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Lea diagrammes suivants iiluatrant la mAthode. rrata jto pelure, 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 wf « I» / f * / X • •• / <^ >^* >P^vA^ ^r^^^'A \p id|^l^a|h 4ftpofite4\in t^ii office theti- tie of a book, the right whereof he claims as propHfetdi^ in the words following, to wit ; *' An Abridgment of Univerfal Geographir, togeth- «f with Sketches of Hiftory. Defigned for the ufe of Schools and AcadenUts in the UnitedStateif hySofiuina Rpwfon."— — -In confor- mity to the Adk of the Congrefs of the United States, entitled, <* An ASt for the encouragement of learning, by fecuring the copies of Mam, OitMtaypidr |o^ to- r^he aijf hoRs .a«4 , wppivtors of fuch .ccnie^ fhlltet^it af«me^^^ ai»ft^ali^'^«i^ A^ en- titled,*' An A6t. A:i'|p|>lementary to an Ad:, entitled. An A€t for the idbcmMragement y of Rcarti*^ ■!(>•■, # 'lt:'f>t1V llr^lK»,.V ,"- U ' ■ 2ir.'fJi^^-^'\ ..-^"' y" ■Mk »>■' ( I ' .>-'V >trf FREFACB. Jdtaof ^er offering it to the putAie eye. f had fliylS^ in^6r fouitd Geography- an interefting and sunufing, fhidy^ ana wh6ii,'i^m a variety, of coneurrinp cireumAan^eft, 1 Wat led, to attieinpc the ^ry . daous ^Aik of inftnidUng youth, I was adxioutf to engage^t'em J^ ^v Ihid^ which ifrbul^ .cbttfeqAently aW^Os^' a 4efi^e to' 1^ jit'laBeM' ot m bi^nc<4 'fV»4t> Which K^cl tkk^n ptkcdlh ftUrK bi*; (tt<«h na^; tiAiii,%|th:ffiigKi.'WcuiWi^^ ^ , ^ 1$ wjsUitno^ tWa tnnvillef , when (b*Mcr^ltt^^B» bew huiimgf M^ 'whiS^ 1i^ 'B(;iy p^-lit ft joumej^ty aii<;4«^tv of {t*.; appearance, or the elennt cBfpofiiion of the gjrbnnd^ which i\uf>^ ' round it, natursy[ly, enquires to whoto it belting, what ia hi« dtfoo^ ' fition,ft)rtune, prof!pffion,.and family.' Seniible of il4s,'1n1«adi^|f,: my young travellers round the gloh^,.! coUearticuiarly GuTuaf e, Wxiic- ' £a, and Morse, every tl|>ihg which I iliibught coitld engage att4n4 tion or awaken cttrlonty,, writing at different times Hiort exerdfts,, , which my pu{Hb c<^ied, and committed to memory ; but this,t6ok ', up niorie time than could well be fpared from. other purfuits, and ■ what was worfe, ft-om ihe heedleflnefs natural to youth, were fire- ^ quently incorre'^' ' I PREFACE. Whtn I firft refohrtd upon this publieatiob, I bad Uumght of not confiniof nyfelf to the lU^t ikwcchet of modern hiAory, which now accompany tht tfiogtvfitf ; for haTiag at various thnet abri4g«d the nioft intcrcfUag, part* of ancient liiftory for exerdfee for taj popib, and in the hi^ of awakroing in their young mind* a ctefire of ratjonat informajtion, and a love of authentic hiftonr, I Ittagbed they^ould'be a iifeftti appendage to thi* volume. I oad idfo thought ot annexing fodlie leflbni in orthography, with the ex- plaftattnae df many wowd* to be met with inhiftor^, the meaning of whioh ia by no meant fiumilttir to youth, and whict from thefar not perfe^y comprehending, often makes a narrative dry and un- inte<«fiii}|^ which odlerwife would ftron^y engage their attention j but the hmits of the work did not allow of thefe additions, and I have merely given fuch iketchet of modem hiftory, as may ferve to lead the pupil to wiih and (eek for further information. I have ever fimnd that the fimply reading of geography made but little il^[i^MSirodu^ manufadhire, ^c. fuch cjircumC^ii^ as] tni«it. tend to nx it on their memory, aitding here and there a avyraTrefledion as opportunity offered^ The ypOx . of rendering the Andy of geography pleafant to my fehd^itfs, and .^ inftru;^o« of thofe fcholars eafy to myfelf , ^rft efied, tbe idea of writing, this abii4gtaent, and thf anne^^d^ ^aii^ f^tttftfd into M)l« Sopft fei^ffable fo ay, I ^cramtt diem^ ^ a .ciuiiUd j^wuij^ ilb '' toy > Jm)$»t I have endeaWi^rek to be Reunite, and ' Otx^Otojg^ from iny :^f |^ nv^hfe nulfcatieaffaihft^^^^ r^b^on, mr^ood^ go^eri^^ of any fociety whatever. 1 am of oj^nion that 'it|ati<9ors <>(. evciy kind, piirticularly thofe w|io give; thdrlabouripumiaty, arej(^ri(i!±ly, accountable to the hi^hieft of', aD tnbwiiais, for thf lectiments (he|[ inculcate; that it is theif duty, , as~ far as in them- lies, to impreft upon the, iviinds of youtli'a love of'jDrder ^d a reveiience for religion. If j^refoi^the, minds of ^ tbe'^rifii^ generation are not improved by my rnions, I I^ve b(^en (b^dious that their imaginations ihould not oe n iHedj^or theii; ' juc^ritenfs perverted, by the dtfleminadon (>f sbfurd opinions, ei' xrorjnipt; and pernicious principles. I << ..It •.vr.' . ...i ,AiC ■X ( ) .> UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. -/.I. SscTiosh THE WORLD IN GENERAL. GEOGRAPHY is adefcription of the globe of th^. earth, with all its different dividons. The conftituent parts of the earth are two, land an4. water. The land is divided into continents, iflands, pen- infulas, ifthmufes, promontories, capes, crafts, mountains, , &c. There are two great continents, the eaftem and then weftem ; the eaftem is divided into three parts, viz. * Europe, on the north w^ft ; Afia, on the north eaft ; and Africa, which is joined to Ada by the ifthmus of Suez on the fouth. The weftem continent confifts of North and South America, joined by the ifthmus of Darien. '> A Continent is a large tratft of land, containing many kingdoms or countries, without any entire reparation of its parts by water, as Europe. An I/land is a fmaller part of land entirely furrouncled by water, as England, Ireland, &c. A Peninfula is a tradt of land furrounded by water, all but one narrow neck, by which it is johied to the neighs bouring continent; sfhd the nieck of land which fo joins it is called an ifthmus. , . A Promontory is a hill or point of land ftretching^ it- felf iiito the fea, the extreme point of which is callA a cape. A Coafl is that part of the land which borders on the fea. B / H THE WORLD IN GENERAL. The water is divided into oceans, Teas, lakes, gulfs, ftraits, bays, rivers and creeks. The Ocean is that general colle^ion of waters which furrounds the whale etntb* It is diftinguifhed by the names of the four cardinal points of the world ; viz. the Northern Ocean, called alio the Icy Ocean, which fur- rounds the North Pole. The Weftem or Atlantic Ocean, between Euiope and America, extending to the equator. The Southern or Ethiopic Ocean, from the equator be- t\ie«i Africa and America, and the Eaftern or Indian O- cean, which walhes the eaftem coail of Africa, and all Afia. To thefe have been added by the difcovery of modem nav- igators, the Pacific Ocean, or Great South Sea, between America and Afia, and the Antardtic Icy Sea, which furroUnds the South Pole. A Sea is a fmall part of the ocean, into which we mufl enter by fome ftrait, as the Mediterranean Sea, the Bal- tic Sea, being almoft furrounded by land. A Strait is a narrow paiTaee, opening a way into foipe fea, as the ftraits of Gibrsutar. A Gulf is a part of the fea, running up into the land, by which it is almofl: encompaifed, as the Gulf of Venice. We caU it a Bay, when its dimenfions are lefs, andvwhen it does not run fo deep into the land. A Laie is a quantity of water etitirely environed by land, as Lake Champlain, Lake Ontario, &c. A Rher is a current of water, rifing in the higher parts of land, and flowing into the fea, or fome other river, as the Connedicot, Hudfon, Sufquehanna, Potowmac, ice. A Creek is a fmall part of the Sea, or a river, which nins butii little way into the land. There is a grept fimilarity between the parts of land and water ; a continent refembles an ocean, an ifland en- CQinpaiTed by water, is like a lake furrounded by land. A pentiifula is like a gulf, a promontoty like a ci eek, and an ifthmus, which unites two lands, refembles a -ftrait by whictl one fea is joined to af6ther. The world is divided into four parts, commonly called the four quarters of the globe, viz. Europe, Afia, Africa AndAmerica. ; i > _ >,j EUROPE. StcrioH II. . EUROPE. %S EUROPE though the leaft cxtehfiTe quarter of the globe, is in many refoedh that which moft deferves ou / firft attention. There the human mind hat made the greateft progrefs towards improvement, and there the arts wheth- er of utility or ornament, the fciences both civil and mil- itary, have been carried to the greateft perfeftion. There are two circumftances which unite to ^ve Eu- rope the fuperiority over the reft of the world. Firft, the happy temperature of its climate, no part of it lym^ with- in the tomd cone ; and fecondly, the great variety of iu furfaoe, for as the iirft favours the increafe of animals, and the progrds of agriculture, fo the fecond, by exciting human induftry and invention, and facilitating the inter- courfe between di£ferpnt nations, give to its varioui inh|ib* itants all the eonvetuencM of li^, ^vhile in fome placet acting as a barrier or check to that conqueft and defpotifih which has always been fo rapid in the extenfive plains of Afia or Africa, leaves them to the enjoyment of thofe conveniences, and even luxuries , in peace and fecurity. The chriftian religion is eftablilhed throuffhout every plkrt of Europe, except Turkey j but from the different c;^>adties of the human mind, and the various opmioas which have been advanced by perfons of different nationa sind education, this^ religion is divided into many duflfcrent feAif all of whieh may be comprehended undet three gene- ral denominations. The Greek Church, the Roman Gath- oKc, and the F^otefiant. The Proteftant Church is sM;ain divided into Lutherinifm and Calvinifm, fo called from Luther and Calvin, die two diftinguiihed reformers of the 16th century ; and fmce that period a number of different feds have arrfen, who, though difagreeing in trivial infig- «ificant articles, all unite in the great fundamental poiAt| that we mtefl: depend otidn omnipotent and omniprefent God^ for life, health, and fecurity^ and '^on the merits of a crucified Redeemer, for eternal falviition. Europe is fituated between die l€th degree Weft, and die 65th deigree Eaft longtrade from London, and between the 36th and 72d degree of North latitude. It is bound" ed North by die Frozen Oceati, Eaft by Afia, South by ^f. r6i EAST GREENLAND. the Mediterranean Sit, which divides it from Af'ricai and Weft by the Atlantic Ocean, which feparateii it from A- merica. It is SOOO miles long from Cape St. Vincents, the moft wefterly point of Portugal, to. the mouth of the river Oby, in the northeaftem part of Mufcovy, and *I5Q0 broad from the North Cape, in Norway^to Cape Matapan* in, the Mediterranean Sea, which is the moil fuuthern promontory in Europe. .;il ihall begin this flight iketcli of the globe of the earth, with an account of the moft northerly parts of Europe, which conftitiitepartof the king of Dennaarlc's dominions ; and I hope the very trilling degree of knowledge this (ketch may impart to my young friends, willlead them to inveftigac witli attention the moft celebr>ated yvorks in this delightful ftiidy ; a ftudy which amufes while it en^i latges the mind, and without a competent knowledge of which) it is impoiCble to form thechar or woman. .«.< iitii'.-^^ ■y\, i JSsCtioN III. EAST GREENLAND. ♦'•-{7/ THE moft northerly part of his Danifti majtifty'si'do- mbuons, are Eaft, or as others c^^ it, h^ew Greenland, andthecountry of Spit(hergen,.lyi«g between U and 2^ dcpees E. longitude, and 76 and 80 deg,;Nl lat. Few ammals or vegetables are to be f<>iind,here^itbf) iiftk and fowl gre faid to forfake the . coafts in wintei^. The Ruf» fians have lately formed fettlementSi there* for hunting*, the Aurora Borealis, or northern. lights, enable them to purfiie'the chafe during th4 long w4n*er*iSvini|;bt,.^which reigns in thefe gloomy regions. There is alio a whale fiftiery on the coaft, profecuted by the Dutch and Englifti. It has two harbours,South Haven 'and Mz^urice Bay. The inhuid parts are uninhabited. < ;> ' - 1 .; Weft Greenland lies between the meridian of London, and 5S deg. W* Idnff^ aiwl befewten 6QiniJ 76d g. Nllat. This country is very thiijly iiihabited. The itfpeales of all kin(|^ ^re ;#xjtremely fcarcci being ,^jajy to be met jwlthjnv^::^v/ gardens. i , ^^ ,^, ,v: p Their trade, wl?iich is not veijy extenlive, is monopolized hyaDanifh compgn^v. K^rtS €i^'^ea The Faro or Ferro Tflands, fo called from their lying : ina clun:eri aft^dt^ejn^^ta^t^ ferrying from one i^and to another ; they* ar^».abput ^ in^ number, and, lie .be- tween 61. JM^ 63 deg.;|f.|L. .^nd 6 W. .JUq^g.. frqm Lon- don, they coniai$oS^H)|0 i]ph^|>iiants. 'tijf-:' ; . f ' { ■ ' ,,-...? . 1 Vrs'... ■. ' .'■ ■■_•.■■■(.,•• .■ -f. .,.j_ NORWAY,- Of. aSii|:s naij^ip ^gnifies, the Northern rene, and the moon and Aurora) Biprealis fo bri|^jt,^thait they can qarry on their trades in the ope?i jur, -? r^r^ ;-, NoiTway is reckoned one of t^e mpft mountainous countries in the world ; and the rivers and cataradlii which interfe^t thofe tremendous precipices, and that are paifa- ble by only tottering, wooden bridges, render travelling in this country very terrible and dangerous. ^ V The chief wealth of Norway lies i^ its forells,: which furniih foreigners with mads, beaxps, planks,r&c, and ferve fokr domeitic ufes, and for charcoal far tbs fojunderies. , J J . Norway contains quarriesof excellentmarble* Themag- net is found in die iron mines. The afbeftqs, is a native of Norway ,which being incombuftible, when, its delicate fibres are woven into cloth, it may b^ cleaned by burning. Sqiyie gold has been found in Norway. There are feversU filvjer mines, one in particular at Qonirig(i)Virg. . JJorway likewife produces lead, copper, and quickfilver. There are elks, |-eiu,idMri bears, foxes, wolves and lynxes in Norway. The bears in this country are ftrong and fa- gacious, and remarkable for not hurting children. No country produces a^greater variety of birds thaUfi^orway ; the moft remarkable a^e the Alks, about the fize of a large duck, they build, upon the rcrcks, and are in fych vaft-numbers, that tlifi 4; ^h i/^tft.k? ^ ^.i.?^ ■ ^j^'lhe -feas are aftonilhingly; fruitful in fifh, fpme pe- culiar ,t9 l^orway, fufgU^as the Haac-more^iv ; a .fpe«?ie)5 of Shark, the iiver of one has \>een known tp yield t^rejp cafks of; oil ; and the Tuella flynder, an exceffive large iiat fifh».likf? a turbot. T, ne whale is a naf^e of the - Nqrw(|- gian' fcas ; diey produce j^lla.the • fea^ fnake tremendouf. ly large, fea horfes, and ..other nipnfter&.of the de«Bi,,fp 20 DENMARK. V' yv Vxtge 9tir ^Hghtful, as to be almoft confidered as fabulotts. Metmai ar« alfo feeti in thefe Teas, but not fuch m are dedt loed by fabuHftn, as fetting on the rocks combing ^«ifhair. They are abotit eight fpans long, and bear asmuich relemblante to die human fpeeies as an optdotsi their lotcigi- parts are k1ce thofe of a fifli. '^ Hi^e is ft dreadM whirlpool oh die coaft of Norway, in latitude 67 ; its extent and depth is Aich that if a fhip comes near it, it is immediately drawn irrefiftibly into the vortex, and there difappears. When it is agitated by a ftorm it has reached veflcls at the diftance of more than a Norway mile, when the crews have thought themfelves iti iperfe^ fecurity. It is called Maleftrom, and by navi- gators, is termed the navel of the fea. -^ 4lle Korwegis^s are ftrong, robuft and brav* ; but ^Uick in refuting iiijuries. Every inhabitant is an arti- zan, attd foppUes his family in all its neceiTaries with his own mimufa^res. The lowed Norwegian peafant is an artift, a gentleman, and often a poet. Bread, or farina- ceous food, is fo fcarce, that they often ufe the bark of fir made into a kind of flour, mixed with oatmeal, for that purpofe. The inhabitants of Norway are in general long lived, matiy living above a century. SEcrioi^ V. l)feNMAR3^ - ^ % 1 1, 'Jik k '• -nr DENMARK is bounded north by the Scaggerac fea, «aft by thie found which divides it from Sweden, fotith by th6 Baltic fea and Germany, and weft by the German iea, which ieparates it from Greaft Britain. It lies be- tw6n 54 and SS- deg. N. L. and the 8th and 11th deg. /fe. Long, -'^ ;■ \ ^ ' 'f Denmark j^ropet is divided into two parts, the penin- fula of Judand, anciently called C/m^r/ra Cher/onefus, znd the iflands at the entrance of the Baltic. It is remarkable that though thefe together conftitute the kingdom of Den- mark, yet ndt any one of them is feparately called by that '* * fiame. Copenhagen, the metropolis of the kingdom, is in die iiland of Zeaknd. Jutland is the moft fertile prov- ince inD<^nmark, producing all forts of graih, and goodv : paAurage. It is every where interfperfed with hills, and "i^- -k DENMARK. m but >enin- , and kable Den- rthat:** ov- good' ^ ,and on the eaft fide ha&fine woods of oak, fir, beach, and .other i trees. -1 The climate is more temperate here tlian in many more foutherly parts of Europe, on account of the vapours from the furrounding fea. Spring and autumn are fcarcely ' known in Denmark, the tranfitions are fo fuddenfrom; heat toccdd^- and; from cold to heat. In the moft north- . em pxrovinces, tbe'tvint«rs are intenfely fevere, and the harbours frozen up during the whole feafon., • , Denihark produces remarkable fine horfes,.a great number of black cattle, befides flieep, hogs, and game. ; i and. thti'feacoafts. are fupplied with filh. ... 1 . r- ; jt*^ The religion is Lutheran. Learning' is not much en-'j couraged in Denmark, though there is a uniyerfity at, Copenhagen. Cc'peiihagen is a very ftrong city, defended . by four caftles or forts. It contains ten parifh chut^hes, aiKi is,; adorned by ibme public and private palaces. The hOu^: in the principal ftneets are built of brick.. ,.■ The glory of Copenhagen is its harbour ^ foriAied by a. large canal flowing through the city, it. admits but one Ihip at a time indeed, but will contain 500. The police of this city is extremely regular, fo that perfons may walk th/jugh the ftreets at midnight in perfect fafety.i ., - .fiji * The apartments in the .palace at Copenhagen are 'ex- ceedingly grand, and the tapeftry very beautiful j but the. fineft palace belonging to hisDaniih majefty, is called." Frederickfburgh, about 20 miles > from tlie city, ^boHt two miles from Elfmeur is another fmall royal palace, faid to be built on the very fpot where the j)alace of Amr let's father ftood, and in an adjoining garden is fhewn the very fpot where that prince was poil'oned. Ellineur is well built, and in refpedl to commerce, is only exceeded by Copenhagen. Towards the fea it is defended by a ftrong fort, containing feveral batteries q£ long. canHon. Here all veifels pay atoll, and in paffing, lower their tjap" fails. . : ; .. ' ^ •..,.,:' ::.; ;i;! Denmark is extremely well fituatedfor commertft, her harbours well calculated for fhips of all burtliens, and her mariners v^ry expert. The Danes have fome fettle^ mentsin the Eaft and Weft Indies, the Fort.of Chrifl,ianr 2t. DENMARK. bttf g in Africa ; and they cany on a confiderable com- merce with the Mediterranean. ti In the royal mufeum at Copenhagen, is a numerous collection of natural and artificial curiofities ; in particu- lar a beautiful cabinet of ivory and ebony, made by a bliiid man. The mufeum is alfo fumiihed with many curious aftronomical and mathematical inftruments. "^ ^ '<■ The ancient Danes, like the Gauls, Scotts, and otiher northern^nations, had their bards, who recounted their military achievemens of their heroes, fo that their firft hiftories were written in verfe. There can be no doubt that the ancient inhabitants of Denmark, Norway and Swe- den, were originally Scythians ; but how far the tradls of land called either Scythia or Caul formerly reached is uncertain. Even the name of the firft chriftian Dantfh king is \m- kttown^ and the people they commanded were fo blended together, that it is impoffible to convey any precife idea of tlie old Scandinavian hiftory. The nation's feAs join- Ing together in expeditions, by fea or land, and the ad- ventu'rets being denominated after their chief leader, the terms < of Danes, Saxons, Jutes, Goths, Germans and Norman» were promifcuoolly ufed, till long after th« time of Cbarlanagne. The ScandinavianSjin their maratime expeditions, went genei»ally bv tSue name of Saxons with foreigners ; they Wer* fucte, fierrce and manial, and about A. 6. 500, they madethemfel ves mafters of England. In the eleventh cen- tiiry,iinder Canute the great, Denmark may befaid to have been in the zenith of its glory ; but from that time to the year 1S>87, when Margaret afcended the throne, and partly by her addrefs, and partly by heieditary rights formed the. union of Calmar in 1397» few interei^ing e- vents took place in Denmark.^ - Tlie late king^ Chriftian VII. and father to his prefent majefty, was the fon of an Englifh prinipefs, and grandfon to his Britannic majefty George II. He married the prin- ^eiV Matilda, fitter to his prefent majefty George III. but this alliance was unfortunate for the young queen. The then queen dowager. Was an artful, aml^ious woman ; by an appearance of friendlhip, flie won the good •■i;T--"r' '?^'-%-y,'it!'lT-': )- V:il ">. DENMARK. 23 will of queen Matilda, and became the.depofitory of att her fecrets. Thefe, however innocent in themfelves, fhe wrefted fo as to create ferious diflention between the king and queen, and at length flie fo far ''^vronght on the irrit- able diiipofition of the ronner, that ihe perfuaded him to ar- refl; the queen for high treafon* and commit her as a prif- oner, to Conenburgh caftle. At the fame time the counts Streunfee and Brandt, the firft prime minifter, and the lat- ter the queen's phyfician, were loaded with irons, thrown into prifon, and foon after beheaded. In May, 1772, his Britannic majefty fent a fmall fquad- ron of ftiips to convoy the queen to C^ermany, and ap- ' >ointed the city ofidMrfor her future refidence f fhe 4ied there A. D. 1775, aged 23. The prefent king, Federick VI. was married in 1790, to the princefs Mary Anne Fredei-ica, of HeiTe. The dominions of his Danifh majefty in Germany are Holfteitt, a fmall duchy of lower Saxony. The duke of Holftien and Gottorp is joint fovereien with the Danifh monarch. Kiel is die capital of ducal Holftein, and Gluckftadt,a welj built,fortified town, of Danilh Holftien. Altena, a large populous town of great traffick, commo- diouily fituated on the Elbe, in the neighbourhood of Hamburgh, was built by the kings of Denmark, in that fituation, that it might Ihare in t!he commerce with Gluckftadt. It is a free port, and the merchants are al- lowed liberty of confcience. The famous city of Hamburgh is one of the moft com- mercial towns in Europe, and though the kings of Den- mark lay claim to certain privileges within its walls, it may be confidered as a well regulated commonwealth. The number of its inhabitants are about 180,000 ; it con- tains a variety of noble edifices, both public and 'private ; it has two fpacious harbours, formed by. the river Elbe, which runs through the town, and 84 bridges are thrown over the canals. ^f^'i^p', / Hamburgh canles on a great trade with Great Britain. Lubec, an imperial city, and once the capital of the Hanfe towns, is ft ill rich and populous ; it has a good harbour. Lutherinifm is the eftabliftied religion of die whole duchy. >■. T ■,,«, r 24, LAPLAND. I \ ^ In Weftphalia, the king of Denmark has the counties -of Oldenburgh and Delmenhurft, lying on the fouth fide of the Wefer. Denmark is an hereditary kingdom, and the'govenmient very defpbtic* But theDanilh monarchs are legal fovereigns, and perhaps the only legal fovereigns in the world ; for the fenators, nobility and clergy, as well as the commons, divefted themfelves of their rights and power in the year 1660, and made a formal fur ren- der of their liberties to the then king, Frederick IIL L : : (■ Section VL LAPLAND. i THE northern fituation of Lapiiiirand the divifion^r* of its property, require that it Ihould be treated of under a diftindl head, before we proceed farther. The whole country of Lapland, as far as it is known, extends from the North Cape, in 71 deg. N. L. to the White Sea, un- der the ardiic circle. Part of Lapland belongs to the Danes, part to the Swedes, and fome parts in the eaft to the Ruffians. Him^r^^jtsmf^W--:- The climate is fo intenfely cold, that it is no unufual thing, in winter, for. the lips to freeze to the cup while in the action of di-inking, and in fome thermometers, fpirits of wine have been concreted into ice. The limbs of the inhabitants often mortify with the cold. A thaw fome- times takes place, and then the froft that fucceeds, pre- fents the Laplander with a fmooth level of ice, over which he travels in a fleigh, drawn by rein deer, with inconceiv- able fwiftnefs. The heats of fummer are for a Ihort pe- riod exceflive. ' I^apland is a vaft mafs of mountains irreg'ularly crowd- ed together ; thefe are however in fome places ibparated by rivers and lakes, in which are many beautiful iflands, believed by the natives to be a terreftrial paradife, even rofes and other flowers grow wild on them in fummer, though there is but a fhort gleam of temperature. ' Gloomy forefts,and unhealthy moraifes covergreat part of this uncomfortable country. * "^ Silver and gold mines, as well as iron, copper and lead, are found here,^^nd have been worked to advantage ; here arealfo beiwtiful chryftals, fome amethyfts and topazes, LAl>LAND. ^ aiuable pearls have been found in the rivers, but never in the Teas. * . The quadrupeds, birds, fifhes, «nd infeds, are much ^e fame as in Denmark and Norway. The zebclin, « 4ittle creature refembling a msu-ten, is a native of Lap- land ; its ikin is fo much efteeii^ed, that it is frequently fiven as prefents to great perfonages. The 'Lapland ares grow white hi winter. This country produces a very large kind of black cat. The rein deer is a moft aftoniihing animal ; the hoof of the rein deer, is remark- •ably formed for travelling with fafety and celerity over the frozen fnow ; they are no trouble to their owners in procuring them provender ; in fummer they fupply themfelves with leaves and grafs ; in winter they live upon mofs, which they have a wonderful fagacity in finding, when found they fcrape away the fnow that cov- ers it, with their feet, and the fmall portion that fuffices them is wonderful. It feems as if nature had provided this animal) to iblace the Laplander for the privation of the other comforts of life. The method* of travelling is very curious. They fix the rein deer to a kindx)f Height Shaped like a boat, in which the traveller, well fecUrfcd from the cold, is laid down with the rems in one hand, and a kind of bludgeon in the other, to keep the carriage clear from ice and fnow. The deer fets out and contmues his journey with prodigious fpeed, and with very little trouble to the driver ; at niglu they look for thdr own proven- der, and their milk. often helps to fupport their mafter. Their flelh is well tafted food, and their fkins excellent clothing, both for th6 bed and the body, in tiiitt frigid country. The language of the Laplanders' is ^ch a mixture of' . various dialers, that it is with difficulty thfry underftand each other ; they hav^ neither writing not letters^ among thei^i, but a number of hieroglyphics, which they ufe to convey their meaning, and even as lignatures in matters of law. Some attempts have been made to inftrud the Laplanders in the do by the impafiable mountains of Nor<* / ^ay on the weft^ by Danifh Lapland on the north, and by kuflia or Mufcovy on the eaft. It is divided into fevea • provinces, Sweden proper, GiOtblaiid, Livonia, Ingiiay Finland, Swedifh Lapland, and the Swedifii Iflands. Livonia and Ingria was conquered and taken fron^ the Swedes by Peter tSe great, Eihperor of Ruffia. The climate of Sweden is much the fame as in the ^ neighbouring northern countries, as is the face of the 1 couiitry. Summer burfts as it were from the very bofoW . i^f ^leTi aad v«getati(»iis confequently very rapid* Th^ SWEDEN; 27 SPiii^desiruice the tifne of Charles XII. haveheen at inclrd- iMe pains to corred th^ native 'barrennefs of their foil, and of late years, they have raiifd nearly^rain enough to ftimifh the inhabitants with brdad* Fruit is not very plen- tiful here, the better kinds being difficult to cultivate. In dry feafons they raife very 6ne melons. Sweden produces a number of the lower order of pre- cious Hones, as amethyfts, agate, cornelian, and feme val-. * liable foffils ; but the chief wealth of Sweden -arifes from her mines of filver, copper, lead, and iron. There is one ailonifliiag iiiver minie, the loweft .part of which is 14C fathom below the furface of the ear^ ; thefe fubterrane- ous manfions are wonderfully fpacious and commodious for their inhabitants, many of whom have never feen tli^ upper world, or beheld the face of day < There is a tremendous water iVti, a few If^aggues from Gottenburgh; the bottomofthe bed iQto which. tlHl " cataraA precipitates itfelf> has never been found. In the foutfaem paxt of Gotbla^nd is a r-emarlcable lake^ that finees every 'thing that is put into it; and in fome parts of Sweden, a curious ftone is fo^ndr which yields iiilphur, vitriolarand allum. It is alfo remarkable, that in the feas belonging to Swe-« den, the Baltic, the Gulfs of Bothnia .andl'imand, thcjr Cktegate, and the Sound, which runs between Sw^d^ and Denmark, there are no tides, and. they arc uAxally frozen up four months in the year. < The animal produdtiors of Sweden differ but little frorm " thofe of Norway and Denmark, already mentioned> Qnljfi tbe horfes are more ierviceable in war. There is great di verfity of charadler ampng the Swpd§s, 'The peafants are a heayy,.plQdding xace^ (|ron^ and hardy, but totally without any ambition beyon4 that ojf obtainmg a comfortable fabfiftence, in tlie ftate in which Prpvidence has placed diem. The merchants and tradeiinen are i;^ 4uftrious and perfevering. The nobility and gentry ai^ polite, brave, and. extremely hofpitable, have very high ^ XMtions of honour, and are jealous of their national inteiieft. The dnefs, exerci&s, and diversions, of the comn^on peo- - 3^, are much the fame as thofe of DenznaJck ; th»hi^«Y^ ckfle&.ibllow ^ iErench modesk . ■* 2a' SWEDEN. The women in Sweden, go to plough, threftt otrt th«f»^ have no foreign commerce, are called land towns. A" third kind are called mine towns, becaufe they lie in the« Ticinity of the mines. Stockholm is a ftaple town, and the capital of the king* ctom.*" It ftands upon feven fmall iflands, befides two pe*^ nindilas, and being built upon piles, it ftrikes a ftrangei^^': with a pleafurkble furprize, froin its iingular and roman* tic appearance. ^ The harbour is fpacious and convenient* - , though dilBcult of accefs. The water is clear as chryftal;^ and of fuch depth that (hips of tho-largeft burthen can ap» proach the quay. The principal fouildings of the city are ef (tone, ; the royal palace which ftands in the centre of Scockholjni upon an elevated fpot of gxound» i& built q§ MtTSCOVY^ ftflHtertiiearchite^veisboth eleganMnd magnificent. There it a famous arfenal in this city i and many of the houfes are covered with c<^per. The Swedes, like the Danes, were originally free, and for many centuries the crown vm derive ; but after vari* eus revolutions, Charles XII> who was killed, 1718, ren^- dered himfelf defpotic. Hit fifter Ulrica, who Succeeded him, reftored the States to their former liberties ; but in IV72, the whole fyft^m of government was totally chang- ed ; by that event the Swedes found their king invefted with a degree of authority but little inferior to the mod defpotic princes of Europe. By this conftitution tlie king of Sweden is invefted with fo much power, authority, and mifluence, that it is hardly to be expeded ihat any perfon will prefume to oppofe whatever-he may tliink proper t^ ordain. • SscnoN VIIl. MUSCOVY. * MUSGOVY, orthe Ruflian empire in£urope and^^ Afia* ' is a kinjE^om of great extent, lying between 47 and 72 deg.N. lat. and 23 and 65deg. £. long. It confifts of fix- teenprovinces,befldesfeveralprovince6 conquered from the Swedes, and Crim Tartary, a peninfuU in the Euxine Se% taken from the Turks and added to the Ruflian empire in 17B3. The Ruffians alio poiTefs the duchy of Courland iai Poland. - , •^ The empire of Rufila is of nearly equal extent to all the ' reft of Eui^pe. Tfte part we muft here confine ourfelves t^ namely;,Ruflla in Europe, is 1500 miles in length, anji 1 100 in breadth. The whole empire, including the Afi- ^c territories, is greater thaa the Roman empire was in the zenith of its power, or the empire of Bitrius, which was fubdued by Alexander, or even both put together* ■n Ifithe moft fouthem parts of Ruflia, the longeft day - d^es not exceed 15 hours and a half^; whereas in themo;^ .sorthein, the fun is ieen in fummer for two months above ^^e horizon. The reader willr from diis, naturally c(»i'* chide that thereis in Mufcovy, a great diverfity of climate^' The feverity of the winters in Ruffia^ is veiy great. It % have been at infinite pains to introduce die pra^ice of it into their dominions, and the fertility of the foil in many parts is fuch, that Ruflxa bids fair to have grain as plenty as it is in the more fouthern countries of Eutiope. Moun- tains of rich iron ore are found here, moft. of which pro- duce the k)ad ftone.^ There are rich' filvep and copper mines on the confines of Siberia. RulCats in general, a flat level country, ercept towards the north, where lie the Zimnopoias mountains, called the •* girdle of the earth." On the weftem fide is a part of the Carpatliian mountains; and between the Black Sea imd the Cafpiao; is mount Caucafut. The znoft conTidei* /• WDScow: Me river is Wolga, running eaft and fouth, which aftef fraverfing ereat part of Mufcovy, and winding a courie of SOOO Enghih miles, difchams itfelf into the Cafpian Sea* It is the largeft, and one ofthe moll fertile rivers in £u« rope ; it produces all kinds of fiOi^ and its banks ar« cov* , "jd with luxuriant trees, fruit, and vegetables { during the whole of its long uourfe, the navigation is eafy and uninterruptod. By means of this noble river, the city of Moicow preferves a communication with all the fouthem parts of Riiiriii, with Perfia^ Tartary, and the^ countriet bf^rtkiing on the Cafpian Sea. The Don or Tanais, di- vii »s tiio moft eallern part of Ruflfia from Afia ; this riv-' er ' harges itfelf into the fea of Afoph, about 400 miles froii ts rife. The Borillhenes, or Dnieper, falls into the il^ac Sea ; this is alfo a very large river, and has 13 cat- athA^ within a very fmriU diiiance of each other. To tk may be added the two Dwinas, one of which emp* t '^^ it I 1^ at Riga into the Baltic, the other falls into the 'tt jea. liere are many forefts in thli extenHve country, their quadrupeds the Lynx, proverbial for its pterw eia^ eye, i& the moft remarkable ; it is a native of Ruflia ; • Th» hawre alfo hy^triMi bears, black foxes, and ermines^ wh' i ar is very valuable. The dromedary and the camel werr irmerly the only beads -of burthen ufed in Ruflli^ btlt r ter the great encouraged- the Iweeding of horfes, both I '-r war and carriages. V. TheTM; ire but few birds in Rufiia, and' no great varicw ty of filh i they have (lurgeon, <:od, falmon, and beluga^ which> la(l< ifr very large, fometimes weighing 100 weight, its flelh is very white and delicious ; it yields the beluga ftone, ufed as a; medicine among the natives* The Rudlahs are in general a perfonable people ; hardy, T»igorous, and patient of labour j they are extremely a^ive, endure hardihips without repining, and can- be content with very hard fare. Before the days of Peter the great, the Ruflkns were barbarous, ignorant, and addidlied to iiv- tempei^ance ; but fince the time of that prince, fo indefat- igable for the welfare of his country, all ranks have made very confrderable advances towards civilization, and fome «f the better fort are even highly |K>liihed. Be£ore hi» • - \*. wtigBL they hid not a Ihxp upon their coaft, no coKVwMlfi'- ces for travelling, no pavements to their ftreets, no places of public amu&ment; and they entertained amoft fovereigu contempt for all in^<)venient of the mind. The method of travelling in Ruffia is extremely conve* mets%9 at die fame time remarkable ^ they ered a kind of coach upon fledgc^s, in which they can lie down at full length, wrapped in for, and fb continue their journey night and day without interruption. They often go from Mof* cow to Peterfburgh, which is 400 miles^ in three days. Her late majefiy Cadienne II. ufed to make her journeys > in a houfe, containing a bed, a table, chairs and other conveniences; it was fixed on a fledge, and drawn by ^ * Iiorfes. ). The eftabHihed religion of Rufllais the Greek church, r hvtt little differing from popery ; they r^ain jnany idol> - atrous and fuperuitious cuftoms, and obferve a number of fafts. The priefts have no €xed income, but depend for - fubfiftence on the bounty of theirs ■ hearers; The clergy had formeriy great power, r'hich they exercifed over me ' laity in a modft defpotic manner ; but Peter the great, -< among other fervices rendered his country^ abridged this ■ dangerouS'power,and reformed^nany abufes in the church. The Ruffians have hitherto made but an mcondderable ' figure in ^e annals of literature ; but the encouragement given of late years by their fovereigns to literary and fd-f- entific purfuits, has produced fufficient prot^s that they are^ ^ BO way deficient in intelle^al abilities, asd that they are " ifualified to fbine in the arts and icienceil'' * ff - / Three Colleges were founded by PeMr die great, at * Jllofcow ; one forclaffical learning, one for mathematics,' . and one for navigation and aftronomy. He founded alfo^ adifpenfary, and of late years, Mr. de Shorealow has^:. f founded a univerfity in this city. The empxefs Cath-^ €rine XI.. founded a univerfity in Peterfburgh, alfo a- military Academy, and a nuinbeif of fchools for ilie edu<^ cation of the lower clailes of her fubje^*", an inftitutioa. which ought to entitle her to thie gratitude of the whole- V Huffian nation. Peterfburghis the capital of the Ruffian empire; it ftandr both Ades^the fiv^ i^vat between the lakeXado^ 'li' \ MUSCOVY. 9S and the Giilf of Finland. It extends about 6 miles everf way, and contains every ftrufture for magnificence, im- provement of the arts, revenue, navigation, war, and com«^ merce, that are to be found in the moft celebrated cities in Europe. There is a convent in tliis city, inftituted by Catherine II. in which 440 young ladies are educated free of expenfe to their families ; 200 of them of fuperior rank, and the others, daughters of citizens, tradefmen, &c. alt of whom are educated according to their ftation in life^ and the lower clafs pre'fented with a fum of money o» leaving the convent, to affift thfem in procuring a decent livelihood. Near this coitvent is a Foundling Hofpital. As Peter(burgh is the emporium of Ruffia, there are an* incredible number of foreign (hips feen in its harbour in fummer time. This city is fuppofed to contain 400,000^ inhabitants ; it is ornamented with thirty five churches»^^ and contains five palaces, fpme of which are fiiperb, efpeuted to be 16 miles in circumference, and contains 1600 churches and* convents, and forty tliree palaces. Mofcow^ in its build- ings, difplays a great contraft of magnificence and mean- nefs, the houfes of the inhabitants in general being mifer- able timber booths, while their palaces, churches, and oth- er public edif/ies, are fpacious and lofty. The Krimlin, or grand imperial palace, is one of the moft fupurb ftru^res in the worlds There is a cathedral in Mofcow, trhich has nine towers covered with copper, double gilt, and contains a filver branch for 48 lights, faid to weigh 2800 pounds. J*^ Ruffia can produce but few curiofities ; (he can howev- er Ihow many ftupendous monuments of the public fpirit of her fovereighs j particularly the canals made by Peter' the great, for the benefit of her commerce. This empe« nor built the city of Peterfburgh ; the fortrefs of Cron- ftadty which, defends the city, Qn-onefidei^andtbe city itfdf f ddr SCOTLAND, an» its a&5Acent Isles* employed 800,000 toen for feveral years, only in laying:^ its fouadatton ; Peter himiielf having drawn the p}an, and . diredled the whole in peHbn, and. often vrorking bimfelf ' with the affiduity of a common labourer, tiU from a few fishermen's huts in a lowfwampy marfh. therich and pop- ulous city of Peteriburgh appeared as it were on a fudden, claiming rank with the faireft cities in Europe. How beautiful, how laudable is induflry ; it renders a mah be- loved by his cotemporaries, revered by thoie who imme- diately follow him, and tranfmits his name with grateful^, applaufe to the lateft pofterity. The Ruffian commerce . crnfifts of furs, red leathn*, irouj copper, fail cloth, pitch* > tar, hemp, flax, drugs, timber, and fome raw filk, which -.^ they get from Perfia and China. Ru0ia carries on a com* - merce over land to China, by caravans j Ihe likewife trades - tp Periia acrofs theCafpimi Sea. S$CTioif 1X;» SCOTLAND, and its Aj)jAcfEHT islis *'- THE Shetland ifles lie northeaftof theOrkneys, between'.- 60 and 61 deg, N. L. The Oriades or Orkneys, lie north = of Dunglby head, between* 59 ind 60 deg. N. L: divided ^^ . l«om the continent by a tempeftuous Arait, called Pent« land Frith,; • The Hebrides^ or Weftem Iflesare ^ery numerous, anci>^- f(^me of them large $ they are fiiuated between 55 a?i4r' fi9 deg. N. L. ■ ?A1» */There is very little diflference in the climate of thefe tflands; .the air being keeuj piercing, and falubrious^-fa that many of the natives live- to a great age. In the* Shetland and Orkney iflands, they fee to read at midnight; ia June and July, and during th^ fummer months, they:i^ liave frequent communications, both for bufmefs and €U->^ riofity, with each other jyiid with the continent ; the reft of the year however, they are almoft inacce0ible, through^ 't fogs, darknefs, and ftorms. . ':{_ The largeft of the Shetland iilaads, which are forty fi» . 19 number, (though many of them are uninhabited/ is' ^ Mainland, which is 60 miles in length, and' 20 in breadth* ^ Its principal town is Larwick. Shalloway is another town, ., tl^«Ee.th^ xenaaias>of aaaiitiqu^caftW axe; fliJUto b^^teoaii^ ^N ' SCOTLAND, AMU iTf AOjAcniT tsLtM, Si ^'Oti diis ifland the Dutch begin to fifli for herrings at xnitU fommer, and the fiibing feafon lafts fi» months. The Orkneys are SO in number, the larg^ft is calfed Pomona. It contairife 9 s parifh chni^ches, and 4 exeelknrtt harbours. The iile of Mull, in the Hebrides^ is 24 miles long, aiid in fom^ places almoft as broad. It contains 2 parkhel, and a cattle, called Dtiart, which is the chief place in thfe ifland. This is the mod considerable iiland of the Hebrides. ♦The inhabitants of the Shetland and Orkney iflandSi ■t^rere formerly fubjejjl to the Normans, who conquered them a few years after their landing in England, under William the conqueror ; they were in 1263 in poiTeifion oi ■Magnus of Normandy, who fold them to Alexander king of Scotland. The people in general, differ but little firom the Lowlanders of Scotland. They btiild their houfes in a modem ftyle, and are remarkable for the finenefs biT their linen. The common people live itpon butter, cheefe» ftfh, and fowl, of which they have great plenty ; their prin- cipal drink is whey. Their temperance preferves thettk from the difeafes known to luxury. Their religion isprot- ettant, and their civil inftitutions are the fahie as thofe of ■ Scotland. The religion of the Hebrides is Prefbyterian ; but Popery and ignorance ftill prevail among ibme of the iflanders, with ndiany fuperftitious cuttoms and ceremonies. Though it is not iri the power of natural philofophy to account for the reafon^ yet it is certain that the foil of the ^"^flands belonging to Scotland, have fufiered an amazing alteration j the foil lately barren, cold, and uncomforta- ble, is now in many parts in a ftate of high cultivatioif, jproducing plenty of com, vegetables, and even fruit* Tin, lead, iron, and filver mines, are found in thefe iflands, as alfo flate, freeftone, and quarries of marble. Trade and manufa^hires are ftill in their infancy ; thefr . ftaple commodity is filh, particularly herrings ; they have iikewife confiderable trade in down and feathers. The Shetland iflands are famotfs for a fmall breed d£ horfes, which are incredibly aftive, ftrongand hardy. In a gloomy valley, belonging to one of the weftei^ ifles,is a kind of hermitage, cut out of a ftone called -m 4lwarf ftone, 36 feet long* 18 broad, and 9 thtckj ia whieft m^ m SCOTLAND, AND ITS AOjACENt IsLEil.^ is a fqoare hole two feet high for an entrance ; within tW* entrance is the refemblance of a^ bed, with a ptUow cut out t)f a ftokie, big enough for two mtn to lie on : at the other €nd is a couch, and in the middle a hearth, with a holfe cut out above for a chimney. There is a Cathedral in KirkWall, the capital of the Orkneys j it is a fine Gothic ftrufture, the roof is fupport- edby 14 pillars on each fide, and the three gates of the church are chequered with red and white polifhed ilone^ ♦ ■embofled and elegantly Iflowered. '^' , ' There are many other curious antiquities, and natural curipfities in thefe iflands, a defcription of which would he igratifying to the enquiring mind of youth, but the narrow limits of this work, compel their omiflion here. Scotland is 300 miles long, and 190 broad, extending from the 54th tothe 59thdeg. N. L. and from 1 to 6deg. W. 1^ Long. It is bounded fouth by England, from which it is divided by the river Tweed, north, eaft, and weft, by the German and Iriih Seas. It is divided into Highlands and Lowlands ; and Edinburgh is the capital of the whole kingdom. The air of Scotland is more temperate than could be expected in fo northerly a dimate ; this arifes from its vi- . cinity to the fea, which aiFords thofe warm breezes that not only foften the air, but render it pure and healthyi However, in the neighbourhood of the mountains, the air is keen and piercing, nearly nine months in the year. The foil is not fo fertile as in England. The water in Scot-* land is better than that of more fouthern climates, in pro*- portion as the foil is worfe. The moumains are the Grampian, and the Pentland liills, Lamoner, Muir, and the Cheviot Jiills, well known for being the fcene-of that celebrated battle, which is tb® fubjea of the old Ballad of Chevy Chafe. The largeft river is" the Forth, which rifes in Montieth* and after a number of beautiful meanders, difcharges it* felf near Edinburgh, mto that arm of the German Sea, to which it gives the name of the Frith of Forth. Second to the Forth is the Tay, which taking a fouth eaft courfe, falls into the fea at Dundee. The Spey, the Dee, and thd Don, pafs from weft to eaft, and difcharge themfelves ■w-. "^Wf" - * f 1 i -nf ii t i w ii i m i tlvt '^ '" SCOTLAND, AMD ITS adjacent Isles. 37 ■m m into the fca at Aberdeen. The Tweed is the boundary between Scotland and England, running into the fea near Berwick. The Clyde is a very large river on the weft of Scotland. Befides thefe capital rivers, Scotland con- tains many of an inferior fort, well ftored with falmon trout and other filh. A great improvement for inland navigation was undertaken at an immenfe expenfe by a' "" fociety of public fpiritcd gentlemen, for joining the rivers Forth and Clyde together, by which a communication has been opened between the eaftern and weftern feas, to the advantage of the whole kingdom. The Lakes of Scotland, (called by the natives Lochs) are too nurtierous to be particularized. Loch Tay, Lock- . nefs, Loch Lomond, and one or two more, prefent the mod piAurefque fcenes. The Loch of Spinie, near Eglin, is re- '. markable for its number of fwans and cygnets, which of- ten darken the air with their flights. Near Locknefs is i^ a hill almoft two miles perpendicular height, on the top of which is a lake of cold, frefh water, thirty fathoms ia length, and fo deep it cannot be fathomed, and which nev- er freezes, while only 1 7 miles from it is Lake Lochanwyn, or Green Lake, which is covered with ice the whole year round. . The face of Scotland, even where it is moft uninviting, ~ prefents us with the mofl: incontrovertible evidences of its • killing formerly abounded with timber. Several woods ftill remain in Scotland, fir trees grow in great perfedtion all over the country, And form beautiful plantations. The Scotch oak is excellent in the Highlanrls, where fome woods extend 20 or 30 miles in length, and 4 or 5 in breadth. * There are feveral valuable lead mines in Scotland, fome- of which produce filver, but there are no filver mines «^' that are worked at prefent. Some copper mines have been found near Edinburgh, and there is excellent coal found ' in all the northern and weftern counties. Lime ftone and free ftone are here very^ plentiful, with the latter of which the houles of the better Ibrt of people are built. T The Lapis Lazuli h found in Lanerklbire, alum mines In BamfFshire, chryftals, variegated pejbles, and other tranf- parent ftones, which admit of the fineft polifh for feals, are found all over Scotland, as are talc, flint, potter's clay, A - :-Ji r 3S SCOTLAND, and its adjacent Isles. and fuller's earth. No country produces greater plenty of iron ore than Scotland, and marry founderies are eftablifh- ed there. It is certain the foil of Scotland may be render- e,d in jnany parts as fruitful as that of England ; and ag- riculture is now perhaps as well underftood, both in theory and pradlice, among the Scotch farmers as jln any part of Europe. But the fruits of fkill and induftry are chiefly perceivable jn the counties lying on the river Forth, call- ed the Lothians, where agriculture is perfedlly underftood, and where the peafants are well fed, clothed, and comfort- bly lodj^ed. The reverfe niay^ however be obfe.rved of a very confiderable part of Scotland, where the face of the country exhibits the moft deplorable marks of poverty and opprefliion ; the cattle are lean and fmall, the houfes mean beyond expreflion, ^nd the inhabitants but poorly ftieltered fcfrom the inclemency of ^he weather by coarfe and fcan|ty garments. The foil produces wheat, rye, barley, oats, hemp, flax, hay, and good pafturage, and in the fouthem parts, very fine garden fruits. The people of Scotland are generally raw boned, and a kind of charadleriftical feature, that of high cheek bones, reigns in their faces. They are in general lean, but well proportioned,, and mufcular in their frame, and can endure incredible fa- tigue. The peafantry have their peculiarities; their, ideas are confined, but no people can form their tempers^ better than they do to their ftations. They are from tlieir infancy taught to bridle their paffions, fubmit to their fu- periors, and live within the bounds of the moft rigid economy. Hence t^iey fave their money and their con- ftitutions ; and few inftances of murder, perjury, robbery, and other atrocious crimes occur in Scotland. -f-. r^^^iy,^ The eftablifhed religion i^ Scotland is prefbyterian. It was formerly of a very rigid nature, and partook of all the aufteriiies of Calvinifm ; but at prefent it is mild and gentle, and the dodtiine of the modern Scotch divines is dltlinguifhed by good fenfe and moderation. There are fome epifcopalians, a few quakers, many ba,ptifts, who are denominated by tlieir preachers. ,;., . Scotland has produced many celebrated and learned naen, amongft whom, we may reckon preeminent, Naj>ier, 4S3.«?1, Ci'egory, Maclauren, the companion and friend of .^• ■.>^l^ •^'ix m, .#•• ■Mr -'] "•'• ^ "■ -f i ii'tHli-it ii dHil I I II.- ni l SCOTLAND, AND ITS adjacent Isles. S9 SirIfaacNewton,Hutcliinfon, Aburthnot,and Pitcairn; but it would be ufelefs to mention all the individuals who have diftinguiflied diemfelves in the various branches of literature, who have covered their country with laurels which neither envy can blaft, or time deftroy. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland. The Caftle is a Gothic ftruifture, fituated on a high rock, in a confpicuous part of the city. It is fuppofed to have been built by the Saxon king Edwin, who gave his name to Edinburgh, and fell into the hands of the Scotts, in the year 953. The high ftreet of Edinburgh, the buildings of which are of hewn (lone, extremely lofty, and large, the ftreet being broad and well paved, makes a moft auguft appeal ance. The Caftle has fome good apartments, a tolerable train of ar- tillery, and a large magazine of arms and ammunition. Facing the Caftle, is the palace of Holy Rood Houfe. It is of modern architecture, and very magnificent, but noth- ing can be more uncomfortable than its fituation, at tb||L bottom of bleak, unimproved mountains, with fcarcely a fmgle tree in its neighbourhood. The Hofpital, founded by George Herriot, goldfmith to James VI. ftands to the fouth weft of the Caftle ; it is a fine building, in the Gothic ftyle, and adorned with gardens not inelegantly laid out. It was built for the maintenance and education of the poor ' children of decayed citizens and tradefmen of Edinburgh, and is under the dire(5lion of the city magiftrates. Among the other public edifices is the College. Little can be faid of its buildings; but it is fupplied with excellent profef- fors in the feveral branches of learning, and its fch'ools in the medical art, are reckoned equal to any in Europe. Par- liament Square was formerly the moft ornamental part of the city ; the builings are lofty, and jn the middle js a fine equeftrian ftatue of Charles II. The high church in Edinburgh, called St. Giles's, is a large Gothic building ; its fteeple is furmounted by arches, formed into an impe- rial crown, which has a good eflfedl to the eye. Parallel to the city of Edinburgh, the nobility, gentry, and others, have completed a new town, which communicates with the old by a lofty brjdge, thrown over a dell or bot- tom, in which are many dwellings o&the inferior fort of tradefmen and mechanics. The middle aroli of this bridge '#'v^ .>.\ -ii^i^A, 40 ENGLAND. ' t ^: is 90 feet high. Leith, though nearly two miles from the city, may he properly called the harbour of .Edinburgh. It contains nothing remarkable. About four . es from Edinburgh is Roflin, noted for a (lately Gothic chapel, counted one of the mod curious pieces of workmanmip in Europe. Glafgow, in the (hire of Lanerk, fituated on the river Clyde, 44 miles from Edinburgh, is the fecond city in Scotland ; and perhaps the firft for elegance, regularity, and the beauty of its buildings. The ftreets are broad, well paved, and confequently clean. The Catliedral is a ftupendous Gothic ftrudlure, and is 600 years old ; the Town Houfe is a noble, lofty building, and the Univerfity reckoned the beft in Scotland. Aberdeen is the third beft town in Scotland ; befides which Dumfries, Dunclee» Montrofe, Air, Greenock, Paif- Jey, Stirling, and about 50 others, are towns of confider- ^ble trade. ' ' The manufactures and commerce of Scotland have been for many years in an improving (late. Their fi(b- eries are not confined to their own coafts, for they have a treat concern in the whale ^fhery on the ccaft of Spits* ^ ergen. ' They have a line iron manufadlory at Carron in Stir- ling(hirc. The linen manufactory is in a very flouriihing ftate J and the thread manufacture^ in Scotland is equaH if not fuperidr to any in the world. There are rnanu- factories of other kinds, particularly one in Paifley for lawn. Sug^r houfes, glais houfes, and paper mills, are erected every where. S&cTioN X. ENGLAND. ENGLAND is bounded on the north by Scotland^i^ from which it is divided by the rivfelr Tweed, eaft bj^" the German Ocean, weft by St George's channel, aAa.^j fouth by the Britilh channel, which runs between it and' ^ France. The fituation being wafhed on three fides by the fea, renders England liable to great uncertainty of weather; to this fituation alfo we may ajfcribe the pc- *•:■ ■;';;l if . ^ h-' 'H:'"' ' '^" -.4 '^'i ENGLAND. 41 petual verdure of England, occafioned by refreftiing {how* ers, and warm vapours from the fea. England is 380 miles long, and 300 broad, and lies be- tween 50 and 56 deg. N. lat. and 2 deg. E. and 6 deg. W. long. England has been differently divided at different periods of time, by the Romans and the Saxons ; but a- bout the year 890, Alfred the Great divided it into coun- ties, which with fbme little variations continue to this day. England and Wales together, contain 52 counties The foil of England and Wales differs in the different counties ; but fuch is the improved flate of agriculture in that country, that if no unkindly feafon happen, it pro- duces corn, not only fufficient to maintain its own inhab- itants, but to bring large fums of money for exports. England is remarkable for its timber, particularly the oakj^ fiom which native tree, arifes the bulwark that pro- te»" the 'fJo A "H^''*'' »" »" "arwicfcfliire be foro-o,,— * ,'0" ™wiriff Avon" «i many other rivers ofleK. 'T "" "«'"• 'Jl-ereare ployed ,n workiW theS^^j ^^^ ""'"^^'" ^^ perfonsl-m oth«, in w„. fCe^jf^' ""der Aem fuperior to aU We for its fleece, and ,he otW '^'"''^ of ftee/one vah^: former of which arc vo!, i ^"^P^J^for the table • th, world .It "^ *^ «« !"!' fi"*^- /^ ""'«'■«•« ■ world, all die other lindsorJ; r ''5"'* ^ogsin the '^ufes. are to be found LeX^''^^^ "eW. o? dom^ ' a« pretty inuch the fame" s in ^l' ^°"'' «"'* ^rds Phces at. better fuppuj^^^'^ a f ietro;™' ' '""'' '"^'^ "• •*. variety of nver and fea %ri *>tV ENGLAND. 4§ T)ie Engltfli, in their pcrfons, are well fi»«d, regularlf featured, with florid complexions ; and are of all nations the mod cleanly. Their marking charaAeriftici are bra- rery and humanity. An EngltOiman of good education* is allowed to he the mod accomplifhed g^entleman in the world ; he is h(^ vever ihy, and rel'erved in his conununi* cations. The church of England, is, beyond any other national church, the moll tolerant in its principles. Moderation is its governing chara^er, and in England no religious feA is prevented from worfhipping in the manner which their confciences approve. The eftabliihed religion is protedant, the form epifcopalian ; but there are multi* tudes of quakers, anabaptifts, methodifls, and piefbyteri- ans. ft , , ) England is the feat of learning and tlie ibufes. Alfred the Great cultivated both, in the time of the Saxons, when barbarifm and ignorance had overfpread the reft of £a* rope ; and fince nis time, there have been fuch a fucceffioD of learned men, who have improved and encouraged lite- rature, arts, and fcience, that a bare catalogue of thetf names would form a moderate volume. There are two univerHties in England, Oxford, and Cambridge. The magnificence* fplendour, and architec- ture of the buildings, rival the moil fuperb royal edifice* The univerfity of Oxford was founded by Alfred die Great. There Would be no end of deforibing the numerous cu- riofities, both natural and artificial, with which England abounds ; but chief amongfl the former, we muft reckon their medicinal fprings ; the waters of Bath aii||(^ famous through the world, both for drinking and bathing. There are fprings of the fame kind at Scarborough in Yorkfhire, Tunbridge in Kent, Iflington in Middlefex, and many other places contain remarkable fprings, fome of a petri- fying quality, fome impregnated with fulphur, fait, and bituminous matter, and others which ebb and flow like the fea. L(»idon is the metropolis of the Britilh. empire. . It ap- pears to have been founded between the reigns of Nero and Julius Caefar; but by 'iVhom, is uncertain. It -J-i'.'T-iV ■ ■c 44 ENGLAND. I f was firft walled round by Conflantine the Great, in a com- pos of three miles, and had feven principal gates. This city.confidered with all its advantages at the prel'cnt timei is what ancient Rome was, the feat of liberty, the en- courager of the arts, and the admiration of the world. It is the grand mart of the nation ; it is vifited by (hips from ev-ry country on the gobe, and its commercial intercourfc rs as extenfive as the circle of the fphere we inhabit. It is iituated on the banks of the Thames, and though >t is 60 miles from the fea, it emoys, by means of this beautiful river, all the benefits of navigation, without the danger of being lurprifed by foreign neets, or annoyed by the moi(l vapours of the fea. Bcfides St. Paul's cathedral, and the collegiate church at Weftminfter, there are in London,||102epifcopal parifli churches, which, together with a number of chapels for diflenters of variotis denominations, feveral popilh chap- els, and three fynagogues for the Jews, make 305 places devoted to Religious worftip. The Cathedral of St. Paul's is the moft magnificent^ capacious, and regular proteilant church in the world. It is built in the form of a erofs, after the model of St. Pe« ter*s at Rome. Weftmlnfler Abbey, or the collegiate church of Wefl- fhinfler, is a venerable pile of buildings, in the Gothic tafle ; it was firft built by Edward the Confeflbr, in the 1 1th cen- tury. It was afterwards rebuilt by Henry III. and Hen- ry VII. built a very fine chapel at the eaft end of it ; this is the Tepolitory of the deceafed kings and nobility. In this ipagniftcent ftruAure, are alfo ereded monuments to the ifl H n ory of many great and illuftrious iperfonage^; commanders by land and fea, philofophers, poets, patriots, &c. &c. fome of them of exquifite workmanfhip ; and in the ailles and cloifters of this venerable pile, the contem- plative mind may indulge in reveries at once humiliating and elevating, humbling the pride of human nature, by r«fle6):ing on the end of all fublunary grandeur, beauty, worth and talent, and elevating, in the remembrance- that the Immortal part cannot be confined within ihefie dark and miferable tenements of frail and perifhing mortality.