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F.I U'V'/'t; /jX^fit* I

IPIir

?<r

T-M9Mfi I

\f^Z.,

m^i

1T3^

THE

HISTORY

NORTH AMERICA

AND ITS

UNITED STATES.

INCLUDING ALSO,
A DISTINCT HISTORY OF EACH INDIVIDUAL STATE ;

ITS MANNERS AND CUSTOMS, TRADl, COMMERCE, RELIGION, AND GOVERNMEMTJ

MANUFACTURES AND AGRICULTURE, CLIMATE, SOIL, AND PRODUCE :

■VriTH NEW TABLES OF THE WHOLE OF THEIR IMPORTS AND EXPORTS,

REVENUE, DEBT, EXPENDITURE, CURRENCY OF COINS,

tJ^c. b'tf. ISfc.

TO WHICH IS ANNEXED,

AN ACCOUNT OF NEW DISCOVERIES.

B»

EDfVARD OLIPHANT, E»^.

Thus fpake the Goddcfs to her fav'ritc land :
" My fens, obedient flill to my command
" Your aAIons move ; where'er t turn my eyes
" My gardens flourifli, and my temples rife."

EDINBURGH:

?KINTE» BY J. JOHNSTONr, FOR R. PAUL, HIGII-STRIETt

/Ol.^

CONTENTS.

The DJfcovery and Settlemcmt of America, an account of
Boundaries, DIvifions, &c. - - , . .

£riti(h America - - . - - -

Upper and Lower Canada - • - - -
Newfoundland Ifland .»----

Sydney, or the Ifland of Breton - - - -

Nova Scotia -------

Province of Nova Scotia " " ' " "
United States, General Hiftory, &c.
General Defcription of Animals, &c. - - .

Conftitution and Government - - - -

The whole Imports and Exports, new tables of

Revenue, Debts, and Expe .ditjre

Different Coins eftablilhed by Law - - -

Religion, different denominations of - - -

The Grand Divifions of the United States

New England State « . - - -

Vermont - - - .--,-

New Hampfhire ------

The Diftria of Maine - - - -

Maflfachufetts - ■

Rhode Ifland - "o" " " ' ""
Connefticut - - - - - --

New York ------

New Jerfey ------ --

|; Pennfylvanit .-------

Delaware -,-.-

The Territory North-Weft of the Ohio - - -

Maryland - - --

Virginia -- - -- --_

Kentucky ----- -,,

North Carolina - - - - • - -

TennefTee - ---- ---

South Carolina -----.-

Georgia - - -'-

New Difcovcries, an account of - - - -

Page

13
16

26
28

73
80

85
8g

X07

108

114

123

»34
144

172

182

19S

227
242
266

273
283

297

222

3»9

345
357
377

401

J,..

V it

ACCOUNT

OF THE

AMERICAN STATES.

6'<r» (fe'r.

»I5C0VERT AND SETTLEMENT.

• • X HK. objeft of the undertaking, Jind the manner in tvluch It is
propofed to carry this work into execution, being folely to furhi{h
important, true, and interefting, as well as entertaining inforraation

. Regarding the prefent ftate of North America, it was deemed in fome
^ • ' hieafure neceiTiiry, as being applicable and connefted, to prefent our
readers, in the firft place, with a fliort and diftin^l account of the
difcoverics and explorations of that rich and delightful Continent in
order to fave continual repetitions, which would oUierwife be unavoid-
able, and at the fame time to render the work as complete and truly
ufeful as pofliblc, trufting that it will by no means be unacceptable,
. Tior confidered as extraneous or fuperfluous.

North America was difcovered in the reign of Henry VII. a period
when the arts and fciences had made very confiderable progrefs in
Kuropc. Many of the firft adventurers were men of genius and learn-
ing, and were careful to preferve authentic records of fuch of their
proceedings as would be interefting to pofterity. Thefe records afford
ample documents' for American hiftorians. Perhaps no people on the
jglobe can trace the hiftory of their origin and progrefs with fo much
Ijrecifion as the inhabitants of North America j paiticularly that part
of them who inhabit the territory of the United States.

I'he fame which Columbus had acquired by his firft difcoveries on
this weftem continent* fpread through Europe, and infpired many
with the fpirit of enterprife* As early as 1495, a few years only after
the firft difcovery of America, John Cabot, a Venetian, obtained a
grant or commiflion from Henry VII. to difcover unknown lands and
annex them to tl»e crown.

In the fpring of 1496 he failed from England with two (hips, carry-
ing with him his three fons. In this voyage, he fell in with the north
fide of Terra Labrador, and coafted northerly nearly as far as the 6*'th
degree of latitude. 9 *

ihl^

"«

a DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT

T\'f neMt year he made a fccond voyage to America witfi hi>"foT^
Sebaltian,\vho afterwards proceeded in the dli'coveries which his
fiither had begun. In June he difcovered Bonavilla, on the north eall
Tide of Newfoundland. Before his return he traverfed the coall from
Davis's limits to Cape Florida.

In fpring 1 5 13, John Ponce failed from Porto Rico northerly,
and difcovered the continent in 30'=' 8' nortli" latitude. He landed in
April, a feafon when the country around was covered with verdure,
and in full bloom. This citcumllance induced him to call the country
rLoarnA, which, for many years, was the common name for North
and South America.

In 11J16, i:nr Scbaftian^ Gabot and Sir Thomas Pert explored the
coaft as far as Brazil in Soutii America.

Tliis vail extent of country, the coaft of which was thus explored,
remained unclaimed and unfcttled by any European power (except by
the Spaniards in South America), for almoil: a century from the time
of its difcovery.

It was not till the year 1524 that France attempted difcoveries oit
the American coaih Stimulated by his enterprizing neighbours, Francis
I. %vho poITcfled a great and aftive mind, fent John Varrazano, a Flo-
rentine, to America, for the purpofe of making difcoveries. He tra-
verfed the coaft from latitude 28^ to 50® north. In a feoohd voyage,
fome time after, he was loft.

The next year Stephen Gomez, the firft Spaniard who came upoti
the American coaft for difcovery, failed from Groyn in Spain, to
Cuba and Florida, thence northward to Cape Razo or Race, in la-
titude 46'' north, in fearch of a northern paffage to the Eaft Indies.

In 1528, P'amphilo de Narvaez, in the fervice of Spain, failed from
Cuba with 400 men to conquer Florida j but he was wrecked on the
coaft by a tempeft, and his purpofe defeated.

In 1534, by the direAion of Francis!, a fleet was fitted out at St.
Malo's in Frhn^cc, under thfc command of Jamts Cartier, or Quartier,
with defign to make difcoveries in America. He arrived at New-
fomidland in May of this year. Thence he failed northerly, until he
found himfelf in about latitude 48** 30' north, h\ the midft of a broad
gulf, which he named St. Lawrence. He gave the fame name to the
river which empties itfelf into it. In this voyage, he failed as far
north as latitude 51^, expefting, in vain, to find' a paiTage to China.

The next year he failed up the river St. Lawrence 300 lea:gues, to
the Great and Swix't Fall. He called the country New France •, built
ft fort near the weft end of the Ifte of Orleans, which he called Port
de St. Croix, in which he fpent the winter, and returned in the fol-
lowing fpring to France.

In May 1539, Ferdinand de Soto, w'ith a confiderable force, failed
from Cuba, having for his object the conqueft of Florida. He arrived
at Spirito Santo, from whence he travelled northward to Chickafaw
country, in about latitude 35^ or ^6^^. He died, after having fpent a
few years in that country, and was buried on the bank of the MilFifippi
River, in 1 942. Alverdo fucceeded him.

In 1540, Cartier made a third voyage to Canada, built a fort, ancf
bek'an a fettlement in i?4i or li;42, which he called Charlebourg^

rived

ith hi/foif
which his
north ealt
:oall from

northerly,
landed in
1 verdure,
le country
for North

lored the

explored,
;xcept by
X the time

)veries on
rs, Francis
\o, a Flo-
He tra-
d voyage,

;ame upoti
Spain, to

ce, In la-
Indies.

iiled from

Led on the

out at St.
Quartier,
at New-
, until he
of a broad
ime to the
led as far

China,
sftgues, to
lite •, built
ailed Port
in the fol-

irce, failed
"le arrived
Chickafaw
ing fpent a
: Milfilippi

1 fort, and
arlebour^

or NORTH AMERICA.

four leagues above Port de St. Croix. He foon after broke up thr
Icttlemcnt and failed to Newfoundland.

In 1542, Francis la Roche, Lord Robcwell, or Roherval, was fent
40 Canada by the French king, with three fiiips and about two hun
dred men, women and children. They wintered here in a fort which
they had built, and returned in the fpring. About the year 1550, h
jUrge number of adventurers fiilcd for Canada, but were never after
heard of. In 1598, the king of France commilfioned the Marquis de
la Roche to conquer Canada, and other countries not poffeffed by any
Chriftian Prince. It is not afcertained, hpwever, that La Roche eve^
;d to execute his commlflion, or that any further atterapt.«

ittem

were made to fettle Canada during this century.

During the fucceeding 30 years, the paflion for difcovery took ano
ther diredion. Adventurers from Europe were feeking a paffage to
India and China by the N. E. but were prevented from accompliihing
their views by the cold and ice of t4iofe inhofpitable regions. In this
interval, the French of Brittany, the Spaniards of Bifcay, and the
Portugviefe, enjoyed the fifhery on the banks of Newfoudland with-
out interruption.

In 1548, King Edward VI. granted a penfion for life to Sebaftian
Cabot, in conlideration of the many Important difcoveries he had made
in America. Very refpeftable defcendants of the Cabot family now
live In the Commonwealth of Maffachufetts. '

In 1562, the Adrair-I of Frapce, Chatilloh, font out a fleet under the
command of Capt. Ribalt, to Florida, near which, In the month of May^
he difcovered and entered a river which he called May Rivet. It h pro-
bable that this river is the fame which we now call St. Mary's, which forms
a part of the fouthern boundary of the United States. As he coafted
northward he dtfcovered eight other rivers, one of which he called
Port Royal, and failed up it T^veral leagues. On one of the rivers h€
fcuilt a fort and called It Cha, s, in which he left a colony under the
direftlon of Captain Albert, ."he feverity of Albert's meafures ex-
cited a mutiny, In which, to the ruin of the colony, he was flain.
•Two years after, Chattillon fent Rene Laudonier with three fliips to
Florida. In June he arrived at the river May, -on which he buiit a
fort, and in honour to his king, Charles IX. he called it Carolina.

In Auguft, Tame year, Capt. Ribalt arrived at Florida the fecond
time, with a fleet of feven vefl'els, to recruit the colony, which, two
years before, he had left under the dlreftion of the unfortunate Capt."
Albert.

The September following, -Pedro Melandes, -with fix Spanifli (hips,
purfued Ribalt up the river on w^hich he had fettled, and overpower-
ing him In numbers, cruelly maffacred him and" his whole company,
Melandes having in this way taken poflelfion of the country, built
three forts, and left them ftrongly garrifoned. Laiidohier and liIs co-
lony on May River, receiving information of the fate of Ribalt, took
the alarm and made their efcape.

In 1567 a fleet of three (hips was fent from France to Florida, un-
.der the command of Dominique de Gourges. The objeft of this ex-*
pcdition was, to dlfpoffefs the Spaniards of that part of Florida which
thev had cruelly and uniuftlfiably fcized three years before, Hf
rived on the coail of iploxida iu April 1568, and foon softer mjide
■ ^X^" ' Bli

ar-

... "1

f DISCOVERY AND SETTLKMENT

fuccefsful attack upon the forts. The recent cruelty of Melandes and
his company excited revenge in the breaft of Gourges, and roufed the
unjuflifiabje principle of retaliation. Ke took the forts j put moft of
the Spaniards to the fword \ and having burned and demoliilied all
their fortrefles, returnea to France. During the fifty years next after
this fcvent, the French enterpj^ifed no fettlements in AiTj,erica.

All attempts to difcover a N. E. paflag^ to India bei^ig fruftrated,
or in a manner abandoned, Capt. Frob'.iher was in 1567 lent to find
out a N. W. paffage to that country. The firtt land which he randc
^^n the cor.ft wis a cape, which, in honour to the queen, he called
Queen Elizabeth's Forelar'i. In coailing northerly he difcnvered the
jftraits which bear his name, and which are now confidered as impaf-
fable by reafon of fixed ice. He profecuted his fearch for a pnffage in-
to the weilern ocean, till he was prevented by the Ice, and then re-
turned tq England. The x^vo following years he made a fecond and
^hir4 voyage, but made no material difcovery.

Sir Francis Drake, being on a cruife againft \he Spaniards ?.n the
South Sea, landed on the continent of America, northward of Cali-
fornia, took poffeflion of a harbour, and called the circumjacent coun-
try betweftft lat. 38® and 42^, New Albion, which name it has ever
iicce retained.

in 1579 Sir Huniphry Gilbert obtained a patent from Queen Eliza-
beth, for lands not yet poffefled by any Chriftlan prince, providf^d he
•wrould take poffeffion within fix years. With this encouragerr.ent he

tiled to Newfoundland, and in Auguft 1583 anchor«d in Conception
ay. He tock formal poffelHon of the Continent of North America
for the crown of England. In purluing his difcoveries he loft one of
his (hips on the Ihoals of Sable, and on his return home, a slorm over-
took hiia, in which he was unfortunately loft, and the intended fettle-
9ient was prevented.

In 1 584 other two patents were gratnted by Queen Elizabeth, one
to Adrian Gilbert, the other to Sir Walter Raleigh, for lands not
pofTefled by any Chriftian prince. By the direftion of Sir Walter,
two fhlps were fitted and fent out under the command of Philip Amidas
and Arthur Barlow, with a number <•£ paffengers, who arrived on thf
coaft, a,nd anchored in a. harbour {even leagues weft of the Koanoke.
This colony returned to England with, Sir Francis Drake, in June
4586. In July, they, in a formal manner, took poffeflion of the coun-
try, and, in honour of their virgin queen, Elizabeth, they called it
Virginia. Till this time the country was known by the generiil name 01
Florida. After this Virginia became the comman name for all Nortli
America.

In 1586 Sir Walter Raleigh fent Sir Richard Grenvilk to America,
with fev«n (hips, who arrived it Wococon harbour. Having ftationed
a colony of rq.oi-e than an hundred people at Roanoke, under the di-
reftion of Capt. Ralph Lane, he coafted north-eafterly as far as Chc-
fapeak Bay, and returned to England.

The colony under Capt. Lane endured extreme hardflilps, and niu(l
tave perished, had not Sir Francis Drake fortuitately returned to Vir-
ginia, and carried them to Erfigland, after having made fereral coh-
<ju€fts for the queen ^u the Weft Indies and other places.

or NORTH AMERICA^ f

A fliort time tl^ercafter Sir Richard Grenville arrived with new re-
cruits ; and although he did not nnd the colony which he had before
left, and knew not but they had perifned, he had the raftwvefs to leave
fome more men at the fame place. _ ^ ^

The year following, Sir Walter fent another company to Virginia,
under Governor White, with' a cliarter and twelve alfiftants. In July
he arrived at Roanoke. Not one of the fecond company remained.
He dstermined, however, to rlfk a third colony. Accordingly ht
left about one hundred and twenty people at the old fettlement, and
returned to England.

In Auguft this year iVianteo was baptized In Virginia. He %\ is the
firft native Indian who received that ordinance in that part of America.
He, with Towaye, another Indian, had vifited England, and return-
ed home to Virginia with the colony. On the i8th of Auguft, Mrs.
Dare was delivered of a daughter, whom ihe called Virginia. She
was born at Roanoke, and was the firft childj of Britilh parents, bora
in North America.

In 1590, Governor White returned to Virginia with fupplles and
recruits for his colony j but, to his great grief, not a man was to be
found. They had aU miferably familhed with hunger, or were maf-
ijcred by the Indians.

In 1592,, Juan de Fuca, a Greek, in the fervice of Spain, was fent
by the viceroy of Mexico to difcover a N. W. paffage, by exploring
Jthe wcftern fide of the American continent. He dilcovcred a Itrait
which bears his name, in the 48th deg. N. lat. and fuppofed it to be
the long defired paffage.

In 1598, De la Locht obtained from Henry IV. of France a com"
miflion to conquer Canada, and other countries not poffeffed by any
Chrittian prince. He failed from France with a number of convicts
from the prifons, and landed feveral on the Ifle of Sable. Some
years after, the furvJvors, being but few in number, were taken off
and carried home to France j Henry pardoned them, and made each
H recompence for their fafferings.

In the beginning of i6o2, Bartholomew Gofnold, with feveral per-
fons, made a voyage to North Virginia, and difcovered and gave names
to Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Elizabeth's Iflands, and to
Dover Cliff. Elizabeth Iflind was the place which they fixed for their
firit fettlement. But the courage of thofe who were to have tarried
failing, they all went on board and returned to England.

Martin Pring and William Brown, were next year fent by Sir
Waiter Raleigh, with tAvo fmall veffels, to make difcoveries in North
Virginia. They came upon the coall, which was broken with a mul-
titude of Iflands, in lat. 43° 30' no/th. They coafted fouthward to
Cape Cod Bay 5 thence round the Cape into a commodious harbour,
where they went a(hore and remained fome time, during which they
loaded one of their veffels with faffafras, and returned to England.

Bartholomew Gilbert, in a voyage to South Virginia, in Tearch of
the third colony which had been left there by Governor White, in
1.587, having touched at feveral of the Weft India Iflands, landed near
Chefapeak Bay, where, in a ikivmilh with the Indians, he and four
of his men were unfortunately flain. The reft, \V'ithout my furthei

tto

DISCOVER.? AND SETTLEMENT

It'

,,''

1. I

About this time alfo, Henry IV. of France figned a patent in favour
of De Mons, or Monts, of all the country from the 40th to the 46th
«iegree of north latitude, under the name of Acadia. And next year
he began fome plantations In the bay of Funda.

In May 1605, George's Ifland and Pentecoft Harbour were difco-
^vered by Captain George Weymouth. In May he entered a large
river in latitude 43*^ £o', (variation ll" 15' weft), fuppofed to be
Keanebeck or Penobfcot. Captain "Weymouth carried with him tg
£ngland fome of the natives, whom he delivered to Sir Ferdinand*
Georges, then Governor of Plymouth.

In i6of>, James I. by patent, divided Virginia into two colonies.
The Southern, included all lands between the 34th and 41ft degrees
•of north latitude. This was ftyled the Firll Colony, under the name
«f South Virginia, and was granted to tlie London Company. The
Northern, called the Second Colony, and known by the general name
cif North Virginia, included all lands between the 38th and 45th de-
grees north latitude, and was granted to the Plymouth Company.
Each of thefe colonies had a council to govern them. To prevent dif-
^utes about territory, the colony which (hould lall place themfelves
-was prohibited to plant within a limited number of miles.of the other.
There appears to have been an inconfiftency in thefe grants, as the
lands lying between the ^Sth and 41ft degrees are covered bji;both par
■tents.

After ipany frultlefs attempts on the part of thefe two companies
*o eftabiifli themfelves on the coaft, the South Virginia, or London
Company, in the year 1640, fealed a patent to Lord de la War, con-
•Situting him Governor and Captain General of South Virginia. He
ibon after embarked for that country with Captain Argall, and about
two hundred men, in three (hips, and in. the month of June arrived at
James's Town, (b called by fome of the former fetrtlers in honour of
James I. Froin this period we may date the firft permanent fettleraent
hy BrItorNj in North America.

In 1611, Sir Thomas D.de reinforced the colony of South Virginia
•with about three hundred people, and Sir Thomas Gates with a con-
£derable number more, furmdilng them with cattle and fwine.

As-tarly as the year 1607, or 1608, Henry Hudfon, an Engllfh-
jndin, under a commiffion from King James, in the employ of the Fail
india company, made feverai voyages for the difcovery of a north welt
palTage to the £all Indies. In 1609, upon fome milunderftandlng, he
engaged in the Dutch i'crvice, in the profecution of the fame delign,
and on his return ranged along the lea coaft of what has fince been
called Neiv England (which, a few years before, was granted by
King James to his EngJIlh-fubje£ts,'the Plymouth Company), and en-
tered Hudfon 's river, giving it his own na^e. He afcended this river
in his boat as far as what has fmce been called Aurania, or Albany.
In 1613, the Dutch Weft India Company fent fome pcrfons to this
liver to trade with the Indians j and as early as 1623, the Dutch had
c trading houfe on Connedicut river. In confequence 'of thefe difco-
veries and fettlements, the Dutch claimed all the country extending
from Cape Cod to Cape Henlopen along the fea coaft, and as far back
into the countrY as any of the rivers within thofe limits extendi But
their claim has been djfputeel. This extenlive country the Dutch

•'#

ofVi

the n

Whe

or NORTH AMERICA.

in favour

the 46th

Qcxt year

JTC difco-
1 a large
ed to be
I) him tg
^rdinand*

colonies,
i degrees
the name
ly. The
:ral name
45th de-
Company,
event dii-
lemfelves
;he other.
s, as the
; both par

:ompanIes
• London
i^ar, con-
nia. He
nd about
rrivcd at
lionour o£
ettleraent

I Virginia
;h a con-
e.

Englifh-
■ the Eaft
lorth weft
nding, he
e delign,
nee been
anted by
1, and en-
this river

Albany.
IS to .this
lutch had
efe difco-
;xtending

far back
nd. But
,e Dutch

;^i

■fii

" &'

■I

cdiedKcw Netherlands, and in 16 14 the S^at" General g^^^^^^^^^
t,atent to fundry merchants for an exclufive trade on Hudlon s nver,
rhtthe fame year, built a fort on the weft fide near Albany. From,
this time we may date the fettlement of New York.

Conception Bay, on the Ifland of Newfoundland, was fettled m tl ^
year i6io, by about forty planters, under Governor John Guy, to
whom King James had given a patent c incorporation. ^

Champlain, aFrenchman, had begun a fettlement at Quebec m 608^
St. Croix. Mount Manfel, and Port Royal were fettled about th^
fame time. Tkefe fettlements remained undifturbed till 1613, when
the Virginians, hearing that the French had fettled within their hmits,
fent Capt. Argal to diflodge them. For this purpofe he failed to bag-
adahok, took their forts at Mount Manfel, St. Croix and Port Royal,
v^ith their veffels, ordnance, cattle and provifions, and carried them to
lames' Town- in Virginia. Quebec was left in poffelTion of the Fr£nch.
In 1614, Capt. John Smith, with tvvoihips and forty-five men aud
boys, made a voyage to North Virginia, to make experiments upon a
jrold and copper mine. His orders were, to filh and trade with thct
natives, if he (hould fail in his expeftations with regard to the mine.
To facilitate this bufinefs, he took with him Tantum, an Indian, per-
haps one that Capt. Weymouth carried to England m 1005. In April
he reached the ifland Monanigan in lat. 43* 30'. Here Capt. Smith
was diretled to ftay and keep poffeffion with a few tnen, for the pur-
pofe of making a trial of the whaUng bufinefs •, but bemg difappointed
in this, he built and manned feven boats, which made a very fuccdsiul.
voyage. In thcr mean time the Captain himfelf, with about eight men,
coafted from Penobfcot to Sagadaliok, Acocifco, Paffataquack, Tra-
gabizanda, now called Cape Ann, thence to Acomac, where he fkir-
mifhed with fome Indians •, thence to Cape Cod, where he fet his In-
dian, Tantum, afliore, and returned to Monahigan. In this voyage
he found two French (hips in the Bay of Maffachuletts, who had lome
time before, and during that period, been trading very advantageoufiy
v.ith the Indians. It was conieaured that there were, at this time,
three thouHind Indians upon the Maflachufetts Ifland.

Capt. Smith embarked for England in one of the velTels, leaving
the other under the command of Capt. Tiiomas Hunt, to equip for a
voyage to Spain. After Capt. Smith's departure. Hunt perfidioufly
allured twenty Indians to come on board his Ihip at Patuxit, and fevea
more at Naufit, and carried them to the ifland of Malaga, where he
fold them to be flaves for life. This conduft, which fixes an indeli-
ble ftigma upon the character of Hunt, very juftly excited in the
breafts of the Indians fuch an inveterate hatred of the Englifli, that,
for many years after, all commercial intercouife with them, was rea-
dered exceedinly dangerous.

Capt. Smith arrived in London the laft oi \uguft, where he drew
a map of the country, and called it New England. From this tim«
North Virginia aflumed the name of New England, and the name
of Virginia was confined to the fouthern colony.

iVbout this time war, famine and peftilence, began to rage among
the natives of New England, and fwept off great numbers of them.
When Thomas Dermer arrived there in 1619, he found many places,

.1.

r,,i\

iil

DISCOVIRT AND SJStTLEMENT

before populous, almoft defolate, and the few remaining inhabitants
either fick or but fcarcely recovered.

In 1627, a colony of Swedes and Finns came over and landed at
Cape Henlopen, and afterwards purchafcd of the Indians the land
from Cape Henlopen to the Falls of Delaware, on both fides of the
river which they called New Swcdeland Stream. On this rivet they
built feveral forts, and made fettlements.

About 1633, in confequence of the rigour of the laws of England
againft the Roman Catholics, Lord Baltimore, with a number of his
pcrfecuted brethren, came over, and in honour of Queen Henrietta
Maria, called the place in which they fettled Maryland.

In 1635, Rhode Ifland was firft fettled in confequence of a religious
perfecution. Mr. Roger WiUiams, happening to difler with fome of
his brethren in fentiment, was very unjuilifiably baniflied the colony,
and went with twelve others, his adherents, and fettled at Providence.
From this beginning arofe the colony, now ftate^ of Rhode Island.

In 1663, Charles II. granted to the Duke of York, what is now
called New Jersey, then a part of a large traft of country known by the
name of New Netherland. Some parts of New Jerfey were fettled by
the Dutch as early as 1614 or 1616.

In the year 1662, Charles IL alfo granted to EdWard, Earl of Cla^
rendon, and feven others, almoft the whole territory of the three fou'-
thern ftates, North and South Carolina and Georgiai Two years
•ftcr he granted a fecond charter, enlarging their boundaries. The
proprietors, by virtue of authority vefted in them by their charter,
engaged Mr. Locke to frame a fyllem of laws for the government of
their interded colony. Notwithftanding thefe preparations, no effec-
tual fettlement was made until the yeaj 1669 (though one had been
formerly attempted), when Governor Sayle came over with a colony,
and fixed on a neck of land between Afhley and Cooper Rivers.
Thus commenced the fettlement of Carolina, which then included
the whole territory between the 29* and 36*^ 30' north lat. together
with the Bahama llland, lying between lat. 22* and 27° north.

In 168 1 a rdynl charter for Pennfylvftnia was granted to William
Penn. A colony came over next year and fettled under that gertle-
man, who continued to aft as governor for a few years. The firll
affembly in the Province of Pennfylvania was held at Chcllcr in 1782.
Thus, the immortal William Penn, a Quaker, juftly celebrated as a
great and good man, had the honour of laying the foundation of the
prefent populous and very flourilhing State of Pesnstlvania.

In 1732, a projeft having been icmed for planting and rearing a
colony between the rivers Savannah and Alatamaba, application was
accordingly made to George II. who approved, encouraged, and pro-
moted the plan lb highly, that in compliment to him, they called the
new province Georgia. Truftces were appointed to conduft the ne-
ceffary arrangements. Same year a very confiderable number of pco'-
pie embarked for Georgia, where they arrived, and landed at Yama-
crew. In exploring the country, they found an elevated and pkafant
fpot of ground on the bank of a navigable river, upon which tliey
marked out a town, and, from the Indian name of the river which pai'
fed by it, called it Savannah. From this period we may date the fet-
tlement of Georgia.

-i

ret

habitants

landed at
the land
:9 of the
iver they

England
ler of his
ienrictta

religious
1 fome of
: colony,
evidence.

SLAND.

at is now
m by the
ettled by

rl of Cla^
liree fou»-
wo years
cs. The
■ charter,
nment of
no effec-
had been
a colony,
r Rivers,
included
together
th.

I William
t gertle-
The firll
• in 1782.
ated as a
)n of the

rearing a
ation was
and pro-
railed the
ft the ne-
r of pco'-
at Yama-
i pkafant
hich they
rhich pai*
:c the fet-

OF NORTH AMERICA. i^

Ihc country now called Kentucky, was ^vell known to tlie Indian
iradt.rs manv years before its I ttlenient. They gave a deicription of
It to Lculs Evans, who publil d his firft inap of it as early as thv-
year 17 ^2. Jan\es Macbride, th fome others, explored this, country
in 1754! Col. l5aniel Boon a.iO villted it in 1769.

Four years after, Col. Boon and iiis family, with fome other fan:!-
lies, who were joined by a i^w men from Powel's valley, began tlie
Ictti'ment of Kentuckv, wliicli is now one of the molt growing colo-
nies, perhaps, in the world ; and was ereded into an independent Itate;
by act of Cfongrefs, in December 1790, and received into the Union
in June 1792.

The tra6t of country called Vermont; was once claimed both by
NeAV-Vork and New-Hamplbire. When hoililities commenced be-
tween Great-Britain and her Colonies, the inhabitants confiderlni;-
themfelves as in a ilate of nature, as to civil government, and not
within any legal iurifclltlion, aflbciated and formed for tliemfelves a
coai^litution of government. Under this coniHtution, they have coati-
f irued to exercife all the powers of 5n independent rtate. Vermont

^ra3 not admitted Into linldn v.-Ilh the other itates till 1791 ; vet it m-y
be ventured to date her political exiftencc, as a feparate government.,
from the year 1777, becaufe, lince that tirrie, Vermont hai, to all ir-
tcuts and purpofes, been a iovcrcign and independent State. The firlt
fcttlemcnt in this Itate was made at Bennington as early as 1764, or
thereabouts.

^^OKTH AMERICA

Comprehends all that part of the rvellern continent which lies north
of the ilthmus of Darien, extending north and fouth frotn about the
loth deg. north lat. to the north pole ; and ealt and welt from the
Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, between the 35th and i68th degrees of
weft long, from Greenwich. Beyond the 7Cth degree north lat. few
difcoverles have been made. In juiy 1779, Gapt. Cook proceeded as
:* !!• as lat. 71'', when he c^me to a folid body of ice extending from
C(jntinent to continent.

Division 01- North America. — This vaft track of country is bound-
ed weft by the Pac'fic Ocean, fouth and eaft by Callforuio, New
Mexico and Loulfiana, tin; United States, Canada and the Atlantic
^r?an-, and, cytenuing as far north as tli^ couufy is habitable, a few
l-JritKh, French, and fome other Earojiean feti'.\ tats excepted, i-;
])(;opled wholly by various nations and tribes of Indians. The Indians
alfo poffefs large trads of country within the Spanifh America, and
(■iritilli dominions. Thofe parts of North America, not inhabited by
J'ldians, including Greenland, belong to Denmark, Great Britain, the
American States, and Spain. Spain claims Eaft and Weft Florida,
and all weft of the MiniUpi, and fouth of the northern boHndaiies of
I.ouifiana, New Mexico and California. Great Britain claims all the
Cf.untry inhabited by Europeans, lying north and eaft, of the United
States, except Greenland, which belongs to Denmark. North Ame-
rica contains the United States, Weft Greenland, Britifh America,
•-ind part of Spanilh America, inclviding the foUovnng States and Pro-
vinces.

. C

^•??

■ I

:i;i

il { :

Countries, Provinces
and States.

Weft Greenland

New Britain
Upper Canada
Lower Canada
Newfoundland
Cape Breton I.
New Brunfwick.
Nov'a Scotia J
St. John's Ifl. ]'

DIVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICA.

Chief Towns,

}

Vermont
Newhampfliire
Maflachufetts
Diftria of Maine
Rhode Illand
Connecticut
New York
New Jerfey
PennfylvanicU
Delaware
Maryland
Virginia
Kentucky'
North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia

}

TABLE.

Number of
Irhabitants.
Belonging to Denmark.

10,000 New Herrnhut

BRITISH rROVINCES.

unknown

20,000 Kingfton, Detroit, Niagara

130,000 Quebtc, Montreal

7,000 Placentia, St. John's

1,000 Sidney, Loulfburg

^ ^^^ Frederlcktown

35'°^° Halifax

5,000 Charlottetown

OF AMERICA.

Windlbr, Rutland
Portfmouth, Concord
Bofton, Salem, Newbury Port
Portland, Hallo^vell, Pownalb.
Newport, Providence

in 1783

UNITED STATES

85^539

141,885

378,787
96,540

68,825

237,94^5
340,120

New Haven, Hartford

New York, Albany
184,139 Trenton, Burlington, Brunfwick
434»373 Philadelphia, Lancaller

59,094 Dover, Wilmington, Newcaftle
319,728 Annapolis, Baltimore
747,610 Richmond, Peterlb. Norfolk

73,677 Lexington
393»75i Newbern, Edenton, Halifax

Charlefton, Columbia

Savannah, Augufta

Knoxvllle, Naihvllle, Greavillc

Marietta

249*073
82,548
Territory S. of Ohio* 35,691
Territory N. W. of Ohio

SPANISH PROVINCES.

