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V .^ iiiU,:t\',\ili:ti, 1 If! tl 1 Frint«dbj Marcbant & Galabio, Ingnun>Coart, Fenchutch-Street, London LETTER TO THK /1 n RIGHT HONOURABLE LORD CASTLEREAGH, ^c. > likely to go to establish the almost indispensable necessity of this last-mentioiied descri[)lion of cotton, being apprehensive that the establishment of the con- trary will have the effect of preventing the im- port <.f North American cotton, and that such prevention will create the assumed scarcity of cotton-wool, which, from a want of better infor- mation, they have been erroneously taught to be- lieve, will positively be the case ; and that their testimony, if not very cautiously given, may therefore tend to destroy their own trade, if not 13 the spinning for the manufacture of piece-goods h) the United Kingdom, they expect, at least, to he deprived of tlie export of cotton-twist ; which export of cotton-twist they have, by the bye, too Jong, and too impohtically, enjoyed, to the detri- ment of our manufactured piece-goods : not that I contend, that there is tlie smaHest Hkelihood of a want of an abundant supply of cottou-wool» that there will be any necessity to stop the ex- ports of cotton-twist on that account ; but I con- tend it would be politic, for the benefit of our weavers, and in a very different point of view, than that in which this particular subject has hi- therto been considered : but this is foreign to the question now under discussion. Next follows the assumed apprehension, that the non-admission of cotton-wool, from North America, will occasion such a very considerable rise in the price of the raw niaterial, as will in- jure the manufacturing interest of the country, by supposing, that, by a proportionate rise in the price of piece-goods, the demand will be lessened, and a large number of manufacturing people be thrown out of employ. ., ^ ,., ,^, 14 It very opportunely happens, that the very re- verse of thi8 pouition can also he proved ; and that, by recent and actual facts, of wliat has been, and is now, the case, in contraversion of this un- founded apprehension. It will be universally admitted, that, for many months previous to the breaking out of the present American war, and up to the decla- ration thereof, cotton-wool, of every descrip- tion, was at excessive low prices ; in most in- stances, indeed, not leaving a sufficient net price to encourage the growth ; and much less so, to encourage the importation of very large quanti- ties, that would otherwise ha\e been imported from the Brazils, and other places, in exchange for our manufactures ; that, during this same pe- riod of time, the trade of British piece-goods was, in an extreme depressed state, which was accounted for by the want of saving prices at which cotton-wool could be sold in this country in exchange for manufactured piece-goods, to be exported in return; thus, therefore, cotton-wool and cotton piece-goods, equally continued in a very depressed state, and other British manufac- tures participated in the same state of depression. 15 A fact, indeed, which has long existed, and which lias been aheady chnirly proved by the evidence ^iven last, year in the lionse of Com- mons, on tiic investigation of the orders-in-coun- cil-qnestion. On the breaking ont of the American war, however, with the natural and general ex- pectation, that a stop wonhl, no doubt, be put to her export-trade, tiie prices of cotton- wool rose, and, with it, tlie price of twist and of manufactured piece-goods ; and with this rise of price in cotton-wool, twist, and piece-goods, the demand for the latter increased ; and the mo- ment people became of opinion, that the Ame- rican war was likely to continue, that moment, the price of all three articles took another start ; and, as the price continued to advance, so in- creased the demand for piece-goods, and still in a greater proportion; the manufacturers became full-handed, and a rise in the price of wages took place; and all this, very contrary to what has been so repeatedly predicted by some of the American advocates ; so that the fact proves equally contradictory to the assumed apprehen*/ i.i fcion of the Olio parly, and to tlie prediction of •the other ; for, instead of an increased depres- sion of the niannfuctnring trade by the American V ar, and by a rise in the price of cotton-wool ; a great inipnlse, and an additional activity, Avero given thereto; and that, by what indeed was iioretold by most people conversant in the Bra- zilian and other trades, namely, by the rise in the price of cotton-wool, with the prospect of no more being permitted from North America, du- ring the war ; which prospect encouraged those trading to the Brazils, and other places, to ex- port the manufactureil piece-goods, for the pur- pose of having cotton-w ool in return ; as they then conceived there was no apprehension, but that they would be able to realise their