ministers will be the decline of sectarian- ism. This will proceed from two causes. First, Baptist, Methodist, and Congregational churches in small villages will be led by economical reasons to unite. Universalists and Unitarians will often, from the same motives, coalesce ; and even Epis- copalians may consent to embrace outsiders in their fold, though not lik(ily to merge their organ- ization in those of other sects. The second in- fluence is the same that causes the scarcity of min- isters, — the growth of knowledge that destroys be- lief in the dogmas of supernaturalism. This af- fects minister and people alike, leading to less in- sistence upon what are considered non-essentials, and creating a necessity for union upon the cen- tral truths vital to the existence of the Christian system, in order to resist the inroads of the hosts of rationalism. A continuation of this process, now perceptibly progressing, leads logically to a future existence of one Protestant Church united in a struof79 illustration of the tendency of the Church toward liberal views that favor the union of sects. A free thinker yielded to the undent desire of his friends that he should confer with an eminent doc- tor of divinity, thorou<;hly versed in science and philosophy, and competent to refute modern scep- ticism. With trepidation, he entered the doctor's house ; but the genial theologian put him at ease, and, instead of criticising scepticism, proceeded to utter such sentiments as these : " When the Ref- ormation came, a substitute was needed for the infallible Church of Rome as a rallying point and centre of faith ; and the disconnected and frag- mentary literature of the Hebrews was elevated into an infallible book. This Hibliolatry must be destroyed. Men need to learn that the Bible is not a book, and to judge of its contents as other writings are studied. Intolerance and bigotry arc founded upon this false estimate of the authority of the Scriptures. I reject the supernatural en- tirely. I think something occurred which made the Bible writers think they saw what they de- scribed; but, if the events occurred, they were in harmony with natural law." The doctor went on to make light of the dogma of eternal punish- ment, and to deprecate the abuse which Chris- tians shower upon unbelievers whose reasons they cither lack courage or intelligence to examine. He said, ** The Church is gradually coming to these i8o TRAVELS IN FAITH. i SI 'ID views upon inspiration and Calvinistic dogma; and you should remain in the Church, and help those of us who are trying to bring her to a ra- tional position, instead of attacking it from out- side, where you have but little influence." The free thinker said, " Do I understand that you have no criticism to make upon my doctrinal position, but only upon my attitude in leaving the Church and attacking its errors?" " I do," the doctor replied. "You are substan- tially right, and the Church will some day stand where you do; but it will be a long time, and you do not want to associate with these infidels and low fellows, and throw away your influence." "But," said the free thinker, "where are your honesty and consistency in remaining in an ortho- dox pulpit ?" " My Church has no creed," replied the doctor. " You could state your views to your pastor, and yet remain in association with the Church." He extolled the benefits of Christianity as a system, and pleaded for the necessity of its continuance as an oriranization with modified beliefs. Another orthodox doctor of divinity was asked by a rationalist to give his views of the inspiration of the Bible. He replied as follows : "In the ev- olution of the human mind, the Greeks developed the g'-eatest aptitude for art, the Romans for law, and the Hebrews for religion. As I accept a THE DECUXE OF THE MIXISTRY. iSt Greek statue and Roman law, so I take the rcli Education, then, is the remedy of the rational- ist : regeneration is the remedy of the Christian. The latter has had a long trial, and has doubtless won trophies. The very fact of its birth and con- tinuance proves that it had some adaptedness to the circumstances that called it forth from men's minds, and it has been serviceable under the exist- ing conditions in the past. Its success, however, • ::, not such as to commend it as a panacea for ill, nor for any application in the future to intelligent minds. Ignorance is alike the mother of devotion and the mother of crime. The least instructed people are the most religious and the most vicious. Lange, in "History of Materialism," says, "En- lightenment and education, as a rule, go hand in , hand with a decrease of the clergy in relative numbers and influence "; and "the diminution of crime corresponds with the diminution of super- stition, which is inseparably connected with the worship of the letter." Education in a broad sense is of recent birth, and is yet in its infancy; yet its fruits arc undeni- ably good. Instruction has been limited to the acquisition of ancient ideas ; but, since three hun- dred years past, it has been gradually expanding to embrace what the Germans call "earth knowl- edge," which is gained by direct study of nature's operations and conditions. Social