Eaft Florida Aiiguftlne

Weft Florida Peniacola

Loulfiana New Orleans

New Mexico St. Fee

California St. Juan /

Mexico, or New Spain Mexico

Baffin's Bay, lying between the 70th and 80th degrees north lat. is
the largeft and moft northern th'at has yet been dikovered In North
America. It opens into the Atlantic ocean tlirough Baffin's and
Davis's Straits, between Cape Chldley, on the Labradr.r coaft, and
Cape Farewell. It communicates with Hudfon's Bay .0 the foutii,
through a clufter of Illands. In tlils capacious bay or gulph, is James'
Ifl and, the fouth point of which is called Cape Bedford j and the
fmaHer iflands of Waygate and Difko. Davis's Straits feparate Green-
land from the American continent, and are between Cape Walfuig-

* The above number ?f inhabitanu arc accurately calculated down to the' pfcfet
Ipctiod. '^

■^n

|»am, c

Ini

^ismm

BIVISIONS or NORTH AMERICA.

it, Niagara

ihn's

■g

cord

Vewbury Port

veil, Pownalb.

lencc

rtford

iny

ton, Brunfwick

ncarter

on, Newcaftle

nacre

rib. Norfolk

on, Halifax

mbia

fta

.'IJle, Grenvillc

ees north lat. n
ivered In North .
,h Baffin's and
idor coaft, and
' lo the fouth,
rulph, is James'
Iford j and the
feparate Green-'
Cape Walfuig-

•

iiv'n to the prcfsE:

galled Cape Farewell. ^ ^ i j-r j

Hudfon's Bay took, its name from Henry Hudfon, who dilcovered
it in 1610. It lies between ^i and 69 degrees of north lat. The
«aitern bomidery of the Bay is Terra de Labrador ; the northern part
lias a llraight coaft facing the bay, giiarded with a line of iiles innu-
merable. A vaft bay, called the Archiwiimipy bea, lies within it,
and opens into Hudfon's bay, by means of gul]ih Hazard, through
which the Beluga whales pafs 'in great numbers. 1 be entrance of the
Bay, from the Atlantic ocean, after leaving, to th^ north, Cape
Farewell and Davis's Straits, is between Refolutici hies on the north,
Und Button's Ifles, on the Labrador coaft, to the fouth, forming the
•^aftern extremity of Hudfon's Straits.

" The coafts are very high, rocky and rugged at top j in fome places
Wery rteep, but fometimes exhibit extenfive beaches. The iflanUs of
Saliibury, Nottingham and Ivigges, are very lofiy and naked. The
•depth of water in the middle of the Bay is about 140 fathoms. PVom
iCape Churchill to the fouth end of the bay, are regular foundings j
^ear the ftiore, Ihallow, with muddy or fandy bottom. To the north-
^'ard of Churchill, the foundings are irregular, the bottom rocky, and
%n fome parts the rocks appear above the furlace at low water.

James' Bay lies at the bottom, or mort fouthera part of Hudfon's

Bay, with which it communicates, and divides New Britain from

South Wales. To the northweftward of Hudfon's nay Is an extenlive

;jth?.in of lakes, among which Menlchlick, Lat. 61°, long. 105'' W.

•North of this, is Lake Dobount, to the northward of wluch lies the

!jtxtenfive country of the northern Indians. Weft of thele lakes, be-

■iween the latitudes of 60 and 66 degrees, after palfnig a large clufter

'•f unnamed lakes, lies the lake or fea Arathapefcow, whofe fouthern

ihores ai;e inhabited by the Arathapefcow Indians. North of this, and

'Iftear the Arftic circle, is Lake Edlande, around wliich live the Dog-

#ibbed Indians. Further north, is Buffalo Lake, near v.liich, is

Copper Mine River, In lat. 72** N. and long. 119* W. of Greenwich.

nhe Copper Mine Indians inhabit this country.

I Between Copper Mine River, which is faid to empty into the Nor-
liheru fea, where the tide rifes 12 or 14 feet, and which in its \\holc
"Courfe is encumbered with ftioals and falls, and the north-weft coalV of
^orth America, is an extenfive traft of unexplored country. Defcending
'from north to fouth on the wertern coaft of America, jurt fouth of the
; Ardlc circle^ Cape Prince of Wales, oppofite Eaft Cape on the eaft-
■%rn continent, appears; and here the two continents appioach nearefl.
;to each other. Proceeding fouthward, are Norton Sound, Cape Ste-
^yhen's, Shoalnefs, Briftol Bay, Prince William's Sound, Cook's
'_ River, Admiralty Bay, and Port Mulgrave, Nootka Sound, &c.
From, Nootka Sound proceeding fouth. is the unexplored country of •
New Albion, thence to Californio aijd New Mexico.

' i

il IJ

NEW BRITAIK.

BRITISH AMERICA.

i^">

SIVUATJON AND EXTENT.

Under the f^fnerd name of Britifh America, vvc comprehend the vy4
extent of country, bound jcl foiith, by the United States of Amrrica
and the Atlantic ocean ; call, b\ the fame ocean and Davis's Straits,
\vhich divide it from Greenland, extending north to the northern 11-
mits of the Hudfo'i's bay charter j and weftward indefinitely -Lyinir
lictween 42*^30' and 'jo^ north latitude ; and between 50^ and 96^ W.
Ion. from Greenwich.

DivisioNs. -Britini America is divided into four Provinces, viz.
Upper Canada ', Lower Canada, to which are annexed New Eriiain,
or the country lying round Hudfon's Bay, and the Ilknd of Cape Bre-
ton, which in 1784 was formed into a feparate government by the
name of Svdney ; New Erunfwick j Nova Scotia, to which is annex-
ed the Jll'and of St. John's. Befides thel'e, there is tlie llland of
Newibundland. The number of people in the whole of the northern
Britidi colonies is perhaps 160,000 or i8o,oOo.

New Britain, or the country lying round Hudfon's Bay, and com,
monly called the country of the Elquimaux, comprehending Labrador,
New Nortn and South Wales, has obtained the general name oF New
Britain, and is attached to the government of Lower Canada. It is
bounded by unknown lands and frozen feas, about the Pole, on the
3iortli j by the Atlantic ocean on the eaft ; by the bay and river of St.
Lawrence, and Canada, ou tlie iLuth •, and by unknown lands en tlic
^\ti\. Its length is computed to be about 8 50 miles, and 750 broaci.

McuNTAfNS. In this country, towards the north, are very lofty
mountains, which are perpetually covered with fnow j and the winds,
blowing from thence generriUy three quarters of the year, occafion
fuch a degree of cold in the winter over all North America, that the
like is not experienced in any o;her, part of the world in the fame lati-
tude.

Rivers.— The principal rivers which water this country, are the
Wager, Monk, Seal, Pockcrckelko, Churchill, Nelfon, Hayes, New
Severn, Albany and Moofe rivers, all which empty into Hudfon's and
James' Bay from the \v'jft. The miouths of all chefc rivers are fdled
with ilioals, except Churchill's, in ^vhich the largell Ihips may lie;
but ten miles higher, the channel is obftrufted by fand banks. All
the rivers, as far as they hf-ve been explored, are full of rapids and ca-
tarafts, many fathoms perpendicular. Down thefe rivers the Indian
traders find a quick paffage ; hut their return is a labour of many montlis.

This country is extremely barren, almoft palt the efforts of cultiva-
tion. The furface is every where uneven, and covered with mallesot
Itone of an amazing fize. It is a country of fruitlefs valleys and fright-
ful mountains, fome of an allonilhing height. The valleys are full of
lakes, formed not from fprings, but rain and fnow, fo chilly as to
be produftive of a few fmall trout only. The mountains have here and
theie a blighted (hrub, or a little mofs. The vallies are full of crook-
ed, Hunted trees, pines, fir, birch and cedars, or rather a fpecics of
the juniper. Every kind of European feed hitherto fown in tliis in-
hofpitable climate has perilhed ; but it is thought that if the fe.:>.l of
corn from the northern parts of Sweden and Nor^vay was introduced,

IS,

NEW BRITAIN.

end the vaii
of Amf rica
vis's Straits,'
northern 11-
telv — Lvintr
and96^"\V.

avlnces, viz.
.'c\v Britain,
of Cape Bre-
ment b}' the
icli is annex-
le Illand of
:he northern

ly, and com,
ig- Labrador,
lame cF New
mada. It is
Pole, on the
1 river of St.
lands en the
1 750 broad.
e very lofty
d the winds,
ear, occafion
ica, that the
he fame lati-

ntry, are the
Hayes, New
Jiudfon's and
iTS are filled
ips may lie ;

hanks. AU
apids and ca-
s the Indian
nany montlis.
•ts of cultivu-
vith malles ot
ysand fright-
ys are full of

chilly as to'
bave here and
full of crook-
• a fpecics of
m in tills in
If the fo. .; of
s introducL'ci,

it would be prodaaive, as a great deal depends upon the place uhere
the feed comes from. In lat. 6o«, on this coart, vegetation ceales.
The whole Ihore, like that on the weft, is laced with lilands at fome

Uiilancc from land. . , . . .1

Inhabitants, C-'stoms, &c.~The inhabitants among the moun-
fnins are Indians j along the coafts, Eiquimaux. In fonie refpeds they
are very favage. In their (hapes and faces they diHer from the Ame-
ricans who liv;e to the fouthward, and are much more like the Lap-
landers, and thd Samoeids of Europe. They polTefs nunrierous herds
oi" rein-deer, but never think of training them for the (ledge j they
apply their dogs to that ufe, although in general of a very fmall itze.
The laudable zeal of the Moravian clergy induced them, in the year
1752, to fend minionaries from Greenland to this country. They fix-
ed on Nefhit's harbrur for their fettlement j but of the firft party,
i'ome of them were killed, and the others driven away. Two years
after, under the proteaion of the Britini Government, another at-
tempt ivas made, which proved more fuccefsful.

Climate.— The climate, even about Haye's river, in only lat. 57 ,
is, during winter, exceffively cold. The fnows begin to fall in Oao-
ber, and continue falling by intervals the whole winter, and, when
jthe froll ismoft rigorous, in form of the fineft fand. 'fhe ice on the
river is eight feet thick. Port wine freezes into a folld mafs j brandy
coagulate?. The very breath falls on the blankets of the beds in the
form of a hoar froll, and the bed clothes are often found frozen to the
wall. The fun rifes^ in the ftiortert day, five minutes paft nine, and
fcts five minutes before three, in the longell day the fun rifes at three,
and fets about nine. The ice begins to difappear in May, and hot
weather commences about the middle of June, which at times is fo
violent as to fcorch the faces of the hunters. Thunder is not frepuent,
but very violent. But there muil be a great difference of heat and
cold in this vaft extent, which reaches from lat. 50*^ 40' to lat. 6^ N.
Durin"- winter the firmament Is not without its beauties. Mock funs,
halos,'are not unfrequent •, they are very bright, and richly tinged with
all the colours of the ralndow. The fun rifes and fets with a large
cone of yellowifii light. The night is enlivened with the Aurora Bo-
rcalls, which fpreads a thoufand different lights and colours over the
whole concave of the Iky, not to be defaced even by the fplendor o£
the full moon ; and the liars are of a fiery rednels.

Animals. — The animals of thefe countries are, the moofe deer, flags,
rein deer, bears, tygers, buffalos, wolves, foxes, beavers, otters,
lynxes, martins, fqulrrels,__ermlnes, wild cats, and hares. The fea-
thered kinds are geefe, builards, ducks, growfej and all manner of
wild fowls. Indeed multitudes of birds retire to this remote country,
to Ladrador and Newfoundland, from places mo: motely fouth, per-
haps from the Antilles •, and fome even of the moit delicate HttiJe fpe-
.cies. Moft of them, with numbers of aquatic fowls, are feen return-
ing fouthward with their young broods to more favourable climates.
The favages in fome refpeas regulate their months by the appearance
of birds •, and have their goofe month, from the vernal appearance of
geefe fsom tht; fouth. All the growie kind, ravens, cinereous crows,
titmoufe, and Lapland finch, brave the fevereft winter ; and feveral of
ihe fiicons Aiiu owls fcok melier in the woods. Of fifii, there aie

whalfs, morfc,<, feals, codfiflj, and a white fi(h, preferable to lieTrings j
and in their rivers and trclh waters, pike, perch, carp, and trout.

All the quadrupeds arc clothed with a clofe, foft, warm fur. In
fummer there is, as in other places, a variety in the colours of the fe-
veral anitnnls ; when that feaibn is over, which holds only for three
montlis, they all «flunie the livery of winter, and every fort of hearts,
and even th«ir fowls, an. -of the colour of the fnow ; every thing ani-
mate and inanimate being )Xibjetl to this metamorphofis. What is a
molt iurprirmg and remarkable phenomenon, and what indeed is one
©f the moii ftriklng things that draw the moft inattentive to an admi-
ration of the wifdom and goodnefs of Providence, is, that the dogs and
cats Irom Britain that have been carried into Hudfon's Bay, on the
apprtvach of winter, have entirely ch-mged their appearance, and ac-
tfuirtd a much longer, fofter, and thicker ccat of hair than they had
originally.

DmcovEKY AND GoMMERC'^.— The knowledge of thefe northern fea«
and countries was owing to a projcft llarted in England for the dif-
corcry of a north well paffage to China and the Kaft Indies, as early as
the year 1576. Since then it has been frequently dropped and as often
revived, but never yet completed ; and from the late voyages of dil"-
coyery it fecms probable, that no pradicablc paflage ever can lie found.
Frobi/her difcovered the Main of New Britain, or Terra de Labrador,
iind thcie ftraits to which he has given his name. In i ^85, John Davis
Jailed from Portfmouth, and viewed that and the more' northern coatts,'
but nc leems never to have entered the bay. Hudfon made three
voyages on the fame adventure, the firlt in 1607, ^^e fecond in 1608,
mid his third and lalt in 1610. This bold and judicious navigator en-
tered the Itraits that lead into the bay known by his name, coalled a
pat pa« of rt, and penetrated eighty degrees and a half into the
heart oi the frozen zone. His ardor for the difcovery not being abated
fay the duhculties he ftruggled within this empire of winter, and world
oi Iroft and fiiow, he liaid here until the enfuing Ipring, and prepared,
;a the begmnmg of i6ii, to purCue his difcoveries j but his crew, who
iuitered equal hardHups, without the fame fpirit to fupport them, mu-
tmied, leized upon him and feven of thofe who Were molt faithful tb
lam and cwr-mitted them to the futy of the icy feas, in an open boat.
^laciloa and his compamons were either fwallowed up by the waves
or, gaining the inhofpitable coaft, were deftroycd by the lavages ; thfc
iu)^ and the reil of the men returned home. *

Other attempt.-! towards a difcovery were made In i6j5* and 1667 ;
and a patent tor planting the country, with a charter for the company,
•J^vas obtained in the year 1670. In 1646 Captain Ellis wintered as
iar north as 57 ciegrces and a half, and Captain Chriftopher attempted
iarther diicoveries in 1661. But beiides thefe voyages, oTeat merit is
to be attributed to the Hudfon's Bay Company for a journey by land,
winch throvcs mucli additional light on this matter, by atFording what
may be called demonltration, how much farther north, at lealt infomc
parts ottneir voyage, ftiips mull go, before they can pafs from one
lide ot America to the other. The northern Indians, who came dot^m
to tlie company's factories to trade, had brought to their knowledge a
nyer, which, on account of much conoer hp'twir found neof it had ob>
tm^ ih^ name oixke Copper Mine River. ^The company bcin^d^x

1, mu-

■<w

firous of examining Into this matter with precldon, comnaHTIoned Mr.
Hearne, who having been brought up for the navy, and i'erved iix it
for i'everal years, was extremely well qualified for the purpofe, to pro-
ceed over land, under the convoy of thole Indians, for that river ;
which he had orders to furvey, if poflible, quite down to its entrance
into the fca j to make obfervations for fixing the latitudes and longi-
tudes ; and to bring home maps and drawings, both of it and the coun-
tries through which he fhould pafs.

From the map therefore which Mr. Heamc conftrufted of this fin-
gular journey, it would appear, that the mouth of the Copper Mine
river lies in latitude 72" N. and longitude 25*^ W. from Churchill
river; that is, about up® W. of Greenwich. Mr. Heame's journey
back from the Copper Mine river to Churchill lailed ahnoft a year
and feven months. The unparalleled hardfliips he fuflfered, and th*
effential fervice he performed, have met with a fuitabia leward from
his conftituents. He has been fever?.! years governor of Prince cf
Wales's Fort, on Churchill river, v/aere he was talven prifoaer by the
French in 1782.

Though the adventurers failed in the original purpofe for which they
navigated this bay, their projecSl, even in its failure, has been of great
advantage to Britain. The vail countries which lurround Hudfon's
Bay, as we have already obferved, abound with, ammak, whofe fur
and fkins are excellent. I« 1670, a charter was granttid to a rtuiu-
pany, which does iwt confiil of above nine or ten perfons, for the e\-
clufivc trade to this bay, and they have afted mider it ever fince with
great benefit to themfelves, though comparatively with little advan-
tage to Britain. The fur and peltry trade might be carried on to a
much greater extent, were it not entirely in the hands of this exclu-
five company, whofe interelled, not to fay iniquitous fpirlt, has been
the fubjeft of long and juft complaint. The company employ ioat
fliips, and about 130 feamen. They have feveral forts, via. Prince of
Wales's fort, Churchill river, Nelfon, New Severn, and Albany,
which Hand on the weft fide of the bay, and are garrifonfid well. The
French, in 1782, took and deltroyed thefe forts, and the fettlements,,
&c. laid to amount to the value ef 500,0001. They export commodi-
ties to the value of i6,oool. -md carry home returcs to the value of
29»34'^^- which yield to the revenue 3734I. This includes the £lhsry
in Hudfon's Bay. This commerce, fmall as it is, aflbrdj immenfe
profits tc the company, and even foiae advantages to Britain in gene-
ral ; for the commodities exchanged with the Indians for their ikins
and furs, are all raanufadured in Britain j and as the Indians are net
very nice in tlieir choice, fuch things are fent of which there is the
greateft plenty, and which, in the mercantile phrafe, arc drugs.
Though the workraanfliip, too, happens to be in many refpe^s fo defi-
cient that no civilized people would take it, it may be admired among
the Indians. On the other hand, the fkins and furs brought from.
Hudfou's^ Bay are manufadured, and afford articles for trading witk
many nations of Europe to great advantage. Thefe cireurartances
prove the imrnenfe benefit that would redound to Britain, by throwing
open the trarie tn Hudfon's Bay, lince even in. i«s prefent rci*raiHcd
ftate it is fo advantageous. The only attempt made to trade with La-
brador has been direded towaida the filhery. Great Brixaia ha* si.

9 •

VrrtK AND LOWER CANADA.

I Hi'

Jiifc

III'

1: 11

fettlement here. The annual produce of the filliery amotfnts to up.
tvards of 49,000!.

UPPER AND LOWER CANADA.

Length
Breadth

14007

between

C6i a
]i4l

])e;;rces.

SITUATION AND EXTENT.

Miles.

and 81 W. Lon. from London, c
E. and 6 W. from Philadelphia.
30 and 52 N. Latitude.

Boundaries.- -Bounded north, by New Britain ; ealt, by the fame
and the Gulph of St. Lawrence ; fouth-eafl; and Ibuth, by New Brunf-
wick, the Diftrid of Maine, New Hampihire, Vermont, New York,
and the Lakes ; the weftern boundery is undefined. The Province of
Upper Canada is the fame as what is commonly called the Upper
Country. It lies north of the great Lakes, between the latitudes of
42*^ 30' and 50®, and is feparated from New York by the river St.
Lawrence, here called the Cataraqui, and the Lakes Ontario an<i
Erie.

Lower Canada lies on both fides the liver St. Lawrence, betweerf
61" and 71® W. lon. from London ; and 45° and 52*^ N. lat. and U
bounded fouth by New Brunfwick, Maine, New Harapfliire, Vermont
and New York ; and weft by Upper Canada.

The line which divides Upper from Lower Canada commences at
a ftone boundary, on the north bank of the Lake St. Francis, at the
Cove weft of Pointe au Boudet, thence in a northerly courfe until it
llrikes the Ottawas river ; it afcends the faid river into the Lake
Tomifcaning j and from the head of faid lake by a line dra\vn due
north, until it itrikes the boundary line of Hudfon's Bay or New Bri-
tain. Upper Canada, to include all the territory to the weftward and!
louthward of the faid line, to the utmoft extent of the country know-
by the name of Canada.

Rivers. — The river St. Lawrence Is one of the largeft rivers iif
North America. It iffues from Lake Ontario, forming the outlet of
the long chain of great lakes, which feparatc Upper Canada from the
United States.^ It takc:r ':'■<, >:ourfe north-eafl ; vralhes the illand of
Montreal, which it emHofcms ; ii'i above which it receives Ottawas
from the weft, and for rv* m.-my ortile illands. Continuing the fame
courfe, it meets the tide upwards of 400 miles from the fea, and Is fa
far navigable for large veifels. Having received in its courfe, be fides
Ottawas, St. John's, Seguina, Defprau-es, Trois Rivieres, and innu-
merable other fmaller ftreams, it falls into the ocean at Cape Rofieres,
where it is about 90 miles broad, and where the cold is intenfe and
the fea boifterous. In its courfe it forms a great variety of bays, har-
bours and iflands, many :ofi'"them fruitful and extremely plea.ant.

A river has lately been turveyed, from its eiitrance into the Bay of
Kenty, near Cadaraqui, to its fources in Lake St. Clie •, from which
tliere is an eafy and ftiort portage acrofs N. W. to the N. E. angle of
Lake Huron ; and another that is neither long nor diflicult, To the
fouthward, to the old fcttlemtnt of Toronto. This is u ihort route-
from Fort Frontinac to Michiliimakkinak.

CuMATE.—. Winter continues v-:th fuch feveritv from December t«

ipril,

UPPER AND LOWER CANADA.

Its to ap-

lOndon, o'
idclphia.

T the fame
ew Bruiif-
Jew York
rovince of
:he Upper
ititudes of
river St.
itario an<4

, betweerf

lat. and !■?

Vermont

iiences at
is, at the
'e until it
the Lake
Irawn due
New Bri-
tvvard and!
;ry know.

rivers iif
: outlet of
: from the

ifland of
3 Ottawas

the fame

and Is f©
e, be fides
and innu •

RofiereK,
tenfe and
)ays, har-
hnt.

\\t Bay of
am which
. anjrle ot
It, to the
lort route

:embcr t»

i.pril, as that the largeft rivers are frozen over, arid the fnow lies
kommonly from four to fix feet deep during the winter. But the air
%{o fcrene and clear, and the inhabitants fa well defended againil the
cold, that this feafon is neither unhealthy nor unpleafar :. The fprinj*
•pens fuddenly, and vegetation is furprifmgly rapid. "he funimer is
, delightful, except that a part of it is extremely hot.

Soil and Produce.- Though the cliinate be cold, and the winter
long and tedious, the foil is in general very good, and in many parts
Jboth pleafan. dnd fertile, producing wheat, barley^ rye, with many
Other forts of grainy fruits and vegetables } tobacco, in particular,
thrives well^ and is much cultivated. The ille of Orleans, near Que-
bec, and the lands upon the river St. Lawrence, :uid other rivers, kre
iiemarkable for the richnefs of the foil. The meadow p-ounds iit Ca-
iada, which a;:e well watered, yield excellent grafs, ai)d feed great
numbers of great and (mall cattle.

- Animals. — Of thefe it is intended to give a full defcription, under
the head of the United States, as being a moil gratifying and enter-
^ laining branch of the Work, ajid which will at once furnifti the
reader with a competent idea of the natural pr .duftions of that exteu-
€ve quarter of the globe. — (See United States Animals.)

Principal Towns.— Quebec is the capital, not only of Lower Ca-
ada, but of all Britifti America,, and is fituated at the conHuence of
he river St. Lawrence and St. Charles, or the Little River, about
20 miles from the fea. It is built on a rock, partly of marble and
trartly of flate. The tbwn is divided into an upper and lower. The
|ioufes are of ftone, and built in a tolerable manner. The fortitica-
llons are ftfongj though not regular. It is covered with a regular and
lieautiful citadel, in which the governor reiides. The number of in-
habitants down to the prefent moment may be computed at 15 or
iOjOOo; The river, which from the fea hither is four or five leagues
road, naifuws all of a fudden to about a mile wide. The haven, which
lies oppofite the town, is fafe and commodious, and is from 20 to 25
>j|ilthoms deep.
, From Quebec to Montreal, which is about 170 miles, in failing up
the river St. Lawrence, the eye is p'efented with beautiful landfcapes,
he banks being in many places very bold and fteepj and (haded wiili
fty trees. The farms lie pretty clofe all the way, feveral gentle-
en's houfes, neatly built, (how thcmfelves at intervals, and there is
1 the appearance of a flouriftiing colony j but there are few towns or
irillages. It is pretty much like the well fettled parts of Virginia and
Maryland, where the planters are wholly within themfelves. Many
beautiful iflands are interfperfed in the channel of the river, which
fiave an an agreeable effect upon the eye. After pafling the Richelieu
iflands, the air becomes fo mild and temperate, that the traveller
thinks himfelf tranfported to another climate j but this is to be under-
llood only in the fummer months. ^

The toAvn called Trois Riveres, is about half way between Quebec
and Montreal. It is much reforted to by feveral nations of Indians,
who by means of thefe rivers come hither and trade with the inhabit-

[fertile in corn, fruit, &.c. and great numbers of handfome houfes Hand
I on both fides the river.

lilt

i I

li N

r: 1

tl UPPER AND LOWER CANADA.

Montreal ftands on an Ifiand in the river St. Lawrence, which is teit
leagues in length and four in breath, at the foot of a mountain which
gives name to it, about half a league from the fouth (here. While
the French had poffeflion of Canada, both the city and ifland of JVIon-
iit:ai belonged to private proprietors, who had improved them fo well,
that the whole illand had become a moll delightful fpbt, and produced
every thing tliat could adminirter to the convenience of life. The
city forms an oblong fquare, divided by regular and well formed
Itreets ; and when it fell into the hands af Britain the houfes were
built in a very handfome manner ; and every houfe might be fecn at
one view from the harbour, or from the fouthernmoil fide of the river,
as the hill on the fide of which the town rtands falls gradually to the
water. This place is furrounded with a wall and a dry ditch ; and its-
fortifications have been much improved by the Britiih. Montreal is
nearly as large ■'•? Quebecj containing about 600 houfes, which are in
general built in an indifferent itile ; fince it has come into the poffef-
(ion of Britain it has fuffered greatly by fires.

The principal towns in Upper Canada are Kingfton, on Lake Onta-
rio, formerly called Frontinack, and containing upwards of 100 houfes.
In tliis town a garrifon is kept up of one company for the d'ifence oi
the king's flores, where they are lodged as a place of depofit. Part
of old Fort P>ontinack remains ; the belt pa!rt is the magazine. This
town is 200 miles from Montreal, and 150 from Niagara. Niagara,,
fituated between Lake Ontario and Lake Erie \ and Detroit, fituated
on the wellern bank of Dedroit river, between Lake Erie and Lake
Huron, and nine miles belo^v Lake St. Clair.

GovKRNMENT. • The legiilative council confifts of no fewer tha;n
ieven members for Upper, and fifteen for Loner Canada, to be fum-
moned by the governor, who muii be authorifed by the king. Such
member^; are to hold their feats for life, unlefs forfeited by four years
continual abfencc, or by Avearing allegiance to fome foreign powers.

The houi'e of aflfembly is to confiil of not lei's than fixteen member?
from Upper, and not lefs than fifty from Lower Canada, chofen by
the freeholders in the feveral towns and diftrifts. The council and
aflemhiy are to be called together at leaft once in every year, and
every alTenibly is to continue four years, unlefs fooner diflolved by the
governor. All quelllous are to be decided by a majority of votes of
the members prci'cnt. The governor is authorifed to fix the time and
place of holding the eledions ; to nx the times and places of holding
the feiTions of the alTembly, and to prorogue and difiblve the fame
whenever he fliall judge it nccelfary.

The governor, together with fuch of the executive council as may
be appointed, for the affairs of each province, are to be a court of
civil jurifdidtion for hearing and determining appeals, fubjeiV however
to fuch appeals from their judgment as heretofore exilled.

Rritifla America is fuperintcndcd by an Officer ilyled governor ge-
neral of the four Britiih provinces in North America, who, befides
other pov.crs, is <;ommander in chief of all the Britiih troops in the
four provinces and the governments attached to them, and Newfound-
land. Each of the provinces has a lieutenant governor, who, in the
abfcnce of the. governor general, has all the powers requifite to a chict

■ fg'cs, a

in ever

be forn:

as afor(

every fi

ed, wh

J, conditi(

A and tht

'% diclion

Tra

in the ;

the fan

bifcuit,

und otl

amouni

fes, CO

ni'iei

Urate,

ISLAND OF NEWFOLXDLAND.

o V

■^.3

ihich is te;r
tain which
e. While
id of Mon-
:m lb wel),
i produced
life. The
dl formed
lOufes were
be feen at
f the river,
illy to the
:h ; and its
klontreal is
hich are in
the poffef-

■ake Onta-
:bo houfes.
d'ifence o|
3fit. Part
ine. This
Niagara^
t, fituated
and LaivC'

ewer than
to be fum-
ng. Such
four years
1 powers.
I member?
chofen by
ouncil and
year, and
'ed by the
f votes of
: time and
)F hplding
the fame

il as may
I court of
V however

;rernor ge-
o, beiides
)ps in the
Jewfound-
lio, in the
to a chic^

/.r

PoPULATroN.—Upper Canada, though an infant fettlement, is faid
hy fome to contain about 30,000 inhabitants. Lower Canada con-
.<ains about 1 18,000 fouls.' Both provinces may now contain about
150,000 fouls, which number is multiplying both by natural Increale

and bv emigrations. „ , . .

Religion.— About nine tenths of the inhabitants of thefe provinces
are Roman Catholics, who enjoy under the prefent government, the
fame provifions, rights, and privileges, that were granted in 1774.
The reft of the people are Epifcopalians, jPrelbyterians, and a few of
almoft all the different feds of Chriftians.

Agreeably to conftitution, his Majefty may authorife the governor
to make allotment of lands, for the fupport of a proteftant clergy in
each province, out of the crown lands already granted j and to the
fame purpofe is to be appropriated the amount of one feventh of the
value of all future grants of lands. His Majefty may authorife the
governor, with tlic advice of the executive council, to ered parfon-
ages, according to the eftablirtiment of the Church of England, with-
in every townlhip or parifli already formed, or which may hereafter
be formed, and to endow them with fo much of the lands appropriated
as aforefaid as they ftiall judge to be expedient ; and alfo to prelent to
every fuch parfonage a minitter of the church of England, duly ordain-
ed, who is to hold and enjoy in the fame manner, and upon the fame

'I conditions as incumbents in England. But prefentations to parfbnages,

* and the enjoyment of them, are to be fubjed to the ecclefiaftical jurif-
didion granted to the Biihop of Nova Scotia.

Tb.aoe. — The amount of the exports from the province of Quebec,
in the year 1786, was 343,262!. 19s. 6d. The amount of imports in
the fame year was 325,116!. The exports confirted of wheat, dour,
bifcuit, flaxfeed, lumber of various kinds, fifti, potalh, oil, ginfeng,
, ; and other medical roots, but principally of furs and peltries, to the
amount of 285,9771. The imports confifted of rum, brandy, molaf-
fes, coffee, fugar, wines, tobacco, fait, chocolate, provifions for the
troops, and dry goods.

History. — Tlijs country was difcovered by the Englifli in the

> year 1497, and fettled by the French in 1608, who kept poffeiilon of

it till 1760, when it was taken by the Britllh, and at the treaty of

• Paris, in 1763, was ceded, by France, to the crown of Britain, to

j<, which it has ever ftnce belonged. • ,

NEWFOUNDLx\ND iSLAND.

