.%^ >v- .% ,'3* "^ W IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I IIM IIIII2.5 IIM III 2.2 .„ IIM 12.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 M 6" ► V] r V: REPORT , OM THE GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND MINERAL RESOURCES ov PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. BEING THE RESULT OF EXPLORATIONS CONDUCTED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT. BY J. W. DAWSON, LL.D., F.R,S., F.G.S. ASSISTED BY B. J. HARRINGTON, B.A., Ph. D. Printed by authority of the aovernment of Prince Edivard Island. PDttttcat : PRINTED BY JOHN LOVELL, ST. NICHOLAS STREET. 1871. * * • CONTENTS. Paoe 7 T. OeNEBAI, Gl-in.tiOICAL bTRUCTURE ^^ Uppor Cavboniferoiis ' (iiilliis Point ^•; (iovci-nor'.^ rslainl ; '^ Miininigash and Cuinplu'llton "'_ Trias and Triassic Trap ' Orwell Bay ; . Wood Islmds, &c Cardigan Bay N'orth bhoro Clmrlottetown Bodcqiie, &c Richniond Bay . Cape Egmoiit " Cap.' Kildar,. ;;^ Trap of Hog Island "^ Drift Deposits 7,^ Modt-rn Deposits ' pe^vt :^ Oyster Beds .,^ . SandiTiUs '^^ Shore Ridges "^ TI. Relations to Coai.Fiei-ps of Nova Scotia "'^ III. Economic Geolouy ,,., Poat as Fuel '^.^^ Buililing Stone .,'^ Brick Clay '.'' )-i Limestone , Metallic Ores '.' Water .,. 1.) Soils Special Chemical Report '',, Peat ^j [jimestom; , Cupper , IV. FOSBILS ^2 Carboniferous . 4'> Triassic * ,- List of Specimens j^^ Appendix,— />«»•< of Mollusca ^m To lIlS EXCKLLKN'CY WILLIAM FRANCIS CLKAVEU UOlJINSOxV, Lii'iilmnnt-Girririinr, ((•(•, May it im.kash Yoru F.xcicllency, I beg leave herewith to present the Report of Geological Explorations, made in July and August, 1871, under the (lirection of your Government, and in which I was aided by Mr, B. J. Harrington, B.A., Ph. D., Avho, in addition to performing a portion of the field work, has conducted the chemical examination of the mineral substances obtained. The plan pursued was, in the first instance, to examine jointly the instructive sections in Orwell Ray and its vicinity ; and subsequently Dr. Harrington went northward into Prince's County, while 1 specially exam- ined the southern and eastern part of the Island, after which 1 met Dr. Harrington at Sumraerside, and visited some of the more interesting and important exposures which he had discovered. I also crossed over to Cape Jourimain, on the New Brunswick side of Northumberland Strait, with the view of comparing the rocks there with those of Prince Edward Island. Dr. Harrington had the benefit, during his exploration, of the company and aid of Hon. W. H. Pope ; and I was much aided by the kindness of F. W. Ilalcs, Esij., and Daniel Davies, Esq., of Charlottetown, and of Dr. Robertson, M.P., of Montagu. I am also much indebted to Hon. .Tames C. Pope for the interest taken by him in the progress of the work, and for much valuable aid and information. I have further to express our obligations to the Prince Edward Island Steam Navigation Company for free passages in its boats. In addition to the facts obtained by our explorations of last summer, the only available sources of information were : (1) A short paper published by me in 18-1:2, in the Rotjal Gazette, and containing the results of explor- ations at Gallas Poiat and other places on the south coast. ( 2) A Report by A. Gesnev, Esq., F.G.S., published in 18-17, as a supplement to the Gazette, and which we found useful in indicating the localities of certain rocks and minerals. (3) The chapter on Prince Edward Island in my Acadian Geology, Second Eelition, 1868, in which a summary is given of what was previously ki^own, with some additional facts. (4) Specimens collected by Mr. J. W. Taylor, F.G.S., of Alberton, at Gallas Point, in the course of an exploration undertaken in search of coal. I have the honour to be, Your obedient .servant, J. W. DAWSON. Montreal, November 1, 1871. I . - I .n n 'W bl^ F^^ >■;: I t u o ^ he of th i in C( si cl S ir I a V f V UErORT OiN THE GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF nilNCE EDWARD ISLAND. l?v .1, W. DAWSON, LL.P., F.G.?., F.R.?., ASSISTED RV P.. J. HARRINGTON', 1!.A,, PiiD. The results of our exploration may be arranged under the following heads : — 1. The General Geological Structare]Jof Prince Edward Island. 2. Relations of the llock Formations of Prince Edward Island to those of Nova Scotia and New Urunswick, with reference more especially to the Occurrence of Coal. 3. Economic Geology and Notices of Interesting Minerals. 4. Lists and Descriptions of Fossils. I.-GENERAL GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE. The geological formations represented in Prince Edward Island are, in ascending order, or proceeding from the oldest to the newest ; — (1.) Beds of brown, gray and red sandstone and shale, with layers of coarse concretionary limestone and fossil plants. These may be con- sidered as of Newer Carboniferous age, and are similar in mineral character and fossils to beds occurring on the opposite coasts of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and there overlying the productive coal measures. These beds occur principally in the Peninsula between Orwell Bay and Pownal Bay, in Governor's Island, in Hillsborough Bay and on the coast between the West and North Capes. (2.) A series of bright red sandstones usually with calcareous cement, alternating with beds of red and mottled clay and soft red shale, and with occasional white bands and stains and layers of concretionary lime- stones and conglomerute. They resemble in mineral character, and the few fossils which they aiford, the Trias or new red sandstone of Nova Scotia and of Connecticut. In Prince Edward Island this formation may be divided into two mem.bers, the lower of which (representing perhaps 8 REPORT ON the Bunter Sandstein of Europe) is characterized by the prevalence of hard concretionary calcareous sandstones and obscure fossil plants, while the upper (representing perhaps the Keuper of Europe) has softer and more regularly bedded sandstones and clays. One or other of these constitutes the superficial rock over the greater part of the Island, the beds undulating in very gentle synclinal and anticlinal curves. They are probably unconformable to the beds of the formation first mentioned, but these are so slightly inclined that this is not very perceptible. This forma- tion has afforded the remains of the remarkable Triassic Reptile B-ithimna- ilius borealis. (3.) Drift deposits, which overlie the surface of the more solid rocks iti the greater part of the Island. These are of three kinds : (1) Boulder clay, consisting of hard unstratified clay or loam, filled with st^ones which are mostly those of the formations above mentioned, though sometimes of kinds not occurring in the Island. They are often rounded, and are alsi> scratched and polished by the action of ice. (2) wStratifiod ° Ae e„tva„ce of «ter, prevented ften, tern being F"e'^^^d by Uro...thcr mineral matters. It is obvions that these carbon,, d trees r of ,„ .alue a,, a source of coal, tho„sh they aid in ,,ro,,ng that the 1° -."Ihich they occur belong to the upper part f ^^^'^ systcn. In addition to those tmnks there occur at «allasPomt three specie, of Calamites, rosemblin,, in their marbng 0. «"*"" "f Z-- ^ ^ of the Uoal-fonnatlon and C. Giuas of ti.e Permian, borne of the b own * ,™e at Gallas Point are snffieiently hard to form g»od b„, ,ng , stone, and there is a bed of gray flaggy sandstone about four feet thick Xr mUt »ff»''^ '*'»"« 8'™''''°"'^- '^''^ ™"«-"°"»'--' ''"'"'""'' art too impure to be of much value. (2) Governor'' s Island. ; The east end of (Jovernor's Island is occupied by a marsh, probably covering soft beds of shale or sandstone. Proceeding to "^^^^^^^ tlie shm'e presoias the follo^ving section m ascending order, on the beach and in a low clitt : ft ing. 1, Gray saiulstoiu' and rvMlAi and j;niy sbnU' -'^^ •' Brown ^Imlv sandstones and gray bands 3.' Red concreiionary linie.-lone and gray ban.ls • 4. Brown flaggy siuui.ton. wUb gray hand^ and V^^^'^^'^ ,, ^ red shales ., i h. Red argillaceous sandslone ^ 0. Gray and iniriile Hags ■ 7. Redniarly elay with greenish bands and stains ^^ ^ ^. Concretinnary limestone in irregular lumps ^ ^ ■,i. Mottled Hags, irregularly bedded __^ In, Red niarlv clay '","". 1 L. iirown and gray sandstones, waving iu an undnlatmg manner ^_ for some distance . 12 Red and gray clay and arenaceous shale • •■ 13 Coarse tnav'san.lstoue. stained in places with green carbonate of copper, and with nodules of the gray sulphide ot copper, and plants fossilized by sulphide of coi.per '^^ 14. I'.rown sandsttme ^^^ 15. Red and greenish clay . 10. Coarse tliicli-bedd.'ti dark gray sandslone -^ •218 The .n-eater part of these beds dip N. 22^ E. to N. CO- E. at angles of 12^^ tol5^ : but the last mentioned bed CNo. 10) is broken by a / L small fault, bevond which it dips N. 10^ E. at an angle of 20^. * '• On the west" side of the Island a repetition of the section is seen, and on this side the lower gray beds contain Calamites and tossil Carpohtes of the genus Trigonocarpum. The beds at Governor-s Island probably 12 REPORT ON belong to the north side of the Gallas Point anticlinal, and are apparently a little lower in the series than those seen at the latter place. (3.) Miminigash and C'ampbellton. Until Dr. Harrington visited this place its rocks were not known to be fossiliferous, though Gcsnor had mentioned sandstone and limestone as occurring on the coast. Between Little and Big Miminigash, the coast shows a good section of beds dipping very slightly to the south-east, their strike running nearly in the direction of the shore, so that no great thickness is exposed, except by slight undulations of the beds, and the occasional considerable height of the cliffs. In one place the following section was observed in ascending order : i. Concrotionary limestone, i-ed iind mottled, and con^i-sliiisf of large limestone bulls imbedded in marly clay :; 2. Space probably occupied by soft red sandstones 10 :<. Purplish red sandstone and red and mottled shales i> 4. Flaggy red sandstone and shale, l'\M-ns and (-ordaites :> 5. Shale and sandstone lo ti. Shaly sandstone 1 7. Red shale -, 8. Thick beds of coarse l)ro\vn sand^^lull(.' .,11 or inure on Between little Miminigash and Camp'ii'llcou tho upper sandstones descend and occupy nearly the whole cliff, which beyond Campbellton increases in height, and is cut into deep coves and projecting points by the waves. In these sandstones are silicifioniferous trees of the same species with those of GaUas Point. At some distance south ofCampbelltou the cliff is again occupied by laminated rod sandstones and shales which seem to rest on the brown sandstones in ascending order, so tliat the whole thickness seen is perhaps 150 foot. It is difficult, however, to esti- mate the thickness of beds undulating along a strike shore and very irre- gular, the sandstones often being replaced hy sliale. The following section was taken by Mr. Harrington at Campbellton : ft. ins. Diluvium > Heddish sandstone, much jointed and in places a good deal lami- nated |.j Compact sandstone, hard and coarse-grained, stained quite red on the surface, but having a rather gray appearance when freshly broken ; containing small clay concretions Conglomerate limestone, reddish gray and in places bleached- quite gray 1 ^ minated red clay, hero and there bleached gray 2 26 b ■ PRINCE IJDWARD ISLAND. 