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THII .t:,- paiNTj /i^itf THE rASBIOMTABKB TOUR i ^v\.^^•-l•. /^^ AN EXCURSION TO * is THE SPRINGS, NIAGARA, QUEBEC, AND THROUGH THE -^ *> fr »» NEW.ENGLAND STATES : '".Lo'i'^itV 1 INTERSPERSED WITH GEOGRAPHICAL AND HI^- t TORICAL SKETCHES.*: ^ ,^J.C;jj .l^iii THIRD EDITION — ENLARGED MXti IMPROVKP^: > SARATOGA SPRIJVOS r PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY G. M, DAVISON. 1828. ! y ■■» • ^ . •1 "'^ *>;,• J\/brthem District ofJVetv-Yorkt to wit: BE IT REMEMBERED, That on the fourteenth day of March, in the fifty second year of tlie Independence of the United States of America, A. D. 1828, G. M. Davison, of the said dis- trict^ hath deposited in this office, the title of a book, the right whereof he claims as pro- prietor, in the words following, to wit : <* The Fashionable Tour ; an excursion to the Springs, Niagara, Quebec, and through the New- England States : interspersed with geographical and historical sketches. Third edition — enlarged and im- proved." In conformity to the act of the Congress of the United States, entitled " An act for the encourage- ment of learning, by securing the copies of Maps, Charts, and Books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during tiie times Uierein mentioned ;" and also, to the act entitled '* An act supplementary to an act entitled * An act for Uie encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of Maps, Charts, and Books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies during the times therein mentioned,' and ex- tending the benefits thereof to the arts of Designing, Engraving, and Etching historical and other prints. " R. R. LANSING, Clerk of the District Court of the United States foi^ the jyorthem Di^t qfJVew- York. 4 ,;■;• ^.y ■if ' r'' INDBZ. From Charleston to Philadelphia, Page. Charleston, S. C 19 Sullivan's Island, . . . . . . 20 Hot Spring, 21 Berkley Springs id Natural Bridge, id Monticello, id Grave of Jefferson, id Washington City, 23 Georgetown, 24 Alexandria, id Mount Vernon, 25 Tomb of Washington, , , . * id Baltimore, • 26 Stages and Steam Boats from Baltimore, • 27 Philadelphia, '* 31 Coal Mines, . ' 82 Delaware and Hudson Canal, . . • ^ Stages and Steam Boats from Philadelphia, . id Liverpool Packets, . . . . 87 From Philadelphia to New- York, ''*'' ' Burlington, N. J 88 Bristol, ...... id Bordentown, id Trenton, . .... id Delaware and Raritan Canal, ... 39 Princeton, 40 New-Brunswick, id Perth Amboy, . .... id Elizabethtown, . . . . . * id Staten Island, id X INDEX. New- York, 41 Liverpool, London and Havre Packets, 46 Brooklyn, id Discovery of the Hudson, ... 47 JFVom JVew- York to Albany, Bemarks — Steam Boats, kc. . 50 Passageoft^e Hudson, . . 61 Weehawken .52 Palisadoes, id Harlaem Heights, id Fort Washington, id Tappan Bay, ..... 58 Haverstraw Bay, ..... ftf Highlands, id Anthony's Nose, .... 54 West Point, . , . . , id Major Andre, 55 Pollopell Island, 61 New Windsor — Newburgh, . , id Milton 62 Poughkeepsie — Hyde Park Landing, . id Gattskill— Pine Orchard, . . . 63 Athens, ..... j$5 Hudson, . . . . r(|f Coxsackie Landing, ... .66 Albany, id Stages from Albany, ... 69 From Albany to Saratoga Springs. Patroon's Mansion — U. S. Arsenal, . . 73 Troy, 73 Lansingburgh — Waterford, ... 74 Cohoes Falls, 75 Van Schaick's Island— Mechanics' Ville, . 76 Malta Ville - Dunning Street, . . .77 Ballston Spa, . . , .id Sftratoga Springs, . . . . . 9^ INDEX . St From Saratoga Springs to Betnua* Heights, Saratoga Lake .96 Schuyler Ville, W Bemus' Heights — Surrender of Burgoyne, . id ..:v From Schuyler Ville to Lake George. Fort Edward, 112 Sandy Hill— Glen's Falls, . . 113 Caldwell— 'Lake George, . . . .115 Fort William Henry 116 Fort George — Passags of Lake George, . 118 Ticonderoga, ..... 121 EXCURSION TO THE WEST, • BY STAGE. i.t: . From Saratoga Springs to Utica, Directions to Travellers, . . ' i" 123 Table of Distances — Stirason's Farm, Galway, 124 Fonda's Bush — Johnstown, . . 125 Caughnawaga, ... 126 Palatine — Canajoharie — Fort Plain— Little Falls, id Herkimer, , 128 Utica, . . ... 129 Stages from Utica, distances, &c . • 130 From Utica to Trenton Falls. Route and description of the Falls, ^ « •:fr. 131 Stage Route from Utica to Buffalo, / New-Hartford— Manchester — Vernon, • 136 Oneida Castle, Lenox — Quality Hill — Chitteningo, .'^: \ .„ Iffy Manlius — Orville — Syracuse , Salina, t.. f89 140 . . : !j , xii .INDEX. Camillus—Elbridge— -Auburn, . 141 Cayuga, «•'•*'** Seneca Falls — Waterloo— Genava, . . 145 Canandaigua— Burning Springs, . . 146 Eastand West Bloomfield, . . 149 Lima — Avon — Avon Spring — Caledonia, . id Leroy — ^Batavia, , . . . 150 Buffalo, • • • • • • 151 r.n, . . ERIE CANAL, ^^ ' - ■': .'^-v ' Description of, 152 Canal Passage, . .... 154 Table of distances, . . . . 155 Canal Route from Schenectady to Rochester, Schenectady, 157 Amsterdam, 159 Schoharie Creek, id Caughnawaga — Anthony's Nose, . . id Canajoharie — Fort Plain, . . . H East Canada Creek — Mohawk Castle, . . id Little Falls— Utica, ... . 160 Whitesborough, ... . .id Oriskany, . ... . 161 Rome id Oneida Creek— Canistota, ... 162 New Boston — Chitteningo, , . . id Manlius — Orville — Syracuse, . . . id Geddes — Nine Mi4e Creek, . . . id Canton — Jordan — Weed's Basin, . id Port Byron, 163 Montezuma, id Clyde — Lyons — Newark id Palmyra, id Fullom'd Basin, . . , . . 164 Great Embankment— Pittsford, . ♦.,; 44 Rochester, .id Stage Routes from Rochesler to Buffalo, 166 INDEX. xiu ^'ri. IVom Rochester to Carthage Falls. Carthage, Ontario Steam Boat, .... Canal Route from Rochester to Buffalo. Description, .... Ogden — Brockport — HoUey, Newport — Oak Orchard, • Middleport — Lockport, Pendleton — Tonnewanta Creek, Niagara River, .... Buffalo, . . . Lake Erie, .... From Buffalo to JViagara Falls, Stage and Steain*boat routes. Black Rock, .... Waterloo, . . . , ' ^^r Chippewa Battle Ground, . , Chippewa Village, Bridge water, or Lundy's Lane, Burning Spring, . . . — : Niagara Falls, .... Welland Canal, 167 id 167 168 id id 169 id 170 172 173 id 174 id 175 id 177 id 185 tVom J^agara Falls to Forts George and JViagara, .,»•.. '__ Queenston — Brock's Monument, . . 1^ Fort George— Newark, . . . 187 Fort Niagara— Youngstown, . . 188 From Fort J\ltagara to the Falls on the Amer- ican side, . 188 id Lewiston, Ridge Road, or Alluvial Way, • 'jt^ '•If 'U.1 XIV INDEX. Tuscarora Village, Devil's Hole— Whirlpool, Sulphur Spring— American Fall, LAKE ONTARIO, Description of, 189 190 id 190 Route from JSTiagara to Montreal* Directions and description, . • 191 Table of distances, . . . 192 Charlotte — Great Sodus Bay — Oswego, id Sacket's Harbor- Cape Vincent — Morristown, 193 Ogdensburgh, . . . . 194 Rapids of the St. Lawrence, , . id Wreck of a barge on the rapids, . id Gallop Islands, . . . . 196 St. Regis, .... 197 Lachine, ..... 198 Montreal, . .• •, . • ' i(f 1' , IVom Montreal to Quebec. Steam-boats, &c. •' ' . 199 William Henry— Lake St. Peter, . . 200 Three Rivers — Richelieu Rapids, . . 201 SiUery River— Wolfe's Cove— Point Levi, 202 Quebec, .... id Gen. Montgomery, * . . 204 Plains of Abraham, ... 206 Wolfe and Montcalm's Monument, . 208 Falls of Montmorenci, . • id Return to Montreal, .... rwi- . 209 Route from Montreal to the White Mountains, 210 FVom Montreal to WhitehalU Table of distances — Chambly — St. Johns, 210 Description of Lake Cbamplain, . . 211 IsleauxNoix, . . * - id INDEX. XV 189 190 id 190 191 192 id 193 194 id id 196 197 198 id ,r rtf '--:\\. w: Rouse's Point, Plattsburgh, Downie's Monument, Port Kent, Adgate's Falls— High Bridge Burlington, Split Rock — Crown Point, Ticonderoga — Mount Independence, South and East Bays, Whitehall, NORTHERN CANAL, Description of, * ... . Canal Routefrom Whitehall to Albany. Table of distances. Wood Creek, . . . . Fort Anne — Burgoyne's Road, Fort Ann to Albany, 212 id 213 214 215 id 216 217 id id ■It ^:l/- M 218 219 id id 220 ROUTES TO BOSTON. ' ''^ ^ Remarks relating to, . . . 220 From Saratoga Springs to Boston ^ Table of distances, . . . 220 Schuyler- Ville — Union Village, . . 221 Manchester — Chester, , . id Bellows Falls, . . 222 Walpole — Keene — Groton — Concord, . 223 Lexington, . ' . . ,-^ Cambridge— Boston, . , .225 - From Whitehall to Boston. Fairhaven — Castleton, . ^ -^ £25 Rutland, . , .226 Chester to Boston, . • , 227 xvx INDEX. IVom Burlington to Boston^ through Windsor, Vt. Table of distances, . . . 227 Montpelier, id Gulf road — Randolph, . . 228 Woodstock — Windsor, . , . id Windsor to Boston, . . .229 From Burlington to Concord, JV. H. Hanover, Concord, 229 230 From Concord, M H. to the White Mountains. Winnipiseogee Lake— Red Mountain, White Mountains, From Concord to Boston. Pembroke—Hooksett, . • Methuen — Andover— Medford, • Charlestown — Boston, • "^•- From Albany to Boston. ,, Stages— table of distances, , |>.^ New-Lebanon, . . Pittsfield, .... Northampton— Mount Holyoke, Southampton Lead Mine, Hadley, Regicide Judges, Whalley and Goffe, Brookfield — Leicester, . . . Worcester, , . . ■ .■ Boston, • • ... Description of the surrounding country, Dorchester — Roxbury, Brighton — Watertown— Charlestown, Ursuline Convent, . . 230 231 235 236 id 236 237 238 id 239 241 id 243 id 244 , 248 . id .:■ 249 260 INDEX. XVI t Windsor, Vt. 227 id 228 id 229 /v. IT. 229 230 Mountains, . 230 231 235 236 id 236 237 238 id 239 241 id 243 id 244 248 id 249 260 Breed's Hill, battle of, Quincy Rail Way (see note) Fort Independence, ISahant, . :' v 250 253 254 id livr; From Boston to Portland, Me. Table of distances — Lynn, . . 257 Salem — Newburyport — Portsmouth, . 258 Portland, . . .259 Route from Portland to Hallowell and Augusta, 260 Route from Portland to the White Mountains, id From Boston to JVew- York. Stages, and sketch of the route, JPVom Boston to Providence, jR. /. Stages, .... Intervening places, Providence, . i . . From Providence to JVewport, Stages, . • . • Bristol— Newport, Return to Providence, From Providence to J^eW'London, Conn, Centreville — West Greenwich — ^Hopkinton, Stonington, .... New-London, • . . . IiVom JVeW'London to Ndrwich, River Thames— Mohegan — Trading Cove, Norwich, . . , v,^, 261 261 262 id 264 265 267 267 id 269 271 272 From MmMch to Hartford, '^ ' Stages — Distances — East Hartford — Hartfotdi 273 Steam Boats and Stages from Hartford, « 276 XVIII INDEX. (I ( From Hartford to JVew-Haven. Wethersfield— Rocky Hill— Middletown, From Middletown to the mouth of the river, (see note,) , ■•>.*■•••%,,■>■ ?ii{^' t-.^i;,, Northford — Natural Ice House, Natural Ice House in Meriden, (see note,) Newr-Haven, . . West and East Rocks — Farmingtoo Canal, ' From JVew-Havat to JVew-York. Steam Boats, Stages, and sketch of the route, 284 277 278 id 279 id 283 '.-llt'.H-'^ From JVeW'Bavento IMehfield. Beacon Mountain, ii ,vca>K> xiJf , 285 Watertown — Litchfield, : ^ ko ggg Mount Tom— Great Pond— Chalybeate Spring, id Mount Prospect, . , 287 "^<^^y^ " 'Frommchjieldtomany^'^r^r^ Stages and intervening places, . , , : 2S7 '^mi. From Litchjield to Hartford. ^stV'"^' Harwinton— Burlington— Farmington, ,; ^, ; 288 Route up the Valley of the Connecticut River: Windsor, Conn. Z ^'f*, -^fi^y, . 288 Suffield— West Springfield, 5 i**7v-~..i;^mP> 289 Springfield, , .. , ,*v»imL. id South Hadlcy Falls, . : ,:r^j^l 29Q Northampton— Hadley— Hatfield, ... . 291 J^,B^P^^^ -*-•* r V > .-^.mM:^^ 292 Deerfield, . . ^ -^, ^ » . Greenfield-Turner's Fallsf '^'^-.^-i^ -^ . Vemon— Guilford^Brattleborough, Westminster— Walpole— Bellows Falls, Charlestown, N. H, . |P'iSSfif» • .■ - ; ^n ■'S: ;■ r ASHIOITABKE TOUR. Charleston, the metropolis of South CarO' Una, is alike distinguished for the opulence and hos- pitality of its inhabitants. On entering the city from the bay, an interesting prospect is presented. Tho glittering spires of its public edifices are well calculated to give animation to the scene. Some of its streets are extremely beautiful, and many of the houses are truly elegant Orange trees, in the early part of the season, laden with fruit, and peach trees clothed wiUi blossoms, meet the e^ e of the traveller, and united with the clLnate of the coun- try at that ti ne, render Charlestoii one of the most 'M attractive cities [:\ the union. The society is refin- ' ; ed, intelligent, frank and affable. From this city and the surrounding country, many travellers repair, during the summer season, to tfie north. The communication betwera Charleston and New-York is rendered frequent by convenient and commodious packets that ply from one place to the other. A. journey by land is tedious and unin- teresting ; the public innc are unusually poor, and a voyage by water is the ur iform choice of the fash- , ionable and genteel porti .m of the community. The most celebrated edifices of this city,*^arc the Orphan Asyi^itm and the Circular Church. The former is one of the best institutions of the kind in the United States. It is highly honorable to tiie characterestic humanity and benevolence of the place, and is a happy illustration of the to^ o of pub- lic ieeling. 20 SULLIVAN'S ISLAND. Sullivan's Island, which lays at the distaacc of seven miles from the city, at the entrance of the harbonr, 10 a spot consecrated as the theati*e of im- portant events during the revolution . On this Island is Fort Moultrie, rendered glorious by the un- yielding desperation with which it sustained the at- tack of the British Heet in the war of our independ- ence. Hic fleet consist^ of about fifty sail ; and on the first annunciation of its approach, lay within mx leagues of the island. It was a time of awful and Anxious suspense to the garrison in the fort, and to the inhabitants of the city. The public mind had become deeply impressed with ideas of English val- our ; and diffident of its own power, looked with Jminful anxiety towards the Issiie of the coming ^oQtest. ' About this period a proclamation reached the shore, undei* the sanction of a fla^, in which the British romtnander, Sir H^nry Clinton, held out the prom- is^ of pardon to all who would rengn their ann& and co-operate in the re-establishment of loysJty. But thi^ royal proposition met with the rejection which it deserved. The ipilitia of the adjacent country crowded the streets of Charleston ^ the citizens threw down their implements of industry, and grasp- er, their arms in defence of their native city. On the Sntii of June, 1776, Fort Moultrie was attacked by S^t ten ships, frigates and sloops, and was defend- ieAla a manner that would hav^ honored the heroic veterans of Greece or Rqi^e. poring this engagement, the inhabitants stood at Uicnrresppctivepo9ts, prepared to meet tho advanc- ing foe. Hieyjiad detiermiped to grapple with the eij^my as he landed, and surrender ttieir liberty on- ly With their livesi. B)it so manfully did the garri- son withstand the conflict, that the fleet was com- pelled to withdraw, leaving the inhabitants in the unmolested enjoyment of uieir rights. The influence of this expedition, was most auspi- cious to the cause of American libertv. It stvencth- MONTICELLO. 21 ebed the trembling hopes and dispersed tlie fears of the inhabitants. They had seen the result of this attempt, and now felt the triumphant assurance that the sticred cause in which they had enlisted, wouid eventually succeed. In passing; through Virginia, tourists, and particth larly invalids, frequently visit the Hot Sfriko, in Bath county, 170 miles fire \ Richmond, and 50 miles south west of Staunton ; the waters of which are, at times, of a sufficient temperature to boil a^ egg. But the most- fashionable place is the Bsbjc- XiBY Springs, 110 miles nortli west of Wadi- ington. The Natural Bridgb over Cedar Creek, in Rockbridge county, 12 miles south west of Lexington, is also a [dace of considerable resort. It is justly considered one of the greatest natural cu* riosities in the world. Ttie river at this place, runs through a chasm in a hill. The chasm is 90 feet wide at the top, 250 feet deep, and the sides al- most perpendicular. The bridge is formed by a huge rock thrown completely across this chasm at the top. The rock fwming the brid^ is 60 feet bread in tiae middle, and is covered with earth and trees. It forms a sublime spectacle, wheh examined from the margin of the river beneath. . _ .... > MoNTiCELLO, (79 miles from Richmond,) the former residence of Jefferson, was also an object of attraction, during the life-time of its sag^ and philosopher ; and since his decease, the spot of his interment has become a place of frequent visitation. It is thus described by a late traveller : m;, ^ " I ascended the winding road which leads from Charlottesville to Monticello. The path leads a circuitous ascent of about 2 miles up the miniature mountain, on which stand the mansion, the farm, and the grave of Jefferson. On entering the gate which opens into the enclosure, numerous paflis ai- verge in various directions, winding through beauti- b2 il 1 '1 M GR4VE OF JEFFERSON. ful groves to the sumiDit of '' ill. From the peak on which the house stanu , a grand and nearly illuminated view opens, of the thickly wooded hills and fertile valKes, which stretch out on eitlier side. The University, with its dome, porticoes, and coN onadei, looks like a fair city in the plain ; Charlottes* ville seems to be directly beneatti. No spot can be imagined as combining greater advantages of ^;rand- eur, healthfulness and seclusion. The liouse is no- ble in its appearance ; two lane columns support a portico, which extends from ue wings, an(l into it the front door opens. The apartments are neatly famished and embellished with statues, busts, por- traits, and natural curiosities. The grounds and out houses have been neglected ; Mr. Jefferson V at- tention being absorbed from such personal concerns » by the cares attendant on the superintendance of the University, which, when in health, he visited daily since its erection commenced. ** At a short distance behind the mansion, in a qui- et, shaded spot, tlie visitor sees a square enclosure, surrounded by a low uninortered stone wall, which he enters by a neat wooden gate. This is the fami- ly burial ground, containing 10 or 15 graves, none of them marked by ep taphs, and only a few dis- tinguished by any memorial On one side of this simple cemetry, is the resting place of the Patriot and Philosopher. When I saw it, the vault was just arched, and in readiness for the plain stone which *j to cover it. May it ever continue like Washing- ton's, without any adventitious attractions or con- spicuoueness ; for, when we or our posterity m ed any other mornento of our debt of honor to tliose names, than their simple inscription on paper, wood or stone, gorgeous tombs would be a mockery to their memories. Wh&n gratitude shall cease to con- seen, te their remembrance in the hearts of our (-^ti' zens, no cenotaph.will inspire the reverence we owe to them." ^ ^r^- ..« ' «" ', r,.. -.-^^ CnV OF WASHINGTON. F'rom tlie nd nearly oded hlll^; iier side. and col- harlottes* Kit can be of erand- iseis no- mpport a Q0 into it re neatly ists, per- ls and out rson*8' at- concerns, ice of the ited daily in a qui- nclosure, I!, which the fami- es, none 'ew dis- of this Patriot was just which Vashing- or con- ty nted to tliose wood kery to to con- our v.'^l* we owo ■ But, as a principal object of southern tourists is to «njoy the salubrious air of the north durin<( tho warm season, their firjt point of attraction is the city of New- York ; which, as before remarked, ifi more frequently reached by water than otherwise ; and when travellad by land, the route is generally performed with ns little delay nt the intermeditrte places as practicable. The "Citt of Washingtow, as the seat of gor- ernment of the Union, 558 miles from Charleston, is a place of much fashionable resort during thd session of congress in the winter; but is mostly de- serted by strangers in the surruner. It is situated on the Maryland side of the Poto- mac, and on a point of land formed by the junction of the fiastern Branch. The District of Columbia, in v^ wliich the city is located, was ceded to the Unif^d ™ States by Maryland and Virginia in 1790, and i 1800 it became the seat of the general government. This District is about 10 mites square, lying on both sides of the Potomac, and is under the immediate direction of Congress. The original plan of Washington when complet* od, the erection of its public edifices, and the ele- gance of its situation, will render it one of the most splendid <:ities in the world. The capital stands on a h^h and lofty eminence, and commands ade- iif^litfitl prospectof the Penn^Kania Avenue, the President's Mouse, Georgetown and the Potomac, the Gijneral Post-office, the Navy Yard, GreenleaPs Point, the bridge on the river, aru! tlie road to Al- exandria and Mount Vernon. The capital is built of white free stone, has two wings, and is a veri^ ms^nificent edifice. The president's house, which is also constructed of stone, two stories high, with four spacious buildings near it, for the accommoda- tion of the heads of department, make altogetiier sm interesting spectacle for the visitant. ill :' »t ' i 1 1 t > ;; f i •2\ tfEORGETOVVN. The chamber in which the Representatives of the United States assemble for the transaction of pub* lie business, is one of the richest and most Jr*plendid apartment:! of the kind that has ever been construct- ed. It is semi-circular, with dark blue columns of polished stone, and is lighted from the roof The national library is in the same edifice, and contains the paintings executed by Col. Trumbull. They are the Declaration of Independence, the surrender of the English armies on the plains of Saratoga and at Yorktown, and General Washing- ton in the act of resigning his commission. Perhaps there is no spot in the United States that holds out more inducements to a traveller than this city during the sessions of congress. It is the theatre on which the pride and power of the Amer- ican nation are congregated to control the destinies of a mighty people. It is the residence of all the For- eign 1 iinisters, and embraces a large portion of the gay and fashionable world. The levees at the house of the president are fascinating ; and the apartments on these occasions are open and accessible to every citizen of the republic. ,♦' •/ ^ f>^»*- vw Georgetown is on the same side of the Poto- mac with Washington, at the distance of 3 miles — It is very pleasanUy situated, and is a place of con- siderable trade, llie coimtry around it is richly di- versified, and the location of the Catholic Col- lege is very delightful. This institution is in a flourishing condition, with about 150 students, a li- brary of 7000 volumes, and a valuable i^iilosophic- al apparatus. The banks of the Potomac, still fur- ther up the river, are high, and, together widi Ma- son's Island near its mouth,/orm an agreeable sce- nery. Alexandrl4 is 6 miles south of Washington, on the Virginia side of the Potomac. It is an cxten- AlOUNT VERNON. » sivc placo, and it a fasliionnblc aud pleasant resort for genteel society durinp^ the sittjn«;3 of confess. The country between thit; city and the capital is but thinly inhabited, and the soil poor and unproductive ; but the road is K(>od) ^^^ ^ "de to Alexandria con^ stitutes one of me amusements of a winter at Wash" ington. «". ) \ y MouifT Veriton is 9 miles belo^ Alexandria. — To this sacred spot the mind of every American re- curs with the most enthusiastic devotion. He looks upon it as consecrated ground. Hero the im- mortal Washington, after having conducted the American armies forth to victoiy and independence, retired to enjoy the rich reward of his services in the warm hearted gratitude of his countrymen, and in the peaceful seclusion of private life. This place is now the residence of Judge Wash- ington, the nephew of the General. The road to it is almost uninhabited and difficult to trace. The house stands on an eminence, embracing a delight- ful view of the Potomac, with a rich and beautiful lawn extending in front to the river. The Tomb of Washington is visited as an in- teresting object of contemplation. Here slumber in peaceful silence the ashes of the great and patriotic Father of Liberty. Americans will repair to his grave and moisten with their tears the sod that press- es upon his bosom. No monument has yet been c- rected to his memory ; but it will survive, long after monuments shall have crumbled into dust. ■M ^-^^'-^"-'-'^ STAGES. ".^- "-*■ -;"r> Tlie United States Afail Stage leaves * * Washington City for Bal- timore, daily, at 5 A. M. Baltimore for Washing- ton City, daily, at 4 A. M. * .. li..*v . B 4 -2E3S '26 BALTIMORK. # if .' I\ ^ And arrives in each citj' in time for passengers to dine. Besides the above, there are three lines of stages, running daily, for the accommodation of travellers, as follows : — Leaving Washington City for Bal- I Baltimore for Washing- timore, at 5, 6, 8, and I ton City, at 4, 8, and 10, A. M. ] 9, A. M. The city of Baltimore, 38 miles nortli-east of Washington, is the third citjr in population and com- merce in the Union. It is situated on the north side of the Patapsco river, 14 miles from its en^-^nceinto the Chesapeake bay. Its population in 1820, was 62,- 728 ; and many of its buildings which are mostly of brick, are elegant. The city is built on a bay, which sets up from the river, affording a convenient and spacious harbor. On the narrow strait which connects the bay with the river is Fort M'Henry. A small river, over which there are convenient bridges, di- vides the city into two parts, called the town and Fell's Point. The ^eat water privileges in the vi- cinity of the city, give it important advantages in manufactures. Among the mills already erected are GO flour and corn mills ; 13 cotton factories ; a wool- len factory, and several iron and copper works. Of its public buildings, the city contains the state peni- tentiary, an alms-house, a court-house, museum, 2 theatres, a custom-house, a hospital, in which there is a fine collection of anatomical preparations in wax, an exchange of very superior dimensions, an athe- neuni, 10 banks, and 32 houses of public worship. The University of Maryland , St. ary 's college, and Baltimore college are .ilso located in the city. The two first are flourishing and important institutions. Among the best public houses are the Indian Queen Hotel and the City Hotel — the latter situated neai* the Washington Monument STAGES, STEAM- BOATS, &c. 27 sengers to I of stages, travellers, Washing- 4, 8, and >rtli-east of 1 and corn- north side I'^anceinto 0, was 62,- e mostly of bay, which enient and :h connects '. A small Jridges, di- ! town and s in the vi- 'antages in erected are $s ; a wool- vorks. Of state peni- museum, 2 ^hich there )nsin wax, s, an athe- c worship, ollege, and city. The istitutions. ian Queen uated near The Washington Monument, on an elevation at the north end of Charles-street, is a superb and elegant marble structure. It is 50 kot square at the base, which is 23 feet high ; on which is another square of about half the extent and elevation. On this is a lofty column, the summit of which is 163 feet from the grounrl — its base being 20 feet, and its top 14 feet in diameter. The ascent is by means of a spiral stair case ; and the prospect thus afforded of the surrounding country is beautiful and extreme- ly interesting. ■J ij./f. nc 1,1 The Battle Monument is also an object wor- thy of attention. It is situated on a large square in North Calvert-street ; and was erected to perpetuate the memory of those who fell in bravely defending the city from the attack of the British on the 12th and 13th of September, 1814. .^^^ ;„,# The Public Fountain, located in the western part of the city, surrounded by a public square, and shaded with trees, is a place of much fashionable re- sort in-the warm season. The neatness and order preserved at the fountain, and the repeated assem- blage within the square of the beauty and fashion o[ the city, render it peculiarly attractive and inviting. , STAGES, STEAM BOATS, fyc. ,,„^. BALTIMORE TO ANNAPOLIS. >.i The Steam Boat Maryland leaves Baltimore for Annapolis, I Annapolis for Baltimore, every Sunday at 9 A. M. | every Sunday at 8 P. M. And arrives at Baltimore early the same evening. The Patuxent also runs every Sunday from Bal- timore to Annapolis, Leaving Baltimore at nine o'clock A. M., and arriving at Annapolis in time to dine. b5 Leaving Annapolis for Baltimore at half past S P. M., and arriving at the latter place early the same evening. ff m STAGKS, STEAM.liUATS, &c. BALTIMORE TO CHESTERTOWN. The steam boat Mcarylandy Capt. Taylor, and tbc steam boat Patuxent, Capt. Weems, run as fol- lows : Leave Baltimore, * Monday, at half past 5 o'clock A. M., and Fri- day, at 10 o'clock A. M. ' I ' if Leave Chcstertown, * Monday, at half past '.> o'clock P.M., and Sat- urday morning at 9 o'- clock A M. Touching at the new wharf on Blake's farm, Corsi- ca Creek, every Monday and Saturday, on both out- ward and return passage, to land or take in passen- gers, (touching at Queenstown on Saturdays only,) and arriving at Chestertown at about 10 o'clock* A. M. and at Baltimore early the same evening. «j/»,< - * These trips are performed by the Maryland. ■ *^^ BALTIMORE TO EASTON,^« -^ '^ir^'^' Via Annapolis, Castle Haven and Oxfori?. The Maryland leaves Baltimore for Easton, on Tuesday and Friday of each week, at 7 o'clock A. M., and proceeds to Annapolis, which place .she leaves at half past 11 o'clock, touching at Cas- tle Haven and Oxford, in the afternoon, and arriv- Easton for Baltimore, on Wednesday and Sat- m-day, of each week, at 7 o'clock in the morning, and proceeds to Annapo- lis, touching at Oxford and Castle Haven ; de- parts from Annapolis at 2 o'clock P. M., and ar- rives at Baltimore, at about six o'ciuck P. M. ing at Easton about 6 o' clock the same evening Passengers taking the steam boat Maryland^ for Baltimore, on the above ntentioned days, can, if they please, be put aa board the Union line of steam boats, which leave Baltimore at 5 o'clock every af- ternoon, and proceed on direct for Philadelphia, where they will arrive early tlie next mormng. I S TAGES, STEAM-BOATS, &c. 29 N. and tbe as fol- ertown, ttlf past md Sat- U 9 o'- », Corsi- foth out- passen- 's only,) clock A. J. .Q' and. «-+' IXFORP. iltimoic, md Sat- week, at looming, Annapo- Oxford en ; de- apolis at and ar- aore, at k P. M. landi for can, if of steam every af- adelpbia, ng. BALTIMORE TO NOTTINGHAM, Via Plumb-Point, Magruder's Ferry and , Upper Marlborough. The steam boat Patuxent, Capt. Weems, leaves Baltimore for Notting- ham, every .Tuesday, at 6 A. M. , and arrives at Benedict, (on the Pa- tuxent river,) early the same evening ; the next morning she proceeds up the river to Nottingham. Nottingham for Balti- more, every Wednesday in time to arrive at Ben- edict the same afternoon; which place she leiives at 6 o'clock, every Thurs- day morning, and arrives at Baltimore early wj^e I evening. ' t^v The Patuxent stops at Town Creek, Magruder's Ferry and Lower Marlborough, going and returning, to land and take off passengers or freight ; and also touches at Huring Bay, Plumb Point, Miss Read- er's, Point Patience and Shudam's Point, to^Jand and take off passengers. A,., Ui* n^m BALTIMORE TO NORFOLK. Tlie steam boat JVorfolk, Capt. Owen, leaves Baltimore for Norfolk, every Monday, at 7 A. M. Norfolk for Baltimore, every Wednesday, at 6 P.M. The steam boat Virgimay Capt. Ferguson, leaves Baltimore for Norfolk, at 7 o'clock every Thurs- day morning. Norfolk for Baltimoic, at 6 o'clock every Sunday evening. By this arrangement, passengers bound south are warranted to meet with no detention, either by stage or steam boat, on their arrival at Norfolk ; and those to the north will arrive at Baltimore in time to meet the daily Union Line for Philadelphia, ^1 ' • ri STAGES, STEAM-BOATS, &c. BALTIMORE TO HAVRE-BE-GRACE, Port Deposite and Lancaster. Tlie steam boat JSTorfolk, Capt. Owen, leaves Baltimore for Port De- posite, every Saturday at 9A.M. Port Depo^te for Btl- timore, every Sunday, at 10 A. M. Stages ai'e in readiness to carry passengers and light freight to Lancaster, and to return in time for the boat on Sunday morning. •if,' t^ BALTIMORE TO PHILADELPHIA. ,1 Daily Union Line from Baltimore to Frenchtovs^n, per The dteam boat CkmsHtution, Capt Robinson. The steam boat Philadelphia, Capt. Thomas. The steam boat United States, Capt. Tripp. ^ >,:. From Newcastle to Philadelphia, pr. the steam boat JVewcastle, Capt. M. Jenkins, and per the steam boat Delaware, Capt. Wheldon, virbich run as fol- lows : from Baltimore f(Hr French^ torrn daily at 5 o'clock P. M., where stuges are in readiness on the arrii- val of the boats to take passengers to New Cas- tle; from whence they proceed direct to Phil- adelphia, and arrive in Philadelphia for New- Castle daily at 12 o'clock, noon ; from thence paa- sengcr? take stages to French To^vn, where a boat will be in waitin<; to convey them to Balti- more, at which place they arrive at an early hour the next morning. that city at an early hour the next morning. The United States' Mail is conveyed from and to BaRimore and Philadelphia by th^ above daily eve- ning line. ry^r -n <1-- VHILADELPHIA. ai leaves i for Bll- iinday, at Dgers and I time for [lA.: V .-. .:.er ,,..,. [NnSOQ. omas. ipp. Learn boat \ke steam un as fol- >r New- 2 o'clock, mce pas- itages to where a waiting toBalti* h place an early orning. m and to aily eve- PHILADELPHIA, Tlie flourishing capital of Pennsylvania, 99 miles N. E. of Baltimore, stands on the west bank of the river Delaware, five miles from its confluence with the Schuylkill, which forms its western boundary. — This city was founded in 1682, and incorporated in 1701. The charter being abrogated at the revolu- tion, it remained under a provincial government till 1789^ when it was incorporated a second time. Its present population is upwards of 130,000. The city 13 built on streets from 60 to 100 feet in width, run- ning parallel, and at right angles to each other. They are h-undsomely paved, and are kept remarkably clean. The houses exhibit an appearance of neatness, uni- formity and commodiousness, and ir^ny of them are ornamented with white marble. Against the city, which is 90 miles distant from the sea, the Delaware is about a mile wide, and is navigable for ships of a large size. The most conspicuous buildings are the churches, the state-house, the United States and Pennsylvania Banks, and the institution for the deaf and dumb. The bank of tfie U. S. yna established in the year 1816, with t capital of ^,000,000. The banking house is a splendid structure, built on the plan of the Parthenon at Athens, and is situated in a north and south direction, fronting on Chesnut and Library streets, having 8 fluted columns, 4 feet 6 inches in diameter, embracing the whole front. — From each of tl)e fronts are pc^icoes, projecting ten feet 6 Inches. The whole length of the edifice, in- eluding the portico, is 161 feet, and its breadth, in front, 87 feet The main entrance is from Chesnut- street, by a flight of six marble steps, extending along the whole front of the portico. The banking roopn occupies the centre of the building, being 48 fe^ wide, and 81 feet long. The whole body of the build- ing is arched in a bomb proof manner, from the C9l^ lar to the roof, which in wvvered with copper. m COAL MINES. There are in this city 88 houses for public won^hip ; 10 banks, 13 insurance companies, of which 8 arc marine, 4 fire, and one for lives and annuities, a cus' torn house, an exchange, and a chamber of ommerce. The new bank of Pennsylvania is an extensive and elegant edifice of marble, of the Ionic order, and con- structed after themodle of the ancient temple of the muses, on the Ilysaus. The Pennsylvania hospital is one of the oldest and most respectable institutions of that description in the Union. In amount of shipping, Plnladelphia occupies the fourth rank in the U. 8. ; and three lines of regular and commodious packets now run between the city and Liverpool. This place is supplied with water from theSehuyl- kill. A dam is erected across the river, by means of which the water is thrown into reservoirs and cairi- ed from thence in pipes to every part of the city. Its principal hotels are, the Mansion House, in 3d street, and Judd's in 2d street, between Mai'ket and Chesuut ; and its principal boarding houses are Mrs. Frazicr's, in Spencer-street, Mrs. Sword's in Wal- n«it, and MrSi Allen's in 6th street, near the State ilouse. Tne CoAi, Mines, which have recently lieen opened on the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers^ have tended to attach much interest to that section of -the Gountry, and have rendered a tour there both frequent aiKl faAhiobable. The mines aie inexliaustible, and may be visited eithe** by land or in boats on the Schuylkill, as best suits the fancy of the traveller. Fromthese mines the cities of the U. &» will be supplied with fuel ; and it will probably be trans- ported^ to almost every part of the Union. . The canal which has been commeaced by the .Schuylkill company is one of the most stupendous 4 i i.i STEAM-BOATS, STAGES, &c. ti:i ilii! worship ; which 8 arc iiities, a cus- ifommerce. xtensive and cler, and con- eraple of the he oldest and iescrtptioQ in occupies the 38 of regular recn the city n (he Sefeuyr- l)y means of >irs and cairi- the city. House, in 3d a Mai'ket and uses are Mrs. )rd*s in Wal- ear the State 3cently been 1 rivers, have icction of -the botli frequent laustible, and )oats on the i traveller. U. & will be ably be trans* n. enced by the t stupendous i undertakings that has ever engaged the attention of private individuals ; and will cost more than four millions of dollars. The Delaware AND Hudson canal, was com- menced in July, 1825, and connects the Hudson with the Delaware, a distance of 64 miles. When thiil work is fully completed, Lacka waxen coal will be purchased in New- York for $4 per ton. The canal reaches within a few miles of Pennsylvaina, and will open a source of communication to the city of N. York. It forms a junction with the Hudson river within two and a half miles of Kingston. STEAM BOATS, STAGES, SfC. PHILADELPHIA TO WILMINGTON. The steam boat Superior, Capt. H. Read, leaves Philadelphia for Wil mington, every day at 2 o'clock P. M., excepting Sundays. Wilmington for Phila- delphia, every day at 7 o'clock A. M., Sundays excepted. PHILADELPHIA TO SALEM. The steam boat Essex leaves Philadelphia for Salem every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday, at 10 o'- clock A. M. — Salem for Philadelphia every Monday, Wednes- day and Friday, at 9 o'- clock A. M. Lands and receives passengers at Chester, Marcus Hook, Craven's Ferry, Fort Delaware, and at Dela- ware city. On her passage from Salem, touches at Del ware city, at half past 9 o'clock, A. M. The Baltimore morning and ovening line steam boats land and receive passengers for or from Salem, opposite New-Castle,— also land and receive passen- gers at the Lazaretto, Chester and Marcus Hook, when going to or returning from Ncw-Caf tie. M STEAM-BOATS, STAGES, &(. i i t w PHILADELPHIA TO RICHMOND, Via Dover, Seaforo, Vienna, Norfozjc AND City Point. • ' 1 COMMERCIAL LINE, , " " ' Consisting of three steerm boats and a sufficient num- ber of stages, viz.— of the former, the steam boat Pr{mklm, Capt. H. Manly, on the Delaware ; the steam boat JVorfolk, Capt. E. Weems, and the steam boat Philade^hiUy Capt. O. W. Crocker, on the^ Chesapeake. The steam boat Nor- folk or Philadelphia leaves Richmond for Sea- fcNrd on Monday, Wed- nesday and Saturday mor- nings, < touching at City- Poirt and Norfolk ; and leaves Norfolk every mor- ning, proceeding to Sea- ford, where passengers can take stages for Do- ver, at which place they will find the steam boat Franklin, Capt. Manly, in waiting to convey them to Philadelphia , where they will arrive on Sunday, Tuesday and Friday morning, in time to take either of the dai- ly Hnes for New-York. The Franklin, Capt. H. Manly, leaves Phila- delphia for Dover (Del.) every Sunday, Tuesday and Friday evenings, at six o'clock ; from which place passengers can pro- ceed in stages direct to Seaford, where they will tind in waiting, either the Norfolk or the Phila- delphia ; which boats will depart immediately on their arrival for Norfolk, where they will arrive on Sunday, Tuesday and Friday mornings,(in time for the southern stages,) and will then proceed im- mediately to City Ppint and Richmond. I I is, &,C. STEAM-BOATS, STAGES, &c. 35 MOND, , Norfolk ufficientnum- le steam boat elaware ; the ems, and the ^ Crocker, on im boat Nor- Philadelphia mond for Sea- onday, Wed- Saturday mor- :hing at City- Norfolk; and yik every mor- eding to Sea- e passengers iges for Do- h place they 8 steam boat !apt. Manly, to convey hiladelphia, viil arrive on uesday and ing, in time r of the dai- New-York. PHILADELPHIA TO NEW-YORK. United States Mail Stage leaves Philadelphia for New- York, every day at half past 2 o'clock, P. M., and arrives in New- York early the next morning. New- York for Phila- delphia, every day at half past 2 o'clock, P. M., 9nd arrives in Philadelphia early the next morning. CITIZEN'S LINE. "'** ■ . Tlirough ip one Day. m;>>J »*»^.,4 „^^i Via BpEPBNTOWN AND WASHINGTON. 24 miles land carriage, in con^exiop with the steam boats Pennsylvania and JVeiw-York, Philadelphia to New- York. The 9team boat Penn- sylvania, Capt. Z. W. KeHupoi, leaves Ajrch- street wharf every mor- ning, (Smxd^iys except- ed^) at six o'clock for Buriingtjon, Bristol and Bordentown, where pas- sengers take stages for the land route of twenty four miles to Washing- ton, and Aere take the new and elegant steam boat New-York, Capt. Jeffi-ies, and arrive at New- York by 5 o'clock the same afternoon. Passengers breakfast and New-York to Philadel- phia. The steam boat New- York, Ct^. Jef&ies, leaves pier No. 2. (N. R. ) every morning,(Sun- day 8 excepted,) at 6 o'c clock, for Elizabethtown^ Perth- Amboy and Wash- ington; where passen- gers for PhSadelphia take stages to Bordentawn, tiience on board die steam boat Pennsylva- nia, which will be in waiting to convey them to Philadelphia, where they arrive at 5 o'clock the same afternoon, dine on board of the boats. r I ■i STEAM-BOATS, STAGES, &i \,. .. ,. .^^4. Twenty five miles land caniagc, . Via Trpicton, Paiw^iSTON and New-Bruns- ■ /■ , ^^ j#*ii. k«vf'» •.!•*»*•» WICK, .,j.!l *.. ».\ Ly steam boats Trer^on and Thistle. Philadelphia to New- York. The steam boat Tren- ton, Capt. A. Jenkins, leaves Cbesnut-street wharf every morning, (Sundays excepted,) at six o'clock. The passen- gers for New- York will tadce stages at Trenton on the arrival of the boat, and proceed immediately to New-Brunswick, thence in the steam boat Thistle, which will be in readmess to take them to New- York, where they arrive at an early hour the same afternoon. ;«,"-'■■>, f ;.:.. .'h? Ji?: ,ir? ^,%-J^ ': i .j...^.,„;si' :C.^ ^.u;^:/. New- York to Philadel- phia. The steam boat This- tle, Capt. J. H. Vander- bilt, leaves the wharf at the head of the battery, every morning, (Sundays excepted,*^ at six o'clock. The passengers for Phil- adelphia will take stages at New-Brunswick, on the arrival of the boat, and proceed immediately to Trenton, thence in tiie steam boat Trenton, which will be in waiting to take them to Philadel- phia, where they arrive at an early hour the same afternoon. • ' • 'i I J,&1-. t^^ *-.;»» igc, { .'.<•» ■> i< [ew-Bbuks- ^histle. to Pniladel- Ilia. m boatThifi- L H. Vander- I the wharf at F the battery, Ing, (Sundays it six o'clock, gers for Phil- II take stages tinswick, on of the boat, i immediately thence in the tt Trenton, )e in waiting d to Piiiladel- B they arrive lour the same • » V JIC*'f ^TEAM-BOATS, STAGES, fcc. UNION LINE AT NOON. P \r By Steam Boats Saltimore. and Suum. r. . • New- New- York to PliiUdel phia Philadolpbia 4o York. The steam boat Bur- lington, Capt Martin, jeaves ChesBut-st wharf daily, (Sundays «xcept- ed,) at 12 o'clock, M., (oi Trenton, where pas- sengers for New- York take stages 40 New- Brunswick, at which . place th^ take supper; and lodge. The next morning, at 6 O'dock,. -embark on board the steam boat Swan, and proceed on to New- York, where they arrive about 10 o'clock A. M. same The steam boat Swan, Capt. Yanderbilt, leaves the wharf, at the head of the Battery, precisely at 12 o'clock, (noon) lor New-Brunswick, where passengers for Fluladel- phia take stages to Tren- ton, at which place they .sup and lodge. The next moining, at 5 o'clock, embark on board the steam boat Burlii^|ton, and proceed on to Phila- delphia, where they ar- rive at about 10 o'clock ^. Jlf. same day. day. Passengers by this Ike dine and breakfast on board the hOdi9. While on the passage, the boats land and receive passengers at Burlin^on, Bristol, Trenton, New-Brunswick, Pttrtb-Ambojr^ and at Elizabethtown, and sometimes at other intermedi- •ate places. The Philadelphia and Liverpool Packets, which are handsomely fitted up, sail from Philadel- phia on the 20th imd from Liverpool t>n the 8th of each month. Price of passage in the cabin, X30 sterling, and in the steerage, $25, including accom- modations. In the NEW LINE BY WAY OF Savannah, the packets sail from Philadelphia tho 20th . of each ?aonth. .. ■ Q ,. . ;: •. } 1^ i» -f ti ; I t H BURUNCTON— TRENTON. The pricM ofihre fromPhilftdelphlato New-Voric vary 6md $8 'M to^ 60, and tfMwfeKde distance it paiMd.in 12 hours. Tl^e prineipil places of any dis- tmetkm oil thfrtaote «rt BitfHhgtotfi, fivistol, Bor- dentownj Trenton, Princeton Mid New-fininA- wick. .il'likA «>'V>«''> ji,J ii.'t' •L' J I, •i;;*;. ■ tj ?». >i. ndkLli^G^ro^ % flM«(^ta]'of{hl»'Ma. It is d^lk^tfolly situated, and con- tains some faandsomfr public and private hooses. • > BnisTDt i» on the opposite side of the ]>elawarc, 19 ttilYe^'ftom Pl^hMldphift, in Bucfes county, Penn- s^a^is. This phee ceotaittB 8omo1Hio««sid«nces, ' and ^an attraca ve «ntt interesting country village. S6m6 sif ite (kMir^idena, v^hicb are unustnily elA- 'gtitf^'lild located on the mirgin of the river, add much to the hcauty of itsappeaiance. i^ • m- ^ ^BokSftskows, '24 inOes from Philadolpbia, and 6 iMiloiv TteotoB, is noted as the residence of the 'Count do 9wv91ien, the ex-king of Spain, whose eleffBiit mansion- Was within ia few years burnt by Qc^^t, but f»il0W-r^>nilt' with additiOoal embef- 'jiiiiim^tmd'mBKDifi^^^*'' ^te villa eonunaods a fine View of 't)ie nver. The^seil^ffOtrnd it is unpro- doctivef ; 'iMit by the aid' om BDnlent0W9 a stpge route is .^^i8hed.to rSouth- Afliboy. ^Cb^ntoN} the ew^tal of iCbe state of New-Jer- sey, is situated on tm^ Delaware river, 80 miles from Philadelphia. It contains about 4000 inhabitants, ft^tate house, two banks, end «a bouses avi8, Fit^ ley, Witherspoon and Smith. NEw-BRtTNSt^icK is the starting pliaee fbr ^c New-York steamboats. In this village is the theo- logical seminary, under the direction of the synod 01 the Dutch reformed church. ITie village also contains a court house, gaol, a college edifice, and five churches. * Perth Amboy is 13 miles from New-Bruns- wick, 85 southwest of New- York, and 74 nortfieast of Philadelphia. Its harbot is one of the best on the continent, and its shipping in 1SI6 amounted to 10,899ton3. ^'; ^*'V\ EitzABETHTOWN, 15 miles in a sonthwestward- ly direction from New- York, is pleasantly situated on a creek emptying itself into Staten Island Sound. A steamboat plies between the point and New- York. Staten Island, constituting the county of Richmond, is 14 miles Ipng and 8 wide. It wa^the residence of the late vice-president Totnpkin?. A"\ -..■^ ::i„."i ..i - NEW-YORK. > I ?V n and On approaching New- York, the most pioroinent objects that meet the eye, are Fort La Fayette, Castle Williams, the lofty spires of Trinity and St. Pauls church, and the Catholic Cathedral. '^/*^ ^ NEW-YORK. llus city is situated on the point of York Island, at the connuence of the Hudson and East rivers, in latitude 40. It was founded by the Dutch, in 1615, under the name of New-Amsterdam,, and was incorporated by the British in 1696. The island on which it stands, is 15 miles long, and from 1 to 6 mites broad. The city is situated at the so^th side of the island and extends along the HudUdta about 2 miles, and from the Battery along East river near- ly 4 miles. Of the public buildings, the most prom- inent and important, is the CiTY-JflAL.L, the front of which is built of white marble. It is 216 feet long, 105 feet broad, and, including the attic story, 65 feet lugh. The rooms for liolding th<^ different courts dl law, tf e fitted up in a rich and expensive style. The room for holding the Mayor's court, contains portraits of Washington, of the different Governors' of the state, and many of the most cele- brated commanders of the ai-my and navy of the United States. The building cost $500,000 and is f one of the mdst beautiful edifices in America. The Exchange, recently erected in Wall Street, of free stone, is also a superb structure. .Besides numerous offices, it contains the post office, which occupies nearly the whole of the story beneath the basement, affi)rding a spacious hall for the conven- ' ience of persons visiting the office ; entrances to which, are in Wall and Exchange street". On the basement is a magnificent hall, its centre extending in height to the cupalo ; and forming an elegant and delightful promenade. From the hall are doors and into a 03 passages leading commercial reading room. -- i im i w iit Ni:\V-YORK. , I . the post oflice, and the various insurance, exchange and newspaper offices in the building. ■LU The Battery is situated at the southwest point of the city, opposite to Governor's Island. It is handsomely laid out into gravel walks, and tasteful- ly decorated with shrubbery and trees. It is much frequented by the citizens, in the warm seascm, as well for the purpose of partaking of the refreshing sea breeie, as for enjoying the prospect, which, from this place, includes the harbor with its various shipping, Governor's Island, Bedlow*s Island, and Ellis' Island, on each of which are military sta- tions, the shores of New-Jersey and Long Island, with the flourishing town of Brooklyn, and the nu- merous country seats in its vicinity. Castle Garden, connected with the battery by a bridge, is much frequented during the summer evenings. It has a fine promenade, and is often rendered attractive by a display of fire works from its enclosure, and other amusements. The Park is situated in the centre of the city. It contains about 4 acres, which is ornamented with much taste, and enclosed by a substantial iron railing. It furnishes a cool and fashionable resort for men ofbusiness and pleasure, after the fatigue and heat of a summer's day. In point of population, this city is the first in the United States, containing upwards of 170,000 in- habitants, and in respect of trade it is now and will probably continue the first commercial metropolis in America. Though it cannot vie with Fhiladelpha, in pointof beauty and regularity, New- York exhibits an air of novelty and grandeur very imposing to a stranger. Its ever bustling streets and crowded wharyes, indicate an uncommon spirit of commercial enterprize. Its local situation embraces every ad- vantage for commerce ; and the canals, by opening rVKW-YOKK. •iS uu easy communicatidn between the fertile regions of the west and north, and the city of New-York, have produced an astonishing change in its gnnvtb and prosperity. At no very distant period, New- York, with all its natui-al and artificial advantage?, will probably become tiie greatest commercial me- tropolis in the world. llie principal Hotels and Boarding Houses, are the Mansion Heuse, No. 39 Broadway ; the city Hotel ; National Hotel ; Franklin House ; Wash- ington Hall, at the comer of Broadway and ]%eed- street ; Park Place House ; American Hotel, oppo- site the Park ; Pearl-street House ; Mrs. South- ard's ; Mrs. Mann's ; Mrs. Keese's, and many oth- ers ; some of which are located in the most delight- ful part of Broadway, in the vicinity of the Battery and Bowling Green. Broadway, the most splendid street in the city, runs through the centre and extends 3 miles m length and about SO feet in width. It is the great and fashionable resort for citizens and strangers, and is much crowded during pleasant weather. In 'Jbis avenue are Grace, Trinity and St. Paul's churches, the City Hotel, the National Hotel, and a variety of shops with elegant and extensive assortments of mer- chandize of every desciption. Opposite Trinity church. Wall street opens, which contains the Exchange, most of the banks, together with the principal part of the broker's and insurance office^. At the termination of Wall-street, is the Tontine coffee house, an extensive and handsome establishment. On passing Up broad way still further, is Cedar and Courtland streets, both of which lead to the Hudson river, where the steam -boats start for Albany. At the foot of Courtland street, is the ferry to Jersey city — fare twelve and a half cents. A little further up is Fulton street, on the comer of which and Broac^wav stand St. Paul's church. Fulton street r -5 »iiainri;giio ■ JM ■■ mmmmm9^m.