Newfoundland is fituated on the eaft of the Gulf of St. Lawrence,
between 46*^ 45', and 51^ 46' north lat. and between 52° 31', and
59*^ 40' weft l«jng. from Greenwich j feparated from Labrador, or
New Britain, by the ftraits of Belleifle j and from Canada, by the
Bay of St. Lawrence j being upwards of 380 miles long and from 4^
1^ to about 50 miles broad. The coafts are extremely fubjed to fogs,
/ yttended with almoft continual florms of fnow and lleet, the fky being'
, ,u ufually overcaft. From the foil of this illand the Britilh reap no great
advantage, for the cold is long continued and i'evere j and the fummer
heat, though violent, warms it not enough o produce any thing va-
luable J for the foil, at leaft in thofe parts of the iiland which have.
^een explored, is rocky aud barren. Xivvvevcr, it is vvutcrcd by fcvc-

5Sr«,'.#

ISLAND OF CAPE BRETON.

i:al good rivers, and has many large and good harbours. This ifland^
affords a large fupply of moft valuable wood. But what at prefent it'
is ftill more valuable for, is the great fiQiery carried on upon thofe
Ihoals, which are called the Banks of Newfoundland. Great Britain
and the United States, at the lowed computation, annually employ
3000 fail of fniall craft in this fiihery ; on board of which, and on
fhore to cure and pack the fiih, are upwards of 100,000 hands j fo that
this fiihery is not only a very valuable branch of trade to the merchant,
but a fource of livelihood to fo many thoufands of induftrious people,
and a moft excellent nurfery to the navies of Britain and the United
States. This fiihery is computed to increafe the national ftock of Bri-
tain 300,0001. a year in gold and filver, remitted for the cod fold in the
North, in Spain, Portugal, Italy, and the Levant. The plentifulnefs
of cod, both on the greater and lefler banks, which lie to the eaft and
fouth-eaft of this ifland, is inconceivable ; and not only cod, but feve-
ral other fpecies of filh, are caught there in abundance j all of which
are nearly in an equal plenty along the fliores of Newfoundland, Nova
Scotia, New England, and the lite of Cape Breton j and very profit-
able filheries are carried on upon all their coafts. '

This Ifland, after various difputes about the property, was ceded to
Britain j but the French were left at liberty to dry their nets on the
northern Ihores of it, and to fifli in the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; with
i^his limitation, that they fhould not encroach upon the coafts belonging
to Britain. The fmall iflands of St. Pierre and Miquelon, fituatedto
the fouthward of NewfoundlandjWere ceded to the French, who ftipulat^
ed to ered no fortifications «ri them, nor to keep more than 50 foldiers
to enforce the police. The chief towns in Newfoundland, are, Pjq-
centia, Bonavifta, and St. John's j but not above 1000 families remain
here in winter. A fmall fquadron of men of war are fent out every
fpring to proteft the filheries and inhabitants, the admiral of which,
for the time, is governor of the ifland, befides whom there are two
lieutenants governor, one at Placentia, and the other at St. John's.

SYDNEY, OR THE I5LAND of CAPE BRETON.
Annexed to the Province of Lower Canada.

The ifland, or rather coUeAion of iflands, called by the French Les
Ifles de Madame, which lie fo contigious as that they are commonly
called but one, and comprehended under the name of the Ifland o(
Cape Breton, lies between lat. 45° 28' and 47*. N. and between 59*^
44' and 61^ 29' W. long, from London, and about 45 leagues to the
caftward of Halifax. It is about 109 miles in length, and from 20 to
84 in breath j and is feparated from Nova Scotia by a harrow ftrait,
called the Gut of Canfo, which is the communication between the
Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of St. Lawrence, ^ '

It is furrounded with many Iharp pointed rocks, feparated from each
other by the waves, above which fome of their tops are vifible, and
interfered with lakes and rivers. The great Brafs D'Or is a very ex-
tenfive flieet of water, which forms into various branches, and opens an
cafy communication with all parts of the ifland. All its harbours are
open to the eaft, turning towards the fouth. On the other parts of
the coaft there are but a few anchnringr places for fmall veffels, in
creeks, or between iflets. The harbour of St. Peter!s, at the weft

ISLAND OF CAPE BRETON.

2.5

This ifland^
It prefent it'

upon thofe
rreat Britain
lally employ
lich, and on
mds J fo that
le merchant,
ious people,
i the United
ftock of Bri-
d fold in the
plentifulnefs
the eaft and
jd, but feve-
all of which
dland, Nova
I very profit-
was ceded to
r nets on the
'rence ; with
fts belonging
n, fituated to
who ftipulat^
m 50 foldiers
id, are, Ph-
nilies remain
It out every
al of which,
fere are two
3t. John's.

ON.

French Les
■e commonly
the Ifland of
Detween 59®
agues to the
d from 20 to
jar row ft rait,
between the

:ed from each
! vifible, and
is a very ex-
and opens an
harbours are
(ther parts of
ill veflels, in
, at the weft

I-

end, is is a very commodious place for carrying on the fishery. This
ifland was once confidered as annexed to Nova Scotia, in refpeft to
matters of government, till 1784, when it was ereded into a feparate
government by the name of Sydney,

Soil and PRODucTroNS.— There is a great proportion of arable land
on this ifland •, and it abounds in timber and hard wood, fuch as pine,
beach, birch, maple, fpruce, and fir.

Population, Chief Towns, &c.— On this ifland there are about
;iooo inhabitants, who have a governor refident among them. Iflc
Madame, which is an appendage to this government, is fettled for the
mort part with French Acadians, about 80 families, whofe chief em-
ployment is the fifliery at Aflimot, the principal harbour in this little
ifland. The principal towns are Sydney, the capital, and Louilburg,
which has the beft harbour in the ifland.

This ifland may be confidered as the key to Canada, and the very
valuable fifhery in its neighbourhood depends for its protedion on the
pofleflion of it j as no nation can carry it on without fome convenient
harbour of ftrength to fupply and proteft it, and LouIflx>urg is the
principal one for thefe purpofes.

Trade. — The peltry trade was ever a very inconfiderable objedV.
It confifted only in the fkins of a few lynxes, elks, mufk-rats, wild
cats, bears, otters, and foxes, both of a red, filver, and grey colour,
iiome of thefe were procured from a colony of Micmac Indians, who
had fettled on the ifland with the French, and never could raife more
than 60 or 70 men able to bear arms. The reft came from St.
John's or the neighbouring continent. Greater advantages are now
derived from the coal mines, which are fituated near the entrance of
tiie harbour, the working of which, and the fifliery, are the chief em-
ployment and rtudy of the inhabitants. They lie in a horizontal di-
reftion j and being not more than fix or eight feet below the furface,
may be worked without digging deep, or draining off the waters.
Notwithftanding the prodigious demand for this coal from New Eng-
land, from the year 174J to 1749, thefe mines would probably have
been forfaken, had not the fillips which were fent out to the French
iflands wanted ballall.

In 1743, while this ifland belonged to the French, they caught
enormous quantities of mud-fifli, the value of which, including the oil
drawn from the blubber, amounted to feveral thoufand pounds. In
Ihort, the annual produce of that aftoniftiing trade, has been computed
at no lefs than the fum of one million fterling. Charlevoix, in his hiC
tory of France, fays, " This fifliery is a more valuable fource of
Avealth to France, than even the mines of Peru and Mexico would
be." At prefent the inhabitants of this ifland take about 30,000 quin-
tals of fifli, annually, which are fliipped for Spain and the Straits, prin-
cipally by merchants from Jerfey, in England, who yearly refort here,
and keep ftores of fupplies for the fiftiermen.

History. — Though fome fiftiermen had long reforted to this ifland,
the French, who took poffeflion of it in 17 13, were properly the firit
fetled inhabitants. They changed its name into that of Ifle Royale^
and fixed upon Fort Dauphin for their principal fettlement. This
harbour was two leagues in circumference. The ftiips came to the
very fliore, a .! were flieltered from the wind?. Forefts, affording oak

NOVA SCOTIA, &C.

lit

fufficient to fortify and build a large city, were near at hand ; the
grvmnd appeared Icfs barren than in other parts, and the filhery was
moie plentiful. This harbour might have been rendered impregnable
at a trilling expence ; but the difficulty of approaching it (a circum-
ftance that had at firll made a ftronger impreflion than the advantage^
refulting from it) occafioned it to be abandoned, after great 'abourhad
been bellowed upon the undertaking. They then turned their views
to Louilburg, the accefs to which w^as eafier j and convenience was
thus preferred to fecurity : The fortification of Louifburg, however,
was not be,gun till 1720.

In 1714 fome filliermen, who till then had lived in Newfoundland,
fettled in this illand- It was expefted that their number would foon
have been increafed by the Acadians, who were at liberty, from the
treaties that had been granted them, to remove with all their effe61s,
and even to difpofc of their eitates ; but thefe hopes w-ere difappointed.
The Acadians choofe rather to retain their poffeflions under the domi-
nion of Britain, than to give them up for any precarious advantage they
might derive from France. Their place was fupplied by fome diitreiied
adventurers from Eurupe, who came over from time to time to Cape
Breton j and the number of inhabitants gradually increafed. Ihey
were fettled at Louilburg, Fort Dauphin, Port Touloufe, Neruka,
and on all the coarts where they found a proper beach for drying
the cod.

This ifland remained in poflenion of the French till 1745, when i^
was captured, for the crown of Britain, by a body of troops from Nevv
England, under the command of Lieutenant General VVilliam Pep-
perell.

NOVA SCOTIA.

The Province of Nova Scotia, or New Scotland, was bounded,
before th? late divifion was made, as follows : On the W. by a lirvC
drawn from Cape Sables acrofs the entrance of the Bay of Fundy to
the north of the river St. Croix j by the faid river to its fource •, and
by a line drawn from thence to the {buthern boundary of the colony of
•Quebec : to the northward, by the faid boundary as far as the wellern
extremity of the Bay des Chaleur : To the ealiward, by the faid Bay
and the Oulf of St. Lawrence, to the cape or promontory called Cape
Breton, in the illand of that name, including that illand, the illand of
St. John's, and all other illands within fix leagues of the fliores.

This tiad has a fea coaft of 90 leagues on the fouth, upon the At-
lantic Ocean, from Cape Canfo call, to Cape Sables weft.
Miles. Extent amd Situation.

Length 3177 ,3pt^,ee„ V43* 30' and 4«'' 4' N. lat.

Breadth 2543 |^6r*' and 70^ E. Ion. from London.

The traft bounded as above, and known by the general name of
Nova Scotia, in 1784, was divided into feparate governments, viz.
I. New Brunfwick, on the N. W. 2; Nova Scotia, on the S. E. 3.
St. John's, on the N. 4. Sydney, or Cape Breton, on the N. E. al-
jcady defcribed.

PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

Eot.'KDEr) weft, by the diftrid of Maine, from which it is feparated
Canada line •, north, by the fouthern boundary of the province of Low-

^Ji

NOVA SCOTIA, &C.

e't danada, until it touches the fea fliore at the wcftem extremity of
Chaleur Bay ; then following the various windings of the fea (hore to
the Bay of Vert, in the ftraits of Northum'berknd j on the fouth-eaft
it is divided from Nova Scotia by the feveral windings of the MifTi-
quafli river, from its confluence with Beau Bafin to' its main fource \
and from thence by a due caft line to the Bay of Vert. The northern
(hores of the Bay of Fundy conftitute the remainder of the fouthern
boundary. Ail iilands included in the above limits belong to this
province.

Chief Towns. — The city of St. John's, the capital of this province,
IS fituated on high rocky ground, at the mouth of the river St. John's.
The ftreets are fpacious and regular. It contains about 1500 inhabi-
tants, many of whom live in well built houfes.

St. Anne's, the prefent feat of government, lies about 3o miles up
this river.

Fredericktown, formerly the feat of government, is a few miles a-
hove St. Anne's, at the head of /loop navigation,

St. Andrew's, fituated in the rear of an ifland of that name on the
♦aft fide of an arm-, called Scoodick, of the inner bay of Paflfama-
'juoddy, is very regularly lard out in the form of an oblong fquare.
It has but few houfes, built on a fmall fcale. The few inhabitants It
contains are chiefly employed in the lumber trade.

Rivers, Soil, &.c, — St. John's is the principal river in this pro-
vince. From its entrance into the Bay of Fundy, to its main fource,
it is computed to be 350 miles. The tide flows from 80 to 90 miles
up this river, and is navigable for many miles. Its general courfe from
its fource is E. S. E. It is the common route to Quebec. It fumifh-
es falmon, bafs, and fturgcon. About oite mile above the city of St.
John's is the only entrance into this river. It is about 80 or 100 yards
wide, and about 400 yards in length. This paflage is called the falls
of the river. It being narrow, and a ridge of rocks running acrofs
the bottom of the channel, on which are c t above 17 feet of water,
it is not fulhcientJy fpacious to difcharge the frefli waters of the rivers
above. The common tides flowing here about 20 feet, the w^aters of
the river, at low water, arc about 12 feet higher than the waters of
the fea j at high water, the waters of the foa arc about five feet high-
er than the waters of the river ; fo that in every tide there are two
falls, one outwards and one inwards. The only time of pa/Tmg with
fafety is at the time when the waters of the river are level with the
Tvaters of the fea, which is twice in a tide, and continues not more than
twenty minutes each time. At other times it is almofl impalTable, or
extremely dangerous. This palTage refembljs that at Hell Gate, ncar
New York. The banks of this river, enriclied by the annual frclh-
ets, are excellent land. About 30 miles from the mouth of this ri-
ver commences a fine level country of rich intervale and meadow
lands, well clothed with timber and wood, fuch as pine, beech, elm,
maple and walnut. This river has many tributary Urcams, which fall
into It from each fide, among which are the Oromodo river, the Nafli-
wach, and Madamkifwick, on which are rich intervales, that produce
all kinds of grain in the higheft perfection. This noble river, in its

tlllmPrnnC OnA /•vl-onfilro Kr-nii^Uoo -,.„*„-„ 1 'I 1 ^__ L-L .r

, >.,,!. ... ,,., ttiiviiv J, n.iLtis a::u cmi(.2ic3 it iuiL-c iruci Ot

excellent country, a great part of which is leuled aad under improve-

■ " • t

ll^l

MNn^'r

28 NOVA SCOTIA, &C.

ment. The uplands, in general, are covered wirh" a l^ne gfoWtli of
timber fuch as pine and fpruce, hemlock and haid wood, principally
beech,' birch, maple, and fome afli. The pines on this river are the
largeft to be met with in Britifli America, and afford a confiderable
fupply of large and excellent marts.

There are three rivers which fall into the bay of Paffamaquoddy ;
the largeft is called by the modern Indians the Scoodick j but by De
Mons and Champlaine, Etchemins. Its main fource_isnear Penob-
fcot river, with which the Indians have a communication •, the carry-
ing place between the two rivers is but three miles. The rivers which
fail into Paffamaquoddy Bay have intervales and meadows on their
banks, and were formerly covered with a large growth of timber, as
appears from the remaining large trunks of trees, which are ftill vi-
iible. The Indians fay, that about 50 years ago, in a very dry fea-
fon, a great fire deftroyed moft of the timber on the eart fide of Pafla-
maquoddy Bay, and particularly on the Megegadarick ot Eaftern Ri-
ver, which falls into the bay, where it raged with great violence, and
fpread as far eaftward as the river which falls into the St. John's, and
extended northerly and wefterly beyond the Dickwaffet or Digdequalh
river, which falls into the fame fide of the bay.

The rivers Riftigouche snd Nipifiguit run from weft to eaft into
Chaleur and Nipifiguit bays, which communicate witn the Gulf of St.
Lawrence. The river St. Croix empties itfelf into Paffamaquoddy Bay,
and forms a part of the boundary between New Brunfwick and Main.

Bays and Lakes. — The coaft of this province is indented with nu-
merous bays, and commodious harbours. The principal are Charleur,
Merramichi, and Vert, which is feparated from the Bay of Fundy by
a narrow ifthmus of about i^ miles wide. Bay of Fundy, which ex-
tends nearly 50 leagues into the country j Chenigto or Chignedo Bay,
at the head of Fundy Bay 5 Paffamaquoddy Bay, bordering on the
diftrid of Main. At the entrance of this bay is an ifland granted to
feveral gentlemen of Liverpool in Lancalhire, who named it Campo
Bello. At a very confiderable expence, they attempted to form i
fettlement here, but failed. On feveral other iilands in this bay, there
are fettlements made by people from Maffachufetts. Among the lakes
in this province, which are very numerous, and as yet without names.
Is Grand Lake, near St. John's river, about 30 miles long, and 8 or
10 broad, and in fomc places 40 fathoms deep.

PROVINCE OF NOVA SCOTIA.

Boundaries and Extent. — Nova Scotia is feparated on theN.E.froml
Cape Breton by the Gut of Canfo. On the N. it has a part of the Gulf
of St. Lawrence and the Straits of Northumberland, which feparate it
from the ifland St. John's. On the W. it has New Brunfwick and the
Bay of Fundy ; on the S. and S. E. the Atlantic Ocean. Its greateil
length is from Cape Sable an the S. W. to Cape Canfo on the N. E.
This province contains 8,789,000 acres-, of which three millions have
been granted, and tvco millions fettled and under improvement.

Bays, Lakes, Capes, &c. — This province is accommodated with
many fpacious harbours, hays, and coves of ftielters, equal to any in
|.he world. The Cape and harbour of Canfo are 40 leagues eaftward
of Halifax. Chedabudo Bay is about 10 leagues N. W. of Canio.
(^hebudo Bay, on which U fituatcd the tcwn d Halifax. The other

nas.

NOVA SCOTIA, &C.

•ow'th of
incipally
r are the
fiderable

quoddy •,
t by De
: , Penob-
le carry-
;rs which
on their
mber, as
; Itillvi-
dry fea-
of Pafla-
iftern Ri-
:nce, and.
Iin's, and
igdequalh

I eaft into
ulf of St.
)ddyBay,
ind Main,
with nu-
Charleur,
Fundy by
kvhich ex-
ledo B^y
g on the
jranted to
it Campo
;o form i
Day, there
r the lakes
lut names,
, and 8 or

K.E.from
f the Gulf
feparate it
:k and the
ts greateil
the N. E.
llions have
ent.

lated with
to any in
s eaftward
, of Canio.
The other

'prittcipftl bays are Frederick, George, Torbay, Charlotte, King*s, Bar-
rington, Townfend, St. Mary's, Annopolis Royal, the Bafin of Minas,
and the Bay of Fundy, already mentioned, which wafties the foutherrt
ftiores of New Brunfwick, and the north-weilern Ihores of Nova Sco-
tia. This bay is i2 leagues acrofs from the Gul of Annapolis to St.
John's, the capital of New Brunfwick, and its tides are very rapid.
At the head of Chignedo channel, an arm of this bay, thie fpring tides
rife 60 feet. At the Bafin of Minas, which may be termed the north-
eall arm or branch of this bay, the tides rife 40 feet, and fomttimes
more.

Befides Cape Sable amd Cape Canfb, at the two extremities of this
province, already mentioned, tlrere is Cape Blowmedown, at the fouth-
ern fide of the entrance from the Bay of Fundy into the Bafm of Mi-
nas. This traft of land is reckoned equal in richnefs and fertility to
any in America, producing wheat, rye, barley, oats, and other ve-
getables, in perfetlion and abundance.

The principal lakes are^ Lake Porter, which empties itfelf into the

, ocean about five leagues to the eartward of Halifax. This lake is
about 15 miles in length, and nearly one in breadth, with illands in it.
Potawoek Lake, fo called by the Indians, lies at the head of St. Mar-
garet's Bay, and the main road froni Hilifax to Windfor. The great
lake of Shubenaccadre lies on the ealf fide of the road juft mentioned,
and about 7 miles from it, and 21 miles from Halifax. There is ano'-
thcr lake of confiderable magnitude, called by the French inhabitants
Rofljgnol, lying between Liverpool and Annapolis j the Indians fay
this lake is the main fource of Liverpool and Petit rivers. It has been
a place of refort for the Indians, on account of the convenient hunt-
ing grounds around it. There ire many other lakes and ponds which
idiverfify this province.

^ Rivers.— The principal rivers 'in this province are Annapolis and
Shubenaccadie. The latter rifes within a mile of the town of Dart-
mouth-, bn' the eart fide of Halifax harbour, and empties itfelf into
Cabequid Ba^, taking in its courfe the Slewiack and Gay's rivers St
Mary's^ Antigonifh, Liverpool, Turket, Mufquidoboit, and SiiTiboii
rivers, are of lefs note, all emptying themfelves into Piclou harbour
in the Straits of Northumberland. '

Face op thc Coontr/, MouNTAr-s, Soil and Productions.— Tlie
louthern Ihores of Nova Scotia, to the eye of a ftranger, exhibit an
Untavourable appearance, being in general broken and Itony : but the

_ innunierable iflands along its coafts, coves and harbours, though ae-
nerally compofcd of rocky fubftances, appear by nature defignedfov
the drying of fifh, being covered with materials for filh flakes and (la-
ges J and there is land fufficient for pallures and gardens to ferve the
prpofes of fifhermen. As you advance into the back country it
jvears a more pleafing appearance j and at Cornwallis, Windfor, Hor.
ton, Annapolis, Cumberland, Cobequid, Pidou, and along the nor-
thern (hores of the province, there are extenlive and" well improved
larms. 1 he gradual improvements in hufbandry, which has been en-
couraged by the laudable efforts, and fuccefsful experiments of the

4^tW M ^"^-^y.l^^^y f «bli(hed here, afford reafonable expeL
tllon that Nova Srotia will kp,-,wv,» ,. ti„..„:/i-: 1 ^

i he lands, in general, on the fea coafl of this province, the county

. I

3(9 ' NOVA SCOTIA, &C.

of Lunenburc!' excepted, and a few hills of good land, are rocky, atiA
interfperfcd ivith fvvamps and barrens. The growth in general is a
mixture of fpruce, hemlock, pine, fir, beech, and fome rock maple,
which furnllh an inexhauftible fupply of materials for building Ihips,
and other purpofes.

The moft remarkable land on the fouther fhoren of Nova Scotia is
the high land of Afpotageon, which lies on the promontory which
ieparates Mahone from Margaret's Bay. This land may be feen at a
great diftanCe from the fea, and is the land generally made by (hips
bound from Europe and the Weft Indies to Halifax. The fummit of
this land is about 500 feet perpendicular from the level of the fea.

The Ardois mountain lies between Windfor and Halifax, about 30
miles N. E. from the latter. It is fuppofed to be the higheft land in
the province, and affords an extenfne profpeft of all the high and low
lands about Windfor, Falmouth, and the diitant country bordering oa
the Rafin of Minas.

Fisheries. — The coaft of this province abounds with fifh of various
kinds, as cod, falmon, mackarel, herring, alewives, trout, &c. and
Taeing near to the banks of Newfoundland, Quero, and Sable banks,
fiflieries, under proper management and regulations, might be carried
on with certainty of fuccefs.

Mines and Minerals. — There are mines of eoal aL Cumberland,
and on the call river which falls into Piftou harbour. There are alfo
liraeilone and plafter-of-parls at Windfor, and in the Gut of Canfo,
There is plenty of log and mountain ore in Annapolis townftiip, on the
borders of the Nidau river, and a bloomery erefted there j and from
fbme late fucccfsful experiments, there is a good profped of its be-
coming a great benefit. Some fmall pieces of copper have been found
Lt Cape U'Or. on the north fide of the Bafin of Minas, but not fuf-
ficicnt to ellablifli a well grounded expcftation of any mine rich enough
to defray the expence of working it.

Cascades. — There is a ftream that falls into the head of Milford
haven, over a fall about 40 feet high j and another into the harbour
of St. John's, on the north-eaft (hore of the province, over a fall
about the fame height.

Animals. —In the provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunfwick,
the animals are of the fame kind and defcri-ption as in the northern
parts of the United States, but not fo numerous^

Forts. — Thefe are Fort Edward, at Windfor, capable of containing
200 men ; Annapolis, 100 j Cumberland, 300 j Fort Howe, on St.
John's river, in New Brunfwick, 100 j befides which are barracks,
enclofed in a ftockade, at Cornwallis, for about 50 men. This was the
ilate of thcfe forts in 1783. •

Indians. — Thefe are the Mickmacs, and the tribes called the Mare-
rhltes. The former inhai)it the eaitern (liore, between Halifax and
Cape Breton •, between Cumberland county and the north-cart coaft of
the province, towards Charleur bay ; about the heads of the rivers
which run through the counties of Hants and King's County j and
betAveen Cape Sable and Annapolis Royal. This tribe has about 300
fighting men. The Marechites inhabit the river St. John's, and around
Patuift'ricjuoddy Bayj and have alfo a few fighting iucii ; They arc-
much fuperior in all refpefls to the Mickmacs.

re rocky, atiA
II general is a
; rock maple,
uilding ihips,

ova Scotia is
antcry which ♦
y be feen at a
nade by (hips
he fummit of
if the fea.
ax, about 30
igheft land in
high and low
bordering oa

ifh of various
)ut, &c. and
Sable banks, ij
jht be carried

Cumberland,
""here are alfo
iut of Canfo,
vnihip, on the
re J and from
)e6l of its be-
/e been found
, but not fuf-
le rich enough

id of Milford
I the harbour
:, over a fall

V BrunlVvick,
the northern

of contalninjT

riowe, on St.

are barracks,

This "vvas the

[ed the Mare-
1 Halifax and
h-calt coaft of
of the rivers
County j and
has about 300
I's, and around

•

1 iicj

are

NOVA SCOTIA, See. S't

Chief Towns.— Halifax, the capital of the province of Nova Sco.
tia, was fettled by a nun\ber of Britiih fubjetls in 1749. It is lituat-
ed in latitude 44** 40' on a fpacious and commodious bay or harbour,
«f a bold and eafy entrance, capable of containing looo veffcls at an-
chor in the utmoft fecurity. The town is built on the weft fide of the
harbour, on the declivity of a commanding hill, whofe fummit is near-
ly 340 feet perpendicular from the level of the fta. I'he town is bud
put into oblong fquares y the llrects parallel, and at right angles. The
town and fuburbs are about two miles in length, and the general width
a quarter of a mile. It contained in 1793 about 4000 inhabitants and
700 lioufes. At the northern extremity of the town, is the king's
naval yard, completely built, and fupplied with llorcs of every kind
for the royal navy. Tlie harbour of ' Halifax is reckoned inferior to
no place in Britifh America for the feat of government, being opea
and acceflible at all feafons of the year, when almoft all other har-
bours in thefe provinces are locked up with ice ; alfo from Its entrance,
fituation, and its proximity to the Bay of Funtly, and principal inte-
rior fettlements of the province. The other principal towns are,
Shelburne, on Port Rofeway, near Cape Sables, containing, in 1783,
600 families, which have lince diminifhed j Digby, fettled in 17S3 j
Lunenburg ; Annapolis, on the eaft fide of the Bay of Fundy, with
a fine harbour, otherwife a place of no importance 5 Guyiborough, or
Manchefter, 10 leagues N. W. of Cape Canfo, 2jO families, in 1783 j
Rawdon, 40 miles from Halifax, 60 houfes •, New Dublin, Liverpool,
Windfor, Cornwallis, Horton, Yarmouth, Barrington and Ari;yll.

Trade and Population. — Th^ exporis from Britain to this country
confift chieriy of linen and woollen cloths, and other neceflaiies for
vear, filhing tackle, and rigging for (hips. The only articles obtain-
ed In exchange are timber and the produce of the fifliery j hut from
the late increafe of inhabitants, it is fuppofed that they will now ered;
faw mills, and endeavour co fupply the Welt Indies with lumber o*-'
every kind, as well as the produce of the fifhery, which will be a pro-
fitable article to both countries. The whole population of Nova
Scotia, Ne*v Brunfwick, and the -iflands adjoining, is eilimatcd at

J0,000.

Road, — In 1792, 40 miles of a good cart road was cut, cleared
and bridged, from the populous and tlouriihjng fettlements at Poidou,
on the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Halifax, a diiiancc of 68 miles.
Eight miles of this diftance had before been cut. The advantages to
the di(lri(iil above mentioned from this road, in point of commerce
with the capital, and the enjoyment of the benefits of government,
will be great. The expence of it was defrayed by a revenue which
has always been difpofed of by ihe former governors, but not before
applied to fuch beneficial purpofcs.

History. — Notwithllanding the unfavourable appearance of this
country, it was here that fome of the firft European fettlements were
made. The firft grant of lands in it was given by Charles II. in 1663,
to Sir William Alexander, from whom it had the name of Nova Sco-
tia, or New Scotland. Since then it has frequently changed mafters,
from one private proprietor to another, and from the French to the
Britiih nation, backward and forward. It was not
Britifti tili the peace of Utrecht j and their defigr

:onfirmed to t
in acquiring

r^i

NOVA SCOTIA,

&C.

iloes not fcern to have arifen fo much from any profpcfl of dtrcft pro,-
fit to be obtained by it, as from an apprdteiifion that the French, by
poiTefTin^ this province, might have had it in their power to annoy the
other Britiih fettlements. Upon this belief, many families *.ere tranf-
ported in 1749, at the cliarge of the government, into thii country,
who built and fettled the town of Halifax.

ISLAND OF ST. JOHn's.

This ifland lies in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, near the northern coafl;
of the Province of Nova Scotia, and is 103 miles long, and from 10
to ^5 broad. It has feveral fine rivers, a rich foil, and is pleafantly
fituated. Charlbttetown is its principal, town, and is the refidence of
the lieutenant governor, who is the chief officer on the illand. The
number of inhabitants are eftimated at about 5000. Upon the reduc
tion of Cape Bretpn, in 1745, the inhabitants of ^his ifland, amounting
to about 4000, lubmitted to Britain. While the French poffeffed this
illand. they inaproved it to fo much advantage that it was called the
granary of Canada, which i*" furniflied with great plenty of corn, as
"well as beef and pork. It is attached to the province of Nova Scotia.

The other iflands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence worthy of notice, are,
Anticofti, near the mouth of S<;. Lawrence' river, about 120 miles
long and 30 broad. If has no convenient harbour, and is uninhabited.

The Magdalen Ifles, lying in 61® 40' weft Ion. and between 47S
13' to 47*^ 42' north lat. and inhabited by a few fiftiermen. Thefe
iflands were formerly frequented by fea-cows, but they are iiow be-
come fearce.

Ifle Percee about 15 miles fouth of Cape Gafpee, is a fmall but re»
markable ifland, being a perpendicular rock, pierced with two natural
arches, through which the fea flows. One of thefe arches is fufficient*
!y high to admit a large boat to pafs freely through.

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

Miles.

Situation and Extent.

Length
Breadth

1250
1040

7 P^'

?• Between-? 8*

J C64<

'^ and 46** north latitude.
8* E. and 24^ W. Ion. from Philadelplua,
64*^ and 96S W. Ion. from London.
Boundaries.— -Bounded north and eaft by Britifl;i America, or the

provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, and New ErunGvick j fou^h-.

eaft, by the Atlantic Ocean j fouth, by Eaft aixd Weft Florida j weft,

by the river Mifiifippi.

By the treaty of peace, the limitsof the American United States are

particularly defined in the following words : '' And that all difputes

" which might arife in future on the fubjeft of the boundaries of the
faid United States may be prevented, it is hereby agreed and declar-
ed, that the following are and ftiall be their boundaries, viz. From
the north-weft ande of Nova Scotia, viz. that anp-le whjrh is fnrmpd
by a line drawn due north from the fource of St. Croix River to the
Highlands, along the fiid Highlands, which di\ idc thofe rivers that

t(
«(
u
«<
ti
i(

«
«(
t(
((
((
(1
it
n
n

n
(t

it
n
<i

^^
(t

n
it
((
t(
ti
n
((
n
a
ii
^^

,****■''

"^Wpt.

' direft pro,-
Frerxh, by
:o annoy the
I were tranf-
lii country,

irthern coafl:
ind from lo
is pleafantly
refidence of
(land. The
n the reduc-
, amounting
)ofreffed this
IS c;>lled the

of corn, as
lova Scotia.

notice, are,
: 120 miles
uninhabited,
etween 47S
ten. Thefe
ire iiow be-

rnall but re»
tvvo natural
is fufficient*

Philadelphia,
ndon.

'rica, or the
dck J fouth*
arida 5 weft,

;d States are
all difputes
larieS of the
. and declar-
, viz. From
ch is formpd
River to the
fe rivers that

THE CNITED STATEr. 33

*' empty therafclvcs Into the river St. Lawrence, from thofe which
" fall into the Atlantic Ocean, to the north-wellernmoft head of Con-
" netlicut river •, thence down along the middle of that river to ihe
" forty-fifth degree of north latitude ; from thence by a Hue due weft
" on faid latitude, until it fhikcs the river Iroquoi, or Cataraqui j
" thence along the middle of faid river into Lake Ontario ; through the
" middle of faid lake, until it llrikes the communication by water be-
" tween that lake and Lake Erie j thence along the middle of faid
" communication into Lake Erie, through the middle of faid lake,
" until it arrives at the water communication between that lake and
" Lake Huron ; thence through the middle of faid lake to the water
" communication between that lake and Lake Superior ; thence
" through Lake Superior, northivard of the Ifles Royal and Phil-
'' lipeaux, to the Long Lake ; thence through the middle of faid
" Long Lake, and the water communication between it and the Lake
of the Woods, to the faid Lake of the Woods j thence through the
faid lake to the moft north-wellern point thereof, and from thence, on
a due weft courfe, to the river Miflifippi j thence by a line to be
drawn along the middle of faid river MilTifippi, until it (hall iiiter-
feft the northemmoft part of the thirty-firft degree of north latitude.
" South, by a line to be drawn due eaft from the determination of
the line laft mentioned. In the latitude of thirty-one degrees north
of the equator, to the middle of the river Apalachichola, or Cata*
honclie ; thence along the middle thereof to its junftion with the
Flint River j thence ftraight to the head of St. Mary's River ; and
thence down along the middle of St. Mary's River to the Atlantic
Ocean.