13 Some of thecuni]iact sandstones might be used for building purposes, but are of inferior quality; they are said to make excellent grindstones, but appear to be too coarse. The beds on this shore diifer very little in mineral character from those of the Trias. They are rather more laminated and micaceous, and are rather harder and more distinctly jointed, the latter peculiarity gives a much more angular and broken character to the cliffs than is visible in the Triassic districts ; but their chief peculiarity consists in the fossils, which are identical Avith those of the newest member of the Carboniferous series in Nova Scotia, where red beds often prevail in this part of the series. * The more important of these fossils are : Calamitos Siukovii, Hroiifrt. Conliiitps iSinipk'X, Dawson. A\'.'ilcliia (Araucarito.s) giaciliH. Diiwsim. Wiilt'liia rolitista N. S. I't'cojitctis arborescens, .Sililot. " (allied to oreopteioides) " rigida, Dawso.i. N«uroi)teris niriiiorvi^, liimbiii'v. (Variclv;. The beds characterized by these fossils in Nova Scotia may be regarded iis the equivalent of the Fern and Asterophyllite Zones of the German geologists, which in that countiy foi-m the upper member of the Carboni- ferous system immediately underlying the Permian. They are also pro- bably the equivalent of the upper part of the Upper liarren Coal-measures of England. They may be equivalent in ago to some portions of the eo-callcd Permo-Carboniferous of the western parts of America ; but their mineral character and fossils are so different that it is not easy to compare them with the latter. The question may be raised whether these upper members of the Carbo- niferous, as developed in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, may not be in reality contemporaneous with the Permian of Europe. This, which is purely a question of theoretical geology, I propose to discuss elsewhere, after I shall have carefully compared the fossils. In the meantime, however, for the reasons stated in discussing the equivalent beds in Nova Scotia in my Acadian (Jeology, I regard them as Upper Carboniferous. 2. IViassic Si/steiii. The beds of this series are chiefly soft red sandstone, associated with red and mottled clays, and hard calcareous sandstones and conglomerates, the latter sometimes passing into thin bands of coarse arenaceous Hme- ptone, which in some places is a dolomite or magnesian limestone. * Diiwsfiii's Acadian Geology, pp. 217, ?>2>>. •»f> 3. Red and pui'idisli sandstones vvitli oray banils ami hiycrs of fciTiigiiKHis conglonieratf witii uliscm-e i-eniains of pl.ints H8 4. Beach, |iroliabl> representing soft beds 48 5. Red fla0 e. Briirht red sandstones and red siiale with greenish stains .'iO 7. Marsh, probal)ly soft beds -4 8. Red shale and green bauds capped with bright red sandstones 75 405 (Here the section is broken by Orwell Bay, which pro- bably represents some thickness of soft beds.) (t On the high c'iff's near Helfasi are very bright red sandstones and ihdy beds, with uray bU)tches and cylindrical fucoids— abo.U ': 120 10. Over the last, are seen, in the co'intry east of Belfast, soft red sandstones witli he Is of eonglonierate with ronndeil quartz pebbled and arenaeeons cement (thieliness nueertain.) 525 As seen in this section the whole thickness of these beds cannot much exceed 5^0 feet. Of this the lowest i^TO feet, being Nos. 1 t(. 5, inclusive, of the a')Ov ) section, may bo rct'orred to the lower division, and the remtiinder to the up[)er division of the fortuation. The dips of this series are so low, and the beds so much affected by oblitiuc stratification, that they cannot be said to be unconformable to the underlying Carboniferous rocks, and for this reason as well as on accotmt oF the similarity in mineral character between the two groups, some uncertainty may rest on the position of the line of separation. That above scat!(l depea:h o:i fossils or a somewhat abrupt change of mineral character, and on a slight change in the direction of the dip. The fossils of these beds consist of obscure striated steins, slemler branches ■with frequently interrupted ridges in the manner of Knorria, and which are perhaps branches of pines, and fragments of stems with indications of a transversely marked Steriiberyla pith.* Assuming for the present that the beds above described constitute two members of the Triassic Series, in tracing these throughout the remaining districts of the Island, we shall • Possibly also a Cycadean stem. See below under List of Fossils. fi V a 1 A \ «(•/ PRIXCE EDWARD ISLAND. 15 i find that they present very uniform characters, and that they undulate in very flat synclinals and anticlinals. Bcnnnincr at Wood Islands, we find the Lower Triassic beds stretching along'the coast with dips of N. 10° E. to N. 15^ E. at angles of 10° to 16°. They consist of hard, reddish conglomerate and calcareous sandstone, ^Ylth soft red sandstone and red and mottled clay. The thickness seen is about 200 feet. The conglomerates contain pebbles of quartz and of various metamorphic rocks, and also of gray sandstone. Further east the con- glomerate becomes less important and tlie proportion of red sandstone ^rreater. xVt Capo Bear and the mouth of Murray Harbour, the strike turns to the northward, the dip being N.W. to N. 75" W. Between Murray Harbour and Cape Bear there are hard layers of calcareous con- glomerate containing imperfectly preserved plants similar to those of Orwell Bay, and probably belonging to the lower part of the scries. The anticlinal which brings up the Carboniferous beds at Gallas Point, in extending to the eastward, flattens out and does not show any rocks older than tlic Trias in the country adjoining Montague River and Car- di-^an Bay, which is in its line of direction. Between this line and the coast of Northumberland Strait, the beds form a very flat synclinal, and the upper conglomerate sometimes caps slight eminences, while the inter- vening valleys have beds of gravel derived from its waste. These features are well seen on the road from Charlottetown to Wood Islands. Throughout this part of the country rounded masses of the red sandstone, derived apparently from the denudation of the boulder clay, abound on the surface and are much used by the farmers in the construction of fences. North of Cardigan Bay, the lower member of the Trias seems to prevail,, and is well seen at Souris and along the north shore from St. Peter's towards East Cape. Along the latter shore it is often well exposed, and the hard calcareous members are cut by the sea into fantastic forms. The sandstones here abound in the cylindrical plants mentioned above. Tliey vary in size from slender threads to several inches in thickness, usually cross the beds, and are of greenish colour. The largo specimens may have been increased in diametei by the addition of concretionary matter. Some of the beds have also numerous cylindrical marks like casts of worm-burrows. In this part of the country a slight transverse undula- tion of the beds seems to occur in the line of St. Peters and Fortune River?. Throughout the north eastern corner of the Island the lower member of the Trias prevails, the upper member occurring principally on the rising grounds. 16 REPoirr dX Returningto the anticlinal at Galias Point, the Triassic rocks resting on its northern side appear on the shore of Powiial Bay, clipping at low angles to the northward, and the upper member of the series forms th<^ range of hills from 150 to 350 feet in height extending eastward from Tea Hill. In these hills are some red beds, affording a serviceable building StOUl.'. With similar dips these beds cross the month of Charlottetown Harbour and extend along the West River. Hero the dips change to N. E. and &>. "\V., and in the middle section of the Island, extending from Hills- borough River to Bedc(iue,the Trias forms very low undulations, the lower member occurring along the coast and the upper member appearing in the ridges. Immediately in the rear of Charlottetown one of these upper beds is worl^cd as a building stone. It is soft and of a red colour, resembling in these respects the red beds of the Upper Series in most parts of the Island. We observed, however, that this stone hardens by exposure to the air, audi when carefully selected and not saturated with sea water, it seems to be of durable quality. Still better stone, however, both gray and red, occurs on the Bannockburn Road, and will be referred to in the sequel. At Sable River, Crapaud and Tryon, fragments of silicified coniferous wood are found on the shore and in the fields. Tlic rocks seen in place here are irregularly bedded red sandstones with a general dip to the N. E. at a loAV angle. They appear to belong to the Lower Trias, and on this account I was very desirous to ascertain if the fossil wood, which seems to be the same species found at Galias Point, occurs in them in situ. I Avas not successful, however, in finding any specimen actually in the rock ; still from its abundance and unrolled condition, I infer that its source cannot be at any great distance — possibly in reefs of Carboniferous rock, near the shore or immediately under the superficial Trias ; and it is to be observed that the outcrop of the Carboniferous beds should here be at no great distance out at sea. At the end of Cape Traverse hard red calcareous sandstones appear in the beach and are quarried for rough building purposes. Associated with these are soft red sandstones. These beds are nearly horizontal, with a slii'ht dip to the south-west, and appear to belong to the lower member of the Trias. Similar beds appear in Sea Cow Head, abo dipping to the southward ; but farther inland, the upper member of the Trias appears, at first nearly horizontal and then dipping to the N. E. Dr. Harrington, who explored the country around Bedeque, Richmond and Cascumpeque Bays, and toward Cape Egmont, West Cape, and Cape Kildare, reports everywhere the prevalence of the Triassic red <'' A PUINOB EDWARD