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'bbi East Mgir Sl-eet S'.a RorHes'er, Ne* fork MfeGS) .JSA 'JSS (' 'fr: -.B^ - 0300 - P^^o^e HAllDY BUSH FRUITS FOR THE WESTERN FARMSTEAD HOW TO GROW RASPBERRIES, CURRANTS AND GOOSEBERRIES BY S. A. B.TAItXASON, B.A., I'.SA.. As^intaut in llorlii iiUure. Small fnii'i have iiuuiy advaiit:i«r- uliii'li .^hnuM rii-'oiimioiid tlR'iii to every fanner. They are perfeetly hardy; tliey need a minimum amount of eare; they are productive; they ripen before any other fruit 'a on the market and the season lasts a I'lntr while. For addinp to the home-like asi.ect of tlie farmstead, tliese fruit-litariiip; shrubs are unrivalled. They are a source of pleasure and frratitication to the farmer, and furnish the hoys and sirls with many interestinfr j)r<)l)lenis in Imrtienltiire ami nature study. The housewife knows their value as an addition to her lart if possible. Rich well-drained loam is the best poil for red raspberries. The purple and bh\<'k-cap raspberries need a lifrhter soil — -andy loam is pood. Cla.v loam is too cold for them. Propagation. — .Most red raspberries proiuipate by "suckers" from the root. These can be A\xg up and planted about four inches the best tor black-caps. The rows should be eight feet apart. For the reds, the checked hill -vstem is tlie best, where the ])lants ari' set out six feet apart eacii way. Both methods may be used interchangeably. The first gives better protection against wind, less work 111 staking and trellising, less evajioration from the soil, less work in eov(>ring for winter and more plants |)er acre. The latter method gives stronger canes, better fruit, n\irrii established raspberry patch there should be about si.\ canes to tiie hill, or ..n. to every four inches in the eoiitiuuous row. For westeni conditions this is about all the pruiiiiif; that red raspbi^rries reciuire. lilack-caps iimy be cut back in the -prinj; to about 2\ feet. Ft is nlso well to pinch back the youtid shoot> in early sum r t" eiicourape the (rrowtli of laterals. Trellising and Staking.— Drive a (food stake upri>;lit into each hill. Tie III. bush around loosely with twine and string. For the continuou.s row, drive in p..,f. and stretch a win; aloiijj the row, tyinj; the canes to this wire with striiijt or ratlia Two wires, eifihteen inches ajiart. may be stretched one on each si(h' of the bush ami lastened on eross-i.icces nailed on the posts. The wires should be just hi^'h enou^rh lc eatch the canes at the point where braiichiii); i)ef;ins. No tyiuR is needed for llii- niethod. The wires and all the posts (exceiit the end ones) are removed each fall. Harvesting and Yield, -I'ick fruit after it has coloured well but before it is rip.' Allow to rijien in a cool place in the trays. PickinR on very hot days or when the fruit is wet spoils it for koe|)inp or shipping. The yield varies very much accnnjin;; to conditions, btit a very conservative estimate may be placed at ■-'.4i)(i iioiinds or T.^ bushels per acre. Red ras[)berries in the test rows at the Central Isxperimental Farm ftttawa, liave been known to yield 10.i'34 luiunds per acre. Winter Protection.— It is safest to cover the cams with s(ul each fall. Ditr out a forkful on one side of the root (preferably the north side) ami push the bush ov.-r without breakiiif;- tl anes. Lay the canes down jiarallel and throw soil on the tip- to hold them down, then cover with three or fi-ur inches of soil. Two nu ii -.liould work lof^ether. This should be done when warm days occur in the fall, and beb.re the cane- Irceze too hard. In the spriiifr before warm weather sets in the canes can !"