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THH ADDHKSS IX MEDR'INE. 
 
 Uelivereil at llio A.inuiil Meeting of tlu^ (^iim.lian Me.liciil Association, lieM iit KiiigUon, Out. 
 
 AUKU.-I, IMI5. ' 
 
 By Kdwaki) Fai:hki,i., M.I)., llalifiix. 
 
 My lii-st duty is tn tlifiiiU you most curdially for pcniiittiMo' iik' to 
 tiikc the place I occupy to-day. To irjv,. tlit^ addivss iu Mcdichic. and 
 at the same tinir to take tlic jilacc of one so well (lualificd to till it, is 
 no easy tasii. Were it not for tiie earnest solicitation (;f your lioru)ure<l 
 president, my ol.l friend J)r. Bayard, 1 would liesitate to take tliis 
 post of honour anionj;' you. 
 
 The first thought that occurs to me is,— what i^'rand strides the 
 science of medicine has made in the last tiuartei' of a century. WImmi 
 a traveller com(!S into a new country where the .scenery is heatitiful, 
 lie IS charmed l.y the first si^ht of its i)eauty. and as he jroes lurther 
 on he is ecpially deli^-hted with <'acli new landscape tliat opens up to 
 his sight: his mind Iocs not dwell upon any one lieautiful jiictinv in 
 liis view, he is simply lost in admiration of all the .scenes In; witnes.ses, 
 and fails to .see the dominant mai;-niHcence in any part. So it is with 
 the hu.sy doctor in his daily round, he is .so impresseil with satisfac- 
 tion and pleasure in the I'csults of his work ; fca- what can he more 
 pleasant or .satisfactory to an educated man with the .soul of a gentle- 
 man than to have done good— to have hrought health, vigour and 
 useful life to his fellow-man. He is ,so impre.s.sed that he does not see 
 in all its fulness the increased power that .science is giving him day 
 by day u. produce the better results he is able to obtain. None of us 
 have a full conception of the nnghty work the .science of medicine has 
 accomplished in the pnst few years. How much oiu' km)wledge has 
 increased: In how many things litis certainty taken the place of 
 doubt : So much that wtis hidden has been made plain to our view ! 
 How much more pride we should take to-day in tlu; profession of 
 medicine timn we ever di<l before '. In recognizing the great increase 
 in our knowledge in the past i|Uiirter of a century, while we feel a 
 thrill of pride at the results of the .splendid work of these great 
 scientists who have during this short time almost revolutionized the 
 science of medicine, still we must not forget that their woi \\.)uld 
 not have been po.ssible but for the labours of those who preceded 
 them. We naturally associate the. great names of Pasteur and Koch 
 with the inctiption of the discoveries in mici'oscopic life and its infiu- 
 enee upon disetised processes. These labourers have opent'd up to us 
 an unseen world of life, inicroscoi)ic germ-life, whose function it is to 
 
 r . .i 
 
 
iiiHuonco the greater life of man for good or evil iis to his physical 
 existence. Still it does not detract from the genius of these great 
 discoverei's when we say tliat they only worked out and made mani- 
 fest facts in the etiology of .lisease that were suspected by some 
 observers and believed in by others many years before their names 
 were known to the woi'ld. 
 
 There are two methods of investigation into the nature of disease 
 which were carried out with much activity during the decade pre- 
 ceding the origin of tlio germ theory. I n^fer to clinical observation 
 and the study of morbid anatomy. TIks labourers in these two great 
 fields of research prepared the way for those who are now developing 
 the iKiWer fields of investigation. Close observation of disease at the 
 bedside, carefully noting by eye, ear and touch the varying changes 
 that accompany its progress, lias been and is still a great factor in 
 the growth of the science of medicine. And, again, to be able to 
 observe the changes wrought by disease in an or<ran, in the jwst- 
 mortem room, gives us positive knowledge. That which we believed, 
 e.vpected or conjectured at the bedside is made plain when the dis- 
 eased organ or organs are under our eye and touch. It is to morbid 
 , , ^ anatomy that we owe our first positive anil accuratt; knowledge of 
 
