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PUBLISHED BY WILLIAM BAILIE. 1890. ■tMfiS&iMM f,m n» m muti^ft^ fi tmsxs'*,- m»a^mi:.' m. PREFACE. Tide l)ook j)resuj>jiu8cs a j)ractic}il !iequjiint:\iice with Greek jiccidcnce. It aims at preseritiiii; briefly and simply, with illiistratioiiB (mostly taken from the great Attic writers), the main facts of Greek syntax. The construc- tion of sentences has been kept in view rather than mere dependences of case, and therefore orafu* ohlitjua has been introduced at the bejj^inning instead of being de- ferred, as in most works on comj)ositioii, to the end of the book. In drawing up the exercises the old method of Arnold, as allowing of more exhaustive and systematic testing of theory by practice, has been followed in prefer- ence to the new method of continuous exercises. It will be of advantage, however, in using the book to 6up])leraent the exercises given in the text by passages of simple con- tinuous English based upon Greek vrith which the pupil is already familiar. This edition may claini to be more free from inaccur- acies than the first ; but errors still remain which require the indulgence of the student. Kingston, June, 1890. J. F. A. B. N. CONTEXTS PAGE. § 1. The Article \ § 2. Onitio 01)]iqna in Sirnj.le Sentences 4 §§ 3, 4. The Article continued . 7 § 5. The Adjective— Attributive and Predicative P(». sition 2 J § 6. A iieetives that take the Predicative Position.. 13 § 7. Concord ^4 § 8. Apposition Kj § 9. Personal and Possessive Pronouns 18 § 10. Reflexives and Aoto^ 21 § 11. Demonstrative and Distributive Pronouns. .. 23 § 12. The Indefi!iite To: o? § 13. Interrogative Forms in Oratio Recta 28 § 14. The Genitive 30 § 15, Verbs that govern the Genitive 33 § 16. The Dative ... 3g § 17. The Accusative 39 § 18. Prepositions that govern one case only 42 § 19. Prepositions that govern gen. and ace 46 §§ 20,21. Prepositions that govern gen., dat. and ace. 50-00 § 22. Relations vi' Time and Place no § 23. Comparative and Superlative .... 62 § 24. The Tenses "65 § 25. The Moods ['' " q^ §§ 26, 27. Passive and Middle Voice. . . 70 § 28. The Particle "//v '."""'.■ 74 § 29. Final and Object clauses. Verl)s of Fearing . . 76 § 30. The Conditional Sentence 78 *> IV. I'AGE. .. 81 . 82-88 § 31. AV with Verl)8 o\' Amotion §§ 32, 33. Tl.f Relative Pronoun ' " ' § 34. Relutive Adverbs. "A'wc, zph ~ gg § 35. CjinPfil und Concessive Clauses <)i § 3fi. Exi)rcs8ion of a Wish . q^ S 37. The Indirect Question 94 §§ 38, 39 The Infinitive .... Qf'-lOl §§ 40, 41. The Participle '.'.'.'..'.'. ' ." ' .' .' * 101-105 § 42. Verbals in rioc 1Q5 §§ 43, 44. Oratio Obliqua ......... .107-111 § 45. Oratio Ohliqua of the Conditional Sentence. . .111 § 46. Negatives. Uses of yuiy 1 13 § 47. Double Negatives. Ob fi-q and ;/;y oy ,\\^ § 48. Miscellaneous ^ jg § 49. Greek Idiom in the use and meaning of words.. 120 § 50. Order and Connection 122 § 51 . The Particles 125 Passages for Translation 131-134 Vocabulary , ok CORRIGENDA. P. 24, 1. 15, for oyroc read oyrof. P. 36, middle, for § 17 read §16. P. 84, 1. 12, for He how, &c., read He who, &c. P. 116, 1. 5. for Exercise 47, read Exercise 46. <-VV»-»^ ('.» '"1 §1. THE ARTICLE. 1. There is no word in Greek for a or (W ; it is simply omitted. A in)7fKinh ytji>ij. But when si />^/;'jfiSf)a^ kxdav^i;). Three half-darics ama7i, Tpla :ij/u8af>£ixa xaz' dvdfta. 4. The article the in Greek is 6, )J, ro. It marks objects, whether chuscs or individuals, as known and definite. As the English the is but a weaker form of that, the French le of Lat. ille, bo the Attic article 6, ;^, to, is a weakened demonstrative, and had in older Greek the power of this, that: as, This girl I will not release, ztjv iya) ou l^mo. This thy courage will destroy thee, fOiast as to abv fxivoz. \ ^ I I The ocoasiomil (lemonstnitive Inrce in Attic i8 a Hurvivjil of the older us}i<^c. (See § 4, 3). T). Only rules of tlie most i^oiieral chanieter can l)e laitl down for tlio use of tiie article in Greek. A «;ood workiiij^ rule is to it.se the Gr«(k article where the d>jin!te article in found in Ewjlish : as, The ?nen man tied all thf nhij's, ot du(if>e^ r«c i"^"^* v_naiiu's ; (/») (df- siraei nouns; and (f) names of 7/mA /'/a/ ; as, lUan in mortal^ u HvOihozo^ lave Ih/^zn^. Virtue is heautifid, ^ dntrrj itJTi xa/.rj. Iron is more valutdite than (j<>ld, 6 aidr^fio^ TtiuwrBfio^ ifTTtu i^ () yinan:;. 7. Proper names^ from their very nature, do not need tbo article. It is rej'ularlv omitted when a name is first introduced in the narrative. It may he used when the name has been already mentioned, or is well knoxv ij^ even thou^li not mentioned hefore : as, ; %^^^ '/^ Socrates said, l\oxf>dr/]^ i(f/^. " >' Socrates {the celebrated) said, b Xiox^xixr^^ lipjj. But the article is not prefixed to a proper name followed by an apposition or a descriptive epithet which has the article: as, Socrates the jdiilosopher, ^wxpdrrjz o luco '9 js witlii'Ut it. 8. Tliu sultieitt takt'rt the iirtiele, tlio prodicatu does not : as, 7 /te ihiij hiCiime niyht^ vh^ iyivsro i^ :^/U(ia. Adiectives as well as nouns folKivv this rule — even tho ( »^ superlative, to which the article is an indispensable adjunct in Erjiijlish : as, J'<>/' thif< pntvid to he quitu the n \^ implied, the possessive pronoun i or the genitive of tlie personal pronoun is used: as. You took my shield^ not yours^ ihi^i^ T7^v i/MTju daKtda^ ou zm ar^u. The different ways of expressing ownership, in an ascend- ing series of strength, are as follows : • - l ' (1) iXajht; Z7jV (laTzida, (2) i}.aj3e^ aou zr^v daTzida or z, d. aou. (3) iXa^iz zir^u ar^u darcu a. (4) i}.a^e^ ZTjv asauzo'j dajrcda. V ^'' L V » - — mmi rH^ i ,v\V*'' ExKKCIHE 1. 1. The fifonoral is loa(Ht)<; liis Roldicrrt npiinpt tlio oncmy. 2. Of the ftcvon sarjos, Solon was tlio wiK(»Ht. '.\. Kach <>t* yon shall liave a daric a niorjth. 4. Darius sctkIs for Cynin; (/yrui* therefore poes ii)). 5. Mount Pelion was ])la('e(l l»y the <;iants upon Olyinpns. H. Gold is more ])re('i(His tlian silver. 7. Aninscnicnt is for the sake of rest- 8. The pood and the had must die 0. Cyrus leaped down from his ehariot and })nt on Ids hreast-jdate. 10. You will liurt your head. 11. Horses are handsomer than mules. 12. Thueydides of Athens eomposed the history of the war. \'A. lie saw the general and his army at Kpliesus in lotda. 14. Death is tlie hett remedy for troui)l(! {(/>/i. j>/.) §2. OIIATIO OBLIQITA. 1. An assertion dependent ujjon a verh of saying or thlnluHj is said to he in oratio ohlhjua or indirect (Uh- covrse : Thus, He is writing^ is oratio recta or direct dis- course ^ hut, / say that he is lorititig^ or I think that lie is xcritiiig, is oratio (fh/iijua or indirect discourse. 2. Verhs of thinking are followed in oratio obliqua by the infinitive : as, "^ JJe thorighf that we were not present^ iu6/ti(T£v ^inc) — the common English form — or by the accusative and infinitive — the common form in Latin. Tlie negative is ob. '"^ 3. Some verbs o^ saying ]>refer the infinitive, others ou. For example : (1) (fr^fu luid (filnxnt ro'^tilarly tuko tlic infiMitiv(\ (2) Upu generally tiikcii on «»r w;. AiytTat, is sa'uf^ tiikcs tlio iiitiriitivi! or orr \\\u\ u)-. (3) tlnov^ I salt/, tftkeu ou uiid (i»c, but in the sense/ ordered, it tuken tlio iiitiiiitivc. 4. ''(he jiiMJ obi iqwi\ as, We shall beat the Athenians^ xf>arrjfTofttu Ttov \l(fr^vai(ov. They saif that t/tt y shall biat the Athenians, ?Jyou(Teu ore x/tuTrjao'jtre T(Ov \iffrji^aiiuu. Alter seeomlary or hintoric tenses (inipert'ect, aorist, pln- perfi'ct) tlie mood and tense of uraiio recta may remain unelianged. 'lliis is called gra^dtic sequence. Bnt more commonly, while tlie tense remains nnehanged, the mood becomes optative. Tliis is called historic sequence as, They said that they mould beat the Athenians, ihyou ore xfmTT^aoetv (or xpazrj(jo-jai) riou \Wrjuai(ou. Tlie rnles, tlierefore, for the nse of oti and tt>c in oratio obliqua are : (1) The ))erson becomes the third. (2) The tense is never changed. (3) The mood after secondary tenses is regularly the op- tative, hut the indicative frecpiently remains un- changed. 5. If the infinitive is used, the following rules must bo observed : (1) The subject of the infinitive, if different from that of the main verb, is in the accusative : as, lie says that the men went away, W .,.„#- Ill ■I 1 6 (2) A personal pronoun referring to tlie snhjeot of the main veri) is omitted, u nles s wlTen used for emph- asis. But the pronoun, wlien used before the inf. for empliasis, is in tlio nom. : as, He said that he did it, i?'a^«V> recta remain unchanged in oratio ohiiqna ; hut if the in- finitive is used tliey are represented respectively by the present and perfect infinitive : as, "' ~ He said that they accused him rvjhtly. iXe^eu Sre dfiOun; fjZuovTo, or iiprj abroh^ df>0(o^ ahcilfjdfu. EXEKCISK 2. [In doing the following exercise it will be safest to And first the tense of the English oratio revtd, as the t(inse of the English oratio recta is the tense of the Greek oratio obliqua.] 1. I assert that tlie just man is happy. 2. He says that tlie general is present. 3. They said that he saw everything. 4. Cyrus told his soldiers that their march would be to Bribylon. 5, He told them openly that the city had already been fortified. 6. He said that there was nothing more unjust than rumour. 7. She says that she herself is Justice. 8. He said that justice was wisdom. 9. There came a messenger saying that Elateia had been captured. 10. He said that he had conquered all his eneni.ies. 1 1. Alexander iiat the 'thing. be to |lready more lustice. Line a lO. He ander used to assert that lie was the son of Zens. 12. Klcon de- clared tliat he liimself was not general, but that Nikias was. 13. He thought that he would see the king and his generals at Ephesus in Ionia. § 3. THE ARTICLE continued. 1. The article with a participle refers to a definite person or to a class, and is equivalent to he who^ any one who^ wTHi a ^HTte verb : as, — -- — -— — '"^ ^_- • Re who does, 6 Tipdrriov. Any o?ie who ivishes, 6 ^oulbjisvo!;. 2. The article is used with cardinal numbers to mark a whole approximately, or the par ts of a whole : as. There died about ten thousand^ _^ j^ dTridauou d.fnpt rohz fiupcoui;. (•> / >jK,, , 'I .-• ' •> Of the nompanies three were absent, /i diTtr^aav zaJv /d^a^v of TfieT;;. L /.- . >^r ,1 \ o^u 3. My father and my friend^ s, As, 6 i/io^ Ttavifjp xac 6 tou (fiXou. ' 4. To express, He has a vei'jyjbeauiiful head, the CTreeks said, lie has the head very beautiful, xa)Ji-♦ /, ■^■■i> . ■^^ ttS ai ^m i iiuMHimmmm^^ t"" r^l '/ 8 i!i III! (4) Dep enflent ^enitives : as, The dispensations of fortune^ xa r^c ^^Jf'yc The remark of Themistocles^ to rou SEiuazoxXp.oui;. (5) A word or whole sentence : as, The word "/", rb kyib. The adage ''''Know thyseJf'' is useful everywhere^ TO yvcodc aauTov jrauza^ou Vn Xf^W'J^' ^ (6)1 Infinitives : as, / ^-^ I ' Hatred, to /juae'cu {tou /juaecv, &c.) ,6. In combinations like, The futher^ s house, a governed genitive may take the^following positions : ' (1) jj TOU naTpb^ ocxca. (2) jj ocxca ij tou TzaTpo^. (3) ifj ocxca Tou 7:aTf)6^. (4) tou Tiarfw^ j ocxca. But a partitive genitive is usually found in one of the last two of these positions : as. The best of the citizens, ol ^sXtcotoc tcov noXcTMv or, ^^^ TO)U noXcTiOV ol ^iXTCOTOC. (jjf'\ Exercise 3. . , ''(p-.-v^" 1. The toil of one who seeks, finds everything. 2. The «'♦""'' .V Kt state furnished two hundred of all the triremes. 3. There (i. \ V M'^ *'Were about eighty companies of the hoplites present in the battle. 4. The children of the general and those of the judge were educated with us. 5. He who labours most and serves , Kb J . , / jL ^^^^ commonwealth best, is held worthy of the greatest re- , wards. 6. We all have a mortal body. 7. The ancients es- ' ^y ' teemed Plato and his school very highly. 8 The rhinoceros •^''^'■**' f v! ^^® ^ ^^^y strong hide. 9. The nightingale has an ex- >M r< 'quisitely sweet voice. 10. To the free, shame for their dis- ■^■j asters is the strongest incentive. 11. The multitude terrify r i-^ / 1 0\/' 4^ pUJb/^ -^/U.tM M I / - > si r. f A O i tlio government and greatly disturli affairs hero. 12. The inesseno-ers Raid tliat tlie o-eneral would soon rcaoli Per- games in Mysia. \% The remark of Sopliocles that dis- cretion is something heautit'nl, is wortliy of all praise. § 4. THE ARTICLE continued. ^ 1. The following elliptical phrases are formed with the article : The rUjlit hnnd., hA^^^^'h (sc X~'^P^- The son of Cyrus^ 6 K'jfiou (s(;. 'jUk)- Puhlic affair.^, za r"^c Ttohw^ (sc. -pdy/mTa). The cou ntry of Philip , ^ roD 0di7n:oi> (sc. yrj). The quickest way, ttjI' xayriaxr^v (sc. bdov). 2. The article is omitted — especially after a preposition — with : (1) The nauics of familiar objects : as, To the town, to the market-place, to the citadel, to the camp, ic Tcnhv, ic dxftoTTohv, ic azpaTOKsdov From the beginning, i? '^PX^/^' '1 ' o tKc lei ii, J Tce (txy^vt^v. Wealth is for the use of the hody, the hody for that r- of the sovl, ' TzXouToz (T(!)fiazo:: iusxd iazi, acofm V^'^J^C- (2) Na mes of relations hip {father, mother, son, hi'other, &c.) : as, You will he fighting for your wives and your children, ftaytiatit bzhp yuuaixfTju zs xai rcaidiov. (3) liaaihu^, wlien referring to the king of Persia : as, lie went up to the great king, «5>c j^aadia dve^rj. I ¥ r- /vi il/" -^'swaii ^^ToaM li w i iiiiijiMMiii.i ii *^^ ill! ' nil '■ 111;, III!; 'i- 10 3. The original (Icmonstrative force oftlie article survives in 6 fiixj — 6 ds, the one — the other (inflected throughout : as, oj_jiiu-—ut oe, so7ne — othirnj to fiiu — to oi, partly — partly)^ Tou xae Tov, to xat to, this and that ^ izpb to~j or TZftoTOif ( = before t]ih), f or hu'r ly / iv tu7^ tt'xoto^ or 7:(hot/^ ( = ainung those^rst), Jirst of all. . — — Note. 6 di is used for and he^cwew when 6 fiiu does not precede ; but, if xai is used for and, the relative is used in- stead of tlie article: thus, Jle called in the Athenians and tJwy came, ^ Adr^vaiooz inv^fdyzTO' ol ds /j/Mou. But, ^0 one opJ>os^d and so /<« acted a.s guide, oudee^ duTiAeye xac oc 'f^yelTO. Exercise 4. 1. Some fled but others remained, 2. Some he praised but others he punished. 3. Some must be fortunate, others unfortunate. 4. One man gains nothing, another gains much. 5. Pie did tliis and that and not the other. 6. The Athenians were the first "who laid aside their swords. 7. A wolf was pursuing a lamb and it fled for refuge into a temple. 8. Homer in his catalogue mentioned the largest and the smallest of the ships. 9. And he, riding at full speed, flees from his pursuers. 10. About sunset the gen- eral led back his men by the quickest way to the camp, and they went to their tents. 11. The Greeks besieged Ephesus in Ionia by (zaraand ace.) sea and land. 12. TheThracians crossed the river Strymon and plundered Philip's territory. 13. Messengers reported that the enemy's fleet had reached the promontory of Sunium, and was advancing towards the city. 14. You will fight for the land in which you were born and the homes in which you were bred. ■4fc- M esiirvivep ^liout : as, ~pa/rtly\ or Tt^toToT) ( = HlllUIlg ' does not 3 used in- i praised •rtiinate, aiiotlier e otlier. swords, i^'e into ) largest Ht lull lie gen- np, and i^pliesus iHcians rritory. 'cached rds the 1 were § o. THE ADJECTIVE. 1.^ Adj(,'ctives arc either attrihutive or i>rcdicative. An ^^{^'!i(i^'.<^-^^<^U<^'^^'I£An''^ one notion with the_noun : as, The (jootl mmuo ay ado:: (ix,rjO. A pi'ejJicatrve ad|cctive is on^ used as a predicate or as part of u predicate: as, " '^ ""' 'J fw 711 m) is gooti, 6 (hr^fj (iaztu) dyad 6-. The mail h called yood, 6 duir^f, xahTtai dyadb^. The attributive adjective is preceded by tlie article and stands between the article and tlie noun or, more rarely, after the noun with the article repeated: as, " (1)6 dyado^ dvijf). The good man, (2) 6 dvr^f) 6 dyado^. . '^'l^ predicative adjective never has the article. It stands either l^efore the article or after the noun : as, ' / The rrtan is good, ( I ) dyado^ 6 dv-fif) (2) b dvri(, dyadlK. 2, Anjjwd^^oi^p^lirasejn^ used with the article as ) ! I attribute: as, " — \\ The iMervetnvg time, b fitTa^h ypbiozS'^u^ * ' Thefamovs Perides, b rAm Utpu^^'. - r^- He was put to death h, the authorities at Sparta, ' ./ vt^M da^ddpr^ brzo zCovJy Aaxtdaiuovt rekniv ^ \ ,, ^ . , //, , 1 he vudl along the nver, ^ . / TO relyo; to zapd roi^ Tzorafibv. 3. Tv7o or more attributes may Jbllow orie article with- out connectives : as, " — -^ _, _._ I ■M^iirtiiiiteifti J ^^^) J i 12 To the other Grcfl' stat>'>i, i; ra;; ii)la; ' /'Ur^wxa; rrnhc:. But the article may he used with eucii of two or more attributes : as, The ancient Attic sj)eech^ i^ \hTix7j 'j rtaXam (fiov:j. Note. Possessi ve adjectives and^goiiitives of reflexive or ! cm Ay^TL/ dGin»nstr ativc pronouns:^:JjLused i nstca \[ic ./ ./ /y take the article and the attributive^<i' ilii I t\' y hi; III: VisJ V itcad of possessivesi— )sitTorr: as', C, i . X-'j • My friend,, b i/ib^ (fcAo^, or o (fc?.oi; b i//6;'. i\ff/ own sword, to i/iaurou ^icpoi;. 7 his (or that) man's son, b to'jtou (or ixsiuou) u'oc. ^Butjtlie genitive of a j9' position : as, 31 ij house, )J olx'ta fiou, (or — i f oth> r words ]) recede — fwu ^ oixia). '-j His father, b Tzarrjp aurou (or abvou b 7zazrj()). Exercise 5. 1. The wise man delights in painless pleasures. 2. The herald cried with a loud voice that the famous Pericles was present. 3. They dismantled the new wall beside the river. 4. He spent the intervening time in momentary pleasures. 5. Of pleasures some are good, others bad. 6. The king deceived the itifatuated Olynthians with false words. 7. The Greeks were twice rescued from the greatest dangers. 8. My friend saw his slave in the city. 9. He ordered the soldiers to pile their arms around his tent. 10, The general declared that he was going against the enemy immediately. 11. He saw the stranger from Deloa on the streets of the citv. 12. He said that the good citizen did not seek ex- cessive liberty. '•vt.v<' .J TO or more 'eflexive or ssessivesf— " • ■ fJ.: 3ed instead as. 0. i. 2. The 3ricle3 was the river, pleasures. The king vords. 7. t dangers, 'dered the le general nedjately. ets of the seek ex- rt-t*" 13 § 6. THE ADJECTIVE continued. 1. The predicative position is taken by : (1) Adje ctives oH ^ osilion^ when one part of a thing is to be distinguished from another : as, The middle of the market-place, idarj -fj dyofxi. The end of the island^ ioydTri -^ i/^troc. On tip toe, dxpoa; to7^ rroacu ( = the ends of the feet). But such adjectives take the attributive position, when one thing is to be distinguished from another : ;i8, The middle market-'plact^ ^ fxkar^ dfopd. The last isla?id, ilj ^ n, ^*? fb'aii,.:^!^^:.,- i^s^u^^i^tttii^ 14 EXEHCISK ♦'.. 'Ill Ml Mil N| lit: ::; I'll »i 11 »< •I 1. Tlic kiiiti;, liiiviiig tlio Greckt^ in tliti confre of liis eiii- })ire, tlioiirj(pc(Tavro .To/e/isTv. The army secured food by slaughterbig their horses, TO <7T(jdz£'j/m s~opi^£TO acrov, xoktovze^ zoh; cTZTtou^. 15 3. A i>luriil verl) iiiiiy follow a iioiiiitr-itive dual : as, They lofli lo()]\r)l lit nioh other and hinijhciU iysAuodrr^'^ d/i(fo> i'i/J(/'apTe^ c/c (WrJAu'j^. 4. A vei'l) with f^evorjil snhjects is The husband and- inife are, (jood^ b di^Y^y xin f^ f^'^T^ dyaduc £iacv. But the predicative adjective may agree with the nearest subject or wit h th e most proniincnt : as, Sfdition and tvur ore the cause of our troubles^ fj azdac^ xai b tcoas/w^ acrcb^ iazi T(7)u xaxcTw. 6. A predicative adjective i s o ften used iji^the neuter singular as a noun : as, ~ ' —-- - ■ Truth is a heautifid thhtg^ ^ d?.TJd£ca xaXbv iaziu. mmttiimmmiti.-- .. ^-^ ijlilU g gf tfe v I I 10 Mil 4t I Ml 11 111' "' III) 'Hi Mil III I 111' »: '111 '.11 nil :3^ 1.1. .,,, ••U 'li "" 'it " lil' 111 7. flo^'j^y mnchy 7^u:(T'j^, ^i't(f\ urul superlatives take the <^emler_of a followln;^ j^oiiitivo : as, ~ Tfifi fireater part of the island^ )J TzoUifj r^c vjj'to'J. 77/^; Italf of the {fold^ o y/r^y^ ^"J^ ')(ffiJ(Tou. The hravtst of the GreeJcSy ot dfuaToi z(7)u ' FJJ-^U(OV. ExERtJISE 7. 1. Our wivea and clilldron aro to lilaiiie, 2. ITouourable actions (lclic) [idpTupa<:. 2. An appositive usually has the article ; but when joined with a participle becomes a predicate and drops the article : as, ^ 17 tiike the (TOO. viov. iiouruble nkiiul do id beams i. 5. He prisoners. , 7. Half 8. Many . All the reat kinsf. advice to from the are both he have to which e may be 3ut when drops the 2 he Gtt(t.f tJii. remotest oj the h(U'h(ui<(ns, ot rizai^ o: (rr^azoi Uir JvrcC '(T'^'/.zoi) zo)u fini>fidniov, 8. A_word_jnay stand in apposition with tlio njenitivo i ini)ru'd in a possessive a«ljuctiv c pr i n an adjective derived tVom !rpr(>))CM' noun : as, Retire to your oivn citiefi^ I (I /a a citizen of Athents^ the (jreatent of all states, ei/u \Wi^va7o j (trticular virtue, prudence, toi)t6 ye abzo, ^ vjfioulia. 0. \ivr^f> is used as a term of respect in apposition with tjtles aTi?l the names of nations and occu]3at|ons : as, " " jndijes, w dvd()t^ dtxaazai. A prophet, durjp fidvzt^. lie first send sto Athens a Spartan, Melesippus, TTfxozov drtoaziXhc kq rac 'Adijua^ MeXijat~-ov, dud(>a l'~aozidzY^p. 'J .t !■' t^»i^S*3i5w5^^ii7Tii^ "■Pl^ If ,1 ira'iF;3i 18 ill! I 'ii: I nil ':^' '" l! Hi: EXKHCIHK 8. 1. AlcxHTidor, the son of IMiilij), dotoHtcd kinir Hiiriurt at tlio river (ininiouH. 2. Some of tlio liourto had t'iilloii ; others Btill reiiiiiirujcl. 'A. He Biiid tliat tliey WDidd have their own a<^ain. 4, Kvery year tlie p)vermnent o\ Leshos Bent to Athens as trihute eijjjlity talents. 5. Soerates tlie j>hilo8(){»lier was l»ifj;hly esteemed l)e('ause of tliis very vir- tue, justice. 6. He said that a slieplierd livinj:; on Mc^unt Pelion liad secri theui robbing the temple. 7. Herodotus Pays that Tomyris, the queen of tlie Massai^istae, cut oil' the iioad of Cyrus. 