^ The infidp of the church of St« -Stepjien^s, Walbrook, is ■» < ENGLAND. ♦^ admired for Its llehtncfs and elegance, llicre are many otljer churches, the appe;irance of wlilch do honour to tlie architefts, and tlie taftc of the nation in general. 1 he Banquetting Honfe at Whitehall, is a Very fmall part of a royal palace, and even now under all it^ difad- vantages, ics fymetry :md ornaments are in the higheft ftyle of architefture. Wertminfter Hall is a nohlc Gotliic building, and is faid to be the largeft room in the world, the roof of whicli is not fupported by pillars. It is SJJO feet long, and 70 broad. Here are held the coronation feafts of the kings and queens. That beautiful column, called the Monument, ere the nudtber of 14«0, lying about 30' miles from the latid's end; in CoirnwalL By their fituationj between^ the Eng- lifli and St. Gteoi^e's channel, thfey have be^n thedeftrutf- .non ol-maay ihipB andl li^j^Si ' Somie! of th€f rflinds. are ^Uiinhabited^ attld have Urgis^fediire harbours;* '^^ ^■'^'* InthBtEagiifcchahnei are foiir iflkndsi fubjei^ to' Eflj ' land f tfeof* yiYtiiJbT^feyv Gu4rnley,.Aldemey, anif SAt*i I r ■^ It r50 IRELAND. They He in a clufter in Mount St. Michael's bay, be- tween cape la Hogue in Normandy, and cape Frebtlle in Brittany. * ' , Jerfey, anciently Caefaria, was known to the Romans, and lies in 49 deg. N. lat. and 2 deg. W. long. The north fide is almoft inacceifible through lofty cliffs ; the fouth is almoft level with the water. The vallies are fer- tile and well cultivated ; they have plenty of cattle, and the honey of Jerfey is remarkably fine. The ifland is not above 12 miles in length ; but tlie air is fo falubrious that they have no phy fie ian there. The capital to\i^'n is St. Hilary. Guemfey is thirteen miles and a half from fouth weft to north eaft, and twelve and a half at the broadeft part. It is a much finer ifland than Jerfey, but not fo valuable, becaufe it is not fo, populous, nor fo well cultivated. Alderney is about 8 miles in compafs, and is only fepa- rated from Normandy by a narrow ftrait, called the .Race of Alderney, which is very dangerous in ftormy weather. Sark is a fmall ifland, depending upon Guernfey. The teUgion q( all the four iflands is that of the church of .England. * SEcrmXll. IRELAND. • ■ - THE ifland of Ireland is fituated on the weft of Eng- land, between 51 and 55 deg. N. lat. and between 6 and 10 deg. W. long. Its length is 285 miles ; its breadth 160. , ; The climate of Ireland differs not much from that of England, excepting that it i« niore xiioift. The feafons in genersd being mutTi wetter ; but, in many refpe^ts, the dimate of Ireland is more agreeable than that of Eng- land, the fummers being cooler, and the winters lefs fe- vftre. The piercing frofts, deep fnows, and dreadfml ef- fe(fts of thunder and lightning, which are fo often experi- ^ticed jn the latter kingdom, are never known here. The numerous rivers, lakes, bays, harbours, and creeks^ with which Ireland abounds, greatly enrich and beautiff the country, and render it the beft fitted fbr coimnerce of ,any country in Europe. The inland navigation is vcrj ^s-.' '■St \, IRELAND. St iii>proveable, as appears from the canals which have late- ' ly been cut through different parts of the kingdom. The mountains of Moume, and Iveajgh, in the county of Downe, are reckoned among the higheft in Ireland. The Slieu Denard has been calculated at a peTpendicular height of 1056 yards. Many other mountains are found in Ireland, but they contain nothing worth particulari- zing. There are ibme large forefts in Ireland ; and fome of the timber is efteemed as good for Ihip building as that of Engliih growth. The mines in Ireland are late difcoveries ; they are fil- ver, lead, and copper. Quarries of fine| flate are found in moft of the counties, and coals are plenty. The com-' mon Irifh, in their manner of living, feem to refemble the- ancient Britons, or the jprelent Indians of America. Mean! huts, built of clay and itraw, partitioned in the middle by a wall of the fame materials, ferve the double purpcfe of accommodating the family, and the cow and pigs. Their wealth coniifts of a cow, fomeiime» a hqrfe, a pig, feme poultry, and a fpot to raife potatoes. Coarfe bread, po- tatoes, eggs, milk, and fometimes fiOi, conftitute their food ; they feldom tafte butcher's meat of any kind. Their children are robuft and hearty j but fcarcely know the ufe of clothes. They are brought up in an idle, de- plorable ftate, and many thoufands loft to the community, and themfelves, who if they had been inftruded in the re- al principles of chriftianity,and encouraged to labour and induftry, might have become ferviceable members of the (late, and fupporters of the government. The eftablilhed religioh of Ireland is the icme with Bdgl^d, but amongft the lower and xnoft ignorant of the p»ople; popery, with all its fuperftitious abfurdities, pre- vails. Ireland contains but one univerfity, which is denomi* nated Trinity College. It was founded and endowed bf queen Elizabeth. ^^ Dublin is the capital of Ireland, and is the fecond city in the Britifh dominions. It ftands about feven miles from the fea, at the bottom of a fpacious bay, upon the river JUflfe/a which divides itaUnoft into two f«iual parts, l^uf ■■'"'^' ^If^' -t m FRANCE. i ' 11 1 river, though navigable for large vefleb to the centre of the city, is froall when compared with the Thames of London ; over it are two handfome bridges. In Dublin are 18 parifh churches, befides chapels knd meeting houies, a royal hofpital, like that at Cheirea in England, for invalids, an hoipital' fur lunatics, founded by the faJnous Dean Swifit, who himftrlf died a lunatic j and fundry other hofpitals for patients of every kind. Cork is defennedly reckoned thefecond city in Ireland. Its haven *'• deep, and well fheltered from all winds, but fmall veiTels only can come up to the city, which ftands fcven miles up the river Lee. There is perhaps more but- ter, beef, and tallow, ihipped olihere, than in all the oth-« cr parts of Ireland put together. kenfale is a populous, (Irong town, with an excellent liarbour. Waterford is reckoned next ta Cork, for riches and fhipping. Limerick is a handfome, commercial city, lying on the Shannon. Befid^s thefe are many other good towns^, feme of which are celebrated for Cirrying on the linen xoaaufadory. The. Iriih nobility and gentry are magnificent in their hcufes, highly polilhed in their manners, and extremely jbofpitable to ftrangcrs. The commerce of Ireland is much thpfame with England, with the additions of great quantities of linen, and a beautiful manufa«5lure of ftuffs, Cialied t{U>inett$ and poplins, of which they make very large exports. S£crjo» XIII. FRANCE. 4 HAVING gone over the Britifh I •>«$!■-»^■ v:'*' -fe ■V,V 54 FRANCE. .-«. ^ I ■ ' vergne, which boili violently, making a noife like water thrown upon lime j it has little or no tafte, but contains a poifonous quality, fo that birds thatdrinkof it die inllantly. There are mines of gold, filver, lead, and copper, in France, but they are not worked. Alabafter, black mar- ble, jafper, and coal ?'^ found in many parts of the king- dom. Saltpetre is made in every part of France, and tn the province of Anjou, are feveral quarries of a very fine white ftone. France abounds in excellent roots, vegetables, and fruits of all kinds, particularly grapes, figs, prunes, and capers. It produces alfo hemp, fiax, manna, fafron, many drugs, and fome tobacco. Alface, Burgundy, and Lorraine aflFord good timber ; filk is alfo plentifully pro- duced, and aflFords a confiderable trade. The wines of France are fa well known, particularly thofe of Cham- pagne, Burgundy, Bourdeaux, Pontac, Hermitage, and Frontinac, that they need only be mentioned. Wine is the ftaple commodity of France, and is made to the value of 15,000,000, pounds fterling annually ; more than an eighth part of which, befides brandy, is export- ed. Olive oil is alfo made here in large quantities. . France contains but few animals, either wild or tame, Ihat are not found in England, except wolves* The hair and Ikin of the chamois or mountain goats, is very valuable ; but their horfes, fheep, and black cattle, are far inferior ,tp thofe of England. Neither is this king- dom fo well fupplied with filh, even on the fea coaft, a» England is». The chief forefts c:re thofe of Orleans, which containd 14,000 acre^ of wood of vai'ous kinds, and the foreft of FontainWeau, nearly as large, . The French are, in their pcrfons well proportion'id ar.d a«51ive> and more free from bodily deformities in general, than other nations. The ladies are more celebrated for tlieir vt'it jRtid vivacity, than their beauty. The pejrfantjfy mgcnewd are remarkably plain in their ptrfons. The nobility; and gentry ate exceedingly grac^ul,m the eacer- cifes of dancing, fencing, tind riding, in whick' Jiccom* jpfiihments they excd »11 their nei|^bours. iThr geniiui asd mafltiers 0^ the FfefW^ art irctt »•*- •/ ■it "^ FRANCE. M Jcfiown. A national vanity is their predominant charac UiT. It fupporta them under misfortunes, and impels t& atftions, to which true courage infpires others. Tliey aflfeft much freedom and wit, but faihion and dlverfions engrofs too much of their converfation. They carry tlicir politenefs to excefs, fo much fo, as to throw a luf- picicus light upon their fmcerity and candour ; it is how- ever only doing the French jufticc, -to obferve that there are many amiable chara<5lers, and numerous inilances of difmtercfted friendlhip and generofity to be found a- mongft ihem, while their politenefs has tended to foften and poliih the ferocious manners of the neighbouring na» tions» •! The religion of France was, for ages, that of the Ro- milh church, and they were ilrongly oppofed to protef- tantifm, which they termed herfefy, and perfecuted the profefTors of the reformed religion with the mod inveter- ate malignity ; but in the late convulfions, which have torn this unhappy kingdom, religion was forced to hide her difhonoured head. The > convents wfcre thrown open, the churches pillaged, and the clergy' banilhed. Infi* delity triumphed, all public refped to xht Supreme Being was aboliilied, every religious and moral obligation ihras annulled, and rapine, mtirder, smd every kind of brutal vjolence were pradlfed by the deluded .people, without fear, and i^^ithout remorfe. But the prelent government again encourages the return of religion, and though (he returns ftill encumbered with the fuperftitious trappings- of popery^ ihe is fo neceifaty to the happinefs atid prbf- pe^ity of anation at large, as well as die comfort of kidividuals., that every good heart . muft rejoice iii> her reeftablilhment ; aiid we can only pray that the time may foon arrive, when pure and undvfiled religion, may be the governing principle of all nations, and chriftianity, fuch as it was. taught by our blefled Redeemer, be ac* knowledged and pta^^ifed throughout the world. 'The French, like other natiotis of Europe, were foft many: centuries immerfed m ignotance aikd ba|-barkyy aiid they made but iloW fi^ogrefs toward tine refinement ti£ literature till tlie reign «f JLouis XIV. who was the Atn '■■?:.' 1 It FRANCEr ^ ring his reign» are too many to be particularly mention,- ■ ed ; and even fome of the female fex have been famous for their abilities and learning. Tlie literary inftitutions in this kingdom are numerous ; they have 28 univerfities in France, among which the Sorbonne in Paris is the mod celebrated. If we except Italy, no country can boaft more antique curiofities than France j ancient fepulchres of kings as far back as Pharamond, in which have been found valu- able jewels ; triumphal arches, built by the Romans ; the ruins of an amphitheatre ; and a famous bridge, built in the Anguftan age, by a Roman colony at Nifmes, is as intire and frefh in its appearance at this day as Weft- minfter bridge. There are alio the ruins of a temple of Diana j and a houfe built by the emperor Adrian is ftill intire, the fculpture and architefture of which are ex- quifitely beautiful. Many other antiquities, interefting to the curious mind, are found in France i but the limits of this work will not allow the mention of them. " The cities and towns of France are ver\ numerous : but wefhall only mention Paris and Lifle, and their prin« eip;.l fea ports, Bred and Toulon. Liile, in French Flanders, is thought to bd the moft regular and bell fortification in Europe^ It is generally garrifoned with iibove 1 0^000 regular troops, and for its magnificence and elegance is called Little Paris. Itsr manufa^ures of camblets, cambrics, and filk, are very confiderable; The ftreets, fquares,' hotels, hofpitals,' churches, &c. of Paris, are very (hewy, and fome of diem fupeibly de- corated with a. prefufion of paintings, tapeftry, and images, and without entering into minute difquifitions, it muit be owned is the paradife of fplendor and difiipation* The city -of Paris is fifteen miles in circumference. Thcr principal buildings are the Louvre, an edifice which doesr onotir to arcfaitedure itfelf. The palace of Orleans, of at it is called the Luxembourg, where a valuable collec« tion of paintings are fhewn, the royal palace, the king's Ubrary, the guild hall, and the hofpital for invalids^ which are fuperb in the higheft degree. The hotels of thie French nobility, the dmrches, md ihe c^av^vtsytakf ■'■w /. -*■*- (^ TRANCE. # Up a great deal of room. The (Ircets of Paris are very narrow, the houfes very high, fome of them fcven ftories; they are generally built of ftonc, and mean even tfi wrelchednefs, owing partly to their containing a family on every floor. The river Seine runs through the centre of the city, over which are nuiny ftone and woodea bridges, which have nothing to recomfoend them. The floors of the common hsules in Paris are ger.erally brick;, ^vhich witli their ftone ft airs, their thick pany walls of ftone, and the want of wainfcoating in thtir apartmcuta^ are good prcfcrvatives againft fire, which feldom does^ any great damage in that city. The Parifians, as well as the natives of France in gen- eral, are remarkably temperate in their living ; and to be intoxicated with liquor is thought infamous. The com- mon people, in the fummer feafou, live chiefly on bread, butter, grapes, and fmall wine ; they fcarcely know the w^ of tea, but have coflfee* in plenty. The environs of Parrs are Tory pleafant ; a. number of fine feats, fmall vilk;ges and tov/ns being fcattered round it, fome of them feftted on edges of lofty mountains rifmg from the Siene, reader the fcenes peculiarly delightful. The palace of Verfailles, twelve miles from Paris, is magnincefnt and expenfive beyond conception, adorned with all that art can furnilh. Breft is a fmall but very flrong town, upon the Englifh channel, with a fpacious and finely fortified road and har- bour, the beft and fafeft in the kingdom, yet its entrance is dilBcult, by reafon of many rocks, which lie under wa- ter. At Brefl is a court of admiralty, and an academy for fea afiairs ; docks and mags^zines for all kinds of na- v^ (lores ; in iKort, it may be termed the capital recepta- cle for the navy of France, and^s admirably adapted for ,that purpofe, Hi^fc-XlV. rendered Toulon, from a phiful village, a fea port of great importance. He fortified tlie town and harbour, for the reception and proteftion of the navy. In manufactures the J'rench hare alwajrs been diflin- guifhed for their invention j and the EngUfh for their inT*- provement. vi'jwice is famous for the inanufaefl (katers in the world upon the ic^, and it is really 'amaciing, after a hard froft, to fee the crowds of m?9 and women who dart along with furprifing. dexr tejrlty a^hd velocity. The eftaUiflaed religion in Holland: is the ii>re(byterisin ,and Calyijiifm j none but prefl^yterlans ar^ admitted to hold any office or pQft in government, ; yet all religions are tolerated, and have their refpeflive meeting houfes or c^iapels for public "wrprlhip, anfwng which the Jews and ^^l^s arc v?ry numerous, Erafn^iws and (Jrotiuj?, both authors of eminence, were ng.tiyes of this country, as was alio that celebtatedl pwj*- feflbr of medicine, Do(5lor Boerhaave ; ^d the X)utch difput-e the inveiition of printing wilihi the Germaas. This jti^fign is not cefeljrated fon its ta,fte or, lencouiragetraent of the belles l^ttres, Th^y have fiv€ univerfuies, of whkh ^^.t of Ley den is the large |l ; it wajS founded in 1575 ; its library^ befides a number of printed books» qonitains SOQOiprien^ majau^cripts, many of which are in* Arabio The phyfiQ gai^den> belonging to th0 univerfity ai: Utrecht, is very cur*Ous ; bujt ^e «Hher thii^e uiyverritios of Grqn^gen, Hardwicjk, and Tranikeff have uothing tp arendftr them remarkabje. ; < ThQ prodigious dykes, faid to be fome of them feven* te^t^ elUuithicknefs, mouuiis and can^s, confliru^led by theDutch.to fecujpe their ^ou^try from th? diread^ul m- QndatipQS to which it was forxnerly ful^eit, muft be cons- ^Mered a^ ^uriofities, for they ar« ilup^i^ousi and hardlf p? l)^ «^U(|Ued« The Stadthou^e m Awflerdam^ is, aUb a «»^ie|fity ioiliitSi kind* fe^^ing bmlt. ^i>Qn 13^659- h'rg^ piles firiven into tile g^roupd Therfeiare ftveral iirtufeums iti HpUandl cpntainti(k|^ number^rs icuciofitiiEts,; b«>;th oatuxail and artificial. ..^An|flierd*m>, the- capital o£ Holland, i$ thought, Co, be jjiNtt,t0X.on4on» tbeipoft CQn)^ner(^i«i ?ity iakthe wofW. Jtti^hwltiirpen pile%of T/e^dj. an,d. it^ canvenieiSiAeltT CQ«mier<;e>;and thegraudeur of its public worj^s,. su?e «J- jtno^b bey<^ndriiie&n^M(|n., The f^f^n&Cs and cleanliii^ every where to be obferved, are admirable. This city, AUSTRIAN AND FRENCH NETHERLANDS. 61 however, labours under two great difadvantages, bad air, and want of frelh and wholefome water. Rotterdam is next to Amfterdain, for wealth and commerce. The Hague, though but a village, is the feat of eovemment, and celebrated for the magnificence of its buildings. Ley- den and Utrecht are fine cities, and Saardam, a wealthy, trading place, is famous for being the place where the great Peter, Czar of Mufcovy, ferved an apprenticcihip tofhtpbuilding,andlabouredas a common handicraftsman. The common way of travelling in Holland, is in cov- ered boats, called treckfcuits, which are dragged along tlie can^s, by horfe?. Th^ treckfcuit is divided into two different apartments, called the roof and the ruim ; the firft for gentlemen, the other £or common paifengers. An account of the Dutch commerce would compre- hend that'of almoft all Europe ; for there is fcarcely a manufadure, which they do not carry on, or a State to which they do not trade. The United Provinces are the grand magazine of Europe, and goods may often be pur- chafed here cheaper than in the countries where they are made. They carry on an immenfe traffic with the Eaft Indies, where they have a very fine commercial fettlement* the capital of which is Batavia, which is faid to exceed in . opulence and magnificence all the cities of Afia. * Section XV. AUSTRIAN AND FRENCH NETH- ERLANDS. AS this country belongs to three dififerent powers, the Auflrians, French, and Dutch, it will be neceffary to diftinguilh the provinces belonging to each. The Prov- inces of Brabant and part of Flanders, belong to the Dutch and Auftrians, Antwerp, Malines, Lemburg, and Namur, entirel/ to the Auftrians, with part of Luxem- burg and Hainault. Cambrefis, Artois, with part of Hainault, Luxemburg, and Flanders, are fubje ners. The country is pleafant, the roads good, and trav- elling fafe and delightful. _ The eftablifhed religion is Roman Catholic ; but all other {e&s are fuflPered to worlhip in their refpeftive forms without moleftation. There have been fome learned men natives of the Netherlands. Strada is an elegant hiftorian and poet. The Flemifh painters and fculptors have great merit. The works of Reubens and Van- dyjce cannot be fnfficiently admired. Som§ Roman monuments of temples and other build* ings, are to be found in thefe provinces ; and the mag- ♦ nificent old edifices, f^en in all their cities, give evidence of* their farmer grandeur. Ghent was formerly the capital of Flanders, and cele- kjiated for its linen and woollen manufa i Thecityof Licpfic is alfo large and Well built, with handfome fuburbs and gardens. Hapovcr, the capital of the Ele<5torate of Hanoyer, on the river Seine, is a neat, thriving, agreeable city. The cleAor of Hanover is icing of Great Britain. Breflau, the capital of oilefia, on the river Oder, is a fine city. Frankfort on the Maine, is fituated in a healthful, fer- tile, and delightful country, on the banks of that river, by Viichitis divided into w«vo parts, diftinguillied by the names of Frankfort and Saxenhaufen ; it is an imperial, free city. It is built of a circular form ; but the Ibeets are narrow, and the houfes moftly built of timber ; though there are fome buildings in it that deferve the name of palaces. Vienna is the capital of the circle of A'aftria, and being the refidence of tlie Emperor, is called in general the capital of Germany. It is a noble and ftrong city. It contains an excellent univerfity, a bank, and a court of commerce. «. ' The ftreets of Vic. ..a are narrow and dirty, and the houfes of the citizens greatly difproportionate to the mag- nificence of the fquares, palaces, and other public build- ings. The Imperial library in this city is great literary rarity, on account of its ancient manufcrij. . It contains upwards of 80,000 volumes, among which are fonie valu- able manufcripts in Hebrew, Syriac, Arabic, Turkilli, Ar- menian, and Coptic, and Chinefe j and a Greek New Tef- tament, faid to have been written 1500 years ago, in gold letters upon purple. jrermany exports to other countries, corn, tobacco, wax, wines, linen, and woollen yarn, ribbands, filk, wool, and timber, and the fined porcelain upon earth. Section XVII. PRUSSIA. 1:1 THIS country is bounded north by part of Samogitia, fouth by Poland proper, and Mafovia, eaft by part of Lithuania, and weft by Polifh Pruffia and the Baltic Sea. It lies between 52 and 56 deg. N. Jat. and 16 and 23 t.^ i. BOHEMIA. 67 deg. E. long. Its greatefl; length is 160 mllesi and its breadth 112. The air of Pruflia is wholefome, and the foil fruitful. It affords plenty of pit coal and other fuel. Its animal productions are horfes, Iheep, deer, and game, wild boars and foxes. Its rivers and lakes are well ftored with fifli, and amber is found on its coails towards the Baltic. 1 The principal rivers are the Viflula, the Mamel, the Pregel, the Paffarge, and tlie Elbe. The manners of the inhabitants differ but little from tliofe of Germany. The eftablifiied religions of Pruflia are thofe of the Lu- tlierans and Calvinills ; but almoft every other fe<5l is tol- erated here. The country, as well as towns, abound in fchools. An univerfity was founded at Koningfburgh in I54fif but we know of no learned men that it has pro- duced. Koningfburgh is the capital of the whole kingdom of Pruflia } It is htuated on the river Pregel, over which it has feven bridges ; it is feven miles in circumference. Koningfburgh has ever made a confidcrable figure in commerce and fhipping, its river being navigable for Ihips of very heavy burden. This city, befides its univerfity, which is very fpacious, contains fomc magnificent palaces, a town houfe, an exchange, and fomt handfome gardens and other embellilhments. It has a good harbour, and a citadel called Frederic kfburgh. The Prufllan manufactures are not inconfiderable. They confiil of glafs, iron work, paper, gunpowder, cop- per, brals mills, camblet, and filk flockings. I'hv-y export a variety of naval ftores, flaxfeed, hempfeed, wax, honey, and caviar, of which latter article vaft quantities is pre- pared at Pillaw, a town on the fea coaft. ' , Section XVIII. BOHEMIA. THIS kingdom is bounded north by Saxony and Bran- denburg, fouth by Auftria and Bavaria, eafl: by Poland and Bavaria, weft by the palatinate of Bavaria, it is 4?78 miles long, and 322 broad, lying betw?en 4*8 and 52 deg. N. kt. and 12 and 19 deg. eafl: Ion. ^^ The air of Bohemia proper is not thought fo wholes 68 HUNGARY. fom? as the red of Germany ; its foil and produce are much the fame. Bohemia, though almoft furrounded by mountains, contains none of any note. Its woods are many, and its chief rivers are the Elbe, Muldaw, and £ger. It contains rich mines of filver, quickfilver, copper, iron, lead, ful- phur, and faltpetre. Its chief manufadures are linen, iron, and ^lafs. The Bohemians, in their perfons, habits, manners, &c. refemble thfe Germans. There is no middling ftate of people among them, for every lord is a fovereign, and every tenant r. flave. Though popery is the eftabliftied religion of Bohemia, there are many proteftants among the inhabitants, who are tolerated ii* the free exercife of their religion ; and Tome -of the Moravians have ftruck into a vifionary path of their own. The only univerfity in Bohemia is that of Prague. Prague is the capital of Bohemia, and is one oftlie moft mag- nificent cities in Europe ; it is famous for its noble bridge. Its circumference is fo large tliat the grand Pruffianarmy could never entirely invert it at the laft fiege. It is a place of little or no trade, therefore the generality of the inhabitants are not wealthy ; but *-he Jews are faid to carry on a large commerce in jewels. Bohemia contains many other towns,, fome of which are fortified, but they are neitlier remarkable for ftrength nor manufadures. 01- mutz is the capital of Moravia ; it is well fortified, and has in it manufadures of woollen, iron, glafs, paper, and gunpowder. SECTioif XIX. HUNGARY. '7^' HUNGARY is bounded north by Poland, eaft by Tran- fylvania and Wallachia, fouth by Sclavonia, and weft by Auftria and Moravia. It is 700 miles long, and 200 broad, lying between 44 and 49 deg. N. lat. and 16 and 26 deg. E. Ion. The air and climate of the foutheni part of Hungary is unhealthful, owing to the numerous lal^es, ftagnant waters, and marlhes j but the more northern parts bei" t; .y -f j'.-'r-^'—' .::^..yH HUNGARY. 69 coun- mountainous, the air is pure and wholcfome. No try in the world can boalt a riclier foil, than that plain which extends .'>00 miles from Prefburg to Belgrade. It produces, befidcs vegetables, fruit, roots, and pulfe, in great variety and plenty, fuch a profufion of corn that it fells for one fixth part of the price in England. The rivers, are tht; Danube, Drave, Save, Teylfe, Me- rilh, and the Temes. Hungary contains fevcral lakes, particularly four among the Carpathian mountains, of confiderable extent, abounding with fiih. The Hungarian baths and mineral waters are efteemed the moft fovereign of any in Europe ; but their magnificent buildings raifed by the Turks, wnen in pOiTeflion cf the country, efpecially thofe of Buda, are fuffered to go to decay. The chief mountains are the Carpathian, which divide Hungary from Poland ^ thoir tops are covered with wood, and on their fides grow tlie richell grapes in the world. Hungary abounds wiili gold and fiiver mines, copper^ iron, &c. It is alio remarkable for a fine breed of horfes, highly efteemed by military officers. The Hungarian wines, particularly Tokay, are preferably to any other European wines. The Hungarians have manners peculiar to themfelves. Their perfons are well made, and their drefs, though fingular, is very becoming, ^^he men fhave their beards, but preferve whiikers on the upper lip. The Hungarian ladies are reckoned very handlome, and their drefs is gen- erally black, made with long lleeves, tight to the arm, clofe bodies faftened before with gold, pearl, or diamond but- tons. They are a brave, magnanimous people. The eftab- liflied religion rf Hungary is the Roman catholic ; but the major part of the inhabitants are proteftants, and en- joy the full exercife of their religious liberties. There is a remarkable bridge in Hungary, or rather a continua- tion of-bridges over the Danube and the Drave, five miles in length, fortified with towers, at certain diftances. There IS alfo a bridge of boats over the Danube, half a mile long, between Buda and Peft. There is alfo about 20 miles from Belgrade the ruins of a magnificent bridge built by the Romans. ■"** ■',-■■, 70 TRANSYLVANIA, 6CLAV0N1A, &c. \ The mod remarkable natural curiofity in Hungary i« a cavern in a mountain near Szalitze ; the aperture to the cavern is 18 fathom high, and 8 broad, its fubterrane- pus parages are of folid rock, ftretching away farther fouth than has yet been dilcovered, as far as it is pra(H:icable to go, the height is found to be 50 fathoms, and the brcadtli twenty-fix. The cities of Hungary arc much fallen to decay, but many of their fortifications are very ftrong. Prelburg is a fortified city ; Vienna is tlie capital. Buda was for- merly the capital j but it retains little of its ancient mag- nificence. The crown belonging to the kings of Hungary, is of furprifmg value. It was fent in the year 1000, by Pope Sylvefter II. to King Stephen of Hungary. It is made of folid gold) weighing 9 marks and 3 ounces, ornament- ed with 53 fapphires, 50 rubies, one large emerald, and 338 fine pearls ; befides thefe jewels, there are the images of the apoftles, and patriarchs, in fine wrought gold. Section XX. TRANSYLVANIA, SCLAVONIA, QROATIA,, AND HUNGARIAN DALMATIA. TRANSYLVANIA belongs to the houfe ofAuftria, and is bounded north by the Carpathian mountains, eaft by Maldavia, fouth by Walachia, and weft by Upper and Lower Hungary, lying between 22 and 26 deg. E. long, and 45 and 48 deg. N. lat. It is about 180 miles long, and 120 broad, i'urrounded on a!ll fides by high moun- tains. The air is temperate, the produce much the fame as Hungary. The chief city is Hermanftadt, a large, ftrong, well built city. Sclavonia lies between 17 and 21 deg.E.long. and 55 and 46 deg. N. 1 It. It is bounded by the Drave on the north, on the eaft by the Danube, by the Save on the fouth, and by Auftria on the weft. Sclavonia yields neither in beau- ty and fertility to Hungary j but tlie ravages of war are ttill vifible in the face of the country, which lies in a great meafure unimproved. Pofega is the capital. Crotia lies between 15 and 17 deg. E. long, and 45 and 47 deg. N. lat. The manners, religion, cuftoms and lan- i*t ^!(!'roj :%'■ POLAND AND LITHUANIA. 71 ^u;ige of the Croats, are the Tame with thofe of their neigh- bours of Hungary and Tranfylvania. Zagrab is the cap- ital of Crotia. Hungarian Dalmatia lies on the upper part of the A- driatic iea, and confifts of five diftrifts, of which the mod remarkable places are the two following ; Segna, which is fortified both by nature and art ; it is fituated near the fea, in a bleak mountainous country, the foil of which is very barren. It contains 1 2 churches and two convents. The governor refides in an old palace, called the Royal Caftle. Ottofchatz, a frontier fortification on the river Gatza, that part of the fortrcfs wheic? the governor and the greateft part of the garrifon refide, is furrounded by a wall and fome towers ; hut the reft of the buildings, which are mean, are eredted on pilos in the water, fo that one neighbour cannot vifit another without a boat, Sscrinfj XXL POLAND and LITHUANIA. BEFORE the extraordinary partition of this kingdom, which took place a few years fince, Poland, with the great dutchy of Lithuania annexed, was bounded north by Li- vonia, Mufcovy, and the Baltic fea, on the eail by Mufco- vy, on the fouth by Hungary, Turkey, and Little Tarta- lYi on the weft by Germany. It is 700 miles Xon^t and 680 broad, extending from 4(3 to 51 deg. N. lat. and from 16 to St de^^. E. long.' The climate of Poland is temperate, and far from being fo unfettled as might be fuppofed, from its northernly fit- luition ; tlie air towards the north is cold but pure, and the Carpathian mountains, which feperate Poland from Hun- gary, are covered witli everlailing- fnows. Poland is a level country, and the foil is fertile in corn, tlie pafturcsare rich beyond concepiion. Here are mines offilver, copper, iron, fait, and coals. The interior parts of Poland contain forefts, which pro- duce timber in great quantities. Various kinds of fruit and herbs, and fome grapes, are foimd in Poland, alfo va- rious kinds of clay for pipes and earthen ware. The wa- ters of many fprings can be boiled into fait ; and there is a remarkable fpring in the palitanate of Cracow, which 72 POLAND AND LITHUANIA. increafcs and dccreafcs with the moon. It is Aippofed to have a wonderful power to promote longevity, numbers of the inhabitants, who partake its waters, living to 100, and fometo 150 years of age. The water is inflammable, and by applying a torch to it will flame like fpirit of wine ; the flame however dances on the furface without heating the water. The chief rivers of Poland are the Viftula, the WrTL the Nieller, the Borefthenes, the Bog, and the Dw. v.. The chief of the few lakes this kingdom contains is Oopto in the palatinate of Byfefty, and Biral" or the white lake, which dyes the fkin of thofe who waHi in it fwarthy. There is a curious production in Poland, called manna, which in May and June the inhabitants fweep iato fieves with the dew, and itferves for food, dreifed vaiious wj ,s. Some of the forefts contain buffaloes, whofe flelh the P <; is efteem excellent. There are alio in their foreils wild horfcs, aflcs, and oxen, and a kind of wolf r^./ 'iibling a hart, which affords the heft fur in tlie count -y. Elks are numerous, and reckoned delicious food. They have plenty of tame and domeltic animals. The Poles, in their perfons, make a noble appearance ; they are tall, fair, and well proportioned. They are brave, honeft, and hol'pitable. Their women are fprightly, mod- eft, and meek in their demeanor. Their mode of travel- ling is ufually on horfeback ; and they are from chiUlliood inured to brave the feverity of the cold without fhrinking, fo that they become extremely hardy, and can fleep on the ground, eventn frofty weather, wr n^ at covering. The Poliffe nobllit\- and gentlemen nave great privileges, and indeed the boalted PulUh liberty is coniiKiod to them alone ; for they have the pcnver of Hie and death over dieir tenants and vaflals ; but if thoy cngiige in trade, they for- feit their nobility. The peafants are in a moft abjefi- ftale of fuLjeclion, but they are infenfible to the miferies of their fituation. Born flaves,and accuflomed from their infancy to j^ardihip and fevcre labour, the generality have fcarcely an idea of better circumftances. They regard their mailers as a {u- perior order of beings, and feldom repine at their lot, but cheerful and cemented with their fitualioii, they i^re ready Y:. K POLAND AMD LITHUANIA. >« LiiOUS WJ ,S. Ort all occafions to facrifice their lives for their ma.lers. Their clouthing is in conformity to their deprelTc J (late, being a (heepfkin with the wool inward in winter, and a kind of coarle cloth in fummer, but they wear no linen. The better ranks drcfs well, Ibme in the French and Engliih mode, but more in the peculiar habit of their country, which is flngular. They Ihavc their heads, leav- ing only a circle of hair on the crown. Men of all ranks wear whifkers ; they wear a veft with a kind of gown over it, a fur cap (^r bonnet, and fhirts without collar or wridband, and neither ftock nor P'*ckcloth round their neck. The habit of the women is very fimplc. There are a great number of protellants in Poland ; but the bulk of the nation arc attache^ to the Romilh rc« ligton. Poland is not remarkable for having produced many learned men, though Copernicus, the great reftorer of the true aftronomical fyftem, was a native of this kingdom* There are three univerfities in Poland, that of Cracow^ Wilna, and Pafna. l^e fait mines in Poland are great natural curiofities, fome of which are feveral hundred yards deep, with many turnings, windines,. and labyrinths ; tliey produce four different kinds. of Talt. There are fomo fait mines near the city of Cracow, on one fide of which runs a ftream of fait water, and on the other, one of frclhi The city of Warfaw lies on the Vlflula ; it is the royal refidence, and contains many magnificent palaces ahd other* 'liuildingSj^l^des churches and convents.; The Greets of this tky Are fpaciouS, but ill paved, and the houfes of the common people beinr mean hovels, built of wood ; it exhibits a ftrong contraft of wealth and poverty. The fame may be faid ofCracow, which is the capital of the i:ingdom. This city is flirrounded by high brick walls, flrengthened x^itli round and fquare towers, in the ancient ftyle of fortificatioh. Grodno, the principal town m Lithuania, is a large! Itragglmg place, containing ruined palaces, falling holifes, and wretched hovels, containing YOOO inha:bitanrj^y 3t)00 of which are employed in a man- ufa .. ,*f "--, 76 SWITZERLANDi and any perfon who lofes more tlian fix florins, that is a« bout 9 Ihillings fterling, incurs a confiderable fine. The general form of religion in Switzerland* »s Calvin* ifm ; though there are vanous other fe^s, There is about two leagues from J'ribourg a wonder.' ful hermitage, formed by the hands of a fingle hermit, who laboured at it 25 years, and was alive in 1707. It is the greateft curiofity of the kind in the world ; it con- tains a chapel, and a parlour 28 paces la length, 12 in breadth,and 20 feet high; a cabinet, a kitchen, a cellar, and other apartments, with the altar, benches, flooritig, ceiling* all cut out of the folid rock. At Spaff haufen is a wodden bridge, of one fingle arch, four hundred feet wide, thrown over the Rhine. The read, which is almoft level, is not carried, as ufual, over the top of the arch, but is let into the middle of it, and there fufpended ; a man of the light* eft weight feel* it tremble under him, yet the heavieft wag- gons pa& over without danger. The arcliite^, who con- ]ftrudted this furprifing bridge, was named Ulric Grubt enman, a carpenter by trade, totally ignorant of mathe- matics, and not verfed in the theory of mechanics. It. was fiuilhed in three years, and coft 80001. fterling^ Swit- zerland boafts many noble religious buildings, particular- ly a college of Jeluits. At Lucerne is to be feen a model of the moft mountainous parts of Switzerland, fo . ex- tremely exa&, that it not only eonitprifes every mountain, lake, town,, village, and foreft ; but every cottane, every road, every torrent is diftmiftly and accurately delineated ; it comprifes about 60 fquare leagues. The model itfelf is 12 feet long and 9 1-2 broad. The moft confiderable city is Bern, ftanding on the riv- er Aar. Baftl, which by {ame is reckoned the capital of Switzerland, is feated on the banks of the Rhine, con- tains 220ftreets, and 6 market places. At Zurich is fliewn the bow of the famous William Tejl, and a manufcript of excellent letters, wTitten by the unfortunate lady Jane Grey, to tlie reformtP BuUinger, in elegant Latin and German. Geneva is a large city, well built, and well fortified. It is fituated on the banks of the Lake of Geneva. It is celebrated for the learning of the profeflbrs ip its uniyer* sMiN. /7' fity, the good government of its colleges, the piiri-' ty of its air, and the politenefs of its inhabitants. The • Swifs-manufaaure linea, dimity, lace, llockings, hand- kel-chiefs, ribbons, and painted cottons, and ©f late years, ' fiik velvet, and woollen ftufFs. Section X^^III. SPAIN. SPAIN is bounded weft by Portugal and the Atlantic * ; ^ocfean, eall by the Meditenanean, north by the Bay c{ -^ Bifcay and the Pyrenean mountains, and foudi by tlic * Straits of Gibraltat. The air of Spain, except during th6 equinoftlal rains, =" IS dry and ferene ; but exceflivcly hot in tlie foutliern pro- \^ virtces in Jane, July, and Auguft, though towards the north and eaft, it is intenfely cold in winter. In fome parts oi Spain, particularly in*the principality of Afturia,j^fc air ' is fo extremely ynoift, that putrid diforders frdMKntly make tremendous ravages among the mhabitants k yet, notwithftanding tliis circunnfltance, few countries can pro- duce more inftances of longevity. The fame obfervation may be made of Gallicia, where in the pariih of St. Juan, in 172t4r,the curate adminiftcred thefacramentto l3perfons, whofe ^ges together made 1499 years, the youngeft being lit), and the oldeft 127, and one poor labourer died there in 1726 aged 146 years,' The foil of Spain was fdrmerly very fruitfivl: in com, buf the tiatural indolence of the natives have rendered thi* article very fcarce ; it produ- ces almoft fpontanefeufly the moft delicious fruits, oranges, citrons^ lemons, prunes, almonds, raifins, figs, aiid grape&;' The wifies are in high repute, eipecially fack and fheriy. There is in the diftri<5t of Malawi 14,000 wine preflfes, and they export as much. wine as/amounts annually to'375>000l. * ftetling. Spain has large tfa<^s of uncultivated grotmtl;' yet' the f©il is in general fo fertile, that no country maintains more inhabitants.- Vaft numbers ^of Iheep arc raifed in this* " &i%dorav which aiFordl:he fihc'ft of woo!; ' FeA\^ countries^ ^ et»e more than Spain dots td nature, and left to indnflrfv' • *©e^ water in Spain is Univerfally thcu^ht to ccntai;v rilu'v> " Q'M « } r <.* 78 SPAIN. \ \ r lifercus and healing qualities, efpeciallj- Alhamar in Gre*. nada. The mountains in Spain are fo numerous, that it is al- moft impoffible to fpecify them. IThe chief and higheft are the Pyrenees ; they extend from the Bay of Bifcay to the Mediterranean, and divide Spain from France. The Cantabrian mountains are a continuation of the Pyrenees, and reach to the Atlantic ocean. Befides thefe are Mount Calpe, now called the Hill of Gibraltar, atid formerly one of the pillars of Hercules ; the other Mount Abyla, being oppofite to it in Africa. Montferrat is one of the moll fmgular mountains in the world ; for its fituation, fhape, and compofition ; it ftands on a vaft plain in tlie princi- pality of Catalonia, and is called by the Catalonians Mont Sci», which fignifies acut or fawed mountain, for it is fo broken and divided, fo crowned with an infinite number of cones, that it has the appearance of being the work of man, diough upon nearer infpedtion it is found evi- dently the prodiinl^ion of the God of nature. It is a fpot fo admirably calculated for retirement and contem* plation, that it has been for ages inhabited only by monks,, whofe firft vow is never to foriake it. They meet at th* great hermitage, on' faints days and great feftiv-als ; but at other times they live in a very reclufe manner, adhere to very rigid rules of abftinence, nor are they allowed to keep within their cells either dog, cat, or any other living animal, left their attention fhoujd be drawn from heaven- ly things. Ihey never tafte fl#l« The principal rivers are the Duero, which falls into the Atlantic ocean below Oporto in Portugal. The Tagus, which flows to the Atlantic below Lifbon, the Guadiana, the Guadelquiver, aild the JEbro. The river Tinto rifes in the Sierra Morena, and empties itfelf into the Mediter- ranean. The name of Tinto is given it from the tinge of its waters as yellow as topaz, and petrify the fand over which they flow in a mod furprifing manner ; if a ftone falls into it, and refts upon another, in a year's time they become perfe<5tly united. It withers all plants, and kills all trees, the footsof whichi may reach to the verge of its banks. No kind of verdure appears new it, no nfh will live in its ftream^ no cjittle will drink of it except goats* R SPAIN. w< The chief Bays are thofe of Bilcay, Ferrol, Cadiz, Gib- raltar, Carthagena, and Alicant. The Straits of Gib- raltar divide Europe from Africa. Spain abounds in metals and minerals, and many pre- cious gems are found in the mines. The Spanifli iron may be wrought into the be ft arms in the world, ^.nd they work it in this kingdom in the greateft perfedlion. The Spaniih horfes efpecially thofe of Andalufia, are thought to be the handfomeft in Europe, and at the iame time are very fleet and ferviceable. Spain alfo furniihes mules and black cattle. The only beaft of prey that in- fefts Spain is the wolf, they have plenty of gnme and wild . fowl* The Spaniih feasaffor.d excellent fiih, particularly anchovies. I*;. _-■>: u V The perfons of the Spaniards aye generally tall, their hair and complexion dark, but their countenances expref- iive, and they in "general wear muftaches. Among the good qualities pofieifed by the Spaniards, their fobriety and temperance in eating and drinking is remarkable; the men ufe very little wine, and the women only water. Bull fights are a favourite amufement in Spain; there is not a town in the kingdom but has a fqnare for the exhi- bition of thofe fpedlucless and even the poor inhabitants of the.ftnalleft villages, will often club together to purchafe an ox and fight it riding upon affesfor want of horfes. . Spain has not produced many learned men, in propor- • tlon to the excellent capacities of its natives ; this is owing to tlieir indolence, however the. inimitable Cervantes au- thor of Don Quixotte, will ever be eminently confpicuous in the annals of literature, and is perhaps to be placed at the head of all moral and humourous fatirifts. Some of the Spaniards have diftinguilhed themfelves in the polite arts and many of the cities exhibit ftriking fpecimens of* their abilities as fcUlptors and architeSs, and fome ex« cellent paintings. There are twenty four unlyerfities in Spain, the chief of which is Salamanca, whither moft of the nobility fend, their fons to be«ducatfed. Several Roman and Moorifh antiquities are to be found in Spain; nearSegovisuis a grand aquedud, erea maufoleum, a convent, and- cieifters, a college, and a library, containing- 80,000- volumes, particularly fome valuable, Arabic and Greek' manufcripts. Here are alfo large apartments for all» Jfinds of artifts and mecha^nics, noble wdks, extenfive paths, and gardens, beauti:^ul fountains, and coftly or-** namentr. The maufoleum t)r bftrialpdace for the kings and^ qseens of Spain, is called the Pantheon, becaufe it i&- built upon the ptoof that temple at Rcme. It is ^irty ^ fijiieev in diameter^ ej|C|^fta4 with to wa^xble* -*- - SPAIN. Sf Cadiz is tlie great emporium of Spanifh commerce. It ftands on an ifland, fcparated from the continettt of An- dalufia, without the Straits of Gibraltar, by a very nar* row arm of the fea, over which a fortified bridge is thrown» and joins it to the main land. The entrance into the bay is 500 fathoms wide, and guarded by two forts called the puntals. The ftreets of this town are filthy, ©arrow, ill paved, aad full of rats. Cordova is an inconfiderable place,the cathedral, which, was formerly a mofque, is very rkh in plate ; four of the filver candlefticks coll 8501. fterling a piece. Seville is, next to Madrid, the largeft city in Spaip, but is fallen greatly to decay. Its fuburb is remarkable for a gloomy Ootliic caftic, where, in J481, the Inquifi- tion was fir ft eftabliftied .in Spain. The cathedral in Seville is remarkable for its fleeple, at the top of which is tlie figure of a woman, which turns with the wind.- The firft clock ever made in this kingdom was fet up in the cathedral of Seville, in the year 1400. Barcelona is a large trading city, fituated on the Me- diterranean, oppofite Minorca, and is faid to be the hand ^ fomeft city in Spain ; the houfes are lofty and pl^, the ftreets well paved and lighted. Valencia is lar^e and almoft circular, furrounded by lofty walls. The ftreets are crooked and narrow, not paved ; the houfes ;ill built and fikhy. Carthagena has a very complete port, formed by na- ture in the fhape of a heart. Granada, that ancient Moorifh city, is falling into ruin; its glories are pafl'ed away, and its palaces, mofques, and aqueducts are crumbling into duft. Befiides thefe, there are Bilboa, Malaga, Salamanca, Tol- edo, and Burgos, tha latter of which was the ancient cap- ital of the kingdom of Caftile. Gibraltar,once a celebrated town and fortrefs of An da* lufia, is at prefent in pofTeflion of Great Britain. It is a commodious port, and formed naturally for commandhlg a paflage into the Mediterranean and Levant feas, but the road is neither {sife from enemies or ftorms. The chief iflands belonging to Spain in Europe, are thofe of Majorca, Minorca, aad Yvica, all in the Mediter- ranean. ^ , .-.:--• v. .-.-.i^v,u;'' .i,i ^- PORTUGAL. The Spaniards make gold and filver the chief articles of their commerce ; they impor; it from America, and ' export it to other countries. At St. Ildefonfo is a very firte gla-T, manufa^ory, where the largeft mirrors are made. In Valencia is a filk manufadtcry, in which 5000 looms and 300 ftocking frames give employment to upwards of 20,000 of the inha])itants. They likewife manufa«SkUre porcelain, cord- • age, wool, copper, and hard ware, in many parts, and Spain is extremely rich in fait petre. ( The Romifh religion is the only one tolerated in Spain, but its hcirrors are now greatly leflened, as the penalties of the Inquifition, (a tribunal hitherto difgraceful to hu- man nature) are greatly moderated, and it is to be hoped will be foon entirely abolifhed, a royal edi<5l has been riflued to prevent the admiffion of noviciates into the dif- ferent convents, without fpecial permiffion, which will tend to reduce the monadic orders. In 1794 there were computed to be in tlie kingdom of Spain 54,000 friars, 34,600,nuns, and 20,000 fecular clergy ; but, fays a writer of fome eminence, ♦* as little true religion as^nany place unaer heaven." S&ttiou XXIV. PORTUGAl,. PORTUGAL is bounded north and eaft by Spainy fouth and weft by the Atlantic Ocean, and is the mbfl: wefterly kingdom in Europe. It is 300 miles long, and 100 broad, lying between 37 and 42 deg. N. lat. and 7 and 10 deg. W. Ion. The foil of Portugal is not in general equal to that of Spain for fertility, efpecially in com, which they Import from other countries. Their fruits are the fame as in Spain ; their wines remarkably good, efpecially that call- ed porti which is made in Oporto, from which place it is faid 20,0Q0 pipes are exported yearly. There are fome mines in Portugal, but they are not worked, a variety of gems, marbles, and a fine mine of fait petre near Lilbon. The air about Li(bon is reckoned extremely beneficial to Confumptive perfons. ^ The face of the country is mountainous, or rather river ; PORTUGAL. 'f bckr, and every brook in Portugal is reckoned a but the principal dreams )|;hat deierve that name, are the .fame as thofe of Sp lin, lifing in that country and pafllng through Portugal, in their way to the Atlantic Occ;*n. The Tagus is celebrated for its golden fands. There are many lakes and fprings, (ome of them medicinal, and fome hot badis in the province of Algarva. Hogs and kids in Portugal are tolerable eating, but their cattle and poultry are very indifl'erent. The fea tiih on the coaft is reckoned excellent. 7'heir horfcs are light but lively, and their mules very ferviccable. _^ The Portnguefe are neither fo tall or well made asThe Spaniards ; the ladies are thin and fmall of (lature, their complexion is olive, their eyes in general dark and ex- preflive, their features fmall and regular. Their charac- teriftic is franknefs and generofity, tempered by modefty, and enlivened by wit. They afFed much ftate and cere- mony in their manners, and drefs very magnificently. The poorer fort of people live very meanly, have little furni- ture in their houfes, and in imitation of the Moors, fit on the ground in a crofs legged pofture. The Portuguefe peafant is entirely unacquainted with the advantages of commerce in fumilhing fuperfluous luxuries. The only foreign luxury he is acquainted with is tobacco. Some- times, indeed, if his fcanty purfe allows it, he purchafes a Newfoundland cod fiih, and regales himfelf and family on the dainty j but it is feldom he dares indulge in fuch a feaft. A piece of brown or rather black bread, with an onjon to give it a flavour, is his (landing diftx ; and if at Eafter or Chriftmas he can get a joint of pork, or veal, or a piece of beef, he has reached the pinnacle of happi- nefs. ** Happy I" exclaims the child, pampered in abundance, and nurfed in inaftivity ; " happy ! is it pof- fible ? yes, my child, he is happy, and his fmiling offspring, ►ruddy with health, arid lively as air, from an exuberance of animal fpirits, laugh^ dance, and play with full enjoy- ment, till wearied nature requires repofe ; then fleep un- difturbed, and arife each morning ftrangers to the tor- ments of a loathing ftomach, and an aching head. . The eftabliihed religion . of Portugal is popery in the .ftri^eft fenfe, though the power of tlie Pope has been #1 l^ORTUGAt. > ! of late To much curtailed ^at It is difficult to defcrlbe the teli;(ious ftate of tlie ctmuuy atrprei'cnt. 'I'here have been but very few learned men produced in Portugal, though it is certain that the ancellors of the prcfent Portuguele were certainly poffelfed of more knowl- edge with regard to aftrononny, geography, and naviga- tion, tli;in all the world beftdes. They have but few univerfities ; that of Fvora is reck- oned the bell, and is the one where the youn^ nobility go for education. There is nothing remarkable in this or any other, except a very extendve library, formerly be- longing to the Jefuits, which is kept at Evora. There are Ibmc remains of MooriJh caftles {landing in Portugal, alfo a Koman bridge and aquedut5t near Coim- hx'At almoft entire, and defervedly admired. The church ,and monaftery near Lifbon, where tlie kings are buried, JEire yety magnificent j there- are feteral monafteries cut out of folid rocks. The chapel of Saint Roch is probably ^ne of the fined works of the kind in the world. The paintings are Mofaic work,fo cuHouily Wrought withfiones of, ditiferent colours as to aftonilh beholders. The king of Portugal has in his poflbfifion the larged diamond ever feen in the world ; it was found in Brazil. Li(boa is tlie capital of Portugal. It wa^made a heap of ruins by a tremendous earthquake in 1755, which lev- elled great nart of the city with the ground, and fet the teA on fire> but is now rebuilt, and contains many fuperb «difice& Its Situation, rifing from the river Tagus in the form of a crefcent, renders its appearance delightful and j^and. It is defervedly a^^counted the greateft port in Ejurope^ next to London and Amfterdam. The fecond . taty in this kingdom is Oporto, The chief art'cle of com- ^Dicrce in this city is wine. The Portugueff exchange ,their wine, fait, and fruits fox foreign article <> .;, they make a little linen, fome coaiie filk, and a vartevy of ftratv trork ; aad are excellent In pfeferving and candying fruit. Their foreign fettlements stceofimmenie value, Brazil, X^ape Vcrd I fles, Madeiras, and Azores. They bring gold from their plantations in Africa, and flaves for manufac- tures of fugar ai)d tobacco in Brazil. f^) ITALY. 85 SicrwN XXV. ITALY. ' ITALY is bounded eaft by the Gulf of Venice, or A- driatic fea, on the fouth and weft by the Mediterranean fea ; and on the north by the lofty mountains of the Alps, which divide it from France and Switzerland. It is 600 miles long, and 400 broad at the wideft part, though in fome parts of it, it is fcarcely 100. It lies between S8 amd 47 deg. N. lat. and 7 and iD deg. E. long. The happy foil of Italy produces the comforts and luxuries of life in great abundance j wine, oil, and the mod delicious fruits, are the moft general produd^ions. Tlic Italian cheefes, particularly thofe called Parmefan, and their native filk, form a principal part of their commerce. There is great variety of air in Italy, and fome parts of it bear melancholy proofs of the alterations accidental caufes make on the face of nature ; for the Campagna di Roma, where the ancient Romans enjoyed the moft falubrious air in the world, is now the moft peftilential, through the decreafe of inhabitants, which has occafioned a ftagna- tion of the waters, and confequently putrid exhalations. The air in the northern parts, in the neighbourhood of the Alps,is keen and healthful, and in the more fouthern parts, mild, temperate, dry, and pure. The Alps and the Apenhines are the chief mountains in Italy. The famous volcano of mount Vefuvius lies in the neighbourhood of Naples. The principal rivers in Italy are the Po, the Var, the Arno, and the Tiber, which runs through the city of Rome. The famous Rubicon, which forms the fou them boundary between Italy and the ancient Cifalpin^ Gaul. There are feveral lakes in Italy, but none partic ularly remarkable. Italy being almoft furro unded by feas, there are confequently a number of bays, gulphs, and ftraits, with many good harbours, but they are too nu- merous to beparticukflzed in this hafty fketch. Many places of Italy abound in mineral fprings, and manyoffulphureous, chalybeate, and medicinal qualities ; fome hot and warm baths. Many of the mountains abound in mines, that produce great quantities of emerald, jaf« ■ i ,i! ..' i;« M ITALY. per, agate, porphyry, lapis lazuli, and other valnablc itones. Iron and copper mines iire found in a few places. Sardinia is (aid to contain mines of gold, filver,leaa, iron, and fulphur. Curious cryibils and coral are found on •the coad of Corfica. B^utiful marble of all kinds is one of the chief produ^lons of Italy. The religion of the Italians is Roman Catholic ; but perfoivs of all religions live unmolefted in Italy, provided jio grofs infult is offered to the eftablilhed worlhip. Ancient Italy produced fome great and learned men. In xpodern times fome Italians have flione in controverfial learning. The mathematics and natural philofophy owe much to the Italians, particularly Galileo, and there has appeared among them fome good hiftorians. Petrarch wrote both in Latin and Italian, and is celebrated for the , beauty and harmony of his fonnets. The Italian painters, fculptors, archite^s, and mufici* ans are unrivalled. . ' There are fixteen univerfities in Italy, of which thofe of Rome, Venice, Padua, and Pifa, are the moft celebra- ted, the latter of which has 46 profeflbrs. Italy is the native country of all that is ftupendous, great or beautiful, either in ancient or modem times. A libra- ry might be filled with defcriptions and delineations of all that is rare and curious in the aits ; but as we are con- fined in this work, we can but give a very brief fketch of thofe which are moft diftinguilhed, either for antiquity or excellence. There is at Rome the remains of an am- phitheatre, began by Vefpafian, and finilhed by Domi- tian, in the building of which it is faid 12,000 captive Jews were employed. It was capable of containing eighty leven thoufand fpedlators feated, and twenty thoufand (landing. At Verona is another amphitheatre ; there are forty five rows of fteps carried all round, formefd of ^ne blocks of marble. Twenty two thoufand perfons might •be feated in this building entirely at their eafe. This amphitheatre is entire, and has lately been repaired, at the expence of tlie inhabitants. The triumphal arches of ^ Vefpafian, Severus, and Conftantine the Great are ftill ' ii^nding, though depayed. ^ The Pantheoiv U. ftill remp.ining, and has been convert- ITALY. 