" Eaft, by a line to be drawn along the middle of the river St.
" Croix, from Its mouth, in the Bay of Fundy, to its fource, and
" from its fource direftly north, to the aforefaid Highlands, which
" divide the rivers that fall into the Atlantic Ocean from thofe which
" fall into the river St. Lawrence j comprehending all iflands within
'* 20 leagues of any part of the fhores of the United States, and lying
" between lines to be drawn due eaft from the points where the afore-
" faid boundaries between Nova Scotia on the one part, and Ealt
" Florida on the other, ftiall refpeftfuUy touch the Bay of Fundy and
*| the Atlantic Ocean, excepting fuch iflands as now are, or hereto-
" fore have been, within the limits of the faid province of Nova

((

Scot

la.'

The territory of the United States contains, by computation,
lion of fquare miles, in which are 640,000,000 acres

Deduft foi- water 51,000,000

a mil'

Acres of land in the United States 589,000,000
That part of the United States, comprehended between the weft
boundary hne of Pennfylvanla, on the eaft j the boundary line between
the Bntifli provinces and the United States, extending from the north-
weft corner of Pennfylvania, to the north-weft extremity of the Lake
pf the Woods, on the north j the river Miffifippi, to the mouth of the

noned bounds of Pennfylvania,^comains, by computation, about

^at UNITED STATES.

ISfl

411,030 fquare miles, in which are

Dcduft for water,

263,040,000 acre*
43,040,000

To be difpofed of by ordor of Conerefs, 220,000,000

The wliole of this immcnfe extent ot ui appropriated weftern terri.
4ory, and feveral other large traas fouth of tiie Ohio, have been, by
the ceflTion of fome of the original thirteen itates, and by the treaty of
peace, transferred to the federal gpvernment, and are pledged as a fund
for finking the continental debt. Of this territory the Indians now pof-
fefs a very large proportion, Mr. Jefferfon, in his report to Congrefs,
in 1791, defcribes the boundary line between the States and the Indians
a-J follows : " Beginning at the mouth of the Cayahoga, which falls
into the ^outhernmoll part of Lake Erie, and running up the river to
the portage, between that and the Tufcarora, or N. E. branch of the
Mufkingum j then down the faid branch to the forks, at the crofTuig
place above Fort Lawrence •, then weilwavdly, towards the portage of
the Great Miami, to the main branch of that river) then down the
Miami, to the fork of that river, next below the old fort, which was
laken by the French in 1752 •, thence due xveft to the river De la Panfe,
a branch of the Wabaih, and down that river to the Wabafli, So far
the line is precifely determined, and cleared of the claims of the In-
dians. The trad com[)reliending the whole country within the above
liefcribed line, the VVabarti, the Ohio, and the weltern limits of Penn-
fylvania, contains about 55,000 fquare miles. How far, on the weltern
iide of the Wabaih, the ibuthtrn boundary of the Indians has been de-
lined, we know not. It is only underltood In general, that their title
to the lower country, between that river and the Illinois, was former-
Jy extinguilhed by the French, while in their poffeflion."

EJiimate of the Number of j4cres of Water, north and wefiward of
the Rive. Ohio, within the Territory of the United States.

In Lake Superior, - - - Acres, 21,952,780

Lake of the Woods, - -r - 1,133,800

Lake Rain, &c. - - - - 165,200

Red Lhke, . ^ - . . 551,000

Lake Michi^aa, - - r - 10,368,000

\ Bay Puan, - . - - . 1,216,000

Lake Huron, - r - - 5,009,920

Lake St. Clair, .... - 89,500

Lake Erie, wcftem part, - - .'* - 2,252,800

Sundry fmall lakes and riyers, - - - _^ 301,00a

Lake Erie, wertward of the line extended from the

northv/ell: qorner of Pennfylvania, due north to the I

boundary between the Brkilh territory and the ^ ^ '^'

United States,

Lake Ontario,
Lake Champlaine,
Chefapeak Bay,
Albemarle Bay,
Delaware Bay

2,390,000

500,000'

1,700,000

330,000

630,003

All the rivers within the 13 States, including the Ohio, 2,000,00

Total,

51,000,000-

000 acre*

000
000

eftern terrl.
i^c been, by
:he treaty of
ed as a fund
ms now pof-
to Congrefs,

1 the Indians
which falls

the river to
iranch of the
the crofTmg
e portage of
en dov.'n the
, which was
De la Panfe,
afli. So far
s of the In-
in the above
lits of Penn-
i the we Hern
has been de-
at their title
was former-

voejlward of
States.

21,952,780

1,133,800

165,200

10,368,000

1,216,000

5,009,920

80,500

2,252,800
301,00a

410,000

2,390,000
500,000'

1,700,000

330,000

630,003

2,000,00

T»HE UNITED STATt?". W

Canals and Lakes.— It may tru'/ be faid, that no part of the worK{
is fo well watered with fprings, rivulets, rivers and lakes, as the ter-
fitory of the United States. By means of thcfe various ftreams and
colleaions of water, the whole country is chequered into illands and
peninfulas. The United States, and indeed all parts of North Ame-
rica, feems to have been formed by nature for tht- moil intimate union.
The' facilities of navigation render the communication between the
ports of Georgia and New-Hamp(hire far more expeditious and prac-
ticable than between thofe of Provence and Picardy in France ; Corn-
wall and Caithnefs, in Great Britain; or Gallicia and Catalonia, iit
Spain. The canals opening between Sufijuehannah and Delaware, be-
tween Pafquetank and Elizabeth rivers, in Virginia, and between the
Schuylkill and Sufquehannah, will open a communication from the
Carolinas to the weftern counties of Pennfylvania and New York.
The improvement of the Patomak will give a paffage from the Southern
States to the wcilern parts of Virginia, Maryland, Pennfylvania, and
even to the lakes. From Detroit to Alexandria, on the Patomak, 607
miles, are but two carrying places, which togethej do not exceed the
diftance of 40 miles. The canals, of Delaware and Chefapeak will
©pen the communication from South Carolina to New Jerfey, Dela-
ware, the moft populous parts of Pennfylvania, and the midla.id coun-
ties of New York. Were thefc, and the canal between Afliley and
Cooper rivers, in South Carolina, the canals in the northern parts of
the ftate of New York, and thofe of Maffachufetts and New Hamp-
fliire, all opened, and many of them are in great forwardnefs. North
America would thereby be converted into a clurter of large and fertile
iflands, communicating eafily with each other, at little expence, and.
in many inftances without the uncertainty or danger of the feas.

There is nothing in other parts of the globe which refembles the
prodigious chain of lakes in this quarter. They may properly be term-
ed inland feas of frefti water •, and even thofe of the fecond or third
clafs in magnitude, are of larger extent than the greatefl lakes in the
caftern continent. Some of the more northern lakes, belonging to the
United States, have never been furveycd, or even vifited till lately,
by white people ; of courfe, we have no defcriptlon of them which
can be relied on as accurate. Others have been partially furveyed, and
their relative fituation determined. The belt account of them which
has yet been procured is nearly as follows :

The Lake of the Woods, the moll northern in the United States, is
fo called from the large (juantities of wood growing on its banks j fuch
as oaks, pines, firs, fpruce, &c. This lake lies nearly eail of the fouth
end of Lake Winnepeek, and is fuppol'ed to be the fource or con-
duftor of one branch of the river Bourbon. Its length from eall to
well is faid to be about 70 miles, and in fome places it is 40 miles wide.
The Killiilinoe Indians encamp on its borders to filh and hunt. This
lake is the communication between the Lakes Winnepeek and Bour-
bon, and Lake Superior.

Rainy, or Long Lake, lies eall of the Lake of the Woods, and is
faid to be nearly loo miles long, and in no part more than 20 milea
ivide.

Eadward of this lake, lie feveral fraall ones, which extend In a
ftring to the great carrying place, and thence into Lake Superior.

''^?llte.«.

36 THE UKITED STATES.

Between thefe little lakes are feveral carrying places, whick rendo
the trade to the north-weft diffi-ult, and exceedingly tedious, as it ge-
nerally takes two years to make one voyage from Michillimakkinak to
thefe parts.

Lake Superior, formerly termed the Upper Lake, from its northern
iituation, is fo called from its magnitude, it being the largeft on the
continent. It may juftly be termed the Cafpian of Anderica, and is
fiippofcd to be the largeft bo y of frcfti water on the globe, Accord-
ing to the French charts, it is 1500 rrtilcg in circumference. A great
part of the coaft is bounded by rocks and imeven ground. The water
is pure and tranfparent, and appears generally, throughout the lake,;
to lie upon a bed of huge rocks. It has been remarked, in regard to
the w?.ters of this lake, that although their furface, during the heat of
fummer, is impregnated with no fmall degree of warmth, yet on let-
ting down a cup to the depth of about a fathom, the water drawn from
thence is perfedly cool.

The fituation of this lake, from the lateft obfervations, lies between
forty-fix and fifty degrees of north latitude, and between nine and
eighteen degrees of weft longitude from the meridian of Philadelphia.

In this lake are many iflands, two of which have land enough ta
form a confiderable province j especially Iflc Royal, which is not lefs
than 100 miles long, and in many places 40 broad;

Two large rivers empty themfelves into this lake, on the north ar^l
north-eaft fide ; one is called the Nipegon, which leads to a tribe of
the Chippeways, who inhabit a lake of the fame name ^ and the other
the Michipicooton river, the fource of which is tow-ards James' Bay,
from whence there is faid to be but a ftiort portage to another river,
which empties itfelf into that bay.

Not far from the Nipegon is a fmall river, that, juft as it enters the
lake, has a perpendicular fall from the top of a mountain, of 600 feet*
It is very narrow, and appears at a diftance like a white garter fufpend -•
ed in ^ ,e air. There are upwards of thirty other rivers wliich empty
into this lake, fome of which are of a confiderable fize. On the fouth
fide of it is a remarkable point or cape of about 60 miles in length,
called point Chegomegan. About 100 miles weft of this cape, a con-
fiderable river falls into the lake, the head of which is ccmpofed of a
great affemblage of fmall ftreams. This river is remarkable for the
ubundance of virgin copper that is found on and near its banks. Many
fmall iilands, particularly on the eaftern ftiores, abound with copper
ore lying in beds, with the appearance of copperas. This lake alfo
abounds with fiih, particularly trout and fturgedn 5 the former of which
are very large, and are caught almoft any feafon of the year in great
plenty. Stormc aSc&. this lake as much as they do the Atlantic
Ocean j the waves run as high, and the navigation is equally danger-
ous. It difchaxges its waters from the fouth-eaft corner, through the
Straits of St. Marie, which are about 40 miles long. Near the upper
end of thefe ftraits is a rapid, which, though it is impoflible for canoes
to afcend, yet, when conduced by careful pilots, may be defcended
without danger.

The entrance into this lake from the Sraits of St. Marie affords a
moft pleafing profpeft. On the left may be f6en many beautiful little
iilands that extend a confiderablc way ; and on the right, an agreeable

■hich. rendci
us, as it ge-
iiakkinak to

its northern
rgeft on the
;rica, and is
, Accord-
;. A great

The water
ut the lake,
in regard to

the heat of
yet on let-
drawn from

ies between
;n nine and
'hiladelphia.
1 enough ta
h is not lefs

e north ar^l
to a tribe of
id the other
James' Bay,
lOther river,

It enters the
of 600 feet*
:ter fufpend-
?liich empty
)n the fouth
;s in length,
:ape, a con-
mpofed of a
able for the
nks. Many
with copper
liis lake alfo
ler of which
ear in great
he Atlantic
ally danger-
through the
It the upper
e for canoes
e defcended

:ie affords a
autiful little
m agreeable

THE UNITED STATES. 37

fucceflion of fmall "p"i"ts of land, that projeft into the v;iter, and
contribute, with the illands, to render this delightful b;ifon calm ancl
fecure from thofe tempelluous winds by uliich the adjoining lake is
frequently troubled.

Lake Huron, into which you enter through the Straits of St. Marif,
is next in magnitude to Lake Superior. It lies between 43*^ 30' and
46** 30' of north latitude, and between lix and eight degrees well lon-
gitude. Its circumference is about 1000 miles. On the north fide ot
this lake is an iiland called Manataulin, fignifying a place of fpirits,^
and is confidered as facred by the Indians. On the foutli-weit part of
this lake is Saganaum Bay, about Ho miles in length, and from 18 to
20 miles broad. Thunder Bay, fo called from the thunder which is
very frequent here, lies about half way between Saganaum Bay and the
north-well corner of the lake. It is about nine miles aciofs eltlicr
way. The fifti are the fame as in Lake Superior. At the noith-wefi:
corner this lake communicates with Lake Michigan, by the Straits of
Michillimakkinak.

Some of the Chippeway Indians inhabit this lake ; particularly near Sa-
ganaum Bay. On its banks are found amazing quantities of fand cherrie:?.
Michigan Lake lies between latitude 42*^ 10' and 46° 30' north j ancl
between 11° and 13° welt longitude from Philadelphia. Its computed
length is 280 miles, from north to fouth j its breadth from 60 to 70 miles.
It is navigable for (hipping of any burthen ; and at the north-eallerii
part communicates with Lake Huron by a ftrait fix miles broad, on
the fouth fide of which Hands fort Michillimakkinak, which is th-
name of the Itrait. In this lake are feveral kinds of fiih, paitlcuiarly
trout, of an excellent quality and of a very large fize. I'o the v/elt-
ward arc large meadows, faid to extend to the Milhrippi. It receives
a number of rivers from the weft and eall, among whieh h Uut river
St. fofeph, very rapid and full of iflands. It fprings from a number
of fmall lakes, a little to the north-weft of the Minmi villiage, and
runs north-weft into the foutli-eaft part of the lake. On tlie north ilde
•of this river is fort St. Jofeph, from which there is a road, bearJoT
north of ealt to Detroit. The Pov.te'watamie Indians inhabit this river
lOppofite fort St. Jofeph.

Between Lake Michigan on the weft, and Lakes Huron, St. Clair,
and ihc weft end of Erie on the enft, is a fine tra-^^ of country, penin-
fulated, more than 250 mik\> in leng»li, and from 150 to 200 in
breadth. The banks c ** the lakes, for a few miles inland, are very
fandy and barren, producing only a few pines, (hrub oaks and cedars.
Back from thi^ the timber is heavy and good, and the foil luxuriant
and productive.
I Lake St. Clair lies about half way bet^veen Lake Huron and Lake
Erie, and is about 90 miles in circumference. It teceives the waters
of the three great lakes, Superior, Michigan and Huron, and difcharge j
them through the river or ftrait called Detroit into Lake Erie. This
lake is of an oval form, and navigable for large veffels. The fort of
Detroit is fltnated on the weftein bank of tlu^ river of the fame name,
about nine miles below Lake St. Chur. The fettlements are extended
on both fides of the ftrait, or river, for many miles, towards Lake
Eric, and for fome above the fort.
Lake Eric is fituated bctnccn 41" and 43° of north latitude and

■^ If

vkj^.il

II M»,

aS THE UNITED STATES.

het^veen 3° 40' and S'' weft lon^ritade. It is nearly 300 miles long,
from call to weft, and about 40 at its broadeft part. A point of lanJ
proi;;c>s from the north fide into this lake, feveral miles, towards the
fouth-e:ift, called Long Point, The illands and banks towards the
weil end of the lake are fo infefted with rattle-fnakes as to render it
very dan;;erous to land on them. The lake is covered near the banks
of the iflands with large pond lily, the leaves of whicli lie on the furface
of the water fo tliiclc as to cover 'it entirely to a great extent •, on
thefe, in the fummer feafon, lie innumerable water-fnakes balking iu
the fun. Of the venomous ferpents which infeft this lake, the hiffing-
fnake is the moft remarkable. It is about 18 inches lortg, fmall and
fpeckled. When approaching it, it flattens itfelf in a moment, and its
fpots, which are of various colours, become viiibly brighter through
ra;;e ; at the fame time, blowing from its mouth, with great force, a
fubtile wind, faid to be of a naufeous fmell ; which, if drawn in with the
breath of the unwary traveller, will infallibly bring on fyraptoms t-liat
will prove in a few months mortal. No remedy Kas yet been found for
its baneful influence. This lake is of a more dangerous navigation
than any of the others, on account of the craggy rocks which project
into the water, in a perpendicular direftion, n:any miles together,
from the northern fl'ore, affording no fhelter from ftorms.

Prefque Ifle is on the fouth-eaft fhore of this lake, about lat. 42**
16'. From this to Fort Le Eceuf, on French Creek, is a portage of 15I
miles. About lo miles north-eaft of this is another portage of 9+
miles, between Chataughque Creek, emptying Into Lake Erie, and
Chataughque Lake, a water of Allegany river.

Fort Erie ftands on the northern fliore of Lake Erie, and the weft
bank of Niagara river, In Upper Canada. This lake, at Its north-eaft
end, comr4unicates with Lake Ontario, by the river Niagara, which
runs from fouth to north, about 30 miles, including Its windings, tak-
ing, in its courfe, Grand liland, and receiving Tonewanto Creek, from
the eaft. Al^out the middle of this river, are the celebrated Falls of
Niagu-a, which are reckoned amongft the greateft natural curlolities
in the world. The waters which fupply the river Niagara rife near
2D00 miles to the north-weft, and pafluig through the lakes Superior,
Michigan, Huron and Erie, receiving in their courfe conftant accu-
r.ialatlons, at length, v.ith aftonlftiing majefty, rufti down a ftupendous
precipice of 137 fett perpendicular; and in a itrong rapid, that extends
to the diftance of eight or nine miles below, fall near as much more;
'the river then lofes itfelf in Lake Ontario. The water falls 57 feet
in the diftance of one mile, before it falls perpendicularly. Standing on
the bank of che river .opnofite thefe falls, one would not imagine them
to be more than 4c or 50 feet perpendicular height. The nolfe of thefe
laHs, In a clear day and fair wind, may be heard at near fifty miles
diftance. When the water ftrikes the bottom, its fpray rifes a great
heip^ht in the air, occafioning a thick cloud of vapours. In which, in a
fi^rtne iky, may be feen a beautiful rainbow. Fort Niagara built by
the French about the year 1725, is fttuated on the eaft fide of Niagara
river, at its entrance into Lake Ontario, about 43° 20' N. lat.

Lake Ontario Is fituatcd between forty-three and forty-five degrees
u-)iV.h latitude, and between one and five degrees weft longitude. Its

ft-^n- •' -1' .,-i>- ■■.—-] T.... ^^i\ i_ »i- ! r c -^1. i\ .. ^u -.a

•F/iITi ..J Uvaifv 0\ai. .nr. \^it.^it;u iCU^Lil ir> iiuill iuULll- V.Cil lU IlUllU-cait»

:.-^

miles long,
JoInt of lanJ

towards the
towards the
to render it
ar the banks
n the furf'ace
: extent •, on
es bafkin^^ in
, the hlffing-
g, fmall and
ment, and its
liter through
reat force, a
in in with the
'niptoms tliat
een found for
IS navigation
vhich projeft
les together,

out lat. 42*
jrtage of 15^
jrtage of 9+
ie Erie, and

and the weft
its north-eaft
I gar a, which
indings, tak-
Creek, from
ated Falls of
al curiofities
^ara rife near
ces Superior,
)nftant accu-
a ftupendous
that extends
much more;
falls 57 feet

Standing on
magine them
noife of thefc
ir fifty miles

rifes a great
1 which, in a
gara built by
e of Niagara
sF. lat.

-five degrees
igitude. Its
to noith-cailt

ii^i

THE UNITED STATES. 39

j^nd its cireuflaference about fix hundred miles. It abounds with ex-
cellent fifh.'^its hanks in many places are fteep, and the fouthcrn fhore
is covered priiTcipally with beech trees, and the lands appear good.
It receives the waters of the Cheraflct river from the fouth, and of
Opontago, at Fort Ofwego, from tlie fouth-eaft, by which it commu-
nicates, through lake Oneida, and Wcru Creek, with Mohawk viver.
On the north-eaft, this lake difrharges itfelf througli the river Catar-
qiii, which, at Montreal, takes the name of St. Lawrence, into the
Atlantic ocean.

A few miles from the weft end of Lake Ontario, is a curious cavern,
which the Mcflifangas Indians call ^iamto' ah vgv.U4m or the Houfe
of the Devil- The mountains which border on the lake, at this place,
break off abruptly, and form a tremendous precipice ; at the bottom
of which the cavern begins. The firit opening is large enough to allow
three men conveniently to walk abreail. It continues oT this liigncfs
for 70 yards in a horizontal dire<Stion. Then it falls alraoll perpendi-
cularly 50 yards, which maybe defcended by irregular itcps, frcni one
to four feet diftant from each other. It then continues to defcenri ho-
rizontally, at the end of which is another perpendicular dtfcent, dovvu
which there arc no fteps. The cold here is intenfe. In fpriu'^ and
autumn, there are frequently explolions from this cavern, which ftiake
the ground for many miles round.

Lake Champlaine is next in fize to Lake Ontaria, and lies eaft
from it, forming a part of the dividing line between the State of New
York and the State of Vermont. It took its name from a Frti.ch
' Governor, whofe name was Champlaine, who was drowned in it. It
was before called Corlaer's Lake. It is about eighty miles in length
from north to fouth, and in its broadeft part fourteen. It abounds
with fifli, and the land on its borders and on the banks of its rivers is
good. Crown Point and Ticonderagp are fituated on the fouth bank
of this lake.
^ Lake George lies to the fouthward of Champlaine, and is a moft
cleai and beautiful colledion of water, '^6 miles long, and from i to 7
miles wide. It emboloms more than 300 iflands, very few of which
are any thing more than baa-en rock, covered with heath, and a few
cedar, fpruce and hemlock trees, afid ftirubs, and abundance of rattle
fnakes. On each fide it is fkirted by prodigious mountains, from which
large quantities, of red cedar are carried to New York for ihip timber.
The lake is full of fifties, and fome of the beft kind 5 among which are
the black or Ofwego bafs and large fpeckled trouls. The vsiiter of this
lake is about 100 feet above the level of Lake Champlaine. The
portage between the two lakes is about one mile and a half j but with
a imall expence might be reduced to 60 yards j and with one or two
locks might be made navigable altogether. This lake, in the French
charts, is called Lake St. Sacrament; and it is faid that the Roman
Catholics, in former times, were at the pains to procure this water for
^cramental ufes, in all their churches in Canada; from which circum-
llance it probably derived its name.

Rivers.-- The MilTifippi receives the waters of the Ohio and Illi-
nois, and their numerous branches from the eaft ; and of the Miflburi
and other rivers from the weft. Thcfe mighty ftreams united are borne
^uwn witn msreafing majefty through vaft forciis and meadows, and

THE UNITED STATES.

i':i

3 if, 1.:

difclnrqed Into the gulf of Mexico The great length and depth of
tMs ri?cr and the excefTive muddmefs and falubnous quahty of its
.s4ters, after its junaion ^^ith the Miffouri are very fm^ular. 1 he
,iireaion of the channel Is fo crooked, that from l\tw Orleans to the
jaouth of the Ohio, a diltance of nearly four hundred and fixty miles,
i-i a ilraitht line, is eight hundred and fifty-fix by water It may be
.-reatly ihortcned, by cutting acrofs eight or ten necks of land, lome of
Cvhich are not thirty yards wide. Charlevoix relates that in the year
1722 at Point Coupee, or Cut Point, the river made a great turn,
:md fome Canadians, by deepening the channel of a fmall brook, divert-
tid the waters of the river into it. The impetuofity of the ftrcam was
fo violent, and the foil of fo rich and loofe a quality, that in a Ihort
Time the point was entirely cut through, and travellers faved many
leacues of their voyage. The old bed has no water in It, the times
of tiie periodical overflowings excepted. The new channel has been
iince founded with a line of thirty fathoms, without finding bottom.
Several other points, of great extent, have. In like manner, been hnce
cut off, and the river completely diverted into new channels.

During the vernal and autumnal lloods, the MIflifippi is very high, and
the current fo ftrong that it is with difliculty it can be afcended ; but this
difadvantage is remedied In fome mcafure by eddies or counter-currents,
which are generally found in the bends clofe to the banks of the rivei*,
Hnd affift the afcending boats. The current at thefe fcafons dcfcends at
the rate of about five miles an hour. When the waters are low, it does
not run falter than tv.o miles, but It is rapid In fuch parts of the river
as have clulters of iflands, ihoals and fand-banks. The merchandize ne-
ceffary for the commerce of the upper fettlements, on or near the Mifli-
iippi,' is conveyed in the fpring and autumn in batteaux, rowed by
f;ighteen or twenty men, and carrying about forty tons. From i\ew
Odcans to the Illinois, the voyage Is commonly performed in eight or
ten weeks. A prodigious number of iilands, fome of which are ot great
f xtent, interfperOi that mighty river. Its waters, after overflowing its
hanks below the river Ibberville on the eaft, and the river Koug.; on
the wefl, never return within them again, there oeing many outlets or
llreams by which they arc conduced into the .Bay of Mexico, efpe-
clally on the weft fide of I lie Miflifippi, dividing the country into
numerous iilands. Thefe lingularities diftinguilli it from every other
kno^vn river in the world. Iklow the Ibberville, the land begins to
be very lo^v on both lidcs of the river, acrofs the country, and gra-
dually declines as it approaches the fca. The ifland of New Orleans,
and the lands oppofite are to all appearance of no long date •, for in
digging ever fo little below the furface, you find water and great
quantities of trees.

Nothing can be afferted with certainty refpeaing the length of this
river. Its fource is not known, but fir^jpofcd to he upwards of three
thoufand miles from the fca, as the river runs. It is only known, that,
from St. Anthony's falls, in lat. 45°, it glides with a pleafant clear cur-
rent, and receives many large and very extenfive tributary ftreams, be-
fore its junftion witli the Miflburi, '"thout greatly increafing the
breadth of the MiiTifippi, though they add to its depth and rapiuny.
•n-ie ,r,,w!rKr -.ii-.tprc nf t\v' TViiiVoiirj difrolour the lov.er ir.nt of the
river, till it empties into the Bay of Me;:ico. The Milfouri is a longer,

and depth of
quality of its
iij,ular. The
)rleans to the
id fixty miles,
'. It may be
land, fome of
at in the year
a great turn,
arook, divert-
he ft ream was
:hat in a Ihort
i faved many
it, the times
nnel has been
iding bottom,
ler, been lince
iiels.

very high, and
iided ; but this
mter-currents,
s of the river,
)ns dcfcends at
e low, it does
ts of the river
;rchandize ne-
lear the MilTi-
ux, rowed by
From ^;ew
led in eight or
r.h are ot great
jveriiovving its
iver Rougv; on
any outlets or
Viexico, efpe-
; country into
m every other
land begins to
•itry, and gra-
Nevv (Jrlciins,
2; date •, for in
ter and great

length of this
vards of three

known, that,
ifant clear cur-
ry llreams, be*
increahng the
I and rapiGuy.
it p-ait of the
uri is a longer,

t:ie united states.

broader, and deeper river than the Miffifippi, and affords a more ex-
tenfive navigation ; it is in faa the principal river, contributing mmc
to the common llream than the Miflifippi. It has been afccnded by
French traders many hundred miles, aud from the depth of water,
and breadth of the river at that diftance, appeared to be navigable Hill
farther.

From the Miflburi river to nearly oppofite the Ohio, the wcftern
bank of the Miffifipiji is (fome few places excepted) higher than the
eaftern. From Mine-au-fer, to the Ibbcrvillc, the eaflern bank is
•higher than the wcrtern, on which there is not a. fingle difcernible rifmg
or eminence, for the ditance of fcven hundred and fifty miles, i'rom
the Ibberville to the fea, there are no eminences on cither lide, though
the eaftern bank appears ratlier tlie higher of the two, as far as the
Englilh Turn. Thence the banks gradually diminifti i.i height to the
mouths of the river, where they are but a few feet higher than the.
f ommon furface of the water.

The (lime which the annual floods of the river Miflifippi leaves on
the furface of the adjacent ftiores, may be compared with that of the
Nile, which depofits a fimilar manure, and for m.any centuries paft:
has infured the fertility of Egypt. When its banks fliall have been
cultivated, as the excellency of its foil and temperature of the climate
<ieft:rves, its population will equal that of any other part in the world j
and the trade, wealth and power of America, will, in all probability,
tlepend, and centre upon the MilFifippi. This alfo refembles the Nile
in the number of its mouths, all ifluing into a fea that may be compared
to the Mediterranean, which Is bounded on the north and fouth by the
two continents of Europe and Africa, as the Mexican Bay is by North
«nd South America, The fmaller mouths of this river might be eafily
■llopped up, by means of thofe floating trees with which the river,
during the floods, is always covered. The whole force of the channel
being united, the only opening then left would probably grow deep,
•and the bar be removed.

The falls of St. Anthony, in about latitude 45", received their namft
from Father Lewis Hennipin, a French miflionary, who travelled into
thefe parts about a century ago, and was the firft European ever feen
by the natives. The whole river, which it more than 250 yards wide,
falls perpendicularly about thi.ty feet, and forms a moft pleafing cata-
rad. The rapids below, in the fpace of 300 yards, render the defcent
confiderably greater*, fo that when viewed at a diftance, they appear
to be much higher thftn they really are. In the middle of the falls is
a fmall ifland, about forty feet broad, and fomewhat longer, on which
grow a few cragged hemlock and fpruce trees j and about half way
between this ifland and the eaftern fliore, at the very brink of the fall,
lies in an oblique dlredion a huge rock. Thefe falls are peculiarly
iituated, as they are approachable without the leaft obftrudion from
any intervenino hill or precipice, which cannot be faid of any other
confidciable falls perhaps in the world. The country around is exceed-
ingly beautiful. It is not an uninterrupted plain, but compofed of many
gentle afccnts, which in the fpring and fummer are covered with ver-
dure, and intcrfperfed with little groves, that give a pleafing variety
to the profpeft.

A little diltauce below the falls, is a fmall iiland, on which grow a

H'^m i"

THE UNITED STATES.

Ifi

great number of oak trees, almoft all the branches of which, able to
bear the weight, are annually loaded with eagles' nelts. _ Their in-
ill naive wifdom has taught them to choofe this place, as it is fecure,
on account of the. rapids above, from the attacks of either man or

beaft. , , • J r ■ 1-

From the beft accounts that can be obtained trom ■ lans, wc ^

learn that the four moft capital rivers on the continent ih Ame-

rica, viz. the St. Lawrence, the Mifliiippi, the river Luurdon, and
the Oregon, or the River of the Weft, have their fources in the fame
neighbourhood. The waters of the three former, are faid to be within
thirty miles of each other j the latter is rather farther well.

This fliews that thefe parts are the higheft lanxls in North America :
and it is an jnftance not to be paralleled in the other three quarters of
the globe, that four rivers of fuch magnitude (hould take their rife to-
gether, and each, after running fep-^rate courfes. difcharge their waters
into difterent oceans, at the diftance of more than 2G00 miles from
their fources. For in their paifage from this fpot to the bay of St.
Lawrence, eaft j to the bay of Mexico, fouth , to Hudfon's Bay,
north ; and to the bay at the Straits of Aimian, weft, where the river
Oregon is fuppofcd to empty, each of them t. uverfes upwards of 20CCf

miles.

The Ohio Is a moft beautiful river. Its current gentle, waters
clear, and bofom almoft entirely fmooth and unbroken by rocks and ra-
pids. It is one quarter of a mile wide at Fort Pitt j 500 yards at the
mouth of the Great Kanhaway j 1200 y&rds at Louifville •, and the
rapids, half a mile, in fome few places, below Louifville ; but its ge-
neral breadth does npt exceed 600 yards. In fome places its width is
not 400 J ^nd In one place particularly, far below the rapids, it is lefs
than 300. Its breadth in njo plac-e exceeds 1200 yards, and at Its junc-
tion with the Mifiifippi, neither rjv^r is more than 900 yards wide.

It^ length, according to an cxaft meafurement, is 1 188 miles.

In winter and fpring floods, It affords 30 or 40 feet water to Louif-
ville, 25 or 30 feet to La Tarte's Rapids, forty miles above the mouth
of the Gr^at Kaiihaway, and a futhciency at all times for light bat-
teaux and canoes to Fort Pitt- Th*; rapids are in latitude 38® 8'. The
inundations of this rjver begin about the end of March, and fubfide in
July, although they frequently happen in other months, fo that boats
Vvhich carry flour from the Monongahela, or Yohogany, above Pittf-
burg, have feldom long to wait for water. During thele floods a firft-
xate man of war may be carried from Louifville to New Orleans, If the
Hidden turns of the river, and the ftrength of its current, will admit a
lafe fteerage ', and It is a well founded opinion, that a veffel properly
built for tke fea, to draw 12 feet water when loaded, and carrying from
12 tu 1600 barrels of flour, may be more eafily, cheaply, and fafely
navigated from Pittfburgh to the fea, than thofe now In ufe.