progress is co- incident with this advance. . ««■ J 10 THA VELS IN FAITH, ft i SI if I' si But let us apply these principles to the vexed questions of the day, and see which method is best adapted to reform. The most prominent topics of concern are capital and labor, intemperance, crime, and the relations of the sexes. What is the Chris- tian method of dealing with poverty ? By Chris- tian, we mean the methods taught in the New Testament. Intelligent Christians have generally abandoned these and adopt rational methods, but they have no right to credit these to Christianity. Jesus and the apostles, in view of the expected closing of the age, commended poverty, rebuked riches, ordered the distribution of wealth, the lend- ing of money without asking for repayment, and the practice of communism. Rationalists say pov- erty is a curse, strive to gain riches, secure your individual comfort, keep your possessions except when you can do more good by parting with them ; giving degrades the receiver, and injures his future efficiency ; nature teaches *' nothing without labor," and men must toil for what they would enjoy. Hut they see also the interdependence of men, that true self-interest demands the advancement of one's neighbor, that the employer's welfare is promoted by the prosperity of the employed, that a grasping selfishness injures him who exercises it, and they would educate men to far-seeing views of trade nnd wealth. They would show that nature indi • \ ^Iiat general prosperity is promoted by mmMM KEFOrM. !II freedom of trade, co-operation in production, the discouragement of pauperism by the promotion of inducements to industry, and thus by purely ma- terial considerations they would lead to prosperity rather than by abstract didactic inculcations based upon self-sacrifice through devotion to Jesus. They claim that the more nature's methods are studied the more clearly it is shown that the truth and lasting welfare of each individual is identical with the welfare of the community in which he dwells, and that the prosperity of each community is con- nected with the thrift of other communities. They believe that enlarged knowledge will promote a more efficient benevolence springing from motives of worldly self-interest than has been obtained by the principle of self-sacrifice for a heavenly crown or through emotional " love of God." Intemperance is consistently combated by the Christian through conversion and prohibition. Drunkards arc reclaimed by the stimulus of con- secrated vows and by the impossibility of indul- gence. But both experiences are rare. The vows lose force, and seeming impossibilities are over- come. The means of intoxication are procured by liquors or by opiates, where the craving has be- come confirmed. The rational method is to allow individual freedom, but to aim at prevention by the spread of knowledge of the evil effects of ar- dent spirits, by the inculcation of self-restraint for yji 212 THA VELS IN FAITH. I the advantage of self and others, and by study of the laws of heredity which may suggest means of preventing the transmission of depraved appetites. The recognition of intemperance as a disease, and its treatment by scientific methods, is in brief the method of rationalism. As to crime, the same remarks may largely ap- ply, l^he science of heredity has a great mission in this field. Conversion may rescue a few ; but the improvement of the race must be gradually ef- fected by physical improvement, by vivid impres- sions of the certainty of the punishment of crime, and by the growth of prosperity. A disciple asked the ancient rationalist, Confucius, " Since the peo- ple are so numerous, what more is needed?" Confucius replied, ** Make them well off." "After that, what else?" "Instruct them." Preaching and tracts will not restrain the starving. Comfort is a prerequisite to learning. The question of capital and labor is therefore a problem intimately connected with that of crime, and general thrift must precede general virtue. The relation of the sexes is a question made more difficult of solution, because a false propriety restricts its discussion. With this as with the other problems, the rationalist has no patent nos- trums to effect immediate cures ; but he claims to point out the methods in which light may best be gained. The present attitude of Christianity upon mmmmmmmmmm !■! J^EFOKM. !»3 this topic is that of positive, unreasoning dictation. Thou shalt not, — because Moses and Christ said so. Look to Jesus for strength to conquer fleshly lusts. '• Deny thyself, and take thy cross ! " The failure of this method need not be argued. The method of rationalism would be the spread of knowledge about the human body ; the recogni- tion of the fact that there is nothing unholy or un- clean in our organisms or natural impulses ; the removal of a false glamour and exaggerated no- tions, that the sexes entertain toward each other, by co-education and familiar association ; early in- struction upon the direful effects of sexual vices, and demonstration that self-control is the truest self-interest. A refined lady graduate of a West- ern college, where co-education of the sexes was practised, remarked : " Whenever I met