returns in cotton-wool, at saving, if not at lucrative prices ; but all this, to those, who, on the one iiand, are totally ignorant of the Brazil trade, and of its resources ; or, on the other, either jappear to be blind to the interest of Great Bri- tain, or conceive that we could not go on without the North American trade, seems paradoxical. I have stated above, what has been the fact 17 previous to, and on the breaking out of, tlie American war, and of what has occurred con- sequent on the expectation, that a stop would be put to the i?ii|)()rt of cotton-wooi from North America. Permit me now, my Lord, for a moment, to ex- amine into the fact, that has been produced on the manufacturing interest of the country, by the advice lately received from North Ame- rica, th at cotton-wool was then shipping for Great Britain under neutral flags ; and that, upon investigation, it has been found that it is admissible, under an old act of parliament, even during the war ; why, my Lord, the eflect which has been produced by the pronmlgation of this information, is the strongest proof that could possibly have occurred to establish the fallacy of what has been so erroneously assumed, or apprehended, by the adverse party ; while it is, at the same time, as strongly affirmative of what I, in common with most others, have all along contended for; that the manufacturing interest of this country will in no shapq be prejudiced by preventing the imports of the North American IB cottt.M, as loii<( as that Kovrninirnt interdicts the imports of our iiiaiiiifac^liircMl {^^oods; but, on the contrary, that our niaiiufacturrrs will be beiicHt- uil by uotadiiiiliiii;*; North American cotton-wool under sneli predii aments ; inasmuch, by not tak- in;;' the cotton-wool from North America, we nhall import a greater quantity of the Hame article from other places, which we 8hali not only have the carrying of, but we HJiall pay for, in our' manufucturefj uoods. Now, my Lord, the late occurrence proves this to be tiie case; for, the moment the late information from America was received, with the knowledi»e of the afore-mentioned unre- pealed act of parliament, the sale of cotton- wool became dull, the prices fell back, and counter-orders, for manufactured goods, were innnediately sent to Manchester, and other ma- nufacturing- places ; and the manufacturing trade and the shipping interest, together with the trade to and from the Brazils and other places, have received a very great shock, it is indeed, to a great degree, become paralysed ; for, not only counter-orders for the export of 10 manufactured goods have taken place, but coun- ter-orders for the import of cotton-wool have been sent to the Brazils and to Portugal, and will go to the East and West Indies, which must conse- quently stop a considerable import of the raw material, if government does not come to a speedy determination of stopping the North Ame- rican export-trade during the war; the want of which interdiction will, in reality, leave us, in a ,great measure, dependant for a supply from our enemies, as in this letter is shewn. There now remains to be confuted the fourth and last assumption, which is understood to have been advanced, namely, that if we do not take off from the hands of the North Americans their cotton-wool, they will themselves manufacture ar- ticles they otherwise would take from us. ' - : However absurd this proposition certainly is, it has, notwithstanding, been advanced, not only by a very few of those who, it is apprehended, have the ear of gentlemen tilling important situa- tions, but it has besides, however extraordinary it may appear, been seriously advanced in the c2 20 House of Commons, and that, too, without the absurdity of such a proposition being at the mo- uient exposed. To set this ridiculous point at rest, I need only state, in answer to the proposition, a few very simple questions, namely — Is it then from the want of the raw materia), which the North Americans themselves grow, that they do not manufacture those articles ? or is it because they have not as yet brought their manufacturing system to that degree of perfection that will enable them to manufacture themr— ^ And again — Is it not, in reality, by their own interdiction of the import of our manufactured goods, that they are looking forward to the manufacturing of those articles themselves? and in which it is greatly to be apprehended that they will, in the course of no great length of time, succeed. And — Is it not, therefore, in that point of view, in- 21 cumbent on the government of Great Britain to consider this probable contingency in its full ex- tent ; and, as no enactments of ours, in respect to North America, can, in any shape, prevent what is so likely to occur ; would it not be pro- vident to encourage, without a moment's further delav, an extended growth of cotton-wool in our own colonies and settlements, in the West and in the East Indies, and