1 he rapids at Louifville defcend about 10 feet in a length of a mile
and a half. In the bed of the river there is a folid rock, which is di-
vided by an Ifland Into two braiM:hes, the fouthern of which is about
200. yards wide, and ImpaflTible by veffels in dry fealbns. The bed of
the northern branch is worn into channels by the conflant courfe of the
■water, and attrition of the pebble-ftoncs carried on with that, f«>^as tu
he paffible for batteaux through the greater part of the year. Yet i\

hich, able tg
. Their in-
5 it is fecure,
ther man or

'•'• th Amc-
juurdon, and
5 in the fame
1 to be within

rt.

:th America :
;e quarters of
their rife to-
; their waters
5 miles from
he bay of St.
udfon's Bay,
bere the river
;ards of 20CCf

;entle, waters
rocks and ra-
D yards at the
■ilie •, and the
z ; but its ge-
es its width is
pids, it is lefs
[id at its junc-
ards wide,
i miles,
ater to Louif-
)ve the mouth
for light bat-
e s^'^ 8'. The
and fubfide in
, fo that boats
\ above Pittf-
i floods a firft-
3rleans, if the
;, will admit a
/effel properly
carrying from
ly, and fafely
ufe.

igth of a mile
;, which is di-
ll ich is about
. The bed of
it courfe of the

1 tViot' fit oe tct

year. Yet il^

THE UNITED STATE?: ' ^1(_

IS thought that the fouthern arm may be moft eafily opened for con-
ftant navigation. The rife of the waters in thefe branches does not
exceed 20 or 2$ feet.

At Fort Pitt the river Ohio lofes its name, branching into the Mo-
nonsjahela and Allegany.

. The Monongahela is four hundred yards wide at its mouth. From
thence is i2 or 15 miles to the mouth of Yohogany, where it is 300
yards wide. Thence to Redftone by water is 50 miles, by land ^o.
Thence to the mouth of Cheat river, by water, 40 miles, by land 28 j
the width continuing at 300 yards, and the navigation good for boats.
Thence the width is about 2oo yards to the weflern fork, fifty miles
higher, and the navigation is frequently interrupted by rapids, which,
however, with a fwell of two or three feet, become very paflible for
boats. It then admits light boats, except in dry feafons, 65 miles far-
ther, to the head of Tygart's valley, prefenting only fome fmall rapids
and falls of one or two feet perpendicular, and leffening in its width to
20 yards. The weftern fork is navigable in winter lo or 19 miles to-
ivards the northern of the Little Kanhaway, and will admit a good
waggon road to it. The Yohogany is the principal branch of this ri-
ver. It pafles through the Laurel Mountain, about 30 miles from its
mouth •, it is, fo far, from 300 to 150 yards wide, and the navigation
much obllrufted in dry weather by rapids and flioals. In its paiTage
through the mountain it makes very great falls, admitting no naviga-
tion for fome mile:^ to the Turkey Foot. Thence to the Great Crof-
fmg, about 20 miles, it is again navigable, except in dry feafons, and at
this place is 200 yards wide. The fources of this river are divided
from thofe of the Patomak by the Allegany mountain. From the
falls, where it interfedls the Laurel mountain, to Fort Cumberland, the
head of the navigation on the Patomak, is 40 miles of veiy mcuntain-
Ous road. Will's Creek, at the mouth of which was Fort Cumber-
land, is 30 or 40 yards wide, but affords no navigation as yet. Cheat
river, another^ confiderable branch of the Monongahela, is about 200
yards wide at its mouth, and 100 yards at the Dunkard's fettlement
50 yards liigher. It is navigable for boats, except in dry feafons!
The boundary between Virginia and Pcnnfylvania croffes it about three
or four miles above its mouth.

The Allegany river affords navigation at all feafons for lioht bat-
teaux to Venango, at the motith of French Creek ; and it is praftifed
even to Le Bccuf, from whence there is a portage of i c miles and a
half to Prefque Ifle on Lake Erie. ^ t, j

The country watered by the Miffifippi and its eaftern branches
cpnftrtutes five-eighths of the United States, two of which are fup*
•phed by the Ohio and its waters ; the refiduary ftreams, which run in-
■to the pulf of Mexico, the Atlantic, and the St. Lawrence, water the
remannng three-eighths.

Their principal conneaions with the Atlantic are four, viz. the

lludfon s river, the Patomak, St. Lawrence, and the Miffifippi. But

S^he nav.gation through the Gulf of Mexico is fo dangerous, and that

p the Miffifippi fo difficult and tedious, that it is thought European

merchandize cannot be conveyed throigh that channel. To gi, to

ew \or.v, that part of the trade whic. :omes fmm th^ lot^c or t^ci-

aters, mult tirit be brought into Lake Erie. Between Lake S.upe-

1 1 .,

ir-i;

f» 1 1

r» ' .

'the united states.

rior and Its waters, and Huron, are the Rapids "f" St Marie, which
nor and irs . ^^^ -pj^^.„,^ j^,^j Michigan afford

:1::^J:TJ^L.I: l-. by ve^^^lsof el,l. feet dniu^ht, That
IZ7{ the trade which comes from the waters of the MilTuipp. muft
Zl from them through fome portage Into the .v.Uers of the lakes.
The portage from the Illinois river into a water ot Michigan, ,sof one
mile only. From the Waba(h, Miami, Mulkingum, or Allegany are
^0 ages^into the waters of Lake Erie of from i to 15 miles W hen
[he commodities are brought into, and have paffcd through Lake Ejje,
there is between that and Ontario an interruption by the Falls of Nia-
gara, where the portage is of eight miles j and between Ontario and
fhe Hudfon's river are portages « the Falls of Onondago a little a-
bove Ofwego, of a quarter of a mile j from Wood Creek to the Mo-
hawk river^io miles ; at the little Falls of the Mohaw-k river half
a mile ; and from Sheneaady to Albany 16 miles Befides the in-
creafe of expence occafioned by frequent change of carriage, there is
an increafed rifle of pillage produced by committing merchandize to a
jrreater number of hands fuccefllvcly. The Patomak ofters itfelf
chiefly for the trade of the lakes and their waters wclhvard of Lake
Erie • For, when it (hall have entered that lake, it can coart along its
fouthern Ihores, on account of Its numerous and commodious harbours •,
the northern, though (horter, having few harbours, and thefc unlafe.
Having reached Cayahoga, to proceed onward to New York, it will
have 829 miles and five portages •, whereas it is but 425 miles to Alex-
andria, its emporium on the Patomak, if it turns into the Cayahoga,
and paffes through that. Big Beaver, Ohio, Yohogany, (or Mononga-
hela and Cheat) and Patomak, and there are but two portages; the firfl:
of which, between Cayahoga and Beaver, may be removed by unit-
ing the fources of thefe waters, which are lakes in the neighbourhood
of each other, and in a flat and open country ; the other, from the wa-
ters of Ohio to Patomak, will be from 15 to 40 miles, according to
the trouble which fhall be taken to approach the two navigations.
For the trade of the Ohio, or that which (liall come into it from its
own waters or the MiOifippi, it is nearer through the Patomak to Alex-
andria than to New York, by 580 miles, and it Is Interrupted by one
portage only. The lakes themfelves, however, feldom freeze, but the
communications between them do, and the Hudlbn's river Is iifelf fliut
up by the ice three months in the year ; whereas the channel to the
Chefapeak leads dlredly into a warmer climate. The fouthern parts
of it very rarely freeze ; and when the northern do, it is fo near the
fources of the rivers, that the frequent floods, to which they are there
liable, break up the ice immediately, fo that veiTels may get through
the whole winter.

The route by St. Lawrence is well known to be attended with ma-
ny advantages, and with fome difadvantages. But there Is a fifth route,
which the enlightened and enterprifing Pcnnfylvaniatis contemplate,
which, if effeaed, will be the eafieft, cheapea, and furefv palTage from
the' lakes, and Ohio river, by means of the Suiquehanna, and a canal
from thence to Philadelphia. The latter part of this plan, viz. the
canal between the Sufquehannah and the SchuylkUl rivers, is now ac-
tually in execution. Should they accomplilh their vvhole fcheme,
which they appear confident of doing with fuccefs, Philadelphia, in all

THE UNITED STATES.

probability will become, in fome future period, the largefl city tliat

^ver yet exifted. . , . , , •

One general obfervation refpeainf^ the rivers may however be m-
produced here •, and that is, that the entrance into almolt all the rivers,
inlets, and bays, from New Hampaiire to Georgia, are tVom fouth-ealt
to north-weft.

Bays. -The coaft of North America is indented with numerous
bays, fome of which are equal in fizc to any in the known world.—
Beginning at the north-eafterly part of the continent, and proceeding
Ibuth-wefterly, you find among the largcft of thefe bays, the Bay or
Gulf of St. Lawrence, which receives the waters of the river of the
fame name. Next are Chedebufto and Chebufto Bays, in Nova Sco-
tia. The bay of Fundy, between Nova Scotia ai^>d New Brunfwick,
is remarkable for its tides, which rife to a great height, and flow fo ra-
pidly. as to overtake animals which feed upon the fliorc. Panamaqucd-
dy, Penobfcot, Broad and Cafco Rays, lie along the coall of the dif-
trii^: of Maine. Maflachufctts Bay fpreads ealtward of Bofton, and
is comprehended between Cape Ann on the north, and Cape Cod on
the foutli. The points of Bofton harbour are Nahant and Alderton
Points. Pafling by Narraganfet and other bays in the It ate of K bode
ifland, is Long Ifland Sound, between Montauk Point and the main.
This found is a kind of inland fea, from 3 to 25 miles broad, and about
340 miles long, extending the whole length of the illand, and dividing
it from Connefticut. It communicates with the ocean at both ends
gf Long Ifland, and aftbrds a very fafe and convenient inland naviga-
tion.

The celebrated ftrait, called Hell Gate, is near the weft end of tliis
found, about eight miles eaftw^ard of New York city, and is remark-
able for its whirlpools, which make a tremendous roaring at certain
times of tide. Thefe ■vvhirpools arc occafioned by the narrownefs
and crookednefs of the pafs, and a bed of rocks which extend quite
acrofs it ; and not by the meeting of the tides from eaft to weft, as,
has been conjedured, becaufe they meet at Frogs Point, feveral miles
above. A Ikilful pilot may, with fafety, conduft a ftiip of any bur-
den through this, ftrait with the tide, or, at itill ii\ater, '.vith a fair
wind.

Delaware Bay is 60 miles long, froiti the Ciyje to the entrance of
the river Delaware at Bombay Hook, and fo wide in fome parts, as
that a ihip in the middle of it cannot be feen from the land. It opesi*
into the Atlantic north-weft and fouth-eaft, between Cape Hcnlopeii
on the right, and Cape May on the Ijsft. Thefe Capes are 18 or 20
miles apart.

The Chefapeak is a very fpaclous bay, yearly 170 miles in length
from north to fputh, and ficm 7 to 18 miles broad. It is about nine
fathoms deep, and affords many commodious harbours, and a fafe and
cafy navigation. Its entrance, which is 12 miles wide, is nearly F,.
N. E. and S. S. W. between Cape Charles, latitude 37*^ 12', and
Gape Henry, latitude 3 7S in Virginia. It feparates the caftern parts
of Virginia and Maryland, leaving a fmall part of the former, and a
large portion of the latter, of thefe ftates on its caftern ihore. It re-
ceives the waters of the Sufquehannah, Patomak, Rappahannok, York
and James rivers, which are all lajrge and navigable.

I
I

I' 'A

'i I
• t '

^(J THE UNITED STATES.

Face op the Country. — The trnft of country belon;'in;.; to tliu
United States, is happily variegated with ])hih\s and moor. tains, hills
and vallics. Some purts art ro ky, particularly New JCn^land, llic;
iiorth parts of New York, and New Jerfcy, and ii broad fpace, in
eluding the feveral ridges of the long range of mountains which rini
fouth-weihvard through Pennfy'vania, Virginl), North Carolina, and
part of Georgia, dividing the waters which llow into the Atlantic, from
tliofc which fall Into th« MilTili!');!. In th ; parts eali of tlu" Allegany
mountains, in the fouthern Halts, the country, for feveral hundred
miles in length, and 60 or 70, and fometimes more, in breadth, is level
pnd entirely free of Hone.

On and near the inargin of the rivers are frequently found fund hills,
which appear to have been drifted into ridges by the force of water.
At the bottom of fome of the banks in the rivers, 15 or 20 feet below
the furface of the earth, are Vvalhcd out from the iblid ground, logs,
brances and leaves of trees j and the whole bank, from tup to bottom,
appears flreaked with layers of logs, Ictives and faiid. Thefc appear*
ances are feen far up the rivers, from 80 to 100 mile;; from the fea,
xvhere, when the rivers are low, the bt}nks fare from 15 to io feet
high. Down the rivers toward the fe^, the banks decreaie in height,
but lllll are formed of layers of land, leaves and logs, fonie of which
arc entirely found, and appear to have been fuddenly covered to a cou-
fiderable depth.

It has been obferved that the rivers In the fouthern ftates frequently
vary their channels ; that the f-.vamps r^nd low grounds are conllantly
filling up, and that the land. In many jilaces, gradually Infringes upoi^
the ocean. It Is u fact, that no longer ago than 1771, at Cape Look-
out, on the coaft of Nortli Carolina, in about latitude 34^ 50', there
was an excellent harboui, capacious enough to receive an hundred fail
of {liipping at a time, In a good depth of water, which is now en-
tirely filled up. lullance;: of this kind ure not uncommon along the
coaft.

it is oblervable, liktwii'e, that there is a gradual defccnt of about
8oo feet from the foot of the mountains to the fea board. This decli-
vity continues, as is demonitrated by foundings, far into the fea.

It Is very remarkable, that the i'uil on the banks of the rivers Is pro-
portionably coarfe or fine according to its diftance from the mountains.
W'hen leaving the mountf.ins, and tor a confiderable diftance, it is ob-
fervable, that the foil is coarfe, >vith a large mixture of land and ftriu-
Jng heavy particles*. Towards the fea the foil Is lefs coarfe, and fo on,
in proportion, the foil is finer an.d finer, until, finally, is depofited a
foil fo fine, that it confolidates into perfed clay j but a clay of a pecu-
liar quality, for a great part of it has intermixed w-ith it reddilh
lireaks and veins, like a fpecics of ochre, brought probably from the
red lands which lie up towards the mountains. This clay, 'when du^
up and expofcd to the weather, will dilTolve into a fine mould, without
the leaft mixture of fand or ai;y gritty fubftance whatever.

It is well known that on lh« banks of Savannah River, about 90
miles from the fea, in a direft line, and 150 or 200, as the river runs,
there is a very remarkable colltdion of oyJler-fliells of an imcommon
magnitude. They run in a north-eall and Ibuth-weii diredrlion, nearly
parallel to the fea coait, in tlu-ee diilinil ridges, which occupy a fpacq

I^^t*-

■;i

t'HE t'N'ltUD STATES.

of many miles in breadth. Th<' ri(l<;e'! commence at Sav?.nnf»li Rivrr,
and have been traced as far fout!i as the northern branches of the A la-
tamaha River. They are found in fuch quantities, thit the indigo
planters carry them away in large boat loads, for the puipol'e of mak-
ing lime water, to be ufed in the preparation of indigo. It is a quel
tion, how they originally came hero >. It cannot be fuppofed that they
were carried by land ; neither is it probable that they were conveyed
in canoes or boats to fuch a diftancc from the place where oyftcrs are
now found. The uncivilized natives, after their roving manner of
living, would rather have removed to the fca Ihorc, than have beert
at fuch immcnfe labour in procuring oyfters. Belides, the ditHcul-
tics of conveying them would have been altogether infurmountable.
They would not only have had a (Irong current in the river againP:
them, an obllacle which would not have been eanly overcome liy thd
Indians, who have ever had a great averfion to labour ', but although
they could have accompHlhed it, oyllers, cmiveycd fuch a diftar.Cf,
either by land or water, in fo warm a climate, would have fpoUcd
on the paflage, and have become ufelcfs. The circumftance of tlArc"
fhells being found in fuch quantities, at fo great a dillance from t^*;
Tea, can therefore be acconnted for no other way, than by fuppolin'/;
that the fea fliore was formerly near this bed of Ihells, and that the
ocean has fince, by the 'ipcration of certain caufcs, not yet fully inveill-
gated, receded. Thcfr phenomena, as they c.innot be otherwife :ic-
counted for, prove fo far^ that a great part of the flat country which
fpreads eallerly of the AUegatiy mountains, had, in a former period, a
fuperincumhent fea or water ; but it is very ditficult to account for thi
change in a fatisfaftory manner.

Mountains, — The trart t>f country caft of Hudfon's River, compre-
hending part of the State of New Yor'i, the four New England States,
and Vermont, is rough, hilly, and in ff-me parts mountainous. In many
parts of the world, and particularly oi this weftern continent, it is ob -
fcrvablc, that at departing from the ocean, or from a river, the land
gradually riles : and the height of b-?nd, in common, is about equally dif-
tant from the water on either fide. The Andes, in South-America,
form the height of land bctweeii the Atlantic and Pacffic Ocean?.
The Highland's bet^^een the diftriil: of Maine and the Province of
Lower Canada, divide the rivers which fall into the St, Lawrence,
norths and into the Atlantk, fouth, • The Green Mountains, in Ver-
mont, divide the Avaters which flow eaiterly into Connecticut River
from thofe which fall v.cRcrly into Lake Champlain, Lake George,
and Hudibn's River.

Between th« Atlantic, the Mluifippi, and thd Lakes, runs a lono-
range of mountnins, made u^. of a number of ridges. Thefe m»un^
tains extend northeafterly and iouthv,'ei>er]y, nearly" parallel to the fea
coa'L

From the Atlantic, the firft ridge in Pennfylvania, Virginia, and
North Carolina, is the Blue Ridge, or South Mountain j' which is
from ip to 200 miles from the fea. Between this and the North
Mountain fpreads a large fertile vale ; next lies the Allegany ridge ;
n^x-t ;:eyond this is the Long ridge, cr^llcd the Laurel Muaatalas, In
a four of wai,ii, a'jo.a latitude 36", is a Ipring of water, 50 feet deep.
Very cold, and, it is laid, as blue a;, ijidigo. From thefe feveral ridger^

4^ THB UKITED STATES.

proceed Innumeralilc namclcfs branches. The Kittatinny mountains
run throufil) the northern parts of New Jerfey aiul Pcnufylvania. All
thefc rid>{cs, except the i\lle;.>aiiy, are feparated by rivers, which ap-
pear to have adually forced their paflages throui^h folid rocks.

The principal rid^^c is the Allegany, which has been dcfcriptively
termed the back, bone of the Uivited States. The general name for
thefc mountains, taken colleftively, fecms not yet to have been deter-
mined. Some call them the Endlefs Mountains ; others, the Appa-
lachian P.Iountains, from a tribe of Indians, who live on a river which
proceeds from a mountain called the Appalachicola. But the moll:
common name is the Allegany Mountains, lb called, either from the-
f'lincipal ridge of the range, or from their running nearly parallel to
the Allegany or Oliio River j which, from its head waters till it emp-
ties inlJ the Milfifippi, is known and called by the name of Allegany
River, by the Suncca and other tribes of the Six Niitions, who once
inhabited it. '^I'hele mountains are not confufedly fcattered and
br(i:en, riling here and there into high peaks, overtopping each other,
buf ilrctch along in uniform ridges, fcarcely half a mile high. They
fpr^ad towards the fuuth, and fome of them terminate in high per-
pendicular bluffs. Others gradually fubfide into a level country,.
pving rife to the rivers which run foutherly into the Gulf of Mexico.
Soil and Propuci;. -In the Un;l?.d States ,ire to be found every
fpecics of foil that tbe earth affords. In fome parts of them, they
produce all t'le various kinds of fruits, grain, pulfe and hortuUne plants
and roots, which are to be found in Europe. Befides thefe, a great
variety of native vegetable productions. But, in a country fo extenfive
and lying under fuch a variety of climates, there muft naturally
be expected a proportionable difference in the fertility of the foil. la
the northern parts called Labrador, or New Britain^ nothing can be
more dreary and barren; no grain of any kind, nor even the moll hardy
trees being able to withitand the intenlity of the froft, and this in the
\atit_' Hie of only 51 degrees. The horrid mountains with which the
foil is Incumbered, alio prove an Infurmountable obllaclc to any culti-
vation, as, by the perpetual fnow which covers them, the air is chilled
to r.ich a degree, that even the plants which might otherwife come to
perfeclion are entirely dellroyed. In Canada, though the winters are
extremely fevere, the foil is generally very fruitful,' producing plenty
cri grain of various kinds, and affording good pallurage for cattle, whicl\
are here bredin great numbers. In Nova Scotia, the foil is lefs fer-
tile, and agriculture has made but very little progrefsj the ground
being naturally bad, and the climate exceflively foggy; which nq
doubt proceeds in fome raeafure from the vail foreils with which the
whole country is covered. In general, however, it produces hemp
and riax, though no kind of grain has been brought to any perfe6lion ;
nor is the pallurage good. As we proceed to the ibuthward, the fcene
changes entirely. Around MaHlichufett. Bay, the foil equals the beft
in Britain, and the nrft planters found the grafs upwards of a yard in
height.. Yet even here the European grains do not come to great
perfeaiftn; the wheat being liuble to be blaired, and the barley and
r!;its yt-ry poor and unjiroauctivc. xnuian corn thrives extremely, and
(Tondltutes tlie principal food of the inhabitants. A kind of beer is
•Jfo brewed from h, which is by no means contemptible, though the

I *

life

'^tmmmmmm

¥nft tmiTED STATES.

common Jnnk Ts cyder and fpruce beer. Fruits are met with in t"C
l^rcatelt plenty, lufomucli, that one apple-tree has been known to
produce I'even barrels of cyder j and 700 or 8oo fine peaches have been
gathered from a lingle tree of that kind, The coalt of America, in
general, is low and Hat, riling into hills towards the heart of the coun-
try. In the dat parts, the ;^.ound is very often marlhy, as-is the cafe with
New York ; but the inland parts are endowed with amazing fertility,
producing all kinds of grain in the utmoft abundance, as well as barley,,
flax, and fruits of all forts. In New Jerfcy, a confiderable part is_
fandy and barren with refpetl to grain, producing, however, pines and
cedars J the other parts being equally fertile with the lail mentioned
provinces. From the province of New York, for a confiderable wa/
iouthvvard, the woods aijound with wild vines j but none of thefe have
ever been cultivated in fuch a manner as to be of any ul'e. In Penn-
fylvania the lummer is often intolerably hot, though the winter is (o
{evire, that the Delaware is Ibmetimes frozen over in one night.
Maryland and Virginia are particularly adapted for the cultivation of
tobaceo, which, while they remained in fubjcftion to Britain, was theii*
principal article of commerce, though now they begin to prefer the
railing of grain. Virginia, belides the ordinary produdlions of grain
and fruits, yields fuakeroot, a valuable medic "uial article j the cele.
brated ginfeng of the Chinefc-, and fome other medicinal fimples. Flax
and hemp are produced in fuch quantities, as to be exported j though
not fo abundantly as might be expeded from the nature of the foil,
which is extremely fit for producing them. A kind of filk alfo grow »
• here fpontaneou'ly, the fibres of which are as llrong as hemp. la
Carolina the foil is fiill more fertile than in Virginia, infomuch that
no manure is ufed. Even the word foil in this country is produftlvc
of indigo, and the lands next the fea, which are low and marfhy.
produce rice in great abundance. For about 80 miles inland, the coaft
of Carolina is quite flat, without the leaft eminence, rock, or almoft n
Hone to be met with. Upon advancing, it becomes gradually more
elevated, and produces every thing ncce^Fary or comfortable for human
life in the greateU perfeclion. The rineft flowers and flowering flirubs
grow here fpontaneoully ; the European plants thrive with a de<n-ee of
vigour far beyond what they do in their native comitries ; and there
is not the lealt doubt that wine, oil, and (ilk, equal to what is produced
in tiie iouthrcn parts of Europe, might be railed here by proper care. '
In the back parts, ivheat thrives extremely well, and yields a very
^reat increafe. Befides thefe produces, thefe countries produce caflia
Jarfapanlla, and a kind of tree which yields an oil faid to be of extra-
tirdinary virtue for curing wounds, and In this refpeft to eqoal the fa-
mous ballam of Mecca. Gums of various kinds are alfo produced here
Valt quantities of honey are produced in thefe fouthern provinces, from
which the fincft fpirits are diftiUed, and a kind of mead, made almoft
as good aj Malaga fack.

Timber of all kinds is produced in the North American continent.
Dut that ct the northern provinces is fuperior to the reft. All the
uncultivated j)arts of America indeed are to appearance one continued
wo.=cl .,otuing is more apt to furprife a ftranger, than the valt iize of:
the American trees, efpecially in the fouthern parts, the trunks
ot which arc frequently from 50 to 70 feet high, .vithout a fincrlc

TKE. UNITED STATES.

I i-
• %

, ^

branch, and above 36 feet in circumference. Canoes and cuvious
pleafure-boats are made of the hollowed trunks of thefe trees, and
fome of the former are capable of containing 30 or 40 barrels of piith.
Almoft all kinds of timber which the other parts of the world can
aiFord, are to be met with in America, befides a vaft many fpccies
p.-^culiar to the continent itfelf. Their oak, however, is fnid to be
inferior to that of England ; but the firs are immenfely laroe, and
plentiful, and excellently calculated for malls and yards. Confidcrable
quantities of pitch and tar are extracted from the latter, as >voll as
turpentine, from which rofin and oil of turpentine are prepared. By
reafon of this vaft profulion of timber, lliip building forms a confidcr-
able branch of their trade. Towards the fouthern provinces the timber
is not fo good for fhipping as that of the northern provinces ; the
timber becoming lefs compaft and riving very eafily ; which pro-
perty, as it renders it lefs ferviceable for fliip-building, makes it
more ufeful for ftaves.

Animals. — America contains, at leaft, one haif, and the territory
of the United States about one fourth of the quadrupedcs of the
known world. Some of them are common to North America, and
to the European and Afiatic parts of the Eaftern Continent •, others
are peculiar to this country. All thofe that are common to both
continents, are found in the northern parts of them, and are fuch
as may be fuppofed to have migrated from one continent to the
other. Comparing individuals of the fame fpecies, inhabiting the diffe-
rent continents, fome are perfedtly fimilar j between others there is
fome difference in fize, colour or other circumftances 5 in fome few
inftances, however, the European animal is larger than the American ;
although the reverfe is generally the cafe.

Owing to the importance of this part of the prefent work, it has in-
duced the editor to compile, from the lateft and beit authorities on the
fubje(5t, the following catalogue, with the refpedlivc defcriptions annne\-
ed, which, it is believed, will be found to be the moA full and compkre
of any yet publiihed.

Manunoth

* Bifon

* Moofe

* Caribou

* Red Deer

* Fallow Deer

* Roe

* Bear

* Wolverine

* Wolf
*Fox

* Catamount

* R

* Gray Cougar

* Mountain Cat

* Lynx

* Kincajou

* Weafel

* Ermine

* Martin
*Mink

* Otter

* Fifher

* Skunk

* Oppoffum

* Shrew Mouff

* Purple Mole

* Black Mole

* Water Rat

Sallow Cougar * Woodchuck

Urchin

* Hare

* Racoon

* Fox Squfrrel

* Grey Squirrel * Beaver

* Red Squirrel * Mutquafix

* Striped Squir.

* Flying S<juir.

* Field Moufe
Bat

* Ground Moufe

* Wood Rat

* American Rat

* Morfe

* Seal
Maniti
Sapajou
Sagoin
Tapir
Ovarine.

Thofe animals to which an afteriflc (*) is prefixed, are fur animals whofe Ikins ar<
fonietimea drcfftd in alum, with the hair on, and worn in drefs ; or whofe fur or foft
tsir is ufcd for various purpofes.

Of the above, the Fallow Deer, Grey Fox, Martin, Otter, Op-
poffum, Woodchuck, Hare, fome of the Squirrels, and tlie Beaver,
have been tamed.

thefe

■ '■

count

"^M-

nous

huvin

placet

THE UNITED STATES.

nd cuiious
trees, and
Is of pitch,
Avorld can
any ipccies
l;iid to be
large, and
[jnfidcrable

as >V':11 34

larcd. By
a confider-
the timber
inces ; the
vhich pro-
makes it '

2 territory
ics of the
ierica, and
;nt •, others
m to both
d are fuch
;nt to the
y the diffe-
rs there is ,
1 fome few
i;Vmerican ;

, it has in-

ities on the
)nr, annnex-
d complete

IV Moufc g

lie Mole

k Mole

fr Rat

'cr

quartx

iiti

10U

)iii

rine.

bofe fkins ar«
ofe fur or foff

Dtter, Op-
he Beaver,

This name has been j^.'ven to an auimal, whofe bones
e northern parts of both the old and new world. From

i'€'

Mam^iOt:!.

are found in the northern parts -->..-.

the form of their teeth, they are fuppofed to have been carnivorous.
Like the elephant they were armed with tufks of ivory j but they evi-
dently dififcred from it in fizej their bones proving them to have been
five or fiX times larger. Thefe enormous bones are found in feveral parts
of North America, particularly about the fait licks or fprings, near the
Ohio river. I'hefe licks were formerly frequented by a vaft number of
'^riuTiinivorous animals, on account of the fait, of which tliey are faid tq
nave been exccffively fond. From the appearance of thefe bones, fome
of which are found entirely above ground, others wholly buried, it is
probable that the animals died at different periods, fome pe.-haps as late
as the firll ftttleirient of this country by the Europeans.

A late governor of Virginia having a/ked fome delegates of the
Dellawares v. hat they knew or had lieard refpeding this animal, the
chief fpeaker immediately put himfelf in an oratorial attitude, and with
a pomp fuited to the_ fuppofed elevation of his fubjed, informed hiti
tiiat it was a tradition handed down from their fathers, " that
in ancient times -i herd of them came to the Big-bone licks, and began
anuniverfal deftrudion of the bears, deer, elks, buffaloes, and other
animals which had been created for the ufe of the Indians j but the
Great Man above, looking down and feeing this, was fo enraged that
he_ fuzed his lightning, defcended to the earth, feated himfelf upon a
neighbournig mountain, on a rock, on which his feat and the prints of
his feet are ftill to be feen, and hurled his bolts among them till the
whole were llauglitered, except the big bull, who, prefenting his fore-
headto the fluifts, fhook them off as they fellj but at lengfh miffing
one. It wounded him oi; the fidej whereon, fpringing round, he bound
ed over the Ohio, the Wabafli, the Illinois, and finally over the great
JuKes, where he is living at this day."

*.' When I firft vifited this fait lick (fays Col. G. Morgan) in 1776
i met here a large party of the Iroquois and Wyandot Indians, who
were then on a war expedition againft the Chickafaw tribe. The head
cliiet w^.s a very old man to be engaged in war ; he told me he was 84
years old 4 he was probably as much, as 80. 1 fixed on this venerable
<:Juer as a perlon from whom fome knowledge might be obtained. After
making hiiu fome Imall acceptable prefents of tobacco, paint, am-
mumtion, ccc and complimenting him upon the wifdom of his nation
thexr pl•o^vefs ,n war and prudence in peace, fignified to him my
gnorance refpeaing the great bones before us, which nothing but hj^
upenor knovvledge could remove •, and accordingly requefted him to
anform me ^vhat he knew concerning them. Agreeably to the cuftom
of his country, he anfwered in fubflance as follows •

o. ' ft u^V ""^V^ ^ ^°^ ^ P"^"'^ '^'' ^°«d, feveral times, to war
againft the Catawbas J and the wife old chiefs, among whom was Z
giandtather, then gave me the tradition, handed down to us Te^eftiW

cotry!""' ^'^ ""''' '' ^-^^^^^ ^- ^-"^ - - other";an%?
, " After the Great Spirit firft formed the world, he made the va
nous buds and beafts which now Inhabit it. He alfi made mVn b';
hvmg formed him white, and very Imperfed and ill-tempered he
'.laced hnn on one fide of it where he now inhabits, ^n!^ fZ':!.:.,*!!

pl'i

5-i

THE UNITED STATES.

o'blaa clay, and mide v;hat yoa call a Negro, with a woolly heal
This black man was much better than the white man, but ftill he d^d
I^LfverthevvIfli of the Great Spirit j that is, he was imperfed.
At laft the Great Spirit having procured a piece of pure red clav,
WdCm it the r'edman, p'rfeaiy to his mind , and he w^^^^^^^^
welT Pleafed with him, that he placed him on this great ifland, feparate
from tl^e white and black men j and gave ^im rules for his condud
promifing happinefs in propv.rtion as they (hould be obferved He
Fncr^S ex?eedingV/^"^l ^'^'^ P^^^^^^y happy ior ages -, but the
00 niyoung people, at length forgetting his rules became exceed
np y 11 temLed and wicked. In confeq.vence of this, the Great
S created the great buffaloe, the bones of wh:ch you now fee
before u thefe made war upon the human fpecies alone, and deftroy-
ed all but' a few, who repented and promifed the Great Spirit to live
accm^dngto his' laws, if he would reftrain the ^^vouring enemy :
Whreupon he font lightning and ^^-"der and del royed the whole
xace ill this fpot, two excepted, a male and a female which he Oiut
xip in yonder mountain, i' ady to let loofe again f lould occafion

''The Colonel adds, *^ I have every material bone of U.e anatomj. o£
this animal, with feveral jaw bones in .^h.ch the grindeis ^aie entire,
and feveral of the great tulks, one of which is fix feet long.