8. Consider tliat you are a citizen of Ari^os, tlie oldest city in Greece. 9. You drove out the man who had saved your country, barbarians that you are. 10. Re- member, soldiers, that a Spartan cannot retreat from the field. 1 1. He held that eoura<;e was the fjreatest of all the virtues. 12. The armies have all been disbanded and dis- missed, one to one state, another to another {p. 26 6.) §9. PERSONAL AND POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 1. The nominative of the personal pronoun is used only for emphasis and especially in antithesis : as. You also shall see him^ xai ah o(/>£: wjtui^.. I mocked hut you praised^ iyo) /2eu xareyeXrxaa ah 3e iTzrji^effu^. 2. ^ Efiou, ifioi, ifii are more emphatic than the shorter forms and are the forms generally used after a prepo- sition : as, lie will stay at my house^ fizvzi nap ifioi. \ 3. There is no personal pronoun of the third person in Greek. IS: place is supplied !0 3rson in (1) III tlii' iKmiiiiativc, l»y tlu; (leinunrttratives, (iiicliuliiij^ 6 /tsu — o (li, the one — the (dher) : as, Thi'tj (ilhnrtui flu'ir I iH'inifs to Hv< atnl .s/mll icf I'ill t/tt/n ? hiivoc ffkv To'j^ 7:J/«rc oh dnoxTei^o'jfteu ; (2) III tliL' oliliijiu' cuses, by tliu oMiqiio cases of «yroc: a«, I'/if't/ killed hoth him and her, azsxTid^an (VKOv re xni (vnr^v. A fiv of thtm fell in th>' haW<\ dzidai'ou h r^ l^^Xli ^'^^^^^ oXiyoe mi;. 4. A possessive ]»ronoiiii is generally preceded by tlic article : as, My friend has arrived^ 6 IjiIk (fcM>; de7 zdaa; r«c t^oXuz ahvaJv. But his, her, its, referring to the subject of the sentence, are respectively kaorou, kauTYj;, kaurou, and their is iauraiu, (T^evepo; or a^cou : as, o r rf, T(t> t' f f- '0 V K< !- i I OS 1/ V o<:,i ' "1, ; nil'''! ' i.i; i I 20 Kadi oi'ie urns lenvhuj his country, ixafTTo:; d7:ihc~e tyju hvjTO^j zhhv. Parents Irme their cJrihJren, of yovti^ ifihrjai za hmzMV riyvo.. They said that they had found their slavf, iifaaxov ebftr^xivac rov (Tipirsoou douXov (or acftTw zdv do'jXov. 7. My ow n, your ouw (siiit. 3. Mcdon was sent by me as a messenger to the council. 4. lit' killed his wife with his own hand. 5. They asked me to gu witli him, but I refused, 6. We must not injure our own countrymen. 7. He asserted that he was your friend, but jour brother denied it. 8. I suspected my slave of the theft, but not tlie stranger. It is wonder- ^'ul if he did it. 9. They hoped that all their ships had l)een saved. 10. The property of you citizens will be sur- rendered to t)ie enemy. 11. A friend of mine saw him and asked him about the matter. 12 He thought that he could see nothing dearer than his native country. '{jiiU K .i V ■; i aiMMBadMMc:^ "t-J^ -T <;_y Gif(7)v rbv heir 01071 are wv, but oion often ao Tiov^ )lie(l in tlie m/s, bjiire po q^ in essive : as, l 5 asted but I neer to the hand. 5. ). We must •ted that he I suspected is wonder- ships had vill be sur- iw him and it he could % J/yAAr^ >r : d-*-!.-*/"^ 7 ^ a< f- '' ^ > '/ r to V y J •V'' ^ -f. I 111! :;»; "« i.if I'll ''l;. ""1 ■'It ;| "4 \ i' II 20 liach one intis leaving his counfry^ i/ofTzo^ d~ih:n£ tyju kwjro^j Tzhhv. Parents lave their children^ at jDVU'^ (f:).()~j(ic za %v zhv 7. 3f)j ow n, your ovm (sino;.), hi.^own and their ovm are respectively ifiauzob, azw)zo~), kauzou^ and ka')Z(ou, but o/m after oiir, your (plural), their (erson are of two kinds, direct and indirect. A direct reflexive is one that refers to the subject of its own clause : as, ' ' They s(iy that all men love their o>on^ Xiyuuacv on zdure^ dyo.7:(7)nc za ka'jT(7)v. An indirect reflexive is one that refers to the subject of the main cUiuse : as, Tyrants think that the citizens ore their servants^ ol T'jpavvoc uo/u^oij(7i Toh:; TtoMza^ f>T:rjn£T£7v kauTo7(;. Note, '^ Eauzoi) is used as both a direct and an indirect reflexive. 2. Besides Ir/'jroO, the following pronouns are used as indirect reflexives : (1) 01 (T(fe7:;, aifdiu, ffifim, (T(pa^. J. ' ' " • '-^ - "■ (2) Any form of auro:; : as. They are afraid that the Athenians unll attack them^ (fOjSnuurai jirj ol \'tdr^uacoi (T(pcacv iTzikdcoffcv. Cyras hedged Sacas to let him know, Kbfio:; Tou I'dxou ideTro <7i^/iacusiu auzcp. 3. /^yroc is often placed before a reflexive for emphasis: as, He has destroyed his own i)ower^ xaza?.£).>)xe zrjv a'jzo^ abzou ( = haozoi)) d'jva/itu. 4. ^(^Mjj^^auTwv, ''^j£J^ OLD oZc, &(i-, are i!:enerully direct reflexives. They are more emphatic than TaJroJv (o7^) and therefore often used in antithesis : as, They recognized neither themselves nor their friends^ /^yi'Or^rrav aifd^ zs auzoh^ xa\ zoh^ iTiCzr^dscuu^. 5. The reflexive is often used for the re(uprocal dUrhou : as. We conversed with one (mother, ^(^^^^YPji.'^flar^iu]j a\)zo7q. "iSi- '■ J ,/ \jj^- I I i;; lit; ;:| :; III! i :: "tl I I ill: "If, ^.11 22 6. The following is britfly the syntax of aoTo^: (1) In the jioi'ii'iiitive without a noun or in any case wit h on e, a'jzo^ is 6t7/'/ as, IJe liimatlf {the master) said it, aitzbz iipr^. I saw the general hiiiisdf, zt^ov tou (JTfiaT/^ydu ahzov. Note. In this sense when used with nouns — except nouns denoting persons — r>;'jr/>c always has the article, but take8~thepredicalive position : at^, Uy to the city itself, i^ abzr^v rr^v zohv. ''. ' But, The kiiig himself, ajzo; [-iaath'j:;. r (2) In the oblique cases without a noun, abzoz — unless the first word in the sentence — is him, her, it, them. : as, lie gave them the gold, idioxzv auzdl^ zbv •^puaov. Butj / saw him running away himself, auzbv eldov d7rodidf)d(Txouza. Note. Juzo^, in this sense, is frequently omitted : as, They met and routed them, iuzw^^ouzei: auzoT^, izf)eaii. (3) "WJien preceded by the article, ayroc it^ the same : as. They came on the. same day, 9jXdou zfj auzfj i^ptepa. (4) Lastly, auzo^ is used in certain idiomatic construc- tions : as, Pericles was general with three others {himself the fourth), UcinxXrj^ iazpazrj-j'S! zszapzo^ a'jzo^. They toohfour ships, crews and all, zizzapa^ vau^ iXa^ov abzoi^ dvdpdacv. We are alone (by ourselves), abzol iapiev. But let some one go of his own accord, d.)JA zi<; auzbi; tzio. %^ !^*-c~i-'vv<,>L- "-^'^^.^.^jj M-i,, . ^^/,_ c.-'. ^^-^L^.y J-C 2;} ^' / ( ^<_> \ iuiv case ns — except irticle, but 6c — unless lern, : as, ;ed : as, mme, : as, construc- 3lfthe 1 Exercise 10. 1. Tlic p;uiie pe.»j.]e always oc('n|»ic'(l Attica. 2. Tliey saw hill, in the .ni<].|l.. <,f the road. 3. The same thin-s pain some but delio-lit (.tli.rs. 4. The general was killell hj his own men. 5. Tliey thought that they should com- mand the harbour themselves. «. Conon with four others ■ was general in tlie battle. 7. Astyages sent tor his dauijp or 6 dvrjfj ohzo-. That road, ixecuv^ jj ddoc or jj odd:; ixstur^. But when the noun is a predicate or in apposition, the article is dropped : as, " Arnoiig the Persians this is law, iu IIsi>aac:: voiio; iaz'cu ohru^. He maJccs use of this as an excuse, .^ -vxu i^ -•>' ^'^-/ ~a'J77i 7:i)0(pdaec Y^tjr^Ta:. ^x>,..^' This was the greatest disaster that occurred, Ttddu- fisu TOUTo nexcazov drj iysuszu. :! 'm I* 'It in «■ .ii 'Mii M ii 1 d I Of ^V I % / Of a^ i o ^ i^^Oj 24 2. 6'uroc usually refers to something already mentioned, 5o£ to sonietliing yet to be mentioned. Tliere is the same distinction between xoto^no^ and row^^Js, ^s?/r/^, rorroyroc n,nd zoaoaoE, so great, rv^kxauru^ and zrp.cxoadz, no o/c/, oSrwjand o5^e, thus : as, (yw hearing this he spohe as folloios, dxo'jaaz Twna roidfle i?.eHu. Note. Totouro^ and'ro^ofrr^s, roao-^roc and toaoadB^ rrp^t- xuoTiK and rr^kadade generally omit the article; but, if they have the a.^ticle, they take the attributive |)osition : as, He remained with the following intention, yvoifrri 3e rot^ds i/ieiusu. There was a rnai'hd decrease in birds of this kind, ra)v Toiouzwv dpuidcov ini),£:i^'i^ <^a(fifj; kyivizo. 3, The former is ixEivo^, the, latter oitzo!; : as, I met Proxenus and Menon. I spoke to the former hut not to the latter, rifw^iuuj ze xai Mevcovt hizuY^ov ixscvcp fihv eh^a, zouzu) dk oh. 4 In such expressions as, That was a dreadful calamity, IxdvTj 9iv dscuTj (TU/i(pof)d, the demonstrative agrees with the predicative noun. "" 5. A7id that too, is xac zauza : as, He rendered them more sa't'age, and that too towards himself, dYpe(Dzepou(: auzohi: inocTjae, xac zauza e/c a5z6u. 6. Ouzo; is the regular correlative of 3c, who, but is used only for emphasis : as. Those who were prese7it, I saw, dc Tta^tr^aav, zo'jzouq eloou. \ 'JV-i— ^= /i€^ <^^ mentioned, is tlie sjime oao\)xoz (Zy I 01 ^U I u tive position : as. He remained with the followiiiy intention^ There was a marked dee/rase in birds of this kind, rwv zoio'jzcov dpvidcov iniXtCfpa; za e/c al)z6v. 6. Ohzo; is the regular correlative of 5£, who, but is used only for emphasis : as. Those who were present, I saw, oc Tcapr^aav, zo6zou(; sluou. ^c^ e I ncntioned, s the ssvme <(T(yjT()^ and , OUTIO^ iiiul l)ut, if they on : as, on, is hind, ; former il calamity y 8 with the touiarda ibr6v. but IB used I 26 But, / sum those irho were j)r< .fent, where the demon- strative is nnenipluitie, is €?au or xad^ kxdazrju zrjv ^nipav. 10. '' AXXo:: ( Lat. alius) is another of manij, ezepoi; (Lat. alter) another of two : as, •— =» The ot hers^ the rest, of d/.}.oi. The opposite party, of izepot.^ The 7'est of^ie^army, zb d?2o azpdzs'jna. The other of the two armies, zb iz£i)Op azpdzE'j/ia. h I ■■■' i Hm mrA frr' ^ ml is mmn "- !i 1^ i ;ii 1^ "I HI i: o 26 11. Tlic followini; exjunples will illustrate some of the idiomatic uses oi' d)Jo^ and its eoini)ouiul8 : {«) Some were rlch^ others poo i\ \ Sometivics I aie^ at other tl/nes I fastech ^ / / r I A dUoTe jihv rjadcov^ dlkoTS 3k int'tvcov. (b) Some we7it one I'lay^ oihc7's another, dUoi d/.h^ dTzr^XOov. JJifferent things pleased different jfef't'ions at different times, dXXot^ dXXoTS. dXhi idoxei. (c) Thet/ crossed yet a fifth river ^ dce^r^aau Trs/iTtTou TZOTafibv dlXov. {d) The Lacedaemonians and also their allies invaded Attica, c/ uTT/^, ( ^ > -» . of Aaxt(iatnovtot xal ol dXXoc (T'JiifiaYpt kae^iaXov ic ^//^ 'AzuxTJv. (e) \ They saio many other icondera, etdou TroXJfJiYal dXXa Qa'jfLa-za. Exercise 11. 1. Every night the barbarians descended from the hills and attacked this colony. 2. The opposite party seized the citadel and overawed the rest of the citizens. 3. This the poets tell us, that Peojasus had wings. 4. He was wel- comed by the citizens and also by the strangers. 5, Some spoke the truth, others refused to confess. 6. This country is so fertile that it is pleasant to live in such a region. 7. Different things are thought beautiful in different places. 8. I have seen many other cities, but Athens is foremost of all. 9. The rest of Greece was subject to Athens. 10. The fleet and the army arrived at Naupactus, the for- mer by cruising along the coast, the latter by marching 3 i ■^"TKi Mue of till* Fee- steJ, a h X i t rsoiu at r allies iai^aXov x\ the hills J seized the 3. This the ! was wel- 5. Some lis country -egion. 7. mt places. J foremost Athens. IS, the for- m arching i M. J rtwwwifiiifiiiiiii(iiiii,,ij,,,,,^ iii | itiii>g)i« i ii i n; i i i iinjm- i . i a '>^^^i««8^f!RiMi^iiigW -> W-^' ? , 111*. ' II ;| 19 S "I. "K '1 4 ; I m ^, p i !|! 96 11. TIjc followiui; oxiunplos win illustrjite sotjio of the idiomatic uses ot' dUo^ hikI its coiniJouinla : (a) Some vwre rlc/i^ (tt/wm poor, dUot fuv 7:h)'j(T:()( 7^a (Toov. (c) Here and there one : as, Of those that were killed, one here and there perhaj/s was wicked, — - Tcov dTToOauniJTcov i(i(o: rr^ 7jv Ttour/fo^. "' i So too, Ilardhj any, ^ u^ ij ourlei: : as,^ ^^^ /^ j^ ^^^ ^x' >M, r^ T/iese men have sjjoken hardly a word of truth, O'JTuc fj Tt Yj oudeu dhjdk^ ecp^xaaiu. id) So me great one : as, You hoast that yon are somebody, auyju<: r^c tlvat. {e) I in[glitjf^i(/hf say, hard to scale, b TOTTo: d'jfJi'^aTo: Tc<; itjuu. So too, /lira: r.'c, huy,:; o'jdd: tc{^ not a single one. ^h l<. ^r^ f )'i "" UK if! lis 4 !!i "[I "1. .:.i iiii . i ^ 1 I 28 ExERCioii 12. 1. Hardly a man escaped. 2. The chimaora was a hu^e and dreadful animal. 3. Many have suffered wrong at the hands of the governor. 4. Some say tluit the half of our ships were sunk in tliis sea-fight. 5. Those who boast so much, appear to many persons, I might say, to be somebody. 6. Every ignorant man is witliout friends. 7. Nothing else causes so many wars and seditions. 8. Ig- norance is the most terrible of all evils. 9. Wealth brings many advantages to those who possess it. 10. A boy is the most insolent of wild beasts. 11. Pie thought that every man ought to be simple and true.' 12. The rest of the blessings of this life are derived from virtue. 13. The man who is to be great must love neither hiinsolf nor his own. 14. The gods pitied the human race and ordained them a rest from their labours {(/en.) § 13. INTERROGATIVE FORMS. 1. The common interrogative pronouns and adverbs are : Whof Wf ; Which of the two ? Tdnspoz ; How great? noao^ ; (in the plural, TIolo many?) What kind? ttoco^ -^ How lit/ / old? Ttr^jxoj^] Wh>'re^_?_Trou ', Whence? noffeu • Whither? zo7 ', Whe7i ? iwze ', flow? Koi:; or ttyj ', * 2. The common Hitern)gative particles are : ^ or dpa (simply asking a question) ; a/)' oit (expecting the answer Yes) ; dpa /irj (expecting the answer JVo) : as, Is he sick ? ^ dadeuij^ iauu ; (Lat. aegrotatne ?) Is he not sick ? 5/?' obx dadevij^ iffuv ; (Lat. Nonne aegrotat ?) He is not sick, is he ? apa prj dadevij^ iareu ; (Lat. N'nm aegrotat ?) naora was a, fiPered wrong that the half Those who ht sav, to be : friends. 7. ons. 8. Ijr- 'ealth brings i). A boy is bought that The rest of e. 13. The self nor his nd ordained idverbs are : eat? TcoaoQ ; 010^ ; How "Whither f : -q or d.pa the answer tne f) ntv ; 4 \ ' ] /•('•< h a^ P ^ i tX / •» - i ^^ f f^ t^ >t^i.ai >*«<>»isaHp«(».*»fi(i- 'i "1' 1*1 'I ^l«' 'II 'Ml ■I Ml . fl* i' 28 Exercise 12. 1. Hardly a man escaped. 2. The chiinaora was a hu^e and dreadful animal. 3. Many have suffered wrong at the liands of the governor. 4. Some say that the half of our ships were sunk in tliis sea-figlit. 5. Those who boast so mucli, appear to many persons, I might suy, to be somebody. 6. Every ignorant man is witliout friends. 7. Nothing else causes so many wars and seditions. 8. Ig- norance is the most terrible of all evils. 9. Wealth brings many advantages to those who possess it. 10. A boy is the most insolent of wild beasts. 11. He thought that every man ought to be simple and true. ' 12. The rest of the bles^iings of this life are derived from virtue. 13. The man who is to be o-reat must love neither himself nor his own, 14. The gods pitied the human race and ordainod them a rest from their labours (^iit the note of interrogatjon lilillt>nOjj,)ften serves to. inark a question. 3. Instead of ao' o'j arc used /) ydo^ (vjxo'vj and a//o n rj; and Yj zo'j, rirj and /kou {/irj ouv) instead of do a /irj ; as, You have done th'u^^ have you not? q ydo Tooe ~£zorr^y.a^ ; Surdy we do r, at per made the (jodfi with tjifts, do we? u(7)v Tuh; dsob; dajoo:- zziOontv : 4. \Vhcthl| BM > » I ^W^^ U Ll gHB:?,'^' ^,„M,.^it*ia%^i^j '^.. Kill 18 $ •i'l! •I 1 M ■,. ■.. ,t >ii 1 "<'. 30 EXEKCISK 13. 1. Was not tin's the tree? Yes. 2. Surely he is not wronging you, is he? 3. IIuw many of the hoplites were present in the battle ? 4. What kind of man did you think him to be? 5. Which of the two is the stronger, necessity or desire? 6, Ilow did you not waken me at once? 7. Did you do that? Certaiidy not. 8. Whether have you said it or not? 9. Who are these ])eople I see ? 10. Are ye not all brothers? 11. What shall we do to recover our former freedom ? 12. Has not every man countless myriad? of ancestors ? § 14. THE GENITIVE. 1. The fundamental notion of the genitive is motion from. 2. One noim in the genitive is added attributively to another to express (1) Possession: as. The sophists' art is wonderful., ^ rwv aoipcazwv rkyyri oecvij iazcv. \\ 2'o Phqrsalus in Thessahu ^^C deaaalia^ i-l (Pdnaalou. (2) The loholeo^ which the governing noun denotes a part : as, . lie is a man of the people., dvi^p iavc zou dijfiou. This is called the partitive genitive. It is used after partiti_ves, numerals, superlatives, a^_neuter pronouns used as nouns : as, ~"~' I ■■■11 ■' "^ Sensible persons., ol (ppovcfiot tmv dvdpMTrcou. None of the Greeks., oudec;: '^ EXljvcov. He was the hest of the orators, dpcavo^ ijv tmu pT^zopcDu. To^such a pitch of folly did they rise, i^ TOUTO duoca^ ^jXdov. 31 he is not litcs were you tliink ecessity or ? 7. Did 3 you said 0. Are ye 3C0ver our ss myriad? is motion mtively to i(UiO(LK0V. denotes a IflOU. Lised after louns used fjTOpCDV. i ■: (3) Quality^ mdterial, aynoi/nt, &e. : as, v/ He vas (I ?/i'iv of great consideration, dvTjp -/ju uvi'c'Oa)') d^uofiaco^. A croum of violet i<, aziifavo:; uov. A journey of ten dh*ed in the governing / noun : as, [enjoy the good- vyi II of the people, tyju s'jvoiauTou dyj/iou s^m. This is called the subjective genitive. (5) The^ object of the action Jjnplied^ in the governing , noun : as. » 7 The fear of death i-ei^td him, TO dio:; tou dai'drou V.a^tv ahzov. This is called the oh jective geni tij^e. Additional ex- amples are : Euvoca Tiou '/ o '/i-M^^ria X-rtOl u'j f "• 'II !^ I ;;; »» *•• '4. If sal M K '1 tl I 'l. 'IP ^' 1 1 i t |:i \ * II! I ill 1 1 e L' .N Q 32 5, MuTiy a dverbs of place, tii'iif, aiu] nianuor govern tlie genitive: as, ^*>-<* ,s Q 32 5. Many a d verbs ()f'j>lace, tii'm', and nianiu'r <;,<)vern the genitive: as, " ^*"/^c W'ffc^u; hi the inorhl ? mrj z/^^ y(i^ ', Lafi' at nitjhtj o(/'k r^c ^oxto^. "- A(/r6^ i(TTi Isytev to'jtcov. lie (hprived them of their city, iazifir^ffeu aurohz rij^ nohio^. But the prepositions are often used : as, They did not tell the same story about the same events, ou TWJza ( = x(i auzd) Tispi tcoi^ auzcou ihyoiJ. (2) Verhs whose action affects on] y j)a7't of the object : as, / ajfill drink som,e water ^ 7tio[iat udazo^. They clung to safety, £cy_ovzo z/^z crcozr^piaz. They shared in the spoil, piezecj^ou zr^^ hia^. Note. These verbs often take the accu sative of the whole and the genitive of the part : as, ' ■ — He will take you by the hand, ^ij^'szai as zr^^ X^^P^^' (3) Verbs meaning to hit or miss, aim at, obtain, make trial of : as, He aimed at one thing and hit another, d.XXoi> azoyaadpLsvoQ izu^su d.XXo'j. ^ O Qj 4 mmmmmmmm -W *J f ' » III 1 'K "\ . "1 1* 1.1, •'it! 'if;,!; hit I'll, ( n) I Si II. 1^ 84 JJe mhftcd the, marl', yifinzs. zoh (TxoTto'j. To (thtaifi hidvl(je,nci\ rny^dvttv auyjfvo'iii-qz. Tlki'ii can get twit her fooil nor s/), uuve (TCTuu o'JTe uttuou d^'juauTai kay^^dusii^. Thuy made an atte/iipt upon the wall, ireifxinauTu to~j zti'^ouz. Q (4) Verbs o^jfle ntf/ iind want : ua, T/tcy loaded the ship with t'nnher, lyiiuaav rr^u ua^w ^''Amv. His hooJi's art'fidl of such (/iscusfiions, TfJi [icfiyia auTob yiftee rtou tuio'jtwu Xoyow. Far from it, tioXaou de7 {it wants 'much). AJjnost^d}Jj^u 3eJ^{it VMtnts litih). I need money, dio/iai •^(tr^/idzwu. I But verbs meaning to Jill, also take the dative : as, The army was filled with sorrow, TO aT()dTeu/ia k7:Xi^(jdrj HXyEc. Vi> (5) Verbs relating to the senses (except sight) : as, They never tasted liberty, ounore iytuaavro r^c ihudepUju;. J smell gold, daifftacuoftai rob y^ftuaou. Note. \4xo'j(o, I hear, generally takes the genitive of the person and the accusative of the thing : as, / hear a cry, ^orjV dxouco. > . / heard hirn singing, qxooaa auroi) adouTo^. (fi) Verbs relating to tbe action of the miiid : as, ' Tojiuiderstand {(ruucr^/ii), perceive {acffOdvo/ia:), remember {fdnvrjiiac), forget {iTzdavOdvofiat), desire {imdo/ieto), despise {xaraiffjuusM), care for (xijdofiai). I do not 7'emembcr the names, o\j idiivTjfiat raJv dvofidzcov. They did not desire empire, oux kneduixr^aav dpy7J(:. vw ^'jhov. ; as, as. iiltive of IS, ememher , despise ofidzcov. 1) V V JV\S{(j .( "^ '-^ 35 (7) Verbs thiit iini>ly coui patua on : a^, ' ' To he sitpcrlnr fn (Tzeftiyiyiio/tae or zeftUc/tc), hr master of or hohl (xnaTSo)), ft^ inf't'/'iof to i/'jzTtiofiU!). He comniered us. 7:tuttrii>tzo iimv. t^^ (8) Vvrhs, of ((cnt/sfmj.aojuf til n(j and eondemjiiiKj : tuf, ^ Ji 27ief/ ((ccusr him of theft ^ aizcii)\>Tat a'jzhu zr^z xXor:^^. He w/ts tried for treason and aojuitted^ 7^C TTfutooaia^ iif'jye xa't driifoysi^ {ifvjyio^ \.fee^ 2. he a defendavt). hazrYOftiw, I aeei/se, and xazayiyuo'xjxo), f con d em 71^ take / // the jijonitive of the i)er8on and the ace. of the tliin<^ : as, They necnsed him r^aav a'jzo') zt^v d.(ii3 Slav. — They spoke imj'iety ayainst him (xar a'jzoj). They cojidemiied hiiti to deaih^ xazsyvojaau auzou zov ddvazov. — They judged death against him {xaz'' abzob). (9) Ye rbs fo llowed in English by a causal for, on ac- count of : as, I envy you for your wisdom, ^^tjXw as r^c ooipia^. (10) The verb to be in the sense of to helong to : as, Seamaiisliip is a matter of art, zb vauztxbv zk'^vr^^ iazcu. To he one^s oivn master, kauzou duae. This idiom translates the phrases, It is the part, duty, ma7'k, characteristic of : as. It is the 2>(irt of prudence to remain at peace. & G J .^^^ 1IA.C 7 .1 v..2J-^' • ■ -> ■ ,; l^^' ^•s^teijMiaiii^jiiiigigjgijiiiitftr.^^ *»! ■> »■» -li^^^'-J '^ W-tjfe.Vif . I III ! 1 1:!3 ! 'it ' ': 1:1 I "ill ! •1 I N \ 36 Exercise 15. 1. Such a one needs nothing. 2. Most people listen with pleasure to abuse of others. 3. It is in any one's power to find fault. 4. The poor imagine that all men despise them. 5. Some they condemned to exile, others to death. 6. They would not even touch his hand. 7. He said that he was holding a wolf by the ears. 8. They will exclude the enemy from the sea. 9. He will rob them first of their freedom and then of their lives. 10. Tliey said they would try the lite of virtue. 1 1. He never forgot the friends of for- mer days. 12. War is not a matter of arms but of money. 