<*^:m tfAmmSObtiUmmtmimm^fm U NEW-YORK. "1 I I leads to the East livcr; along the docks of which are the steam-boats for the New England ports. A lit- tle lielow are the boats for Newport and Providence — above, for Brideport, Saybrook, Hartford, New- London and Norwich. The New- Haven boats lie at Fly market dock, still further below. " " Above St. Paul's church is Puffs exhibition of pictures, the Park, Park Theatre and Park Place, at the upper end of which is Columbia college, in the vicinity of the City Hall. I'he next street above Park Place is Murray, which ]!eads to the Hoboken ferry — fare 12 1-2 cents. The New- York iNSTrrutioN is in the rear of the City Hall. Jts apartments are occupied by the Literary and Philosophical Society, the Historical Society, the American Academy of Fine Arts, the Lyceum of Natural History, the American Museum, and the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb. Th^ His- torical Society has a library of 10,000 volumes, em- bracing many valuable works Near the institution, are the Savings Bank and Panorama Rotunda ; and a little further up Broad- way, are the Washington Hall and New- York Hos- pital. The latter comprises the hospital for the re- ception of the sick and disaMed, and the lying-in hospital. The annual expenditure is about ^10,000, and the annual number of patients from 140 to ISO. Hudson Square, north west from the hospital, is a beautiful spot, with St. John's church in front, which has the tallest spire in the city. The houses in the vicinity are regularly built, and exhibit a tiattdsome appearance. Among the other public buildings 'n the city, are the New- York Atheneum, the Apprentice's Library, containing between 5 and 6000 volumes, th& Aims- House, the Orphan Assylum, Fever Hospital, State Prison. Penitetitinry, and House of Refuge for Ju- ISiKW-VOKK'. 4if :8 of which are i ports. A lit- ind Providence lartford, New- laven boats lie s exhibition of I Park Place, at I college, in the ixt street above to the Hoboken sin the rear of occupied by the J, the Historical Fine Arts, the lerican Museum, )un)b. ThoHis- 00 volumes, em- virigs Bank and arther up Broad- New-York Hos- gpital for the re- and the lying-in is about ^10,000, from 140 to 180. from the hospital, church in front, ity. The houses lit, and exhibit « ga 'n the city, are prentice*s Library, olumes, the Alms- ;er Hospital, State of Refuse for Ju venile Delinquents. The Lunatic Asylum is seven miles north of the City Hall, on a lofty eminence, and is seen in approaching the city, on the Hudson, for several miles above. There are also in the city four Theatres and two Circuses. <•>.<<) The PinK Theatre, fronting the Park, is the oldest establishment of the kind in the city, and i'/ liberally patronized by the fashiona(ble ai\d wealthy. The New- York Theatre, in the Bowery, and the Chatham Theatri:, in Chatham street, are also well supported ; hut the La Fayette Theatre, in Laurens, near Chamber street, is the largest and roost splendid building ever erected for theatiical purposes in the United States . It is located in- a section of the city which has sprung into existence, and anived at ma- turity, in so short a period, as to astonish even those who were daily witnessing its progress, but which, to the occasional visitant, could scarcely be realized. It extends in depth, from Lauren's to Thompson street, about 200 feet. The front is of white gra- nite and presents one of the most beautiful exteriors in the city. The lobbies are spacious and thorough- ly ventilated. The interior is elegant, and decora- ted in a style equally chaste and splendid. The boxes are supported by bronze columns, surmounted by Ionic capitals, beautifully carved and gilt. The saloons, which are very elegant, and admirably ar- ranged, upon the level of the lobbies, are kept in su- perior style. The beauty ot the dome attracts the immediate attention of the spectator. A superb gas chandelier is suspended from the centre, directly under the ventilator, shedding a light over the whole audience, like the splendor of the mid-day gun. The stage with its scenery and machinery, exceed .all former attempts in this country. It is 120 feel <4 sam -^ -r-fjaiji, 4t» BROOKLYN. 4 I M deep, and in some places !00 feet wide. The inn' chinery is managed above the scenes, and the stage lights are also Placed above ; which is a great im- provement over the ordinary plans adopted in other theatres. •t\< f: ..■*.,■ --.4? I,, .-^t, .... i The Orange S^itigSf near Newark, Scholey's Mount€ant and Xon^f Branchy in New-Jersey ; and Bath, Rockawavt and Gravesend, on Long Island, e^e fhshionabie places of resort tor citizens and stran- gers during the summer months. ,, ,k !*v'i«, Jv , The New York and Liverpool Packets, which are fine vessels and elegantly furnished, sail from New-York, on the 1st, 8th, 16th, and 24th of every month ; and in returning, leave Liverpool on the same days. Passage in the cabin to Liverpool, 30 guineas ; from Liverpool, 35 guineas, inclur'ing beds, bedding, wine, and stores of every des- cription. i': ;j,The New- York and London Packets, sail firom New- York on tl^ 1st and 15Ui of every month ; and in retivkune, leave London on the 10th and 25th of each month. Passage to and frtim London, the same as to and from Liverpool, with similar accommodations. ^^f New- York and Havre (France) Packets, sail from N. York on the 1st and 15di of each month : and from Havre on the same days. Passage to or from HaVre, 140 dollars, including the same accom- modations as in the London and Liverpool packets- BRooKiiYir, directly opposite New- York, from which it is separated by the East river, is usually reached by steam-boats which are ''nnstantly plying between the foot of Fulton street and that village. It ia large town, having a population of about 12.- DISCOVEKV OF THE HUDSON. 47 The ma- i the stage great im- d in other Scholvy'e lersey and iong Island^ ns and stran- Packets, iraished, sail and 24th of Liverpool on to Liverpool, eas, iDclu('ing )f every des- JACKETS, 15th of every on on the 10th ! to and from iverpool, wh^i . I. ■■ ) Packets, of each month : Passage to or ;ie same accom- 'erpool packets. ew-York, from river, is usually instantly plying Dd that village. % of about 12.- 000, and within a few years has arisen to much im- portance. Its contiguity to New- York, and the facili- ties afforded for communicating between the two places, have induced many merchants and men of business to select it as a place of residence in pref- erence to the upper part of the city. The village al- so contains several elegant country seats and public ^fardens. North-eastwardly of the vilLtge, on a tract of land called the Wallabout, is a U. S. Navy yard, where are erected a house for the command^ «nt, several spacious ware-houses, and an immense ^vooden edifice, under which the lai^est ships of war are built. DISCOVERY OF THE HUDSON. From the collections of the New- York Historicsil Society, we are enabled to glean the following sketch of the first discovery of the Hudson river ; which may not be uninteresting to tourists about to embark on its waters : John De Verrazzano, a Florentine, in the service of Francis I. of France, had been entrusted with the command of four ships, in cruising against the Span- iards. These vessels being separated in a storm, the commander resolved, with one of them, to un- dertake a voyage for the discovery of new countries. About the middle of March, 1554, he accordingly ar- rived on the American coast, and after having vis- ited the coasts of North-Carolina and Georgia, he di- rected his course northward, and entered the harbour of the present city oi New- York. He describes the islands (Staten, Manhattan, &c.) as *' fruitful and pleasant, full of hie and broad trees, among the %vhich islands any navie may ride safe, without any feare of tempest or other danger." He stayed in the harbor about 15 days, during which time he went on shore several times, and had familiar intercourse with the natives, who had, among other ornaments, plates of wrought copper. Vrn'MI'T 4$ DISCOVERY OF THE HUDSON. His are supposed to have been the first European feet that ever entered the present state of New- Vork. On the 15th of May, be set sail for France ; and on a subsequent voyage to America, is said to have been lost, as he was not heard of again. Nearly a century elapsed before any further addi- tion was made to the knowledge of this part of the American continent. It was reserved for Hen- ry Hudson, a native of G'-eat Britain, to receive the honor of the lirst effectual discovery of ttie Hudson river. Having engaged in the service of the Dutch East India Company, he was employed by .them on a voyage of discovery. His 6riginsd design was to have attempted the finding a north-west passage to India ; but having failed in thic, lie resolved on vis- iting the New World. He arrived at or near where PorUand, in Maine, now stands, in July, 1609 ; from whence, after spending a few days, he proceed- ed south as far as the Chesapeake Bay, and from thence returned to the north, discovering and enter ing the baj' now called Delaware. Without land- ing, he continued hiseourse northwestwardly, until, on the 3d of September, he anchored within Sandy Hook. The next day he sent a boat on shore for the purpose of fishing. The tiadition is, that his men first landed on Coney island, which lies near Long Island, and now makes a part of King's coun- ty. He landed, and, with a part of his crew, pene- trated some distance into the woods in what is now Monmouth county, JN^. Jei-sey. He was well re- ceive^ by the natives, making them presents and receiving in exchange, *' green tobacco'* and "dri- ed currents," (probably whoitlebernes,) wMch were found in great abundance. On the 6th September, Hudson sent a boat, manned with five hands, to ex- plore what appeared to be the mouth of a river ; prob'\bly the sj-ait betiveen Long and Staten Is- lands, now called the Narrows. In exploring the bay and the adjacent waters, the boat's crew spent ])1SC0VEHY OF THE HUDSON. ' 4Jt the tvhole day. On their way back to the ship, they were attacked by the natives in two canoes.-- A skirmish ensued, in which one of Hudson's men, named Colman, was killed by an nrrow which struck him in the throat, and two more wounded. The next day the remains of Cohnan were interred on a point of land not far from the ship ; which* from that circumstance, received the name of CoUnanV Point, and which was probably the same that is now called Sandy Hook. On the 12th, Hudson first entered the river which bears his name, and sailed up about two leagues. He was visited by great numbers of the natives, who brought him Indian com, tobacco, beans and oysters in great abundance. They had pipes of yellow cop* per, in which they smoked ; and earthen pots, in Vrliich they dressed their food. From the 12th to the 22d September, Hudson was employed in ascending the river. He describes it as abounding with great stores of salmon. In his passage, he was visit^ by many oi the natives, but always in an amicable manner. He sailed up, as is supposed, a little above where the city of Hvxlson now stands ; beyond which he himself never ascend- ed. From this place he dispatched a boat, (not con- sidering it safe to proceed farther with his vessel,) manned w'th five hands, which ascended the river, it is suppoac-d, as far as the city of Albany !:;ow stands. During this excursion, Hudson gave to «»wne of the Indians ardent spirits, for the purpose of making an experiment on their tempers. He says they all became merry ; but only one was completely intox- icated. A tradition still exists among the six na- tions, that a scene of intoxication oecurre('> when the Ijrstship arrived; having reference^ . J 'ra The principal boats, at present, on the river, arc the North- America and Albany, which perform their trips by day-light, seldom exceeding 12 hours on the passage ; the safety barges. Lady Clinton and Lady Van Rensselaer, which leave N. York and Albany in the rooming of eadi day in the week, Saturday and Sun lay excepted ; and the Ncw-Phiiadelphia, Vic- tory Constitution, Constellation, Chief Justice Mar- shall .which leave Albany at 9 and 10 A. M. and New* York at 6 P. M. and perform their trips in from 14 to 16 howrs. The Marshall leaves Troy at 2 P. M. Alba- ny at 'j^ ; and, in returning, leaves New- York at 5 p. M. I ■•hJ* >">';.' H.' u. lides these, there are several others on the riv- er, designed, principally, for tow-boats ; but which, nevertheless, have accommodations for such passen* gers as wish to travel at reduced prices. '?«>• All the boats stop at the principal places between New-York and Albany , for the purpose of landing and receiving passengers. Till within two or three years, accidents were not uncommon at the landing places, owing to the continued motion of the boat ; but by a late law, captains and masters are required to stop their boats, whenever passengers are landed or re- ceived on board. i i.t:- ; , . The spirit of accommodation which is manifested in all the boats, is owing probably to the rivalship existing between them. Passengers are well enter- tained, and every attention is shev^n that can con- tribute to their comfort and convenience. THE PASSAGE OF THE HUDSON. » Besides the novelty of a steam-bo t passage, the Hudson river presents to the tourist a variety of nat- ural scenery which it will be difficult to tind else- where in a journey of the same extent. To the pleasun^ derived from a prospect of the beautiful and subiiiTio objects of nature, the effect of the most strik- ing contrast is added, to render the scene truly pic- turesque and enchanting. On the one hand are t*een stimmits, crowned with forests, apparently im- 5» Four WASHINGTO-N. I peoetrable to the footstops of cultivation, and oo the (j^er, beautiful and extensive lawns, checkered with the abodes of husbandry, and glowing in all the rich verdure of summer; n^iile in the same circumstan- ces of vision may be seen the fading view of some town or city, ana in perspective a perpetual opening scenery of forests and cultivation, plains and moun- tains, towns and villages, imparting to the beholder all the charms of novelty, with the highest emotions of the sublime. W^HAWKEN, about 6 miles from ttie city, on< the west side of t^ river, is pointed out to the tmv^ eller as the ^und on which Gen. Hamilton fell in a duel with Col. Burr. It is a small spot on the margin of the river, with huge rocks on three sides, effectmd- ly screening it from the observation of man, except from the river ; and probably has, for that cause^ been selected as al suitable place for settlii^ afiairs of h«i- or. Till within a few years, it contained a monu- ment erected to the memory of Gen. Hamilton by the St. Andrews^ Society ; but it has been removed. His body was deposited in the ground attached to Trinity church in the city, where Siere is a handsome monument, enclosed in an iron railinjg. it > .^ v' --i The Pausadoes, which make their first appear- ance on the Hudson, about 8 miles from New-York;^ are a m^e of rocks, from 20 to 5dO feet in height, and extend from thence to Tappan, a distance of > about 20 miles. In some places, they rise almost perpendicularly from the shore, and form, for several - miles in extent, a solid wall of rock. A short distance above, on the east side of the riv- er, are Harlaem Heights, on whidv were fortifi- cations dudng the revolutionary war ; nearly oppo- site to which is Fort Lee, 300 feet above the lev- el of &e river. 12 miles from New- York, is Fort Washinotost, on a hi»h hill on the east side of the river, rendered HIGHLINDS. M ^d with- the f ich imstan- Dfsome )peDmg Imoun- Ksholder inptions city, on thetmv^ fell in a remargin affectual- I, except iise,beeii » of hsu^' lamonu- miltonby removed. ttacbed to luaidsoiBie St appear- (ew-York> in bei^t,' distauee of ' rise almost for several jofthetiv- vere fortifi- learly oppo- avethelev- .SHINOTON, er, rendered memorable as the place where a gallant defence was made by the Amencans in October, 1776, but whicli eventually resulted in their surrender, to Uie number of 2600 men. Their loss was small ; but that of Uie British amounted to nearly 800. About 25 miles above New- York the river expands and forms what is called Tappan Bay. The little village of Ts^pan, a place of much note during An- dre's and Anmd's conqiiracy, is situated on its wes- tern shore. The spot of Andre's ^ve is still point- ed out near this village, though his remains, a few years since, were conveyed to England, by order of the British govonment. This bay is from 2 to 5 miles wide, and 8 miles long, terminating at Teller's Point. Haterstraw Bay, commences 36 miles (rom New-York, and terminates at ioney and Verplank's Points; being about 6 miles in len^h, and from 2 to 4 in width. Haverstmw village js on Uie w^st side of this bay. I^,^ ;. *»vi,;. u,,i The HioKi^AzvBs, or FishkiU mountains, which first appear abottt 40 miles from New* Yor|c, wJl at- tract notice,, not only from their grandeur and sub- limity, but also from their association with some of the most impcMrtant events of the revolution. This chamof mountains is s^ut 16 miles ip width, and extends alongboth Sides of the Hudsonrtothe dis- tanoe of 20 i^Hes. The height of die principal has been estimated at 1666 feet. According to the the- :Oiydf Doctor Mitchell, this thick and solid barrier seemain ancient days to have impeded Uie course of the water, and to have raised alake high jenough to^over all the country 1 to Qui^rHiU ami the La- conickMoui^ains xw the- east, and to Shawangunk and the Cat^ll mountains on the west ; extending tatlie Little FaUs of the Mobaw^, and to Badley FaMs en the Hudson— -but by some convulsion of nature the mountain chain has been broken, andthe rushing waters found their way to tiie now ,New- Vork Bay. At the entrance of the Highlands, on ■aaBBBBi mm u WEST POINT. U r '.'I i the Bouth, is the scite of an old fort on Verplank'S Point, opposite to which stood the fort of Stoney F int, which was taken from Gen. Wayne in 1778, and retaken by him the same year. Further north, 10 miles, is the scite of Fort Montgomery, which, after a gallant defence by Gen. George Chnton, sur- rendered to the British array in October, 1777. >H.- ■".-■i Anthony's Nose is a mountain 1228 feet high, and is opposite the mouth of Montgomery creek, overlooking Forts Montgomery and Clinton. Bloody Pond, so called from its being the place in which the bodies of the slain were thrown after the defences of these Forts, is in the rear of Fort Clinton, ^^kv West Point, one of the most important posts during the revolutionary war, is situated on the west side of lhe Hudson, near the entrance of the Hi^- lands on the north. It formed one of the most mi- portant fastnesses of the American army during the S years contest with the British nation ; and the im- portance attached to it, in a military point of view, was evinced by the repeated but unsuccessful efforts of Uie enemy to obtain it. It was here that Arnold conceived the horrid purpose of bartering his coun- tiy for gold. This conspiracy, however, which aim- ed a death blow at liberty in the western hemisf^ere, resulted only in the universal contempt and igno- miny of Arnold, and in the lamented death of the unfortunate Andre. There are here at present a nwnber of dwelling-houses, and a militaiy academy, built on the plain which forms the bank of the river, 188 feet in height, to which a road ascends emy here established by ^Dngress; was first organized under the direction of the late G^n. Williams, in 1802. Of the number of applicants for admission to this institution, a prefer- cnce is usually given, first, to the sons of officers of the revolution ; said secondly, to the sons of deceased officers of the late war. None are admitted under the age of 14 years, nor above the age of 22. The number of cadets is limited to 250, aach of whom costs tiie gov^nment $336 annually ; and the whole establishm^t is maintained at an annual expense of $115,000. In addition to the various sciences which are taught here, the -cadets are instructed in all the practical minutis of tactics; comprehending the lowest duties of the private soldier, as well as the highest duties of the Gl&cev. They are also required to encamp for 6 or 8 weeks in a year ; daring which time they are rastracted in the manner of pitching and strikm^ tents — in the various infantry evolu- tions — and m all the details of the camp. »> v: ^ '" '' ' ^ ^' Major Johw Andre. -^'»i^^i'-^ The fate of this gallant young officer will ever be associated with the scenes at West Point. It was here the infamous Arnold conceived his traitorous purposes against the liberties of his country, which brought upon him the contempt and execration of the world, and cost the unfortunate Andre his life. Benedict Arnold was a native of the state of Con* necticut, and from the first commencement of hos- tilities he had distinguished himself as a brave and intrepid soldier, and an enterpising and skilfid com- mander. He had succeeded in the bold and diffi- cult attempt to invade the Canadas fit>m the state of Maine, where tlie sufferings of himself and soldtert had excited the sensibility of the nation towards him. At Quebec, on Lake Champlain, and at Sar- atoga, he had acted a distinguished part ; and at the time of his appointment to the command of West I 56 M^IOR ANDRK. :j t ^oint, which was in November, 1779, he bore an honorable testimonial of his attachment to his coun^ try, in the wounds which he had r^centiy received M tihe surrender of Burgoyne. The residence of Gen. Arnold was at the house and hxm of Col. Beverly Robmson, who had reltn- quiihed them and joined the royal army at New- York. This residence Was situated opposite to West Point, on the east side of the Hudson — a dredry sit- nation — entironed by mountains, and by no mieans calctdated to soothe the rugged dieformities oi chir* acter by a frequent prospect of the ddicate and be^utiful scenery of nature. It was here that Gen; Amc?d made the first proposals to surrender West Point, and the forces under his command, to the British ariny. The agents, on the part of the Brit- ish, were Col. Beverly Robinson and Mayor Johii Andre, who held frequent communications with the American General, from onboard th6 Vulture slo<^ of war, then lying at Haverstraw Bay, about 10 miles below Stoney and Verplank's Points. Major Andre, at that time about 29 years of age, had, from the natural amiablenei^s of his character, and his superior accomplishments as a citizen and a soldier, acquired the unreserved confideiice of his officers, and was emphatically considered the favorite of the British arinjr. He had been fwiiliar with the classic lore of antiquity, and had cultivs(ted a taste for the fine arts, of musiq, painting and pqetry, in each of wbich he had made considerable profrciency. In early life he had formed ian attachment with a la- dy whom he addresses by the nam6 o( Delia, and to whbin he had devoted all Uie leisure anorded from fhe intervals of a mercantile profession, until the newsofher inarria^e with a more successful i'lval, ^rovehim, disapppmted and unfortunate, to the bus- tlmg; piii^uitB ofibe camp. His bio^aj^er remarks, *< There wais something singularly interesting in the character aiid fortunes of Andre. To an excellent MAJOR ANDRE. 57 ho bore an to his coun" tly received t the house 10 had retin- ly at New- )8itetoWc8t -a dreary sit- by no ibieaDS Iticscrf char- ddicate and ere that Gen. render West rand, to the t of the Brit- l Maflor John tions with the Vulture sloop lay, about 10 oints. years of age, his character, a citizen and a ifidehce ofhis red the favorite miliar with the Itivated a taste and ppetiy, in ble proficiency, nent with a la- b of Delia, Mid re OTorded from ision, until tbe iuccessful rival, latOjtothebus- rrajfliher remarks, rterestinK In the ^0 an excellent it understanding, well improved by education and trav- el, he united a peculiar eleeance of mind and man- nen^, apd the advantages of a pleasing person. His knowledge appeared without ostentation. His sen- timents were elevated, and inspired esteem, ap they had a softness thatt c ceived the necessary instructions as to the road he was to take, Andre the next morning took leave of his guide, and pursued his journey. He had not proceeded more than 6 miles, when be was arrested by three miJitia men, by the names of John P^iil- MAJOK ANli*Kt. 59 t was despatched lying across the 1 distant, to con- appointed by Al- ining the papers, entfor Col. Bev- lass for whomso- portant trust. In ame of John An- consented to be ;e he was destined jrview, was at the ove, on the west . Arnold had^repair- ?as f6und secreted of their subsequent onvcrsation, which I found impractica- t being discovered eyandVerplanck's /eyed to the house rougbt him to the panied'him on his )use he procured a y dress, which he vening of the day tiy with Smith, and for White Plains. ras spent at a Mr. place of their de- e, without any in- e, across the Croton [udson on its west . Here, having re^ I as to the road he ning took leave of mey. He had not hen be was arrested mes of .Tohn l^nl. Ui(i\g, l>ayid Williams and Isa^c Van Wert^ who, wuth pUl^rsH were on a spputing jwrty, liietween the G^t-pqa^ pf the t?^o 9rinie^. Tl^ese men stcgu^d JVf a]pr Andre in a nanow ps^rt of the ro^d 9t n pfajce lii^Tany-Towo, t>y aiiddenly seizing his hnweby ih0 bridle. Ippt^^ pf mmsdld^tfely producing tbp pase which \k9^ bee^ furnished bipi py Gen, Arnold, Andre iflqwrod, ^)^(^te (be;.; jplopged to ? Tiiey anr ^j^er^, »*Tob]elpw" -Not an*;; acting anj^y decep- iipn, be jtj^rIwI. " So do I ;'* and declaring lum^lf to DO a 9r:iti^ pfficer, he entreated that be lui^tnot be detained , bpi^g on pressiqg business. This dec- iar9t)ipp was follpwpd by further ipquiries, which es:- ciied still mpre ^i^ipicio;^, ^d ^t length induced a resolution on thei^ psirt to de^iii him. Finding himself thus surpcisp^, and a pj^tsoner, he o^ade usp of every pprsua^on to r^ain his liberty, and o0ered ;fi Y^ry vtuuable gpl^ wf^h for bis rele^. But it w4s all to no effect. They asked for his papers, which bewg refund by Andre, they cptmneaced seeching him* 9p4 memorandwrni, in Aagipid'a hand- Wfitmgs relating tp the forpes ai:^ 4e^ces of West Point, were found conceded in Jvs boots. Kespfttches were ioimedi^tely forwarded to Gen. Waisbington, together with a letter from l|4ftjor An- 4rp to Gen. Arnold, ^pprisin^ him of ^ a^egt and Retention. |p coo^equencp of ^ome fni^take of ^le |](i?^nger, information of the circumstsnces reached A^old somp time betbre W^hipgton was apprisi^d at all of tlmm. Upon the receipt of the letter, Ar- nold spized the ni^s&en^er*s horse, and instantly pro- ceeded down ^ jjrecipjce almost perpendicular, to the riypr, wj^fire boats were always ready to pass to and from t^est Point, and junapipg into one of them, be directed the hands to row liim down the r>ver to the Vulture sloop of war. In the moan time information had bpen recpived by Wellington, and scarce had Arnold passed Stojpey ai^d Vnrpi yty va t>piats when Col. Hamilton a?riv,edat tho latter plpcf^ with pr(|9r» to stop him. i>3 60 MAJOR ANDRE. 11 , Andre was srrested on the 23d of September ; and a board of General Officers were immediately sum* raoned, by order of Gen. Washington, for his trial. The circmnst^bces of the case were tiie sul^ect of much excitement in both the American and British armies, and created much sympathy in favor of An- dre. After an iiiouiry of a number of days, the court determined, that Major John Andre, Adjutant Gen- eral of the British army, ought to be considered as a spy from the enemy ; and that, agreeably to the law and usage-of nations, he ought to suffer death. This sentence of the board of General Officers was protested against, on the ground that Andre had been admitted into the American camp under the protec- tion of a flag, and at the immediate instance of Ar- nold, the commandieg officer of the district, whose safe passport and return he had a right to demand. But the senteuce was consented to be waived only on condition of delivering Arnold into the custody of the American army ; which being refused by the British general, Andre was executed on the 2d of October, 1780, at Tappan or Orangetown, where his remains were aflterwands deposited. Thus in the short space of nine days, between his arrest and execution, were the flattering prospects of the hnve but unfortunrte Andre forever blasted. Precipitated from the '--'in re- turning, in about two hours. The country through which the road passes has nothing interesting in its appearance, until it reaches the mountain, being generally uneven and barren, and diversified with but one or two comparatively small spots of cultiva- tion, upon which the eye can rest with satisfactiob. A short time is usually taken up at Lawrence's, for the purpose of refreshment, before encountering the tugged ascent of the mountains. This part t^the ro»j is generally good, but circuitous, and often paye- es oh the bfink of some deep ravine, or at the foot of sotne frowning precipice, ihs(»Hng at tiknes, an unweicMne degree of terror. The rock upOn which .n'-} Is the capital of the state of Nevi-York, md in point of wealth, population, «trade and vesour- ces, is the second city in the state, and the gixth or seventh in die Union, it is situated on the west side of the Hudson river, and near the head of tide water. It was settled in 1612 ; and next to James* town in Virginia, is the oldest settlement in the U. S. Its charter was granted in the year 1686, and eqfcbraoed an area of 7160 acres. A great proportion of its soil js sandy and unproductive, and snder no ■system of useful cultivation. Though the first appearance of this city is not pre- possessing to a stronger, still the taste which tas ALBANV. «7 on river Phe city U 'tsx\&y- nmercc. ok creek nd man- id which faetures, Hudson, trmhous- f Athens ^, vmnff l^suni- al houses a. From Here are ivills^oi iree.nctiles e:tiience village, 3 J— tjience -> h ' :v ■;'. r id TegQur' le siicih or the west >ad of tide ; to James- ; in the U. 1686, and prop(Mrtion lender no ^isnotpre- Trhicli -has been displaved in the constractiou ot its public and private buildings — tne constant din of commercial bu- siness which assails ^he ear of the traveller — the ter- mination of the Erie Canal at diis place, and many other attendant circumstances, render Albany an im- poKant and interesting spot. Hie town is dividcKi into five wards, and contains many superb and elegant buildings. The principal streets are Market, Pearl, and State street. The two former run parallel with the river, and the latter is a spacious one, extending from the Capitol to the Hud- son, nearly east and west. Besides these, there are many other streets, less considerable' in extent, but populous, and crowded with shops and stores. *^ ' * The Capitox., which contains the Legislative Halls, the Common Council Chamber of the Corpo- ration, the Supreme Court room of the state, the Coun^ Clerk's ofike, the State Library, and other apartments for public business, stamis at the head of State street, on an Novation of 18(> feet 4>oye the level of die river. It is a substantial stone^ edifice, erected at die expense of $120,000 ; of wludi sum, $34,000 was paid by the corporation of the city* — It is 115 feet in length, 90 in breadth, and is 50 high, consisting of two stories, and a basement of 10 fiset. The east front is adorned with a portico, of the Ionic order, having 4 magnificent columns, 3 feet 8 inches in diameter, and l» feet in height. The Public Square, on the S. W. f arkctt 9treet, and is one 9! ihe belt in the X^nited States. ^. , ., ^. .■;„,, ., cv^ ., ^ „^.i ■ ■».■.■' The prtn<'ipal Pusuc Hotels ai;e, (he Afl^nsion Hooses in Korth Market street, the Aftany liouse nndfitotie Street House in State 8ti]eQk,Cruil«»4fft'«> near tibe CApito), and the £agle Tatem J9 S>omI1i Matket street; ifrhichiire fumisbed and Hept in su- perior style, reflecting equal credit upon tfie city 9nd the proprie^rs. I>win^ the sessions of the Noiv-Yoark lefftslatiire, Albany is crowded with sitRangois ; and coiitos muehQf* the legal ts^nt arid^leamingof t^ »t«|e. The city is suppUed with water frotn ft distance ef 3 miles. It is eligibly situated for trade ; being the ^'0at thorough fare Ibr the northern and westerA sec- tions <^ the state. ,,,,f. The AiiBANY Basin, where the waters of theca- nal unite with the Hudson, consists of ^ part of the rivQr included between the ^ore and an artiticipi pier erefl?ted 99 feet in width and i,300 feet in len^^. V'be pi9r. cpntiuns about Sapres, and ip connected witbtbf qilQ^ by dr^w bridges. ItiA a grand and stupendous work, on which spacious and extensive STAGES TO MONTREAI.. m stores have been erected, and where an immense quantity of lumber and other articles of trade are de- posited. Its original cost was $130,000, and the different lots were sold at public auction, at a con- siderable advance. The basin covers a surface of 32 acres. In the south part of Albany, in boring for fresh water a short time since, and after penetrating 500 feet, a spring of medicinal water was discovered, possessing mamr medical properties, and which promises to be of much advantage to the city. The population of this place in 1825, amounted to 15,974, ---v- ---•■ ;; • ' '■,">«,,,';,,-■... t» k.*-^'' CTAPPC '•■'>ji'h'\-''kiii'ilifii'^- Perhaps there is no place in the union from which stages leave in so many directions, and are so well arranged as at Albany. The best of horses and car- riages and careful drivers are generally employed ; and every attention is paid to the comfort and con- venience of travellers. In addition to the following- list of regular stages, extra, coaches and carriage's can be obtained at almost any hour for the Springs, Utica or Boston. The Albany and Montreal Mail and Post Coachy leaves Albany, Mondays, Wed- nesdays and Fridays at 3 A. M. and arrives in Poultney at 6 P, M. ; leaves Poultney next morning at 3 and arrives in Burlington at 6 P. M. ; leaves Burlington Mon- day, Wednesdays and Fridays, at 8 A. M. and arrives in Montreal same evenings at 7 o'clock. Montreal, on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays at 3 A M. an4 arrives in Burlington saihe ev«- nings at 7 ; leaves Bur- lington, Mondays, Wed- nesdays and Fridays at 3 A. M., and arrives in Poultney same evenings at Q ; leaves Poultney next morning at 3 and ar- rives in Albany same eve- ning: at 6 o'clock. 'i « 'I? I -, STAGES 10 WHITKUAl^^- ^ engaged in aiu«» j . i^ -f 1^ Wiiies— fere ^4. V . ,„„ miles— tare ;;pf < -, ^,.| •^nCy =S?^^'»" »%"""'"' ■"■ ..-f^fta^leavc AlDany »*J"J„™i„g8, and Line- / *» TV»iirsdaY and ^^^^^w the packet WESTERN STAGES. ,ogh Troy, 51. iVtbans, 8taiice 220 ivm^'9 stage Ibany. Mail Stagey and Friday, le third day, jre Cbester, .turday wp^i" jr's, ^o. o^*>» vesE. Young's \lbany,Mon- 'M.and meets iehaU-aistance ,ia My ^^V morning and ar- and Packet Boat Troy on Monday, oVe the Packet it 2 P.M. on the litchaW ^t evef ttf • fforFovt^dYfard , steam bqats. On Edward, the passen- Lansing^^fS^l?/?? "•stages. , .- . Albany and Schenectady daily Stage, leaves Albany suid Schenectady every morning and after- nooh. Seats takfen in Albany, at Thorp & Sprague's stag^ (office, corn^ of State and N. Market-streets. Fare, 62 1-2 cents. v- Albtmyy Utieat Jlubum, Geneva, Canandcdgua^ £at«ma and BwffaU, Rochester and Lewtsion Jbil- igenee Mail Coaehy le£iV6s the stage office, comer of !?. Market and State-8t^eets,AU>any,everyday at3P. M. stops first bight at Atnsterdam, (30 miles,) second at Utica, (66 miles,) third at Auburn, (73 miles^) fourth at Avon, (64 mtle^,) and Rochester. {JS6 miles^) fifth at Buffalo, (65 railes^) and Le^iston. (80 miles,)— leaves Lewiston at 3, and Bu£^ak> at 8 A. M. st<^s fiiist nfght at Rochester and Avon, se- cond at Auburn, third at Utica, and fourth in Albany. Fare beetween Utica and Buffalo $6. . Jilbatty and Buff&ia Pilot Mail Coach, leaves llKwp h Spragu6'd mail coach (^ce, comer of North Market and State-streets, Albany, every evening at 11 o'clock, passes through Schenectady, Utica, Syracuse, Auburn, Geneva, Canandaigua (a bruich thence to Rochester) to Buffalo in three days— leaves E^6 tavern, Buflltlo, every evening at 8 o'clock, arrives at Geneva first day ^ at Utica second, and in Albany the third, frequently in time to take an af- ternoon boat f«^r New- York— distance ifrom fiufl^alo to Can^daigua 90 milesj Canandaigua to Utica 112 BMles) Utica to Albany 96 teiles ; Buflf^lo to Albany ^S% miles—fare froinU^ica to Canandaigua |^,50, Canandaigua to Buf&lo $2,50. Albany, Cherry- VbUleyy dpopersiaum and Rock- eeUt Mail Coach, lefiye^ Thorp & Sprague's mail ccHtich office', comer of N. Market and State-stifiets, Albaay, every, day for Chen^-Valley, Cooperstpwn, Bridgewater, Madison, Cazenovia, Manhus, Syra- cuse, Weeds-Basin, Montezuma, Lyons, Palmyra 72 srAGES TO THE SPRINGS. oud Pittsford to Rochester — through m three days^ crosses the canal thirteen times and returns in the same order. A coach leaves Utica every morning, Sunday excepted, for Denmark and Sackets Harbor, and from Denmark to Ogdensbuigh, Tuesday, Thurs-' day and Saturday. ir^7 tc- ?. . ' Albany i Troy and Boston Union Center Line of Post Coaches, leaves Albany, Monday, Wednesday and Friday at 7 A. M. and Tiroy, at 3, and an-ives in Boston to dine, the third day^eaves Brigham's, 42, Hanover-street, Boston, Tuesday, Thursday and Saturdayat6 A. M. and arrives in Albany to dine the third day — distance from Boston to Albany 160 miles, fare $6 — seats engaged in Boston at Bri^am's, 42, Hanover-street ; In Troy at Babcock's city hotel ; in Albany at W. Kingman's, No. 44 1-2, State- street. "' ; '""- ^; ^■'^' From Albany to Boston, via Springfield, the U. S. mail stage leaves Albany and Boston on Toesday, Thursday and Saturday, at 2 A. M., going tlvough in twodays. JFVom Albany io Boston, via JVbrthampton, the mail stage leaves Albany and Boston on Monday, Wednesday and Friiay, at 2 A. M. ; reaches North- ampton the first day, and Boston and Albany the next day at evening. .^^:.'^'!:~,^.(U> Albany and Saratoga 5/^65.— Besides the mail stage, there arc three lines in the summer months, which leave Albany for Saratoga Sfnfings, twice a day, on the arrival of the morning and noon boats from New- York. The morning lines leave at S, and the afternoon at 1 o'clock, passing through Troy, Lansingburghj Waterford, and Ballston-Spa, to Saratoga— distance 36 miles. Staee offices for these lines are in North and South Market streets. CITY OF TBOV. fr n days^ in the ming, arbor « rh\irs- aesday MTIVCS ;ham*s, lay and to dine my 160 gham'Sf V hotel ; , State- [, the U. rcesday, ; through itorti the Monday, 2S North- bany the sides the » sununer Springs, and noon 8 leave at e through Iston-Spa, offices for ict streets. I'he mail stage also leaves daily in ^p motf^ifkZtixa- medi^ly after the arrival of Uie Wpniing |}9at pqog; ing ihe fiQut|iem umU andreiQclies Si|i:a^^ $pnji;»s, by the way of Ballston Spa, betwe^;) ^ and $ ?> -M!. Fare from Albany to Saratoga, from $1 50 to 0fi|. The first object which usually attracts the ajtteu' tioa of the tourist on departing fkom Albany, i^ihe mansion of Gen. Stxphjex Yajv J^^sssxJ^cii, the Piitroon of that city, which stand? ^t itsnor^^u^ extremity, and which is one of .the.mos^ '^leg^nt Vif nations in the lUnited States. Thei.ii|unifi?y a r^nee of hilis rising abruptly firom the alluvial plsan on vrnldi the city is situatecl, extending to the Hudson river. In point of location and Deautiful . natural scenery, Troy is exceeded by few, if any, of the towns^and Triages on thoiHudson. The streets, ruqniQg nar^ and south, converge together at the north end of^tbe city, and ore cros^ at right angles by those ryn- ning east and west. Thb bulldogs are principally built of brick, and are shadied by ro]iys of treos ofi each side of street-: which are preserved remarkably clean, by additions of slate bnd gravel, inst^d of pHvemetits. The population of Troy is about 10,000. '.I f n Y^ £xted at the expew* •' ** ™ S»J »K<»P<>- fording a WOOF » Rensselaer School, whKh w« «^» v„„ KensMtoot. » i« iL^ted, and aapV '^ *T "„" place, of puWie «^vmW« '=<»*"'",'J?. Its l»piilatio» does not . * l'- »nd on academy- }" P^ri ,,^ vUlaee> * .Hudson ri»e^» *** *® ^ -- '< w «» ' ^ i^. ^# -01: > ^i^ ,niage has beeu ««^«J^ I li! I 11 I ■ n COHOES. ij/r. U sidereJ tlie capital of Saratoga county. It is situat- ed at the junction of the Mohawk with the Hiidaon» nnd derives considerabld importance from the naviga- tion of small vessels, which, by means of tho lock and dam below, at most seasons of the year arrive and depart to and from its docks. The village con- tains a population of 1500 inhabitants. It already enjoys many advantages for trade, and its im^rtance is much increased by the northern canal, wmch com- municates with the Hudson river at this place.— About a mile from Watertbid, in a south westerly di- rection, is Ae celebrated CoHOES, a fril of water in the Mohawk river, about 40 feet in perpendicular height, and including the descMit stbove, about 70 feet. A fine view of the falb and the romantic scenery around, is furnish- ed from the bridge which has been erected across Che river, about half a milo distant. The lofly bar- rier of rocks which confine the course of the Mmiawk — the distant roar of the cataract — the dashing of the waters as they descend in rapids beneath you — and the striking contrast of the tor*-ent, with the solitude of tlive scenery above, contribute to render the whole an unusual scene of sublimity and grandeur. An old tradition states, that a chief of the Mohawks at- tempting to cross in his canoe, embarked too near the current of the falls to escape their descent. Find- ing himself unable to resist tUe influence of the tide, wliich hurried him fast to the summit, with true In« diau heroism, he turned his canoe into the stream, assumed his staticm at the helm» and with a paddle in one hand and his bottle in the other, was precip- itated over the brink. About a mile south of the Cohoes is the junction of the northern and western canals. Within the space of three quarters of a mile of this place, thevfc Ave 17 locks — the whole forming an interesting spec- tacle worthy the attention of tourists. S2 n 9i MECHANIC TILLE. itiii I ('-I \ ■I \ Travellers who arede^ii-ous of visiting the Cohoes nriti) the junction, cih do so ih going to or returning from the Sfiriiigs — passing through Troy and Lan- 6iQi;biir^h on bnt route, and by Uie Cohoes on the VAiv S« B . :i^^i tsiiAih) is situated in the vi- <:uUt^,di[ ' Aiei"'^ .!, sliid is fdtined by the sprouts of the Mbhdwi rivek oining tvith Hudson*B river, 9 niife^ Hdrth of AlMuby., This ^p^)! i8 noted for be- Sttg the heUA quarters of the Antorioidci arniy , in 1777 ; from whence they marched^ in September, of the samp year, to the decisive victory over Burgoyne, aiBifemitt' Height. There are few places more ihtitili^j i^ sources of ikite^est and d^li^t to the istr^i^,. ifkin Saratoga. Hebe, at one ^oint, ti'ftd^OQS bnn to ^e pUreuit df health, pitotnising him ^iull ilfiM ^;: The distances from Albany to Ballston Spa are as follows : Troy, Lansingburgh, ^ Waterford, J: BorougK, Mies, 6 3 1 8 Malta ViUe, Dunning street, Balloon Spa, t 4 BALLSTON SPA. This pleasant village lies hat the town of MHton in the county of Sturatoga ; and is situated in % low valle)', through the centre of whi^h flows a branch of the Eayaderosseras, with whose waters it mii^es at the east end <^ the village. Hie natural boundia- riea of BaHston Spa are well defined by steep and lofty liills of sand on the north and west, and by a ridge of land, which gradually slopes inward, vnd encircles ihe village on the south and east. Hie broad and ample Kalyaderosseras, Whose HStre^fP^ites F.3 n" 78 BALLSTON Sl».\. I!l 1 motion to a ucighboring mill, flows n the north ea^l boundary of the village, and furnishes a favorite re- sort for the sportsman, on the bosom of its waters, or for the loiterer along its verdant banks. The vil- lage was incorporated in 1807, and is under the di- rection (^ three trustees, who are chosen annually. It contains 120 houses, and about 750 inhabitants. Besides the court house for the county, and the clerk's office, which are located here, there is an Episcopal and a Baptist Church, an Acadenw, and a Female Seminary ; likewise a Printing Office and a Book Store, with which a Reading Room is con- nected for the accommodation of visitants. '""^ The Female Seminary is under the superinten- dance of Mr. Booth, a gentleman who is eminently qualified for the undertaking, having been for a num- ber of years the principal instructor in the female academy at Albany. The scite of the institution is on & very pleasant and healthy eminence, command- ing a view of the whole village, and the surrounding country for some distance. The building itself is spacious and airy, and occupies, with the out grounds and improvements, upwards of an acre of land. This institution, though of recent establishment, has, from the well known experience and celebrity of its proprietor, commanded a full share of patronage — Among the various branches taught, are natural and moral philosophy, beileslettres, chemistry, geome- try and history; and when required, competent teachers instruct in the several branches of musick, drawing and dancing. The terms of tuition and board are quite reasonable ; and die general man- agement of the institution is spoken of in the high- est terms of commendation. BallstOQ Spa principally derives its celebrity from the mineral springs which flow here and at Saratoga in equid abundance. The spring first discovered in the vicinity, stands on the fiat, nearly opposite the U ALLS ION fciPA. boarding establishment of Mr. Aldridgo. It formejly flowed out of a common barrel, sunk arpund it, with- out any other protection from the invasion of cattle, who often slaked their thirst iu its lountain. Af- terwards the liberijity of the citizens was displayed in a marble curb and flagging, and a handsome iron oiling!' The curb and nagging were finally r^mov- f4» leaving the ntiling, which still serves the purpos- es of ornament and protection. The spring flows now, probably » from the place where it orighially is- sued, some feet below the surrounding surface, which has been elevated by additions ofearth, for the purpose of improving the road iBH/vhich it stands. Near this spring, in boring the last season, an ex- cellent mineral fountain was discovered at a consid- erable deptl) beneath the surface. Its q^uditles are said to be superior to those of the spnng {(Iready mentioned, and, by many, its waters are preferred to any other in the village, i-^ ,.^.;;^ .*; v . ?»'au. The U. States Sphit^g is situated at the east end of the village, on the land of Mr. Loomis. Near this fountain, a large and commodious bathing }iouse has been erected ; to which, not only the waters of of this, but of a number of other adjacent springs, are tributary, for the purpose of bathing. Between the springs already mentioned, there was discovered in the summer of 1817, a mineral spring, called the Washington fountain. Tliis latter spring rose on the margin of the creek in front of the factory building ; it flowed through a curb 28 feet in length, sunk to the depth of 23 feet, and was liberated at the top in the form of a beautiful jet d*ea^^. This spring dis- appeared in 1821. Numerous attempts have smce been made to recover it, but they have proved fruit- less. The principal ingredients of these waters consist of muriate of soda, carbonate of soda, carbonate of lime, carbonate of magnesia, and carbonate of iron ; F. 4 i 80 BALLSTON SPA. r i \ ' all of which, in a greater or less decree, euter info the composition of the waters, both here and at Sar- atoga. The principal boarding houses are the Sans Soucij Aldridge's, me Village Hotel and Corey's. The Sans Souci, with its yards and out houses, occupies an area of some acres in the east part of the villi^e. The plan of the building, with the expen- sive improvements around it, do much credit to the taste and liberality of its proprietor. The establish- xnent was formerly the property of Mr. Low, of New- York ; from whom it has passed into the hands of Mr. Loomis, its present owner, and under whose management the most entire satisfaction is given to its annual visitants. The edifice is constructed of wood, three stories high, 160 feet in length, with two wings extending back 153 feet, and is calculat- ed for the accommodation of 130 boarders. It is sur- rounded by a beautiful yard, ornamented with a vari- ety of trees and shrubbery, which, with its extensive piazzas and spacious halls, render it a delightful re- treat during the oppressive heat of summer. Aldridoe's Boarding House, with which is con' nected an extensive garden, at the west end of the village, and Corey's, at the south end, are not infe- rior in point of acccommodatlon, and receive their fall share of patronage Their more retired location, and the profusion of rural scenery around them, as well as the deserved reputation of the establish- ments, will always determine the choice of a large portion of visitants during their transient residence at the springs. .,r. ..' t .