Salt works, of confidefabie importanc<., have been ellabhftied at the
lick where thefe bones are found. n i *v«

Bisov o^ Wii^D Ox. This animal has .generally been called the
Buffalo 'but very improperly, as this name has been appropriated to
rnother' animal. ' He is'of the fame fpecies with the common nea^
cattle J their difference being the effeft of the domeftication of the
k-er. Compared with the domelHc Ox, the Bifon is confide r ably
ar'er efpecially about the fore parts of hi.^ody. On ^is hou ders
I'ifes a large tleihy or grifly fabftance, which extends along the back
Th hair en his head, neck and flioulder, is long and woolly, and all
of it fit to be fpun, or wrought into hats. Calves from the domeihc
cow and wild bull, are fometimes raifed j but when they grow up^
thev become fo wild that no common fence can connne them.

'rheie animals were once exceedingly numerous in the weftern part.
«f Virginia, and Pennfvlvania-, and fo late as the year 1766, numerou^
i.rds li them were frequently feen in Kentucky. 1 ^^^^^^^.^^^ ^°"f
.f the largell fize, and' ?n the greateft numbers, on the Miffdip^P , >"
>bout 42^^ N. lat. corrcfpondingin climate to about 42 on the Atlant
tic coaft, which is found to be moft favourable to the ox.

Moose Deer. Of thefe there are two kinds, the black and the

SE Ueer. Uttiieie men; axe ^v^v. .v.w^.,, . • , .

nrey. The black are faid to have been from eight to twelve (fee. high ,
::t prefent they are very rarely feen. The grey are generally as
tall as a horfe; and fome are much taller j both having fpreading
palmated hornJ, weighing from 30 to 40 pounds ; thefe -- (hed -
illy in the month of February. They never run, but tiot witl
anLing fpeed. In fummer they feed on wild graffes ^-^ die leaves
of the moft mucilaginous fnvubs. In winter they foim herds , and
• vUcn the fuow falls,' by movi-^rrconftantly m a iwaii <;itc^, ^^7 ^^^"^^

♦ ^

gue to
le took
r head,
he did
)erfe£l.
d clay,
was lb
eparate
snduc^,
i. He
lilt the
ixceed-

Great
low fee
ieftroy-

to live
enemy ;
■ whole
he ftuit
3ccafioix

tomy

o£

z entire,

;d at the

lied the
iated to
ion neat
n of the
fidcrably
houlders
he back.
, and all
domeiUc
grow up.

:ern part«
(lunieious
1 is found
fifippi, in
le Atlant,

. and the
Feet high j
lerally as
fpreading,
hcd annu-
trot with
the leaves
crds ; and
tacv t resist

THE L'.nTED STATES. 5"

. riic i'uow hard, and form what is called a per. While the'fnow^ i«:
ceep and will not bear them, they are confined witliin this pei , aii'l
eat all the bark and twi<;s within their reach. They are Cinf'drved as
of tlie fame fpecies with the Elk of the eaflern continent. -Th,,}' arc
found in New England.

Caribou. This animal is didinguidicd by its branching, palmated
horns, with brow antlers. He i:; probably the rein deer of the nort);-
crn parts of Europe. From the tendons of this animal, as well as of the
Moofe, the natives make yery tolerable thread.— Eound in the Diitri(f^;
of niain.

Deer. The Red Deer Jias round branching horas. Of this fpeclec?
there are three or four different kinds ^r varieties j one of wliich, found
on the Ohio river and in its vicinity, is very l4rge, and there commonlv
called the Elk

The Fallow Deer has branching, j)almated liorns. In the Uniteci
States thefe anxiaals are larger than the European, of a different;
colour, and fuppofed by fopie to be of a diiierent fpecies. In the
iouthern Itates are feveral animals. fuppofed t.o h.Q varieties of the Koa
Deer.

Bear. Of this animal two forts are found in the northern ftates ;
both are black, but different in their forms ;tnd habits. One has Rxnrl:
|egs, a thick . clumfy body, generally fat^ and is very foi.d of fweeu
vegetable food, fuch as fw-et apples, Indian corn in the milk, berries,
grapes, honey, &c. Proi ibly he is nqt carnivorous. As foon as the
iirll fnow falls, he betakes himfclf to his den, which is a hole in a clefc
of rocks, a hollow tree, or fome fuch place*, here he gi?.uually heccT.es
torpid, and dozes away ;the winter, fucking his pawy, and expending
the ilock of fat which l^e had preyioufly acquired.

The other fort is difting'uilhed by ihe name of Raxcing Bear, arc!
feems to be a grade betxveen the preceding and the wolf. His le--;
i^ re longer, and his body more lean and ;V-^;iat. He is carnlvcroir',
frequently deftroying calves, flieep, and pi/s, and fometimes children.
In winter he migrates from the north to the fjuUnvard. I'he fovnicr.
appears to be the common black bear of Europe, hut larger, the latter.
correfponds to the brown bear of the Alpsj ?.nd Is probably of the famvi.
fpecies with thofe fpoken of in 2 Ki»^s il, 14 th, v.hlclj formerly ii^ha-
bited the mountainoiis parts of Judea, b©lwee'\ Jericho and ilethei.
— Found in all the ftates.

The Wolverene, cail,ed .in ..Canada the CarcaJ'sr/, and' by l)untc:s
the Beaver eater ^ feems to be a grade betv,-een the bear ard the wood-,
chuck. He Is probably the badger of Elurope, His length is \\ feci;
and upwards j his circumference^ nearly two feet •,. his head and ear^
refemble a woodchuck's j his legs Ihort -, feet and paws large and
flrongj tail, about feven inches long, black and very bufnv or {hagixv ;
hair, about two inches long, and very coarfe ; his head, fallow grey ;
back, almoft black; brealt, fpotted with white j bell);, dark brov.n •
hdcs and rump, light rcddifli brown. This animal lives in holes,'
cannot run faft, and has a clumfy appearance.' He is very mlfchie-
*'ous to hunters, following them when letting their traps, and deitroyino-
their game, particularly tile beaver ^'••' ' - •' '^

Found in the northern ftaates

Wolf. Of this animal, which isof the Awg kind, or rather the dc-^-
Cirofcif In his favagcllatc, there are great numbers, and a con^uierah''-

H -^

9*^>:

THE UNITED STATtJ.'

^ ,■

-I I

1 t

• . • Tw. nnn rolour The dimer.nons of n {kin of one of them
Sed':^n,C"'i:,;K.h' of .h. body five ^^^/"^^^^
inches: of the hind k-s 15 inches ^ of the tail j8 mches. Ihe cir.
cu'nciinceofthc bo.W .vas frpm 2\ to tbr.e feet J^^f ^"^^^f^ f
thcfe animals in the northern ftates is generally a light dirty lallow,
t a 111 of black along their back. In fome the black is extended
Lwn their fides, and fomrtimes furms waving iheaks ', others are fa,d
tobefpottcd: lomepfthem, particularly m ^^^^^ i"^^^"" ?f "V ^^
entirely black, and confiderably fmaller. 1 he Indians are laid to h ve
fo far tamed fome of thefe animals before their acquaintance with the
Europeans, as to have ufed thorn In hunting. 1 hey next ^ac e u e o,
European do,;s, and afterwards ol mong-rds, the offspring of th^ wolt
.nd dog, as being more docile than the former, and rnorc eager m the
c.'.afe than the latter. The appearance of many of the dogs in the
ntwly l^.ttkd parts of the country, indicate their relation to the wolt.

— Found in all the ftates. ^ i cm , r^.-

Fox. Of Foxes there ore a great variety •, fuch ti$ the Silver * ox,
Red Fox, Grey Fox, Crofs Fox, Brant Fox, and fevrral others.
Naturalitls have generally (uppofed that there is more tnan one fpecies
of Foxes, but th?y differ very much in their mode of arranging them.
It is highly probable, however, that there is but one ^H*^"^/ f ^^^f
animals as they are found in all their varieties of fize and of fl^ades
varioal!y intermixed, in different p3.rts of the Umted States. Foxes,
and other animrds furniibcd with fur, of the northern ftates, are larger
thanthofe of tliefouthem. c ^„ „f

CATAMoaNT. This animal, the moft dreaded by hunters of any ot

the inhabitants of the foreits, is rarely iecn, which is probaI>ly he
reafon why no account of him has ever been pubhlhed, except what
is contained in Buffcn. The dim.nfions of one, killed a few years ago,
in New Hampfhire, meafured in lev-th, Inck ding the head, lix teet;
circumference of his body 24 ket; length of his tail three feet
and of his legs about c.ie foot. Tlic colour, along his back, is nearly
black •, on his fides a dark ruddllh brown •, his fett bl^ck. He letm
not cakulated for running, but kaps with furp^nfing agility. His
favourite food Is blood, which, like other animals of the cat kind,
he t,l. ^s from the jugular yeiVels of cattk, deer &c. leaving the
carca: Smaller prey he takes to his d.n •, and he Iia' 1 ^n knovv-n
to can .ff a child. He iecms to be allured by fire,_ wmch ternhes
al- orb carnivorous animals, and betrays no fear either of man or
be;^ft. He is found in the northern and middle ftates.

Sallow Cougar: The body of this animal is about five feet longj
his legs longer, in proportion to his body, than thofe of the common
cat. His colour is a dark lallo^v. In his habits and manners he re-
fembkr. the reft of the famUy.-He is found in the fouthern ftates, and

there called the Tyger. ^ , , , a-

Grey Cougar. This animal in Its form rerembks the preceding ,
but it is of an uniform grey colour and of a larger fi'^e. One
latclv ftiewn in Charkftovvn, and which had been brought iip m
roafi-nement, and was then growing, meailired lu kugth about fiv«
fe.t. and his tail three. Some are laid to have been found in their
native forefts nearly twice as long. He played witii a c^t, a. a ca,.
dQcs wirh a moufe, and afterwards killed and ate her. It is Uron^

aammtti

igmimimtmm

Miai

tHfi UNITED STAttS;

of them
legs 18
rhe cir-
olour of
r rallo\v,
ixt'indcd
I are faid
ites, are
. to have
with the
de ufe of
the Avolf
er in the
j, in the
:he wolf.

ver Fox,
1 others.
\e fpecies
ng them.
of thefe
of ihades
Foxes,
ire larger

3f any of
jably the
ept what
fears ago,
, fix feet;
tree feet,
is nearly
He feems
ity. Hia
cat kind,
aving the
en known
h terrifies
)f man or

feet long J
; common
•rs he re-
ilatcs, and

jreceding *,
z>e. One
ght up in
about five
id in their
caV
ftrong.

an a

iaive, fierce and untaratable.— Found in the weftern parts of the mld-

Ule Jlates. , . , , , pi- . , . ^ '.

Mountain Cat. The length of the body of this animal is irom 3^
to four feet ; his tail about tWo feet. His colour is a fallovr ground,
with black fpots and llripe?. The male has a black lilt along his
back^ and is the molt beautiful animal of the cat kind. He is ex-
ceedingly Fierce, but will feldom attack a man.— Found in the
ibuthern flates.

Lynx. There are three kinds of the Lynx, each probably form-
ing a (liltinft fpecies. The firit is called by the French and Britiih
Am.ericans, Loufi-cervier: He is from 2\ to three feet in kna;th ;
his tail is about five inches. His hair is long, of a light grey colour,
forming, in fome places, fmall irregular dark Ihades ; the end of
his tail is black. His fur is fine and thick. He is the Lynx of Libe-
ria, and fome of the northern parts of Europe. A few may be found
in the north eaftern parts of the dithict of Main j but in the higher
latitudes they are more numeious.

'Jlie fecond, wliicli is called by the French i^mcricans, Chat-cervicr,
Und in New England the Wild-cat, is coniiderably Ids than the
former, or tlie Loup'-cervier. He is from ± to 25 feet long; hxa
tail is proporllonably fliorter, about three inches long, and wants the
tuft of black hair on the end of it; His hair is fhorter, particularly
on his legs and feet; is of a darker colovir, brown, dark, fallow, and
-grey, varioufly intermixed. His fur iS faid to he cf a very diftercnt
tjuality; his ears are fhorter, and he has very little of the pencil cr
black hairs on the tips of them, v/hich is fo remarkable in the former
kind. This animal deltroycd many of the cattle of the firii; letticrs of
Ncn' England.

The tiiird fpecies is about the fizc of a common cat. The colour
of the male is a bright brown or br.y, with black fpots on his Iz^ys.
His tail is about four inches long, and encircled by eight whiti rings :
the female is of a redJiih grey. — Found ia ihc miidle and ibuthern
Hates;

KiNCAjoui This animil is frequently confounded with the Carca-
jou, though he rcfcmoles him in uotlnng but the namre. rie bel.^iigs
to the family of cats; at leall he very much refcmblcs them. 11'^ h
about as large as a common cat, and is Ijel.ter formed for agility 'An&
fpeed, than for Itrength. His tail gradually tapers to the end, v^.id.
is as long as is his vvhuie body. His coloiu: i« yellow. BetvVccii him
and the fox there is perpetual v,-ar; He hunts in the fame manner a>
do other a-.iimais of rluit clal's *, but being able to fufpcnd himfclf by
tuilting the end of hi; tall round the limt> oi a tree, or the like, he
can purfuc his prey where other animiUi cannot ; and when lie attack^'
a large animal, his tdl enables him to iecure his hold till he can open
the blood-vefiels oi tiic iv-i-ck. In fonvj parls of Canada, thefe animals
are very numerous, ai)d make great liavoc among the deer, and do
not {pare even the neat cattle.

The \VEASi;L is about nip.e inches in length; his body is remark-
ably round and f lender; his tall long and well furnill.-ed v<-ilh hair ;
liis legs ver^ (!u"ii,, and his toes armed with iiiarp claws. Hi,-; hair is
iiid thick, a;:d oi a [i;.]-^ ycUov.iih colour, except .V:;(;ut trie

fooit

:j i:

Til

y i;
Hi

V-i

aai

noi

itsl-

1 1

>%-

f-g tIiE united STATtSf

liaidinj/ the n-iortnefsi of Its legs, It feems to dart rather tfian to rui^
He kills and eats rats, aripped fquurtls, and other Imall quadrupedes ?
he likewife kills fowls, lucks their blood, and elleems their eggs a'

delicacy. ^ , . .

The Ermine does not differ materially from the Weafel, in fize,
form, or habits j even his colour is the fame In fummer, except that"
the end of his tail is black, and the edges of his ears and toes arc
•white. In winter he is entirely white, except the tip of the tail.
He Is generally confidered as fornjing a fpecies dillihcl from the Wea-
fel, — Tliey are found in Canada, and a few have beta feen in Nev\?
Hamnihive.

Mar-tin. This animal Is called the Mftttin (Mar/c) by M. de
Euffon ; in England, the pine Marllii, fir Martin, yellow breafted
Martin, pine Werfel, and yellow breafied Weafel y In New Eng-
land, the Sable; and by the Indians Wrmppanaivch. He is formed
like the weafel, Is generally about i6 Inches long, and is of ^
faMow colour •, but his lize, and the Ihadcs of his colour, vary irf
diiierent parts of the country. Some have ipots of yellow on the
brcall, others of white, and others have notie. He keeps In fo-
reiis, chiefi-'f on trees, and' lives by hunting. — Found In the northern
11; at OS.

. Mink, The Mink Is tfjout as Inrgfe as a mjirtlli, and of the fame
form. The hair on Its tall Is Ihorter ; its colour Is generally black j*
fome have a white fpot under their throats, others have none •, they ■
burro^y in the ground, and purfue their prey both in fredi and fait
v/atcr. Thole v.'hich frequent the fait water are of a larger fize,
li«.;hter colour, and have Inferior fur. They are fotind In coufiderable
numbers both in the fouthern and northern Hates.

Ott::r..- The Otter very much- refembles the mink In Its form and
habits. Its' colour Is n^^t fo dark; Its fize much larger, being about
three feet long and 15 inches in circurtifertnce. It lives In holes in
banks near the water, and feeds on filh and amphibious animals.—
Fouvid In all the ftatcs.

FisuER. In Canada he is called Pekftn ; in thefe ftjites frequently
the Black Cat, but improperly, as he does not belong to the clafs of
cats. He has a general refemhhuice to the miirtln, but he Is confidcr-
ably larger, being from 20 to 24 Inches in length, and 12 in circum-
ference. KIs tail is little more than half hi,5 length ; Ii:s hnir long and
Vmihv. Hiv fore leys about 4^ Ir.ches lonj^, his hinder lei^s fix Inches:
His cars fiiort and round. His colour is black, CNxept the head,-
neck, and Ihouldefs, which are a dark grey. He lives by hunting,
: nd occufionaily pu:fucs his prey In the water. — Found in the northern
ilatos.

Sk.i7nk. This anirir.l is about a foot ntid an half long, and In hclphti
:ind fize in proportion to his length. His tail is long and bufliy ; his'
hair long and chielly black ; but on his head, neck, and back is
lound more or lefs of white, \vIthoiit any regularity or vtniformltyv
lie appears to fee but Indl^'^erently when the fun ihincs, and there-
^Jro in the day lime keeps clofe to his burrov;. As fcon as the
tuiUght eomm'Mxes, he goes In qucil ot his food, ^^hich in princi-
p-.'liv l;ecties uvid other liii'-Cls : he Is alio very fond of cgj;s and young
■,hlckcn\ Hio l^.cfh Is faid t'J b- loLur.Mv 'jc^d, and h's fz'i i? ionu-

'^=^'^'=-^'^"°"'^""^^^^'

n to rtii^
irupedes;
r eggs a'

, in fize,

:ept that'
toes arc
the tail.

lie Wea-

in Nev\?

y M. ds
breafled
ew Eng*
iS formed
1 is of ^
, vary irf
.V on the
ps in fo-
northern

the fame
ly black ^
>ne •, they
1 and fair
rger fize,
ufideiable

form and
;ing about
I holes in
tnimals. —

frequently

e c

lafs

< confidcr-
In circum-
r long and
fix inches:
the head,
^ hunting,
ic northern

;1 in hcipht;
C'ulliy *, his
nd back, is
.tniformitvv
and there
ion as the
1 i» princi-
anJ young
;:■: h ibmt-

«h:

E iTNITEI) STATIC

fimes ufe5 as an emollient. But what renders this animal reniarkable
?s his being furnifhed with organs for fecreting and retaining a liquor^
volatile and fetid beyond any thing known, and which he has the
power of emitting to the diftance of i6 or i8 feet, when neceffary
for his defence. When this ammunition is expended he is quite
harmlefs. This volatile f(jetor is a powerful antifpafmodic. — Found iiv
all the Itates.

Opossum. This animal u about a foot and a half long j has a long
pointed nofe, furnilbcd with long lliff hairs j ears thin and naked 5 tail
naked, nearly as lot.g as the body, and capable of holding the animal
fafpended j legs (hort, feet fmall and naked. He ufes his fore paws
like a monkey. His body is well covered with a woolly fur, white at
the roots, and black at the ends. His hair is long, thin, and coarfe ;
its colour black and white, forming a grey of various fhades j and
thefe different Ihades are often lb intermixed as to give a fpotted or va-
riegated appeartince. But the moft fingular part of this animal is -i
kind of falfe bt • or pouch, with which the female is ftirniflied j it is
formed by a duplicature of the Ikin, is fo placed as to include her
teals, and has an aperture which {lie can open and (hut at pleafure^
fe>he brings forth her young from four to fix at a time, while they are
not bigger than a bean •, inclofes them in this pouch, and they, from ^
principle of inltinft, affix themfelvcs to her teats : Here they remain
and are nouriflied till they are able to run about, and are afterwards
taken in occafionally, particularly iu time of danger. The Opoflunv
feeds on vegetables, particularly fruit. He like wife kills poultry,
fucks their blood, and eats their eggs. His fat is ufed inllead of lard
or butter.— Found in the fouthc i and middle Hates.

WooDCHucK. 'I'he body of this animal is about 16 inches long, and
nearly the fame in circumference j his tail is moderately long, and full
of hair. His colour is a mixture of fallow and grey. He digs a bur-
row in or near fome cultivated field, and feeds on pulfe, the tops of
cultivated clover, &c. He is generally very fat, excepting in fpring.
The young are good meat j the old are rather rank and difagreeable.
In the beginning of Oftober they retire to their burrows, and live in
a torpid Hate about fix months. In many refpefts he agrees with the
marmont of the Alps j in others he differs, and on the whole is pro-
bably not the famic.

An animal refemblingthe Woodchuck is found in the fouthern ftates,
which is fuppofed to form another fpecles.

Urchin. The Urchin, or Urfon, is about two feet in length, and,
tvhen fat, the fame in circumference. He is commonly called Hedge-
hog or Porcupine, but diifers from both thofe animals in every cha-
faderilHc mark, excepting his being armed with q,uiils on his back and
fides. Thefe quills are nearly as large as a wheat fl:raw j from three
to four inches long, and, unlefs ercdcd, nearly covered by the ani-
mal's hair. Their points arc very hard, and filled with innumerable
very fmall barbs or fcales, with points raifcd from the body of the
quill. When the Urchin is attacked by a dog, wolf, or other
bealt of prey, he throws himfelf into a poilure of defence, by fliorten-

i?? 'r!' ^"r-^'i '■^f^^^^'-X^^!' '^'''^^' ''"^ erecting his quills, the aflail-
n>.r .nr>", anus iorric oi ttiofc wcripons ituck into his mouth, or other
i>ait of his bodyy and every effort v/iiich he makes to free himfcli;

R '■' 'I

»i

fHE VNITIO STAteS.

* ♦- fi,» fortV.4-r • thcv have been kno^vn to bury
CHufes tbcm to penetrate the farther , '^'J ^ f^,,,i .^

themfelves entirely m a f--^^^^^^^^^^ th^ikin from va-

.ther times they ^/^^e the - ^^^ ^ the Urchin is an inoftenllve

j:^;^- 1^::^^ :S?^: J^ is ^u^a in th. u.^

^^l?' Of tHs animal there are two kinds, xvhich appear to le dif-

# ^'fLc^^lCri commonly called the White Rab.n, or
cTev^th other fimply the Rabbit •, but from th. Pjopomonal
1 .^ nf the hinder lers, and other fpecific m»vks, they both belong
len.eth of the ^^^l'^^^^ ^,^ ^ ^^;^ 1,^5 , covering of coarfe Avhite

He is about half the fi« of a large Luropo.an hare, ^"d iTvice «»
1 .« fl^e oth-r kind. The latter bunov;s in the ground, Iifcc a

iT-t They are bo h found in the fame trucl of countrv, but have
rab./it. iney arc uv ^ f^rtnpr i« found in the northern

,„, been k«ow„ .o aff«.a« J^J-f,;,' JS::„or,he„> r-.s of
ll^^etleX^r rid t/:r.h: .ate, and is p.obaWy a fpecic,

^„ bIX\imS to ho otTreTo; &- Hole, and lies torpid durino
he ^Inte^ At flett i. good mc'a.. and his fur is valued by .he ha-
ters. Be is found in all the elimates of the temperate zone « NoUn

^Th!"F« S™,ar..L. Of this animal there are fcveral «rieties,
blal^red n,,d R "y It is nearly t.iee as large as the con>n.on grey
f^Srrd-O i'the fouthern ftates, a,>d is pecuhar to th.s con-

''"?i;;GK«S.„,.^ztof America ^ocs no. agr^e e>jaa,y «ith .Ijat

fticL and leaves, is placed near the top of he t-e l^^>^^^;-7^^.,
mierate in confiderable numbers, and, if m their courte u y
"it\ariver, each of them takes a flungle, f "^/^^^^^J^^^^l tc

and carries it to the water; ^^^^^f JPP^t.f^s th'm o^^^ >

their tales to the gentle bicczc, which foon "^^'"^^ ^^,,,,^,.
but a fudden flaw of wind rcmetimes produces ^/^^^f';':^;:;; ;^'^
The greater part of tlie males of 0.is ipecies. found ^h^. ^^ ^^ .^

A "Grey Squirrel is tound m Vii-inia, "-^-.V"'^^ .f.., ^
Whether it bi the W, or a dt|^ient fpccxs is unccrta...
■ The Red Sciinr.REL is kk than the grey f-v^-it.. -t i..b

*^\

to bury
"atal ; at
nm va-
jftcndve
ice, and
ilnion of
northern

le dif-
ibbiT, or
jortional
h belong
rfc v.liite

g fpri^K-
twice as

d, like a

but have

nonheiu

1 pr.rts of
a ipeck*

fcfeltnbles
and arm-
hb aJter-
nblcs the
ovns, &c.
1 he is luid
nd durlno-
y the hat-
iu North

varieties,

men grey

this ccr.-

with that
ecicSi Its
md others
ill of mols
: Ruts and
r, ar.d here
I is built of

fcmetimes
they meet
or the like,
., and eted
r in, fafel) V

{l.ipvvrcci;.

.ted.-

13 ee zs tliis.

P -h.

^\M

d lU^

THE UNITED STATE*. Sp

aloTTT Its br^.ck, grey on its fides, and v*hite under the belly. It dif-
fers Tn Ibme refpeds from the common European fquirrei j but Bunion
cotiHciers it as the fume fpccies. Its food is the fame as that ot th%
gvey fquirrei, except that it fometimes feeds on the feeds of the pine
and other evergreens; hence it is fomeiiines called the pii';" fquirrei,
and is found farther to the northward than the grey IquirreL It
fpends part of its time on trees, in qued of food j but confiders itt
hole, under feme rock or log, as its home.

The Striped Scu^'is-REl is ttill lefs than the laft mentioned. Its colour
is red. It has a narrow ihipe of black along its back ; at the diltaj.ce
of about half an inch, on each fide, is a (I ripe of white, bordered ^vith
very narrow Ihipes of black. Its belly is Avhite. In tlie mules, thft
colours are brighter and better defined than in the females. It is cal-»
led a moufo or ground fquirrei by fome, from its forming a buirow in
loofe ground. In fummer it feeds on apples, peaches, and variou*
kinds of fruit and feeds ; and for its winter itore lays up nuts, acorns,
and grain. It fometimes afcends trees in queft of food, but always
defcends on the appearauce of danger j nor does it feel fecure but in its
hole, a llonc wall, or fome covert place. — Found in the northern and
middle ftates.

Flying Sqiiirrel. This is the leaft: and mcft fingular of the clafs of
fquirreis. It is of a reduilh grey on the body, and white under the
b^jlly. A duplicature of the Ikin canneds the fore and hinder legs
together ; by extendhig this membrane it is able to leap much fartiier,
and to aliglii with more fafety, than other fquirreis. Its tail, at the
^ame time, which is liat, ferves to direct and afiiit its courle. When
it undertakes to fly from one tree to another, perhaps at the diftance
of 30 or 40 feet, it mounts to a fufiicient height, and then darts in a
dire£l line to hi objecl. Its eyes are large and prominent, and it ap-
p«ars not to fee well when the fun Ihines j by day, therefore, it gene-
rally lies concealed, but in the evening is very briik and lively. It

Jives in the holes of trees, and feeds on feeds, nuts, and grain. Is

^bund in all the Hates, and in the north pf Europe.

Field Mouse. The colour of this animal is a reddifh brown on the
body, and a dirty white under the belly. Compared with the houfe
moufe, its body is fomewhat longer, and confiderably larger. His tail
is larger aiid fliorter, He lives in fields among the grafs, and appears
quite inoffejifive.

Ground Mouse. This animal is larger than the field moufe, but
fimilar in form, excepting that the nofe is more blunt. His colour
nearly refembles a ilate on the body j lighter under the belly, l^hey
form burrows under the ground, and often deftroy young fruit trees in
the winter by eating their bark ; in fields and meadows, it feeds on
the roots of pafs, fometimes leaving a groove in the fward, which
appears as if it had been cut out with a gouge. In woods, they are
faid to feed on acorns, and lay up a large ftore of them in theii
burrows.

Bat. The bat very much refembles the field moufe in form and
fize ; but is fo enormoufly extended, that being conneaed together by
a thin inembrane, they furnilli the animal with wings= They heouev.t
the cavities of old buildings, from whence they ilfue in the twi/ighti
and feed, on the wing, upon the mkiia which are theo to be found

il!

Mil

I' It",

•fjlE UNITED STATES.

f!yln2. In tlic day time they keep thcmfelves conceakd, and br
come torpid during the mnter.-Common to North America and

Wood Rat. This is a very curious animal j not half the fize of
the domt'.lic rat, of a dark brov\'n or black colour, their tails flender
ffnd fliort in proportion, and covered tliinly uith (liort hair. 1 hey arc
fn.gular with relpeft to their ingenuity and ^res^ labour in conftrudmg
their habit^.tions, which are conical pyramids, about three or tour teet
high, conilruaed with dry branches, which they colled with great
labour and perfever^nce, and pile up without any apparent order •, yet
they are fo interwoven with one another, that it would take a bear or
wild-cat fome time to pull one of thcfe caftles to pieces, and allow the
snimals fut^icient time to retreat with their young.

There is likewlfft a ground-rat, twice as lai-j^e as the common rat.
Hvhich burrows in the ground.

American Rat. This animal has a knr-, naked, and fcaly tail •, the
head is long (haped, with a narrow pointed note, the upper jaw being
much longer than the lower •, thie ears ^re large and naked. Its co-
lour is of" a deep brown, inclimng to afh on the belly, and the tuv is
coarfe and harlh, It is probably this fpecles which is faid to live
•among the ftones and clefts of rocks, in the blue mountains of Virginia,
at a diftance from the peopled part of the country, which comes out
only at night, and makes a terrible noife.

The Musquash, or Mu9K. Rat, is about 15 Inches in lpngth,_ and ^
foot in circumference. His tail is nearly a foot long ; his hair very
ihort J the colour on his back, dark ; on his fides, generally reddidi ;
his head and tail very much refemble thofe of a rat. This animal is
furninied vath glands, which feparate a fubftance that has the fmell of
muflc. In his mode of living, he reft'nbles the beaver ; builds a rude
caoin in Ihallow water, and feeds on vegetables.— Found in the north-.
cm and middle dates.

Tiic VVatr Rat is about the fize of the common rat ; trown on
the back, and white under the belly •, feeds on aquatic animals.

•SfiKEW Mouse. This Is the fmalleil of quadrupedes, id holds neatn
ly tlic fame place among them as the humming bird does among the
liie feathered race. There have been feen but two or three of thefe
cninials, and thole dried •, but cannotfay that tho^e ever exceeded two
-jnchcs. Their head, which forms about one third of their whol^
J.^-n-rih, has fume refcmblance to that of a mole j the ears are wanting 1
thei'r eyes fcarcely vifible •, the nofe very long, pointed and fumiftied
nvi*h long hairs. In other refpcfts they/efemble the common moufe.
They liv'e in woods, and are fuppofed to feed on grain and infeds. —
Found in New England.

McLE. The purple mok Is found in Virginia ; the black mole m
New England, living In and about the water : They differ from one
another, and both from the European.

Beaver. — The l)caver, although an amphibious animaj, cannot
live for any length of time m the water •, but can exiil without it,
provided he has the convenience of fometlmes bathing himfelf. Ihe
krgeil; beavers formerly were about four feet in length, but at prelent
they are not more than three. The head of this animal Is large, anel
Ms ears- fliort and round. Their fore teeth are prominent, long, broad,

;i,r'

ill

and be
rica anil

e fize of
Is flender
They arc
iftruding
four ftet
ith grea^
•der •, yet
a bear or
allow the

imon rat.

tail •, the
jaw being
. Its CO.
the t'uv is
id to live
" Virginia,
omes out

rth, and ^
hair very
y reddirti ;
animal is
le fmell of
Ids a rude
the north-.

brown on
lals.

acids near-,
imong the
e of thefe
; ceded two
leir whol^
; wanting ;
i furniftied
ion moufe.

infeds. —

:k mole in
from one

lal, cannot
without it,
ifelf. The
t at prel'ent
large, an^
ong, broad.

THE UNITED STATIS.

ftrong, anci grooved or hollowed like ^ gouge. Their fore Icg5 are
fhort, with toes fep?.rate j their hinder legs are long, with toes webbed,
't'he tail is large, broad, and fcaly, refembling the body of a filli. Theic
colour is generally a dark brown, but varies according to the climate
they inhabit. Their hair is long and coarfe ; the fur very thick, fine,
and highly valued. The CaAor ufed iii medicine is found in lacs foim-
ed behind the kidneys.