8T leen convert- e«J into a modem chntch ; in the front is a colonnade con- Ming of itxteeu columns of granute, each 37 feet high, and cut from a Angle ^lock. An inexhauAlblc mine of curiofitics are daily dug out of the ruins of Hcrculancum, a city lyii)g between >faplei and Vefuvius, which in the reign of Nero was almoft de- ftroyed by an earthquake, and afterwards, in the firft year of the reign of Titus, overwhelnied by a ftream of lav* from Vefuvius, ; the melted lava in its courfe filled up tha; ftreets and houfes to the heichl of 68 feet above the top« of the latter. In the revolution if wMior^s, corn ficids* and" •-'i .< r* ■.r ^ ITALY. 8^ lerous as tich meadows, fo that vaft trails of ice are blended with the hlgheft cultivation, and fucceed each otlicr in the mod Angular and ftriking manner. All thefe vallies of ice, which are fome leagues in length, unite together at the foot of Mont Blanc, the higneft mountain in Eu- rope, being computed to be 15,S03 feet above the level- of the fea. As every Italian (late has a diftin in breadth, too (hallow f:)r large fhips to navigate. Over the federal canals are laid near 500 bridges, the greatod • part of {lone. The Venetians are remiirkablofat manu-^ faduring fine looking ^laifes. i r la e«clefiaftical matter^, the Venetians have two pa*- U 2 •% 9^#^ ITALW r y } ,^ triarchs^bot they have not much power $ and all religion(l^ eren Mahometan and pagan, are tolerated. The Vene- tians are a lively, ingenious people, in general tall and well made. The wcmen are accounted handfome. The common people are extremely fober, gentle in their inter- CQurfe with each other, and obliging to ftrangers. There are eight or nine theatres in Venice, befides an opera houfe. The city of Florence is the capital of Tufcany. The beauty and riches of the grand duke*s palace in this city, are beyond defcription rare. It is the cabinet of all that is valuable, rich, and mafterly in painting, fculpture, architedure, and Indeed, of the arts in general. The celebrated Venus de Medicis, which is reckoned the ftand- ard of tafte for female beauty and proportion, ftands in a room called the tribunal. It is of v/hite marble, and is furrounded by other mafterpieces of fculpture by Praxal- etes and other Greek mafters. Every comer of this beautiful city, which is furrounded by mountains covered by olive trees and vineyards, is full of the wonders of art. The river Aino runs through it. There are feveral academies eftablifhed at Florence ; that of Academia JDella Crufca, is particularly celebrated. The inhabitants of Lucca, (which is a fmall, free commonwealth, lying on the Tufcati fea,) arc the moft induftrious of all the Italians. They have improved their country into a beautiful garden^, nd tliough their number does not exceed 120,000, their annual revenue amounts to 80,0001. Their capital is Lucca ; their com- merce wine, oil, fruit, olives, and mercery goods ;. and being in pofFenHon of freedom, iiiey appear with an air of cheerfulnefs and plenty, feldom to be met with among thofe of the neighbouring countries. The republic of St. Marino is here mentioned as a geographical cui iofity. Its territories confiil of a high craggy mountain, with a few eminences at the bottom ; and the inhabitants, though but 5,000 in number, boaft of having prefened their liberties as a republic 1,300 years. The Dntrhy and city of Parma, with Placencia and Gneftalla, is one of the mofl flouriihing ihites in Italy. 7he foil is fertile; and produces rich fruit and pallurage. ITALY, t^ .^1^ The Duke of Porma'fr court is thought to be thepo^t liteft court in Italy. Maittutf is remarkable for being the bixth place of the celebrated poet Virgil, who is often poetically called th«if| Hantaan fwan. Modena is goyemea by a duke, who i»»f abfohite in his own dominions ; but they are far froran b^ing in a flouriihing ftate, theugh the foil is fruitful and>| capable of high improvement I The Ecclelkftical ftate, which contains Rome, former-^" ly"the capital of the world, lies about the middle ofif Italy. The baleful eflfe l»eikve 9i' tgr: ,*■- rrALv; T^ that Rome^ as it now (lands, exceeds ancient Rome in the magnificence of its buildings. ' Next to Rome, Bologna is the moft confiderablecity ia< the ecclefiaftical ftate, and the inhabitants are an excep- tion to the indolence whfch pervades the rell of the ftate. There are many other cities celebrated in ancient hif- twy, but they are at prefent little better than fceiies of ruin and defolatlon, though here and there a magnificent church and convent may be found, which is fupported by the toil of the neighbouring peafants. -^r,« The grandenr of Ferrara, Ravena, Rimini, Urbino,' Ahcona> and many other ftates and cities, are now only to be feen in their ruins ; while Loretto, a fpot nevei thought or heard of in times of antiquity, is now the ad- miration of the world, for the riches it contains, gold chains, rings, jewels emeralds, pearls, rubies, angels o€ pure gold, railing and gates to the altars of pure fdver, folid gold candlellicks, and an immenfe mafs of treafure, which the fuperftition of Roman Catholic princes have- heaped upon an imagef of the virgin Mary, which is pre- ferved there, anxl of which the moft ridiculous legends are related. ' ' ' ■•' i' ■ Tlie king of Naples and Sicily, or, as he is called the king of the two Sicilies, is pofTefFed of the largeft domin- ions of any prince in Italy. The air of this domain is hot, its foil fruitful ; the wine% called Vino, Greco, and Lachrimse Chrifti, are excellent. The city of Naples is- the capital ; it is extremely fuperb, and adorned with all tKe profufion of art and' riches, and its neighbourhood wtiuld be one of the moil delightful places in Europe to live in, were it not for its vicinity to Vefuvius, and aifo ; that the foil is peftered with infedts and reptiles> fome of which are venomous. The houfes in Naples are very lofty, fome five and fix ft©i*ies high j fome of the ftreets are very handfbme, ef^ peciall/ tnofe which lie open to the beautiful bay. f»i^i^i>i,' ; Th^re is much poverty and wretchednefs among the* Idiwr orders' of the people^ but great appearance of wealth among the nobility, ^vho are extremely fond of Ihow and fplendour. The exportsoftjiis kingdom are hejnp, wool; oil, wiii^. L ITALT. #r cheefe, vrax, Iionej, capers, filk, cotton, and various man-l f ufa*! No country prefents the eye with more beautiful proM pefts than SIcUy. There are to be found traces of xnany^s memorable towns of antiquity. y* Brundttfium hsa a fine port, but the buildings are pooP' ** and ruinous. No city can boaft of fo many remains oC^i ancient fculpture and archite^ure as Benevento. Here^i the arch of Trajan, erefted in the year 1 14, is ftill in tol-i, erable prefervation. Tlie couHtry round Naples has beea^: frequently involved in rum and devaftation, by tremen-* dous earthquakes, one in 1 783^ was felt for 72 miles round f , J numerous towns and villages entirely defolatedj and thatj r inhabitants by thoufaads hurried into eternity. . • Sicily is extremely fertile in com. The climate Is fo* hot, that even in January the fhade is refrefhing. Chilling??) V inds are felt only a few days in March, and tlie only ap^I pearance of winter, i s near the fummit of Mount Etna. Pa^ lermo is the capital of Sicily ; the two principal ftreetf *-: are very fine i and it is the only town in all Italy, whichr* is lighted at night at the public expenfe. Meflina was aiij large well bmlt city, but by the great earthquake in nOSfi >■ great part of it was deftroyed. It is worthy theobfervation of the youthful mind, th:rtf > the beauty, fertility, and various advantages which Italjr;; enjoys eminently above tlie reft of Europe, which occafion«^!-f it to be ternted the garden of the warldr-and might ere.* ate the envy of the neighbouring covntriesj is fo counter«W balanced by thefe violent convulfions of nature, that the^; moft miferable inhabitant of the more northern regions,;. when he hears ef the fudden defolation that overtakes, in* . a moment, fo many thoufands of his fellew creatures, lift» up his heart in thankfulnefs to that beneficent Beingj who^ has placed him in a land feldomi^ if eveti vifited by fuchrA horrors. And fo it is with life, thofe (ituatibns which en*^ able thepoffeflbrs to enjoy all the fplendours and luxuries; which the human appetite naturuUy craves, are often fur^f* rosnded by cares, difficulties, and dangers, and fubjeft tor^ viciflitudes which often hurl them in a moment from thesT^ pinnacle of profperity, into the abyis of advernty ; whilefs throMbuifoinhabitQiit of tbe^hucrble cottage eo]oy$ all iv„rr y^' W. if?'-7'r^'v?;;"S,'*'£:'3^''-f' .: 'i" "'-k,-^,--i 94i ITALY. the relative and fecial joys of life, iinenvied andunknowiT^ and paffes from time into eternity, in the arms of his family, unvexed by ambition, uncontaminatcd by vice, and refts on the earth which has received his forefather* for many preceeding eencrations* - • The illand of Sardinia, which gives a royal title to the duke of Savoy, lies about 150 miles weft of Leghorn. It contains feven towns ; the capital is Cagliara. The Ifl. and of Corfica lies oppofite to the Genoefe continent,, between tlie Gulph of Genoa and the illand of Sardinia* It is mountainous and woody, but produces corn, wine, 6gs, almonJs, chefnuts, and olives, and fome cattle, and is plentifully fupplied with filh. Bailia is the capi* tal. Caprea, or Capri, is an iiland to which Auguftus Cat* far often came for his health and recreation. It lies S Italian miles from that part of the main land which pro* jeAs into the fea. The weftem part' is for about two miles a continued rock, vaftly high, and inaccefiible next the fea. JThe eaftem end of the iAand jdfo rifes in preci*^ pices and rocky mountains. Between thefe elevated ends of the ifland is a flip of "low ground that runs entirely acrofs, extremely feuile, covered with vineyards, myrtles, olives, fig trees, and cornfields, which, when viewed from the neighbouring eminences, are extremely beautiful r. here is fituated the town of Caprea. In the midft of the fertile traft rifes a hill, which in the reign of Tiberius was probably covered with buildings, me remains of which are ftill to be feen ; biit the moft confiderable ruins are at the very extremity of the eaftem promontory. From this place is a very noble prcfpedl of the fea on one fide, and the bay of Naples on the other. There are feveral other iflands in the Mediterranean: fea, but they have nothing to diftinguifh them but the ruins of their antiquities, if we except Malta, formerly Melita. This was the ifland on which St. Paul was ftiipwrecked. It is fituatod in 15 degrees E. long, and 36 deg. N. lat. The whole ifland feems to be a white rock, covered with a thin furface of earth, it is however amazingly produ ! ■y^ V; / ^" y,V;^^-t TURKEY IN EUROPE. 95 the knights of St. John of J^rufalem, when the Turks 4rove thcni out of Rhodes in 1530. They are now known by the title of the Knights of Malta ; but this order, once in fuch high eftimation, is now falling to de- cay, and it is thought will in time be entirely abolifhed. Thefe knights were formerly celebrated for their chalUty, and took vows of perpetual celibacy. E^ Section XXV. TURKEY IN EUROPE. • THE Grand Signior's dominions are divided into Turk- ey in T\i\rope, 1 urkey in Afia, and Turkey in Africa, Turkey in Europe is bounded north by Ruflia, Poland, aifti Sclavonia, eaft by Circaflia, the Black Sea, the Helef- pont and the Archipelago, fouth by the Mediterranean, and weft by the fame fea, and the Venetian and Auftrian territories. It Is a thoufand miles long, and 900 broad, and lies between 17 and 40 deg. E. long, and 39 and 49 deg. N. lat. Nature has laviflied upon the inhabitants of Turkey her blefllngs in fome particulars. The foil, though unimpro- ved, is luxuriant beyond defcription. The air is falubri- ous; unlefs corrupted by the indolence and uncleanlinefs of the inhabitants ; and let it be here remembered, that next to pure religion and morality in our intercourie with each other, comes cleanlinefs. The perfon, who from ift- ' dolence and flovenlinefs, endangers his own health, or the health of his fellow creatures, is guilty of an irreparable breach In his religious duties, and his moral condu«5l. It is for our own comfort, nay, even pleafure, that flridl at- tention Ihould be paid to the cleanlinefs of our perfons and dwellings ; it adds to our refpedability ; and how much more does it become a duty, when we remember it is equally neceffary to the comfort And happinefs of thofe with whom we are conneded, and amongft whom we live. The feafons in Turkey are regular and pleafant ; the water piire and wholefcme. The mountains in Turkey are the moft celebrated in the world. Mount Athos, ly- ing on a peninfula in the Egean fea, through which Xerx- es cut*a paifage to accelerate his unfuccefsful expedition .into Greece j Mounts Olympus and Pindus, celebrated in r-',. VG TURKEY IN EUROPE. Grecian fable ; Mount ParnafTus, confecrated to the mu- fes ; and Mourt Hsmus fo often mentioned by the an- cient poets. There are many remarkable feas and ftraits in this |>art of Europe ; in particular the flraits of the Hele(pont or Dardanelles, only two miles and a lialf in breadth* celebrated for the famous bridge of boats which Xerxes laid acrofs it, when about to invade Greece. Alexander alfo pafTed it in his expedition agarnft Afia. It is alfo •celebrated by the poets, in the (lory of the two lovers. Hero and Leander. The former being confi ned in a Jofty tower on one fide, her lover Leander fwam acrofs the Helefpont every night, for the pleafure of converfing vnth her from the window ; but one night a ftorm arifing, he was unhappily drowned. The principal rivers are the Danube, the Save, the Neifter,the Nieper and the Don. Turkey in Europe contains a variety of mines, and its marble is efteemed the beft in the world. Here is alfo €veiy kind of vegetable produ<5lion in perfedion and abundance ; alfo fine grapes, figs, olives, citrons, and ^pomegranates, with many drugs and valuable medicines. The Turkilh horfes are excellent, both for fervice and beauty. Their black cattle are large and fine, and their goats moft ferviceable animals. All kinds of fowls and quadrupeds are plentiful in Turkey in Europe ; but the Turks and Mahometans are not very fond of animal food. Almoft every fpot of ground, every river and fountain, in Greece prefents the traveller with the ruins of fome celebrated antiquity. On the Ifthmus of Corinth are the ruins of Neptune's temple, and the remains of the theatre, "where the ifthmean games were celebrated, are flill vifi- ble. Athens is a fruitful fource of magnificent antiqui- ties, merely to enumerate them would exceed the limits of this work ; but to gratify the curious, we will juft take a curfory view of fome of the mofl remarkable ; among which are tlie remains of the temple of Minerva, built entirely of white marble, and encompafTed with forty fix fluted columns of the Doric order, 42 feet high, and feveii and an half In circumference. On the fouth weft of Athens is a beautiful ftrudure, called the lantern of Demofthene?. It is a fmally round edifice of white niarble, the roof of ^'^i- TURKEY IN EUROPE. ^7 tvhich is fupported by 6 fluted columns of the Corinthian order. The whole is covered with a cupola, carved in the refemblance o£ icales> and on the frieze are beautifully* reprefented the labours of Hercules. Here alfo may be feen the magnificent aquedu^ of the emperor Adrian. The remains ofthe temple of the oracle of Apollo, arc ftill vifible at Caftri. Of the natural curiofities, Mount Athos is the moft remarkable. Its fituation has been mentioned. It is fo lofty, that on the t©p, the ancients relate that the fun rifing was beheld four hours fooner, than by the inhabitants on the coaft ; and at the fol- ftice, its (hadow reached Into' the market place of My- rina, a town in Lemnos, which was diftant eighty feveri miles. Conftantinople is the capital of this great empire. It is fituated on the European fide of the Bofphorus. It was built by Conftantine tlie Great, as a more inviting fitua- tion for the feat ofthe Roman empire than Rome itfelf. It became afterwards the capital of the Greek empire ; and while it remained in pofleflion ofthe Greeks, was the only mart in Europe for the commodities of the Eaft Indies. It was in the meridian of its glory at the time of the crufades, and the writers of that time fpeak of it with aftonifhment. Conftantinople is at this day one t)f the fineft; cities in the world. It abounds with antiqui- ties; the tomb of Conftaritine the Great is ftill preferved. It is a place of great trade ; and its port is fo commodious and beautiful, that the whole city is fometimes called llfg Porte, by way of eminence 5 and one ofthe grand Signior*s titles is. His Sublime Porte, 'I'his city is built in a triangu- lar form, with tlie Seraglio ftanding on a point of one of the angles. We do not, by the Seraglio, mean only the palace for the emperor's wives, but the whole Ottoman palace, the wall of which is thirty feet high, with battle- ments, embrazurcs, and towers, in the ftyle of ancient for- tifications. Oppofitc the Seraglio, on the Afiatic fide, is Scutari, on which is apleafant houfe and pleafurc garden, belonging to the grand Siguier. On the brow of an adja- ■cent hill, is a grand and interefting profpe<5t ; in cue vievir ^ay be feen the cities of Conftantinople, Galata, and Pera^ |ijj§ Bofphorus and Propoiitis, v/ith the adiacei^ 96 TURKEY IN EUROPE. ns, that " a Tartar's e ftory, without liture, cufhions countries on each fliore. Crim Tartary, or the Crimea, is the ancient 1 aiirica Cherfonefus, and is a peninfula, ly- ing on the Kuxine or Black Sea, between 44 and 46 deg, N. lat. and 34 and 37 deg. E. Ion. This country was ef- teemed a part of Turkey in Europe, until it was ceded to the Ruffians in 1784. Many cities were built on it by the Greeks, which ciirricd on great trade with the Scy- thians. The moft conliderable rivers in the Crimea are thf fe of Karafa and Salegir, both of which take a wefterly courfe. Of the towns in this part of the world, the inhabitants are fo rude that very I'^^tle can be expedled. A celebrated female traveller inf houfe is a very flight building chair, table, or any piece of w bein^ placed round the room fo. The peninfula of the Crimea has a confiderable trade in what is called Morocco leather, of all colours, which is to be had very cheap, and is as foft as fatin. The inlands belonging to Turkey in Europe, being a part of ancient Greece, it is necefTary that thofe who read ancient hiftory, of which they make fo diftinguiflied 9, part, (hould underftand their fituation. Negropont, tlie ancient Euboea, ftretches from the north eaft to the fouth weft, and along the eafteni coaft of Achaie. Here the Turkifli gallies lie. The tides on its coaft are irregular. The chief towns are Negropont, called by the Greeks, Egripos, and Caftel Rofib, the an- cient Caryftus. Lemnos, or Stalimene, lies on the north of the Archip- elago ; its principal riches arife from a mineral earth, ufed in medicine. Tenedos lies oppofite old Troy, and is mentioned by Virgil, as the place to which the Greeks retired, and left the Trojans in fatal fecurity. It has a tower of the fame name. Lefbos is famous for the number of poets it produced. It was the birth place of Sappho, the celebrated Greek poetefs. Scio, or Chios, lies about 80 miles weft of Smyrna. It is a rocky, mountainous ifland, but produces excellent wine Jind com. The inhabitants manufa^ure filk velvet, goW :-- .*.-i ruirif'. TURKEY IN EUROPE. ,99 and filver lluffs. The women of this ifland are cele- brated for their beauty. Homer, the author of the IHad and Odyffe (which cot 'Ain • hiftory of the Trojan war, and the wandering of Ulyfles, for ten years after its termination) is laid' to have been born here, and they Ihew a little fquare houfe, which they call Ho- mer's fchool. Samos lies oppofite Ephefus. It gave birth to Pythag- oras. It is fuppofed to have been me native country of Juno i and there are ftill remaining fome very fine ruins of a f'^nple dedicated to her. "!<. .> (buth of Samos lies Patmos. It isfo barren and i,. -1 V i-b It it may be called a rock rather than an ifland. li ha& ' otvever a convenient haven. A few monks reGde there, and they Ihew a cave, where it is fuppofed St. John wrote the book of Revelations. The Cyclades iflands lie in a circle rouild Delos, which is the chief of them, and the mod celebrated of all the Grecian iflands, as being the birth place of Apollo and Diana, the magnificent ruins of whofe temples are flill vifible. Paros is only remarkable for the beauty and whiteneft of the marble it produces ] few things are more celebra- ted than Parian marble. Cerego, or Cytherea, lies fouth eaft of the Morea, and is chiefly remarkable for being the favourice refidence of Venus. Santorin is one of thfe moft foutherly iflands in the Ar- chipelago; and though feemingly covered with pummice ftones, yet through die induflry of the inhabitants, is made to produce barley, wheat, and wine. Iii the year 1707> another ifland arofe from the bottom of the fea, near this, and now bears the faine name. At the time of its birtH there was an earthquake, attended with the moil dreadful lightnings and thunders | the fea round the fpot whence it arofe, boiled in a tremendous manner for feveral days previous to its appearance, and when it arofe it was a mere vulcano, but the burning foon ceafed. It is 200 feet above the level of the fea, and at the time of its emerg- ing 5 miles in circumference, but it has flnce increafed.' Several other iflands in the Archipelago, appear to have ^ ^•«U ^^"V. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I ■^128 ,50 "^ H: 1^ 12.0 2.5 12.2 18 1.25 |,jl.4 ||,.6 "• 6" ► m V) >^A ^ 1 %-V^ 7 Photogr^hic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 873-4503 '^A' 100 ASIA. S^^ ^ $Horigr|iai > but the Tea in t^e n^ighbourhootff fs )^p4!|i^t^ SasWerbetiifaUidnied. r In^e mt4 iw Khipd^lies in S6 dej^. N. ht, and S^de^. 1|$rvlonViUHsut9pmi^^^ weft of Leff^r Aiia> It is hi»9^^iifyi imd tile ;.die'ehief ibWn of the fame name. 'Itie harbour &^e grand Signior^s^ ]ftindpal arfhial for ^PP#ir* T^^ ^olo(fyai of brafs, which ftood at the en- ^iflic^cif the harbour^ was defenedlf reckoned one of the W0n|er*;i>^th^ world. It was ISS feet hrgh, and ftood %ith onrfboioneaclifide the hai4)otir; which is 50 fa- ^0|i^sj7ide>.fo tl^tfhipspafled betWe«ii its legs. Itsfaee twb^e^nte^ ibe fun j'and it held in one band a lisbt houfe ^r t^ dii'eAion of marinei^. tt was thrown oOwn by ab ear^quaice. r The inhabitants of Rhodes were former^ ly toafterSofthefea.' C^di^, the ancient Crete, Is renowned for jts jbundred ^ skn4li^ beinff the birth pl^ of ^npiten ^' The _ ti^Af^li^t Xdallan^s in tlie middler of the ifland] itjs ^ JicitCTtna^ ^a fciNtii rock. ' Mere alfo ik • teihe, the iiverof otilmon ; ^ iia^^^ or CynKus^iesin the jt*evii.nt fea» about S0n^i!esfromj|Ji6 cJ^ll^f Syria. Ijt was fortnerly' famous for the worfliip ■ Or Vi^nnii WB feypiian go'dddfs. its ^^-ine is the ricii- # .^L^fA? fifeft Jayour # any produced m >© hai i |boa hkrb^ttt*: Nicofi^ is ity prefeirt capit^^ lu trrQdiic& is. befldes W4ne» oil. filk, turnentine, ^d ^^jhpi^ds'^^^^^ jSaB^ettz^, Ce|fhalo- j^j^strnt MsUira, (^orfu, and 2^ant4 wim others dffiRail-^ ff ^Q^^ paiiticujarly tfoh^ del tJonnpare', tl^e alncicnt ^'^^-i the bjrth place and kingdom pf Uhife?.. Thefe leibng tothe V^ "j^ - ?■ SMcrio^ !XXVil. ASIA. ' 3^SlA, t!hou|^ called 4h6 ftcO^i;^, is yet fupeno^ %» 5tosP?» '»n XHe extent of 'M '^hnrit^^i^s, the.ffetttuty of ?tj? ii&,.|Bff^Mtf of i^j(bil, t^e deiicioufnefs^ of it? f£alts» »i4 p9£rj^g^3i^cj^^i>4 hjalfafliic ^uafiti^b?^ of its f>liintrp; ^ice and giims. ^ inte4i<;inal drttgs'areTery vttitbleif "jt4.?> ASIA*- m^ itr gems, namerous, of g^fttv^tr. andjbe^tityi lit commonly fine. Aiia alio hokU |RCf^i|ienf;e,, as rf»m|; the feat ox the creation of the worlo; Here our all wile Creator planted the gaixfeo of £def^ #nd4>Uced hi it our firft parents, from wrnHnlpriuig the wKole race of man- kind. Afia becanjie ^he aurfery of the world a^r- the deluge, wbeii^e/the <^efcendants of 'Noah diiperfed theip- felves over the gloj>e. tt was ;in Aila God placed liis favourite jpeople. die, Hebrews. I^^ye,al(b wf^ that great and merciful worlipfqpr Redemptjti^ acjpoinpljlte^ •by his divine Son; and it vl^ from hence the ' It;^iit of iiis glorious gofpfil was carried with aftonifhing rapidity -Wo other nations, by his difclpl^s aod followers^ M^ '^^^ firftchriftian churches were foimded, and here die Srd martyi-s to chrif^iahity iealed their faith with their bl6c>d. It. was in Aii^ the firft edifices were reared, apd ihe firft enu>i|resT4un4ecl^ On ^IVt^e^accounu this <(|ttai::er claims niperiorify over the red ; but tlie: r^yolntiphr ^ time.has .ocpafio^ied |, e]^ea;^;cl^ge ,l^;,|tf ^jppps^imiie. Wi^ere jthe moft marauSc^^ and piipiilbwi^ a once ft(iiod>the tQwers ^e fallen, ^e fiplc^dbnr fade4> iul fim- i^ but 9L^4e6sp^ jumciilti^ed wild is iee|i, and diis xheUAphqly .revei^ is ch«e^^^ in !3Ppp»j^. The refto^i v2i|^^ii^|u^ ^^^ llie'^iittnei^ of A.i»'i$,fiti^ £^',lqh. ai|4;lK^e^'the 80 deg« •J^ijla^. |t*w, 4t^0 miles, m tromjthe..p«:d*i*^^' P^^ Jhe yireil to^th^ mott'ea^ern fhore of Taitj&y.on tbe e^?«! and ^S8p brpa^ ^dm t^e mbft {bu|hem part of Mal^cfa tp t$e,'/ai^^4,p^nt of Nova Zembla on:, the north. It {s bounded ttorth by the .Frozen Ocean, on the w^i^* it»is feps^rated froin Africa by the Red Sea, and froip Etirppe by f^e' Xieyan^ or Mediterranean, the Archipela^^ tap ^pUt]^qii^f'lS\^ Sea of Mamora, the Bofphdrus, the. ^kiCf .^ip«, the'river Don, and . a line drawn ftomrjit 'to the rivw Tobil,^M fi^m thence to the river Oby, vifhich fatfs ' into the Ffb;^ «i ; Oce^n^ Oh the ea(t it is bounded by Hie *]^acii|f*qr^lbuth Sea, which f^ it from America, an4^qn ^ South by the Indian Ocean ; fo that it is zt' ouadi^^by fea^ The varipus r^li^ivhs, xiiUgja^ " ' ' " - X 2-' "■ " ' ■" '" *■'■ ■•■ ^^- m TURKEY IN ASIA. llijik^ms datttm the glbbe, will be tncn-^ tipd^kd»»I^B>wfa^ vHt ^siki6»iix^mf. WMEir li^ ASIA. D«: TUKiqSY iuAii^is^cidiM^ im^Circftdlit ^ bf Perfia, fouth by Ax^ia anci the L^WiitSeay and yen hf the Archijpelaff<^> HeleTpoht, and mooiitU, which iebarates it ftom ££o|»e. It ii lOOO itaOS long, anfd 806 br is the ' ^tuatlit/- , vitiir^ch tjise A^ of mtare h^ dtijfMihfed hik l^fib, thatTu^key, both, it| £urope- and AfiSi, Ys o|^At ttfited by thft pligii^ that moft iin^btiEi^ tf Oorgeol; man^ icjizid, which hii^ attajriotts titnei dt^pul^te^ ^miol^ ghies^ ^ even ^irtnceiB ^ and among t^ Turl^j^ l]t i$ dbiibl^ di^{bfii1ftfve» &om th^ir tmvn^ indolente^ V pre^entJi. th4i^ tikk||n|^ fiV tn^^^ ih^ns to (tfadics jr d^en(^ fe^ile frovinc^s of Afio^ and abomids in all |fa£ lu«airtef$ of life. Corn, tirinr^ cilj, hcmey, Irnit of' emy i^cies, colt(te, myxih, ^d nuir^erdus bdoriferOttj^ pl^s ;fnd drngs, grow here aJmoft without ^cnUtire.. Olvi^eit^ citrons, oranges, figs," leihons* and d^^^, are pleii^- tifi^i^and J^l^hly dSkions. Ilieir Vegeiabte»,?re thi& iiieft in the world* pa^icnla^^y afparagSs. 'iK%^. grdws> to an incredible ike. Their^^rapes &r exce'e4'\ thof^. 0^^ otW GOnntirieift in fi^e and navonr, ; in (kort,^ nature hi|s» to^ bipbught ail l^r priodudiOns tO the hjghe/l perfb#i6h. The Turkiih and Arabian horfes are v^uabie b^yonid m; iii the world* Thej hay.9^ np quadrtipeds pecufiscv ' TUltKEY W JflSfA. to t^^c^oiilrf } 'b«t evta-y ofiiful snimal ma^ jbe; ibund ft^tfi^,^ ^lgi^4tiodetttt in'«al; (diiniifaijjp. Wef-i»«ff infoiio#-t4^ Attttf ^Eiprnfie. ■■ :•(;!?£•,.' ,. . :^ : , - ' TKief baVeft ip^0M<)i««f wfld f^^ liie oftcicb « « fiadve of thi4«oui!rbvv>«iniur)Kftbte £c»r tbtir lici^lit» fwift* nefs iRniitfuiig».aod^ftupid$tyv thk iQiigy beantaful, whUai- feathers vom by ladies, are tiie covering of thefe btrdsrl £xib«}]re!^f ; bptb in Europe ami Aiia, iiire i^ geii^Ud well ma^def, and whim young, l&hv vhhdal'lc^es and hair. The men are robuA:» ithe wom*^ en temarkahly h^dfome i but theylook old at thivt)^. rphe TurkSj ifith^ir :|*etierid demeanor, are gcastt, fedatea, an4 pajliye ; but when incenfed; furiotit and. umdr^Ke; -beyoM eonce^liBilw' 1& flnafitci»s o| xd^g^ktht^ ave^ftiper*^ Aitious ^n4 mor^ j y^t^houjtfhifli^y, f«em ^ha^ pable o£htflnare iar -f referable ta^oft^ol* the ^tiropeahi Tbcy aw hofpitablftr to ftrangei^Sj thanl^le 10 eac^- other, and puni^ual in; their d^ngs. Thei¥ ohttrity^d jpoiblii f^rH k «hkflr itohiipictieusiik th^ biiik!iilf^«a^^^ h»ufyi & ent€^rt^nniie&t> ^m^ad^tkat are d^ftitute^of aceomjnodtf^ tion'forthe rd^dhto^l^f poot« pilgrikis atld^e^ Wl^ the fame laudtfbte ^ws, ihey ditg ' Well* -on thdir- iroadsi/^faich in this hot chmate, is^a great iufturyvto wear^ travelers. Their ideas are very confined, and i^iey have Itttl^. cU<» ribfitr' ^jl^ informed ^ef- die ftate of their own or any- btliefippuhtr^jr. They are almOft ftrdng^rs to ti^it ar^dr ti|p:tleHbl^ co;iV^ifation. '^hey have flew boaks, imdlfe^ ^aa^fbut the^Kora^/ '-^v; r :■ h The Tui'ks^dine at eleven o*cl6cii but (uipper j» tfiieir ' principal meai, which they take at ^ or 6 o'clockw. Thef. nfe nettfaer kn^e, fork, or fpoon ; but convey their food to* ^ir aio^Jl wtthvtheir fingers^ They are forbid the Joh: 104 TURKEY W ASU.V ofwineb^thaurrdt^ton. Their chief dtiok tdierrfoi^ i* ymtait .Ihito^betK aod coffee ; but the^ takev^ qiuuuitities QCioi'ii»W which|ffTesi them ieniatiQns lilne it^to^icatio^, ^Jiejr are* hvf, ey^a to^ a^^proverW A9d Iwtire ,Qi». .i|cl^ of riding, walking, or takii%i(n^kii)4 o|exetx;Ueye|tiier for healm orliiiTeracm.: Sotoetkne^ indtted th^ir great inen take t)ie diverfioniof ■kUDtiagf pr vamMtith/^iQiervef with ftcdtingata madi*^ Withio-^dooi^ they i^,a7a(> chefs or draughts. > ' • I Themtn ihtve their headi , t whlf^i : they cover with a tarh^fVnduN^vtear^t^ir beaig4f]fiM3esth<^wi!efetits only ignoiwice and barba- lifm I ^.e4bcati(m o^.a Turk feldom extending. ibeyond ;3ieadiag' the Ki«>rani md writing a , common lett^. . '<; rvThe antiquities and curio0t^f|,l|oth natural, ^aodartt- Jkiali in' Afi^c Tiiikey, >ure iim^mer^ble* |ii ancient .tikiiei^ thefet^ countries contained alithat was rich^ magnif- icent, and beauttftil^ in ardiite^urej j|nd , fcuipt^f e ; , but ^ ve^g)^',Qf thb;.,mag9i&:ence wbiirhftill remam* /bear dirploramen^tksof iiegleA* Among; fupli.a j^^^n^tude of curiofities, we can only feledl {ome of the niqu^i^^lcing, feo ^tify the 4audab|y curious,; youthful mbjl* The cities of Balbec and<^^Palmyra>. fonofi ^tbe pride crt^^jill ; af^ti- .!qiiity« V Balbec is4tua^d at tha^ioot of ^u^ljyil^anus, iiod itJt laijns diiplay the- bojii^ft plans o^ ^nj^teaiire that ever were attempted. The .portica of tl^e temple of ' H •p^preflin^ the hg^ds of gods, [ heroesi ^^sd . s capabl€t> v^y^ v^, dttlged' wiih the beaaefits of ed^cjation. I^otiiing ^ , 4^ cukr proof could convince any man that ^o xi^ag^%^ ce^ a city, 10 > miles in circum^enoe, could h^^ exiii^ijt in itheonidftiof ^hait atie now barDeu-tra^ ofiuiiji^h?!^^'^^ aldefaadii ^yiet nothing is moree^ain t^aUithat ffX*^ myvatwa&oateiheJcApitiiliofa Ifroal lingd^^iin, jtb^f^dd) df tlie i9faifterai»torHl,andjth^ the lUMnan Wizens Fficiiiiff; edthe luxuries of India and Arabia frCHSa itf> v^^i^fp^^ " But ail idling bayiQ an, jead r'^hwdbePjactd ckie^ ^hich hav9 difdafe^ilikemien^ muft^ havpe ]lik0 dealli w|;iii«h ; th'!^ ; .[j Judea, Is now a mifod>le ha^p ik ruins. In v«ii 4oeiP{ 106 TURKEY m ASIA. urhich furrounded the thrones of Pavid and Solomon. In vain doei the devout chriftian look for traces of Uie fteps, and fcenes of the fufferin^s of the Saviour of the world. He i^ke the pi ophetic words, and in lefs than forty years after his crucifixion, of aU her palaces and temple» not one ftone was left upon another ) evnly known by oeing e^poiite tl^ Ifle of Tenedos. A templeof manble, buiK> iif honour of Angulhis at MUlalTo in Cskriai&iiiif entire ;: alfo three theatres^and a noble cir6is near Laodicea,haye: fiiffered very little from time ; and fome haVe fuppoied- they could difcem the ruifis of the qelebrated temple of Diana njftir Efi^^rttsl The cities of Turkey as« very nu-- itliereit^bttt fallen from' their ancient grandeur \ and hav«> nig little or no trade, they are very inugnificant. Aleppo, . h^veVer, ftill preferves a ref^^able rank ; it is the capital of Syria, apdi^ fuperior to moft of the Tiirkifti cities. . It is fnmifnedi with moft of the lieceflaries of life, except > food v(^ter ; but even that is fuppliedi by an aqueduA, iftant about 4 miles, faid to hay^ been ere^^ by the: tta^xet^ Hel^a.: llie foreign n^rchantsWre are nu» mapo^. llidlr ^coffe^ i» «iXtiellent 1^ ^ and fVMcihieats d^lici^Dus. / f- ; 1|hie heat of the ^country tnal^ee it convenient for the lAh^bit^Ats to 'fleep in the-' open air, .for Which reafon their houfes are flat on the top. -^ |cB|gdat,^u^ iiip(ki the Tigris, fis Hot far from the fiif^ pd^y fitebf ancient Babylon. It is the capital of ancient^ C^ldeat but'reitaiAs few marks of its Ibhner giaiijdeU9*s^> V TARTARY IN ASIA- 107 non. In^ theftepsy i world, an forty I templei' the Holy Ued with earth on ity or na- [tedtothe er fertile* •ough the )eing the latter the F Smyrna layhefaid iftmguiOi. by being jpble, bttilt> lilt entire ; itceathaye I fuppofed Kmple of } jrety tm- y and hav- Aleppo, he capital iih cities. jfe, except. aquedu^r by the. axe nu» Fruit and ^ for the reafon ■■ % )f ancient^ Ancient AfTyria is now called TurkiOi Curdidan; the capital is Cnf^ftan* the ancient Nineveh. It is &id to becut out of a mountain. Orfa, the capital of Mefopo- tamia> is 'now a mean place, chiefly fupported by a maiW^^re of Turkey leather. Momely oppoflte where Nineveh fonperly ftood, is in the fame province. TefliSi the capiul of Georgia, is a handfome city | the houfes built of (lone, with flat reofs, which ferve as walks for the women, for the Tufkifli women feldom or ever go abroad, or are feen by any. but their neareft re« lations. The ancient cities of Daihafcus, Tyre, and Sidon, ftill retain part of their former trade. The approach to Da- mafcus ^now called Sham) by the river, is inezprefllblj beautiful. It contains a fine mofque, which wai former- ly a chriiTian church. It is famous for fleet works, for a manufa^ure of filk, called damaik^ ahd for rofe water» ex<* traded from damafk vofes. Sidon lies within the ancient Phoenecia, has ftill fome trade, and a tolerable harbour^ Tyre, now called Tur, fo famous for its rich dye, is now inhabited by a few miferable fifkermen, who live* amidft the ruins of its ancient grandeur, fulfilling the prophecy in the fcripture, that Tyre, the Qt^een of Nati* ons, fhould be a rock for fifhers to dry their nets nets eli.* Natolia, comprehending the ancient provinces , of Xy^ dia, Pamphilia, Gappadocia, Pontus, and many other ter« ritorles, celebrated in Greek and Roman hiftory, ar now only a theatre of ruins. Commerce and manufadures are but little attended .to. The Turkiih government is fuch £ls deftroys that happy fecurity, which is the mother of arts, induftry,;and com^ merce. In an extenfive empire, where all the commodi- ties neceflary for the largefl plan of induftry and com-' merce are jirodiiced, the Turks content themfelves with manufaduring carpets, leather, cotton, and foap. , SscTioN XXIX. TARTARY IN ASIA. IT is impoffible with any precifion to mark the extent^ ltmitS|.dad fituation, of the vaft regions called Afiatic ♦ Easekid, chap. xxvi. v. 5* 4 108 TARTARY IK ASIA. Tctrtary. Taken at its fiiileft extent, it is bofbnded north by the FVonen Ocean* e^ftby the Pacific. Oceiinr,rouih liry Chtiniy Iild(a» PerlU, and the Cafpiaa fea^. and weft byMufcovy. It is 4000 miles long, and 9400 broad, lying between 50atid>150deg. £. Ion. and 90 atid 72 S!? *« '"T^ilmbir btamifnl. . V- *^'«ffia«'«»omen are- eifrft^ wechMiics, except duS S^^ "?*"« '^'"f ^3 few ^*o tend th^ flocfa^^lSL* *''*7 <"^f *"iipIoyihm Puffed kyc.« or melaSS' ^'"^ ^<'«^^e. «t.»ed«t *gtea(; hint tiife' hjiar^ 110 TAHTARY IN ASIA. thj mo^ dil^nt pgrtt to bring him rich offerings. The pn^t make thefe fuperftitioui enthufufti believet when the I^ama fippeact to die of age or infirmity, ]iil foul only quitt its crazy hjibitation, to pafs into another, younger suiKl better, which dhey pretend to have the power of difcOTering, and accor^lingly they fpcedUy procluce fome child or ypQthy vrhom.they afiirm is t^e renovated i.ania. The iffnorant oeinffs are deceived, believe, and blindiy •yrorikip* The rendence.of the grand X^arna is at Patoli, .» Val^ paldL^ on a mountain near the bankt of the Bur- ruiiipooter. Thci Thibetaaxtf have a great veneration (iDt Uie coiir, which they iay a/Forde^ we firft man his ^rft nourilhmrat* They alfo haiire a high refpeA for the •Faters.qf the Oan^y, the (burce of which thev beUeve to be, in heaven. Ohiey have another fcd» called Scha*- manes. They confiderr women as very inferior to men ; that they virere created only to j>eople the worlds and to look aft^ houjfehold affi^vs. Thoni^h at prefent the Tartars aire fo rudeand barbae f biii, yet ynder the reisn of Jengis Khan and Tamerlane, .and tfieir early defcendants, Aftracan and (he neighbour* mg conntries were the feats of learning and politenefs, as ^wi^l at empire and magnificence. Learning was the firft iii^ of thde princes, and confequently lof their court. Tliey wrote in the Perfian and Arabic tongues) and -^^manv of their hiftories are ftill extant. The.curiofities in Taitary are comprehended in the re- mains of bttildhigs, towers, ditches, and ramparts, and other velU^s of decayed importance, fome maufoleums, .cemeteric^f^fepulcnral vaults. *Ofth^r cities and towns, we know little but their names and that they -^re no better than fixed hordes^ Wc do x)ot find tiiat they are under any regular gov- eri^ment, or ^9t the^r could make a defence agakiil any enemy. ' ToboUk and Ailracan^ however, are confiderable .citiiss, and (bme forts and villages have been lately erefl* •ed by the Ruffians, in different parts o£ Siberiabv >>rhe Tartars have little conundrce, the chte^of their nrii^cponfifting in cattle, and fine ox tails, which are taken #C)t£ si f)|^e]s of animal, caUed the , grunting ox $ ^ey ;are lieau^fully ^hitei ansi foft as fiiki viery long and glo^j^ ^ Eiwins OF cum. nj ^«r,.v XXX. EMPIRE OF CHINA. J^'^J'"' '''«^^«3'1fe. r"*^ rive,, ,li- ?W7«n tie middle mad! ^'^'"^ £»e,7 raretree, a^fttScT^^:;^.^ 3W EMPIRE OF emHA. medkinai, that aboua4 in other parts of the world, are to be found ^ China» and fome peculiar to itielf. Some few muft be particularly imentioned. The tallow tree has a (hort trunk, fmoothbark, crook- ed branches, snd leaves fhaped like a heart ; is about the height of a common cherry tree. The fruit it produces hasalltl^e^iit^ities of taU muclr abounds in China, nor the tfa fjctnt, or ihrub. It i» plinted in rows, and pruned to prevent its luxurianey. Xt is generally thought that the green and bohea tea grow on t)M fanae plant, but the difference between them con- 0(^ ift.tl^e'raethod of curing for ufe (to which, notwit^^* ftanding their, endeavours to difcover it, Europeans are i^ill ArsMigers. The other kinds probs^y take their namea &onp|)b(| provinces in whio^h ^ey^Qw,>and. 'their quaii- li^s irom the difevence 'Ofthe f<^l: m iR^ch thej aite cul* |iyate4* -^r!-- ; ;!?:5rti*>-' ■■ ■ -"•-■^' -^ ■ ••- . ^1^1 w4SLi|itrodviced inio^gland^boiit^ thne diae CSromwell was ptMite^tor «»f the kingdom^ and ' il: ^eoanis common at court in the reign of Charles II. Gini^ng, a valuable medictnal root* is -a native of Ouna, tJiQugb it ha« of lite years been alfo difco^ered in ibin,e parts of America. China is faid toiprodiice all tfa« aaetals and n^erals, that aire laiown.in ,^e world ; white copper i$ pec^^iar to this cowitry. The Chinefe, afraid? ^ ht|r$u^ iQ^fhT', by imsratd^cingi too much gold, fuf^ £er thi^r goldmines to t»k uaydifturbed, or oi^y flightly woi^ ^em, smd the: chief of that metal ufed in China; i»' fupplied by grains picked \ip liaJi^eiiHadof rurers and BioAiat^B*.- ^-^ir i... , -, . ■ -^ .According tofGpneaccDttntSitiiere are 58^000»0d0 tit inhab^^tpts in Chii» ; and BotwiiliftoBRding the great in>- duftry of th^ peti^e^ l^eir aaiaaii% pofnlatioD Ireqitentif occafionsA' diediSi of pn)v^on& l4rents who tamioc import t})ieiirj|^macle'di^ren, are i^owed to baft theni^ V9^.ikt,mmih >but they laften a goard to the^tiids thalt EMPIRE OF CHlM. Ife it Rlight float on the watet, ahd tliere are often coihpaf- fionate people of fortuiiei who- fnA^ch them fix>m thewatry grave, and bring them xxp, ' ' - TheChinefe are, in their^tfons^ middle fi«ed j thetr ^ces broad, with' fmali black eyes, and ihortnofes ; their complexion towards the north is fair,' tothe fbnth fwar- ihy, and the fatt6^ a man is,' the'faandfomer thet thiidc him. The women, thotrgh florid in their corhpfexioh^, > are delicate; they are refmarkablefor little feet i as ntc gentlemen of fortune, efpecially thofe Who are leaiiied. For long naihi, which they let grow to a great lengthy tto • fliew they are not empioyed in any manual labour.- The genius of the Chinefe is- peculi«r to* ritemfdveS. - They have no idea' of what is beautiful ih-wHtmg, regular in archite^ure, ov -natw'al in painting ; and. yet in gar- ' dic^ning and planning their^rounf*s, they hit on the true fubtime and beautifiih They <^^ excell^t'aridhnetf- eians, and'^perfbrAi their operations with incredible quick- nefs. ' It is ffenerftlly believed Ihat they underflood print- ing before the Europeans, for thiey had printed almanacs, many hundred years before' the art was difcdvered ih Europe. There is no part of the world where li^hing IS honout«d with liich diftin Aion as in China. . ThSs-^ifel"- ati are the only nobility^knOwn in China. If their btfdi be ever fo mean and low, thfey become mandarins of the higheft t^nk,' in proportion to the extent of their learning. On the cdntrary, however exaJted dieir birth may bit, they quickly fmk intb poverty andobfcurityj; if they tiegf- Itfft thofe ftudies vHhich raifed their fathers. • ;^ ' The invention of gun powder is jultty claimed by tl» Ohinefei who^made^Seof it again ft Zinghi* Khan arid Tamerlane'; but they were' unacquainted with the life df fihall fire armir. Their induftry in- manufkaures of ftiiflS, porcelain, -japanning &c. can only' be equalled, by their " labours in » leaking canals," -levelling mountain^,^ 7atfih|; gardens, and navijg^ating their- junks and^>oalts.>' 'BiJ!^ ^ 'Few natural curiofities prefent themfelves * iit Clh^, Ihey hav^ fome few volcartofes, and Tome' of th^i: Jalrfs arefaid'to-iJetriiy even fifliv when thfey are put intd them, 'liie great wa^l, bulk to prevent the iricurfions of the'Tki?- - taxfi) is^Aid to e;it«n co|intry, which as^ gteat curipiiti^s. Their pemples,or pagoda$> are grcaf «i|ab3lilhinentsto the face of thecoun- ti;-y* Thai^ sitNanlunr which h 200feetiugh and 40 ii) dia- meter, igthi|.moft adxnired ; it is called the Porc^^hi Towex> b^fki^fe it is lined -with, Qhinefc:; tiles. ^ Tl^^ur * Idpfi p£ the ftceets are buih in a dire^ li»e» the ^ge^ is ISO feet broady aiid a league in.. length.. The hoiM^f in this city are low and poorly built $ but the inlperial^ palace deferves notice,, not fo xmich for it& grandeur 4)r elegance, as for the multitude of its gar- )a«^>aj^ buildings, aU regularly difpofed. Within the walls are not only the emperor Vhouie, but a little town*, ii^abited, ^y the officers of the court, Thf walls oif this p^aeeafiK n^or^ than 3 xnilecrin ckcumferf n/se, oroament- ed without, and fiirni^ed within, wi^ ^ that is beauti-^ j^),^iic]^,andrare, in China ^nd the adjacent ccwntries. . .. Thgugh PeV-tn is the Capital, yet. Nankin is faid to ex- Cj^;^, bo^h h^ extent and population, ; but Canton is the greateft pq>rt in China,, and indeed the qnly one that }^ been; n>uch .viiited hy j|i|Foppans. This;^ity 4si, five Jnt^lff in cirx^umfiirpnce. T)^ country around i^ is bea^- |ifuii}l inter%pr(4^ ymx^ il^unt;Mn9* hills» ^^a^ies, fm^lL tow^ high towers su^d the p^la^es of . the i^ftndarms,. iraJb^^ed with dfiU^tful, lakes mJk^amk^ md^ &fM^ \ EMPIRE OF CHIHA- rm branches from the rivfn Tay ; on which are numbedeff f[9mipani8 and junb,; • Hog different ways thfOjugh a^ jQoft fertile country^ The city has feveral iron gates, withia iidefach is.a.gnard hovfe. The ftreet^are (^ight, and paved with flag ftonesj ibut they are narrow^ < and on that accoonty crowded and inconven^Dt* 'Woinen^f rank or faihion are ieldoai ieen in the ftreets; Thtf have an excellent market for Sefii, SSkt pottltry^ and veg- etables. . China IS fo hapi|^ fitiiated» and produces fuch » ta» riety of materials foTvmanu&dtures, that- it JIMiy . be faid* to be the native land of induftry ; but thoitgfb^ '^14^ hftile great ikill and neatndV in their worl^ they hNfivrio^^faer- tafte nor elegance. The l]keautji£al manQfiais-a moSt eicellent fyftem» and fipproxiijc^atea to that of chriftkintty.. The public roads in China are rexnarlEftbly good j gre«tt atjtention hafr {been paid to the falety ^md con-veni^pcfrof' travellers. Thefe roads are in general very broad.$ y«d* lies have been filled up, and parages cut through tjiscks and mountains, in order to make the highways jcomnio--- dious, and pr^ferve them upon a level. Th^y v^re bor- dered with lo&y trees, and in genersd paved. The tinn^ ■ on the roads are numerous^ but^ the acAommodattqns tnd^-> ferent ; and a traveller who is not willing to fleep en a*, bare mat muft carry his, bed with him. ? .^ ^ --t^. : ■ Their trade, it is well known, is open^^^.aR'Eu^r^aiv^ nations, with whom they deal for ready nK»K^ X ^^or iudlt h the ^ride and avarice of the Chkiefe, tbat'lJi^y; thk^ no manufa<5inre equal to their own, though it i& e4^t9in» iince the difcovery of the porcelain manufa^res, andthe^^ vaft improvements t^e Europeans have made in weayingj;^ ! the commerce of China has-been oa the declin^*^ ' lie INDIA IN GENERAL; - '- SHcTiofr X3^XPi INDIA IN GENERAL. - ,.. : • ....... i . . . ....... _ , ^ THIS vafl coiwitfy ir fiihirat^-'fewecii'' 68 tod 109 » ^(ftig4 'E^ 1^. dhd WWeen 1 and 40 deg. N. lat. It k lltouii*d'nortbb5^Ufti*5 Tartary and Thibet, firath by ^ Indian Oe^tr, eaft by thb Chinefe Sea, and weft by Berlia'andthe Ihdiah SiHL It may properly be divided into S parts. The Empire oC the Mdgu)^ called gefiferatlylndoftan. The Weftem ]V»iiif^^dii this fide the Gangev. The Eaftern Penin- luUi, b^nf^ d^e Gaiiges; llidia I&' the rieh^ cotxiitry> in aHAfia^ and takes its Jljime Itdm the river Indus/ ^ ■ The otf^nak rnhabitahts'of Indik- are callt^ Gfentoos, -«r by ib|ne Hindoos, and their country Hindodftan. ^ffy pf«tend4:hat Bnunma^- who was their legiflator in politics and religion, was inferior only to God himielf, aiid tfiat he ^exi&d many thoufand years before our ac- " tO«nt of thi&'iiriBationi' This Brtmima was probably fome great and 'i»Oodm^, whofe wifdom-atid benefitence led the=|»6o]^fe io pay him divine honour. The Bramini, ^(S are|he G^itt^b^^priiftfts, pretend that he bequeathed ' t&the^-'aibook calle#the Shahftah,' containing- hisdoc- ttlaes'f a^d that, though the original is Ibft, they are ftill po^H^ iof a commentary upon it, writteit in the Shan- fti^-langua^,'"v4sich is under ftood only by the Bramins - tiiemfdVeS^'. -This dodrine oonfiftsMn a beliief of one great < ttnd S^^eme Bfeiong, Who created, rules, and go^j^ms all thing^V [rK the immortality of the foul and a future ftate; T¥fmtjdi'& and pmu(hmentis, Whicli is to^ confift of a- tranf- migrdtion into diffferent bodies, according to the li^esthiy nhktc led'in*their preexiftent ftate ; biit many of- the fol- lowers of Brumma are grofs idolaters, worlhi^ping dif- -^ent animal^ and the moft"* hideous inanimate- Inures and images. The Hindoos, are divided into &ur gneat tribes; The firft are the Braminsv "^"ho, like the Levites umong the Jftwsj alone' eah 6dScitlte in the piefthood^i but are forbid all^^Ofh^ puilltiits, by the religibu'S !*»%» Thefecond tribe are the Sittfi, who ought tobe ^rfl-^iiii^.*' taiy men, .. The thii'd are the Beife, who are chidEly ^f]^£^- « .^;/^. INDIA IN GENfeHAL. --^U ui ehants and fhopkeepers .; and the fourth is the tribe of Sudder, who are menial fervants, and incaprble of raif- Ing tbemfelves to any fuperior rank. If any one belong- ing to either of thefe four tribes, are excommunicated, they are Aiut from all fociety ifbrever, excepting that of the Harri caft, who ate held in utter deteftation by ereiff one, tfnd only employed in the vileft offices. Thi? cWpw iequence of excommunication is fo dreadful^^ that a fiih* doo will ftt!ff)er d^ath rather than deviate from one artier^ of his faitli. How happy wotfld it be for nrtankind werfe eveiy «hriftian, who wilfully deviates from ttie gre^ moral principles of his rdig^bn, thttscondenmed to obld- quy»rbaniihed fociety, and trfeatcd as an objefk of contempt and iboi4i $ fuch a conduift, uniformly praftifed by die wife and good, efpecially if they were m exilt^d ftations,* would tend mbre to the teformatiotv iof the n^oirid, than ^heavieft pecuniary fines, or fevereil cofporeal puni(h- ment.- Wer«uyicelnit once unfalhionnble, it would fooni be aihamed to (hew ks iiead. ' - BefiCles ^i^e di^idons, the Gr^ntO(^ ar^ fubdivecMi into ctffts or-claffeft. A member ^a ^fe^ibt '6aft,wci\slm faa^d more t3ian ope ;. and ^ dieceiicV of^dameanef^ fidelity ta their vows»- Mi MtHmit easpdiW^^ir families, wtiich charaaeriie the GMoj^f viv<^ l)(»ght 4o honour to human nature in more m INDIA BEYOND TH]^ GANGES;. need coiintfies^ Their religion forbids them to quit theb owQ^hbres. They are penuaded ' that the waters of the\ three great rivers^ Ganges, Kiftna, and Indus, have the (acred virtue of purifying all who bathe in them ; and thefe iacreoc rivers are fo fitUatedt that there is not any part of l^dia ^Isere the inhabitants may not have an opportu-^ pixy of ^Willing away their fins; Their (bldiers are Gall- ic rajah ppots. They are a brave, faitliful people, and- win entei^into the fervice of any that will pay. them ; but when thetr- leader falls in battle, they thipk it no (lain upon their honour to run off the field, as they fuppofe their engagements with him then finifhed^ The ouSom of women burning themfelves upon^ the jKlzvecfl pile of their h^ibands^ ft^U continues to beprac- tii(ed;jamong them, though not io frequent as fdrnierly. The temples or pagodas of the Gentoos, are Aupen^ dpus, but difguftful ftone buildings, bredked in every capi<^ tajl } there, are however fome few, which are highly or-- fiamental, and difplay both tafte and magnificence. The people of Indoftanase* governed by no written laws, nor sstherealawyerki. their wboje empire. Their courts of m^ice are regulated, by precedents. The complexion^ o£ ^i^e Gentoo9^ls black, their hair long, and features regu- lar. They are however ambitious of interm^trrying with t)ie ^^erfians and Tartars^, on account of < the fairaefs of their complexion.^. ^crw?f.X:pn..,INDm-BEydNl>T GANGES. .^l^^^S pjimtnfidaiii bounded by Thibet ,»xd China on tnenort^) eaft by the Qhinefe Sea, foutb^bythe StMiits of Ma|acca>andvby; the-Biay oif Bengal and hither India on the Weft. It is 2000 miles long^ and 1000 broad, lying ^iween 1 and 30 deg. N« lat. and 92 and 109 deg. £. n>n. 1%^ whole of this pehinfula was^ unknown to the ll^cieiits^iindriiL^p^irtly fa tP the xnoderns^ .'Tlie air of^e^^ but ii^ $Qme;place% mbi(| and confeq^ently unhealthy. Ilie cli* nijai!ei$l|D^]bje^ to] Hurricanesr (hre^d^ tempefts of thun* il", li|^tnmg, ^n4 immenfe large hail, alfo- inundations,, 'i^^atiheiiou&s are huilton piuais, to defend themitotari INDIA BEYOND THE dANGE3^ ni ihe floods; They have no feafdfn$ but the ^i slnd the dry. The eafterly and weft^y'monfoons .prevail in this country. They have mountains, running from ' north to Touth' almoft the H»hole length of the country ; i)ut the Wjids near the ieaire low, and overflowed in the Viiny feafon.! There are numerous rivers in India, But the' Booram- pootfcr is b^fkrthe moft cbniiderable. It is called the rival fitter of' the iJanges. Thefe two noMe rivers, When they approach the fea« divide into fuch a niultitiide dT xhannels, and receive fuch a number of naVigiibie. ftreams, that atraft of country nearl/ equal to Gibat: Britain in extent, enjoys by their m^ans, die fineft iiilknil' navigation diat can be conceived, and .gives etnph'ywxi to SOiOOO boatmen. ■ ^^ The foil of this peninfiila'isiruitftiY in genetzd,' and pro- duces all the delightful fruits that are fbund' in other countries contiguous to the Ganges, as WelV roots as veg- etables, alfb f^t petre, and Indian Oak. It 'abounds m filk. Quadrupeds, both domettic and-wUd> particularly elephants, ar6 tobe foui)d here, die fanieai ih th^ fouth- em climates of Afia. The natives carry on a great trade in g9ld, diamonds, rttlties, topazes, amediyfts, s^nd dther preciatts ftones. X Tonqui»»produces little or no corn orwine ; T)ut it is the moft healthful country of all the peninfijla. The Tonquinefe are excellent -mechanics and fair traders, but' greatly opprefTed by the king and nobility. The people; m the fouth are a ifavage race, and goailzhoft tiaked/ with large amber and coral rings!, and gc^d and fill! ver bracelets. In Azem, wnich is thought one of tbe' fineft countries in Afia, the people prefer dog*s f]e{h td all cither animal food, though they eat rats, mice, ferp^nti^. and ftinking fiih. ^ . , Though the religious fuperftitiohs that ixrevail in this peninfula, are extremely grofs, yet they believe jn a £a^ ture ftate, and when their kings die, a number of ani-' mals are buried "wnth them, and fuch ycflels of gold and filver, as they think wilt be ufeful to them in a ^ime Kfe.^' Th(e commerce and manufadmes are various, in the dif* j^reat countries. They are very iivduttnous in JRreaving^ 1^ pH>IA 3EYOND TH£ GANGES; embroi4erii^ and^fewiag. The fioenefs of xhtiv linen» an^ their filigree work in gold and fdyer, are beyond any thing of the fame kind» to be found in any other partt of the wo^ld. The commerce of India ii courted in all trading nations* and was known even in tihe time of Solomon j even the Greeks and Romans drew their hig^eA^articles of luxury from thence* Th^ rarities and cities in ^bek countries are fo nume- reiisyithat it is neceflary tp give a flight 4^etoh of the wiotts kingdoms to which they belpng. We knowt little of |he;kii^aomofTipra, butthat it was once fubje^ to the latng ot Arracan, and that they fe^d to the Chineie iUk andigold» for which they receive filver in return. Ar« raipan lies to, the fouth of Tiprai and is governed by twelve princes, mb}ed to tlie chief king, who refides in a large palace in his ci^»tal| in whidi we are told th^e are ilpyen idols, caA: in gol^t two mches thick, each of a iQ^'s height, covered widi. diamonds, and other p^ecious^ ftones. Macsbo is the gtenx. mart of trade o| the king- dom of Pes u. We know little of the kingd<»n of Ava, oply thattSW king^ aiTumes honours next to divine* 11^ pk^gdc^n^ ^ S^^ has often b^en deferibed in the| ^oif{ '^btnantic terms, and in Come ca&s, 4)eyond the fatbun^s of probability. It is indeed ungommonly rich gu^d. ilpuriihing. It is f^rrounded by h'igh unountains, qindits extent is. very uncertav]^ ; it is however very in- d^erenitl} peopled. The inhabitants |<^ this kingdom sfffimpxe delicate in their manners than thofe of the red oCtbe |>eAii^la, Tj^ej take great care of the education df ' tiiieir children. Siam, the capital, is very extenfive, Ij^^v^y, thinly iiilha^ted. The government is very def- n^^Ck,; ^etven the mandarins proltrate tbemfelves before the l^impk The Butcb have a fadorv at Ligor, which is ih Siam. .,;The,:penmfulaof -Malacca is a large country, con- taining ibveral kingdoms, though the Dutch are the real mailers hete* 'Xpie.nattyes are but little better than ani-\ i^^h flying \ merely . from inftind. Its chief ^odws&m jp^jfer,,xv^, elephant's teeth, caaes^ and gunas. : ¥ '^simbQm^ Is s^ Coventry little kiiown to Europeaius* *" * ^ - - ji^hfs a Ip^cious river i?inni|ig: through tty mWA WITHIN THE CANOES. . lai tKe banks of which are the only habitable parts in the na« tioD» on- account of theftiltry air, and the peftiferous 4it*' fe^s and reptiles, which infeA it. Tke chief Ivtury of^ the inhabitants confifls in ftnokitig and chtwing the be«i tel nut. CodMn Ghinai or the weftern China^ is fitoated under ^ tlie torrid 2one, extendhir 500 mUes in length. Th4^ manners and religion of the pebple feefh to be oHginall/^ Chinefe. They are fond of trade, aind their king is faid^ to be inamenfely rich ; his kingdom enjoys all the advantages of commerce to be fotind in other pdots ol^ the Eaft Indies, and it muft be acknoWledgedi howetw dark the accounts we have of thefe kingdoms may be^ yet there is fufficienr eViderice t6 pfbve thtit they aiie exceedingly rich in all the"" treaAtres- of nature j but thefi*^ advantages are counterbalanced^ by the mdft dreadM calamities, fuch as floods, yoltanoes,esi«^qiiiakes, te^peft^^ poifonous and rapacious animalis, which rendef the pdi^ ' leiHon of lifcf uncertain, even' for an hoiftl!'. '","'■•' ■ . ' Sscriorf XXXMI. INDIA l^riTHIN THE GAK«» " GES, Olt M0CUL EMPrRl^. THIS empire is hounded hot-th by Ufte^' Ta¥ta*y ttna^ Thibet, eaR by Thibfet and^he bay of Bengali- foUai h]^ • tlie Indian Ocean, and ^veft by the fame and* Perfia. It is, including the peninfula weft of the Ganges, 2000 mSes long, and 1 .^OO-'bfoady lying bet#to T an^ 40 degi N. lat, iand 66 and 92 ^ goes for gold and filver,' fo that a Mahometan junk, re* . tummg IrOmthi?. voyage, is often worth 200,000/. fter** Kttg. The province of Agra is the largeft in all India, i^ra i^ the greateil city, and its caftle the largeft fbv- ti^ation in all the Indies. The Dutch have a ladtory there. The city of Delhi is the capital of Indoftan. It isa%e city, containing an in^perial palace, adorned wit^ the ufual eafterpi magi^ificence. Its ftables formerly con* tained 12,000 horfe$,^s^pd 500 elephants* When fors^e fails, through the: heats of the feafon, thefe horfes are fed in thp morning with bread, butter, and fugar, and m the evening with rice and mi^Ii^- The province of Caffimere, beirig furrounde4 by mountains, is difficult of accefs.;but when entered, api. pe^rs the paradife of the Indie^ It is well ftored with cattjie and game, without anybenfts.ofprey. The na- tives are nearly as fair ;as Europeans. The province and city of Labor is one of the lar&;eQ: and;fineft provinces in the Indies, and |)roduces the beft fugar. JBut Bengal, of all the Indian provinces, is the mof!^ inttrefting %o Europeans. It is eiieemed the ft ore* THE PENINSULA Within THE GAKGES. 