ISLAND. J7 sandstones associated in many places with layers of coarse arenaceous limostone, and ugiially in a nearly horizontal attitude. Over a largo part of (he area the upper member seems to have been removed by denu- dation. Dr. Harrington specially mentions the following as points of interest. Ricks of Triassic ago appear to occupy the larger part of the western end of the Island, but the denudation seems to have been much more extovsive than in the east ; and west of New London the uppermost bods of the Trias are nowhere seen. The lower series, containing the conglomerate limestones, is, however, everywhere well represented, and the samlstonos, unlike the upper beds as seen in Orwell Bay, are very much laminated, and exhibit false bedding to a f[ir greater degree. They are consequently altogether inferior for building purposes. Aside from the rocks of the west coast, the lowe;?t rocks west of a line drawn from New London to Sunnnersidc ajipear to be those found at Mill's Point, just below the mouth of Indian River. The rocks at this place contain fossils, and bear a considerable resemblance to those of Penn Point, Orwell Bay ; but the conglomerate limestone is a true conglomerate, con- taining quartz pebbles. The rocks of the western half of the Island are horizontal or have merely a slight undulation, so that no distinct anticlinal or synclinal lines can be made out. The valleys on the road from Darnley to New London arc not the result of disturbance, but seem to have been cut through the perfectly horizontal strata. The hills there are all capped with the hard concretionary limestone. Cape Tryon appears to be the beginning of a synclinal, and the rocks arc higher than the greater part of those spread over the western part of the Island and more inclined. The country in the vicinity of Sunimorside is Hat, and the geology for the most part uninteresting. In general, where any rock comes to the surface here, it is the conglomerate, which, being harder than the over- lying sandstones, was not swept off by denudation. The following sections, taken at Indian Point, opposite Summersido, give an idea of the general character of the rocks in this region : — Section on S. side of Indian Point. ft. iiM. Measures concoftled 8 Compact red sandstone 1 Liiniinaled " " 1 Red sandstone, containing irregular concretionary masses of impure limestone 1 q Laminated red sandstones 8 Conglomerate limjstonj 1 20 6 B 18 RKPOKT ON Section on S.W. corner of Indian Point. ft. ins. Measufps conccalcil 10 ('onKlonieriilc limtvstoiic, with irif^nilar iiin-'.JC'i not oxIiHntiiijf the coiiKUniicratc cliaracl<'r 2 l.,aminat('() sandHtoiu- 1 (j Coiicretionnry linii'stoiic ti (Jomimot red SHtidstone 10 Oourrctioiuiry liinratonc (i Hi Coniiiiict It'll sauil.kitoiic r, Concretionurv liinestoni' •JO 8 The rocks here have a very slight dip to tlic N. E. On j.;oing N. E. from Summersido towards Now London, tlio only locality of any particular interest is Mill's IVint, just l)cl 21 ^n m VRINCK EinVARD LSLAKD. \\) It will be noticed that no CDiigloin.'ratc limestone appears in the above section : but on goin;^ soutliwanl for a few liundred yards portions of the clays are seen to change into the so-called conglomerate, which intcrstrati- fied with thin beds of sandstone occupies a thickness of 4 to 5 feet. ()n going from Darnley towards Cape Tryon, the country for several miles is very flat, but then becomes quite hilly, and from the appearance of the ridges which run nearly at right angles to the coast, one would expect to find the rocks somewhat tilted, but on descending to the shore they are seen to be ])crfectly horizontal until a short distance beyond the lion. Mr. Montgomery's. The valleys have been cut out of the horizontal strata, and are not the result of ilisturbanccs beneath. The reck which outcrops at numerous places along these hills is the hard conglomerate limestone which has been able to resist denudation while the shaly sandstones have been washed away. This fact may also be noticed to the south and at many jdacos in the western part of the island. The following is a section north of the Hon. Mr. Montgomery's : — I ft.- ins. Kimldci- clay ■'• Kcd liiiniuaU'd .siindstoue 1 6 CoiigloinLTatc limestone I (-•omiiact rt'd sandstone 'J ronglonieraie limestono with day concretions prfidoruinating.... 2 ljaniinat(>d rod sandstone 6 (Jon ' Compact reddish calcareous sandstone (very hard) 2 Compact and laminated sandstone 5 Impure limestone (calcareous sandrock) in irregular patches, thickness not ascertainable Cape Kildaro. The folbwing is a section taken at tho extreme end of the Cape : — ft. Reddish drift, with small pebbles 5 Laminated red sandstone 7 More comi)act red satidstone, wiih calcareous concretions several feet long and aiiout one foot thick 3 Ilavd calcareo IB sandstone interstratificd with soft layers, tho calcareous portion being n^presented i i places t>y the ordinary red conglomerate limestone 7 22 m ^ t V PIUNCR EDWAllD ISLAND. 21 t "Section north-west of Capo KiUlarc : — ft. ini. Drift, with a li'W Hmnll pcbblps ' Laminated n> Lamiimted red sand«tone interstifttitied with thin calovreouB iuyers '^ Laminiiteii red siindstmie 10 CoiigloiiieriiU' liiiiesKiiii! ' '' (!oaipact red saiid-itoiie '' '' (!onj;lo""*i':>l'' limestone f (Jou»imi't red sund.^tolll;, ill [ilaoua calenruous -^ . 18 9 The conglomerate liincstonc-i are very hirgoly developed here, but are not of any better ruiality than the average. The strata appear to be perfectly horizontal, but exhibit a groat deal of ftUse bedding. Tiio cliffs arc washing away very rapidly. Some of the sandstones are mottled with manganese. Along the beach, a few hundred yards from the point whore the last section waa taken, fragments of red sandstone and conglomLU-atc limestone, about an inch in thickness and tliree or four inches across, have been heaped up BO as to form a bar four feet high. A few miles south of Cape Kildarc the following section was taken :— ft. Ilia. Boulder diift ■' Koddijili MiindHtoiip, with ciilraruoiir: layers *' Ijiimiuiited red .sunddtoiie - Contilomevatc limesilonc ' " '■ iiilerslratilied with clay ' - Clayey rerl ■janilstdne -^ '' Ha:d c ilc.ireoiis layers in places becoming' conglomerate 1 IT S The strata are here horizontal, but sliow much false l)edding. Trap of lloi/ or George Island. — Although the Triassic rocks of the United States and Nova Scotia have been very extensively disturbed by igneous action, those of Prince Edward [sland have suffered but little dis- turbance, and the great ridges to the south are here represented by only one small outlier on the northern coast. At the north-eastern corner of Ilog Island a mass of trap makes its appearance, its dark colour contrasting strangely with the bright rocks ot the neighb During Islands. The trap forms a diminutive promontory, about six feet high. It is apparently a dyke, and its direction is about S. 15° W. It can be traced for a few hundred yards along the eastern shore, and then disappears. In places there are two scries of joints, one running S. 15' W., and the other S. E. V !22 REPORT ON The parts exhibiting this jointed etructure are very hard and compact, but whore it is wanting the trap frequently becomes amygdaloidal, the cavi- ties being for the most part filled with a white mineral, which proved to be Saponite, a hydrous silicate of alumina and magnesia. The upper portion of the mass is partially covered with what seems to be a sort of scoria, and which has a very rough and irregular surface. The general colour i.^ dark gray, and there are spots of a dark purple and red colour, which may be merely stains, or may perhaps be due to included pieces of some aqueous rock. The trap was carefully examined in order to discover whether any frag- ments of rocks from below had been brought up, but nothing except a small piece of gray sandstone was found. The immediate contact of the trap and red sandstone was nowhere seen, but at one spot the sandstone which cropped out above the trap was found to e baked and hardened. At the south-western end of the Island the sandstone did not appear to be altered in the least, nor was it at all tilted. The only evidence of disturbance anywhere in this region was on the north shore of Large Curtain Island, where the rocks were slightly tilted and broken. The trap of Ilog Island, more especially its compact portion, resembles that of Connecticut and of Nova Scotia, and is a tinc-grained Dolerite, 3. Drift Deposits. I do not pi'opose in this Report to enter minutely into these, as thoii consideration is of scientific rather than of practical importance, but may state a few of the leading facts. I. The lower member of the drift deposits in Prince Edward Island is a •' boulder-clay," often of considerable thickness and containing great numbers of more or less rounded fragments of the Triassic sandstone. These are very often striated or grooved in the direction of their longer axis in the manner now so well known to result from the action of ice. Very few rocks transported from a distance occur in this boulder-clay, except in the western part of the Island, where boulders derived from the metamorphic regions of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick were observed to be frequent. The boulder clay rests in many places on striated rock surfaces, but the softness of the rock generally prevents them from being observed. In the few places where they could be detected, they presented two distinct directions, viz. N. E. and S. W., and N. W. and S. E., which are prevalent directions of such striation in other parts of Eastern America. This boulder clay is very generally distri- buted over the surface of the Island, forming the subsoil ; but, as the PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 23 4« boulders themselves arc soft and easily disintegrated and the intervening material is a fertile clay or loam, this deposit is in no way injurious to the fertility of the country. 