IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 =-IIM |5 '"" •^ IIIIM IIM 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.4 IIIIII.6 6" V] (^ /^ / o^^ ^' "' V *^.^^ o / A Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 4- ^^ ^^ #; iV % '%'■ % La^* t Kr^j «.*••« »»vm aw*****. (Jhagos [sIuiuIh. h VI Lit ^tlnx.* .^ |)va .Scotiii. 2 contain, altogether, a British population ratlier less than that of the parish of Marylebone in London; and beyond the immediate neigh- bourhood of the cities, the whole country is covered with forest, only broken occasionally by small villages of log-houses. In the interior of the country there are few roads, in our Englisli sense of the word : such as tliere are, more resemble the lanes leading to farm-houses in this countrj% only that the ruts are generally deeper. There is fine water communication by the lakes and rivers. The country is brought into cultivation, first by cutting down the trees, leaving stumps of two or three feet high in the ground : the trees are cut into lengths and pulled together, branches and all, with oxen, and then burnt to ashes. The grain is then thrown in, after a rough sort of ploughing, among the stumps ; and in many parts of North America, the land is so rich with decayed vegetation, that it will yield from 25 to 30 bushels an acre, for eight or nine years in succession. The settlers build their houses with squared logs, and roof them with bark, or bits of split wood, called shingles. The North American winter lasts from five to seven months ; the cold is intense ; and the only way of going about is on the snow in sledges. To an Englishman of good constitution, however, the climate is healthful. The chief ailments in these, as in all the wooded countries, are fever and ague, to which, however, the temperate seldom fall victims. In respect of climate, the western districts are the warmest. The productions, prices of land, and wages for labour, in all these colonies, are so much alike, as not to require a separate description. Grain and timber are the principal articles of export. The affairs of these colonies are administered by Legislatures of their own, under Governors sent out from England. Settlers can buy good land, in almost any part of British America, for about 5*. an acre ; and, at the present price of labour, it costs about £4 an acre to clear away the trees, and to fence it and bring it into cultivation. The labourers mos' wanted are those who can handle the axe ; and 4 such n>en labour of is not woi Provisi guinea pe chief arti visions ra rates. The ne from En^ steamers. £5 or £G ] These . and weste respective Natal. 'J coffee. 1 which cai called Ka as to affor England 1 about £li The A\ of employ m m Natal. 3 such men will earn a))out £20 a year, with food and lodging. The labour of new comers, before they understand the ways of the country, is not worth so much. Idlers and drunkards can earn nothing. Provisions are very cheap : the best wheaten flour is now about a guinea per barrel of 196 lbs., and pork about 3c/. per lb. These are the chief articles of food in the backwoods. In the towns the same pro- visions may be obtained as in England, and generally at much lower rates. The nearest North American port is about five or dix weeks'" voyage from England in sailing ships ; and about ten days or a fortnight in steamers. The average cost of steerage passage in sailing vessels is £5 or £G, including provisions and all expenses of the voyage. ^ V II.-THE SOUTH AFEICAN COLONIES. These comprise the Cape of Good Hope, divided into the eastern and western colonies, of which Cape Town and Graham's Town are respectively the capitals, and the comparatively new settlement of Natal. These colonies yield wheat, wine and wool, indigo, sugar, and coffee. Their climate is very healthy, and there is much good land, which can be bought at 2s. 6d. per acre, or less. The native race, called Kaffirs, with whom we have been at war, are now so far subdued as to afford no ground of apprehension to settlers. The voyage from England lasts about two months, and the steerage passage ^ in general about £12, including all expeiLses. , III.-THE AUSTRALIAN COLONIES. 