in those of our allies, the inhabitants of which, not like the North Ame- ricans, who, e en in time of peace, are conti- .tualiy harassing v'^ur commerce, and impeding the import and use of our manufactures, by their embargoes, non-imports, and non-intercourses, but which friendly inhabitants are, on the con- trary, constantly taking and consuming so great a proportion of our manufactures, and are besides giving us the great and national advantage of at least three-fourth parts of the carrying- trade of their own exports and imports. And is it not, moreover, equally clear, that, by encouraging those planters and inhabitants of our own colo- nies, and those of our alliens, we shall extend the consumption of our own Uianuficturos and arti- cles of luxury? 22 III having thus exposed the fallacy of what has so absurdly been advanced, as to the ap- prehension of prejudicing our manufacturers, by the stopping of the import of North American cotton wool, during the war, and during their pro- hibition of our manufactured goods ; it will, on a full and fair investigation, be found, that I have been the best advocate for the manufacturing in- terest ; and not those who, from a want of infor- mation, have so obviously founded their argu- ments upon erroneous data. Mv letter is already extended to such a srreat length, that I shall, for the present, leave untouch- ed the many other essential and most important views and results which are already before your Lordship, in the mcuiorial to my Lord Liverpool ; and as they will, besides, be set forth to his Ma- jesty's ministers, by the conimittees .representing the aterests of the British shipping, the East- India trade, the West-India trade, and also from other nmnerous quarters ; but I cannot refrain, my Lord, from touching upon one or two ex- tremely important points, which will be found not only very applicable to thi« important subject. 23 but are so also on yet more important jTroiinds, audi therefore, cannot, indeed, be too seriously considered ; the first is, the effect tliat the conti- nuance of this open export-trade, from INorth America, must, unavoidably, have upon the linancial means of the country, during the war; and, during any period of time, that the Ameri- cans will not receive from us in return our manu- factured goods. It has, my Lord, I believe, been stated in parliament, in the course of the last session, and by the best authority, that our expenditure, for the supply and support of our armies and the contest in tiie Peninsula, is to no less amount than from ten to twelve millions per annum ; and it is well known, ray Lord, that however politic, and, indeed, necessary, that the support of this con- test should be continued for the honour, and for the welfare, of Great Britain, it cannot be so* sup- ported, nor our armies kept in the field, nay, not even in the Peninsula, if a certain quantity of me- tal money be not obtainable for that express purpose. >'. . ; ' ^ The hitherto victorious career of my Lord i ■! 34 Wellington and of the brave troops under his skilful command, matters not, if a supply of metal money be not transmitted, for the pay of the soldiers and for the other indis pensable supplies of the army. In the late and present unparelleled scarci- ty of gold and silver, a contest for the attain- ment of them, should have been as skilfully managed as the contest in the field of bat- tle; and fortunate would it have been, had there been more practical knowledge and means called in for the management of this important branch of the warfare, so as, in some degree, to have kept pace with the judicious arrangements of the other branches ; but, my Lord, as I trust this particular branch of conmiissariat-means, will be a matter for serious consideration and early improvement, as to wiiat may be done for the future, (seeing no ^ood now, in its having any retrospective view), I shall point out only some of the items of the enormous increase of our expen- diture in the Peninsula, occasioned, principally, by the want of metal money. The advance, in the price of gold and sil- 25 ver, arising from tlie absolute necessity thereof, for the use of our armies abroad, has been, and continues to be, to an alarming extent: for gohl in particular, from 25 to 35 per cent, above its standard value : to this important additional item of our expenditure, I have unfortunately to name two others, which, combined, are nearly to double that extent; the rst of these is, the discount on the value or amount of what I niav with propriety term British govennnent-bills, al- though the precise denomination by which they are technically called, is British commissariat- checks, drawn by Brilish conmiissaries from the interior of the Peninsula for the support of the army on the British commissariat at Lisl)on ; ant? will it be believed, my Lord, that I can assert, without the fear of contradiction, that at Lisbon, a capital within a few