2. In some parts of the Island, especially lr> the west, are hods of strati- fied sand and gravel with occasional boulders, reeling on the boulder clay. These beds manifestly indicate the action of the sea, ?.nd in one of them, at Campbellton, we were shown by Mr. D. Bell, shells of Tellina ■ Groenlandica, a modern marine species, in one of these beds. Near Cape Bear the upper part of the drift was observed to bo full of small pieces of gray carboniferous sandstone. Lastly, there are scattered over the soil, though usually not in great numbers, loose stones or boulders, many of which are of the native rocks of the Island, but many also have been derived from other sources. East- ward of Charlottetown, in the region near Northumberland strait, the most common travelled boulders are granite, quartzite, &c., from Nova Scotia ; but on the north side, between St. Peters and East Cape, the boulders, which are more numerous, are chiefly Laurcntian rocks, which must have been derived from Labrador or Newfoundland. Ou the western part of the Island more numerous boulders occur, derived from both the above sources. In the later portion of the boulder or glacial period, Prince Edward Island would seem to have been a meeting place of ice-laden currents carrying boulders from both sides of the (Julf of St. Lawrence. It is to be observed that in some places the denudation of the boulder clay has left numbers of boulders on the surface ; but in this case it will be found that these are mostly of the native red sandstones. The travelled boulders belong for the most part to a subsequent deposit. The travelled boulders and the quartz pebbles of the Triassic C(juglo- merate seem, from the specimens which I procured, to have furnished the aborigines of the Island with the material of their stone implements. On the north coast, east of St. Peters, Laurcntian stones and pebbles abound on tlic shore, and they are said to be annually thrown up by the waves ; but whether this arises from modern ice transport from Labrador, or from the action of the sea on stones deposited in a submarine drift, is uncertain. The history of these Post-pliocene deposits may be summed up as follows : 1. In the early part of the Post-pliocene— the "Glacial period" of Geologists— the Island was submerged and was grwmd over by icebergs, at a time when the high land which produced these icebergs was so com- pletely covered by ice and snow that it could furnish few boulders. At this time the lower boulder clay was produced. Extreme Glacialists would, however, hold that Prince Edward Island itself was at this time under a continental glacier. 24 REPORT ON 2. In tho later Post-pliocene, the Island, still under water, was annually visited by floutii»g ice carrying stones. Some of this drifted under the influence of the Arctic current from Labrador, but a larger quantity was brought by the tidal currents from the south. That part of Prince Edward Island oi)posite the wide channel between the hills of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, now occupied in part by the Bay of Fundy, was of course most exposed to these currents, and, consequently, most abounds in boulders. -6. The stiutified sands and gravels were formed when the land was emerging from the waters, 4. Since the last emergence there has been a slight subsidence. 4. Modern Deposits. (1.) Peat. Peat bogs occur in nuiuy parts of the Island, but are usually of small extent and depth. A remarkable exception to this occurs in the great turbary known u,s the Black Bank on the south side of Cascumpeque Bay, and in some other bogs iu Richmond Bay and its vicinity. These were particularly examined by Dr. llanington, whose report I give in full, as the s\ibject is of some economic importance ; 'i'lje deposits more [)articularly examined, as being apparently the most impoi'tant. wen' : 1st. That oil the iiottli(M-)i shore of Lennox or Indian Island in Rich- mond Bay ; 'Zmi 'fliat at Sfjuiri'd Creek, adjoining the property of the Hon. William IL Pope, near the same bay ; ••rd. The deposit at Cascumpeque known as the " Black Bank." (1.) Lennox- or InUan Island : — The deposit here is not so extensive as the other two. but still is worthy of notice ; it occurs on the north-east shore of the Island, and must once have been of tar greater extent that at the pre- sent day. The peat is almost entirely the result of the accumulation of a species of Splutgniun or '' peat moss " which has the property of decaying below r.nd giving forth new vegetation above. Most of it belongs to the class called by Karmarsch, " turfy peat " (Rasentorf), that is to say it consists of masses which are but slightly decomposed, has a yellow or yel- lowish brown colour and is soft, spongy and elastic ; but the lower por- tion of the bed is what is known as " fibrous poat " which is characterized by its brown or black colour, by a ranch greater density than the turfy, by its small degree of elasticity, and by the fact that the fibres, although distinguishable by the eye, are much more readily broken up than turfy- peat. ^A PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 26 It was roughly estimated to cover a surface of 250,000 sq. yds,, and has a depth of about 7 feet, which makes the contents amount to nearly (500,000 cub. yds. (583,333). Now peat, by ordinary drying, shrinks so as to occupy only i or even l of its original bulk, and, when the fibre is broken up by hand or machinery, it may shrink so as to occupy even as little as I of its original bulk. Allowing it to lose } in drying, 120 000 i^ cub. yds. of dry peat would be the result ; or, taking the average specific gravity at 0.2, about 20,200 tons. The bank is constantly being washed away by the waves, and at hii^li tide the water comes to within 3 feet of the top. At low-water mark there are numerous roots and a few old stumps of trees which were very likely killed by the growth of the Sphagnum. (2.) Squirrel Creek.— The peat at this place is of rather better quality than the last described, being for the most part " riper;" but, like most peat bogs, the lower portion is much denser and darker coloured than the upper. As at Lennox Island it belongs to the two classes known as " turfy" and " fibrous peat." The deposit here is what would be called in Germany a " high moor " (llochmoor) from the fact of its having grown to a greater height at the centre than around the borders. This usually takes place if the growth is of moss, while, if the vegetation has consisted of grasses or sedges, the bed is likely to be flat or hollow in the centre and is known as a meadow-moor, ( Wiesenmoor J . The depth was tried in many places by means of a long iron rod, and found to be not more than 4 feet around the borders, but, on o-oinw towards the interior, it gradually deepened, until it attained a thickness of 11 or 12 feet, so that 9 feet probably represents pretty closely the average depth. It was said to have an area of 800 acres, but the area of workable peat is probably not more than 500 acres. Assuming this as the area, and takiu'^ the average depth as given above at 9 ft., we get 7,260,000 cub. yds. as the content; or, deducting a for loss in drying, 1,452,000 cub. yards or (taking the sp. gr. at 0.40) about 500,000 (488,743) tons of air-dried peat. The highest portion of the bog Avas much wetter than the lower part around the border, and here and there were little ponds containing water plants. The bottom of the ponds could not be reached with a rod more than 12 feet long. This bog like the others is entirely destitute of trees, but is covered with a number of small plants ; and, among others, several species of Vaceinium, Pogonia ophioijlossoides, Calopogon pulcheUus, liubus chamaemorus^ 26 REPORT ON I 1 Juniperus comminis, a species of cotton-grass or Eriophorum (probablv Virginieum.) (3.) Black Bank, Cascttmpeque. — This deposit is situated on the southern side of Holland oi Cascurapeque Bay, its eastern limit being over a mile from what is known as " Cascurapeque Narrows." This is the most extensive deposit seen, and the peat is also of the best (quality. Owing to its very black colour it has received the name of Black Bank or " Black Point." At the water's edge it is quite perpendicular, and is constantly being undermined and washed away. The height of this bank at the extremity of the Point is 12 feet or a little over, and yet, during storms, the waves come dashing in over the sandbank opposite and reach its very top. On going inward from the shore it rises towards the centre 7 or 8 feet higher being like the last described a " highmoor" (Ilochmoor). The average thickness was estimated at 15 feet, and the Sphagnum is still growing over a large part of the bog. Tlie area was estimated at nearly three million square yards (2,816,000) which would make the cubical content amount to 14,080,000 cubic yards. The peat is much denser and of a darker colour tliau that either at Squirrel Creek or Lennox Island, the lower half being very dark brown, or quite black, and much of it having nearly lost its fibrous structure ; in this it approaches the character of what is known in (jermany as •' earthy peat." Assuming it to lose 'c of its bulk in drying, tliis bog would aftbrd o,o20,000 cubic yards of dry peat, or, takingthe sp. gr. at 0.00, 1,777,248 tons. Coming out from beneath the peat, and a little below low water mark, are to bo seen numerous roots of trees in a perfect state of preservation, and about 6 teet above this there occurs another layer of small roots, wlucli could however only have belonged to shrubs or very small trees. Besides these, small rootlets, probably of shrubs, arc to be seen scattered here ami there throughout the mass, Tlie occurrence of stumps and roots so low down both here and at Lennox Island leads to one of two conclusions, either (1) there has been a subsidence of the Island, amounting to several feet, since the time when the trees were growing, or (2) a large portion of the coast has been washed away. In the latter case the trees must have been growing in a hollow below the sea level. The deposits at Indian (Lennox) Island and Cascumpefjue, must at some time have been of far greater extent than at the present, as in both cases they are cut oif where the peat has a considerable thickness. This decrease in size would of course be the result of subsidence of the land ; for the waves, being once admitted, wash away the peat very rapidly. Directly west of " Black Bank" there is said to be a second deposit «> i A PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 2T i exceeding it in magnitude ; this could be seen from •' Black Point," but darkness comin<' we were obliged to leave and could not again visit the place. Still another deposit is said to occur ou Grover Island in Rich- mond Bay, the extent of which we do not know. Estimates of the extent of bogs must, of necessity, be merely approxima- tions where no exact measurements are made, since one is exceedingly liable to make wrong estimates of distances on a treeless waste. Such approximations are, however, of value, and we trust that those given here may not be very far from the truth. The modern subsidence of the laud indicated by this bog is not without additional illustrations elsewhere. At unex. These mounds of tlrifted sand are extensively developed along the outer or norch-west shore, where they extend in long lines across tho bays and parallel to the