13. Is it not likely that the best counsels will emanate from the best men? 14. It is the proof of a great general to conquer the enemy in the field, but of a greater to make a good use of victory. 15. This day will be the beginning of sorro>ys for Heiias. § 11'- THE DATIVE. 1. The fundamental notion of the dative is rest at or connection with . 2. The_^nglishj6^o!iJ^<^'' is usually expressed by the dative, except after verbs of motion (§ 22, 7) : as, He gave pay to the army, fiiadou idcoxs rep axpanp. Every man labours for him self, rrd^ durjp auziji 7top£i. Every tyrant is hostile to liberty, TTttC vjpavi>0(^ ^X^f'^^ ^^'^' ^fj ^^^^^depia. Misfortune is coinmon to all, to dnovox^lv xoivov iazi ndacv. It is all the same to us, ofiotdv ianu i^pcv. 3. Verb s followed in English by toiih usually take the dative luGreeF: as. oi K^ Isten with power to )ise them. 6. They at he was elude the t of their ley would nds ot'tbr- of money, mate from general to to make a begiiming rest at or ed by the ■pazijj. late Tcaacv. ■f take the (< oi m Mmims»i*-\ ili iji '" li "; (I iVI !' I,. i^' I I ; 36 Exercise 1 5. 1. Such a one needs nothing. 2, Most people listen with pleasure to abuse of otliers. 3. It is in any one's power to find fault. 4. The poor imagine that all men despise them. 5. Some they condemned to exile, others to death. 6. They would not even touch his hand. 7. He said that he was holding a wolf by the ears, 8. They will exclude the enemy from the sea. 9. He will rob them first of their freedom and then of their lives. 10. Tliey said they would try the life of virtue. 1 1. He never forgot the friends of for- mer days. 12. War is not a matter of arms but of money. 13. Is it not likely that the best counsels will emanate from the best men? 14. It is the proof of a great general to conquer the enemy in the field, but of a greater to make a good use of victory. 15. This day will be the beginning of sorrows for Hellas. oj:: 1 1* § 17.;. THE DATIVE. 1. The fundamental notion of the dative is rest at or connection with. \ 2. The English Jc * or for is usually expressed by the dative, except after verbs of motion (^ 22, 7j : as, He gave 2)ay to the army, ficadbv idcoxe Tip avpazqi. Every man labours for him self, Tta^ duTjp a^np zovet. Every tyrant is hostile to liberty, Tzdz Tupavvoz i-j^dpo^ iavc vfj ihudeoia. Misfortune is common to all, to d.izoTU-j^e'cv xocvov ioTc Tzaaiv. It is all the same to us, opoiou iaTiv -^pxv. 3. Verbs followed in English by loith usually take the dative iuGnieFl as, 37 isten with s power to ,pise them. . 6. They lat he was xelude the •st of tlieir they would ends ot'tbr- t of money, lanate from general to r to make a i beginning 3 rest at or ;sed by the as, avpazip. \Tif 7:ouec. a. )V iar: rcaacv. fUV. lly take the Fhjht wifJi {na.'^oaai)^ mrrf, irifh {hru)'-^dv(o)^ he ti^ vaO^ auTu7^ d.vd()d(Ttv. This is called the dative of' accorn^KLitiinent. 7. A dative is added to comparatives and 8uj)orlatives to define the degree of difference : as, Much (jveater, nolXw fiec^wv. He vuis older hy a year, iuirnw nf>e(Tj3'JT£f>o:; ryv. Tliis is called the dative of difference. 8. The agent after a passive verb is expressed by the dative, i nstead of by ^no tin d.jjie genitive, with (1) The perfect and pluperfect passive. (2) Verbals in rioc : as, This has heen proved hy me, touto dsdT^)M-ai [lot. 1 ou must (JO, heov kari aoc ( = it must be gone hy you). 9. lime wlieii — when the time is definite — is expressed by the dative : as, He came on the third day^ riWe rfj zfjctrj rj/iipa. 10. The dative of a personal prononn is used to denote that the person to whom the prononn refers has some special interest in the action of tlie verb : as, Attend to this, pray, Trpoai^sze uouii zouzuj /aoc. Who among your friends is dead? zii^ zwu (piXa)v zeduTjxe aoc ; This is called the ethic dative. 11. The following ar^ idiomatic uses oi the dative : O71 the right as one sails i?i, iu de^ia kaizliovzc. If you arish to hear, el' aoc jdou^Mfisvuj iaztv axousiu. In m y j udgment at least, (Zc ^' i/ior xpczfj. I have nothing to do loith yon, oudku itwi xal o-o't. ■"If \(jj (TTf)aT(p. rlatives to 3d by tlie ; [IOC. hy you). expressed spa. to denote [iti8 some [JLOC. ive : VTC. OUSiU, i O'DC. _*f \_A i_ "rdnririii fr'iii I i H i m iii iii W u im l i i I 1 ■i*':ili! Hi **•'■' III I ll 'hi,, 1. I, » "I. I Mm , iiii. ':, ^I'MI !' lit,, I ii e' 6 \ ^ ,;;^ 6^ 38 lie took the field with a large force, iazfjcxTEuas r.o)lw arparcp. So too, They took three ships, creius and all, eV.ou Tjttl^ ^o^ -/Jd. This is ('ulled the dative of dijfercnce. 8. The agent after a passive verb is expressed ]>j the dative, i nstead of by bno and the genitive, with (1) The perfect and pluperfect passive. (2) Verbals in zeoi; : as, This has heen proved hy me, rouro dedrjho-at [loc. You must go, heov iazt aw { = it r/ivst he gone hy you). 9. lime when — when the_ time is definite — is expressed by the dative : as, He came on the third day, ^Wb t7j Ttntrj -fjiiipa. 10. The dative of a personal pronoun is used to denote tliat the person to wliorn the pronoun refers has some special interest in the action of the verb : as, Attend to this, pray, Trpoffij^sze uouii to'jtuj fioc. Who among your friends is dead? Wc ^wy (fc/.wv TsOur^xi aoc ; This is called the ethic dative. 11. The following are idiomatic uses of the dative : On the right as one sails in, iu de^iii ia7T?JouTi. If you u:ish to hear, el' aoc [iouXonevto ea-tv axouau. hi my judgment at least, owe f i/Mc xpirfj. I have nothing to do with yon, oudku i/wc xai .yoc. li'.^H •4 89 I. atives to :1 by the fioc. hy you). 3xpressed ipa. o denote liiB some \lJ.oc. ive : ■yoi Exercise 10. 1. They hehl that a iiiaii whs not horn for himself hut for liis country, 'i. Yon weru in tlie Siinie place as he was. 3. An exile's proi)erty helon^s to the state. 4. Men often err thronp;li i<2:noranee. 5. He died of the plague in the fourth year of the war. 6. Preparations have been made by both armies. 7. In my judgment at least, her brother is much more skilful. 8. We have nothing to do with him. 9. Has the stranger departed, pray ? lU. There is a town on the right as you enter the gnlf. 11. People said that the Thebans were ajjproaching with a largo army. 12. He thought that the king would fight with us on that day. 13. It is the part of a good citizen to consider what is ex- pedient for his country. 14. He will follow the customs of his own land. § 17. THE ACCUSATIVE. 1. The fundamental notion of the accusative is 7notio?i to. 2. M any intr ansitive verbs J)ecom£ transitive when com- pounded w;ith a prei^)os5*'J^'i • f^s, ~ — - — Cross {dca^aiuco), coast along {TtapuTz/Jco), transgress {Tiapaflacvco), avoid {i^laTa/ia:), pursue {/isrei/ii), run away fro7)i {dTTodidpdaxo)) : as. They crossed the ri%)er hy night., Tou TTOza/idv v'jxzb^ dci^r^aav. Our ancestors never avoided danger., ol npoyovot o'jttozs k^iazr^aav xivouvov. 3. Mauy_verl)s and verb phrases that a re intrans itive in English are tran sitive in Greek : as. Guard against {(fo/A—o/ia:), swear by (ojuvojii}, feel n •i i: 'I if' 'I i'tiH I : "I. i r 40 C07iji/7(mt ahout (Oaooio))^ fefl f^Inimc, hcfore {ala'^%niLat)^ feel reverence for {alokofuu^^fed dJiiriii at ((fofiiu/m!). lie swore hy the (joda that he ftit no fear of death^ wfLoat xobz tfeuh^ Oaooziv rov Oduazov. 4. TIjo adverbs urj, yes, hy and fid, no, hy are followed by the accusative : as, ' Yes, hy Zens, vrj tov Jca. No, hy this Olympus, fia Toude zbu " OXouTinv. 5. Verbs ineaiiinii; to asl\ for {(liriio)^ ask a tjiiestfon {ifni)T(l(o), teach [dcddaxco], conceal {xo'j-T(o), deprive [d(pa:- (>s(o), put on or ojf {iudOo) or ixd'MO), say of (kiyco), do to {rzoiio}), take two accusatives in the active, and in the passive the accusative oTth'e thing: as, 3fany ash me for food, TcolXo't itt alxov ahouacv. lie teaches the hoys notJung, Toh:^ 7Ta7(la^ oodki^ dcddaxsc. They deprived them of their swords, dipttXov wjToh^ rd ^'uprj. They say the xnorst things of each other, dXXrjXou^ rd layjuza )Jyooacu. lie did great injury to the country, /liya TTju Tiohv xaxou iTtoiY^crsu. They were deprived of their swords, d(f7^f>sOr^(Tai> zd ^i(p7j. Note. Even verba that govern the dative and accusative may take an accusative of the thing in the passive : as, lie was entrusted with the office, kTtcTfjdnrj ttjv df-^-^v. 6. Many verbs are followed by an accusative of kindred form or meaning : as, They fought a hattle and won a victory, fJ-dyr^v ifiaY^saavzo xai pcxr^u hixr^aav. He was sick luith a disease, Ixajiz vhaov. This is called the cognate accusative. %^ tth, )\vec] by I nest 'On e {f'upai- i), (h to 1 in the 'CV. Mcrxei. a cc iusative : ;i8, kindred 41 7. Tlie accusative is joined to nouns, adjecti s^es, and verl>8, to limit or define their !neanin 07ji9(ou. Exercise 17. 1. Truth will at last prevail. 2. They will teach him this art. 3. He hid his face from us. 4. Has he not had his office taken from him ? 5. They were bound hand and foot {ace. 2)1.) 6. I will put my own cloak upon him. 7. The cavalry crossed the mountains in the tniddle of winter. 8. The truce lasted three whole months. 9. In this way you will live the best life. 10. Guard against your own friends. 11. The great harl)our is forty furlongs from the city. 12. Many slaves ran awav from their masters durino; this war. 13. He did not conceal his opinion ivhva the country. 14. They said <-hat the slave was by descent a Lydian. 15. The Athenians alleged that they were for the most part au- tochthonous. 16, They have deprived our allies of liberty. 17. It is better to ail in body than in mind. \i G I llffiKlilii ^^m* ftjiilfriiffo*;;; • tl "Av I I 5' • !J't:A7T-0 ■I I til <., !" 42 § 18. THE PREPOSITION. 1. The meatiirii^ of a |)rep(»fllti(»ii U hirufcly dctcnuiiied by tlio fuinJuiiit'iitiil notion of tliu case that follows it. Tlins, Tzapd is he^^lde ; but 7:a(K/. rou r.orafuvj hfrotn (he- side) t/ic river,' rrafta zip TTUTafKJ), al t/w river,' Tzapa rbu noTa/iou, to [or along) the river. 2. A verb of motion is often followed b}' a preposition of rest, and vice versa a verb of rest by a prop^Ksition of mo- tion : as, He put it in our hands, idr^xtv auzb iifiiv iu y^tpaiu. lie stood beside the pitla/'^ Iottj r.apa ttju xiuua. This is called the pregnant conf>tructio7i of the prepo- sition. 3. The following^ prepositions govern the genitive only : (1) Mi>r/, instead of : as. He hecame a' slave instead of a hing, bouloz iyiusTO duu ^aadSio^. (2) 'i4;r6, from [from the outside of) : as, He came from the city, 7p.dev drrb r^c nnhco^. They fought on horseback, dip^ Ititiou l}i6.fovxo. (3) ^Ex {iz before a vowel), oif,t of , from, on : as, Fie drove them out of the country, ifilaatv auToh^ ix ty^^ yr^^. They kept the feast from that time, i^ ixeivoL irroir^aau vrjv kopzrjv. They will be on equal terms with us, ix zoo cao'j -f^iMv yzv^aovzat. 43 Al/r-U (^) //,ou, before, in prference to : as, * "^ f^ lie Hfooil hf(yre the house, iarr^ zoo to'j ul'xou. Ji*'fore this ivar the,, effected nothing great, Ttpd TouSe TO'J TTolifiorj o'jdkv fiiya inim^av. ' I rvill not honour man he/ore the truth, dudfta ou Ttfirjaio nfto ry;c (Ih^ddac;. (5) "Avio^ irithout : as, He is gone of without vs, ot'xtrac d.v,u ^ft^v 2 here xcere ten thousand hopUtes, apart from those in the garrisons, fi'Jfnoc ^aav bTtrcvac dueu twu iv toT; 6ov. (b) By (distributively) : as. By threes, dvd rpei^. They marched at the rate of jive parasangs a, day, dvd Tzivve Tzapaadyya^ ttj^ ij/ispa^ iTropeuovzo (§ 14, 4). They stood' in companies of one hundred each, dvd kxarbv iazrjaav. (2) Etz (ic in Thucydides) into, (a) Into or to : as, 46 only : of young nd men, » )do tuo). itiveonly : 'I day^ n4,4). ach, to : as, lie t Jin in h'ui, self into (he fortrea-s^ iaiTZBfJtV i^ TO (fftO'Jt)lOU. J /ley sent hlrri to Athom, imuiiuw aoznu i^ va: \iHrjva;. To the loirer world, i^ " Aulxj (8(;. dhuov). Tojhe temple of Zeu.'^, i^ to M6: (se. 'Uf,6v). So too, The ambassadors spoke before the people^ ol TTftia^hc^ ih^av i^ tou ^i 1^ £: /I ::it !■ .v^^ /•< 46 Exercise 18. 1. A thick darkness liungs in trout of truth. 2. He is a lion amon^ sliccp. 8. I was deceived in jou, 4. He drew tiiern up on tlui plain. 5. They came to hiui four at a time. 6. Thi'j l>rouo;ht the city to terms. 7. You slmll know in time, 8. This Jii^itory has been composed as a possession for all titne. 0. They came to Argos with arms. 10, Was he fortunate with respect to his children ? 11. They killed all the ambassadors except one. 12. They carried every- thirg froiri the fields into the city. 13. You ate from the 8an]e table. 14, Shall we sail up the river? 15. He hid the gold in the earth, 16, They deposited the spoil in the temple. 17. They used waggons instead of a rampart, 18. He will do anything for praise. 19. Few out of a large number wero saved. 20. They had war instead of i)eace. 21. He gave them pay for the fleet. 22. They did not receive him into the city. 23. They fought a battle before the gates. 24. It was about one hundred years from that time. 25. It was about fifty years between the retreat of Xerxes and this war 26. He sent them to the king. 27. Honour youi- parents before all men. 28. Nature without education is blind. 29. Remain with us until evening. 30. Without leaders nothing great will be efiected. § 19. THE PREPOSITION continued. The following prepositions govern both the genitive and the accusative : 1. Jid, tht'ough. (1) With gexitive. {a) Through (of place and time) : as, lie went tlirough the ra^iks^ rj?Ms dca rcov rd^eoju. Thtij Temained there through the whole nighty dca bXr^^ vr^^ vuxrb^ i/isinau abzou. 1 i « I . iiTMi . lie is a He drew it a time, know in ossession 10. Was ley killed ed every- from the . He hid oil in the rampart, of a large of peace. ^ did not tie before rom that 'etreat of :ing. 27. e without evening;, d. litive and time) : as, 47 So too, They luere ancjnj with him, 8c dpy^c ttypv auxbv. {]>) Through (of the secondary agent) : as. All this they did through your instrumentality^ Tzduza Taitra izoir^aau did ao\). {(i) At a distance^ at an interval of: as, At intervals often hattlements there were towers, dm dixa i7za/.~ecou rjjpyot qaav. They Icept the feast every fifth year, rr^u kopTTju i~oir^(Tai^ dm Tri/iTrrou izou::. (2) With accusative : On account of: as, All this they did on your acoount, Ttdwa raura iTcoirjaav dm tre. Why did they escape unless through his delay f 8m Tt dTTecpuyov si iirj 8m rrju fiklhjaiv auvou ; 2. Kard, down. ^^ 7 (1) With genitive, {a) Down from : as, They leaped down from the cliffs, YjXavro xazd toju xpr^puaiu. {b) Doion upon : as. He pours vmter upon his hands, u8(j}p xaxayftzat xazd zdJv j^ecpcou. (c) Against: as. They sjyoke all manner of evil against me, r.avzota xaxd ih^au xaz' i/iou. (d) Dotvn into, beneath : as, He sank into the sea, xazd zr^a OoMaarj^ /azs8o. (2) With accusative, {a) Down : as, l)ow7i stream, xazd pbo)^. I J I'll in; III* 'tr. ll«l ' **' I 'Hi r 4S (5) Down alo7i(j, over, throitgh., in (of place and time) : as, By sea and land, x«r6! ;';jy xat xaxa Odhiaaav. They wander over the city, TilavoivTat y.ara vi^v Tiohv. There icere jieoj^Ie ht ihejields, di'dfnoTZOi ijOav xura robz (lYpo'j^. This VMS the most important event that occurred during the ivar, zouzo xaza zbv Tihlcnov fiiycazov iyiuezo. {c) Over agaitist, at (of place and time), contiiiiiijorary with : as, They fought opposite the camp, ifid^o'^zo xaza zb ffzftazozedou. They assembled at the sperAfied time, (Tuufj£(Tau xaza zbv Eiprjuevov "^pbvov. He was contemporary loith me, xaz i/ik ^v. {d) According to, niith reference to : as, According to Pindar, xaza Uivdapov. They sent one hundred ships in accordmice vnth the terms of the alliance, kxazbu vai>c iTzeui/'av xaza ztju aufLfLayiaiJ. So too : To the best of one's ability, xaza 3'jpapeu. Public affairs, za xaza. zr^v ~6Xcv. Military affairs, za xaza TtoX^fiov. To take by storm, kh7v xaza xodzoz. To retreat with all speed^xaza z6.yoz dvay^ioptiv. Probably, xaza z6 dx6z. {e) To be compared ivith, in proportion to, for : as, This is ''not to be compared loith that^ ZOUTO OU xaz' ixttVO i(TZCU. The arjns were too many for the number of the killed^ za. 5/T^a Tchia) ?jaau // xaza zoh^ uexpouQ. 1 trie) : as, -bhv. i during 'iiiporary the terms : as, killed^ I I I Public a nohfiov. with all I I 49 (/) By (diatriltiitively) : as, One hij one, xad' iva. Daily, xad^ ^jiifiav. Gradually^ xuTa [uxoov (little by little). /" 3. Mezd, with (of closer eonnectioii tlian aw). (1) With genitive : \Yith^ on the side of : us. They fougJit with us against Thvhes, fad' rj/idju i/m^eaavTO to7^ Or^fiatoc^. They won their empire with great lahour, fiera /ieydhou Tzni^wu ttjv doyr^v ixvrjaavzo. (2) With accusative : After : as, They arrived after the (>JT(du. (c) On hehalj- of , for : as, They incurred danger for n,^, ixr^duutuov b~h() rj/tiov. (2) With accusative : Above f'f measure) : as. He was sujjerior to all in strength, ~kp rrdura^ ^v r^ M^f^Jl' This is quite beyond us, touto navzdnaacv bnef) ^nd^ iffziu. EXERCI»E 19. 1. Dead men, as Plutarch says, do not l>ite. 2. The older men are now on our side. 3. That was beyond his strength. 4. He is nut honoured on hie own account, but on account of the distinction <)f lus ancestors. 5. They (-T1 H<1 mm if '{■:■:« II,, ■Iln: >' ^/ 50 will not be so zoalons to incur diinger for others. 6. He took many ships during the voyage. 7. He is willing to die for his country. 8. They threw themselves down from the wall. 9. There is a harbour just above the ridge. 10. They fled through the city. 11. Rain fell through the night. 12. On this account they were sailing across the sea. 13. Six hundred talents came in yearly. 14. Things at the greatest distance are mo t admired. 15. I wish to take counsel with you. 16. The battle will be for country and freedom and empire. 17 They were saved through your instrumentality. 18. He was the most powerful man of his time. 19. Others were scattered over the rest of Greece. 20. After the second invasion they were angry with Pericles. 21. They sat down by twos and threes. 22. He left nothing untried against me. 23. These islands lie over against Euboea. 24. I will reply in his stead. 25. They poured water upon our heads. 26. As far as he is con- cerned, the day is already won. 27. After this, they ravaged your fields. 28. He lived according to natur«^ and his own judgment. 29. Individually and collectively they assented. 3l>. That was a calamity too great for tears. § 20. THE PREPOPITION continued. The following prepositions govern the genitive, dative and accusative : 1. 'A/Kfc, afjout (riirely with genitive or dative in prose). With accusative: About (of numerals; =££(;, but usually followed by the article) : as, He was ahont fifty years old 'when he died^ 7]V ore izeh'jTa djU(pc to, mvTTJxoura irrj. . So too, with names of persons : as, Plato and his school^ ol d/i(f} [D.dxcova. 61 3. 6. He willing to lown from idge. 10. rougli the icross the 4. Things I wish to )r country ] throuijh erful man le rest of ere angry irees. 22. islands lie tead. 25. \ he is con- y ravaged d his own assented. ve, dative in prose), it usually d, 2. '/^;rr, o?i. (1) Wrni GENITIVE, {a) On; as, 7/tere icere many icounded men on the ships, TToUoc Tftaufiaviac l^aav iizi vcov i^eojv. ijj) Over, ill charge of : as, Those at the head of affairs, ol irrc uou npaYfidztov. He remained in the command, ifxstvtv im r^f dpYr-. {c) Off, 7iear : as, These islands lie off Chios, aurac al vy^aoi xtlvxat iTte Xcou. lit reduced all the parts on the borders of Thrace, Tzdi^za zd im OfJ^xr^^ xazeaz(je(pazo. (d) To { = on to) : as, They sailed to Samos, Inltuaav km Idfiou. {e) By (with reflexives) : as, TJiey live by themselves, i(p kauzdiu olxouacv. if) Deep (military terra) : as, He drew them up three deep, dcezd^azo abzoh^ inl zpuov. in) Before ( = coram) : as, He stated on oath before witnesses, ecTcsv i) With: as, He drank water with his food, irrc zip airw udcop imueu. (c) I?i the 2^0 we?' of : as, We shall he in the himfs power, ysv/jaofjieda im ^aadei. {d) In: as, They caught him in the act, Itt auro^copuj aurbu iXa^ov. {e) With a view to, for : as, We are allies bat not for the enslavement of Greece, aumia-^oi ia/iev dkX oux im xazadoohoasc r^c 'EUddoi;. {f) On condition : as, They capitulated on the following terms, auvij^rjaav im roTade. (3) With accusative. {a) Upon (after verbs of mo- tion) : as, Jle mounted upon horseback, d.vk^q i(p Imiov. {b) To: as, The road leads to Susa, j bdb^ (pepei im louffa. So too : To the 7'ight, im de^id. In both directions, iK d/Kforepa. To exaggerate, im rb /jst^ov xo(t/i£7v. (o) As far as : as, Their territory reaches down to the sea, ^ yrj auTtop xadi^xei im zrju ddXaaaav. ■MU;i|fc!«.«i«W*«e«ij»j%m'W,S»S*«W«W|l,5^SS imueu. \aacXsc. ila[iov. "eece, Iddoc of mo- V. 53 (d) Against: as, They marched against the Persians, iazpdrsuaav im royc Uipaa^. [e) Over, for (of place and time) : as, Over a wide space, im ttoXu {or for a long time). They ravaged the country for the space often days, idrjouv TTjV yr^u im dsxa ^/lipa^. if) For ( = in search of) : as, He went off to procure another army, dnr^Xdeu in dUv^v (irpavcdu. 