friends who were being educated in young ladies* semina- ries, they usually talked about the young men and their secret efforts to correspond or associate with them : whereas our daily association with young men showed us what commonplace and often stu- pid things they were. They had no exaggerated fascination for us, and I am sure there was less * flirting* than where the girls were secluded." One who faces the ills of life, the woes of the wretched, the sorrows and **sins" of men, is at times overwhelmed with the consciousness of the hopelessness of speedy amelioration. He can only ■► »■■ 214 TRA VELS IN FAITH. I o' ask himself what general principles are best adapt- ed to furnish remedies ; and he finds two sugges- tions, — Christian supernaturalism and rational nat- uralism. But he says, if God can remedy all this, why doesn't he do it ? Men have been pleading for ages for him to fulfil his promise to answer prayer, and to heed their petitions that these ills should be removed. He has had opportunity to prove his power and faithfulness, but he has failed to effect the desired reforms. On the other hand, it is seen that all permanent progress has been secured by natural agencies, and the past reveals the future. We claim, therefore, that not only does ration- alism refute the charge that it is solely destructive, but all valuable construction is secured by its methods. Where Christianity influences intelli- gent people for good, it is owing to its adoption of rationalism. Its modified supernaturalism is ser- viceable to some heathen races as a stepping-stone toward naturalism ; but the motive forces that ad- vance civilization are not prayer, conversion, and reliofious doi^mas, but knowledi^e of nature and the application of her hitherto secret powers to the welfare of man. Education, then, must consist less in the study of dead languages and dying theologies, and more in research into nature's operations and the en- deavor to conform our lives to those beneficent principles that underlie her methods. TRUTH IN ERROR. I. HELL. It may be asserted that all universal beliefs have either been founded upon some genuine fact of nature or have been serviceable in the develop- ment of man. They may have been to a li^reat extent mistaken inferences, but there was a basis of truth and a measurably beneficial result. When more of the fact is discovered, man's conceptions change, and he alters his belief and his methods. In rejecting the religious dogmas, whose falsity is being exposed by the increasing light of science, we do well to search if there is any good thing in them and preserve the truth germs they may con- tain, which have been helpful to man in the past, remembering Shakespeare's words, — "There is some soul of goodness in things evil, Would men observingly distill it out." One of the most prominent universal beliefs is that of punishment after death, which in Calvin- ism has. assumed the form of the doctrine of the eternal torment in hell of all who reject the way of salvation by the atonement of Christ. The falsity of this dogma has often been shown ; but its oppo- at6 r.'xA yJiLS /4V FAITH, ft a I . *' u 5^ nent5 do not always recognize the fact that its be- lief rests upon a fundamental truth, which is, that the law of the unfailing succession of cause and effect prevails in morals as truly as in the phys-. ical world. It is considered a waste of words to attack the Calvinistic doctrine of endless punishment, for it may fairly be claimed that no intelligent person now believes it. True, manyprofess to believe it, and some even think they believe it ; but, judged by accepted rules of evidence, their belief is dis- proved. Genuine belief is always manifested in corresponding action. Belief in the existence of a pitfall, the approach of an avalanche, or the pres- ence of a wild beast, is always eagerly communi- cated to others. Men will not allow others to go into danger without warning and without deep concern for their welfare. Judged by this rule, how many really believe the doctrine of everlast- ing punishment? If men all around us are going down to an eternal hell, and Christians believe it and know of an easy way of escape, would they so seldom vary their lives of business and pleasure by a word to the impenitent ?. Would they \y^ able to live contentedly in a round of diversioM, music, embroidery, and cigar-smoking, while iheir neigh- bors are dropping into ceaseless doom, where " the smoke of their torment ascendeth up for ever and ever"? Would ministers of churches only make TRUTH IX EKKOR. 