 "'I / the nature of disease, and it soon became the groundwoi-k of a rational 
 
 sy.stem of therapeutics. Surrounded as we are to-day by the brilliancy 
 ^ ; of recent di.scovery in medicine, let us not forget to honour those 
 '' j great names of a preceding period who made cliiucal medicine and 
 
 morbid anatomy their guide ; and the student of medicine of to-day 
 jj should be impressed with the idea that as the .stu.ly of anatomy and 
 
 -fvlv Pk>'«iology are the gromidwork of the study of " life in health," so 
 
 clinical work, combined with the study of morbid anatomy, will give 
 him the only basis of an accurate knowledge of " life in di.sease." 
 However, it is the addition to our knowledge, since we began to hear 
 of the germ-theory, bacteria, sepsis and antisepsis, toxine and anti- 
 toxine, and sero-therapy, that has caused the rapid strides that have 
 led up to the height we have now reached. What has been done, 
 tiien, that has let so nuicli light into the dark places of our know- 
 ledge (" What is it that has so increased >ir.d made accurate what 
 was already known of the true nature of many of the most severe 
 diseases ? Two new departments of science; adjunct to medicine have 
 arisen >vithin that time which have both changed and supplemented 
 our methods of study — bacteriology and experimental pathology. 
 Since these methods of research have come to our aid we liave dis- 
 covered the cause of disease. 
 Previous to the advent of these sciences upon the field of action. 
 
 
 / 
 
\\ 
 
 w 
 
 clinical observation anrl a study of morbid anatomy led to the belief 
 that the contagious disefvses especially were due to a special poison, 
 but we were ignorant of its nature. We heard an<l read of the' 
 "niateries morbi," the "zymotic intluence," the " fever poison," and 
 like expressions, which showed that the careful and trained investi- 
 gators of previous years were able to deduce from observation of the 
 phenomena of disease that a poison existed, but further than this 
 they were unable to go. The belief that th(^ zymotic diseases were 
 cau.seil by parasites was held by many stu.lents of pathoN.gy in the 
 early part of the century. Henle not only held the ])elief, but proved 
 clearly that living organisms must be the cause of di.sea.se. It 
 remaineti for the .science of bacteri' logy, with experiment by inocu- 
 lation of disoasi^ upon the lower animals, to make that which was 
 hidden from us before as plain as noonday ! To know the cause of 
 disease ! How can we estimate the value of such a discovery ? It 
 has simply armed us tenfold as physicians in our battle with disease. 
 How can we write cahnly and without" pleasurable excitement at the 
 contemplation of a di.scovery that has made us tenfold better able to 
 prevent and cure disea,se than we were in times past ? Truly indeed 
 have the sciences of medicine and surgery been revolutionized within 
 the knowledge of the present generation. 
 
 Though we still hold to many old methods and give them due 
 weight arid place in our study of disease, we bow down with admir- 
 ation before the newer discoveries that bacteriology has laid open to 
 our view. The time at my di.sposal is not sufficient to enumerate the 
 many d<"ath-dealing diseases that have been brought under control 
 by our new methods of research, but the subject would be incomplete 
 if I failed to mention some few of them. 
 
 Puerperal fever, that filthy and fatal disease ! How many valuable 
 lives have been carried away by its malign inHuence ? And no death 
 occurred in the practice of a physician that was .so hated and dreaded 
 as this. No death could occur that appealed to our sympathy like 
 that of the young mother with her new-born babe. Do I not call up 
 to the memories of many of the middle-aged practitioners who are 
 listening to me to-day many days and nights of dread and anxiety 
 that they have spent, in the early days of their practice, when this 
 miserable disea.se was all too common ? What shall we say of it 
 now ? It has been almost swept out of existence by the advance of 
 science. To have almost banished puerperal fever from among us, 
 if nothing more were done, should shed lustre upon the effort that 
 attained it. 
 
 No one of the diseases to which we are li.ahle ha,s been the subject 
 
6 
 
 of so .„ueh earnest in.,ni,y a„.I stu.ly us tnhorculosis. The .list.vss- 
 Jdumcter of the .lisease, its fatality, the fact tl.at it sprea.l an.,.„'.. 
 all classes an.l onlers „t people, an.l spare,! neither aye nor sev in its 
 mvaK-'s wore p.,vve.-ful n.otives to urge the active practitioner, as 
 
 well as the stu,lentof pathology, t ake vigorous search into its 
 
 true character. 
 