3. riapd, beside. // ^ "^ ' (1) With GENITIVE, {a) From: as, They came from the king, ^doi. napa ^aadico^. {h) By {^bTTo): as, They are filled with wisdom by him, r^C (TO(pca(: rrap^ abrou nh^pouvxac. (2) With dative, {a) At, near, among : as. He was educated at my house, inacbtbdrj nao' iuoi They remained near their ships, napi.v«v. So too : ^^J the court of Cyrus, izapk Kupw. Before J^idges, Tzapd dtxaara't;;. ' '^ (b) With: as, hey had great influence with him, pLeya iduuauro nap' abzip. (a) In the works of : as. In the works of Homer or of Plato nap' 'Opyjpw tj napd nXdzwvt. (3) With accusative, {a) To ( = to beside) : as, T X "•1 ?p 54 They sent ambassadors to hha^ TZftea^zi:^ irtzmpav rzan wjxbv. They came within a little of perishlmj^ Tzapa iux()ov 7j?.dou dnodauetu ( = to beside a little). So too : 7o alniod escdpe, Ttaoa fuxpbv dcaipuyziv. To he superior by far^ Ttapa tto?!) TTepiyeuiffDai. To esteem, as little, as nothinif, nafta fuxpbv, Tta^t' oudku rideaOai. {b) Beyond, contrary to : as, -^^^ ^' That was beyond his stre/iyth, zo~jto viv Ttafid d'jvat/.iu o.'jtw. Many things happtn co)itrary to e,i'pect« ttju d^iav. In vie .ition of the laios, napd toIx^ uo/iou:;. (c) Besides : as, It is something else besides all these, izepov u i(TTc Tzapd izdvza xwjxa. (d) In comparison with ( = prae) : as. In comparison with the other animals we live as gods, Tcapd rd dXXa ^wa a>c Otoi l^iozeuo/iev, (e) Because of, owing to ( = along of) : as, It was owing to you that this happened, ■Kapd as TOUTO iyivszo. (/) During, at the time of : as, He did not accuse me at the time the crimes were committed, ou xazr^yopr^ffsu ipoii rrapd zddcxijpo.za. Exercise 20. 1. It was not so in my day. 2. We can do it by our- selves. 3. They lost about a thousand men. 4. And on the present occasion the opinion naturally prevailed. 5. Will \'\ \m n auTOV. Ic). To he as little^ V a'JTW. .ition of s gods, 65 they act in viobition of tlic trout}' ? fi. This gokl they used for their own safety. 7. Many pride themselves upon tlieir wealth. 8. Comi)ared to wisdom, everything else he counted as nothing. 9. I have lived among you during all my life. 10. It will be in their power to attack us. 11. This has happened because of his carelessness. 12. You put up at my house. 13. I went to him for the interest. 14. He mounted upon the wall. 15. They carry loads upon their heads. 16. Cities flourish in tiuu' of peace. 17. They made affidavit before the judges. 18. He was restored on specified conditions. 19. God will not accept gifts from the wicked. 20. Unexpected success makes us fools. 21. In the days of the first kings the city rose to a great height of power. 22. He shall be named after his father. 23. This is true even in extreme cases. 24. They went on board and sailed away home. 25. It extended over the greater part of the earth. 26. It was done for your good. 27. They marched against the city. 28. They shall have strength sufficient for their labours. 29. They were scat- tered over the country in search of plunder. § 21. THE PREPOSITION continued. mmiited. by our- id on the [ 5. Will '■'[ 1. The following prepositions also govern the genitive, dative and accusative : 1. /7e/>r, about. J j ('T (1) With GENITIVE, {a) About, for : as. We are not contending for equal stakes, ob TTspc ziov I'acov d.Yiovc!^6{itda. {h) About, concerning : as, I shall be compelled to speak about myself, d.vayxaad'jaoiiac -£fn i/iaUTOi) Xeytcu. I fi6 1/^5 It ji* (g) With regard to : as,' So the iiKtttcr stood w'lth re(j(trd to this tiffair^ {d) Ahont^ trorth : as, The Sjxtrtans valued dit-ciplinr h'ujhhj^ o\ Aaxtiiacf/ovcoi xbajtov 7:sfjc 7:oXh)U iTZOtooi^To ( = considfired it about an important ma tor). So too, with yTo^er^^y^/.': More highly, 7:s(n nUovo^. Most Jii(jhly^7:tfn7Thi(TToo. Ahovr toerythiny^ -ioc Trai^zd^. Little, TzefH uMyou. (2) With DATIVE. For {\v\\\\ verhi^ o^ fcdrijuj) : as, They feared for the i^afety of those mithout, TTSfn To7^ i^(o i^tcfjav. (3) With accusative, {a) About, around, 7iear {of -phce and time) : as, There should he sentries around a camp, ifu)Mxaz 6z ne dewv Ixtrtuco. {d) On the side of (of descent) : as, 071 the father's side he is an Athenian, "Adr^ualo^ iazi za ;:oo^ too naTfJO^. (e) On the side of, for the advantage of: as, This km is for the advantage of the rich, OUTO^ 6 u6/m: TTfto; uou TzXaumcou iauu. if) From, at the hands of: as, We suffered shameful troatment at your hands, al'a-j^cava izddotav rrpdc ^/^(ou. ig) Like : as, It is like a woman to do it, npb^ yuvaao^ iau touto rro^eJu. . (2) With dative, (a) Near: as, They fought a sea-fight near the shore, hauixdiT^aav rtfo^ tjj yj^. {b) Upon : as. They do not fix their minds upon realities, ob Trpb^ rorc odai (from rd Sp) viju dcdvocav e>Ja,v. {g) I n addit ion to, besides : as. In addition to this he was blind, npo^ rouroc^ ru^pXb^ ^^_ (3) With accusative, {a) To : as They advanced to the rampart, lx<'opr,aav npo^ to rer^c. {b) Toioards : as, This island lies towards the North ■^de j v7^(To; xdvuc Ttpo; d/jxrou. 58 Mill h4- M» ' I'" III' If ! ; vn {(•) Afjainst, in rij>/f/ t(t : as, 'Iheij foutjhi o^ to'j; Oso'j^. MHitary nff'dlr.s^ xa z/x)^ tou zo/.etiou. /i// for<'<\ ttoo^ [iia'^. {/) With respcrt to, for (of puri)()se) : as, The// are suitdhlefof the present purpose^ havd iffTc Ttfto^ rir^u zafiouaav yjtsiav. So too : To speak so as to please or an(/er, /Jyecv r/>oc {(j) With respect to, according to^ in view of: as, They deliberated in the light of their present circuutdaces, Tzyh^ za zaooi^ra i^ou'/.t'jaavTo. (//) Compared with ( = \vitli a roforen('(3 to): as, Compared irifji th< ir reputation their jtower was suudl^ Ttfib; T(> x/Jo^ /j (r'juafi:^ auzcou fuxoi/. /jU. (?) 1)1 consequence of : as, //* consequence (f the message h< delayed^ Tzpb^ zb dyye?.tm dviay^ev. 3. ' ?';ro, under. (1) With GENITIVE, {a) Under, beneath : as, I: no TlttVi tiK (oirrt.s hni>,if/t I/,, , ii/i/i oexofTT/jtHd ianu utto r/}c j-y^;. (A) Bf/ (oftlie iinrnt jiitrr tlic i):i!*siv(-) : a^!, Thty v-nr oViVwJnhnned by the ca amity ^ hixY^th^no.u uTTo zirj xdxob. (2) With DA'iivK. Umie,\ uvihr thr p(,wer of : as, The wihi lea.^tfi are vtuhr th, o')7:o(^ iffTcu. You will fall into th^^ jxnnr (f the liny, (3) With AccusATivK. (^0 Un
6ru)hv xal zd u-' auzrju, {h) About {oi tunc) : as, About^ the sa7ne time they sent out one hundred ships, l)TM Tou a'jzbv lobvov kxaznu vaT)^ iH-siiil'av. 2. Prepositions in composition, wlicn tlieir meaninir re- nuiins nnchann^ed, o-overn thr saim- case as out of compo- sition ; di^ri, however, u>ually governs not the genitive but the dative : as, // is ten furl ouijs front the city, dsxa ffzadeou- dziys: r^c rrokoj:. The piles rose above the sea, ol azoliot bTi^iikaiov r-^c Ou)Aaar^::. But They held out against him, dvzkay/ov wjzd . If •9 -esftSisrt^v, .]^ r 5"^ I' ']**,, c) 60 Exercise 21. 1. It is like the Spartan character to prefer brevity. 2. Do they fear for the safety of tlie place ? 3. He fixes his niiiid on soinetliing else. 4, Tliere are villages to- wards the East, West and South. 5. We were the first (§ 48, 5) to resist them. 6. They were at ])eace witli us. 7. Father luuglit against son. 8. Wlierefore were they angry unless in conseiiuence of their defeat ? 9. What is it useful for? 10. Compared with z7, all else is nothing. 11. They fell n])on the enemy at once. 12. He came at night-fall. 13. They delayed near the city. 14. We were surrounded by the enemy. 15. It is not large at its source. 16. I have heard nothing about him. 17, He considered honour of no account. 18. Not for all the gold beneath the earth ! 19. It was not to their advantage to attack desperate men. 20, Evfrything is judged according to the result. 21. He was mad with drink. 22. They escaped to the camp. 23. With regard to that, I am at a loss. 24. They were rccoiK'iled with one another, 25. He brought the country under his dominion. 26. The contest will be for the noblest prizes. 27, I beseech you by your parents. 28. Many ships were present in addition to our own, 29, His acts do not correspond with his words. 30. It does not concern me, § 22. TIME AND PLACE. 1. Time when — when the time is indefinite — and time wit/iin whicJi nro expressed by the genitive, whether with or without an attribute : as, /■''lowers hloDtih in tlu spr'nyj^ ra dvHrj 7j(to^ OdXh:. lie iclll not come nnthiii ten yenrs^ ob-^ rjHc dsxa kzcov. 2. The definite article is used with this genitive after numeral and other adverbs denoting recurrence : as, brevity. Le fixes iges te- lle first vitli us. re they Vliat is othing. :aine at Vii were source, isidered beneath > attack » to the escaped a loss. 2.5. He contest )y your to our words. nd time er with kzcov. Hi after 61 Many times a i nith^ zu)j.dx:^ to~) nrjvo^. So too : Ten taJenU a year^ dexa zdXavza rob irou^. 3. Time when — when the tiirie isdefinite — is expressed by the dative : as, On that day^ ixscurj rfj -^fiepa. On the same night, rfj ourf^ vuxzi. In the f ouvth year, xa> zivdinw izec. 4. Instead of thedative of definite time, the preposition iu is' used (1) With all nouns excepj j7a^, niyhi, month, year, and the names oi festivals : as, Meanwhile, iu zouzoj {z(p ^(j6u(fj). In the same summer, iv z(fi abzijj l^ifjei. (2) With all nouns — except the name of festivals — used without an attribute: as, /w the night, iu uuxzi But, At the Olympic games, ' OXonnioc^. 5. Duration of Lime is expressed by the accusative: as. They worhed for many days, TtoXXdz '^iiepaz eipyd^ovzo. 6. An ordinal — with or without a demonstrative — is used to denote a period extending up to the present : as,^'^-- <^^f They have been marching ten days, Yjdrj rrope'jouza: dexdzr^v yj/iroau {za'jzr^v). , , t* , We came out three years ago, k^rfkQoiitv izo^ zouzo zpizou. 7. Motion to and motion from are expressed by prepo- sitions : as, ~" lie loent to Athens, IpMeu ic '«» \idjva^. They fled from Corinth, iipuyov dnb zr^^ KofAvdoo. 8. Place ichere is usually expressed by Iv : as, ^^ Sparta, iu.Aaxsdai/xou!. But, At Marathon, Mapadcou:. AtSalamis, Salafitvc. At Plataea, Tlhizatcu^. At Athens, \W^ijrj(Ti. At Thebes, ^yj^r^(rt. At Olympia, WXu/iziaffi (Locatives). I u I ■:l<- '•-J J '1 1 t S' iftjitftliiinarti I liDhrfflBTiTiii I in r» -m-iuitm- ■ 62 1^1 w Tliii,;. ExERcisp] 22. 1. Kext day tlioy l)o<^uii to marcli across the plain. 2. They entered the vilhige hy nigiit. 3. At that time our fleet was in the gulf. 4. We defeated the Persians at Marathon in the second year of the seventy-second Olym- piad. 5. lie disniiintlcd our walls twenty years ago. fi. The same sumnn-r they invaded Attic^a. 7. They were compelled to send a garrison to Eretria. 8. For three days the fleet sailed along tlie coast. 9. lie ])aid the interest into the bank every month, lo. On the third day he went to Sparta. 11. Many prodigies were seen in the sky at this time. 12. Fl< wers bloom there even in winter. 13. The place had already been besieged ten months. 14. He fled from Athens to Thebes. 15. He lived at Thebes till his death. §23. COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE. 1. Coraparatjyc's — and words that imply comparison — are followed in Greek by the genitive : as, NothiiKj is more shtiineleHs than ignorance^ oudku di^acoiazspou iffzi ri^c d/iadco.^. A calainity too great for idojuJs^ ttcWo^ //.ei^ov XoyoD. They loere twice af, numerous as toe, dt7:)Aacot -^fuov rjaav. So too : He sings better tJian you^ xdXXcov adec aou. 2. The conjunction yj, than, may be used instead of the genitive j.n^ must be used instead of it, if the noun that follows the comparative is already in the genitive or dative : as, ~~ He sells it at less than ten drachmas, TTwhi auTo iXAvTovo^ >' dexa dpa-^fuov [gen. of price) » Ue does rtiore for us ti.anfor you, tcasuo -/j/uu Tvodrrsi t^ ^fuv. Note. ''H, than, ta^os the same case after it as before it. ' y ii [ i !J tHl ww. 'i »i ' ',^^J ■>/ laav. bre it. 63 3. IJ/Jov, more, and eAazTou or [itiov^ less, when used with nnnierals are usuallv iiideclinahle and do not affect tlie case of the numeral : a>. I?i less tham ten yu otaxoaio'j^ (=am|>liut^ ducentos inter- t'ecerunt). 4. Tlie_En(t^-x'i})U\ (l»c rdy^crrra. I will send as many i^h'ipx as posfiihle^ 7C£nov kaozioi' /.iyouacv. {a) Ue was more poinerfid, than any of his predecessors, di>uaz(6zazoz J^i' rwf Trfioysysur^fisi^coi^. [d] Consider iwthijig .superior to justice, nr^okv rreftc Ttlsovoz 7:o:o~j r:()b rou dixatou. {e) It mas cruel to destroy a whole city rat/ier than the guilty, (b/i()u Jju oXr^v ttoXcv (icaipdu(mc fiaXXou rj ou roue acziou^. Exercise 23. 1. Silence is better tlum speech. 2. They were more numerous than brave. 3. He ujave more trouble to the enemy than any other general. 4. The task is too great for human strength. 5. The cavalry alone killed more than six hundred. 6. They raised as large a fleet as possible. 7. We killed many times our own number. 8. Nothing is more cruel than envy. 9. It is not bad policy to hear a thing over and over again. 10. Necessity is stronger than Nature. 11. He is too loyal to desert us. 12. He has more wealth than honesty {use adjs.) 13 If any one was wise, it was he. 14. He ran faster than I. 15. I have fought with better men than you. 16. We are chosen to help the weak. I tive are : OifMTSpa. ouaev. censors^ tJidii the re more 3 to the 30 great ore tlian possible. )thing is • hear a ger than He lias one was I have losen to 65 § 24. THE TENt?ES. 1. The present tense represents ;in action as going on now : as, / irrite or (im inritintj, ri>, hegayxjoretreatimmediately, dvexfopoov eudu^. Ilejused to_^'m€ them ten drachmas a month, idcdo'j a'JToT:: dha dpa^pa: too pr^voa. They conthpiedAol waste the land for many days, erepvov vr^v yr^v izc TroXk^^ ^pspac J 1 it ^mmm^semmm-' // «% d'i^-.' J ,?,» U 66 V^. UA .) ..3 '1' .,M PI*' f "t . ; I •) (2) To express an attempt : as, He tried to hack out oj' his words ^ i^a\^Bi(!)f>e.c za dprjfisva. (3) With adverbs of J) ast time, for the English phiper- fect: as, ^/ c' ^ ,; -„ ^'^.MH^;i''^i^JL i^Vil /■,;,/. / had heen doing it for a long trme, tuuto zd)Mi irrohuu. 6. The future represents an action going on. in fiiture time : as, / shall torite or he. writing, ypdi^o). It is often , used as a polite command : as, This, then, you will do, raura ohv TroiijaeTe. 7. The aorist represents an action as occjirrmg^ at^some indefinite {d6(naToz) past time : as, / wrote, iyfiail'a. As opposed to the imperfect, which is the tense of de- scription, tlie aorist is the tense of narration : as. He went up and hegan to teach, dne^rj xal ididaaxtv. 8. The aorist is used for the English pluperfect (1) "When simplj marking precedence in time : as. They had 'wished to revolt even hefore the tuar, ij^ouXijdr^tTav drroaTTJvai xai Tzpb vuu noXefiou. (2) After i7:£c, irreidrjj w^, ore {when) ; ecoc a'ld 7i:pcu_{tiliy. as. When they had raised a trophy they called, away, Inti iarr^aav rponalou uKinhuaav. 9. The aorist is used for the English present (1) Of what is just happening : as, / am amused at your threats, "^ladrjv ra7^ aai^ dTtetXdc:^. (2) Of what usually happens : as, \ 67 pi 11 per- 770COUU. 1 future at some ,e of de- taxeu. as. lay/, cXdt^. Mamj thinyti happen unexpectedly^ t^oDji Tzapa dhqav iyiusTO. This is called the ynoniic aorist. . ,/v iVa ttiV IJ-dy^r^v idoifii. Hence the impoy^anj njle : 7 he ind. or aahj. folloios pritiutry tenses ; the optat^ secondary (§ 24, 13). 3. The optative withov is used as a weaker future: as, IJe will he glad to do it, jdiw:; du Touza ;r/>c(rror. 4. The distinction of time is lost in the dependent moods of the aorist : as, Know thijself\ jycodc aeauzov. Hencej in the dependent moods, wliile the present marks strictly the Go?itinua?ice of an action, the aorist marks simply its occurre7ice and is much more usual than the present: as, I wish to write^ j3o'j}.pf^oi! ypdn^'oc. But, [wish to he writing (e.g. inhen he comes), ^oulofLut Y()d<£siiJ. So too : IJo not steal, /Jtrj xUtttb (of a habit), fiTj xXiipYj^ (of a particular act), " 5. The idea of time, however, is expressed by the de- pendent moods of the aorist (1) In oratio obliqua : as, He said that he had done it, lipq Tzoir^aat, or £?7rev or^ TToiijaeiev (or. recta = irrocT^ffa, I did it). ■^il ■s, u ' / c 7(> i (2) Wlicn tlic piirticiplo stand!^ for a iiiaiii vvvh (^ 41, 2) : as, 0. The int. opt. and ])t'. opt. are never Jbuiul but in oratio ohliqua after secondary tenses (§ 25, 2) : as, He sahf that the mt'icii would revolt^ sJrrsv oTi a\ rrohc; dzufjrrjfTutuTo (or. recta = drroaTr^fTOVTai). Note. As opposed to the infinitive, tlie other moods are called ^VjzVe. EXKHCISE 25. {Use t?ic moods <>/ the iinr. nitln r Ihnn f/io.sc of tin prcn.) 1. Shall we speak or keep silent ? 2. Let nie rest my weary l)ody. 8. Strike l)ut hear. 4, Be ye anjjjry and sin not. 5. Where shall I stand ? G. Let us adorn ourselves with sim])licity. 7. He said that he would /■< '• \{ . U'v) \\ V;-' 71 in oratio fTovzai). loods {ire rest my ; and sin )ur8elve8 iwiiy l)V . T)(> not () turn ? I should nytliin*):: ordered tlirown middle, /TO with Y • drco- \t j)ut to m com- active voic , one a perfect active in meaning", t he other a present passive: ■ • ' '• 2iul pf. di/£pc7i, iyf'T^/yo/'fj^, a?/i awal'c, watch {over, Tisin). ~£-///'«, cmi Ji.i'ed, f/ozen. xuziaya, a?n broke?). auuiyvj/u, open iyscfHO, (cukan (V.hj/u, (hdroij xazdyuufic, break 1st pf. dvkinyjL. iyrjsuxa. oXiohxa. '^, 3. The middle voice ropreseh'is (1) An action jjert'ormcd hy the suhject upon hinistdf: as, I teach mijReJf geonietri/, o:dd(Tx<)/ia: rrjv ysio/isT^oiav, This is called the reflexive use of the middle. {"1) An action performed hy the suhject for himself: as, lie chvo-sc''" war, a'.iitTra.: tow -oAe/tui^ ( = takes for himself). (3) An action which the subject <2;ets performed for him- self: as, ' y /lave inij children taiujht geometry, dcudaxufjiac zuh^ rcatda:^ zr^u yeio/iszyiaii. 4. The true reflexive use of the middle is rare unless where the verb gets a new meaning in the middle voice. Thus, — lie jjraised Jiiviself, is izjjvccrev kauzou. He hilled hi'mself, dniaifa^ev ka'jzov. It is found in the following : — 7Zcid(o, persuade, M. ohei/ / Xoiuo^wash^ M. bathe ; azi/.Aw, send, M.goj tcwjco, make to cease, M. cease j tzoos'jco, make to (JO, M. (JO : Tzt^diocti^ iiiake to cross, M. cross ^ zc/Mo, pluck, M. tear the hair, mourn / i7Tczcd/]f2i, place on, M, attack ; dTzs-j^co, keejj oJl', M. abstain ; zTJxco, melt, M. pinej (faluco, show, M. appear i xoipdoi, lull, M. sleep; ifOf^ico, -ix. «/\ |. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1= 11.25 ■^12^8 |2.5 yf "^ 1 2.2 IP mil 2.0 IL m Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 V LIT' "V c\ LV ^\ '^\ '^'' - "<<^J* <^ > !l ,: bathed in the lake. 5. Do yon wish us to abstain from all pleitsurcs? 6. lie said that all revelry would cease. 7. Do not i)ine away with sorrow for the cliild. 8. Do you think they are watching over our safety ? 9. The gates of the temple stood open night and day. lb. My iiead is broken. 11. Shall we never persuade you to obey us? 12, Standing there, they erected a trophy. 13. He wished to take counsel with us. 14. Do not plume yourself upon your name. 15. He was put to death by his countrymen. 16. May all. men so disposed speedily perish ! § 27. THE MIDDLE continued. 1. The middje js often used to express that the subject performs an action for himself : as, a'tfiico, take, M. take for mi/sclf, ^hoose / Mjno^raisCj M. take on oneself undertake j ficadcHo^_Jnre_(nit, ,M. hire f .|ttmi»r()sccutf (= liavc a name entered hofore the arclum). 3. Tlie following middle verbs use the aor. pass, instead of the aor. inid._: ^£:[^£^£o««£^jO^, ii'^rjO/^Vj I feared ; xoi^Aojiat^ deej},^inii:r^^i)r^v^^I d(i>t ; x/.'i)^onac^ Ne^ ix/.iO/^ii^ / lay ,' da/ioufii^ J)/ actlsf, r^n/.r^Of^v^ / jifdctisid ' flio/iai, ask, Iffsrjftr^v, I asked ,' ze^iacooiru, r/v>.v.s, irzeouKoOr^v, / crossed / fxi/t(f()nat, Maate, liiinifO/^u,^ I hlanitd ; d-a/./ATZO/iai, de- part, dz/^/Myr^vi^I drit(U'U: 4. The following futures arc middle iti tbnn l )ut pa ssive in moaning : Tcj ii^aofifu, J .s/taTJ Ttc /mnoured ^' dx fe/.rja otiac, I shall he aided ^ t) !>£(/'() tiui, I >haU he reartd ', tfJJ/J'-lilitfic ^ [ sh