1. New South Wales, including Port Phillip. The Australian colonies, which at the present time offer a large field of employment to the working classes of Great Britain, are New South »• '. m I Natal. l'liagij!< IslaiuLs. «»i(» III .i> )va ScDlla. •i »» Wales, Vpn Diemen's Land, and South Australia. Now South Wales embraces tlie country known as "Port Pliillip," which is generally- regarded as a separate colony, but as yet it forms part of the territory presided over by the Governor of New South Wales. It is expected, however, that it will soon have a separate political existence, with its own Governor and Legislature. New South Wales embraces the eastern part of the continent of New Plolland. The occupied portion of the country extends along the coast, from 26° or 27° South latitude round to the Glanelg River, in longitude 141° East, the eastern boundary of the South Australian colony; being an extent, in round numbers, of about 1,800 miles. It must be understood that a large proportion of this tract of country is very thinly settled, and the average distance from the coast witliin which the different settlements are embraced cannot be stated at above 200 miles. The old colony of New South Wales may be said to consist of some twenty compact Counties, diverging north, south, and west from Port Jackson, upon which is placed the city of Sydney, the capital of Australia. Beyond these counties are wliat are called " Districts," occupied chiefly as grazing tracts for sheep and cattle ; but grazing is extensively pursued in the counties also. Sydney is in the county of Cumberland : it is a remarkably fine town, with 45,000 inhabitants. There are other considerable towns in the colony, and many villages. The English emigrant would find himself quite at home in this colony ; and indeed in all the A.ustralian settlements. In the towns, he might imagine himself in England. He would see English shops, English goods, English carriages, stage-coaches, steam-boats, churches, chapels, mechanics' institutes, &c., just as in England. On the farms, he would find English cultivation, though, generally speaking, not so carefully attended to as at home, especially on the lands but lately occupied by settlers. But what would not be English to him, would be the large extent of " bush," as the settlers term the native forest, and which he would find often coming close up to the towns. The climate, i^- ' *■ t too, is war in consequ Port PI the old co] face the P the South* town, wit Port Phil The po] the presen enough fo beings; ai wages hig causes, as emigrants well not employed, length of countries < The cla Wales anc of wages, New SoUi blacksmiths £23 a year and lud(/in(/ wriglits,get rations. C Port Phil In each The pr: year, wen For New 2s. 3f/.per 1 ♦ i Natal. EU •I V H > t too, is warmer and more dry than the English climate ; and the country in consequence not so well watered as Great Britain. P«)rt Phillip is separated by a tract of thinly occupied country, from the old colony of New South Wales ; and as that colony may be said to face the Pacific, so Port Phillip may be said to face Bass's Straits and the Southern Ocean. Its capital is Melbourne, a thriving well-built town, with 11,000 inhabitants. Glenelg is another rising town at Port Phillip. The population of New South Wales, including Port Phillip, is, at the present time, upwards of 200,000. There is, however, country large enough for many millions. The great want in the countiy is human beings ; and; for generations to come, the demand for labour must make wages high ; speaking on the average. It may happen that temporary causes, as the arrival at a particular moment of a large number of emigrants, may depress wages ; and in such cases emigrants would do well not to stand out for high wages, but get themselves quickly employed. In the nature of things it can never be the case, for any length of time, that the industrious working man in these young countries can be without a very high rate of reward for his labour. The classes of mechanics and labourers most required in New South Wales and Port Phillip just now, are the following : the current rates of wages, in December 1847, are placed opposite each class: — New Sovth fVdles. — Agricultural labourers, £23 