days sail of Great Britain, this British goveriunent-paper, has, for a length of time, been hawked about, and sold at a discount of from 10, to 15, to 20, to 25, and up to 28 per cent, to the discredit as well as to the loss of Great Britain ; and this up to the last advices received from thence, when the British <^ommissary-bills were still offering at a discount 26 of 22 per cent, at which tliey were refused, on the prospect of their still becoming: more depre- ciated ! The next item of increased expenditure in the Peninsula, by a want of metal money, is, the high price of the exchange against us : by the last advices, the exchange had risen to 78 pence for 1000 reas, half of which only is payable iu metal money, the other half is payable in paper money ; and that, at the discount of 28 per cent, produces the enormous rate of exchange of 00*|4d for 1000 reas metal money ; being an advance of nearly 234d upon 67 Jd the old esti- mated par ''♦' exchange regulated by our standard value of gold ; thus making this last-mentioned item of increased expenditure amount to 34 per cent. These three aforementioned items of 35 per cent, of 28 per cent, and of 34 per cent, iadded jointly or severally to a very great proportion of the whole amount of our Peninsula expenditure, produce of th selves such an enormous addi- tioi^al amount ^ the burthen of the country, 27 thai they need only to be known to your Lord- ship, to ensure to the subject your Lordship's immediate attention. That it is extremely difficult to obtain any thing like a sufficient supply of gold and silver, I am myself particularly aware of; and that it is also very much to be apprehended, that a very small portion of what is so indisi)ensably neces- sary, can at all be reckoned upon, I am likewise very well aware of. Is it then possible, my Lord, that, under all the aforementioned pressure and accumulated burthen to the country, its go- vernment will, in the face of all these glaring and pernicious cjonsequences, persist in keeping open to the enemy his export-trade, that will en- able him to deprive the country of that portion of gold and silver, which may be otherwise obtain- able, and is so absolutely necessary for great national purposes at home and abroad, and that, loo, to the replenishment of the enemy's own cofl'ers ; I say it is impossible, my Lord, that his Majesty's Ministers, will continue to shut their ears to all these irresistible facts and conr sequences, which are, upon the whole, much 28 more of a political nature than of a commer- cial one, and is conseotton-wool import- ing merchants, actuated by the consequent confidence they were thus put in by the Board of Trade, that no more cotton-wool from North America would be admitted during the war, then determined on importing ci«tton-wool from our own colonies and settlements, and from those of our allies, in the expectation of bringing the same to a saving, if not to profitable markets; manufactured goods were innnediately purchased ivnd others ordered to be manufactured for exporta- tion in payment of the raw material, and these or- ders for the manufactured goods, as also for the cot- ton-wool, were given at advanced prices ; the price of freight of British shipping in the Brazil trade, which was, till then, excessive low, got up from the low rate of 2d. to 3d. per lb. for cotton, and numerous British vessels are gone to the Brazils in expectation of still higher freights; all this re> 32 i^ I 1^ m U suiting from the diflmnit parties having so fully relied, tliat tiie Board of Trade, which now-a- days has ho niurh to do in tlio regulation of a great portion of the (!onuncrre of the country, could not possibly mislead thein : but now, all of :i sudden, we are told, that, notwithstanding all this perseverance of the Board of Trade to stop the American export-trade by the repeated re- fusal to grant licenses, this American export- trade and import into Great Britain is, after all, actuallj open, and tliut the enemy is now acting upon it, and all this, too, in virtue of one of our own acts of parliament. Why, surely, my Lord, the Board of Trade, w hich has now the entire regulation of so great a proportion of our foreign connnerce, was in duty bound to know, and to acquaint its applicants, of what could be done uiKler the existing laws of the country ; it was the bounden duty therefore of the Board of Trade, when the merchants applied so re- peatedly for licenses to import American produce, to have told them that no license was necessary for such trade under the existing laws of the coun- try ; and not to mislead them, as has beeathe case, |iS( Til H !d3 hy the refusal of licenses, in the understanding that no such trade would be permitted from .North America. • The trade of the country should not thus lie trifled with; and under such grievous circuin- jstanccs, (and under others indeed which need not here be mentioned) is it at all to be wondered iit» my