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 .:' "X 
 
 -t L±. ..iu-A^Ji*.-^. . iJij 
 
nsKP 
 
 
 9 Victoria Chambers, Westminster, 
 
 London, June 2ist, 1887. 
 
 Sir, 
 
 ■r 
 
 Rcfcrrinij to Ihc recent meeting at the Science and Art 
 IJcp.-irtincMit oil tho qurstion of Timi- Kcfoim which you wure 
 good enough to invito me to attend, 1 beg 'leave to subniit the 
 following observations. 
 
 It appeared to be the "ijiinion of those present at the meet- 
 ing that the |>roper coiir>*e to be frillnwed at this juncture, is to 
 act on the suggestion of the Secretary of State for the Colonies 
 to furnish him with explanatory dfK;umt'nts to be transmitted 
 to the various British Colonies and Dependencies. 
 
 (n transmitting such papers as it may be desirable to com- 
 mimicate either to the Colonies or to Toreign Countries, it seems 
 to ine imiKjrtant that attention shtiuld be directed to the fol- 
 lowing points, viz. ; — 
 
 1. Uiflficulties in connection with Time-reckoning have been 
 felt in man\' portions of the World, ntore esjx:ciariy in countries 
 
 ;' ~ where Railways and I'elcgraphs have been developed on a con- 
 
 %' ■ siderable scale, under peculiar geographical conditions lifforts 
 
 . , have in consequence been made to establish a remedial system 
 
 a <w.- • which vvfjuld be acceptable to all nations and by which perfect 
 
 I accuracy and uniformity would everywhere^bc obtainable. 
 
 f • 
 
 2. The subject has been carefully considered by many 
 individii.ils and by Scientific Societies in Europe and America. 
 It has bf:en discussed at Geographical and Geoidetic Congresses 
 at Venice and Rome, and at Conventions of Scientists and 
 
 -g. -^\" practical business men in America. On all these occasions the 
 
 ' , solution of the problem has been pi omoted. As an outcome of 
 
 .jgt.»^- -jfe yj^ ''"'^'^ various meetings aiul efforts, the President ot the United 
 
 ^''^iS*5',<^i^-' ' '' States under the authority of an Act of Congress, invited the 
 
 '' ""W.^ 1 Governments of all civilised nations to appoint delegates to meet 
 
 in conference at Washington to consider the whole cjuestion and 
 take deci.sive action in rcsix;ct tiiercto. 
 
 ?. The Wa.shington Conference embraced delegates from 
 
 ■■- '•■ twenty-five nations, they had eight sessions, the iirst was held on 
 
 '■^ OctolK;r 1st, 1884, the last on November l.st, following. After 
 
 patient deliberation anil discu.s;ion, the object of this Inter- 
 national Conference was accomplished by the passage, with 
 substanti.il unanimity, of a series of res' liitions determining the 
 priiK.iples u[Kjii winch all the nations ol the world ma)' unite in 
 the adoption of a universal time. 
 
 4. These resolutions establish that the zero of time for daily 
 reckoning throughout the Globe shall tx- the moment of mean 
 iolar passage on the .Anti-inerldian of (jreenwich, they define 
 the Universal day to be the interval between two successive 
 mean solar passages at the establisheil zero, and thej' determine 
 that the hours iif the Univcisal day shall be counted in a single 
 series from 1 to ;:4. 
 
 5. The Universal'day .is defined by the Washington Con- 
 ference begins and ends at the same moment as the civil day at 
 (ireenwich but it differs from the Greenwich day in respcrf to 
 the numlx^ring of the hours. While the Inivcrsai day has a sing'e 
 set of hours numbered from 1 to 24, the (ireenwich civil day 
 is divided at nuon into halves, the half <l:iys before and after 
 noon being sub-di\id( d into separate sets of hours e.ich numbered 
 from I to 12 and distinguished as Ante-meridian and Post- 
 meridian. Greenwich time is the local time of the meridian ol 
 Gieenwirh. Univi-rs.il time, on the other hand, is understood 
 to Ix; common to all localities and the univers.il day is held to be 
 the date of the world. 
 