13^ fioufe of the Eaft Indies and its fertility exceeds that of Egypt, when overflowed by the Nile. The country is interfered by canals, cut out of the Ganges, and extend* nearly lOOleagfues on each fide that nnajeftic river, fall of cities, towns, caflles, and villages. The principal Eng- liflifa^ry in Bengal is at Calcutta, and is called Fort William. It is fituated on the river Hoogly, about 100 miles from the fea. The river is navigable up to the town, for the largeftftiips thatvifit India. The eaoltel of Bengal, where the nabob keeps his court, is Moor.fl*ed- auad ; and at Benares^ lying in the fame pvovincti is the Gentoo univerfity. Chondenagore is the prmtipal plate poflTeflW by the' French in Bengal. It lies higher up the river thait Cal* cutta. Hoogly, 50 miles north of Calcutta, upon the Ganges, is a pfece' of prodigious trade, for the lichefl: commodities of India. The fearckfor diamonds is car^r ried on by nearly lO^OOO people. Dacca is the largeft city in Bengal. Ther tide comes up to its walls. It contain^ an Englifli and a Dutch faftory. We know Kttle of the province of Malva, which lies Weft of Bengali The proNrinee of Candiih includes Berar, and part of Orixa. Its capital is Bnrht^mpoor, which carries on a great trkdei in chintzes, calicoes, and embroidered (luffs. The above provinces belong to the Mogul's empire, to the north of what is properly called the peninfula within the Ganges. Thofe that lie to the foudiwardy^fall inta the delcriptiort of the peninfula itfelf. .«•'*.' ^HcrtoM XXXIV. THE PENINSULA WITHIN THE GANGES. THE «ctent arid fituation of this penmfula was inclu-- ded in the foregoing fefticHi* The climate, face •of the eountry,manners, and trade of the inhabitants, remain only therefore to be fpofc^n* ofk The chief rivers are the Mahan»> ada, the Nerbudd«i the Pudder,' and the famoui K}ftnk.' j> The* ehain^ of mountains, which run from TiOtih^ to ibuth^dtsdjlready- mentioned, renders it winter on onefide^ tiff the pentnfula) while it is fummer on theot^ier. AboiHr liiBJ end of June, it begins to be tempefiuous and r&iti^' •iM THE P£NINSULA within the OANQES. iOn the coail of Malabar. This hds four moathi, whik itUif fair and /crene on the coad of Coromandcl. About ithe end of O^ober, the rain and wind begins on the coaft lof Coromandel, which having nogoodharboursi the trad- uig iVAiTebat that time return to fombay, on the Malabar coafl. The. air, in t)m ptuninfula^ is naturally hot, hut the 4.wind changes here every twelve hours ) from midnigh. •to noQn» itbloufS'Olf ;he land> when k is.y ry hot ; du- Hiligfcthe .9ther.(welf e tho^vs ft blows from fh^fea, which is ft great rcfr^ment to ^the inhabitanu. The natives «fe of a dvxkpr €OQfi|iilexion than thofe of the other peniniu- la. This peninfula is divided into foubahfhtps^each foubah •containipg fihporal provinces. We fhidl ipeak of them as Mongif>g either to the Malabar or Coromandcoaft, the ivo groat obje^t^ of £nglMh oommtuce i^ that country. The eaftefn, or Cororoandel cQaft» jMJgiB' ^t Cuap Comorin* the Ti»pfk ^Hthempoifit of i^ peniafula. Ma> jdi»ra> a todl kingdom a^out a* kiif^e as Portugal, is fitu- Ated hmt, Tvetchinopoli is the capital. The chidf fiches «rif this hinigdom coaTiil^ in ^ pearl fiiherjr uppn iu fioaA. Tamour* to tthe/eaft's dominions in that part of the Eaft Indies. Fort Saint George is a large aivd ^ropg fortrefs, an<^ ptmeifls two tiowus, called from the c.ompfesions of tl*^; ..Vial inhabiiafttStfvth^vHiito and thle tmde with C^ina* Per0a, and Moeha. <>Til^jG( country of the Deccan^orasthe.name dgnifiestthe iotuJMrn ::^-n!ry, comprehends feveral large provinceiw mi fome r i) ; rrdii^ s. Bvt modern g^ogr^her^ af e jam a^pised »' i)\u *h:.'^\esmit Mad fituatk)iu io thi^ cohmk THE PENINSULA 'vithik thk GANGES. W5 uy» neur Uowlctabiid» i^i t1)e famous pagod of Elora i cil<: tombs, chapels, temples, pi lars« anU many thciiOnd-, figures that I'urround it, are fuiJ to be cut out of the na- tural rock, and> to furpaf» ^ill '^thei efToris of human art. The Portuguefe territory in t) o\intr> , li«* in the prov- iBeeof^'Baslnnii cxtcndiu^ .OleugiK to th«. north of Goa f> but t^oir. pofleiTtoui^ Uftr c a re on th c dec 1 i ne« Gu « •^ crat is CMie pt .the fineft j^covinc^s in Tndk.; but iah;i^{twever,. liave a fadlory tliere. Ann)!" t: the iilands upon the eoad, is that of Bombay^ hr^>'(if' to tbe,EiigUlh Eaft India Company... Its iiai.i>i>¥ *ri conyeniently contain 10Q() fhip» at ^mchor. 'Kh" iflanu Ufelf is almoit d^ftitute of aiUbe conveniences of i«jc. The town is pqorly bnih ; and the climate was fatal to European coniUtutions< till experience taught t^e1^ caution and temperance. They have no water foarcely, but what is caught in th^ rai«y feafon, and preferved in tanks* The inhabitants' of tlx; iHand arc> compofed of various nations, qjich of« whicJi enjoy their awn njode of religion undillurbed. Nejiir BJmbay arc feveral other iflands, one of which, called Elef^lianta, con- tains th0' mofl inexpjicuble antiquity i^ the world. A figure of an elephant of the natural fwe, cot coarfely in Oone, prefcnts itfelf oa the landing place, rveafj^t^e bot- tom of a mountain.. An oaTy flope then leads to a (lu« pendpus temple, he-v^n out of tlie folid ro(:k, 80 oi% 90 f#et long, and 40 broad j the roof, which is cut flat, is- fupported by regular rows of pillars abput 10 feet ,high ; nX tibe farther end, are three gigantic figures ; • on esscli; fide ^re' various groups of figures, one of wljijch b«ars- avrude referablance of the judgment of Solomon. Tf here is alfpajcolonade, with a door of rcgi^ar architeftiire ;. hiit rhe whole has no refemblance to the work of the- G.entoos^ The ifland of Goa, the capital of. the For-- tviguef0 fettlement, has one of the finell: and bed fortified; ports in India. Sunda lies fouth| of the Portuguefo' ter;ritoTiefi, one of the mod pleafant and hetdthy. ilmndg on the. Malabar coad. Kanara lies to the {cAith of Goa, . fa^mQil s for producing rice. The Kanorinos are.govem- «ir.by_a woman; her fon has th/e title of. Rajah^ and her. ms PERSIA. v,_ fttbj^£l& are the braved, mod civilized, and meft comxner- ciai o£ anf qa the perJniula. v ■/■ ' Smctms XXXV. PERSIA. MODERN Periia is bounded by the xnoimtahis of Ararat on the north weft^ by the Csd*pian Sea on the north, by. India on the eaft, by the Indian Ocean on the south, and by Arabia and Turkey on the weft. It is ISOO miles long, and 1100 broad, lying betw^a 44 and 70 deg. E. long, and 25 and 44 dtg.^ N. lat. |n fo ext€;nfive an empire, the air, in its different parts, ruuftvary confiderably. Thofe parts which border on Caucalus, and the mountains near the Cafpian fea, are cold ; thofe mountsuns being generally covered with ihow. In the midland provinces, it is ferene, pure, and ethilerating ; but the fouthem provinces are fo intenfel)i[ hot, that the noxious blafts, arifing from the heat of the atmofphere, fometiir es penetrate to the midland prov- inces, and are very mortal to the inhabitants, who, ta fordfy their heads from the fatal e£Pe^ of theie blafts^ wrap them in thick turbans. The foil and prpdu^ions vary like the air. The foil is not: luxuriant towards the Cafpian Sea, but it might be made to produce abundance of com, by earefal culti-^ vation. South of Mount Taurus it is very .fertile, pro- ducing an exuberance of corn, wine^ oil, the moft 4^1i« cious fruits in the greateft variety, nuts, and numerous falu;ary and odoriferous plants and drugs, particularly: rhubarb and fenna^ Near Ifpahan the- foil produces-all the moft fragrant and beautiful flowers to be fdund in Europe, especially rofes,* from which they extrad vet*y fine rofe water, and the celebrated otto of rofes, fo valu- able in Europe. The Perfians manufaifture great quan>- tities of excellent filk, and very fine pearls are found ia the Gulf of BaiSbra,- The medicinal gum, afiafcktida^ flows from a pWnt, called liltot j the white kind is very raluabie. The natives eat it, as a great rarity, and fea» fott all their richeft fauces with it. Shirauc is a. moft* ' ddightful fpot ; it is fituated in a valley ; abounds with every ihing nece^ry to reader life cprnfortaWe »tt#' commer- mtams ot !a on the n on the t between lat. ent parts, larder on i fea, are ;red "with pure, and ) intenfeljj^ sat of the and prov- , who, to efe blafts^ The foil it might efal cuiti- iitile, pro- oft (kU- umerouis liticularlyr aces^all fdund in raft yt/pj fo vahi- it quan- Ifonnd iiv iafcktida^ Id is very ' land fea» a nwft* ids with PERSrA. m stgreeabte. The wine of Shirauz is celebrated. It id made from a fmall, black grape, and is reckoned ex> tremely delteious. The fli^p in this neighbourhood, are of very fine flavour ; their fieece is extremely fine^ And they arSe remarkable for the length and fiz as well as the bare nece&ries \ atid the danger ne^dr not fearJ impofitioff. The mountains of Caucafuy^and At^at, eozhmonly' called the mountains of l^aghiftan, with Taurus and it»C divifions, run through the middle of Perfiaj from N^tb- lia to India. No country of fo vaft an extent has fo f(^w nav^g&ible rivers as Perfia. The only confiderable ones are the Kur, and the Aras, which rife near the mountains oF Ararat, an embroidered with gold, filver^aud coloured filkg. They "Ws'ear flippers on their feet, and at. all times a dagger in t^ieir lalhes. The collars >iildings,btlt void of the elegance which diftinguirties the Greek architecture. The tombs of the kings m Perfia are ftupendous worlcsi tut out of folid rock, aild highly ornamented with fcUlpturc. There is a pillar to be f6en near Ifpahan, 60 feet bigln, compofed of the fkulls of beads. Shah Abbas, jup^n the fuppreffion of a rebelioUj;. vo#ed t6 ere(ft fucb a pillar ofH human fktills, tint aftf i^'ardft pai'dooed die fUbi&itti^g te- bels, and perfoirmed his vow, by <>bli^ng evfcry o»^ t^. fumifh the (kttil of a brute. ; .T^ bath« aea/Ootabrdoa^aadiHLQrpiui^sneat Baka^ 190 ARABIA. r^ith the burning grounds and its inflammatory neighBoui*. liood, are reckoned among the natural curionties of Perfi«, The houfes are buik ofbrick, feldom above oncJ ftory high> with fl.it roofs. The kitchens are built a^art from the houfes, few bf which have chimneys.^ They have but little furniture hi their apartments, as they fet on cUfliions, mnd a carpet and coverlid ferves them for a bed. Ifpaban, the capital of Perfta, is feated on a flne plains withm a mile of the river Zetiderhendi It k faid to be 12 miles in circumference. There are a nutiber of fine Iquares, flireetS) and palaces iii it. Shirauz, about 225 mile» fouth eaft of Ifpahun, is in an ineafpreflSbly rich and beautiful^ country, being liid out for Aiiles' round in gar* Aensy the hnits and flowers of which are incomparablei The caravanfaries. and bazars of this city are extremely keatitiftil. .';:'''' ' ■ vKvvi ./. :.,•..... • . / - .' The cities ibfOrmus aiidi Gombroon were formerly l^laces ©f confequence, but' now of little importance, ei*^ iher i^ the political er conimercial world, '' -? fstf 4 ^ The Pferfians are thoujgftt €o exceed all Ae world in^ !^ manufaifhired of ^tfe, wboU^, mohair, carpets, ^nd lekh^r V their works in thei^, join fancy, tafte, and ele- gance^ to riebnef^ and Ihew.- Their colours for dying aVe exquisitely vivid, and their embroidery in gold an« filver, remarkable for preferving its luftre. The Perfians. have no fliippihg* 5 all their tttade, therefor*, depends on other nations, as their imports and exports mud be made* in foreign bottoms^ '' SjicTioi^XXKV%,y ARABIA. ^:.f'f- 3 ARAWA is bounded- by Turkey on the north, by the Gulfs of Per^a and Ormu« on the eaft, fouth by the In- diim Ocean, and Vreft by the Red Sea. It is 1300 miles long, aiad 1200 wide, and Kes between 3& and 60 deg. ^Awi^^tii i2and 80 deg, N. kt. ' Aiabifi is- 'dividisd into 3 part9»' Arabia Petr»a, or the Rdcky, on the niarth, Arabia Felix, or the Happy, on ^e fouth, and Arabia Defcrta, or the Befart, in the mi«U d^^'. ^Tbe moumains of Sinaland Hereby lying in Axa^ ^fery iWighBouN. al curiolities of above on^ ftdri. built a^^art from They have but ' feto»»i cbfliions^ ra bed. *^ w. onafiriepUfrti ItMfftidtobe nuinberoffine 'uz, about 225 effibly rich and 5 roQftd in gar* incomparablei are extremely sfi- ... '• "^ere formerly nportance, ei- cai^^ts, and afte, and ele- [« fof dying m gold ancfe The Perfiana ► depends on nuft be made* ARABIA. bia Petr«a, eaft of the Ro^ c '^^ fcwfpnngs or rivers in ft; ™°" "o'ed. Tlien. ' t«. X, ifalm««'^L^:„^''J:^°"«7^ except the E^^« Gulfs of Perflaand Ormusl^ fl'i'^.'^* ^'^ Sef^.. As a confiderable part ef Sf * ^"''""' O*'""- tomd zone, and the tropi/ofcl"""'^^ "*« ""der thft- p^rti^trf'; ^:%^^r th'7'^''' '^""^^^^^^ nothmg more thanXeifelts °''l'". '"-"* P'^ t' by the winds, roll like t),. ? L, ?"'"' "'hen aritated ynuin^in h,.,httktr!;""^^ ocean, anf^ iofl. In thefe deferts the car^t? f ""? ^^ Juried and guided as at fea hr , <=a"»ans, hav n? no tra^-iT "" travel chiefly T; nit '°SP^*' «■• the &Z Tj^lu"' ' "i* fl»clcs. L?o^g[ds Sf". '"'">° P*ft"res c ofe i all IS a dreary, defolati iu "'"^y"^'' or olive varT^! ■ truces balm, myrrh, rofl^ ^ ^cellent foil, whtrh 11 '' "h'-r^c-e' r^^'^^'^'rf^^ fiuits, ioney in plenty anH f '* »'^° «l>iindi,ee df ' country is celeb^ated^orl^? f°"« "^ ='°d ^'ne Th-f ' bu'httle timber, or wood of a^vli':^''- "^T'' There The moft ufeful animals in 7 u"** '" ''^'^''ia. ; ; » «'-i-ce..nd iet 0^.;;;^-- Sej: s i: I ^- ld«i ARABIA: \ - TRe beauty and fpJtit of the Arabian horffcs \\ well known Jri Europe, 'they are fwlft and mettleibme ; but fit on. ly for the iaddle. ' The Arabians are of a middle ftatttfe, thin^ and of a fw^rthy complexion, witk bla Mufcat, Juddah, and Suez* Mp^haji? wejlibiilt, the houfes lofty, and covered with a ft^iQcaifif : ;^ datzliMp Mi^tenefk. The harbour is femi- ^ circ^Jj^r* ii«4 tki waU two miles ia circuit/ Suez, the Arfinoc^; of the} ancients,- is furrounded by the defert, a lha^by,illjbu4ik places Juddah is the place of greatefl trade of any in the Red Sea ^ for there the commerce be- tween £ar(^ and Arabia meets, and the latter ex- change tiieir fpices, gums, drugs,. co£Fee, Sec, &c. for the cH>tl^ iron, ^^ oi theffonner. Mee4:a, thecftfAlal of all Arabia, and Medina, d^fctrcs partitmlar twtics. At) Mecca, the birth place of Mahom* et^. ill rit n^oTfiae fix gleriovs, that it' is in general reckoned thi9 jnoi^maigniftceat tenmlt in the Tuncilbi dominions. ItsUftyiN)of is raifbd in me faihiott of a dome, and cov- ered with f^l^> with two beautiful towtvs at die end, of extieaotdimify hieigfat an4 aicfaitfeftuM. This mofque has ahnildted gdtes, and a window oiect each, and thfe w hole^tttldmg. it deeoi!a^ with the fineft gildings and tapeftry. The.nltihber oTpilgnaii, whb yearly Tiiit this place» is iiKine^Iie,, as efrerfi^sAilinaii is obliged, by his religioBy tocooMrlwdHariaiiceraiiisrlife, or fend a deputy. At Mediniif aboCit>50 miles from the Red Sea, the place where Mfl]i0Aiet was buried, is « flately mofque* fup- ported «-by.: 1*00 pillars, and fumtfhed with 800 filver lamfxs^CyWhjtch are kept, continmUy burning. In this mofqiie biplaced the coffin of the tinpoilor, Covered with cloth of gold, Aader ;t canopy of filver tifluei Over the foot of i rae i coffip is a rich, golden crdlcent, curiotffily wrougbii, imd adomedt witli precious ftpnes of immeafe value.' . ' SMertoir XXXVIL INDIAN AND ORIENTAL I ISLANDS. THE Japan Iflands, Japat<; l^go, Tonfe, and De- ziiaja^fi^mtogether what has been called the Empire of JiMuUi. T^eyiarelttuated about 150 miles eaft ot Chi« M \ , ■ ■ ,t'i IS* INDIAN AND ORIllN^AL ISLANM. na, and extend from 80 td 41 deg. N. l^t. arid Mm^ ISO^- to 147 deg. E. Ion. The chief town is Jeddo. The foil '' and produdions'of this country are much the fame with China i and the inhabitants are famous for their laqnered ware, known by the name of Japan. The iilands them- selves are very inacceffible, through d^eir hi^h rrx^ki ahd xehipeiiuous i.!as. They are fubjetfV to^arliKquakes, and ^' liave fome volcanoes. The complexians of the Japaneft '\ arfc in general yellowifh ; "but fome of th^ women :lve aU'^^ moft white. Th^ir eyes are narrow, and eyebrcms high * * like the Chinefe ; their iiair nniverfally black ; and there ( IS fuch a famenefs in their ^Ihions, that the failie head P. drefs would fuit the emperor isrm peafantv ,^ht v^f^metf ^^' -wez.? more .omaixients than 'the . men i but; jtiic! '^fblliion of their jgarmeiUs have JMfen the fame Frxiin t\mi3mim4m6ri^%. aU'. Their houfes are built ivith upright 'jftqOap (ftofkd^*'* and m'attled with bamboo ; pkftered and^i.-wjiifiewiaDfied^t; witbm and witho^tt.^ 'jPhey are low, (thenftp^iADt^^- i ing feldom habitablir^ : The floors are coTei4a>^ii0i mats.if' They have noftfi-niturejin their 'roomsj,mi&t/ev«ttbed8!.<)P Th^Y fit an mats, winch are always f(Ut and^ih^nJ H/ha^ f food: is ferved on auloW boar (^loi&d only j^<6iw>fhcher^ from the floor, and bal|»iQiie.,dilhat'a^tini9."{Theii ^lirin^ ^ ters : beino; verjr £eMCfQ^iiiliqrare' obliged < to> wavm • tbetr^ | houfes ; but t.hey* hatA wuklmdanypiMa^ nor ftoVes^ but - uSe largaf-j& Uniformly p ollte/rajldc .^i\«il oniv all docafions to dieir nei^el^ o^ne^ioiisf^^iandcdhildreiyilt are accuftomed to prai&ife th^ipieafm^aiwiiibffi^ tb^; t\w*i example of their parents. Their penal laws are vefrjr.jc fevere ; and perhaps there is no country where fewer, crifnes^dre c^^mitfiedi^g^sfitift Gfoidiety. » Ci6mm^cpd ; and the whole country even to the tops of the hills is culti- vate.! .Theytr^ei^hieftjr )i^i th^ Duticflii'M; l^rflT Thel-adrone I^cisj.of wWohaUie diief is rGtiani^'- lie in 146, deg. Eklanjafid.H^e^oNiiat.. aT^islre ISis^l V^ anmber ihvL% ^e know nothing of them worth mention* Jhgj rormofajf iituatedto't^e^aftof Chtng; The im.abi- ^nts pfjthe ^aAera piiit< ar^ a i^agCt but inoffenfive people,, Tlipie.ottlije wfi^nit ar^^e Came as the Chi- nefe, WK>ina.x^;made(ihemrelves,ma(lersof that part of .1i|i^ife« ^CiO miles i'o^th eail of China. Manilla is the chief idand and capital city. The inhabi- tant8)ai;e j^ mixtu^t^ pf Chinefe, Etliicxpians, Malays, Span- iards^, agid^.f^^^^'PI^^ ^^4^^ n;Ytions,.. rTh&fe iilands were dif- cpVfCret} by,^ttgqllanj,,and. 5>(r.e tjio property of Spain. ithfYtW^'^^^^ii'^ alUl^ nfceirflries o£ life, and beautt- fi^l|f^,^i^,f^^^.. "inhere .js a. tpee inr thefe iilands, called ame^t >yiiicji,/iipplies;£tie.,^tivjes with water. There is alfq a ktud of cafie^ ^vvhii;]!, if cut, yields- fair water enough for a draught) of which there ar£ plenty in the mountains whezeAvateris.fcaT^ce. Ckvite is th& port of Manilla, ,defeij4?f! bjy thcj xaftle of. ^.; Phillips- In the year 1762, lilanilla pani/h-^icej|9y:, for a million, pounds flerling j b^t the Ta^foratnas never been wholly paid^ ; Though thefe iflands are bountifully fupplied with all tile neceilaries and delicacies of life, in the greatell pro- fusion, to counterbalance thefe, they are fubjedl to dread- ful, earthquakes, tremendous tempefts of thunder, lightning and rain ; and the foil produces poifonous herbs and powers* which kill indantaneoufly, and abounds with ^pxious/ and venontous animals.. Some of their - moiintabs. ar£, volcanoes. ^■ ... The Molucca^ or^ Spice iflands, lie all within the com- pafs of 251eagut^ tothefouthof the Philippines, in 125 Aeg. E. Ion . and . I deg.S.. and 2 deg. N. lat. Thefe iflands^ produce neither Qorn nor rice ; lb that the inhabit^ts live upon a kind of .bfead made of fago. Their chief produce jCpniiHts cxf ploves, mace, and nutmegs, which are m6n9ppi(ized by^ the Dutch. The ^Ban^a, or Nutmeg iflands, are fituated between tSl7 and 128 deg. £. Ion-, and between 4 and S deg. S. la% ^They, ^retieittireiy i^b|i^ jo the Dutch. Anqboxaa '»W WWAN'A«D^*«fittOT)fiE^miM^N3D« U the moft confiderable .6f tbe Mol^cc^< It ifr^f^VMit^. miles in circumference. 'V A^ The iiOand of Geleb^^ity^aicftfTar, \i ^mpted tinder the equatot. ItfttM*f pitjdueeisjn^ppei'lin^^^pitJ^i'iiTid a very great variety bf poif6H»: T%e ihhibi^nts ^i« hif- pitaWe, faithful, and andCeram. .-* .i • 4.^,. between 93 and 120 deg. E. lOn. and 8 deg. N. a^d 8 deg> S. lat. comprehending the iilands of'^om^o Sumatra, Java, &c. Borneo is the largeft, behig '800 milps'^ long, and 700 broad. The inland parts are marfhy ^d* 'un- healthy, and the inhabitants live in towns built on l)ciatsy in the middle of the rivers. The foil produces riccj com, cotton*, peppeis camphor, tropical fruits, gold, aud dia< monds. The famous ourang outang, is a native of this place> and ift thought of all irrational animals^ to teicm- ble man the moft. The chief port in tftis iftand''w 'li^-- jar Mafleen. Sumatra has Malacca on- the "nortti,! ^Bor- .neoonthe eaft, Jaya on the fouth eaft, Arum '^fch it is ieparated by the ftrafts of Siinda. It ^tendi five de. grees north eaft, and five fouth eaft of the equator ; j . is IpOO miles loi^i and 1.00 broad. This iflaiid proJuiiies i the native king remams (hut up, %itiii^utin^ communication with other countries, or any - pi't^rty in the riches of his own dominions. The na- 4lv^y aris ft'fobev, ino£fen(ive people, but idolaters. Trin- •^iLi^mi^is the chief iea port. r < ^Fh^ Maldives are a (hiall cluiler, q£ rdands &r rocka, ^benArecn^ the equator and 8 iSfeg. NJ totti •■ 'Eheyi at-e chiefly relbrted to by the D^tir^, f^a t#^>!i!rlch)tbe natives for conries,akind of (malKheU, t^^MMl-^innerlyjtiiireKhlbr money en the coaAa of dlifieikr ^uW4S«lK?r parts'Of! Africa. The eoCoa tree of the Mak- di'\^9$ incapable of being rendered wonderfully ufeful. 'Ve(fi4« are xompletely built, rigged, and fupplied with M9^ from this tree, while its fruit affop^s pleafant food^ "Indihe mitit contamealin/tt, awholefonie, cooling bever- 4tgd.'i1S^mbciiy>hasl>6Ciialreafly mentioned in ouraccoustf •f India. . » ,i ^ :^*l4i^ Mv>t*htioir1<^liiate» the moft i^uthem point of £amf in number, mountalnoiifl, and abounding I jh voScaftoet and hot ijprhlga. The inhabitants ace ;hait)tae» «K>vrteous, heneit and hofpiuble ; but . ndveriky ntndett them timtd* and prompts them to fuicide. They have a ]N€u)}|ir veneration for old age. Tlie m^n are emf^yed in hunt- ing and Hftiing ; the Womcn'have the ifire their tw)»tt)c oil, furs, and feathers^iiiov tobacco all riort4rOfA9inke(s, and flnaU wares. )jx- .j, :..h t ';ii\ii i.'ih: in<: SMCTtoif XXXVilU AER10A» f ' -' AFRICA, the third grand divijRtm of the glronth 1yjP')ihe*So^heim Ocean, a»d (<)fi «|be fireft by Ae great Aclattttc,i^hlch t^patiftes itfjfoiin Am^- ica. As great part of this extenfive tetrijbDfy ti«s i upon the equator, and the far greater part bet^wc^ thcftf^^viep, tiie heat is almoft iniupportable to Eutopeans, e^()eciMly '^arhereit is increafed by the refleaiidn of the fun's ^ayi» •^om deferts of burnine fand* The coafts, hawevefTi aid l»anks of rjirers, efpecially thofc of the Nile, are ^^t^mfy fertile. TTiere is little variety io. the eli«»»tffi .^nPF ieldom or evei^ falls in the j^ains, and . ia lo^Jf c r^i^d. ^ the tops of high mountains. . x. If. i The mod cOfl^erable rivcr&4>f :^lliidkaf}9fet^ Mf^n wlikb falls iikto tfce Atlafitie at 8iniiega|« i(r.i)(^aiuib«t of this riven. Tbe Nile, wiiicli HifU&tig t$jpL lato tMfo partt, dtfchsffgtf^ itfiilf mte the 'MmUmt. fweaiir.i.lliiiMiMiuiint «« Atku. a ridg* eocteiidiAg from the WeAem Ocean, to which it gbiet the jurnie cf the Atlantic, to £gypt. It had its name from a kin|; of Mauritania^ .# i|^ later ^f i(fti»aMiy, who ufed to obferve the ftari from its fummit ) on which account poets fWtirpwntefe Mptnifentf him m bdaifoffttheheayeas bti his AonlOfr* The Matntgint of the Mieon axe Aill h%hter Chan Allaf* Th*^oi 8ierr» Leona, or Mountatiu of 1 the iionr^-Mtend^as. far at £chio|tta. The ^ak of Tene- riff, which -the Dutch make their Jl^ meridian of lottgi. tuM Ji ilboitt fil milif high^ fituated on an illand -f«bduedi Carthage, and by degvees all the neighboirriiig ftates aindrkiug«doms. After tbi» the natiyes, impovefiihed by the .governora fen t from Rome, ilf^le&ed their trade, and cultivated no viore land than might ferve for their fubilftenee. Upon the decline of Ihe Rotnan £iftpire,,the.iioi)ihtDf Afiica was orer ranby t^ Vltdak* J»^ &>aR doAsoy^d tf9«^ trace of the arts «ad^^«Meff^|ulfeit9j|his they fell^ii prey tto -the ^wiM|»^, dnMilMitoqH^ntAidia^MfUl of Bai»ary,i4»ilic 'Hk MH- IHO^ main. txarfi \iH«fewire.ifikcc€ey^thfe 'I^k8^TWl»'»fctfl«d dea(QlaKitoiwhci)eyer^the7>c,anie, ^ fhtit th»^tiiilit> ijf fltis- eiloeifloiirifbing date VaS'* focwi complete. •> The iiiliabi. taittsMf AiRriea, with refpe^ to religion^ mstr^iht divided k^ 8 fert^, PagansvJ^oineuns^lMdiClUilGaiiiiv^e are :alfofi9Jaie^.'0/ii»fJ'Ay vdjuK,!} ; :BGYl»T3i63botmdcd^ik»nh'b)ithe Mei}iterrfttf^ «|ift.bf the RedSdi, foutH by^ Abyfliiiia, and weO^b^ the Deftn of Barca and the utiktiowit p?kt»^f Afm^k, ' lih 6iOO miles long, and 25d brbad, Ifna^i btt«f^€« fid ^aiid, :;39deg^ RUol aiid^St aitd d6 dcer^ E, k)ft/i' " >v7 "h- •^^ KDuriAg 8 monthfe^^tiid yinii^ CM'hesit' kvihis^ou^tfy _|i$LYery oppreffivt., 'iThtPec-are^o-hdf^ poiiTonoiift wiivtls, which blow ^fi-om^lhcfoath, of fwrliextrtiite iiiridity, that no ammiated body expb|pd-to then^'ca%t-tfftiftthe^ fatal jni«encc ; they iti general J^Iaw^ for three d^^, ? and woe ; to thertxavielier wh^ this Wind furprtzes far ^Tfkn any r*i illjf^hiom^raiftsfn^ir^^ awi tfie grtat i^t^y ©f ^{tibfti OQitntry^isiowiiig to the annual overflowiMf^ -K^ the . ]f^l ' ' l& bksgins^ to dSs vrhesk the fun is vertical-ni iSihio- pia^^;^ theikeifi;bt of its flobdm^ lower Egyptf>'^nfc>A- ^ngfls to>be iiren but -thet tops of foreft^ and fhiit tfees. ^"Pn^ towns^n^ villagee are bmlt upon eminences, either Miwiutal or, artificial. The labour of the hu^ndman is .1»«it almoft* nothing; He rtirows his wheat' and • barley , into> Xhm ground, and ,it requires littk> - morivake ^li) ■fk ibr thcLftaffer. ' Thc^faice^of the ;countr)» ln» ik^few^ VMseks j ^iftfir t^iei ftirii^ of the hTiIey^ic t«rtiatlrbe3r(md^^dfiifcri^- I tifii^ ttrhilie the. air is perfuhted wit*h^ cfli«uige^4db^0lij and €l^r ofkntilerous frikits and tylolToins'v ' ^ l-i*; > Egypt abounds avbiack'catlle. They "have alfo a very fine breed ofttflfes,.oii which the chriftians ride, theTdtiis iBot allowing them' to rxdeoh horfeis, which are animals Jileldlinyery high efti'matiofp amotig thoat ; and indeed ^yoine remarkably fine, 0eet^ ktid biM{lableii'iTt)e hx^- |Ni|Mt8ski«4rOt3rtver faorf^, is a njjii«»^mpyjer>%^|4t < f»bvMe*fimfm^ 4a ttKhindeiifiirtti^>Mht^^i4M|H4»tih0«&' EeV#*£ ki !j6irfi6^ 'Vjf^^'hpstik^, caihels, ^:iiltfek)ijes, ii fln^ar^ ki^^^^T^^'^'b^adlike.a dog, andth^ rak» cs^lled^ ichl j^rqdtideV eagles, nawks, ;pelicans, khd Water, fi9#l of: all kinds. The bird, ibis, a creature refembling a duck, was deififed by the ancients j^for: deftroying ftr- pents and pf'iftiferob^ . infefts. Oftridhe$ are alio found here, and'fo ftrong that am^nmay ride' on' their "backs. Tbe^ieraftes, or Korned^viper,'inhab1t^ theeaft^n piirts,, ani iS; fyppofe^'to Wilis ' ^fpfc,; \vith Which (ileojpatra was ftUng tOt ^eatlij^ Thei tiefcendants of the original: Egyptiitis aj 'ihefbci^y'of the men, not even at table, b!«t Witt^in. ftanding [pr'featfed in a corner of the room while^^fte hi|f- band mnei, afterwards prefenting him wate^ toi;i^^l i^he leia^iiing ^f 'the modern fj^yjitians cp^^s/bif suithm^etic^l cilcu- MSP w^rvk .,!!/!& anil fomevtopwledge pf the ^f^ioine^ reKgiom. I lirSyit abounds more with cjiriOUfapt^dit^^jtl^an any ,^iither place perhaps in th^ ,wprW. j^^It^pyij^p^^ have. ; -keen oh^^ defc'ribj^d J . ^^^' ^'^^^^l^fT '«, L^jj^iflSie re- naipiat^s^tor.t^e J^gyj^^n ^ngs. ,i,^e'^ bi^. ot the ^ cular hei^t; is ^00. feet;: In flijoct^, the |j)yraiiiicl;s,^f I EjgyptairetJ^p p?0ft ftupendous^ and at ihp f^jfie rt\me, to appigarapce» tfce moft iifelefs ftrv|ftijyres that ever were . raif^dbjt the hands of men. TI?!e ^uin^y^ pits, or fub- ferrfiiea^ vaults^^ for the b]aii4 pfwe ^'^^t ari^r:°f' P^o- ■^S^b^s e^eiit ^'jlt j$j faid ths^ ,jlf^ ejm- « * IjaTped aiTjd buried there S^OQ^ ^« perfe6l ai^d ; HiftinA j!^ this d^ ; ^t the art "o||.thtts dmb^ming is j '^i^tirely • loft. The labyrinth in- upper jEgypt, if , thought ^TOich ocQSpUpn- ^ts iiajii^,;/ ,M^5r,^trace^»^ of It9f lake : 'jwyps, which #as dug . |)y ^an Egyptiin kirig^ to cor):5eft ^ meirpigulantiesof the Nile, ftiu are {eeii^ and;are evi- ^ehceA of the grsjtoJeur ajid!^bil|t3r of' tlije; -v^drt^ ; , Won- , aerfi^l ,grottO^ ?id- cfxcavatipus, are founi iq jSj^pt, afid '^ ^e whole coiwitry towards. Cairo is a fcene of antiquities, ^'of "^hi^h the oldeft is the mofL fiujjendoujt*. t^e j^ore , mbd^rrn, the moft beautiiulv .i^frj^^ _ l.!* . ^ Ttie' riini. papyius is a natrve or Egypt, and fervid the . ancic>nts io write on« The pUh of it ; i^ very^ npuriftiing .To-mire oajy a 'flight revle^- of "the cities artCpuDlic edifices of thi» country would, fill, a large voiume. In many places, "^alls^ tepip^s. &c» .built l^ifpre the ,time of Alexander the Gr^it» are iHll en^'tj^ t])ei^; ornswnenjs, Alexandria oh tlie^^'t^ahtc^^uj "{^as once the, eowp- ^r^ baMMMy' ^An. &>^^ lis Tiifhed EurQ^er Vritli l^^ ficl^es of Ji^dla. ' It was'.fdun^ed' " by"Ale2ii?ficfer the G teat, dn'tlife niins of Tyre and C^*' thage^^ h; the opjjofite ifliind of ?hitf6s',(4efei'^tf!y^efteeineVi'^Vu{6^9rt,of jCiiiro. •' The bth^ towns of-riotcf i^'^Egypt, atrie Dknrtettaj the aificient "Pielufmm^ Siyd, cN^' the wefl;eVnTSan^x)f Ae'M^ laid to be tne , andent Thcibes/ Goillair on tbe Red Sea, Sueii fonnerly ' a plaeeof great trade, now a fmall city." IJl^ ichjMren of Ifrael are fuppofed to have marcted iiear this city, when they left Egfj)t. The Egy^tiaij^s export great; qUttriti^^ies'bf flax, mreMr1^ott6n,leat^ri calicoes, wax* ' faff]foiii^' fuffdrv fcrinai' 'fetid caflia. ' • •' ^ :'^\:^^i '■■,i:d v:rlT .■■.' i,:r. I.' ;■■:<:>'.'< '^ ■,;.<( .-.v; -.i ':-'■ .. » ■ * *UllfI9fE R^ tflrfi head we muft raii^ the '■ coninitf ies o£ M6rdctjir'8ih ^Algiers, Tunis, 'I'ripoH,''''and !6area, Tkeetoplr^<«fMbrocco, including Fez, is bounded north . by the^Mediterraneaii Bea, fouth by Tapilet, eaft'by thb kingdom df-Algiei^; *' It is 500 nriiles lart;^,^afld 480brOktfo Fez, now unto'^o^MiEfrGCco; ^^125 frf^^tng^ and' toch the fartieifi breaJTtli. '{ «k lit4 ^t>w(iki JTers to the eaft, I and Morocco on the fouth, being futrounded oii all' o^her parts b^tfc^ 6a. J Algiers i« bdiidfeU' call by l*trois, ^■14nq< ' ■BAll^JtY &%AJrifSf^t\ ncrikjyf the Mediterraneaiif fouth -l^y;^9}»itf Atlas, weft by Morpcco. ' It , intends 480; ^mut^saloipg.! the x:oa(l q/ t^e M^difeerranean, and is bc^tween 4iQ snd 100 miles in kireafi^i. Tuni;s is bpi^nded north and eaft by the Me^iterrapjeal), wejl by Al^i^s, fou^ by Tripc^ and pan of Bekdulge^di 220 miles iong^a^ ^7p broaid. T^e capitals bear the nai;ne9> o^ the n^rmly f(lat^ to which tbey^ belong., Tidpol^ including 9arc^^^ ^xt^fk ^boi;^ 1 100 nu^jes alof^g the| fea cqa^^, -pi^i Vi^ff^^ One to 300 miles in breajdth. The, air of theie $tate& is mild, except in July aijid Auguft. Theie ftatest U^der . thfe Rpipan ^litipiire, were jtifily denomiii^ed thegar40i /df the \^or]l(^^^4 tphavea refidfencelii^r^^wa* t^e'l)iglw^ ftate, of liixuryi . "Ithe produce ; of thehr foil . fi:|pj)iied aU.Itsd]!' afid'tlie ^man enq^r^ witl^ c0rnijiBnncl,fi^ But ,^e. opjp[r(?%>i\c^ their gpye^ijm^ jmpe^,:the work ef /agri(»uit;ti»r^^a^^ land» ren^aia uncultivated,, thopgh mil fertile fi t)»eykprodujee fruit,fro6tSy and herbs, almoft ' J^ntauepuny $ ,a^ ^U that can :add to the .plea* ifures of ir£^«;e iHU to b^ Ndtjbca*jftiie elephant nor thinpce^os are loi^p4 »)» fte ■Barbaryl^tes f but th^^ 4eiier|s abound /vfit^' lioi;^?, tygtrs, feppftras, |)a»th(^i,vi9 ferp^nts» The Baib^y^hories- ar^ ,^efy valti^^e. Thtey hsiye.'dponie- d^ie^^ . a^es,K^^uU^,F said a f^rvicestble ,kind of animal, called ku^fahs,; ^ut th^lr znqft^u^ful animal i& ^c <-cameI ; the^drjeft thi|lle, the barefijhpm, h all, the food he , reqm^e;^ Jqid, >,^en tliefe h&t^ ea\8 ) while adv^iiu^ing on hi$ jouriiiey,' without^pjcpafionyig, a ^omenl; 9ll(d^- 4ay. '■ ' ' ■ Their c<^a»elma^,•a9^f blcljbut^^^^^^ their flieep large, Wt their lleecfes indifferent. They have go^ts»,;l^^s,. I*^cu^jpes,rM)es, tiiate%irr^t|iT|Mi^i^^ jfii^ds of vermm smd re]^l€s,;^parti«^la|^b:fcc^pn/sf» Viper^ and iafge ^enjOfnit^us fplders. AU 'kind of ,wil4 1 fpiMV^^^ j*|any^ JR4g»^g^ 1jir& J in pjirticulwr, ^e^'caipfa rp^ic«^.^jv|^'|j^^l;^ plum" ag^, aij4 f??yee£|i^ note ; b^4t;]#i(«;aip^jli% oiijt o£ ; j 'its oi^n chiiiaLt^J*^ Jf|i«fc iea/R of Barbfty , gtjpjttn^ jwitfei ^l BAI^BAilY fetA^S. US Mahometans ; but all foreigners are allowed the open profeffion of their reli^on. It can fcarc6ly be doubted, thiit thfe Countries ^hick tontained Carthage, and the pride of the Phoenecian, Greek, and Roman works, are r^lete with the remains of antiqnity, bttt thfey lie fcatteted, amidft ignorant, bar- barous inhabitants ; fome of the memorials of Numidiah and Mauritaniatt greatnefs are ftill to be met with, and many ruins bear evidence of their atncient grandeur. The old Julia, Cefarea of the Romans, itiay be traced in its r'iiiris, dhce little inferior to Carthage ttfdf. A^ few of the^quedu^s of CsfcrthagiB are remaining, but it* walls are fwallowed in the ^tllf of time ;'ni)ttbefmalleft veftige remains. The fame is this fate of Utica, famous for 3ie retrekt lind death ital thage'. It is sibotit 3 miles in cirtumfererice ; is waUed^ ■) and fortified. It has an appearance of n^atnefs itUi^^ooni* [ modioufnefs, but is diftreifed for want of frefh water, hsLf^A ing'nohebtit that 'of rain preferved in cifterfts.i flRh^ jdttjr of 'Tripbli ftSflPers the fame inconvenience, ttmhmbtsti'l wife a flolirif^ik^ plad'cf . Orart, H Ymati city lyhjg avi the i coaft, i!5 a place of foltie trade, and bielongs to the;feiel dijfagreeably c^l4 tp the foles of th^e '^e^iB&ve a T»iHety of quadrupeds in this countryt boditlnidianKl tame* v There are different kinds of cows^,\ fonb hfcviKiii^ horn's of vafiou3 dimenfioas, and fome With- ottthohi^^idt all, differing alfo in the colour and length of thbirhatiri! -Of W'ld animals, they have the gazel or ante-, lo^>>^ hyseiia, the dog, the fof, the jackal, the i^il^ . ABYSSINIA, . A.'l f;li7' boar, and ftveral others, unknown in other countries ; but of all, the hyaena is the mod numerous ; they are like Iheep in number, and prowl about from dark till the dawn of day, preying on thofe carcafes which this cruel and un- clean people expofe in their ftreets without burial. The number of birds in Abyfllnia exceeds that of other animals beyond proportion ; they hav^ many fpecies of the eagle, hawk and vulture. The haddaya, the Nilfar, or golden eagle, one of the largeft birds that flies, meafuring 8 feet from wing to wing extended. The black eagle, the crkoom, and moroc, with feveral- others, peculiar to tlie country. They have no great vdriety or plenty of water fowl, fome ftorics, a few inipes, but no gee^e, except the golden goofe, common in all the fouth of Africa. Thefe build tlieir nefts in the tr^es, and when not in the wat^r, iit upon them. From the clafsof infe nent agree with each other ; for if we except the^*Abyl^ iinians, who are tawny, and have fome idea of chriftianity, they are all of a black complexion, and in their religion pagaiis. The fertility of a country fo extenfive,. might be- fuppofed ynpre various than we find it \ but there is no medium in this part of Africa,with regard to foil y. it is ci* iiejE extren^^ly bsuren or very fertile. Seme of the prer^ bu SIERRA^^kEONE, BECLAM, kc. HI Hope,, mod- . Ill conti^ ianity, 'ligion ghtbe^ is no is ei« uiccs afford great quantities of gold and filver { but do# grading to human nature, as the confeilion is, it is but too true that the perfons of the wretched natires form the moft confiderable article of commerce. On Guinea, or tlic weftem coafl, the Eneliih exchange their linen and « ollen manufadures for flaves. Not only the EngliHit but other European nations, together with Americans, join in the horrid traffic, and grow rich by the purchafe and fale of their fellow creatures. Let LIBERTT bluih, and CHRlSl'IANrvr hide her diinonoured head. The. Portuguefe are in poiTeiTion of the eafl; and well coaft of. Africa, from the tropic of cancer to the. Cape of Good Hope, which immenie traA they, became raaders of by their happy difcovery of the Cape of Good Hope. From the coali of Zanguebar, on the eaftem fide, their trad« confids of gold, ivory, £enna, civk, amber^ife, aloes, and frankincenJe. The Dutch, have fettlements towa ds the fouthem parts, in the country c;dled Caffraria, or land o£ Hottentots; particularly Cape Town, which is well fet<* tied and f * ttified, where their (hips bound for India, ufu* ally put in and trade with the natives for cattle, in ex.. change for which they give them fpirituous liquors. The Hottentots, Ca£&'ees, and Gonaqua Hottentots, have> in general,, the fame cuftoms, manners^ drefs, and appeajw ances. lltey make u clucking noife with their toneu^ when they fpeak, and drefs in fheep cr calf fkins. ; their chief ornament being a bit of ivory or bone, hung round the neck. Very little clothing is ufed by them, and im the exceiUve heats, which often prevail, they go almoft en* tirely naked. Their huts are eight or nine feet ia diameter, covered with ox, or fheep fkins, or mats. There is only one opeiv» ihg, and in the middle of the hut, they make their lire. The thick fmoke and (iench of thefe keiinels, (for they de» ferve no better name) would fuffocate a European, who might have the temerity to remain in them a few minutes^ but cuftom renders it fupportable to the favages. The Hottentots are fond of hunting, and are dexterous in catching large animals in fnares or gins. In war they ufeT>oifoned arrows, and though thefe weapons arc verf finally a wound, from them is always dangerous, and ta 132 SIERRA LEONE, BtJfcLAM, Sec. general mortal. They have no notion of agriculture. They neither fow nor plant, neither do they reap. They drink a kind of fermented liquor, made of honey, and u certain root, fteeped in water, but they make no more at a time than they want for immediate ufe. They are fonJ of fmoking tobacco, and the leaves of a plant called dag. ha. Tliough they rear abundance of flieep and oxen, they feldom kill the latter, their principal nourifhment being milk,' and the flelh of animals taken in hunting. There are lions, elephants, leopards, tygers, rhinocerofes, and wolves in this country, whicii occafionally make excur- iions towards the cape, and deilroy the tame cattle. The Hottentots meafure the year by the epochs of dry and rainy weather, which is fubdivided into moons, but they never number the days, for they never can get beyond the number cl" ten. They diftincuifh tfie parts of their day by the courfe of the fun. Thefe favages have a peculiar caft of feature. Their cheek bones are extreme- ly prominent, and the jaw bones narrow ; their nofe flat, and noftrils exceflSvely wide, mouth large, furnilhed with fmall teeth, perfeftly white, eyes handfome and opeHf and hair black as ebony, ihort and curly like wool. The men pluck out their beards. The women have the fame charaderiftic marks, but theirfeatures are delicate ; they are well made, have fmall hands and feet, and their voice is not deftitute of harmony. The difpofition of both fexes is timid. Cold, and indif- ferent. This naturally inclines them to indolence. They are under no anxiety as to future events. They are (Iruck only with the prefent, totally forgetful of the paft, and carelefs as to what may be to come. They are, however, kind and hofpitable to any ftranger, whom chance or cur'K^flty may throw among them ; fumiftiing them with food and lodging, and directing them on their journey, without requiring any reward. ^ Caffraria is a very extenfive country, running from the Negroland oh the north, to the Cape of Good Hope on the fouth, being 700 miles long, and 600 broad. It is divided into feveral kmgdoms, but fo little kncyArn, that we can give but an imperfeft fk.etch of it ; yet as "diere is f( me little variation between the Caffrees and the AFRICAN ISLANDS. 1&3V Gonaqua Hottoitots, we fliall m:ike a few remarks upon their perfont and cuUoms. l*hc colour of the Caifrees ts jet black, their teeth white, their eyes large ; the/ are well made, adlive, and courageous in attaclcing wild beads. They are extremely fond of d®gs» which they wilt take in exchange for cattle, giving fometimes two oxen for one dog. They cultivate fome vegetables ;ind com, in which bufinefs the women are employed ; th<: womea alio make balketH and mats to ileep on. The Toil here is very fertile, fo that every thing fown or plantedsrows with the greatell rapidity and luxuriance. It ieldom rains here, except in fummer, when it is accompanied by thunder and lightning. Induftry it a leading trait in the Cafirees ; befides the pradtice of agriculture, the women make eaithen ware, and. a peculiar kind ofbaf- ket, woven fo dofe, thai, they will contain milk. They havealfo fome appearance of religion amone them^ea* tertain a very high opinion of the power of tne Supreme Being, and believe in a future (late. SscrtoN XLIII. AJFRICAN ISLANDS. SOME of the African Iflands lie hi the Eaftem or Inr dian Ocean, and fome in the Wedein or Atlantic* Thofe in the Indian Ocean are, Zocatra, (ituated in 5S deg. £. Ion. and 12 deg. N. lat. 30 leagues to tbe.eaft of Cape Guardafui. It is 80 miles long, and 54 broad, has tjwo good, harbours, is p(»piilous and fruitful. The in- habitants are Mahometans, of Arabian extra(5);ion, and tributary to the Ottoman Porte. Babelmandel gives name to the (Irait at the entrance of the Red:Sea, fituated in 44 deg. £. Ion. and 12 deg. N. lat. This ifland is of little value, being a barren, landy fpot, not Hve miles round. The Comora Ifles are five, fituated between 41 and 46 deg. £. Ion. and between 10 and 14 deg. S. lat. Joana is the chief, which affords plenty of fr^iit and pro- vifions, efpecialiy a fmall bullock, with a hump on its. back. The inhabitants are negroes, of Mahometan per- fuafion, but humane and friendly to the feamen,^ whe. ftopthere fir refreihmQnt., I54f AFRICAN ISLANDS. Madagafcar is the largeft of all the African iflands. It lies between 43 and 51 deg. £. Ion. and 10 and 26 deg. :'S. lat. It is 1000 miles long, and 300 broad. It is a pleafant and defirable country, abounding in fugar, honey, fruit, vegetables, com, cattle, valuable gums, precious ftones, and metals. The face of the country Affords an agreeable variety of hill, valley, wood, and champaign, watered by numerous rivers, and ftored with fifh. The air is faid to be healthy j though the climate is hot. The inhabitants are of different complexions and religions ; fome white and tawny, defcended from the Arabs, others are negroes. They have among them, Mahometans and Pagans, and fome wh6 obferve the Jewilh fabbath"; and have a very tolerable idea of the hif. tory of the Jewilh patriarchs, though no one now living can tell from v^hence they derive the cuftom, or their knowledge. Mauritius, fo called by the DutcW, who firft touched here in 1598, in honour of their ftadtholder Madrice, lies in 56 deg. E. Ion. and 20 deg. S. lat. li is 150 miles in circumference, and has a fine harbour, capable of holding 50 large Ihips, fee ire againft any wind that bl9ws. The climate is extremely healthy and pleafant. Some of the mountains are fo high, that their. tops are covered with fnow, and fome produce the beft ebohy fnthe world. This ifland produces plenty of rice, fruit, tobacco, cattle, deer, and goats. It belongs to the French. Bourbon, about 300 miles eaft of M?.dagafcar, in 21 deg. 8. lat. and 54 deg. E. Ion. has around it many good roads for (hipping, but fcarcely a (ingle harbour, where they can ride fecure againft the hurricanes which blow during the monfoons. Indeed the coaft is at all times dangerous, being furrounded by blind rock^, a few feet below the water. On the fouthem part there is a vol- ca;io, which continually throws out fnioke, flame, and fulphur, with a roar tremendous to mariners who ap- proach It. The climate is in general healthy, and re- freflled with cooling gales at morning and evening ; but fometimes they are vifited by terrible hurricanes, though fhey feldom do 'm\ieh harm, except frightening the in- habitants. This iiland is fruitful> and yields among other AFRICAN ISLANDS. 155 tropicar produftions, benzoin of an excellent quality. They have anibergrife, coral, and beautiful fhells upon iheir fliores* The woods are full of turtle doves, and a variety of other birds, beautiful to the eye, and pleafajit to the palate. There are many more fmall iflands round Madagaf- car, on the eaftem coaft of Africa ; but we know nothing ekher bf their names or inhabitants. We will therefore take leave of the eaftem world and the Indies, and coming round the Cape of Good Hope, feaft cat eyes with the fublime view of the immenfe Atlantic Ocean, lying between the two grand divifioris of the globe ; and leaving Europe, Afia, and Africa? or the OW World, on our right to the eaft, and having America, or the New World, on our left to the weft, fteer our courle north weft, touching, in our paflage, at the following iflands. - The firft ifland on this fide the Cape is St. Helena, in 6 deg. W. Ion. and 16 de^. S. lat. This ifland is a rock, about 21 miles in circumference, very high and fteep, and only acceffible at the landiiig. It appears /oh every fide a barjen rock, yet is diverfified with plan- tations of fruit trees and garden ftuff. The Englilh plantations afford potatoes, yams, figs, bananas, grapes, beans, and Indian corn ; of the laft however the chief part is devoured by rats, which harbour among th^ rocks, and cannot be extirpated, fo that all the flour they ufe for bread i^ imported from England, and in times of fcarcity,theyufe potatoes and yams, They have plenty of animal food and poultry, which they gladly exchange with failors for any kmd of light clothing, or arrack. This ifland was difcovered by the Portuguefe, on the- ieftiv^ of the emprefs Helena, mother to Conftantine the Great, whofe name it bears. There are about 200 families in the ifland, moft of them dffcended from Engliih parents. The Eaft India fiiips ftop here for water on their way home, but the ifland is fo frnall, and the wind fo much againft when outward bound, that they feldom fee it. ACcenfion in 7 deg. S. lat. 600 miles north weft of St. Helena, is a mountainous, barren, uninhabited ifland, nbqut 20 miles round; but it has a convenient harbour, '15j6 AFRICAN ISLANDS. ■w^ere failors often flop to procure turtles, which abouhl! ^here, and are a Q;reat refre^ment> n a long voyage. St. Matthew is anomer fmall, Uniiih;3iljit6d iltahd, SOO miles north e'aft of Afcehfion. St. Thomases, Anaiboa, Princess ifland, and Fernando Po, are fituated in the gulf of Guinea* and ^umi(h fhipptngVith prdvifioris and freft Hvater as tiiey pafs. Cape Verd iflands> off Cape Verd, oh th'e African coaft V n6ar' the rivier Gambia, between 23 sitid 26 deg. W. Ion. and |4> ^nd 18 deg. N. lat. are about 2fO iti number* fome of theitt are barf-en, liniiihabited rocks, not worth' hotice, b^t the foHdwing are worthy attenti(5n. St. Jago, >^^ere {he Portuguefe Viceroy r€fides,is the largeft, being 150'mlIeS in circuiniferehce. It is liibuntiihous, and has m\ich barren laiid, but where it lis capable of cultiva- tion, it yields plentifully all kinds of fl-uits, fugar,icot- 'ton, and other productions natural to the climate ; |)ar< tidiilarly a kiiid of pliint called madder. Very valuable, as it is iifed by Eur^ean dyers ; it grows tft Abundance aihoiig the rocVs. !nraya is fitUated on the eaftem fide, arid has aj^bod port In the i^'nd of Mayo, vaft quantities of fait is made by the heat of the fun from the fea water, which at fpring tides is received into a pan formed by nature by a fan! %arik, which runs along the cpaft for two or three miles. Htere the Englifh go for fait, which cofts them nothing But the trouble of rakirig it togethfer, atid carrying down to the boats, which is done at a vdy chfeap rate. The ntfgro governor exjpeits ^ fmall prefent, and Is'pleafed to he invited on board the ftiips. All the mfiabitants, even the priefts, are negroes j they fpeak Portuguefe, and pro- fefs the Romifh religion. The ifland of Fogo is only i*ein^rkkble for its volcano throwing but fulphureous flame, fmoke, knd pummice ftdines, in as terl'ible a inandei- ks Etna. Goree Is a fmall fpot, hot exceeding two milel^ In circumference, within cannon (hot of Cape Verd, b'tit its only Iniportance arifes from being fo near the cape, renders it well iituated for trade. ;^ The Canaries, anciently called the Fortunate ifles, are 7 in number, fitUatcd between 12 and 19 deg. W; loii» AFRICAU tSLANDS. 15^ ich abotincl oyage. St. , 300 miles oa, Princess the gulf of and frelh frican coaft leg. W. Ion, h number. not worth' I. St. Jago, irgeft, being us, and has of cultiva- fugafjicot- naate ; par- Y valuable, I Abundance eaftem fide, is made by at fpring » by a fana hree miles. im nothing tying down ^ate. The ► pleafed to tants, even p, and pro- Its volcano pummice Is a fmaVl within tnce arifes lated for ifles, arc W. loii' gnd Sf7 and ^ deg. N. lat. They enjoy a ptire, teihjpct- ate air, abound in delicacies, efpecially gf apes, which yield that rich wine called Canary. They abound alfo with that beautiful kind of little finging bird, called Canary birds. Ih^ ifland of Grand Canary gives name-to the 'whole cltif- ter. It is 150 miles in circumference, and is fo very fer- tile as to produce two harveftsin a year. Teneriffe fs the next largeft ; and is remarkiable for that exceeding high mountam, known by the name of the Peak of Teneriflte ; is alfo pleafant and fruitful, thc^gh ihountainoUs. The Peak is about 15 miles in circumference, and nearly 3 miles perpendicular height. In clear weather it may be difcemed at the diftance of 120 miles. This 'motintaiii is a volcano, and fometimes defolates the country for miles round. Jl is remarkable, that thphgh thefe'iflandsare fbppd* fed to have been firft colonized by the Carthagenians, yet when the Spaniards difcovered them, in 1405, tifiey found, th. iy>i the inhabitants refembled the Africans in ftature-c -■ jmplexion, riieir language was peculiar to thefhfehes. They retained none of the auidentcuftoins ; were mafters of 'no fetence ; and were ignorant that any Vvorld exiHed befide!s tlieir oWA. Three iflands, called tKe Maddras, arfe fitttatfed m H very fine climate, in 32 deg. N. lat. and between IS and 19 deg. W. Ion. The largeft, from which the reft de- rive iJieir name> is about 75 rntle^ ^'ong, and 60 brOad. It is ^onapofed of one -continued hill of ttmJiderablfe height, covered with woods and rineyatds, intermixed with the dwellings g£ the merchants, forming a very agreeable appearance. The only -confiderable town in the iiland is Funchal, feated on the fouth of the inland, at the bottom of a large bay ; towards-the fea, it is ilefended by a wall and battery of cannon, -and is the only place iriu^re it is pofllblefor a boat to land. -The ifland belongs to the Portiiguefe. The inhabitants make the beft fweetmeats in the world. They cultivate extenfive vineyards, from ^ which they makelhofe fine wines, Maddi^a, Mahnfy, and Tent. Porto Sinto, a fmal) diftanci^ from IVf adeira^ ' has very good harbours, where fhrps may ride in perfeA O 158 AMEHICA, iafety in all weathers. The other ^Utnd ti an htdcni- £derable, barren rock. , Leaving the.Madeirast'vre ciofe l^e account of Africa, ai^4 proceeding weftward through the Atlantic, ftop at the Azores, or v^eftpm Iflands, fitiwit^d between 25 and o9. deg. W. Ion. and between 37 ^nd 40 dec. N. lat. 900 miles weft iufvPortugal, and as many eaft cJ Newfound, land, lyit almoft midway between Europe and ^Amer- ica. Thw-y are nine in number, anu were difcovercd «b^ut the middle of the 15th century, by Jofnua Vand' r- herg^ atiative cf Flankers, who on a v;oyage to Lifbon, wgs driven there by ftpefs of weatlier. eS found them deiUtute of inhabitants, and on his arrival in Portugal, he bqafted of the cHfcovery upon which the Portuguefe feni but a colony to take pofTefCon of them immediately, and they ftill belong to that nation* Theii- names arp ■Santa K^ria, iSt. !Micaael, Tercera, St. George, Graciofa, Fayal^ Pico,,Elores, and Corvo. Tliefe iflands enjoy a clear^ tender ate iky and falubrious air, but are expofed to vic^nt earthquakes and inundations cf the fea, and torrents from die high lands, one of (Whxh has lately Jt^^ered the town of ifiinchal a fcene of defolation. It is remiarkable, that no poifonous or noxious animal wiltlwfiia ^efe iflands.; ajid if reptiles or vermin of any j|ip<}y:arriy(^ th^re iii (hips, they die in a few hours. Tercera is tliQ J moft important iiland, on account of its harbour. X|ts, capital town is A'n^ra, which contains a cathedral, %e churches,, and a bifliop. It is the refldence of the ;gCYerii6ur;of the ifland& , v^,;^i^5CT/oN XLV. AMERICA. ' "ii|Vli)EI>1>y tire vaft Atlantic Ocean from the Old '^Q|il(|, ah|^ all its various inhabitants^ modes, languages and,* cuItpT]^, >ye launch on a new fcene, and enter on a cd,uiitry of* amazing extent and fertility, which though little cultivated by the hand of art, owes moi;e to nature tiail ahy other diviflon of thfi globe ; r Country which thou^ totally unknown but little more than 300 years iince, now boafts her cities, her power, her trade, her nphand exuberant prodiu^ions ; claims rank with ihe AMERICA. 15^ Eadem World, ajod pouring her redundant wealth into the. cities of Europe, Afia, iand Africar, returns to her* ov-:n children, the labours of the filk worm, the produce of thie vine, the perfumes of Arabia, and the gems of Indiai But forbear ! ye Sons of Commerce forbear ► too lavifhly to fupply thefe fupevfluous luxuries^ Icaft it damp the fpirit of manufa«5lure in yoiu*native land.. That, nation is the mod fecure, that is leaft dependent on other nations for necciTaries and conveniences*, whofe citizens, acciiftomed- not to foreign luxuries, can bar their ports, dlaw up their merchant ihips, and live content on the produce of the orchard, the flock, the herdj and thp lloughlhare. Forihe hiftory of the difcovery and cou- qi!«^ft of this great continent, I refer my young readers, to tlie tJiird hiftorical exercife, anuexod to this work» where I truft they will, find fufficient to awaken their curioilty ; to pertiTe with avidity Robertfo /s abridged hiil;ory of America, and a^rwards tibe more voluminous, vork of the Abbe Raynah In the mean time,.we will proceed to a de&ription of mountain <«, rivers, foil, pro-^ duAions, (Sec. 3cc. which diverfify the face of this ez-- trnfive continent. ' ^ ^ — Ameiica extends from 80deg. N. to 56 deg* S. bt*: and from S5 to 136 deg. W. Ion. ftretched between Si and 9,000 miles, in lengdi, and its greateft breadth 3,690. It fees both hemifpheres, has two iummers, a double winter, and enjoys all the climates, the earth a^r'ds. Iti is walhed: by two great oceans ; on the eaftem fide the. Atlantic) which divides it from Europe and A&ict^ and on the weft by the Pacificj or great South Seaf. which divides it from Afia. It is cipofed of two great continents, one on the north, and the other on the fouth, which arejoiiiedbythe kingdom of Mexi(;Of which fornis a fort of ifthmus 1,500 miles long, and at one part Darien fo narrow as to make the communica-^ tion between the two oceans, by no means difficult, being only 60 miles ovey. In the great gulf, formed by the. ifthmus between, the northern and louthem continents, lie a multitude, of iflands, denominated the Weft Indies, in contradiftindion to the conntriu.andiilaiids ofAfia^ railed the Eaft Indies.. / HO AMERICA. America, though not in general a mountainous country^ has in it, the greatefl mountains in the world: In South • America, the Andes, or Cordelleras, run from north to- fouth along thecoa(l of the Pacific Ocean, extending from the Ifthmus of Darien to the Straits of Magellan, a length of 4,d00miles.Their height if as remarkable astheir length, for even within the torrid zone, they are conftantly tov- ered with fnow> Chimborazo is 20,60S feet high. Car- azon 15,800«. ^xi» North America, we know of no con- f)derable mou. Jns, except towards'the poie,and thatlong ridge which ru;is at the back of the United State«, whiph we call the Apalachian or Alegany mountains ; if that <;an be called a mountain, which, tliough exceeding lofty on one fide, is. neariy lev;el on. the other with the reft of? the country^ In North Annerica, arc- thofe^ immenft^ ii^land feas of^ frefli water, called tho lakes of Canada, which not only ' commumcate with each other, but give rife to feverab great rivers, particularly the Miflifippi, which runs front north to fouth, till it falls into the eulf of Mexico, af-. ter acourfe of 41,500 miles, receiving m its courfe the vaft tribute of the Illinois, the Mifaures, the Ohio, and other- great risers, fcarcely inferior io the Rhine or the Danube, and on the north the- river St; Lawrence running a contrary courfe to the Miflifippi, till it empties itfelf mto the ocean near NewfoundWd ; all of them being al- moft navigable to the head. On the eaftem. fide of North America are the noble rivers- Hudfon, Delaware, Suf- quebiwtia,* aad Powtomack, which fupply others of great depth, kngth, and' commodious navigation, and the^ country is every where advantngeoufly interfeited witb navigable rivers and creeks, fo that the inhabitants en-, joy an eafy comnronicaticn with each other^ and every convenience to facilitate their commerce with other na- tions. South America is> if poiTible, in this refpe^ more for- tunate ; it contains the two largeft rivers in the worlds the^ Amazon, and the Rio de laPkta, or Plate Riven The firftrifing in Peru, not far from the South Sea, ^fling irom eaftto weft, falls, into the ocean at Brazil ana< Guiana, after a couxfe of more than 3,000 miles. TJi* AW£ftft5A. 'i^< 161 ftio tie la Plata rifcs ih the heart of the country, and in its courfe, being augmented by nnany powerful ftreams trhich fall into it, difehurges itfelf into the fea withfnth vehemence as to make the water frefli many leagues frrtm land. Befides thefei theOronoke is a very confiderable fiver. A country of ftich vaft extent on each fide of the equator, muft have a variety of foils as well as cli- mates. It is i treafury of nature, producing moft of tihe metals, mine^^als, plants, fruits, trees, and wood to be met wi' \ m the other parts of the world ; they have alfo di'^monds, pearlsj ertieralds, amsthyftt, and ^ther valw- able gems. Add tp thefe a number of, other commodi- ties, which though toflefs price, are of much greater ufe, many of which add to the 'ornament and wealth of the Btitifh empire in this part of ti^e world. Amdng thefe we (ha?l paytli^T^^arize dochineal, logwood', fndigo, aiiatto> pimento, gh^g^, cocok, fugat*, cdtton, &c. «c. &c. to- 5 ether with thofe valuable drugs, balfam of Peru/ «nd efuit's bai^k, to which Eutopfe wa'- an entire' ftranger be- fore the difcbvcry of America? x-41 kinds of fruit, every ufeful and delicate culinary herb, plant, ptiUb, or root, with mahy herbi highly medlcinalj are' to be^ found m , Ais highly favoured quarter of the glohe. Though- AmeritA,f6 far a« knoTf Spain; but within a few late ^ars that large'^ftd ftrmfetra^ib which we inhatwt, now called the United O 2- 162 BRITISH AMERICA. States, have withdrawn themfelves from the governmeit of the mother country, from which they were firft coloni- 7e4> aiT^rted their own independence^ and eftablilhed a eonfticution and government of their o>vn } but of this I Ikall fpeak more fully hereafter. ; The multitude* o£ iilands that lie between the two continents of North and South America, are divided among the Spaniards, Englifh, French, and Dutch. America may be divided mto 3 grand divifions. 1ft, Britiih America. 2d, SpanHh America; and 3d, the United States, which lies between the other two.. SscTioK XLYL BRITISH AHERICAi ^ , NEW BRITAIN, or the country, lying rounfi Hud- fon's Bay, cpmprehendlng Labrador, commonly called theippuntry of the. Efqtrimauz, but now North and Souths ;Wale^ is bounded north by u|iknown Isolds anfi frozen &as about the pole, eafl;by the Atlantic Ocean, fouth by ,^ riVer St. Lawrence and Canada, and wed by un« knowia lanils. Its length is computed.at 3^0 miles, its breadth *750, extei^ing from 50 to 70 degi N. lat. and from 50 to KoO d^^. W.. 19m ThjCre ^e tremendous high: mountains nv this coundry |U> the': >ziorth, which, being covered w^i everlaiiing . (tiow, and th^ wind blowing.&om thence more than ^two ^thirds ^f the yeaz, the cold is more intfofe, than is euieriejiced in any ot|ier country in the fame latitude.. There are numepu^ bay% ilrai^, and ; capes, in this country ; the principal are,' Hudibn'^ Bay,B^iffin^s ]Bay,laM3i4-4*®ft^^^^ .