Lord, if un occurrence totally novel in the annuls of the commerce of this country was to take place ? namely, that of the trading-interest of the country to petition His Royal Highness the Prince Regent that he will be graciously pleased to give directions for tlu; appointment of an etfi* cient Board of Commerce. The great importance of the subject, my Lord, together with the extension of the arguments into which I have been consequently led, has drawn me into a greater degree of warmth on it than I intended or could have yrished ; and for which^ I most humbly beg your Lordship's pardon. It may, however, possibly be conceived, that this degree of warmth has beeii produced by my P 34 W''\ •( being personally and deeply interested m tb^ stopping of the North Americai; export-trade; I ain, my L ord, personally interested! in the stopping of it, thou&ch to no extent .*' conse- quence ; and I can conscientiously assure your Lordship, that I have thus taken up the ques- tion, more on public grounds than on any of d. private nature : but be that as it may, my Lord, whether individually interest' d or not, much or little, I am fully persuaded that, such consider- ation, will in no shape or degree, prevent your Lordship from giving the subject all that scru- pulous attention tiiat its vast importance wilH be found to deserve. . , , ' I am, my Lord, With the greatest deference and respect, :. • Your Lordship's Most obedient and most humble servant. 14, Devonshire Place* .2d March, J 8 13. . Charles Lyne. •<; iii To The Right UommrcbU Lord Caatkreaghy Sfc. dfC. Bf(, ►<«i '^'i- ''i* 'i'» \»;» ide; . - ': ' ' ••■ y*.*u.( ''■■(•/ '♦• T. ' . '■* • •• ; I '»' i ii ■ I'l » , ., /v if'tj/.'. lu n -' ■ t •■ .^•^"►f ■•'♦•■ TO .1 '^ - • _.■ . .■ ■ J ■''"T '» "J. |.:»«i'-',- rr< .'* r ? \ » * 1 - •■ '.., ::. rn'i i '< ».' 'K'*. T|IE EARL OF LIVERPOOL. .1 -.-t \i' ...M VlBSr LORD OF THE TREASURY. ... J y. . . .'. >' ..'1' J';M V-./ '• ■ • «5r«. «^c. 4-c. < u' .'.ft -•■•>•»• '-' i.f- . »r_ . * <• j f, ...i- |T'-,:ff 7%tf humble Memorial of the United Committee cf Merchants trauing to and from Portugal and Brazilj ItiUMRLY SHEITETH, ^ ri I ■ . i • . •. A I'Tw '*: i-, , ^ That, notwithstanding the existing hostilities between Great Britain and the United States of North America, and their jj^rohibitory laws agai^sftt the import of all British manufactures dnA pro- duce into the American States, cotton-wool, the growth of North Aiiierica, is nevertheless admis- sible into the United Kingdom by neutral vessels ) under the act of the 43d Geot-ge III. Cap. 153. M 3G no act hav'iig since been enacted for the repeaf thereof. t #■' That cotton-wool, the growth of our own co- lonies in the East and West Indies, together with i' ■ < that of the Brazils, and other places in amity with this country, is already beyond the consumption of our manufactures, and that the growth thereof will moreover be increased to an immense extent, if not discouraged by the unrestrained admission of North A; jerican cotton, in time of war. That from the best calculation which can be formed, it is computeci there is cotton-wool now in England, equal to IJ years consummation. That there are in the Brazils very considerable depots of cotton-wool remaining from -the ol That in the confident and general expectation that the North Americans would not be permitted to carry on their export-trade during their war against this country, considerable shipments of manufactured gt? li ; .;ve already taken place; and others to a much greater extent are now pp^- paring for Brazil and other places, for the sole purpose of having cotton-wool in return, which intended export of manufactured goods, will, however, now receive a severe check, by the knowledge of the afore-mentioned act of i>arlia- mcnt, permitting the import of cotton-wool from the United States, byneu. r. vessels. . ^ ♦.;?' That many of our manufacturing people will consequently be thrown out of employ, and many of our commercial men meet with severe losses. '. hi II 38 , That much of our shippings which would other- wise be beneficially employed in the export of our manufactures and the bringing home of con- 8idei*able quantities of cotton-wool from the Bra- zils, and from the East and West Indies, will nr^v remain uneiuployed, the effects of which are already felt to a very considerable extent, by the fall in price of freight for British shipping to and from the Brazils. That it is humbly submitted to be sound po- licy and consequently to be highly expedient^ that the natives and residents of our own colo- nies, together with those of our allies, who cow- ctantly take from us our manufactured goods in payment of their produce, should have the ex* elusive priviledge of supplying us with the raw material, in preference to those who prohibit and interdict our commerce and manufactures That if North America be permitted to carry on her export-trade during the war, by neutrals, Fhe