217 It vague allusions to the dread dogma, and leave the preaching of terror to evangelists, without charge of societies, who are not imperilled by the dissent of parishioners? It is seldom preached now in city churches, and n.inisters' minds are everywhere perplexed in the effort to reconcile revelation with good taste. Genuine belief is evidenced not only by action, but also by a consistent application of the theory espoused. Hut the doctrine of eternal damnation is never applied within the circle of the believer's acquaintance ; it only does for strangers and heathen, or possibly, like Arten^as Ward, for one's wife's relations. In all cases where sympathy is aroused, it is denied or evaded. A lady, brought up in this creed, professedly held to it, until a favorite son, a wild, wayward boy, swam across a stream to rob an orchard, and, being chased by the owner, w^as drowned in mid stream, w^ith profane curses on his lips. Her creed sent him to hell ; but the lovinor mother's heart abolished the creed, and she ceased to be a Calvinist. Two ladies, cousins, lived alongside of each oth- er in a sea-port town. One was brought up as a Calvinist, the other as a Unitarian. They were wealthy, intelligent, hospitable, and especially kind to the poor. They lived to old age, and died, — one trusting in Christ for salvation through his atoning blood, the other, without any faith in wm 218 TRAVELS IN FA ITU, Christ, peacefully committing her soul into the hands of her heavenly Father. A lady who was a cousin of both was asked, "Can any one be saved who rejects Christ as an atoning Saviour?" She emphpt icaily answered, " No ; the Bible clearly says so : * He that believeth not the Son shall not see life, but the wrath of God abidethon h* > ti ini. " Did your cousin S. believe in Christ as a Sav- iour?" *• No, she died as she lived, denying that he was anything more than a good man." •* Then, she is in hell ! " She started in horror, and replied : " Oh, she was a dear good soul ! It can't be ! " Let us see what the doctrine of hell means, when consistently applied. The population of the world is stated to be 1,350,000,000. Of these, about 300,000,000 are nominal Christians ; but very few have been converted or born again, and, " except a man be born again, he cannot see the kingdom of God." The majority rely for salvation upon the rites of the church or good works, or else are indifferent as to their future state. An estimable and learned man has lately said in a public lecture that, of those whom men call Christians, God would only call two per cent. Christians. Upon this estimate there Mre six million truly converted Christians in the world; and, as about forty mill- .. ..^M'iMMl ■OaMMa*. MiMii wwimn' iiiiiiiiii —,. ■ ,,., .w^ ,j,. — rtT( V i it"ii.rirl* .i I :' MMMMHiftMMKtfi^ TRUTH LV ERROR. 2I(> ion people die every year, it follows logically that yearly 180,000 people go to heaven, and 39,820,- 000 are doomed to hell. There have been many people who would have assented to this, and who had no hope for the salvation of infants and heathen ; but the mind and heart of the nineteenth century revolt from these atrocious statements. Infant salvation is now generally admitted, except that Roman Catholics limit salvation to the bap- tized. This rescues half of the human race ; and charity savjs a majority of the rest, in fact all toward whom sentiment is excited. Men will not now admit there are few that be saved, though they still profess to revere the v/ords of Jesus, — ** few are chosen," and " few there be that find it." To make the doctrine less horrible, some say that the unbelieving are annihilated. They find this in the Bible, but the great majority of Christians do not so read it. Others sL^y the heathen will not perish: but, to justify foreign missions. Prof. Shcdd preached a sermon before the American Board, entitled "The Guilt of the Pagan," enforc- ing Paul's words, " I'^or as many as have sinned without law shall also perisli without law"; and he proved that, according to the Scriptures, the heathen are " without excuse." The Broad Church- man relies upon Canon Farrar's interpretation of aionios and gchcnna to soften the doctrine and limit the duration of the penalty. BB mm ^ 2\^ TRA VELS IN FAITH, I I $ But none of these explanations reconcile the re- flecting mind and tender heart to the docrine of damnation as being the will and revelation of God. An eminent Conq^reij^ational minister was asked what he thought about eternal punishment. " I try never to think of it," was replied. " If I do, it gives me the blues for a fortnight." When an unregenerate philanthropist dies, men fall back upon *• the mercy of God," and say, " Shall not the judge of all the earth do right ! " " None will perish without a good reason for it." *' We know not what may have passed between the soul and its Saviour in the last moments." Carlyle, Emer- son, Longfellow, and I^arwin may reject revelation with impunity, but woe to the unknown and un- honored unbeliever ! A doctrine thus loosely believed is not worthy of attack, and we can only wonder that men do not abandon it in principle, as they have already done in practice. Instead of attempting to trim down the doctrine into accord with science and sense, thus conceding the imperfection of " revela- tion," is it not more honoring to God and more creditable to man to admit that the New Testa- ment contains merely the human record of the hu- man beliefs of the aiie in which it was written ? But is this all-prevailing idea of hell, reaching over all lands and back through distant ages, ut- terly false ? No : it is founded on fact and use. I iiiiiiaitigttitoteJi i i H i M ru li ir ■ ^ m ^a^ti n i «iii .iivi*.t4*»w* ■w.c—. .—- »^ ! TRUTlf IN ERROR. 