 6. Cireum.stances indicate that the unification of time 
 throughout th(i world can best be attained step b) step in the 
 following order. ( 1 ) The first step is the ad'>ption of the Stan- 
 
 ;. 1 ' -; r dard hour system whicli m.iy thus he explained. The cio uin 
 
 , fercncc of the Globe IS divided into 24 tones based on an equal 
 
numbLT of meridians, known ns hour nicridinns, fifteen i!e^'rccs 
 of lontjitudt; apart, starting; from tlle /.cut iricridinn. Standard 
 time in each zone is ronulatcd by these hom iricridian', and it 
 varies successively from east to west by intcival.s of an even 
 hour The accompanying; chart sliows the reUti\e position of 
 the ::4 houT meridians, numbered c un^eeutively from the com- 
 mon time zero. It is obvious that the adoption of Standard 
 time according to one or more of these 24 hour mcriflians, as 
 geographical tircimstanres may dictate, will brinjf the lime of 
 any particular country or district into haimony with the time of 
 any other country or district and with the time of the world 
 which is common to all. (2) The second step is ihe adoption 
 of the 24 hour notation in dail\- reckoning, that is the counting 
 of the hours in a sjn|.jle series from 1 to 24 as laid down b\ the 
 VVashiiiiifon (.'onfercnce wiih respect to Universal time. (3) The 
 third .xr.d last step is to assimilate the reckoning in each zone, 
 s<j that the numbers of the hours may be identical m all lonjji- 
 tudes. 'I'his step can only be taken in its proj)er order, it is 
 a natural cou.Ilary to the two preceding steps and when taken 
 will complete the unilicuiion of lim<;. 
 
 7. The first step, the adoption of Standard time according 
 to the hour meridians is of special i*^p<irtance and it results in 
 very ijreat advantaijcs to each coiuniu.;../ where it is carried into 
 effect. Japan has acceptetl the resolutions of the Washington 
 Conference and likewise adopted .Standard time An Imperial 
 ordinance h.is been promuli^aled by which the time coire.'-pondinf; 
 to the third hour merulian, sho«n on the accompanying map. shall 
 be Uic Standard lime throuj^hout the whole Japanese lunjiire on 
 and after the 1st day of the first month ot the 21st year of Meiji 
 (corre.spondinj; with the 1st day ot January- iS8Xj. The .St.iiidad 
 time of Sweden is that of tlie eleventh hour meridian. The 
 Standard time of (jreat Hritaiii corresponds with the twelftli 
 hour meridian. The Standard time of the whole of the United 
 States, Canada, and Mexicj a^'rees with the time of the 16th, 
 17th, 1 8th, rgth, and .?()th hour nieriiiians J he Standard 
 time system has been in common use in North .\merica for three 
 years and has pnned to la- of incalculable ad\,intaf;e: it has 
 been accepted !)>• the Manat;crs of the numerous- line's uf trans- 
 portaiion and by the comnuiinty ^'enerally, as a great public bfjoli. 
 
 8. Thus we have thi' fundamental principle of universal time 
 adopted for common use in ini|nii"tant sections of the three con- 
 tinents of /\sia, luiivrptr, and .America. The notation of the 
 hours still remains to be reguiatcd, but apart froni the numbers 
 b\' which they are as yet locally distij;uishe(l, the hours are 
 stioick prec'-^cly at the same instant thonighout every country 
 and in eve 'onj^ifude where Standard time is adopted. With 
 regard to .he mimites and seconds, the)- must of necessity be 
 in complete agreement everywhere under the new system. 
 