,, £^(^^^J ^ ;-,> ExiiucisE 27. 1. Their in\mes will alwavs he hoimured by this countrv 2. He practised all the virtues. 3. They have had a bronze statue of him made. 4. On tlie tliird dav thev crossed the river. 5. Besides this, the •'ods have ordained unwritten laws for man. 0. They made a truce with us for {i-:-\-aec.) fifty years. 7. Will they undertake to make war ajxainst us? 8. Solon enacted laws for the AtluMiians. i). Wliieh of the two are we to blame for ((/en.) this disaster? 10. Do you want us to ])ro8ecute him for tlusft ? 11. You will be aided more by few than by many. 12, We be<;ged them to depart from the country. 13. They are too wise to choose war instead of peace. 14. Ttemcmber that the half is ofter> more than the whole. 15. I do not think that we shall sell our freedom cheaply. r't*;-'^ wniixitiniiiiiMMia'ifii 'l^^^VV^V /V-, 1,1 iii: 1' I'' ••' |v lu' e- 74 § 28. TIIK PARTICLE '.fV. 1. The particle fiv may ho used witli tlic indicative, sub- lunctive, optative, iidiiiitive or participle. , ,/ j .y/^ i 2. *'Jv is used with the iiiipf. or aor. iim )to der/ote a_ result dependin*^ uj)on some condition expressed or im- plied : as, You wnidtJ })(' vinl'tuff a mistake^ /jttaf>Taus' dv. Thai xcoitld never hdve hi(j)pe)ici/^ to'jto ()'j::<)t iyi'^sro du. y ^ I -}- inipf. ind. = vu>u1 :U' ... [■' '' iti i 76 12. ITo fiaiM tliiit lio would Imvc j.rofcrred dontli itself. 13. Wc tliou^lit that tlie town would liavo lioen taken. 14. Who would have heen found base cnouiijh to betray him ? §29. FINAL AND OBJECT CLAUSES AND VERBS OK FEAUINO. 1. Claus(;8J!itro duced h y_jva, wc or ottok, {71 order that, expressing an end or purpose (and therefore called Ji'nal ddiisfin) take the subjunctive .after primary tenses and the optative after secondary. The negative is //^ : as, / hit re come to see the hatth\ r^X(o 7ua tt^v fi^X't'^ ^'^^^' ^ ' I had come to sec the battle, TjXov 7va ttju fid-^^r^u idocfu. 2. The subjunctive, however, is used instead of the opt. in final (danses when, for the sake of vividness, the past is to be represented as present : as, He iveid abroad that lie viiyht not be comjjelled to abro(j. ate any of his lams, dzsfJjar^asu 7ua arj zma t<7>v i^o/ww dvayxaafff^ )Jjaat. Tliis is called graphic sequence. 8. The ind. of the secondary tenses is used after final conjunctions to express an end unattaiiied : as, They should have held an investigation, in order that we might have got rid of him, Xf'^/^ ^r^rsiv auTob^ tua dTzr^/JAy- fietia TO'jTou. This idiom will translate the English m which case we might, tfec. 4. Verbs meaning to take care, strive, effect, are followed by imioi; and the future indicative. The negative is firj : The laro tal'es care that this shall not occur, 6 uofio^ iTCi/ieXeizai un(o^ touto /it] ytvrjasTat. •) 1 itself. taken. V)etray er that, i(\ final iiid tin; 10(0. tlio opt. lie past air Of/, uonow er final f/i(it we Izr/My- caae rvc d1 lowed 11 / t ^ 77 / Tlie claUfie introdncod Ity 5/Tft»c i(< (tailed an ^)/>yVt'^ clause. Tlie optt^takcs tlio j)lace of the ind. after secondary tenses; bnt in fj^raphit! scfpienoe tlie ind. remains nnelian«?cd : .la, Then ''"<''''■ tal\'ni(j .sffji.s to Inimj oiwr the ''Hij^ l-nitaxro'u (izw^ TTjU 7:6hv TZfioar.utr^auttX' lor — in graphic sequence — 5. Wli;in used in cuniniands or exhortations, the verb ineanin<:; to take care may he dropped Ix^fore d/Ta>c '- as, .SVv that [If hi \ufn^ oz(o^ insrrOs di^dfie:;. 6. Verh8_of^_(?t'/'t that, orzouTe'Mo jifj take the construction of verbs o^ fairiiifj : ms. There is danijer that thrij trill sid' a)ifh the enemy, xiu^uio^ i(TTi nij yiiKourai fxzzu nov TTohiuotv. r i j 1^1 'I I'll* r' '' (y 78 EXKRCISK 29. 1. Sec tlijit ye be wortljy of your liht'i'ty. 2. I Jini atriiid tliat men love themselves more than their neiy-hhours. .'i lie thought he needed friends, that he tni-jjlit have fellow- lahourers. 4. Tiic ;er and thirst. 13. He ou) Wliere the eitiiditiuii is iiiganled as uiilikelj^^ to hi' tultillrd: !.> Jj' lif .Ktiilil {ift/t' to) lutiu ti))i/tltin(j, lie iv.ouhl ijii-e itj it zi ix"'' ''"'^ ^^^' Tlere^ £^ witii the opt. is used in tlie protasis, tlie opt. \vjj_li du in tiie apodosis. ^3j Those in whieh the condition is eontrary to fact. Of tliese also there are two types : {(() Where the condition is referred to the j)resent: ac, If he had miytJihuj {noiv), he would (jive it^ d' zi s^'jfsv, idifJo'j dv. Here the iiiijterfeet ind. is used in the protasis, the iinpf. witli dj/ in the ajxtdosis. (Jj) Wliere the condition is referred to tho past : as, Jf he had had anythimj^ he laould have tjiveu it^ St ze i(7'/zu, idwxeu du. Here the aor. ind. is used in the protasis, the aor. with dv in the apodosis. Note 1. Conditional sentences of the first, type under claes (3) may, however, express action continued in past time : as, 1/ he had had ajfeet, he woidd have coinnianded the tdands^ si vauztxdu s^X'y ^"^^ vijawu ixftdzei dv. fiiiiiiniwi>»t 'lin Titnififr-fl 80 }>> ill'. 3 1^3 ■3 Note 2. In conditiotml sontoiu'os of class C3), the protasis may refer to the present and the !ii)odo8is to the past or vice-versa : a:-, // they were ivise {nom), they would not have done it, it (TOifoi J^aav^ oux dv TWJxa kno'tr^aav. 3. Tlie conditional sentences of the form : If ever he has anylhh\) Less vivid fat. (condition regarded as unlikely to be fulfilled. Eng. sigUj should or w&re to in pri/tasis) — AV + opt. in protasis and opt. -f- dv in apod. (3) Conditions contrary to fact, {a) liefer red to pres. (Eng. sign, ?io(V, expressed or implied in each clause) — Impf. ind. in protasis and impf. +^i^ in apod, (b) Referred to /^a^'^ (Eng. sign, should, or would, have in apod.) — Aor. ind. in protasis and aor. +av in apod. For a full account of the conditional sentence, see Good- win's "Greek Moods and Tenses," from which the above remarks are mainly taken. ExP^RCISE 30, 1. If he had not spoken tlirough an interpreter, we should not have understood him. 2. If he were to do it, SI past or ne it J " he has he had ;,art. 3. tvix' is iinj)t". lid as to 3. ition re- n, shall and tut. ejjjarded or were )t. -I- ?».) 4. If you at. teiiijtt many thinj^s, you will do none wt'Jl. 5. If the how were always heiit, it would i»reak. ♦>. If ((;ver) a man eoiifers a favour, he should fori^et it immediately. 7. If this eountry had been wise, it would never liave uiKlertakeii such a war. 8. If the enemy do this, we shall deprive them of their ships. 0. If he had done it, he would have despised him- self. K'. If the iee were linn, we should cross the lake. 11. If we had not ^iven (piarter, all would have been killed. 12. If we tiiould Mil render on sueh terms, we slujuld be mad. § 31. '/;/ WITH VKiins of amotion. AV with the indieative is used forjtrg^ Ma^, alt er verbs ex- pressin;^ emotion : as, Wofu/er {tfa>jfid^' /♦V 'J^ a D !"5 »■» ,0 i* 3 89 (M)initry woula!*fti<)ii, lie would sucfCLMl more cHHily. VI. It' lie ever received ji tUvoiir, ho Jiovor t'orixot it. I.'i. ir li(( liad lutt hcen !i ifood Horviint, lie would novor hiivo hoon !i j;ood mii-tor. 14. It' they hud tt-arcil their <;eiM'r!d more, tluy would hsive t'earetl tin* enemy less. 15. It' we (ie8|>i80 the artist, we shall not he delighted with the work. g 32. TIIK RELATIVE. 1. 'I he eommon correlatives are : l ie . . . who^ u'JTi)^. . .o^ (Lat. is. . .qui) ; (in tj/udt^. .di^, ronult- rof....5lurHl ur agrees with the iabt : aB, The iitiH (Old iromeu mho are ncat\ ui fhofts; xa\ yui/tiiAiz ^"t (J'/ii^ou etaiu. 'iliftf (jot rii of the ivurs, datK/cra and confnsio)\ into which we a/r fdltrn, aTir^/jAxr^aau roAt/twu xui xiud'Ji^ioi^ xui TUftu^fj^ €fc '^ (or iji^) xar iozriiuu. r>. When the antecedent is in tlie ;^eiiitivo or dative, tlic rehitive — if in tin; accusative — is usually attracted into the case of the antecedent : as, We ivill obi'ij the leader whom he sends us, TTiKTo/iilla Tip i^jye/toK ip du ni/a/'r^. I,' Tills is called A ttic attracti on. The antecedent may be put in the relative c lause or — if a deinunstrative — onii_tted : as, ^ ' ,- - o ^ He came with the force he had, ^i^Ot ahv fj el'^^e duudpei. I use what I have, 'j({jdo/iai olc ^;f«> ( =to6toi^ d).^ They willforyet what they suffered, .r ■ im^^ijaouTae cuu irtadov ( = toutiov d). 7. " ^'£I/.V_£il = there are who) some, is treated as one word and the pronoun declined : as, So}/ie say, ianv ol Uyooacu. Some they wounded, iavcv ou^ izfjcoaav. So too : Soineti/nes, iartu otj.__ ^S^l^^h^u^iajr^ ottou. Somehow, iazci^o7no(;. No Jiow, oux iauu uttw^ ( =it is im- possible that) : as, ^ r-^' ,"«i*'^"*t " It can ?iot be that he will do it, oux sad' 57tco^ xwjxa Troiijaei. u, t).'' 84 R ;;5 'It 8. "Oariq is used (1) For whoever, any one icho (Lat. qnisquis) : as, Whoevei' you are^you vnll he punhhed, lle has s^iffe^'ed no hiinn whatever, '' TzkizovQtv oudku incouv (Lat. ne tantillum quidein). (2) As an emphatic relative : as, The city which is f/nrc, )J rrn?.:^ -J^tcz ^xet iariu. 9. All who is Tzdvzt^ oaoi or et tc^ : as, All those who were taken, were hilled, Ttdvre^ oaoc (or el' rius^) iXi^ifdr^aav drrddauov. ^/ '^ .1 (>' n 10. lie hov\ the man how, any one ^cho^ with a finite verb, are cxpressecl— if_tli e antecedent is unempha tic — by tlie article with the participle : as, The man toko first corrupted the people, was the man who first entertained them, 6 TrpcoTOi; kareiaa^, npcozoz dciifdecpe Note. The relative is never omitted in, Greek as in English : as, / enjoy the good thinys I have^ dnoXauco lou s^m dyadtov. Exercise 32. 1. He took what he needed. 2. Do not deprive the country of the territory she has acquired. y>. He is a fool, whoever he is. 4. I spoke in the language I understood. 5. They killed all whom they met. 6. Those who were chosen to enact laws, have broken the very laws tliey were chosen to enact. 7. If he were here, he would not admire those who transact the affairs of this country. 8. Some of our cities have been destroyed. 9, T am afraid that we S5 ^/ ). e vcrbj b y the 171 who '■(fdecpe as in dcov. , L'e tlie I a fool, 'Stood. were were idmire )me of hat we sometimes make mistakes. 10. If we had obeyed the fjcn- cral who was set over us, we should have coiKpiered them. 11. There is no maik by wliich to distinijnish the wicked. \'2. If he had the ten drachmns which he received as a gift, he would give us something. §33. THE RELATIVE continued. " ' 1. The phrase uJo^ ab (ii^TJ( >^ //, yani^&Tac ouu (io\ dvdpt. / /miine// VKii lika tjou, irrT^usna olou:: bful^ (iudpa^. 2. The antecedent is occasiouallv attracted into the case of the relative : as, The property which lie left vms not worth much^ TTju ohaiav vji xuTeXcneu o'j 7:oXlou a^ia 7ju. I This is called ni verse tt ttract'ion . It is found in the phrase o udelc oari^ ou , every one: as, There was no one he did not deplore, oodiva oireua ob xaz kTK.hi.ua ev. There mas 7io one he did not despise, obdtvbz l^rnu ob xaT£(prt6iir^(T£u. 3. The ind. is the regular mood of the relative clause in oratio recta: as, I am hringing a man. whom you must imprison, dvdpa Hyco ov elp^ai dsT. They told what they had heard, llt^av d fjxo'jaau. B ut after scC-Ondary tenses the opt, is used in the re- lative clause: (1) T o- express i ndefinite frequency (see § 28, 3) : as, Whatever he got he I'estroyed, o, re )A^oe (^ci^dscoev. I $ , » fit' !! w A > ■ \ .J 86 (2) I iLoratio obliqna, for the prcs., fiit., and pcrf . ind._of oratio recta : as, He said that he n^as hringing a man whom thi'y muH iivprlaon^ tliztv on d.vd()a dyo: ou elp^ac dioc. Note. The iinpf., aor., and plpf. of oratio recta remain unchanged in a relative clause in oratio obliqua : as, lie said they told v^hat they had heard ^ ecTzeu OTi Xi^zcav a rjxouffau. They expected thai those whotti. they had sent for would meet them, qXTtt^ov rourooz ou^ iitrsTt&mpav drtauzijaeada:. 4. The reg ular n egative of the relative clause is oO , b ut^^^;; is used w hen the clause has a conditional force: as, What I do not know, I do not think I know, d oux o?5«, DUX oiofiac ddsvac [d. firj o7da = if there is anything which J do not know). 5. The ve rb of a conditional relative clause is assim- ilated: ""izmii ' "' (1) To the subjunctive or optative, if the leading verb is subjunctive or optative. (2) To a secondary tense of the indicative, when the leading verb is a secondary tense of the indicative with d^v: as, ^ ' i ./jt^ /shall be glad if all who can in ill do it, "i^"^^ • ^ ^adijaofiac iav TrduTSi; oaoc du duvcouvac touto TTOuoaiv. (Note. Iftheassiiiiilation is to the sulvjunctive, dvJQ added). Iioould give whatever he demands, do'irjv dv o, u aho'tTj. I would have done what I could, irrpa^a du d iduud/irjv. 6 The relqiive^is.used in Greek as in Latin— though mu h m ore rarely than in Latin — to express {a) cause, {b) yurpose, (c) result. But_ the indicative — and not, as in ^w 87 ind._of y 7nmt reuiiiiii ' would rdai. jsoO, 'ce : as, ohich J assim- verb isj en the e with .(."i*^ aev. idded). TOlTj. hough se, lb) as in Latin, the subjimctive — if^ the uiucmI of the relative chiuse : as. • I {a) You (lid well to do ?7, xaho^ iTtocrjaa^ o^ J'^ zauza JTzpa^a^ (eause ; n^ = hecauw t/o u ; yd is usually added to th e relative). i. Tliey conyrutnltilnl ilic iiioflitr on }n(vin<{ sucJi r/iddreu^ ^.. *^v i/mxdf>i^oi^ TY^i fi/^Tsya oc'wu zixveov zX'j(>f^(Tii-. ' {b) Send a mail to tite city to inttke the annou?icefnent, -iful'oi^ xtX'ti. i^ TYjV Kohu o- nvna dyyelsi (purpose). Note. The yerl)_c)t' tlie rel ative elau se of purpc^seis fut. ind., or — after a secondary tense — fut. opt. (c) JVo one ifi so .sd/// as to he ignorant of this, o'ji^zt:: uDZiO!; eur^Oyj:; iazii^ oan^ zwjzadyjou ( =w(Tze zwjza dyuotlv). 1. The relative with dp and the aorist suhjanetivu, is used | for_J;he English present wit h a f ut iire.or future-perfect / force : as, , ,J^, . ' ./ uju '-U-^jlIcirtL" Whatever he tal-es he destroys, o, zi du '/Afir^ dcacpOd^ttc. Note. After a secondtuxJGnseJthe subjun. becomes opt. and the dv is dropped. 8. The relative is not repeated in Greek. Ifjtlie syntax i * *; deinands a ...chuii^e of._ca4e, a^gULs used instead of tb e relative in the second construction : as, He was a king v^Jiom all loved and served, ^affihu:; zc^ j^v ov zdvzs;; i(fc?MUv xai bTzr^pszoDv abzdj. 9. The use of the rehitive as a connective — so coni..iun in Latin — is rare in Greek : as, /Sayi7ig this he departed, zaoza eirtiov dzr^kOeu ( = Quae quuni dixisset, abiitj. 111 III lif .•ii -•■ mm0&»ima m iiMiimmir 88 Exercise 38. i-i A •• I n :fi I;? 15 V/ 1. Tliere was no oiio whoin lie did not wish to serve. 2. He was u man wlio lived anion^ us and whom nil loved. 3. This is the object he pursues and for the sake of which he performs every act. 4. Tliey obtained wliat they asked. 5. Let us make ihetn rulers of the country we conquer. 0, TTow can you know what you have no experience of? 7. lie will do (opt. +dv) wliatever he wishes. 8. We were invited to see the house they had built [aur.). 9. He does not believe what he does not see. 10. They had arms with which to defend themselves {purpose). 11. I should have lost some of the many friends I had. 12. He said that they would obey anyone whom [§33, 3, (1)] the city aj)pointe(l, 13. Tliey resolved to choose thirty men who should draw up laws {jnirjjose). 14. No one was so hard-hearted as to remain. IT). If he had despised men like you, he would not have been so great. 16. You are asking what is un- reasonable in asking us to desert them {cause.) §34. RELATIVE ADVERBS. 1. The following are the common correlative adverbs of time, place and manner : Then, .lohen., rore. .5re or oTzSre. So long, .till, Toaoozov 'j^pouoi' . .icoi;. There. . inhere, ivzauda or ixti . .oh, 87:00 or iudu. TJiPiioe . .whence, ixsTBeu. .od€u, ottoOcv or iudeu. Thither, .whither, ixeTns. .ot or ottoc. In such a- way. .as, wde or o5rwc. '^^ or Srrw;: and zf^de or za'jzrj. .fj or ^ztj. 2. The relative adverb takes, in the main, the construc- tion of the relative pronoun : as, We must rem.aiii wherever ice are posted, 6b &v Ta'^dfj Ti:;, ivzaoda oeT ahtcv. h^ 89 They fficnpcd rrs hesf flu'tj conJiI^ d.7:itfuyov outo)^ ozto^ d-otara io'Ji'UVTO. 3. The rclajn ve ?'i j^'t'l j> ore, y/ a'Tj ( =at tlio time that) must be distin guislicd trom tlie (■m juTU'tions w^j^iTrei and iTzecdin. w/ten { — after that t>r liKtfmxch an): as, / tliil it iclitn ijini irm' )vritf7}(/y 0T£ (T'j iyfiatfs^. TOTS iyo) touto inui/^fra. W/tiT) he iotir 7/,v, /le cniiie forii^aril at once^ 6j^ (or irrei) ^jfto.^ eldsv, euHu^ 7Tf>nar/Meu. 7na,s7nnch as tJnij il nl itnt nnnp mil to hattlr^ he began to ravage thelaml^ iTzeidrj uux irce^isffuu ic {^(^X'l^i i^you ttju p^u. So too : A,s soon f/.v. JTresdri TaycffTa: :is, Iff sH out as soon as I arrived^ irreidrj zAftaxa d.(fcx6fvr^v krcoftv'jsTO. 4. The followiuf^ are the rules for the use of ewe, while, vntil : (1) " I'!(0(; when it jrieans ivhile takes tlie indicative : as, Do it trhile he is asleep^ Tzotec touto sm^ xadsudsc. (2) ''/wwf when it means until takes : (a) Tlie indicative, if it refers to a definite point of past time : as. They remainal till the general arrived^ iue!uau 1(0^ 6 ffTftaTr^yb^ dcpixsTO. (h) " Av with tkc subju nctive, if it refe rs to the future: as, Let vs remain near till the prison is opened, Tzepc/iiuco/ieu i(o^ du di^oe^O^ to dsff/KOTijpiov. But a fter a secondary t ense of the ind., o r an optativ e^ the dv is dropped and the subjunctive becomes optative: as, We used to remain near till the prison icns opened, 7:Epe£fiiuo/i£U iwi; dvoc/ddrj to dsanoKijpco)^. ill' .1 :l: I !i 'i ■ If' 9(» T/iei/ would f (J Id till they died, fiayiaaiuTo du i(o^ dizoddi^onv. (c) A B ecoiidary tense of the in(licative^^_to_e^3ress jiti end unatt ained : as, / would (jlddly have spolicn until I had persuaded them^ i^(Ji(o^ dv diehyn/i/jW eto^ u'jto'j^ irrecfra. 5. Otlier words for until are ci//>^ /^^X(" ^'^^ iau aurou rtpiu dxouaai. I will answer before I see you, dnoxftcvaifir^v dv nfuv bfm^ iouv. (2) After a negative, nocu takes (a) The indicative, when referring to a definite point of past time : as, Si^ice they had not hilled Ihem all before the ship arrived, ind ou Sciif deeoav jravrac '^f'ti^ ^ vmc^ difimzo. {b) " Ay w ith the subjunctive, wlieii referring to the fut- ure : as, I should not depart mtijl I am punished, ou '^fiij /IS d7:£?MeTv Tiplu dv d(o 5'txr^v. -, But after a secondary tense of the ind , or an optative, the dv is dropped and tlie subjunctive becomes optative : as, He forbade any one to slioot U7itil Cyrus nuis satisjied, dTtr^yoffeuE prftiva [idXhcv npiv Kufto^ i/iJzh^aOsr/j. He will not dine before you come, oux du dsczuoci^ TZf/iu iXdon;. o. UI m n Irit i)t 7V7VV/. f'nt- Jdoic 91 EXKKCISE H4. 1. Follow wherever 1 lead. U. Tliey oceupied the ground wherever it was narrow. 3, Wherever they encamp they make a trench. 4. We remained nntil they sailed away. 5. Let the treaty remain in force till I come. <». Wait until yon learn the rest. 7. Gatlier roses while you may. S. I would have remained quiet until all the rest had spoken. 9. Have hope until y(»u learn the truth. 10. Re- main near until we dis])erse the crowd. 11. Wait until a man is dead het'o.e you call liim ha})py. 12. When their fleet had heen defeated, they het^an to be des])ondent. 13. When spring comes, the flowers bloom. 14. When you do your duty, y(>u will prosper. 15. When they had retit- ted their ships, they coasted along towards Naupactus. § 35. CAUSAL AND CONCESSIVE CLAUSES. 1, Adverbial clauses stating the ground or cause of the principal assertion are called causal adverbial clauses. 2. Causal adverbial clausc^s are introduced by ore or dcort^ because \ or by irreid^, iTiei or a>c, Inasmuch as (Lat. quo- niam) ~ 3. The verb of a cau>a! adverbiid clause is in the indic- ative after both ])rimary and secondary tenses : as, T/i^y convinced us in(»retOiov on sudr^/jw 7jV. T he negative is ou : as, Shtce that is not the eose, 7 (/u'll go away, izsiflrj TouTo o'rj^ outw^ ^X^^^ drrsi/u. 4, But vyhen It is implied that the cause is assigned on the authority of another, the optative is used instead of the indicative : as, 4 L^. .1 I ^' m \r w V I t c> IV- 92 /"A^ ahuned hun hernuse {ufi tht'ij i^a'xl) h<' did not lead them out to bdttle^ ixdxi^ov aurou ore o'jx ize^dyoc ic lid^/jv. 5. Instead of tho final causal clause, Greek often uses: (1) The partici{)le ; as, The Thenmlianft^ heoam^e left unfinj)ported, jollied the Persiayis^ of OtzraXol ioy^/uof)suTS^ i/iijdiaau. (2) Jed with tho artic le and infinitive : as, I/e was sailed heranse he was not there, lawdfj dea to iirj 7:a(ts7uai. 6. ALTnoDGH, even if, in concessive clauses, is xai it or xdu {xai idu) and not evt-n {t\ oyr)' d or ohS idu. V^f > ii M - ■ ^ ^ , € Concessive clauses take the construction^f the conditional sentence (see § 3(>) : as, / 'Loiil do it tho* 1 perish, touto npdzto xdu dj:oddu(o. But instead of xai ee and a finite verb, xaiizep with the participle is ofted used : as. The jjromise thP insane was fulfilled, xaiTztf) navco')(l/j^ ouaa fj brcoay^sac;; dTti^rj. EXKRCISE 35. 1. They could not do it because it was impossible. 2. He is despondent because he nuist die, though death is common to all. 3. As it was cold, they lit a tire. 4. Ho- mer praises him because (as he says) he was a good king. 5. As they are the victors, let them remove their dead. 6. Although you are not good at remembering, ctill re- member this. 7. They fought until darkness came on. 8. Even if he were to pay the money into the bank, I should receive it. 9, They would not have been put to death, "p not lead Ml uses : y'med the xai £t or w / f nditional d(iu(o. with the ible. 2. (leatli is 4. Ho- od king, if dead, Gtill re- } on, 8. I should o death, C'l I > - o (■*■ 'Ji :, 93 } i , .,,PuMy even if they had surrendered on this account [^ 19, 1, (2)]. 10. We ean not dcpert tlie Atlicnians because our wives and chihlren are atnonrj them. 11. Tie would not he invited, even it' he were rich. 12. Take care that you use words which all can understand. 13. I would choose liberty in l)reference to {di^rl -f- f/fn.) everything I j)08sse68. § 36. EXPRESSION OF A WISH. 1. The common particles for exi>ressing a wish are el'de and se ydo^ (t ! that. 2. A wish th;it refers to the future and may therefore be realised, is expressed by the optative with or without tXdz : as, May you he happy ^ el'Oe euSat/uop yivoto. May you he morefortitnate than /, yivoto tuTO'^itrzepo^ i/jtou. 3. A wish tjiat can wr)^ be realised is expressed by eWe and the impf. or aor. indie. — the imp/, ind., if the wish is referred to the j>resent ;^tTie ao?\ uuir, f? tTTe wish is referred to the past : as, ! thai you had (noio) a better understanding, I itn'sh that I had been with yon, ei'Oe aoi auviytv^iajv. 4. The negative particle in expressing a wish is {xj : as, God forbid ! fijj ysvotro. I wish that he had not done it, eWe touto /itj inpa^tv. 5. The impf. and aor, of dcpscko, to owe, are also used — with or without eWe — to express a wish that can not be re- alised : as, O ! that I had died on that day, axpsXou dnodavtiv ixecuTj rfj ^[lipa. 6. The forms used for the expression of a wish are really protases of common types of the conditional sentence 94 k: M fir .1 (§ 30). Thu3 : O ! t/uit this may prove 1ru(\ ei'lU tuuto dhjUk^ yivocTo = tl touto d?,r^ftk^ yeuoiTo, xaXio^ dv i'j^oe ( = If this bIiouM prove true, it would 1)0 w«'ll). O ! that this were true, eiVe tuuvo (V.r^Oe^ iyiyvtro^ii zo'jto ilXr^tfh^ ^T'T' vfiTo, xahoz dv Cf/ev (=It'tlii8 wire true, it would be well;. EXEUCISK 'M\. 1. ()! tliiit Soorates were now alive. 2. () ! that the wise maiui^ed the ail'airs of the state. 3. I wish that the doetor had been there; the child would not have died. 4. O ! that we had not put them to the sword. 5. May you be })unished for your injustice { bear, still we must bear it, 8. Do not provide yourself with money {ace.) for (^c) the journey. 0. O! that tlicse ^'ates were now open. 10. No one is so wise as not sometimes to err. 11. Are not the blessings of life more numerous than its evils ? 12. May I live no longer, if I must see such things as this 1 13. All those who wished to live, died a shameful death. 14. They sent a herald to Athens to announce that the island had been taken. § 37. THE INDIRECT QUESTION. 1. A question dependent upon a verb of saying, thinking, knowing or the like, is called an mdirect question. 2. Interrogative adverbs and pronouns (§13, 1) when used in an indirect question, have^ usually 6 prefixed. Thus : IJow (/7'eat, oTroao^. What like, bnoloz. How, Sttq)^. So too : Who, oanf . 