Their houfts are always fituated in the water j fometimes they make
ufe of a natural porid, but in general they form one by building
a dam acrofs fome brobk or rivulet. For this piirpofe they felcct
a number of young trees of foft wood, which they fell, and divide in.
to proper lertgths, and place th'erti in the water, fo that the length of
the flicks make the width of the dahi. Thefe flicks they lay in mud
or clay, their tails ferving thfein For trowels, as their teeth did for axesi
Thefe dams are fix or eight feet thick at bottom, flopping, on the fide
oppofed to the ftriam, and are about a quarter as broad at top as at
bottom. Near the top of the dam they leave ohe or more wafle ways,
or Hiding places, to carry off the furplus watet.

The formation of their cabins art; no lefs reinarkable. They confift:
of two ftories, one under, the other above water. They are fliapeJ
like the oval bee-hive j ahd of a fize proportional to the number ot
inhabitants. The walls of the lower apartment are two or three feet
thick, formed like their dams *, thofe of the uppfer ftory are thinner
and the whole, on the iiifide, plaflercd with mud. Each family con -
ftruds and inhabits its oWn cabin. The upper Apartments are cu-
rioufly ftrewed with leaves, and rendered neritj clean, and comfortable.
The winter never furprifes thefe animals before their bufinefs is com-
leted ; for their houfes are generally finiflied by the end of Septem-
er, ahd their ftdck of ptbvifions laid in, which confifts of fmali pieces
■ of wood depofited in the lower apartments. Before a ftorm^ every
y precaution is taken m repairing or flrengthening their datris* They
:-■ retain this induflrious habit even ifter they are domeftiCil*:edi In fum-
mer they roam abroad and feed on leaves, twigs, and food of that kind.
Thefe beavers Are cortfidered as the fame fptcles as thofe in Europe,
but are vaftly fuperior to them in every refped.

There is llkewife a race of beavers c^i'ed Terriers, who dig holes,
and live a fblltafy Unfocial life. Thefe are probably favages, who have
never formed themfelves Into focieties, and confequently have not madt;
thofe Jmprdvements, which arc to be acquired only in a focial ftate.. ~
Found in all tlie flatcs.

The Morse, or Sea-Cow, more properly called the Sea- Elephant
hav two Iflrge ivory tiiflcs, which flloot from the upper jaw : Its head
alfo is formed like that of the elephant, and would entirely refemble it
in that part, if it had a trunk j but the morfe is deprived of that In-
ftrument, which fervt^ the elephant In place of an arm and hand and
has real arms. Thefe -lembets, like thofe of the feal, are fhut up
withm the Ikiri, fo that nothing appears outwardly but Its hands and
leet. Its body is long and tapering, thickefl towards the neck j the
toes and feet are covered with a membirane, and terminated by fliort
and fliarp-poiatcd claws. Ex^cepting the two great tulks and the cut-
ting teeiii, the morie perfectly refembles the Ibal j only it Is much

THE UN/TCD STATIS.

'nrger aud ftronKtr, tbc morfe beini; commonly from II lo .« f... • ■

»nd .'n";"." it'c™„";'b:'ir/ "^^ r""'?'"« ""'' •>"-«" beans

trrm,.,l rn • , '^""^'' ^ luadrupedc, nor can it oroDcrlv h,

bodf^'of .h f .1' f„T ''«:•• "'■'"'■ "^"^ "'■""" """""y '°-"l^d i» the
nead of two mor 'c« a"„' "' T n"""'^ "'"•""« '" "•' ""-''• I»-

fpread outofd Uke ? ""°t'-"" ■"''"^" '>"» only J thick tail^

with . h «r thicke ,I,a„ ,h"; /' '' ' ""^ '^';;"^>' ■"""■»i«" ="'">»'

«e placed near ,h, I "'f ;•>«"' >" ox, eyes fmall, and the two fee
cienr rue to f„n T ', f' "" P"'* ""^ "^ fwimming. It is of futfi

l«f than M, tfaid i^f '"n "'"'■■ '" "■="'• ^-^^ '» ™°« "te
long, «"3 6 b o!d '"^: ""»'"''«■"!!•, I'hey are about ,5 feet

'.e'he/b;? by T' ea Cd"^ '"rVi" ''"'' T °^ *= "'" '° '"d <">
America, and fome hL! k f r."""'." ""' '^"">'»on in South

Georgia ;„.:fheG:,f'':rMtTco°""'' '" ""^ "'"^ ""ch run from

J.abir'rcoutt^r:rri??,"' "■■'' ™"f » fP^cies of ammal, faid to i„.
»nd Sawins The f'L'r" '"'" f, ">•> "^ffifippi, called Sapajo.,
their taiCihe 1 ,.er a« nof "f"' "^ f'-'P^-'Ji-g themfelvl.i by
monkeys, but are „Jt rtiicTe;,!. • ^ have a general refcmblance to
It is not certii, thn^ It" ' ' ^J" '?'" P"ticularly deltribed.

l»t. 3z° i/et^uL-n'L'L^nr.,:: uSsCt^rtr^ '-r'' -

they are found in the vicinity. ' "' ■"•""" " '*

fcs'^n^dtller"ho™' tr'tn" '1°^ *' '''"/' ^""^ "'" <" ^'f"'. ^
When young, he irUtei lit tlfr^'i- ?"'' ■"■' ^ody arched.

l.ke that of the rhinoceros! in a L^"',," He 7'' ""' •".""'"«"».
»nd an equal number of crinders n eih " ° ^"."'"S ""!.,

KmHies him entireV fromtheov V- j j?'"' ' '""P"'^' "■'"<:'■ ''i«io-
■nals. The tap[r feems to ^ lit ' ""' f"", " ' ""'" "«»in«i"« ani-
abroad in the Iht oT, y TJ £TU ™lfcholy animal. He ?ome«

d-vells than on land Vi, ' « ,L' '" '^n "■"'"• ■"*"' >" "*■'"«■■
aoy great diilanc from the ml 'i " ' f' •°"*"^"', Tt """ """'''=" "'
^^a, purfued, or wounded, LpS^rthewat^r"- "^^^T'"'^-
<cr ... and paffes over a co'f.de''rab r± K.1! 1 T""" °"^ """

p=«anc=. T,.yH„„t thde animals in ;£;,;,;;;; ;;;;:;".h";t

;

TBE UNITED STATES, fij

fcmble fpontaneoufly in flocks, and as foun as they approacli, the hun-
ters run up to them ulth burning torches, with which thty arc fo daz-
zled and confounded, that they oveiturn one another. He is not car-
niverous. He lives upon plants and roots, and never ufes his weapons
againll other anlnjals. Though his legs are fliort and his body heavy,
he runs very fwiftly, and fwiras ftill better than he runs. I'he tex-
ture of his ikin is fo clofe and firm that it is able to refift a mufket-ball.
Is found throughout all South America, from the extremity of Chili
to New Spain.

The OuARiNE and Alouate are the 1 Tgeft four handed animals in
the new continent. In i\zc they much exceed the largcft monkeys, and
approach to the magnitude of baboons. 7 hey have prchenlllc tails,
and confcquently belong to the family of fapajous, in which they hold
a dillinguiflied rank, not only by their ftature, but alfo by their voice,
which refounds like a drum, and is heard at a great diliance. The
Ouarine has a large fquare face, black and brilliant eyes, Ihort round-
ifh ears, and a tail naked at the extremity, which adheres firmly to
every thing it can embrace. The alouate monkey is a favage auimai of
a reddiih bay colour, very large, and alfo piakcs a terrible rattling aoife,
which is heard at a great diftaijce. In the ifland of St. George under
the tropic, and about two leagues from the continent of America, there
are monkeys as large as calves, which alfo make fuch a Itrangc noife,
that a perfon not accuftomed to it would think that the mountains were
falling. Thefe animals are fo wild and mifchicvous, that they can
neither be conquered nor tamed. They bite cruelly, and though not
carnivorous, yet they fail not to excite terror by their frightful
voice, and their ferocious afpeft.

Birds. — The birds of America, fays Catcfby, generally exceed
ihofe of Europe in the beauty of their plumage, but are much inferior
to them in the melody of their notes.

The middle dates, including Virginia, appear to be tlie climate?,
in North America, where the greatell nnmber and variety of birds of
paflage celebrate their nuptials and rear their oflspring, with which
they annually rctur 'o more fouthern regions. Moft of the birds ia
the United States, arc birds of paffage from the fouthward. The eagle,
the pheafant, grous and partridge of Pennfylvania, fereral fpecies of
woodpecker«, the crow, blue jay, robin, marfli wren, feveral fpecies
of fparrows or fnow birds, and the fwallow, are perhaps nearly all the
land birds that continue the year round to the northward of Virginia.

Very few tribes of birds build or hatch their younir in the fouth or
maritime parts of Virginia, in Carolina^ Georgia and^Florida ; yet all
ihofe numerous tribes, particularly of the foft billed kind, which breed
in Pennfylvania, pafs, in the fpring feafon, through thefe regions in a
few weeks time, making but very fliort ftages by the way ; but few of
them winter there on tlieir return fouthwardly.

It is not known how far to the fouth they continue their flight, dur-
ing their abfence from the northern and middle ftates.

The Swan is the largeft of the aquatic tribe of birds which is feen
in this country. One of them has been known to meafure Hx fe.ex 5^
length, from the bill to the feet, when ftretched. It makes a foimd
.jefcmbU^g that of^ trumpet, both ^vhen in the %vater and on the wing.
oosE is a bird of paflage, and gregarious. The.

I J J

Xhe Canadian G

\l 'I

!t- M

;l!

^4 'the united state?.'

offspring of the Canadian and common goofe are mongrels, and reckon^
ed more valuable than either of them fingly, but do not propagate.

The Ptarmigan commonly inhabits the colder climates about Hud-;
fon's Bay, but is fometimes driven, through want of foo4, to the more
Southern latitudes. Thefe birds were once taken plentifully about
Oucbec. Whenever the feafon fets in, fo as to cover the tranches
and leaves of trees with a glaze of ice, they are deprived of their food,
and obliged to fly to a milder climate, where it can be procured.
Hence they frequently vifit the United States. Their feathers are
moftly white, covered with d.own quite to the nails, and their flerti
black, and of an exquifij^ reliih.

The Quail or PARTRinGE, This bird which is called the Quail of
New England, and the Partridge of the fouthern. .dates, is a bird pe-
culiar to America. The Partridge of New England is the Pheafant
of Pennfylvania, but is mifcalled in both places. It is a fpecies of
the Grous. Neither the Pheafant, Partridge, or Quail, are found in
America.

CucKLow. Thefe birds are faid not to pair, like the reil of the fea-
thered tribes. When the female appears en the wing, fhe is often
attended by two or three males. Unlike all other birds, fhe does not
build a neil of her own, but takes the opportunity, while the hedge
fparrow, it laying her eggs, to depofit her e^fi; among the reft, leaving
the future care of it entirely to, that bird. When the hedge fparrow
lias fat her ufual time, and difengaged the young cuckow and fome of
her own offspring from their (hells, the young c Jckow, aftoniihing as
it may feem, immediately fets about clearing the neft of the young
fparraws, and the remaining unhatched eggs, and with furprizing ex-
pertnefs foon accompli.fhes the bufinefs, and remains fole poffeffor of the
iieft, and the only objeft of the fparrows future care.

The Wakon, Bird, which probably is of the fanie fpecies with the
bird of paradife, receives its ns^me from the idea the Indians have of
its fuperior excellence ; the Wakon Bird being in their langrnge the
bird of the Great Spirit. It is nearly the lize of a fvvallow, of a brown
rolour, fhaded about the neck with a bright green. The wings are
of a darker brown than the body. Its t-iil is compofed of four or five
feathers, which are three t'mes as long as its body, and which are
beautifully (haded with a ^reen and purple. It carries this fine lengtJi
of plumage in the fame manner as the peacock, but it is not known
whether, like him, it ever raifes it to an ereft pofition.

The Whetsaw is of the cuckow kind, being, like that, a folitary
bird and fcarcely ever feen. In the fummer pionths it is heard in the
groves, where it makes a noile like the filing ot a faw, from which
circumftance it has received this name.

The Humming Bird is the fmalleft of all the feathered inhabitants
of the air. Its plumage furpalTes df fcription. On its head is a fmall
tuft of jetty black ; Its breaft is red j its belly wlilte j its back, wings
and tail of the fineft pale green j fmall fpecks of gold are fcattcred
over it with 'nexpre(rible grace j and to crpwn th^; whole, an almoft
imperceptible down fofteiis the feveral colours, and produces the mo(t
pleafing (hades. They are of two kinds, one has a curved the other
a ftraight bill.

AMriuBious Rr.rTii.Es.— 'ATiiong tjicie are thetnudtortQUcOf turticj

r.'

THE UNITED STATES.

fpecklcJ land tortoife j great foft fliclled tortoife of Florida, which,
■yvhen full grown, weighs from 40 to 70 pounds, and is extremeiv fat
and delicious food ; great land tortoife, called gopher, its upper fhell
is about 18 inches long, and from 10 to 12 broad. — Found ibuth of
Savannah River.

Two fpecics of frefti water tortoifes inhabit the tide water rivers in
the fouthern ftates, one is large, weighing from 10 to 12 pound i; the
back fhell nearly of an oval form j the other fpecies fmall j bnt ooth
are efteemed delicious food.

Of the frog kind are many fpecies. The toad, feveral fpecies, the
red, brown and black. The former are .the largeil j the latter
the fmalleft : pond frog, green fountain frog, tree frog, bull frog.
iBefides thefe qre the dufky brown fpotted frog of Carolina, eigh. or
nine inche? long from the nofe io the extremity of the toes j their 'ce
refembles the grunting of a hog. The bell frog, fo called hecaufe
their voice is fancied to be exadlly like that of a loud cow bell. A,.
beautiful green frog, whofe noife is like the barking of little dogs, oi'
the yelping of puppies. A lefs green frog, whofe notes refemble thofe of
young chickens. Little grey fpeckled frog, which makes a noife like
the ftriking of two peebles together under the furface of the water.
7'here is yet an extremely diminutive fpecies of frogs, called by fome,
Savannah Crickets, whofe notes are not unlike the chattering of young
birds or crickets. — Xhey are found in gre^t multitudes, after any
heavy rains, in all the State",

Of Lizards there arc alfo many fpecies. The alligator, or Amerir
can crocodile, is a very large .pnd ugly creature, of prodigious
llrength, a6livity and fwiftnefs In the water. They are from 12 to 23
feet in length ; their bodies are as large as that of a horfe, and are
covered with horny plates or fcales, f^id to be impenetrable to a rifle
ball, except about their heads and jurt behind their fore legs, where
they are vulnerable ; in (hape they refemble the lizard. The head of
a full grown^ alligator is about three feet long, and the mouth opens
nearly the fame length. The eyes are comparatively fmall, and the
whole head, in the water, appears at a diitance like a piece of rotten
floating wood. The upper jaw only, moves, and this they raife fo as
to form a ri^ht angle with the lower one. They open their mouths
while they he balking in the fun, on the banks tf rivers and creeks*
and when filled with flies, mulketoes and other infefts, they fuddenly
let fall their upper jaw with furprifing noife, and thus fecure their
prey They have two large, flrcng, conical tufks, as white as ivory
which are not covered with any fkii? or lips, and which give the ani^
mal a frightftil appearance. In the fpring, which is tlieir feafon for
breeding they make a moft hideous and terrifying roar, reremblinir
the found of dirtant thunder. The alligator is an oviparous animal •
their nefts, which are commonly built on the margin of fome creek or
river, at the diftance of 15 or 20 yards from the water, are in the
iorm of an obtufe cone, about four feet high, and four or five in dia-
mrrer at their bafis. They lay from ico to 2.0 .g^s in a nefl.
liiefe are hatched, ,t is fuppoied, by the heat of tl?e fun, aflilled
perhaps, by the fermentation of the vegetable mortar of which theiJ
ne l,^are built. The female, it is faid, carefully watches her own neft
^iU t,5C eggs are all aatcucd. She then takes her brood under iKr

jl!

if:i

ill

^ THE UNITED STATES.

care, and leads them about the fhores as a hen does her chickens, an^
in equally courageous in defending them in time of danger. When
fte Lies bafking upon ^varm banks with her brood around her, the
young ones may be heard whining and barking like young puppies.
The old feed on the young alligators, till they get fo large that
they cannot make a prey of them ; fo that happily but few of a brood
furvive the age of a year. They are fond of the flefh of dogs and
hogs, which they devour whenever they have an opportunity j but
their principal food is fifh. In C rolina and Georgia tljiey retire into
their dens, which they form by burrowing far under ground, com-
mencing under water and working upwards, and there remain in a tor*
pid ftate during the winter. Farther foutH, in warmer climates, they
Rre more numerous, fierce and ravenous, and will boldly attack a man.
In Soutli America, the carrion vulture is the inftrument of Providence
to deftrny multitudes of young alligators, who would otherwife render
the country almoft uninhabitable.

Befides the alligator, there are of this fpecies of amphibious reptiles
the bro-.-n, fwift, and green lizard, or little green cameleon of Caro-
lina, about fix or feven inches long ; which has a large red gill under
its throat, and, like the cameleon, has the faculty of changing its co-
lour. The ftriped lizard or fcorpion. Blue bellied, fquamous lizards,
Several varieties. Large copper coloured lizard. Swift, flender, blue
lizard, \nth a long flender tail, as brittle as that of the glafs fnake.—
The two laft are rarely feen, but are fometimes found about old log
buildings in the fouthern ftates.

Serpents. — I'he general charac^r by which ferpcnts may be dif-
tinguirtied are thcfe : the belly being furniflied with fcuta and the tail
wth both fcuta and fcalcs.

The Rattle Snake may be ranked among the largeft fcrpents in
America. They are from four to upwards of fix feet In length, and
from four to fix Inches in diameter. Their rattles confift of feveral
articulated, cruftacecus, or rather horny bags, forming their tails,
which, when they move, make a rattling noife, warning people of
their approach. It is fald they will not attack a perfon unlefs pre-
vioufly provoker!, \yhen moleiled or irritated, they ereft their rat-
tles, and, by intervals, give the Warning alarm. If purfued and over-
taken, they Inftantly throw themfelves into the fplralcoil.^ their whole
body f'vclls through rage, continually rifing and falling like a bel-
lows •, their beautiful party-coloured fltin becomes fpeckled and rough
by dilatation •, their head and neck are flattened j their cheeks fwoUen,
and their lips conftrlfted, difcovering their fatal fangs j their eyes red
vs burning coals, and their brandlfhing forked tongues, of the colour
of the hotteft tlame, menaces a horrid death. They never ftrike
unlefs fure of their mark. They are iuppofed to have the power of
facination, in an eminent degree ; and It is generally believed that
they charm birds, rabbits, fqulrrcls and other animals, in fuch a man-
ner as that they lofe the power of refil^ance, and flutter and move
ilowly, but reludantly, towards the yawning jaws of their devourers,
nnd cither creep into their mouths, or lie down and fuffer themfelves
to be taken and fwallowcd. This dreaded reptile is eafily killed.
One well direfted ftroke nn the head nr acrofs the hnr.k with a llick
not larger than a man's thumb, is fufficicnt to kill the largell : zn^

an4

they

., ^

fai: UNITED STATES, •?

tKey arc lb flow in motion that they cannot make their ffcape, nor dcr
they attempt it when attacked. Many powerful remejiies for the bite
of the rattle and other foakcs have been prcfcribcd »n4 ui«d *vith dif-
ferent eflPefts. r L

The baftard rattle fnake is of tlie nature \>l th« afp or adder ot the
eaftern continent j in form and colour he refcmbles the rattle Ihake, U
8 or lo inches long, and very fpitefiil and venomous. Like the rattle
fnake he throws himfelf into a coil, fwells, and flattens his body, con-
tinually darting out his held, and feems capabfe of fpringiag beyond
his length. — Found in the fouthern States. _ ,

The moccafin fnake is from 3 to 5 feet in length, and a» thick as a
man's leg : When dillurbed by an enemy, they throw themfelves into
a coil, and then gradually raife their upper jaw till it falls back, near-
ly touching the neck, at the fame time vibrating their long purple
forked tongue, and direiSling their crooked poilbnaus fangs toward*
the enemy. In this attitude the creature has a moft terrify ii^ appear-
ance. Their bite is faid to be more dangerous than that of any other
ferpent. Like the rattle fnake, they are ilow in their motions, and ne-
attack a perfon unlefs provoked.— Found in abundance in the

ver

fwamps and low grounds in the fouthern ftates.

The other moccafin fnake is about 5 or 6 feet long, and as thick a»
a man's arm j of a pale grey, Iky-colaured ground, with brown undu-
latory ringlets. They are faid not to be venomous, having no poifon-
ous fangs, but are very fwift and aftive, and fly at the approach of w»-
enemy.-- Found in the fouthern ftates, and fuppofed to be a fp&cies of
the wampum fnake of Pennfylvania, if not the fanae i'nake, though
larger and deeper coloured.

Tlie black fnake is of various lengths, from three to fix feet, all over
with a fliining black j it is venemous, but is ufeful in deiirwying rats^
and purfues its prey with wonderful agility. It is laid that it will de-
ftroy the rattle fnaLe, by twifting round it, and whipping it to death.
It has been reported alfo that they liave fometim^s twined themftlve*
round the bodies of children, fqueejing them till they die,— Tljey arc
found in all the ftates.

The coach-whip fnake is of various and beao^tiful colours, (bmo
parts brown or chocolate, others black, and others white ; it is 6 «r 7
feet long, and very (lender and adlive j it runs fwiftly, and is quite in*
oiFenfive j but the Indians, it is faid, imagine tliat it is able to cut a
man in two with a jerk of its tail. Like the black fnake, it will run
upon .'ts tail, witli its head and body ercft.

The pine or bull fnake, called alfo the horn fnake, is the krgcft of
the ferpent kind known in North America, except the rattle-fnake,
and perhaps exceeds him in length. They are pied black and white j
are boffenfive with refped to mankind, but devour fquirrels, rabbitSj
and CT^ry other creature they can take as food. Their uils termi-
nate with a hard horny fpur, which tliey vibrate very quick when dif-
turbed, but feldom attempt to ftrike with it. They have dens.iiv
the earth to which they retreat in time of danger. ...^i

I'he glafs fnake has a very fmall head j the upper part of its body
IS of a colour blended brown and green, mt^l regularly and clegantl/
fpotted with yellow. Its (kin is very fmooth and Ihining, with fmall
fcales, more clofely connefted than thofc of other feroeuts. and of a

,.'i *

}■

;,) '

I '

II I

03 ' THE UNITED STATES*.

different ftrufture. A fmall blow with a ftick will fcparate the i3od_v,
not only at the place llruck, but at two or three other places, the
tnufcles being articulated in a fmgular manner, quite through the ver-
tebra. They appear earlier in the fpring than any other ferpent, and
are numerous in the fandy woods of the Cirolinas atid Georgia j and
are harmlefs.

The joint fnake is faid to be A great curiofity, its Ikin being as hard
as parchment, and as fmooth as glafs. It is beautifully ftreaked with
. black and white. It is fo ftiff, and has fo few joints, and thofe fo un-
yielding, that it can hardly bend itfelf into the form of a hoop. When
it is llruck it breaks like a [ ipe ftera j artd you may, with a whip,
break it from the tail to the bowels into pieces not an inch long, and
not produce the leaft tinfture of blood. It is not venetrious.

The two-headed fnake haS been confidered as a monrfrous produc-
tion, and as a diftinft fpecics of ferpent altogether. One of thefe,
found in the United States, meafured about eight inches long, and both
heads, as to every outward Jippearance, were equally perfeft, and
branching out from the neck at an aciite angle; It is faid there are
three fpecies of the amphifbuena in Guiana.

The fnakes are not fo numerous nor veriomoui in the northern a^
in the fouthefn Stdtes. In the latter, however, the inhabitants are
furniihed with a much greater variety of plants and herbs, which afford
immediate relief to perfons bittdn by thefe venomous creatures. It is
an obfervation worthy of perpetual and grateful remembrance, that
\\'herever venomous animals are found, the God of nature has kindly
provided fufRcient antidotes againft their poifon.

Fishes. — The whale is the largell of all animals. In the northern
feas fome are found 90 feet in length j and in the torrid zone, where
they are unmolefted, whales have been feen 160 feet in length. The
head is greatly difproportioned to the fize of the body. In the mid-
dle of the head are two orifices, through which they fpout water to a
great height. The eyes are ttot' larger than thofe of an ox, and are
placed towards the back of the head, for the convenience of feeing
both before and behind. They are guarded by eye -lids as in quadru-;
fedes j^ and they appear to be very (harp-fighted arid quick of hearing.
What is called whale-bone adheres to the upper jaw, and is formed of
thin parallel laminae 5 fome of the longefl are 12 feet in length : Of
thefe there are from 350 to 500 on each fide, according to the age of
the whale. The tail, which alone it ufes to advance itfelf in the wa-
ter, js broad and femilunar, and when the filh lies on one fide, its blo^t
is tremendous.

In copulation, the male and female join, it is afferted, more humanely
and once in two years feel the accelTe^of defire. The whale goes
with young nine or ten months, and generally produces one, and never
above two young ones, which are black, and about 10 feet long. The
teats of the female are placed in the lower part of the belly. W^hen
Ihe fuckles her young, flie throws herfelf on one fide, on the furface of
the water, and the young ones attach themfelves to the teats. No-
thing can exceed the tendernefs and care of the femal ' for her young»
nor the mutual fidelity which the old have for each otiier, which is re-
markable.

4:.

: the iDody,
)laces, the
fh the ver-
rpent, and
)rglaj and

ng as hard
laiced with
fiofe fo un-
op. Whea
th a whip,
1 long, and

as produc-
: of thefe,
[, and both
rfeft, and
there are

orthern ast
bitants are
liich afford
res. It ii
ance, that
has kindly

: northern
me, where
jth. The
[1 the mid-
water to a
X, and are
; of feeing
in quadru-i
>f hearing',
formed of
ngth : Of
the age of
in the wa-
E, its blow

f humana^
^^hale goes
and never
)ng. The
r. When
furface of
ats. No-
ler yoimg,
liich is re-

TMB UNITED STATES. 6f

The Whale-loufe, Sword-fiih, and Threfhcr, (a fpecles of fqualus)
arc mortal enemies to the whale, who itfelf is an inoffenfive animal.

Formerly whales were found in plenty upon the coalls of the Unit-
ed States, but are at prefent fcarce. The principal branch of the
whale fifhery in the United States is carried on by fome enterprizing
whalemen from Nantucket. Not fatisfied with the fcope which the
Atlantic Ocean affords them^ they have lately proceeded round Cape
Horn, and penetrated the great Weftern Ocean, In pUrfuit of whales^
•where they fwim in (lioals. A cargo worth 6000 1. Sterling, it is laid,
has been procured in a 15 months voyage to this ocean.

The Beluga is the fourth and lall fpecies of the dolphin genus. The
head is fhort, nofe blunt, eyes and mouth fmall y in each fide of each
jkw are nine teeth, fhort and rather blunt j thofe of the upper jaw are
bent and hollowed, fitted to receive the teeth of the under jaw, when
the mouth is clofed j it has perioral fir % nearly in an Oval fbrm j be-
neath the fkin may be felt the bones of five fingers, which tcrraiaate
at the edge of the fin in five very fenfible projedions. This brings it
into the next rank, in the order of beings, with the manati, Avhich has
already been defcribed. —Found in the northern parts of the American
coails, particularly in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Hudfon's Bay.

The Lamprey frequents moft of the rivers in the New England
States, efpecially where the palTage is not. interrupted by dams. That
part of the lamprey which is below the air-holes is falted and dried for
food. After the fpawning feafon is over, and the youhg fry have got
down to the fea, the old fillies attach themfelves to the roots and limbs
of trees, which have fallen or ruri into the w ater, and there perifh. A
?iiortification begins at the tail, and proceeds upward to the vital parts-
Fifli of this kind have been found at Plymouth, in New Hamplhire, m
different ftages of putrefadtion.

The amphibious Lobfter is found iu the fmall brooks and fwamps
in the back parts of North Carolina. In its head is found the eye-
llone.

The Siren 6r Mud-iguana may be acre claffed as a fifh of the order
Branchioftegi, and in fome refpeds nearly allied to the genus Mura;n4
of the order Apodes. This fmgular creature was firll; obferved by Dr.
Garden of Charlellown, and afterwards defcribed by Mr. EUi in the
Philofophical Tranfadion. for 1766. It has gills, fins, and two feet,
and is in length from 31 to_ 49 inches. It is an inhabitant of Soutll
Carolina, where it is found in fvvaiApy and muddy places by the fides
of pool-i, and under the trunks of old t:oes that hang over the water,
and feeds on ferpents. The feet appear like little arms and hands, each
furnllhed with four fiqgcrs, and each finger with a claw. The head is
fometliing like an eel, but more comprefTed ; the eyes are fmall, and
placed as thofe of the eel. This fx^allnefs of the eye beft fuits atr
animal that lives fo much in the mud. The nollrils are very plainlv
to be diflingulfhed j thefe, with the gills, and remarkable length ot
the lung>, fhew it to be a true amphibious animal. The moutli is finall
in proportion to the length of the body •, but its palate and infide of
the lower jaw are well provided with many to^ws of pointed teeth i
with this proviiion of nature, added to the Aiarp exterior, bony cdg^vs
of both the upper and under jaws, the animal fccms capable of bltlnt;
and grinding the hardeit kind of food. The fliin, which ii black aiic^

?S^:-,

THS UNITED STATES."

:;il

full of fmall fcales, refemble^ Hiagreen. Thefe fcales arc of (Iiffer«Vc
iizes and ihape-, according to their fituation, but all appear funk into
itii gelatinous furface j thole along the back and belly are of an oblong,
oral form, and clofe fet together j in the other part* they are round
find more diiliiia. Both the parts are mottled with fmall white
fpot^, and have two dilUna lines, compofed of fmall white ftreaks, con-
tinued along from the feet to the tail. The fin of the tail has no rays,
and i no more than an adipofe membrane, like that of the eel. — Dr.
Garden, in a letter to Mr. Elli-,, ni^ntions a remarkable property of
thi Ecimal, which is, that his fcrvant endeavouring to kill one of
them, by daftiuig it againft the ftoic, broke it into three ar four

pieces. . r ' r r y

Insects.— The Animal Flower, called Sea Nettle, from its fuppofed^
propert3^ of Hinging, but more generally hy the name of Sea Anemo--
no, from its rcfemblance to the flower of that plant, is a moft curious
animal, and of which the following account is given. They were firtt
difcovered on this part of the American coaft by the Rev. Dr. Cutler,
Rev. Mr. Prince of Salem, and others, at Nahant, in the month of
fime 1791. They are found in a place called the Swallow Houfe,
"which is a cavern in the rocks on the fouth fide of Nahant. When
the tide had receded,; great, numbers of them ere difcovered attachiid
to the fides of the rocks. Their general appearance was like that of
a rrreat number of flowers of different fizes, with fix expanded leavciJ
in" each bloifom, and fupporttd on fliott thick flov/er-ftems, growing
ixora. the rocks. When the leaves of arms of this animal arc contract-
ed, it refenibles a truncated cone, with its bafe adhering to the r..»ck j
;)nd has the power of affuming a variety of Ihapes, as that of a large
i'.ower Avith a number of petals, or flower-lcavcs j or of a fiill blown'
anemone j or cf a large rofe or poppy^, &c. When the arms or''
leaves of the larger ones were extended, they were five or fix inches
>n circumfereilce, cjid ftshibited a great vatiety and brilliancy of co-
lours, as purple, flclh, green, violet, delicately ftiaded with brown or
black. On touching the leaves or arms they inftantly contrafted, and
when fraalV mufcles were offered them, they graiped them in their aims
snd conducled them to their mouths, whicirarc fituated in the centre
of the bloflbm, and diretlly fwallowed them. Pieces of fliells thus
iwallowed were afterwards difcharged by the mouth, petfeftly cleared
of their contents.

The fea anemone is faidr to be viviparous, r.nd to produce five or fix"
voung ones at a time. The xlbbe Dicqucmarre has (lie%vn, by a courfe
of curicus but cruel experiments, that thefe animals poffcfs, in a mofl;
extraordinai-y, degree, the power of reproduction, fo that fcarcely any
thintr more is neceffary to produce as many fea ancmonies as we pleafe,-
than to cut a fingle one into fo manrpieccs. To avoid the imputation
of cruelty in his experiments, the Abbe argues the favourable confe-
quences which have attended Ills operations oh the animals of tl:'
];ind which were lb fortunate as to fall into his hands, as he b?th n vc^
only multiplied their exidencc, luit alfo renewed their youth, which
iaft, he adds, " is furely no fmall advantage."

-The Whc^t fly, ."ommonly but improperly called the'

T7-_-

V KKIUS.-

'jy

Hc'Jian- fly, which has, of late years, proved fo deitruCtive to the wheat,
'u varions parts of the United States, has generally been fuppofed, to

%¥'

(fiffer«ht

unk intcs

n oblong.