 Wcwero thoroughly learned i„ ,.11 the phenon.ena of its sl.nv l.ut 
 
 fata course. I.eto.-e M.e s.-ience of l.acteriology lai.l the truth l.efore 
 
 s, we knew everything of tui.erculosis except what it was It 
 
 e.j.jne.1 tor that science to Hn.l the true cause.'the tubercle hacilh^ 
 
 It s t. uo we have not y.-t reached the point of being able to cure, but 
 
 u, have n^ade a long .step in that .lirection. We have learn..! this 
 
 ^.^...ant tact, that it is an inf-.tious disease, an.! is as connnunica!;;: 
 
 • on, pe son t.. person as Asiatic cholera or typhoi.l fever. We have 
 
 icarne,! liow it can b.> avoided and prevented 
 
 Again, what a splendi.I triun.ph it is to be able to .say that we have 
 pufcularly n.et and con,,uere,! that ,!rea-l .lisease, Asiatic chol..ra 
 the very nan... of winch but a few years ago w..ul,! sen.! a thrill .)f 
 tear an. horr..r through the nations .,f th.. .-arth. As with these so 
 
 !bn^t^!w' ' "-^ ,'"' f ?'"'"'" •'-— -typl.oi..i fever, tetanus, 
 phthena, erys,pela.s, glanders, an.l many others have been trace.! to 
 
 the special form .,f micro-organism which pro.luces them 
 
 There is am.ther disea.se the mortality fn.m which is very .n-.nit 
 
 an.„ne winch ,.s .Ireaded alike by physician and patient, on ;c;,un; 
 
 ot the pr.,loiig,.,! sufFering which precedes its fatal issue ; I refer to 
 
 cancer. Th,. cau.se .,f cancer still elu.les our search, though we liave 
 
 TZ !v " "u ?, '^ "'"-' *'* """' '"•'" "*■ "-'••-•K-nism, animal 
 o. vc^ tal.Ie. At the present time many investigators are workin-. 
 fa.thtully to Lsolate tl... g.-rn. .,f this .li.sease ; we ^arnestlv hope tl a^t 
 success may s..on be within their reach. Let us be tlunikf I t It 
 though our progress in this direction h,. been slow, we hav.- lea I 
 en.,ugh to kn.,u-^ or at least believe, that cancer in its very ear es 
 stages ,s a loca disea.se, an.I that tlie .system is infect.-.l fron tli fi 
 point ot growtli. This a.lvance in our knowledge has taught ,s one 
 
 and It ,s by attacking the disea.se in its very earliest stage. I woul. 
 mentmn the magnificent opportunities for successful work which the 
 past twenty voars. 
 
 I desire, h^owever, to trespass upon your time for a few moments 
 while I discuss the question : What share have the English-speaking 
 
 ! 
 
f 
 
 p.-.|>l.. ot tlu. svnM 1„„| i„ this ,ir,vnt, npwnnl „wuH, nf „,..,li,.i„.. a„,l 
 Its ,illu,I sconces ' Ft .m.st 1,,. ackiu.ul,M|K,.,| „.itl, n.nrt timt in tli.. 
 hoimurcl n.Io of scientific w..rl<..,s ul,,. in.vc wrunjht the Innn.st 
 shMV ,n a,lvancin,i,^ this uv^y scicn.v nf n.ciicinc wc li„,l the na,,,." „f 
 many (;..n,mns, i'.vMchna.n, Russians, Danes an,l Italians, an.! -ailv a 
 f<'Nv to ivpresent the Kn^rlish-speakin- nations of th.. worl.j ' |„ 
 -'Hkn.i; th.s staten.ent I ,io not foryvt that it was the ^..nius of the 
 
 'vnoune,! Lister, whose na we all .leiij^ht to honour, who first 
 
 .lemoastrateci the practical application of the nenn-theorv to sunrinj 
 pmct.ce ther,.l,y n.aintainin.ir fur British n.e.licine th,. hi'-h ranlfan-l 
 ,H.s.t..a. .t ha.i ,Uw,^.s held in the past. Nor Wo , for,ef"tlJl::n;! 
 the ,sc,ent..sts who have been carrying; „„ this oreat work we finil 
 