3. After a primary tense the verb of the indirect question is in the indicative and not, as in Latin, in the subjunctive: as, I do not know who he la, obx dlda 5aztz i(Tuu{ — nescio quis sit). the! prm (pKi /I or, \-¥ o: 1 lion Ive: Afty a sc'cntid arv tciisi- the jmi ioiiti vu ro;;ul:ii'ly bucume s ( )pt.'ttivo ; l)Ut, tor tlie siikf of vividness, Uutli the iikmmI of the (lirt'ct qiii'stioii and the tbrin of tlie dircet iiitcrroijiitive pronoun or adverb lua^* be kept uiiebaMged (t^rapbic se- (pienee) ; as, f tc h)f)aas.u. 4. When a subjunctive is found in an indirect question, it is the deliberative subjunctive [§ 25, 1, (*2)] : as, I do 7iot k/iotv IV here to fntn, oux ol^a Snoi Tpdnwfiac (Di- rect question =r. 1^7 rpdziofiac ; '\oJtere shall I turn ?). After a secondary tense this subjunctive regularly be- comes optative : as, I did not knoiv where to turn^ oux fideeu 87:01 T()ariOtfirju. 5. Whether, in an indirect question, is si (negative fiyj): as, Let us consider whether this is not so, . ffxoniofieu ec touto firj o5ra>c ^/£^ Whether . . w, is drt . . etre or ti . . yj, rather than norsftoi^ . . i^ (the usual form in the direct question). 6. When a question is repeated by the person of wliom it is asked, the indirect form of the pronoun or adverb is used instead of the direct : as, What are you doiiig ? What airi I doing f TC Tioteiz ; o, re Ttoeoi ; 9e H ■It ill iir 7. Relative proiiouiifi iind ii(lv('rl>» iirc snini'tiines use*! for intcrrofi;ative,ftn(l, vice vrrsa, intcrroju'iitive |>roiut»inft and adverbs for relative : ft8, / do ?mt hvow trho yon are, oux olUa o;- «? (tor ootcz «'). All who knew, ndi^ze:; onoaoi iYuionrxu (for ;:rf^^€C oaoi). EXKRCIBIO 87. 1. Ask them what they intend to do ahout it. 2. They did not know who wc were. 3. Consider whether yon liave done anyone any harm. 4. Tliey will wonder where yon are eominre in the world he was' 11. They were at a loss what to do. 12. Me does not know whether liis pjood fortune will last till eveiiinji^ or not. 13. They wondered what it was. § 38. THE INFINITIVE. 1. Verbs follnwed by the intinitive in Enojlish are follow- ed by the infinitive in Greek : as, IJe wis /us fo ri'inaiii, ^ouhrai fiii^etu. He intends to dejjart, Siauosirae drrtlduv. 2. An infinitive is added in Greek, as in English, to nouns, adjectives and verbs to limit or explain their meaning : as, A country to dwell in, -^copa ocxeTv. Pleasant to hear, ijdb dxoueeu. He came to see us, ^^deu T^fid^ cdeTv. This is called the epe xegetical i nfinitive {i^rjxeoimc, explain). Note. The infinitive, however, is not often used as in I lii^ p%- i)\ es used \\n» nrul 't: eh 0(TOt). 2. They her y(»;i r wliiTe \(m» tlio look at vvliethcr will tell 'iiits we lie was" joes not ' or not. t'ollow- ) nouns, ng: as, r^plain). as in tlic last cxatnplo to eXI>rl'^i8 a purpojjc. /A' Ciimi ti> sgt' »/.v, .*'. Tlic iiiHiiitivc witii tlie articlf irt uscmI as a nonn mikI \ may translate the Ktiijlish ititiiiitive useeliuj tlnr^^ ifj ~i>/.!; i/:/j(fllr^ oca zb fvjzbu /trj Tznos'uac. Note. The ncjijativi' with the intinitive is tnj. P>ut after verhs i)^ tfiinl'in'f it is in or iti^ aceording as the negative is ('inj)hati(r or not. r». The geidtive of the arti ele with the infiiiitivc is used ' to ex]n*ess ay>//r^>Ai' ih'iiih^ dzifipa roO fti^ drzoflavsiw.^''' '' '"^ , ^ ♦>. Thesuhjeet of the intinitive, if diiferent from the suh- ject of the main verh, is in the accusative : as, I/fi tliiKKjlii t/iiit (ill had sjjoken^ (pszo zduza^ dfir^xiuac. 7. The subject of the intinitive, if the same as the subject of the main verb, is, unless em])hatic, omitted : as, Thfiy mid they inould do H, iifaaav noajtreiu. When emphatic, it is ex])ressed (for all j>ersons) by auzbc^ but in thf ii(.in. Nothing prevents us from doing it, oudku xcoXue: txh ou zouzo noatv. , . ' 5. ""iiaze with the infinitive is used to express a result : as, ^ I He is foolish enough to choose war instead of peace, ouTioi: dvorjzo^ iazcu waze rcoktwu duz' eif)TJvr^^ kUnf^at. So too oioi: and oao^ (§ 32, 1) : as, They are men capable of dancing, oJoc ecatu dp-^sladac. Occiqyying their own j)a stares enough to get a living of them, u£/i6fisiyO! zd abzwu oaou dTTo^YjU. But when used of_an actual fact wazs takes the indica- ti veiTs TTE" -^^ • '^i V ' lie was foolish enotigh to choose war, ouziozdvorjzoi; /)v wazs. Troh/wu eJkzo ( = so that he chose. .). 6. 'f^l!l' • '! > A I- 100 We discharge yov, on coiidlfion fJnif i/on u'lJl no lonyer study i}liiloso2)hy^ difitiiiv at itp wre /iYj-zir: £iiJ {yodifBcv or Yf)d(/'ai). S. It is said that {Aeyotmc)^ it is right that (dcxaio^ £c/u), and it s^'erns that (doxsc) are followed_by the inf, ]) X\t re - (jiiire a personal construction : as, It 2oas said that there loere a hundred of them, kleyovTO hazov dua: ( = tliey were said to be). It is right that I should say, dixad)^ ec/ic etTzelu. 9. The ii ifiniti ve absolute is _ fou nd in the following phrases : So tosayj, u)^_ eircelv. In one vord^ ojc (Tovrhfw)^ (or (T'jvsAo' 'c) ec~zTu. To make a gue xs^ a»c ei/daae. As far (/.> 1 Txnou)^ oaov^ji scdeuf/.:. Aj>j>ar}(jer (f£7u. ' inf. : MS, -usnaljy ::6^ ecfjti), , but re - 'n. 3llowing As far A I most ^ at leasf^ as he is ir arms, ose wlio I ill. 3. illingly. rewards f). Here 7. This 5. They ^ 1/ t> f i ,^U.*4 *<^ v\ ^ rfvv^ 101 -. iL 9j^'-'^'\.^\ c/ V^^^tM asked him whether he intended to remain or not. 9. He thought that we would not be able to live there on account of the cold. 10. I will let you go, on condition that you carry away yonr dead. 11. They were chosen on condition that they should draw up laws. 12. He was powerful enough to be able to break this law. 13. You are so fool- ish that you hope to conquer. § 40. THE PARTICIPLE. 1. English subordinate cla uses beginning with he who^ they who or with inhen^ while, if, because, although, may be expressed in Greek by the participle : as, Thcj/ who ask shall receive, ol acrouvTes: ^(/>ovzai. When he had said this, he went away, zavta dncbv dnr^Xdzv. They Icilled him while he was asleep, dnexTBcvav aurbv sudoura. Jf I were to hear it, I should not remain silent, zauza dxouaa<^ obx dv auoTvqaaciu. 1 have come on this account, because I wish to see him, zo'jzou iu£xa r^xco, ^ouXontvoz cdecu auzov. You 2)ut him to death although he was your own country- man, dnsxzsivaze auzou, noXizr^v dfiizepou ovza. (In this sense, Lower er, xainsp is usually added to the participle). 2. The Greek participle may often be used for the Eng- lish participial noun in ing with a preposition, expressing means or cir cum dances : as, They live by plundering, kr^c^bfisvoc ^coaiu. They withdrew without doing any harm, ' dvE'j^cjpyjaav obdkv ddcxrjaavztz. 3. Apart, therefore, from its attributive force, the Greek participle is used to express the relations of time, condition, reason, concession, means and circumstances, r. '^ i CT V 102 I M' 4. */i?c, as, on the ground that, is often udded to the parti- ciple to express a reason alleged : as, They are indignant hecause {as they allege) they are de- prived of everything, dyanaxzouacv a»c drreazeffr^/iii^oi Ttdnziov. 5. The case absolute in Greek is tlie genitive : as, They did it when the kijig was abroad, TOUTO irroir^tjau, toi) ^affdiio;; dKodrjiouuzo;;. The genitive absolnte should properly introduce a new subject. Thus : When they had done this, they ivent away, is zouTO TTOiijaauzei (not noir^aduzwv auziou) dnyj/.dou. Note. '/<;y is used when^the participle has a conditional force : as, The man who has never heen a so'vant will never mal'e a good master, 6 fiy^ douX^uaac; outtot du yivoiTO deaTTorr^i; dyado:;. 2. Of twojco-ordinate verbs in English connected by a7)d, one is usually to be expressed by a participle : as, liise and condemn me, duar^ip'taaads. 3. The future participle is used to express 2^, purpose : as, / have come to stay, ijxco //si/wv. '/^C is added to express the presumed inte7itio7i: as. He seized him with the ifUentioTi qfkilli7ig hitu, eUsu abrbv li;;- dnoxrtvwv. 4. Verbs meaning^to know {ycyuioaxco), perceive {aladdv- ofiat), remember^ {iiifiurjfiat\ forget {iTtdauddi^o/ia:), fihoio {ipaivo)), achiowledge {bfiokoyico), cease {rtauofxac), continue {dcarsUo)), feel shame {aia-^uuofiac), feel joy ixaipco), and an7iou7ice {dyysUw), are usually followed by the participle instead of the inf. or noun clause with ou : as, He knew that death was commo7i to all, eyuu) ddvazuv xocvou oura rcdaiu. J^ .i H' (ill 'I nil II I; II ■l\\ . .u. y t: / Z' '^ CT^i/D-rK ^'"7^04 Ar,^X-v^ 5. The particii)le, when used in tliis way for the inf., follows the syntax of the inf. (see § 38, 6-8) : as, 1 knew that 1 was mortal^ fjdscu (hr^zo^ (Lv (pronoun omit- ted ; part, in nom.). / am conscious that I am loise^ rruvocda aoifdi; d)U, or (Tjvotda ifiauT(p aofip ovrt. He perceived that the hoij would die^ jjodeTO top ndtda dv davopra (finite ioYva-dv ddvoc). ♦5, TJ^however, the^verb oi knowing is its elf a p articiple, it takes Jhe inf. instead of the'parficijvfe": as, ' Perceiving that he should not persuade them^ actjdofiepo^ DUX dp Trecdeiu aorou:;. 7. ToYY_dvco {happen), Xayddvio {escape notice of) and (fddvio {anticipate), are joined with the participle : as. He happened to he present, iru^s Traptov. He erdcred secretly, IXaQ^v dasXdcov. He arrived he/ore us, ifdaaBv jj/zac d(pu6/isvo^. 8. Jr^?.o^ and (papspd^ {evident) are joined with the parti- ciple, but require a personal construction: as, Jt is evident that he is mad, dr^Xo^ iau [lacvofiBvoi;. 9. The following words are* joined idiomatically to the participle : S.tb or 61a, inasmuch as / tbdu<: and adzixa, im- mediately / (iim, with, and ptra^u, in the midst of : as, l7\asm\Lch, as he 2oas a child, he was pleased, dre Tzdi^ d>v, r^deTO. He died as soon as he was horn , tudhz ytvofitPOQ dnidaptv. Exactly at the heginning of spring, dfia ^pc dp-^onsptp. It checked me in the midst of my talk, ipe ptTa^h XiyopTa inea-j^ep. I. . ^-,?^^ the inf., un oiiiit- 'pTl. TTOida du irticiple, of) arul as. be p.arti- 1^ to the ixa, iin- : as. edautv. fdvw. f ^/ ^) i/\ !> 105 1/ '-^'\\,\ ^ uvu^ .1 - c/* ^^ :^,(^...-t t u. 10. The i)artieii)le is used to express : At^Jir^t^diixoiisvo;. At last, Tshuzcov. Q^iJcUy^ d.vuaaz. After some time^ i^iah-MV -^{lovov. With, ^/'^'^i', (iyMv, f^f'^'^^i ^^ Xl^con^vo^. Exercise 41. 1. He knew that an attack would he made. 2. They are pushing on to pitch upon a place to encamp. 3. They knew that they had heen deceived. 4. He came to an- nounce that your father was no more. 5. I shall never cease to strufirgle. 6. He rejoiced in being ]>raised. 7. They sent us to eifect what we could. 8. It happened that there were about fifty of them. 9. They saluted him, thougii they knew that he was being led to death. 10. They arrested and led him away, intending to kill hini. 11. Take the man and flog him. 12. She came to her father with her son. 13. Let us attack them while crossing. 14. The man who does not believe is wretched. §42. VERBALS IN TEOI. 1. The_vei'bal in zsoz (Lat. ndus) expresses duty or ne- ^;es^ity ; as, Xuzeo^, requiring to be loosed. 2. Verbals in riot: are used : (1) Personally, agreeing with the subject: as. Our country must he henefifed hy us, (2) Impersonally, in the neuter sing, or phjjind govern- ing the case of the verb from which they are formed : as, You must hear it, ocaviou iazi zdds u/iiu. We m list ohey the lains, nttazkov lazi ro7c voiiok:. They voted that they must go to war, i(f'r^(piaavzo nohfii^zia that. n lOG i II if Note. If the verbul governs tlie gen. or dat., the iiiiper- ponal coiistruetion must be used : as, We should desire wisdom^ zr^^ aocpia^ iTTidu/iT^riov ia-c'tv. We must set about the work, Tip if^ycij irri'j^sifirjzeou iaziu. 3. Thc ^a^ent aft er the verbal in rioj is e xpresse d by tlie dative; but, if tlie verbal itself governs the dative, tlie agent is expressed by 5k6 and the genitive : as, You must not envy them, oh (fduur^riou iarcu wjtu'i^ uip' [>fxd)v. I Note. The_verbal in reo^ is formed from the stem of the 1. aor. pass., by dropping the augment and chang ing I ^jyv'inlF reoc. A labial, betore the smooth dental_ r^be- comes TT, and a guttural x : Thus from uecdo) (1. a. pass., iTtecadr^u) comes netario^. From Xafi^dvio (1, a. pass., kXrjipdrjv) comes hjKTBO!:. From duoxio (1. a. pass., kdub-j^drjv) comes dtcoxzeo;:. Exercise 42. 1. A patriot must be judged by his acts and not by his words. 2. We must not avoid work. 3. Man must not be honoured before the truth. 4. You should not conceal this from your parents. 5. If they are found guilty of treason, they must be condemned to death. 6. We should make use of this opportunity. 7. We should accustom ourselves to be gentle. 8. I do not know how anyone will escape from God. 9. When life is burdensome {gen. abs.), death be- comes a welcome refuge. 1 0. The law prevents them from following their own natures. 11. They surrendered on condition that all their lives should be spared. 12. He sailed away intending to carry on war with them. Mm FTfc impcr- ■arh. aztv. h^ tliti ^e, tlie eiri of pass., jifdfjV) comes )y his lot be il this ason, Ke use es to from 1 be- from d on He 7r /'r< O ^ 3 1. Ca^ \ r 107 § 43. ORATIO OBLIQUA. 1. A statement dependent on a verb of say inf/^t/tinl'lnfj, knmoiiiij^ a.skinr. rect. = a, it is re- lill (jive), thinking nent: as, had gone^ § 39, 2. y be used rt'hich re- >ucrev. regularly I : as, nting). Inesa — to :lie tense) ■w. 109 //(' s((l(J thilt tfhij mere leritiiuj^ Ih^iu or: y/jdifcrjai)^. This is (railed ynipliic sequence. 8. The im))t". and ]»l|»t'. uf oratio recta renmin unchanged in the o^^(•lau.se in oratio ohliqua: as, He su/'i/ tjnit it tri/.s not ,s(/ in hi^ time^ IXt'^zy iizi o'j^ ouTo)^ ec^su icp' hiUToh. He aaiff f/ni/ s would sui! au za<'n-7j dnayzrjaeadai (secondary tense unchanged in subordinate clause). lie said that if they had come they would have been killed, iiftj auzoh^ ti 7jkduu dnodausTy du (or. i\ = ee ^Xdov dnedavov dv). 2. The participle after verbs of knowing follows the same rule^ as the inf. in oratio obliqua : The tense of oratio recta is retained in oratio obliqua and an dv with the verb in oratio recta is retained with the participle in oratio ob- liqua : as, tli( 3. 4. T'\ Ill kin;; was 1L>. lie ot {f'fi/'.). mrdinatc primary ' //if two of vivid- a)i(/ any H)i. / sec- must im- ti'ity^ he (fe'jyuuTa /mc). ad sent (K/^ /isz- uiged in ive been lie same io recta verb in atio ob- //r I'nfir tJint t/ii y /tiiii hii n fah'i'n^ iyuu) a'JTob^ ku/.toxoTU^ (or. r. = kakdixani, tJny /ntiu; hfen tnkcn). 1 knew t/iat f/iis irouhl h(t/)jh')i^ iyuwu toutu du yei^o/isuoi/ (or. r. =:TOi)To du ysioiTo, t/ils irill lufftpen). 3. An im|tt'r!itivc hecoiin'rt in oratio o')littiythlii7 el' zc el^e dcdovac dv. Fa zc ia-^ev idwxev dv, becomes, l^jy ec zc ia^e douvac dv. Exercise 45. 1. He said that if a man had not common sense, no education would give it to him. 2. He used to say that if a man was fond of l>uilding, he would soon ruin himself. 3. If it had been possible to satisfy the desire for gain, he '■ I ■wm jed after ' //, Si Ti • if., ec Ti ouuai). oe it, idu 'le would J. e ivoald I. aid have Iv. isis, ifa_ jun., be- langed); (icdovat. !S e(prj Si u dv. iai dv. )vm du. 3nse, no y that if himself, gain, he ? 113 tliouglit tliat T won Id have satisfied it. 4. Di)ii't you thijdv that if he were here, all would he well? 5. He said that they ought to he punished, if they had reached siudi a pit(di of in- solence. 6. He said that if we did not need it, it was dear at a penny. 7. They said that if he were wiser, he would he hetter. 8. O ! that I had lived in accordance with reason. 9. Even if I had conferred the kindness, I should never have reminded you of it. 10. They knew that all ought to be educated. 11. He said that if /». were general, he would give no quarter. 12. He said that if a snail fell in with a had neighbour, it would move its house away. § 4G. NEGATIVES. 1 . There are two classes of ne«i:atives in Greek : o'j and its compounds, and /iij and its compounds. The rules for the use of ou and /oj a ppl y respe c t i v el y to the compounds of each. 2. The follov, ing are the more common negatives : ^ot eve7i, oudi and /ir^di Neither . . nor, o'jts. .oun and //^'rs. . fir^TS. No one, ou<5£/c find /ir^dsc^. Nowhere, obdaim~) and ir/^dano^). No how, ob^anxo' and /jiTjdanoj;. Not yet, oomo and firJTTw or oudsTtco and /ir^deTuco. 3. The general rule given for the use of o'j and fiij re- spectively, is as followis : Ou is used objectively, i.e. in stating a fact ; fii^ subjec- tively, i.e., in stating a conception. The uses of fxj, now- ever, must be mastered in detail. 4. The following are the chief uses of fi^j: (I) Mtj is used with the inf., except in oratio obliqua after verbs of saying : as. They thought he was unwilling rather than unable, Ivojuaav aurou firj ^ouXeadat fidXXov ^ {jltj duvaadac. (See, however, § 38, 4, note). i 114 ii i\ But: I GO)ifess that I am no orator^ hiioloyw oitx sluai (2) #3y is used in Jinal^and oovd^tional clauftes and in relative clauses with a conditional force : as, fie went away that he might not see tis, d-7^?M£u Iva [jly^ jj/ittc iSoc (iva ffj will often ex])ress to avoid, escape, refrahi from., &e.). But if it neither is nor was, what should we have done ? ££ ok fir^T eau iitjte -^u, tc xn^ ttoisTu ; / caw not give what I liave not got, d /iTj i-j^co GO dui/afiat douvat. Do not go in when he is not at leisibr-., fiTj iiaeAdr^i; orav /lifj (T^okdffr^ ( = if he is not . . ). (3) M^ is used in exhortations : as, Let us not pursue what is evil, fii^ duoxtofiEv to xaxov. (4) Mij is used with the deliberative suhjunctive : as, Shall we say 't or 7iot ? TroTepov (paj/isu ij iJ.ij [§ 25, (2)] ; (5) M^ is used in indirect questions : as. Ask him whether he can or not, ipou she duvarat she ptrj. (6) Mtj is used in prohibitions : as, Do not steal, fxrj xXinrt or xUifj/^ [§ 25, (3)]. (7) Mfj is used in wishes : as, God forbid, firj xevocro (§ 36). ! that he had not survived, ecde fiTj iTre^co). (8) Mij is used witli adjectives or participles when they have a conditional force : as, (Lr^l-t<' -f^ '^^-^-^ The man who does not commit injustice is just, 6 fiTj ddcxcov dixatoi; iartv. (9) "Qart takes ou with the indicative, //jy with the inf. : as. O'J 115 He was so foolish that Ac did not n'i.^h, o5rwc duo'/jTo:; yju wars o'jk -/ji^ouhzo. Bnt, //^ is- foolish aioufjh i\<)t to irinh, ouTco^ d'uorjTo:; karcv wars, [irj ^o''jh(Tdo.t (§ 39, 5). (10 j M^ is used for lest, that, nfter verbs o^fearint_{^ 29, 6) : as, / am afraid that he vrill come^ dsdor/a fj.rj ildvj. 4. One nei^ativo does^not^ciancel a-nother in Greek as in English. Hence indefinite pronouns and adverbs, in neg- ative sentences, are expressed in Greek by their correspond- ing negatives : as. Do 7wt do anythivg impious at any time, Note. Ob and firj, however, when forming a single ex- pression with the predicate are cancelled by another ne- gative : as, No7' do I fail to see him, obdk iyo) ou^ bfjto abrov. Let him not therefore escape piinishnent, flTj OUV flTj doTco dixTjv. 5. For the redundant fi^ after verbs of negative notion, see § 39, 3. 6. / say that . .not (Lat. nego) is oi> (prjfu : as, He said that we were not acting justly, obx iifTj ^iidq ivdix(i)(; 7Tf)dTT£:v. Of. obx Ida), I refuse to allow, dissuade / and obx d^coco, I beg not : as, He begs him not to punish, obx d^cdl abtbv rcficopsladac. 7. Instead of outs . . ours {neither . . nor), ouzs . . obde {neither ..nor even) is used where the second alternative is em- phatic : as He neither tasted nor handled, out iyebaaTo obdk i^aTo. 116 m ;^ii(' :l ■■ ;'! m : I w I i S. Oudi is used for oo and /i//li tor /^jy wlieti one m-gatioii is ap})ciided to anotlier : as, //e is 7wt old or youruj^ ob ysfxou iarcu o'jos uio^. Do not he (in^jry or rev'dt^ iirj diri'c!^eaHs nr^oh /mcooobcts. EXEKCIS'5 4^ 1. What a person dovs not need, he sliould not buy. 2. The man who does not take money, naturally gives bet- ter counsel. 3, lie wondered that the fish of the sea had no voice. 4. They knew that the attack would never be made. 5. He said that there was nothing like (dtou) hear- ing {i7if.) the law itself. 6. Do not measure happiness by the pleasure it brings. 7. Do not envy the prosperity of the good. 8. Let no one speak ill of anyone. 9. If there was not freedom from such passions in old age, old men would be wretched. 10. Let us do it, if for nothing else, for practice. 11. Let no one enter here who docs not know geometry. 12. May I never have such knowledge! 13. He went abroad to avoid injuring the country. 14. Do not praise what is not honourable. 15. Do not seek to know whether he exists or not. 16. I have not fc-ind anything out as yet. 17. Shall we not remain ? § 47. DOUBLE NEGATIVES. 1. Ol> fiij with the aor. subjunctive (rarely the fut. ind.) is a strong negation : as. This shall never, never happen, touto ob fxrj yeurjrai. 2. Ou AtT? with the 2nd person of the fut. ind. (rarely the aor. subjun.) is 2k prohibition : as. Don't talk nonsense, ou fxrj Xahjatti; ; mPH 117 iiepitioii soc. loftecT lot buy. ives bet- sea had lever be ou) hear- >ine8s by ty of the lere was n would 3186, for 3t know ^e ! 13. 14. Do seek to t foTind Qt. ind.) rjToc. rely the 3. Mr/u[j has tlireo eommon uses : (1) After verbs oi fearintj in the^sgpse oi that, .not : as, / .'inspect that he wilt not come., brto-^ixvjco iJTj o'jx iXdy/ (§ 29, 6). (2) After verbs of negative notion (§ 39, 3-4) when they are joined with a negative or a virtual negative : as, He dots not douht that the (jods exist., obx dzcazs/. rohz deoh^ jxtj uux ecuai. What preO'nts him from seeing f Tc xtoA'Jic ( = audi' ) a'jxov firj o'j ^Xstcscv ; (3) F or 7uj t., after the following phrases : It is a .shame, aia-z^fjov iazi. It is stramje., decuou irrn. It is impious., ob)^ oacou iazt. It is nnj^ist., ob dixachv iavc. It is impmssihle., ob duvarov iarc. I can not, ob dbvafiac : as, Ft is a strange course not to retreat., dscuou itrrc nrj obx d7ro/o)r>s7u. It is impious not to Jig ht for your country., ob-^ oacov iar: prj ob fjtd'^safiai 67rsf> rrj^ Tro^ewc. / can not help iwaising him., ob dbuafiat fir] obx inaivsTu abxov ( = 1 am unable not to. .). Exercise 47. 