^^,5 The Village Hotel, is in a convenient situation a few rods west of the Sans Souci. It is now kept by the proprietor, Mr. Clark, and is a very agreeable and pleasant boaiding place for strangers during tho jBumraer months. v ^ vi > tc-.. JJALLSTON Si'A. St enter info and at Sar- Sans Souci, 8. out houses, part of the the expen- redit to the establish- w, of Nevr- he hands of ider whose i8 given to astructcd of sngth, with is calculat- s. Itissur- ivith a vari- s extensive iliglitful rc- er. lich is con- end of the re not infe- :cive their d location, d them, as establish- » of a large residence t situation now kept agreeable luring the Mrs. M'Masjteu's, is a private boarding house, .situated adjacent to tho spring, on Uie flat, in the westpartof the village. Tiiosc who are fond of a retired situation, will be much gt-atified at this place, and withal will find a hospitable hostess, and very excellent accomtoodations, at a inou*irate price. Be- sides these, there are other houses of accommoda- tion ; the principal of which is the Mansion House, kept by Mr. Kidd. This house is situated in a central part of the village, is well kept, and every attention is paid which can contrib- ute to the comfort and convenience of its guesti. The price of board per week, at the several hous- es, is from ^^3 to ^"8. Mails arrive and depart to and from Baltston Spa, every day in the week, Sundays excepted. Besides a post omce at the village, there is one in Oie town of Ballston, about three miles distant, to which let- ters arc frequently missent, owing to the ncgiect of correspondents in making the proper direction. The reading room and library may be resorted to at all times, and for a very moderate compensation. Papers are there furnished from all parts of the un- ion. The library, which includes some periodical pifolications, is small ; but valuable selections may be made, eitfier for instruction or amusement. Six miles from Ballston Spa, in a southerly direc- tion, is Ballston Lake, or, as it is scHnetimes called, the Long Lake. The only accommodations, on an excursion to the lake, are furnished at the farm house, recently owned by a Mr. M'Donald, oa its western ma'^gin. This gentleman was a native ot Ireland, and on his first arrival in America, settled with his brother, in 1763, on this spot, where he continued to re^'ide until his decease, in 1S23. It was ■at this house Sir William Johnson passed some tisie on his first journey to Saratov Springs, as eacW as the year 1767. The lake is a beautiful sheet of wa- ter, 5 miles long and 1 broad. The scenery aroimd e5 SARATOGA SPRINGS. I. i ' ! i \i 1 I li I affords a pleasing landscape of cultiration and wood lands, no less inviting to the sportsman, than the soft bosom of the lake and its finny inhabitants to the aiDaleiu'S of the rod. — ■ , SARATOGA SPRINGS, ; ' Is situated north easterly from Ballston Spa 7 miles, and 24 miles from *he village of Waterford. The village is located on an elevated spot of ground, surrounded by a productive plain country, and en- joys, if not the advantage of prospect, at least the advantage of a salubrious air and climate, con- tributing much to the health and benefit of its numerous visitants. The springs, so justly celebra- ic} ibr their medicinal virtues, are situated on the margin of a vale, bordering the village on the east, and are a continuation of a chain of springs discovering themselves about 12 miles to the south, in tlie town of Ballston, and extending easterly, in the form of a crescent, to tlie Quaker village. In the immediate vicinity are 10 or 12 springs, the principal of which are the Congress, the Hamilton, the High Rock, tlie Columbian, Uie Flat Rock, and the President. About a mile east, at the former residence of Mr. Taylor, are found a cluster of mineral springs which go by the name of the Ten Springs, liiese springs, as well as those at Ballston Spa, partake of the same properties, and are only distinguished from each attracted tr. Abtiild- the revQhi- t agiiin re- tbe water icnt settte- hesnnunit, }und a pas- led by the «ed to flow r, may be ock, which i\ surfece of ant motion assage be- hon which ibablie from it» eastern by the im- illage, and ^ower vil- I pprin^^ in ue principal asJsington, jeen ereet- ure as well tmer. been pub- I; Sifratoga ISpriugs, a gentleman of high standing in the attain- ments of science, and fully competent to the under- taking. His analysis, besides a description of the properties of the waters, contains ample directions as to their application, and should be perused by all who would avoid the evils so frequently resulting from an excessive and untimely use of them. The following is a description of the properties and uses of these waters as published by Dr. Steel, in bis re* port on the geological structure of the county, made by him in the year 1S21 : " The mineral waters of this county have become deservedly celebrated throughout the United States, and their superior efficacy, in a medicinal point of view, is known and acknowledged even in Europe. They may with propriety be divided into three class- es — Sulphurous, Acidulous Saline, and Acidulous Chalybeate. J " SuLPHunoTis WATERS, Of thosc Containing Sulphuretted Hydrogen Gas^ are found m a num- ber of places in the vicinity of the argillaceous slate formation, and they very probably owe their origin, as before hinted, to the decomposition of the sidpnur- et of iron, which occurs in this rock. *' By far the most interesting and important spring belonging to this class, is situated on the east border of Saratoga Lake, about a mile south of snake hill, at the bottom of a deep ravine, which opens to the lake and discloses a fine view of this beautiful sheet of water. The well is situated but a few rods from the beach. The water rises up through a bed of ar- gillaceous marl, and diffuses its sulphurous odour in the atmosphere to some distance around. It is very limpid when first dipped, but on standing some time, deposits a small quantity of argillaceous earth ; which when thrown on ignited coals, exhibits evidences of sulphur. This sediment is likewise deposited around the spring, and along the course of its curient. "The constituent properties of this water are purely sulphuretted hydrogen, and a small quantity tc3 m • ••/Of.. y < .». ■J*-^ '^ 90, SAKATOGA SPKliVGS. of alumiue, which is diffusqd in it, but not in sulli- cient quantity to render it turbid. *' Baths might easily be constnicted here, and the water conducted directly int'- them from the foun- tain, which produces a sufficient quantity for a con- stant supply. Balliing in waters of this description hae long been celebrated for its etficary in the cure of a great vai'iety of eruptive disease^: and it is high- ly probable that this spring will ultimately becoitift ah important appendage to the distinguished i^'aters of Saratoga and Ballston, from which it is but a few miles distant, and the ride includes all the vaiiety of scenery presented by the lake and its environs. •* Sulphuretted hydrogen likewise occurs in Ovo M'aters of a weak acidulous saline spring, in t/?« tofvu 01 Milton, two miles west from Saratog? Springs, and is fointly disceruable ih the water of one of tlifc wells at Ballston Spa. '*Tbe AciDrixJua saline and chalybeate WATJPRsi.are found in those of Saratoga Sprrags and Ballston Spa. They are situated along the southern termination of the secondaiy formation, and i a the iinosediate vicinity of ''*^'t transition. There are a great number of thr ; igs scattered along the distance of j^veral iiisl!!5^ .*nd are very jwopably tiie product of the same' great /aftorator?/; the properties of thfi diflferent articles which they hokl in solution biding the same, differing oiUy as to quantity. '■' "Those which have become the most distinguish- ed at Sarat(^?t Springs, are the Congress, Columbi- an, Haaulton, Flat Rock, High Bock, and President; and those at Ballston Spa are the Old Spring, Wash- ington and Low's. Of these th« Congress unques- tionably rank» first as an acidulous saline. One gal- lon» or 281 cubic inches of tliis water, contains* agreeably to an analysis which I made several years ^o, and which subsequent experiments fully con- firm, 676 grains of solid substance, in a perfect state of solutio i. Of this something more than 2*3 is mu- ^^ SARATOGA SPRINGS. 87 not in sufii- Bre, and tfie )m the foun- ty for a con- description in the cure id it is high- tely become ished waters is but a few I the vaiiety environs, ccurs in (ho ,in t/fJBtoftii og-i; Springs, f one of the lALYBEATE Springs and the southern 31, and in the There are a fd along the propablj the le properties d in solution itity. distinguish- w, Columbi- d President; Ting, Wash- ress unques- i. One gal- r, contains, leveral years 8 fully con- perfect state n 2'3 is mu- i riate of soda or commoa salt — more than 1-4 carbo- nate of lime, and the remainder consists of carbonate of soda, carbonate of magnesia, and carbonate of iron. But what more particularly distinguishes and charac- terizes the water of this spring, is the fact that it con« taiad, the moment it is dipped, nearly 1-2 more than its bulk of carbonic acid gas, a quantity hitherto uaprecedented in any natural waters, except those of this county. ** The CoL.u 'iBiAsr is an acidulous chalybeate ; it contains 354 grains of solid contents to the gallon, nearly 2-3 of which is muriate of soda, about 1-3 car- bonate of lime, 7 1-2 grains of carbonate of iron, and a small proportion of the carbonate of soda and mag* nesia. It contains something mo>-e than its bulk of carbonic acid gas. " The Flat Rock is likewise an acidulous cha- lybeate. It contains the same quantity of iron as the Columbian, but a less proportion of the saline ingredients, whil0 it contains rather more of the gas* eousjMoperty. .,u .,. ' " 'Hie Hamilton,* High Roc!k and Presi- DEBfT, are saline, their solid contents being compos- ed of muriate of soda, in the pi'oportion of from 1-2 to 2-3, and oarboiiate of lime in the prop(»tion of about 1-3. They likewise contain iron, carbonate of soda, and magnesia, in considerable quantities, and mire than their bulk of gas. *' At Ballston Spa, the mineral waters «[Il be- long to the acidulous chalybeate class. The Old Spring contains 253 grains of solid contents to a * Since the publication of Doct Steel's Geologic- al Report, the Hamilton spring has been sunk by its proprietor, Doct. Clarke, several feet deeper than formerly ; the result of which is, that a far superior quality of water is produced, falling little, if any, short of the far-famed Congress. I II pi; 88 SARATOGA SPRINGS. ■V'-^ ': ;' ' 1 gallon ; something more tlian 1-2 of which is muri- ate of soda, a little less than 1-3 carbonate of lime, and the remainder is carbonate of magnesia, soda, and 7 1-2 grains of iron. It likewise contains more than its bmk of gas. "The Washington* contains 235 grains of sol- id contents to the gallon, more tharx 1-2 of which is muriate of soda, nearly 1-4 carboneteof ?ime, and the same quantity of iron as the Old Spring, and about 1-13 of magnesia and soda, '^liere is another well called the Low Tube, close to the Washing- ton, and apparently issuing from the same aperture in the earth, which contains 13 or 14 grains more in its solid contents ; this excess is in the quantity of the muriate of soda. The waters of both these fountains are super-saturated with the aerial acid, while the super-abundant gas is constantly escaping in immense quantities. " Low's Spring f coniains the same articles as the foregoing, but somewhat less in quantity " There are two or three other wells to this class of waters, about ten miles easterly from the Congress^ in the town of Saratoga : they are callet! the Quaker Springs: they contain lime, magucssia and iron, held in solution by the carbonic acid, and a large proportion of common salt and so- da ; but their mineral impregnation is not sufficient to "iilitle them to much attention. " " ;. " SxTLPHATE OP Lime, [gypsumy} occurs in a spilngonthe farm of Earl Stimson, Esq. in the tO'< u 'vf Galway, and the same substance is found in many of the common wells along the whole extent of th-^ ih \estone formation. ficK,...^ ^ , - j * The 'ein of this spring was unfortunately chang- ed three of four years since, and the spring, in ef- fei , lost. A new spring, in another part of the village^ called the Washington, has since been diS' covered ; but it has not yet been analyzed. N)v r.i\ lei t'i3 United States. that belong SARATOGA SPRINGS. 89 i IS mxin- of lime, ia, 3oda, ins more IS of sol* which is me, and ng, and I auother Vashing- apertiire more in intity of ih these ial acid, escaping rticles as It belong erly from they are lin lime, carbonic It and so- sufficient icurs in a [. in the found in le extent sly chang- ig,in et- irtof the )een diS' 'W '^ The temperature of the water in all tliese wells ia about the same, ranging from 48 to 52 degrees on FarenheiVa scale ; and they suffer no sensible ^al- teration from any variation in the temperature of the atmosphere; neither do the variations of the sea- sons appear to have much effect on the quantity of water produced. .... *' The waters are remarkably limpid, and when first dipped sparkle with all the life of good cham- pagne. The saline waters bear bottling very well, particularly the Congress, immense quantities of which are put up in this w^y, and transported to va- rious parts of the world ; not, however, without a considerable loss of its gaseous property, which ren- ders its taste much more insipid than when drank at the well. The chalybeate water is likewise put up in bottles for transportation, but a very trifling loss of its gas produces an immediate precipitation of its iron ; and hence this water, when it has been bot- tled for some time, frequently becomes turbid, and fmally loses every trace of iron ; this sid)Staiace fix- ing itself to the walls of the bottle. *'The most prominent and percetible effects of these waters, when taken into the stomach, are Ca- thartiek, Diuretick, and Tonick. They are much used in a great variety of complaints ; but the dis- eases in which they are most efficacious are. Jaundice and bilUous affections generally, . Dyspepsia, ' 't ' Habitual costi eness, f ■ -i ' Hypochondrical complaints, '•■>•> ' Dep-^ved appetite, Calculous and nephritic compIaintS;, Phagedenic or ill*conditioned ulcers, ": Cutaneous eruptions, '^ [^Chronick rheumatism, ' ^ Some species or states of gout, .;. Some species of dropsy, T ■ "Scrofula, Paralysis. »!" ,*;^,.li;//. U^ *iv, aiii 'ij "^^^'i i^ > v» ' .• .'4* '« •> •■^'> ..M:(r •J ,'• i-i- tlff*^ ''■' ;■- ':■''• .a) Tt\ i*. • • f »1 < ■*« u i; I >ii f ' : • 1 I m SARATOGA SPRINGS. ?/« Scorbutic aiTections and eld scorbutic ulcers, AmeaonlieB, Dysmenonhea and chlorosis. ** In phthisis, and indeed in all other pulmonary afTections arising from {Hi mary diseases of the lungs, the waters are manifestly injurious, and evidently tend to increase the violence of the disease. " Much interest has been incited on the subject of the source of these singular waters, but no re- seanlhes have as yet unfolded the my&tfiy. The large proportion of coinmon sajt found a^on§ their c«nstituent properties ^Bay be accounted for without mueh difficulty. All the i^aU springs of £ urope, as well as those of America, being foMnd in geQlu^i^ical situ- ations, exactly corre^qptonding to these ; but the pro- duction of the unexampled qusintity of carbonic acid gas, the medium through which, the pther n entire new work, ©pibracipg an ant^Iysis of the springs, is preparing by Doct. Steel, and will be published the present season. Strangers should be apprized that several works relative to these wa- ters have appeared, which are very incorrect and not deserving of (iredit. That heretofore published by Doct. S. has received the sanction of the most scientific men in this country ^^ in Europe ; and from his known reputation, and the opportiinity he has had, from a residence of 20 years at the Springs, of becoming acquainted with their qualities and us- es, we have every reason to believe, that the work he is now preparing, will be far superior to any pub- licatiou of the kind that has ever appeared. I i SARATOGA SPRINGS. 91 ers. ulmonary he lungs, evidently k fm G subject lit no re- «y. The iQQ^ their IT without pe^asweU ipicalsitu- t the pKo- bonic acid jr ATiticl^ rill remain adcQg^ar 1 the idea t,as^pany )y jpiperal >UQe4with r the effect )duotippis in^Iysis of and ^ili ;ers should these wa- orrect and pi)1^4ied the most rope ; and )ftwi^ he le Sp^riogS) es and us- the work any pub- The boarding establishments of the first wlass at Saratoga Springs are tlie Congress Hall, and Union Hall, at the south end of the village, the Pavilion at the north, and the United States Hotel in a central situation between them. Besides these, there are a number of other boarding houses on a less exten« give scale, the most noted of which are, Montgcme- ry Hall, in the south part, and the Columbian Hotel, in the north part of the village ; Doctor Porter's , about half way between the Congress and Flat Rock springs — M'DoimelVs, a few rods west of the Con- gress, and Putnam's^ lVilKams\ Sadler^s, 'Fay- lor'Sy Waterbury''s and Bailey*Sy in the southern part of the village. The Congress Hal.l, kept by Messrs. Westcotts & Drake, is situated within a few rods of the Con- gress spring, to which a handsome walk, shaded with trees, has been constructed for the convenience of guests. The space in front of the building is occu- ed by three apartments, each of which is enclosed by a railing, terminating at the front entrances of the piazza, and each used as a flower garden. The edi- fice is 200 feet in length, 2 1-2 stories high, with two wings extending back, one 60, and the other about 100 feet. The billiard rooms belongrag to the establishment, are contained in a building adjoining the north wing. In front of the Hall is a spacious piazza, extending the whole length of the building, 20 feet in width, with a canopy from the roof, sup- ported by 17 massy columns, each of which is grace- fully entwined with woodbine. There is also a back piazza, which opens upon a beautiful garden annex- ed to the establishment, and a small grove of pines, aflTording both fragrance and shade to their loitering guests. The Congress Hall can accommodate near- ly 200 visitants. The United States Hotel, with its gardens/ ?md onf buildiuGCSj occupies a space in the centre n i 'A r. T f^ r ■ 5 ' i* r r ' ! if !• ! . t: • , 1 f I i^lli 'ii < ' !l [ 1 ;ii i 92 SARATOGA SPRINGS. the village of about five acres. The main building is composed of brick, 125 feet long aud 34 feet wide. It is four stories high, and has a wing extending west 60 feet, and three stories high. The billiard room is in a building erected for the purpose in the pleasure grounds adjoining. A building, 34 by 60, appropri- ated to drawing and lodging rooms, has ako been added on the south, and is connected with the main edifice, by broad piazzas, in front and rear, extend* ing the whole length of both buildings. The ground in the rear and south of the Hotel, is handsomely laid out into walks, terminatiiig on the west in a gar- den belonging to the establishment, and the whole is tastefully ornamented with trees and slirubbery. The front of the edifice is enclosed by a delicate circular railing into three apartments, each containing a choice variety of flowers and shrubs, and shaded by a row of forest trees extending the whole length of the building. The Hotel is situated equally distant between the Congress and Flat Rock springs, and commands a view of the whole village, and from its fourth story, a distinct view is had of the surround- ing country fot a number of miles. This establish* ment can accommodate nearly 200 visitants, and is one of the large. kt, sustain- )eauty and xhitecture this country can produce. The large rooms of the Pavilion are less spacious thun those of the United State Hotel or Congress Hall, but are so constructed that by means of folding doors the whole of the low- er apartments may be thrown into one— an advan- tage which gives much additional interest to the promenade and cotillion parties, which frequently assemble on this extensive area. A large garden is ccninected with the establishment, and also a billiard room. The Pavilion is calculated for the accommo- datioa of about 180 visitants, though it frequently contains a much greater number. It is kept by Mr. J.C.Dillon. The Union Haix is one of the earliest and most respectable establishments in the vicinity, and is sit- uated directly opposite to the Congress Hall. It has, within a few years, been much improved in its ap- pearance, and enlarged by considerable additions to the main building. It now presents an elegant and extensive front, 120 feet in length, S stories high, with two wings extending west 60 feet. It is orna- mented iiA front by 10 cc^umns which rise to nearly the height of the building, and support the roof of a spacious piazza. A garden in the rear of the build- ing, together with a beautiful flower garden on the north opening to the main street, are among the va- rieties which contribute to the pleasantness of the establishment. It is now kept by Mr. W. Putnam, a son of tlic original proprietor, and ranks in point of elegance and respectability with the most favored establishments in the vicinity. The Columbian Hotkl stands within a few rods of the Pavilion. This building has undergone considerable repairs since it came into the hands of its present occupant. Annexed to the establishment is a handsome garden, lying on three sides of the building, which adds much to the beauty and advan- f2 ■> ^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // IL S 1.0 I.I 11.25 ■^1^ 125 Hi i^ IIIIIM 2.2 U 11.6 % 71 7 7 f Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WiST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)872-4503 4- 'M SARATOGA SPraNGS. li t ' n \ 11 \ i tage it enjoys in point of natural location. The well known reputation of this establishment, as well as its pleasant situation in the vicinity of one of the principal fountains, will always ensure it a full share of patronage. The price of board per week, at the respective houses, is from ^ to $ There is in the village a printing ofike and book- store, with which is connected a reading room, a mineralogical room and a library, under the superin- tendance of the same proprietor. These rooms are contained in the same building with the library and book-store, but have their separate apartments. That appropriated for the reading room, is lai^e and airy. It is ornamented with a variety of maps and charts, and is furnished by the daily mails with about 100 papers, from different parts of the Dnited States and from the Canadas, besides several periodical publica- tions. The mineralogical apartnrient is on the se- cond story, to which stairs lead from the reading room. This apartment contains specimens of all tlie minerals discovered in this vicinity, together with a variety from different parts of the union, and from Europe. They are very handsomely arranged in glass cases, have been much augmented of late by Dr. J. H. Steel, of this place, to whom the proprie- tor is principally indebted for their collection and ar- rangement. An apartment adjoining the reading room, contains a library of about 2000 volumes, which are well selected, and receive constant additions from the moHt fashionable productions of the day. These rooms afford a pleasant retreat from the noise and bustle of the boarding establishments, and are much frequented by ladies and gentlemen of taste and fashion. The terms are reasonable, and are scarcely an equivalent considering the extent and usefulness of the institution. The mail arrives at, and departs from Saratoga Springs, during ^he months of June, July, August SARATOGA SPKINCify. aft uud September, evei^ evening — ^reaching the Spring! in 24 hours from New-Yonc, and New-Yon from ^ the Springs in tibout 84 hours. During the remain* d^r of tne year, the mail arrives and departs three times a week. Strangers should be af^rized that a post-office is established in tfie town of Sara- toga, about 12 miles distant, to wtuch letters intend- ed for the Springs are often missent, in consequence of their mis-direction. At both the villages of Ballston and Saratoga Springs, there are always sufficient objects of amuse- ment to render the transient residence of their sum- mer quests pleasant and agreeable. Those whose taste IS not gratified at the billiard roorot, which are annexed to most of the boarding establiahiiKeots, or card parties, can always enjoy a pleasing recreation at the reading Fooins, or in a short excursicm m tlie neighborhood, where sufficient beauty and novel^ef scenery are always presented to render it IHghly in- teresting. The amusements of the day are nsually crowned with a ball or promenade. The respective apartments appropriated for these occasions, are cal- culated to accommodate from 150 to 200 guests; but they often contain a much greater number. The ^cious areas of the cotillion rooms are be- tween 80 and 90 feet in length, and when enliven- ed by the associated beauty aiid gaiety resorting to the springs, present a scence of novelty and fascma- tion sddom equalled. About two miles east from Saratoga Springs is a small fish pond, situated on a farm of a Mr. Badiyte. Thither parties often resort, as well to enjoy the amusement of fishing as to partake of a repast on trout, which ace here caught in great abundance.— The proprietor, however, reserves to himself the ex- clusive privilege of serving them up, and will not suffer any of tiiem to be taken away. Still Airther east, about three miles from the Sprmgs, is situated SARATOGA LAKE. Saratoga Lake . This lake is 9 miles long and 3 broad. A resort is constantly kept up at Greene's and at Riley's, on the western margin of the lake, the former about 3 1-2, and the latter about 6 miles distant from Saratoga Springs, and the same distance from Ballston Spa. The visitants of both villages frequently resort thither, to enjoy the advantages of air and prospect'during the months of July and Au- gust. Sail boats are here fitted up for the accommo- dation of parties oi pleasure, and implements for fish- ing are always in readiness for those who take pleas- ure in this fashionable diversion. The western shores of this lake are accessible but in a few peaces, in consequence of the adjacent marshes which with- in a few years past have been overflowed by a rise of its waters to the height of 8 or 10 feet, and which the old settlers alon^ its borders attribute, without gaining much credibility, to some unaccountable in- fluence of the total eclipse in 1806. Whatever may be ti^e cause of so great a rise of flie lake, it can hard- ly be accounted for from the progressive improve- ments of husbandry, which within that period have been by no means rapid or extensive. On the east side of the lake the land is more elevated, and pre- sents a fine prospect of farms under good improve- ment, and which are said to be the best farms in this region. Besides a variety of excellent fish, an abun- dance of wild game is caught in the lake and marsh- es and along its borders. This lake is supplied with water from the Kayaderosseras creek, which, taking its rise about 20 miles in a northwest direction, and receiving in its course a number of tributary streams, flows into the lake on the west side. Fish creek ibrms its outlet, through which the waters of the lake are communicated to the Hudson river about 6 miles distant, in an easterly direction. This creek empties into the Hudson river at BEMUS' HEIGHTS. Q7 9 miles long and up at Greene's rgin of the lake, sr about 6 miles le same distance f both villages e advantages of )f July and Au- >rtheaccommo- lements for fish- who take pleas- The western in a few p'aces, les which with- wed by a rbe of set, and which ribute, without laccountable in- Whatever may Eike, it can hard- ssive improve- lat period have On the east ated, and pre- good iroprove- »st farms m this t fish, an abun- ake and marsh- I supplied witfi which, taking direction, and butary streams, e. Fish creek iters of the lake r about 6 miles ; creek empties ScBUYLBB-VuxB, a Small village situated in the townofSaiataga, containing about 40 dweUiiigs,a postoffioe, a mctmy, and a variety of roachineiy and mills erected on Fiah Creek by Philip Scliuyier» Esq. Thisiipot is noted aethe residence of tbe late Omr etal Schuyler, but stiU mone ae the spot where Gen- ecal Burgoyne sunendered to the American army, in October, 1777- The place of the surrender is mark- ad by the ruias of a small intrendiment called Fort Harbt. Sevarai bones and the scidlofa jpeison ware recently dug up in the vicinity of tiue fort, in making tiie excav^ion for the northern canal. The battle ground, !• the action and prevented a single manoeuvre, during one of the lonsest, warmest, and most obstinate bat- tles fought in America. General Gates believed that his antagonist intended to attack him, and circum- stances appeared to justify the like cocclusion on the part of Burgoyne ; and as the thickness and depth of the intervening wood concealed the position and movements of either army from its adversary, sound caution obliged the respective commanders to guanl every assailable point ; thus the flower of the British army, the grenadiers and light infantry, one thousand five hundred strong, were posted on an eminence to cover its right, and stood by their arms, inactive spec- tators of the ctmflict, until near sunset ; while Gene- ral Gates was obliged to keep his right wing on po'^ U' movent the enemy from forcing that flank, byti f il'in bordering on the river. Had either of the geii- ■r:Jdla been properly apprised of the dispositions of his antagMiist, a serious blow might have been struck on our left or the enemy's right ; but although noth- ing is more Common, it is as illiberal as it is unjust, to determine the merits of military operations by events exclusively. It was not without experience that tiie Romans erected temples to Fortune. La- ter times might afford motives for edifices, in which genius or wisdom would have no votaries. ** The theatre of action was such, that althoue^h fhe combatants changed ground a dozen times in ^ coarse of the day, the contest terminated on the spot where it began. This may be explained in a few W(n^. Tlw British line was formed on an emin- ence in a thin pine wood, having before it Freeman's tann, an oblong field stretching from the centre to- wards its right, the ground in front sloping gently down to the verge of this field, which was bordering on the opposite side by a close wood ; the sanguin- ary scene lay in the cleared ground, between the eminence occupied by the enemy and the wood just described ; the fyce of our mairitsmeD from this wood BEMUS' HEIGHTS. 101 tras too deadly to be withstood by the enemy in line, and when they gave way and broke, our men rushing from their covert, pursued them to the em- inence, where, having their flanks protected, they rallied, and charging in turn, drove us back into the wood, from whence a dreadful fire would again force them to fall back ; and in this manner did the battle fluctuate, like waves of a stormy sea, with alternate advantage, for four hours, without one moment's in- termission The British artillery fell into our pos- session at every charge, but we could neither turn the pieces upon the enemy, nor bring them ofl*; the wood prevented the last, and the want of a match the first, as the lint stock was invariably carried off, and the rapidity of the transitions did not allow us time to provide one. The slaughter of this brigade of artillerists was remarkable, the captain and 36 men being killed or wounded, out of 48. It was truly a gallant conflict, in v, hich death by familiarity lost his terrors, and certainly a drawn battle, as night alone ■terminated it ; the British army keeping its ground -inrearof the field of action, and our corps, when they could no longer distinguish objects, retiring to their own camp.'* The interval between the 19th of September and the 7th of October was employed by both armies in fortifying their respective camps. Gen. Burgojme had contemplated an attack on the 20th and 21st September, which, had it been made, would proba- bly have resulted much to his advantage, as flie American camp was then in an unfortified state, and the troops wholly unprepared for a vigorous resist- ance. For some cause, however, the attack was de- layed. This gave time to Gen. Gates to complete the unfinished works, and to strengthen his army by reinforcements of militiamen, who were daily flock- ing to his camp. Satisfied that a delay would ope- rate to the advantage of the American army, by in- creasing their strength and numbers, whilst at (he 102 BEMUS' HEIGHTS. I 'i k «ame time it mutt prove disadvantageous to the eoe- my. General Gates, it seems, determined to wait iJum movements within his own enirenchmeots.— Heve he remained until the 7Ui October, when the last decisive action was fought, which decided the fate of the army under Gen. Buifpo^e and ultimate- ly tesulted in the triumph of Amencan liberty. The commencement, pwwreas and tennination of thie hriUiaat engagement is thus described by Gen. Wil- <' On the afternoon of October 7th, the advanced guard of the centre beat to arms ; tilie alarm was tth peated throi^hout the line, and the troops repaired to^their alarm posts. I was at heed quarters when this happened, and, with the approbation of the Gen- eral, mounted my horae to inquire the cause ; but on readnac the guard where (he beat commenced, I couM obtain no other satisfaction, but that some per- son had reported the enemy to be advancing against our left. I proceeded over open ground, and MCt>nd- ing a gentle acclivity in front of the guard, I petceiv- ed about half a mile from the line of our encamp- ment, several columns of the enemy, GO or 70 rode from me, entering a wheat field which had not been cut, and was separated from me by a small rivulet ; and without my glass I could distinctly mark their every movement. After entering the field they dis- played, formed the line, and set down in double raaiEB with their arms between their legs. Fcmigers then proceeded to cut the wheat or standing straw, and I soon after observed several officers, mounted on the top of a cabin, from whence with their glasses they were endeavwing to reconnoitre our left, which was concealed from their view by intervening woods. « Having satisfied myself, after fifteen minutes attentive observation, tHat no attack was meditated, I returned and reported to the General, who aoked me what appeared to be the intentions of the enemy. V They are foraging, and endeavoring to reconnoitre BEMUS' HEIGHTS. 103 double vonrleft; and I think, sir, they offer you battle." «* What is the nature of the ground, and what your opinion ?" " Their front is open, and their flanks rest on the woods, under cover of which they may be attacked ; their right is skirted by a lofty height. I would indulge them." " Well, then, order on Morgan to begin the game." I waited on the Cfr> lonel, whose corps was formed in front of our cen- tre, and delivered the order ; he knew the ground, and inquired the position of the enemy ; they were formed across a newly cultivated field, their grena- diers with several field pieces on the left, bordering on a wood and a small ravine formed by the rivulet before alluded to ; their light infantry on the right, covered by a worm fence at the foot of the hill be- fore mentioned, tiiickly covered with wood ; their centre composed of British and German battalions. Col. Morgan, with his usual sagacity, proposed to make a circuit with his corps by our left, and under cover of ^e wood to gain the height on the right of the enemy, and from thence commence bis attack, so soon as our fire should be opened against their left; the plan was the best which could be devised, and no doubt contributed essentially to the prompt and decisive victory we gained. <* This proposition was approved by the General, and it was concerted that time should be allowed the Colonel to make the proposed circuit; and gain his station on the enemy's right before the a^ck should be maule on their left ; Poor's brigade was or* dered for tiiis service, and the attack was commenc- ed in due season on (he fls nk and front of the Brit- ish grenadiers, by the New -Hampshire and New- York troops. True to his purpose, M(»gan at this critical moment poured down like a torrent irom the hill, and attacked the right of the enemy in front and flank. Dearborn, at the moment when the enemy^ light infantry were attempting to change front, press- ed forward with ardor, and delivered a close &e ; .« iU4 J'\ lil ■ llii BEMUS' HEIGHTS. 11 !l then leaped tho fience, shouted, charged, and gal- lantly forced them to retire in disorder , yet, hei4ed by iSat intrepid soldier the Earl of Balcarras, tfiey were immediately rallied, and re-formed behind a fence in rear of their (irat position ; but being now attacked with great audacity, in front and flMik,by smNirior nun^ers, reaistance became vain, and the whole line, commanded by Burgoyne in person, Sye way, and made a precipitate and disorderly tc> lat to his cainp, leaving two twelve and six six- poundAB on the neld, witli the loss of more than 400 offieea and men, killed, wounded and captured, and aiteiopf them the flower of his officers, viz. Brigadier C)l|eneral Fra2er, Mt^or Ackland, commanding tho Strenadiers : Sir Francis Clark, his iirot aidde-camp •: Mfjor Wiluams, commanding ofiicer ef tlie artillery ; Ouitain Hooney, deputy qnartepmaster-general ; ana many others. After deliveiing the order to Gen- eral Poor, and directing him to the point of attack, I WW pereinptorily commanded to repair to the rear, and oMfir, |up Ten Broeck's regiment of New-York inillfiia, wOO strong. I performed this service and rc{gained the fieki m battle at the moment the ene- v^ bad turned iheir backs — 52 minutes after the first shot was fired, the ground which had been nccvh pied b^ the Britirik grenadiers, presented a scene of coo^pkcated faorror and exultation. In the square M^Bce of twelve or fifteen yards lay eighteen giena^ oiiekB in tlie agonies of death, and three cheers prpn- ped up acainst stumps of trees, twoof themmortaliy woiincL^d, bleeding, and almost q)eechle8s. What .aispectacleforone whose bosom flowed with phi- laiwppy; and how vehement the impulse which excites men of sensibility to sedc such scenes of bar- ^ism ! I found the courageous Col. Cilley a-strad* (4le on a brass twelve pounder, and exultmg in the cs^^uro; whilst a surgeon, a man of ^great worth, jm^. was dressing one of the ofiiceEB, raising his PHi'^amea^ hands in the phrensy of patriotism^ lil I ' UKMUS' HEIGHTS. 105 nd gal- headed a, they ehinda ig now s«k,by ftndtbe person t lerly re- six MX- Iian400 ed,aD(l rigadier log tho i-camp •: rtiUery ; [eneral ; to Gen- attack, [be rear, jw-York ^ice and tie ene- the first Bcene of square agieoa- srsprpp- mortally What rith pbi- wnich jgofbar- a-atrad- kg in the wortk, siog his triotretiH rxclaiiQod, <' Wilkinson, 1 have dipped my hands in British blood." Ho received a sharp rebuke for his brutality ; and with the troops 1 pursued the hard pressed Hying enemy, passing over killed and wound- ed, until 1 heard one exclaim, ** Protect me sir, against this boy." Turning my eyes, it was my fortune to arrest the purpose of a lad thirteen or four- teen years old, in the act of taking aim at a wound- ed officer, who lay in the angle of a worm fence.— Inquiring his rank, he answered, ** I had the honor to command the grenadiers." Of course, I knew iiim to be Major Ackland, who had been brought from the field to this place, on the back of a Captain Shrimpton, of his own corps, under a heavy fire, and was here deposited, to save the lives of both. I dis- mounted, took him by the hand, and expressed my hopes that he was not badly wounded. •* Not bad- ly," replied this gallant officer and accomplished gentleman, ** but very inconveniently. I am shot through both legs . Will you, sir, have the goodness to have me conveyed to your camp ?" I directed my servant to alight, and weUfted Ackland into his seat, and ordered him to be conducted to head quarters. — I then proceeded to the scene of renewed action, which embraced Burgoyne's right flank defence, and extending to his left, crossed a h6llow covered with wood, about 40 rods, to the intrenchment of the light infantry. The roar a( the cannon and small arms, at this juncture, was sublime, between the enemy, be- hind their works, and our troops entirely exposed, or partially Hhcitered by trees, stumps or hollows, at various distances, not exceeding 120 yards. This right flank defence of the enemy, occupied by the German corps of Breyman, consisted of a breast work of mils piled horizontally between perpendic- ular pickets, driven into the earth, enpotence to tho rest of his line, and extended about 250 yards across an open field, and was covered on the right by a bat- tery of two guns. The interval from the left to the '.^ 1 .1 I \ ' ! ! t .1 > iOH BEMUS' HEIGHTS. British L'^ht infantry, was committed to u^c 'ielfiuctt of the provi:;icialist8, who occupied a couplet of log c4ibics. The Germans were eDcamped immediate- ly behind the rail breast work, and the ground in front of it declined, in a very gentle slope, for about I20< yards, when it sunk abruptly. Our troops had formed a line under this declivity, and covered breast high, were warmly engaged with tiie Germsns.-^ From thi» position, about sunset, I perceived Briga* dier General Learned advancing towards the enemy with his brigade, in open column, I think witii Col. M. Jackson's reg^ent in front, as I saw Lieutcsiant Colonel Brooks, who commanded it, near the Gen- eral when I rode up to him. On saluting tiiis brave okl soldier, he inquired, *< Where.can I put in with most advantage ?" I had particularly examined the ground between the left of the Germans and dieli^t infantry, occupied by the provincialists, from whence I had d>served a slack fire. I dierefore recommend- ed to General Learned to incline to his rig^t, an at- tack at that point. He did so, with great gallantry ; the provincialists abandoned their position and iled. The German flank was, by this means, left uncover- ed. They were assaulted vigorously, overturned in five minutes, and retreated in disorder, leaving their gallant commander, Lieut. Colonel Bteyman, dead on the field. By dislodging this corps, the whole British encampment was laid open to tis ; but the extreme darkness of the night, the fatigue of the men, and the disorder incident to undiciplined troops, after so desultory an action, put it out of our power to improve the advantage ; and, in the course of the night. General Burgoyue broke up his camp, and retired to hh original position, which he had for- tified, behind tl^e great ravine." On the morning of the 8th, the American army marched into the British camp, which had been de- serted the evening previous. The enemy continu- ed to retreat till they had reached the height beyond '% • BEMUS' HEIGHTS. 1U7 pli) of log imediate- rrcund ia for about oops had redbreast irma&s.-" ed Biiga* he enemy with Col. ieutenant the Gen- this brave ut in with nunedthe idthetig^t m whence commend- gbt, an at- I gallantry ; and fled, 't uncover- fftnmedin iving their nan, dead le whole but the le of the Etdiciphned J out of our (the course his camp, 10 had for- lean army been de- continu- [ht beyond the Fish Creek, where they encamped on the lOth. Finding his retreat cut off by a party of troops, who had taken a position in his rear, and his advance im- peded by superior numbers, General Burgoyne ac- cepted thej^rms of capitulation, proposed by Gene- ral Gates, and surrendered his whole army to the Atoerken forces, on the 17th October, 1777. Hie surrender took place, as has been already remarked, at Fort Hardy, where the British stacked their arms, and were permitted to march out with the honors df war. This fortunate event was followed by a euc- cession of brilliant achievements, and finally led to the surrender of Lord Comwallis, which terminated the fltn^gle of the revolution, after a period of near- ly 8 years jfiom its commencement. The spot on which the surrender took place, was in a va!e nearly east, and in a plain view of Bar- ker's stage house on the turnpike in Schuyler-Ville, and still exhibits the remains of an intrenchment called Fort Hardy. About 40 rods in a wuth^east direction, at the mouth of the Fish Creek, is the scite of Fort Schuvler. The arms of the British were stacked in the vale in front of Fort Hardy, and firom thence they were marched to the high grounds a lit- tle west of the village, and admitted to parol as pris- oners of war. At the southern extremety of the vale is a basin for the northern canal, which passes throngh this place. About half a m'le south of the basin stands the house of Philip Schuyler, Esq. located on the spot w^ere once stood the mansion of his grandfether, theintrepid Greneral Schuyler, which, witii other buildings, wss burnt by the British army, on their rebieat from the battle of the 7th. In pas^g down the turnpike, the diffbtent posi- tions of the once contending armies are pohited out to the traveller, and many remains of forts andin- trenchments are still visible. About seven mil^ below Schuyler- Vilie, is a i^all house, formcrty call- SI t 108 BEMUS' HEIGHTS. ,»» ' ^11 • ) 'iii I ' i\ . , f i !! I !lWj *l .1 , il ed, " Sword's house," now occupied as a tavern. This house, at the time of the battle, stood about 100 rods from the river, at the foot of a hill, and was the British head quarters and hospital. It was afterwards removed to its present location. General Frazer, af- ter being wounded in the battle of the 7th, was broueht to this house, and here expired on the 8th October, 1777. The room in which he lay is now converted into a bar-room, and though fifty years have elapsed, the floor on which he rested is still eX' -tant. His remains were deposited, at his own re- quest, on the top of the hill near where this house originally stood, and about 80 rods south-west of its present position. The redoubt thereon, which is of an oblong form, from 100 to 150 feet in diameter, is still perfectly visible ; and the spot of Gen. Frazer's in- -terment is near the centre. The British government, a few years since, employed an agent to erect a mon- i ument to his memory ; but proving faithless, he ap- propriated the money with which he was entrusted to his own use, and returned without effecting the object of his mission, pretending his inability to dis- .cover the spot in question. It therefore continues -undistinguished by a monument, or even a stone, to mark the place, where repose the remains of this g^lant warrior. A nurative respecting General Frazer's death is given by the Baroness De Reidsell, who, with her two children, occupied the house in which the Gen- eral expired. The following is an extract : . " But severe trials awaited us, and on the 7th October our misfortunes began ; I was at breakfast with my husband, and heard that something was in- tended. On the same day 1 expected Generals Bur- goyne, Philips and Fr'^zer to dine with us. I saw : a great movemen: among the troops ; my husband ■told rae, it was merely a reconnoissance, which gave me no concern, as it often happened. 1 walked out of the house and met several Indians in their txtji- BEMUS' HEIGHTS. 109 a tavern. 3 about 100 Qd was the afterwards Frazer, af- 3 7th, was on the 8th lay is DOW fifty years 1 is still ex« is owa re- this house ■west of its lich is of an eter, is still Frazer's in- avemment, rect a mon- less, he ap- is entrusted fecting the )iUty to dis- ! continues L a stone, to laiQt Qf ttiis r's death is 0, with her ch the Gen- :t : on the 7th at breakfast ing wasin- ;nerals Bur- us. I saw ny husband which gave walked out in their ^^iir dresses, with guns in their hands. When I asked them where they were going, they cried out. War ! War ! (meaning that they were going to battle. ) This filled me with apprehension, and I had scarcely got home, before I heard reports of cannon and nms- ketry, which grew louder by degrees, till at last the noiie became excessive. About 4 o'clock in the af- teiiioon instead of the guests whom I expected ^ Gen. Fra2er was brought in on a litter, mortally wound- ed. The table which was already set, was instant- ly removed, and a bed placed in its stead for the wounded General. I sat trembling in the comer ; the noise grew louder and the alarm increased ; the thought tirat my husband might perhaps be brought in, wounded in the same way, was teirible to me, and distressed me exceedingly. General Frazer said to the surgeon^ ** tell me if my wound is mortaly do notJkUtet me.** The ball had passed through his body^ and unhappily for the General, he had eaten a very hearty breakfast, by which the stomach was distended, and the ball, as the sui^eon said^ had passed through it I heard him often exclaim with a sigh, " Oh patai. ambition ! Poor Gsneral BuROOYNE ! Oh my poor wife !" He was ask- ed if he had any request to make, to which he repli- ed, that " IF General Burgoyne would per- mit IT, HE SHOULD LIKE TO BE BURIED AT 6 o'clock in the EVENING, ON THE TOP OF A MOUNTAIN, IN A REDOUBT WHICH HAD BEEN BUILT THERE. " I did Dot know which way to turn, all the other rooms were full of sick. Towards eve- ning I saw my husband coming, when I fo^ot tdl my sorrows and thanked God that he was spa^ to me. He ate in great haste with me and his aid-, as I had Gen. Frazer, and all the other wounded gentlemen, in my room, and! was sadly afraid my children i^ould aWake, and by their cry- ing dfsturb the dying man ih bis list momeutei who often addressed me, and aipologited **for the trou- ble he gave me.