 Hor 'r""w' /^"':''^"-^'""'"''-"' Woo.lhea.l, Sydney Martin, Ferricr. 
 Hoisley Welsh, tounchnan. Vanj,d,an and others; h„t most of the 
 labour has l,een done in France and (icnnanyand other Fnrouean 
 
 Pa s He l,n and ,enna that we nn.st ,.. to find l.oth the cradle as 
 NVcll as the schoold.ousc ot tids new sci,.nce, tliat has „„f„|d..d to „.s 
 n.iny of the hun.an n.ysteries of life and .leath. The hrilliant .-,.„i„s 
 th,. pat.ent to, and careful study of the n.en of those and other -nvat 
 centres ul uiedical investioation, have placed the world und..- a'^del.t 
 ot Kmt.tude that will not he appreciated or rewarded .u.tii the u.i.d.tv 
 results ot then- discoveries upon all funns of life are fully .levdoped 
 ami proper y un.lerstood ; fur as yet the .science of ndcrola'olo,rv Jith 
 Its kindred studies, is in its infancy ; and, in the li^ht of ^imt has 
 happened, one .s lust in adndrati.a, and wond.-r at the ahnost infinite 
 r)oss>laht,es w.thin the j,rasp of its teac)- ,, I„ the hrilliant ^alaxy 
 ot scientific workers of Europe there is .,„ „an,e that stan.Fs pre- 
 eminent among the rest-that of I'asteur. It is to France we look 
 tor the brrthplace uf the new science, and of Pasteur we can sav 
 vvithout exaggeration that he ranks amono- the Hrst of all the .„vat 
 discoverers ot sT.ence who in tin.es past have .,.nri..hed the world with 
 their genius. His labours in the study of hydrophol,ia challenge the 
 admiration ot every lover uf science. 
 
 We regret that in these advances we have not, up to the present 
 time at least, kept pace with other countries. 
 
 It is a fact to be regretted that the English, American uv Cana-lian 
 student has to leurn two languages l,csi.les his own if he wishes to 
 take a full course of study in physioh.gy, path. .logy or bacteriology 
 W.thin the last tew years the larger institutions for medical edi,: 
 cation m London, XewYork, Edinburgh, Belfast, Baltimore, Montreal 
 and some other places have been endeavouriiiir to r,.M,ov,. the -ti-ma 
 
 /l 
 
' 8 
 
 JVo.n the En,His),-.sp,.«kin;, worl.l ; arul now we Hn.l pr„wn „n in 
 
 have b.u.n ...sta.,h.sherl n.ainly l.y th. .rtorts nf tho .sci..ntists th.-nnc^lves 
 a .I...I m s-.m. oases (,y th. n.uniHcM,... .,f wealthy l.eno factors. Why' 
 ..■n s.uuUI .t 1... .•os....v..,| fo.. th.. continental nations of Europe to 
 take the Iwi.l m scientitie research i* 
 
 TMkinj; the whole British Empire, inclu.lin^r (Jr.at Britain an.l her 
 colo.nes t..;,..ther w.th th. IIn,t,.,l States, we Hn.l apopulation of over 
 . - n,n,lre.l an,| h ty a.iilions of p..opl.. who i.oast, an.l, in the n.ain 
 •sly so ol hen,, hrst an.ong the nations of the .arth in everythini^' 
 hu perta.ns to a.lvance,! eivili.ation. In the world of statesn.an- 
 sh.p, of htorature a.,.1 co,nn...ree, w take first rank. In power posi- 
 tion an.l mtluenc. the two ^reat English-speakin,. nations are pre- 
 enn.enal.ove a 1 others. Why, then, .shoul.l we take a secondary 
 1 ce m the wor | of se.ence ? It is not that we are l.ehind others in 
 « y or .nenta cal.hre ; for in every .lepartn.ent of life that reqnires 
 
 a r 'r ,"^^"'r.'\"^ ^1"' ''■^''"••^^ •'-'-• -^-' -n point to names 
 that .ank as h.oh or Ingher than those of other people.s. The reu.son 
 