coast. In all they extend in length about 45 miles, and are sometimes more than 40 feet high. Though usually held together by the roots of coarse grasses, they are liable to frequent changes, which are much promoted by the cropping of the grass by the cattle or by any artificial or accidental breaking of the surface. At St. Peter's I saw an old entrance used in the early French times, quite filled up with the blown sand, and I was told that a hill, forty feet high, had been removed within a few years, and had disclosed the remains of an old black- smith's forge under its base. The sand in these hills is derived from the waste of the red sandstones ; and, when left dry by the tide, is blown up by the wind. The attrition to which it has been subjected has removed the coating of red oxide of iron from the siliceous grains of sand, so that, though derived from red rocks, these sands are ne:irly white. Where the sand-hills run along the coast, a long narrow channel often occurs between them and the shore, and they often block up streams, forming lagoons, in which deposits very different from those of the open gulf are produced. (4.) Shore Jii'.hfes. Mr. Pope kindly pointed out to us on a creek near Grand River, and on Ives Creek, the mounds known locally as " shooting dykes," in allusion to their use by sportsmen as a shelter in duck- shooting. These are somewhat regular banks or dykes of soil fringing the creeks, and having almost the appearance of artificial earth-works, which they have indeed been supposed to be. Some of them are six feet in heightand ten feet wide at base. I believe them to be of the same nature with the Lake Ridges of Nova Scotia described in my Acadian Geology,* and that they have been produced by tlie expansion or driftage of the ice, which forms in the creeks in winter. They constitute a sort of" Moraine " deposit, which, on a larger scale and in a more hilly country, might readily be mistaken for the work of glaciers. Those that we saw were entirely composed of soil intermixed with vegetable matter. Some of them showed evidence of formation by successive increments of material. Their steepest sides were next the laud, and they were higliest opposite the most exposed .and widest portions of the creeks. • P, 35. PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. II. RELATIONS TO THE COAL FIELDS OF NOVA SCOTIA AND NEW BRUNSWICK. The facts stated under the previous general heading, afford the data for an answer to this question as complete perhaps as can be obtained without actual mining operations, The Carboniferous roclts of Nova Scotia consist of the following mem- bers in descending or^ler : * The Upper Coal Formation, consisting of red and gray sandstones with thin beds of co^l, not as yet worked 1500 to 3000 foot. The Middle Coal Formation, consisting of sandstones, shales, &c., usually of gray colours, and containing the large productive beds of coal, estimated at about 4000 feet. The Milhtone Grit Series, consisting of sandstones and conglomerates without productive coal, 5000 to 0000 feet. The Lower Carboniferous Marine Series, containing limestones and gypsum, with sandstones, shales and marls. Thickness very variable. The Loiver Carboniferous Coal-measurea, consisting of sandstones, shales and conglomerates without productive coals, but with highly bituminous ehales. In Nova Scotia these beds are tilted up, often at considerable angles and the upper portions of them have been removed by denudation in Buch a manner that the edges of tfic coal-beds appear at the surface, and can be opened up without penetrating the overlying bods. In Prince Edward Island the case is diflforent, the beds being very nearly horizontal ; 80 that only the upper members can be seen, and these are in many places covered with the Triassic series. The places ex[)lored by us in which the coal-measures are nearest the surface, are Governor's Island and Gallas Point, and the coast extending from West Cape to North Cape. To tliese may perhaps be added the coast near the Wood Islands, where it is probable t!iat the Carboni- ferous rocks may be covered with only a very limited thickuess of Trias. If boring were undertaken at either of the above jjlaces, it might be hoped that the upper coals would be reached at a depth of not less than 500 or more than 2000 feet. Should those prove too thin to be worked, there wouM be little hope of reaching the lower coals at a bss depth than 3000 or 5000 feet, which would, of course, be a depth altogether too groat for profitable working at present. The above estimate proeeo.ls on the supposition that the coal-measures underlyi'.ig Prince Edward Island are similar to those of Nova Scotia. It • See for more fall djiCiipticn, Acadian GaolOo'y, pi), 1-8, &c 30 REPultT I'V is to be observed, however, that in New Bnisinvick there is reason to beliove that the aggregate thickness of the Carboniferous rocks is much less, but unfortunately the beds of coal partake in this diminution of thickness. Should the coal rocks under Prince Edward Island, therefore, prove similar to those of New Brunswick, they would be found at a less depth, but on the other hand might be of less value. As the beds exposed at Miminigash are in the line of the Buctouclie anticlinal, on the coast of New Brunswick, and those of Gallas Point and Governor's Island are in the line of the Cape Tormentin anticlinal in the same province, and, as the beds have much the aspect of the Upper Carbonifci'ous in New Brunswick, it might be inferred that the coals under these places may resemble those of New Brunswick. In that province no beds of coal of greater thickness tlian two feet are known. At Wood Islands the beds reached might be supposed to resemble more those of the northern part of Pictou District, in which no coals thicker than three feet are yet known in the Upper Coal-formation ; and the great beds of the Middle Coal-formation would pi'obably at tliis place be too deep to be profitably worked. On the other hand, it is possible, though there is no evidence of this, that the coal of the Upper Coal-formation under Prince Edward Island, might be more abundant than in the districts mentioned, and it is to be observed that those districts cannot be considered so fully explored as to render important new discoveries improbable. From these statements the general practical conclusions would be, — 1. That Carboniferous rocks, similar to those of Nova Scotia or New Brunswick, probably underlie the whole of Prince Edward Island. 2. That, in certain places indicated above, the upper member of the Carboniferous Series appears at the surface in a nearly horizontal and undisturbed condition. 3. That boring operations prosecuted at these places would, undoubtedly, reach the Upper and possibly the Midd e coal-measures, and the beds of coal which they may contain. 4. That the productive value of such coals must be uncertain previous to such actual trial. 5. That the depth of the seams would probably be too great for profitable mining in the present state of the coal trade. The greatest depth at which coal is at present mined in Nova Scotia is about 900 feet,* and the greatest depth in England is 2000 feet. No mines in Nova Scotia or New Brunswick, have as yet penetrated the Upper coal-measures in search of coal, nor have such careful and minute r/ >4 " PKIXCK LDWARU ISLAND. ai piiiivevft f>t' tliese beds Ijceii uudcrUikeii us would supeittcde the iieoosflity ol boriujr operations in I'lince Edward Island, should it be desired to teat the point practically. Should any operations of this kind be under- taken and prosecuted to completion on the mainland, the inlormation tiiere obtained could readily be applied to Prince Edward Island, On the other hand, the successful penetration of the newer coal-fornnvtion in Prince Edward Island, in search of coal, would at once develop the ccrrespoiidinjj; regions of the mainland now untried. In any case, deep borin<^ in the newer coal-fonnation, either in northern New Brunswick or in I'rince Edward Island, could scarcely full to develop facts of scientific interest. In event of such boring bein,.: undertaken to a moderate depth, the methods now in use in Nova ^^cotia, and in the oil districts of Canada and Pennsylvania would be sufficient ; but if it were intended to penetrate to "reat depths, some of the imjiroved methol? which have been applied t(* deep boring in Europe would be preferable. On the whole, it may be concluded that thi> probabilities are decidedly a-'ainst the discovery of a large bod of coal at such a depth as to enable it to be immediately available. The map and ideal section accompiinying this Report will serve to rei'resent to the eye the points above stated. With the view of comparing the formations seen in Prince Edward Island with those on the maiiiland of New Brunswick. I crossed from Suramerside to Shediac, and examined some parts of the coast between that place and .Jourimain Island, near (Jape Tormentin, where rocks similar to those of Prince Edward Island had been reported by Professor Robb to occur. At Cape Bald I found some of tlie upper beds of the Car- boniferous well exposed. They consisted of coarse brown and gray grit irregularly bedded and nearly horizontal, or with a very slight dip to the west. They contained niiraerous specimens of Calamites Siickovli and of a large Calamodendron. Similar beds appeared in the inarsh connect- ing Cape Jourimain with the mainland, but on the outer side of the Island the rocks were bright red, and by no means unlike in mineral character those on the opposite shore of Cape Traverse. In ascending order, they consisted of red, concretionary and calcareous sandstone, with greenish stains and irregidar fucoidal stems ; flaggy, micaceous, red sandstone, with green stains and thin white bands, and reddish concretionary limestone : red and mottled arenaceous shale ; irregularly bedded soft red sandstone, with bands of mottled shale. These beds were nearly horizontal, or with only a slight dip to the east and north- .east. The only fossil found was a fragment of silicified wood, but whether 82 RRPORT OS this had been derived from the red beds or from the nndorlyini? brown sandstone, 1 do not know. On the whole, I regard these bods at Capo Jourimain as probably an outlier of the Lower Trias. There are, howovor, on other parts of this coast, and more especially between Cape John and Pictou, beds included in the C.irbonifcrous which are scarcely distin^^nislr able, except by their fossils, from these beds at Capo Jourimain. On a visit to Pictou, I re-examined some of these beds with the view ofaatisfy- ng myself as to this rosom')Ianco. III. ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND ANALYSES OF MINERALS. 