221 as IS every other human belief. The fact is the pleasurableness of good and the painfulness of evil In the long run, virtue brings its own re- ward and sin its own curse ;; and these results con- tinue while existence lasts. The sinner will for- ever be the worse off for his sin : no atonement, no death-bed repentance, can remove the natural consequences of sin to the guilty. It is untrue that a complete and hopeless doom will be arbitra- r>Jy inflicted upon the sinner ; but the natural ill of each transgression will follow its commission. Nature has recuperative power: the wound in the flcih is healed ; but the effort has made a certain drain, minute it may be, upon the stock of vitality. So, evil in the end may sometimes lead to good, but there has been a loss that is never repaired. Men seem to escape the consequences of their evil acts; btit a knowledire of their thoujj^hts and lives would nhow the ills they bear, and these are often more p'ainly manifested in their posterity. This is the tri'th that underlies the false doctrine of hell, — natural retribution. The use of the belief is the restraining power of fear. This has been a potent influence in the past ; but the doubted threat loses its power, and mer* are losing belief in hell. It no longer terri- fies a lasted people, and its far-away :urse does not restrain the passionate. Liberals are accused of lessening the restraints 222 TRA VELS IN FA/TJL I I s I upon immorality by overthrowing the Bible doc- trine of everlasting punishment ; but they really are more severe toward sin than are the orthodox, for they do not encourage the sinner to believe that the consequences of lifelong crimes can be escaped by the lifting of the eye to the cross. They teach unavoidable injury from sin. Though men cease to have the dread of eternal hopeless torture before them, other motives may be as serviceable. The perception of the advan- tages of goodness, a sense which is growing in man through the experience ,' es, the certainty of the human retribution of c ..:e, which social science will yet evolve, and the perception of the inevitable natural punishment which follows all wrong-doing, — this hope and these fears will re- generate the world. II. ATONKMKNT AND SALVATION. The doctrine of atonement, which pervades the Bible and exists in some form in all religions, the necessity of the suffering of one as ♦^he condition for the forgiveness of another, must have a basis of truth, or it could never have gained such wide acceptance throughout the world as it has done. The Calvinistic doctrine of salvation by faith in Christ is impoi..^ible to understand, and harder still to believe, except by those who adopt the motto, ' )C- • re or at ed « ch al ' ay .n- in ty ial le ill •e- le le •n • IS e . . ^ n ' )■ 11 >» • " I believe because it is impossible." Many dif- ferent theories of the atonement are presented. The old school Calvinists believe in the sacrificial atonement, that Christ died in our stead, savini^ us by substitution, bearini; the wrath of God that was due to us. A newer school, expounded by Dr. Bushnell, and fast i^rowinix in our theoloirical seminaries, accepts the moral theory of the atone- ment, or various modifications of the idea of vica- rious atonement approaching to the moral theory, which makes the life and death of Christ efficacious only as an example, and makes salvation the act of the grace of God, not purchr.sed by Christ's suf- fering. We are told to believe in Christ in order to be saved, but v/hat we are to believe about Christ is so variously stated that the seeker is be- wildered. This is a most unsatisfactory doctrine to attack, for, whatever phase of atonement is controverted, the assailant is told he has misconceiv^ed the the- ory ; and, if he patiently demolishes every aspect in turn, it is said that our only concern is to have faith in the person of Christ, and how he saves us, and in what way God looks upon the atonement as accomplishing this, God only knows. This doctrine teaches us that the penitent thief upon the cross, the believing murderer on the scaf- fold, the dying aged sinner converted in his last illn'^ss, do, upon their deaths, immediately pass 224 TRA VELS /AT FAITH. into glory ; but the rational philanthropist, the earnest laborious scientist, or good moralist, of sceptical minds, after long lives of devotion to the welfare and elevation of the human race, must perish eternally. Belief is largely accidental : the children of be- lievers are apt to believe, the children of sceptics doubt. Comparatively few leave the creed they were brought up to profess : therefore, the children are punislied for the parents* sin to remote genera- tions. This idea universal morality condemns. Children are seldom converted until they are twelve or fifteen years of age. What becomes of those who die earlier, a b'ge proportion of the human race ? Baptismal regeneration provides for their safety. But Calvinists reject that dogma, and make no definite logical provision for their salvation. They rest in a vague idea that God gives the benefit of the atonement to those who are ^ ot responsible for the choice; but they have never decided at what age a child becomes respon- sible, and the sorrowing parents must wait till eternity to know whether their children have re- ceived