** About three o'clock in the morn- ing I was told he could not hohl oat much Hfager. I had deiiiired to be informed of the near ikpfntKiich of this sad crisis ; and I Aen wrapped up n^ children in their clothes, and went with them into the room below. About 8 o'clock in the morning he v^.ied. — After h& was laid out, and his corpse wrapped in a sheet, we catie again ihto the room, and had this sorrowful sight before us tbit whole day ; and to atM to the mebncholy scene^ almost evel-v moment seme officer (^my acquaintance was brought in wounded. The cannoAade commenced agmn ; a retreat was spokeh of, but Aoltthe smallest motion made towards it. About 4 o'clock in the aftemoy his acceding to it» an uune- cessaiy delay was occasioned, by which tho iacon- venieace of the army was much incieased. At 6 o'clock the corpse was brought out, and we saw all the Generals attend it to the mountain. The chap- lain, Mr. Brudenell, performed the funeral service, rendered unusually solemn and awful from its being Accompanied by constant peals from the enemy's &r* tillery. Many cannon balls flew close by me, but I had n^ eyes directed towards the ipountain, where my hudband was standing, amidst tho iire of the en- emy, and of course 1 could not tlunk of my oivndan- ger. Gen. Gates afterwards said, that if be 4iad known it had been a funeral, he would not have per- mitted it to be £red on. " About half a mile south of Smith's house, near the river, is the residence of Major Ezra Buxll, who was in the army of Gen. Gates, and who has smce continued to reside on this intereisting spot. — Though advanced to the age of 84 years, his memo- ry is sUli good, and he yearly accompanies stt^ngers in their excursions over the battle ground, pointin^^; out to them the ditferent scites on which the most important events transpired. About a mile and a half west of the hill on which Gen. Frazer is buried, is the celebrated ^VFri&eman's farm," and the ground on which the principal actions were fought. A short distance west of the farm is a road running north nnd south, within a few feet of wliich, in a meadow, about ten rods south of a black- smith shop, is the spot where Gen. Frazer fell. A large bass-wood treemark^ the place for a time ; — but having been cut down, several sprouts which have sprung up from the parent stock, now desig- nate the place. A few rods directly south of this, on a slight eminence, is shown the spot where Col. Cilley sat a-straddle of a brass twelve pounder, ex- ulting in its capture ; and about half a mile still 'iff,>* '-. .iff-'ti,/)!. G'J jl 1 \v m FORT EDWARD. farther south, are shown the former head-quarters ul Gen. Gates. Fort Edward is 12 miles north of Schuyler- Ville. It is not on the usual route of travellers from the Springs to Lake Geoi^e ; but being a short dis- tance only from Sandy Hill, it may be easily visited. The fort, once situate where the village now stands, has long^ since been demolished ; thoiuh its former location is easily traced in the mounds ofearth which are still visible. About 100 rods north of the village is a dam across the Hudson river, 27 feet hig^ and 900 feet long, supplying with water a feeder to tiie Northern Canal. The cost of this dam was ^0,000. It was for a time considered doubtful whether it would withstand the freshets on the breaking up of the ice in the spring ; but its strength has been thor- oughly tested, and it may be justly ranked among the gigantic works in the state^ connected with its internal improvements. One mile north of Fort Edward, on the w3st side of the road, the traveller is shown a large pine tree, with a spring near its foot, memorable as the spot where Miss MTrea was murdered by the Indians during the revolutionary war. She was betrothed to a Mr. Jones, an American refugee, who was iu Burgoyne's army. Anxious for a union with his in- tended bride, he dispatched a party of Indians to escort her to the British camp. Against the remon- strance of her friends, she committed herself to their charge. She was placed on horseback, and accom- panied her guides to the spring in question, where they were met by another party sent on the same er- rand. An altercation ensued between them as to the promised reward, (which was a barrel of ruga,) and while thus engaged, they were attacked by the whites. At the close of the conflict, the unhappy young woman was found a short distance from the spring, tomahawked and scalped. There is a tradi- SANDV HILL—GLKN'S FALLS. 11.-; ead-quarters ul 1 of Schuyler- travellers from ing a short dis- easily visited, e now stands, >iKh its former of earth which 1 of the villa(|;e feet hi^ and a feeder to the was ^0,000. ill whether it breaking up of has been thor- 'anked among ected with its ; the w3st side airge pine tree, le as the spot )y the Indians vas betrothed f who was iu m with his in- of Indians to kst the remon- lerself to their k, and accom- estion, where Q the same er- ;n them as to tarrel of ru{p,) tacked by the the unhappy ance from the ere is a tradi- tion that her scalp was divided by the respective parties, and carried to her agonized lover. He is suid tu have survived the shock but a short time ; and to have died of a broken heart. The name of Miss M*Crea is inscribed on the tree, with the date 1777. Her remains were disinterred a few years s.-nce, and deposited in the church-yard at Sandy Hill. Sawdy Hill, two miles from Fort Edward, oil the route from Saratoga Springs to Lake George. — It is situated on the margin of the Hudson river, im- mediately above Baker's Fall.'s, about 18 miles froai the Springs. A wooden bridge extends across the nver at this place, from which the road leads up a precipitous ascent, on the summit of which the vil- lage is situated. ' The streets are laid out m the form of a triangle. In the centre is an open area, sur- rounded by handsomely constructed stores anddwel- liugs. The village contains upwards of 90 houses, and about 400 inhabitants. The courts of the coun- ty are held alternately here and at Salem. *^ Glen's Falls, a village of nearly the same size of Sandy Hill, is 3 miles further up the Hudsou river, on the direct route to Lake George. At this place are the celebrated falls from which the vil- lage takes its name. These are situated about 1-4 of a mile south of the village, near to a permanent bridge, extending partly over the falls, and from which the best view of them may be had. The falls are formed by the waters of the Hudson, which flow in one sheet over the brink of the precipice, but aie immediately divided by the rocks into three chan* nels. The height of the falls, is ascertained, by measurement, to be 63 feet ; though the water flows in an angular descent of 4 or 500 feet. Some rods below the falls^ is a 'ong cave in the rocks, ex- tending from one channel to the other. On its walls are inscribed a variety of names of former g3 lU GLEE'S FALLS. 1 5 guests, who have thought proper to pay this custO' mary tribute. The roclu, which are at some seasons covered with water, but at others entirely dry, are chequered by small indentations, and in many pla- ces considerable chasms are formed, probably by pebbles kept in motion by the falling water. It is very evident that these falls like those of Niagara, were once a considerable distance lower down the river — the banks below being composed of shelving rocks, from 30 to 70 feet perpendicular height On the north side of the river is a navigable feeder, com- municating with the Champlain canal. It commen- ces nearly two miles above tiie falls ; and with the exception of about a quarter of a mile, which appears to have been cut out of a shelving rock, runs along a ravine east of Sandy-HiU ; and intersects the main canal some distance below. Conveyances from Sandy Hill, via Glen*8 Falls, to Lake George, may at all times be procured, for the moderate fare of one dollar. From Glen*8 Falls to the Lake the distance is 9 miles, over an indiffer- ent road, affording little other variety than moun- tains and forests, with here and there a rustic ham- let. Within 3 1-2 miles of Lake George on the right hand, and a short distance firom the road, is pointed out the rock, at the foot of whidi Col. Williams was massacred by the Indians, during the French war. At the distance of 1-2 a mile faraier, on the same side of the road, is the ** Bloofl,y Pond,** so called from its waters having been crimsoned with the jilood of the slain who fell in its vicinity, during a severe en^gcment in 1755. It is said, that skulls are found in the neighborhood of this pond, and that numerous others may be taken from the bottom. The waters present a stagnant appearance, and when associased with the idea of their being the receptacle of 80 many human bones, the ^ight of them is far from being agreeable. Three miles farther is situat- ed tlie village of ■■w.lwtA. CALDWELL— LAKE GEORGE. IL^ Caldwell, on the south western margin of the lake, liiis village contains a number of neat little buildings, and about 60 inhabitants. The Lake Geotge Coffee-House, kept by Mr. Doney, has been fitted up in good style, and can accommodate from 80 to 100 visitants. There are here, also, a post-of- ilce, a church, and a court-house. The village is bordered on the east by a rdnge of hills, to the high- est of which, called Prospect Hill, a road has been made, and thou^ difficult of ascent, tlie toil is rich- ly compensated m the diversified and extensive pros- pect afforded from its summit- LAKE GEORGE, Is situated but a short day's ride from the villages of Ballston and Saratoga Springs, from whence an exc?irsion to the Lake is almost considered as a mat- ter of course. Indeed, there are few places where a greater variety of inducements attract the Strang than at Lake -George- Besides the interest which is excited from an association of many important his- toric events, thia place is rendered peculiarly inter- esting from the unrivalled exhibition of tiie beauti- ful and romantic scenery presented by the lake and its environs. At the viUage of Caldwell the lake is about one mile in width, but it generally varies from 3-4 of a mile to 4 miles. The whole length is 36 miles. The waters aie discharged into Lake Cham- plain, at Ticonderosa, by an outlet which, in the distance of 2 miles, nils 180 feet. Lake Geoige is remarkable for the transparency of its waters. Thev are generally very deep, but at an ordbary depth the clean gravelly bottom is dis- tinctly visible. The great variety of excellent fish wldch are caught here, renders it a favorite resort for those who are fond of angling. The salmon trout is caught in abundance, weighing from 10 to 20 pounds. The lake is intersper^ with a great num- ber of small islands, the principal of which, Diamond r,4 xm FORT WILLIAM HENRY. Island, once containing a militaiy fortificaUon, ami Tea Island, on which is a summer house erected for the amusement of parties of pleasure, are visihle from tho head of the lake. The whole number of islands Is aaid to equal the number of days in the year. The scenery on the borders of the lake is general- ly mountainous. With the exception of some inter- vals, checkered with fruitful cultivation* the land re- cdes from the lake with a gentle acclivity, for a few rods, and then, with a bolder ascent* to an elevation of from 500 to 1500 feet. The best view of the Jake and its environs'^ is had from the southern extremity, near the remains of old Fort George, from whence the prospect embraces the village of Caldwell and the numerous little islands rising from the calm bo- 6om of the lake, whose waters are beautifully con- trasted with (he .parallel ridges of cvaggy mountains, through an extent of nearly fourteen miles. Near the southern shore of the Ulce are thejuins^ao old fortification, called .. Fort WiiiMAM Hewkv. Vestiges of bewails and out- works arc still to beseien. Previous to its constructiouj the scite of the fort WAS occupied by the Eqglish army under the command of^if Wil- * A very good prospect is also obtainedirpmihe top of the Lake George House, to which alight of stairs ascends ; but one far better, and which wiJI ampfy repay a traveller for the excursion, isfoundon the top of a high mountain, called Prospect 1^1, mentioned in the preceding pi^> From tiiis movintain, not only a view •€« « great part (^the Lake, hut also of the syrrqundiing country, for seve- ral miles may be had. ■ib tc •»'!.«/»?< <: ;, This height was occupied by the artillery of General Burgoyne in IT77, when the Americans were com- pelled to evacuate Ticonderoga. The fortress of Ti- conderoga, was first constructed by the French in 1756. The works appear to have been very strong, ure elevated about 200 feet above the level of lake Champlain, and many of the walls are still standing. I'he Magazine is nearly entire. It is 35 feet long, 15 feet wide, and 8 feet high, constructed under ground , of stone , and arched . A subterraneous pas- sage leads from the southwest corner of the works to the lake, 20 or 30 rods in length. Through this pas- sage Col. Ethan Allen passed when he took possess- ion of the fort "in Hie name of the Great Jehovah^ and the Continental Congress. ** The remains of another fortification, built during the revolutionary. k '* 122 riCONDEROGA. I war, ure still to be seen about 60 rods faither suutii on the point adjoining the lake. The walls next the lake are nearly 60 feet in height. In 1758 Ticonderoga was attacked by general Ab- ercrombie, who was repulsed with the loss of 2000 men. On the approach of Gen. Amherst, in 1759, it was quietly abandoned by the French, as was al- so Crown Point. It continued in possession of the British until the year 1775, when it was taken by surprise by Col. Allen. On evacuating the fort in 1777,Gen. St. Clair ordered a detachment to accom- pany the American stores and baggage to Skeeusbo- rough, where they were pursued by Gen. Burgoyue and from thence to Fort Ann. At the latter place a smart skirmish ensued between the two parties, in which the British sustained a considerable loss. — The main army retired from Ticonderoga to Hub- bardton, where a party consisting of about 1000, un- der Col. Warner, were overtaken by the British ad- vanced guard, and after a severe action abandoned the field to superior numbers. From thence they ioined General Schuyler at Fort-Edward on the 12th July, 1777. From Ticonderoga, travellers may be conveyed across the lake to Larrabee's, in Shoieham, Vermont, a distance of one mile, where those designing a tour to Montreal and Quebec, may take passage in ith: Champlain steam-boat, for St. John's. The boat arrives at Larrabee's towards evening, and the passage from thence to Plattsburgh, with the ex- ception of about 15 miles to Crown Point, is gen- erally in the night. At present the most usual ai- rangements of the tourist are, after visiting Lake George and Ticonderoga, to return to the Springs, from thence to take passage in the regular stage to Utica, by way of Johnstown ; or proceed to f^he- nectady, where he can meet, any day in the week, except Sundays, the line of Post Coaches or Canal Boats, from Albany to Nia^ra. JiXCUKSlON TO THE WEST. 12;) EXCURSIOJVTO THEWEST. Travellers who design to visit Niagara and return, without proceeding down Lake Ontario to Montre- al, will nnd an excursion the most pleasant and di- versified, by travelling in stages and canal boats al- ternately. The stage route affords a better prospect of the populous part of the country ; but is general- ly so far from the canal, that no opportunity is given of witnessing many of the thriving villages on its banks, ft is therefore advisable so to arrange a tour that the most interesting parts of both routes may be seen in going and returning. To effect this, a pack- et boat may be taken at Schenectady at evening, which will pass Little Falls the next morning afford- ing the tourist an interesting view of the scenery and aqueduct at that place, and reach Utica in the afternoon. The next morning a stage can be taken for Rochester, via Auburn, reaching Uie former place at evening of the second day ; from whence a pack- et boat leaves eveiy morning, reaching Lockport at daylight the next morning. Here a stage may be taken for the Falls, 20 miles distant, or the passage, by canal, continued to Buffalo. But a better meth- od, undoubtedly, if the fatigue of land travelling should not prevent, is, to continue on the stage route from Utica, direct to Buffalo, by way of Au- burn, Geneva, Canandaigua and Batavia ; and re- turn by canal from Lockport to Utica, stopping at least a day at each of the thriving villages of Roches- ter and Syracuse ; where objects of sufficient attrac- tion will be found to warrant even a protracted visit. Heretofore, the months of July and August have been selected for an excursion to the west ; but ex- perience has abundantly proved, that the early part of September is far preferable. The heat of summer having then in a measure subsided, the air is more salubrious, and the pleasure of a journey less inter- rupted by dust, perplexity and fatigue. Added to PI m ■ ! 1>I STAGE ROUTE TO THE WEST. I \ ' \ \[a'\ this, it 19 the season of peaches ; of which a great abund^ce of the most delicious are to be found be- - tween Canandaigua and Buffalo. That tourists may be the better enabled to gratify their taste as to (he mode of travelling! we subjoin a sketch of the stage and canal routes, disconnected* premisiziig, that a change from one to the other may he easily effected at various points. % 4 ^ TJIE STAGE ROUTE. ' ' ! 'i, Fiom Samtoga Springs, a sta^e leaves ^ery morn- ing at 4 o'clock) paksisig throuoi Ballston Spa, Gtl- .way, 4phn9town, and Little Falls toUtica, where it airives at 9 P. M. Distance, 88 miles — Fare The intermediate distances are as follow : -Baltoton Spa, Galway, ^timson's Farm, -Fonda's Bu^, Johnstown, Caugfanawaga, Slil^s. 7 8 1 9 10 4 Mile«. IS *»' Palatine, Fort Plain, East Canada Greek, 4 Little Falls, 7 Herkimer, 8 Frsukfort, •• ^ - » Utica, ' ■ '- ■^■^- 9 ;^ter passing Ballston Spa, the first object of at- traction is the FARM of Maj. Earii Stimson, in Galway, 16 miles firom Saratoga Spting^. Ub beau^ tifully located on an eminence, commanding a ve^ liandisome prospect ; and, under the succossful t0- lage of its opulent and hospitable proprietor, is one of the most favored tracts of land in the state. It is generally laid out into lots of 10 acres each ; all of which appear in the highest state of cultivation. To Maj. S. the farmers in the county, and particu- larly in his own town, are much indebted for many improvements sug^;ested and adopted by hip in ai|- rlculture. As proof of the value of some oT the lands in his township, it need only be remarked, that at^the last Saratoga Agricultural fair, the three STAGE ROUTE-JOHNSTOWN. 125 highest premiums on com were awarded to Maj. 8. and two of Ins neighbots ; upwards of ISO bushels to the acre having been raised by each. /?* Fonda's Bush, a small mantifactiiring village, is 10 mites from GalWay ; and 10 miles farther is the village of Johnstown, celebrated as the former residence of Sir William Johtison. the village contains be- tween 2 and 800 buildings, a court houise, jail, 9 churches, an academy, and 2 printing offices. It is situated oh a handsome plain, with streets rutlnhig at right angles ; and though many of the buildhagn are ai^tiquafed, yet there are several hatldsome pri- vate residences. The court-hoUise, jail and Episbo- f>al church were built by Sir William ; beneaUi the atter of which his remains now repose. In open- ing the vault a few years since, it was fouiid to con- tam so much water that th6 coffin was actually boating on its suriface. The lid, cofnposed of ma- hogatay, was taken off, and still remains inside of the church. It bears this inscription, fbhtt^d iiitii brass nails : " Sir Wn^ Johnsoii Bt Obiit 1^74." the h6use, or what is tailed the " Hall,'* form^erly occupied by Sir W. is about a mil^ from the village. Attached to it i^ a buitding Which was usedby hnti qs a fort ; into which he had occasion, at tlm6S^, to retreat trom the assaults of the Indians. The marks of tomahawks die still visible on ^'e stair-case in the maiA building. i ^ .* ,- u The battle of Johnstown, October, 1781, in whicfi the British and Indians were defeated, was fought on the " ilali" farm. Th^ American troops, con- sisting of between 4 and SOO, w^re tomhianded by the. venerable Col. WilJet, stiW residing fti NeW- Yoilc. After the defeat, the enemy t«er^ pui^ed l»y him to the Canada creek, ivht^rfe Jieyef ji! weire !il 1 , i I M-:., ,!t I if n. 12() STAGE ROUTE— LITILE FALLS. killed, including Maj. Butler. Out of 607 of thc^ hostile force sent on this expedition, but 220 return- ed to Canada. Caughnawaga is 4 miles from Johnstown, on the turnpike leading from Schenectady to Utica. It has little to render it a place of interest, if we except an antiquated stone church, which has been built between 60 and 70 years, without having under- gone any material improvement or change during wat period. . ..-.rM, , *, ... Twelve miles farther, the stage stops at Pala- tine ; affording a beautiful prospect of the village of C ANAjoHARiE, situatcd on the plain below, and on the banks of the canal. . ^ jjy , ,, ,^, Fort Plain, a flourishing little village, is Smiles west of Palatine. A fort, from which the place de- lives its name, was constructed here during the rev- olutionaiv war ; though but little of its remains are now to be seen. The place was originally settled by Germans, who suffered severely from the early Indian wars of this country. During the revolu- tion, those who had taken refuse in we Fort, were surpiised by Capt. Butler, on his return from burn- ing Cherry Valley, and became a prey to similar atrocities. The East Canada Creek is passed by a sub- stantial bridge, in going 4 miles faftber ; from which to r.T'- • li ;, * ,1 .<,V 1 Little Falls, is 7 miles. This place takes its name from a cataract in the vicinity, which, in size, is much in(erior to the celebrated Cahoes, and has, therefore, been denominated the Little Falls of the Mohawk. A continuation of the chain of Catsbergs crosses the river at this place« ^d forms a rou^ bed i STAGE ROUTE— LITTLE FALLS. 127 607 of the 220 return* istown^ on >Utica. It we except been built ing under- age during at Pala- the village }elow, and *■ 1 !, is Smiles 9 place de- ig the rev- emains are ally settled i the early he revolu- Fort, were from burn- to similar [ by a sub- rom which e t^ikesits ;h, in size, I, and has, ills of the Catsbergs rough bed 4 4 for the waters of the cataract, which pour over the rocky fragments in the wildest confusion. Approach- ing from the southeast, a lofty ridge of mountains, downing in grandeur on either side, conceals the course of the rive^ and the falls, whose vicinity is an- nounced only by the distant din and foam of its wa- ters. For a con.«iderable distance, a narrow pass on- ly is allowed for a road, with immense natural bat- tlements of rock on either side, affording a sublime and most interesting spectacle. About 1-2 a mile from Uie village the road turns suddenly to the left, presenting a view of the falls tumbling with irresist- ible violence over a gradual rocky descent of about 80 rods. At the termination of the ascent is situat- ed the village, containing about 90 houses and 700 inhabitants. A little cluster of buildings, rising be tween the rushing waters of the Mohawk on the one hand, and the rugged cliffy and eminences on the other ; the smooth current 6f the stream above gen- tly gliding to the tumultuoiis scene below, and be- yond the distant vale of the Mohawk diversified with fields, orchards, meadows, and farm houses, all con- tribute to set off the romantic appearance for which this place is so justly celebrated. This village de- rives most of its importance from the facilities for trade and commerce afforded by means of tiie Mo- hawk river and the Erie canaL Boats were former- ly transported around the falls by means of a canal on the north side of the river* This old canal con- tains 8 locks and is now connected with the Erie ca- nal, on the south side of the river, by means of an aqueduct 184 feet in length. The descent of the Erie canal here, in the distance of one mile, is 40 feet, which is passed by 6 locks. Travellers will always find it interesting to spend some time at this place, in viewing its great natural and artificial works. The j^^ec^c^ across the river is one of the finest specimens of masonry on the whole line of the canal, though less stupendous H 128 STAGE KOUTE— HERKIMER. iiti Ii than the locks at Lockport, and, in extent, fall- ing considerably shdrt of the aqueduct at Roches- ter. The river is passed on three beautiftil arches of from 40 to 50 feet in height, with fbgging on either 8ide df the canal, and a strong iron rairaiK. After crossing on the flagging, the stranger should return on the wooden bridge west of the aqueduct ; which being several feet lower, affordfi a nne view of the arches, and of the extensive basip in the river, immediately beneath the center arch ; fbrm- ed, doubtless, by the action of round stones, net in motion by the water. Crystals of quartz, the modt translucent, it is be- lieved, of any heretofore discovered in the state, are found in considerable quantities a shdrt dis- tance from the village. The rdad, after leaving Little Falls, fblTows the bank of the river, in full view of the rich alluvial vale called the Herkimer and German Fhts. tliis region, now glowing in all the. beauty o^ Success- ful cultivation, was once the theatre of the roost sanguinary warfare. During the Frenc^h and rev- olutionary wars, it was tlie scene of many barba- rous incursions of the whites as well as savages. it wto invaded by the French after the cabture of Fort Oswego, in ITaS, and in 1767 the settlements were desolated by fire and sword. In the center of these flats is situated the village of ,^^ ' j-iji J n > Hbrkimer, 8 miles from Little Falls. Tibis village, as well as that of Little Falls, forms ft part of the town 6f Herkimer, which extends along the banks of the Mohawk about 15 miles. West Can- ada Creek enters the river about h^lf a mile east of the village, and is passed near its mouth by a well constructed bridge. The village is principally built on two parallel streets. It contains about 100 hou- ses, and not less than SOO inhabitants. Every ap- pearance indicates a thriving and prosperous vilTage. STAGE RODTE—UTtCA. 12!) Between Herkimer and Utica is the smsrfl but thriv- ing village of Frankfort, about 6 miles from the former and 9 from the latter place. The country af- ter leaving Herkimer is quite level, and remarkably fertile, though not in a high state of cultivation. UTICA. *' V r. ■■; ^19 flourishing village stands qq the south bank of the Mohawk, on the scite of old Fort Schuyler, 96 miles from Albany, and 15 from Rome, anciently Fort Stanwix. It was first incorporated in 1798, md is rapidly increasing in wealth ^nd population. From its situation, it commands the land and water communication between the fertile district of t|ie nprth and west, and the city of Albany, and must eventually hold the second rank in commercial im- portance in the state. Its population alreadv amounts to abeirt 7000. The village contains two banks and a variety of manuActuriug establishments. Hie court house for the county oif Oneida is located hejre, and by an act of the legislature, the Ausi^st term of die Supreme Court, which was formerlyuol- den in the city of Albany, is removed to Utica. Ma- ny of the buildings are constructed of brick, and in a style of elegance and taste, worthy of the ^rst in- land town in the state. Utica forms a central point, for stages, which arrive daily from various parts of the state. The principal public houses in the place, are Shepherd's Hotel, Smith and Sanger's Mansion House, and WcUes^ Canal Colfee-Houae ; and it is not unusual to wiuiess the arrival of from 8 to 12 stages the same day at these houses. The Erie ca- nal which passes tiirough this place, imparts to it no inconsiderable degree of importance in point of trade. Two daily lines of packets run between Utica and Schenectady. The morning line leaves Utica at 8 A. M. on the arrival of the v;estern boats, and the evening lioe at 8 P. M. The boats are 24 hours in passing from one place to the other. A daily line h2 130 STAGE ROUTE—UTICA. IJ f. ; i I also runs between Utica and Buffalo, leaving Utka at 8 P. M. on the anival of the eastern boats, and reaches Buffalo in 3 days. i 4 •t}^ STAGES. X' : * ■-.( The Diligence Mail Coach, which travels by day-light only, leaves Utica, da>ly, at 5 A. M. and arrives at Auburn the first day, Rochester and Avon the second, and Lewiston and Buffalo the ihiid. The PiLLOT Coach leaves Utica, daily, on the arrival of the Schenectady packets in the evening, and reaches Buffalo via Batavia, and Lewiston via Rochester, in 2 days. The Eagle Co4ch leaves Utica ever; day, im- mediately after the arrival of the 2 o'clock P. M. packet from Schenectady, and arrives at Canandai- gua the following afternoon ; at which place passen- gers may take the Pilot Coach for Buffiklo via Bata- via, at 9 P. M. and for Rochester at 9 P. M. and 8 A.M. the next morning. The Union Line, leaves Utica every day at 10 P. M. for Canandaigua, through in one day. The stage fare from Utica to Canandaigua, 111 miles, is $3,50 ; from Utica to Rochesto:, 142 miles, from $4 to $4,50 ; and firom Utica to Buffalo, 200 miles, $6,50. The intermediate distances are as follow : , Miles. Miles, New-Hartford, 4 Camillus, 8 Manchester, 5 Eibridge, 7 . Vernon, 8 Auburn, • ^ ^ 10 Oneida Castle, 5 Cayuga, S Lenox, 3 Seneca Falls, 8 Quality Hill, 3 Waterloo, 4 Chitteningo, 5 Geneva, 7 Manlius, 8 Canandaigua, 15 Orville, S East Bloomfield, 9 Syracuse, .- ^ * 5 West Bloomfield, 5 iHENTON PALLS. m frag Utka )oat9, and U,i^J i ch traveb »t 5 A. M. hester and lufialo the ily, on the iO evening, iwiston via rjr day, im- lock P. M. : Canandai- ace passen- io via Bata- >. M. and 8 y day at 10 lay. iaigua, 111 142 miles, Buffalo, 200 ices are as Miles, 8 7 10 S 3 4 7 15 )ld, 9 eld, 5 Lima, ' *'' ' ...^ Batavio, '' '■ ■^'W East Avon, 5 Pembroke, 14 Avon P. Office, 2 Clarence, 8 Caledonia, 8 WiDlamsville, 8 Leroy, « Bafialo, 10 During the warm season, stages also leave several times a day (fare fl going and returning) for Tr^Wtoic Falls, 14 mHes north of Utica, a place of much fashionable resort, and which, if prac- ticable, should he seen before witnessing (he more imposing and stmiendous falls of Niagara. A de- scription of these niHs hasheen obligingly furnished to the editor of this work, by Iames Macattixy, Esq. token from his manuscript History of the State of New-Yoik, (a work of much merit, which is »bout to he published) from which we make (he following f .tracts : "Th^se renowned Falls are on West Canada creek, between 22 and 24 miles above its confluence ivith the Mohawk. The West Canada Creek is a powerful stream, and constitutes almost one half of the river at the coalescence. They commence a little above the high bridge on the Black river road, and terminate at Conrad's mills occupying an ea;.- tent of rather over 2 miles. They are 6 in number. *« The West Canada creek in its way from the summit of the highlands of Black river (o its lower valley, lying between the latter and Hassenclever mountain, crosses a ridge of limestone 4 or 5 miles in breadth, stretching mrough the country from the Mohawk to the St. I " I nf I I , n'A THi:.NTCiN FALLS. fall in tlic last 2 milex is compufed at OOjfeet Hei'tf n deep and winding rAvine begins, which extends down the stream more than 2 miles. Its average depth is estimated at 100 feet, and its average breadth at the top at 200. The .^lides and bottom consist of limestone disposed in horizontal layers, varying in thickncHs from some inches to a foot and upwards. The layers are often thin and slaty and abound with organic remains. The sides of the ravine are shelv* ing, perpendicular and overhanging. Some of the trees that have taken root in the fissures of the rocks are now pendant over the abyss, where they form the most fanciful appearances imaginable. The country along, and neigliboring the ravino, descends to the south and is mostly covered with woods which ex* dude every appearance till you arrive upon the very veree. There are 4 falls in the ravine, and one at its head and one at its foot, making in all, 6. That above the high bridge on Black river road, may be called the Upper Fall, and that at the end of the ravine, Conrad's Fall. The Rrst in the ravine is a mile below the high bridge, and is denominated the Cascades. The second, miich is a little lower^down, is called the Mill-dam Fall. The third, by way of eminence, are called the High^ Falls : they are 40 rods below the preceding. The fourth is nearly 70 rods below the High Falls, and is called Sherman's Fall. All these falls are formed by solid reefs Oi' rocks which cross the bed of the stream. *' The water at the Upper Fallldescends IS or ^20 feet perpendicularly. The width of the creek does not vary much from 80 yards. Below, there is a ca- pacious basin, out of which the stream issues in a diminished bed into the ravine. The entrance is between lofty barriers of rocks. This 'fall, when viewed from the bridge, has a fine^appearance. It also appears to good advantage from the^high gronnd west of the creek, and the flat at the basin. I i I TRENTON FALLS. 13.') eet Held ch extends Its average a^e breadth ii consist of , varying in td upwards, hound with e are shelv- iomo of the of the rocks ley form the The country :ends to the Is which ex- pen the very and one at ill, 6 That oad, may be end of the le ravine is a )rainated the lower^down, I, by way of : they are 40 is nearly 70 k1 Sherroan*B solid reefs ot' tnds 13 or ^20 ie creek does there is a ea- rn isiuesina le entrance is s 'fall, Vfhen pearance. It ^yhigh gronnd asin. j[ << At the Cascades, the water falls 18 feet. They consist of 2 pitches with intervening rapids. The bed of (he stream is contracted, and the sides serrat- ed. The banks of the ravine rise with abruptness ahnost directly in the rear. The basin below has conrfderable depth, and is greatly agitated in floods. ** The Mill-dam Pall, which is the second within the ravine, has an abrupt descent of 14 feet. The stream is about 60 yards broad at the break. ** The High FaHs are 40 rods below the latter. They consist of 8 distinct falls, with intervening slopes and some small pitches. The first lutf a per- pendicular descent of 48 feet; its line is somewhat irregular; In floods and rises the water coven tho whole break and descends m one sheet ; but at oth- er times, mostly in two grooves at the west side of the fall. The btream at this place is about 50 yanii wide. TYie second has a descent of about 11 feet ; the third 87 feet ; and the three, including the slopes and pitches, descend 109 feet The stream narrows at the second and third. In freahcts and floods, the entire bed at the High Falls is covered with water ofamilk white color. The spray, which at such times ascends in pillars towards the sky, wlien act- ed upon by the rays of the sun, exhibits die rainbow in an its brilliant colors. " The fourth fall is Sherman's. It is distant near- ly 70 rods from the Hi^ Falb. The descent is S3 feet when the stream is low ; and 37 when high. In droughts, the water pitches down at the west side. '* The last fall is at Conrad's mills, at the very foot of the ravine. It is irregular, and does not de- serve to be noticed any further than as being con- nected with the otibers. Its descent is 6 feet. " Besides the falls, there are several raceways or chutes. We shall notice only two. The one is be- low Sherman's Fall, and the other above the Cas- cades. The first begins near the foot of Sherman's stairway, snd is 14 or 15 feet wide in r, decreased H 4 t ^ %\ m \u TRENTON FALLS. ;., I f > State of the stream. It is bounded by firm rocka. A strand stretching along the west side affords an agreeable walk. This raceway in dry times is about 10 rods long. In floods, it reaches almoi»t up to Sherman's Fall, 60 rods. The water nms Jvough it very rapidly. The second, which is above the Cascades, is 20 rods long, and from 10 to 20 feet wide, in a moderate state of the stream. Its sides are somewhat trough-shaped, and considerably jag- ged. The bed is contorted and highly inclined, ami we water rushes through it with great velocity. " The whole depression of the stream from the top of the Upper Fall above the high bridge, to tiie foot of Conrad's Fall, is 312 feet. And if we add the descent above the Upper Fall, which is comput- ed to be 60 feet, and that below Conrad's Fall in 1-2 a mile, which is estimated at 15 feet, we shall find that the entire depression in less than 5 miles, is 387 feet, :v :;;...-.. .,........:. ** The falls, raceways and rapids, and, in truth, the whole bed within the ravine, exhibit very dif- ferent appearances at different times. These are occasioned by the elevations and depressions of the stream. Jn floods, the whole is one tremendous ra- pid, with four cataracts and several chutes. " The best time to visit these falls, is when the stream is low, because then there is no inconven- ience or difficulty in ascending the ravine from the foot of Sherman's stairway to the head of the upper raceway Few persons who visit them have resolu- tion to asrend the ravine from the bottom of Sher- man's stairway to the basin at the upper fall above the high bridge. This, however, is not to be won- dered at, because the lofty rocky barriers which con- stitute the sides of the ravine, advance to the water's very edge in many places, and terminate in fright- ful projections, which cannot be passed without the most imminent danger. Mr. Sherman has lately ob- viated some of the difficulties, by blasting awaypor- I TRENTON FALLS. ul£ las by firm rockn. side affords an y times is about } almost up to )r runs Jvoueh :h is above we 1 10 to 20 feet ream. Its sides onsiderably jag- iIyincliDed,am]l sat velocity, stream from the ;h bridp;e, to the And if we add vhich is comput- arad'sFallinl-2 t, we shall find than 5 miles, is U and, in truth, exhibit very dif- mes. These are lepressionsof the e tremendous ra- chutes. falls, is when the is no inconveq- ravine from the ead of the upper hem have resolu- I bottom of Sher- upper fall above 9 not to be won- trriers which con- ice to the water's rmioate in fright- issed without the nan has lately ob- )lasting a way per- lions of the rocks and putting up chains. Persons now go up to the upper raceway without hazard. ** The ravine, with some few exceptions, is still bordered by woods. No roads have hitherto been opened near it but Black river road which crosses the upper part, and that leading to Sherman's house. Persons desirous of visiting the falls, have therefore to go to his house, from whence they proceed to them through the woods by some rude paths. One of these Igmb to the stairway, which descends to the bottom of the ravine. Another leads up to the High Falls. The former is usually preferred. On reach- ing the strand at the foot of the stairway, you pro- ceed up Uie stream at first upon the strand, and Uien by a narrow winding foot path, made by Mr. Sher- man, and reach Sherman's Fall. From thence you advance to the High Falls.. A part of the way is overhung by large jutting rocks which menace you with destruction. The High Falls appear to the best advantage from below, because the eye takes in the whole at once. From the head of the High Falls to the upper end of the raceway above the Cas- cades, the way is easy when the stream is low, but from thence upwardly, it is difficult and dangerous. ** While you are passing along the narrow and sinuous paths leading by the projections, and by the brinks of headlong precipices, you tremble with reverential awe when you consider that one false step might precipitate you into the resistless torrent below, and in an instant consign you to a watery grave. You see what a feeble creature man is, and are forcibly impressed with ideas of the wisdom and power of that mighty Being, who commanded the earth to emerge from the deep and the waters to flow. ** Along the bottom and lower parts of the ravine, numerous organic remains are found enveloped in the rocks. They are in general slaty and brittle, and easily divisible. The remains lie flat in or be- tween the laminae, their contours and component h5 H m j:} I lae STAGE ROtJTE— N. HARTfORI). parts osually beiii| little distorted from thth ori^lMl shape and diinenMons. Siometii&es, h»w^iv, m^te is defect, occasifmed in the transitieii ftt»M tfi« aflf- imal to the stony or fossil state. In motft kiakmt^t however, alt the parts are so completely defeed, thftC not only the ofder, but the generti and ^e^iett ttiAf be recognized. These remains are datfHy Mpo^aifed from the layers in which they are eilcldsM. TlMur exteriors are commonly glosdy", often veiy sMtddtH, and ordinarily of a darkish of Maekish dolor, beiltjp; considerably darker Chan the rocks eideldi^c tbeni. All these remahis are transformed iftfo^ sCode, ind constitute integral parts of the fodts vi^dk ittpf^lop^ tbnn. From a careM eitatm AsktSoa of e^ttdin of these r^naiAs, and fheir' positions, weane led to^be-* lieve that their prototypes lived and died 06 tke spot, and that tihie rocks hi tvhieh they are entoAbM, are of poBCerior fero^iiftion. '* AcciMnfnOdattons lor visitattte fire ftiflrisffied 1^ Mr. Sherman ; who» keeps the aa\y hmatt Hi tM falb for that purpose. La^es vrhtf tdsoH tllithe#, should be fumtshed with ciailf skin e^oes oi* boOifc^. TheytfOtodlyeir^ it to theit hedlth, to h«e tfta# provided, Mit the ftest p^of dletb dhdes Mf b^ iH^ ined by a ^Mglis eiecersion 6vet fhesi^ r4ck6. Rlet!t*nilkg to Utfcl, tlie tritreller, in puysulAg « joumey to the west,, by stage, first i^eacfie^ thiHMii \f \\\ i( 138 STAGE ROUTK— CHITTENlNd upon the all 2000 feet e. The en- rich opens to ^e north of 1 a spacious an entrance lent of which itries, and ihs tnvenient ad- 8 through tne jepei^s nail in , parlors, bed- windows of ry, there is a the adjactot including the and the two ch. The north a hospital, and the south wing is divided principally into two large rooms. Between the two wings is a grass plat, with gravel walks ; to Uie west of which is the interior yatd, cov)ered with gravel, containing reservoirs of water, and surrounded with workshops. These shops, besides the paint shop, form a continued rdnge of WO feet ; and are well li^cd by windows in tne aides and from the roof. They are built Of brick, and are well secured against fire. The outer waifs, against which the shops are built, are 35 feet high on the inside, and the other walls about 20. They are four feet ^ick, and the walls of the prison 3 feet. The expense of the whole, without in- cluding the labor^of convicts employed, after prep- aration was made to receive tbeni, was above ^300,000. The prison being erected on (he bank of the was- co, water power is applied in many cases, to great advantage, in propelling machinery. The most interesting period for visiting the pris- on is early in die morning, ftom the time the jMison- ers are broug;ht forth to labor, till after breakibst. The spectator will then have an opportunity of Witness- ing some of the prbminont featui^ of (he order^ reg- tilarity and system with which every thing is con- ducted, tie will admire the precision '^^ 'th whiiA the rules are eiKecuted, without the leai^t confusion, noise, or even comn^sihd. *'The convicts silently marching to and from their rest, meals and labor, at precise times, moving in separate corps, in single file, with a slow lockstep, erect posture, keeping ex- act time, with their faces inclined towanis their keepers, (,that they may detect conversation, of which none is ever permuted,) an give to the snec- tator somewhat similar feelings (o those excitea by a militai^ funeral ; and to the convicts, imprrasions not entirely dissimilar to those of culprrts when marching to the galTows. The same silence, solem- li 144 STAGE ROUTE— CAYUGA. nity and ord'^tr, in a good degree, pervade every bu« 9:aes9and department." In addition to divine service in the chapel of the prison every Sabbath, a Stinday school has been es* tablished, superinteiided by the students of the Tbe- olo^cal seminary, which has been attended witEi very beneficial effects. The number of prisoners in confinement last year was 460 ; and iiuch was their cleanliness, as well as that of the prison generally, that in the early part of September (when we visited tho place) there were but 4 or 5 on the hospital li Jt ; and of this number, but one was dangerously ill. For much of the good order and economy pervad- ing every department of the institution, the state is indebted to Judge Powers, the agent and keeper ; a gentleman possessed of great urbanity of manners and hospitality. Judge P. is the author of a book, giving an account of the construction, management and discipline of the prison, &c. It is a work of much merit ; and will be read with interest. From the annual report of the Inspectors, made tb.o present season, it appears, that such has been the improvement in the earnings of the convicts, and such the diminution of pardons, that no appropria- tions from the state will brobably be needed hereaf- ter, to support the expenses of the prison, except fcr discharged convicts, for building and repairs, and the transportation of convicts. Cayt^ga, S miles west of Auburn, is a small vil. lage ; but affords a beautiful prospect of the Cayuga Lake, and the bridge extending across ; which is 1 mile and S rods long, and situate within 2 jw^ob of the outlet. This l&e is 88 miles in length, and is generally firom 1 1-2 to 2 miles in breadth. The water is shallow ; but of sufficient depth for a small steam-boat, which plies between the bridge and Ith* ica, at the head of the lake, 36 miles distant. STAGE ROUTE— GENEVA. 145 I every bu- apel of ^^ a beenefl* oflheThe- ndcd witn mtlastvear 9, as well as early pwt w ) (here were liis number, omy pervad- the state is and keeper ; f of maimers ,r of a book, management is a work of E'^'est. ctors, made h has been convicts, and no appropria- leeded hereaf- jon, except fcr ppairs,andtbe /isasmallvil- of the Cayuga ig ; which is 1 thinSmJ^osof length, and is breadth. The 5pth for a small bridge and Itb- distant. The Senkca Falls, 3 miles west of Cayuga, nflTord important manufacturing facilities. A canal has been constructed from this place to the Erie canal at Montezuma; which, connected with a branch of the Seneca river, gives an unintemipted water com- munication from Geneva to the Lak !s and the Ocean . Four miles farther, is the handsome village of Waterloo, a half shire town in Seneca county. It contains 150 houses, a court-how e, jail, and 2 printing offices. The village is principally situate on the northern bank of the Se-'eca outlet ; wi:i4^h here propels several mills. The co.nmencement of this villaj^e was in 1816 ; and its growth, which has been rapid, is far from complete. Constant addi- tions of buildings and mills are making ; and it will doubtless, ere long, be ranked among the important villages of the west The principal public house at this place is the Western Hotel. From Waterloo to Geneva, 7 miles distant, the route is delightful, embracing (a part of the way) a charming ride around the norti) end of the Seneca Lake, which is here about 2 miles wide. The village is one of the most elegant in the state ; and, with its beautiful scenery, cannot fail of calling forth the admiration of every visitant. It is situate on the western mai|;in of the Lake, the bank of which being lofty, aflfords an en^ chanting view of one of the purest sheets of water in America. There are already in this place about 400 buildings, many of which are very handsome ; and the number is constantly increasing. Among the public buildinss are a college, an academy, 4 churches and a bank. The college ic located on an eminence south of the village, on tlie maipn of the Lake ; and though in its infancy, is handsomely patronized. It is in the vicinity of fjeveral country seats, enjoying an unusual richness of prospect, with an almost constant breeze from the Lake ; which is if IK) S'J Aijri: KOtTK— CANAiNDAIljiUA. et extends lorated with tely painted blinds. In illage.isthe unty. The jtreet, is one iings in the lelighfful vil- and orchards e view of the tifuUy set oft' fi and variety ^eganceofits Ih Oanandai- from Albany ; from Niagara n'g Hotel and terly direction priug9,charged description ot urnal : lo!, Middlesex, BURNING SPRINGS. UT The former are situated in a ravine on the west side of Bristol Hollow, about half a mile from the North Presbyterian Meeting House. The ravine is formed in clay slate, and a small brook runs through it. The gas rises throagli fissures of the slate, from both the margin and the bed of the brook. Where it rises through the water, it is formed into bubbles, and flashes only when the flame is applied ; but' where it rises directly from the rock, it bums with a steady and beautiful flame, which continues until extinguished by storms, or by design. The springs m Middlesex are situated from onfe to two miles south-westerly from the village of Rush- ville, along a tract nearly a mile in length, partly at the bottom of the valley called Federal Hollow, and partly at an elevation of 40 or 50 feet on the south side of it. The latter have been discovered within a few years, in a field which had been long cleared, and are very numerous. Their places are known by lit- tle hillocks of a few feet in diameter, and a few mch- es high, formed of a dark bituminous mould, which seems principally to have been deposited by the gas, and through which it finds its way to the surface, in oneor more currents. These currents of gas may be set on fire, and will burn with a steady flame. In winter they form openings through the snow, and being set on fire, exhibit the novel and interesting phenomenon of a steady and lively flame in contact with nothing but snow. In very cold weather, it is said, tubes of ice are formed round these currents of gas, (probably from the freezing of the water con- tained in it,) which sometimes rise to the height of two or three feet, the gas issuing from their tops ; the whole when lighted in a still evening, present- ing an appearance even more beautiful than the for- mer. Experiments made with the gas seem to prove, that it consists principally of a mixture of the ? i t:?^^ f—"- !l^ 148 BURNING SPRINGS. light and heavy carburetted hydrogen gases, the for* mer having greatly the prepond<%rance ; and that it contains a small proportion of caroonic acid gas. It seems also to hold a little oily or bituminous matter in solution. It bums with a lambent, yellowish flame, scarcely inclining to red, with small scintil- lations of a bnght red at its base. It has the odour of pit coal. It produces no smok:, but deposits, while burning, a small quantity of bituminous lamp- black. It is remarkable that the hillocks, through which the gas rises, are totally destitute of vegeta- tion. Whether the gas is dirf;ctly deleterious to ve- getable life, or indirectly, by interrupting the contact of the air of the atmosphare, it is certain tJtat no plant can sustain life within the circle of its influence. It is well known that this gas is found abundantly in coal mines ; and being accidentally set on tire, (mixed as it is in those mines with the air of the at- mosphere,) has many times caused terrible and de- structive explosions. The writer cannot learn that it has ever been known to be generated iu the earth, except in the presence of coal ; and hence the in- ference is strong, that it proceeds from coal. If we add to this the fact, that there is no substance in the earth, except coal and other vegetable and animal remains, from which, by any known natural process, the elements of the gas could be obtained, the proof almost amounts to demonstration. The oily depo- site which has been mentioned, may be considered as a further proof of the correctness of the inference.'* From Canandaigua, stages may be taken for Rochester,* distant 27 miles in a north-westwardly direction, and the route continued from thence to the Falls by stage or canal ; but if a visit to Montre- al, by the way of Lake Ontario, is not contempla- ted, it is generally deemed a better course to pro- ceed directly to Buflalo and the Falls, and return by the way of Rochester. In pursuing the usual route from Canandaigua to Buffalo, *Ncticed under the head of" Oan^l Route." STAGE ROUTE— CALEDONIA. 149 », the for- od that it gas. It 33 matter l^ellowish 11 scintil- the odour deposits, ous lamp- , through of vegeta- ious to vc- the contact at no plant luence. ibundantly et on fire, I' of the at- le and de- t learn that u the earth, ice the in- oal. If we tance in the and animal iral process, d, the proof ! oily depo- 5 considered [inference.'