1. Peat as Fuel. — The quostion of fuel is likely, from the rapid disap- pearance of the forests, to ho a matter of cxtremo importance in Prince Edward Island. The cheapness of coal in Nova Sootia, along with the easy transport by water to most parts of the Island, and the convenient inland transportation which Avill be afforded by the railway now in progress,. must prevent any serious difficulty ; but it is worthy of consideration whether measures should not be taken by the Government for tho pro- tection of the remainder of the forests, and whether the time h;is not come for the utilization of the large dcposilsof peat existing insomo parts of the Province. In European countries, and more recently in Canada and tho United States, peat has commanded much attention as a cheap and convenient fuel. In its naturul f^MU), or merely air-dried, it has been much employed for local consumpiioo, tiiough of very inferior heating power to coal; but when pulped or compressed and thoroughly dried, it has been found capable of competing with coal and wood on equal terms both for steam production and domestic use. Charred peat has also become an important artlclo of consumption as a substitute for wood charcoal ani cake. The importance of this subject may be inferred from the fol'owing calculations by Dr. Harrington as to the quantity of peat in the three great turbaries noticed under a previous heading : — Lennox Island Bog, 20,200 tons, value, at f4 $ 80,800.00 Squirrel Creek " 500,000 " " " " 2,000,000.00 B:ack Hank " 1,777,248 " " " " 7,U)8,9!)2.00 2,297,448 " " " " $0,180,792.00 Dr. Harrington has made comparative trials of the peat with that in u-e in Canada, with the results stated belov.-, which show that the quality, in tho case of the largest of the three deposits, is excellent ; and, as the facilities for its extraction and shipment, especially at the Clack Bank, are all that PRINCK EDWARD ISLAND. 88 , 1 could be desired, there can bo no doubt that the three deposits above, without mentioning otliers, are caijablo of supplying a very large quantity of good fuel, Tliat deserving of attention, in the first instance, is undoubtedly the Black l);ink at CasouinpC(iue, both on account of the readiness of access to it and its good quality. It is also to bo observed that another deposit exists in Cascuin;vj I'la B.iy, an I is said to ba of groat extant, tliaa^h we had not an oppoiCuuity to examine it or to obtain spocimoiis for analysis. (2.)' B.dldinif Stone. — The ordinary rod snulstone of the Island, where thick-bedded and uniforni in hardness, afilu'ds a fair building stone, eas'ly cut when recent and becoming harder on exposure. Walls and buildings constructed of it were sjcu in several places, and seemed to have proved suthciently durable. When furnished with corners, &c., of gray stone, it has a good appearance. Stone of this kind can bo obtained in nearly all parts of the eastern and middle sections of the Island and in some jtarts of the western section ; but that which has been wet with sea water sho>dd be avoided as likely to crumble. The best exposure observed of this stone is that on the farm of Mr. AuU, on the Bannockburn road, about one mile from the Wiltstone road. At this place the rock occurs, without any cover, on the summit of a ridn^e, and dipping at a small angle N. 00^ E. The upper part is a good grav sandstone, rather coarse in texture, but of good colour. It has been used in Charlotteto'.vu. This bed as exposed seemed to be about three feet thick. Bijlow was a dooj) red saudstoue also apparently of good (pialitj. of this frum 10 to "20 feet were seen. The same beds have been quarried to the south of this place at tho West lliver. The exposure at Bannock- burn is about four miles from the line surveyed for the railroad, and as the ridge runs in that direction, it is quite possible that quarries may be opened much nearer to the line, and may furnish a valuable supply of stone to Charlotlotown. The hard calcireous bauds occurring in the rod sandstones afford a very durable stoue for fouuilations and other rough masonry. The brown sandstones of Gallas Point and the coast near Campbellto.i have a di.fareut appearance from the red beds of the Trias, and are of Bomewhat greater bar luess. Thay are deserving of trial as building stone. (8.) Brick Claj^ ij-c. — Excellent deposits of this material abound on ' the Island. They are of three kinds — (1) The beds of red clay interstrati- ficd in the Triassic formation. These are very pure and free from stones, but require to be (piarried and exposed to the action of the i'rost and mixed with sand. {2) Fost-pliocene clays belonging to the boulder c ■\ i T I $4 REPORT ON formation. Those are often stony, but otlicrwiso goo^l material. (3) Modern alluvial clays which have accummulatel in tho lower levels from the waste of the hi;j;her grounds. The last are those chiefly worked art present, hut tho others will eventually bo more largely used. I may add here, that should the procujss now extensively used in the Unitoil States and Great Britain for the nuumfucture of artilioial stone from sand, come into use in tho Island, the immense supplies of fine and uniform sand contained in tho sand hills of the north shore will ad'ord an inexhaustible supply of the best possible material. (4.) Liinesloni'. — Tiii.s occurs both in the Upper CurboniFerous and the Trias, but not in thick beds, or of pure (piality. The best limestone observed was that at Mlminigasli and its vicinity. It is in large concre- tions of hard, earthy limestone, in a bod of marly sandstone about three feet thick. Similar beds, but a[iparently of less importance, occur at Oallas Point and Governor's Island, In the Trias thin bands of concretionary limestone and conglomerate limestone were observed in several places, more especially in the vicinity of Richmond and Bedeque Bays, at Indian River and at Kildare. These beds are all of coarse quality, and some of them are Dolomitic, or contain carbonate of magnesia. They are used for agricultural purposes, and where so situated as to be easily quarried, may aiford a cheaper lime for this purjjose than that which is imported. We were informed that at Freetown, near Bedecjue Bay, this limestone is burned on a some- what large scale. (5.) Metallic Ores — were not observed anywhere in sufficient quantity to be of economic importance. The principal are : — Red Hematite. — An excellent ore of iron, in concretions at Gallas Point and elsewhere. At Gallas Point sufficient quantities may be picked up on the beach to afford a small additional supply to an iron furnace, but not to warrant any independent enterprise. Grai/ Sulphide of Copper. — In concretions in a sandstone at Governor's Island, associated with green carbonate of copper. Bog Manganese Ore and Bog Iron Ore —In concretions in many swamps in different parts of the Island, bui not in quantity to render it of any importance. (6.) Water.— '^\iG fissures of the red sandstone afford in many places .copious springs of excellent water, and this suggests the possibility of obtain- ing additional supplies by boring. As the supply of water to Charlottetown is at present very deficient, it is deserving of consideration whether this means might not be advantageously used to increase it. The stratigraphi- cal arrangement of the rocks in the vicinity of the city is favourable to f J T I'KINCI-; KDWAHD ISLAND. 86 success, and borin^^s of moderate depth, such as would he necessary to teat tho (inantity which could be obtahu'd, aro executed in Nova Scotia at about $[ to $2 per foot, so that tho expense wouUl bo small, and supplies of water of great importance to tho comfort and health of the citizens mi;^ht be obtained. (7.) S'jils, — The great wealth of Prince Edward Island consists in its fertile soil, and the preservation of this in a |n-oductive state is an object of imperative importance. The ordinary soil of tho Island is a bright red loam, passing into a stitlclay on tho one hand, and sandy loam on tho other. Naturally it contains all tho mineral requisites for cultivated crops, while its abounding in peroxide of iron enables it ra[)idly to digest organic manures, and also to retain well their ammoniacal products. The chief natural manures alforded by the Island, and which may be used, in addition to the farm manure:;, to increase the fertility of the soil, or restore it when exhausted, are : — 1. The mussel mud, or oyster shcU mud of tho bays. Experience has proved this to bo of the greatest value.* 2. Peat and marsh mud and swamp soil. These afford organic matters to the run out soil at a very cheap rate. 8. Sea weed, which can be obtained in large (juantities on many parts of the shores, and is of great manurial value, whether fresh or composted. 4. Fish offal. — The heads arvl bones of cod are more especially of much practical importance, and should be more carefully preserved than at present. o. Limostono. — The brown earthy limestones of the Island arc of much value in affording a supply of this material as well as small quantities of phosphates and alkalies. Where manures require to bo purchased from abroad, those that will be found to produce the greatest effects are such as afford phosphates and alkalies, more especially bone earth, superphosphate of lime and guano ; but where fish offal and sea weed can be procured in sufficient quantity, or good dressings of the oyster deposit are applied, these foreign aids may well bo dispensed with, at least for many years. SPECIAL REPORT BY DU. IIAURINOTOX ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OP PEAT, LIMESTONE AND COPPER ORE. (1.) Feat. The peat deposits of Prince Edward Island have already been described but nothing could be said with certainty concerning their quality until — ■' ■ ■ ■ .1. ■■ I — I ■ , - ' ' ' — — ■ ■ ■■ ^ • Mr. J. W. Taylor, F.G.S., has, I believe, made several analyses of this manure, and iit about to publish hib results; which, I have no doubi, will be of much value. gg REPORT ON assays had been made. Accordingly, at the request of Principal Dawson I have determined the percentages of water, volatile combustible matter, fixed carbon and ash in several specimens, and, by way of instituting a comparison between the Canadian peats and those of Prince Edward Island, have examined two varieties, known in Montreal as " Hodge's peat" and " Champlain peat." . -, . j t. . • The latter is simply cut and air-dried; Hodge's is also air-dried, but i» first pulped. Two assays of the Champlain peat gave the following results :— 1. 