a free pass into heaven on account of their youth or idiocy, or have been rejected as responsi- ble beings. Although, in practical morality, men condemn the imposition of suffering upon the innocent in order to spare the guilty, and declare that the right- TKUTH IN EKKOK. !2S eousness of one cannot offset the sin of another, yet they become familiar with voluntary sacrifice for the temporal good of others. " Nothinij with- out labor" is a natural law. Toil for money, study for learnini^, exercise for strem^th, self-denial for benevolence, are some of the labors endured for desired results. It is observed in all life that trial and suffering are the price of advancement, and that the joy of one is promoted by the calamity of another. Men die to save other men from drown- ing or burning, and to preserve the liberties of their race. In nature there is not only a struggle for existence and a survival of the fittest, but on every side we see self-sacrifice for the good of others, and benefits springing from misfortunes. The parent animals devote their lives to the rearing of their young. Each order of animals dies for the sustenance of a higher race. The falling leaf and decaying tree fertilize the ground lor new growths. These may be the foundation facts which men have transferred to the sphere of morals. If the theory of eternal salvation through an- other's sufferings be abandoned, the fact of the possibility of the present salvation of men through our own efforts remains. Perhaps laziness and selfishness have had something to do with putting salvation upon God instead of upon our own labors, just as Sydney Smith described English benevo- lence, saying, " When A sees B in distress, he has »5 226 TRAVELS IN FAITH. a Strong desire to compel C to help him." It is easier to say " God help you " than to lend a hand to a suffering brother. We may all be saviors, offering up ourselves daily for the good of others ; and, by another law of nature, we shall find that such offering blesses him who gives. Each person who endures an ill may feel that he has bori.e it for some one else; for only a certain j^roportion of accidents happen, and each one who is a victim spares another from the affliction, and thus makes atonement for him. I •4 I I I III. TlIK liOl) OF THE mULE. The Bible bears the marks of having been writ- ten by sincere men. They were sometimes credu- lous, superstitious, and ignorant, as judged by pres- ent standards, and their writings are therefore cumbered with legend, myth, and mistake ; but back of all lies truth, and every dogma has some foundation principle which we do well to recog- nize. The personal Jehovah, who wars, hates, and kills, sends famines and pestilences, and creates evil, — who also creates life, loves, blesses, and forgives, — is a human conception of the mind, soul, princi- ple, law, force, or we may say God, that works in matter, and pr-^duces all things material and men- tal by orderly development. Our reverence for TRUTH IN ERROR. 227 this principle is only increased by denuding it of its human attributes ; and we only change Gods, as men in every age and clime have done as their knowledi^e of nature has altered. We are nearer to the foundation truth by this change, but the mystery of eternal existence with- out beginning is unsolved. If we cannot define this God in human phrase, it yet calls out every attribute of wonder, reverence, and aspiration in oi!»* .^atures. It is a far greater marvel than the Hebrew Deity or Calvin's God, and more worthy of respect. We can see its working in the blade of grass and the forest tree, in the summer i)reeze and the tor- nado, in the calm of evening twilight and the earthquake, — not by phenomenal and arbitrary acts, but through a procession of causes reaching back beyond mortal ken. Tain and destruction are not the deliberate acts of a wrathful or chasten- ing God, who consciously sends them with refer- ence to their immediate effects ; but they are the necessary results of an eternal succession of causes. And we do not need to propitiate the Deity that he may not send such calamities, but we need to increase our knowledge of these operations of na- ture, that, by coming into harmony with their workings, we may avoid their evil results. Each disaster is a factor in mart's education ; and expe- rience will, in future ages, lead to his triumph over 328 TRA VELS IN FAITH, evil. The loss of life in burning buildings, instead of leading us to implore God to avert such disas- ters m future, teaches us to use new precautions against fire, and make improved exits. It is a great relief to feel that we are not under the dis- cipline of a ruler who is to be propitiated by our mental exercises, but to know that the forces that now control us are merely teaching us how to be- come their masters. Our reverence is called forth by this tendency toward goodness which pervades nature, whatever its origin ; and our aspiration is stimulated to let our lives come into harmony with nature's meth- ods, and let both joy and sorrow promote our own good and that of others. IV. CONVERSION, The Calvinistic theory of conversion is only the exaggerated form of a vital truth. Conversion, on its natural side, is repentance and reform, the resolve to cease from violations of natural laws, and conform our lives to a standard of right-doing which is approved by reason and conscience. These turnings about and intense resolutions to follow goodness are manifested under all religions, and will both exist and increase when their nat- uralness is recognized. The emotional, frenzied, and "supernatural" side of conversion is also com- ) tmmtt '■^*P1 * •^^Vrlffli! TRUTH /A' ERROK. 