will» by such means, have the exclusive advaninge of supplying with her cottons-wool, and other articles, all the European markets, u\. .a'l :», 'I 39 where the p6tiff^t^'n6l blockaded * to the obvious disadvantage of btir manufacturer^, merchants, and 8hip*dwners, who would otherwise have th6 supplying of tho^e markets from hence with our manufectured goods. That the Americans thertiselves did not con- template the continuance of the indulgence grant- ed to their trade by this act, is evident ; for otherwise a trade so obviously calculated to enrich their planters and merchants, and to re- plenish beside^ with gold and silver their public coffers, for the support of their aggressive war, would not have been so long deferred, it being only by the last advices received from North America that we are infonned of their beginning this commerce under neutral flags, insurances on which have actually been made in Liverpool and in London. ' ': That a proportion of not less than | ths of all the Brazilian produce, consisting chiefly of cotton- wool, and sugars, is brought to this country in British ships ; that the whole amount is paid for in British tnatuifactUred goods and produce, and mostly carried from hence also in British shipping. 40 Ut W ;! IV'' i' r That under the existing regulations, our allies, the Brazilians and Portuguese, are compelled to re-export from the United Kingdom their sugars, by a prohibitory duty against their consumption in this country ; while their cotton-wool, on the other hand, is not now allowed to be exported from hence on any conditions. if That while we are thus preventing our allies from supplying any of the continental markets from hence with their cotton-wool, (althmigh we have the advantage of so great a proportion of their carrying trade, to and from the Brazils, and are besides paying for their cotton-wool in our manufactured goods,) it appears nothing more than common justice to these our allies, Ihat, while we are !i us preventing them from supply- ing those continental mai'kets, we should endea- vour to deprive also, by blockades and otherwise, our present enemy, the Americans, from supi)ly- ing them with the very same article, to the com- mon prejudice of our own trade and that of our good allies. 1 1 : -r- That this policy will apply with still greater* 41 force, in regard to the produce and trade of our own colonies, the East and West Indies, the welfare of all which is deeply interested in the stopping of this trade in neutrals from North America to Great Britain, and to and from the continental markets, ;; That such traffic is not only to the decided advantage of the enemy in a commercial point of yiew, but it must moreover be to him a great source of financial means ; while, on the other hand, it must prove extremely prejudicial to the linancial resourcies of Great Britain, by keeping it bare of gold and silver, now more than ever wanted for the supply of our armies abroad; it being obvious, that, during the prohibitory laws against the introduction of our manufactured goods. North America can receive no other re- turn than gold and silver for their cotton-wool, and for every other article that we may receive from thence. That this export-trade will not only thus fur- nish the enemy with the sinews of war ; but, the war itself will be less unpopular in America* ill '^1 '.' I,:, f than if its commence were interdicted, and it9 W^us cuitailed; and that such inexpedient policy must consequently tend to lengthen this war* to the detriment of our conimerce, of our naTigatioQ, of our finances, and of our national prosperity ; while the enemy, on tlie other hand, are left comparatively to the pressure only of their own enactments. p Vii W III III That, under the impression of all the foregoing considerations, your memorialists presume to conceive, that Grovernment never could have de« signed to benefit the enemy, by this extraordinary advantage to their export-trade, and that the aforementioned act of parliament, permitting the entry of North American cotton-wool by neutral vessels, must consequently have been overlooked, or tlilt otherwise his Majesty's Ministers would, no doubt, have taken such steps as would have, ere now, put an eflectual stop to the many baneful consequences resulting therefrom : And they now humbly pray your Lordship's immediate attention to this important subject, in full confidence that such enactments and blockades will speedily ensue, as will completely pf^Vent our enemies 43 from the undue advantage they now enjoy, of supplying, under neutral flags, these and other European markets with their produce during this unprovoked war, to the manifest prejudice of our commerce, of our shipping, of our re- venue, and of our national prosperity. ' ' i ""i !,* t'1 ',• ^ THE END. ■ r-v ■;■• . ^ ■ ' ' 'J ■!■■ t • ; ■J' ,I^':H^ -'■..< ,'.}'< t >■ Sf 1>. .*■• Printed by Marcbant and Galifain. IngrMn-Cottrt, VnAH. -.■y-i-