1. He did not deny that he knew all about it. 2. They shall never obtain this request. 3. Nothing prevents us from being what {'ot.oIoz) we wish to be. 4. Do not scoft at the gods. 5. I was afraid that he would not succeed. 6. He knew that in time of drought all the signs failed. 7. Do not waste time. 8. If this had not prevented us from setting out, we should have arrived long ago. 9. It is unjust not to restore what has been entruuCed to you. 10. He thought that the city had been taken l)ecause the citizens did not exert themselves. 11. He said that if liars were believed, all would be liars. 12. As it is not possible to save the country, let us die for it. 13. The second ship arrived before the first and entered the harbour unobserved. 118 I'! I' ii' I .i|i| § 48. MISCELLANEOUS. 1. Tlie vocative is almost invariauiy in prose preceded by (L: as, It seems to me^ Socrates^ that tli< y JiHoii\ i/ioc dk doxoofnu, uj Zibxpazei;^ ouruc scdiuai {doxs(o used personally, § 39, 8). The w is omitted, however, in abrupt or contemptuous address : as. Do you hear^ Aeschines ? dxoue:^, Acff^cui^ ; 2. An adjective in apposition with a pronoun takes the article : as, I am dying,, unhappy girl, iyco -j duff/iofw^ dpTJaxw. 3. When 7:u?,u^ or fjieya^ is used with another adjective xai is usually inserted between the two : as, Many clever things were said, TroXXd xai aoipa i?JyeTo. I 4. Adjectives expressing time, quantity, or feeling, are Voften used predicatively in Greek for an English adverb : as: They came on the third day, ^jXdov vpcTdioc. The river flowed with a full stream, b TTOzafio^ kftpurj fisya^. No one is deliberately wicked, oudei^ kxajv xaxd;;. 5. He was the first to attack Methymna^TTfjioro:: Mr^ dufJLvy^ Tipoae^aXtv. Methymna was the first place he attacked = Tcpcorrj Mtj- His first act was to attack Methymna — npoizov M7jdu(iv7^ Tzpoffi^aXsu. ' 6. The. .the, with comparatives, is offcp {hy how much). . ToaouTCfj [by so much) : as, The more, the better, 5a(p nXiov, to(to6t(^ dpsiuov. 119 )recede(l 39, 8). iiptuous .ke& the 7X10. djective ytzo. ing^ are irb : as: uch) . . 7. Some verl)S are tolluwed hv eitlier tlie inf. or tlie j):irt- iciple but with a difterenee of meaiiing : as, • / am. ashamed of say in (j., alayrj^ofKu liyMV (i. e. wliilc I airi saying). I am as/iai)it(l to sai/^ ah-j^'juo/mc Uyicv (i. e. and do nut). So too : / know I am do'>7\g v7, olcia raura tiouuv. 1 knoioJunojA) do it, olda xwjxa zoiCtv. 8. A sentenee in oratio obliqua may begin with the ozc- clause and pass into ace. and inf., or 'oicc vena : as, They said that it seemed to them that the Athenians loere in the wrong, hut that they wished to put it to the vote, sIttov 5ti (Tifiat (xku doxoceu ddcxuu ol \-1di^uaiO:, ^ouhadai dk ; is more fool-hardy than ii2;norance. 12, If grey hairs nuule men wise, wisdom would not ''c so rare, 13. He said he had answered every (piestion tliat had been put to him. § 49, Greek Idiom in the use and meaning of w^ords. 1, None but tlie simplest English can be turned word for word into Greek, and there is no better rule for beginners than the Iloratian, '''' N ea vei'lmn verba curahis reddere^ But Greek and English differ so futid.imentally in the use of words that no general rule is of much value, and no knowledge of syntax or vocabulary will produce idiomatic Greek without constant thought, and constant study of the Greek authors. 2. English, for example, uses metaphor so constantly that many words and phrases, really figurative, have lost for us their original force and meaning altogether and no longer convey any sense of their figurative nature. Thus we say : They espoiissed our cause ; he is the victim of wrong ; the country had long been to7'n by faction ; using the italicised words, quite unconscious of the fact that the language is figurative. Now, although Greek has meta- phors of its own, it is hardly ever safe to translate an Eng- lish metaphor literally into Greek. The metaphor must be destroyed and the language made concrete, i.e. appli- cable to the particular case in which it is employed. Thus, 121 to take the uhove examples: Theij espoused our cause^ aovi: fid^r^aav ■^(ilv. lie is the vlctiia of wro7ig, /jdixr^rae. The country had long been torn hy faction, i/j noXtz ndXat iaraffia^^iu. 3. English idiom, again, shows a marked fondness for abstract and verbal nouns. Thus we say : In my presence ; he gave the same advice as before ; he has a good educa- tion I it is repugnant to the dictates of wisdom •And justice. And in philosophical writings such abstract terms fre- quently occur also in Greek. But this is not the case in ordinary narrative and speeches. In translating ab- stract terms into Greek, the language, once more, must be made concrete, i.e. applicable to the particular case in which it is employed. Thus, to take the above examples: In my presence, ifiou Tiapouzo^. lie gave the same advice as before, Tauvd Tca(n'^vzt 3.7r£p xac KfJOTspou. He has a good education, eu TttnaideoToc. It is repugnant to the dictates of wisdom and justice, ouTE aovtzbv ouvt dixa:6v iarev. So too, Poverty is no disgrace, to nsvtadat ohx ala-^pbv karcv (infinitive used to express abstract noun). Do you know his destination f ap ocad' Stto: ip^erac ; (indirect interrogative used to express abstract noun). (For a useful list of such diflferences of idiom, see Sidg- wick's Introduction to Greek Prose Composition). 4. As far, therefore, as any general rule can be given, it will be : When an idea is expressed in English in its most simple and concrete form, it can usually be expressed word for word in Greek. f «■■ J ii 122 ExEKCIHE 49. 1. They will make more lavish promisos than wc do. 2. He has been revolving the phm nii^jht and day for three years. 3. If it signilled very niucli to ns, they would not have come. 4. Tiie nation had long ago set its heart upon sovereignty. 5. Such were the declarations the letter made, fi. Some made one guess, others another. 7. I will proceed to examine the falsehoods and calumni' 8 you uttered about my political measures. 8. Perhaps you admit the accuracy of these statements. 9. He promises eternal friendsliip. 10. He will suffer punishment for {(/en.) his misdeeds. 11. By the reduction of this vast territory he brought his country to tlie verge of ruin, 12. Do you think that they will lay violent hands upon him? 13. He did not take his departure till after the revolt. 14. The neglect of these precautions will lead to disruption. §50. ORDER AND CONNECTION. 1. A few sentences committed to memory from Thu- cydides or Demosthenes will do more towards creating a se7ise of the order of words in Greek than any number of rules. 2. Words are arranged in their nafiirol order (sulrject, verb, object) — except so far as this is modified by (1) eu- phony, (2) emphasis (emphatic words. being put, as in Latin, first or last). Thus : 2'i ssaphernes accuses Cyrus to his brother, TeaaaipSpvTj:; dca^dXhc Kopov npo^ rbv ddelifov. Piety is chief of all the virtues, Tiaaoju dpezaiv i/jyepicou iauv ^ euai^em (subject last, for emphasis). It was this that he had in view, touto disTrpdzTero (object first, for emphasis). k li>3 c do. 2. or three oiild not art npun 3r made. prooof3d id about iccuracy )ndslii|). ds. 11. ffht liip lat they take hh :>i these n Thu- ating a il)or of uhjeot, (ij eu. Latin, object 3. An interr(>i^ai>ou. * ''Af)a, therefore, or then (expressing surprise) : as. We have come, then, in vain, fidrr^v d(>a fjfJLtii: r^xofitu. ''Art, since, (giving the true reason, while a>c gives tlie ostensible one) : tis, Since it had been opened, they entered the city, iffr^?Mov ic TTjv noXcv dre duot^ftzTnau. *//5, again, on the other hand : as, I will describe, o?i the other hand, what occurred by sea while all this was going on, iu (p dk Ttduza TOUTa iTTpdrviTO, zd xavd ddXaaaau ah yevofisua bcfffrjaofxai. ^ ;J-:r a \h , 12(5 ^ Audi^, a second time : as, They will try to stize the city a second time, 7:£if)daou(T!U ahdc^ xazald^eiu ttjU ndhu. ^ rd[j,for (frequently xat ydfj) : as, The marches were short for it was winter, ^f)a^£t(; ot avad/ior ■^sc/uou yd(} ^u. Sometimes, in answers, yes : as. Do you say so ? Yes, dfja Xeysc^ ; ?Jyio ydfj. Often used to introduce a narrative : as. It was evening. Word ca7ne to the. . . hoTcepa [ihv yap }yu. rjxe <5' dyyeXXcov n^ (i>c Toh^ . . ^Fe, at least : as, lie at lea> ; ' (an em- ed by de ;onfi rni- <, and ^ if; ere are ■■C(Tt xac Nov, now (at tlie present time. Lat. nunc) : as I am just going to do it vow, ^Dv de fAikho Tiocrjffecv. Nuv de is often, as it is : as, As it is, they are a match for iis all taken together, i^'jv (Te rr/voc aufmavzac ^/^"C havoc eiacv. "Ofxco^, 7ievertheless : as, Though alarmed they met together nevertheless, ohm:: xac TsOoftu^^/^fjiuoc auveUyovro. "Oaov 00, all hut ; as, They all but perished, Saov ob dcefOdprjaav. Ob liovou (or obx 5tc) . . . dUd xac, not only . . . hct also : as, Not only you hut all, ob fibvov ah dlld xac zduTS^. Not only not. . hut not is obx (or /.^') dmo,-. . . dU' obdi . . as. They not only did not repulse us hut they did not even lay waste the land, ob^ oruo-, -^fm^ iTpiauTO dXX obde idrju ''Obv (perhaps = iov (Jv), tliis being so) then, therefore: as, I resolved therefore to go, ido^su o5u fioi Ihac. Added to pronouns and adverbs, it means ever: as, ^^ 'Oarcacrjv, whoever. YAr^o^v, in whatever way, Ouxouu, not therefore, and obxoup, therefore : as. Will you not then leave me alone? ouxouu // idaecc; /shall have done, therefore, when I have no more strength, obxouv TTerrabao/mc orav firj adeuco. ndhu, had', on the contrary, a second time : as, They lead him bach again, dyouacv abvov Tidhv ah. As it was, on the contrary, he suffered this same treat- ment himself, vbv dk ndhv abzo^ zabrbv { = t6 abvb) touto Do it again from the heginning, nocrjaov ndhv i^ dpxr^:. n 130 IJdvu, ve?'i/ : as, Tie mas very old^ Ttduu -osfr^'^'jzr^; /yv. So too : ftrUa and (T(p6(i()a. ^Jhp, exact!'/ (gonerallj witli relatives and relative ad- verbs) : as, /abide hy the very words I sivore^ i/i/iivco oJa-en ujiioaa. *IJoTe, once or, with interrugatives, y>r(i^2/ •' ^^i Once upon a time there lived a man^ ^u ydff izuze dur^p rn;. Who, pray f r;c ^ore , * 7'o/, / tell you : as, I have heen listening to yon, I assure yon, for a long time, 7:d?.ai roc dxpocTj/ia: an~j. * Toivuv, then (resumptive) : as, Then either sJuno yourselves better men than we are or remain here, ij ro'ivuv qjxmv xpshrou^ yivsade rj piuezs a'jzo'j. '.y^, as, how (distinguish from twc, ^hus) : as, Jvst as I am, ourcoz, o^c s/^*^' -4,v then say, a>c /.iyouaiu. As far as ifms possible, w:; ix roiu d'juarojv. For a Spartan, he inas not loithout skill in spcal'lng, ^u de oijdk dd'jvazo^, (be Aaxedac/wi^io:;^ £c~e7u. /f you h'/ve come as friends, ec7T£(> d>; (fc/.o: znoar^xtzE. How polite ! oj;- dardoi^. " Qanzp is often used for a;;- : as, I am afraid lest like the lotus-eaters toe may forget our Jtomes, didocxa firj waTzep ol Awzoi more, Thrasynnichus 7. This custom is observed not only among Greeks but among barbarians. 8. They not only conld not see the houses hut they could not even see the land. 9. These men will praise nothing excej)t wealth. 10. From this we can see that we have made a mistake 11. Many mistakes were made as was to be expected {w;) in a large city. 12. If they really are doing any thing of the kind. 13. I do not value it at a straw. 14-. It was unjust to seize this empire, but it is dangennis to let it go. 15. The plague is the one and only thing that has exceeded our anticipations. ir». I will bring you in, as if you were a spectator forsooth. 17. You will know, I suppos" that you are not in Greece. IS. For, as [(Its) he was a boy he was delighted. 19. Although they Icnew that they had been de- ceived, they consented. 20. So when they saw both men and horses advancing, they immediately departed. EXKRCISK 52. One day the king's she])herds were in the fields with their fiocks, when a violent storm anjsi; and, with a loud crash like {as of) thunder, the earth yawned and a huge chasm appeared beneath their feet. The rest iled in dismay, but Gyges boldly descended into the chasm, where he saw a brazen horse with (i'/wv) doors in its side. When the doors were opened, he saw the body of a dead man with a gold ring upon his finger. This ring Gyges immediaiely drew off and, putting it on himself, re-ascended to the light. 132 Not lonij; after he liappened to 1)C present at a slieplierds' gatlieriiiij; and the ring was upon liis liand. And happen- ino; to turn tlie hezel <>t' tlie ring to the pahn of l)is liand, he instantly hecame invisibh,', though ahle himself to see all that was going on. But when he turned the ring back to its place, he instantly became visible again. Struck with the wonderful virtue of the ring, he inmiediately re- paired to the palace, and easily gaining admission by its means to the royal bed-chamber, killed the king and took possession of the throne. Exercise 53. In the camp before Numantia the wisdom and courage of Tiberius were all the more conspicuous because of the unfitness of the "Roman commander. The besieged Nu- mantines had even vcjiturcd to come out and engage the besiegers before the walls of the town ; and in the battle that ensued, if not victorious, they so disheartened the Roman general that he determined to raise the siege. Orders were sent round to the soldiers to hold themselves in readiness to evacuate the camp during the night. He hoped in this way to withdraw unobserved by the inhab- itants of the place. But the enemy were on the watch and made a spirited attack upon the retreating artny which they quickly surrounded and forced into an unfavourable position from which there was no escape. Despairing of safety, the general sent a herald to the Nuinantines to ask for a truce. They replied tliat they liad no confidence in any of the Romans except Tiberius; if the general wanted peace, he must send him to them. Accordingly Tiberius was sent to the enemy's camp and partly by persuasion, partly by concession obtained peace for his countrymen and saved an army of twenty thousand men. 133 W Exercise 54. At sunset the Median horse rode into camp with their prisoners and halted before the tent of Cyrns. After ask- ^ngipart.) if all were safe, he at once hejjan to question them as to the results of their expedition and listened with the greatest interest to their narrative. When they had told him all they wished to tell, he demanded if the country through which they had passed was populous or not. They replied that their ride had taken them far across the country and that it was all densely populated and abounded in sheep and oxen and corn and wine. "Two considerations, then," said he "demand our attention. We have to con- sider, first, the means by which we can keep control of the country we have conquered ; and secondly, the means by which we can insure its inhabitants remaining in it. A populous country is a most valuable conquest ; but a country destitute of population is destitute of everything that is valuable. Thes prisoners, therefore," he continued, "mnst be released. For on the one hand when the people of the country see their friends returning home in safety, they will be more willing to remain in the place and accept peace at our hands ; and, again, as long as we keep con- trol of the country, all the people in it are virtually our prisoners." Exercise 55. The Persian of to-day is immeasurably inferior to the Persian of the time of Cyrus. If Cyrus took an oath he kept it ; if he gave a pledge, he redeemed it ; but the present king has violated the most sacred pledges and broken the most solemn oaths. Cyrus was considered the fathtr of his people, but the present king is their tyrant and oppressor. In consequence of this impiety and injustice on the part '!( 1!^ ?! h 134 of ((/^} I.) their ruler, tlio people at lur^'e luive also become im- pious and nnjupt; for a nation will be neither better nor worse tlian its rulers. In the titne ot'lJyrus they were taught from boyliood to speak tlie truth and ))raetise justice ; now they tell lies and practise injustice. They have also degen- erated in many other respects trom the character of their forefathers. They used to drink water, and that too, spar- ingly ; now they are often diunk with wine. One meal a day (yen.) used to suffice ; now they often sit at a feast from morning till midnight. Once they could bear with equal fortitude the heat of summer and the cold of winter ; now they require hats and gloves in winter aiid artificial shade in summer. Once they were ardently devoted to the chase; now they hate those who love hunting as showing superior virtue. By their courage and skill in war they once reduced a great part of Asia under their dominion ; but now an enemy can pass through their territories with greater ease and greater security than a friend. Exercise 56. And, Sir, if any member of this house is of the op,'nion that such a course involves trouble, labour and expense, he is not far wrong in his opinion. It certainly does. But if we reflect that disaster will inevitably overtake us unless we show ourselves ready and willing to assume the respon- sibilities our empire lays upon us, we shall see that a ready and willing performance of duty is, after all, the only exped- ient course, God knows it would be an everlasting dis- grace to the country and every way unworthy of the nation's glorious past, to hand over and betray to a grasping despot thest! victims of aggression and wrong. 135 VOCABULARY. For numerah^ stt tjiainmar '^ contract vei'h.s^ tluj given unamtracled^ inutii he contracted ; vb.=ve7'h ^ tr.=tra}iti- Hive f' intr. = intransitive ,' adv.— adverb ^ ah. =substa?i- iive ,' in.-=: masculine ^ f.—foninine', n. =■ neuter • g.= genitive I d. = dative ^ oc (d.) ah\e, duiaro^. ^'f),f^.'''. r^' P 1 address, i^i^-w. abound in, fisazo^ei/u fg.) admire, dau/id^o) about, 7T£f)c, d/ifi ; with nu- merals, fidhmp]ish, see do. accord, of o's own a., auTo^. accordance, in a. with, ;r/>oc (a.) affair, Tzpoy/m. according to, xard (a.), Tzpo^ affairs here, to. iuddde. (a.) affection, win, (pdio/iai (be accordingly, odi). loved), account, on a. of, did (a.); of atiidavit, make, dco/jii^u/i:. no a., Tre^f oudsi/o^. afraid, ipo^oufitvoz. Am a., accuracy of thid statement, = see fear. admission, gain, ecaiffj^o/m:. admit, i^yio/jiai. adorn, xoa/isio. advaiK^e, npo^a'tvco. advantage, dyaOou. To the advantage of, Tipo^ (g.) advantageous, djT£/, uarsfwu ; after all, dfja, dij ; a little a., dXiycp U(TT£f)ou. again, adda;, 7td}.cu, de. against, e/c (a.), ^T^i (a.) 5 ^^"^^ r, h *«<., m 130 ,^i ' ago, § 22, 6. aid, (ixpekiio. ail, voaiu). Alexaiick'r, \Ui^audf>o^. alive, be, (^rfw. all, TTMC. All those who, ;rrfv- allege, ifdaxio. ally, auiiiia-^^oQ. alone, [xovoz. alonji, 7ra/)d (a.) already, ^^ly. also, xttJ, dXloi;. although, xamtft ; § 35, 6. always, de/. am, tifii, y'tyvofiat. ambassadors, TTpsa^sa:. ambitious, (pcXbrcfio^. among, h (d.), r^apd (d.) amusement, rraedcd. ancestor, Tzpoyo^^o^. anchor, weigh, acfjoj. ancient, TtaXaio^. ancients, the, of ndXac. and, xtff, re, de. and that too, xal xwjTa. and yet, xaixot. anger, ^pyr^. angry with, be, dpyi^ofxac (d.), 8i opyrjz e;;fe^v (a.) animal, dr^piow. announce, dyYeXXw. another, dUo:;. answer, dT:oxf>cu)/iai. antioi|)ation, see /if'p/'. any, anyone, r^c- anything, n, or = everything. api)arition, (fda/jia, aru^. appear, (faiuu/iae. aj)point, rdaaco. approach, TZf/ua'^ioftiio, ardently, ui*e snperl. Argos, " A(>yoz (n.); of A. Wftytlo^. arise, yifi^ofiac. arm, ordov^ ^^Jf'^C, ^^'^C (m.) army, arf/dTeu/ia^ aroi;. around, dfihrj(^. as, iitti^ d»c, wansp^ xai (after same) ; iv (p ; xazd (a.) ( = according to) ; as follows, Tocdde ; as yet, in ; as you enter, § 16, 11. as to, 7:sp( (g.) ashamed, be, acff^uvo/iai. Asia, \hca. ask for, ahiio. ask (question), ipcordo). 137 of A iifilee]), wlieii a., xncfvr^dttQ. assembly, hxh^nta. assent, rrijumuio). assert, dTo^. " hands of, 6;r^(fr.),;r/>6c (g.) at, a. price of, use gen., p. 31, 3. at once, V)d'j'. Athenian, '.Wrjualo^. Athens, WHr^vac^ (ov ; of A., attack, make an n.^zooarriTrTw (d.), (Ah.) i(7i%Arj. attempt, uscpdco. Attica, \Itt!X7J. autochthonous, auroyiPiov. avoid, (pv')yco^ Iva /^j^', p. 114, (2). awake, lyzlpo). B. Babylon, fla^oXwVy nji^o^. bad, xax6^. back, 7:d}.cv, ah. banished, be, hTzmro). bank, rpdne^a. barbarian, ^dp^apoz. base, xaxo^. bathe, ).()'jo/iai. battle, /id'/y^. be, ei/ii, ytyuo/tae, i^j^co (witli adv.) ; be upon, Irrst/u (d.) beam, Soxo^ (f.) ])car, (fipco. beautiful, xa?./)^. because, ou. because of, dcd (a.), jraod (a.), evtxa (g.) become, ycyun/iai. bed, ^ix^Ky '^'''»- bed-chamber, OdXa/M^. before, npo (g.), i,U (g.), or see until. beg, aivito^ Sio/mc (g.) begin, § 24, 5. beginning, be the, dp^co (g.) behind, o-caffsv (g.) behold, j3ke7r(o, dpdco. believe, -rtrreyw, vojuc^o). belong to, «//// + gen. bend (of a bow), recvoj. beneath. Otto (g.) beseech, IxsTtucu (by, 7:p6z + gen.) or use dr^va (pray). beside, Trapd. besides, Trpd:; (d.) besiege, noXcopxeo). best, see good, better, see good. betray, rrpodidcofii. I J 138 5 II l)ot\vcon, /isza^u (<:;.) beyond, /Vi/> (a.) ; I). bezel, fTifsuiiovr^. bind, fJirt*. bite, Mxvo). Iiis rioc u to bl uine n ])lurne, atVi?.cof)xeco. bloou), duftio). board, o;o on, dwxidaiuio. boast, wj^id). body, (Tto/m, arof. bold, dv(i(teioz. born, be, yiyuo/iai. botli, d/j(f(o, dfKpoTSfto^ ; botli . .and, xai (re), .xai. bow, T(KO\^. boy, r«rc, Tiatdoc l)oy]iood, from, wx itaidcou. Brasidas, lifxiaidaz. brave, dvdpeio^. bravely, dv8()€uot;. brazen, ^dheo^. break, diaypTJyuufii (intr. in mid.), Ttanafiaivto (viobtte); break down, Xuco. breast-plate, dcbpa^^ axoz (m.) bred, be, vpeipofxac. brevity, Ta j^fia-j^uTepa. brick, nXtvdoQ (f.) Itrid^e, yiifupa. brin<;, ifipot ; 1) false eliarjjes nixaiiiBt, dta^d).X(o (a.) ; b. in, eimiyo) ; b. to ruin, say rit)7i ; b. to terms, dxco ic (T'Jfil^afTCV. broken, be, iaya. bronze, y^dhu)^, brother, ddzXipn^. build, 8iit(o. burdensome, lurfOr^po^. burn, xauo. but, dlhi, dk. buy, (ovsoitai. by, bzn (or.), xazd (a.) with numerals, i;r«'(g.) with pro- nouns p. 51 (e), C. Calamity, rrdOo^, oo^. call, xa/J(o ; c. in, eiaxaXsto ; c. out, ixxaUw. calumnies you uttered, d de camp, (TTpaTOTTeduu. can, d'juapac. capable of commanding, dp-^- cxoz (g.) capture, xazaXapl^dvio. care, take, (fpouzc^w ; care mu{;h for, Kept noXlou noc- eopac, p. 56, (d). carelessness, dpiXeca. carry, (fipu). 