 9. The .s«'cond stcj) referred to, viz , the .idoption of the 
 .so-called 24 hour notation is being seriously considered in many 
 • juarters. The proposal is -.trongly favoured b\ prominent men 
 in Russia, (ierman\'. Italy, .Spain. I'rance, (ir'.Ml Hritain. indeed 
 it may be said in every countr\' in F.urope. It is brought into 
 dally us- on the great lines ot telegraph Icadin;.' from England 
 to Egypt, India, China, Australia, and South .Xfric.i. It is re- 
 ceived with very great favour in America and it is felt by a very 
 large number of }M.-o])le that the period has arrived when the 24 
 hour notation may be brought into general u'-e. A meeting of 
 Railway Managers was held in N<.\v York on the i -jth of April 
 last, when the matter was disciisscfl and the views of those 
 present put on record. Ninety-seven Railway Companies con- 
 trolling 67,1 13 miles of railway were re|)resent( d. ()f these the 
 repre-entatives of 76 companies declared their re.idiness to adopt 
 the 24 hour notation. In Canada the new notation has been in 
 actual u.-e for nearly twelve months. The Canadian Pacific 
 kaiiway Company adopted it e\-|)erimenta!l>' on the opening 
 of the kaiiway l>etween Lake Superior and the Pacific Coast. 
 The experiment extended o\ er 2,600 miles of railway and the 
 adjacent countrj'. It has been continued up to the present time 
 and has proved lx>-ond all fiuestion that tin 24 hour notation 
 is of marked advantage in the working of railways ; that it is 
 quite easily introduced ; that railway einployd-s greatly [jiefer it 
 to the old mode of reckoning and that the general puiilie readiiy 
 accept th<- change. Ihe change introduceil removes all doubt 
 and ambiguity .vhile it promotes safety, and so satisfactory are the 
 results that it ha.s L en .letermincd to e.\tend th>- ine of the new 
 notation over the whole of the main line and connecting Imes of 
 
the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, as well as over the 
 Government Railway between Quebec and Fialil'ax. Time- 
 tables aiul watches are now btini:; prepared according to the 24 
 hour noUtion, which will go into force in a few weeks through- 
 out the length of Canada from Halifax on the Atlantic to 
 Vancouver on the Pacific. 
 
 10. Canada in adopting the new system of Standard time an<l 
 in introducing the 24 hour notation has undoubtedly taken the 
 lead in carrying into cfTect in the most practical manner [wissible 
 the essential principles of Universal time. That she will reap 
 advantage- from the course followed, in breaking through the 
 trammels of custom to inaugurate a rcforn which ever)' intelligent 
 person believes to be desirable, cannot be doubted. In Crr-a.t 
 Britain there is bui oiu- step necessary t>> secure to the public all 
 the advanlaj'cs of universal time, that is to adopt the 24 hour 
 noUtion as in Canada. This one quotion affects railways and 
 railway travellers very specially, ami I cannot but thmk that if 
 English Railway managers were informed as 10 the ease with which 
 the change has been introduced in Canada and the satisfactory 
 lesiilts which have followetl, they would veiy speedily take means 
 to obtain similar advantages. I am confirmed in this view by an 
 examination of the letters which have been received by the Science 
 and Art Department. These letters go to show that the resolu- 
 tions of the Washington Conference on this point are cordially 
 favoured by the following^importanl bodies and Departments, 
 viz.— 
 
 I. Royal Astronomical Society. 
 
 3. The Royal Society. 
 
 3. The Board of Trade. 
 
 4. The General Post Office 
 
 5. The Eastern Telegraph Company 
 
 6. The Eastern Extension Telegraph Company. 
 
 7. The Eastern and South African Telegraph Company. 
 
 8. The Society of Telegraph Engineers. 
 
 9. The Trinity House. 
 
 10. The India Office. 
 
 1 1. The Colonial Office 
 
 12. The Admiralty. 
 
 To these may be added the Committee of Council on Edu- 
 cation, and the Board of Visitors of the Royal Obscnatory, 
 Greenwich. Indeed I cannot learn that a single objection has 
 been received from any quarter. 
 