2. Mean. water (hygroscopic) ...:.. ^^f ^^ JJ-^« Volatile combustible matter 60.10 59.10 50.C0 F'';f'^'=^^^°° :::.::.:;: 3:28 3.20 3.24 Ash 100.00 100.00 100.00 I II The value of peat as a fuel must necessarily be greater according as the amount of fixed carbon (coke) increases, and the proporfrons of water and ash decrease. The percentage of hygroscopic water varies according to the time of seasoning and the method of drying employed, but air-dried peat like wood, rarely contains less than about 15 per cent. The samples of Champlain peat show a minimum in this respect, but they had been drying within doors for a year. . ^ . ,, One of the disadvantages which peat, as a fuel, has to contend with, is the large amount of mineral matter or ash which it contains. This usually runs from 5 to 10 per cent., sometimes being lower than 5 and often higher than 10 per cent. Many peats, however, which contain as high as 10 per cent, may, nevertheless, be excellent fuels if their content of carbon is large. Wood usually contains only 0.60 to 1.50 per cent. In the Champlain peat the amount of ash is small (2.24 per cent.), but the per ccntage of fixed carbon (22.20) is lower than that found in the other peats assayed, with one exception. The following are two assays of Hodge's peat which had been kept within doors for a year : — 1, 2. Mean. Hygroscopic water 16.80 U.32 17.060 Volatile combustible matter 49.80 51.C5 50.7'5 Fixed carbon 2,;90 25..>0 25^95 , . 6.50 6.03 6.265 Ash 100.00 IJO.OO ICO.CO 4k PKINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 87 This is a better quality of peat than the lust, notwithstanding that the amounts of water and ash arc rather hirger. The Prince Edward Island peat which Avas examined, had been drying for about three weeks in a dry room. The first assayed was that from Indian (Lennox) Island, and which, on account of its large percentage of a.sh, must be considered of inferior quality. The assays are as follows : — 1. 2. Mean. Hygroscopic water 23.53 23.89 23.710 Volatile combustible matter 41.39 4100 41.195 Fixed carbon 19.74 19 93 19.835 • Ash 15.34 15.18 15 260 100.00 100.00 100.00 Assays were likewise made of peat from Black Bank, the results show- ing, as might be expected, that the lower and riper half of the deposit is richer than the upper half. The following are the assays : — 1. Upper Ualf. A » Hygroscopic water 1G.34 Volatile combustible matter 53.50 'ixed carbon 22 26 Ash 7.i)i> Ko.no 2. Mean. 16.70 16.52 53.08 53.29 22.70 22 48 7.52 7.71 100 00 100.00 m 2. Lower Ilal/. 1. Hygroscopic water 15.02 Volatile combustible matter 50.00 Fixed carbon 28.10 Ash 6.88 100.00 2. Mean. 1464 14.83 50.30 50 15 28.26 28.18 6.80 6.84 100.00 100.00 The last, then, is an excellent peat, and, while the percentage of ash IB not very high, the amount of fixed carbon is greater than in any of the other peats assayed. gg REPORT ON In order to facilitate comparison the following table has been prepared LOCAUTV, &<■. Chfloiplaln l*cat. Mnau of al)ove. . , Hodpe'g I'pat. Mean Inilian Island, Mi'un iivoHoecoi'ic WATKB. 14.82 16.10 14.96 16 80 17.32 17. 06 VOL. C0.MBU8T MATTER. FIXICI) CARUON 60.10 59. 10 59.60 21.80 22.60 22.20 23 .'5,3 23.89 23 710 Black Bank. U. Half., Mean Black Bank, L. Half. .Mean 16.34 16.70 16.62 15.02 14.64 14.83 49.80 61.65 5U.725 41.89 41.(10 41.195 ,18.50 53 08 53.29 20.90 26.00 25 95 19.74 19.93 19.835 3.28 3 20 3.24 6.50 6.03 6 206 15.34 1.'..18 15.260 50.00 50.30 50.15 22.26 7.90 22 70 7. .^2 '^2.48 7.71 28.10 6,88 28 26 6.80 28.18 6.84 The assay of the Peat of Squirrel Creek, referred to in the General Report, is not included in the above, owing to the samples not having come to hand , but it is hoped that they may be received in time to include them in the printed report. A. few remarks upon the employment of peat as fuel, and for agricul- tural purposes, may not be out of place here. One of the principal difficulties in the way of its preparation for fuel is the large amount of water which it contains before being dried. In Ireland it has been found that this amounts to from 92 to 95 per cent, for the undrained peat, Avhile the parts more or less drained contain from 88 to 91 per cent. From these facts it has been estimated by Dr. Hunt that in cutting and removing the peat from the bog about 9 tons of water have to be transported for every ton of fuel. Where labour is high this is, of course, an important item, and peat should always bo prepared and dried as near to the spot where it is cut as possible, in order to avoid the carrying of so mujh water. It may be asked whether, bulk for bulk, air-dried peat possesses th© same heating power as wood. The following table by Brix, cited by m A PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 89 4i Prof. Johnson, in his worTc on peat, shows that its heating power is at least not nearly as great as that of oak wood : — Weight per Heating cord. effjct. Oakwood tlM lbs. lOO Peat from Liinim, l3t quality 3400 " 70 " (1 « 2nd " '•^9"'^ " ■''•'■> " ■' '■ 3rd " 2270 " 5:5 Peat from Buechaenfeld, very dense 3400 " 74 " " " 2ud quality 27:JO " 64 While, however, bulk for bulk, the heating power may be less, weight for weight there is no great difference, and this in favour of the peat. The following table has been prepared by Professor Johnson, of Yale Collogc, to show the heating power of different kinds of fuel : — Units of Heat. Air-dry wood 2800 " " peat 2500 3000 Perfectly dry wood 3600 " " peat 3000 -WO Air-dry lignite or brown coal 3300 4200 Perfectly dry lignite or brown coal 4000 5000 Hiluminous coal 3800 7000 Anthracite 7500 Wood charcoal 6300 7500 Coke CoOO 7600 It must, however, be borne in mind that peat may be condensed, so that, even bulk for bulk, its heating power will bo greater than that of wood. The disadvantages which pc^t, as a fuel, has to contend with, may be summed up as follows : — (1) The large amount of water which it contains as found in the bog, necessitating a great deal of labour before it can be fitted for burning. (2) The quantity of water which it contains after drying, and which, in being evaporated, consumes a large amount of the heat which might bo otherwise utilized. Gysser found that peat which had been condensed and hot-dried, and retained but ten per cent, of water, possessed about half as much again heating power as air-dried peat retaining twenty-five per cent, of water. (3) The large bulk which it occupies unless condensed, and which makes transportation and storage expensive. It has been estimated that the space occupied by the peat necessary to produce a given amount of heat is about 5i times as great as that occupied by the quantity of anthracite necessary to produce the same amount of heat. (4) The large percentage of. ash, as compared with that of wood, which it frequently contains ; this disad- vantage, however, it shares with a large number of mineral fuels. Notwithstanding all these diificultios, the employment of peat as fuel is increasing, and this increase will probably be greater in proportion as the price of other fuel is raised. For the purpo.se of generating steam, more especially on locomotives, it has proved itself to be most valuable, both 40 REPORT ON abroad and in tliis country, and the Montreal Peat Company at present manufacture exclusively for the Grand Trunk. In countries where mineral coals are scarce, as in Sweden and parts of Germany and France, it has been quite extensively used in the manufac- ture of iron, in which case it is very often first converted into charcoal. Moreover, tiio charcoal or coke made from many varieties of peat is considered as better than that made from wood. The yield of charcoal ranges from twenty-five to thirty-five per cent, of the peat by weight, and thirty to fifty per cent, by volinne. (Johnson.) For domestic purposes peat has pi'oved itself to be an economical fuel, even when simply cut and air-dried, but this more especially for farmers whose supplies of firewood have run out, and who have peat bogs on or at no great distance from their farms. When, however, it is to be transported to any distance, it is^ best to mal:e use of some one of the various metliods for compressing or artificially drying it, by which means, as already mentioned, the bulk is greatly reduced and the heating power increasiid. Care slioald, however, be taken in the selection of a method, as some of these, while producing an excel- lent fuel, have been found to be altogether too expensive. Hodge's method of pulping and drying has so far been successful in Canada, and produces a hard compact iuel. The farmers living in the vicinity of Black Bank or Sijuirrel Creek, miglit easily avail themselves of the large* quantity of fuel contained in these deposits. I should, however, especially recommend trying the peat of Black Bank on the lucomotivcs of the projected railroad. The peat could be cut at Black Bank, prepared according to Hodge's or some other equally good plan, and then taken by water, either to the terminus of the railway at Cascumpeque Point, or up Foxley and Trout Rivers. For water transport, it would pr )') i')ly b3 b.Mt t.i e;n^)l)y Hit bo:;tomod scows towed by a small tug. Ouce at the railroad, it could be taken from one end of the Island to the other, and by taking the proper precautions, would probably prove the cheapest fuel fur use on the locomotives. Upon tlie use of peat in agriculture we cannot enlarge here, but its importance as a manure is well known. It loosens up the soil, and on account of its great piwor of retaining moisture, is of the greatest bene- fit iu dry regions. Moreover, it contains in itsolf m;iuy elements which constitute, or may be readily made to constitute the food of plants ; thus, carbon by its oxydation form^ carbouic acid, which is absorbed largely by the roots and leaves of plants. All peats have been fjund to contain nitrogen, which is an essential ingredient of almost ail valuable muiures. This nitrogen, by the action 1 m % PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 41 of the air, hccomns converted into nitric acid and ammonia, whicli are the forms under which it is available to the plant. The mineral portions, too, consist of substances many of whioli form portions of the food of plants ; among other things are foimd potash, soda, lime, oxyd of iron and phosphoric acid, all of which are of very great importance to the plant. (2.) Limestones. In order to understand more fully the character of the P. E. I. lime- stones and their adaptibility for agricultural and building purposes, several partial analyses have been made, the results of which will be given below. The localities from which the samples for analysis were taken are Mimi- nigash, Cape Kildare, Gallas Poitit ''two varieties), and New London. The limestones are all impure, and all contain carbonate of magnesia, the percentage of the latter, however, being in general small. The sample from Kildare differs from the others in that it contains nearly 23.00 per cent. ; that from Miminigash comes next to it, containing 8J per cent. The Miminigash limestone contains a smaller proportion of insoluble constituents than the other samples, and a mucli larger proportion of car- bonate of lime, the amount of the latter being 78.07 per cent. The light gray limestone of Gallas Point comes ne.xt to the Miminigash in regard to its content of carbonate of lime, the percentage being 59.71. The process of analysis employed consisted in treating the limestone with hydrochloric acid, filtering '«tf the insoluble residue, throwing down the iron and soluble alumina with ammon'a, afterwards precipitating the lime as carbonate or oxalate, and lastly, the magnesia as phosphate. Below is given a table of the analyses, two havingbeen made of each sample. LOOALITV, iC. CAHBONATB OF LIMlt. CAPBONATK OK MAO.NKSIA. ALUMINA (SULUULK) AND rmiDXYU OP IllO.N. INSOMinLK KUSlDUiC. WATKH AND I.OHH. Miminigash 77 52 78 (i3 78.07 .T.28 3 74 3.51 2 41 2.77 2.09 15.45 1-. 