a year ; bricklayers, £41 a year- blacksmiths, £40 a year ; carpenters, £39 a year ; masons, £40 a year; shepherds, £23 a year: wheelwrights, £39 a year. With the preceding rates of wages, board and hdging is also given. Bricklayers, blacksmiths, carpenters, masons, and wheel- wriglits, get about 5s. M. a day, when hired by the day; but then they do not receive rations. Common labourers receive about 3«. Gd. a day, without rations. Port Phillip,— The v/Siges are about a fifth more than they are in New South Wales. In each colony there is a great demand for female domestics. The prices of the principal articles of consumption, in December last year, were as follows : — For New South f rales and Port Phillip.— Breaii, (seconds,) lid. per lb.; tea, 2s. 3f/.per lb. ; sugar, 4d. per lb. ; coffee, Is. Id. per lb. ; and meat, 2d. per lb. « i Natiil. 'C*|JC \J\Jk\J..J . Chagos Islands. ^lll lit .K""-. ;)va .Scotiii. 6 2. South Australia. South Australia is on the south of the great Australian continent, the Gleneljj river dividing it from the Fort Phillij, country. The entire population, at the present time, is perhaps about 40,000 ; of whom about 8,000 reside in its chief town, Adelaide. It extends from the Southern Ocean to the 26th degree of latitude, and from 132° to 141° East longitude, embracing a space larger than the kingdoms of Spain and Portugal. In addition to its considerable amount of agricultural and pastoral production, it derives a great income from its lead and copper mines, which are extremely productive. It is an equally eligible field for the emigrant with New South Wales and Port Phillip, and for the same reasons. The rates of wages and the prices of commodities are generally about the same as those quoted for Port Phillip. 3. Van Diemen's Land. This beautiful island is situated to the south of New South Wales, from which it is separated by Bass's Straits. It is a mountainous wooded country, with rich land in the broad valleys through which the rivers flow. Its size is about two-thirds that of Ireland. It has two large towns : Hobart Town, in the south, on the river Derwent ; and Launceston, on the north, on the river Tamar. Its population, by a late census, is above 70,000. The settlers follow pastoral occupations largely, like their fellow-colonists on the neighbouring continent ; but the climate and soil are such as to cause agriculture to be also exten- sively pursued. There is nearly as much land in cultivation in this island as in the whole of New South Wales. Indeed it exports grain very largely to that colony. Wajres have not been, generally, so high of late on this as on the other side of Bass's Straits, owing to the large number of convicts which have been kept there during the last few years ; but under the changes about being effected in this respect by the present Govern- i f- J* ^ V ment, th( colonies, agricultu great der *^* Til. is general!; week or t( is a picasai avoid the ^ emigrant i preceding < This c at *he pr wever pis. Note. given to ^ Emigrat Phillip, New 2 about ter northern about the Natnl. ment, the island will iG^in occupy its proper position anionjjf British colonics, as a field for i\w employment (»f labour and capital. Good agriculturai servants, however, are said to be at the present time in great den: id, as well as female domestics. *^* Tlic length of time emiiloycd in the voyage from England, direct to Sydney, is generally about four months; to Port Phillip and Van Diemen's Land about a week or ten days loss ; and to Soulii Australia about a fortnight le8s. The voyage is a pleasant one, if vessels leave this country at the end of Buinmer. They then avoid the winter on both sides of tlie globe. The cost of a steerage passage for an emigrant is about £15. Steam communication is now constant between all the preceding colonies. 4. Western Australia. This colony does not offer a field for emigration on so large a scale at *he present time as the eastern and southein colonies of Australia. wever, labourers, shepherds, and female servants, are, by the last pis, much in request. The voyage to this colony may be con- ^0 occupy three or four weeks less than the voyage to Sydney. Note. — The onhj rrlo7iies to ivhich free or assisted passages are given to emigrants (and who must be of the classes approved by the Emigration Commissio?iers) are, at present. New South Wales, Port Phillip, and South Australia. .