 II. As the fundamental objects of the Washington Confer- 
 ence were, to remove all doubt and ambiguity in time-reckoning, 
 to prevent discrepancies, to secure simplicity and introduce 
 uniformity, it is manifestly important that th- changes, proposed, 
 supp^irted as they were at the Conference by the representatives 
 of twenty-five nations, and subsequently li>oked upon in so many 
 quarters as in themselves intrinsically desirable, should without 
 unnecessary delay be accepted and as far a.s practicable put in 
 force generally. The first important step is the selection of 
 hour meridians and the adoption of .Standard time. With this 
 object in view the accompanying map has been prepared, it 
 .shows the position of the 24 hour meridians and indicates in a 
 general way the country or section of country to which any 
 particular hour meridian has greatest proximity. It would 
 greatly promote the common good and advance the unification 
 of time throughout the world if ever)' nation with all con- 
 venient speed would take means to select the hour meridians on 
 which its standard time may be based. In the choice of Meridians 
 Table No. 1 which I have appended may prove useful as a guide, 
 but in a matter of this kind it is obvious that each nation mu.st 
 act for itself. 
 
 I have mentioned what has been done in America, more 
 especially in Canada in furtherance of this movement. If 
 measures be taken by which Standard time will be adopted in 
 all the British possessions around the Globe they will individually 
 participate in the advantages which will result, while the common 
 interests of all civilized jwoples will lie advanced. In Table No. 2 
 appended will tx. found a list of the princijal British Colonies and 
 Dependencies with the hour meridians which appear the most 
 eligible for selection as standards by which time may be regu- 
 lated in each case. 
 
 I have the honour to be, Sir, 
 
 Your obedient Servant, 
 
 SANDFORD FLEMING. 
 
 The Astronomer Royal, 
 Greenwich. 
 
TABLE No. I. 
 
 Foreign Countries. 
 
 ("riving the proximatf Hour Meridians which may hic sug- 
 gested for the regulation uf .Standard Time in each separate 
 couiitr>', with the difference between Standard Time and the 
 time of the world in each case. 
 
 Niun*. Pruximatr Hour 
 
 Standard Time 
 
 Meridian*. 
 
 faster or slower 
 
 
 than Universal 
 
 
 Time. 
 
 Alaska Nu aa. . 
 
 10 hours Jilower. 
 
 Argentine Republic 
 
 
 
 i6. . 
 
 1 hour fatter. 
 
 Austria 
 
 
 
 II. . 
 
 Belgium 
 
 
 
 
 12. . 
 
 In agreement. 
 
 Bolivia 
 
 
 
 
 l6. . 
 
 4 hours slower. 
 
 Unuil 
 
 
 
 
 : '.1: : 
 
 3 
 
 4 „ 
 
 Bulguria . 
 
 
 
 
 . lO. . 
 
 3 hours Taster. 
 
 Coita Kka 
 
 
 
 
 Ig. . 
 
 6 hours slower 
 
 Chili . 
 
 
 
 
 17. . 
 
 8 hours faster. 
 
 China 
 
 
 
 
 4- ■ 
 
 ti 
 
 
 
 
 5- • 
 
 7 
 
 Colombia 
 
 
 
 
 17. . 
 
 S hours slower. 
 
 Congo 
 
 
 
 
 ri. , 
 
 1 hour faster. 
 
 Denni.irk 
 
 
 
 
 II. . 
 
 1 ., 
 
 St. Domingo 
 
 
 
 
 17. . 
 
 5 h(^urs slower. 
 
 Egypt 
 
 
 
 
 10. . 
 
 2 hourly faster. 
 
 Franie 
 
 
 
 
 12. . 
 
 In agreement. 
 
 Germany . 
 
 
 
 
 11. . 
 
 1 hour faster. 
 
 Greece 
 
 
 
 
 to. . 
 
 2 „ 
 
 Hawaii 
 
 
 
 
 33. . 
 
 10 hours slower. 
 
 Honduras . 
 
 
 
 
 18. . 
 
 6 • „ 
 
 Hayti 
 
 
 
 
 17. . 
 
 5 
 
 It.-ily 
 
 
 
 
 II. . 
 
 I hour faster. 
 
 Japan 
 
 
 
 
 3- • 
 
 9 
 
 Mexico 
 
 
 
 
 19. • 
 
 7 hours slower. 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 
 
 
 13. . 
 