51 15.49 1.34 iVf can 6.24 Kildare (Dolomite) Mean "• 45.03 44.110 44.52 22 I'll 22.'.':i 2-!. 7(5 3 .W 3 ::i 3.U4 25 04 20.59 25.81 3 7« 2.7.^ 3.27 (Jallas Point ( Lifiht Grey). Mean " £9.09 60.33 59.71 1.13 1 10 1.U5 2 3". 2. -JO 2 27 32. 2S 33 13 3 J. 70 5 15 4 205 Gallas Point ( Brown) Mean " 58.60 53.82 53.71 1.05 1 82 1.735 5 31 5.445 3) AH 3i.28 3i,355 2 79 2 72 2.755 New London .1 .< 59 .•)7 59.52 59.445 9.-. 1 04 0.995 2.52 2.47 2.495 3.V70 3.-).ri2 Sy.Ol 1.41; 1 45 Mean 1 455 42 REPOKT ON Tho iron has been set clown above as peroxyd, although a portion of it may in some cases have occiirrcd as carbonate. The insoluble residue was found to consist principally of silica. From a comparison of the above analyses, it is seen that the Miminigash is the purest limestone, and that the lime made from it might be employed for many purposes in building ; for the finer work in the interior of houses it probably would not ansvcr so well. Any of the above limestones, however, on being burned would make excellent fertilizers. It has been supposed that dolomite is injurious as a manure for soils, but», according to Dana, this is not the case unless used before being fully air- slaked. The Kildare dolomite might, therefore, be used as well as the limestones. 3. — Copper. The copper ore of Governor's Island was found to consist chiefly of copper glance (subsulphide of copper), but had a small amount of iron pyrites mixed with it. The surface of the nodules is covered with the green carbonate of copper, and many of them were found to contain carbonaceous matter, portions of plants having formed the centres of concretionary action. In order to obtain an average sample, a number of the nodules were ground up together. The following are the results of two assays : — 1. 2. Menu. Metallic Copper 4 43.054 43.53 43.21)2 This is, thoreforo, a rich and valuable ore ; but so far as at present known, the quantity to be obtained is iucon.siderable. M 4. F03SIL3 OF THE CARCONTIFKROUS AND TIUASSIC FOR- MATfONS IN PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 1. UpPKR CaRI30NIFER0US. 1. Dadoxijlon [Araucaroxylon) maferinium. — Dawson. — (Plate I.) Silicified trunks of this species abound at Gallas Point, and are also found at Miminigash and Sable River. At Gallas Point some of the specimens are calcified, and some are in part converted into pcroxyd of iron. The flattened carbonised trunks found in the same beds also seem to belong to this species. Many of the trunks seem to have been much decayed previous to fossilization, and the fissures and cavities formed bjr decay have often been filled with a flesh-coloured crystalline sulphate of Baryta. After careful microscopic examination, I cannot distinguish the i lit i PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 4;i ■tructuro from that of the specimens so abundant in the Upper Coal for- mation of Nova Scotia. Tlie species was first described by me in the Canadian Naturalist, viii., 1803, and subsequently in the second edition of Acadian Geology, p. 473. In the Nova Scotia specimens I have described a transverslymarkod pith of the character of Stornbergia, and this occurs also in the specimens found in Prince Edward Island. Fig. I. Plate 1., shows a small but well- preserved stem with its pith in place, and is in this respect one of the most perfect specimens of thip tree that I have obtained. Some of the stems found at Gallas Point show coarse Knorria-like markings on the surface ; but, though probably coniferous, the structures of those are not sufficiently well preserved for accurate comparison. 2. Walohia (Araucarites) gracilis.— Davison. — (Plate II. Fig. 23.) This species was first described by me in 18G3*, from a specimen found in the Upper Coal formation of Tatamagouche, Nova Scotia. Specimens from Miminigash are perfectly similar, except that the branclilcts are somewhat more closely placed. I have, in the publications above cited, stated my belief that these leafy brandies have belonged to DaJoxijlon, and probably to the species last mentioned. In Europe Walchia is regarded as Permian, while Dadoxylon is more characteristic of the Carboniferous ; but since they are probably the stems and branches of the same genus of pmes, they cannot be regarded as tests of geological age. 3. Walchia {Araucarites) robmta, ^S'.iV.— (Plate II. Fig. 2i.) Branohlets densely pinnate.^ thick, and covered with niime.rom acicular leaves one-fourth of an i)tch or more in length. This species is much larger and coarser than the last, exceeding in these respects the Enrojiean fi'. piniformis of the Permian, which in general aspect it much resembles. It indicates a second species of Coni- ferous tree, possibly represented also by some of the fossil trunks, though I have not as yet been able to ascertain any distinction between them BuflScient to warrant their separation into distinct species. 4. Pecopteris arhorescens. — Schlotheim. — (Plate II. Fig. 1(3.) The most abundant species in the red shales of Miminigash. 5. P. rigida. — Dart'son. — (Plate II. Fig. 15.) Also found at Miminigash, and, like the last, characteristic of the Upper Coal formation in Nova Scotia. * Can. Nat., vol. viii. See also Acadian Geology, p. 474. II 44 REPORT ON fi. P. oreopteroidcs ? — Brongt. (Plate II. Fig. 17.) Specimens occur at Miininigash much reaembliiig this species, but the venation is not distinct. 7. P. (allied to P. G icppert if— Tiron^t.) This is rare, and, its venation not being preserved, it cannot bo deter- mined. 8. AliithopteriH nervom. — Brongt. — (Plate II. Fig. 18.) Occurs at Mimiuigash ; it is also common in the Upper Coal-Poniiation of Nova Scotia. The variety found at Miminigish has somewhat lon'er and more obtuse pinnules than usual. 9. Krurojyteris rarinervis. — Bunbury. — (Plate II. Fig. 19.) ■I'Ips occurs at Mimiuigash, under a large varietal form, which, is also found in the Middle Coal-formation at Sydney, Cape Breton. Some of the torminal pinnoe appear very near to N. tenaifoUa of Brongt. 10. Qjr dalles simplex. — D.i\v«n. — (Plato II. Fig. 22.) Tliis species, which is very characteristic of the Upper Coal-forma- tion in Nova Scotia, is not infrequent at Miminigas'i, where its hirn'e striated leaves appear abundantly on the surface of somj of the beds of shale. 11. Alefhopf.eris M'l^^ulionis. — Losq . A few pinnules in one of the shales from Miminigish indicate a species of Alethoptoris, with the norves of A. Dnirna^iianl th3 f)rm of A. Grra>i- dini. It is apparently the samo species described by Losquereux under the above name, and which also occurs at Sydney, Cape Breton, where , however, I belim'C, it has been inclu led with A. (Jrandini. 12. Calamites Suckovli. — Brongt. This common species was found at Campbellton and at Gallas Point. 18. C. 6^/s/w.— Brongt.— (Plate II. Figs. 10, 11.) Found at Miminigash anl at Gallas Point; also at Governor's Island. 14. O. <7«V/a.s.— Brongt.— (Plate II. Fig. 11.) This remarkable and interesting species, found in the Permian in Europe, was collected by Mr. Taylor at Gallas Point. 15. C. arenaceusf — Jager. — (Plate II. Figs. 12, 13.) The fragments represented in ¥iss. 12 and 13 may belong to a plant allied to this species ; they were found at Gallas Point, It was, no doubt, a Calamodmdron rather than a Calaraite proper. •S^ m^ PRINCE EDWAUD ISLAND. 45 f^ 16. Trigonocarpum.—{P\atG II. Figs. 20, 21. A speciea allied to T. Noeijgerathi but longer in proportion to its breadth, was found in the gray sandstone of Governor's Island. It may be remarked of these plants in general, that they are species characteristic of the newest or upper raoinbers of the Coal-formation, and that some of them have even a Permian aspect. On the whole, however, they may be regarded as coinciding with those of the upper members of the Newer Coal-formation of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. 2. Trias. 1. Badox'jlon {Araucaroxi/lon) Elvardlanum, S. N.— (Plate III. Figs. 25 to 27.) Sterna without distinct rings of growth, and with a c ntral pith not observed to have transverse lamince. Wood-cells with one, or rarely two, rows of contiguous hexagonal areoles. Medullary rays simple, infrequent, with two to ten rows of cells superimposed. This species is represented by small calcified and decorticated stems and branches, found by Dr. Harrington in the Lower Trias at Indian River. Its nearest allies are D. Keupenanum Eudlicher, from the Trias of Europe, and D. cupreum, of Goeppert, from the Permian. It has also some points of resemblance to a species figured by Eichwald, from the Permian of Russia, ^ Most of the specimens from Indiau River are remarkable for being rid- dled with small rounded holes, fiUod with calcitc, which give them at first Bight the appearance of endogenous stems. These holes are very similar to°those made by the living crustacean Limnoria terebans in submerged timber, and are probably the work of some similar creatures inhabiting the Triassic sea. (Fig. 27.) 2, Cycadoidea (MantelUa) AbequiJensis, iV..S'.—C Plate III. Fig. 29.) Stem Ob'watb {two-and-a-half inches long and two inches broad) bases of petioles small, transversely lozeng^i-shaped, crowded, one tenth of an inch or le-- " " Grey sandstone liunnockburn. Red " « I PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 100. Micaceous sandstone Indian Point. 101. Cnlcaroous concretion i< u 102. Concretionary liraeatono « « 103. Calcareous sandstone Curtain Island. 104. " concretion l;\' 111' IViiicc r'.du.ii'd ixl.iiu r.,', IT l^uJt CALAMITES, FERNR,&C I /i J. i \ rK'oloi^v r^r Pniicc I'dwiinl Isl.m TRIA3SIC FOSSILS.