 Tnd nnh 'n" "'" V"- "'"' '''' -"tinental nations of Europe fo.ster 
 and uphold science, the.r govennnents take upon theu.selves Ihe duty 
 t esta .hsh.ng la , oratories, the workers in which are state official.' 
 h. a,e paid by the goyennner.t and are thus er.ahle.l to devote their 
 to uuesfga .on and teaching without being troubled as to the 
 ad> wants of theu.selves or fan.ilie.s. With us the very opposite is 
 te case, .sc.ence ,s left to the .scientist and the .scientisrpursues 
 ns labours unn.ded by the State, and if he atten.pts to devote 
 ™^ o or,g,nal work be n..st do so ,,, neg,^^^^^^^ 
 tc. ot In.s pro e.ss,on, and ,t n.ay be see his fa.nily stinted in their 
 •lady wants. W e .nn.st state the fact, although it is not creditable to 
 us, that .scene,., wh.ch has for its object the preservation <,f hun.an 
 . e and nu,ud:enance of health, is lightly thought of in England an.l 
 the Ln.ted States. We are all aware that the in.portant tubject of 
 pTeven ,ve n,ed,cu,e, which ain,s to ren.ovc^ the causes of disea.se was 
 no cU..t ^v.th n.telligently by the British people until within tL Z 
 
 bvl I ,' •■ . ■"'""■'^ ; f'"' *••"'• •"-"'^'^1 schools were teacling 
 Agiene, ned.cal „,e„ were labouring to impress its importance upon 
 ^ pe<jple the medica^ i^ess was u.^ing the necessi^ ,.. 12^ 
 au.s. It was dc^nonstrated that thou.sands of valuable lives were 
 '•.■UY '-- every year by preventable di.sease, yet no inter stwl 
 awakene. It was not until the Prince of Wales contracted llhZ 
 fover and „,s dlne.ss became .so .serious that for a tin.e his li'L wl 
 despan-ed ot that public attention became aroused. People be..an ^o 
 
r 
 
 ask wliat this Ffver was? wIumv it cainc from ? and Iiow it could he 
 provcntud ? In a short time the trend of pul'lic opinion was stniMt,dy 
 in favour of sanitary Icf,'ishvtioii. I'arliami'Ut soon crystalizcd pui>lio 
 opinion into sanitary laws whicli, witii im])rovinj,r luncndnifnts tliat 
 liavc hccn L'nacttMJ iVoin time to time since, liave i,nven Kii;,dand a dis- 
 tinct ih'partment of the puMic service devot.-d to the puhlic hi-alth. 
 
 Tlie Hritisli people are a comniercial people, and the same may he 
 said of their oHsprin^- in the colonies and the Uniteti States. 
 
 If we wish to arouse public opinion in reeard to the importance of 
 these new sciences we must show that they have an influence on the 
 material wealth and commerce of the country. 
 
 In mo.st countries it is th(3 farmer who is the real wealth producer. 
 In this country farminif is by far the mo.st important indu.stry, to it 
 wo look for the production of the food supi)ly of the woi'ld. When 
 we consider the enormous amount the export of the product of the 
 farm returns to this country we can j^ather some idea of tiio immense 
 importance that airriculture is to us. It is not necessary, tlierj, to 
 prove that cvorythinj.- that tends to ^nve a more successful yield to 
 the labour of the farmer sluaild claim the special attention of the 
 {Joveriiment. I am glad to see that tlie fact is bcin<,' reco<,mize(l, 
 tluai-jh slowly, that the pursuit of nirriculture re(|uires an education 
 in science, and so w(( hud tliat schools of ai^i'lculture, experimental 
 fanns, and otlier means of teachinj,' scientitic farminjf, are growing,' up 
 anionjr us. But W(> are only wakin^f up to the importance of this 
 special scientitic traininir, and tluaij^h we lead the mother ciauitry in 
 this respect (for this subject is to a large extent neglected in Knolan<l; 
 still we are only making a small pai-t of the effort that should be 
 made in this dii-ection. In many Eurojiean countries, by reiuson of 
 the foefc that science is fostered and supported by the goveriuneut, its 
 inriue! . ■ upon agriculture, manufacture and the arts is more quickly 
 recogiii/.ed and applied than in England, tiie Unite. 1 States, or in this 
 country, and in cons(!(iuence in many lines of pnxluction we find these 
 countries, more especially Germany, are taking a l(>ad with better and 
 more finished articles in tlie markets of the world. This is mon; par- 
 ticularly the case in regard to those articles in which the advance of 
 science has influenced production. 
 