 In agreement. 
 
 Nicaragua . 
 
 
 
 
 18. . 
 
 6 hours slower. 
 
 Norwiy 
 
 
 
 
 1 1. . 
 
 1 hour faster. 
 
 Paraguay . 
 
 
 
 
 16. . 
 
 4 hours slower. 
 
 Persia 
 
 
 
 
 8. . 
 
 4 hours faster. 
 
 Peru 
 
 
 
 
 17. • 
 
 5 hours slower. 
 
 Roumattia . 
 
 
 
 
 10. . 
 
 2 hours faster. 
 
 Siam 
 
 
 
 
 S- ■ 
 10. . 
 
 7 hours faster. 
 
 Servia 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Spain 
 
 
 
 
 12. . 
 
 In agreement. 
 
 Sweden 
 
 
 
 
 II. . 
 
 1 hour taster. 
 
 Switierland 
 
 
 
 
 II.. 
 
 I .> 
 
 Turkey 
 
 
 
 
 10. . 
 
 3 .. 
 
 Russia in Europe 
 
 
 
 V- • 
 
 3 hours faster. 
 
 -•» )i t 
 
 
 
 10. . 
 
 2 ,, 
 
 Russia in Asia 
 
 
 
 
 II » 
 
 •» »i . 
 
 
 
 2. . 
 
 10 „ 
 
 11 » 
 
 
 
 3- • • 
 
 I " 
 
 » )> 
 
 
 
 4. . 
 
 » » 
 
 
 
 i : : 
 
 7 
 
 » » 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 7. . 
 
 8. . 
 
 S 
 
 4 » 
 
 Uruguay . 
 
 
 
 16. . 
 
 4 hours slower. 
 
 United States 
 
 
 
 17. . 
 
 I :: 
 
 » 
 
 
 
 18. . 
 
 }} • • 
 
 
 
 19, . 
 
 7 .t 
 
 ft • • 
 
 
 
 20. . 
 
 8 
 
 jjepezuela 
 
 
 
 16. . 
 
 4 
 
'}',': 
 
 '■ »|, 
 
 :7 
 
 \ TABl.F. No. J. 
 
 BRITISH POSSKSSIONS. 
 
 •■ ' ' ■ ' ^howintt proximut. H..ur Mrridian^ (numlH:re.l as <m Map) 
 
 ■;?;^ V;" r which may U^ d.os. .. to r,.«ulaf Slandarcl Tiny ,n <;;'ch ' .ise. 
 Shf.«inii al^' "«« 'hflcrcnc; h.twtcn thr Tiiti.' of th< Woild .ind 
 S andarcl Time in «ach ca»e. the difference Lk mi; .1 vimi hours. 
 
 Nam*. 
 
 
 Proxitnatr Hmir 
 Meridians. 
 
 ■ ('; V ' ' 
 
 
 y A< IhiluM hiaitits compriiing)— 
 Kn){laii>l anil Wale* 
 
 S'-otland 
 
 IrJiiiul , . . . • 
 
 Camnia (ci>mpri»ing) — 
 
 Novn Scoti.i . • • • 
 New Hriinswiok 
 Prin' :e Kdward Island 
 y>icl)er 
 
 Ontaiin 
 
 M.initoba ...» 
 
 As«in'!b"ia 
 
 Saskiuchawan 
 
 Albeiia .... 
 
 Athabasttt .... 
 
 Ilritish ( olumbia . 
 Amtraliisut icmnpi iiing)— 
 
 New .South Walds 
 
 Viiloria . . • • 
 
 Queensland. 
 
 '1 a»ni.miit . • 
 
 So'iih AuMialia ^ ■ 
 
 Western Australia . 
 
 New Zealand 
 
 Fiji . . . • 
 
 New(»uinca . . • ■ 
 
 Pvsstusions in Atta (eomptising)— 
 India .... 
 Burma . . . • 
 
 Cc>lon 
 
 Hong Kong . . . • 
 Stiaita Sinllenicnls 
 
 Labuaii 
 
 West India ((.omprising)-- 
 
 Jamaica .... 
 