229 mon to all religions and climes, and is a natural effect of the intense concentration of the mind jpon a given subject. This form of orthodox conversion seldom occurs to persons who have reached the age of maturity. It is supposed they have become hardened in their sins, and cannot change. But they do all their best work then in every other branch of knovdedge ; and why should not their estimate of religion be equally valuable ? The true explanation is that theology rests upon emotion and human authority, not upon reason. Suppose a teacher proclaimed a new law of phys- ics, and nine-tenths of all his converts were under twenty-one years of age, would not this fact be deemed strong evidence against the value of his theory ? The sudden resolution to forsake evil and choose good, called conversion, will continue to be exer- cised, even if belief in the supernatural is aban- oned. v. KLECTION. The doctrine of election, that God of his own good pleasure, from all et- rnity, has elected some to everlasting life, produces a hurtful conceit in the elect and an uncharitable assumption in their conduct toward sinners. They imagine the exist- ence of a supernatural difference between them- .^elYfiS-and other men, and hold aloof from them or 230 TKA VELS JN FAITH. I I 5^ patronize them offensively. If God should neg- lect to save them, why should we trouble ourselves about it ? If God can send numbers of men to hell every day, why, if he can stand it, we can ! Does not this blunt sensibility, paralyze effort and 'hinder the brotherhood of man? This arbitrary choice of men to be saved is irrational and im- moral ; and yet it is the perverted form of one of the most vital truths of nature, — the survival of the fittest, — the fact that fitness finds its sphere. If one is qualified for action or service, the oppor- tunity is apt to come to him, the occasion seeks the man. Thus there is a natural selection, lead- ing to the triumph of the best. The true *' elect " are the discoverers, the searchers, the earnest la- borers, who in science, morals, education, and be- nevolence, are (juietly but surely redeeming the worUl. These are ''the chosen ones," "the pecul- iar people zealous of good works." Every creed is on their lips; but their purpose is one, and their reward cometh. VI. TI!E MILLENNIUM. The hope of a brighter future, a perfect day for the world, has had a place in the mythologies of almost all nations. The Greeks and Romans, while lamenting the decline of the world from the Golden Age in which it commenced, comforted themselves with the assurance of its restoration. TRUTH IX ERKOK, -J' \ The Persians expected the triumph of Ormu/Al over Ahriman and the consequent overthrow of all ill. The Jews and Christians, in their millen- nium or thousand years of blessedness, have only voiced again the yearning and hope of humanity for a blessed era of peace, prosperity, righteous- ness, and happiness. If universal beliefs have a basis of truth, it may be asked whether science gives any intimation of a foundation fact for this universal hope of** a Sfood time comint^." Research of the past and ob crvation of the present reveal progress, and when this is recog- nized hope seizes upon the fact as a promise of perfection. Not only in history do we see a growth upward in man's development in morals, knowledge, and arts, but study of the earth reveals an upward progression in life. The earliest strati- fied rocks show us only the remains of the lowest forms of animal and plant life, and in successive later deposits come the higher orders of life. Haeckel divides the history of life upon the earth, as shown by the testimony of the rocks, into five great epochs in which life developed in an ascend- ing scale, in the following order: i. Skulless ver- tebrates and seaweeds ; 2. Fishes and ferns ; 3. Reptiles and pines ; 4. Mammals and leaf forests ; 5. Man and cultivated forests. The earth tells this story of progress, and analogy asks, Why 232 TKA VELS JN FAITH. I 4 ! * should progress stop short of perfection ? A de- velopment of matter from p'.oneron to man gives warrant for all the fondest dreams of the future development of life into angelic forms, and of the enlargement of man's powers to godlike efficiency. If atom develops to man, man may advance to God. The early Christians believed this Golden Age to be " at hand," and many now look for the speedy coming of the Lord and the deliverance of the groaning creation into ''the glorious liberty of the sons of God.'* It may be asked, If science ad- mits the probability of a state of future blessedness upon the earth, what has it to say of times and si sons? Here again the analogies of the past piompt the hope that the day of promise "draweth ni