■ liffcil with a fork and ~traiyhtened up previous to the lirst cultivation. Insects and Diseases, — The commonest insect enemy is the ;■(■(/ f ciirrniit i-- i'(iiii|iiirntiv(l\ (ii-v to iMiltivnIf. Imt. oven tlioii, tliiTi i- the riylit Wii.v wliicli trivi-s«lic very l.c^t ri'^iilt-. aiitl the wrcni).'- \v;iy wMcli iiiny li'iiil hi ciniiiilclc Itiihirc. Tlif cliiff type-- uiidir lultiviitidii iirc nil. Iilnck and wiiili' iMiiTiHit-. Soil and Location. I Icnvy iiiidid |iii>itii>ii ur with a iinrtlicni ixpn^iin' n>titiiti'- ii]inii>t idciil I'lmdi- tions tor tile ciiiTiiiit. Tiic liuslics nrc shidjiiw rimtcd mid will ncit do well in ii very dry. Uiirin. Miiidy soil is not rich in plant food, work in ii »»] well rotted manure. Propagation. — (1) ISy cuttings, made in lati' >uninifr from the reason's jrrowtli and planted at once four inclion apart in rlant may he separatecl nnd planted in nursery row in the fall, as descrihed for cuttings. Planting. I'lenty of space is good for the |i!ants. as it induce^ hettir frr'iwtli and more fruit. .\ i;ood distance is six feet each way in the liiU s.vstem ind t'onr fcit apart in rou- -ix feet apart for the continuous row. Strong one-year-old plants are the hc-t. Iiut two-\(ar-o|(l ..nc- arc hetur than weak yc:irlini;>. The plant >hould Ik- -et at least an inch deeper than it stood in the uursery row. Where early spring plant- ing is not iios>ih!e it is hetter to plant in the fall, a> the -prouts >tart earlv in tlie spring. Cultivation.- The cultivation -liouhl I'e >liallou. on aci'o\nit of tlic -hallow root -ystem. Freipient cultivation is (>--cntial to keep up the dust mulch and pmvent ivaporatioii of moisture, as well a,- to keep down grass and weed-, Tn a very clean orchard where tlicr<> is no dMng(>r of weed-, a mulch of -traw, «awdu-t. etc.. niay he cm|)loyed to con-crvc the ic re. Pruning.- A cmTani i>h >houlcl con-i-r of -ix or I'ii^ht -ti ins. forming a fairly open (hut not strnguly* iish. N'o wood older than four year- -lio\dd he kept, hut each year a couple of old cane- should he removed and an equal nnnilii r of young ones !cft t, K.'lii):^cs Collins l'roli;lc, Topsy. riimnx, N'iii)l(>s, ('randan. GOOSEBERRIES. llic ;fooMl.iii.\, |ii,k,d ^riTcn, is ii very popular iriiit for >anco, pips and for i-anni.ig. In it> ripe >tate it is often used for niakinR janw. As a consp(iupno<' it is re.-eiviii!.' more attentii.n every year, and it is certainly entirl.'d to a proiniiipnt plaee iii the fanner's sMiall-fruit orehard. Our lultivated varieties are derived from the native spei'ie- i /.',7„ < o.ninnifhinilrs) and from European varietit^ (i.e., Ilihts ijnjs- .■^iilana). The Kuropean strains are more prolitic hut are not so resistr.nt to some disea-es as the hard similar to eurrauts. heiiiK Ipft in the n\ir-ery mw for on,' year before they are p>it in a permanent loeation. Prnning,— Severe jiruning is neeessary to jseA a wdl ♦he hranches from tr.iilinp ou the pround. For the West. ives ajipear) will likely sueeeed best, for in spite of it.s liardiness", the ffooseberry is killed hack sometimes dnrinp the winter, and the spring pruninp will then supplement the work done hy .Taek Kr(!st. Winter Protection.— It is safer to cover the hushes with straw or other liplit nuileh in winter. In well sheltered locations this may not he necessary, hut a cover of straw will, in any case, protect the hushes from direct sun an»l^ ^> ^Sii:3Pu:5^-