130 c. cheaply, /la/wu. chii 1, Ttaidcou. chimera, ^c/mifja. choose, uifjio/uai. cistern, (ppeap, avo^. citadel, dxpoizoXcz, citizen, noUzi^i:. city, noAc^^ ew^. Cleon, KXecov^ wuo;. cloak, yXaiva. coast, alyuilo^. " along, 7:ui)arMio. cold, 4'oxp6^ (adj.), v^'upc, (WC (sh.) collective! V, (fJuirnuTi'. ('((iony, drroaca, column, an^o-, o'^;. come, ipY^ofiac^ el/a, § 24, I^ ; c. in, £c'(T£e/u ; c. on, yiy- lo/iai ; c. out, i^£fi')^()/iu(. command, xpaziio (o;.) commander, aT(Knrj6:;. commit, see impiety. common, xotvoz. common-sense, (pfion/^at^. commonwealth, xotvou, comjjany, /o;foc. compared with, to, Tiapd (a.) compel, diayxd^^w. compose history of, auyypd- (fO). conceal from, d~oxp'j7:To), § 17, 5. concern, ec/u ;r/>oj (a.) concerns, as far as, p. 100, 9. concerned, p. 100, 9. concession, by, use auy^copiw. condemn, xazayiyucoaxio, § 15, (8). condition, on, im (d.) ; p. 99, 6. confer, favour, kindness, si!' TToiecD (a.) confess, opoXoyico. confidence, ha.ye, niazeuw (d.) Conon, Koncov. 140 I i ri conquer, vr/dio. conquest, omit, consent, auvoo^ico. consequence, in c. of, 7:[>hz (a.) con:i(ler, (Txonicj, rroeio/iat^ consideration, omit. (tonspieuous, be, dia)A/i7r(ij. contest, dycov, w^oj (m.) continue, (pi^/ii control of, keep, xars-j^w. corn, TTroc. correspond with, (TUfufwviio council, ^ooXij. counsel, ^Souku/ia; give c, ^ooXvio (better '^ , fieXzuo). count as, rcdstmi Tcapd (a.), p. 5a, (8), (a). countless, diiaocdfir^roc. country, rroXi^, narp'ti;, y^coua. coun tr J m an , ■^oXizrjz. courage, dvdpeia. course, omit, crash, doitro^. crews and ?11, p. 22, (4). cross, dca^aivo), Ttepacoo^at. crowd, o-)(Xoz. cruel, dypio:;^ cjfidz, cruise along, napanXio). cry, ^odo). custom, vofioQ. cut off, dzoTSfivco. Cyrus, K'jpo^. D. Daily, xaO'' -/jfiipau. danger, xcudui/o^. dangerous, imxii'duvo:: dare, zoXfidio. daric, dapttxo^. Darius, Ja()e7o^. darkness, (txoto^, ou. daughter, duydv^p. day, fjfiepa. In my day, i;r' iiioiK In days of, im (g.) 0!ie day, ttots. Win (gain) the day, ucxdw. day-break, at, dpa '^[lepa. dead, I'sxpoc^rsftur^xorc^', dead man, vsx/in:; ; l)e d., zeOuTj- xivac. dear, )J^yc, 7to}.Xou. death, dd'naroz. deceive, i^anazdco. declaration, use drjXoo) (de- clare). declare, «ar, noptui tu. departure, take, = dej)art. deposit, xarazidr^iu. deprive of, duoarepiw. derived, be, ytyuo/iar descend, xazai^acud). descent, by, yiuo^. desert, Trpodcdw/u. deserve, c, w (f.) easy, ^ai^io^. eat, iaduo. educate, zacdsuw. education, nacdeca, fiddr^at^. effect, ocaTTpdzTio. Elateia, '£7ar£ia. else, dUo^. emanate, yiyvopu:. empire, dpyrj. enact, § 27, 1. encamp, azpazontovJopac. end, e. was near, say : now about to die. ended, be, zehuzdco, zsXso/iai. enemy, TroXi/uioi. oju. engage, pd-)^o/2ai (d.) enjoy, ditoXauio (g.) enough, o"jzco^. .wazz (inf.) ensue, yljvopat. ensure their remaining, say ; how they sliall remain, enter, dakp'^oimt^ {lazifu. entrust, xazazidrjiu. envovs, see ambassadors. envy, ^^ovoc, (vb.) f ^oviw (d.) Ephesus, ^ Eifzao^. erect, lazTip:. Eretria, ' f!pszpia. err, hpapzdvio. escape, aKuifsuyw ; e. notice, /.au6di/(o ; o. punishment, say : that he might not be punished. esteem highly, rtspi KOAko'J TTocio/iai. eternal friendship, say : to be a friend always. Euboea, F/jfioui. evacuate, ixhirrco. even, xac ; e. if, § 35, 6 ; e. though, xacTtep. evening, karispa. everlasting disgrace, use su- per!, of ai(T-^{)6^. every, ixaazo^^ zfl^. a thing, Tzdvza. way, di^ (witli superb) evil, xaxQv. examine, i^tzd^co. exceed, xpitaaiov scpti '*iS..> (TTS. (inf.) ling, say : 'emain. 'adors. e. notice, lishment, lit not he : TToUou ij : to be i5, 6; e. nse su- superl.) except, 7:?.rjv (g.) excess, in, dpzu. excessive, dyai>. exclude, tl)tyco. exert oneself, dtazvivofxac. exhort, Tzapaivkco (d.) exile, (poyri^ (poydc;, ddo^. exist, ec/jic. exjiectation, i/Ttc:;. expci^ tit (TU/i(pspou. expedition, i^odo:; (f.) expense, duTrdu/^. experience, have no cxp,, d-ec(i6^ ecf/i (g. ) exquisitely, use super!, extend over, irrs^M. extreme, see cu.se. eye. u(pdrufw^. F. Face, TTftOffOJTTOU. tail, daaprdvco. fall, TTcTTTco, (of rain) y:yvo/mi. in with, ii. >r^duio (d.) on, npoaniTtzo) (d.) false, 6;. fault, seejind. 143 favour, see covfet\ fear, dz'tdco^ (fo^iofmt. feast, duKuiw:, at the f., use vb. fellow- labounr, (T'jusoyo^. fertile, zAuOaw;. few, oMyoc. field, dypoc:, pdiq, I„ the field, iv r«rc /><«;^«^c fight, iidxoum (with, d.) find, £Opc(TXM, xavfdaUfMvio. " fault, imu/jdoj (d.) " out, i^zoptaxM. finger, ddxroXu:;. fire, /Ty^o, oc (n.) firm, flij^aco:;. ^Y^X.-npiovou piu. See j>. 10.3. first, at, TtpcTjTou. fish, /;f/?!jc, f^oc. fix on, 7TpU(TS^(0 (d.) flee, ^£^j'^^. F. from, d~o- (fs'jyw. F. for refuge, xar- acpsuyw. fleet, wvjzcxou, vij^e^. fling away, dKoppiTzzio. flock, Tzpb^axa, (ou. flog, uaauyoo). flourish, dj//?ioj. flow, ^eft>. flower, I 144 I ; fond of building, ;.«.. happen, aup^aivco, r.yyd.co. good, dr«^6c (at, inf.) happiness, ,hdmpox.ia. Crorgias, ro/>;'/«c. happy, ^hdaipcov. government, oU7ri7rparpdT(ou harbour, ;.^.;y'v ivoc (m ) governor, ^^//o^r;^'^. hard, ;^«/l£)roc. Granieus, Fpd.ao^. hard-hearted, <7;^ir/i.oc. grant, ^.^,^/,, ; or use § 36. hardly (one). See p. 27, (c) grasping despot, say : to one harm, see do. grasping (rrkovsx-sco) and hat, -STaao:. wronging (ddcxe(o). great, psya^. greatly, peydXcoc. Greece, "EUd^, dooc (f.) Greek, ''EUw^ tjvoc grey, TtoMt;. liate, fuo3o). liatred, ^x^pa, plaoz. have, ly^cti, (pipco (get), he, heivo!;, obro^. head, x^ipakq. hear, dxouo). ground, xcoplou. On <.. that, heat, xauaa, aroc 40, 4. guard against, (po/Azzopac. guess, make a (^ ^ s/pf^^^,,. guilty, be found g. o\,' dlia- xopat fg.) gulf, xoXnoq. Gyges, /ti^-^yc, 00. height, to a great, irzi psya. Hellas, 'FJMz, ddiK. help, .hT^dio) (d.) her, § 9, 6. herah x^pu^, uxo^ here, ivMSs. Be h.^rrdpeepi. Herodotus, ^tipodozo^. J 14«> herself, auTri. hunting, Oi^pa; love hunting • hide, oo/>ti(, (vb.) aTioxfyjKTio. (fiXod/jpo^ si/21. m higli, u(lirpM(;. hurt, fiMnrco. in^ liighly, n^in iio/lou. T in^ hill, fltx//ov, Ojooc, t>u;. I. in • liiinselt", adzd^. I, iyto. liis, § ^ 0. ice, xpuaraV.o^. in history, auyxftaifrj. identity of interest, rb rabxd in hold, £;fw, 5z£^w, uo/it^M ( = aU/2(fSfJ£CU. believe) ; h. worthy, d^ioto ; idle, dpy6(;. in h. oneself in readiness, idleness, in, dpyo^. in Ttafjuffxeud^o/jiai. if, ei. If ever, idv (§ 28, 3). in home, orxoc, ^tt' or'^rou (adv ) ignorance, d/uadia. in Homer, "O/jL/^yu;;. ignorant, d/iadrj^. in honest, ^(jrjazo^i. ill, xaxwz. in honesty, iirr^axbrr^q. ill, be, vuaiio. in honour, rtfxdu), (sh.) rinrj. imagine, dTToXa/Jt^Muco. honourable, xaXu<:. immeasurably, ttoXu. in hope, i/7:rc, ido;: (f.), iXni^w immediately, eudu;. in ■ (have h.) impiety, dasfi£:a\ commit i , in hoplite, o-?Jr/j<:. das^SLO. in ht)rse, TrTuOC, IrrTreT^. impious, dfTs.irj:;. in' horseman, Ittks'J::. impose, k-aidrjfic. in hour of departiire, &c., say : impossible, ddui'anx;. in' you shall now go away to in, h (d.) in^ the gods. incentive, dudfXYj. lo house, ucxta, dojxo^ , at uiy incur danger, xcuoui^ibco. isl house, ;Ta// i/7u/. indignant, be, d-jfavaxzea) it. liow, rrwc, "JC (with adjs.); (that, §31). its how many, ~6aoc. individually, xad' ha. huge, tikyac, tc^. inevitably, use dvdyx/^ iari humaii, dudpioTicuo^^ duOfjto- infatuated, /aopo;. Je TZCOV. inferior, ^scfxov. joi hunger, h[i'>::. inhabit, oixico. • j"< 147 inliubitaiit, noX'trr^^^ h ocxaJv. injure, ddtxico, ^Mtttm. injury, for the, irri /«;ra, !^dio^ didyoj; 1. on, ivoixecD. load, dyfioz^ out;. long, ;roA(>c ; 1- after, tto/^l* ")(JTBftov ; 1. ago, ;rriP,«; ; as 1. as, iioz (p. 89, 4). longer, no, ouxizt, /ir/xsTi (§36, 4), adv. 7ro}Jju ^ffouov. look at, im^Xsnio. loosening, use 'j^a^Mpo^ (loose) predicatively. lose, dndrAupc. loss, be at a, drtopsu). ot, the common, use xoipov Tzdacv. loud, fikydz. love, ipcXeu). lower, uipifjuc. loyal, ncaro^. Lydian, Audo^. M. Mad, bo, fiaivoaat. magistrates, r« TiXr). maiden, xnprj. maintain, rpeipofxac make, Ttodco (§ 27, 2) ; m. use of, ^pdofifju (d.) ; m. good use of, £l> ipdopat. man, dvi^p^ ^po<;, dvOpionoz^ arpaTui)T7]z, zee ( = anyone), manage, Ttpdmo. mankind, ol dvdpionoe. many, toXXo'i ; m. times, 7:oX- XanXdacoc. Marathon, at, Mapaddivc. march, odd^ (f ), (vb.) arpar- Tidhic ; as r^xsu (§36, tovov. 061; (loose) CO. ise xocabv U9 (; in. use m. good wiyone). les, ;ro/<- ) arpax- ^'Mo,tiaao:jviO'^ 111. across, Afassagetiic, MafffTayizai. fn aster, dtarrof^^, "latter, see //A/«y. •Hfitterof, § 15, (10). may, i^Ban - ,n. sav r" • § 25, 2. niaxiiii, tlie, to. nieal, duTzvou. mean, e//^/, means, use orwc (how). By means of, rM (g.) measure, fisrpiw. Median, rrSv My^diou. Medon, Msncou. meet, iurjy-^dvco (d.) meml)er of tins house, r^-. mention, ;i;'c,> (a.) me6seii_n;or, dyyOuK. middle, //i^o^ .§ fi^ 1) midniirjit, pia-zj vy,-. midst, see middle. mildness, use r^pdoi^, Miletus, M'ilr^roz. mind, ifpr^v^ zvb^^ r^copr^. Tnisdecds, r« TZSTipaypiva. misfortune, z6 dnozuy^zlv . mistake, make, (luapzdvco. momentary, napauzixa, money, ip-qixaza, dpybptov. month, pr^v, pr^vdc (m.) monument, pv^na, azo:. more, Tt^eoi, uaUou : one m., ^^J ff-'C; l.e no m., udxizl "lorning, from, h zob r:paji mortal, ffu/^zo^, most, pdhaza. "X'stpeoplo (men), ol r.oXkoi uou dvdpo')T:iov. •nother, /^;^'r;^^,>, ^,,s^^ 'nount, i.T.',9./;w^, (sh.) Jooc, oyc. mountain, o/^o^, oy^. move away, ammJico. much. .To;.:;c, (adv.) rM)A or 7ro;j^(vvith comoar.) ; very m., Tzhcaza. mule, -jpiouo-. '•inltitude, of .to/I^o/. must, (Jer. "ly, i/M- "lyiad, /rjo^c^-, a'rt^>c (f ) Mysia, M'jff:a. Name, opopa, (vb.) ;fa.;iiw. narrative, use dcrjyiopa: (nar- rate), narrow, ^rsvoc nation, iduo-^ tzoXc::, hfh^, native country, nazpi^. naturally, eixozco^. nature-, ^-jac:;, eoj- (f) What 150 li'- iVV- \ m itB nature was, use rco'oc. NaupactUH, NaurraxToc. near, 7:efi( (a.\ n^sdou. necessity, nidyxr^. need, dio/tae, risl. In u. of, negloft, nsc ido) (leavo .ilone). nei^libfiiir, yetTcov, ouoi;. neitlu'i". .!ior, oure. .ouve. never, outzots, new, xatvn^. next, OffTsofjuo^. nijjjht, i/'Jc, I'OXTo: (f.^; by n., vuxT - a^a'tvio ; keep an o., ififiivco (d.) obey, KecOofiai (d.) object, use relative, obscure, iTTKTxorsw fd.) observe, uo/ii^o). obtain, ruYy^dvw^ ^a/if3dua)^ TTaoatziofta!. occupy. ofVioj, xarnh/.iifidvw. off. xard (a.) offer sacrifice, duw. \ ^ " -,i ])rayer, vjyotuu . ,. o office, duyrj. / /. , wV often. TTo/./.dx!^. j^ old, TJilaio'.^ upka^u^^ doyatoz old anje, r^o«c, (f>C (n.) old man, yif)(i)v, oi/roc- Olympiad, ' Ohtmid^, ddo^ (f ) 01ym])us, " 0).')fi.7:oz. Olynthian. 'O/.'judio^. on, i/Ti (fj.), iv (d.) ; of time, § 22, 3. on bis own account, di' kauzov. on our side, fied' ■fjfj.wu. once, ~ori, rrpoade-. ^ \ !m o., ».. Tzao aft I o. i/jt Induct). time, Si' 1 once, at, vjd'j^. ono, nc- one anotlicr, d/z^y^wf. OIK'. .anoiiitT, dX/AK . dUo^. one and only, /muo; dij. one niaii . .unothoi', d/Ao;-. . dU(K- oneself, kuurou. open, stand, dvsipya. openly, ifavtyo)^. opini(»n, yvM[ir^ ; he ot" (»., (^oxtX (d.) opportunity, xaipb^. opposite party, o\ iri(tuc. oppressor, use nXsoutxziio. or, fj. or indeed, oudi. oracle, /.oyiuu. orator, prJTcofi ordain, Tdaauj. order, xektuw^ without order, dTdxTioz \ send ic» iiid or- ders, zefftayyeAAco. In o., that {to), 7ua (§ 29) other, dUo^; 6 ds. ought, ^f)TJ, (Je7. See § 42. our, rjfiireoo^ ; ourselves, >J/ie?c auToc. out, ix, d;r6 (g.); out of, ix (g.) out-stretched, use ixreivw. over, <-rf (a.), xard (a.) ; over and over, ttoaMxi^ ; o. against, inc (g.) overawe, xaxanX^xxiD. overtake, ylyvoimt (d.) own, § 9, 7. ox, /5oi;;. ,9o6c, P. Pain, AUTiiw. ])ainles6, dAu~o^. palace, fiaaihcov^. j)altn, TO sc(T(o. parent, yousu^, sw^. ]»art, fjisfw^, ouz ; it is the ]•., §15,(1<0. IlieJlilli^iJJ* Pm 01 zhcouiz ; for the most ])., p. 41, 8. partly . . partly, to fisv . ,70 dk. pass through, 3ta(3atuio. passion, Tzddo;^ o'j;, 'V^r'?* jiatriof , (T^/wTcxo^. j)ay, fitado^^ (vh.) dzodi: '*'■), »'. //r/r. lUixrat. Phitarch, nXourao-^o:, Persian, //iffrr^:. poet, mnr^vrj:. porsoii, zi:, auTou^ or omit. poison, (fdoffuxou. porsuiKle, Tzddco. ])ob'('y, omit. persuasion, by, zsitra;. poh'ti(!al measures, r.trohr- Philij), (P'ihr.Tzo-. B'jfisva. philosoplicr, iftXonntpoz. poor, Trivjyc, 5^"0C. philosopliy, opulate, oixsio (iidiahit). piety, e'jfTsi9eia. ]>()pulatinn, use oixsio. pile, atopn^^ (vb.) rif^tftae. |)opulou8, use oixso). pine away, rijxufiai. ])osition, roroc. pious, S'J(T£i^:. ])OSS('ss, |)f. oi' xTdofmi. piously, vjaBfiio:. |)Ossession, xryi«, azo: ; take pitch, such a p., i; rount. j). of, X/AZS-j^M. " on, xaTfdan,Mv(i). possible, dovazo:^ § 23, S. pity, oixTsifHO. ])our, "j^sio. place, roTTo:, ^coftiou, (vh.) jxtwer, d'jvauc: ; in one's p.. TcHr^fu ; p on (upon), say : of one, § 15, (10) ; be i-iTcHr^fii. in one's p., p. 102, 6. plap^ue, vnao: (f.) powerful, duvazn^. plain, TTsdiou. practice, for, ji-sUztj^ ivsxa. plan, use demonstr. practise, daxsofiat. Plato. IDAzcov^ oji^oc. " injustice, dSixsco. pleasant, irjf^'j;, £?«, 'j. '' justice, dcxaiOTToaysco. pleasure, Jjdou/j ■ with p., praise, sTTaiuo^, inatvsco. praise-worthy, i::aiu£z6z. pledi:>e, de^id\ redeem a p., pray, d^zw, p. 38, 10. ,9si^ac6(o ; violate a p., precautions, sa,y: these things 153 piir.suo, Dtoixu). l)ret!iona, rifiuK l»n3fbr, alpsnimi, 7:ooufidio. 'piuvnor, h ^iZ'mnv l'roteron,.o, in p. to, dvrl (^..) p„ah on, iTrdrnnac. preparation, ra^an,,,/^ . j,„t on, hS6o> (another), iriiike p. =])re|)are. i 'repare, 7:af>a(Jxsnd:^onai. present, ^Ov ; Ik. j,,, 'ridfttcfic (at, s/c); on the ji. occasion, l)revail, irrixoaTso), vtxdo). prevent, xcohjuj. price, at p., § 14, ?>. I'ride oneself, sec phi me. iu(Vjvio (oneself) ; p. up, xardyofia'] j). todcMith (the sword), artoxrv.vio \ he j). to death, dnnOvrjOxw. put (question^, i/^>rfjrrfw. Q. Quarter, u^ive, CjnYpiat. queen, ^aaiXsca. prisoner, m-^i^dhnro: (with, iuostion (vh ).V>.>r^,.; „verv prizes, nohlest, r;ay : oTeatest .luickest wav, hy the rm l>roceed, nso ;^}J-^ (now). J)rodir<)fitnl)lo, aumpoooz. lu'oniise, or make ])., bmay!- vkoiiat. j)romontorj, dxnov, proof, g 15, (10). property, xrijuara, or use art. qui -kly, zay'j. j^, rain, Osto^. raise, acpoj, auXUxco (of ships); r. a siei^c, dTraviazafjia:. I>ro8ecnto, duoxco, yndfopac rampart, r^o;, oy^. igs (/or = gen.) prosper, zhruyk(o. prosp"rity, ebzu-j^ia. provide, T.op't^ofiat provisions, iTnryjdsia, wu. punish, xoMrco. punished, he, dixr^i dc^w/it rare, azdvio^. ravage, zi/ww, drjcoco. reach, dipcxvioiiuc i^ (a.) ready and willing, kxfou^duzoc really, doa, z(ji ovzi. re-ascend, dvkp-KoyLat. reason, Ioyo;;. \ 154 receive, ^c^o/iai -, r. h favour, resolve, dox£7 (d.) ed 7:oiioy.a:. respect, in many other r., reconcile, xataDAvTio. dUa TToUd ; win r., upd- recover, dvaXafifidvto. opai ; with r. to, ic- reduce, oTToarpiipoiiat. responsibilities, assume, &c.. reduction, use OnoffTpicpo/jiai KOifiv d. y^prj notuu iv izoXtt (reduce). dpxobar^. refer, kixavipyofiai [to, e/c rest, dvd.7:aoai(:, dvd-nauXa (f.), (a.)]. dvazauco (vb.) refit, iTTiaxeud^io. rest, the, o dXXoQ. reflect, XoY't^ofjiat. restore, xardYco, dnodldcopt. refrain from, use fi^. result, use r.pdrvu) ; accord- refuge, xaraipoyrj ; flee for r., ing to r., Ttpb^ TO ix^dv. . xaTUipsuycD. retreat, dvayiopyjmq,, sax;, (vb. ) , refuse, ou ^i^/ne, ob ^ooXoiiac, di^aycopiw. dpviofiac. return (home), xdzetpc. regard, with r. to, T[f)6(: (a.) revelry, xcopoz. region, yoipo.. revolt, after the, say : they rejoice, ^dopat (d.) had revolted {diptar^pc). rv^lease. r). say, Asya>, (pr^pi Might s., P- 27, (e). scatter, aTrecpco, fjxa^duuoiM. 155 school, of rt/^^^/ (a.) scoff at, axti)-zco. sea, ddhxTTa. By s., ;f«ra sea-fight, vaofiay^ia. search, in s. of, irJ (a.) second, on the s. day, ^syre^. secondly, imaa^ di. security, with greater s., da(paXiaTspov. sedition, ardat^^ ew^ (f ) see, dpdo)^ ^Uttco. seek, ^TjTicu. seem, 't-X'^si ~(f^i '->■ should, see ougld. shout, ^odoj. show oneself", (pahu/iac. shower kindness uptjn, su TZOIZCU. side, r.Xvjfjd^ d(; ; on the s. of, p. 49, 3, (1). sign, oTjfieco'i.. signify, dcaipsiuo. silence, ro ntya\,. silent, see hei^p. silver, d-pyufto^. simple, Sltt/.ou;:. simplicity, ^-^.od^c, r/vo^ (f.) sin, SL/iaf>Td)^w. sing, adw. sink, xaraduuio. sir, use w du8f)£<; \Wfjva7ot ; my g. s., cy fHhiazs. sit, (s. down), xddrjfiac. skilful, oBo^oz. skni. 'fiTzemca sky, o'jf)aud^. all '/e, douXo<;. sleep, vnvoz^ (^''O ''^'^f^^'^^d* small, (xtxfto^. snail, xw^/daz^ ou. so, o5raJC, (j'-xyTe. " many, roaouroi. " much, ro<70'3ro:^. Socrates, Iwxpdzr^^^ ou^. soft, ixaXaxoz. soldier, atparuorrji^. solemn, iiiya^. Solon, J'o/'.wv, (tivoz. some, r^c, (pl-)o? A'^i^lP- ^^i^)- some hody, some one, rrc. something, r^ sometimes, ^ 32, 7. son, ufoc. soon, zaykiiK. sooth-sayer, iidurc^^ =wc. Sophocles, ^ocox),7jZ^ sou^. so. row, ?yjz7^, dlyo^, x(Lxbv. soul, ipuxQ. source, "UTiyrj. south, fizaTjU^pia. sovereignty, dp^i^. spared, he, use rb /uifj dTzodauscu sparingly, [jLETpuoi;. Sparta, AaxedaifKDv, uvu^ (f.) Spartan, Aax&dacfxovtoQ^ ^nap- udrrjz. speak, Xifiii^ tlnov ; s. ill of, xaxrjopsco ; s. truth, dX- specified, f>T]r6z. spectator, dsarij^. I i^peech, TO hdtlv. speed, at fnll s., awi xpdroc speedily, r«p. spend, SiaTpcfi(o (of time). spider's wel., dfxi^uiov. spirited, use Trpoduuco;. spoil, Aeca. . 6j)ring, iaf,^ 7jno^ ^n.) stag, iXaipo^. stand, lavaimt, lazr^xu (aor. ^^rj^v) ; 8. Ijy^ use Ttainarr^^c (d.) ; s. open, §26, 2 state (country), rrf^;,,^ ; in this state, iu rouxi^. statue, d.vH(H(i^^ duro- (in.) stead, in, 6~in (a;.) steal, XASTTTfo. still, Irr, o/^w^. stomacl), xaarrjo^ r/voc (f.) stone, /^.//^oc. storm, Y^tcfKhv, (hvo^; (m.) straits, in wh;it, iv ocoic. stranger, $euo^. straw, dpi$, ^p^t'^^ (f.) street, ^(?oc (f.), d^y,c(. strength, ^yva/^^c, (J^ho^, ouc strike, tunrto. strong, laynjpoz, (hvaro-. struck, use daopd^co (wonder) struggle, dyfovi^opac Strymon, Irpofubv^ ouo;; im.) subject, 5nr^xoo-^ <^PX^!^^^^Z. succeed, mropdhco. 157 success, TO ed TrpdTTtcu. snch, such a one, tocootoc:. sucli things as this, TomuTa. suffer, Tzda^o). pnnishmeiit, Sixr^u didoiiu. wn.ng, d(^cxa -d(7j((o. suffice, -be sufficient, sufficient, Ixfw6;:. summer, deon-, oy^. sun, yj?,eo::. Sn Ilium, lo'jveov. sunset, •^?.lou dutjiiai, or use gen. absolute, superior, dptbcov ; showing superior virtue, say: beiriu' better. suppose, I, (^rlnotj. surely not, /ia5v. surprised, be, da^jud^to. surrender, r.apadidwiu (tr.), ipScdcopi. surround, xux^.dco. suspect, dTTOTTTSUCO. sweet, /^du:, ea/, 0. sword, ?/^oc, ou: T. Table, Tpdns^a. ^uke, Xap-idwo, xarahip^Muio counsel, ^o'jXvJopac '' from, difacpiw. talent, rdkrv^Toi^. 158 "■ tall, iikya^. task, ipyov. teaeli, diddaxw. teacher, di^daxah^. tear, ddxpuov. tell, Xiyo). temple, uadc- tent, (Jxr^vrj. terms, bring to t.,soe hrinxj ; on snrh t., i;r^ ro^oyro^c- terrible, bs.ivbz. terrify, (po^eco. territory, ;fw/>«. than, rj. thank, I t. yon, /c(/^'^c ^fj'^^ that,5r^,cw^.-j. Mrno, y^povo^ ; at at., xaxd (a.) ; at that t., xbxt ; in t. of, iv (d.) or p. 51, (h) ; of his t., xaff kauxbv. times, of former, r.p'iv^ ndXai. to, e^V (a.), '"^pbc, ^ttc (a.) to-dav, of, vyv. toil, ;rovoc. Tjinyris, Tcopupc:, loc. too, § 28, 6. torture, zci^w. touch, 3.7:xo/iat (g.) towards, n^^^c (a.) town, daxu^ eoc (n.) trade, xiyy-q. transact ■:pi\::o}. w^-- 159 1, XUCKSf/^ •c. TTW. fHTrrii). <> e a con- 4. t. , ^fcircf tore ; in 51, (h) ; )v. i^, ndXae. (a.) treascHi, Kfjodoaia. treaty, see ^/■wct. tree, diudfiu)^. trench, r^%yoc (f. ) ; ni;ike -a trench), ilaovw. trihute, ipboo^. trirune, rptrji>ri<;^ wjz (f.) trophy, Tfjonalou. trouble, Tzopuc; givu trouble, truce, (TKovoai, wu. true, d.)Tj6rj(:. truth, dAi^deca. truth, speak, dh^dsuw. try, TTeipdcu, or use pres. turn, zpeTTcu, avpsifco ; intr., rpiTTOfiac. twice, (5rc. two-thirds, 5yo /i£/vj^. tyrant, is a t., use d^asco. TJ. Understand, aouirjpu (g.) undertake, (upopac. undone, be, dnoXwXa. unexpected, napd ^o^av. unfavourable, y^aXsno!;. unfitness, dipr^ax'ta. unfortunate, duaTOY^rj;^. unjust, dd:xoi:. unl ess, tt prj. unobserved, use XauMuw, (p 104, 7). unreasonable, druTzoQ. until, pixi'' (g.) ; § 34, 4. untried, dKeipazu^. unworthy, di^d^w:;. unwritten, dyfXKfo;;. up, dvd (a.) upon, kni (d.) upon, down, x(xvd (g.) use, xc^opat (d.) ; used to, use hnpf ; make good u. (i'i^ see make. useful, xprjattio- [for, s/c (a).)] useles>, utterly, oh^k^ o)(psXcpoz. Valuable, tzuXXo'j d^ioc, ripcor. value, Tiocsopac. vanish, d. " out, dyiuzfjc^o). weary, pf. part, of xd/ww (be weary), weep, Saxpocu. weigh anchor, atpco. welcome, di-/^op.a:^ U^'lj-) jJ^'-^C- w(ill, eu ; be w., sl» e;^a>. wt!8t, kanipa. what, interr., r^f ; rel. 5c ; w. is expedient, z6 (rufi- (fipou. whatever, 8c du. what (kind), ;:o?oc. when, § 34, 3. whence, 5^£v, Tzodsu. whenever, ozau (§ 28, 3). where, ;rot>, rcol. where . . from = whence, wherefore, did zi. wherever, 5t:ou dw^ onoi du. whether, § 37, 5. whethei" . . ..»r, nozepou. . . rj, ecTS. ..eizs (§ 37, 5). which of two, Kozepo^. while, etoC- who, oc, ;y, (rel.), rr'c (interrog.) whoever, 3^oc, Trac. wicked, novr^poz. wife, yovrj^ acxo^. wild beast, drjpiov. willing, be, fSouhpai^ kxwu etvcu. willingly, kxcou, p. 100, 9. win, see day. wine, orvoc. wing, Tzzspou. winter, j^si/icov, rZii^oc (m.) 161 wisdom, aoipia. wise, ao