 'lurks hiland 
 
 Uritisli iluiana 
 
 Hahaiiuis . . . • 
 
 '1 rinidad 
 
 Harbadiies .... 
 
 (irenada .... 
 
 iiritish Hotiduras 
 
 St. V'inrtnt . . . ■ 
 
 St, l.ucia . . • 
 
 Tobago . . . ■ 
 
 Antigua . . . • 
 
 Monlserrat ... 
 
 St. Christopher 
 
 VirRin Islands 
 
 Uoiuinica ... 
 
 Pfssessions in A&ioz (coniprising)- 
 
 Cipt' of (iood Hope 
 
 ilechuanaland 
 
 Uasutoland .... 
 
 ■Natal 
 
 Sierra l.eone . . 
 
 ( i.\mbin .... 
 
 (/Old Ccast .... 
 
 l.agos 
 
 AliKfllttiieous (r impTisi'ig)— ■ 
 
 St. Helena ... 
 
 Gibraltar . . . • 
 
 Malta • • ■ • • 
 
 • Cyprus . , , ' . V . 
 
 Bormudi ';'':;• 
 
 Falkland Islands t i . ' » 
 
 Heligoland . f ,' . , • 
 
 Aden . %,:^;", y „ <( 
 
 Ascei.sion . ' . • 
 
 F.inning Island 
 
 Mauritius , . . • 
 
 Newfoundland . , 
 
 No. II. . 
 ■ a. . 
 12. . 
 
 No. 16. . 
 
 17. . 
 
 16. . 
 
 17. • 
 
 \l: : 
 19. 
 19. . 
 
 to. . 
 
 90. . 
 
 No, 3. . 
 
 2. . 
 
 a. , 
 
 a. . 
 
 3- • 
 
 4- • 
 I. . 
 
 lero, 
 ]. . 
 
 Nn, 7. . 
 
 6, . 
 
 7> • 
 
 4. ' 
 
 s ■ 
 
 4. ■ 
 
 No. 17. . 
 17- 
 16. 
 
 17- 
 16. 
 16. 
 16. 
 18. 
 16. 
 16. 
 16. 
 16. 
 16. 
 16, 
 16. 
 16. 
 
 No. 10, 
 10. 
 la 
 10, 
 >}• 
 '3' 
 II. 
 u. 
 
 No, U. 
 12. 
 II. 
 10 
 
 ,:■. -Mi.,..' 
 
 aa. 
 
 8. 
 16. 
 
 '.•r 
 
 Si..iuUrd Tim« 
 (» ,ici 01 shiwer 
 tl.an I'niverial 
 
 , , I I Ime. 
 
 * .1 '■ , 
 
 In agrceineni. 
 
 4 hours slower. 
 
 i " /" ■ 
 
 4 
 
 i » 
 
 7 .. -. . 
 
 7 - , 
 K 
 
 8 
 
 8 .. , 
 
 JO hours faster. 
 
 K> ., 
 
 10 ,. 
 
 10 „ 
 
 II .. 
 
 li » 
 
 lO „ 
 
 c hotim faster, 
 
 5 " 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 S hours slower. 
 
 5 » 
 
 4 
 S 
 
 4 » 
 
 4 
 
 4 .. 
 
 6 
 
 4 .. 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 •• 
 
 4 •< 
 
 4 " 
 
 4 » 
 
 4 
 
 3 hours faster, 
 
 2 .1 
 
 3 ,. 
 2 >. 
 
 I hour flower. 
 1 .< 
 
 In agreement. 
 
 » ■ ,■ 
 Tn .-igreenjent. 
 
 1 hour faster. 
 
 2 .1 
 
 4 hour* slower. 
 
 4 
 
 1 hour faster. 
 
 3 " 
 
 I hour slower. 
 
 10 
 
 4 hours faster. 
 4 hours slower. 
 
 :'', V 
 
 ,0 
 
 < 
 
 ft 
 
 i 
 
 ^-s;-