* s taken for -westwardly 1 thence to t to Montre- contempla- virse to pro- nd return by 3 usual route Route," East Bloomfield is reached in travelling 9 miles, and West Bloomfield in going 5 miles farther. They are considered among the richest agricultural townships in the state ; presenting a succession of beautiful and highly cultivated farms. The fruit raised on these lands, particularly apples and peaches, is not excelled in any section of the country. Lima is 4 miles from West Bloomfield, and is a continuation of the same rich and fertile soil, divid- ed into highly improved and productive farms. East A V ON is 5, and Avon Post Oftice 7 miles from Lima. The Genessee river passes through the town of Avon, and is navigable for boats to the Erie canal at Rochester, 20 miles dis- tant, with which it is connected by a feeder. Tlie alluvial fiats are very extensive and fertile ; and the uplands are well watered by small streams and springs. A remarkable bulbous root grows on the Genesee fiats in this town. It is from 3 to 4 feet in length, from 6 to 8 inches in diameter, and as- sumes the external appearance of a log in the earth. A small creeping vine, like that of the strawberry, proceeds from the root ; and its natural vegetable productions are almost infinitely various. The Avon Spring is becoming a place of consid- erable resort for invalids. Its waters, which are strongly impregnated with sulphur and alum, are found beneficial in various diseases. The tourist will generally find himself amply compensated by spending a day at this place. Caledonia, 8 miles from Avon Post OflSce, is more particularly celebrated as the location of a large Spring, than for any thing else. The stage usually stops at the village long enough to enable passen- gers to visit this natural curiosity, which is situate a i3 } lyO SrAGK KOUTE-BATAVIA. '■'I J tew rods north of the principal street. TVithiu a small area, sufficient w Leroy, which is 6 miles west of Caledonia, and 17 miles south of the Erie Canal. Allen's creek, which passes through the village, affords important mill privileges, and contributes much to the value and business of the place. The number of buildings already erected, is between 2 and 300, principally located on one street ; among which are several ve- ry handsome private dwellings. Numerous petri* factions have been found in the bed of the creek, about 200 yards north of the village bridge ; among which are petriiied turtles, weighing from 10 to 800 pounds. The3r are composed principally of dark coloured bituminous limestone, which is easily split, and often discovers crystaline veins, together with yellow clay or ochre. The mineralogist will find much here to gratify his taste and reward his re- searches. The delightful appearance of the village, also, with its charming location on an eminence, will often induce the traveller to make it a temporary resting place from the fatigues of a journey. Batavia is 10 miles from Le Roy. It is the capital of Genesee county ; and assumes more the appearance of one of the early settled villages in New-England, than the more flourishing villages of STAGE ROUTE— BUFFALO. 151 1 thiii a lU, (of at all ppears daily es dis- , of the lugh an oprove- ind the iofhus- to Buf- pleasant nia, and 'g creek, mportant he value buildings rincipally 3veral ve- >us petri- le creek, ; among 10 to 300 y of dark asily split, ther with will find rd his re- he village, lence, will temporary It is the more the villages in ; villages of the west. It is situate on the north side of the Ton- ne wanta creek, on an extensive plain, and has sev- eral handsome and even elegant private mansions. Besides the court house and jail, it contains a bank, the Holland company land office, and a few other public buildings. This village has become somewhat celebrated as the theatre > in • o V a _0 i A }0 o 3 15. < U » n Albany, - - - - - 110 270 363 Troy, - 7 7 103 263 356 Junction - - - - - 2 9 101 261 354 Sdienectady, - - . 21 30 80 240 333 Amsterdam, - - - - 16 46 64 224 317 Schoharie Creek, - - 7 53 57 217 310 Cauglmawaga, Spraker's Basin, - - 4 57 53 213 306 - 9 66 44 204 297 Cansyoharie, - o 69 41 201 294 Bowman's Creek, - - 3 72 38 198 291 i i ' j il 156 CANAL ROUTE. DISTADTCE BROM .,M [ Little Falls, . - - 16 8S Herkimek, - - - - 7 96 Frankfort, - - - - 5 100 Utica, 10 110 Whitesboro', - - - 4 114 Oriskany, - - - - 3 117 Rome, ----- 8 125 Smith's, 7 132 Loomis* 6 138 Oneida Creek, - - - S 141 C^mistota, .... 5 146 New Boston, . - - 4 150 Chitteningo, ... 4 154 Manlius, 8 162 Orville, 3 165 Syracuse, --.-i n ill this* dits lome tcape city. Bfur- , and lation uuse- lence, num- af two el and e rear, thisin- Qually. ers and le most odsoroe awk, at r feet in route to western ling and Bsent ar- moraing kd Buffa- d prefer- teresting Utica,by emaining boat or The price ing board, ectady to 2^ from aockport to lie, exclu- CANAL ROUTE-MOHAWK CASTLE. 15& Amsterdam, 16 miles west of Schenectady, is situated on the Mohawk turnpike, near the river. It has a post office, a church, and about 50 dwellings and stores. A bridge crosses the Mohawk at this place. The canal with its embankments made up from the river for 5 or 6 miles in extent, is opposite the Tillage, on the south side of the Mohawk. Schoharie Creek, 7 miles. The ruins of Fort Hunter, at the mouth of this creek, are still visible. It was an important post during the early wars of this country. A chapel built by Queen Anne, for the Indians, is also to be seen near this place, called Queen Anne*s Chcgael. The canal crosses the creek, by means of a dam and guard lock. Caughxawaoa, 4 miles. {See p. 126.) Anthony's Nose, 8 miles. This is a very ab- rupt and prominent hill on the south side of the ca- nal, having on its top a cavern, which extends to a great depth. Canajoharie, 5 miles. {Seep. 126.) Fort Plain, 4 miles. {See p. 126.) r ' East Canada Creek, 4 miles. This creek en- ters the Mohawk on the north side ; near which, Capt. Butler was killed by the Indians soon after his wanton destruction of the village of Cherry Valley. Mohawk Castle, 2 miles. The ruins of an old chapel erected for the use of the Mohawk Indians are still visible at this place, and also some slight remains of their once formidable fortifications. 3 miles farther, as the boat approaches Little Falls, the scenery becomes highly picturesque and sub- lime, On either side are lofty and apparently inacces*. \ )M 1 ! m ! ! 1 00 CAXAL KOUTK— WHITESBOliO'. siblc mountains, affording a narrow pass for the road, river and canal. Indeed, the latter, for a considerable distance, is formed by an excavation in the side of the mountain, having a wall of 20 or 30 foet to sup- port its northern embankment. The river here, for two or three miles in extent, descends with much rapidity over a rocky and uneven bottom, and ex- hibits, in some instances, an appearance not unlike the rapids above the falls of the Niagara ^ LiTTLK Falls, 5 miles from Mohawk Castle. {See p. 126.) After leaving Little Falls, the canal enters a smooth and delightful level, including what are call- ed the German Flats, passing near the village of Herkimer, 7 miles from the Falls, {see p. 128 ;) from thence to Frankfort, 5 miles ; and from thence to Utica, 10 miles. {For a description of Utica and Trenton Falls t see page 129 ^o 136.) Whitesborough, 4 miles north-west of Utica, is a beautiful and wealthy village, located on a rich and fertile plain. The principal and most elegant .street is a short distance from, and runs parallel with the canal ; from which,- through branches of trees half enshrouding the village, may be seen several elegant country seats. It may be considered, in- deed, as better adapted for a country residence, than as a place of business. At the eastern extremity of the village is shown the first framed house erected in the county of Oneida; half a mile from' which, the canal passes over the Sauquait creek. Within 11 miles of the canal, on this creek, there are 84 mills of various descriptions, including several facto- ries, some of which cost rising of $120,000. The York mills, or cotton factories, half a mile south of the canal, are considered among the best in the state, and constitute of themselves, with the houses for la- borers, a compact vilJos^e. le road, iderable I side of to sup- lere, for Ih much and ex- t unlike I Castle. enters 4 t are call- rillage of p. 128 ;) and from on Falls i [ofUtica, on a rich rt elegant rallel with s of trees Bn several Jered, in- ence, than ttremity of se erected iDtt' which, :. Within lere are 84 veral facto- ,000. The le south of in the state, )uses for la- CANAL ROl TE-.KOMJ::. 161 Uriskany, 8 miles from Whitesborough/ is a flourishinff village of 60 or 70 houses. It is situated on the Orlsicany creek, which here enters the canal as a feeder. Rome, 8 miles. This is a half slure town of the county of Oneida, contains a court-house and jail, and is pleasantly situated on the noith side ot the old canal, connecting Wood creek with the Mohawk, and about half a mile north of the Erie canal. It contains between 100 and 160 houses, principally located on one street, running east and west. The ruins of Fort Stanwix^ near the village, between Wood creek and the Mohawk, are still visible. This fort was erected in 175S, by the British, was suffer- ed to decay, and was afterwards rebuilt by the Amer- icans during the revolution. 15 or 1800 men, includ- ing Indians, were sent from Montreal by Burgoyne, in 1777, to besiege tlie Fort. They were command- ed by the Baron St. Leger. Gen. Herkimer, com- mandant of the militia of Tryon county, (embracing tbe present counties of Montgomery and Herkimer,) was gent against them with about 800 men. On meeting a detachment of Leger's forces, the militia mostly fled on the first fire. A few, however, re- mained and fought by the side of Gen. II. who was mortally wounded in the road between Whitestown and Rome. The Americans lost 160 killed and 240 wounded. The fort, which was commanded by Col. Gansevoort, was afterwards assaulted by Le- ger*s army ; but they were driven off by a sortie, di- rected by Col. Willet, and their camp plundered. Subsequently, the fort was summoned to surrender ; but through a stratagem of Gen. Arnold, who sent two emissaries firom the camp at Stillwater, an Indi- an and a white man, to inform Leger of the approach of a powerful American army for the relief of the be- sieged, he ordered a precipitate retreat to the Onei- da lake, leaving all his baggage behind . 1 .0 I 162 CANAL ROUTE— WEED'S BASIN. i :■ V ■. : vS iil 1 '•'[ An arsenal belonging (o the U. S. is situate about half a mile west of the village and 300 yards north of the canal. - , -.^ '^ ^ ^^ * - 16 miles from Rome the canal crosses the Oneida Cr£ek ; and 5 miles farther it passes through the new and pleasant village of Canistota, half a mile north of the western turnpike. New Boston is 4 miles farther ; from which to Cmitteningo is 4 miles. A navigable feeder enters the canal at this place. It is taken from the Chitteningo creek at the village of that name, 1 1-2 mile distant. From Chitteningo to Manlius is 8 miles ; from thence to Orviixe 3 ; and from thence to Syracuse 6. {For a description of these villa- ges ^ seepages 138 to 141.) Geddes, 2 miles from Syracuse, is becoming a place of some importance, in consequence of the re- cent discovery of several valuable salt springs. They are mostly within a few rods of the canal, as well as numerous establishments for the manufacture of salt. A short distance west of the village, a fine prospect is had of the Onondaga lake and we villages of Liv- erpool and Salina, on its northern and eastern shores. Nine Mile Creek, 6 miles from Geddes. It is a stream of some magnitude, and is crossed by the canal, over two arches. Canton, a small village, 6 miles. Jordan, 6 miles. A short distance east of the village, the canal crosses the Jordan creek. Weed's Basin, 6 miles. A thriving village of BO or 60 houses. A stage can be taken here daily for 1 Aubum, 7 miles south. {See p. 141.) CANAL ROUTE— PALMYRA. IBS Port BrRON, 3 miles. The canal here crosses the Owasco creek, a stream issuing from a lake of that name 2 miles south of Auburn. The state pris- on is erected on the bank of this creek ; the waters of which are used for propelling the machinery. Five miles fartlier are the Montezuma salt works, about 1-4 of a mile north of the canal, with a lateral cut leading thereto ; one mile from which is the small village of Montezuma. The western section of the canal (Contradistinguished from the middle and eastern sections) commences at this place. From Utica to Montezuma, the mean descent of the canal is 45 feet ; and there are 9 locks, ascending and descend- ing, l^roiti Montezuma to Lockport, the ascent is 185 feet, and the number of intervening locks 21. One mile from Montezuma, the canal enters the Montezuma marshes, 3 miles in extent. These marshes are formed by the outlets of the Cayuga and Seneca lakes, and exhibit a most dreary, deso- late and stagnant appearance. The water is gener- ally from 4 to 8 feet deep, and the bottom covered with long grass, the usual growth of swamps, ex- tending frequently to the surface. A long bridge is used for a tow path over a part of these marges. Shortly after leaving them, the canal crosses and unites with the outlet of the Canandaigua lake, a sluggish stream, which, with the outlets of Cayuga and Seneca, soon form the Seneca river, which en- ters Lake Ontario at Oswego. Clyde, is 11 miles from Montezuma ; from thence to Lyons, is 9 miles ; and frome thence to Newark is 7 miles. iThey are small and unimpor- tant villages. Palmyra, 8 miles from Newark, is a thriving village in Wayne county. It is built chiefly on a I* : 1% f k i W' t h hn 164 CANAL KOUTE— KOCHKSTEH Avide street along the suuth bank of (he canal, and is a place of considerable trade. Mud creek runs eastward, about 40 rods north of the main street, and the canal passes between the creek and street. There are several factories and mills on this creek. FuLi.oM^s Basin, 13 miles. From this place to Rochester, by canal, is 16 miles ; while the distance by land i^ but 7 1-2. Travellers, accordingly, who have seen the Great Embankment over the Iron- dequot creek, frequently take astage» to shorten the excursion ; but those who have never passed over this artificial work, should continue on the canal route. The embankment is reached in about 4 miles from Fullom*s Basin, and is continued for nearly two miles at an average height of about 70 feet. The novelty of a passage at so great an ele- vation, is much increased in the fine prospect afford- ed of the surrounding country. Two miles from the embankment, is the handsome village of PiTTSFORD, containing 50 or 60 houses and seve- ral stores ; and 10 miles farther, is the flourishing and important village of ROCHESTER. It is situated on the east and west side of the Genesee river, which, at this place, is 60 yards wide, and is crossed by three substantial bridges within the limits of the village. On the norUi side of the middle bridge, the local distinctions of East and West Rochester have been in a measure annihila- ted, by the erection of the Market and Exchange buildings over the Genesee, making the twain a continued village. Within its limits are two of the six falls on the river : the upper a small fall of 12 feet at the foot of the rapids, and immediately above the canal aqueduct ; and the other the great fall of 97 feet, about 80 rods below. Froiri a ccmiplete wil- CANAL ROUTE-ROCHESTER. 1(i5 «ierues8, this thiving village has been redeemed, in the comparatively short perio . The Steam Boat, Ontario^ constantly plies tiurinff the "ummer season, between Lewiston on the Niagara, and Ogdensburgh on the St. Lawrence river, touching at Hanford's Landing, 3 miles from Rochester, by which passages may be had to the Falls or Montreal once a week. [This route is no- ticed more fully under the head of Lake Ontario.] Before leaving Rochester, (unless the Ridge Road or steam boat route should be taken,) the traveller will find it an object of interest to visit Carthagk, 2 miles north of Rochester. Th'ia village derived its consequence from an elegant bridge, which, during its existence, formed the n)ost eligible route to the western part of the state. The bridge was erected across the river just below the basin of the fails, which are 70 feet. It consist ted of a single arch, whose chord measured 800 feet. The distance from the center to the river was 250 feet. This stupendous fabric stood a short time after its coostruclion, and at length fell under the pressure of its own wreight. Since then, Carthage has been principally deserted. Sloops from the lake, 5 miles distant, ascend up the river to these falls ; where they are laden and unladen by means of an inclined plane — the descending weight being made to raise a lighter one by its superior gravity. ^ The great western level on the canal commences two miles east of Rochester ; from whence to Lock- port, a distance of 65 miles, there is no lock. Be- tween the two villages, the route is mostly through a wilderness. Occasionally a new village is seen springing up on the banks of the canal ; and appear- ances indicate, that the forests on the whole line, will ere long give place to cultivation and compact settlements. •.-,.- . K 3 ill! lit 'lii M)S { .\\\L HRT. Oghkn, a small village, [a 12 miles from Rochos- tci j and from thence to Brock PORT is 8 miles. The village contains 60 or 0*0 houses ; and the number is rapidly increasing. HoLLKY, 5 miles. A short distance east of the village is the Holley Embankment and culvert, over Sandy creek, elevating the canal 87 feet above the level of the creek. I .'. Newport, 10 miles : a flourishing; village of 80 or 100 houses. Eight miles farther, in the town of Ridgway, a public road passes tmdcr the canal, through a handsome arch ; one mile from which, is the vulage of -. - ..^ , Oak Orchard, on the bank of a creek of that name. The canal here crosses the creek over the largest arch on the whole route, tliere are circu- l.ir steps leading to the bottom ; from whence is a foot path passing underneath and leading to the vil- lage. As the boi\t ** waits for no man,*' passengers desirous of seeing this artificial work, should go ashore before reaching it, and gain time by a rapid walk. They can be received on board again at the village, where the boat stops to land and receive passengers. MiDDLGPORT is 7 miles farther ; from whence to LocKPORT is 12 miles. By far the most gigan- tic works one the whole line of the canal, are at this place. After travelling between 60 and 70 miles on u perfect level, the traveller here strike* the foot of tlie '* Mountain Ridge," whicli is surmounted by 5 magnificent locks of 12 feet each, connected with 5 more of equal dimensions for descending — ^so that while one boat is raised to an elevation of 60 feet. (JANAL KOUTK— LOCKl'ORT. Mif another is seen Binking into the broad basin below. The locks are of the finest imagiaable workmanship, with stone steps in the centre and on either side, guarded with iron railings, for the convenience and safety of psMsengers. Added to tliis stupendous work, an excavation is continued tlirough the moun- tain ridge, composed of rock, a distance of three miles, at an average depth of 20 feet. When view- ing this part of the canal, we are amazed with the consideration of what may be accomplished by hu- man means. The village of Lockport is located on the moun- tain ridge, immediatelv above the locks ; and though " founded on a rock," surrounded with rocks, and with little or no soil, it has already become a place of importance. In 1S21, there were but 2 houses in the place ; now there are between 2 and 800. The canal here being on the highest suinmit level, and supplied with water from lake Erie, (distant 30 miles,) an abundance is obtained for hydraulic pur- poses, and the surplus at Lockport has been sold for $20,000. In the excavation through the mountain, several minerals were discovered ; among which were some of the finest specimens of dog tooth spar ever found in the U. States. At first they were easily obtain- ed ; but they have lately become an object of prof- it, and are sold at prices corresponding with their beauty. Seven miles from Lockport,* at Pendleton, the canal enters the Tonnewanta creek, and continues therein 12 miles to its mouth, where is a dam 4 1-2 feet high. From thence it is continued on the bank of the Niagara 8 miles to Black Rock, where it '"Passengers in packets, who wish -to visit the Falls, generally take a stage at Lockpwt, and pro- ceed directly to M.inchester (the American Fall) 23 miles distant, or to Lewiston, 7 miles below the Fulls ; visiting the latter afterwards. k4 h^ 170 CANAL ROUTA^:— BUFFALO. t til nu m( unites with the harbor, and from thence on the baniv of the river 3 miles, to Buffalo. ".UB •*%-^:mo-/i iv BUFFALO •».■*'.;: *.".' Is situated at the ^utlef ' Lake Erie. It is a beautiful and thrivin< < .^D^r « and with the advanta- ges of both a natuti: .>u i . lificial navigation, it is destined to become vrr^ ^^ the most important places in the state. Its preseni ; ">pulation is esti- mated at about 6000, and the nuUiber of buildings at 1000. The Erie canal commences in this village, near the outlet of the Buffalo creek, and passes through an extensive and perfectly level plot, equa- distant from the shore of the lake and the high grounds called the Terrace. From the canal are cut, at very suitable'distances, lateral canals and basins,. rendering the whole of the lower town contiguous (0 water communication. Stores and ware-houses are so constructed, as to receive the boats alongside. '* Iti its location, Buffalo is in the midst of the enter- prize and business of this new world. All the man- ufactures and migrating population of the north and east, here find a resting place, and the agricultu- ral products of the weit, coming hither from the long extended lakes, here seek a new avenue to the At- lantic. The lower town, will som be spread over that part below the Terrace, where begins a gentle arid equal rise of ground, continuing nearly and per- haps quite two miles, and then falls away to a per- fect level as far as the eye can reach, bounded only by the horizori. Upon this elevated ground, there is a charming view of the Lake, Niagara river, the canal ^ith ail its branches, the Buffdo creek, the town itse\f, and the Canada shore ; a prospect from wL '"h every one parts with reluctance. The streets are very broad, and passing from the high grounds, over the Terrace to the water, are intersected with cross streets. There vet 3 public squares of some ITALO. snce on the bank ;e Erie. It is a ith the advanta- lal navigation, it most important pulation is esti- liiiber of buildings res in this village, Jreek, and passes ' level plot, equa- ake and the high I the canal are cut, anals and basins,. ' town contiguous and ware-houses le boats along side. midst of the enter- rid. All the man- n of the north and and the agricultu- kither from the long ' avenue to the At- in be spread over ire begins a gentle ing nearly and per- ills away to a per- ach, bounded only ated ground, there Niagara river, the Buff^o creek, the e ; a prospect from aace. The streets the high grounds, e intersected with lie squares of some BUFFALO. 17f extent, which add much to the beauty of the town. The public buildings are a court-house, situated on the highest part of Main-street, well proportion- ed and nandsomely ornamented. The Presbyterian meeting house, standing near the Episcoal church upon a semicircular common on Mam-street, Is an edifice of very commanding appearance. There are many spacious hotels, for tne accommodation of the traveller ; but the Eagle Tavern, kept by Mr. Rath- bun, surpasses them all. Weary with care, and worn out with fatigue, the traveller fuid.s his every want anticipated, and in the entire order and system here observed, he finds rest, quietude and repose." The Tillage was burnt by the British in 1814, when there was but one house left standing. This is still pointed out in die upper part of the town. It was not until considerable time had elapsed after this, that Buffalo began to be rebuilt, nor until the canal was located, did it rise with much promise. '* Great improvements have recently been made in the harbor. The sand imm the lake, met the cur- rent of the Buffalo creek, and formed every season a bar which prejudiced the harbor to an alarming de- gree. By an erection of a pier, IS feet wide and 80 rods long, running into the lake, this evil is over- come. The lower town is subject to another evil of some magnitude. Gales or tempests from the south- west, cause an inundation of the lake, by means of which great losses of property are frequently sus- tained. This may, and probably will be prevented, by constructing a dike at a suitable place near the bank of the lake." As this place was the theatre of important events during the last war, the writer had expected to find in the village church yard some monuments to the memory of the brave who fell during that period. But he discovered only one. ![t contamed the fol- lowing inscription : ** To the memory of Mai. Wm. Howe Cuyler, who was killed at Black Rock by k5 I'll > i .id hi h i 172 BUFFAl.O— STAGES. i a: k ft. .r \ a shot from the enemy, on the night of the 9th Oct^ 1S12, while humanely administering to the relief of the wounded soldiers, who intrepidly crossed to the British shore, and brought over the Adams fri- gate, that had been surrendered by Gen. Hull, and the Caledonia ship belonging to the enemy. He was in the 35th year of his age, and son of the late Henry Cuyler, Esq. of Greenbush, in this state." The Seneca Village^ settled by a tribe of about 300 Indians, is from 3 to 4 miles S. E. of Buffalo, and is usually visited by strangerfl. They possess a valuable tract of land, bordering on the Buffalo creek ; which, under the management of the whites, would yield luxuriantly; but, in the hands of its present propiietors, is but partially improved. Red Jacket^ a celebrated chief of this nation, was depos- ed not long since by the other chiefs, for improper conduct ; but he has recently been restored. u LAKE ERIE. Steam boats leave Buffalo every other day for De- troit, stopping at Erie, 90 miles — Grand River, 75 — Cleaveland, 30— Sandusky, 60— Detroit, 75— total 330 miles. Fare, in the^abin, $15. K" lit** -1**^/; STAGES, FROM BUFFALO TO UTICA. ' Diligence mail coach, through by day light in 3 days — Leaves Buffalo every morning at 8, reach- ing Avon first day, Auburn second, and Utica third. Pilot mail coach , through in 2 days — Leaves Buffalo every evening at S o'clock, reaching Gene- va the next evening, and Utica the evening after. — Fare, {^6,50 in either Ime. . ■ A FROM BUFFALO TO ROCHESTER. A stage runs daily, leaving Buffalo at 4 A. M. and reaching Rochester at evening. BLACI^ HOCK. 173 FROM BUFF/LO TO NIAGARA FALLS, on the American side. A stage leaves Buffalo eveiy moraine at 6 o'clock, fassing through the Tillage or Black Rock 8 miles, Tonnewanta 9 miles, (where the canal enters the Tonnewanta creek,) Niagara Falls 11 miles ^Fare $1. — ^This line, after givine pasuengers an opportu- nity of witnessing the Falls for 2 or 3 hours, pro- ceeds to Youngstown, or Fort Niagara, passing thro' Lewistoo. On the Canada side. A stage leaves Buffalo, daily, at 8 A. M. passes through Black Rock 8 miles, crosses the ferry to Waterloo 1 mile, proceeds to Chippewa battleground 15 miles, Chippewa village 1 mile, Niagara Falls 2 miles. Fare, including ferriage, |1,12. Stages leave Niagara at 3 P. M. for Queenston and Fort George. STEAM BOAT LINE. The steam-boat ChippNewa leaves Bi^alo every morning at 8 o'clock, passing every other day around Grand Island, and reaches the village of Chippewa about noon ; from whence passengers take stages fo. the Falls. The boat returns to Buffalo at 7 P. M. Fare each way |1 . , .,, . Black Rock, 3 miles from Buffalo, is a village of considerable magnitude on the west bank of the Niagara river. It was burnt by the British in 1814 ; but has been rebuilt, and is much increased from its former size. A pier in the river, about 2 miles lassengers at this place. One mile farther is ...,-. Bridoewate)) or Lundv's Lane, celebrat- ed as the ground on which an important battle was fought, 20 days after the battle at Chippewa. Th6 scene of action was near the mighty cataract of Niagara, and within the sound of its thunders, and was, in proportion to the numbers engaged, the most sanguinaiy, and decidedly the best fought of any ac- tion which ever took place on the American conti- nent. The following letter, written by a surgeon of one of the regiments, the day after the engage- ment, contains many interesting particulars : " In the afternoon the enemy advanced towards Chippewa with a [towerful force. At 6 o'clock Gen- eral Scott was ordered to advance with his brigade and attack theoL He was soon reinforced by Gen- eral Ripley's brigade ; they met the enemy below the falls. They had selected their ground for the night, intending to attack our camp before djy-light. The action began just beiore 7, and an uninterrupt- ed stream of musketry continued till half past 8, when there was some cessation, the British falling back. It soon began again with some artillery, which, with slight interruptions, continued till half 17(> BRIDGE WATEK. past 10, when there was a charge, and a tremendous stream of fire closed the conflict. Both armies fought with a desperation bordering on madness; neither would yield the palm, but each retired a short distance, wearied out with fatigue. Such a constant and destructive fire was never before sus- tained by American troops without falling back. " The enemy had collected their whole force in the peninsula, and were reinforced by troops from Lord W(>llingtca's army, just landed from Kingston. For two hours the two hostile lines were within 20 yards of each other, and so frequently intermingled, that often an officer would order an enemy's platoon. The moon shone bright ; but part of our men being dressed like the Glengarian regit.ient caused the de- ception. They frequently charged, and were as often driven back. Our regiment, under Colonel Miller, was ordered to storm the British battery, We chained, and took every piece of the enemy's cannon. We kept possession of the giCund and cannon until 12 o'clock at night, when we all fell back more than 2 miles. This was done to secure our campi which might otherwise have been attack- ed in the rear. Our horses being most of them kill- ed, and there being no ropes to the pieces, we got off but two or three. The men were so excessive- ly fatifi;ued they could not drag them. We lost one howitzer, the horses being on full gallop towards the enemy to attack them, the riders were shot off and the hr es ran through the enemy's line. We lost one piece of cannon, which was too much advanced, every man being shot that had charge of it, but two. Several of our caissons were blown up by their rock- ets, which did some injury, and deprived our can- non of ammunition. The lines were so near that cannon could not be used with advantage." The British loss in killed, wounded and prisoners t\as 87S : and ttio American loss 860. NIAGARA FALLS. 177 iiJ Burning Spring. *(?.? About half a mile north of Lundy's Lune, and within a faw feet of the rapids in the Niagara river, is a Burnine Spring. The water is warm and sur- char|;ed wiUi sulphuretted hydrogen gas. The water rises in a barrel, which is covered, and the gas es- capes through a tube. On applying a candle to the tube, tjhe gas takes fire, and burns with a brilliant flame until blown out ; and on closing the building fpr a short time in which the spring is contained, ^nd afterwards entering it with a lighted candle, an explosion may be produced. A small fee for the exhibition is required by the keeper of the spring. Half a mile bxm the Burning Spring are the cele- brated ^. ,vt tnS M' ■i NIAGARA FALLS. They are situated on the Niagara River, which unites the waters of Lake Erie and the upper lakes with Lake Ontario and the St Lawrence. The riv- er is 35 miles in lengths ^i^ from 1-2 mile to 5 or 6 in width. The banks of the river vary in their height above the Falls, from 4 to 100 feet. Imme- diately below the Falls the precipice is not less than 300 feet, $ind from thence to lake Ontario gradually diminishes to the height of 25 or 30 feet The Ni- agara river contains a number of islands, the princi- pal of which is Grand Island, which was ceded to the state of New- York by the Seneca Nation of In- dians, in 1S15. For tjie grant th.^ state paid $1000 down, and secured an annuity of $500. This lal- and is 12 miles long, and from 2 to 7 broad. The Falls are situated below Grand Island, about 20 miles distant from Lake Erie, and 14 from Lake Ontario. At Cihppewa creek, 2 miles above the Falls, the width of the river is nearly 2 miles, and its current extremely rapid. From thence to the Falls it gradually narrows to about 1 mile in width The i 9 ': t' ITS NIAGARA FALLS. H ., descends to the river below in the form of a curve, 168 feet, projecting about 50 feet from the base. The whole height, in- cluding the descent of the rapids above, is 216 feet. On the Canada side. The view from the table rock, has been generally considered preferable ; but this point roust be de- cided by the different tastes of visitors. The table rock projects about 50 feet, and between it and the Falls an irregular arch is formed, which extends un- der the pitch, almost without interruption, to the Island. The passage to this rock was recently ob- structed I>y the fall of a fragment of the precipice, about 20 feet in length, and from 1 to 4 in breadth. This was erroneously supposed to be a part of the table rock. It has, however, been lately removed, and a more convenient passage formed to this cele- brated spot by the construction of a stair way, which is of a spiral form, and being encolsed, fs descended without emotion.* On reaching the bottom, a rough path winds along at the foot of the precipice, * Visitants desirous of passing in the rear of the great sheet of water, are supplied by the keeper of the stairs with dresses for thajt purpose, and with a oijjde— chjirge 50 cents. NIAGARA l'ALL». kW lace, over under the excavated bank, which, in one igs about 40 feet. The entrance into the tremendous cavern behind the falling sheet, should never be attempted by persons of weak nerves. The humidity of the atmosphere, which, at times, almost prevents respiration ; the deafening roar of the foaming torrent, and the sombre appear- ance of surrounding objects, is oftentimes calculated to unnerve the stoutest frame. The farthest distance thatcan be approached, is to what is called I'tmii- nation Rock, 153 feet from the commencement of the volume of water at Table Rock. Few, howev- er, have the courage to proceed that distance ; and seldom go farther than 100 feet. The JPavilion, kept by Mr. Forsyth, is at present the only public liouse on the Canada side. The Ontario house was burnt the last winter ; it being the second accident of tlie kind which has happe^f ed to the proprietor within a short time. The Pa- vilion is on a lofty eminence above the Falls ; afford- ing, from its piazzas and roof a beautiful prospect of the surrounding scenery. It is a handsomely con- structed building, and can accommodate from 100 to 150 guests. How boats are continually crossing the river about a quarter of a mile below the falls. The rapidity of tlie current, the numerous eddies, and the agitated appearance of the water, are calculated to impress a .stranger with an idea, that a passage is hazardous. But we believe few, if any accidents have ever hap- pened. The boatmen are skilful, and the crossing is generally effected in about 15 minutes. It is not improbable that a horse boat will ere long supersede the use of row boats ; as preparations are making to construct a road from the precipitous bank on each fude of the river, to the water's edge. On the Brit- ish side, this has already been partially effected ; hut on the American, the task will be far more ardu- ou?. ATlowino; a descent of 1 foot in 10,. it will re- j i 180 NIAGARA FALLS. quire a distance of one fourlh of a mile to reach the bottom. Ilic Falls on the American side. Though less gigantic, are ncvertlieless beautiful ; and would alotie be considered one of the greatest natural curiosities in the world. A flight of stairs has been constructed from the bank a few rods be- low the fall to the bottom. In consequence of a rocky barrier in front of the falling sheet, it can be approached to within a few feet ; though not with- out encountering a plentiful shower of the spray. About a quarter of a mile above the fall, a bridge has been constructed from the shore to Bath Island ; which is connected by means of another bridge with Goat Island . The sensation in crossing these bridg- es, and particularly the first,* over the tremendous *Gen. Peter B. Porter, of Black Rock, to whom the public are indebted for the coup ;ruction of thiK bridge, informed me that its erection was not eflect- ted without considerable danger. Two large trees, hewed to correspond with their shape, were lirst constructed into a temporary bridge, the buts fast :: ed to the shore, with the lightest er^e proje , sfg over the rapids. At the extremity of the project^in the shore unavailing, he lay down iu his ca- noe, and was soon pli'.i ged into the tremendous vortex below. He v^n-^ ner:r 3Pen afterwards. f •Trees marked 1765 and 176;V, are still to be seen on the island. fDESCENT OF THE SCHO< NTER MlCUlGAJV. The following is » xlracted Ir .'m an acco'jnt Of this exhibition as givey at the time by the editor of this Work, who was ...■' evf witness of the scene : NIAGARA FALLS. 1S3 There are two large boaiding establishments on the American side, in what is called tue village of Manchester. The Eagle Tavern kept by Gen. Whitney, is the oldest, and is entitled to a full share It Magara Falh, Sept. 8, 1827. ** It was announced some weeks since that the schooner Michigan, of 150 tons burthen, would pass over the grand cataract this day. Great interest had, in consequence, been excited ; and an immense multitude from di^ercnt parts of the country had resorted hither to b^ spectators of so novel an exhi> bition. The shores on both sid^s of the Niagara^ for three fourths of a mile in extent, were thronged with the citizens of the adjoining country, nearly en masse, and with a vast many strangers, exhibit- ing, alone, a beautiful spectacle ; but when there was added to this, one of the greatest wonders of the world, the descent of a mighty river, in an un- broken sheet, into a vast abyss below, exhibiting a foam of snowy whiteness, and a spray tinged with the richest of colours, frequently in the form of a splendid arch, it is impossible for me to convey an adequate idea of the sublimity of the scene. f) "At 3 o'clock, the Michigan, which had been moored to the foot of Navy Island, two miles above the falls, dressed out with flags, and having on board several animals, including a buffalo, two bears, two foxes, a raccoon, a dog and two geese, with six effi- gies, representing a man at the hMm, two in the main and fore top, lashed to the stays, and three on deck, was loosed from her moorings, and conducted by boats to within a mile avA a half of the falls ; where, her helm being so fastened as to guide her into the main channel, she was left to her fate. She descended with much regularity to the iBrst cataract above the falls, where she was turned in a quarter- ing position and lodged on rocks, her bow towards the Canada shore. The bears here left the vessel, l2 184 NIAGARA FALLS. I I 1 i i ■ ; ii ; 1 i' , t : ! ■ i. ot patronage. The other has been recently erected, and is a handsome building, with pleasant and airy apartments. The village was burnt by the British in 1813 ; but it has been rebuilt ; and though small, is larger than it was previous to that event. In ijiving a general description of the Falls, we have, m ossing to the American side, diverged from our v<' town, and proceed up the river, through Lewiston, to Manchester. For a short excursion, there are many objects of attraction on this route, which are noticed hereafter. *Another place of resort, while on the Cana- da side, and which will amply repay an excursion thither, is the Deep Cut, composing a part of the Welland canal, eight miles west of the falls. " This canal, (says the New- York Statesman,) which is to admit the lar^st class of lake vessels, is about thir- ty-five miles m length ; commencing on the Lake Erie shore about forty miles above Buffalo, and en- tering Lake Ontario about 12 miles from the mouth of Niagara river. The width of the water at the surface is fifty feet y and its depth ten feet. At the Deep Cut, where it is necessary to remove for a number of miles a larger quantity of earth than else- where, the excavation is to the depth oi fifty feet, while the banks at the top are from 150 to 200 feet distant ; and as the spectator stands on the summit and beholds the whole of this great artificial valley, the sight is extremely imposing. The course of the canal is for the most part through a bed of compact clay, which yields only to the pick-axe, and ploughs drawn by more than twenty oxen. The Canadians count largely upon its beneficial effects, (which will no doubt be felt,) but we are strongly inclined to the opinion, that the northern part of our own state, will d«irive equal of not great- er advantage from it than the Canadians. The town of Rochester, in particular, will, if we do not greatly err, bless the day when it was commenced by the British government It can be regarded in no other light, than as a continuation of that great system of internal navigation, so brilliantly commen- ced and executed by our own state." 1,3 V, i ! I ' if I ( li l,St> BATTLE OF QUEExVSTON. .. QuEENSTON is 7 miles from the Falls oo the Cafi' ada side. It lies on the bank of the Niagara ; and, disconnected with military events, would be consid- ered unimportant. The battle of Queenston occurred on the 13th of Oct. 1812. Gen. Van Rensselaer, who had com- mand cf the American troops at Lewiston, on the opposite side of the river, determined on crossing over and taking possession of Queenston heights. The crossing was effected before dny-light ; and the ascent, which was up a precipitous ravine, rising nearly 300 feet above the river, was accomplished amid the fire of the enemy from his breast works on the heights. As the Americans approached, the British retreated to the village below ; where their commandant. Gen. Brock, in forming his lines to reascend the heights, was mortally wounded by a random shot. His aid, Col. M' Donald, then took command and ascended the heights, where he was also wounded mortally. The Americans continued in possession but a few hours, when tliey recrossed the river. Hie pickets and breast works, though in a state of decay, are still visible. The spot on which Brock fell is pnin ted out to strangers. It was in a small field, >ince called Brock's lot ; and is reserved for the erection of a church at a future period. BROCK'S MONUMENT Is on the heights, one fourth of a mile southwest of the vill.ige of Queenston. It is composed of free stone ; and, excepting the base, is of a spiral form. It is a fine specimen of architecture ; and from its elevation, is seen for a great many miles. Its height is 126 feet ; and the heights on which it is erected, are 270 feet above the level of the Niagara river. The ascent to the top of the monument, is bymeanr of winding steps, 170 in number. It is extremely fatiguing ; but the prospect afforded of the surround* V k T-^-iVV ' *> ■ t'ORT GEORGfc. 187 Can- and, nsid- thof ing country for 50 miles in extent, will richly repay a tourist for the time and trouble in visiting its pin* nacle. No inscription yet appears on the raonu- but the following has been selected, and is to be placed in the niche left for that pur- ment ; shortly pose: (( Tlie Legislature of Upper Canada has dedicated THIS MONUMENT to the many civil and military services , . of the late Sir ISAAC BROCK. ' Knight, Commander of the most honorable Order of the Bath, Provincial Lieut Governor and Major General, '" Commanding bis Majesty's forces therein. He fell in action on the 13th of October, 1812, honored and beloved by those whom he governed, and deplored by his Sovereign, to whose service his life had been devoted . His remains are deposited in this vault, as also his aid-de-camp, Lieut. Colonel John M'Donald, ■ who died of his wounds the 14th of October, 1812, . received the day before in action." Fort George, or Newark, is 7 miles north of Queenston, and is located at the entrance of the Ni- agara river into Lake Ontario. The village was burnt during the last war ; which event was followed by the burning of several frontier villages on the Amer- ican shore, as retaliatory. Fort George, near the village, is the most prominent, and perhaps the on- ly object of interest presented. It is in a state of tolerable preservation, and has generally, since the war, been occupied as a garrison by a small number of soldiers. The river is crossed in a horse boat, to l4 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I 1.25 1^12^ |2.5 |5o i™^" mWM ui liii :!f 1^ 12.0 \A 1.8 1.6 6" -*> V] <^ /J ^1 ^;. <^^^ ^j^ j^ >> %-v^ °# Photographic Sciences Corporation 4< ^ m o A .V 6^ "> '^J*! 23 W2ST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 (716) S72-4S03 ^4 ,. i! i I • 196 ari8, its resour- of some proper- 18 the Cathedral, the Conveutof )f Notre Dame. )f the Grey Sis- e St. Lawrence, ng remembers to m within 8 or 10 iresent, it is con- MONTREAL. 199 t little distance from the town, from which it is sep- arated by a small rivulet This institution was es- tablished in 1758, and is under the management of a superior and nineteen nuns. The prevailing religion here, as well as at Que- bec, is the Roman Catholic. The clergy derive a revenue from ^nts of land made to them under the ancient regime, and from contributions ordain- ed by the church. Besides these, a principal source of revenue is from the fines for alienation, which amount to about 8 per cent, paid by the purchaser of real estate, every time the same is sold, and which extends to sales of all real estates, in the seignoiy or island of Montreal. The city, including its suburbs, contains 26,000 inhabitants. The mountain of Montreal, from which the city takes its name, rises about 2 1-2 miles distant. It is elevated 700 feet above the level of the river, and extends from north to south 2 miles. This spot has already been selected fimr the residence of some pri- vate gentlemen, whose ele^pant white mansions ap- pear beautifu] in contrast with the surrounding f(U- The island of St Helena, immediately oppo- pear lage site the city, is a delightful little spot, from whence is had a fine view of Afontteal, with its lofty moun- tain in the back ground, (he settlements of iJongueil, St. Lambert and La Prairie de la Madalene, on the eastern side of the river, and the waters of the St Lawrence, dashing over the rocks of La Chine, and sweeping^ their course around a variety of islands. The principal Dublic houses in the city are. Ma- sonic Han, m tne north part ; Goodenough's, St. Paul street ; and Mansion House, do. The St. Lawrence, from Montreal to Quebec, is navigated by a number of steam boats, all of which possess every necessary accommodation to render the passage pleasant. The finest boat in the line, is said to be the lady Sherbrook, which is much the M K I II 11- h I ill If 200 WILLIAM HENftV. !iirge8t» auC of about 800 tons burthen. A joume}'' to Quebec^andback again, which 10 or 12 years since was the labor of some weeks, may now be accom- plished, by means of the steam boats, in less than 4 days. The distance between the two cities is 170 liuiles. From Montreal, the boat first passes near the Fort on St. Helen's Island, and soon enters the rap- ids of St. Macy'; in returning up which, steam boats are often drawn by cattle. Proceeding down the riv- er, the villages of Longueil, Longue Pointe, Ver- cheres,yarennes. Point aux Trembles, Contrecoeur, Repentigny, St. Sulpice, La Morage, Berthier, and Machiche are successively passed, before reaching the town of ^, .^ ...4, . -. r William Henry, which is 45 miles from Mont- real. It stands en the scite of an old fort, built in 1665, on the right bank of the river Sorel, at its cen> fluence with the St- Lawrence. The present town was commenced in 1785. It is regularly laid out Ti'ith streets, crossing each other at right angles, leaving a space in the centre about 500 feet square. The number of dwellings does not exceed 200. Its population is about 1500. Near the town is a seat which was formerly the residence of the Governc * General of Canada, during the summer montilis. Opposite the town, the river Sorel is about 250 yards broad, and is navigable for vessels of 150 tons for 12 or 14 miles. On this river, which unites the waters of Lake Champlain with the St. Lawrence, are two considerable forts, the one at St. John's and the othe> at Ch;imbly. Sorel was occupied in May, 1776, by a part of the American army, under Gene- ral Thomas, on their retreat from Quebec. Lake St. Peter, some miles below the town of Sorel, is formed by an expansion of the river St. Lawrence, to 15 or 20 miles in width, and 21 in length. The waters of the lake have but little cur- ■ .it- THREE RIVERS. &01 "tent, and are from 8 to 11 feet deep. At the upper «nd of the lake a variety of small islands are inter- spersed, which are the only ones that occur in the St. Lawrence till you reach the island of Orleans, a distance of 117 miles. On tlie north side of this lake is the town of V Threx RivERs.atthe mouth of the St. Maurice, which is divided by two small islands into three branches. This town was formerly the seat of the Colonial Government, and is now considered the third in importance in the province. It contains about 320 houses, including a Roman Catholic and an Episcopal Church, and a convent of Ursulines. The number of inhabitants is estimated at 2600. Some miles up the St. Maurice are the celebrated falls of Shawinnegame, a beautiful cataract of about 100 feet descent. Seven miles below Three Rivers, the Richelieu lapids commence. The river is compressed within jess than half a mile in width, and the water moves with great velocity for three or four miles ; but be- ing deep and the current unbroken, except at the shores, the descent is made by steam boats without danger, except in the night, when a descent is never attempted. The population of Lower Canada is principally found oi; the banks of the St. Lawrence. M early the whole distance from Montreal to Quebec exhib- its a cultivated tract, extending from the shores back about a mile, boimded by thick forests, and studded with numerous white- washed residences, which are generally erected in the vicinity of a church dediaa- ted to some patron saint. The sceoeiy of the St. Lawrence is occasionally relieved by tne prospect of the distant mountains, the highest of which does not exceed 2000 feet, but rising in the back ground of the cultivated vales along the borders of the river, give an additional de« m2 "• - rv, . .'. .ii iiiMn iii'iimf I ! 