-w^n • / IV.-NEW ZEALAND. New Zealand consists of three islands, situate in the Soutliorn Ocean, about ten days' voyage eastward of the Australian continent. Tlie northern and middle islands only are available for colonists, and are about the same size as the British islands. The piiucipal settlements ».^wm,ii ^-i.iiiv;tt- Natnl. ' u-jju v/viuia,* . Chagos Islands. f»0» III .11111 I !^va Scotia. I Wi I I arc those of Auckland, N(>\v Plymouth, Potrio, and Wollin^1(.n, in the northern ; and Nelson and Park Otag-o, in the southern island. New Zealand is under lirltish government, but about two-thirds of the territorj- have been eonunitted to a (!hartered (Jonipany, under whose auspices emigration is chiefly conducted. The present Em'opean pop .- lation does not, it is believed, exceed 15,000. 1+ 's a fine thickly- wooded country, rather adapted for agricultural than pastoral pursuits ; and may be said, except as to climate, which is n.ild, rather to resemble, in its chief characteristics, the North American than the Australian colonies. The cost of passage is about the same as to Australia. All detailed information respecting this important colony mav be obtauied on appli- cation to the New Zealand Company's Oflice, 9, Broad Street Buildings, London. Offices of the Society for the Promotion of Coloxization, Trinity CJtamhers, 7, Charivr/ Cross, October 1848. mm DIST lf-la4|§if' r-sWih/ri-:.!!;,, 1; ^'^'f^ .U..{,:na I ■/: •.•,• \ )l'iiHhwsij'>-^ 1 "_», S J-.J.O'T— ilk , I STIi'lrl'ii ,liO 1 London : Published by Trelawney W. Saunders, 6, Charing Cross, Europ Ciiannel Islaiuls Holih'olaii'l. Gibraltar, Mivltii Ionian Islandn. Afric( P,;itlllll'st on tl and posts. Siorra Loonc. Cupo Coast Cas Sontli Africa—'- Natal. <. -#* DISTINGUISHING TlIK ^RMIKS TOT^^M__J^ !>», )^, i- ...•,v^^ i \ V. ^-f<^ .<: I c "J^? .v..«v.>4*^--- ■i, 1 / ,.JJ.Wi'i"'" 1 ^ illndci'-k-' I'v; '1 );,•,i.^^m■il/>-^ .l>i;» and posts. Siorra Leone. Cupe Coast Castle & posts rrislan d'Acunlia. Falkland Idands. Jiiditiii Onan. Mauritius. .,iuudas I-l-rdriRUi; Island. ,M,ui Islands (pai-tlv) .Ohr;st..i>l»ci''s. )nsen'at. 'ViS niaica- iluiiiias. llapc Breton. New HriuJSWieU- Lower Canada. iTiiner Canada. Sndson's Hay Terruory. Labrador. Newfoundland. Auticosti Inland l.nucoldwHnl.^l^l'''"^ Vancouver's IsUiou. ■ ^outu.\un..ii ' ,M.,„r, 1.1 Islands. s.,.,>ti.i.. Natal. iva Scoli'.t- A MAP OP THE ^^OUI DISTINGUISHING THE BRITISH ISLES, THEIR COLONIES. AND POSSESSIONS Europe. Channel Islands. Vlcligolaii'l. Gibraltar, Malta ami Gozo. Ionian Islands. Africa. B:\tlmrst on the Gambia iind posts. Siurra Leone. Capo Coast Castle & posts. South Africa— '.ape CoU>ny. Natal. South Atlantic Ocean. Fernando Po. Ascension. St. Helena. Tristan d'.Acunha. Falkland Islands. Indian Onmi. Mauritius. KodriRue Island. SeyclK'lles Islands, (jhagos Islands. A CLASSIFIED LIST OF THE BRITISH COLONIES Labnan. <;nnton lactories. Iloni? Kong. Australia. New South Wales. South AU-tralia. West Au^trali.i. i'ort I'liillip. Niirth Austiatia. Vi\n Dienieii's L.md. A.^ia. Aden . Bombay. IJeni^al. Madras. Ceylon. Maitaban. Tenasserim. I'ulo Penang l.sland. Malaeea Province. VVellesley I'rovincc. SiuM^aporc Pii(viiu"e. Norfolk Island. New Zealand. South Ameriii (Juiana. Demei-ara. Kssenuiho. Herbiee. Central Amerii Ih'itisli Honduras — 1 !S, AND POSSESSIONS, InD SHRWINO Till! TRACKS TO TljE^i. ^, V THE WOULD I Lio.vei; (.ij^iiu' E BlllTISH COLONIES AND POSSESSIONS rios. a. li... ilia- 's li^iiiil- Norfolk Isliuul, Now Zoalimd. South America (iuiiuia. DeiiK'rafa. K.sso(iinbo. Anguilla ^''•^\^^ Breton. ;; i'st India Islands. yi.tin Islands (partly). New Hrunswiok- Trini lad. St. Christopher's. I^ower Canada. Monserrat. Nevis Jamaica. Jiahaiiias. Tohaw. Grenada. (Ironadinos. IJarhadoos. St. Vincent. St. hueia, Doininiou. (k'utral Aiinriia. British Honduras -lielinc. Antii^iia. IJarhutla. Bernjudas Xortli America Nova .Scotiii. Uiipcr Canada. lUuison's Hay Territory. Labrador. Newloiniilland. Anticosti Island Prince !• dward's l^l.ald Vaiicouver'3 Island. \".'1