 This new science of bacteriology has an especial relation to agricul- 
 ture. As we now knt)W that bacteria have a direct influence upon 
 human life and its diseases, .so the life of other animals and plants 
 must be equally under the power of bacterial growth. To show the 
 extent to which this is true it is only neceseary to name some of the 
 diseases of animals tliat are known to !>« due. to micvo-orfanisnis, such 
 
10 
 
 as ;;liiiiil.'rs, tulicrculosis, witli its poisoriintr |)nwci' on iiifiit and milk, 
 autlimx or Wddl-soi'tcris' (iisfasc.actinDniycnsisor luinp jaw. In addi- 
 tion to tluw tliiTc must Ito other discasi-s due to luictiria in tlio 
 various animals used I'nr linman food, and tlw laisiiii; ,,f ,,ur foo<[ pro- 
 dui'ts in a prrfect and lifaltliy t'orni is most important to tlie tradit in 
 tcrcsts ul" tin. c.anitr}'. Tlitdi tluTf must !»• the spfcial liactcriolojry 
 t>f .•acli plant with its various Mi(,dits, a Hior(ai(,di knowiiM|(r(' of which 
 must In. ni'c.ssary to sucecssl'ul a;r,i(;ulturc. The products of the 
 daiiT, liuttcr ami cIum'sc, arc ;,'ovcrncd in the t-hanp's that take placo 
 ill their manufacture hy what was known as feinnMitation. We now 
 know that this fermentation is a complex process In- meht alicait in its 
 din;. rent forms hy various kinds of micneor^ranisms and that each 
 or;ranism has the power of intlut ncini,' tlic colcau-, taste and ipiality of 
 the product. The same may he said of the manufacture of hread, 
 heer, cidi.r, viiu'jirar and wine. 
 
 In order to show what science can <lo in laiiliiine- up a lucrative 
 trade I will call your attt;ntion to the extraordinary fact that Den- 
 mark at the present timt. almost controls the market of HuLtland in 
 the supply of the hest articles of hutter. The farmers of J)enmark 
 have no special advanta<(e over the farmers of En<,dand only this, that 
 in Denmark the Oovernment have (.stahlished scientiHc schools in 
 which the suhji.ct has hetsn closely studied. Their hacteriolof^d.sts 
 have succeediMl in isolating,' the various types of j,'erm tiiat produce 
 special chan;,'es in the course of huttei' production, and hy the ai titicial 
 application of tht..s(> they control and din.ct the fermentivt. prwc.-s. 
 
 I will not weary you any further i.y dwelHui;' ujjou this subject, as 
 I am afraid to trespa.ss on your time, and I will conclude by urging 
 upon this As.sociation the importance of its relations to the State in 
 reeard to this subject; for as it was in the pursuit of the -rrent .science 
 of Medicine that bacteriology with its far-reaching influence was 
 given to the world, it would be in the line of our duty as the chief 
 inedieal organization of Canada to urge upon our (iovernm(.nt,s, both 
 Federal an.l Provincial, their duty of founding and support! ng,.schools 
 of experimental science in this c(anitry. 
 
 H we desire to hold lair place among the nations we nuist no longer 
 depend upon private eti'orts for thi.s purpo,s(., th-- CoveriuiK.nt mast 
 un<h'rtake this duty and let it be done with no niggardly han<l. Let 
 our young men who h.ive a ta.ste tor scientific work have an oppor- 
 tunity of ex.'rcising their .skill. Open places for them where their 
 ability will be rewarded. Let us be able to boast that this greatest 
 colony of the Hritish Empire was the tiist among the Englisir-.speak- 
 lug people to show that .science is no longer an amu.sement for the 
 
11 
 
 .'^avant or part „n,hMViils „f .,„ , 
 '"";';;•'• "^''•"•^ ••" this li....etion. '■"-— r^ M:.. , .,• ,..,.„,