202 QUEBEC. gree of beauty and ooveltv to many of its landscapes , The alternate Tariety of the waters of the St. Law- rence, now reposing in stillness on the bosom of an expanded lak6, and now rushing with the rapidity of a cataract, added to the pleasing effect of the landscape scenery, afford an agreeable repast to the tourist; until he reaches the classic scenes of Que- bec Soon after leaving Cape Rouge and the little Tillage of St. Nicholas, near the mouth of the Chau- diere river, the towers and citadel of this famous ci^ open to view, situated on a rock of 845 feet in height. In approaching the city, you pass Sillery River and Cove« and life's Cove, where he land- ed his army to gain the beigihts of Abraham, about 1 1-2 miles from Quebec. Point Levi spears on (he rl^t, a rocky precipice, covered with white dwellings, and commanding the citadel of Quebec from the opposite shore. ,, ,, QUEBEC. This city has nothing to claim on the score of beauty, though it presents much to gratify the curi- osity of the stranger. Between the base of the rock and the river, just sufficient room is left for a narrow street, on which is built the Lower Town, extend- ing around the promontorjr for nearly two miles. The Upper Town is situated on the summit of the rock, and overlooks the Lower Town at the height of 345 feet. Here are situated the principal religious edifices, the military fortifications, and Uie Governor's house, surrounded by a solid wall of about 3 miles in circumference. The Lower Town, as its appearance indicates, is exclusivly devoted to commerce, and to the details of a navy establishment. The southwestern extrem- ity of the Low^r Towa was the point of attack of the American army in 177&, which terminated in the death of General Montgomery. The co-operating attack of General Arnold was made at the other ^x* QUEBEC. 203 letails tremity of the town, and resulted in his defeat. He was, with his party, taken prisoners. The Upper Town is approached on the north- wes- tern side, through a foot passage of stairs, terminat- ing in Mountain- street, and leading through the Grand Prescott (xate, within the walls of the city. The houses are principally constructed of stone, which is almost the onlv material for building, and are of very unequal height. A great part of the city is taken up by the religious and military estahlish- mants, which, with their courts and gardens, leave the streets very irregular, and uneven, and give rath- er an unfavorable impression of the taste and ele- gance of its inhabitants. The castle of St. Louis stands on the verge of the precipice towards the St. Lawrence, supported by lofty pillars, built up from the rock below. The building is a plain yellow structure of stone, 62 feet long, 45 broad, and 3 stories high. It contains the residence of the Governor General of Canada, and several apartments occupied as offices for the civil and military branches of the government. Seven thousand pounds were voted in 1808, for the repair and embellishment of the structure. The furniture it is said, descends as private property, and is to be paid for by each successive Governor. Of the several charitable Catholic institutions in Quebec, the principal are the Hotel Dieu, founded in 1637, for the sick poor, under the management of a superior and 43 nuns — and the General Hospital, on the bank of the St. Charles, about one mile from the city, founded in 1693, for poor sick and mendi- csmts, and under the control of a superior and 37 sisters. ,.»: . .;. The Catholic establishments consist of a spacious Cathedral; a Seminary, founded in 1668, for the instruction of male Ca^olic members ; and the Ur- suline Convent, founded in 1539, and devoted ex- clusively to the education of females. This last is possessed by a superior and 36 nuns. m3 /ivwriiTir t w I ii! ^! J ; 204 GKNERAL MONTGOMERY. The Monastery, or college of the Jesuits, founded in 1635, was once considered as the first institution on the continent of North America, for the instruc- of young men. After the declension of that frater- nity it devolved on the British Crown, and has re- cently been converted into a commodious barrack for the troops. The artillery barracks were built by the French, in 1750, and occupy a space of 527 feet, by 40. They contain arms in constant readiness for not less than 20,000. Tlie Bishop's Palace is situated near the commu- nication with the Lower Town, and m now occu- pied by the Provincial Pariiament, and for various public offices and a library. The best specimens of modern structure in the city, are the court house, the new gaol, and the Protestant Cathedral, all built of stone, and exhibit- ing a handsome and regular appearance. The Place d'Armes and Parade will also be deemed wor- thy of notice to a stranger. Quebec is situated from Montreal 170 miles, 820 miles from the ocean, 400 from Albany, and 647 from the city of New- York. Its population amounts to 20,000. Near the citadel of Quebec, which stands on the highest part of Cape Diamond, were deposited the remains of '-" ^ GENERAL MONTGOMERY. Who fell in the attempt to take the city by assault, on the fatal night of the 31st December, 1775. This gallant soldier was a native of Ireland. In early life he entered the British service as a captain of infant- ry, and served, with distinguished credit, in the war which ended in 1763. In 1759 he was particu- larly distinguished whilst fighting under the banners of General Wolfe, almost en the very spot where his life was terminated in the defence of freedom. He GENERAL MONTGOMERY. 205 afterwardt resigned his commission, and devoted himself to the service of America, his adopted coun- try. At the commencement of the revolution, Mont- gomery was appointed to lead the American army to Uie conquest of the Canadas. Having succeeded in taking Montreal, he with his little army, in the midst (^winter, pressed forward to the reduction of Que- bec. Here ** he was joined by General Amold> with whom was concerted the plan of the assault, and who afterwards assisted in its execution. The armies, under their respective commanders, were to commence a simultaneous attack at two different points ; that of Montgomery being, as has been ob- served, at the south western extremity of the Low^ er Town, at Cape Diamond, and that of Arnold at the opposite extrenuty, about 2 miles distant. When Mon^^omery was leading on the attack, the enemy retreated before him. In passing round Cape Dia- mond, the ice and projecting rocks rendered it ne» cessary for the Americans to press forward in a nar- row file, until they arrived at the block house and picket. The General was b'jaself in front, and as- sisted with his own ''t nds to cut down and pull up the picket. The roughness of the way had so lengthened his line of march, that he was obliged t > wait for a force to come up before he could proceec:. Having re-assembled about 200 men, he advanced boldly and rapidly at their head to force tlie barrier. One or two of the enemy had by this time ventured to return to the battery, andseemg a match standing by one of the guns, touched it otf, when the Amer- ican force was within 40 paces of it. This single and accidental fire struck down General Montgome- ry, his aids. Captain MTherson and Captain Chees> man. it The remains of Montgomery were removed, in 1818, from Quebec to New- York, where they were deposited In St. Paul's Church, beneath a monument M '1 206 THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM. 1 1 ■ I i i 1 i! A'' m I erected to his memoiy by the United States. The identity of the remains were established by an old soldier, who was present when Montgomery fell, and who assisted in his burial. THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM, Lie south and west of Quebec, and commence immediately on leaving the Gate of St. Louis. It is not without the most peculiar sensations that the stranger casts his eye over this classic spot. He be- holds nothing at present but an extensive plain » which the pr(^press of improvement or military pru- dence has rid of its forests, glowing in all the ver- dure of summer ; butheremembers the deeds which have made it a scene of inteiest to the admirers of heroic valour and military prowess. Here the Mar- quis de Montcalm and General Wolfe, with the respective armies under their command, fought the famous battle which resulted in tiie death of both commanders, and terminated the empire of the French in NorUi America. Never did the ^Icry of the soldier shine with greater lustre, or his hero- ism command a greater tribute of applause, than did that of Wolfe on the memorable plains of Abraham. In 1759, Wolfe was intrusted with the command for the reduction of Quebec, and arrived in the St. Lawrence the Slst of June, in the same year. He found the city strongly garrisoned by the French troops, under the command of the Marquis de Mont- calm. The natural defences of the place, which were much strengthened by artificial fortifications, forbade any other approach than by repelling the en- emy without the walls. For this purpose a disad- vantageous attack was made on the French army at Montmorenci, where the British were defeated with considerable lora, and driven back to their former position at Point Levi. After some days, the troops were again embarked, and conveyed 8 leagues above the city. About midnight of the 12tl^ of September^ THE PLAINS OF ABKAHAM. 207 General Wolfe, with his army, left the ships la boats, with a view of landing about one league above Cape Diamond, and thus to gain the heights of Abraham. But in consequence of the rapidity of the current, they fell below their intended place, and disembark- ed at Wolfe's Cove, a mile and a half above the city. They were frequently challenged by the sentinels posted along the shore ; but owing to the deception of the boatmen they were permitted to pass unmo- lested, and to gain a landing. The precipice at the Cove, from 150 to 200 feet m height, and full of pro- jections of rocks and trees, seemed to be rendered almost inaccessible. General Wolfe, however, with unparalleled fortitude, led the way through a narrow paw winding obliquely up the hill, which, with the assistance of boughs and stumps, enabled him and his troops io gain the summit. Here, by day-light the next day, they were formed m line of battle, in readiness to meet the enemy. General Montcalm, on receiving information that the British had possession of the heiglu3, broke up hiscamp at Beaufort, crossed the St. Charles river, and at about 10 o'clock in the morning of the 12th September, commenced the attack. The numbers engaged on eadi side were nearly equal. The want of artillery, on the part of the English, gave to Mort- calm an advantage which for a time seemed to de- cide the fate of the contest in his favor. This mis- f(wtune, however, instead of dispiriting, inspired the British with greater ardor and resolution. Aftc r a desperate struggle of about two hours, in which hoth commanders had been mortally wounded, the French gave way, and left the field in the possession of the victors. Wolfe fell at the ciitical moment that decided the victory. He was wounded in the early part of the engagement by a bullet in his wrist — soon after by a ball which passed through his groin — and it was not till a third had pierced his breast, that he suffered m5 I V! m i^ FALLS OF MONTMOHENCi. i I 1 1 i!l 1 1 himself to be carried from the field. ** I die hi^y," was his exclamation, when in the anus of death be heard the joyful shouts of victory. A loose stone, 4 or 5 feet in length, and 2 or 3 in breadth, now marks the spot where Wolfe expired.* The Falls of Moxtmorsnci, axe situated about 5 miles north of Quebec, on die river of the same name, near its junction with the St. Law- rence. These falls pour over a perpendicular preci-^ pice 220 feet in hei^t, and may almost ciwapere va beauty and grandeur with the cataract of Ni^ara.f * A subscription for the erection of a monument at Quebec to the memory of Wolfe and Montcalm is nearly filled. Tlie following is to be the inscription : HUNG I^PIDEM * " MOirUMENTI IN MBMORIA.M* i VIRORVM lULUSTRXITM WOLFE ET MOl^TCALM, p. c. GE0RGIU8 COMES DE DJlLHOU^IE, IS SEPTENTRIONALIB AMX!RICJE PAHITIBUS AD BRITANNOS PERTIirSNTIBUS ^*i SUMMAM RERITM ADMINIBTRAIfS ; OPUS PER MXTIiTOS ANNOS PRJGTERMISSUM, (quid DUCI EOREOIO CONVENIEMTKUS !) AUCTORITATE PROMOVBNS, BXEMPLO 8TIMU- LANS, MUmFIJKNTIA FOVENS. Bit JVovenibric XVa. A.S. MDCCCXXVIL GEOKGIO IV. BIVITANNIARUM REOE. •> ' V t Remains of entrenchments and fortifications erected during the French war, are still to be seen near the falls. A battery occupied by Gen. Wolfe, in June, 1759, on the precipice north-east of the falls, is yet visible . The French occupied the opt FROM QUEBEC TO MONTREAL. 2»» *l The Chaudiere falls are formed by the waters of t\w river Chaudiere^which at the precipice are 240 yards in breadth, and are precipitated about 100 perpendic- ular feet. These, together with the scenery of Or- leans, a beautiful island 6 miles down the river, Beaufort and Point Levi, will always afford a pleas- ingexcursion to the tourist at Quebec. The passage up the St. Lawrence is more arduous than its descent. The steam-boats, of which there are no less than 8 or 10, leave Montreal and arrive at Quebec after a passage of two nights and one day. In returning they are generally two days and three nights, though the passage is frequency performed in much less time. The regular fare is |10, to Que- bec—returning, $12. posite bank ; and Wolfe attempted to storm their works by fording the river below the falls and as- cending the heights. Without forming in a regular manner, and wiUiout waiting for additional reinforce- ments which were on their way from Point Levi, Wolfe's men rashly ascended the hill, eager for the onset ; and were cut down by the French artillery and musquetry, and obliged to retreat. The Eng- lish loss was about 500 ; while that of the Frendi was trifling. A storm coming on, further attempts to disloJge the French were abandoned. The Brit- ish afterwards ascended the river, and the action on the Plains of Abraham, which has already been no^ ticed, took place in the month of September loU lowing. feet. The B prominen- ivities in the )en let down ghottom. 18 from Bur- (dain. It is west, skirt- fth and east d plain was as a military 1759, when Qd built Fort ill be traced, imney Point the peace of da mere safe me time pre- i, frenquenUy hich is notice vious to the American R^vohition. In 1775 it fell ifito the bands of the Americans, and was afterwards evacuated by thetn, on the advance of fiureovne, in 1776. A few years since, a number of British guin- eas were found here, from the accidental crumbling of the earth from thb banks, where they had been deposited. TicoNDXTRodA, which has already been noticed, (see p. 121,) is situated 16 miles from Crown-Point, and 24 miles north of Whitehall. One mile from Ttconderoga, is Motrirr Iiroi:- PCNDENCE, on the east side of the Lake ; near the foot of which, the remains of a small battery are still to be seen. What was called the House-Shoe batte- ry Was on an elevation about a quarter of a mile in the rear. Nine miles farther,'the lake is contracted into four narrow channels, bounded on the west and east by lofty mountains. ;, . SoiTTH and East Bays are soon reached, each of about 5 miles in extent. The former was taken by €ren. Dleskau and his army, in their route to- wards Fort Edward iik 1755. From the latter bay to Whitehall, the passage is extremely narrow, and of a serpentine course ; and cannot be pursued in safiety during a dark night. WHiTBikALXi terminates the steam-boat naviga^- tion of Lake Champlain. It is an incorporated vil- lage situated on the west bank of Wood Creek at its entrance into the lake, 73 miles north of Albany, and contains about 100 dwellings and stores and 800 in- habitants. The situation of this place is low and un- pleasant ; and it derives its principal consequence from the navigation of the lake, which iis passable for sloops of 80 tons burthen, and from (he nor(h- 1 1 M I I 218 NORTHERN CANAL, era canal, which here enters the lake. Burgoyne occupied this place for a short time, preparatory to his march to Saratoga ; and on the heights, over tl:e harbor, are the remains of a battery and block- house. :.i A regular line of of stages runs from Whitehall* to Albany, every day in the week, passing through Fort Ann, Sandy Hill, Foit Edward, Saratoga, Still- water and Waterford. Regular packet boats also depart for Albany every Tuesday and Saturday at 8 A. M. The fare is 4 cents per mile, including board. On the arrival of the packet boat at Fort Edward, stages are always in readiness to start for Albany, Saratoga and Ballston Springs. ^<^^^v *.... :; THE NORTHERN CANAL, Commencing at Whitehall, proceeds 5 1-2 miles, when it enters Wood Creek, a narrow sluggish stream, averaging 15 feet ^n depth. This creek is connected with the canal, and is rendered navig;*- ble for the boats, for a'uout 6 1-2 miles, to Fort Ann village. From ttience the canal proceeds through parts of Fort Ann and Kingsbury, to Fort Edward. At the latter place, boats descend by locks into the Hudson riyer,t and after a distance of 8 miles pasts around the Fort Miller Falls, by a canal 1-2 mile in length, entering the river again on the west side. From thence the river is made navigable 3 miles to Saratoga falls, where the canal is taken out of the river on the west side, and proceeds through Sarato- S:a, Stillwater and Halfmoon, to Waterford, where * A route from this place to Boston is noticed a^i page 225. ,. , , , ,. ,,. f A canal is now constructing on the bank of the river between Fort Edward and Saratoga Falls, and will shortly be used instead of the river between those places. ': \ / v.; FORT ANNE. 219 Burgoyne >aratoiy to rhts, over and block- litehall* to g through toga, Still- boats also laturJay at including at at Fort to 8tart for ■j ,-».*■»*¥/'' *■■'• " 5 1-2 miles, ,w sluggish his creek is sred navig?!- to Fort Ann eds through art Edward, icks into the 8 miles pasis 1-2 mile in west side, e 3 miles to n out of the ►ugh Sarato- rford, where is noticed a« bank of the a Falls, and rev between I a enters the Hud'son, and by a branch canal enters the Mohawk, which it crosses by a dam, and after passing 3-4 of a mile joins the Erie canal in the town of Watervleit. The whole length of the Champlain canal is 63 miles. The cost to the state, exclusive of the proposed feeder from above Glen's Falls, was ^75,000. The intervening distances on the canal between Whitehall and Albany, are as follows : Miles. Miles. Fort Ann, , . » 12 Stillwater V. 2 1-2 Sandy-Hill, '/ 8 Mechanics Ville, 3 Fort Edward, 2 Waterford, 8 Fort Miller Falls, 8 Watervleit, r-^^fi't Saratoga Falls, 3 Gibbon's Ville, 2 Schuylerville, 2 Albany, 6 Bemus* Heights, 121-2 >-n?''>'^»«v»' ■' i ' • Half a mile north of Fort Anne, where an elbow is made by Wood Creek at the foot of a precipitous lull, a severe engagement took place in 1777, be- tween a detachment of Bui^oyne's troops and a par- ty of Americans, under the command of Col. Sterry, who were on their retreat from Ticonderoga. The America ns were on the plain south of the hill ; while the latter served as a cover to the British. Their lire on Sterry's forces below was destructive, and compelled him to abandon his position. The village of Fort Anne is on the scito of the eld Fort erected during the French war. It was lo- cated at the north part of the village on the bank of tho creek. Burgoyne*s road, commencing about 2 miles south of the village, and nearly pursuing the course of the present road, is still visible. It was a cause- way, formed by logs laid transversely, a labor which became necessary in conveying his cannon and bag- gage waggons to Saratoga. .N2 I'ii; 220 ROUTES TO BOSTON. From Fort Anne to Albuiy, the intervening plac' cs, Sandy-Hiil, Saratoga, &c. have already been no- 1f\ced, {SeeJndet;.) ROUTES TO BOSTON. '•'VS These are so various, that the traveller may al- ways be governed by his own taste and jud^entin aMtectioli. The route from Albany has been cho- sen by many on account oi enjoing in the ^izcuEsion a vidt to the Lebanon brings ; while others have tueferred a course which should embrace the rich mountain scenery of Vermont and Ne w-Hao^p^uce : commencing their excursions either atBuiiington» Whitehall, or at Saratoga Springy. These routes are delin/eated hereafter ; but without glrbag; Aem in strict geographicd older, we commence with ■ ^ ' /i Keenb. This is said to be one of the handsom- est villages in New-England, and is situated a few miles east of the Connecticut river. It contains about 150 dwellings, a bank, a court-house and gaol, and a population of about 2000. For a distance of 40 miles from this place, no village of importance intervenes, though many handsome dwellings and rich farms are discovered on tlie route. Oroton, 41 miles from Keene, is a pleasant vil- lage, containing about 100 houses and an academy ; seven miles from which is the town of Concord, rendered memorable as the place where the first efficient opposition was made to the British troops, in 1776. It is a large town, and con- tains many handsome dwellings. Eight miles from which is the town of *^.i ^-^ Lexington, containing a few plain houses ; but celebrated in history as the spot where the first American blood was shed in the struggle for Inde^ pendence. This occurred on the 19th of April, 1775. A quantity of military stores had been collected at Concord, which the British General Gage proposed to destroy. Though secret in His operations, and n4 224 BATTLE OF LEXINGTON. though precaution had been takoo the evening pre- vious to scour the roads and secure such citizens M the British officers fell in with, yet the plan was dis- covered by Doctor Warren, of Boston, who sent out messengers to alarm the inhabitants and prepare thenn for resistance. On Ijbe arrival the next r*or- ning at Lexington of the British troops, 8 or 900 strong, it was found that the militia of the towoi to the Buniber of 70, were in vzaS. M^or Pitcairn, who led the British van, ordered the ** rebels" to disperse. Some scattering guns were fired, which were followed by a general discharae, and and two men killed. Tho fire was returned and a skir- mish ensued, which resulted in tho discomfiture of the regulsffs, and a precipitate retreat. Skirmisliing continued during the day, and though tho British re- ceived reinforcements, they were harrassed in tlieir retreat, to Bunker's Hill, where tboy renainod se- cure under the protecticm of their ship* of war. The loss of the British, during this day, in killed, wounded and prisoners, was 273 ; while \Mt of tho provinciaJists did not exceed 90. The blow thus struck was the precurser of more important events, and was soon followed by tho bat- tle of Breed's or (as it is generally denominated) Bunker's Hill ; which is noticed in subsequent pa- ges. * A handsome monument now marks the s^t where this action was fought, beneath which are in- tened the remains of the Americans who were slain. FROM WIHTKHALL TO HUSTON. 2>,» ening P««" citizws a» m was dis- M BCD* <*^* ad pr«p»r» > next ror- «, 8 or 900 le towotto lor Pitc«im, » rebels" to gfed,wbict» nd continu- it men were > Concord, ft 4gef boyoud ^ ^e raiUU- ^ coUectod ^te tho fttt^ 'igw ia the ^ed on, aod sd and a skir- i§co»fttwe of Skirioiahing aiBritisbre- issed intlieir reoiftined ee- ofwwr. i»y, in killed, [le U»t of the Purser of more tdhytJ»«*aJ- lenomiitatea) ab^equewt p»- tiksie s^t \ which are in- hiowereelain. Cambrid»e, is situated 7 miles from Iiexin«;ton. It is a large and handsome town, but derives itn im- portance from Harvard University, which is located here, and is one of the oldest and most celebrated literary institutions in the United States. It takes its name from the Rev. John Harvard, who died in 1638, leaving to the institution a legacy of 779/. 17;?. 2d. sterlmg. The edifices belonging to the University are Harvard, Massachusetts, Hollis, Stoughton, Holworthy and University Halls, Hol- den Chapel, 3 College houses, besides that for the President. These buildings are all situated in a spacious square, and are handsomely shaded with a variety of trees. There are annually educated here about 800 students. The amount of property be- longing to the institution, it is said, falls little short of ^00,000. It contains an extensive philosophic- al aparatus, and a library of about 25,000 volumes. Two miles from Cambridge is the city of Boston. The two places are connected with a bridge 3846 feet long and 40 wide, with a causeway of 3344 feet. The cost of the whole was !i^76,700. [For a description of Boston, see subsequent pages.} FROM WHITEHALL TO BOSTON. 178 miles. A stage leaves Whitehall three times a week, passing through the villages of Castleton and Rut- land, connecting at Chester with the route from Saratoga Springs, and reaches Boston the third day. Fair«aven, 9 miles from Whitehall, contains several mills and manufactories of iron, and about 50 houses. CASTLETorf, 5 miles farther, is a handsome vil- lage of 50 or 60 houses, and contains the Rutland N 5 i|,;; n I 22(> RUTLAND. Kl W" 'r county Bcademy and a medical college ; ivhicb are liberally patronized. — About half a mile nor^ of the village, at the junction of the Hubbardtua with the main road, are slight remains of a fort and breast work, which were occupied during the rerolutiona- ry war ; two miles north of which, the Hjbbardton road passes over the ground where a severe action was fought between a detachment of Burgoyne's army and a body of American troops. The latter composed the rear guard of the Americans which evacuated Ticonderoga in July, 1T77, and were ceamianded by Col. Warner. They were about 1000 strong ; and were overtaken by a force of near- ly the same number under Gen. Frazer. A long, severe, and obstinate conflict ensued ; when tlM ar- rival of Oen. Keidisel, with his divieion of Germane, compelled the Americans to give way in all direc- tions. The British loss was stated by Gen. Bus- goyne at 85 killed and 144 wounded ; and die A- merican loss was estimated by Gen. St. Clair at 50 killed and wounded. It is generally supposed diat the loss of both armies was much greater. The Americans retreated to tlie south, and (ook part in the Bennington battle on the 16th of Au- gust, and in the capture of Burgoyne at Sa ~''>ga in October following. RyTLAND, 10 mi)^ from Castletoo, is the c;apl- itol Qf Rutland county. It is situated 3 miles west of the Green Mountains, in view of Killington Peak, and for beauty of local situation is not surpassed by imy village in the northern states. It contains up- wards of 100 houses, a bunk, a court house, and a gaol. Ten miles from Rutland, in the town of Shrews- bury, the road reaches the foot of the Green raosn- tain^) which are crossed in travelling 12 miles far- ther. No part of the passage is precipitous ; though FROM BURLINGTON TO BOSTON. 227 the road is less pleasant than that leading from Man- chester, {tSeep. 221.) . .^ Chester is 40 miles from Rutland ; from whence the route to Boston is the same as that noticed at page 222. FROM BURLINGTON TO BOSTON, itiirough Windsor, Vt.) From Burlington, Vt. where the Champlatn steam-boats toudi in their passage up and down the lake, stares depart for Boston three times a week, passing mrough Moaipelier and Windsor, Vt. CUur- eraont and Amherst, N . H. Billerica and Medfiord, Mass. and reach Boston on the third day. Distance 206 miles — Fare 06. The intervening distances are as follows : Williston, Bicbroond, BoItoD, Waterbury, Moretown, Montpelier, Williarastown, BrooJ(field, Randolph, Royalton, Barnard, Woodstock, Windsor, Claremont, Miles. 8 Lempster, 9 Washington. r 2 Hillsborongn, ' 8 Francistown, 4 Mount Vernon, 7 Amherst, 10 Merrimack, 8 Dunstable, 12 Tyngsborough, 5 Cbemisford, 6 Billerica, ' 8 Wobum, 14 Boston, », \ JUiles. 12 t 9 9 : I «r 6 . 1 ■ 4 BvRUNGTON. {See page 2\h,) MoNTrsiiUBR, is situated on the Onion River, a little nor^ of Uie centre of the state, 38 mile? from Burlington. It is at pceient t^e seal of government. H: w '228 KANDOLPH— WINDSOR. ^ I Vi 'i I 1 1 M and has a state-house, court-house, gaol, and a houso of public worship worship, besides a number of manufacturing establishments. It contc'ins aboat 2000 inhabitants. With the exception of a narrow vale, through which the river passes, the village is surrounded by lofty hills and mountains, which give it the appear- ance of seclusion from the rest of the world. The road for several miles previous to reaching the vill- age, and after leaving it, is on the bank of the river, and the mountain scenery is unusually romantic. In passing from Montpelier to Randolph, the route is on what is termed the gulph road. This gulph is six miles in extent, between lofty mountains, with barely a sufficient space for a road and the White river, a beautiful and transparent stream, ex- hibiting, in most instances, a bottom of beautiful white gravel. Randolph, 30 miles from Montpelier, is dn a lofty ridge of land, affording some of the finest faimi^ in the state. The village is small, but much admir- ed for its location and neatness. RoYALTON, 3 miles. A pleasant village. 1/^ Woodstock, 14 miles, the capitol of Windsor county, is a place of considerable business. The principal village, called Woodstock green, is on the bank of the Queechy river, and contains a court house, jail, church and a marble factory — also an ex- tensive manufactory of scythes. Windsor, 14 miles, is a beautiful town on the banks of the Connecticut. The houses exhibit a very neat and handsome appearance, and stand in a /ertile and richly cultivated tract of country. It contains a flourishing Fenale Seminary, with a ai limber of churches, and the Vermont PeniteotiarV' HANOVEK. , and a number OS abocit through anded by e appear- Id. The r the vill- the river, lantic. )lph, the :his gulph louDtains, I and the tream, ex- beautiful ar, is on a Best fai-m? uch admir- ■~ -^.<, ■;\ V: EG. , , Windsor ess. The , is on the IS a couit also anex- The bridge built across the Connecticut at this place us one of the handsomest on the river. Ascutney^ a mountain in the southwest part of the town, is 1732 feet in height, and is well worthy the atten- tention of those who take delight in the rich and di- versified prospects afforded from its summit. At Windsor, the route crosses the Connecticut river into New-Hampshire, and proceeds through a fertile country, occasionally interspersed with a pleasant village, to Boston. Ml ROUTE FROM BURLINGTON TO BOSTON, {through Hanover and Concord^ J^. H.) A stage leaves Burlington three times a week, passing through Montpelier and Randolph, Vt Hanover and Concord, N. H. and Andover, Mass. and reaches Boston on the third day. Distance, 210 miles— Fare $8. [The first part of this route to Randolph is noticed in the two preceding pages.] Hanover is 25 miles from Randolph. The village is located on a handsome plain, half a mile from the Connecticut river, and contains the build- ings of Dartmouth college and about 80 dwelling houses. The college derives its name from Will- iam, Earl of Dartmouth, one of its principal bene- factors. It was founded in 1769, by the late Doct. Eleazer Wheelock, and is in a flourishing condtion. A medical institution is connected with the college, and is accommodated with a brick edifice, contain- ing, besides rooms for students, a laboratoy, ana- tomical museum, mineralogical cabinet, library and lecture rooms. The number of students educated at this college annually is between 2 and 300. The whole number who had been educated in 1822, was J, 341, of whom 1,067 were then living. ill U iiSi Ifif^ni'' ' ■ "ii 1 ; *w- I't . , 'W-^r. .■ff ■ ■ ' I <% 230 WHITE MOUNTAINS. I! ■:! !■ Concord, 55 miles from Hanover, is tlie capital of New-Hampflhire. The village is priDcipally com- posed of two streets on the west bank of the Merri- mack river, and contains a state house, state prison, town house, bank, several churches, 4 or 5 printing olfices, and rising of 200 dwelling houses. The state house located near the centre of the village, is an elegant building of hewn granite, 100 feet long, with a large hall on the first floor, and the senate and representatives* chambers on the second. The building is surrounded by a spacious yard, which is enclosed with a handsome wall The state prison, a strong building, is a short distance from the state house. The Merrimack river is navigable for large boats from Concord to Chelmsford ; from whence to Bos- ton the communication is continued in the Middle- sex canal, 28 miles long. •"■ - •' VISIT TO THE WHITE MOUNTAINS. * From Concord, a stage runs twice a week to Fran- conia, near the White Mountains, distant 75 miles ; and passing through the JVotch, continue? on to Danville, Vt. 28 miles ; and from thence to Mont- real, 100 miles.* After leaving Concord, the first object of attrac- tion is the Winnipiseogee Lake ; which, at Centre Harbor, is 80 n)iles distant. This lake is 23 miles long, from 6 to 14 miles in width, and is remarkable for its beautiful and sublime scenery. From the top of Red Mountain, in Centre Harbor, 1500 feet high, and which is accessible for about two thirds of the way in a caniage, there is an extensive prospect. At the distance of TO miles to the south west, may • be seen Mount Monadnock ; at the west, the Ky- arsage and Simson mountains \ at the north west the Moosehillock ; at the north, the Sandwich mountains, with the Sullivan lake intervening ; at *See page 210. See also Portland, Maine, fot ajRother route to the White Mountarins. WHITE MOUNTAINS. 2ai capital y com- Meni- prison, >riiiting . The lage, is i% long. Q sent^te d. The which is ) prison, he state ■ge boats e to Bos- , Middlc- VINS. I? to Fran- iniles ; les on to to Mbnt- of attrac- at Centre s 23 miles emarkable Dm the top 1500 feet o thirds of prospect, west, may t, the Ky- [nortb west Sandwich ening ; at iMaine, fot the sQQtb east, the W««itwortb lake, with its numer- ous iabgads, bay^, wd the mouotaios which rise from ks bwders, iitdudiog Ossippee oa the fi. £. Gupatoek on the S. and a seoii-circular mountain at the i«rQ)ination of the lake at the S. £. From Centre Harbor, the route lor a conudeiable distance is Ihroud^ a valley, bordered withlolty mountains on eimer »i», oocaaioiu% eidiFeneid with tbia appearance of a compact aettl^ment. THE WHITE MOUIffTAINS, are tb« loftiest w ihe U. Oit. ; Jefiecaon, 5261 ; Adani0, 6BS$i Madiaao, 5039; MooroA, 4JN)2 ; Qiuincy, 4479. Mount Waahiogton is ususiUy asp cended from the aoudi oast« oommeBcing m the town of Goniway, and /olio wing Ihe cours of ble curiosity. It is situated en the brow of the peak or precipice, which rises almost perpendicularly from the surface of a small lake, directly in front, to the height (as estimated) of from 600 to 1000 feet. The front of this precipice is formed of solid rock, but as viewed from the point where the Profile is ;jeen, the whole of it appears to be covered with trees and vegetation, except about space enough for a side view of the Old Man's bust. All the princi- pal features of the human face, as seen in a profile, are formed with, surprising exactness. The little lake at the bottom of the precipice, is about a half a mile in length, and is one of the sources of the Pemigewasset river. Half a mile to the no:th of this, there is another lake, surrounded with roman- tic scenery, nearly a mile in length, and more than half a mile in breadth. This is one of the sources of the southern branch of the Ammonoosuck, which flows into the Connecticut. These lakes are both situated in the Notch, very near the road, and near to the p^'rt where the steep ascent of Mount Lafay- ette commences. The northern lake is 900 feet above tlie site of the Francouia iron works, and the highest point in the road through the Notch is 1029 feet above the same level. Other curiosities in this vicinity are, the Basin and the Pufpil, I •! •' 284 WHITE MOUNTAINS. 1 The road through the Francoau Notch was much improved in 1826, aod is now tolerable. A few yeirs 8ince> the mail was carried thrctip^h il:**i Notch on a mm's back i but now a star^ passes through irom Concord, N. H. in one day, twice a week, and is continued on to Danville an^ Montreal . Good acccMnmodationa ar6 found at the Franconia Hotel, k'jpt by Mr. Oibb, and all necessiry facilities for visiting the curiositiei^ in the neij^br rhood. The number of visitors to the White Bffountains hkd of tote been considerably increased, on account of ^ intetest excited by tike tremendous sHdeB or malanehit of the 28th of August^ 1826. The most flublitte views of these slides, (several of which are nearly equal to the mtaoor^le one whi^ swept away die unfortunate Willey family,) may be seen aUalbngfor several miles, in passing tlwou^i the Notbbk They are also observed from va^ious points in Ae conntira^ round, extoiding down die sides of many of the elevated mountains ; and the astonish- ing effcets of this extraordiaaiy inunda^on are also witnessed in the great etlai^ment of the clumnels of the streams which rise in this duster of moun- tains. This is the hot especially with regard to the channel of the principal branch of the An&onoo^ck, which rises near die summit df Mount Washington. The camp wbich was built by Mr. Crawford for the aoeommodation of viviiovs over night, two miles and « quarter from the summit of Mmint Washing- ton* was stiuated near this branch, and was carried awayby^cheswelliLg of the stream. A small camp has Deen erected in its i^afce, but it is of little use, Mid affiMds no accommodatione for loc^g visitors over ilight The distance from Crawibrd'o house to the sum- mit of JMount Washington, is nine miles. Through tlutee nriles of this distance, a carriage road is now made, and Mr. Crawford expects to extend this road, within a year from iUs time, three miles further. '¥■ 18 much Afew » passes twice a [ontreal. tanconia faciUties od. Jountains i account «2uied ot rbe most vhkh are ich Bwejpt r be seen rough the ouspdnts le sides of I astonish- ID are also channels of moun- {ard to the onoo^ck, ashiftgton. vawford fot ^ two mil^s ; Waihing- ^fiM carried miaU camp little use, ng fisitOTS the sum- Through oad is now )d this road, lies further. FROM CONCORD TO BOSTON. 235 leaving only three miles to be ascended on foot. Visitors now usually ride three miles and walk and climb six ; and the time commonly occupied in as- cending the mountain, reckoning from the time of leaving Crawford's house to the time of returning to it agam, is from ten to fourteen hours; and the shortest time in which the enterprise has been per- formed, is about eight hours. The whole number of ladies who have ascended this mountain is said to be thirteen — enough to vin- dicate the claim of the sex to enterprise, liberal cu- riosity, and a taste for sublime scenery. During the late visit of the writer, several ladies, and among them one from one of the southern states, arrived at Crawford's, who came with the expectation of as- cending, but they thought proper to abandon the de- sign. One of the principal circiimstances which discouraged them, was the fact that there were no accommodations at the camp for lodging over night, and that the whole undertaking must now be ac- complished in one day. FROM CONCORD TO BOSTON. I Stages leave Concord every day at 7 A. M. pass- ing through Pembroke, Hookset, Chester, London- derry, New-Salom, Methuen, Andover, Reading, St'jneham, Medford and Charlestown, to Boston. Distance 68 miles. Fare $3. Pembroke, 6 miles from Concord, is ]ocated[6n the east side of the Merimac river. It is a thriving village, and besides several handsome dwellings, contains 2 churches, an academy 4 paper mills and a cotton factory. ^ * HooKSETT, 3 miles farther. The Merrimac here descends 16 feet in the course of 30 rods. <-r 'M •If- I O ' ?«!' 236 FROM AJ-BANV TO BOSTON. Metkuen, 25 miles from Boston, is situate oia the north side of the Merrimac. Near the village, on the Spicket cre^k, is a handsome fall of 30 feet. A brid{;e here crosses the river to Andover, which contains an extensive Theolo- gical seminary and a flourishing academy. The lormer vtras founded in 1808, and has already receiv- ed more than $350,000 in contributions, prmcipally from six families. The buildings are on a lofty em- inence, 9nd assume a very rich and handsome ap- pearance. Mesford, 4 miles from Boston, is on the Mystic river ; 3 miles firom which is the handsome village of Ckablestown. ( Seep. 249. ) Boston is 1 mile farther, thejQharlestQwn bridge intervening. {Seep. 244.) ' ; FROM ALBANY TO BOSTON. From Albany, stages leave three times a week for Boston, which is distant 167 miles, and the route is performed in two days. Fare $8 75. The days of departure from Albany and Boston are on Monday, Wednesday and Friday, at 2 A. M. One line of stages passes through 6eimin|;tou and Br«ttleboro% Vt. but the most usual route is through New-Leba- non, Pittsfield, Northampton, Brooktield, Worces- ter and Watert«>wn. The several stages and distances on the last mentioned route are as follows : "i 1 /•_- Miles. Miles. Schodack, 5 Peru, 7 Nassau^ ' V 12 Worthiflgton, 8 New-Lebuaon, 8 Chesterfield, 9 Pittsfield, 9 Northamptoh, 13 Dalton, • '^" 6 Hadlev, 12 NEW-LEBAHON. 237 Belchertown, Western, Brookfield, Spencer, Leicester, 9 Worcester, ' 6 7 Framingham, 20 7 Weston, 5 7 Watertown, 5 5 Boston, 10 Albany, {Seep. 66.) NkW'Lsbaiston is a pleasant village in the town of Canaan, N. Y. bordering on PittsfieM, Mass. and is 26 miles from Albany. It contaifis a mineral spring of considerable importance, which is much frequented in the summer months by invalids. It is principally used for tihe purposes of bathing ; but is much inferior to the Saratoga waters, eittier as a medicine or H«)verage. The fountain issues from the side of a high hill, in great abundance, discharg- ing at the rate of 18 barrels per minute ; and is used as a feeder for several millfl. The water is remark- ably pure and soft, and is perfectly tastelejs and in- odorous. Gas, in considerable quantities, e8C9,pes from the pebbles and sand, and kee^ the water in constant motion. It contains small qiLontities of Muriate of Lime, MuHate of Soda, , Sulphate of Lime, and Carbonate of Lime ; and its temperature is 73 degrees of Ferenhint. Convenient bathing ouses are kept in readiness at all times, for the accommodation of strangers ; and thera are a number of boarding establishments which, at different rates, afford proportionate fare. Near the spring is what is called the Shaken* Village, containing a number ofneat, plain build- ing, g;enerally painted yellow. The property of this society is held in common ; and they are said to possess nearly 3000 acres of fertile land. Besides agricultural pursuits, they carry on several braccb«d of manufactures, which are distinguished by excel- lence of workmanship. The singular regulations and ceremonies of these people, constitute an ob- o2 w 238 PITTSFIELD—MOUNT HOLYOKE. ject of attention to tourists. liCbanoa is the village of Nine miles from New- ;«^._f PiTTSFiELD, rendered elegant from its local situ- ation, and from the neatness of its buildings. The village contains about 150 houses, a bank, an acade- my, printing office, and several stores. Here are an- nually held the Cattle Show and Fair of the celebra- ted Berkshire Agricultural Society, which has been incorporated by act of the legislature ; and which ha : done more towards improving the condition of agriculture than any other institution of the kind in the Union. The snow and fair which occupy two days, never fail to impart an unusual degree of inter- est; and are i^ways attended by immense crowds of citizens. ^ ^ I , , ,^^, . .,.., i ..*y „.»■; .iS • NoRTHAMPtoisr is 43 miles from Pittsfield, and is one of th^ finest t6wns in New-Englaild. It is ^situated a mile and a half west of Connecticut river, and was settled as early as the year 1654. It con- stains a bank, printing office, court house, gaol, and 300 dwellings, some of which are very elegant. The Coi^egational church, which is built of wood, is considered one of the most beautiful structures in the slate. There are severalmanufactories here ; and the place exhibits ari liii'fifeMat dpgroe of enter- 8* rize and wealth. A canil is n^w constructing from lia^lrce to New-Haven, Conn. 29 l-'Z miles long, which wiir prove an important auxiliary to the busi- ness orboth places, and the intervening country. f' Mount HoLYokEi in. tl^is vicinity, is much fre- quented by tourists. It' is situat<:!d on the east side of thQ river opposite to Northampton . The height of this mountain above the level of ae river is 1070 feet,« In consequeujce of the resort to this place, which has been not less than from two to five thou- and annually, two buildings have beqn erected on New- il situ- The acade- are an- :elebra- }9 been 1 which ition of kind in ipy two )f intei- crowds lid, ancl ,. It is lit river, Itcon- aol, and nt. The rood, is tures in s iiere ; [)f enter- ing from les long, he busi- try. iiicTi fre- east side height r is 1070 lis place, ve thou- ected on THE LEAD MINE. 289 its summit for the pnrposc of accommodating visit- ors with refreshmen ts . The beaiitifdl aiid extensive prospect afforded frofnt the top of the mountain, Will amply compensate the labor and difficulty of the as- ceht. The view embnices eminences 160 miles a- paft. «7i{h ^eve^-al beautiful Yillaget andarich void fertu* eountrv iiiterv(eihing, and is iaid to be un- rivalled in tne ei^temstetes. The r>EAi> M.'iEihB fit Soathamt>toii« 8 nifMaiMltfi west of Northami. ton, is an object tif nrtKh interart, ahd should be visited, if practicabl hids.'nMl fthe WbAhnen tbldme/ttjiit not less than<^,00O*had Bete and mica islate, ahd iriiiite altem^f. 'fhiioMI^ the ftmdati^^tal depi»inte of |rahHeisnc w uncovered ; m^ the pritidpal iiein bf t^lena ifaikiibt b(. far distiht. 86^eM smallbhihch^ins of oyt* tadi^ <|u«Hz taid galena haye b^n oMsed* ii>d 'iieil^l ftpecimen^' of these, tt>11ecfed by Dr. Hiiht, o3 \- ■?>»">•.», .■*!» ?-y,'^.^'5, f 240 THE LEAD MINE. were very rich and beautiful ; the crystals ot pure galena sometimes exhibit, on their faces, insulated crystals of honey colored carbonate of lime . The prmcipal vein will be found not less, I should judse, than 150 feet below the surface ; and when that time comes, it is confidently expected, not only that the proprietors will be rewarded for the great expense they have incurred, but also, that many a rich specimen will be found to ornament the miner- al cabinets of our country, and to vie in beauty witli the lead ures of Europe. The mouth of the drift is 4 or 6 feet wide, and about 3 feet above the surface of the water. The water is deep enough the whole lensth of it, to ad- mit the pussage of a loaded boat The person wish- ing to explore this internal canal, must fire a gun at the entrance, or beat heavily with a sledge on the timbers that support the soil ; in 10 or 15 minutes, he will perceive a gentle undulation of the water, and soon afier, a boat advancing with lighted lamps and a rower ; having seated himself on the bottom of this boat, and provided himself with an additional garment, he is prepared for his subterranean expedi- tion. As he enters the passage, he will for a mo- ment experience, or imagine he experiences, a little difficulty of breatliing. But he will soon become reconciled to his condition ; and after passing about 100 feet in the excavation, for which distance the soil is supported by timbers, he will find occasional- ly more room, so that he can stand erect. If he looks back, after having advanced several hundred feet, the li^ht at the entrance will appear diminish- ed to the size of a candle ; and before he reaches the extremity, it becomes invisible. About half way from the entrance to the end of the drift, he will pass a shaft, down which a small brook is turned, for the purpose of aiding the ventilator. When he reaches the end of the drift, he finds himself to have penetrated nearly 60 rods, chiefly into solid rock. HADLEV. dti )t pure isulated . The 1 judge, len that lOt only he great t many a e miner- uty witli ide, and er. The it, to ad- son wish- i a gun at ge on the minutes, [le water, ted lamps le bottom additional , m expedi- for a mo- es, a little I become iing about stance the tccasional- •ct. If he [\ hundred diminish- [eaches the half way ["t, he will is turned. When he jlftohave Id rock. The miners do not quit the drift when they blasl, but retire behind a breast work thrown up for the purpose. One man has been an inmate of that dark- recess eight or ten years without suffering in his health. £very mineralogist passing that way, will of course visit this drift. Intelligent gentlemen, without pro- fessional views, and even ladies, not unfrequently enter this cavity. ' )> Hadley, 12 miles from Northampton, is one of the oldest towns in the state. It was the bead-quar- ters of the army employed for the defence of the towns en the Connecticut river, in the war with Philip in 1675-6 ; and was, for a long time, the place of residence of the two regicides >r judges, Whalley and Gotfe, in the time of Char'es the se- cond.* On the town being attacked by the Indians * On die restoration of the English monarch, Charles 2d, in 1660, several of the judges who sat on the trial of Charles 1st, were seized, condemn- ed and executed. Others, foreseeing th6 result, Escaped. Whalley and Goffe, two of the number, came to Boston ; whe^e, for a time, they received the hospitality due to their rank. But on learning that several of the regicides had been executed, and that Whalley and Gone had not been included in the act of pardon, the people who had harbored them began to be alarmed ; and the two judges abruptly departed for Connecticut. Subsequently, the king's proclamation was received, requiring their apprehen- sion. They, however, eluded the vigilance o{ their pursuers, by secreting themselves in a cave and oth- er secret places at New-Haven, where they contin- ued, between three and four years, vntil their retreat was discovered by the Indians. Finding that they could no longer remain at New- Haven in saiety, and that a vigilant search for them was still continued, o \ I' '\ '■ f, i i ! 