^56 jt^ofe of j>ayif, jBellifle, ai^d Hud^^ IS ifxtre^iely barren) to the nprtft of.Hu4foji^iBayp^y4n [ the , iha?dy p»ne t?:ee i$ ', ieen. np longer^ tjnp l^old, es^tji,, though repeatedly tried with ie^ds and^lantx f?fun " lEurope, refufes to yietA^any thing ^)UL a few mif^rkble ihrubs, and YrCt this intenfely cold, inhoibitiihle climate, lies if^ thie fame latitude with (ome ; of the, jn^fti j %^s ^^^♦otmtijes in ■ Ei>gland*- >>:. ■ av, fr-j|.*j >'.#^?: • /fv '.'ad^l ,'i ij Great^ yarliaty^of quadrupeds are^f^mad li^rei niQpfe deer, ftags, reia'dcer, bj:tP[;uoes, wolye^v to^^^ otters, lynxes, miartei^^ f^juj^;?^, .ef n^'nes^,^ BRITISH AMERICA. %B9 fiarei. Of the feathered tribe they have gecie, buT-- tardsv ducks, partridees, and all manner of wild fowl. Of fifh) whales, mones, feals, cod, and haddock, and a variety of river fiih. AH the animals here are clothed in {oft, warm fur. In fummer there are variety of col- ours among them, but in winter, they all afilime the liv- ery of the feafon, and become perfeAly white. The fame change takes place in regardto their fowls. Etery thins animate and inanimate becomes of the colour of the mow, and to ihew the providence of our benevolent Creator, in prote^Einehis creatures from the inclemency of the feafon, evtii dogs, cats, and other domcftic aoi- n^gls, which have been carried from Europe to d^s country, entirely change, their aj^aranoe, and. acquire a. longer, ibfter, anu much thicker coat, on the approach of winter. The native inhabitants of this eountij, are very ingenious in their methods o£ clothing tHe;4ielves». andprderving^ their eyes from the- glare of white, which, iiirrounds them the greateil part of the year ;. though in other refpe^, they are very favage.. In their ibapes and faces they reiemble the Samoeids and. Laplanxiers. of Europe. The difcovery of thefe northern feas, was owing to a< project ftarted in Ehgland, for at^en^pting to find a novth we&paflage to China* in the year 1576 ; but from late voyages, it is evident na UrIR paiTage can be fbun4. ^or- biinet difcovered the main of New Britain, 1585 John Davis viewed that and the more northerly coaft ; but m 1610, that bold and judicious navigator, Hudfop, entered the ftraits and bay known by his name, and penf^trated to 80 deorrees and a half into the heart of the frozen zone, ^here he ftruggled with the empi|!e of winter, and remained ia this region, of froft. and fnow till tlie fpriag of 161 1, when preparing to purfue his difcoveri|^s, his crew^ weary of fuch. perils and bardfliips, mutined* feized on him and 7 of his moft faithful followers, and committed them to die fury of the icy Teas in an op^n boat, where they were either iCwallowed up by the^T^irayj^s, •i; gaining the rnhofpitable: coaft, were deftroye^j by. the* ravages. The ihip sind the. reft "of th^, men r^ti^r^^d l*)4r' CA^AiiA. ; In 1670, a charter was g^antccFtb a coriiptiiy of'jticr- ti!fants,f6r the exclufive' tradtj to this bay. This com- pany employ but four Ihips and 180 fcamen. They havi feveral forts, which Rand on the weft fide of the bay, ijie principal of which is Fort NeUbi^. They trade With the natives fojp peltry and furs. * rr/ojv CANADA. '■ CANABA, or the Provhure' of Quebec, is bounded ;Abi'thandeaft byNtJwBritaifiandvHndfon's Bay, fouth ^ New England, Nova Scotia, knd New York, and well b^. unknown lands. It is 60p miles long, and ^OO brond, 'll^ihg' between 61 andgl' e ^Orthi the fhmttiei'SyrthJfi^Bgh^^ *Tt exceedingly pip^ant, ani as the ibit ir' Wy'igood, Acy haye plenty of grain,' frilit, and tegptables. To- ' Ikcco U' much cultivated here, and thrives well. The / iheadow grounds are well - watered, and yield ex- •ellent grmsi As we are ent^rijig upon the culti- vated jb&s of Britinf ' America, to avoid repetitions we ft^l l^eak now of ^the di^rent fpe^ies of timber and ^aitimals found in this couliferT* as ifhef ^re theikme as tofeof the United States* ' The timber are white and |«ed pinei four forts of firs, tWo forts of cedar, and oak, tiife white: and redi maple of two kinds, S forts- of afh> aiid three of walnut, vaift numberis of beath trees, elms, amd pojjilars. The Indians hoUove the red elins into canoes, fome of which ms^de out of one fii^e will con- tain ^ pei(fons. Here alfo are cfierrjf trees, plumlr trees j and a tree,, the fruit of .which infufefd';in'Watery-|nfo- duces vinegar. The cotton tree, on thietofp of^mj|h . grows feveral flowers, which when (hafcen of a mbijf^g beforethe dew fails off, produce honey,' whiclinity be boiled into fugar, the feed be^ at pod contarriing very ilne cotton. Turkey cpyn, Frti^h beans, goiirds» melons, , and hops. Near Quebec- ik'; a fine lea4,raine. .This trtmntry /abounds alfo in coalsi ": " * }isre ai:e five lakes in this country,, the fmalleft of CANADA. W§ which is a piece of frefli water, mater than any in the •ther parts of the world } this is Lake Ontario, which is not lefs than 200 leaeties in circui.aerencc. Erie, and Ofwego, are longer, but pot fo bro&d. Lake Huron ir SCO leagues, as is that of Michigan ; but the Lake Su- perior, which contains feversu' large iilands, is 500 leas^ues in circuit; All thefe lakes are navigable, and communicate one with -the other, except between Lake Ontario^ and Lake Erie, where the paflage is in- terrupted by that (Ixipendous cataradj the falls of Nia- gara. The water here is half a mile wide, in the form of a half moon, and falls perpendicular 150 feet upon ft bedofroclcs below, from which it. rebounds to a very great height, being converted into a white foam, hj 3)e violent agitation. The noife of ihis fall is heard many miles diftance. The animals make a curious and' ifttevefting part of the natural hiftory of America; particu* larly that or the beaver, which,though fomewhat refembling the creature knovm in Europe by that name, has many particulars which are curious, to the nattiralift. It is an amphibious animal, and cannot live, without frequently bat})ing iiithe water. The favages reckon this creature a rational animal, fay they form focieties, and are gov^ •rne'd by- (achems, and indeed the curious method in whicbi^I^P^ prepare theif habitations, provide food- to. ftfrve theih through the winter, and always ift proportioil, to the coxitinuance and feverity of it,, are fufficient to Ihew the near approaches of inftindl to reafon. Their •colours are various, and the value and tffe-of their fur ii too. well known to need mention here. Befides ^is fur, the iihimal proj|aces the caftor, a drng-, the f^alue and ufe of which is ^11 underftbod-. The ^fli of the beaver •is/npt unpleafanfjftwdi. The muik rat is a/ diminutive. biMLof heaven The elk is of the fize of si horfe or mul|f Its flefK- If. agreeable ajidj ];)6uriiliing. It loves cold Countries, ^ferocious animal^ called >4a carcajou j. remai*!fable for itrlong tail, which it twifts round any thing-it wifhes to ni^ke its prey^ and difjgatches- it wit^ its teeth;- TheBuflPaloeor wiMox, covei^ed with 1>lacl: wool, which is highly efteemed. Its fleflk is good; ^d 'Uhid% makes foft, plistble, and durable leather. TlMt Iff CANADA. lO^uck, but little different from thofe of Europe, iVolves are £carce here» but their fur is very fine, and tbeir Bt(h good food. The black fox, valuable for iu lur, and the pole cat^ are natives of Canada. The wood rata of a beautiful filver colour, the common fquirrel, the fljing and; the ground iquirrel, sm'C fpund here. The porcupine inhere full as l^jrg^ iA« a.naiddllng fued dog, and eats wel) roaded. There are two forts of l^ears, one o£ a xeddiHi colour, toe other black i but the former is the mod ferocious. Of the feathered cieatlon, tbey have eagles, falcons, hawks, with a variety of g.anie, irater fowl, poultry, and finding Jsirds, Qfpecia}Iy a re. markable bird, called the white bird. Its notes are de- lightful, and its flefh delicious as an otorlan, and a l?eau. I^ul little crcatiur|, fcarcelj bigger than a. large cock ohafier, called a humming bird. Among the reptiles ofthis country, the rattlelhake is the moft remarkable, fomc of thefe are as big as a man's W, and long in proportion. In the tail, which is fcaly U£e a coat of mail, is a rattle, to which one is added •irery year, that the creature's aee may be known by its VA^tles, as we know the age of aliorfe by his teeth. This rattle he fhakes when diuurbed, fo that any perfon ap> aroaching has warning of danger, for the bite of the ratr efnake is mortal, if a remedy is not. applied immediately; Imt by the goodnefs of Providence, wherever thefe rep. tiles abound, grows an herb, called the rattlefnake herb, the root of which chewed or pounded, and. applied to the wound, is an antidote to the poifon. The fleih of this creature is wholefomie foiody and in fome cafes thought to be medicinal. In the rivers, l^k^s, an^feas of Canada, ls.eyery kind of fifh, which has been mentioned as be- Ipnging to tke continent in genieral ; beiides which they have an amphibjous^ creature, called a fea wolf. The larged are fsiid. to weigh 2,00(Hb.^ the fle(h, when frefh j^l&4> ^s not unpleaf^nt food ; but it yields an oil proper liMT bum^ilg, and currying leather. The (kin is good for eoy^ring trunks, auid when mgde into bpots and ihoes, is water prppf, which altogether, renders the animal^ when taken^ a ts^ahle ac^uilitipn. The Canadian &a con* i^Urg;er t^m*^ yf^i it ^s two teeth as big a4^IIUU3>'^ -CAK ABA. » ' m atin» and when grown, look like horns i they are Tery fine ivory. Porpoifes, Itels, cuttle fi(h, and a curiont kind of nih, called chaourafou, 'which preys on birds. Some of the rivers have aligalors, hut little differing irom the crocodile of the Nile. Quebec is the capital of all Canada. It is fituated at the confluence of tlie rivers St. Lawrence» and. St. Charles, or Little River, about S20 fnOesffom the fea. It is built on a rock, partly of marble and partly of flatc. The houfes are built of (lone, and in «a tolerable man* ner. The fortifications are ftrone, and the citadel regu- lar and beautiful. The haven lies oppofite the to¥m. It is fafe and commodious ; the water 5 fr..hom deep. From Quebec to Montreal, which is 170 miles, in failinfl; up the river St. Lawrence, the eye is entertaine4 w^iS mofl: beautiful landfcapes, the banks bemg in ir. :.nr places bold and deep, (haded with lofty trees, with t'arms lyine pretty clofe to each other all the way ; feveral gentlemen's feats, neatly built, fhew themf . i Mt at intervals, and there is every appearance of aflomfii* ing colony. Many beautiful iflands are interfperfed in the channel of the river, and have a pleafing effedt upon the eye. In the fummer months the air is delightful. The town called. Trois Rivieres is about half wav be- tween Quebec and Montreal, and has its name from three rivers, "which join their currents here, and fall into the river St. Lavrtenoe. The Indians, by means of thefe rivers, carry on a trade with the inhabitants in various kinds of fars. The country round is pleafant and fer- tile. , » ^fj/smd,^ Montreal (lands. on iJMMMMBfiiPMliiMMiiMy which is ten leagues in length, and four in breadth, at the foot of a mountain, which gives name to it. The city forms an oblong fquare, divided by reg'ulai* (h-eets. It is lur- rouiided by a wall and a dry ditch. It is nearly as large as Quebec. The nature of the climate being ex- tremely coldin winter, and the people manufadhiring •nothing, Canada chiefly depends on Europe for fupplies of neceifaries, and for commodities t^ furnifh the Indian trade^ which requires rum, tobacco, blankets, guns^ pow. der, balls, hatchets, toys, &c. &c. The Inhabitants ex- 168 NOVA SCOTIA. port iktns, fur^ fi^infeng,- fnake root, 8tc, &c. tothfe amount of 1 05,500^ fterlingi ^nd import European goods to nearly the fame fum, lb that their trade is of. great importance to Great Britain. ^Mcntm XLVIli. NOVA SCOTIA. ■ NOVA SCOTIA is bounded north by the river St. Lawrence, eaft by the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Atlan. tic Ocean, fouth b/ the Atlantic, and weft by New Eng- land. In the year iJTS*, this province was dividfed into two governments. That now -ft yled New Brunfwick, is bounded weft by the river St. Croix, north by the fame river to its fource, eaft by the Bay of Chaleurs to the Gutf of St. Lawrence, and fouth by a line in the centre of the Bay of Fundy, from the river St. Croix to the mouth of the Mufquat River, including all iflands with* in 6 miles of the coaft. Thefe two governments are to* gether 350 miles in length, and 250 in breadth, lying between 4S and 49 deg. N. lat. and 60 and 67 deg. W. Ion. . ^ ^ The rivers in Nova Scotia are, ^t. Lawtence, Rif- goucheyand Nipiliquit, St. Johns, Paifamaquodi, Penob*, icot, and St. Croix. The feas running near it are, the Atlantic, Bay of Fundy, Gulf of St. Lawrence. The ieffer bay$ are, Chenigto, and Green- Bay, upon the i/lhmus, which joins the tiorth part of Nova Scotia to. the iouthythe Bayof Chaleurs on the north eaft, the Bay of Chedibudo, and the Bay of the Iflands. There are many ports, of which t>o*rjloi5^way is. the - moft popu- lous. Thpr,(t#riiiiiBiimfTOUtiC»pe»|;Well known by marin- ers (ailing in thefe f^^s : and inland many lakes of frefh water, which haveTiot yet received any name& The climate is not very favourable to European confti- tutions, being wrapt in fogs during a jS^^^'^ P^^ ^ ^^ year, and fw four, or five months intentely cold. From fuch an unfavourable climate little can be expeded ; indeed Nova Scotia was till lately almoft a contintted ibreft, and agriculture made but little progress. In moft parts the foil is thin and barren, die com it produces fmallaiid (brivelled, the grafs alTo is mix«d with « cpldi ■^ •■'-t-*"'- tWlTED STATES OF AMERICA. I6i Tpongjr ; Utidfs ; however thdre are foriie trafls to the ibuthwardi^hich by thfcinduftry and exertions of tiie inhabitants, 'begin to be fertile and flourifhing. The conn try produces excellent timber, pitch, and tar. No- va Scotia is not deficient in the animal produftions natu* ral to America, and many European fowh, which have been carried there, thrive well. ITiey have very valu- able fifheries on the coaft. The- chief town is Halifax^ It ftand^ 'on ChebiiiftO Bay, very COiriniodiOufly for fifh- ery. The town has an intrenchment, and is ftrengthened with forts of timber. Annapolis R6yal, was former- ly the capital. It has one of the fineft harbours in A- merica, ^apable of containing a thotti&nd veffels at an- chor, m the utmoft fecuritf. ' i^s v»'' • The Province of New Brenfwick was fej^rated from this gbvernment-in the year 1784. The city of St. Johns is thie capital of this Province. It fs aban^ome,' (pacious city, w'ith ugood hirbour, open for navigation all the winter. Fredericton, formerly called St. Anne's, about 80 miles up the riter St. Johns, is the pfefent feat of government, and St. Andrews, are the only towns of note ; but^'the whole province appears likely to advance rapidly rn po^latiori, liufbandty, aiid commerce. ' -SiStibWXLlX. UNITED STATES OF A^fj^R^ THE United Spates of Ariiericaanfe botihdftd^drdi and eaft by Upper and LoV«^er Canada and New*Biruiifw wick, fouth eail by the Atlantic Ocean, foiith t>y Ei^ft awd Wefli Florida, afid weft by i3ie rivet Miffifippf: They are 1, '250 miles long, and 1,040 broad, tying be- tween' 3^1 and 48 deg. N.'iat. and 8deg.. E. and ^4 deg. W. loii. from PhiladJpiiia, aitd 64 and 96 deg. W. loa. frtim^ London. " ", ■ ^^ -Hfl^nwvTs-: Of the rife pro^efs, end 7*ematltabl6 events of the w$tr between Great Britain and her Amei'ican colonics, #lliCk at length terminated in the eftablilhment of the Unit^i State* "of America, we ifiill give an account ia ^e 3d hlilbfi^al^xercilc. In the /mean time we Ihall mas-k -^Ae' bbiindaries and extent <^ the territory included under ,p. .... - '■' . m UNITE!) STATES OF AMERICA. that ^neral name ; defcribe the diflfercnt iiatesj theh- capitals, trade, manufactures, Ibtl, produ(5i;s, &o. &c. Thofe ftates known by the denomination of the New England ftates, are New Hampfhire, Maflachufetts, Rhode Ifland and Providence Plantation, Connefticut, and lately added Vermont* New England is a high, hilly, ai\d in fome {>arts mountainous country. The mountains ^re comparatively fmall, running in ridges parallel to each other, while between thefe ridges, flow: the groat rivers in majeftic meanders^ receiving the innumerable rivulets and other dreams, which flow from tlie mountains on every fide ; fome of the mountains terminating in high bluflf heads towards the fea, and others floping by a gradual, beautiful, and verdant defcent towards t^e in^ teridr of the country. It is a country fo abundantly fur- nifhed with all the neceifaries of life, which only require induftry to improve into luxuries, yet fo impenetrable to the invafions pf aii enemy, as feems to fay to its inhabi- tants, " Be ye free, be ye independent ; for unlefs un- dermined by mdolence, or corrupted by luxury, you muft be invincible." v; ^ There are four principal ranges of mountains, pailing from north eaftfto fouth weft,, through New England. Thefe ridges arei full of lakes, ponds, and fprings o^ Water.. Indeed no country on the globe is better watered than New England. The chjef rivers are, Connedlicut, Thames, Patuxent, Merrimack, Pifcataqua, Saco, Cafco, Kenebec, and Pe<- nobfcot. The chief bays are, Maifachufetts Bay, and €afco Bay j the capes, Cape Cod, Cape Ann, and Cape Elizabeth. Though New England is fituated 10 degrees nearer tjfy^ {\m than England, it has a lf>nger and, more fevere winter, and the fummer is much hotter than any known m Europe, in the fame latitude. The winds are very bcifterous in the winter feafon, and naturalifts afcribe the early approach of winter, its length and feverity, to the immenfe lakes of frefh water lying to the north weft of New England, which being 'frozen over for feveral inonths, occafion thofe piercing winds, which often prov* fo fatal to mariners on this coaft. The foil here is va-^ UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 17! jious, but bed towards the foiuh j the uplands are lefsf fruitful } the low grounds abound in meadow and paft ture landk The bell fruits are peaches and apples, from the latter of which they m,ike excellent cyder. Tha country does not abound in mines, but fome iron mines have been difcovered, which if improved, may become very* benieficial to the inhabitants. The animals fumifh many articles of New England commerce. All kinds of Eutopean cattle thrive here, and multiply exceedingly ; the horfes «re ftrOng, fpirit-* ed,and ferviceable, but fmaller than tlioft of Europe jj their theep are notfo fine, nor tlie wool fo long and thick," as thofe in England; tlie inhabitants hovy^ever manage* to manufadiure very excellent cloth frbiii it." The cKiei' part of the animals mentioned as natives of America^ are* found here, but the mod fingular animal is the moofe deer.^ Its body is the fize. of a bull; its neck refembles a ftaig ; his fleih is wholefome and nourifliing food. TKe horns, when full grown, are about five feet from the head to the tip, and have Ihoots or branches to each horn, and ipread about 6 feet. Thefe prodigious horns are fliied» every year. The moofe never fprings, but trots at an amazing rate ; and when clofely purfued, will take to the water. There are great plenty and variety of fowls, both wild and tame, in New England j all nearly as good as the fame kind in Europe, and fome nliich better, particularly their turkeys. Of reptiles^ there are almoft all the varieties to be found here, that infeft the other parts of North America, on this fide the tropic. New England is the moft poptrlous of the United States, and the great body of the inhabitants are land- holders and cultivators of the foil, naturally and ftrongly attached to their country ; and endowed with fpirit and ftrength to defend it. The inhabitants of New England are generally of Englifh defcent, and to thtt circumftance is owing the great attention paid to education, and that the Englifli language has been preferved fo free from corruption. In New England, learning is more gene- rally diffufed among all ranks of people, owing to the excellent eftabliflimentoftchoOls in almoft every town- i&Jp. In thefe fchools, which are generally fuppprted-t in MASSACHUSETTS. . , by a public tax, v^der the dlre(5Hon of a- fchooV com- mittee, are»ta«Lght the elements of reading, vritirg, and; arithmetic, and in the more wealtliy towns, they are be- ginning to introduce the higher branches of grammar, geography, &c. A very valuajble fource of information is the newfpapers, of which not lefs t\m ^0,000 are printed every rj. 5k in New England, ^nci circulate thrcjMgh alinoft every town and village in thejftates. It has been obftrvi:d hj a late writer, that •* in other coun- tries, Bjen ar^ divided according to their wealth or indi- gence, into three clafTes ; the oppulent, die middling, and the poor. The idlenefs and luxury of" the firft, arjd the uiifery and too frequently intemperar^ce of the latter clafs) deftroy the greater proportion . of ;both ; but the mkJdliTig cla^s, below tljofe in^tW!penVl a?^ 5^4,^* £. Ion. and 41 and H de^. N, lat» - ,' The Hpufatonick river riles inthct^W€(lerja,part ofthis ftate, and flows foutherly througfi .Connei^icut into Long Ift^nd Sound. Deerfield river fallv into the Con- nc£licutr i?^weeft iPeerfield and Qreenfield f a beautifal traft of excellent meadow lies on its banks. The Con- nafticutriyerpafTes through this ftate» and irlterfeils the, c6unty of HampOiire. ' In its courfev it runs over th^, falls above Springfield. Miller's, Weftfield, andChicapee rivers fall into the Conne(aicut. Ift the eaftern part of the ftat^ is Merrittiack rl?er, navigable for velTeUof buis Llv. MASSACHUSETTS. 173 then about 20 miles from its mouth. There are 12 fer- ries acrofs this river in the county of Eflfex, over feveral of which bridges have been ere'i, 'i'heir laft Indian pavspr died a few years a^ o, ile WiUi a worthy, rel; jdtjibie roia|i. v*^j::/:' ""^ Martha's Vineyard lies a, lifle to the we:1: of "iS. to teach cliilraphy } in the other three, the fame children .Ir^ taught .writing and arithmetic. Each fchool, befides the maft^f, has an afliftant paid by the town. They are all under the care of a committee o( 21 gentle- men, chofen annually, whofe duty it is to vifit .the Ichools once,^n three months, to examine jthe fcholars, and to de- vife. the bed rfieth()ds for their inftru^ion, government, and advancement in Ufeful knowledge, deportment and * virtuous principles. Befides thefci there- Are many piri* vate fcho.qi^ \tv and round Bftftpij, where youth may b^^ tHU|;Ht, together with the,ufefiaj, t|ie more ornamental;, branches of eciucation, fuqh as mufic, dancing, paintmg, fine needlework^ and a knowledge of the French lan- guage, together v^ith Greeki Latin, tind other claflical , ftudies, proper fof young men» fitting for either of the learned profeflions. Perhaps there ar? few places in th^ ' wQrld,. where jouth n^y enjoy more fully the.advanta< ges of fchopl. edtication th;ln MalT^chufetts j for befidej? . tKofe already mentioned, there are academies- fprinkled over the whole ftate,'fbunded by the liberal donations of fome of its- late wealthy and judicious citizens, who, fen- ^ fible of the neceflity of education to render happy aciici ; profperous any ftate or commonvi-ealth, have, hip^hly to their honour and credit, bequeathed part of their richtss to promote fojdefir^ble an end. Dummer Academyi at Newbury,^ founded in 1756, by a donation from the, Kqnour^ble William Bummer^fouj^;, inerly Liettt. Gov^rncav,- In a,flourilhing l^atgv ' 178 MASSACHUSETTS. Phillps*s Academy, in Andover, founded and lianJi fomely endowed, by the honourable Samuel Pliilips^. Efq.. in the county of EfTcx, Mafl*. lately deceafed. It is under the di;edion of 13 trufteei, of refpe<5table char- adler, and the immediate care of a principal, who is one of the truftees tx ojfiriof, an afliftant and writine mailer. They are accommodated with a large, elegant building, erefted at the expense of the founder* Htuated near the manflon houfe of the Philips' family. The lower ftory contains a lare« fchool room, with ample accommoda- tions for 100 itudents, and two other apartments for a library arul other purpofes ; the upper ftory confifts of a large h^, for exhibitions and other public occafions. LeiceUer Academy, in the townfhip of Leicefter,in the county of Worcefter, was incorporated in ITS*. Ebeh- ezer Crafts and Jadob t>avi5, Efqr's, generoufly gave a< « handfome manfion hqufe, lands and appurtenances m Lei. cefter.for the encouragement of. the inftitution. In Hingham is a weil endowed fchool, which in hon< our of its principal donor and founder, is called Derby .School. , Briftol Academy, in Taunton, was incorporated 1792. HARVARD UJMIVERSITY, in Cambridge, takes its' date from the year 1638. This year* the Rev. John Hsfrvard, a worthy mihifter refidine in Chatleftown,' died, and left a donation of 779/. fterlmg, for the ufe of the ^rementioned public- fchool. In honour to the memory of 1 bcnefaAor, the Genier^l Court, the fame, year order- td'that the fchool fliould take the name of HARVARD COLLEGE. It received its firft charter in 1650. The univerfity confifts of five elegant brick edifices, handfomely enclofed. They ftand on a. beautiful green, which exhibits a pleafing profpeft. The names of the feveral buildings are. Harvard Hall, Maflachufetts Hall, Hollis Hall, Holden Chapel, and a lately ere^ed build- ing, as yet unoccupied. Harvard Hall is divided into 6 apartments, one of which is appropriated to a library, one for a mufeum, two for philofophical appara- tus, one is ufed for a chapel, and one for a dining hall. The library contains upwards of 12,000 volumes, and will tip, continually encreafing. The philofophical ap-^ V I^ASSACIi^JET'r^. 1Y» "-r lottery, and parrtTbyS ',''..'" ^^'^^ P»«'/ ^cmen of the town, a bri^ .L "^^ ^°''"'"'" °^ Z^- Th's academy was defied Lfn^ n ■■ P"''"<= fpoaking. lamre ofd,e. Commonweal hl,v\r'«'' K "" ^'S^- CoIIege, in honour of its Cr,l r* 5"""' '"^Willia,^,., miles from its mou,™ At tb?**"^"' ^^^^ •'''«"« "me reveral rods which an„« , *""•»"« of the bay, art one fafe channel tt a^S ^if r TT' '^*'* " ^"1 narrow that two larce £ y ^^'^'"'^' and that fo Waft , but withih t^e ht^bour thf'""'^ '""" "'™"S^ a! »o he » anchor i„ Rood depTof "/' '''T '^^ «<» f"'! rfthsbayis a notle pier sfc'*";- ■ '^'.*« «>Qtton, wli'ch, on the no. ih fide V, ^* ^"^^ "" 'enSttli. alone merchandise, and t.^ 3,1' pier fl '°^ X ^"^hoif^i^ J.™ may come and un Ld Jk^' '^y'H P^««ft buf. fie greateft part of the ,™ ^*°"' •'« ''Sk of boats faduaUy,andafforS'a.5!,:'^'"i7 ""-yond it rifi,^ fe. Theheadoft).nfer „• 8?'*'^'P'"°'pea'roi.,ti^ -n, which, lite ™XfZ'"o:h^ /•""/'J''i' '^'^" " ^^ io ^'^rf • T'.e trade of lo'flnn P"^"°"' "'" ^ *'« quite two miles . it, i' ,1, '™^* of the to«Ti is nht ^houfes/orpuV^^worftfe'^~ ^«e are jn^j *«e for eptfcSp^,j:^TtVbL?'/°"S'T''°"»J« one for Opiy^tfafils, one for "LH-"'*''' »''? forquakerC. "• ^"^ other puWic build. tsb MAfesAcHUsr.rrfi. ingi are, the ftiite houre, court houfe, gaol, Faneull hitl, theatrf , an alms houfe, a work houi'e, a bridewell, and powder magazine. At the well fide of the town, Is u public walk, planted with rows of trees, called a{h, white oak, butternut, and ftigar maple, which latter is a moft ufeful tree, as the tfap being drawn from the tree at a certain feafon »f *^ the year, and boiled, will yield as good fugar as what is brought from the Weft Indies, and capable of being re- iined as highly. The foil is good for the cultivation o£ wheat, rye, Indian com, barley, oats, flax, hemp, &c. Back from the river the corn is fometimes injured by the froft) but on the river it is raifed as fine and in as great plenty as in any part of New England, owing in great meaifure to th« fogs, which arife from the river, and either prevent, or extras the froft. Fruit tre?s do not profper in the northern counties. The inhabitants of Vermont trade chiefly with Bofton and l^ew York. Theprincipal articles of commerce ai-d VERMONT. 1^3' beef, horfes, gram, fome butur. and cjieefe, lumber, and pot an3 pean aflics, of wlilch latter articles immenfe quantities are made. They manufa^ure their own clothing) but the mod in^portant manufii<5ture of the ftate is the mapln fugar. The body of the people are congregationalifts, but there are fome few baptills andj epiicopalians. Though in a fettlement fo much in its infancy as that of Vermont, it cannot be fuppofed that learning is much encouraged, or that the inhabitants have much time for the culture of the higher branches of literature ; yet their profpe natural curioC- ar6 ■^ *?•', '' >'^. 184 NEW HAMPSHIRE. ity has been greatly impaired by the wanton folly of caf- ual vifitors, who have broken off the chief of its impending and gorgeous ornaments On the fides of this fubter- raneous hall are tables, chairs, benches, &c. which ap- pear to have been carved artificially. This highly orna- mented room, when illuminated with the candles of the guides, h?is an enchanting effedt on the eye of the fpec- tator. At the end of the cave is a circular hole, 1 5 feet deep, apparently hewn out in a conical form, enlarging as you defcend, in the form of a fugar loaf. At the bot- toija is a fpYmg of frefh water in continual motion, like the boiling of a pot, the depth of which has never been founded, , ,. ■■■: Section LII. NEW HAMPSHIRE. BOUNDED north by Lower Canada, eaft by the Dif- triA of Maine and the Atlantic Ocean, fouth by MafTa- chufetts, and weft by tlie weftem bank of Conne^icut riv- er. It :s 168 miles long, and at its greateft breadth 90 broad, lying between 42 and 46 deg. N. lat. and 2 and 5 deg. E. Ion. This ftate is divided into 6 counties, which are fub- divided into townfhips. There are but about 18 miles . of fea coaft in New Hamplhire, at the fouth eaft cor- ner. The only harbour for fhips is the entrance of Pifcata? qua river, the ftiores of which are rocky. There are no high lands within 20 or 80 miles of the fea coaft. The lands bordering on Connecticut river are interfperfed with rich and well watered meadows. The White Mountains, one of which is called Mount Waftiington, are in this ftate ; alfo Monadnock> OfTapy, and Moofe Hillocki Five of the largeft ftreams in New England receive -more or lefs of their waters from hence. The Connefticut, Amerifcoggin, Saco, Merrimack, and Fif- cataqua rivers, Connefticut river has, in its courfe be- tween New Hampftiire and Vermont, two falls ; the fiift are called fifteen mile falls ; between Upper and Lower Coos, the river is rapid for 20 miles. AtWalpole is a Second fall, formerly known by the name of the Great Fall, but now called Bellows' Falls.. In n84|, a bridge -...J'" NEW HAMPSHTRE. 185 of timber was coRflruifted over this fall, 365 feet long, fupported in the middle by a rock, under which the higheft floods pafs widioiit detriment. This V.eautifiil river is lined with a number of the moft flouiilhing and pleafant towns in the United States , A bridge has been lately projected over Amofkcag Falls, 55() feet in length, and 80 wide, fupp')rted by five piers. This bridge was rendered pailkble for travel- lers 57 days after it was begun. • I'he whole of Pifcata- qua river is in New Hampihire, and from its form, and fituation of its branches, it is extremely favourable for navigation and commerce. Winnipifeogee lake is about 24- miles in length, and of very unequal breadth. It is fiill of little iflands, ^and is fupplied with numerous little rivulets from the neigh- bouring mountains. This lake is frozen about 3 months m the year, and fleighs and teams pafs over on the ice. In fummer it is navigable its whole length. The other lakes in this ftate are, Urabagog, (which however is partly in the Diftrid of Maine,) Squam, Sun^pee, and Great Oflapy. The foil' in New Hampihire is various. Thofe lands near the- rivers are thej moft valuable, as they are enriched yearly by the overflowing of the ftreams. Great qoantities of wheat of excellent quality are raifed here, as are all other grain in great perfedion ; but the land is not fo good for pafturage, exce|-i in the uplands. Apples and pears are the principal uaits cultivated in this ftate. No good hufbandman thiiiks his farm com- plete without an orchard. Agriculture is the principal employment of the inhabitants ; -nd beef, pork, poultry, with grain and pulfe of all kinds, are plentifuUy pror duced. The people in the country mauufa tridt confHls of dead fwamps and funken lands ; but they are eafily drained, and leave a rich foil. The in^ terior of the country is well adapted to either tillage or pafture. The climate does not materially diflfer from, the reft ' of New England, It is, however., reckoned one ofthehealthieft countries in^the world. There is in this diftrift. about 240 milet fea coaftv along which there are abundance of good harbouts, and a multitude of iflands, among which veflels may gene^ rally anchor with perfedt 'farety. The principal r'vers are, St. Croix, PaiTamaquoddy, Sclioodiac, Union, Per nobfcot, Kennebeck, Sneepfcutt, and many others, al- ready mentioned as pafling through, or appearing in thC' foregoing ftsates. The inhabitants- cultivate rye, wheat, barley, oats, peafe, hemp, flax, all kinds of culinary roots and vegetables, Englifti gni^fs) and Indian corn. The foil yields freely, but particularly when, the feed is procured trom a more northern climate. The natural timber conAfts of white pine, fpruce trees in vaft quanr tities, fuitable for mafts and fliingles, maple, beech, white and grey oak, and yellow birch, which is a largp fightly tree, and is capable of receiving a poliih almoft. eurtfd in different parts of the ftate for exportation ; hut the chief manufaAure is iron, bar and fhef t, together with tlc:':l, nail-rods, implements of hufbandry, ftoves, poff , untv. houfehold utenfils, the iron work for ihips, an- ch: .:, b>( Is, &c. &:c. i^lewport and Providence are the principal towns. Ncm* port haa one of the fineft ^arbours in the world. It fpreads weftward before the town ; the entrance is eafy and fafe, and a large fleet may anchor in it, and riue in perfed fecurity. The town lies north and fouth upon a gradual afcent, and exhibits a beautiful view fiom the harbour and neighbouring hills, which lie weftward upon the main. The homes in this town are chiefly of wood, but many of them are handfome. There are in it 4 baptill meeting houfes, 2 for congrega-tionalifts, 1 epifcopal church, 1 quaker meeting houfe, 1 Moravian, and a fynagogue for Jews, a ftate houfe, and an edifice for a public library. Providence is the oldeft town in the ftate. It ftands on both fides of Providence river, 35 miles from the fea. It is divided into two parts by the river, and conneded by a bridge. The public buildings in Provi- dence are an elegant meetinghoufe for baptifts, 80 feet fijiiare^with a lofty and beautiful ftceple, apjpetipg houf^ CONNECtlCUt. 193 for qftakers, 3 for congre|;ationaHfts, two of tKem lately built, and one very elegant, an qiifcopal church, a court houfe, a work houfe, a market houfe, and a brick fchool houfe, in which four fchools are kept. This town has an I xtenfive trade with Ma/rachuiettJ;,Connedlicut,and part of Vermont ; and from its adviihtageous fituation, proinifes to bcr amonfi^ the Ui-gift toWns in New England. About 4 miles from Providence is a fmall village, called Patuck- et, a place of fome trade, and fa»>' is for lamprey eels. The river Patucket runs throup'^ ^wn, in which if a beautiful fall uf water ; the fall length is up- wanl s of fifty fcet,the water paflc feveral chafms in the rock, which runs diametrical./ aciofs the bed of the river, and ferves as a dam for the waten Several mills have been eredled on thefe falls, and the fpouts and chan- nels, which have been moft to its fource, by neat> pkafant,vrell built towns ; it is skavtgable to Hartford,more than 50 miles fromits mouth ; and the produce of the country is brought for 200 miles ^^bove, in boats. The boats ufed in this bufinefs are flat bottomed, long, and narrow,, for the convenience of going up the ftream, and of fo flight a inake as to be portable m carts. They are taken out of the water at three carrying places, making 15 miles in all. The Houfatoi^ick rifes in JBerkfliire county in Maflachufetts. tt paCes through a number of pledant towns, and is navigable to . Derby, twelve miles from its mouth. Nau- gatuck is a &nall river, flowing into the HouiatOhick. The Thames enters Long Ifland found at New London. It is navigable to Norwich. Here it lofes its name, and branches mto Shetucket, on the eaft, and Norwich, or Little river, on tha weft. The city of Norwich ftands on the tongue of; land betweeft thefe two rivers. Little river, alMut a mile from the mouth, has^a remarkable and very romantic catara^. A rock 10 or 12 feet in per- pendicular height, extends quite- acrofs the channel of the river, oyer this the whole river pitches, in one entire iheet, upon a bed of rocks below ; here it is compvefTed into a very narrow channel between two craggy dii^s, one of which tpwers to a coniider- liihed, and glafs works, a fnUff and powder mill, iron works, and a flitting mill. At Stafford is a furnace, at which are made large quantities of hollow ironmongery. Paper is manufadured at Norwich, Hartford, and I^ew Hav«nt < A duck manufadtory has been eftablilhed at Stratford. - , l ' All religions Which arc coxtfiftent with the p^jace of fociety, are, tokrated in Conne^icut. There ar^ . few I'e- ligious fefts. The bulk of , the people ajre congregation- alifts; but there are fome epifcopalians and baptifts* There are anUmber of good towns in thi$ ftate, and five iiK:orporated citiesw Hartford and New Hayen- fire ': the capitals. The General AfTembly is held at the fOfmer in May„ and the latter in Oftober, annually, Hartfbrft isfituated at the head of navigation^ on^ the weft 4i^<^ Contiedticut river, about 50 mdes f]K>m its entnisce. r^ It has, feveral good public buildings, about 500 dwel^ng / CONNECTICUT. lioules, many of which 4re built with i>rick. The town is divided by a fmall river with hish, romantic banks ; over the riter is a bridge eonne^mg the two divifions of the town.^ A bank ha$ been lately eftabliih^d in this city. Hartford is advantageouily fimated for trade, and is a rich, flonriffiing, commercial place^ New Haven lies round the head of a bay, which, runs up about 4 miles north of the found. It is fitiiated on a ^9.tge plain, ciircumfcribed on three fides by high hills, "invo fmall risers bound the city eafl: and weft^. Near the centre of it is the public fquare, around which are the publk. buildings^ The ftatehoufe, college, and chapel, S meeting houfes, and a churxrh, all handfcme^ commodious buildings. This fquare is encompalTed by ift>ws of «rees. New London ftands on the weft fide of the river Thames, near its entrance Into the {bui^d. Its harbour is the bed in Conne^cut. Norwkh ftands at the head of H^ames river, 1.4 miles noith of New London. It Is a commercial city, has a rich back cowitry, ftands . 1^ the h^d of navigation, and its fituation upoii a river, Im^ch dFords Convenii^nt feats for mills and other water machi^s, tender it wry eligible for manufa^res ) nor a^lh<^hti^it&lits unmifl^ul of the advsmtages nature has fo liherally lieftowed. They are indufti^ous, tngeni. ous, and peffeveting. The city k in three divifions, €k^^,^ the kaidtn|r, the Town, a^d Bean hill. The tmm fifhiw are heiS altet>nately at New / Ion andi l!fidii%»»wn city is pleaiantly fituated ne nf Its ^nc^l benefaAors. It ^^tMifftfts: ^f^two.i^siclotts^ €«aunodtoiis> brick buildings. There CONl^njCTICUT. 1^ i^ publie library of 2500 volumes, and a philcrfophical apparatus, as complete as mod others in the United Stotes. The bulk of the inhabitants of. Connefticut are - farmers, induftrious, fagacious, and economical. Their farms fumifli themwim all the nccjeflaries, moft of the conveniences, but few of the luxui^ies of life. They are generallytemperate, andean, if they choofe, be as p«r- te&iy independent, as it is conililent with happinefs, for ' man to be. i; « An Engli(h geographer, fpeaking of the inhabitants ' of thefe northern ftates, fpeaks thusj " The people of • New England generally obtain their eftates by hard and perfevering labour ; they of confequence know their value, and are obfervant of friigality, yet in no country do the indigent fare better. Their laws oblige every town to provide a competent maintenance for their, poor, andthe neceflitous iftrainger is protected and relieved from their humane inftitutions. In no part of the world are the people happier, or better furnifhed; with the com^ forts and. conveniences of life. Th^ir manners are con* genial to theii' employments,^ plisun^ fimple, but not un- polilhed. . . They, have a great deal of artle6 fiticetity, friendly and unformal hofpUality. The vopien , are fair, hand£bme> genteel, and. extremely modeftand «e- .ferved in their behavioun Many of them can convcrfe ' elegantly upon hiftory, geography, and other litera^ry fubje; hut their moft ftrlking charafteriHic is induf- try, and domeftic economy* It, is a part of their daily . bufmefsjo fuperiritend the affairs of the family. Em- ' ployment with them is honourable; the needle* the wheel, and the care of their children, fill ufefuUy every momeint ^of their tim^ an d nothing is thought fo difrepi- utableas idlenefs." ' This is a charming poi^raifj may the fair dai^g^ters of Columbia ever ftudy to copy it, and preferve the likeneft. i/..,«* vj- ^ r A thirft for information prevails among the ^outli, and is encouraged by all ranks. Numerous focieties are formed for the promotilui^ c^rvatkms, itt ihoit «im-y art or iaience li. neve enconraged, that can confer honour, dignity, and. hRppiaefs, on a hetf independent, and rirtuons people. Smctioh LVI. new YORK. NEW YOAK tft bounded, fouth and fou&weft by 'Hudfon's and DeUwate -rivers, on tbeeaft^andonorth eaft^ by New England and the Atlantic Ocean, and on the nor& weft by Canada. It is-S50mUes long, and 300 broad,'and lies between. 40 and 45deg. N. lat. and 5 ckig. W.'and Sdeg. £. Ion. It is divided into 19 coun. ties, which Are fu^vided into townihtps. The princi^ pal rivers in this ftate are the. Hudson and the Mo^ hawk. The former abounds- with excellent hai^urs, well ilored with^ a variety of fiflu On thifr riverftands the cities of New York and Albany. The tide flows* above Albtmy, which i» 160 niile» from New York. This river is the largeft in the United States^ It rifes in i^e^aioiititattiotts country, between I^ake Ontario and Luke Champlain. Its whole length is" 250 tniks) but froni Albany to Lake George, it is only rnavigable for battes^x^jtifidiutt two poitafes, on account >of the. fall v About60^ntHefrabove New Yorkf the water becomes frefh. The.ba]^s- ef: tiie Hudfonr river, eipecially. on the iireftern fictei are chieftV rocky cliffs. 'Hie pafiagethrough the high lands, which is Sixteen miles, affords ft wild, ro* msmtici fcene. On .each fide of this narrow pais, the mountaint tower to a great height, and ih^ wind, if ^ere i» any, becomes compreffed^ al^l blows continually as thresh si beUowi, fo that veilete in pa€ing 9xe frequent- ly obltged to lower their fails. The bed of this- river is Aiep fthd finooth to an aftoniHung diftance, through a hilly, reckf coimtry, and even through ridges of fome of the higheft JSiountains in the United States. Mimawk fiver pai&» to the northward o^; F«rt Stan^ wix, amd runslbutiiwairdly 20 miles to the fort, and ^n ^(Iwardly no m^ int!» the Hudfon. In thi» rivee- it a brge catara^l, cai^d the Cohoes, tbs water of whiclS^if* fatd to fall 80 feet perpendicular height ; but includkig^ the deicent above ,tbe fal]« n as much «« ^0 ^et, when WSW YORX.: lW9i tfie liVer 19 a quarter of m m^ ia length. The pndme:: cowteytd dowa. this dvcr it landed at HchtneCtidf 9 jaciA* conveyed hy laf\4 to Albany. There are locks and canaliattbe Ltttk FaUs, 56 miles above SdieneAadf^ axu} the rifer is pafTaVlefranthenee m Ikmu» nearly to its ibarce. There is allb a lock naTi^^ion from the now. navigable part oC Hudfon*s river tb Lake Qdtarro^ and. the 8eneca Lake. There are ftveral otfticr riversy that interfed the- ftate, and accelerate the conveyance of the {vrodnee of remote farms to obtain and profitsdxlcinar-- kets. The fettlements in^ this (late, till within a iew years, were chiefly upon two narrow oblongs, extending - from the eky of 'York, eaft and weft. TheieaiHs Long liland, which is 1 40 xniksJoi^. It is narrow and fcnr.» munded by the lea. The one extending north » iabmitt 40 miles in^lengtb, and biieiSled by the HudTon. New {ettlemenis have been made .on another t^oog, extend- - ing weft and fouth weft from Albany. This v^ole ftat^- is ib interfe^ted by branches of. the Hudibn, the Dela- ware, the Sufquehannah, and other rivers, that these ia fcarcely a place of any confequence move than 15 ar1i&^ miles nom fome ftream, that can be navigated^ther by- boats or larger veflels.. There are feme rmnan-kablK capes and bays in tins ftate $ €s^ May, on the .eaft enu trance of Delaware river ; Sandy Hook near the eothince of Rariton riva^ ; and Mentock Point, at the eaft end of' Long Ifland ;. York Bay, ipreads to the fouthward be* fore tfa^ city of New York ; South Bay lies abotit 12 or 15 miles-north of the northern bend in Hudfon^s rh-er^. There are alio ^enreral Lakes ; Oneida^ake, Sidt Lalcey . Lake Otiego, Cancadergo Lake, and Cbatoque Laloe. ' This ftate^lying to the fouth of New £n&;landy enjoya\ a more happy temperature of climate ; i£eair is vsfyt healdiy ; the face of the country, low, ilat and marfliy> towards the fea. As you recede from the coaft^ the ey« is entertained with the gradtial fwelling of "h'dis, which become large as you advance in^ the country; . The Ibii if. extremely fertile, producing wheat, rye, Indian com» oats, barley^ flax, and fruits, in great abundance and per<»- fe^iofi... The timber is much me fame as that ofl>4w £i^land. A great deal of iroitis'foundhe»» Inibme inEWtORK. partk of the ft*ate large dairies are kept, which fumifH* excellent butter and cheefe for the markets. Thebeft. lands in the ftate lie along the Mohawk river 4 vail trads< are yet uncaltivated, but they are beffinniae to make- iettlettients upon them» which rapidly mcreate. In the northern parts of the ftate they have moofe deer, bears, and fome beavers. They have wUd fowH game* and fiih of every kindt particularly falmon, which are found in prodigieus plenty at the mouth of the* Saranac river. .^ They are caught from May to November, and make ex- cellent faked provifions. The city of New York ftandson the fouth weft end of York liland, at the mouth of the Hudfon river. This city is not in length more than a mile, • nor in breadth more than a^^uarter of a mile The city and harbour are defended by a fort aind^attery. In the fort is a Ipacious maniion houfe for the ufe of the governor. Many of' the houfes are very elegant, and the city, though irregularly built, affords a fine profped. The moft magnincent edifice in the town is Federal Hall. They have many hamdfome houfes for public worfhip, for almoft every denomination of chtifttans^ and one for Jews, a college^ a gaol, anew and fpacious ftate prifqn,. smd leveral buildings of lefs note. It is efteemed more digible for commerce than any city in the United States. A want of good water is a great inconvenience to tlie citizens. They ha^e heretmbre been moftly fupplied from a well nearly a mile from the city, about 20 f^t deep and 4 in diameter. In fome hot fummers upwards of 200 hogfheads ha'i^e been drawn from this well in a day, and yet there is never mor^ or lefs thaaS foot water in the well. We mention this remarkable fpring as a natural curiofity } for the w^t of good water, is lately in a great degree remedied, by a conveyance of water to the city by means of aqueduAs. For fociability, hofpitality, unafiEedled poUtenefs, ele- gance of manners, and all which form the happinefs of fociat intercouife. New York is hardly to beexcWdedby aAy town upon the American continent. The city of Albany is fituated on the weft fide of Hud* ion's liver;. 160 miles north of the< city of New York. NEW YORK. ^H The houfes in this city were moftly built by trading people, anJ are in the old Dutch, Gothic ftyle, with the gable end to the ftreet. Many, howevev, have beea. lately eredted in a more airy, elegant, and modem tafte. A variety of languages are ipoken in Albany, but En v^ lifli predominates*. Albany, is unrivalled in fitoation., It (lands on the banks of one of the fineft. rivers in the world, navigable for fmall veifels to the very fhores of the city, which, together with the fun-oundinv country, enjoys a ialubrious air, an excellent foil, and is, watered by many navigable lakes, rrvers, and creeics. It is capa*. ble of affording fubfiftence to millions of itihabkants, and, no part of America.offcrsamore eligible opening for emigrants than this. Tht city of Hudfon has a mod rapid growth. It it. fituated on the eaft fide of Hudfon's river, 130 milat; north of New York, and 30 fotxtb of Albsotiy. It i» iiuw. rounded'by an extenfive and fertile bac9e country, and ia. proportion to its fize andpibpulation, canries en a larg* trade* Pougfakec^fie, die Dure town of Dtflehds ceimrfi. La&n^cgh, Khigftcm, Sc^enedau^, Trey, a«dl*hitttP> - bui»h,are all conti^eratble towns, llie fitaatbn of New YoSci, wish reaped'. toimBign marhttsi-lw decidedly tli^ preference to any of the ftates. It has at all feaibns o£ t^ year* 9. ikon and eafy «cce& to the oceiia; nor. have iJiie inhabitagits been imidindAd of dieic inpnioe local advantages, bnt iuime araftled tbamfdmrs of them t# their ntmoft'extentp New York Jiikb been t^l lately raiiier bdiind^her tuA^^ hmxtsmiHtmSmffmad, New iorfey, and .Peuilylvaiiia#. in fxnnt chaii to rnie/t^- fame ijuaa&itf upon $&J So Umg, thereftnee, «s- die fsrmer cansbaye 60 ascrea t^ raife 1000 baflk^ .upon,iie wiU never trouble himfelC td^ ^nd out how be migibt raife the ^uoe quantity npoa half t^ejandt It is ^opmation alone which itamps a -value » NEW YORK. upon landsi and lays a foundation for high imj^rove. ments in agriculture. When a man is-obliged to main* tain a large family upon a fmall farm, his ins*ention is exercifed to find out every improvement that may render it more produAive. If the preceding obfervations arc jufl, improvements will keep pace with population and the encreaHng value of lands. Improvements in manu* fadlures invariably follow improvements in agriculture, and we have reafon to hope that^ in the manufadure of wheel carriages of all kinds, fadlery, cabinet work, cutlery, clocks, watches, mathematical inftniments, and various other ufeful branches. New York will foou be equal to mo n^ other parts of the world. There . in tliis ftate fome remarkable medicinal i)>rings. Thofe of Saratoga are the mod noted ; they are eight or nine in number^ iituated in the mlargin of a mar% formed by a branch of KayadacpiTa Creek. Great numbers of people, under a variety of maladies, refort to thefe fprings ; maj»y find relief, and a cohfider- able number a (;ompiete cure, particularly in billions dif. orders, fait rheumy and relaxations ; but as the waters are unfriendly in fome diforders, they ought to be ufed under the direSion of a ikilful phyfician, thoroughly acquaint. ed with the di&afes of the patient, and the qualities of the water. . . New Lebanon fprings are next in celebrity to thofe of Saratoga. This is a pleafant village^ iituated partly in a vafk, and partly on. the declivity of a hill. The pool is fituated on a commanding eminenecy oveiiooking the valley, and furrbunded by a few houfes, which afford Yex^y^go^ accommodations for the valetuditiarians that re-i ibrt there iii fearch of health. The waters have an agree- able temperature, and are not utipleafant to the tafte. In the town of RenfTalaer, nearly oppofite the city of Albany, a medicinal fpring has been lately difcovered, combining-moft of the valuable properties of thecelebra> ted waters of Saratoga. There are a fewvfocieties in this ftate for i^ promotion of knowledge, ,and the fervice of iiumanity ; but they are neither fo numerous or «xten- fiye in their operations forthe benefit of fociety^, a& . thoiej idBL the iifter. dates. NEW YORK. ^S TTicre was no college in NeW York till the yetr 1754, when King's College, now called Columbia College, was founded. It is now in a flouridiing ftate. A complete medical fchool has been lately annexed to the college, and able profeiTors appointed in every branch of that important fcience. Another college, In the town of Sch6« nedtady, in the ftate of New York, was incorporated in 1794, by the name of Union College. It is at preient in profperous circumftances. There are in this ftate 12 incorporated academies ; and a fpirit for literary improvement is evidently dif- fufing itfelf throughout the whole. All denominations of religion are here prote^ed and allowed. At the point where Lake George communicates with Lake Champlain, is the famous poft of Ticonderoga. Op-> pofite, on the fouth fide of the water that empties oat of Lake Georg^, is a mountain to appearance inacceflible, called Mourn Defiance, where General Burgoyne, in the revolutionary war, with a boldnefs, fecrecy, and dif- patch, almoft unparalleled, conveyed a number of can- non, ftores, and troops. The cannon were raifed, by large brafs tackles, from tree to tree, and from rock to rock, over dens of rdttlefilakes to the fummit, which entirely commands the works of Ticonderoga ; from whence he occafioned the fudden (but judicious) retreat of General St. Clair, with the American army'. Crown Point is 14 miles north of Ticonderoga; on Lake Complain. The fort of this place, in which the ' Britifh gaiartfon was always kept, from the reduction of Canada to the American revolui'.ion, was the moft »"egu- lar and expenfive "of any ever conftriitfled and Sup- ported by the Britifn government in North America. Iti the county of Montgomery is a fmall, rapid ftream, emptying into Scroon Lake, weft of Lake George. It runs under a hill, the bafe of which, 60or^0 yurds dia- meter, forming a curious and moft beautiful arch in the rock as white as fnow. The fury of the water, and the rouehnefs of the bottom, added to the terrific noife with-' in, have hitherto prevented any perfon from palling thrqjugh the chafm. In the townihip of Williborough^ in Clinton coun^« im K£W YORK. is the cvrioiii fplit rock. A point ofa moiintkin Vhicli •^ro}e^ecl about 50 Yards into Lake Charoptain, appeattto mTe been broken by foroe violent ihock of nature. It i% removed from the main rock or mountain about 20 fef ta and the oppofite Adet fo ezadly fit each other, that one Qfeeds no ether proof of their hiaving been once uni- ted. The point broken off contains about half ail acre» a^ U covered with Vood. The height of the rock on each fide the fifTure is about 12 feet. The appearance lof thitt and the furrounding fcenery, is thus elegantly defcribed in Morfe^ Gcogr«phf* ** Round this point is a 'fpacious bay, iheltered from tlie fot|th weft and north*^ "Weft %isds, by the furronnding hills and woods. On the weft fide are four or fiv« finely cultivated farms, Vhic^ altogether, at certain feafons, and in certd^in fitua- 'tions»form one of the moft beautiful landfcapes imaein- able. Sailing under this coaft, foi* feveral miles before you come to ^lit rock* the noonntaiiM, riide and barren, fecm to hang over tlie padengei^'s head, and threaten him ynih dwru^tipa. A ^ater* boimdleis to the fight, ties before him« Man feels hiK own littlenefs, and in- iidelity ifWpays a!h nniWillii^ homage to the Creator. Inftantly^'and lineapeAedly x& f thnt a fofe and direxfk cpnveyaiice is opened betw^b^ tlie interior parts, and the feveral ftates in the union. A road is opened through Clinton county, Viitiich adds greatly to the cont^eiiience of travelling be* tween New York and Canada, called Rogers's road, that b^ngthe name of the pe^'fon Who planned it, mid fuper-* intended the elgecution; Several bridges have alfo been lately "ei-e^ed ; one oyer A bram's cree fc, one o ver . tlie J^routs of the Mohuvk river, another over Cayuga ^j:ake.oathe great road from Albany to Niagara. Tnft NEW JERSEY. *!205 Vrid^Ultidon 210 trefslei; 25 feet apart. Its length is one mile. There are ieveial other yeiy refpedwle bridges in this ftate. There are fix confederated nations of Indians nihab« tting the /weftem parts of this ftate. T^rae fflands of note belong to the ftate of New York t they aiie» York liland* Long Ifland, and S.:at«n Ifland. Long Ifland extends 14Q miles eaft, and terminates with Montank Point. The foil of the fouth part of tlie iflanil ift well calculated for raiftng Indian com. The north fide is hilly > and of a ftron^ foil, adapted to the culture^ of grain, hay, and fruit. They feed large herds of cat- de on the fait marfhes, on the fouth fide. Staten Ifland, nine miles fouth weft of the city 6f New York, is about 18 miles in length, and 6 or 7 in breadth. SEcriou LVIL NEW JERSEY. NEW JERSEY is bounded eaft by Hudfon's river ntid the fea, fouth by the fea, weft by Delaware Bay and Pennfylvania, and north by New York. It is 160 miles long, and 52 broad, lyin^ between 39 and 41 dec;. N. lat. and between the meridian of Philadelphia and f deg« En Ion. It is divided into 13 counties. Hudfon's river runs on th6 eaft, and the Delaware on the weft. The moft remarkable bay is Arthur Kull, or Newark Bay, formed by the union of the PalTaik and Hackinfak rivers. The three nfoft confiderable rivers are the Hackinfak, the Paflfatk, andthe Raritan. Paflaik is a very crooked river. It is navigable about 10 miles. The n'eat faU in this river is one of thefineft natural curiofities in ike ftate. The water falls above 70 feet perpendicularly ifl ene entire iheec«>. A cloud of vapours arife from thh tremendous fall, and floating in the Sunbeams, prefent to the aiioniflied eye a variety of beautiful rainbows. The town of Patteifon is ereAed on the great fall in this river. ■ ■. :^- ;•■ The Raritait is formed by two confiderable ftreams» calllsd the'tiorth and fouth brknehes. It paflTes by Brunl^ wickaudAmboy, arid falls into Arthur Kull Sbund. Thecetatfe^ bridges ereAedovertheie three river s^ oa tlie S 209 NEW JtERSEY, |H>ft rotd between New York and Fhiladelplnav fibnw paarts of>tbi» ftate are niountaiiums^ and. a great deal o£ it' fandy, barren, and unfit for culiitation. The beil Igndriisinthiefoutheni cauntiesv-on the hknka of rivers and creeks. The fand barrens produce little ' elie' than ih^b oak$ and yeliiow pine, though dxey yi^> great quan- tities of bo|^ iron ore, winch turns toi ^at advantage in :^e. iron; worlv> Tliei^ is foiifie good timb^ in this ftate, apdooi^dtfrable quantities of wheats rye, buckwheat, and other giniii* Tii»Y raife great nnmbevs of cattle ; have gopd orchards, and make excellent cider; Thin ftiJ» ftipi^es the markets, of New Yorki and PhiU adelphia, with a variety and .profuiion of vegetables and ffutt, together with cider, butter,; chaefe^ bee£ pork, mut- tons and poultry $ and the trade of .thi^ ftate. is chiefly carried on by thefe two great commercial citiies. The manufadures in New Jertey are not very connderable, except in the articles of ir^n, nails, and leather. A ^lifit of indHiA^ and iHnprovement feiems to have awaken- eid among: them in a few late years; But though the bvlkpf the inhabjitlants are farmers*: yet agriculture has list becai impix>Yed^ except in a very few inftances, as niudii aJS: might be reafdnablyexpeded. Th9' iron works are a great iource of Weahh to the Hfltp. The moil confiderable are eredled at Gloucefter, ^KttcHngton) Suflex, and> Morris. The peopli^ of New Jeitfey^are generally induftrious# i^gi4» and hofpitablet The bulk oft the iimabitants have ftp tafte fen 4earmng#ai>ts, or fciencfe. There are: how- ■tfip^r many gf»tlemen of the firft^^ rank; in, abilities and iearntfig; ift: th^feveiad learned; profeflions^ All religious dc|nQ9iin»tion9 live together in Haranony in this ftate, and evmy^on^: is- allowed to worfhip God according to the 4U^^»'of hifown confcience. * Tliene are 3: colleges in New- Jerfeyf one at Prince- tQWVi, c^edi Ijbfliiu^ and the other at BhmiWick^w called Queen's College. There are alfo a number of good acad« eniiesrr > Mmy of;tha:toWns inithis ftate are nearly equal iii fize afKlrili^po^'tfUtc&i Txtnttanisoneofithe largeft, and i» £^ca|>itid.o€th«iftf(tfic Ini&iituated on thecaft fide of PENKSYLVANIA. «0T tfce mer Delawart. Burlington extends along the Dda-- wftiK dmile9» and one mile bade into the county of Bur- ^ttgton. Perth Amboy (lands on a neck of land between the Raritan river and ArtlMir Knll Sound. It has one of the beft harbours on the continent. Brunrwiek is fitua- ted on the ibuth vreift iide of JR.aritan river, over which 4 fine bridge has been lately built. Its fitmation is low and unpleafant. Thefe three are cities. Princetown, Elizabethtown, and Newark, are pkafant and Houriihing towns. SectiohLVUI. PENNSYLVANIA. PENNSYLVANIA is bounded eaa by Delaware rivetr sorth by New Yfflrir, weft by tlie Weftem Territory and part 6f Virginia,fouthl>y a part of Virginia,Maryland,and Delaware. Itjs ^88 xniles long, and 156 broad, lying between 59 and 42 deg. N. latt. and 74 and 81 deg. W. Ion. from London.