242 HADLEY. during this war, a stranger, venerable in appearance, and differing in his apparel from the rest of the inhab- itants, suddenly presented himself at the head of the colonial troops, and encouraged them by his advice and example to perseverance in defending the place. To his experience in military tactics and courage, in a great measure , was a defeat of the Indians attribu- table. When they retreated, the stranger disappear-^ ed ; and «n those times of superstition, it was verily believed by many, that he was the guardian angel they resolv ed to remove into a more secluded part of the country. A friend had succeeded in inducing the Rev. Mr. Russell, of Hadley, to receive them ; and after a toilsome journey by night, they reached his house in October, 1664. In a chamber of this house, (which was situate on the east side, and near the centre of the present main street,) having a secret passage to the cellar, they remained undiscovered for fifteen or sixteen years. During this period, Goffe held a correspondence with his wife in England, un- der an assumed name ; and in a letter of April, 1679, it is stated that Whalley had died some time previ- ous at Mr. Russell's, His bones were discovered not many years since in a sort of tomb adjoining the celler wall of Russell's house. Not long after Goffe and WJialley arrived at Had- ley, they were joined by Col. John Dixwell, anoth- er of the judges. After remaining some time, ho went to New-Haven, assumed the name of Davids, was married, had several children, and his real name was not known until his death in 16S9. He was burie^ in the church yard at that place ; where a carse stone still marks the spot of his interment, with this inscription : ** J. D. Esq. deceased March 18, in the 82d year of his age— 168S-9." After the death of Whalley, Goffe travelled to the south, and no certain information relative to his fatu has ever been obtained. B in appearance, estoftheinhab- t the head of the in by his advice ;nding the place, and courage, in I Indians attribu- •anger disappear- on, it was verily guardian angel ! secluded part of d in inducing the ceive them ; and they reached his ber of this house, de, and near the ,) having a secret I undiscovered for his period, Goffe e in England, un- ter of April, 1679, some time previ- i were discovered )mb adjoining the ;y arrived at Had- \ Dixwell, anoth' g sorue time, he i name of Davids, and his real name 1689. He was place ; where a )f his interment, 1. deceased March 33-9." fe travelled to the relative to his fata 1 BROOKFIELD— WORCESTER. 243 of the place. But he was no other than Col. Gofie, who seeing the village in danger, left his conceal- ment to unite with its inhabitants in a vigorous de- fence. Brookfield, 23 miles from Hadley, is a hand- some town, though very little improved by any re- cent additions of buildings. This place was burnt by the Indians in 1675. On the first alarm, the in- habitants, in all about 70, repaired to a house slight- ly fortified externally with log!), and internally lined with feather beds, to check the force of nmsketry. This spot was soon surrounded by the enemy, and a constant fire poured upon it in all directions. But the well directed shots of the besieged kept the In- dians at a considerable distance. Various devices were used by the latter for burning the building ; but their plans were thwarted by the whites, aided by a plentiful shower of rain . The attack continued for three days ; when the appearance of a body of troops from Lancaster ind'iced the Indians to seek their own safety in a precipitate retreat. All the buildings in the village except the one fortified, were destroyed. Only one of the inhabitants, however, was killed ; while the loss of the Indians was 80. Leicester, 12 miles. The village contains an academy, 3 churches, and about 80 dwellings. The principal employment of the inhabitants is the man- ufacture of woollen cards; of which a very large amount are annually made. Worcester, (6 miles,) is one of the oldest and most respectable towns in the state. It contains from three to four hundred houses, generally well built. Here are also a bank, three printing offices, a court-house and a gaol. A newspaper, which was commenced by Isaiah Thomas some time previous to the revolutionary war, is still published here, and o5 u li > I ! ! 21V BOSTON. is the oldest paper in the Union. Mr. Thomas, who has written an elaborate history of the art of print- ing, resides in the village, and has been created an honorary member of many literary institutions in the United States. A canal from Worcester to Provi- dence, 38 miles distant, is nearly completed ; the cost of which is estimated at $500,000. From Worcester to Boston the distance is 40 miles, over a beautiful road, which passes tlirough a rich country, variegated with villages, which increase in size and importance as the tourist advances towards the metropolis of the state. >4'-: »;■!■■?& ■■' BOSTON. Is pleasantly situated at the bottom of Massachu- setts Bay, on a peninsula of an imeven surface, two miles long, and in the widest part about one mile broad. The town owes its origin to a spirit of civil and religious liberty, which was excited to action by the persecutions that prevailed in England, dur- ing the reigns of Queen Elizabeth, and Kings James and Charles the First. Most of those who can prop- erly be considered as Jirst settlers arrived prior to the year 1643. The place was first called Trimoun- tain, in consequence of three hills which were on the peninsula. It was afterwards called Boston, in honor of the Rev. Mr. Cotton, a minister of the first church in the town, and whose native place was Boston in England. The harbor is one of the best in the United States. It has a sutiicient depth of water for the largest ves- sels nt all times of tide, and is accessible at all sea- sons of the year. It is safe from every wind, and so capacious that it will allow 500 vessels to ride at an- chor, while the entrance is so naiTow as scarcely to admit two ships abreast. Boston is vety extensive- ly engaged in commerce. There are probably few cities in the world where there is so much wealth in proportion to the population. During the summer BOSTON. 215 and autumn of 1827, the aggregate amount of busi- ness is stated, on good authority, to have been great- er than that of any preceding year. The coasting trade is calculated to have nearly doubled within a few years, and the opinion that foreign commerce has declined, is thought to rest on very uncertain information. The country in the immediate vicini- ty is fertile and populous, and connected with the capital by fine roads. The Middlesex canal opens a water communication with the interior of New- Hampshire. Among the literary institutions, are the Boston Atheneum, which contains about 20,000 volumes ; the Boston library, which has 8 or 9 thousand, and several other respectable libraries belonging to lit- erary societies. Among the benevolent institutions, are the House of Industry at South Boston, of rough dimension stone, 220 feet long and 43 wide ; tlie Massachusetts General Hospital, founded in 1318, which has been richly endowed by the state and in- dividuals ; and a Hospital for the Insane, the build- ings of which are at Charlestown. There are six bridges connecting Boston with the adjacent towns. Charles River bridge, which connects it with Charlestown on the north ; West Boston bridge, connecting it with Cambridge Port on the west ; Cragie's or Canal bridge, between these two, con- nects it with Lechmere Point , and two bridges, one erected the last season, imiting it to South Boston. The other avenue is a miil-ddm, nearly two miles long and fifty feet wide, across the bay on the S. VV. side of the city ; the design of which is not only to furnish a bridge, but to put in operation extensive tide-mills and other water works. The houses originally were plain and the streets generally narrow and crooked ; but a few years have wrought a striking and almost incredible change ; new streets have been laid out, old ones straighten- ed and improved, and neat brick and granite dwell- 1 •' ■ Iff 246 BOSTON. 1 ! ings have been substituted for the ill-shapen and de< caying houses of wood. The private buildings, and many of the stores recently erected* are more splen- did than in any other city in the United States; In 1817, there was erected on each side of Market- street, a block of brick stores more than 400 feet in length, and 4 stories high ; and on Central Wharf another immense pile of buildings was completed the same year, 1,240 feet long, containing 64 stores 4 stories high, having a spacious hall in the ciantre, over which is erected an elegant observatory. Oth- er costly works have been constructed which do honor to the town ; but the project which exceeded th::;m aiM in boldness of design, in promise of public benefit, and in energy of execution, is that which within two or three years has bc;6n accomplished in the vicinity of Fanueil Hall Market. The exten- sive rows of granite stores, 4 stories high, construct- ed after the best model, bound this newly perfected enterpHse. Between these two ranges of stores, stands the New Market House, at the distance of 102 feet from those aH the south side, and 66 feet from the north. The centre part of the building is 74 1-2 ft. by 55 ft. having a hall in the second story. The wings are each 231 feet long, by 50 wide, and two stories high. They have «Hch a portico of four columns^ 23 feet high ; the shafts of granite in a sin- gle piece . The construction of the whole is of ham- mered granite of a uniform color. Among the public buildings are the State House, which is built on elevated ground, commanding a tine view of the surrounding country ; the new county court-house, built of stone, at an expense of $92,0UO ; the municipal court-house ; a new stone jail ; Fanueil hall, where all public meetings of the citizens are held ; two theatres, one of which (the Tremont) was erected in 1827, at a cost of about :ifl20,000, being 135 feet in length and about 80 in breadth, the front of Hallowell and Quincy granite. BOSTON. 241 and de- gs, and ! splen- BS; In Vlarket- feet in I Wharf tnpleted )4 stores ) centre, r. OtK- iiich do exceeded )f public it which »U8hed in e exten- dnStruct- petfected pf stotes, stance of 65 feet uilding is rid story, vide, and :o of four in a sin' of ham- House, landing a the new ipense of ew stone igs of the hich (the of about out 80 in pjratiite, in imitation of the Ionic order, with four pilastres supporting an entablature and pediment, and eleva- ted on a basement of 17 feet ; a custom-house, and 42 places of public worship, viz. 12 Congregational churches, (Unitarian,) 7 Congregational churches, (Trinitarian,) 1 Independent Unitarian— 3 Episco- palian — 5 Baptist — 4 Methodist — 3 Universalist — 1 Catholic — 2 Christian — 1 Presbyterip.o— 1 Swc- denborgian — 1 African, and 1 Freewill ^jupiist In the south western part of the city, is the cele- brated Common, presenting an area oi more than 40 acres, bounded by the Mali, a very beautiful pub< lie walk, adorned with rows of trees. This is a de- lightful promenade during the summer months, and is a place of general resort. Near the Mall, in Ma- son-street, is the Medical college, an edifice belong- ing to Harvard University, surmounted by a dome with a sky-light and balustrade. The population at this time is near 70,000. The inhabitants have long been distinguished for their enterprise and intelli- gence ; and for the liberty with which they support religious, literary and humane institutions. Boston, from its local, situation, not having like most of our Atlantic cities, the pd vantages of mter- nal river navigation, has become celebrated for its travelling conveyances. The number of stage coach- es which regularly leave the city, is much larger than that of any other place in the union. There are be- tween eighty and ninety distinct lines of stages ; which, according to their established arrangements, not including extras, make about 125 departures, and as many arrivals daily, or more than 1500 de- partures and arrivals each week. For the benefit of public houses and travellers, a Stage Register is pub- lished, once in two months, by Badger and Porter, SI Court-Street, containing an account of the prin- cipal lines of steles, steam boats and canal packets in New-England ahd New- York. 1 ;r >^ii * "S ;i! jg?"" »■ 'S m ^ f! '-it !,! !li ii' •2i8 KOXBCRY. -The country ardutid Boston is the ad^iratiob of every travelter df tiste. The view itHta the ddhie of the (State bouse, sm passes ariy thine of the kind in this countiy, and is ndt excdied by that from the castle hill of Edinburgh, or (hat tiif tlie Bay of Na- ples, from the <;astle of St. EIniic. Here m^y be seen at one view, the shipping, the harbor, viiriiig^- ted Vith isrands and ah've mih business ; Chatles liver'ahd its beautiful country, ornamented mUt ele- gatu private mansions ; s(nd more than tvi^enty lourishins; towns. The hills are finely cultivated, andrbunded by the hand of nature with iiiitigular fe- licity. "f'f? ^TV*. "' ' DoRCHEBTER, IS an ancient tovrti, about 4 1-2 miles south of Boston, iiaving been settled fn 1630. The roads are r>umerous and crooked, b^it mostly level and kept in ^ottd repair. Matiy fine country seats and substantial farm houses hre thibhly arranc^ed on tlieir sides. Tl^ey have a town hoUse, thtee con- gregational churches,* and one tor ihetlibdists. The population is abdut 4000. The peninsula, dalled Dorchester neck, borders on Boston harbbr, ami a pat-t of it is ineorporated with the town of Bobton. Sarin Hill, in this town, is a place of cdnsidd^rable resort, and the peninsula of SquantUm is famous for its yearly feast of shells. f KoitBimT, adjoining^ D6N:he«ter on the ^eMt,has amputation of more than 400C Th« poilidn bf the town ne:!tt to Buston is thickly tisttled and foitim a hdndsome villaee. H^rearethMeebUMhes within a few mkIs of ea^h other ; and th'^M ai-e t#b dthers in diffetent parts bf the town. 'Jaihftica plains, at the west part/ls a delightfbl «pot, 6rttbmi6bted with tastefUr&ndrichcount^ Mats, and W«ll cultivated gardens. The pond whi«h supplies the Boston aqueduct lies in that quarter. 'V .-♦j CHARLESTOWN. 24i» itiobof he kind oiin the of Na- mtty be Tiirieg^- Chatles 7iiii ele- tvi^eiUy Itivated, jular fe- iut4 1-2 En 1630. i mostiy eourltry arranG^ed hteetdn- fis. The , dalled , anid a Bdston. ?id(f;rable nous foi- reit,has in of the fohn^a ^e within dtherB lialhs^ at Ited with AltMed Boston Brighton, 5 miles west of Boston, was former- ly a part of Cambridge, and lies between that place and Brookline. Here is held the famous Cattle Fair, which was commenced during the revolution- ary war, and has been increasing in importance ever since. Most of the cattle for the supply of the Bos- ton market are brought in droves to this place ; often from 2 to 8000 a week ; every Monday is the fair day, when the deabrs resort thither to make their purchases. ..^,. ^.,, ,.. *. ^-. it-^t fji i Watkrtown is on Charles river, 7 miles W. N. W. from Boston, and is the seat of several extensive manufacturing establishments. The United States have an Arsenal established in this town. Fresh Ponds, one of the most enchanting retreats in the vicinity of the metropolis, lies partly in this town and partly in Cambridge. .,,.^.- .„. „» -fi,li'-t l-tM-y >.v Cambridge, 2 miles west of Boston. (See p. 225.) ■.,'U. I ':• fi :■•,■■« '■<■ "' i.- ■ -fi Charlestown, is a place of singular shape, ex- tending in a northwesterly direction from Boston harbqr, about 9 miles in length and not averaging a breadth of one mile, and in some parts it is not a quarter of a mile wide. The compact part of the town is situated on a peninsula next to Boston and is laid out in regular streets. Charlestown contains a population of near 7000. It has five houses of public worship, a spacious alms house, and a hand- some market hoiise. Besides Charles River and Prison Point bridges whici) connect this town with Boston, theire is Chelsea bridge on the Salem turn- pike, and Maiden bridge, both over the Mystick river. IBreed's Hill and Bunker'sf Hill both lie within this peninsula ; the former is 62 feet in height, the lat- ter 110 feet The U. S. Navy yard, in this town, consists of about 60 acres of land, on which are built i n IIP '250 BREED'S HILL. Iff a large brick ware house, several arsenals, maea' sines for various kinds of stores, and a large brick mansion house for the superintendine officer. The State Prison is at the west end of the town, and is built of granite, 200 feet by 44, of 5 stories. Ex- tensive additions to the buildin|^ were commenced in 1827. The Massachusetts Insane Hospital is de- lightfully situated upon Pleasant hill, on the west sideof the town. The Ursuline Coiwent, is on Mount Bene- dict, about 2 1-2 miles from Boston, commanding one of the most rich and varieeated prospects in the United States. The plan of education pursued here is very extensive, embracing all thoi^ attainments which are considered necessary, useful or ornamen- tal in society. Adjoining tiie establishment, is a garden beautifully Isid out, to which the young la- dies always have access. Besides this, they are allowed, on days of recreation, to extend their walks over the whole form, attended however by one or more of their instructors. iJH# \ \'^V'" BREEt)'s Hill is situated 1-4 of a mite north east of Charleatown, and affords a pleasant prcMpect of Boston, (3 miles distant,) the harbour, Cfam- bridge and its "colleges, and of an extensive tract of highly cultivated country. In the month of May, after the battle of Lexing- ton, it was conjectured from the movements of Uie British army that Gen. Gage intended to penetrate into the country. It was accordingly decided by the provincial congress to attempt a defence of Dorches- ter neck, and to occupy Bunker's Hill, just within the peninsula on which Charlestown stands. A de- tachment of 1000 men, under Col. Prescot, proceed- ed to execute these orders, but by some mistake. Breed's Hill, situated on the farther part of the pe- ninsula, was selected for the proposed entrench- ments. BREED'S HILL. 2dl The party under Col. Prescot proceeded in their work with to much diligence and secrecy, that by the dawn of da; , they had thrown up a square re- doubt, of about 40 yards on each side. Day-light discovered this new work to the British, and a heavy cannonade was commenced upon it from the ship- ping in the river. The fire was borne with firmness by the Americans, and did not prevent them from soon constructing a breast work, which extended from the redoubt to the bottom of the hill. "As this eminence overloc^ed Boston, Gen* Gage thought it necessary to drive the provincials from it. To effect this object, he detached Major General Howe, and Brigadier General Pigot, at the bead of ten companies of grenadiers, and the same number of light infantry, with a proper proportion of field artillery. These troops landed at Moreton's Point, where they immediately formed ; but per- ceiving the Americans to wait for them with firm- ness, they remained on their ground until the suc- cess of the enterprize should be rendered secure by the arrival of a re-enforcement from Boston, for which General Howe had applied. During this in- terval the Americans, also were re-enlbrced by a body of their countrymen led by Generals Warren and Pomeroy ; tuid the^ availed themselves of this de- lay, to increase their security by pulling up some adjoining post and rail fences, and anranging them in two parallel lines at a small distance fiom each oUier ; ttie i^ace between which th^y filled up with hay, so as to form a complete cover from the musket- ry of ^oeoemjr* ** On being joined by their second detachment., the Britidi troops, who were formed in two line/, advanced slowly under cover of a very heavy ^'^ • chaig# of cannon and howitzers, frequently halting in o«ter to allow their artUlery time to demol^ish the WQJ^. While they were advancing, orders were given to set fire to Cbarlestown^ a handsome vill- :M I mi il I'MI ■m r 252 BREED'S HILL. age containing about 500 houses which flanked their line of march. The buildings were chiefly of wood, and the flames were quickly communicated so ex- tensively, thct almost the whole town was in one groat blaze. <* It is not easy to conceive a more grand and a more awful spectacle than was now exhibited ; nor a moment of more anxious expectation than that which was now presented. The scene of action was in full view of the heights of Boston and of its neighborhood, which were covered with spectators t»king deep and opposite interests in the events passing before them. The soldiers of the two hos- tile cimies not on duty, the citizens of Boston, and the inhabitants of the adjacent country, all feeling emotions which set description at defiance, were witnesses of the majestic and tremendous scene. "* The provincials permitted the enemy to approach unmolested within less than one hundred yards of their works, when they poured in upon them so deadly a fire of small arms that the British line was totally broken, and fell back with precipitation to- wards the landing place. By the very great exer- tions of their officers they were rallied, and brought up to the charge, but were again driven back, in confusion by the heavy and incessant fire from the works. General Howe is said to have been left at onetime almost alone, and it is certain that very few officers about his person escaped unhurt. " The impression to be made by victory or de- feat, in this early stage of the war, was deemed of the utmost consequence ; and therefore very extra- ordinary exertions were made once more to rally the English. With great difficulty, they were a third time led up to the works. The redoubt was now attacked on three sides at once, while some pieces of artillery, which had been brought to bear on the breast worlc, raked it fi-om end to end. The cross fire too, from tj]ip ships and floating batteries, not on- I i BREED^S HILL. 23» inked t\icir y of wood, ted so ex- /as in one and and a ibited ; nor m than that 10 of action 1 and of its h spectators the events he two hos- Boston, and , all feeling (fiance, were )U8 scene. ly to approach (red yards of ipon them so itish line was jcipitation to- y great exer- and brought iven back, in fire from the e been left at that very few victory or de- as deemed ot •e very extra- re to rally the were a third ibt was now gome pieces bear on the The cross iteries, not on- ly annoyed the works on Breed^s hill, but deterred any considerable reinforcements from passing into the peninsula, and coming to their assistance. The ammunition of the Americans was now so nearly exhausted, that they were no longer able to keep up the same incessant stream of fire, which had twice repulsed the enemy ; and on this third attempt, the redoubt, the walls of which the English mounted with ease, w< i carried at the point of the bayonet. Yet the Americans, many of whom were without bayonets, are said to have maintained the contest with clubbed muskets, until the redoubt was half filled with the king's troops. " The redoubt being lost, the breast work which had been defended with equal courage and obstina- cy, was necessarily abandoned ; and the very haz- ardous operation undertaken, of retreating, in the face of a victorious enemy, over Gharlestown neck ; where they were exposed to the same r.ross fire from the Glasgow man of war and two floating batteries, which had deterred the reinforcements ordered to their aid, from coming to their assistance, and had probably prevented their receiving proper supplies of ammunition.'* The number of British troops engaged in thiti ac- tion, was about 3000, and their loss in killed and wounded was 1050. The American force has been variously stated, from 1500 to 4000 ; and their loss, in killed, wounded and missing, amounted to 450. General Warren was among the number of the slain, and a handsome monument now marks the spot where he fell. The spot of ground on which this monument stands, was recently purchased by Dr. J. C. Warren, of Boston, a nephew of the lamented General, for the purpose, it is said, of preserving un- injured the few remaining traces of the memorable battle of '75.* ""The corner stone of a monument to be erected on Breed's Hill was laid on the 15th of June, 1825 ; at p ^ly 2ihi NAUAM. Fort Indefxndjenck, is situated on an island at the outlet of Boston harbor, 3 miles distant ; op< posfte to which is Governor's Island, containing a fort erected duiing the late war. These two forts command the entrance into the harbor of Boston. Seven or eight miles below is the light-house, at the north-eastern extremity of the (ih^i^Qel, where ves- sels enter the Atlantic. "- NAHANT, ' ^ Is a peninsula running three or four miles into the sea, and is situated fifteen miles north easterly from Boston. It is approached from the town of Lynn over a beautiful beach of a mile and a half in length. At the extremity of this beach, commences the pe- ninsula, which is about two miles in length, and in some parts half a mile broad, although its shores are extremely irregular, and indented with small bays worn into the rocks by the unceasing action of the waves. The surface is uneven, rising in some places to the elevation of sixty or seventy feet above the lev- el of the sea. The shore is very bold, and presents, on all sides, a grand embankment of broken massy which ceremony, the Marquis de La Fayette w.as present. The granite for this monument is to be conveyed from Quincy, 9 or 10 miles from Boston* on a rail road commencing at the quarry and termi- nating at a point of the harbor. This rail ro^d is a little more than three miles long ; and h^ been used for conveying the granite of which several buildings are erected in Boston. It is on an inclin- ed'pbne, enabling two horses to draw twenty tons, and return with the vehicle employed, to the quarry. It will be an object of interest to those who have never seen a rail road, to visit this ; from whence an excursion may be continued to the residence of the late President Adams, a short distance farther. xNAHANT. 255 vocks. At several points these rocks are worii into fantastic shapes, and at ;he time of high tide, or a swell of the sea, the roar and foam of the waters among them, present a most interesting spectacle, which is contemplated by the quiet observer, seated on the summit above, with awe and admiration. The whole expanse of the ocean spreads out towards the east, and after a storm, the rolling waves oome pouring in their immense burden upon these rocks, with such a power, sublimity and uproar of contei'd" ing element*, as can hardly be conceived by any one who has not witnessed the scene. And again, when the sea it tranquil, it may be seen covered with shipping of all sizes, as far as the eye can extencl, moving in different dhrections up and down tbe coast, and exhibiting an animating picture of the in- dustry and activity of commerce. In short, for pic- tmesqoe beanty and sublimity of scenery, as well as for the many advantages arismg from its peculiar lo- cal situation, this place is not surpassed by any on the coast. Besides a view of the ocean, Nahant presents a great variety of other interesting prospect. On one side is seen the village of Lynn, Swanscut, Philips* Beaeh, Marblehead, Egg Rock, Baker's Island, and the north shore as far as the highland of Cape Ann ; on the other, Charlestown, Boston, the islands in Boston harbour, part of Dorchester, Braintree, Nan- tucket and Scituate, with the light«houses of Bos- ton, Scituate and Baker's Island, forming together a panorama hardly to be equalled in beauty or va- riety. The peninsula extends farther into the sea than any other head land in the Bay. It is distant from the nearest island in Boston harbor, to the south, seven miles — from the nearest point of the south shore, about twelve miles — from the north shore, between two and three miles. It is, on thb side, connected with the main land by a beach a few rods ■tif'i !'i' iil if f¥ P2 256 NAHANT. mi., n ■wide. Thus insulated and surrounded by water, Nahant enjoys a climate and temperature very cool, and, comparatively, very equable — a circumstance of much importance to the invalid, and which will determine the choice of a great portion of those who annually leave the city for the purposes of health or amusement. Accommodations for visitors have lately been multiplied and greatly improved. A spacious and elegant stone edifice has been erected as <^ Hotel, near the extremity of the peninsula, in a vsry com- manding and pleasant situation. This buildingcon- tains 70 chambers, constructed on a plan of peculiar convenience, both for families and single persons. The dining hall is sufficiently spacious to accommo- date 150 persons at table, besides which there are drawing rooms and private parlours. Large and commc^ious stables are appended to the Hotel ; and a bathing house for warm and cold baths, and float- ing baths for those who may prefer the bracing ac- tion of sea water, make a part of the establishment. The Hotel is surrounded by piazzas, which afford a most delightful prospect in every direction, and re- ceive the cool and refreshing breezes every part of the day. In a small village, a quarter of a mile from the Hotel, are several private boarding houses, where every accommodation can be had for invalids, and for those who seek retiremont. Numerous cot- tages, too, are now erecting, by several individuals, which are intended to ifford more extensive and el- egant accommodations for those who may pass''thc summer in this delightful place of residence. Nahant has many amusements. Angling with the rod may be enjoyed as a pleasant lecreation, standing on the rocks ; and those who would try their bkiil in decoying larger prey, may go out in boats, which are always in readiness, and furnished with suitable aparatua. Game, too, is abundant in the vicinity. But there are few amusements or LYNN. 257 /ater, cool, itance 1 will e who ilth or been LIS and Hotel, y com- ngcoD- peculiar peisons. commo- tiere are rge and tel ; and nd float- icing ac- lishment. \ afford a and re- f part of of a mile r houses, invalids, srouscot- Jviduals, [e and el- pass "the jling with pcreation, irould try >o out in ffurnished jndant in lents oi- pleasures superior to that of riding, at suitable hours of the day, on the beach. A beautiful building, in imitation of a Grecian temple, has been erected on an eminence, near the Hotel, in which are two elegant billiard rooms. There are also convenient covered bowling alleys, and such other means of amusement as are usually connected with the most extensive and elegant es- tablishments at watering places. On the whole, the proximity of Nahant to Bos- ton — its facility of access — the beauty and grandeur of its scenery — and above all, the singular local ad- vantages it affords for invigoiating the constitution, the salubrity and bracing tone of its atmosphere, and the excellent accommodations it offers to visitors — will undoubtedly make it a place of general resort during the summer months, from all parts of the United States. , ,. ,. FROM BOSTON TO PORTLAND, (M.\wb. A stage leaves Boston daily at 8 A. M. (Simdays excepted,) reaching Newburyport at 1 P. M. and Portsmouth, N. H, at 5. Leaves Portsmouth the next morning at 8, and reaches Portland at 5 P. M. Distance, 120 miles — fare $6, The intervening distances are as follows : Lynn,* 9 York, •" : 1, Salem,* 5 Kennebunk, 24 Nevvburyport, 24 Saco, 10 Portsmouth, 24 Portland, 15 Lynn is a large township, with a population of between 4 and 5000. It contains 6 chun-.hes ; and many large manufacturing establishments for ladies' shoes, which are sent to the southern states and ♦These places are not on the direct route from Boston to Newburyport ; but it is, nevertheless, recommended to pass through them. ,:■.{»: .^f p3 258 PORTSMOUTH. '■V: the West Indies. The Lynn beach connects the peninsula of Nahant with the main land. Salem is considered the second town in New- England in commerce, wealth and population. It is located on a peninsula formed by two inlets of the sea, called North and South rivers- On the oppo- site side of North river is the town of Beverly, to which a bridge leads, 1500 feet in length. Marble- head is on the opposite side of South river, which forms the harbor, defended by two forts. Salem con- tains a court house, 3 banks, an atheneum, a muse- um, an orphan assylum and 17 churches. The Square^ near the centre of the town, is a beautiful tract of ground ; and is surrounded by numerous el- egant private dwellings. Salem was settled as early as 1626. Its Indian name was Naumkeag. In 1692, and for some time afterwards, several of its inhabitants became a prey to the greatest credulity and bigotry. Its prison was crowded with persons accused of witchcraft ; many of whom paid their life as a forfeit for their supposed crimes. The present population of the town is from 12 to 14,000. Newburyport is handsomely situated on the south bank of the Merrimack river, three miles from its mouth, rising on a gradual acclivity from the wa- ter. The streets are wide, and intersect each other at righ^ angles ; and many of the houses are ele- gant. The court-house, standing at the head of one of the principal streets leading from the river, adds much to the beauty of the place. The village con- tains 2 banks, 7 churches and 7,000 inhabitants, and is a place of considerable trade ; though it suffered much during the restrictive system, previous to- the last war. Portsmouth is the largest town and only sea- port in New-Hampshire. It is located on the souU' PORTLAND. 25Jf Is t\i€ New- n. It of the oppo- rly, to larble- which mcon- muse- The eautiful rous el- Indian ne time a i?rcy ts prison :hcraft ; or their of the on the es from the wa- ch other are ele- idofone er, adds ige con- nts, and suffered ■19 to- the nly sea- he soviU' side of the Piscataqua river, 2 miles from its mouth. The town contains 5 banks, an atheneum, an assy- lum for females, an alms-house, custom-house and 7 churches A bridge, 2371 feet long, crosses the river at this place to Kittery, Me. on the opposite side. On au island between the two place.s is a na- vy yard. The town is handsome in its appearance, is a place of considerable trade, and contains a pop- ulation of about 8000. In 1695, this place was assaulted by a party of In- dians, and 14 of its inhabitants killed, one scalped, who recovered, and four taken prisoners. After burning several houses, the Indiao.s retreated through what is called the grecU swamp. They were, however, overtaken the next morning by a company of miUt'2, dispersed, and the prisoners re- taken. After leaving Portsmouth, the villages of York, Welles, Kennebunk and Saco,are successively pass- ed, before reaching Portland ; affording very little to interest, if we except an old Fort about 3 miles and a half north east of Welles, and the falls at Sa- 00, on the river of that name, which rises in the Wlute Mountains of New-Hampshire. These falls are about 30 feet ; and afford facilities for extensive manufacturing operations. PoRTitAxD, the capital of Maine, and a port of entry, is a beautiful town, located on a peninsula projecting into Casco bay. This peninsula has two prominences ; on one of which stands several ele- gant dwelling houses, and on the other an observa- tory. The harbor is safe, well defended , and has a light-house at its entrance. Among the public build- ings in the town are a state-house, an elegant court- house, a jail, custom-house, 2 banks, an academy, atheneum and 10 churches. Population, upwards of 9,000. From the observatory, an extensive pros- pect is had of the ocean and of the country at the f4 n m w t i^i Mi 260 PORTLAND. I ! f norlh-west, terminated by the White Mountains. On Bang's and House Islands, at the entrance of the harbor, are Forts Preble and Scammel. At the east, 32 miles distant, is seen the light-house at the mouth of the Kennebec river, with a great variety of islands intervening. West of the observatory is Fort Sumner, on a hill, with several intrenchments made during the revolutionary war. Portland (then called Falmouth) was nearly laid in ruins in Oct 1775 The inhabitants were requir- ed by Capt. Mowatt, of the British sloop of war Can- ceau, to surrender their ariiis ; and on a refusal, he commenced a bombardment of the town, which last- ed 9 hours ; resulting in a destruction of 130 houses, three fourths of the whole un mber. A church which escaped the conflagration, is still standing, and con- tinues to exhibit several marks of cannon shot re- ceived at the time. Stages leave Portland everyday (Sundays except- ed) for Brunswick (the location of Bowdoin college) Bath, Hallo wel, and Augusta. Fare from Portland to N. Yarmouth, 12 miles, 87 1-2 cents ; to Free- port, IS miles, $1,25 ; to Brunswick, 27 miles, ^ ; to Bath, 38 miles, $2,?5 ; to Bowdoinham village, $2,50 ; to Richmond, ^^3 ; to Gardiner, 52 miles, |3,50 ; to Hallowel and Augusta, 58 miles, $4. Stages also leave Portland every Wednesday and Saturday mornings for the White Mountains in New-Hampshire,* passing through Westbrook, Gror- ham, Standish, Baldwin, Hiram, Brownsfield and Fryeburgh to Conway, which they reach at evening. Distance 55 miles — fare $3. From Conway, a stage leaves on Monday and Thursday mornmgs, passing through Bartlett, Hart's Location, over the Ava- lanches at the Notch of the White Mountains, thro' Nash and Saw in 's Location, Britton woods and Bethlehem to Littleton on the Connecticut river. 8ee p. 230. ani onl wif wJ dail Far tains, ice of Ltthe at the ariety tory is iDients rly laid requir- ar Can- iisal, he ich last- houses, h which md con- , shot re- 8 except- coUege) Portland to Free- liles, ^ ; a village, Rsday and Lntains in Vook,Gk)r- sfield and . evening. ty, a stage [s, passing [the Ava- lains, thro' i^oods and ticutrivev. FROM BOSTON TO PKOVTDKNCK. 2UI Distance 55 miles — fare $3. [Littleton is 17 mile." below Lancaster, 100 miles north of Concord, N. U. and is located at the mouth and falls of the Ammo- Doosuc river.] STAGES FROM BOSTON TO NEW-YORK, via Hartford and JVeto-Haven., Conn. A stage leaves Boston, daily, at 1 P. M.; arrives in Hartford next morning at 6, in New-Hf < ^n at 2 P. M., and in New- York at 6, second morning — distance 210 miles, fare -^ll. This line meets a steam-boat every day at New-Haven, except Sun- day — fare through by stage and steatn-boat, $10,50. A stage also leaves Boston on Sunday and Wednes- day, at 3 A. ^L reaches New-London, Conn, at evening, where a steam-boat is taken, which reach- es New-York the next morning. Another stage leaves Boston and New-Haven daily, passing thro' Hartford, and reaching the two first mentioned pla- ces at evening of the second day — distance 136 miles, fare $7,50. Either of the foregoing routes can be taken by travellers wishing to proceed directly to New- York ; but where leisure will permit, an excursion by the way of Providence is recommended, on the route hereafter designated. It is more circuitous, but much more interesting ; and will amply compensate the tourist for the additional time employed for the purpose. FROM BOSTON TO PROVIDENCE, 40 miles. R. L A stage leaves Boston every morning at 3 o'clock, and connects with the steam-boat lineal Providence on Monday, Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday ; and with the steam-boat line at New- London, Conn, on Wednesday and Sunday. Stages also leave Boston daily at 7 and 10 A. M., and at noon for Providence. Fare $1. The intermediate distances follow : j> 5 "(■•iiji ff! hm If ■■I I H-. ll-I i J " 262 PAWTUCKET— PROVIDENC'I::. liii Roxburj', 2 Wrentham, 7 Dodham, 8 Pawtuckct, 9 Walpole, 10 Providence, 4 In proceeding to Roxbury, {seep. 248,) the stage passes over what is called the Neck, a narrow strip of land, containing intrenchments thrown up in 1776, to prevent the British troops, who were then in Boston, from escaping. On Dorchester Heights^ {seep. 248,) which are seen at the east, many of tho works erected for comm»ndlhg Boston and its harbor, are in tolerable preservation. Passing the Blue Hills, 7 miles from Boston, which afford a pleasant retreat in the summer months, and a charming prospect of the surrounding country, the village of Dedham is reached in going three miles farther. It is a large and beautiful town, containing a court- house, jail, bank, 6 churches, and between 2 and 3000 inhabitants. Charles and Neponset rivers run through the place, and afford numerous seats for mills and manufacturing establishments. Walpole 10, and Wrentham 17 miles from Dedham, are small villages. * '' Pawtucket, 9 miles from Wrentham, is located at the falls of the Pawtucket river ; and is one of the most extensive manufacturing places in the union. It contains 10 or 12 cotton factories, several shops for making machinery, and a number of factories for other purposes. Four mile:;, farther, over a most delightful road, is the handsome and flourishing town of PROVIDENCE. The settlement of this place was commenced as early as 1636, by Roger Williams. He was a puri- ;%. -^ PROVIDENCE. 263 tan minister, and had been settled at Salem ; but holding tenets contrary to the faith of many of his people, he was banished the jurisdiction of Massa- chusetts. He came to what was called by the Indi- ans JfoosAaustcA; ,* but which, in gratitude for the providential safety he had experienced, he called Providence. It is located on the river of the same name, just above the mouth of the Seekhouk or Pawtucket, 35 miles from the ocean, and is a port of entry. The town is built on both sides of the river, across which is an elegant bridge ; and is one of the most wealthy and enterprizing places in the union. Besides a great variety of extensive manufacturing establishments, it contains a court-house, town- house, market, hospital, 7 banks, a college, 3 acade- mies, and several churches ; and its population in 1S25 was 14,328. Brown University, at this place, over which the Rev. Francis Wayland, jun. presides, was incorporated in 1769. It soon rose to a respectable rank among the literary institutions of the country ; but afterwards declined. Under its present able and judicious President, however, it has attained a handsome elevation, and promises to become one of the best seats of learning in the union. The libra- ry has lately been much increased by donations from England ; ard the philosophical apparatus which is extensive, is constantly improving The college edifices, of which there are two, are located on a lofty eminence ; with streets leading thereto, richly decorated with tine mansions and elegant gardens. *' About a mile still farther east or north-east, stands a large building, called the Quaker College. It was built by the Friends, and is occupied as a boarding school of that persuasion, and is in excel- lent order. Near this, of corresponding dimensions and appearance, stands the new Alms house. A legacy of 60,000 dollars, has enabled the town to erect this noble structure. The town abounds with i i ■-. -tH. pi ia'l 264 PROVIDENCE TO NEWPORT. i I t ! the most delightful private residences. The new^ town, on the west side of the dver, has more the ap- pearance of a flourishing commercial city thMi tne old. It also contains many spacious dwellini^s which impart to it an air of prosperity. The bill, or East Prov? "^nce. " it is called, is occupied by gentle- men'^ viv mansions, or country seats, all advan- ta^eou [}? laeav '1, with fine court yards in front, thickly |. - r\ with shrubbery, while highly culti- vated and oeautiii gardens adorn the rear, and add immeasurably to theu comforts. The charmiosres- idences of Messrs. Brown, Ives, and Governor Fen- ner are entitled to particular notice. It was on Uie present domains of Governor Fenner, that Roger Williams first planted himself, and it has so happen- ed, that from that day to this, that situation has be- lon£;ed to a governor of Rhode Island." The BiiACKSTONE Canal terminates at this place. It commences in the Blackstone river at Worcester, 38 iHiles distant, and pursues the valley of the river to Woonsokett falls near the Massachu- setts line ; from whence there is an excavation to Providence. The cost has been estimated at $500,000. Steam-Boats leave Providence four times a week for New-Yoik — fare $6. Stages, also, Itave Providence three times a week for Norwich i\nd Middletown, and daily (ex- cept Sundays) for Hartford, Coon, arriving at those places at evenmg. Fare to Norwich, 45 miles, |3— to Middletown |4 — to Hartford, 74 miles, $4. A stage also leaves Providence twice a week for New- London, Conn, distant 59 miles, connected with a steam-boat line for New -York. I FROM PROVIDENCE TO NEWPORT. Stages leave Providence daily, except Sundays, at 9 A. M. reaching Bristol at 11, and Newport at 4 P. M. Fare from Providence to Bristol, 15 miles, .fl — from Providence to Newport, 30 miles, $2,33. NEWPORT. 265 the new e the ap- than the \g3 which , or East ly gentle- aHadvan- in front, gWy cuUl- r, and add irmingres- ernorFen- wason the that Roger so happen- tion has be- tes at this ne river at s the valley i Massachu- ccavation to itimated at lur times a ee times a i daily (ex- ing at those miles, |3— es, $4. A [ek for New- ied with a TORT. Ipt Sundays, Tewport at 4 ll, 15 miles, Vies, $2,33, Bristol is a pleasant town, with a population of ttbout 1500 inhabitants. The village is located on the east shore of the Narraganset bay, affording an excellent harbor for vessels of the largest dimen- sions. 5 • V ' ' Newport is a large town, with an extensivs harbor, which is defended by Forts Adams and Dumplings at its entrance, and by Fort Woolcott on Goat Island, opposite the town. There is also a smail battery about a mile above the town, called Fort Green. The village is about a mile in length, and rises in a gentle acclivity from the harbor, giv- ing to it a tine appearance, when approached from the vvater. It contains a state-house, theatre, five banks, 11 churches, several manufactories, and a population of about 8,000. Newport was possessed by the British for a con- siderable time during the revolutionary war. In 177S, under an expectation of aid from the French fleet, which had sailed into the harbor, an American force, of about 10,000 strong, commanded by Gen. Sullivan, and aided by Gen. La Fayette, made preparations for attacking the place. On the ap- proach of the Americans, the British abandoned their (Hit posts and retreated to their works within the town. These posts were immediately possessed by the Americans ; and the most flattering prospects existed, that the allied forces would be enabled to capture the entire British army. But the French ad- miral, who had been a military officer, and who, by a previous arrangement, was to superintend a part of the land as well as naval operations, took offence at some of the movements of Gen. Sullivan, and re- fused a co-operation. While an attempt at reconcil- iation was going; forward, a British fleet suddenly appeared off Newport, which induced the French admiral, as a precautionary measure, to sail out ot the harbor. A severe storm coming on, prevented a '':*. m I. > , t-I 2()« m:wi'()U'J'. naval cnj^agement ; and both fleets, being left in a shattered condition, at the close of the enipest, re- tired — the British to New-York, and the French to Newjwrt. During this time. Gen. SuUivitri liad laid siege to the town ; and though interrupted by the storm, in which his army suffered considerably, he had succeeded in annoying tfie enemy, and keep- ing him within the lines of the village. On the re- turn of the French fleet, another efff)it was made to induce the admiral toco-operate with the Americans. But his ships had received so much injury in the gale, that he considered it necessary to repair to Boston, pursuant to previous instructions from his government. Under these circumstances, Sullivan d€terramed on raising the siege. A retreat was ef- fected in the night. But on its being discovered the next morning, the Americans were pursued by the British to Quaker hill, where a sharp contest ensu- ed, which resulted in the loss of between 2 and 300 of eaf'h army. Sullivan afterwards retreated to Mas- sachusetts, with little or no interruption ; and his retreat was considered fortunate, as a British re-in- forcement, which arrived at Newport the day after, would have been enabled effectually to cut bim otf from the main land. During the possession of Newport l)y the British, a bold party of men under Cul, Barton, landed from a boat in the night, proceeded to the enemy's head quarters, captured Gen. Prescott, and conveyed him away before they could be prevented by the land or naval forces then in the harbor. From its elegant and healthy situation, its prox- imity to the ocean, and the salubrity of its climate, Newport, for several years, has been a place of con- siderable re.sort in tlie summer months. Were there a direct communication from this place, by stage, or steam boat, to New-London, Hartford or New^Ha- ven. Conn, it would add much to the convenience of tourists. But, unfortunately, for this purpose. ft ill a BSt, re- jnth to ui bad pted by lerably, id keep- 1 tbe re- nade to ericans. |r in tbe epair to from his SuUivan t was ef- ^ered tbe d by tbe est ensu- 2 and 300 d to Mi\s- ; and bis ish re-in- day after. It bira otF 16 Britisb, nded from my's bead veyed bim the land or 3, its prom- ts climate, ace of con- \Vere there jy stage, or r New-Ha- onvenicDce is purpose, STONINGTON. 2fl7 the steam-boats which leave Providence and New- port four of five times a week lor New- York, do not touch at any of the Connecticut ports ; and, in order to reach New-London by stage, it is necessary to return to Providence. Those who ha.c travelled down by land, generally return by water. Passing Fort Green, a prospect is soon obtained o(MourU Hope, a few miles to the north west. It was the former residence of King Philip, of the Nar- aganset tribe of Indians, and v( as also the place of his death. Prudence, Patience, Hope and Despair Islands are successively passed. The latter is com- posed principally of rocks ; and its northern extrem- ity is 20 miles from Providence. FROM PROVIDENCE TO NEW-LONDON. 56 miles. . , * A stage leaves Providence twice a week in the morning, passing through Centreville, West Green- wich, Hopkinton, Stonington and Mystic, and reaches New-London at evening. Centreville, 11 miles from Providence, is a manufacturing village, containing 2 cotton factories, several weaving shops, and a number of small houses. . . • ■ ; ^ West Greenwich, 2 miles. > Hopkinton, 15 miles. Stonington, 11 miles. The village is incorpo- rated ; contains a U. S. arsenal, seve. il factories, a bank, an academy, 2 churches, and a population of more than 3,000. It has a good harbor, and is a place of considerable trade. The settlement of the place commenced as early as 1649. It had previously been a part of tbe terri- |:i| 1 ': is '^1 '''I / mmf^iim 268 STONINGTON. tory of the Pequott), a powerful and warlike tribe ot Indians. The early English setlteni, in dUferent parts of Connoctirut, had been frequently annoyed by this tribe ; and, in 1687, it beca ne necessary to take efficient steps for their expulsion. An eiqpedi* tion was entrusted to Capt. Miison ; who, With a- bout 300 colonists raised in Conttecticot and Mas- sachi»ett9, and 200 Mohegan and Narragaoset In* dians, encamped on the night of the 26th of May at a place called Porter's rocks, a short distance from the present village of Stonington, and about 3 miled from one of the principal forts of the Pequots, which was situated on the summit of a bill. Two hours before day, the little army was in motion ; and on approaching the fort, it was found that the enemy, about 700 strong, were in a profound sleep, without their usual watch, liavmg spent the previous night in revelry and drunkenness. On a close approxima- tion of Mason ^s men, a dog within the fort com- menced barking, which awakened one of the Pe- quots ; who perceiving the approach of the assail- ants, aroused his comrades from their slumbers. Ma- son immediately advanced, and through the aper- tures of the pallisades poured in a fire, and then rushed in through a part of the fort slightly banrica- ded. NotwitlMtanding their confusion, the Pe- quots defended themselves with bravery ; but hav- ing but few other weapons than bows and arrows, they were unable to withstand the assailants, who cut them down without mercy with their swords and bayonets. To render the victory complete. Mason ordered their wigwams to be fired. The blaze soon spread in all directions, compelling the besieged to ascend tii>e pallisades ; from whence more than one hundred weft) shot down by the as- sailants who had then surrounded the fort. Others attempting to break through the lines of the troops, were either shot or cut down ; and several perished in the flames. The scene continued about an hour ; 1 aga m NEW. LONDON. 