^ But Philadelphia, the capita of this ftate, is the rtieridian from which Aniericans in general peckon their longitude. Pennfylvania ic dividM inta twenty one counties. There are fix confiderable rivers, which, with their nu* merous branches, peninfulate the whole ftate ; the Dela- i|are, the SchuylkiU, Sufquehanngh, Youhiogany, Bio-- aongahela, and Allegany. The bay and river of pda- ware are navigable up to die great or lower falls at Trenton, 15£i miks f and ISO miles the river is naviga^ ble for a feventy four gun (hip. l^face of the country, ait, foil, and produce, do not materially diftier from thofe of New Yoric $ if there be any difference it is in favour of this ftate. The winters eontinue from December to March, and are fo extremely cold that the river Delaware, though very broad, is often frozen over. The months of July, Auguft, and Septem- ber, are intenfely hot ; but the country is frequently re- freikedby cooling breezes. A conftderabfe proportion of Pennfylvania may be called mountainous. Many of the mountains will adniit of cultivation almoft to their tops, and the vales between theni are generally of a ridiL (aix yielding good grai^ and ^afturage> 208 PENNSYLVANIA. The produce and exports of this (late are many and various, though flour appears to be the ftaple commodity; as there havje been in one year exported from it 369,618 barrels. There are a variety of religious fefts here, but quakers and Calvinifts feem to predominate. Lite- rary, humane, and ufeful focieties are more numerous and flourifhiiig in Pennfylvania tlian in any of the other ftates. There are above 14 different focieties for the pro. motion of ufeful knowledge, and relieving the diflrefled, and moft of them in the city of Philadelphia. They alfo encourage academies, colleges, and fchools, in every part of theftate. The city of Philadelphia is the capital, fituated on the weftem bank of the Delaware. This city was, till with- in a few years, the feat of government ; but it is now removed to the new built city of WafhingtOnin \[irginia. Philadelphia is a large, regular built, and pebultarly >clean city. Itcontains 31 houfes for piiblic worlhip, all hahdfome edifices, kept in good repair. Its other public buildings are, a ftate houfe, 2 court houfes, an hof- pital, an aim's houfe, two incorporated banks, a houfe of correction, a theatre for dramatic entertainments, a pub- lic obfervatory, a medical theatre, 3 market houfes, a public gaol, and feveral handfome halls for different fo*- cieties ; and whether we regard its fituation, fize, an4 beauty, or the fpirit of induftry, enterprize, and hUmani- ty, which characterize its inhabitants, it mud be coniider- ed aS the moil flourifhing capital in the United States. The borough of Lancafter is the largeft inland town in the Union. It is the feat of juftice in Lancafter coun- ty. The chief part of its inhabitants are manufacturers. Carlifle and Pittfburgh are confiderable towns. The latter is very beautifully fituated, on the weftem fide of the Allegpny mountains, on a point of land, about a quai'ter of a mile above the confluence of the Allegany aud Monongahela fivers. Bethlehem is fituated on the river Lehigh, a weftem branch of the river Delaware. It is a pleafant, healthy totinv. There are in this place a particular fociety or re- Hgious feCt. The fingle perfons of different fexes never mix together i they live infeparate ho^fes,^under teachers BEUlWAKir. laod* aidmfpe(ftors ; they ar«» ftyled brethren and fifters ; and are under the contrr.i / particular laws and regulations. There are very good uools cbndu^ted by thw fociety, both for boys and girls, where youth are carefully inftru^- ed in all the ufefufahd ibme ornamental branches of cdn- cation, and where particular attention is paid to their mor- als. TTie minifter of the place has the fpecial care and' infpe Aion of thefe fchools. Nazareth is a traft of good land, fettled by the fame lb-- ciety. Harrifburgh is a very, flouriihing place. SicTiou LIX, DELAWARE. THIS ftate is bounded eaft by Delaware river and' ^bffy and the Atlanlft Ocean, fouth and tireft by the ftate ©f Maryland; and north by Pennfylvania. It is divided into three counties, and fubdivided into hundreds. It is 92 miles long, and 24* broad, lying between 38 and 40 deg. N. lat. and 40 min. weft ofthe meridian of Phil- a(£^lphia. The eaftem fide of Delaware ftate is indented with maity creeks and fniall rivers. In the fouthem and wef- tern'^ parts, fpring the head waters of Pocoitooke, Wi- comrco, Nantikoke, Choptank, Chefter, Saffafras, and Bohemia rivers, all falling into Chefapeak Bay, and fome t)f them navigable 20 or SO miles into the country, for veflels of 50 or 60 tons. The ftate of Delaware is, with venr ffew exceptions, a flat, level country, extremely low ; and at particular feafonsof the year laree quantities of ftagnant water overfpread a great proportion of the land», and render it unfit for cultivation, whife the putrid exhala- tions arifing from it inipiirs the health ofthe inhabitants ; yet, notwithftanding ihefe difadtrantages, by the induftry of the farmers it is made very produfliive. Wheat is the ftaple cf this ftate; and the v^eat raifed here is ^culiai ly fort and fine, yielding the whiteft flour. They alfo ralte large crops of Indian corn, barley, rye, oats, fl^, buck- wheat, smd potatoes* There is fome excellent meadow land. Dover, in the county of Kent, is the chief town, andt l3ke feat of government. The town has a^ lively apj^aiw. 210 TERRITORY N. W. OF THE OHIO., ance, and cairies on a confiderable trade with Philadel- phia. Newcsiftle was formerly the feat of government, but it is now evidently falling to decay. This was the firft town fettled on the Delaware river. Wilmington, fituated on Chridiana creek, is much the largeft and pleafanteft town in this date. It is built up. on a gentle afcent of an eminence, and (hews to great ad. vantage as you fail up the river Delaware. Milford is a fmall town, confifting of about 80 houfes, which have all, except one, been built fince the revolution. Duck Creek Crofs Roads, is one of the largeft wheat markets in the date. Lewis is a fmall, neat town, about 15 miles above the light houfe at Cape Henlopen. Hhis light houfe was burnt in 1777, but fmce the war > has been completed and handfomely repaired. It is a fine done drudlure, JB dories high. There are a variety of religions in this date. The Swedifh church in Wilmington is one of the olded church- es in the Union. The manufeidure of flour is carried on to higher perfe<5Hon in the date of Delaware than any other. Befides the well condru^ed mills on Red and White Clay creeks, and ether dreams ; there are the cele- brated colleAion of mills on the Brandywine river. Heie are to be feen at one view 12 merchant mills, (befides a faw mill,) which have double the number of pairs of dones,, all of fuperior dimenfions and excellent condrudion. They are called Brandywine mills, from theftream on Vhich they are eredted. It is fuppofed that thefe mills Ncan grind 400,000 budiels of wheat in a year. They give employment to about 200 perfons. The navigation 'Is eafy quite up to the mills, fo that a vefl^el, carrying 1000 buihels of wheat, may be laid alonc^ fide of any of the mills. The veffels are unloaded witn adonilhii^ expedition. There have beenindances of 1000 buihels of ifrheat being carried to the height of 4 dories in 4 hours. SMCTioN LX. TERRITORY N. W. OF THE OHlO. ; THIS extenfive tra<5l of country is bounded nortih hxr part^f the nor^em bound^y oiijfie United States^^ealV TERRITORY N. W. OF THE OHIO. 2H by the lakes and PennTylvania, fouth by the Ohio, and weilbytheMiflTifippi. It is 900 miles lotig^ and 700 broad, lying between 37 and 50 deg. N. lat. and 6 and 23 W. Ion. That part of this territory, which is fettling under the government of the United States, is divided into eleven counties. Thofe which have been longeft fet- tled are, Waihington, Hamilton, St. Clair, and Knox. The piincipal rivers are, the Mnfkiifgum, a gentle river^ confined by banks fo high that it never in thd fpring ofjhe year^ it oversows its bsmks, providing for large; rice plantations. , ^ v The Great Mi^mi ;has< j a very (lony channel, and^|l. iwift dream, but no falls. It is pafTable for boats a great diftance.r ,The Little Miami is top fmall even for batteatt navigation. The Wabailiis a beautiful river, with high and fertile bank$% It empties into the Ohio, by a mouth 270 yards wide, 1020 miles below fort Pitt. It is pafTable at fome feafons of t^ year for fmall v^flels 412 mil^s. The rivers A Vafe, Kafkaikias, empty into the Mtffii- fippi* There is between the Kaikaikias and luihois rivers, aa extendve tra^ of level, rich land, terminating in a high ridge, about 15 miles before you reach Illinois river. In this delightful vale are a number of Frer;r; ,, J w r ?r Thwe'afe^a tiumberxjf'oid'^rts found in 'thft coun- try, which have occiafioned mtich matter of fpehiflation^ to the curious. When, by whom,br for what J)urpofe they were thrown up, it is JmpofliWe to determine ; they ■sMrc undoubtedly vet^ Ancient, the ol^ft natives h^e loft i^-traeGiioncbnceniingtfiemi - Froni aii exaniination of tiae timber which grows withip thefe forts, it has been ^TOnjeftured they iSirfl havfebe^ of 1000 *y^ars fincie. They ihuft have been the eff6tts of a much more induftrious people than the prtfent race of Indians At a fmalldiftance from the fort is always a mound are. of earth in the form of a pyramid, which,Qn examination, has been found to caitain a chalky fubftance, fuppoied to be human bones ^ ^ - ' ^'^' ^ ^ it •}'■ MARYLAND. tl9 SiCTtoN LXI. MARYLAND. THE ftate of Maryland -s bounded north by part of Pennfylvania» eaft by the Atlantic Ocean, fouth arid weft by Vii^ginia. It is 140 miles long, and 135 broad, and lies between 37 and 89 deg.'N. laL and and 4 deg. W. Ion. Maryland is divided rftto 2 psfrts by the Chefapeak Bay, which is tKe largpft bay in the United States. The' Aate is divided into 19 counties, 11 of which axe on the wefti^n, and'8 on the eaftem ihores of the bay. The Chefapeak, from the eaftem ihores, receives the waters of the Pokomoke, Nanticoke, Choptank, Cheiler, and Elk rivers. From the north the rapid Sufquehannah, and from the weft, the Pslitapfco, the Severn, Patuxent, and Potomack. All thefe except the Sufquebannah and Poto- mack, are comparatively fmall riVerF. The face of the country is pretty much the fame with thofe already defcribed ; tne hills in the inland ar6 fo eafy of aflent, that they rather feem^n. artificial than a natu- ral produAion. The climate is generally mild, favourable to agriculture^ and to fruit trees in general. In the inte- rior, hilly country, the inhabitants are healthy ; but in the marfliy^arts, where there is abundance of ftagnaht water, they are fubjedl to intermittents, efpecially at the clbfe of thefummer. The vaft number of rivers diffiife fertility through the foil, which is, admirably adapted to the growth of tobacco and wheat, which are the ftaple com- modities. They alfo raife hemp, Indian corn, &c. The city of Annapolis is the capital of Maryland, the weaUhieft town of its fize of any in America. It is iitua- ted at the mouth of the river Severn, on a pleafant and healthy fpot. It is a place of little note in the commerciad world. Baltimore has had the moft rapid growth of any in the United States. It lies on the north fide of Patapfco river, round what is called the bafon. The fituation of the town is low, and in a degree unhealthy, though in thai refpe^ it is very much improved to what it was fome years fince; The increafe of buildings, and confequently the iuQreafe of fmoke, having tended to dry and purify^ the air ; the paving the ftreets alfo has affifted^ fH MARY|*AND. Georgetown ftands on the bank of the river Potomap^. Frederic ktown is a fine, flourifhing, inland town } the houfes are built raoftly of brick and ftone. Hagarftown, now Elizahethtown,' is fituated in the beautinili aifid well cultivated valley of Conegocheague. ;. Elktpn is near the head of Chefapeak Bay, on a fmall river, which bears the nanie of the town. The city of Wa{hington,in the Territory of Columbia,, "Vi^as ceded, by the ftatespf Virginia and Maryland, to the tJnited States ; an4 by them eft^blifhed as their ibat of government. It was accordingly ceinoved there, at the commencement of the nineteenth century. This city is as yet but in its infancy. It ftands at the jimdlion of the rivers Potoraack and the Eaftern Branch* hi latitude 38 4eg. N. extending nearly 4 miles up eacji, a(ii^ inycluding a convenient, beautiful, and falubrious. tra^ of lan^. The iituation of this metropolis is eqviaUy diilant from the northern and fq^them ftates, and nearly the fame from the Adai^tic and Pittfbnrgh.. Upon the beft navigation, ni the midil of a commercial .territory, and commanding th^ moflextenfive internal relbi^ces, of ^ny iQ4A;(perica. Thetcade of Maryland is princiipaUy p^rric^ on from Badtimpi^B,. with the other ftates, wiUi the Weft Indies, and witl|^ u^rope ; whither they export lar^e quantities C|f tobacco, wheat, Houir, pig iron^ lumber, com, &c. &c. and receive in return dxy goods, wines, ^irits, fugar, and other Weft India,, and European. co|3cimodiities. . The Roman caithpKcs were thie firft who iettled Miuy- land, and are the moft nnmerous reUgious fedt ; but there are proteftaitt epifcopilians, Engliih, Scotch, and Irifh pr?A>yterians, German Calvinifts and Lutherans, quakers, baptifi^, .^nd many other fe£ls, who all enjoy lili^rty of confcience^. Several academies and colleges have been eftabliihed in this ftate, for the promotion of learning. The inhabitants living i;a general cm tbeir plantations^ excjspt in thepppulous towns, and beiin^ furrounded oy liegro flaves, w^o exepute all the manual labour,. and are opAtmii^Uy at their beck to perform the moft menial offices, ,diey ooi^^& firom infancy an habitual pride» liljUQhto Araxi^rs i$ very unplesdaikt ; hxu thoii|;h thid VIRGINIA. t\i «ridfc IB tliieit charaAeriftic, we muft not forgetthat they have great hefpttality, are focial, many of their women highly accompliHied, and very many perfe^ly amiablii ^icrYMT LXII. VIRGINIA, VIRGINIA is bounded north b^ Maryland, part of PenniyiVania, and Ohio river, whtch divides it from Maryland, eaft by ibie Atlantic Ocean, fouth by North Carolina, aiid weft by KAitucky. It is 446 milies Ibng* and 224 broadr and lie^ between 36 and 41 deg. N. lat. and between I andS deg»iW. Ion. Thifrftate is divided into 82 counties, and again into parifhes. In failing to Virgiiiia you pais fcraight between two points of land,which are called tne Capes of Virginia* which opens apailase into the bay of Cheiapeak, one of the largeft and fafeftbays iii the whole world. It entert the country 300 miles from fouth to north; is 18 miles broadfbr a* confidferable w'iyj and 7 at the narroweft parti the water being in moft places 9 fathoms deep. This bay; throug^h its whole extent, receives a vaft number of navi* gable rivers fVom the fides of bbth Maryland andVih^ ginia ; froifri the latter, befide odiers of lefs note, it receives James river, York river, the -Rappahannock^ and the Po* tomack; Thefe are not only navigable fbt fhips of lai'ge burthen^ into the heart of the country, but hkve fo mvLnj creeks^ and receive Aich a number of fmaller navigable rivers, that Virginia is without doubt the country in the world,' of all others, of the ntoft convenient naviga^ tion) and it has been a|i obfervation^ made by traveller^ that almoft every planter has a river at nis door. The names of the principal rivers, befides thc^e already men> tioned, are the Rioanbkej Nanf^mond, Appammattox,and Rivanna, the two latter being branches of James river. From the capes of Virginia to the termination of the tide water in James river, iSs 300 miles, and navigable for fliips of the greateft burthfeii nearly the whole dtftance; From thence this river is obftrufted by 4 great falls j but the obftruftiohs which are oppofed ta navigation be^ tween thefe falls, are of little cqnfequence ; and thofe oc* *ca£oned by t^e falls, are nearly removed by means of 1 m VlRQIJfJA. locics and canals. Beyond the mountains artf th]s She* nandoah, which empties into the. Potomack* the Great l^nhawa., and the Little Kanhawa. ^ The whole face of this country is fo extremely low to- wards tlie fea,that yppi are very near the ftiore, before you can difcover land from the maft head. The lofty trees which cover the foil, rife »s' it were from thepc^n, and aflford s^ moft enchanting profpf^l. About 150 miles from the fea,the mountains commencf. They are difpofed in ridges one behind another, running nearly parallel with the fea coaft, rather approaching it) as they advance north eaftwardly. The paflage of the Potomack through theridge>called the Blue Ridge, is perhaps oneof themoft Hupendous in nature. An immenfe mountain feems to have been rent afunder to give a vent to the impetuous waters of the Shenandoah and Potomack, which \meeting here, feek a pafTage to the fea, and ruih through a chafm apparently made by their own force. Vaft piles of rocks, on either hand, form a (bene at once majeftlc and tre- mendous. In fummer the heats ar^ excefUve here, but relieved by breezes from the fea ; the changes however are fudden and violent, and to a warm day there fometimes fucceeds an intenfe cold night. The air and feafons depend much upon the wind, as to coldnefs, drynefs, and moifture. In winter they have a fine, clear, dry air, which renders it plea£mt. The fpring and «arly part of the fummer are de- lightful, but in July and Auguil the air becomes ftagnant and violently hot ; in September they have heavy and fre- quent rains, with thunder and lightning. At this feafon the natives are particularly unhealthy, and Grangers fufier exceedingly from the ^oifture of the atmofphere, which genders fibers, agues, and a long train of inter- mittents. Towards the fea Oxore of Yirg)nia,and on the banks of tjjie rivers, tlie foil is riph^ which -without manure, yields plentifully ; at a dtfl:a.nce from, the water it is more Ught and fandy, but, ftill generous, and is friendly tq.the .cul- ture of tobacco and corn. Cood crops of cotto^jr^Mx^ and hemp, are alfo raifed in fome counties. They make ^ood cid^r, aiitd a i|>irituous liquor, didilled from peach« VlRCmiA. 3lY es, 'called ^each brandyv exceeding (Irong, but not plea^ «nt to Europeans. There is a curiofity in tfiis ftatc, which may be reckon- ed among the moil fublime of nature's works. It is calU ed the Natural bridge. It is at the afcent of a hill, which Teems to have been cloven by fome great convulfion of nature. The chafm juft at the bridge, is 205 feet de«p, and 45' wide at bottom, and 90 at top. This is the letiffth of the bridge, and its height from the water. Its breadth in the middle is 6o feet, but more at the ends ;Hhe thick* nefs of the mafs at the fummit cf the arch, is 40 feet. A part of this thicknefs is conftituted by a coat of earth» which gives growth to many lar^e trees. The refidue with the hill on both fides, is folid rock, of limeftone. Though the Ades of the bridge are provided in fome parts with a parapet of fixed rocks, yet few have the temerity to walk to them, and look into the abyfs below, but involun» tarily falling on their hands and knees, creep to the edge, and peep over it ; but if the view from the top be pain- ful and intolerable, that from below is equally delightful. The emotions excited by the beautiful, light, yet fublime appearance of the lofty arch, fpringing as it Were to thfe \veiy^ gates of heaVen, are indefctibable. There are feveral medicinal fprings in Virginia, thfe mad efficacious of thefe are tWo, near Augufta^ iTiey i^fe near the foot elf a ridge df nfiountains, called the Warm Spring- mountains, but in maps, JackAii*8 ^mountains. The one is named the Warm Spring, tho other the Hot Spring. The Waters havie been found very efficacious In rheumatifitis. It rains here 4 or 5 days iQ every week. ' Thei^ are SVirtet SptiBgs ift the Cotiftty of ^otetoiirty at 'the eiftern foot of the Allegany. ■ In the low grounds of the Great Kaiiaway, 7 miles ahove the mouth of Elk river, is a hole in the earth, from which iffues conftantly a bituminous vapour, in fo ftrorig a current, as to give the iimd about its orifice the motioti it has in a boiling fprin?. On prefentin"^ a lighted candle, oi- torch, within 18 inches of the hole, it fiames up in a column 18 inthes in diameter, arid 4 or 5 feet high,whici| ^will burn out fometimes in 26 minutes; and at other T , 2t6 VIRGINIA. times will continue for 8 days. The flame is undeady, like that of burnino; rpirits, and fmells like pit coal Water fometimes collects in the bafon, which is remark- ably cold, but if the vapour be fired, it foon becomes too hot to bear the hand in it, and in a Ihort time wholly eTjLporates. They have no towns of any great confequence in this (late, owing to the interfedion of the country by navj. fable rivers, which brings trade to. the doors of the in- abitants. Norfolk and Portfmouth will probably be- come the emporium for the trade of the Chefapeak Bay. Alexandria ftandson the fouth bank of the Potomack river. Its fituation is elevated and pleafant, and it con- tains many handfome buildings. . Mount Vernon, the celebrated feat of the ever (honour- ed and lamented George Wafhington, £fq. is pleafantly iituated on the Virginia bank of tne Potomack. It isniim \n\hi below Alexandria. The area of the mount is 200 feet above the furface of the river. The manfion houfe itfeli^ has a pleating effeA, when, viewed from the water ; but it is not partictuarly elegant. The grounds around it, gardens, ^c. are laid out in the Englilh tafte* and togeth- •r with the furrounding buikj.*^s, give the whole the ap- pearance of a rural village. A fmall park at the margin of the river, where both American wild deer, and £ng- lilh fallow deer, range at pleafure, gives it altogether a beamiful-piAurefqiie appearance from vefTels as they fail along. . FxeJerickfburgh lies on the fouth fide of the Rappa- h?> nock river. "' Richmond, the prefent feat of government, (lands on tbe north (ide of James' river, at the foot of -V falls. The river near the falls, has a .^andfome bridge v.v, ii ; die falls above the bridge are 7 miles in leng \ vj- h\e canal is cut on the north fide of the river, which com- municates witli the town of Richmond, and is a fource of much v^'^Talth to the inhabitants. PeterlinTTSfh (lands on the Apammatox river. It is an ur?h^^! ■;) r"::.ce, I ing (hut from the accefs of t^e winds h'f. Ylih hills o* every fide. The celebrated lOr dian prh)cei^r> ?ocahontth nt OAobr-, 178(V by the united forces of France and Amei ica. The college of William and Mary in this ftaie, is a huge, mifhapen pile, which ifgit was not foi its roof, would be taken for a brick kiln. The academy in Princfe £urg. This ' whole ct^jmtry, as far as has yet been difcovered, lic-s upon a bed' of limeftone, which is about 6 Seet below the ^-^ i»» KENTUCKY, face. A tra(a.of 20 miles. along the banks of the Ohirt,. is hilly, broken land ;.the reft of the cpuntry i^ only agree- ^ly uneven. It is in general exceedingly fertile. Ken- tucky is well timbered ; fome of the tree^ particularly beautiful and ufeful. Indeed fucU is the variety and beauty of the flowering (hrubs and trees, that in the early feafonofthe year the country appears a wildernefs in blftifom. The climate is healthy and delightful, fome few fpots exceptefl in the neighbourhood of low grounds. The inhabitants feldoni feel the extremes of heat and cold. Snow feldom falls deep or lies long. The winter begins about Chriftmas, and never lafts more than 3 months, and even for tliat period is fo njiUd that the ca.t> tie can fubfift with httle or no fodder. Lexington* on the head waters of Elkjiom river, i« the largeft town in Kentucky. Here the courts are held, and bufmefs regularly condui5ted. Frankfprt is the capi- tal, and Wafliington and Louifville^rp tjip other chief towns. The peopk of Kentucky are cpJJe^led ironet dif- ferent ftate;;, have different culloms, manners, and. poUd. cal fentiments, fo that they cannot be faid to have any uniform national character ; but there are among them many gentlemen of firft rate abilities, and fome very gen- teel families, who give refpedUbility and dignity to the ftate. There are feveral religious denominations in K^en- tucky, as well as in the other p^rt;s of the union. Provifion w,as made for . college, while the ttat^ was annexed to Virginia, and very coniiderable landed fiuadS; fet afide fo* its endowment ; an<| a very handfom^ lU brary was procured from the liberality of fome gentle- jnen in England and other places, hut of late it hais not Houridied. Another college has beenre^abliihed, and funds are colle<:iled for its fupport. Schools are hand- fomely fupported in the chief of the tP^ns, A weekly gazette is publifhedtin. this, ftate. Th@y have a paper mill* an oil mill, a filing mill) &c. Their fait works are iQore than fufficient to fupply the inhabUiants at a low price. They make confiderable quantities of fugar, from the fugar trees. The banks, or rather precipices, of Kentucky and Pick's river, are to be reckoned apaong the natural, cuyir 4;;^.i'; '■■i-i-' , V'> ■ ".♦■: ^f-'t < ■%A- NORTH CAROLINA, 221' ©ritles of this country. The rock rifes on each fide to - S0O,andin fome places 400 feet perpendicular height \ in fottie pans of the lime Hone kind, and in others of , fine white marble, curioufty chequered with ftrata of aftoniihing regularity. Thele rivers have the appear- ance of deep, artificial canals. Their high, rocky banks are covered with ^oVes of red Cedar trees. Several curious caves have been lately dilcovered in this coun- try, and' fome fulphurious and bituminous fprings. A fait fpring, and copper and alum arc among tlie mine-- rals- of Xientucky, ' -V ';«»•/! ,y ■■! SMcnaN LXIV; "NORTH CAROLINA. THISftate is bounded north by Virginia, eaft by the ' Atlantic Ocean, fouth by South Carolina and Georgia, and weft by Tenneflee. It is 450 miles long, and 180 ; broad, lying between 1 and 6 deg. W. Ion. and 33 and 36deg. N.lat; '" I The principal -rivers in this ftate are, the Chowan, the Roanoke, Cuftia, Pamlico, or Tar river, Neus, Trent Pafquotank,. Perquimons, Little river, and AUegator. • Clarendon river opons into the fea at Cape Fear ; but the principal rivers are barred at the mouths, and there are no good harbours on the coaft. Pamlico Sound is a kindjbf lake, between 10 and 20 miles broajci^ and 100 iong/. Core -^ Sound lies fouth of this, ^Hd communicates with it. Cape Hatteras, Cape- Lookout,. iCape. Fear i is' rernarkable for a dangerous • flioal, 'Called the Fi»y(j|f pan.. ; This flioal lies at the en- - trance of Clarendon river, in lat. 33 deg. There are two i^^amps in this ftate, which have b^en called Difmah Great Difmal is on the dividing line • between Virginiatand North Carolina. The other is in Currituck country. The principal tovros arcs, Newbern,' Edenton, Wil- mington, Haliiax, HilKborough, SaUiburyi and Fayette- ville ; each in their turns; have been the feat of the Gene- ral Affembly, the ftate. till lately having no ci'pitid ; for according to the conftitution of the ftate, the General • AiTembiies may meei at any place they tbiak fit, on their < T2-. ,-„ _^., KORTH CAftOtmA* own JtdjottrnmentSjbut the inconvenience of fuchanitiiii. ©rant government being very fenfibly felt by all rank*. of people, It was thought proper that the feat of govern.. »ent ihould be fixe4 in a hesdthy, central fituation. Ac- cordingly, in 1791, sthe General Affembly paffed a law for carrying this de%n into effe«ft, and 10,0Q0/. was ap. propriated for tlie erection of puUfc buildings^ A town has fincebeen laid out, within 10 miles of Wake court*^ houfe, and named Raleigh, after the celebrated Sir Wal. ter Raleigh, under who^ direction the firft fettlement in North America was made, on Roanoke Idand im Albe- marle found. This city is now the metropolis, and the jBrft fefiion of the Geneial Affembly was held r^xere in 1794.. Newbem is the largeft town in the ftate j tjie other towns are indiflferently good, but none of them remark* able for beauty or. elegance. North Carolina, in its. ici|^ipi}«rwidth for -60 miles from the fea,is a dead level. A great proportion»of this ttaSt is foreft and barren. On the banks of the r^v«r^ partic- ularly the Roanoke, the land is exceedingly fertile. In. other parts, there are glades of rich fwampand oak lands, of a black, rich' foil. Sixty or eighty miles from the fe^, the country rifes into hills and moimtains* Grain and' pulfe of all kinds grow well in this country. Cotton, and hemp are alfo confider ably cultivated. «■ The trade from the back C9^ntry c6nfifts of.tobacco, , trheat, Indian com, &c. theloiwer partsy tar, pitch, tur* pentine, boards, ftaves,{hingles» be§s^wax, myrtle wax, &c. &c. Their trade is. chiefly ^||lh the Weft India iflands, and the northern dates. *? In the flat country, near the fea,coa#jf the iuhabitants, during the fummer and autumn, are fttJ&Jeft ta intermit- ting feversi Their countenances are generaJJy p ale and t fallow, unlike the bloom of health whii^hi animates the countenances of thofe in the northern ftates*. Butthewef- tem and hilly parts of North Carolina are Is healthy ajt any part of America. There are plenty^ of fpringsof pure water* The winters are fo mild, that autumn may be faid to continue till fpring* The air is pure and wholefome, and the heats of fummer much icorCh teixU>> perate than in the low and fandy parts%. j'-\- NORTBtCa&KOLmA^ ^ess ' Tlie tree moft natural to Ae foil of thiacoufttry is the pitch pine, which is a tallf handfome,. valuable tifeoh. tmtk»- ing the ilaple commodity of North Carolina. - It affords pitch, tar, turpentine, andltimher> conftitutinglat lead one half the exports of the ftate. This country alfo pro- duces fine red' oafe for ftar^i sihd' the! :^^i»afipfS' alJduB^ with cyprefs aiid l>ay treeSrf The latter- i» an ^erffreeh^ and good food for the cattle ininrmter. The. milaletoc i& common in the back country. This is a* curious^ fhrub, never growing, out of the earth, but on the;toj}s of trees, on the. oak in particular. Its roots (if they may be fo called) run under thebirk of the tree, and incorpo- rate with the wood. It is. an, ev»ergreen, aoidi bears a ftnall white berry. ., .. *^fr?'' ' . ^i':-:u.ii' There are pre(byterians, Moramansy and quaker$> ja this ftate ; and formerly there ^ere a great many epilco- palians, but the churches having mahy of them no regu-- iar paftors, have fallen to decay, and the baptiilsand methodiftsfeem likely to fucceed in ^ftablifhing.their own; i fe^ upon the ruin offepifcopacy. v There is at good academy at Warrenton, another at i Williamfburg, axi^'iil^&tal others in the Q>B,te, of coi^A fiderable note. ^ Ati^mfvetiity has ar^nby the liberality • of.many of the inhabitants, which will in all probability,- be: of infinite benefit to tfaa rifmg generation, and do ) honour to the ftate in«iii9i«f,ilC ;^ ^^^y planters, living onv^ ve little oitercourfe with ftran- •♦ jfociety ; they are exceeding^ - ■ They have little tafte ^r" y be accounted fori by the eager-- ifettlers who emigrated from tlie The NorthXatoli their plantations. ,% gei&, but natural! ly hofpitableito tj thefcieiices<< ^nd nefs with which other ftates, hai»rlU|oured to acquire wealth ; while they^ carefully weede'd'^ <(nid manured their plantations, the^- minds of .their children were left to (hoot into wild lux- uriance, unchecked by the hand ofdilcipiine, unanriched:.. by the precepti'of Inftrudtion. Howi ' then can they h& expedted- to purfue- or encourage that, of which they harw never been taught the value or beauty. In the revolution, however, North Carolina produced many dif- ' ^QguiOied patriots and politicians; and fent. her tbouet- (.: 224 • Tennessee. faims 'to aflfift in' ^fFeftiiigf' the ^fand point of rtnderiiir * herfell;^fiftef flates free and Independent. iyi >>- ' J, :Sisc'tttJffrLXV, TENNESSEE. Wiq oili -py ! '-■■ •■i .Tennessee I* bounded-nonh by Kentuclcy and part of Virginiaji eafl by North 'Carolina, fouth by South Car- olina, and weft, by Miffiiippi. It is 4<00 miles long, and 104 broad, lying between 6 and 16 deg. W. Ion. and 35 and S;7 deg. N. lat. . The inhabitants of this ftate emigrated chiefly from Penhfylvania, and that ?piart of Virginia which lies ^weft of the Bind Ridge, The climate is temperate and healthy. The fun^mers are in^^general remarkably cool, though in the fonthern partr, the climax; is rather warmer, asnd the foil better adapted to the- produdions of the fonthern ftates. :f^fiT* : • ■' The Tenne/fee river, alfo called the Cherokee, is the largeft branc,h of the Ohio. It ^rifes in the mountains of Virginia, and purfues a cburfeibflOOflmilesy receiving, in its courfe a number of large, tributary ftrcams, which fall into.iti,Tonib®th; fides. It then tycf s a northern, cir-^ cuitous courfe, afid jjfiingles wult^tticr.Ohto^ ' '^%;.v •land wbuntai«v,in its whole extent, from? rt,confifts of. the mod ftu* (^^"^y mountain in the: lis called^ and which irough l^s moun- ?e, is^half a mile [about 100 yards. |ock projeih from The Cumberl; im the great ridge to lite Tenhel pendous pile of cra'^^gy roJ^j weilerh country .^ Tli|,/\|^hrif is reckoned a great cugjority,' tain. The river, whidh: a fewi wide, is here compreffed to- the Juft as it enters th^ tnountain, a the northern Ibore in an oblique diriii|bn, .t^rliich renders the bed of the .riv-er ftfll narrower, a|iitlr®*«fes a* fudden bend in .the river. The water is ()f»counfe thrown with great rapidity agaihft the fouthern lliore,.*'whence it rer bounds aroond.' the point of cKerOck, and; p*-oduces the. Whirl, wliich is -abcKtit 80 yards in circumflff ence. i ' . The Shawanee, now called Cumberland river, of tl^e fouthern branches of ihe:Ohio, is next in iize to the Ten^' • neflee. . It is navigable for fmall veflels as far, as Nafh-- ■ville.- Xhiere.are Eve navigable rivers in. this country,, T^NNIliSSEE. 225^ which dlfcBarge themfelves into the Mifflfippi. This ter- ritory is more than half covered with uninhabitable- , mountains, fome of which are ftupendoufly high and ' craggy. They abound with ginfeng and ftone coal, and in Clinch mountain are places called Burk's garden and Morris* Nob, which might be defcribed as curiofities, A few years fince, tshe country abounded with large herds of wild cattle ; but Uiey have beep improvidently and ; wantonly deftroyed. Some few are ftill to be found on. fome of the fouth branches of the Cumberland river. Elks and moofe deer are feen among the mountains ;; fome bears and wolves remain, and plerity of beavers and otters are found in the upper part of Cumberland river.. . The. Hfiammoth, the king of land anipials, was formerly an in^abitad\t of this country^jlif \ , , ; ; ,^ • Tenne/lee furnifhes fin i ^Wjjgoty aiw faddle horfes, beef|> ; cattle, ginfeng, ' dcer ficihs, Ks, c^|Ep1>f hemp and flax,, iron, lumber, pprk»,flQwr» &< are exported. ' i { .^,-^ * : , «^ > • Thie preftyteriarfs arej^, ^ chriftians in this dj^ftriS. "The ^Iwibitants' tentlve to the int^ft$Vliteratu*5g.. *^ «. i Three collies arii f|iligned to be edamdiJf hyi )a;w ^; Greenville college,' mf(5ree» coanty.; Blount college, at Kjioxville, anci Waihiri gto%|p«legie. in Wafhington coun- ty ; byt at prefent they ar^Sttle^more than nominal. A, fociety has alio been .e{^i||l(lled,&r promoting ufc;fui knowledge. An academir aind fi^i^er^l grammar fchpqlsr* are liberally fuppprte;d«. (rreatffVS)i>iicity of xpt^nn^fh prevails among the people. f^^ « / ?! Knoji:ville is Uie ^ncip^ towil "laiiid ftat of govern- ment. Thei^, ar^^^other towns in. the ftate, orwhich.r NaOiyiUcr s^ni JonelpiPbugh are the*principaL The Cherokee fnd Chic kafaw Indians sure in the vicin- ity of this di&a^ ,The latter tribei hav* at jall^ times, mjiintgined ^ brotherly regard £ot the ne\y. fett;}ers>,;;a%4v| glory in fayii^ thsy never- fhed the bipod of;' ^n, Ang^o^-^ American. They arera perfqi^abliB^ |>eople,j and havp aj>[ ; openneft in theip countenaup^j; aJ^4 l>ftti^»i0W». uncom-vj l^jiif^"*'^'*'^ ^f which: ^ing denomination oi-, ' ■' ' N?^t inat-v 'tt ' : ■' ' , ' "*. ^- .t 296 SOUtH CAROLINA. SscTioNhXVL SOUTH CAROLINA. BOUNDED north by North Carolina, eaft by the At- lantic Oc^an, foutli and fouth weft by Savannah river, and a 1)i-anch of its head waters, called Tugulo river, which divides this ftate from Georgia. It is 200 miles long, and 125 broad, lying between 4 and 9 deg. W. Ion. and S2 and S!y deg. N. lat. This ftate is watered by four large, navigable rivers. The Savannah, the Edifto, Pedee, and Santee ; the latter of which is the largeft and longeft. It empties into the ocean by two moutlis a little fouth of Georgetown. There are five rivers of a fecondary clafs, and many fqaall creeks and inley;. %he tide in no part of the ftate flows more than 25 ipiles from«ihe fea. A canal of 25 miles in length, \vhi$^ coAu400,000 dollars currency, eonneds the liver Sinter vik?^ fmaller one, called Coop- er river. Another c^lH^raj^templi^ted to conne,rock, or fcarcely a pebble is to be met with. From thence it is curioufly uneven, fo that the traveller is conft^ntly afcending or defcending little fand hills. Indeed the land here appears as if the waves of the fea had been arrefted, when the wind blew pretty frelh, and transformed inftantaneoufly into dry land. The ' profpeft is dreary. A few fmall pines grow here and there. The inhabitants are far/rom numerous, and mii^ erably poor, fubfifting chiefly on Indian com and fweet potatoes. At 100 miles from Charlefton, the country ev- idently improves. The hills begin to rife in gradual af- centj and the rich vallies to laugh with plenty. Nothing can be imagined more beautiful to the eye, than the va- riegated profpeA of this back country. The foil ispro- digioufly fertile, fitted for all the purpries of agriculture, and producing exuberantly all that is required for the fupport and conveniencies of life. The air grows pure and wholefome, and even the heats of fummer are more temperate than in the low, fandy parts. The foil and climate here have fomething in them fo kindly, that vegetation is incredibly quick. All the European plants am^ at a perfe<^ion here, beyond what their native foil aflTords them. There is a kind of tree grows in Carolina, which yields an oil, which runs fpontaneous from the tree, and is of extraordinary virtue for curing wounds j and another, from which flows a kind of balfam but little inferior to that of Mecca. Many , other highly valuable and medicinal plants and trees are found here, and the country is famous for its honey, of which they make mead, which having age is equal to Malaga or Sack. II '^s SOUTH CAUGLINA. Charlefton is the only confiderable town m South dr. ■ olina. It is fituated on a^tcneue of land, which is •formed by the confluence of the Aflily and Cooper rivers. Thefe rivers mingle their waters ihimediately below the town, and form a fpacious and convenient harbour, which communicates with the ocean a little below Sullivan's >ifland. Charlefton is more healthy than any part of the low country in the fouthein ftates. On this account many invalids from the Weft Indies refort thither, and the rich planters fly to the city, in the fickly months, in fearch of health. The inhabitants partake of the Joys of focial life in a very high degree ; and they enjoy tnem v^ith rational liberality They are Iiofpitable, affable, and difpofed to make their guefts welcome, eafy, and pleafed with themfelves. If tnere is any peculiarity in the charaiSber of the Carolinians in general, jt^ is only ivhat proceeds from the pernicious influence of flavery, for the abfolute authority which they exercife over their ilaves, gives them an air of fupercilious haughtinefs far from agreeable* There are fome good public buildings in Charlefton. Tlieir market is but indifferent. The beef and mutton brought there is not of the beft kind, and they have very few fifti. Beaufort, on Port Royal ifland, is a pleafant, little town ; its inhabitants dfftin- guifhed for hofpitality and politenefs. Georg^tOTV'n and Columbia are pleafant towns j the latter but lately fet- tled. The fea coaft of Carolina is bordered with a chain of fine fea iflands, round which the fea flows, opening an excellent inland navigation, for the conveyance of pro- duce to market. The foil and produ<5iions of thefe rflands are much the fame as the ihain land. ' ' '- The culture of rice, which has been already mentioned ^as their ftaple comniodity, is very curious ; but as the limits of the prefent work will not Stlow a particular ih:count of it here, the young reader is referred to the Encyclopedia, where he will obtain full information con- cerning the propagation of this valuable grain, which ferves fo rtiany ufefirl purpofes. The whole rice is well tinderftbod to be bcrhJ pleafant and ferviceable in q*iii^ jiary preparations ; the linall and brokcnTice ferves £<«• t^EOkGlA. ^d w ' pr6vcn3e1" for cattle ; the chaff for manure, ancl the ftraW for fodder. The blade is frefh and green, while the ear is perfedlly ripe. . . '' Literature was at a Very low ebb before the revolutiofi, and gentlemen of fortune fent their fons to Europe for education ; but there are now feveral feminari^s and coU le^es, where the dead languages, as >yeU as every branch of polite literature, are fuccefsfully taught ; though ^any parents at prefent prefer fending their children to the northern dates, perhaps as much for the benefit o^ their health, as for the purpofe of inftruftion. There are in South Carolina, feveral ufeful and liberal focieties, which do honour to their founders and fupport^ ers. There is a tribe of Indians in this (late, called Cata* baws. They live in friendly intercourfe with the whites* Every denomination of chrlftians are allowed the free exercife of theii* religioh. . SscTio}^ LXVL GEORGIA. \ GEORGIA, which is the moft foutherly ftate, is bounded eaft by the Atlantic Ocean, fouthby Eaft and Weft Florida, weft by the Miffifippi, north and north eaft by South Carolina and the Tenneffee ftate. It is 600 miles long, and 250 broad, lying between 5 and 16 deg* W. Ion. and 31 and 35 deg. N. lat. The face of the country is much the fame as tnat of South Carolina^ which is divided from this ftate by the Savannah river. This river is navigable for lai-ge vefTels up to Savannah^ and for boats of lOO feet keel, as far as Augufta. Ogeechee river is aboUt 18 miles fouth of Savannah, a fmall river, and nearly parallel with it in its courfe. Aiatamaha, about 60 miles fbuth of Savannah river, defcending from the Cherokee mountains, winds rapidly among the hills, 250 miles, and then enters the plain , country, by the name of the Oakmulge about 150 miles from thence, blending with the Ocone, it becomes a large, majeftic rivet, by the name of Alatamaha, and pur- fuing its courfe 100 miles further, rulhes into the At*> Irfntic by feveral mouths. Befides thefe, there are Tuf de tiver, Little Sittilla, Great Sittilla, Crooked river, and u ; „...:... .■ -v. ,.. .-. -230 GEORGIA. .St. Mai^v^Si which forms the fouthern boundatry of the United StAtet, This lallhas its fource in Ouaquapheno- 'gkiir Ikke, and toihmnnicates with the ocean between the Soiots of Amelia and Talbert's iflands, in 30 deg. N. ft. and 48 naTigkble for ycflels of confiiderable burthen fye 90 milies. Its batlki aflfotd plenty of fine timber, iicritable fbr the Weft Indii market. In the middle and wei^m parts of this ftate are the Apalachicola, Mobile, FUfcA^Wkh, and Pearl rivers ; all th6fe taking a fouthern courfr, ildl into the Gulf of Mexico. Atigufta was th^ feat of govemrnent. It is (ituated on the fouth wefterti b;ink of Savannah river, 144 miles from thefea. Satrannah; the fotmer capital of Georeia, ftandsona highifand/ blufT, on the fouthfideof tAe river whofe oaitie it bciats. It is a regular built town. ^unb\ir> is aihnall, fea port town, with a very fafe and convenleat harbour. Brunfwick is fituated at the mouth of Turtle river. This place alfo has a fafe and capacious harbour, and water enough to admit the largeft vefTelthat f'vims. Frederica, on the ifland of St. Simon, was the firft tbwrt- that was bililt in Georgia. It was founded by GiMera! Oglethorpe. This town contains Imt few houfes. It fta'h^^s (m a triflihg eminence upon a bra^ich of Alata- maba river. Wafliington, the chief town in the county of Wilkes, contahis aTOut 50 dwellin? houfes, a court houfe, a brick gaoU an^ about half a milefroih the town, a handfome biiildih? occupied as an academy, which has ample funds fdf its fiiJ)port. hotxifirille!; the pr^lbnt feat of government, is fituated ott the banks of Ogeechee river. Adielii Is the feit of the univei"(ky of Georgia. THS itliHs varioU?, prdduciiigjnfome parts, particular- ly oU the' iftaUds,' a very fine kind of timber, called live oak.' This foil is v^ry rich, and on cultivation, bears gtilird' crops <^f iridigo; cotton, corn, and potatoes. The prirfcfjial: iflahds are; Skliiaway, Wafiaw, Oirab;iw, St. Cutlvirine's, Sapelo, F'rCderica, Jedyl, Cumberland, and- Attielia.' Th'efe iflaiidi are iWrouaded by navigable creeH ^:ii,yi- '*^.^*'*' i-f^Vrv'-'P'S'-^'' -^ % ^-^ . v CEORCIA. 93« Rfce» eotvon, and indigo, tre the prineipat prod\iAs of this ftate, fone fmaU qaantities of lilk, Indian corn, oranges, pomegranates, ftc. and on the dry plaihs, vai^ quantities of fweet p«utoct. Rice is the (laple commod- ity. Moft of the tropical frmits might, with care, be' •lade to thrive in this flate. The tea plant, in 1770,. was intfoduced inte this ftate by Mr* Samuel B9'wtn,< and erows now, though without cultivation, in mod of the Ktkced lots in Savannah. In the county of Wilkes, about a mile and a half ^omthe town of W^ington, is a medicmal fpring, which rifes from a hollow tree. The infidc of the tree is covered with a coat of matter, and the Ictives aroundi the fpiing are incrufled with a fuhftance as white as finow.. It is fold to be a foveteign remedy for't^e Iciirty, fcrophula, 5cc. &c. Cobb's mineral fpringi, in the county of Jefferfon, are femed for their medicinal qualities On the banks of the SaTaniiah river. In the vicinity' itftheita, is a very remarkable colledi^ of oylter^elb of an. uncommon fize. They appear all to have heen opened; before thrown tXTgether, and at prefent teem to have fleeted the tranfiiiutation of petiifaAJon, and to be in afoflilftate. Tbey ^e in ridges, from S to 20 leet below tlie vegetative Tufface of the earih, and occi^y afpace of nearly 7 miles in breadth, and Kave ^becn traced firom Savannah river as far fputh as i9ie Atata- maha. The ii^abitaRts, particularly the indigo, plant- ers, take tfacra away in gr^t quantfties, and burn them into lime. No fatisfadory conjedure caii be formed, how fuch an immenfe quantity of marine (hells copld be colIeAed 90 miles from the fea^ On the bank^ of Little river, m the upper parts of the ftate, are (evera) CtuiouB monuments 232 MISSISIPPI TERRITORY. ihoei . The inhabitants of this ftate, being colle^ed from different parts of the world, and thrown together as inter, eft, necc^ty, or inclination incited, there is little unifor, mity, and no one univerfally governing principle to be found among them. They arc in general averfe to la- boor, owing moft probably to the debilitating heat of the climate. But they are friendly, hofpitable, and particu, larly kind and attentive to ftrangers. The religious denominations arc prefbyterJanS, epifco- palians, methodilh, and baptifls. The two latter ai^ the mQjd numerous. Section LXVII. MISSISIPPI TERRITORY. THIS territory comprehends the weftcrn part of the ftate of Georgia. It is bounded north by TenneiTee, weft by Miffinppi river, eaft by Weft Florida. This country, great part of which is inhabited by the Creek, Chicktaw,Chick.ifaw, and Cherokee nations of Indi- ans,is inteifedtedby a great number of rivers, theprincipal of which are, the Yazoo, the Loofa Chitto, which empty into the Miflifippi ; Pear, Mobile, Albama, Tambeckbee^ and feveral others which flow into the Gulf of Mexico. A free navigation of the Miflifippi is granted to the United States, by the late treaty with Spain. The 'prof- pedl in afcending this river is very beautiful ; on each fide ertenflve natural meadows, with a view of the Gulf of Mexico, to the diftance of 32 miles ; but from thence tlie banks are low and marfhy. This part pafled, the banks appear well inhabited, and from Detourdes Anglois tp New Orleans, is a good carriage road. Veflels pafs from the mouth of the river to New Orleans, a diftance of 105 miles, in a few days. From this place, which is the capital of Louifiana, there is an eafy communication with Weft Florida, by Bayouk Creek. For nearly 50. miles up this river, the banks are thickly fettled, and highly cultivated^ Indigo, rice, tobacco> Indian corn,, and K)me wheat, are the chief produds. They i^aife black cattle, horfes, mules, hogs, fheep, and poultry* The country in general affords good timbet. .,.:k'ei«*> r-'y;':i- f. ''•^' LOUISIAIJAI 253' TheMiflifippl Territory, lying between SO and 5 J deg. N. lat, the climate if rempetate. White froft, and thin ice have bcMfn Teen here, but fnow is very uncom- mon. Faffing the 3 HI deg. N. lat. you enter what is call- ed the NatthiK Cotmtry. Here the foil is ren^arlcably rich and produAive } all kinds of grain and pulfe grpw luxuriantly. They have fine p^Uurage. Every kind, of European ftTJ>» arrives here to the highcfl ftate of perfedion* The climate i« h^aUhy, aud the country de- lightful, SicTiotf LXVIII. LOUISIANA. , /• • ■ AJS'by a treaty of ceffion, figncd and ratified Qn the 30th of April, IJS03, the property and fovereignty of this large and valuable country was tr.ansferred by France to the ynitedSutes, we therefore place it in fuccefCon to ^em, confidering it as apart ot the Union. Louifiana i$ bounded north by the High. Iat)d8» which divide the waters which fkll into Hudion's Qay and the Gulfbf St Lawrence fromthofe which fall into the Miffiflppi) weft by that high chain of nnountains, called • the Shming Mduntain^i eaft by the Miflifippi, and fouth by New Jh^xico. The grcated obje^jon to Uiis coun- try is, that there is -no river of confequence, nor port or harbour for fhips or velTels to the weft, from the mouth of the Mlfllftppi to the cape wliere theweftem bpundary of Lquiiiai^ comnvences ; fo U^tit is yexy difficult of accefi* and you have to alcend river? wjtl) r<|pjd currents, fbr a ipace of 4 or 500 miles before yoii find land fit for ccdtivation. Another circumftance is> t^at on the weft, fide of Miffiiippi all, except one fn^all flip« and a^ fcttlet ment at point Coupee, is low funken lamd, as far up as. the,Qhio» and covered with 'w^ter 4* months in the year; Oti^f eaft fide is a high, bold country i except in a fevr^ pjlace^i Weft and fouth of. the, Mifljfippi is a Jow unin*- habitable co^ntry» v^i^h th^;. art of miin/cannpt imprpve. • Tihe f]ivan|ps and lakes^ which. communicate immediately, with the G^lf of Mexico are never fulj biu, when fup-- pjicd iron th^ oveHlbwing,; . of, the Ktfilfippji.' On-thefev* 284. LOUISIANA. tomporary ftreams valuable faw mills are erefted intht vicinity of New Orleans. On each fide of the Red river are Icattered fettlements, and the land here is inferior to none in point of fertility. For many miles around the port or village of Natchit- , oches, which is tolerably fettled, it is impoffible to con- ceive any thing more beautlfiir. th^n the plantations, or more luxuriant than the crops of *c6tton and tobacco. The town itfelf is handfomely fituated on a liill ; it has a church, a prieft, and about SO or 40 families! In this neighbourhood are feveral fait fprings, the water of which is three times as ftrong as-, fea water. Thefe fprings ajBFord a fupply of fait, which appears \o be inex- ' hauftible. There are ':kewife plenty of iron and copper ore, pit coal, and lime ftone. The lakes ard rivers abound with a variety of fiih, and plenty of wild fowl inhabit around them. Upper Louifiana is the largeft and moft valuable part of this territory, and from the lower fettlements at San& la Grace to the upper fettlements on the MilFouri, a dif- tanceof 250 miles, contains a tradt of country e^ual to Kentucky. This partis well fettled. Tfee lead aftd iron mines contained in it, render it a country of great importance. As you advance in the country, its fertility knd beauty increafes ; in fome parts rock chryfl;al and Jilafter of Paris are found. Fine cedar trees grow here> yielding a moftf odoriferous gurh. The cotton trees grow i%> large, that Indians make canoe^ out of the trunks. Beans jgrow without culture, are of a kin.d that live through feveral winters, and grow to an ainazing fize. Fine peaches, jplums, mulberries, pomegranates, and chefnuts, and fine fweet graph's are the native growth of. iLouifiana. They have elks, buffaloes, beavers, and va- rious kinds of game. Near one of the Indian villages above the Natchito- ches, is a filver mine. Salt lakes and fprings ab^nd through the whole ten itdry. The climate is hot reckon- ed m general healthy. In winter the weather is very diangeable, and in the futttmer regularly Ifat, Inter- mitting fevers prevail fn the low lands ; but in fome hot. feafons highly -malignant bilious fevers make great rav-. ' , ages among the inhabitants.. BRITISH AMERICAN ISLANDS. 235 Tliere are no colleges, and but one public School, in this territory, which is at New Orleans^ - There are a few private fchools for children, but not half of tlie in> habitants who know how to read and write. iW^f^oAT L?;iX. ; BJIITISH iVM^RICAN ISLAND^. NEWFOUNDLAND isTituated on the eaft of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, between _ 46 and 52 A^^, N. lat» and between 53 and 59 deg. W. Ion.* Separated front Labrador by the Straits of Belleifle, and from Canada, by the Bay of St. Lawrence, is SJ^O miles long, and 200 broad. TJie coaft here is fubjed to tlilck fogs, the Iky Is al^noO; continually overcall, and tliey have ^frequent ftorms of fiiow and fleet* The foil of this iiland is coJ4 and unfruitful. The winters are long and fevere, and tlie fummers, though intenfely h6t,.; arQ not fufficiently long to warm the eartli fo as to render it produdlive* Its appearance is rocky and barren ; but it is watered by leveral good rivers, and has many ji^rge and conyeiuent harbours. Newfoundland is remarkable for the g?cat cod fifhery, which .is carried on upon the ihoals CfiUedr jlhe Banks of Newfoundland." This fiftiery isafource ©t livelihood to many thoufands of people ; it isalfo a valu- able branch, of trade. The chief towns are, Placencia, Bonavifta, and.St. Johns. But numbers of its inhabit- ants deiert.it on the near approach of winter, and return: to it in the ijpring. . < rj jfi i*5t ?r- - Cape Breton. This illand, fituated between 'New- foundland and Nova Scotia, is in length 110 miles. The foil is barren, but it has good, harbours, particularly that of Louill^urgh, which is near four leagues in circumfer- ence, and has every where fix or feven fathom of water. St. Johns, fituated in the Gulf of St, Lawrence, is , about 60 miles in length,> and 40 broad, ajid has many fine rivers \ and though lying near Cape Breton and Nova Scotia, has greatly the advantagj^ uf^pth i&pleai^ antnef§ and fertility of foil. «» • Crtifenre through the whole of this work, except the. United. States of America, the longkuCde Is retzkoned'friom the meridian o£ .-ji' «S6 BRITISH AMERICAN ISLANDS. Bermudas^ or Summer lilands. Th^fe received tlieif- fir ft ilaine ifrom their befn|; dircovered by John Bermu- das, a Spaniard, and their :^cond from Sir John Sum- mers bemg wrecked upon thenri^ in 1^)9.' They are fituated at a great di(lai)ce frpm tjl)^ ^Oi[itii)iei;kt, i^ 32 deg. K. lat. and 65- deg. W. Ion.. Thefe iflands are fmall and difficult of accefsv being " willed /wrii^ rocks." The air is extremely healthful, and the face of- the country rich and delightful. The town andifland of St. Ceorge h the capital of this group. The Bahamas are fituated fouth of Carolina* TIfey are faidto be 500in number^ 12 of which are large and ftrtile; They lie between 12 and 2Y deg. N, lat. and 73 and 81 deg. W. Ion. They are however almoft unin- habited, except Providence. Thcle laft mentioned iflands, ^ith niany others, lying in tlie great Gulf, forrtaed by Ae two peninfulas of North and South Aniorija, arc knovi^n by the general name of the Weft Indies^ The climate in all the Weft Iijdia i{lan paffiiig beyond them to norths and i TOver returning farther from >ny of them, thaii St>, de grees to the foiith. They are continually fubjeded tp the e'xtr^nie of heat, which would render them intokt- able, were it riot for the trade windy whiph rifes gra!^dfuatly with the fun, and blowing from the-fea, greatly refreHhes^ ^e inhabitants^ and enables them to puniae~meir daily avocavions, even when the fun is in th|e mendifm. And as iaig/it advances, a'< breeze begins- to blow from the land towards the HesL, as it were ftqin the, centre . to all ' poiiits of the compafs at once. By tlie fan^ raxiaxk^bie ptavidence it is, that when the fun has made great pi'bg;^ rii^fi^ toWrds the tropic of Cancer, andbecQines tn!ainah-- ner v^rticaL hedraws after himfuch a vaft body of' clouds as flneld thiem from his beams, and diffolying mto ' raiAj cool and refrefh the earth, thiHVy frou* the Ion. (i^6Ught, which in general continues from thet begiamn of January to the latter end of May. Thie rairisHln tiS Weillntjies are rather ftoodsQf.wi<3',ppHredr;frfi||^ the- cibttdfs Wjth |^rp4igipu|>ipg^\^9ftty j fp^thgitnif«$jf de isp iO uoioireht^jDew riven are formed, ai^ Uie.whole of^th«e BRITISH AMERICi.N ISLANDS. 237 r low lands are in a few hours laid undrr water. Thefe rains make the only diftinftion of feafons ; for they have no cold nor frofts, and the trees are green the whole year round. The climate is very unfriendly to European conftitutions. In the rainy feafon they are frequently aiTaulted by hurricanes, which fometimes deflroy at a ftrokethe labours of many years. Thefe tremendous tempefts of wind are accompanied by thunder, lightning, furious fwelling of the fea, and Ibmetimes earthquakes* The elements ieem at war with each other ; whole fields of fugar canes are torn up and whirled into the air at once; the -largeft trees are torn up by the roots and, borne into the air like ftubble ; wind mills, copper bpil- ers, and other utenfils for the manufafture of ilie fugar, are wrenched from their places, and torn to pieces. Houfes are no fafeguard, they are either blown down or carried away by tlie inundations, and Death and Devafta- tion, in a thoufand horrid (hapes, ride paramount upon the ftorm. ' , The ftaple commodity of the Weft Indies is fugar.* The juice of the fugar cane is' the moft lively^, and Wall cloyiTig fweet in nature, and when fucked raw, has been' ^ found extremely nutritive. From the mplafleS| rum is, made, and from the fcummings of the fugar, a meaner fpirit is produced. The leaves of the cane make good provender for cattle, and the refufe ferves for fuel,fo that Jio part of this excellent plant is without its ufe. The fugar ■•is "chiefly c\iltivated by negroes, who are brought from Africa, and Told upon thefe iilands like cat-' tie, every part having a flave market. The mifery and hardfhips of thefe poor negroes are truly pitiable. They* are poorly fed, go almoft naked, work hard, and are moreover- fubjed to the lafli of inhuman pverfeers, kncwn in the iilands by the epithet of (lave drivers; fome oP' whom exercife over thefe uiirefifting fufferieirs the rhoft* unpardonable barbarity and tyranny. Many, however,^i of thefe negroes fall into the hands of humane and libeiv^ al minded gentlemen, who render their fituations eafy^ and comfortable. Thefe poor creatures believe, that when one of their companions die, her returns" to his own c auutry . They rej oice therefore at the approach of death. A-v -'i:' 859 BRITISH AMERICAN ISLAND^/ 9M the end of ilavery, nnd a reftoration to their fiiendi ^nd hoi^e ; fo that when a negro is about to expire, his fellow ilaves kifs bim, wiHi bim a good journey, and lend i;emeinbrsmces to their relations in Africa, inter his dead bpdy ivith ftgns of joy, and believe he is gone home and feapPT- Barbadoes is the moft eafterly of the_Caribees, lying in 13 diig. N. lat. and 59 dog. W. Ion. It is 21 miles long, and 14 broad. When the Englifh firft difcovered this iHand in 1^^, they found no trace of inhabitant, either inan or beaft, nor fruit, herb or root, for the fupport of lUe ; but the climate was good, and the foil fertile, and fever^ perfons of fmall fortunes refolved to become ad- vcn^prers here. By unremitting induftry, they cleared the. land, cultivated it, and brought it to yield them not Q^y fuppprt, but profit ; and in lefs than ^5 years after its firft difcoyery, it gave fupport to upwards of 50,000- white inhabitants, and a, mvch larger i^umber of flaves, to true is it, that ** the hand of induftry defeateth want."" T|ie c^pi^dof this illand is Bridgetown. They have a colle|^» founded and wi^ endowed by Colonel Codiing- tpn, wbo wjts a nativiQ q( Barbadoes. Ssui^t QhrIA:oiphers» cpmnionly caHed by the iailcrs St. Ktttf, ^ in 17 d^g. N. lat. and Q2^^4eg. W. Ion. is 20 T^i l^l^t ai)4 7 broad. It was named after the cele- l|rfite4 CI^-iflQ^er Coiiint^bm* who iirft diijcovjered it. Its proctttce j^ cotton, ginger^ tropical fi'Mks> 8^ fugar. An- tjg^^ lying , in 1^ deg. N. lat; and 61 dieg W. {on. Thfs i^^ jU ^ ^ circular fonp>. nearly 20 miles over evexy '^m* &C Jobns is its capital, and a poit of great trade. l](|i th« QT^xD^f feat Qf gQvemm^t of £e Leewanl " ^vjif and MqntCernx. Twf fmall iflai^ds^ lying bc> tfrjBeifi Sit. CiiTifiopiien and; Antigua ; neidier of them- ci^cf^itdiiig m mil/es in circumference ; vety fertile, and< fTCNcit^ing Cugar cat^es iu abundance. Barbuda, in 18 d^g. N. 1^^. S5 niile^ north of Antigua, is fertile, and Jiai^ ap in(Uj9^f^Qeiiyt road- ibc Cbf^pingi^ The inhabitants are- cl^i^^ f^jpj^oyed tu bu^andry^ and raifmg frefh. provif- kp^ for ih^ uCe of th« neigbbouring Hies* AflgiilUa; lATO^d Jn 19 di^;..N.. lat. 60 miles porkhi % : ^'K' BRITISH AMERICAN ISLANDS. 2Sd imfk of St. Chridophers, is a1l>out SO miles lon^, and 10 broad. The inhabitants are not numerous, and stppif themfeives to hulbandry and feeding of cattle. Dominic^ lies in 16 deg. Ni lat. and 62 deg. W. Ion. The foil of this ifland is better adapted to the raifing of coffee than fugar ; but the fides of the hills b^kr the nttd trees in the Weft Indies. St. Vincents^ in 13 deg; N. lat. and 61 deg. W. loii. is 24 miles long^ and 1 a broad. It'.is extfemdijr frtiitiltl.^ Sugar and indtgi) are its chi^f produ^s ; biit this lattef article is lefs cUltiv^teed in the Weft Indies now', th'aiir it was formerly. Grenada, and the Grenadines. The fornier lies iit 12 deg. N. lat. and 62 de^. W. Ion. It is faid to be 36 miles in length, and 15 m breadth. It is feitlle and 'flouriftiing, producing coffee, fugar, and indigo. There is a lake on the top of a hill in the middle of the iflarid^ which fupplies it plentifully with fre(h wiifer. SevCTal bays and hatboiirs lie round the ifland, v^ich render it very commodious folr (hipping. St. George's bay isei- 4:remely capacious, but open. The GrenadtneS are firi^U. iilands, lying- to the north of Grenada, and yfelding th6' fanie produce. Jamaica is the moft important Weft India iflaiid be- longing to Great Britain. It lies between 17 and'l^ deg. Nv lat. and 75. and 79 Aeg. W. loii. It is 140 liiifes' long) and in the middle about 60 broad, being of the fliape of an egg. This iflaiid is interfe^d with a ridg^ of ftupendous rocks,- frbm which iflue a vaft number of fmall rivers of pure, frefli water, aiid whofe topk aifife' crowned with trees flourifliing witli per|>etual verdiirei This ifland is beautiful to the eyei and exceediiig fertile^ The air on the low land&^s intsnfely hot, but iipon'thii' high grounds, temperate and pure. It lightens her 6 cr- ery night, but without thunder. When it is accompanied^ by thuildei', it is very tremendous, aild the lightning a^^ thofe times does a great deal of damage* In the plainjif^ are feveral fak fprings, and in the mOuntaiiig HtftfirfroM^ SpanilH Town, is a hot bath of great medicinal virtutJi'^ Sagal' is the moft valuable produSion of this ifland. It' alfo produces ginger arid pimento; They %4ve here tlifl S40 BlUTISH AMERICAN ISLANDS J wild cinnamon tree,thenianzinillo,or machineal tree,ma«' hogany, teJar, and the 'cabbage tree, whofe wood >vhen dry, never decays ; the palmatree, producing oil, thefoap tree, the i-nangrove and olive bark, fuftic, redwood, and logwood, fome indigo, and fome cotton* No kind of European grain grows here. They huve Indian corn, Guinea corn, peafe, and variety of rctots ; all kinds of ■tropical fruits, and plenty oF garden vegetables. Their beef and mutton on this iOand are very indifferent, but their pork is very fvveet and delicate. The drugs found in Jamaica are gum guaiacum, farfaparilla, and caifia. The tamarind, fo ufeful in medicine, is a native of Jamais ca. They have land and fea turtle, and alligators j all ^orts of wild and tame fowl, parrots, and paroquets } and the Hvers and bays abound with filh. But with all thefe advantages, Jamaica is fubjedl to terrible epidemic difor- ders, and tremendous hurricanes and earthquakes, which have greatly reduced and depopulated it. Port Royal was formerly the capital of thi^s ifland. It ftood upon the point of a narrow neck of land, which to- ward the fea formed part of the border of «l very find har- bour of the fame name. About the beginning of the year 1692, no place of its fize could be compared to this townfor'trade. Wealth, and a melancholy truth, alfo for corruption of manners, when, in the month of June, an earthquake ftiook. tbe Whole ifland to its foundations. In two minutes the earth opene4» and fwallowed nine tenths of the hpufes in 'an inftant of time. The water guflied out, and a frigate, which lay in the hatbour, was carried over the tops of the finking houfes ; but as it did not overfet, it ferved as a retreat, and faved the lives of ttiany hundreds of people. Mountains were rent afunder, lakes dried up, and torrents flowed where habitations once flood. In a few years, they rebuilt the city, but it was deftroyed ten years after, by a dreadful fire Tlie extraordinary convenience of the harboui- tempted them to rebuild it a third time, but in 17^2 it was again laid in ruins by the moft terrible hurricane that ever was known. • The few Yemaining inhabitants forfook the devoted fpot, and went torefide on the oppofite fideof tlie bay, where they built JBkingflon, which is pow the capital. . Not far from . iiing^* /Vi-- ,.w,^"^: SPANISH DOMIKIONS TN AMERICA. 24^1 fton ftands St. Jago de la Vega, a Spani(j|f towh. the. feat of goyeroment ajid courts of juftice. It.ii SjscTio^r LXX. SPANISH J50MINI0NS IN NORTH AND SODTH AMERICA. EAST, and Weft Florida is bounaed by Georgia on the n 3, and 440 brpad, lying between 80 and 91 deg. W. km. and 25 and 32 deg. N. lat. The principal rivers are, the Miffifippi, the Mobile, the Apalachcola, and, the St. Johns. The clin^ate is pure and AVholefome 1 the foil fruitful, prpdvicing ;wo crops of Indian corn in a year. Orange and lemon trees grpw here, the fruit of which arrive at very great pei;fe(5^ion. This country is favourable tothti cultivation of European fruits and vegetables. It pro- duces alfo indigo, ambergrife, cochineal, amethyfts, tur- quoifes, lapis lazuli, and other precious ftones. Copper* quickfilver, coah, apd iron and peatls arc ^ound on its <2Qafts. - Thp, chief town o^Weft Ifl^rida 'is Pfcnfacola. "the -road h^ne is one of the- ht^ in all the Gulf of Mexico, in which yeiTels may lie in^rfe^ fafety in all w;eathers, being fvq'pU)[>ded by;l£^nd. i Of Eaft Florida, St. Auguftihe i|; the capital. It is z fpnified tt>wn,. defended py a caftlfc, called fort St. Johns* , ]^ew Mexico and Caliifornia is, bounded by ttnknowzi lai^ds on the north, eaft by Loui/tan^, fouthby Old Mex* icp ,and the.Pacifit Ocean, and by the Tame ocean on the >yeft. It is 2000 miles long, and 1600 broad, lying be* tween 23 ^anti 43 d6g. N. lat. and ^4t an^ 12a deg. W, Ipn. , .Thii country, lying for the moft part "ivithin the terjfiperate j:one, has an agreeable climate and fertile foil* ^roducintj every thing nece(tary for profit or delight. T]iiey,^xperieniCe,howev2t, great heats in fummer, parttc* uUirly ne.ir tlie fea coafts. The face f the country \t Hgr and weft by the Pacific Ocean and' New Spain. Jt is HOO miles Icmg, and 700 broad, lying between 6© KS SPANISH DOMINIONS IN AMERICA. 24* find 82 deg. W. Ion. and the equ:itor and 12 de^. N. lat.- The climate here is intenfely hot. The exceflive heats raife the vapours of the fea, which return again in fucb- dehiges of rain, as f^ems to threaten a general flood. Thefe rains, togetlier \yith tb^ extreme heat, render the climate very unwholefome. rhe foil of this country is^ wonderfully rich and fruitful. The face of the country is covered wiih perpetual verdurt, except near the fea coafts, which are in general fandy and barren. Here* grows the manzinello tree, which bears a fruit refcnbling an apple, but under that fpecious appearance contains^ the moft deadly poifon ; even the brute creation, from inftinft, avoid coming near, or fleeping under it. Here are filver, iron, and copper mines, and the inhabitants find emeralds, fapphire, and other precious (lones. There is in this country a difagreeable animal, called' the noi:h. They have alfo great varieties of monkeys. The commcice of the country is chiefly carried on from the ports of Panama, Porto Bello, and Carthagena, whicn are the three moft confiderable cities in SpaniHi Ameriea. One moft valuable branch of their com- merce is their pearls. Great numbers of negro flav :s are employed to fifh for them by diving, which they do with wonderful dexterity ; but in this occupation they afe frequently devoured by Iharks, or dallied to pieces againft the ihelves of rocks. Peru is bounded by Terra Firma on the north, eaft by the Cordileras. des Andes, fonth by Cajlj and weft by' the. Pacific Ocean. It is 1800 miles long, and 500 broad, lyine«betwecn the equator and 25 deg. S. lat. anct 60 and ^I deg. W. Ion. There is a river in Peru whdie waters are as red as blood. The rivers Grenada, or Cagdalena, Oronoque. Amazon, and Plate, rife in the^ Andes, and fall' into the Pacific Ocean. There are fome waters which turn every thing to (lone over .which they pafs. Here alfo are fountains of liquid matter, refemb- ling pitch. Though Peru is in the torrid zone, it is not fo ftifled with heat as the other tropical countries ; but what is remarkable, it never rains in Peru, but the earth IS refrelhed with a foft, kindly dew, which falls every Bight and produces great fertility. The ^old and filver '^-:f:'.'J'-'/^ U4, SPANISH/ I^OMINIONS IN AMERICA. mines in Peru are immenfely rich. That of Potofi is reckoned the richeft. The moft remarkable animals in Peru are, the lamas and vicunas. The lama cnn en- dure vaft fatigue, feed fparingly, and never drinks. Its -leece is very fine wool, and its flclh wholelbme food. The vicunas produce ftill finer wool, and within them it found the bezoar ftono, regarded as a fpecific againil poifons. The next great article of their commerce and native produce is the jefuit's or peruvian bark, an invalu- able drug. It grows chiefly ia the mounhiins of Peru, and in the province of Quito. The city of Lima is the capital of Peru ; its fitua- tion in the middle of a delightlul and fertile valley, well watered by the river Rlmac. There are many magnifi- cent ftrutflures in this city, efpecially churches. The wealth of Lima is aftonifhing. When the Duki de la Palada made his entity inttf Lima as viceroy, in 16J2, , the inhabitants to do Kith honour, caufed the ftt^ets to be' covered with ingots of lilvcr, amx>unting to 17 millions tterling. But nil the wealth, all the beauty, together with the fertility of climate, with which Lima is w\*6ur- ed, will not compenfate for the difafters to which^ it is eonftantly liable from earthquakes. In the year 1747, 9k moft tremendous earthquake almoft levelled the pity with the ground, and entirely demolilhed Callao, the port town belonging to it. Never was deftnidibn fo eiitire' and terrible. Only one perfon, out of SOOd. itthibit^ts, was left to rec6rdth6 dreadful calaiiiityisirid he was' bjr- a reHnatrkable pfovidertce preftrved. Being iii aiowft' iM. o^erlookefd the halrMn he peitelved'the p^djiTe*^ riirihiiig from their hoiif^i irt thfe ntHioH teri^or j ht'£%^^ the feariie iri a mouUtaihoUs w^ive, fbaAiIng ■w^itR'vib^ lenttigitatipni, and bury tlie inhkbitiitits forever iii' its bpibxn. In a monient all vir'^s filent, but the faiiie wavfe that deftrbyed the towU, drove a little bbat to the phice whef^ the ihari ftobi^' ^ ' he threw Hiiiir^If into: it; arid was ' faved. Cuico, the aheisht dibitalof Peii^^^ a niountaihous countrv at ^ difttSice frbni the* lekjM?. ^e- ^lining faft. Quito is next to llijha ill pt)pulbuln^fs; It is like Cunfco an inland city, and havhig no mines in its '■ neighbourhood, is fchiefly fa](nou& for its manufa<^ti:e& of " cotton, wool^ and fl^x. was' afe- SPANISH ISLANDS IK AMERICA. 245 Chili is bounded north by Peru, eaft by La Plata, foutli by Patagonia, and weft by the Pacific Ocean. On thtf Weftern Tide of the Andes is Chili Proper, on tlie eafterif fide Cuyo or Cutio. The foil and prodn«aions do not differ materially from thofe of Pefu. The climate is ibmething more favourable, and every fpcci.s of grain will thrive well in this country. They have gold in al- mof^ every river. Chili is very tliinly inhabited. The original natives are in a great meafure unconciuered and uncivilized. The commerce of Chili is chiefly confined- to Peru, Panama, and fome parts of Mexico. The ex- ports are corn, hemp, hides, tallow, and falted provifions. The chief towns are St. Jago, Baldivia, and St. Jchil Frontiera. Chili is 1200 miles lon^, and 500 broad, lying between 25 and 45 deg. S. lat. and 65 and 8J' aes, W. Ion.' Paraguay, or La Plata, is bounded north by Amazo- nia, eaft by Brafil, (iiuth by Patagonia, and weft by Chin and Peru. The chief town is Buenos jlyreit lying in 57 deg. W. Ion. and 34 deg. S. lat. This vaft t aft of country is far from being entirely fubdued by the Span- hirtjsi Tiere afe ttuny parts of it totally unknown to any European. ' The principaV iettlement is Rio de la Plata, near the mouth of the river of the fame name! Tlie foil is extremely fertile ; the- air pure and whole- fome ; the water excellent ; but contrary to the general nature of America, *his country is deftitute of woods. The trade of Paraguay is the fame with thofe of the dth^i' Spani(h.c6lonies in South America; Sbctjon LXXI: SPANISH ISLANDS IN AMER:- tCA.. THE ifland'of Cuba, fituated between 19 and 23 deg. N. lat. and 74 and 8T deg. W.' Ion. It is 700 miles in length, and generally 70in breadth. This noble iflandl isfuppofed to be the beft foil, for fb large a country, of any in America. Ifc produces all the coihmodities- of thtf Weft Indies, but from the indolence of the inhabitants,, not in fucH quantities as might be expeifted. There arcr feyeral. good harbours in the ifland j the harbour :of- S«' W. 2- 24e SPANISH ISLANDS IN AMERICA. Ja^o, one of the principal towns ftr6ngly fo'hificcl, but neither populous nor rich j the Havanna, belonging to the capital of Cuba, is a place of ereat ftr^ngth and im- portance. Befides thefe thc«re are Cumberland harboui*, and the harbour of Santa Cruz. Kifpaniola, or St. Doming^. Though creat part of this ifland belont^s to the French, yet as the Spaniards have ftill a connderable ihare in it, and v ere the firi^ djfcoverers, it is generally regarded as aSpaniihiHand.^ It is fituated between 17 and 21 deg. N. lat. and b'Tand 74" deg. W. Ion. is 4.50 miles long, and 150 broad. The face ofthe idand preftntsan agreeable variety of hills, vailies, woods, and rivers. Th^ foil is fertile, producing fugary coUon, indigo, tobacco, mai/e, and cawvi root. The moft ancient town not only m this ifland, but in the whole New World, built by Europeans is St. Domingo. It was founded by Bartholomew Columbus, lyrother to the admiral, in 1504, who gave it that nanie, in honour of his father Dominic. It is fitit ated on a fpactous har- bour, and is a large, well buUt city. The French towns are Cape $t. Francois^ and Leo^anej which latter is a place of conHderabletvade, and the feat ofthe French government. There are two other French towns, confiderable for their trade; Petit Guav^, and- Fort Louis. Porto Rico, lying between 64 and 67 deg. W. Ion. jmd in 18 deg. N. lat. is iOO miles long, aid.40 broad ; : a beautiful and fertile ifland, but unhealthy in the rziny fcafonSk Porto Rico is the capital, ftands in a little Hland'On the nocth fide, forming a capacious harbour, and joined to the chief ifland by a caufeway. . The Virgin • ifles, fituated at theeaftend ot Porto Rico, are. extremely fmall. Trinidad, between 59 and 62 deg. W. Ion. and in 10 deg. N, lat. lies between the ifland of Tobago and the Spanifh main, from which it>ts iepavated by the ftraitsof Paria. It js 90 miles long, and 60 broad. It is fruitful, but unhealthy. Margare^tta, in 64 deg. W, Ion. and 11 deg. N. lat. it is'abbut 40 miles long^ and 2*- broad, and being always verdant, affords a moft agree- able profpeA. There are n»ny. other ihwU iflasd^ ia thefc feas^ to ¥-^'- PORTUGUESE, FRENC^T, ft«. 9i7 ^hich the Spaniards have paid no attention i vtt will tberefbre proceed round Cape Horn into the South Seai^. where th6 firfl Spaniih ifland of attf importance is Chi«- loc on the coafl of Chili. It h^ I'ome good harbour s^\ well fortified. Jilan Fernandeei lylnff in 83 d^g. W. Ion. and 93 deg; S. lat. is an uninhabited iflahd, but having fomc good harbours, is convenient for (hips to i^op at for wood and U'ater. This ifland Is remarlcabk for having given rife to the celebrated romance of Robijifon (Jrufoe. One Alexander Selicirk, a Scotchman, was left aihore on this folitary place by his captain, where he lived fome years, until he was difcoveied by Captain Woods Rogers, in 1709. ^Vhen he was found, he had forgot his native lan- guage, and could' be fcarcely underftood. He was tlref** ed in goat (kins, would drirk nothing but water, and it was fome time before ae coiild relilk the ihfp's provtfions. . During his abode in the ifland he h^d killed 500 goats, which ne caught by running them down, and be marked as many more by cuttmg' their' ears ; i'om^ ofthefe were caught 30 years after, by J-oid AnftJi'i's pebple; Selkirk, on his return to England, was advifed to pxxh^ irih his adventures in his little kingdom. H^ piit hn papers into the hands ofone- Daniel Defoe^ tb prepare them for publication ; but that eentkman, by the heljp of a.lively fancy, transformed Selkirk into Robinfon Crufbe, ^ and thus deprived Selkirk ot the advantages he might have hoped to have derived frow the publication. The other iilands worth mentioning arc the Gallipago ifles^ , fituated 400 miles w«ft of Piern, under the equator, and - tkpfb^ in the bay of Panama, called King's or Pearls iflands» SECTION LXXir. PO RTUGUESE, FRENCH, ANB.? DtfTCH SETTLEMENTS IN AM L RICA. BKA.SIL is bounded north by the mouth of the river Aniazon and the Atlantic Ocean, by the fame ocean on tJie eaft, fouth ay the mouth of the Plate rivier; ind weil by a chain of mountains which divide it from Paraguay smd Amazonia* It is 2300 iniks long, and 700 bsoa^ 248 PORTUGUESE, FRENCH, and BUTCH l)ring between the equator and 35 deg. S. lat. and 35; and 6<> deg. W. Ion. On the coaft are 3 fmall iflands,. where (hips touch for provifions in their voyage to the South Seas, Femando» St. Barbara, an^ St.. Catherines. The name of Brafil was given to xh\i country, becaufe gxeat ^antitiesof that wood was found thsre. To the ttorth of Brafil, which lies almoft .under the equator, the climate is hot, boif);erous and unwholefpme, l'ubje(5l to heavy rains'; but to the fouth, beyond the tropic of Capricorn, there is no part of the world that enjoys a. more ferene and wholefome air. The fpil in general is fertile, producing fugar, indigo, ipecacuanha, balfam of capiabo, ^nd Brafil wood. The animals are the fame as in Ptru. They have mines of gold and diamondis. The trade of BraTil is very great, and increafe;s every year. Rio Janeiro Is the capital. Th>« city commands a noble, fpacious, and commodious harbour. It is built upon a high, fteep rock, having the feauon one fide, s^nd a lake on the other* It is (Irongly fortified, is populous, and beyond comparifon the moll xns^nificent and opulent city i;i Brafil. The pofTeflSons of the French on the continent of America, are at prefent very inconfiderabl ;. Since the relinquifliing Louifiana, and the lofs of Canada, they have loft an footin? in North America. On the South- ern Continent they have flill a fettlement, called Cay- enne, fiiuated between the equator and 5 deg. .N. lat. and between 50 and 55 deg. W. Ion. It extends 240; miles along the cdafl of Gmana wefl. The chief town is Caen. They have alfb the ifland of Cayenne op this^ coafl. It has fom* good harbours, and produces fugat and cotfee, but is unnealthy. Beddes the French fettle- ment, already mentioned in the ifland of HifpanioTa,. they* pofTefs fome ifiands in the Weft Indies entirely^ Martinico, lying between 14 and 15 deg. N. lat.^ and iii 61 d^g. W. Ion. is about 60 miles long, and 30 broad. It is a^ beautiful and fertile ifland, which has numerous, £ife, and commodious harbours, and is the refidence ^ of; the governor of the French ifiands in thefe feas» ' -^ Guadaloupe, in 16 deg. N. lat. and 62 deg. W. ,l6n». 9. divided into two jgstrts by si fmall arm of the. ^ea,^ or. SETTLEMENTS IN AMERICA. •!?49 rather channel, through which no Hups can venture, hut the inhabitants pafs it in a ferry boat. This iiland is in a' flduriihinig condition, and its exports in fugar are almod' incrediblfc. St. Lucia, in 14 deg. N. lat. and 61 deg, W. Ion. contains fine rich: val)ies,and^ produces excellent timfber. It abounds in fine rivers and well Cjtuatcd bar-' bovrSi. Tobago, 120 miles fouth of Barba4p0s, is about 30 miles long, and nine broad. The climate here is not fo hot as might be expected fo near the equator, and is faid to lie out of the courfe of the hurricanes, which are fo fatal to the other Weft India iflands. It lias a fruitful foil, and produces cinnamon, nutmegs, and gunt copal. It is Well watered, and its bay^ and creeics are very commodious for all kinds of fhippin^. St. Bartholomews, Deieada, and Mari^aTantCy are three Anall iflands in the neighbourhood of Antigua aail St. Ghriftophers, of no gteat confequence' to' the French^' excejjt in timr of War*, when the^ give Ihfelter to inntt- merablie privafceirsj iK'hick' greatly anboy the EngliiK fetllenifents. Iii South America; the Dutch pofleft'Striiwnt* BUtch: Guiithiiar is fituated between 5 and 7 deg.. R lat.'Citend* ing 100 miles along the coaft, from the aiiouth of the- ri vfer Ot'6rfc«;(ue. The cHmate of this country is ih gent- ral rickdfted unwholefotne. The chief feitlenient is a*- Surinam, but their chief trade is carried on at Parima** rebo. Connedted with Surinam we (hall mention the two Dutcbtblonies of Dehiarary and'lfli^qulbo, ol|, the Spaniih main. . They are fertile and valuable. The tor- - pedb, oteleftrtc'eeli isfo^ifidin therivers of Giiiiiiiria, i^idi.Whtfft touched by thfe hand or even by a < (HclT*? cbjfliiillrtkatesf a fhoc It like eledritit jr^ and f eaves a • fenfe of tftJttibnefs for a confiderable period after; Shakes of ■ an inci^redibierfi^c are found here, and among the atiimalis; peculiar to Dutch Guianna^ is a irhall^ aniphibioui anW: itial, cftUiid th^ lauba. It is' about the fizie.of ariplg fdui- mdnths oldj and is vfeiry deKcionr. food. ■'. n Hi k> The Dutth are mafters of the following iflandsih ^e<; Weft Indies ; St* EuftatiaSjin If deg. N. lat. and 6* de^. -W. lori, is only a naountain about 29 miles in' cir*^ roduce both tobacco and fugar in cdnfiderable quantities. It has beiides good fait works. The trade of Curraffou is faid to be worth to the Duteh in time of peace 500,000/. (lerling annually, and in war time the j)rofit& are much greater. The ifl^nds of Bonairei Aru- ba, Saba, and St. Martins, are fo iii^oniiderable as to be fcarcely worth notice. >^^ . The Danes p^ffefs St. Thomas's and Santa Cruz, two fmall and unhealthy iflands, inconfiderable membefs of the Carribees. , u-^o^i, ^ iSmction LXXIII. new DISCOVEPim OUR knowledge of the globe has been vaftly extend- ed within a- few late years, by the difcoveries made by ieveral fuccefsful modem navigators, more particularly by Britifh navigators, during the prefent reign of George III. Of thefe, we Ihall give as compendious an account as the limits of the work will allow. The Northern Archipelago confids of feveral groups of iflands, lying between the eaftern coaft of Kamfkatcha,. and die weftern coaft of the continent. . Some of thefe ifiands are only inhabited occafionally for a few months in the year ; others are very thinly inhabited at all times i •thtirs again hav« oumerous inhabitants, who cojii^g^tlx. NEW DISCOVERIES., 251 refide on them. The inhabitalits of thefe i£l:i.ds are in general of a fliort ftature, but ftron? and robuft. Thej have lan^c black hair, little beard, flattifh faces, and fair ikins. They live upon -wild roots, and fea animals. Their clothes are made of the {kins of. lea otters^ One of the groups of thefe iflands are^caUed the Fox iilands, from the great number of black and grey foxes with which they abound. The mod perfe^ equi^ility reigns among thefe iflanders ; they have neither chiefs, nor laws, nor punifhments. They live together In focieties, and in cafe of an attack or defence, mutually afllft each other. They feed their children^ when young, with the coarfeft raw flefh, and if a child 'cries, whether it be fummer or winter, they carry it to the fea fide, and hold it in the water till it is quiet, and this cuftom renders tlieir conlli- tutio.is very firm and hardy. Tliey are by nature cold and indifferent ; but if any thing does aroufe them to an- ger, they are furious in proportion. Suicide is fo fre- quent anu Them, that the moft trifling afHi(5lion$ or evils, will driv , n to put an end to their exifience. Captain Cook, from obfervations he made of the inhab- itants in the weftern parts of Nortli America, in about lat, 64 deg. N. who in cuftoms and manners refembled the Efquimaux on the eaftern coail, was led to conje<£ture tiiat a communication exifted between the two coafts by fea ;.and this conje(5lure has been in fome meafure con- firmed, by a Mr. Etches, who being on a voyage of dif- covery, penetrated feveral hundred leagues in a ,N. E. dire Aion, -till they came witliin 200 leagi^espf Hu'dfon's bay. From what they difcovered, it is probable theiie may be this way a communication with Hudfon's ^aj, in which cafe a north weft pafTage to the Eaft Indies wiU be found through feas lefs tempeftuous than thofe which have been already attempted. They vifited above fifty of the iflands in this vaft Archipelago,; found them in- habited, and the natives friendly and well difpofed for coTtimerce. . ^ ; -The Pelew iflands, tlioUzh probably known to the Spaniards at a dijftant peiiod, yet it appears there. wa$ no communicaticm between them and Europeans, till, in 2783, the .Antelope (a packet belonging to the Britiih 9S^ NEW. »DISG0VERrE&, Eail India Company ) was wrecked upon ihem. The ac- count of the cuftoms and nianners of tbi friendly, inhabi- tants has been publiHied, written in a. very interefting ftyle, by George Keate, Efq. who had 'the particulars from tliecoftimander of the packet, Capt. Wilfon. Thefe iflands are fituated between 5 and 9 deg» N. lat. and bp^^een 180 and 136 deg. E. Ion. They are long and r irow, of a moderate height, and.well covered with Tvpod J the climate temperate and agreeable, and the lands produce fugar canes, yams, cocoa nuts, plair.ja^.ns-, bannanas, oranges, and lemons, and the. fsas abound with excellent filh ; but they produce nothinc to excke the cupidity of European avarice ; no gold, fih'cr, pearls, or gems ; it is probablt, therefore, that the iinfophifticat- ed children of natute who inhabit them, will .be permit- ted to temaJn undifturbed in their native iflands. They are friendly, hofpitable^ and amiable in their .manner j. Captain Wilfon and his people were treated with a broth- erly kindnefs, that did honour to humanity. When they took their departure, the king of the iflaid entruded.them with the care iof his fon, that he mi^ht have an opportu- nity of learning the Engllfh language, cuftoms, and man- tiers. This amiable piince, whofe name was Le Boo, was a youth of moft promifmg difpofition and abilities, unfortunately fell a vi<5tim to the* fmall pox, a. few months after his arrival in London, The Marquef IS iflt^nds are S in number. Thci? fitua- tjibn was, afcertained by Capt. Cook, in 1774'. They lie in |0' deg. S. lat. and 140 deg. E. Ion. The largeft k 10 ie-igues in circuit. The inhabitants, language, fianners, and productions are nearly the fame as the q'^iety ifles. Otahiete, or King George*s ifland, was difcovered by Capt. Wallis, 19th June, 1767. It lies in 17 deg.. S. lat. and l^Ddeg. W. Ion. It confifts of two .peninfu- las, 'joined by an iUhmus, in a circular form. It is fur>- r9unded by a reef cf coral rocks, which form feveral rd harbours. Towards the fea the land is -low, 'but middle of each penivilula rifes in aiAountaiii, which Tjtiay be feen at 60 ctegrees diftance. Captain Cook vifit* ed this iiland in 176j9. Otahiete is hi general pfipulous ; NEW DISCOVERIES. 25S tlie inhabitants are of a clear olive complexion ; the worn* ^n handfome ; both fexes remarkable for their ckanli* *iefs. The foil is commonly fertile. Society iflands, difcovered by Captain Cook, 1769. They are 6 in ntimber, lying in 16 deg. S. lat. and 150 W. Ion. The inhabitants of thefe are larger made than thofo of Otahiete, but indolent to an aftoniihing degree, jn dre5i, languas^e, and manners, the fame ; as alfo arc the produAions of theeartii. Oheteroa, in 28 dtsj. S. lat. and 15 deg. W* Ion. is 13 miles in circuit- It is neither fo populous or fruitful as the other iflands in thefe feas. The inhabitants are of a .'arker fhade than thofe of Otahiete. Friendly iflands, vifited by Captain Cook, 1773, and fo named by him, on account of the courteous, friendly be*- haviour of the inhabitants. They were firfl: difcovered in 1643, by one Abel Tafman. They lie in about 19 deg. S. lat. and 175 deg. W. loti. Thefe iflands are in- habited by Indians, who cultivate the earth with great induftry. The face of the iflands ij beautiful, viewed from the iea ; verdant, diverfified by gentle rifes, flopes covered with groves of foreft and fruit trees, among which appear interiperfed the habitations of the natives. ■ New Zealand, difcovered by Tafman, the Dutch navi- gator, in 164f2, was fuppcfed to be apart of the fouth*. cm continent, till Captain Cook failing entirely round it> found it to confift of 2 large, iflands, feparated by a ftrait of 4 or 5 leagues broad. They lie between 34 a;nd 48 deg. S< lat. and 166 and 180 deg. Ei Ion. One of thefe iflands is barren and thinly inhabited ; the other v.-earsia better appearance. The inhauicants are ft:out ^nd robufl: ; their complexions brown, and features hand- fome. New Hebrides, the name given by Caj^tain Coolc to a clafttr of iflands, lying between 14 and 20 deg. S. Ia6.' and 166 and 170 deg. E. Ion. Not far difl:ant from thefe, a little to the fouth weRward of them, lies New Caledo- nia, dircoverc'd by Captain Cook in 1774. It is a Ir.rgC ii]andB7 leagues long, but its breadth is not c^nflder- nble ; it extends from J 9 to 22 deg. S. lat. and from 163 *o 46-7 deg. E. Ion. X ".H .>f' ^5t NEW DISCOVERIES. New Holland, the largeft ifland in the world, extends from 43 deg. S. lat. to within 10 deg. of the equator, and from 110 to 153 deg. E. Ion. comprifing in all, as jmiich as the whole continent of Europe. The eaftern .piirt, called New South Wales, was taken poffeffion of in Iiis Britanic majefty's name, by Captain Cook. It now forms a part of the Britifh dominions, a colony being fettled ' ^ve chiefly for the reception of convifts fentenced to trai ortation. By all accounts of this extenfive country^ which have yet been obtained, we cannot find that either foil or climate are inviting; the former is fteril and unproduftive ; the latter unpleafant, and un- healthy at certain periods of the year. The coaft is fur- rounded by dangerous rocks and fhoals, which render accefs to it difficult, and only to be attained by ikilful navigators. The fouthern and eaftern parts of the illand are lore acceffible. The celebrated' navigator, Captain Cook, fpent 4 months in furveying the eaftern .coaft. The bay in which he anchored, irom the variety of herbs and plants found on its fhores, was called Bot- any Bay. This was the place to which convidts were originally deftined, but they are now fettled a^a part of the ifland about 15 miles diftant, named by Captain Cook, Port Jackfon J the principal fettlement is Sidney Cove. • When governor Phillips fii'ft landed on the (hores of Botany Bay, the natives received him armed ; but on feeing the governor approach with figns of .friendfhip, alone and unarmed, they returned his confidence, and laid afide their hoftile weapons. They were entirely de- void of clothing, yet foemed fond of ornaments, putting the beads and red baize given them en their beads and necks, with Hgns of great delight. The climate at Sidney Cove is better than on the other fide of the ifland ; the foil is light and rather fandy, and the trees knd vegetables introduced by the new fettlers thrive exceedingly. New Guinea, till the late difcoveries, was thought to be the north coaft of an exteniive continent, and joined to New Holland ; but Captain Cook difcovered a ftrait between them, and iiiiled through it, thus dilcovering it NEW DISCOVERIES. 255 to ]be a long, narrow iiland, extending N. E. from- 2 to 12 deg. S. lat. and from 131 to 150 deg. E. Ion. This country confifts of a mixture of very high hills and vallies, interfperfed with groves of cocoa nut trees. New Britain lies north of New Guinea, and on the north of this latter tfland, and feparated from it by a ftrait, is New Ireland, difcovered by Captain Carteret, in his voyage round the world in 1767. The inhabitants of thefe iflands are bhick, like tiie negrees of Guinea, have woolly hair, but neither flat uofes r • thick lips; in he years 1776, 1777, 1778, and 177i>,t:aptainCoofc and Captain Clark, in the Refolutionand I)ifc«Jvery,fliips ofwar, made a voyage in fearch of u. north weft paii'agfr between the continents of Afia and America. In the courfe of this voyage, they difcovered two iflands, whiolv they named Prince Edward^s iflands, the largeft in 46 deg. S. lat. and 37 deg. E. Ion. the other in the lame lat. and 38deg.£. Ion. both barren and almoft covered with fnow. In January, 1777, they arrived at the Sandwich iflands, which are 12 in number, and lie between 18 and 22 deg. N. lat. and 150 and 16^ leg. W. Ion. The in- habitants are of a brown olive complexion. Qn the 7th of February, being in 44 deg. N. lat. and 235 deg. E. Ion. they faw part of the American continent ; bearing N. E. they afterwards difcovered King George's found, fi* ated on the N. W. coaft of America, and is extenfive. Jap- tain'Cook anchored in 49 deg. N. lat. and 233 deg. E. lon.i They found the inhabitants below the middle fize, and of a copper colour. In Auguft, 1778, in 70 deg. S. lat. and 194 deg. W. Ion. they found themfelves furrounded by ice, and finding that it was not practicable to purfue 1 ^vigation any further iii thefe frozen feas ta any ufeful purpofe, they refolved to return, when in their voyage home, touching at the Sandwich iflands, that celebrated and abli navigator. Captain James Cookj was killed in an affray by the natives of Owyhee. Perhaps no fcience ever received greater additions from the labours of a (ingle man, than geography has done from thofe of Captain Cook. He thrice circumnavigated the globe, and explored the utmoft navigable limits of the •cean. During long and fatiguing voj^iges, his attentioiv use NEW DISCOVERIES to the health and comfort of the {hip*s company was fnc^ as will tranfmit his name to pofterity» not only as a ipleu- 4i^ navigator, and ap extenfively ufeful fervant of his country, but as a friend of humanity, and a beneia<^or of mankind. On the 19th of April, 1791, Cap tiin Jofeph Ingra. ham of the brigantine Hope, of Bofton, New England, difcovered fiflands lying- to the north of the Marquefas. Moil of thefe iflands are inhabited. The natives refemble thofe of the Marquefas, and appeared friendly. Not- withftanding the amazing dilcoveries of navigators fince thefirft voyage of Columbus, in 1492, have greatly ex- tended the fcience of geography, there ^ ft ill remain fome countries either abfolutjely unknown or very luperficially furveyed. In Africa vaft tr^iifts of country yet remain unexplored. Yet difcoverdes are conftantly making, and it is more than probable that before another century is completed, mankind will become perfeftly acquainted with many countries as yet fcarcely know^. except by name. Among thefe we m»y reckon the lands r(>und the north pole, back from the coail of Labrador^ the in- terior of Guinea* and A?mazonia and Patag«mia^ on the ibuthem extremity of Arcerica, difcavered, by Commo- dore Byron, in 1764, wlio defcribcd the inhilbitants to b^ of a gigantic ft ature. * v>'ti It is recommended in the reading this woi^k, that Ae rout purfiied by the autihor he carefujly traced by ; the pnpil on a globe or a -map, in which courfe they iwill.be jiffifted by committing the following ^(hoet e3(e«cif to memory^ " ■•• > ' -/w ^*^i ■■;.; ••'lii .:i fV . ' ■ I ■ J ^J i.lJi!> :-.tii.j»dl '.HI '•:im-tvt% <\-^ ./'i.. ■i'liiidv^l^ ■• ._-^ rif.ii • , ^ .' ■,-.••?» m Geographical Exercifcr W. HAT it g«ogra|i'iyf • ^ Geography is a knowledge of the eart,K, or defcrlption of the tcr- reifa-ial globe, particularly the mofl known and habitable part», utd all its diir«reot dtviTir- -M. At wtMit time wat the ieience'of geography firft ftudied by man- kind ? The exadt period is not known, but it is generally agreed that the Egyptians or Babylonians, were the firfl who difleminated this knowledge ; Vut to which of thefe nations we may afcribe the hon- our of the invention, cannot be afcertained. Where was the firfl: book written upon geography, and by whom? The firft treni^* upoQ the fcience of geography was written in . Greece, by ^Thales tfi^ Melilian. It was he who firft difcovcred the pajQTage of the fun from tropic to tropic, and divided the yeAr into 365 days. Did n^ftttland nuke any rapid advances in this fcien^e in thofc early" dayS'? FrtHn the time of Thales, who lived 600 yeard before the birth of < Cbnft* imry little feeoM to have been done towards the eftabUfli- ^akenfe of geography, until Timocarus and Ariftullus, two Grecian . piulofo(>£prSj>. attempted to fix the latitude and longitude, which kid a foundation for delineating the figure of the- earth on a plane, termed making of maps. ^ , ;,t'When'did k^je^n to-take the form of a regular fyftem ?" ' ' Eratofthehes wai the firft who attempted to reduce it to fuch a fyftem. Tnthetiiae of Pompey the Great, Pofidonius- made an attempt to meafiire the circumference of the earth. But the fcience •f geography did not arrive to any great degree of perfection, till- the 14th or 15th century of the chriftian era; when feveral inge- iKous Ev(rf>p«an philofophersy made fuch accurate calculation^ t^at the figure, extent, and motion of the planet we inhabit^ called the eerth opr terreftriril globe, wsw fully afcertained. : What hab cliiefly contributed tp the advancement of thisfdence ? The ftudy of aftronomy and the art of navigation. Men having, ftom-ftudy and obfervation, attained to a clearer knowledge of the^ 258 GEOGRAPHICAL EXERCISE. cdeftUl bodies, their diftance». periods, motions, and revoluiiont, were better abte to afcertain the exa«St period and fpace of the- «arth*8 annual and diurnal revolutions, and better inflruments having been invented for contemplatinjj the planets, fhcy were aflifted to fix with more certainty the degrees of longitude, by which the cir- cumference of the earth is meafured. But how has navigation aflifled ? By leading bold and entt I px'izinggeniufes to evofs the world of waters, and explore unknown feas and lands. It was the art of navi- gallon firfl led the Portuguefe into the fouthern hemifphere, and tempted them to venture within the region of the torrid zone ; it was that led Bartholomew Diaz to the Cape of Good Hope, and. opened a new paflage to the Indies. XVhat otiier advantages have arifcn from navigation ? By the art of navigation the treafuresof Peru and Mexico, wcre- pourcd into the lap of Europe ; by the art o£ navigation the great 0(^}j^bus faw the foVefts of this fair weftem world, rififag as'it were frotmhe bofom of theocean; by that art Commerce with h«r«okifiant attenflants,indulUy and wealth, bave etched, beautified, and popu- lated this once favage quarter of the globe ; and as the children of Ch:9 new world, have encircled her with the bulwarks of independ- ence, and pUnted on her walls the baimers of freedonri, by the art of navigation fliall her commerce be prote^dled, its -right*' sorted,, ^d its wrongs avenged. But how hafrthis been of fervice to the fcience of geography ?«•' By extending our knowledge of the furfac».of -the habitable (lobe, it has tended to prove beyond a doubt its fpherical formj fince Maggellan, Anfon, Drake, Cook, and- nnuiy others, have en- tirely circumnavigated it. Are there nd other proofs of ks fpherical Or globutftr figure ^ It is impoffible to doubt of its rotundity, if we obferve a veiftl filling from the fliorc into the ofling ; firft the body of the veflel dif- appefurs, then lier lower fails, and at laft her veiv top g^km^ mbAs itfe hid from our view by the-inter\'enin^ convexjt/ of »Khle wafW ; this convexity is vifxble on a piece, of fliU water not- «K)s^ 'tHufp,.. J miles ia length. . .i ■ ■ >■ bnr -. (.i-rf How may it be perceived? S ' ' ' J Aperfon ftanding eretSt on the waterV edgO) ttiay^'p^r^eive a lioat •r any other objedt, at a confiderahle diftance ; but let him bring his eye to a level with the furface of the water, aud he witt no longer perceiv« it ; the water riling in a curve, oWeures it from his fij|ht. Another pofitive proof that the world is round,«'thfe form of its fhadow when falling on the moon at the timif Of *fl ^Bpfo. ^ f » But would not the mountains nrfd excavfatitmi, -Ccr^ifMk On iLe furface of the globe, prevent iti beJng a diref^ fphere t ' i -'i'*! As the diameter of the globe is nearly H8C0 niiles.vanditsjefc-. cumference above 25,000, a mouritain *i miles perpcnditttlar heiglit, would be as little perceptible as a ^ain of du(V on the' artificiafc rlobe, and a» tittle disfigure It ; and AVe i>oor mohair, who liGrRAPHICAL 'EXit^RqfSE. 9$9 fuch a mountain as almod inacceflible, m^y be compared tn c^h*;mqra, labouring over a fmall protuberance on tU« outiidc of a melon. On what \% the earth fixed ? It is not fixed on any thiag ; but bangs in the vaA exp.mCr oif ethcr^ U)ce the other planets. , , , Jl^jOef it moire, or is it ftatlonary ? , , . v • It h4a two motidos, one round die Tmiv .which it performs in a year, this is .ca^I«d its annual revolution, and one oa its own axis whicKit performs in 24 hours, which is called its diurnal motion. The fun is the only planet which isftationary, all theotUers revolve round it. '1 he annual motion of the earth ucc^uns tlte cliange of fcafonsj the diurnal mptiou day and ni{>ht. Of what does the ^lobe, or plauct we Inliabit, coiiOft f ,:, , Qf land and water -, tl>efe are divided into le^ier parts, tlic ^atcr is divided int.) oceans, . ie^s, bays, gulf*,, ftr^uts, fakesj rivers, '^nd creeks. The land into continents, pciii/ifuini^'iilUrauCoit prbgigy- tQri«9,.i^ods, (hores oD,cuafts. . .-^ How may thefe ditFereut parts be jqiown ? A continent is a IfU-^e tradt of l.^ud apt divided by water^as Europe and Afia. A peninfiUa is a trail of land entirely furrounded by water, all but pne narrow neck, which is called an iui'unus. T^jus the town, of > Bc^c^i^ands on a peninfula,and the nec^ which joiAs^ k to Koxbury i$ an ^hn^i^, A cape pr promontory is a h^gh.part'^* of land which fluoots intd the fea and fconns Lo terminate ii) a poij;^, ^,Cape Verd -4pid,th^,^;af>e cf Good Hope in Africa, Ope lijit- teras at the entrance of the Dela^ware bavi and Cape Henry,,at the entrance of the Chefapeak bay, in the United States uf America. An pcean is that general coUecftioQ of water which (urrounds the wliole earth, a £ea is ^ part of the, pcean, through wiuch we mufb eiitef hyfome (Irait, as the Mediterranean and Baltic feas. A ib-ait is .a ivirfow paiTage opeining a_ way into fome fqa. A gulf rutis gon^fiderabiy into the land, and is aImo(l furroi^nded by it, ast the Qulf of Mexico, A bay is fmaller and does not run £o far into |;l^e,lan<^, A l^dc/^is a^uantity. of water entirely farpounded by land. A river is a fbeam of water flowing from the higher pai^s of., the land into thefea. There is a gfreat fiitiilarity between the di- vii^pnapf land and wAtor. An ocean rofeinbles a continent, a jfea a ; peninfulA> a flrait ^n iflhmus, a lake an ifland, &c. Which is the he(k way to attain a juO idea of the globe of the earth? .By (Vadying the artincial globe, which is a round body formed by ^1^, on wlu2£e. fur faoe tt^ outward pasts of earth and fea are delioeA- • }, ,t^„.^i4 placed in^ th^r patural order and lituation. What are the pngeipal things tq be explained in order to under- ftand the globe ? ) «>](&«fii;i|;thiQg(o be cooAd^F^d^ ate its axis and its poles ;< the jii|i»J}eing a ftraight line pajQl^g tlirough the centre of ithe earth, ,«tq. which the whole frame thereof, is fuppofed I'd revolve ; this line . VH9nly imaginary in the oatural globe, but in the artifici^ one •>»« 'm GEiCRAPHICAL EXERCISE. exprefTed by the wire on which it really turn*. The polei sre the two ends or extremities of the axis, one of which is called the north or arctic pole, the nther the fouth or antarctic ; they arc called pote» from the Greek word fignifying to turn. Are there not many circles on the globe ? In order to deternune accura,tely the relative fituationi of the places upon the earth,, and for otlier purpofes, the globe is l'urround< ed by many imaginary circlet, the principal of which ar^ the 6 larger and 4 ttifer ; the larger are the equator, the ecliptic, the me- ridian, the horifon, and the two colures ; th^ 4 leifer are the two tropics and two polar circles. :• What is the equator f The grea^ circle which divides the globe into two equal parts, called the northern and fouthern heniilpheresi It is alfo fumetimes called the equinodtial line, becaufe when the fun is in this circfe it makes equal days and nightiall over, the world. What is the ecliptic ? '" " ' The great circle which cuts thp equator obliquely, and rieptefcnts the apparent annual path of the fun through the heavens, it de- clines S3 degrees and a half north of th« equator, and as many fouth, for fo for the fun goes fbuth of the equator in our winter, and lb many north in our fummer. The ecliptic is divided into 12 parts called figns, the namtr of thefe tigns are, Ariet *Y*', Taurus H , GiBmiAi: n , Cancer fls, Leo Si^ ^'""f® ^' Libra tOs, Scorpio V(\, 'Sagitarius /,• Capricornus V^,Aqndnu8 ^, PiAres K- Thefe ligns trt by aiftrenomers, deiignated and known by the foregoing greek charaoters, in every part of the world. What is the meridian ? A great circle paillng through the poles of the earth, and divid- kig it into eaAem and wefVem hemifpheres; thofe femi circles which terminate at the poles, are aU meridians of long;itude, and always correfpond with that part of the- heavens wher^ the fun is at no The word meridian, is dierived from nirrides, which fig- oifies noon day. What is the horizon ? Thegreat circle which palHng entfrely mimd the earth,divides it into upper and lower henufpheres ; this is called the rational hori- zon, becaufe though, our minds are capacious enough to compre- hend a horizon encompaffing the whole world, yet our limited ' optical fenfe cannor reach a himdredth part of- it ; there is there- tore a fenfible or vifible horizon, which feems to ck^e the element ' around ua, and terminate our view on every fide. What are the. two colures ? 1'he two great poles or mn-idians paiBng throuf^ the pele* of' die earth, one pafliiig through the CT|uino6Hal potnta 6f Aries aiNl Libra, making fpring and autumn, i» called the equihoi^al cohire, the other through the folftitial points of Caneer and CapricocOt> xog^fumoier and winter, is called the.fvUUtial colure^ GEOORATHICAL EX£JICISE- 261 Defer ibe the i lefler cirdlct t > ■' The twu trupict, which ure circlM, one in the northern and th« other in the I'outhcm Uetuirplierc, each 'Jii ilej^rue* and a hHit from the eijuator ; tiiu one in ttiu north i» • ciilte the ecliptic touches the tropicul'circlub, and ilixt >b ilic extent of theUm'e decUuatiou eiiiit-r north o. lumh, for when it touchcie'tlirr tropic it turns back ou ito anuuul journey to vilit the ot!>Lr hcnii/phere. But if as you laid lite lua it a fixed body, how chu ii make a journey round tlie eurth f This is merely a ligurative cxprcflion, becauic the fun's rays fall- ing dircfftly on that [Kirc wiiich we call the 7»diac, aa tne earth diakes its annual revolution round tliat gieat luminary, wc fay it is the fun's patli, imktd itis thu imth where iiia rays taJlwith ^rcateti; force, and where they are fomutitnes vertical. In «ll othiir parts of the globe itis rays fall oltjiqucly. We fay the fun rites and the fun fets, but wc mean nothing more than that tItediiirnHl i.Jtfon of tho earth has brought hit glorious beams withiti our viliblu horizon, ,or iliut them front our limited view. You have mentioned but two of tho ledcr circlet ? The other two are the pohr circlet, whicli circumscribe tho poiee of the earth ; that of the 'north is called the arctic circle, that of tM fouth the antardlic. The regions furrovintlinfT tho narth pole art nwch better known than'thofc round the ioutlt. Indeed- the ■.<■ tariSlic regiont feeai ^almoft inJKKei&blo, hoing furrouit^ed bya vat« 'vxpanfe olioey oriroien fea. Captain^ Cook rin^tW yettr 1774, ad. vanced within 'JO degrees of the fouih pole ; but found no laodjUOr would the ice permit him to proceed any further. Do you under Aoadiit^e jt meiint by the tork-id, temperate, and frigid zones i The equator, the tropica, and the polar cirtlet, divide the -earth into five part^ithefe are>«tilled aones^i that lying (^etwtenthe^FOpkt^ 'it the' torrid «oii«,if^oi]i tJie "tropics to the (lolar ciriclet are < in fc iy» i<}e>-but jtt we alwayt* reckon from fome particular ^me* V' \ 362 GEOGRAPHICAL EXERCISE. ridian, no place can lay more than 180 degrees from another, and N fsud to be in ead or weft Idngitude. The Englifli make their meridian pafs through London ; the Dutch make the peak of TeneriiT their firft meridian, the Prench the idand of Ferro, and the /Vmericans the city of Philadelphia. But the meridian of Lon« tfoOfis very generally uf(^ by geographers and navigators of all nations. The degrees of latitude are the fame all over the world, but the degrees of longitude leffen as they approach the poles, fo that though on the equator a degree of •longitude is nearly CO milflis, at the tropical circles it is only 51 ; in 50 degrees of iatiude it isf;is, and fo on dimini(hing till it is loil at the poles. Irthere no other divifion of the earth's furface ? . There is another divifion of the earth into climates, there are SO climates between the equator .ind either pole.; in the firft 24 the days increafe by half hours, in the remaining 6 between the polar circles and the poles, they increafe by months. The world is di- vided into 4"quarterft,-£urope, Alia, Africa, and America. Which is the. fir A quarter I ' \- Europe, bounded north by the frozen ocean, fouth^ 6y the Medi- terranean fea, eaftby the contiikent of Aiia, weft by the Atlantic Ocean. It is dOOO miles long from North Cape in Norway to Cape Mapatan in the Mediterranean, and 95QQ fr nifti foreigners with boards and beams. They iiavc ibiat good GEOGRAPHICAL EXERCISE. 263 qaarnes of marble. The magnet and afbedot are both natives of Nonva^. 1 he chief towns are, Bergen and Dronthiem on the north fea, and Frederrcflial* at the fiege of which the famous Charles XIL of Sweden was killed. Norway is 900 miles long, and 240 brood, l^ing between 57 imd 72 dcg. N. lat. :;; . ■,, • ■ ..,. ' DENMARK. Denmark lies on the north of Germany, and confifts of the penin« Tula of Jutland, and 8 iflands in the Baltic Sea. < It is divided ihto north and fouth'; the north retains the name of Jutland, and the fouth is called the Dutchy of Slefwick. Copenhagen, the' capital of Denmark, is a large, rich, well fortified town. There is fcarcely a river navigable to a (hip of burthen, in the whole country. Den- mark is 340 miles kmg, and 1 1 4 broad, lying between 54 and 58 deg.N. lat. SWEDEN. rf,0»li-, Sweden almoft encompafles the Baltic Sea. It is divided into 5 large provinces, Sweden Proper, Gothland, Norland, Finland, and Lapland. Stockholm is the capital of Sweden ; many of the houfes are covered wi>ii popper, and there is a famoHs arfenai in the city. Stockholm is built on 6 fmall iflands, joined together by wooden bridges. It is a cold coiuntry, incumbered with barren rocks and mountains. But little com gprows there. It is 800 miles long, and 500 broad, lying between S6 and 6d deg. N. lati ■ ^ / LAPLAND. The whole of La^Jand as far as it is known, from North Cape, 71 deg. N. lat. to the White Sea, under the ardlic circle. Part of Lap- land belongs to the Danes, part to the Swedes, and fome part to the Ruffians. The winters here are fo cold that it fometimes happens that the cup will freeze to the lips in attempting to drink. It is a dark, dreary, miferable country ; but there are gold and filver mines, and chryftaJs, topazes, and amcthyfls are found here. I'he rein deer is a native of Lapland, and feenis to be fent by Providence to folace the inhabitahts for the privation of the other comforts of Ufe. Lap- land is thinly inhabited, and they have but little commerce. RUSSIA IN EUROPE. This immenfe Empire ettends from 47 to 72 deg. N. lat. It h divided into eleven 'governments. Peterfburg is the capital ; it was built by Peter the Great, and Is feited on an iilandat the bottom of the Gulf ai Finland. There is a canal from Peterlburg to Mofcow, the former eapital, which is now rather falling to decay. The Ruf- fian emjpire is of larger extent, than all the European ilates together. The part we arc now fpeaking of is 1000 mites broad, and 1500 ^ *^ m^ CEOGRArHlCAL EXERCISE. 3006 long; The river Wol^airlfes In RlxilSav 5i»^d after a courfe of miles, difchargc* itfelf into the Caspian hea. Kv.ifia is a flat) level country, in the northern parts cxtreprvi^ly cold. Its prindpal pro^ du£U are, fursy leather, fail cloth, hemp, flax, pitch, tar, Sec. Rulfia ^carries on a commerce overland, by ca|-avans, to China ; and to Per- fia acrofs the Cafpian Sea. • ..'H-: : ' SCOTLAND AND ITS ADJACENT KI.ES. :,'i Scotland ^as anciently called Cdedonia^ lies^cn the north of Eng- land^ from which it is feparated by the ilverTviEeed. It is divid^ into highlands and ' lowlands. The higlilands are fbparated from the lowlands by the river Tay. Edinburgh is the c: pitaJ of Scot- land. The cadle of Edinburgh is a fine, antique fortrefs, built on a high.hili or rock that overlooks the town, and commands. an exten« five profpedt of the Frith of Forth, and the furrounding 'country. There are fome remarkable iflatids'iri Scotland, called the Orkneys, the Hebrides, and the Shetland iflcs. They have many beautiful rivcirstand lakes. } the fineA of the latter, as LvhAx, Lomoitdi 3Thcii' inanufacShifes aird, linen, lawn, and a peculiar fine kind of tabl^ lineit The language fpoken by the! Highlanders, is called erfe,and is near* iy the fame as that fpoken by. thft nativie Irifli. y » ENGLAND.. ,.i» Great Britain and Irel&nd^ with fcvetal (jmaileriQaiK^s in the wef- tern ocean, form an hercijitary kingdom. The iiland of Buitain is divided into England, Scotland, and itJie principality of Wales. Eng- land is 380 rhiles longi and 300 broad, extending from 50 to fG dog. N. lat. London is the capital of all England, ^nd 'on account of its population, wealth, and commerce, is reckoned the firft city in the world. It is the feat of government, and the principal refidence of its kings. England has many large and navigable rivers, the princio. pal of which are, the Thames j th 3 Huniber, the Tyne,the Trent, and the Tweed, which latter divide.-iit from Scotland.. Ejigland is called the ftorehoufe of the Weftern 'W'orld. Its mamifais 130 miles long, and 96. broad, extending from 5 If to 54. dAg. ^^w^^iembroki is the bed town itt Wales. Milford Haven is an- eiitc^lpK^arbour, and is the place v/here travellers t^fke pafTage for \^4|pM<^ ''^ ^^^' land. .Wales abounds in Uack cattle, and goats. It is very rnoun*. tamous ; tlie jxcindpal ittoantain.'i. are^ Sbov/daa, Pliniimmou, and GEOGRAPHICAL EXERCISE. 2(55 Penmanmawre. Wales Is gov^ned bv the king and parliament of England. ISLE OF MAN. This ifland lies between England and Ireland, in St. George's Chan- nel. It 18 30 miles long, and from 8 to 15 broad, lying in 54 deg. N. lat. The air is wholefome, the foil fruitful in wheat. They have great variety of fifli, flefh, and fowl. Caftletown is the metropolis of this ifland, and the feat of government. ISLE OF WIGHT, &c. This ifland is fituated oppofite the coaft of Hampfliire. Its great- fcft length is 23 miles, its breadth 13. The air is healthy, and the foil remarkably fertile. Newport is the capital. The ifland is fa- mous for butter and poultry, with which they furniili the outward bound fliipping. The Scilly iflet are a clufter of dangerous rocks, lying about 30 miles from the land's end in Cornwall. There are in the Britifh channel 4 iflands, fubjetSt to England. TheTe are, Jerfey, Guernfey, Alderney, and Sark. IRELAND. The ifland of Ireland is fituated on the weft fide of England, be- tween 51 and 5S deg. N. lat. It is 285 miles long, and 160 miles broad. This is one of the Britifh ifles, and is alfo called Hibernia. It became Annexed to the kingdom of England, A. D. 1172, when . Henry II. conqueied this kingdom, and was the firft who aflumed tho title of Lord of Ireland Dublin, the capital of Ireland, is reckoned the fecond city in the Eritifli dominioDs. It is the feat of parlia- ment, and the courts of juftice. Ireland is famous for its manufactures of linen, and a beautiful ftulT compoi'cd of filk and worfted, called tabmetts and poplins. . . FRANCE. France is one of the fineft countries in Europe. It contains 1 4 provinces ; Picardy, Normandy, tlie Ifle Of France, Chrmipagnc, Erit- tanny, Cilcumois, Lyinmois, Burg'indy, ('afcouy, Languidoc, Dau- phine, and Pruvcace. Thefe liave lately been divided into 83 'de- partments. It 58 GOO miles long, and 500 broad. Its chief produce ' is corn, wine, fait, filk, and linen. Pariii is the capital. The princi- ' pal rivers are t!,e R hoa-v which is the moft rapid, the Garrorie, which io t!ie moit navii^abie, tlie 3o:ins, tiie Sione, and the Sonims. There are miny i:npi>rtanl: manufai>nres in France, and its trade is very cxienfive. It lies betn'-eon 42 and 51 dc;:. N. lat. NETHERLANDS. Thefe were formerly called Spaniili pioviuces, becnuic they wtYfc part of the Spuaifli dominions ; but iliey now beloag to the i"r^v'»» ..