269 ribe ol fTerent kiMjyed ary to ixpedi* iVitha- idMas- let lo- Mayat tee trom Smiled J, which ^o hours ; and on > enemy f , without >us night >proxima- Fort com- f the Pc- the assatt- Sets. Ma- the aper- nd then f barrica- the Pc- ^ buthav- ad arrows, ints, who lir swords complete, red. The jelling the n whence by the as- t. Others the troops, ■al perished It an hoar; t. when it was found that seventy wigwams had been destroyed, and that the ground was strewed with the bodies of between five and six hundred of the slain. Mason's loss was only two men killed and aixtfeen wounded. In August, 1814, a bombardment of Stonin^on tpok place from a British 74, a frigate, u sloop ot war and an armed brig ; but with the aid of two 18 pound- era and a 4 pouiider, the iuhabitanti defemled the place ; prevented the landing of troops from barges ; and finally compelled the enemy to haul off, with his brig considerably shattered. , . ' NEW-LONDON is a city and port of entry. It has the best harbor in Connecticut, and is defended by Forts Trumbull and Griswold. The city is on the west bank of the Thames, within 3 miles of its mouth, and contains a court house, 2 banks, 5churches, and a population of between S and 4000. Many of the houses on the heights, back of the town, and a few in the city, aro handsome ; but the general appearance of the place is uninteresting. New London, like Stonington, was once within the territory of the Pequot Imlians, and was settled a| the same time. Abqut 4 miles east of the city, on what is called Fort Hill, this nation had their strongest fbrtress. But slight remains (^ it, however, are now to be seen. In September, 1781, after the treason of Arnold, an ewedition was entrusted to his ctH-e against Niow-London. A stjrpng detachment land^ on hpth sides qf the harbour at the mouth of the river. Arnpl4« who commanded in person the troops which Ian4e4 on the west side, immediately advanced against Fort Trumbufi , an adjoining redoubt, and N^w-London. These posts being untenable, were abani^oned on bis approach. Col. Eyere, who com- manded the detachment which landed on the east- k m i 270 NEW-LONDON. em side, proceeded to storm Fort Griswold, situattJ on Groton Hill. It was occupied by a garrison of 160 men, commanded by Col. Ledyard, a part of whom had just evacuated the works on the opposite side of the river. Ledyard defended the fort, until the British succeeded in entering the embrasures with charged bayonet. Further resistance being useless, Ledyard surrendered his sword to the Brit- ish colonel ; who, in defiance of every rule of civi- lized warfare, plunged it into the bosom of the con- quered officer, and continued the carnage until tlie greater part of the garrison was destroyed. Eyere, hcTvever, lost his own life in the affair, and 200 of his men were either killed or wounded. New-London was, ^t the same time, set on fire by the direction of Arnold, and most of its buildings and all the pub- lic alores deposited in the place, consumed in the conflagration. Forts Griswold and Trumbull are still in tolerable preservation ; and were garrisoned by the govern- ment during the late war with Great Britain. A steam-boat leaves New-London every Monday and Friday on the arrival of the Boston stage, which is generally at 7 P. M. and reaches New- York early the next morning. Leaves New- York for New- London every Wednesday and Saturday at 3 P. M. ; and continues on her trip from New-London, every Monday and Friday at 4 P. M. jp the Thames riv- er to Norwich, 14 miles distant. Stages also leave New-London on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday, at 8 A. M. and arrive at Hartford, at 6 P. M. passing through Waterford, Muntville, Salem, Colchester, Hebron, Marlbor- ougli, Glastonbury and East Hartford. Distance 47 miles — fare ^. This is the most direct route ; but the traveller will find it interesting to take a trip up the Thames to Norwich ; from whence a con- veyance may be had to Hartford three times a week, as noticed hereafter. TRADING COVE. m. situate son of part of pposite t, until rasures ! being le Brit- of civi- le con- fttil tlie Eyere, 30 of his London lirection the pub- d in the tolerable govern- Monday e, which ork early or New- 3 P.M.; m, every araes riv- Tuesday, arrive at Vaterford, Marlbor- Distance 3ct route ; take a trip ,ce a con- es a week, FROM NEW-LONDON TO NORWICH, by Steam Boat. Previous to the settlement of New-London, in 1648, the Thames was called the Pequot river ; but at that period it received its present name. It rises in the Mashapaug pond in Union, 3 miles N. E. of Hartford, passes into Massachusetts, re-enters Con- necticut, and pursues a southerly course till it falls into Long Island iSound. It is navigable for large vessels no farther than Norwich. During the late war, while New-London was blockaded, the U. S. ships Macedonian, United States and Hornet, were moored in a cove above Massapeauge Point ; and a small battery erected for their piotection. MoHEGAN is on the west bank of the Thames, 4 miles south of Norwich, and is the residence of about 300 Mohegan Indians, the only remnant of that once powerful tribe, who formerly owned this section of country. On Horton*s Hill, not far from this place, the lines of an old Indian fort can still be traced. Trading Cove, about 1 mile farther, is a bay extending a short distance into what was once the Indian country, and derived its name from the traf- fic which was here carried on betv^'een the colonists and the Mobegans. The residence of Uncas, their sachem, and early friend of the whites, was near this cove, now the centre of the Indian reservation. ! '4 ■ m I i '5. ' i'ij^]^ \f^ i ^i J #. 1:*^ m 272 NORWICH. NORWICH Is an incorporinted city. It contains three com- pact settlements ; cf which Chelsea Landing, situ- ate at the point of land between the 8hetucket and Yantic rivers, is the principal. Its location is pecul- iarly romantic ; and it is a place of much enterprise and business. What is called the Town is 2 miles northwest of Chelsea, containing the court house and some other public buildings ; and the third set- tlement is Bean hill, in the western part of Norwich. The city contains a bank, 4 or 5 churches, and seve- ral manufacting establishments. The Yantic falls, 1 ir>ile from Chelsea, are handsome, and afford facil- ities for mills and manufactories. From a rock 70 or 80 feet in height, which overhangs the stream, tradition says a number of Narragansets once precip- itated themselves when pursued by the Mohegans. Settlements were commenced at Norwich as ear- ly as 1660. A part of the town was first conveyed to Thomas Leffingwell, a colonial militia officer, by the sachem Uncas, in consideration of services ren- dered him in a war .with a neighboring tribe. A fort belonging to Uncas, on the Pequot river, was closely besieged by the Narragansets ; and the pro- visions being nearly expended, it was reduced totho last extremity. In this situation, Uncas contrived to notify the English at Saybrook fort of his distress- ed condition. Leffingwell, who commanded that fort, immediately conveyed to the besieged a supply of provisions ; which being soon known to the as- sailints, they were induced to raise the siege. For this generous conduct of Leffingwell, Uncas con- veyed to him the land about the fort, and afterwards gave him a formal deed of a township, embracing most of the present town of Norwich. On an elevated bank north of what is called the Cove, and near the Yantic falls, is the burying ground of the royal family of the Mohegans, com- HAKTFORD. m monly called ' ' the buryingf ground of the Uncas- ses." Many of their graves are still designated by coarse stones ; on some of which, are English in* scriptions. Uncas was buried here, and many of his descendants ; but his fumily is now nearly ex- tinct. There are one or two living who claim a kindred ; but who have very little of the magna- oimity or valor for which he was so conspicuous. The Plain near the burying ground, was the summer residence of the Mohegans ; and is a most delightful spot. Stages leave Norwich on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday at 8 A. M., and arrive at Hartford at 8 P. M. Distance 39 miles<>-fare $'2,50. The intermedi- ate distances and places are as follow : f, . ,. ? , > Bozrah, 5 Bolton, 4 Lebanon, 4 East Hartford, 13 Coventry, 12 Hartford, 1 East Hartford is located on the east bank of the Connecticut river, directly opposite Hartford, with which it is connected by an elegant bridge. The village contains 4 churches, several manufactur- ing establishments, and between 2 and 3000 inhab- itants. he as- For con- wards jracing i. coni- , ,, HARTFORD, ^ i . * >. The largest city in the state, is located on the west bank of the Connecticut river, at the head of sloop navigation, and 50 miles from its mouth. The city is handsomely laid out, and contains a number of elegani: buildings and private residences. Among its public buildings, are a state house, arsenal, 3 banks, a museum, an academy, a college, an asylum for the deaf and dumb, an asylum for the insane, and 7 or 8 churches. Population, between 7 and 8000. The principal public houses are Bennet's, Morgan's and Ripley's. (i2 m li Mi '*r ..-(» 274 HARTFORI>. ^•■V :t i l'.:i " I Washington College is on Main-street, in the south part of the city. It was opened in 1824, and consists of two edifices ; one of which is 150 feet long and 4 stories, and contains the rooms of the students. In the other is the chapel, recitation rooms and library. The Deaf and Dumb Asylum L on Tow6r Hill, one mile west of the city ; and was the first institu- tion of the kind established in the U. States. It is under the direction of Mr. Gallaudet,*^ a gentleman eminently qualified for the station. He is assisted 1^ Mr. Le Clerck, who is deaf and dumb, but a man of distinguished talents. The permanent fund of the institution, including a donation of land by congress, amounts to $215,639 ; of which sum $80,- 000 are available. The number of pupils id gene- rally about 70 ; many of whom are supported by puMic and private charities. A visit to the institution is unusually interesting. 'the utmodt order and decorum prevail ; aiid the stranger will be delighted with the means here em- ployed for enlight^ing and cultivating the minds of an unfortunate class of the community ; arrd with the rapid improvement they make, not only in writ- ing, but in a study of many of the sciences. Every thing is communicated ' j . «ans of signs. After being taught ti e mode ; f e-r. jying the most neces- sary ideas, they proceeci i(» study the alphabet em- ployed at the institution ; then the names of visible objects, and the order of the letters used in designat- ing them ; and iinally a knowledge of absent objects of his pupils, a most interesting and intelligent young lady. Though deaf and dumb, her penetration and understanding are ^surprising. She is enabled to carry on a rapid conversation by means of signs, not only on ordinary topics, but on many scientific and abstruse subjects. 0^-''>!^'7 .,.-**f ■«*» *'W^'^W *u HAKTFORD. 275 the and feet [ the ation Hill, istitu- Itis leman but a it fund [and by m$80,- 3 genc- wted by ^resting' ar;d the lere csra- mindB of in wrU- Every After pst neces" [abet ero- lof visible ldesigna<^' »t objects Irried one lent young Iration and [nabled to 1 signs, not 'r.titic and and abstract ideas, by me^ns of ingenious devices and definitions. Many soon attain a knowledge of writing correctly ; and some are enabled to commu- nicate their ideas in chaste and even elegant lan- guage. In addition to mental improvement, they are taught habits of industry ; and, among the males, several mechanical trades have recently been intro- duced. The hospital for the Insane^ is a stone building, 150 feet long and 50 wide, 4 stories high, with wings of 3 stories. It is located a little south of the city. A settlemept was commenced by the English at Hartford in 1634. The Dutch, from New-Nether- lands, had previously established a trading house and port at the place, for the purpose of carrying on a commerce with the Indians, and were disposed to prevent the English from participating in the traffic. But finding that this could not be effected, without a bloody contest, they abandoned the design. The charter which was originally granted to the colonists of Connecticut, having been demanded by the English monarch in 16S6, through the medi- um of an agent, it was reluctantly sui rendered by the colonial legislature. This took place in an eve- ning ; and while it remained on the table in a room where the agent and several British officers had as- sembled, the windows being open, on a preconcert- ed signal, the candles were extinguished by persons in the street, and the charter seized by a citizen in the room, and conveyed to a tree ; in the cavity of which it remained for several years. This tree is still standing ; and is known by the name of the Charter Oa/c. It is located in the lower part of the town in the street running east from the south church, and is directly in front of the ancient mansion of the Wyllis family. The charter is still preserved in the office of the Secretary of Stale. q3 '.M *1 ■^V' w i u p '•ll!t| 276 I • JIJ!' i STKWr-BOATS—STAGES STEAM BOATS. A steam boat leaves Hartford for New- York on Monday, Wednesday, Thursday and Saturday, at 11 A M. reaching New- York the next morning; and leaves New- York on Monday, Tuesday, Thurs- day anfl Friday at 4 P. M. reaching Hartford the next day at noon. STAGES. . ,3,v..ui^.^^.^? To JVew-Haven and JSTew- York. — A stage leaves Hartford every morning, (Sundays excepted) which reaches New-Haven at noon, and New- York the next morning. Fare to New- Haven, 40 miles, |2 ; to New York, 123 miles, ^,50. To Boston. — A stage leaves daily (Sundays ex- cepted) at 6 A. M. and reaches Boston at 12atuigbt. Distance, 136 miles fare ^5,50. To Litchfield^ Ct. — A stage leaves Hartford on Monday, Wednesday an<^ Friday at S A. M. and prrivei^ at Litchfield at 3 P. xVI. — Distance 30 miles, fare $2. -5 ' ■> .^i ^.h » To Hanover i J*/. H. (up Connecticut river.) — A stage leaves Hartford daily, (except Sundays) arrives at Brattleboruugh, Vt. the tirst day, and Hanover, N. H the second — passing through Windsor, Ct. Springfield, Northampton, Deerfield, and Green- field, Mass. Braltleborough and Westminster, Vt. Walpole and Charlestown, N. H., Windsor and Hartford, Vt. to Hanover. [This line intersects the claily stage for Boston at Northampton, and the dai- Jy stage for Saratoga Springs at Charlestown.] Dis- t?:r..c-i from Hartford to Ilanover, 152 miles — fare To S'efV'London.—'A stage leaves Hartford on Siiaduv, Wednesday and Friday at 8 A. M. and reaches New-London at 5 P. M — Distance 47 n^iles — fare fj3. ■ > - an i. MIDDLETOWN. 277 ork on day, at >rning ; Thurs- ord the ■.M . .; '.A »...■»■-»■ e leaves I) which ork the ilea, |2 > iays ex- atuight. rtford on . M. and 30 miles, ver.) — A ) arrives Hanover, Bor, Ct. Green- ister, Vt. idsor and rsects the d the dai- m.} Dia- liles— fare artford on ^. M. and stance 47 To Albany. — A stage leaves Hartford and Albany every morning (Sunday excepted) at 2, and arrives at each place at 7 P. M. Distance 96 miles — fare $5 . FROM HARTFORD TO NEW-HAVEN, The intermediate places and distances are as fol- low Wethersfield, 4 Rocky Hill, 3 Middletown, 8 Durham, 7 Northford, 8 New-Haven, 10 Wethersfield is located on the west bank of the Connecticut river, 4 miles below Hartford. The soil, which is of the finest order, is principally de- voted to the culture of onions ; of which large quan- ities are exported annually. The labor is principal- ly performed by women and children. The new penitentiary of the state is erected at this place. Rocky Hill, 3 miles ; a parish in the town of Wethersfield, containing a lofty eminence, from which a rich and variegated prospect of the surround- mg country is enjoyed. Six miles farther is a vil- lage, called Middletown Upper Houses ; from which to the city of Middletown is 2 miles. , . MIDDLETOWN, A port of entry, is handsomely located on the west bank of the Connecticut river, 31 miles from its mouth. Among its public buildings are a court- house, jail, almiL -house, bank, 10 churches, and a military academy. There are also several extensive manufactories of rifles, swords, buttons, ivory combs, woollen "tnd cotton goods, &c. The population of the city, in 1820, was 2,618 ; and, including the township, 6,479. Francis', Swathel's, and Board- man's are among the best public houses. Copt. P(xrtridge's Military Academy is pleas- antly situated « short distance from the city. The q4 i i r- i M m n 278 MIDDLETOWN. two principal buildings are each 150 feet long, 5() broad and 4 stories high. There is also a chapel, with recitation rooms above, and a dining hall. The latter is 120 feet long, and faces the parade. The whole assume a very handsome and imposing ap- pearance ; and from the top of the chapel may be had an extensive view of the surrounding country. The course of instruction is similar to that pursued at the Efiilitary academy at West Point. The schol- ars wear the uniform of cadets ; and, besides other sciences, are taught the use of arras, and are subject to a strict military discipline. On the eastern bank of the Connecticut, opposite to Middletown, are several quarries of free stone, used for building. Immediately below the city, the river turns abruptly to the west ; and passes be- tween two lofty hills, forming what are called the Narrows. Within these Narrows, on the south bank of the river, is a lead mine,^ which was used during the revolutionary war. It can be approach- ed only in boats or by means of a foot rath.* ' In proceeding on the stage route to New-Haven, tha only object witnessed worthy of remark, is a 7iat' uralice hov,se in the parish of Northford, 18 miles from Middletown, and 7 from New-Haven. It is on * Continuing a course down the river, the steam- boat successivdy passes Middle Haddam, Haddam, East Haddam, Essex or Petiipaug, and Saybrook, where the river eaieta Long Island Sound. The shores are generally bold and rocky, and present but few objects of interest Saybrook was the first town settled oq the river ; at which time (1635) a small fort was erected at the place. The town was originally granted to LcNrd Say and Seal, Lord Brook and others; and derived its name from these pro- prietors. Yale College was located here for a time, and afterwards removed to New-Haven. .... NEW-HAVEN. 379 feet long, 50 Iso a chapel, ing hall. The parade. The imposing ap- tiapel may be iding country. 3 tViat pursued t. The schol- besides other md are subject iticut, opposite of free stone, w the city, the md passes be- t are called the on the south rhich was used m be jpproach- t path.* New-Haven, emark, is a nat' iford, 18 miles [aven. It is on |ver, the steam- Idam, Haddam, and Saybrooky i Sound. The and present but was the first time (1686) a Thotown was ^eal, Lord Brook [from these pro- here for a time, ivcn. . .■■'.;.- • the declivitj of a trap ridge near the road ; and con- tains ice throughout the year.* NEW-HAVEN, Is usually pronounced by travellers, to be one of the handsomest towns in the Union. It is located a- round a harbor which sets up about 4 miles from Long Island Sound ; and is the semi-cnpital of the state. The city is built on a large plain, encircled on all sides, except those occupied by the water, by hills and lofty mountains. It is divided into two parts, * A natural ice house, of still greater extent, is in the town of Meriden, on another route from Hart- ford to New-Haven, and nearly equa- distant from those places. The Jour"'^l of Science remarks, that it is in a country composing '• a part of the secon- dary trap region of Connecticut, and is marked by numerous distinct ridges of green stone, which pre- sent lofty mural precipices, and from their number, contiguity and parallelism, they often form narrow precipitous defiles, tilled more or less with fragments of rocks of various sizes, from that of a hand-stone to thai of a cottage. These fragments are the detritus or debris of these moimtains, and every one in the least acquainted with such countries, knows how much they always abound with similar ruins. In such a detile the natural ice house ia ques- tion is situated. On the south-western side, there is a trap ridge of naked perpendicular rock, which, with the sloping ruins at the base, appears to be 400 feet high ; the parallel ridge which forms the other side of the defile is probably not over 40 feet high, but, it rises abruptly on the eastern side, and is cov- ered by other wood, which occupies the narrow val- ley also. This valley is moreover, choked, in an astonishing degree, with the ruins of the contiguous mountain ridge, and exhibits many fragments of rock q3 1^ ,-i:;; m A M li M 280 NKW-HAVEN. called the old and new townships ; in each ol which is an open square. The houses are generally neat, and some are very elegant. To each d welling, there is generally attached a garden, and frequently a beautiful yard in front. Added to which, several of the streets are adorned with tofiy trees, giving to which would fill a large room. As the defile is very narrow, these fragments have, in their fall, been ar- rested here, by the low parallel ridge, and are piled on one another in vast '.'onfusion, forming a series of cavities which are situated anionji and under these rocks Many of them have reposed there for ages, as appears from the fact that small trees, (the largest that the scanty soil, accumulated by revolving cen- turies can support) are now growmg on some of these fragments of rock. Leaves also aiul other ve- getable ruins have accumulated among the rocks and trees, and choked the mouths of many of the cavities among the ruins. This defile, thus narrow and thus occupied by forest, and by rocky ruins, runs nearly N. and S. and is completely impervious to the sun's rays, except when he is near the meridian. Then, in- deed, for an hour, he looks into this secluded valley, but tlie trees and the rocks and the thick beds of leaves scarcely permit his beams to make the slight- est impress on. It is in t'ie cavities beneath the masses of rocks already described, that the ice is formed. The ground descends a little to the south, and a small brook appears to have formed a channel among the rocks. The ice is thick and well consolidated, and its gradual melting, in the warm season, causes a stream of ice-cold water to issue from this defile. This fact has been known to the people of the vicin- ity for several generations, and the youth have, since the middle of the last century, been accustom- ed to resort to this place, in parties, for recreation, and to drink the waters of the cold-flowing brook." VALi: COLLEGE. 2SI ^ neat, ;, there ently a veral of iving to e is very been at- ire piled r a series ier these for ages, ae largest ving cen- some of other vc- rocks and :iQ cavities V and thus ins nearly > the sun's Then, in- led valley, ck heds of the slight- es of rocks led. The and a small among the idated, and )n, causes a this defile, jf thevicin- outh have, n acGUStouo- ■ recreation, ing brook." tiie whole a rural and most delightful appearance. Among the public buildings, are a state house, the college edifices, 5 churches, a court house, jail, 2 banks, a custom house and 3 or 4 academies. The population is between 11 and 12,000. The Public Sqitare or Green, near the cen- tre of the city, is an elegant spot, containing several acres, and is surrounded by stately elms In the centre, are three churches and a state house ; on the west side, the college buildings ; and on the east side, fronting the state house, the Tontine Cof- fee house. The space immediately in the rear of the churches, called the Upper Green, was formerly used as a burying ground ; but in 1821, the monu- ments were removed to the new burying ground, in the northwestern part of the city . The ancient mon- ument of Dixwell, {see page 2A2f) is still to be seen ; and it is believed by many that the other regicides, Goffe and Whalley, were also interred here ; but this opinion is unsupported by evidence. Gofle died at Hadley, and was probably buried there ; and of Whalley no certain information was ever obtain- ed, after he left Hadley. Yale College was founded in 1701, and wa.s named after its early benefactor, Elihu Yale, govern- or of the East India Company. It was originally located at Killingworth ; afterwards removed to Saybrook, («e6/>. 27S) ; and from thence, in 1717, to New-Haven. The faculty is composed of a president, 10 professors, a librarian and 8 tutors. The Ubraiy consists of about 10,000 volumes ; and the literary societies among the students have libra- ries amounting, collectively, to 5000 volumes The cabinetofmineralsis very extensive, and by far the most valuable of any in the union. The college buildings consist of four spacious edifices, each 4 •ftories nigh, 104 feet long and 40 wide, and each ■t ^'1 ! "• I'. n m^' #. ^/^ -^^ «0. 'iu IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // .5^V%^ Z x$> 1.0 I.I ISi^ 12.2 US, 12.0 1.8 11-25 IIIIII.4 IIIIII.6 m ^> 7: V y /^ Photographic Sciences Corporation \ ^Q >V \\ ^o c^ 73 WfST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. M580 (716)871-4503 "40 '* 5? ..W L

282 TONTINE COFFEE HOUSE. It cobiiainmg 32 room's for sttidents ; two chapels, one containing a philosophical chamber ; a Lyceum, containing the library and recitation rooms — all of brick ; and a handsome dining hall in the rear of the other buildings, built of stone. Seven of these buildings stand in a line fronting the green, the Ly- ceum occupying a central position ; and the whole, with the charming scenery around, form a most enchanting and elegant landscape. The medi- cal institution fronting College street, is connected with the college, and has a valuable anatomical mu- seum. The number of students at Yale, is gener- ally from 450 to 500. The alumni of the institution amounted, in 1826, to upwards of 4000 ; of wjiom more than 2200 were then living. ■"'' « «« /■ '•' The New Burying Ground, containing sev- eral acres, is divided into parallelograms, which are subdivided for tinmilies. The ground is planted with trees, mostly willows ; and the white monuments, several of which are obelisks, seen through the foliage, with the taste and uniformity every where discovered, give to the whole a most impressive and solemn appearance. ' /:. ^r The Tontine Coffee House , kept by Messrs. Drake and Andrews, (the former a proprietor of the Congress Hall at Saratoga Springs,) is one of the best establishments of the kind in the union. It is located directly in front of the state house and college edifices, the public square intervening, com- manding from its upper or fourth story, a beautiful and extensive view of the city and the surrounding country. The Tontine, which is built of brick, is 60 feet long, with a wing extending back 100 feet It contains a spacious dining hall, cotillion room, 8 pri- vate and public parlours, and a sufficient number of lodging chambers to accommodate from 80 to 100 guests. It is kept in the best style, and is entitled to the most liberal patronage. oi se FC FARMINGTON CANAL. 283 W£ST Rock is 2 miles north west of New-Ha- ven. It is the southern extremity of the east ridfi^e of the Green Mountains, and is a perpendicular bluff fronting the south, 400 feet in height. The village of Hotchkisstown is at its foot. The cave iu which the regicide judges, Whalley and Goffe, se- creted themselves for three or four years, (^seep. 241,) is on the summit of the rock, about a niUe north of the bluff. The cave is formed by the crev- ices between several large rocks, apparently thrown together by some convulsion, and is entirely above ground. Near the top of one of the rocks is this in- scription : " Opposition to tyrants is obedience to God." During the co!itinuance of the regicides at this place, they were furnished daily with food by a family who resided near the (ooi of the mountain. East Rock is 2 miles north east of New-Haven, and is the southern termination of the Mount Tom range of mountains. It is 370 feet high ; and from its top a fine view is had of New-Haven, its harbor, the Sound and Long Island. It was for some years the residence of a hermit, who was found dead in his habitation a few years since. The Farmington Canal, which was origin- ally commenced at the north line of the state, ter- minates at New- Haven — distance 5S miles, lockage 21S feet. This canal has since been extended to Northampton, Mass. between 20 and 30 miles far- ther ; and a branch has been constructed from Farm- ington up the Farmington river, to New-Hartford, 15 miles. The towns bordering on the Sound, near New- Haven, are visited in the summer months by numer- ous invalids for the benefit of the sea breeze and a salubrious climate. Amo.ig these to. ns, GuiLr FORD, 15 miles east of New-Haven, js generally ^aeferred. It has two harbors, is a place oif coBsid- ■M J' * .'I I'l ft ''I M n botti ige con- tsland several It waH n on the lalf after Pequot ir fort by re either rere and the con- le inhab- pleasant ches. FROM NEW-HAVEN TO LITCHFIELD. A stage leaves New-Haven daily for Litchfield, passing through Waterbury and Watertown — dis- tance 38 miles. Parsing West Rock, {seep. 283,) and proceeding ftoih thence for a considerable distance in a norther- ly c(ii«ction, thrdUgh a beautiful valley, having on its right a lofty rocky barrier, with nide perpeiidicu- lar pr6cipic6s, Beddon Mountain is reached in trav- elling 14 mi\63 from NeW-Haven. This mountain is a ndge of almost naked rock stretching to the south-west. " i1i6 road, which is formed in the nsktural j^ap of the mountain, hitt winds through a bold gulf or defile, so ndrrow, thiait at one ptac6 only a single carriage can pass at once. On both sides, the cufts are lofty, particularly on th'i left ; and on the ri^ht, a little distance from the road, they over- hang m d fri^tful manner." Beyond this gap, the road turns ddore to the left, running along a rivulet ; and sifter Uire6 or four miles, on rismgan eniinence, the Nftugdtuck, a branch of the Housatobic river, is discovered. It runs through a deep and narrow gulf, which is seen froin the roAd. West CHtstBR Coui^ty, which i6 entered in a f6w niiles after leaving Greenwich, and which was « n^ufaral gh)tind'* during the revolutionary war, wa^ seletted by Mr. Cdope^, the novelist, tid the principal scerte of his *' Spy." At HoRSENECK) 33 mile from N. York, the trav- eller is shown the steep down which Gen. Putnam descended on horse-back during the revolution. At Harlaem, 8 miles from New- York, the road passes near the East river, atfording the traveller a view of Hurl Gate. m m i m •^ I li! 286 WATERTOWN— LITCHFIELD. Watertown, 26 miles from New-Haven, is on a commanding hill, and is a beautiful little village, containing two churches. . t. ^ :yriJiiinA Litchfield is on a handsome eminence, and is considered one of the most pleasant villages in the state The principal street extends more than a mile in length, and contains a collection of neat houses, adorned with gardens and court yards. Among the public buildings are a court house, jail, bank, and 2 churches. There is also at this place a young ladies school, which has obtained much ce- lebrity ; and a distinguished law school, establish- ed in 1784 by the late Tapping Reeve, and now un- der the charge of the Hon. James Gould. The number of students educated at this institution since its establishment is between 6 and 700. Mount Tom, near the south-west comer of this town, is 700 feet above the river at its base ; and affords from its top an extensive prospect. The Great Pond, in Litchfield, comprises an area of about 900 acres, is the largest in the state, and is a beautiful sheet of water ; affording at its outlet a number of valuable mill seats. A Chalybeate Spring has been discovered within a few years, on the east side of Mount Prospect, four miles west of the village of Litchfield. It issues from an extensive bed of sulphuret of iron. ** The spring (says a writer in the Journal of Science) is co- pious and perennial, exhibiting in its course much oxid of iron, ochre, and a white deposit. The ex- tract from gall nuts, or an infusion of white oak leaves produces a copious precipitate of the gallate of iron, changing the color of the water nearly black ; neither lime-water or sulphuric acid effected any change. A dense white precipitate was produced by acetate of lead, indicating probably a muriate or a sulphate. A peculiar smell, by popular opinion attributed to sulphur, is perceptible at the spring ; LITCHFIELD. 2S7 within ct, four issues »«The ) is co- much The ex- lite oak gallate black ; ted any oduced ariate or opinion spring ; the hands retain this smell fur hours after wasliing in itH waters. An astringent effect and soreness of tlie throat is produced by a free use of the spring. Iron is evidently the chief mineral ingredient of this wa- ter, but I was destitute of tests for satisfactory ex- amination. A yellow deposit is observable in ves- sels containing standing water from this spring, and less effect is produced upon the water by astringent extracts. A patient afflicted by the rheumatism, at- tended by much debility, has been greatly relieved by a free use of the spring for a few days, and a complete cure is anticipated. ** Mount Prospect, above mentioned, is a rocky, wood clad, elevated ridge, of two miles extent. From its summit an interesting and diversified view is presented of villages and lakes, and of a well cul- tivated, healthy country. Sienite, rendered por- phyritic by crystals of feldspar, is the predominant rock of the mountain ; it presents ledges of con- siderable height and extent. Beds of sulphuret of iron are observed on both sides of the mountain, sometimes exhibiting a white effloresence. Native sulphate of iron has been collected on this mountain, and used in dying by the adjacent inhabitants. The spring is already much resorted to, and has excited considerable interest." ' ' From Litchfield, a stage may be taken daily, pass- ing through East Goshen, Norfolk, Canaan, Shef- field, Great Barrington, West Stockbridge, Chat- ham, Nassau, Sch^ack and Greenbush to Albany, and reaching the latter place in about 21 hours. Dis- tance 72 miles — fare |4. This is the most direct route, also, from Litchfield to Saratoga Springs ; but, to make the tour of New- England more complete, it is recommended to proceed from Litchfield to Hartford, and from thence up the beautiful valley of the Connecticut river, which is variegated with vil- lages and country seats, and presents some of the fin- est scenery on the continent. :,iff.'l .1! *• rl ',.ii 288 CONNECTICUT RIVER. FROM LITCHFIELD TO HARTFORD. A stage mav be taken at Litchfield on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday at 8 A. M. possing throuj;h Harwinton, Burlington and Farmington, and reach' ing Hartford at 3 P. M. Distance 30 miles-^-fare |2. Harwinton is a small village, 7 miles from Litchfield, on the Naugatuck river. BxTRLiNOTON, 7 milcs. Farmington, 6 miles. This is a pleasant vil- lage, located on the Farmington river, whicb* after leaving the village, takes a northerly course for 15 miles where it is joined by the Salmon river. It tfif* 18 to the south-east, passing between lofty mo ■:■■'■ ^8 and descends a cataract of 15Q feet ; after .whU>i it is called the Windsor river, and joins the Connecticut 4 miles above Hartford. Farn^ington contains 3 churches and a population of between 2 and 3000. [For a notice of the FarmiQgtoii canal, which passes through this place, see page ^,^.] Hartford, 10 miles. {Seep. 2TZ.) ROUTE UP THE VALLEY OF CONNECT- ICUT RIVER. Stages run daily between Hartford, Conn, and Hanover, N. H. up the Connecticut river, as noti- ced at page 276. Passing through East Hirtford, {seep. 278, > the first village reached is .^^, Windsor, 7 miles from Hartford, located on the west bank of the river. Settlements were com- menced at this place, as well as at Hartford, in 1633. A fort was constructed for the defence the SUFFIELD— SPRINGFIELD. 289 ID. uesday, thtouzh 1 reach- fare |2. les from ^t vil- icj), ?iter se for 15 river. It ew lofty jet; ?iier joins the urmin^on Atween 2 OQ canal, J83.1 i' NNECT- ponn. and as noti- iHartfoid, ■iim-^ ■ ted on the were com- lartford, in le defence of the inhabitants, who were surrounded and often- times annoyed by different tribes of Indians. SuirzKU), 10 miles, on the west hank of the riv- er, is a beautiful town. The village, which is on an eminence about a mile west of the river road, is composed principally of one street, half a mile in ex- tent The houses, with their handsome gardens and yards, present a picturesque and elegant appear- ance. A sulphur spring, a mile or two south-west of the village is a place of some resort by invalids. WssT Springfield, 9 miles, is located on the west bank of the Connecticut river, and contains several handsome private dwellings . A bridge here crosses the river, connecting the place with Sfringfisld, on the opposite side ; which is a large and handsome village. The houses are prini- psduy located at the foot of a hill ; on the west side of wbdch are several elegant residences, and on the summit a U. S. Arsenal. The village contains a court-house, jail, 2 churches, and several manufac- tories. The buildings composing the Arsenal on the heights, occupy a large square, and are surrounded by a high wall. They are mostly built of brick and present a magnificent appearance. About 13,000 muskets are manufactured here annually. The wa- ter works emptoyed for the purpose, are on Mill riv- er, a mile south of the arsenal. Sprin^eld became the theatre of savage barbari- ty during Philip's war, in 1675. The towns still further up the river had, for some time previous, suf- fer^ severely from repeated Indian incursions. But the Springfield tribe had thus far remained quiet ; and it was not till the month of October of this year, that Philip could succeed by his artifices, to enlist them in his favor. On the night of the 4th, it was M if I >] \m 1 1 200 SOUTH HADLEY FALLS. ascertained by meaus of a friendly Indian, that 300 of Uie tribe had suddenly and secretly assembled at a fort on Long hill, about a mile below the village. This intelligence produced much consternation among the i^abitants ; and they immediately re* paired to their fortified houses. No disturbance, however, occurring in the night, hopes were enter- tained that hostilities were not intended on Ae part of ttie Indians. Lieut. Cooper, the commandant of the place, and another, accordingly resolved on re- painng to the fort, for the purpose of dissipating the fears that still existed among the inhabitants. Hav- ing reached the small stream at the lower part of the village. Cooper and his companion were snot by In- dians who were concealed in the woods. This seemed to be a signal for attack ; as the whole body immediately rushed into die town with a horrid yell, and fM fire to the unfortified dwellings, and bams. The whole were soon enveloped in names and con- sumed . During this period, a fire was kept up from the fortified houses upon the Indians, and several killed ; but it was not till they had destroyed 32 dwellinj^ and nearlv as many bams, and plundered every thing within their reach, that they withdrew. A brick house standing at the time of this catastro* phe, is still in tolerable preservation. During the rebellion of %ays, in 1786, the ar- moury at this place was attacked by lum. But he was repirised, with the loss of a few men ; and his followers subsequently dispersed. Pursuing the course of uie river on the west side, over a beautiful country. South Haplst Tjlllb are reached in going 12 miles from Springfield . The river here doscend^ in tbe distance of two and a half miles, 52 feet ; and on the east side, commencing at South Hadley vill- age, a canal has been constracted, coiresponduig in extent with these falls, through which lumber and the largest river boats pass. HATFIELD. 291 " Previous to reaching Northampton, the river, ^iu which there is an abrupt turn,) passes between Mount Tom on the south, and Mount Holyoke {see p. 2^) on the north. North of the latter mountain , a most charming and extensive plain is presented, embracing many elegant villages and country seats. No&THAMPTON, 5 miles from South Hadley. (See p. 239.) ' --..-■■ ^ ' -r« • "■ »-» > ■■ - nly scattered population, was cal- culated to produce much despondency, and occasion the most serious apprehensions for the safety of the remaining colonists. The place where this battle was fought, is near the centre of the village, about 30 rods south of the church. The bridge over the stream, is located at the place where Lothrop crossed. Some remains of a coarse monument once erected here, are still visible. ; •!•■ DeerfyeijD, 3 miles from Muddy Brook, and 17 miles north of Northampton, is a handsome village on the west bank of the Connecticut river. It is in the midst of a very fertile and beautiful country, presenting a succession of rich and highly cultivated farms. The town was among the early settlements^ on the river ; and, more than any other place, was the theatre of Indian warfare, ui September, 1675, an attack was made on the place, one man killed and several houses reduced to ashes. For about 20 years subsequent to this, owing to repeated incur- sions of the savages, the inhabitants were often com- pelled to abandon their dwellings an 1 seek a tem- porary asylum in the neighboring Xowns. During the French wars under William and Anne, however, they maintained their ground until 1704; made many improvements and enclosed the centre of the r3 : 294 DEERFIELD. li*^ village by an extensive but imperfect palisaded vTwik. This fortification was attacked by about 850 f rench and Indians in the month of February of that year. They had secretly taken a position two miles north of the village on the evening of the 9th ; from whence they cautiously paroceedi^d to the fort the next moniing before day. There being no sen- tinels posted, the fortification was easily entered, and the work of destruction commenced, ere the in- habitants had aroused from their slumbers. A fee- ble resistance, only, could be made."* All the hou- ses, except one, within the pallisades, were burnt ; between 40 and 50 of the inhabitants were killed, and 112, including women and children, made pris- oners. In the drear of winter, widi a scanty supply of provisions, and with little clothing, the mifortu- nate captives were compelled to take up their line <^ march for Canada. Mr. Williams, the clergyman of the place, and his family, were of the number. His wifef was murdered in two or three davs after commencing the excursion ; and sixteen others ei- ther died or were massacred before reaching the Province. Most of those who survived, after re- maining in captivity for some time, vrere redeemed. A daughter of Mr. Williams, however, who had married an Indian chief, refused to return. She assumed the habiliment of a savage, and died in Canada some years afterwards. Several of her de- scendants are still living there. The house which survived the conflagration at Deerfield, is still standing. It is owced by Col. *From one or two houses a sharp fire, for a short time, was kept up on the enemy ; and his loss in killed amounted to between 40 and 50. fShe was afterwards, with her husband, interred in the church-yard at Deerfield ; and marble slabs placed over their graves. -- TURNER'S FALLS. 295 £lihu Ho^t ; is in a tolerable state of preservation ; and exhibits to this day the perforation made In Uie door by tomahawks, as well as the marks of balls in the interior. One of these marks is shown, as hav- ing been made by a ball which killed a female in the house ; and in one of the timbers a bullet is seen, ivhich has never been extracted. GREEm'iELi), 4 miles from Deeriield, is a large and pleasant village, on the west side of the river ; from which it is distant 2 miles. It contains a court-house, jail, bank and 8 churches. It is a cen- tral position for the trade of the surrounding coun- try ; and is a place of wealth and enterprise. TtTRNBR's Falls, on the Connecticut river, are 3 miles from Greenfield, in a north-easterly direc- tion. The road taken in visiting them is east of the ordinary stage route ; and it is customary, there- fore, after an excursion to the falls, to return to Greenfield. The route is principally over the ground taken by Capt. Turner, in his attack on the Jmdians in 1676. The fall is between forty and fifty feet ; but by the erection of a dam for the accommodation of a canal around the falls, the cataract has lost much of its original wildness. The Indians amounting to several hundreds, hav- ing taken a po^ ition on elevated ground, on the west bank of the river at the head of the fall, it was deem- ed important to dislodge them. This service was undertaken by Capt. Turner, at the head of about 160 mounted troops. He left Hatfield on the 17th of May, 1676, and reached within half a mile of the Indian encampment before day the next morning, without discovery. Here his men left their horses, and by a rapid march, reached the camp before the Indians awoke from their slumbers. A deadly and destructive fire was immediately commenced. Be- lieving it to proceed from theii ancient and powerful r4 296 BRATTLEBOROUGU. enemy the Mohawks, many of the Indians tied to the river, and leaped into their canoes; but in at- tempting to cross, they were mostly shot or precipi- tated over the cataract. Others fled to the rocks of the river bank, where they were cut down, without resistance ; and few escaped the victorious arm of the assailants. One hundred were left dead on the field ; one hundred and forty were seen to descend the cataract ; and their whole loss was afterwards ascertained to have been 300. Turner lost but one man. v v« In his retreat, he was less fortunate. He was at- tacked by other parties of Indians on the route — ^his men divided—himself killed ; and the loss of his party, before they reached Hatfield, amounted to between 30 and 40. Capt. T. is supposed to have fallen in what is called Greenfield Meadow, at the mouth of a small stream on which a mill now stands ; as his body was afterwards found at that place by a scouting party of the English. Bernardston, 5 miles north of Greenfield. Vernon, 6 miles : the first town reached in entering the state of Vermont. Fort Dummer, built to protect the inhabitants against the Indians, was located at this place. It was attacked by the enemy in 1723, and four or five of the inhabitants killed. A body of troops marched from Northamp- ton to relieve the besieged ; but before they reach- ed the fort, the Indians had withdrawn. -^ Guilford, 5 miles.- Here are two slate quarries and several mills and manufactories. Br ATTLEBOROUGH, 6 miles, a flourishing village, is located on the west bank of the Connecticut riv- er ; over which there is a permanent bridge. White stone creek also passes through the place, affording anumber of good mill sites. The village contains a bank, the most extensive printing establishmept in the state, and several manufactories. Stages pass I ! CHARLESTOWN. 297 daily between this place and Boston, Hartford, Al- bany and Hanover. DvMMERSTON, 5 miles. Putney, 5 miles, i 4,r:.\. .1. .■', .^^ Westminster 7 5 miles. The first newspaper print- ed in Vermont was issued from a press at this place ; though it was discontinued several years since for want of patronage. The village is located on a beautiful plain on the west bank of the Connecticut ; but it has not improved much within the last twen- ty years. Walpole, N. H. to which a bridge leads, is on the opposite side of the river, and is noticed at page 223. Bellows Falls, on tfie Vermont side, 4 miles from Walpole. {See p. 222.) Proceeding up the river over a beautiful plain, > * Charlestown, N. H. is reached in travelling S aiiles from Bellows Falls. It is handsomely locat- ed on the east side of the river, and is a neat village, containing a court-house, jail and bank. A fort was built for the defence of this place in 1743, on rising ground south of the church, over which the present street passes. In March, 1747, while the fort was occupied by Capt. Stevens and thirty men, a furious assault was made upon it by a large body of French and Indians, under the com- mand of M. Debeline. The fort being composed of materials which were combustible, the enemy at- tempted its destruction, by setting a log house and the fences to the windward on fire. To guard against a conflagration, the besieged, through great exertions, succeed in making several subterranean passages under the parapet, with an opening at the top of each. From these passages, which were deep enough to protect the men from the enemy's shot, water, taken from a well within the fort, was r5 'ij 11 IH Hi 29S HANOVER. V ) tbrovrn upon the parapet, and the plan of the enemy frustrated. A sort of mantelet, loaded with dry fag- gots, set on fire, was then forced towards the fort, accompanied with flaming arrows ; but all to no pur- pose. Stevens maintained his position, continued a fire upon the enemy whenever he presented him- self, and refused all propositions of a surrender. Af- ter an assault of three days, and suffering severely in the loss of his men, Pebeline withdrew from the siege. Noneof Stevens* men were billed; and but two wounded. For this brave defence, Sir Charles Knowles, commandant of a naval force then in Boston hairbor, sent Capt. Stevens an elegant sword. The town was subsequently named in nonor of Sir Charles. From Charlestown, a stage may be taken daily for Saratoga Springs, passing through Chester, Man- chester, &c.; or for Boston, passing through Wal- pole, Eeene, Sec. {Seep. 220 to 225. ) Springfield, Vt. on tlie west side of the river, 5 miles from Charlestown. W9ATH)i9iSFiE;M>» 6 miles; a fin« agricultural township, jarvis* farm, at what is termd Weath- ersfield Bow (a turn in the rive?) is consult red one of the best in Vermont. Windsor, 7 miles. {Seep. 228.) ;•' Hartland, 7 miles. Hai^TFord, 7 miles. There are two handsome villages in this town ; one near the junction of the White river, and the other near the junction of thd Queechy river with the Connecticut. In both there are several mills and manuf4^:tO|:ies. From Hart- ford, the river is crossed to Hanover, (noticed at p. 229) from which a stage may be taken three times a week for Burling- ton, Vi. or Boston. ih ^ TRAVELLERS' NOTES. 299 ' I ' ' i f i 1 ■ 4 1 300 TRAVELLBBS* NOTES- ^ TRAVELLERS' NOTES. ^01 S02 TRAVELLERS' NOTES. TRAVELLERS' NOTES. 303 a04 TRAVELLERS' NOTES. ■r— — ^— »• TRAVELLEIUB* NOTES. aoft 306 TRAVELLEB8' NOTES.