^^^ I sm GEOGRAPHICAL EXERCISE. )9utch, and Auflrian^, and are called French, Dutch, or AuArinit Flanders, according to the government to which they belong. Thty are 200 miles long, and 200 broad, and lie between 49 and 52 deg. N. lat. The foil is r;ch, the climate delightful ; the manufadkures fine lawn, lace, and cambric. The celebrated Reubens and~Vandyke, l}«>th.e^cellent portrait painters^ were natives of the Netherlands. HOLLANP. HoHand confifts of 7 provinces, called the United Provinces. They lie oppofite the e; flern coaft of England, at the diftance of on- ly 90 miles, acrofa he Britifti channel. The Dutch are the moft commercial people in the world. AmAerdam is their capital, a fine v^ett built city, remarkable for its deanlinefs. Holland extends from ^1 to 54 deg. K. lat. GERMANY, The empire of Germany lies along the German Ocean and tht Baltic fea. U is 6Q0 miles long, and 500 broad, and extends from the 45th to the 55th deg. N. lat. The climate in the middle parts is j^eafant and l\,ealthy, the foD fertile ; Vienna is the capital, and the refidence of the emperor. The Germans are remarkable for their extenfive mechanical genius, and in particular for inventing that fatal infb-ument the gun. They are alfo faid to be the invent- «rs of gun pow,der, and the art of printing. PRUSSIA Is a fmall lungdom lying on the Baltic fea. It is divided into Da- cal Pruffia, Polifh Pruflia, and Pruflla Royal. Koningfburg is the capital of the whole kingdom, a large and beautiful city, feated on the river Pregal, over which it has feven bridges. It is 1€0 miles long, and 112 broad. The foil is fruitful, and the forells abound • •mth venifon and wild fowls. The chief articles of commerce are timber, naval (lores, amber, linfeed* hemp feed, wax, and honey. > At Pillaw on the fea coaftj there is a large fturgeon fifliery. BOHEMIA. This is a very fmall kingdom, bounded oii three fides by Germany* and by Poland on the eafi. Prague i$ the capital of this kingdom, feated on the river Mulda, one of the fineft and moft magnificent cities in Europe, famous for its noble bridge. In Olmutz, a fortified town in Moravia, there are manufadhires of woollen, iron, glafs, paper» and gunpowder. It is 4178 miles long, and 322 broad, lying between 48 and 52 deg. N. lat. HUNGARY. Hungary is a ftill fmaller kin^rdom, only 300 miles long, and 200 ■oad. The foil is extremely fiertile in fome places, producing the broad. .-*W(S,V'* iff^ „^.-,=i^.* u\. C'EOCftAPHlCAL ttERCISE. m •oft eftecmed grapes in EuropeT hi the wood» arc bred a race of horfes, the moft hardv, aClive, and i'pirited in the world. The coun- try abounds with mines, and their chief exports ate metals, dnigs, and fait. Prefburgh on the Danube is the capital of the whote kingdom. POLAND. } This is an extenfive kin^om, 700 miles long, and 6oO broad, e»* tending from the 4Cth to the 57th deg. N. lat. It contains fome re< murkable high mountains, called Krapac or Carpathian; they nr* covered with everlafting fnows, which have been known to fall in the midfl of I'ummer. Poland is remarkable for a Hii^-ular produc- tion called manna, which falls with the dew in May nnd Juno, ard tiie iniiabitonts ufe it for food. 'Ihi capital city is Cracow, waick^ kas a public fi^uarc, faid to be the largcli in £urop«. SWITZERLAND. Switzerland lies upon the A]pa, between Germany and France« and is the higheft fpot of ground in Europe. It i$ 260 miles long* and 1 00 broad, lying between the 4€th and 48th deg. N. lat. It contains numerous and beautiful lakes, the principal of which ar» thofe of Geneva, Conflrance, Lucerne, ZuricI;, and NeiifchateL Tho thief city and feat of government is Bern, (landing on the river Aar, though fiaiil on the Rhine is by fonie accounted the capital of all Switzerland. The foil and climate produce every thing neceflanr fof the frugal and temperate, but nothing to invite the rapacious mva- dier. Their trade is confiixed, and their manufactures chiiffly crapi ^d linen. SFAm. Spain is niEiarly furrounded by the Ociean aiid Mediterranean fea. It is TOO mUes^ long, and 500 broad; Tlie climat\e is efteemed healthy. It« capital is Madrid. The chief rivers are the Ebro, the DourO« the Tagus) the GAaditina, and the Guaddquiver. Spain produces til forrs of driiclons fhiltsf, plenty of c(«n, and' excelleDt wJaerpardikuM larly ikt?k atkl iherry. The feas ASstA eMellent filh^ in pautieular anchovies. It extends from S6 to 44 deg. N. lat. PORTUGAiL. Tya* is the moft vrefterly Idngdom in Europe^ it was ancientljf^ called Lufitai^a. It is S60 miles long, and 100 broad, lying between 37 and 4 illand of Sicily, whofe dreadful ertlp^ion8 have dcfulatedwh !<> ftateii, -ind bi.<9d thoufands and tens of thoui'auds at tiuTerent ijir*. d in inibnrQnecuft ruin. Italy M the feat jf the fine nrts ; ;rvific,pairn exterifjve empire, lying betweei* the '?6th a:M 49ii. deg. K. lat. U is 1000 miles long, md 900 broad. Conftjiatmople is the rapital^ 'C 'lann"^ <->n the -veftern fliore of the Eofphorus, &nd is often called '* the Porte," by way of eminence. The nit>untain8 of Turkey are V'*ry ce!c; . tted ; Mount Athos, through which Xerxes cut a canal ;;o acc^Uvratc hi- unfucceftful expedition into Greece ; Mount PaT-naOue, confecrated to the mufes ; Mount Olyiipus, and Pindus, eelebrated in Grecian fable. The Ibil of Turkey is fruitful, produ- cing com, wine, oil, cbfl'ee, rhubarb, and a great variety of plant* arrd drugs. The climate is deJightful ; but Turkey is frequently rav«. aged by the plague, that frightful fcourge of mankind wherever it takeii place. Turkey contains all fot ts of metals and minerals, and its marble is the fineft in the world. ISLANDS BELONGING TO TURKEY IN EUROPE. Negropont, the ancient Eube^, about 00 miles long, and 50 broa4, where the Turkifli gallies lie. Candia,or ancient Crete, 200 miles long, and 60 broad, in whjch it ^ famous Mount Ida, where Jupiter is faid to have been educated. Cerigo, or Cytherea, celebrated for haying been the favourite refi- dence of Venus. , ^gina, where money was firft coined. Lemoos, famous for it» mineral earth* Tenedos, oppofite old Troy. Samos, the birth place •f the celebrated philofopher Pythagoras. Scio,or Chios, one of the feven places that contended for the birth of Homer. Cyprus, fa- mous only for its rich wines, and the conf^tutioaal lazinefs of its inhabitants. Patmos, where St. John was baniilied, and where he- wrote the Apocalypfe. Paros, famous for marble. Rhodes, at the mouth of whofe harbour ftood the famou» ColoiTu* ofbrafs, 135 feet liigh, reckoned one of the wonders of the world.. The Cydades lie in a cjircle round Delos, celebrated as being thts birtii place of.ApdUo and Diana. Zuite, famous for currant»» CEOCRAPHICAL EXERCIS^. 269^ ASIA. Afia is fuperior to Europe and Africa in the ext.^at of itn terHtoriei, fe'etching into all climates, from tlie frozen wilds Of Siberia, wherfe the hardy inhabitants are drawn in Hedges over the fnow, to the fuitry regions of Siam and Pegu, where, feated on tlie lofry elephant, the people Shelter thenifelves from the fcorching fun by the fprcad- ing umbrella. Afia extends from the mofV northern point of Nova Zembla, tc the (traits of Malacca in the fouthern hemifphere, b«in|r from the 80th deg. N. to the 10th de,^. S. lat. it is 4710 milik long, and 4600 broad. This, thoug;h called the fecond, is the mofl illuflrious quarter of the globe. Here the drd man and rvomaii were created, and here the great and merciful work of our redemption wa« accompUflied by our blefTed Saviour. Mount Arrarat is in Alia, on ^hich it i3 thoughf the ark of Noah refted after the waters of th« deluge fubildcd ; here alfo is Horeb, where MoJesiaw the burning bufli, and mount Sinai, where the Lord delivered the ten command" ments to Mofes. I'here are various forms of religion profeiTed ia Afia ; ChriHiauity, Mahometanifm, and the mofl blind and fuper(ti<> tious idolatry. . . - TURKEY IN ASIAi This k aliarge empire, IDOO miles long, and 800 l^rpad, lying b»> t'Ween the 28rh and 45th deg. N. lat. Alleppo is the capital of Afiat* ic Turkey. The once great and oppulent city of Jcrufalem is now an inconliderable place, little more than a heap of ruins. Jerufalcra was the capital of Judea, but was entirely razed to the ground by Titus the Roman general, in the reign of the £mperor Vcfpatian, 70 years after the birth of Chrift. Many other towns and cities, men> tioned in the facred writings, are now only ruins. The beautiful rut- ins of tlie city of Balbec arc in Turkey in Ada. • ^ TARTARY. Tartarjr occupies all the northern regions of Afia, RufSan Tiri tary.or Siberia, which is an immenf(^ tract, flretching along the b'ro- aen Oceaut quite acrofs Alia, from the river Don t>r T-einias to the Eaflern Ocean. Tartary is 4000 miles long from the fea of Afaph to Kamfkatka, and 2400 broad. Siberia is a favage, unpolllhed, and almofl unloiown country; the people live in miferible huts; the ground i» covered with mow above nine months in the year; yet this miferabie country is the place to which thofe unfortunate Rufl- iians arc banifhed Who in the leaft ofRnd againfl the government^ Nay, fo defpotic is the power of the Czar of Mufcovv, that for of- fences againfl'himlelf, whether real or imaginary, Ke can tear a lather of his family from his wife and children, and fend hira to drag' ottt the remainder of his life in the frozen wilds of Siberia, Cdze oq. his property, and leave his family to ftarve. Kappy natiort, whci-e' MO fvch tyruBDy can be' dreaded; happy Amerieajiui!, whofe hink- Y 3^ 97« GEOGRAPHICAL EXERCISE. dght is liberty ! oh facred be the conditution which fecures thofe »ght8 ; may her children, ever fenfible of the bleflings they enjoy, «iert every nerve to defend them. The capital of Uftec 'I'artary i§ ■ Bocharia. Thi* immenfe tra<5t extjendt from the SCth to the 78tk deg. K. lat. CHINA. Wt know fo little of the interior of Chinaj that it it impoflible t« tfcertain its divifions. It is faid to contain feveral thoufand walled cities, the principal of which are Pekin, Nankin, and Canton. China is remarkable for the nianufa •ending from the 20th to the 4Jd deg. N. lat. INDIA. '. . India is divided i.Mo thre , large traAs ; tlie empire of the Mogul,* generally called Indoftan ; the weftern peninfula on this fidic the Ganges, and^ ih^ eaftern peninfula beyond the Ganges. It is the. richeft country In all Alia, and takes its name from the river Indus. It is 2500 miles long, and i 000 miles broad from the northern to the ibuthern point of thetwo peninfulas. It lies between 1 and 40 deg. N. lat, India contains numerous fine and navigable rivers. The climate differs greatly in the extremities of this vaft . empire, the northern provinces being cool and temperate, while the foiithern ate parched with* heat. They are fubjem deferts of buniiug fand, it is p.imoft infupportable to Europeans. lhein« habitants are quite black. Africa produces figs, raiilns, oranges, lem- ons, citrons, pomegranates, olives, dates, fenna, leather, civit, gold duft, elephant's teeth, oArich feathers, pepper, ambergrife, &c. &c. I'he inland country abounds with tigers, lions, leopards, panthers, rhinocerofes, crocodiles, and monkies. The native princes war with each other, and fell their captives taken in battle to Europeans, a barbarous, degrading traffic. '1 hat an unenlightened favage fhonld fell A fellow creature, over whom tl;e fortune of war has given him pow- er, is not furpriixng ; but that a man, whofe mind is enlightened by reafon and religion, one vrho bears the facred name of Cbrijiian^ ihould encourage the horrid trade, and grew rich by tbe purchafe and fale of human beings, is a difgrace to humanity. The negro on the burning fands^f Africa, was born as free, as he who drew his ftrfl breath is America or Britain. BARBARY. Barbary lies on the coaft of the Mediterranean. Mcroccu is the capital of the kingdom, but Mequinez is reckoned the great empo«< rium of all Barbary, as it is the refidei.ce of their nionarchs. The oth-< er Barbary ftates are Algiers, Tripoli and Tunis. The whole coun- try is very fertile; they produce very fine hbrfeti, fpirited and haad- lipmef' EGYPT. Egypt is aboat 600 miles long, and 550 broad, lying between 20 and 32 d^. N. lat It is divided into Upper Egypt, and Lower Egypt. Cairo on the Mile, is tl-c capital of Kg;}'pt ; and is faid to be the largeft city in the world ; it is often called Grand Cairo. Thofe llupendous ftrudlures, the pyramids of Egyptj are a wonderful curi- ofity, the largefl covers eleven acres of ground, and its perpendi^ eular height is 5C0 feet. '1 his country abounds in black cattle, and has a very fine breed of aiTes. 1 heir trade coutiUs of lincxu, iia% ca(Ila» bairn, drugs, &c. &c. ABYSSINIA. This is a Ia»-ge traA of country, 900 miles long, and 800 brba($> extending from. the 6th deg. to the 20th deg. N.lat. They have afcfa- iMrhcre whea it fai&s cojatuxually for 6 xq(. hs, that is from Aprils GI-OCriAPHIQAL EXERCKSE. 27« to ScjUcm'jcr. This country U t us for bo'ii^ the fe.U of the fuurcu of the Nile ; it contains tome curluut (juadrapedH, and a particularly venomous infetit called the IfiiUfatya lly. Sonie uacmn- nion and iiiaful ve^^etablc produtftioiiH, and fotne iutereAIng tutural cunul|tiei. Cunduris the capital uf AbylUnia. THE OTHER AFRICAN S I'ATES. Fezan, Bornou, and Caflina, arc larjje, interior ftatc» of Africa* Vut very Uule is kn()^vn concerning;' tliom. Negretta, or Ncgr«.?land, is a very Uupe country nearly in the cciitre of Africa, l^'onomotapa, and iNjonimMgiji-re inland territorie»» Guinea or the ir:;ld coaft, comprchond) all the countries .on th« weftern coaft of Africa, to which Euro;)can8 trade for ivory, f?old» and flaves. Zanguebar extends along the e;iflern c< :iA of Africa from Mozambique to the red fea. Cafllaria is the moft touthem countiy of ^Vfrita, inliabiicd by Hottcr.rots. The Cape of Good Hope, which is the moft foulhern promontory of CafTraria, is very ijiouatrvin.'ius ; the twp of tb« Cape is ;J\vays covered with a cap of clouds before a florni/ AFRICAN ISLANDS. Mcda^'^afcar Is the largeft of all the African iflands ; It it 1000 ■liles long, and bciween 'J and SOO broad. It abounds in cattle, corii, and valuable gums ; it lies between 10 and S5 de^f. 8. lat. Zocartry ofF tiic muH: eafteni cape of Africa, ]{ielding frankin- cenfe, gum tragacanth, and aloes, lyin,^ in 12 deg. N. lat. Babel- maniiel at the entrance cf a ftraitof the fame name wliich leads to- the red fea. Coinora iflcs, I tween 10 and 14 degrees S. lat. Joana is the chief,, and exatSks a tribute from the oihers. Mauritius, about 400 mile* caft of Madagafcar, produces rhc iir' ft ebony in tlie world. The ifle of Bourbon in 21 de;.;;. 9. lat. t'ei f ;!(- and liealthy, produces cxcet- lent coffee. St. Helena is thelirfliHind after you are round th« Cape of Good Hope. On a voyage homeward, fhips ufually touch* there on their return, for refreflmtents. Afccniion in 7 deg. N. lat. a mountainous barren ifland, famous onlv for the number <;t turtle* it produces. St. Matthew, an uninhabited uland, St. 'i'hom?.).* Ana«^ boa, Princes ifland and Fernando Po, are all in the gul. of Guinea* Cape Verd iflands, ofF the moft weftern. point qf Africa. St. Jago- is the largeft, and is the capital and relidence of tJie Portuguefe viceroy. iTie ifle of May producing great quantities of fait. The ifland of Togo is a volcano, Goree a fmall fpot not more than 2 miles in circumference, within cannon fhot of Cape Verd The Canaries between 27 and 29 deg. N. lat. famous for rich wines, and thofe beautiful little finging birds called canary birds. Madeiras im. 32 deg. N. lat. have a moft falQbriou8cHmate,produce fine cedar trees, rich fruit and gums, and thofe rich wiaes called Madeira^ Malmfejj^^ i 174 GEOGRAPHICAL EXERCISS. Th»Aiores or weAern idet, about midwat between r>.*-r>p^ »n4l America. 8t. MichaeU u the largeft It ti rcinarkiii/'. c^at no paiftmoot »«iinal, reptile, or infetlt, nor vermin of any kind will live there, tor if carried iu vedeli trading thither, they die inin;e< diately ou landing. AMERICA. Thit vaft continent is frequently denominated the New World, and i« bounded north by the Frozen Ocean, i'uuth by the Soufhera Ocean, end by the Atlantic, which divides it from Europe and Africa, and weA by the Pacific. Americ^i conGftt of tWo large • peninritlas, divided by a long narrow nctk of land, called the Ifth- ratis of Darien or Panama. In the ';reat gulf formed by the twq peninfulm. He an innumerable multitude of idands denominated' the Weft lindiee, in contradiftindUon to the countries and iilands beyond the Cape of Good Hope, which are called the Eaft Indies. America Extends from north to fouth, upwards of 8000 miles ; and from Greenland to the moft wcfteriL part of North Aiherica, it is 3700. Tt extends from 80 deg. N. to 56' dcg. S. lat. America is feparated from the north eaft part of the Afiutic continent, by a narrow chan« nel not more than thirteen leagues acrofs fVom Cape Prince of Wales in America to £all Cape in Afia. This quarter of the globe #a« difeovered by Chriftopher Columbus A. D. 1492. America o fouth of New Britain ; it is 600 miles long, and 200 broad, ly- ing between 45 and 52 deg. N. lat The principd towns are Qae- hteand Montreal on the river St Lawrence. Ih this province ia that ftopendous cataradk the falle of Niagara. Nova Scotia lies o)^ lilt «iiiftof Canada, chief toww H^difasancl Aooapolit RoyaJL GEOGRAPHICAL EXERCISE. tf3 SPANMH AMtRlCA. OU MnUo, or Ntw Spain , Hm on the moft Ibuthem p*rt of h: orth America, and it almoft furrouoflod by New Mexico. It is £000 miles long, and 800 at the broadcit part. Cbief towm Mexico, the capital is in the middle of the country, I^ Vka Cruz oo the gulf of Mexico, and Acapulca oo the (buth (t$L Mexico it citreinely hot ; it produces more . fruit than grain ; it extendi from 8 to 30 dcg. N. lat. Kaft and Weft Florida alfo belongs to the Spaniitt-ds, chivf towns Peniacola, and St. Auguftlne, New Mexico and the peuinTula of California, chief towns Kanta Fe and St. Juaa. In South America the Spaniards poirol's Terra Finn*, lying bctwcan the equator, and 1 2 dcg. N. lat. capital Panama. Peru lying fouth of Terra Firma, 1800 miles long, and .'JOO broad, chief towm Quito, t>ima, and Cufco. Chili fouth of Peru, chief towns St. Jago, Paraguy, and La Plata, capital Buenos Ayrea. SETTLEMENTS BELONGING TO THE PORTUGUESB AND DUTCH, The Porti^efe poiTefs Brazil. Guiana belongs to the Dutch, of which the chief fcttlement is Surrinam. In South America are alio Araaeonia and Patagonia, but the Europeans have no fettlements at either place. Patagpnia is remarkable for the inhabitants being of a gigantic Aature. THEr UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. How are the United States of America bounded, and what t» U»eir extent ? ^ They are bounded north by Nova Scotia and Canada, eaft by th« Atlantic Ocean, wefl by the Apalachi an Mountains^ foath by Flo- rida. They extend from north to fouth above a tlioufand mil««y and are fituated between 31 and 47 degrees N. lat. What ren\arkable lakes, rivers and mountains are tliere in the United States ? The principal lakes are Lake Superior, Lake Ontario, and Lake Champlain. The rivers, Miiriiippi, Ohio, Munongahda, Allegany:, North River, Delaware, Sufquehannah and Potowmac. The moun- tains are the White Mountains, the Mouadac, the Oflapy, the Green Mountains, and the Allegany Mountains. What are the animal and vegetable produdtions of the United States ? They contain about one fourth of the quadaipeds of the known world, fome of which are peculiar to this country, as the Mam- moth, bifon, moofe, mountain cat, opoHuin, wood chucks, bears and foxes. They produce all kinds of vegfetables to be found in Europe. They have alfo a variety of Mrt^s, whofc plumage exceeds iLofe of Eurdpe, but arc much inferior to them in the meiody of their notes. The rattlefnake, whofe bite is mortal, is a native of tiie United States. '"^■^■^'i*',-. 276 GEOGRAPHICAL EXERCISE. ' SV"hich was the lirft ftate to which Europeans emigrated, and ia which they made fettlements ? Virginia, a colony of Enghfli being planted there by Sir Walter tlaleigh, who fent fliips and people out under the (:ondu(Sl: of Cap- tain Ralph L v/hich h inaiJe from (he fap of the nuiple tree, j he chara(^.enft*cs of the inh.ahi- tai:t£ cf Vcn:iM::i is ijidiiftry, adlivWy , .-.d iVrgality. Liirraiurs be- z:^ ■ijwlWIwiiei -< ,w=-^.,;;:/:*#f!^'^:^"^^'^ >•»"**■'■' Of' K i » EXERCiSE. 277 York d was .A?4>. il. the and raatle abi- be- ginsVto flourini among th^ ; tyfo colleges bave Utdy been tr^£ted in ttiis (Ute. The chief town is Bennington. Vermont appears to be the moiV northern fta^e at fifft view* but the Diftrivlnt^r,and having, in com- pany with others, croiTed See kliunk river, they landed among the Indians, by whom they were liofptitably rpceiyedt Here they laid a foundation of a town, which, from a fenfe of God's ntcrcifui provi» dence to them, they called Providence. Thofe feitlers were foon joined by^thers,and in a fewyears it became a flourifliing celouy. The chjef towoin jkliode l-land is Newport, a very pieafantj healthy t6wn,.a|mo(ifurrc>uaded by t!\e fea. They have a good cotton manufatSfcory'neur Providence, In this (late they alfo manufadlure bar aflti'flieet,i/pri, (leei, nails, implenients of hulbandry, (loves, ;Mid fliip iron works. ,j >„f J. , ^' Connc'ilicut ? '., 'Connci^tcut, though fubjedl to^ fr*qu^ntfudden changes of wea* ther, is very healthy. It is generally broken !aud,.iniide up of rnOti?^ tains, hills, and vallies, but is extrenj^ly well watered, and has t llvong, fertile foil. Tlie trade oi Connetilicut couiifts of planks, Slaves, Indian corn/beef, pork, live cattle, and horfes. 'Inhere is n wooiien manufadlory and aa oil mill in th:.'} tbte. The chief towa is Hartford. They have a college and many acadetnies in Con- ne^licut. This (lij[te.^as ft^ ie;^led in 1&33. ^■^^w York j ^.;; i ^^v V ^,_ . _ •. •-' . This (laL^Ii inter'fe2ieo*b'y rutges of mountains, running in a north call and fouth weft Jireck'oa. but beyond the Allop-liaoy «»ouutuiu3 the country i& a dead level, the foil is ich and i*.ere .tT" 278 GEOQI^APHIQAL j;3^ERCI§E^ are large tratfts of wood land. In fQine parts there are very large dairies kept, which fnriiiifh excdlent butter and cHeefe. They have a very fine falmon fifliery at the month of the Saranac river. This (late is confiderably behind fome of the neighbouring dates in agricultural improvements and manufaiShires, but in regard to foreign trade it has decidedly the preference over them alL The capital is the city of New York. '- '**• New Jerfey f The interior of this ftate is agreeably variegated by hills and tallies. The c6untry along the fea coaft is uniformly flat ; almcft a fourth part of the whole flute is fandy and barren, unfit for culti- vation. The bed land lies in the fouthern parts, along the banks of rivers, and there are large ihad fiflieries upon the Delaware. They raife Indian corn, buck wheat, oats; barley, and flax. The markets of New York and Philadelphia, are fupplied with fruit, vegetables, and butter from New Jerfey. Treflton is the capital of the ftate. Some part of New Jerfey was fettled by the t>utch as eariy as 1&15. iia Peanfylvania ? . ^ The principal parts of this ftate may be called mountainous, f6r the great ridge, called the Alleghany mountains, pafs throggh fome of the nortli weft counties. The valcs between thofe mountains are of a rich, fertile foil. Ihefouth fide of Peanfylvania is the beft fettled. The produ- lic fplrited gentlemen, and 10,000 puund^ .?>yen by govej-nip^nt,' to affiftthem in their voyage,, and to plirchafe the' niceuai^ ut^hfils of hufbandry. The humane defignSvas' ei^cut^d' wltli vigour, 'and Georgia,which it wasnamed in honour of his Britanic niajefty, foon be- came a flourifhing colony. Theloil ifi in general ffertilc ; they cultivate rice, cotton, and indigo, which conAitutes their chief commerce. The winters are very mild, but the fununers rather unhealthy. Savan- nah was formerly the capital of this ftate, but Augufta is the prefent feat of government. Have there not been many late additions to thefe ftates ? Yes ; the Territory north weft of the Ohio, a fine, fertile traA of country, in(ireafing faft in population, and ritilig daily in refpe<£l:a- bility. Alfo TcnnefTee and Milfifippi Tcrritpry, And that large tradl of country railed Louifiana, lately purcbstfed from Fi-ance ' by the United States. ' ' .American Iflands ? ' The great Gulf, formed by the two peninfulas Of North and South America, is fcattered over with a multitude of iflands, called the Weft Indies ; thefe are the Bahamas, the Bermudas, and the Cari- bees. Thefe iflands belong chiefly to the Euglifli, French , and Dutch. They lie within the tropics, and are flibjeift to extreme heat. The only difference of Teafons kno-vvn here, is the w'dt and the' dry ; the face of the co\mtry is gre • all the year round, kod' the fruit 'trees have blolfonv"!,' j^reen, and -■ pe fruii on them, at the fanie time. Be- fides thefe, is th.:: ifland of Newfoundland, lying north eiaft of the United States of America, famous for the extenfive fifliery carried •n upon its coaft, chief town St. Johns. New Difcoveries ? /;; Within a very few late years, our geographical kno"ivledge has been greatly extended by the difcoveries of modern navigators, among whom no one has rendered more eflential fervice to th^ fci- ence than Captain James Cook. He made the tnoft importiittt' dif- coveries in the fouthern hemifphere, explored the eafterti cbaft of New Holland, penetrated to the utmoft navigable limit of the An- tardtic fea, andWn the coiirfe of his voyages, has made difcoveries equal in number and importmce to thofe of all the navigators of his own or any other country, colleAively, from Columbu"s to the prefent day. Having achieved fo much, it is painful to refledl that he lived rot to fenjoy the honours due to his meritorious labours, but as he was returning from his laft voyage, he terminated his nfefuL life at Owyhee one of the Sandwich iflands; being facrifitf6d to the nomentary fury of a riamelefs faVage. The lofs of this eftimable man was lamented not only by Britain, but by every nation who re- Tere talents and virtue, The moil houour»kle e'ilp§;i«»'have bee*. .^m 'i :;.»•. CTEOGUAPHTCAr. EltTEltClSE. 2Br j|k!.The latitude and longitude of any place being given, to find that place til^on. the globe ? 3nng the given longitude found on ' the equator, to the brafs i^erjdian, and look for the given latitude on the meridian ; imdef tjl),e degree is the place requiredJ- '^ 3iiTo find the fun's place in th-- ecliptic at any time * The month and. day being given, look for the fame on the wood- en horizon, and over againftthe^ day you will find the particular fign and degree in twhich the fun is' at that time, which fign and degree being noted in the ecliptic, the fame is the fun's place, or liearly, at the time defired. To find the fun's declination, that is its diftance from the equa- tor either north or Ibuth ? Find thelim's place, as in the laft problem, and bring it to the' edge of the brafs meridian, and the degree of the meridian exA(*^ly over it is tue declination, .'f the fun be on the north of the eqni- liodlisdJt is faid to have north declination, but if on the fouth, it ilas fouth decUnation. f|7<»v^?>4*\^^? w* ^r- Xa redify the globe ? :'' " „ :;v ' > ;*A.- 282 GEOGRAPHICAL EXERCISE- To relace, aad extend it from thence ta the^ ether, aii4 tlxe end witt point upon the horizon the pofitioa, and thereby fliew on what, point of the corapafs it lies dire. required in which the fun is vertical to the given place. - Fo find the altitude of the fun on any given hour of the day, at: any place ? • Re.- :;-^- 28« GEOGRAPHICAL^ 'fitERCrSE. day and night ; fo that when it i» mld-^y with one, it is mid-'qight to the other. , To find thofe inhabitants of the earth that are called Antipodes f Thefe living in opppfite parallels p^ latitude, and, orite m^eri- idtans, have their feet diredkly oppofite to each' other, |n a line paf- finr^ dirbugh the centre of tne earth ; and ^ey havjp their dap and laights dir'e r.w,t!! ■•.;■. \ - * . ^ i *,'ij3s -/■ Eta- Hiftorical Exercife. Wi HAT 18 necefTary to the ftudying hiftory with advantage afid pleafure? In the Audying of hiftory, care fhould be t.aVeii to read it in fuch order, ^4 ^>^ ^u<^h attention, as fhaJl enable us clearly to di^n- guiiHi fadts, peribui, times aad placets, and to this end it is neceitfarj to have a competent knowledge of chrooulugy and geugraptliy, which have been defervedly called the two eyes of liidory, as they give aa additional light to it, and remove all. kind of conlufion. , , What is the mofl ancient, and yet the muA authentic hiftory } The bible, and is termed facred ^iflory. Profane hiftory gives an accouht of the rifa and fall of various, nations, ilates, and empires, their. different reUgions, languages, cuAoms, manners, and forms ol government. How many forms of government are there ? Three, viz. monarchy, ariftocnicy, and democracy. Every coun- try is under one or tether of thefe, or elfe has a ff)rt of mixed govern- ment, compounded of* two, or perhaps all three of them. In a mo> narchical government, the fupreme power is lodged in one perfon only, who is flyled king or emperor; and, this form of govermneut is Cvilled. defpotic, which means, that the Ibvereign confuUs his own will only, lender an ariftocracy, a' country is ruled by the nobles. R^pubhcs tend to this form of government, a^ feveral of the prin- cipal memb^ers are ct^ofen to govern the Rmc. In a democracy, the fujireme authority is lodged with the .common people, or in perfons chofen by them. Some republics partake of thiis form. In the nax- ed government, the authority of the fovercign is limited and re- ftfrajne^ by the laws and by tlie afiembly of the ftates. In England, the government is compounded of all tlie three forms. In an hered- itary kii^gdom, the fon fucceeds to the throne upon the death of his father, and in fome govei;nment|5, fem^ies fucceed. In an plec- ttve kiugdom, the king's clxildren have no right of inheritance, but whtn the tovereign diesj the fl;atei aiTemble, and choofe a king. What kingdoms, flates, and nations, are moll particularly uc^icftd in modern hiftory ? i > France; Spain, Ruffia,.England,'HolIand, I'rnffia, Poland, Sweden, Turkey m Eiiro^(^ |ujd^|i» |j<^tfci ^ §pi^h ^m^a^H^ f riwce ajjr I! 286 HISTORICAL EXPRCISH;, ., ... < • • peari to he tlio moft ancient kingdom in modern Europe. It was originally the country of the ancient GauU, hut takes its prei*ent name fiom the Franks, a fct of Gi rman emigrants, who completed the foundation if the late monarcny, under Clovis, about the ytar 47»). Great p of I'rance was conquered by Kriwird III. of England, and m the year 1*1*20, Henry V, madi ) « otjueft of it, and was declared regent and heir to tn.o crown j* ijraxice. A few years after, the EnglUh \\fre entirely routed by the famous Joan of Arc, and in H^O, they wprc entirely driven out of France. A dreadful mafTacre timjc place at Pans, in Auguft 1792, Loui% XVI. was dethroned and imprifoned, together with the queen and royal family, and on the 2 1 ft of September, the national convention pafTcd a decree for the abolition of royalty ; violent fadiions fucceed* ed, the churches were plundered, their revenues feized on, the con- vents thrown open, and numbers of the clergy banilhed ; and on the 81(t ©f January 17nn, the unfortunate kinc^ was beheaded. Dread- ful were the convuliions which now rent this devoted nati,On. The conAitution had been declared republican, but their rulers were fre- qnemly changed, and every change coft thoufands of lives. At length a bold adventurer ftartcd into notice, Napolean Bonaparte, a native of Corfica; he headqd their annies, directed their councils, and without appearing to aim at power, fo effeccamc an carlqi'iu t',> ^pai,n, but in ll:i9, Atonzo 1. airunii.'d the title uf king of i'ortugal. in l.^^O, it w:ut aj^aiu fetz«d ou liy Phi! (J II. king of Spain, hut in If) !(), the people Ihook oil" the iipan* ifli ^ uke, and ele(Sled for their king John, Duke of Hraganza, who took the name of Jolm IV. ia whole family it ha> ever lincc: rciuaiu* cd independent uf Spain. Of Ruffia ? RutiTa feems to have been in a ft "fm, till about the year 1540, when John Ba/Jlowitz rec* nnthe Taetars,to whoP' it had been many years fubjevft, . it to independca-4 cy. ;n the lixteenth century, the Rulh , -. .. ercd and coiinuort cd Siberia. KuiHa became an empire under Peter I. de('erved<4 ly furnamed^he Great; for never was a more indefitigable prince for the welfare of his people. By his endeavours, aided by his Empirefa, Catherine I. the RulBans cn\ergcd from a itate bordering on favage barbarity, to fomethinghke refinement. The arts were in-* troduccd and protected, and the Czar himielf fet the brighteft ex- ample of fortitude, patience, tcn;pcrance, and forbearance. He blended judi^e with clemency, he alTertcd his own authority, and would be obeyed, but he was never deaf to the application of hi» fubje^fls, ever ready to hear and redrefs their grievances, he was al« moft idolized. How has Rullia been governed Hnce his deatli } Chiefly by women. The late Czarina, Catherine IL thoug^h wife, prudent, and formed for power, luiTered her ambition to hurry her into adlions, degrading to humanity and oiFenilve to juftice. She afcended the throne A. D. 1762, having previoufly de- pofed her confort, Peter III. Ihe emperor Jolm had been de- pofed fome years before, and was kept in clofe confinement ; he re- mained a prifox^er till 1764, when an attempt being made to releafe liirn, he was killed by the officer of the guard, who had orders fromr tKe emprefs to that purpofe. This Catherine was of a mafculine un* derftaa^ing, ambitious, haughty and revengeful ; lliA jTought conqueft as tlie means of extending power ; flie was fucccfsfi'flin her military purfuits, and her reign has been the admiration of all Europe ; but the untimely death of thofe two unfortunate fovereb^ns, Peter and John, have caft a Ihade upon her moll illullrious aduons, which no tiine can take away. She was a fteady friend, but an imiilacable en- emy. She will however be remembered with enthufialm by the Rufllans. She aboliflied the cufbom of torturing criminals to make them confels their crimes. She alio encouraged commerce, and c£* ^>. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 Ifi- lii^ I.I I4£ 1^ 2.0 1.8 1-25 1.4 III 1.6 « 6" ► ?^ vl / '^ <^? -^ ^>> y >^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 673-4503 tilil^li0d'#iMi|titt(iil^ Ult •■tioft n9t 1$ «W)|Nlm la^is^f «tl«9)(«^ Mi |»Ate|NibUe. It Wte«iif«iW#|i^^ iftvit who, by uowfstnta labmr mA mutual aififtaaMr »« eiia|)l<4'!to Ml^ Miti liabMstlllBiiiilhe l^it^ <#i^hI14«^ kaid to fwm fo- tktfar»toat09d^iiy#ii ^' > ^^ wav,reigtt«dc^er1ttl4 ^jpoH^fh^tfei^ic lMe«iiah'a < id:to >f«it|ttfo- M H^li^TO^^ piitcfc'y^ StliTORteAL EXEftCist, ^ tfew^Jt. but i^»yem rilf at W «c^^^ foldfer, and %iih 5^f n^'&^'^^^^ .abav*i»ne yes^fo SHe^i^'- "^ .^ ««nJ*». cojaSiuetl J90 peo^t pofli^ed jif llidiii^^g^ccneci ihfmldjeii^ mc « poor eotta^ m Brttak. Biit wiieia VUuam* WrdSfd l>)' binr o^ «iii|H»iaict of m*am 9iidi>oii«r,fi»]cintodaTcr7, ^ Biijtt^^ etiMlltd tbcm. Jritate Ibttii •it^ Witt nrwifd >3r i|w l^iM Jcot^ whofc Ui- llomanai inierippfiii^ tpl&ft^^ f<> tli* Siuwiis, who fcntthcpi an ann^ undir (hi «ob4u^ of lto|ift asd Horfiw w1n» foon rc|iit#fl creduror old king, and had him put to a cruel ^h. BiHwtfd 111. rim to ^e throiie>y the voice of parliament, irtuch i» the>oice of the nation, began his reign by uking vengeanct on the trtiitor Morfiifter; he ftrove by ever^ rteani ih his-pow^r. to Jte- c\irfetlie afearlea,but the Engliih, at hjuteen^eady rdated, #ere driven out of France by Joan of Arc, a Teiry^w years after^ds, and in the reign of Henry Vt Riehard, dnke of York^delcended on the mother s iide f^om Ed- wturd ni. pretended a right to the throne. A long amA bbody eon- tebtion took Jplace bjstween the houfes dS Ywk and Lancaft^, which ended fa an utdon of the two famiUet, wh«> Henry, dnke of Richmond, conquered Richard nt and marrying Ehaabeth, d««htel-or EdwaidClV;was procIaimed,king of ErtgSid, by |he title of Henry VtL Henry Vin. was fuce^xled by his three chi|- • dren, Mward^ Mary, and Elisabeth ; Edward died in h» minority, ***^r >*>f?.^w» ««»«kabie for the perfecntion of the proteft- jn^and jpabeth?i retgn ii Aif5^^ acnithXtf »«ah jpoi|^. Hl^f eign wai oidy larnifted by the condemaatioir of the^nnfortunate Maryi iqueen of Scots, who wae beh«i^ in Fotheringfay Csjftle, where ihe had been a prifoner 14 year*. At the death of eteren years, QHver Crmnwdl beic^ protedor of Eng- land Itotgiari^abtfng riftoredto the throne, monarchy was again eftabltfiied. Jtaiesil brothei; and fucce^br to Charles, abdi- cated the throne in 1689, when the priQce of Orange, who was grandfon to Charles I. was called to the throne, and reigned jpint- ly with, his wife, junder the title of l^lIKam a»d Maryi To them fucceeded Anne, and in her the Stewart Hne being v^actlna, the ctefjit femily of Ohuelph, eleaors Qf Hanover, and defcended hr wAe fepal^on of the -.American colonies from the Brit3& gmpiir«. There are i^s» eIe<£tor»^m whom are invefted |fte right t^tHm&g th| emperors of G^nnuiy, tvho are not heredit«r^ pnnc^ but whoa ^|i Wpet pr diei. Uirfe eiet^rs afi^Ue, and <|boofe anolher. > :.- -. Ciiarie^u^e, or Chsirles th«, Greats king of F^rance, was the fo^iii- derof ,4i^ Go-man empire, in SoaTlie prefect einperor i» aifo^. jjdng of Hnng^ary aud'%rfxemia* "''^f'.\ ■' ^"■•■-^ ''"''''»ii^- ''■■■• "file j^emment of Switzerland is a |ree rc^ublie ; the dmeirent c;^toni, though wmi^ by one bond, are goven^e^ by th^ own Uiwi» Her^ t09 tihe encroaching Oaula, jbaye made iftnovauon?, but without ■e^MUng'an entire change. ,- v "• • ■'*,.,. v, vZv:.^;-.'r^ •■';"- /\ tf^prm me of Denmark and Norway ? - ; ^ ' * ^ Denmark is an hereditary kingdom, and theDanifli kings are le- gal fovereigrw/and perhaps the only legal fovercigm i» the world, for the feaatprs, nobility, der^aad conimons, divefted tbemfelv» , ©f their right; as. weH a» power, m 166Q, and made a forn^al iurreq* der of their rii^hts to the then reigjQing king, Frederick HI. Deni* mark was the a^cie^lt l|infi;m of tU^ Gothft^ The crdwn^ waa el«> : live till^ 1660, when it was declared hereditary in favomrjof S'red- erickniv' -'.. ,."■/,■.•■• ;".V.r,'. ^ -V . -■'",■•'"-■■-•'■■'','- ]!«rorway.h^ belb»4ged to the crdwn of Ifeiitaiark ever nnce tht yeai" 1387, ind is gwerned by a banifli viceroy. Whatisthegoyerttmentof ?ruflia? a. ' - It is monarchical, and very defootic ; .the fiicceflion is hereditary, _ The anfrient inhabitsmt^ of PriiMas, wer« a brave, warlike pe^ y they cc^ntinued independe«tt»and PaganstiU thetime of the criMadM, when the German ^a%hts of the tu«ohic Arder, itmdertoo* t convfrfion by the edge of the fH^ord,a»d ob%ed them to^emWape chriaianity.c Tha^ Germans maj&taioed their 'Conqueft till 152% wim M\im lufor^lLve^ of Brand«ffl>ttreh, tte Ms^»a4 m^ei^ ^ waf th« tuetonie drdttt h«Ttiuf tafc«n poflcffion ^f all Pniffia, cc4cd th#^ wetav part to the^kinf of Paknd, atod w^t aclnKywle4«Kl'^n af^er which, he wa« ac- khpythedfied kinn of Phiffia.by all the other .powen of £ttrope.«nd M$jUteilidauiU have fitted the throne ever fince ■"^J^ %nf knowledge of the hiOory of the TurkI ? TheTili]rksorTorcoman]),orfgiai;iiU7 in()ab;red that vail tra<^ of* country called by the ancient* Scythia» and by tlie modern* Tartary. ^'"*3r««end«d their jpo^queft* froip theflion of the Cafpian fea to the pwdawtflle*, aod^ ^braced thed6<£IHne of Mahomet. Upon the deel&w bf the empire of the Saracenfc, they n^ade themfelvea mailers m Palelliii«, and Mi the Euro^n pi^j^ms 4wder heavy contribu* tidtts, eM^dfing Aich horrid cnieltJes on the chrilHan inhabitants of the county, a* ^aye rife to the crufades, which wa» begun in 1OD0, by all the chHAiaiB powers in Europe, in order to drive the infidel* from Jeruf^fnL Ocean* of blood was fpilt in this war, and a chrif. lia^ kingdom W3is^ at length eredled at Jerufaleita' under Godfrey of Boiltoh, h\A jdeither he nor his fucceflors were po^eflTed of power to maintaiu it. In l^QO, the Turkilh or Ottoman empire was founded in Mthynii by Olinan I. In lS53theTurks.^t footing in ^urope, and foon after AihUrath fettled the feat df cinpire at Adriaaoplt^Jnt 145S, Mahomet If. took CbnOaminQple, and ever fince the 1^& have been cohfidered a9 an European power. Can ybu "Yurnifli ar^ information concerning the Afi^ue Scale* ? The Perfian empire was fouxided by Cyi:us, who, about UBS -nan' before Chrift, ref|or«I the Ifraelites to iibcny, who had been cap- tives at fi^^lon, and ended with Darius who was conquered by Alexander the Great, S.SI years before tiie chriftian thu After Al- exanders cqnque(t dver Darius, a new empire was formed, c ailed tLc- Parlhi^, but A. I). 230, Artaxerxes reftored it tn its aiicieut titkr. la the year 651, Perfia became a prey to ^he Tartars, till the time of duit fiundus ufurpe^, Kbuli lUlan, who- once more raifed^it to a pow«tf ill kingdom, but he was fo cruei fnd opprei]^ve,thathe was «tdauinated.in 1747. After "his death, many pretenders to the throne of J^erfia arof& Kerim Khan w.-^ eftabliflied He reigued 30 years, and died univerfaUy regretted; iiace which, two c0|i^pet- itors,Msdiomet Khan, and laafar Khan, hav^ divided the empire be- trrtreen them. The government is verv/defpoticT ,. Wha^aceOumcan you give of the hiftbry of Indoftan, China, &e..?* The firft' invader of tMs country was Alexander the Ore^t. Xoi^ after him, a Tartarian prince, named Zinghis Khan, made an incur- »iibn intof it, and gave the naqie of Mogul to Indof&ii. In is98, Tunerlane nutde a conqued of if, and in I5I9, Baber,a T|irtamn< prince, fubduing Ibrahim, the Hindoo emper6r, was proclaimed fov' «Feign, and his defccndants have poireffed the throne e%'er fince ihat^^ jj^ejaod. In 1758, the emperor Shah Allum, who with'h^s father} had! .. r .' "m HISTORICAL EXERtolomies, and in this line it c^tmued ■ till the famous Cleopatra afcended the throne. ^<».,»Sf^*"^ Egypt becamea Roman provimre. and io h contitiued "» *«^^^^^ teffOTS'of Mahomet expelled .he Romans, abotit the Jtir ceiltnry. In the time of the crufades, fegypt wa8>governed JT NorradCT, Who&fon,thefiunou8 Saladin, fought agamft the^chnfttans, and retook from tWm Jerirfalem. He ihftituted the maitary corg of ^uiSukes. whoinA.D. If42 advanced one Of^ thetr own officer. • ^^tfci^fte/ BgyptiMe»aoblcftandagai»ft the fvxl^imAiv^ HISTORICAL EXERCISE. m .. Ab- l th«n gipti t ^^««d the money neceCary for the equipment of a. fiitfU fleet, cenfifKng of three froall veflele, the laigeft of which t»as com- muided by Columbus himfelf, was the only one that had a deck andwas caUeda carrack. The other two were caravels, baxdiy fu- penoFin burthen or force to Urge boats. This was the bo^deifl attempt ever made bv a navigator ; even tlie brave feamen who had. joined themfelves to the fortunes of Columbus, fliuddered with ap- preheafion, aiid when in the courfe of their voyage the n»aguetie needle feemed to vary from the pole, they began to fear even th^lf • campafs woufd prove an unfaithful guide, and reproached thw commander withhaving brought them from their homes, to peridi: on this unkcipwii ocean. - Was theiih voyage remarkably long^? . Notbut the art of navigation was then in itr infancy, smd to be twentjr days at fea M^ithbut fight of land, was what the boldeft -nrariher liad never before attempted. The diffatiificdfearaen not only murmurid»but threatened to throw their commander overboard, but his a^iyenund, never- at a lofs for expedients, by Ibothing, flattery, and mventingreai^ns for every uncommon appearance, promifing rewards, and cheering with hdpes, drew them on for iixteen days l^Pger, '^hm to the iftexprcffiWe delight of all, on oaober the 1 2th, they difcovered hmdi which pnoved to be an. ifland belongs . 'Ag to that clufter of iflands now called the Bahamas, lying in the* ^i^h.degree of north latitude ;^ thus in the fpace of thirty iix dayS;. Columbus completed a voyage^ which he had fpent twenty years. iirproje«Sthig, opened to the Europeans a new world, and ftamped. IMs-own^ame with immortality. , *j ^ , "'^ , iiav'i^ fpcQt. jTcyeral moQthsin vifiting thol^ Aumerous iilandi^ fm HXSTOltrCAJL £X£RCI8£. ■Mr Amm i a KUA tte Wtft Indict* IcMriiif a e6kmm «# durty in tlM-MMid of mpuuolM, he wm nctnmi m ii$ laadii^ with all tiM» honoun duf to hi* vrMt abilitiM ; the klqjr and t^a$m wcr« d^ifhttdwiih hi»unetp«acd fiMccfi ; aa oider %m ifiisd for the eoMfpfdnr an araMment of Aifldent iiaree aa might enable htm to lake soinffion of the coumiy ah'eady dfilboverad, and to go in learch of thole more opulent regittu iAI^h he ftiU confidcntnr es- pe^ed tofind. In thrfrOieecfaftil'vojaget hecominned eitending hit dMIeoviriink and Mding iheindR valuable territories s to thf Spanifli ''^'tifimt ( iff lie hemA «o)r»ge he difcovCred the iOaada St. Domhiica,fPaad» aSptpet Moitferat, Antigua, Porto Rico* and Jamaica; in hia third he liuMled on the cmtinetft at the mouth of the rivtr Onmokei in hia^rfeh and left voyage he difcorercd the bay of Honduma, and failed, aloiig the main Aore above 800 league*, liearehing in vain 5ar a paffage tathe Eaft Indiee ; bipt how humitialiitg it it to re6ca tliiit uiil great and go^ nnm, aftei; having rendered Aich eminent fenrice to the Spaidalh nation, waa rendered wretched in the Uvtter part of kit eziftcnce by the ' envy and malignity of hit enemies, and linilhed his aaive and ufeful life in bbicttrity at VaUadoUd, a finaU town in Spaitt^in 1506 ; hit conftitutiok ezhaufled^ by the hard* ilupt he had endurad, an^ his heart broken by ingratitude. Columbutbein^theiirft difeoverer, fi«m what dreumftance hat- thitcontinent derived the name of America ? Amerieiiit Vefpudut) a Florentine gentleman, hftving made a voy- age to the new world, on Kit return tranfmittcd an account of his- adventures and difcoveries to hit countrymen, and with the vanity of ^.travdHitr magnifying hit own ezploitt.had the addref» to frame. %| narrative, fo at to make it appear th«t he had the glory of ^ving been, the firiV difcoverer. Thus the country began to be. called by his name, and it now, by the univerial conflent of na^itus, called /vmerica. The 1>old ^retenfions of a fortunate impoftdr^ havine ^bbed" Columbus of a dilUntSUon which undoubtedly ^be^ •fooged to him ; but though the whole continent b«art the name of AmericAj yet that part of ^orth America, called the United Statety. it known ^1 over the world by the name of Columbia. l^ai the northern or fouthempeninfula firflt fettled, by Europe- ant ? The Southern, by ^ Spaniardt. After the death of Columbut, fpme extraordinary cbaradlen,. epiger to extend the difcoveries al^ xeady ma;de, Ojedft, and JNikuefa, diredled thar courfe towards thr Ifthfnusof Darien.' Each of thefe adventurers founded a coIly repaid whica the great (btttbero ocean opened to tfkeir view, at chey concetvad by thii fea» a way might be found eaiily to convey the trea(«irei of f^ru into their native land ; thi« was in the year 1513, Wiko were the next adventurer* ? The di/covey of the fouth iea having excited 3 fpirit of Adtren* turee> many ptrfon* qi^de attdnpti to reach Peru by ftta, but were unAlccefrtul, tUi three bold adventurer*, Pizarro, Almagro, and Hernando Liique, fet out rcfolvcd to liicceed or periili in the at* tempt. Thaf« three men who were deftined to conquer one of the graateft empire* upon earth, embarked from Panama in a finaU vfflel, accompanied by only 112 men i their vovagc^a* pcriloul, they were wrecked and remained five month* on the JUle of Gorgooe» a defolate, inhdfpitabie fpot. From tlxi* horrid iiiuation they were at length delivered, by the arrival of a vefTel from Panama ; traofported with joy, their fumriog* were forffotteu, their hope*^ revived, and perfuaung the ^crew of the newly arrived veiTel to join in the en- terprise, in 21 day* reached the coaftof Peru, and anchored in the road of Tumbes. Here they feaAed their eye* with the opulence of the Peruvians, finding the moflt- common utenfiU made of gold. Pixarro hairang qbtaiiMd fome animal*, a confiderabie quantity of gold and fil vo*, and tViro young native*, returned to Panama, $n^ from thenqe to Spsgin, where having procured a ' fihali niil|tary force, he again went to Peru, furpriacd the principal ((Bttlemefkt, aa4 feisedabqbty to the amount of thirty thoufand poundt. Blatedl withthi* fuccef*, tjhcy nunrched into the interior of the., comi|ry, penetra^ted even to the very ^lidence of their fovereign, whofe per<* fon they feized, and nuiijacred hi* faithful followers withqitt merer ; above four thoufand Peruvian* were flaughtered in one battle; The captiVe monarch could hardly believe thi* fudden change of. ie« and funk into a deje<5tiou proportimiate tb the height of leur from Wtfich he had fallen. He foou difcovered the nylih^ ^n of the Spaniard* to be avarice, and oQered to procure them for hi* ranfom a* much gold a* would fill the room where he waa confined up to tlft ceiling, but after he had fcrupuloufly fulfi()ed hit engagnlMtBt^he treacherous Spaniard*, in(lead of fettinghim at liber* ty, pfiminded that the unhappy priiifice had fecret' ' formed a plan to extnttiinate thirir whole force, by means of a large band of refute Peruvian*, who were kept m readinefs to execute the defign. A mock trial was accordin^y held upon the humiliated Inca Atahualpa, and 1^0 augmeol the heinoufnefs of their guilt and treachery, they told him if he would abjure his religion, (for the Peruvian* wofllup- ped the fuii,) and become a chriiHan, Jie might exped mercy. The Inca had been condemned to be burnt alive. Nature flu-unk at the bo|ril>lc thought. He confcnted to receive baptifm,'and the mercy ne r^^ived wa* to be immediately ftrangled. Pizarro having, by ih^(JEL>»b|u:ou* proceeding*, el^iiihed lu» Mith<»Hty iu Perugia HISTORtCAL EXERCISE. i«#4»fftuMtd ID S^^fllliaf th« ktefdMB wt|l^ ■AooMhiiMiirM hit kmmk richM. Ht wm r«c«lv«d by Um kfavf of ifMln with grmc rtCp^At invcAed with the or4«r of fislnt Jigo, uid wm mpdt goter^ nour of the country ho had eonauorcd, but h* tnjojrod tho hfrnour bttt I §tm ymny beiafr aflafluiatod in bU palace in the jear 1 54 1, At what tirat waa the northern peninftila ftttled bv Kuropeana f Whtit Phurro waa cnnged in the 64oqiieUofTeni,f€rflandta * 4?oi|eft, a Spwiinl, waa dif]>atched from Cuba, to make difcoverica in the north. The coaft of Mexico had been previonfly explored by Orifadva. Cortex went with a defign to e(hiblifh a fcttlement there, and enterW a harbour at a place called Juan de Ulua, wai receiTed In a moft IHendly manner, by the unfofpedkit^ aathrer,, wL.n wart •ager b odRtriag every holpttable attention to the men, who ware foon lo become their o|^;>reflbra. Soon after their arriTid, a body of Indiana earoe from the capital, with Auaptuouf prefe^u from tha em|Mror Moateaunu. Cortes and bia follotrera beheld with adrai^ ration the rich and beautifal mant^fa£htre«'of the cduiitry, hot what niore particularly attracted their attention wai, the amaaingipianti- ty of gold and filver, and the proftifion of diamonds, pearls, and oth- er precious gems. Theie rich prefents, inftead of inducing thie Span- iapds to depart quietly, aa the.enToys from the emperor intrciMMi th^ Would do, determinifd them to make a eondieft of Mexico. . Cortet iniilM On Tifiting Monteauma in pe|fon, ind porfbed hia T9ay 10 the o^j^tal, being j<»ned by many dUeootented nati tahlilhed, and the whde of thie aoMsing territory wai annexed lo the Briti£b domlniona. The Inhabitanu were govenMkUby the fimnt lawk, worihipped the ikme God, tlumgh fomn^t differing in their form of worfltip, fpohe the lame langoa|«, and feimed like a namn* roue fluntly of younger children, belongmg to the fame parent. 9y what mean* e laid on all goods impcMted from the 'V%jh( Indies into the colonies, at leaft from thofe iflands whididid not b«* long to Great Britain. The Americans refoonftfated, hot Aading remonftrance vain, they at length agreed to import no more of the manufadkures of Great Britain, but to encourage manufa^ories aflrnong themfelves. An aflociation was entered into agaiuft eating lamb, in order to promote the growth of wool, and even the ladies agreed to renounce every ornament exported from Britain. This oc- cafioned a repc^ of fame of the moft obnoxious a^, but fUll the Britiih parliament iniifted on a rirht of taxing the colonics, and find- inl^ the people refra(£bory, particiuarly the New finglanders, a fleet aim army were fent t6 Bofton, in order to enforce obedience. This irritated matters, and on the 5th of March, 1770, aa» affray took place between the inhabitants of Bofton and the British troops quar- tered in that town, in which feveral were killed and wounded. The next tax was levied on tea, but fevefai £tups arriving in Bofton han. t ,.■."■ . - " - ' ' ■■ , fcoiirladeit nrhh that e6niih(Mlity,th« inhabitsmts, rather than Aifl^ it to bekndied, aiTembled-iii a body, went on fxtard the flups^ IflhplMEOpNm the chefts^and threw the t«a into the hari»our. GdV. frUovmt finding themfdvesthttsinftihedand defpiftd, reifblyed to en- force their aiithorityi Boftoa had been the prindpat Icene of the oueri^gM mi riob, and it was detenfiined to poAilh thit city in an ex> enyary manner. ■ ' ^bw'was this^ puniihnieDt ui^ded i v vr Amed v^els were determined to H^f^t to fluit up the jport. When ^ii Was put in exectitiOil,%hich Wa« on the firft of June 1 7^4, the day^ was Ohferved fn yarkMarpjuts l>f the colonies as a day Hf puWe humiliation a&d prayer J.the . prayer partic^arly ufed on tfaeojceafion was that God would ^Te the peopiie one heart and one mind, firmly to bppofe every ihvafion of /itheir rights. TKe Boftonians were coqimended by the ftfter ionies for the heroic courage with which they fuftained their ralamity,and a folemn league and covenant was enteredinto, by whivh all who fobfcribed it boupd thelnftlyes to lireak off all (Communication . with Great Britain, till thdo- grievances were redrefied. General Gage, at that timegov- m>r: of Bofton, endeavoured to counteraa this Teovenant^ but in vain. Prepatations wereiiiade for hoUt|n^ a general Congreil. ^Philadelphia wa« fixfed upon for the pbtce of u, aieeting ; the dele- giates were chofen by.the repirclentativn c^ each 'province ; the firil CongreA was held far MiilsWphia in Septwnber 1774. In April 177i, General Gage havnigbben informed that a hu-ge quantity of «n«mnttionu# military ftores had been eolleaed at Concord, about 120 miles fr«n BoHcui^i'ent a detachmtot to deflroy them ; paffing ^ough Lexingtottat the tinie the milida were exercifing, an officer called out to them to difi>eHe, but fome iOiot being difchar|ed' Irqm a houft ia the ne^hbburhood, the military rettirned thefire^ and ieveral men w*re Wiled. lEvety barrier was how brokeq dowr^ and.A;war commencea which edft both America and E^jtain thcm- fandft of their braveft citiaens, and which ^otigh ending in the emancijpation of Americafrom foreign power, can never be in its Immednte^et^thoi^htonbut withjembtlons of pity and regret. to »^y a veryvferibtf» eh«ragemeirt tod^ plart at Bunker's hill* in which toeBnttfh had the advantage, but as the American army cc^tinued to encamp in the eftviroh$ of Foftoii. arid prevented pro- vpQ«rfrom being carried into the town, and m the fpring of 1777 , afertafication being built on Dorchefter heights, from which the c^ob ofthe Americans commanded the whole of th^towh of Bof- **"".l?*i5***i®'^'P''^P**'^5'^'^® ^"^'^ *o retreat from the toWn, ^r^^ "«ve^f le inhabitants of New England once more ia qeiet; po^Bion of their capital. What was^doirig in the other colonies duj-iig thif period ? ' Duni^ this time hoftilities were carried on in varums parts of, the contiBcat > Tft^angdof deftrtKflion feems to have been let ioqfewid to hwc Mtf»ged with unedn/bainedlkfuti^ But \ ntgntoKSQXf. sxe&ciss: aov fontof Cojma^, ••»". Iftilt]rliad nnfiided hcTf^rumt' flaadard. 1 . httlifllieid «i»dierker bsDocft^ arid thrf/Kowodtliat l|««da«4illMl4- > wave triumphant over their native land, or they wonld jpcriA^lliftW caiife. Amongft thofe moft forward to promote thit end* muft ever (land preeqyfijMX vh9;.^'^|lftnolM, y2;a4u|)gtoa f^ua to plan, and courage .u»4|wc9(«th»«icll«xtfnfiTe,4efi^». He was alike «apableandreadv'^o;M ia.il|i<^^iie|d/or affift i^r^l^ in the fenate, and he lau^t «v^>9 ftyifd.in tb«,,awwls of Amtrica, the Father, the deliverer of hit country. In 1778, thei^9r«bch jtoVernment entei«dnito a treatT'Wkh Amer- ica, ffiving them the^ftyte of the United Sutea,;^ tide whiek they had previoufly afiii^c|iiv having deelai4d themftiveafiree and independent In July 1776. Thit) txeaty \)»ng ratified on dl fide*, the French lent them troops, flups, and^oney, and were undoubtediv of infinite fenrice in efbblHlung t^ freedom they had to budably aflerted. This confequently invohred OreafBrlta^iB i war with France, and a (hort timeafte^, ttodi Spain and Hollaiid Commenced hoftiKty againft her. Harrafifed on alT'fider, dumgh (Bfi in a great meafure fuperior to her hoft of foes, England was inclined to abandcm all oSienfive oj^ «iptioosr(^[aia tired to the enjoyment of domeftic peace in the bofom uMi I - t?..;^ : . '." J;'.'*; '.„ •> •• , ,^;. /> '4)(.«'J . ' 'tl I . -»*fii^i^1SnS^^ ■*"? i'"* .'V'^'^ f 5'.^' h ' Jn I * i !■ '■'■ ■■;• ■ ■ - .;■ ,' n. ■ .'■ ... ■ - • ■ • ■ ,V. .!' a-'' ^^*r:- - (H. /'.J r: tiii 5i;-i ? ,.» >'' IbvER^ BY THE ^^^T^^^ :t I. 1 .■J-. UPON a minute inyeftigation of this work fince its ' appearance from the prefs, I have difcovered that finre- nX inaccuracies have efcaped corredion. In apology for which I can only plead my numerous avocations ' during the tinib it was printing ; having then (izty fchoU ars to inftruS daily, upwards o£ thirty refiding entirelj with me. The reader, whether TeacAer or Scholar, is therefore requefted to pay attention to the references in the following notes, and Errata. ^^ NOTES. Ndte 1 — page 168. The amount of the exports from Qansda in 1 799, was 343/XX)L fterling. Note 2— -page 175. The duck manufadlure in Bofton is difieon- tinued. Note S — ^page 1 80. The alms-houfe and powder magaxlne have been removed. An elegant and commodious building has been e- reiSled for the former purpofe, at the weftem extremity of the town, on the eaftem bank of the Charles river. Note 4— page 20a The city of New York in its prefait ftate is fi miles in circuit, and contains 70,000 inltabitanta. Note 5 — page 806. Queens college in Brunfwick is now extindL Note 6.— <3enoa, Tufcany, Venice, &c. are reprefented in tlua work under their former regimen. The iflue of the {Mrefent waf in Europe muft determine their fixed government. Note 7. — ^The exports from the United States of America ia 1799 •mounted to 78^665,523 dollars. ERRATA. Page 23, line 13, for Zeie read Zell. 57, — 7, from the bottom, for HtnrjftiA iMat. — 88, — 12, for or read nor. - __ 86, — > 14, from bottom, for h read ari, — — .87, — 3, for mine read treafiire. — — 128, — 10, for #r read iwn ' 149, — 1 1, for // read art. 150, heading of the 43d fe