■e round

11 white

iks, con-
no rays,

el.— Dr.

jperty of

1 one of
or four

fuppo^ed'
Anemo-'
I curious
were firft
r. Cutler,
nonth ot
V Houfe,
. When
attached
k.e that of
led leaves
, grovvinji;
contratt-
«:he r4,»ck j
of a large
'iill bloKu'
arms or^
ffx inches
icy of co-
brown or
afted, and
their aims
the centre
ftiells thus
ly cleared

five or fi.x"
)y a courfe
in a moft
arcely any
we pleafe,-
imputation
ible confe-
lals of th"
le hpth n vc'
jth, which

called the'
) the wheat;
ippofed, to"

THE UNITED STATES. 7'

have been imported from Europe. This opinion, ho'.vcver, fcems not
to be well founded. Count Ginanni of Ravenna, in a late learned
treatife on the difeafes of wheat in its growing ftate, between feed time
and harveft, has given an account of mor'i than 50 different infers that
infeft the Italian wheat, and yet the wheat i^y is not there delineated
nor defcribed. There is reafon therefore to doubt its exiilence in the
fouth of Europe. Sir Jofcph Banks faid it did not exilt in England ;
nor could he collc£l any account of it in Germany. This deltrudilivs
infeft is probably a nan-defcnpt^ and peculiar to the United States.

The Ink or Cuttle fifh is a curioiity. It is furnifhed with a cyft of
black liquor, which is a tolerable fubllitute for ink. This it emit?
when purfued by its enemies. Tjie moment this liquor is emitted the
water becomes like a thick black cloud in the eyes of its puriuer, and
it improves this opportunity to make its efcaps. This cyll of liquor
appears defigned by Providence folely for the purpofe of ielf defence,
and is certainly a moll apt and curious work of nature. Ihe
whalemen call them fquide, and fay that they are eaten in abundance by
fome fpecies of whales.

Population. — The American Republic is compofed of almoft all
nations, languages, charaftcrs and religions which Europe can furnilh j
the greater part, however, are defcended from the Britifh j and all
may, perhaps, be diftinguiftiingly denominated Federal Americans.

According to the ufual and correft calculations, the number of in*
habitants in the United States of America, at prefent may be computed
at 3,930,000. In tiiis number none of the inhabitants of the '1 erritory
jiorth-well: of the River Ohio, and but a part of the inhabitants of the
Territory fouth of the River Ohio, are intluded. Of the exaft number
©f inhabitants in each individual Hate, the reader is referred to the
general table of population, (page 14) Avhic'h, from every conlideration,
we aie confident will be found an accurate ftatement.

The number of flaves, in 1790, in all the Rates was computed at
697,697. The increafe of this number fince, owing to falutary laws,
in feveral of the dates, and the humane exertions which have beeii
made in favour of their emancipation, has happily been inconliderable,
and probably will be lefe in future, as at is probable few more, if any,
will be imported.

Of th£ Britifh an^ other emigrants to the United States, more than
one half enter the Delaware. No difficulty lies in the way of any per-
Xon who defires to become a free and equal citizen. On the day of his
landing, he may buy a farm, a houfe, merchandize, or raw materials -,
he may open a work fhop, a counting houfe, an othce, or any other
flace of lawful bufmcfs, and purfue his occupation without any hindrance,
or the payment of any fum of money to the public.

Character and Manners. — Federal Americans, collefted together
from various countries, of different habits, formed under dilferent
governments, and of different languages, cuiloms, manners and religion,
have not yet aflimilated to that degree as to form a national character.
They .are yet an infant -empire, rifing fall to maturity, with fair prol-
l)e6ts of a vigorous,' powerful and refpeftable manhood.

The northern and fouthern flates differ widely in their cuIIottjs
climate, produce, and in the general face of the country. The mid-'
i^le Hates prefcrve a medium i» all thcfc refpefts. The inhabitants cf

^r*,f,

^a THE UNITED STATES.

the north are hardy, inclviitnous, frugal, and in general well informed}
thofe of the fouth, Qwing peahaps to the -vvarnith of their climate,
are more effeminate, indolent and luxurious.

Until the revolution of 1783, Europeans were ftranjrely if^norant
of America and Its inhabitants. They concluded that the new world
;//;//? be inferior to the old. The count de Buffon fuppofed that the
auimals in this country were uniformly lefs than in Europe, and thence
concluded, that, " on this fide of the Atlantic there is a tendency in
" nature to belittle her produftiona." The Abbe Raynal, in a former
edition of his works, iuppofed this belitt'in,^ tendency or inHuence had
its effect on the race of whites tranfplanted from Europe, and thence
jiffcrted, that "America had not yet produced one good po-t, one
*' able mathematician, one man of genius in a fingle art or fcience.":
Had the Abbe been juftly infonned refpecling Americans, it is pre-
fumed he would not have hazarded an affcrtion fo ungenerous to
their genius and literary character. The fa6t is, the United Stateji
of America have produced their full proportion of genius in the fcience
of war, in phyfics, aftronomy, and mathematics; in mechanic arts,
jn government, in fifcal fcience, in divinity, in hiitory, in oratoiy, in
poetry, in painting, in mufic, and the plaftic art. Many have o. .inguilh-
ed themfelves in fome of thefe branches of fcience, and numbers are
at prefent living, whofe works and i^alle for learning clearly juitify this
obfervation.

The two late important revomtions in America, which have been
Scarcely exceeded in any former period of the "world, namely, that of
the declaration and eilablilhment of independence, and that of the
adoption of a new and excellent form of government witheut blooddied,
have called to hiftoric fame many great and diftinguiflied charadlers
"ivho might otherwife have flept in oblivion.

One of the moil unamiable traits in the charafter of Fedt;al Ameri-
cans, has been produced by the unjuitifiable practice of euflaving the
negroes. The influence of flavery upon the morals, manners, induftry
and liberties of a people, 1^ extremely pernicious. But under the
JFederal government, from the meafures already adopted, we have
reafon to indulge the pleaffng hope, that all flaves in the United
fkates will in courfe of time be emancipated, in a manner moft
"confillent with their own happinefs and the true intereft of their pro-
prietors.

In the middle and northern ftates there are comparitlvely but few
flaves J and of courfe there is lefs difficulty and anxiety in giving them
tlieir freedom. In Maffachufetts alone, and It is mentioned to their
diltinguiihed honour, there are none. Societies for the manumiflion
of Haves have been inftituted in Philadelphia, New York, Providence
aud New Haven, and laws have been enafted in the New England
.States, to accomplifh the fame purpofe. And it is with pleafure affert-
ed, from the beil Information, that the condition of the negroes in the
i'outhern and other ftates is much ameliorated of late, and that no fur-
ther importation is likely ever to take place.

The Englifh language Is univerfally fpoken in the United States, and
In it buiinefs is tranfacled. It is fpoken with great purity, and pro-
nounced \' th piopiiety, by perfons of education j and, excepting fom«
k;oji-uptioiis in pronuncii^tion, by uU tanks of people. In the middlt

{i!-

'i LiifciiuumMijuwji

informed ^
ir climate,

f if^norant
new world
d that the
md thence
ndency in
n a former
luence had
ind thence

pc^t, one
fcience.".

it is pre-
snerous to
ited States.
:he fcience
lanic arts,
)ratoi'y, in
I. .inguifti-
mbers are
juitify this

have been
iy, that of
that of the
blooddied,
charadlers

: ai Ameri-
laving the
s, indultry
under the
, we have
le United
iner mo ft
their pro-

ly but few
iving them
ed to their
lanumiflion
:*rovidencc
I England
furc alfert'
Toes in the
hat no fur-
States, and
, and pro-
pting fom«
;hc middlf

^'%

TU2 UNITJD STATES. 75

and foathcrn ibtes, where they have had a great influx of foreigners
the language, in many inltances, is corrupted, efpccially in pionun-i
ciatioq. Attempts are making to introduce a uniformity of pronun-
ciation throughout the rtates, which, for political as well as other
renfons, it is expected will meet the approbation and encouragement
of all literary and influential charaders.

Intermingled with the Americans, arq the Scots, Irifli, French,
Germans, Swedes, Dutch and Jews ; all thefe, except tlie Scots and
Irifli, retain, in a greater or lefs degree, their native language, in

Jvhich they perform their public worfliip, converfe and tranfadi their,
jufmefs with each other,

The period, however, is probably not far diftant, when all impro-
per diftintliqns will be aboliflied j and when the language, manners,
curtoms, political and religious lentiments of the mixed mafs of people
who inhabit the United States, will become (o aflimilated, as that all
nominal dillindions (hajl be loft in the general and honourable name o£
Americans.

Constitution /^nd Government.— 'Till the commencement of the
war of 1775, the United States were in fubjedion to Britain, and
under the jurifdiftion.of governors fent from this country j but, in July
1776, having declared themfe Ives free and independent, they publilhed
Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, under the title of
*' The United States of America." By thefe it was agreed, that
§ach ftate fliould retain its fovereignty, freedom and independence,
and every power, jurifdiftion and right not exprefsly delegated to
Congrefs. As alfo, that the Thirteen United States feverally, ftiould
bind themfelves to afllft each other for their common defence, the
fecurity of their liberties, and their mutual and general welfare, againll
?ny infringement or attacks that might be made upon one or other
of them, with regard to religion, foveveignty, commerce, or any other
pretence whatever. By thefe articles it was further determined,
that Delegates fhould be annually appointed, in fuch manner as the
Legiflature of each ftate fhould direft, to meet in Congrefs the firil
Monday in November of every year, with a power relerved to each
Hate to recal its own delegates, or any of them, within the year, and
to fend others in their ftead throughout the year. No ftate was to be
reprefented in Congrefs by lefs than two, or more than feven members,
and no perfon could be a delegate for more than three years in fix, nor
while he continued a delegate, could he hold any ofHce under the
United States, for which he, or any other for his benefit, was to re-
ceive any falary, fees or emolument. In determining queftions in
Congrefs, each ftate was to have one vote. Every ftate was bound to
iibide by the determinations of Congrefs in all queftions which were
fiibmitted to them by the confederation. The articles of confederatfou
were to be invariably obferved by every ftate, and the Union to be
perpetual j nor was any alteration at any time hereafter to be made in
any of the articles, uniefs fuch alterations Ihould be agreed to in Con-
grefs, and be afterwards contirmed by the legillatures of every ftate.

Theie articles of confederation, however, being found inadequate to
*~ ■ — " "■ 'i:iu-.2:i, a. iiiccung v.u^ caiica m orcerio

tt A'u.vivinj.

vonfider the neceflary amendments. They accordingly met in conven-
tion at Philadelphia, in the fummer of 1787, when the following articles,
which Itillcompofe the principal part cf their government, were drawn un.

t , ^

III

■:■ i

.-4- I, ]\

•^4- vnZ UNITID STATS"

I. The Ic^lllntivc powers to be vefted in a Congrefs of flie United
States, which fhall confill oi'a Senate ai u Houfe of Reprefcntatives.

The Houfe of Reprefcntatives to be compofed of members chofcH
•very two years by the people of the feveral llates.

J'^io pcrfoii to be a Reprefentatiye under the age of twcnty-fiv vear<!,
and who Ihall not have been K^ven years a citizen of the Uiiited States,
and who Ihall not, when cledteiJ, be an inhabitant of that (late in which
he ihal! be chofen.

Kcprefentativei and direft ta-es to be apportioned among the fc^ve-
Tal dates which' may l)e included within this Union, according to their
refpcclive numbers, Avhich (hall be determined by adding to the whole
number of free perfons, including thofe bound to.fci'.ice for a tenn of
years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other per-
fons. The actual enumeration fliall be made within three years after
th« firft meeting of Congref*:, and within every fubfequent term of ten
yeais, in fuch manner as they fliall by law be direfted. fhe numbtf
of rcprcfentatives not to exceed one for evry thirty thoufand, but
<ach ftate (hall have at leafl one reprefentative j and, until fuch enu-
meration {hall be made, the Hate of New Hampflure fliay be entitled
to choofe three, Maffachufetts eight, Rhode lilajid and Providence
Plantations one, Connefticut five, 5Jcw York fiy, New^ Jcrfey four,
Pennfylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland fix, Virginia ten, North
Carolina five, South Ciuolina five, and Georgia three.

When vacancies happen in the reprefentation, writs fluU be ITued
-.from the legiilature of the Itate forfupplying ihem.

The Houfe-of Reprefcntatives fliall choofe their Speaker and othef
officers, j :Aiid Ihall liaye tF^ fole power of impeachment.

The Senate of the Up' -d States ihall be compofed of two fenators
'from each Itate, chofen by the kgiflature tliereof for ux years J and
each fenator fliall have one vote.

Immediately after being aflembled, in confequence of the ^irft elec-
tion, they fliall be divided as equally as pnflible into three claflTes.
'I'he feats of the fenators of the firlt clafs ihall be vacated at the expira-
tion of tlh- fecond year*, of the iecond clafs, at the expiration of the
fourth year "J and of the third cUfs, at the expiration of the fixth jear^
fo that one-third may he chofen every fecond year ; and if vacancies
happen by refignation, or otherwife, during '^lie recefs of the k-giflature
of any flate, the executive thereof may make temporary appoint-
ments until the next meeting of the legiflature, which iliall then fill
fuch vacancies.

None to be admitted fenator under the age of thirty years, and who
fhall not have been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who
fliall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of tliat fta;c for which he
ihall be chofen.

The Senate fhall choofe their other officers, and alfo a Prefidi nt f>r9
fnnporr, in the abfence of the Vice Prefident, or when he fliall exercifc
the oftice of Prefident of the United States.

The Senate fliall have the fole power to try all impeachments.
When fitting for that purpofe, ,taey mull be on oath or aflirmation.
When the Freiident ol the United States is tried, the chief jultice ihall
prefide ; and no perfon ihall be couvi(^ed withoy,t the concurrcuce of
tivo-thirds of the members prsfpst.

.'4

I"- .

»H« UNITED STATKff.

lie United
intatives.
ers choi'eu

fi v year*!,
ted States,
e in which

: the ftve-

ijT to their

the whole

a tenn of

other per-

jrears after

srm of ten

le numbei'

ifand, but

fuch cnu-

je entitled

'rovldence

trfey four,

en, North

be iTued

and othe^

'o fenators
ears J and

flrft elec-
ee clafles.
he expira-
ion of the
xth year^

vacancies

k'gidature

appoint-

I then fill

, and who
, and who
vv'hich he

ifident ftr9

II exercifc

achments.
ilirmation.
iltice ihall
jrrcace oi

TuJRmcnt in cafe of impeachment (hall r.ot extend further than to

.smoval from office, and dii^ualification to hold and enjoy any office

of honour, truft or profit under the United States •, but the pat ty con.

ifted thalLnevcrthelefs he liable and fubjea to indiaraent, trial, and

punilhment, according to law.

The times, places, and manner of holding cleftions for fenators
and reprefentatives, ihall be pref rlbed in each (late by tha le^inature
thereof i but the Congrefs may at any time by law make or alter li.ch
regulations, except as to the places of choofing Senator.i.

'The Congrefs' (hall affemble at leaft once in every year, and fucb
meeting (hall be on the (irft Monday in December, unleil- a difTerci.:
daf he appoihted.

Each houfe fliall be the judge of the eleaions, returns and qualifica-
tions of its own members, and a majority of each Ihall conflitute a
fjuoiiim to do hulincfs j but a fmaller numlier may adjourn from day
to day, and may be autl .rilod to compel the at.tcndaucc of abkut
Tnembers, in fuch manner, and under fuch penalties as may be pro-

vided.

Neither houffc, during the fcflion of Congrefs, fliall, without the
confent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to anv
other place than that in which the two houfes (I'.all be fitting.

The Senators and Reprefentatives (1 \11 receive j compenfatlon fur
tlieir fervices, to be afcertained .-/ law, and paid out of the trekfury
^f the United States. They (hall in all cafes, except trealon, felony^
afld breach of the peace, be privileged from arrcll during their at-
tfev.danre at die feffion- of their rcfpertive h<mfes, and in going to a; 1
returning from the lame •, and for any fpcech or debate in either houi ,
fhey (liall not be qvieltioned in any other place.

No Senator or Rcprefentative (hall, during the time for v,-hich ha
was ekaed, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the
United .States, whieh fliall have cen created, or the emoluments
whereof (haP have been inrreafeu durin^ fuch time ; and no perlba.
holding any offi«e under the United Statesj ihall be a member of either
home during hi« continuance in ofiice.

Every order, refolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the
Senate and Houfe of Reprefentatives may be ncceilary (except on a
qucition of adjournment) (hall be prefinted to the Pre(ident of the
Uuited States j and before the fame (liall take effea, (liall be approved
by h'm, or, being difapprovtd of, (liall he repalTed by two-third ^
of the Senate and Houfe of Reprefentaiivesi according to the iiikt
and limitatiohj prefcribed in fuch c afes.

The powers of the Con yrcfs are to levy and collea taxe: , -borrow
money on tht credit of the United States, coin and regulate tlj-.' value
of money, to hx the ftandards of weights and mcafures, eftablilh Polr-
Othres, to proractc fcience and ufcful arts, tdabliih tribunals, railr
armies, declare war. Sec. &c.

No title of nobility (hall be granted by the United States : and nc
perfon Ivolding any office of prolit or truft under them, fliali, without
the confent of the Congrefs, accept of any eu*nlanieut, office, or title,
from any kii'g, prince, or foreign iiate.

No ftate (liail, without the confent of the Congvef?, lay any imports
or duties ou iiupoits or 'xports, except what may I ablblutely neccl-

HIS

'i|§.i

Mlil i

fjS Tint UNITtD STATKSl-

fary for e.\<'cuf hig its infpe^tion laws j and the net prodilce of all du •
ties and imj)ofts, laid I)y any Jlatc on impovti or exports, {hali be for
the n^c of the trcafury of the United States j and all fuch laws fliall be
fubjcft to the tognifaiice of the Con^refs.

il. The executive power (liall he yefted in a Prefident of the
United States of Amerira, who fliall hold his office for four years.

No perfon, except a natural born citiztn, or a citizen of the United
States at the time of the adoption of this conttitution, {hall be eligible
to the oflice of Prefident ; neither fliall any perfon be eligible to that
©tTice who n^iall not have attained to the age of 35 years, and been 14
years a refident within the United States.

In cafe of the removal of the Prefident from ofTice, or of his death,
relignatioii, or inability to difchnrge the powers and dtities of it, the
fame fliall devolve on the Vice Preiidcnt-

Thc Prefident fliall, at ftatcd times, receive for his fervices a com-
penfation, which fliali neither be incrcafed or diminiflied during the
period for which he fliall have been elefted^ and he (hall not receive
^vithin that period any other emolument from the United States, or
uny of them.

Before he enter on the execution of his oflice, lie muft take the fol-
lowing oath or afllrmation:

*' I do folemnly iwear, or affirm, that I will faithfully execute the
•flice of Prefident of the United States, and will to the belt of my
ability, preferve, proted, and defend the conftitution thereof."

The Prefident (hall be commander in chief of the army and navy of
the United States, and of the mililia of the fevcral ftates, when called
into adual fervice ; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the pvin-
cipal oiHcer in each of the executive departments, upon any fubjed re-
lating to the duties of their refpeftive offices, and he fliall have power
to grant reprieves and pardons for offences, except in cafes of im-
;^seachraent.

He fliall hf.ve power, by and with the advice and confent of the
fenate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the fenators prefent
concur J and he fliall nominate and appoint ambafiadors, other public
ininillers and confuls, judges cf the fuprcme court, and ail other
officers ot the United States, v>hofe appointments are not otherwife
provided for, and which fliall be appointed by laAv. But the Congrefs
may by law veil the appcintment of fuch inferior officers as they tliink
proper in the Prelideut i;ione, in the courts of law, or in the heads of
dej^Mrtmcnts.

The Prefident fliall have power to fill up all vacancies that may
happen during the reccfs of the fenate, by granting commifllons, which
fliall expire at the end of their next feffion.

He (hall from time to time give to the Congrefs information of the
Hate of the Union, and recommend to their confideration fuch rnea-
iures as he fliall judge neceflVay and expedient , he may, on extraor-
dinary occafions, convene both houfcs, or either of them, and, in cafe
of difagrcement between them, v;ith refpect to the time cf adjouni-
iiicnt, he may adjourn them to fuch time as he fliall think proper ; he
Ihail receive ambalfadors and other public miniflers j alfo take care
that the laws be faithfully cv?;u'.ed, c^nd ffiull CGroraiffion ull ibc
officers of the United States. ,

'At

iiiLi

- a. --.;■. -.-.^.*,-^

: of all du •
ball be for
\\H (liall be

ent of the
r years,
the Unitfd
be elu^iblc
)le to tliat
iti been 14

his death,
of it, the

;cf.'s a com-

diiring the

lot receive

States, or

ke the fol-

:xecnte the
belt of mjr
reof."
ind navy of
vhcn called
Df the pvin-
fubjed re-
lave power
ifes of im-

fent of the
:ors prefent
ther public
1 ail other
: otherwife
le Congrefs
they tliink
be heads of

'.$ that may
ions, which

tlon of the
1 fuch mca-
on extraor-
md, in cafe
Df adjourn-
proper ; he
b take care
ion uil ibe

run UNtTED STATESi 'ff

The Prefident, Vice Prefident, and all civil officers of the United
Spates, may be removed from oiKce on impeachment for, and convic-
tion of, treafon, bribery, or other high crimes and mifdemeanors.

III. The judicial power of the United States fliall be veiled in one
fwpreme court, and in fuch inferior courts as the Congrefs may from
time to time ordain and eftablifti. The judges, both of the f'upreme
and inferior courts, to hold their offices during good behaviour, and, at
ilated times, to receive for their fcrvices a.comoenfation, which Ihall
not be diminilhed ditring their continuance in officej

The judicial power to extend to all cafes, in law and equity ; to all
cafes affecting ambaffadors, other public minillers and confuls j to all
cafes of admiralty and maritime jurifdidion ; to controverfies to which
the United States (hall be a party j to controverfies between two or
rtiore ftates ; between a flate and citizens of another Itate j between
citizens of different ftates j between citizens of the fame ftate claiming
lands under grants of different ftates j and between a ftate, or the citi-
zens thereof, and foreign ftates, citizens, or fubjefts.

In all cafes affefting ambaffadors, other public miiiifters and confuls,
and thofe in which a ftate ftiall be a partyj the fupreme court ihall
have original jurifdiftion. In all the other cafes before mentioned,
the fupreme court ftiall have appellate jurlfdiftion, both as to law and
faft, with fuch exceptions, and under fuch regulations as the Congrefs
ftiall make.

The trial of all crimes, except in cafes of impeachment, ftiall be
by jury ; and fuch trial ftiall be held in the ftate where the crime is
alleged to have been committed j but w^hen not committed within any
ftate, the trial fliall be at fuch place or places as the Congrefs may by
law diretl;

Treafon againft the United States ftiall confift only in levying war
againft them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid anct
comfort. No perfon can be conviftcd of treafon unlefs on the tefti-
*nony of two witneffes to the fame overt aft, or on confeffion in open
court.

IV. Fall faith Hnd credit fliall be given in each ftate to the public
ads, records, and judicial proceedings of every other ftate. And the
Congrefs may by general laws prefcribc the manner in which fuch afts^
records and proceedings fliall be proved, and the effeft thereof.

A perfon charged in any ftate with treafon, felony, or other crime^
^•ho may fly from juftice, and be found in another ftate, ftiall, 011
demand of the executive authority of the ftate from which he fled, be
delivered up, to be removed to the ftdte having jurifdidion of the crime.

No perfon held to fervice or labour in one ftate, under the laws
thereof, efcapmg into another, fliall in confequence of any law or re-
gulation therein be difcharged from fuch fervice or labour, but fliall
be delivered up on claim of the party to whom fuch fervice or labour
may be due.

New ftates may be admitted by the Congrefs into thi^ union, but no
new ftate ftiall be formed or erefted within the jurifdidion of any other
ftate 5 nor any ftate be formed by the junftion of two or more ftates, or
parts o. Itates v, xtnout the confent of the Icgillatures of the ftates con-
cerned as well as of the Congrefs.

1. 1

.> I

kk nil

•I I

i " Jif.' '

7«

THE UNITED STATB?.

The United States (liall guarantee to every ftate in this wiion a rf-
r,u>>ncan fori- of government, and fliall proteft each of them againff
invc'Vion: and on application of the leglHaturc, or of the executive,
^vhen the legidature cannot be convened, agalnft domelhc violence.

V All debts contraded, and engagements entered into, betore the
"doptlon of this conftitution, (hall be as valid agalnrt th. United States
under this conftitution, as under the confederation • and which con-
ftitution, and the laws of the United States which ftiall be made m
imrfuar.cc thereof; and all treaties made, or which fnall be made, under
the authority of the United States, (hall be the fupreme law of th-l.and^
and the judges in every ftate ftiall be bound thereby, any thing in the
cynlHtutior.'or laws of aiiy ftate to the contrary not^vithftanding.

The Senators and Reprelentatives before mentioned, and the mem-
bers of the feveral ftate Legillatures, and all executive and judicial
officers, both of the United and of the feveral fta^es, fhall be bound
by oath or affirmation, to fupport this conftituticu ; but no religious
teil ftudl ever be required as a qualification to any office or pubhc
tiurt under the United States. ^ r v •

Congrefs ftiall make no law refpeaing an eftabliOiment of religion,^
or prohibiting the free exercife thereof-, or abridging the freedom ot
fneech, or of the prei's •, or the right of the people peaceably to alTem-
ble, and to petit'" i the government for a rcdrefs of grievances.

Such are the moft remarkable and material heads of the new confti-
tution of the United States of America laid before the Congr'efs, and
cikblifficd, and ratified in conjbquence of the approbation of the leve-
ral rtatcr, on the 17th of September 1787.

SoctET- OF TiiE Cincinnati.— This fociety was inftituted immediate-
ly on the dole of the war in 1783. They denominated thcmfelv'i^
♦"' The Society of the CInciunati," from the high veneration they poijef-
fed for the cliarader of that illuftrious Roman, Lucius Quititus Cm-

cinnatus. .n- ■»

The iievfons who conftitute this fociety, are all the commifllonec!

and brevet officers of the army and navy of the United States, who

ferved three years.

and left the fervice with reputation-, all offiscrs

who were In a^ual fervice at the conclufion of the war -, all the princi-
pal ftaff oBkers of the continental army, and the officers wdio hava
been deranged by the feveral refolutions of Congrefs, upon the diftercnt
reforms of the arniv. " ■ 'u c

This iiiftitution'is refted upon the two great and kudible pillars ot
Friendship and Charity. Its benevolent purpofes are chielly to
dituife Comfort and fupport to any of their unfortunate companions who
mav have feen better days, and have merited a milder fate -, to wipe the
tear from the eye of the widow; to fuccour the fatheilefs, to rekuc
the orphan from deftruai(Mi ; and to enable the fon to emulate the
virtues of the tUther. ' Let us then,' they conclude, ' profecute w:l h
ardour what we have Inftituted in fincerity ; let Heaven and our own
confciences approve our condud -, let our aQions be our beft comment
nn our words ; and let us leave a kffon to pofterity, That the glory ok
Soldiers cannot be completed without acting well the part ov

^ The Voclety has an order, viz. a Bald Ea-^l- of gold, bearing on
Its br^-ail the emblems defcribed as follows :

|«MBB||

union a fe-
nem againft

executive,
'iolcnce.

before the
nited States
which con-
be made in
nade, under
of th" land j
thinjy in the
landing,
id the mem-
and judicial
.11 be bound
no religious
:e or public

of religion,

; freedom of

aly to aflem-

inces.

: new confli-

ongr'efs, and

I of^the feve-

d immediate -
d thcmfelve')
n they pofl'ef-
Quititus Cin-

commiflloned
States, who
•, all offisers
all the princi-
rs who hav(!
1 the difiercnt

ible pillars of
re chiedy to
.npanions who
•, to wipe the
efs, to refouc
i emulate the
irofecute v,:'.h
and our own
bell comment

? THE GLORY OF
THE TART OF

THE UNITED STATES. 7'#

.The principal figure is CiNcmyATus ; three fenators pvcfentlng him
•vvith a fword srnd other military eniigns : on • field in die buck g'oi'.nd,
his wife llanding at the dooi of th>;ir cotta . ? ; near it a plough iud
«ther inftruments of hulbandry. Round tile v.holc, o/mr.i ><:.•.., uli
fervare revi()uhlicam. Ou the rcverfe, the fun aling, a city witii cptju
"gates, and veflels entering the port j fame crowning Cintinnatu;- with
a wreath, infcribed, •ortntei pramiutn. Eelow, huuds jr-iiun^, lu]!-
porting a heart j with the motto, ejlo pe'jjciua. Round the wnuic,
Societas Cincinnatorum, inf\'tluta a. d. 17^3*

AcaiCULTURE, COMMERC£, AND MANUFACTURES. WllCn tfiC exteut of

America is confidered, boldly tionting the old woikl, Llcllvd with
every climate, capable of eve^y piodudion, abounding with tl «: bell
harbours and rivers on the globe, and already ovcriprcad wich
millions of fouls, partly defcendants of IJritain, inheriting all their
ancient enthuliafm for liberty, and cntcrprifcing almofl to a fault ; what
may be expefted from fuch a people in fuch a country t I'ht: partial
hand of nature has laid off America upon a much larger fcale than any
other part of the world. Hills in America are mouiitaiua in L jrope,
brooks are rivers, ajid ponds arc fwelled into lakes. In fhort, i ii.^ map
of the world cannot exhibit a country uniting fo many natural advan-
tages, fo pleafingly diverlified, and that offers fuch abundant und eafy
refources to agriculture and commerce •, the fettlcment of wafte lands,
the fubdivifion of farms, the numerous improvements in hulbandry,
and in fhort, agricultural intereft in general, tend to encreafe the pre-
eminence of the American intereft, and may be laid to be the chief
ftudy and laboujr of the inhabitants; the many and advantageous re-
fources that are derived trom it, being forever certain and highly
neceffary.

The number of people employed in agriculture is at leall: four fiftl s
of the inhabitants of the United States, and the value of the property
pccupied by it, is many times greater than the property employed in
every other way.

The vaft extent of fea coaft, which fpreads before thefe ftates : the
number of excellent harbours and fea-port towns j the numerous creclvS
and immenfe bays, which indent the coaft 5 and the rivers, lakes and
canals, which peninfulate the w:hole country; added to its agricultural
advantages and improvements, give this part of the world a degree
of i'uperiority for trade. Commerce including exports, imports, fhip-
ping, and fifheries, may properly be confidered as the next and melt
important intereft of the United States.

The late war, however, which brought about the feparation witli
Great Britain, threw commercial affairs into great confufion. The
powers of the old confederation were unequal to the complete execu-
tio'i of any meafures, calculated effeaually to recover them from their
dei-anged fituation. Through want of power in the old Congrefs to
colled a revenue for the difcharge of foreign and domeftic debt, theT
credit was aeftroyed, and trade of confequence greatly embarraffrd.
ii.ach ftate, in her defultory regmlations of trade, regarded nothin/r but
her own intereft, while that of the union was negleded. And fo dif-
ferent were the intereft of the feveral ftates, that their laws refpecHn^
trade, often claftied with each other, and were often produdive of
unhappy confequences. The large commerciar ftates hud it in thcic

L i;

Jii

i ■■■::r

80 THE UNITED STATES.

power to opprefs their neighbours ; and in fome Inftances this power
was direftly or indireftly exercifed. Thefe impolitic and by no means
commendable regulations^ formed on the imprefllon of the moment, and
proceeding from no uniform or permament principles, excited unhappy
jealoufies between the ftates, and occafioned frequent flagnations in
their trade, and in fome inftances, a fecrecy in their commercial policy.
Eut the wife meafures which have fince been adopted by Congrefs,
under the prefent government, have extricated many of thefe emba-
TaflTments, and put a new and pleafing face upon public affairs. Inverted
•with the adequate powers, Congrefs have formed a fyrtem of commer-
cial regulations, which has placed commerce on a refpedable, uniform
and intellijjible footing, adapted to promote the general intercils of the
union, with the fmalleft injury to the individual Itates.

Improvements in manufaftr.res never precede, but invariably follow,
improvements in agriculture. In the different ftates, however, various
branches of manufadlure have been cftabliflied, and although fome of
them are ftill in their infancy, yet they afford great hopes of fucceed-
ing to every wifti. Thefe different branches of manufafture above
alluded to, w'.ll be treated of in each diftinft ftate, and under that
head.

The following tables, made up from the moft authentic documents,
■will give the beft idea that can be furniilicd of the prefent ftate of com-,'
merce in the United States.

%-/i

DUTIES PAYABLE BY LAW

5*.

yji'i

' ;i'!

I -^iili

*J V

ON ALL GOODS, WARES, AND MERCHANDISE IMPOaTED INTO THE UNITED
STATES, IN VESSELS BELONGING THERETO.

Arms, fire and fide, as cannon, ball, fwords, cutlafles, muflcets, fire-locks with or with"
out bayonets, and piftols, or parti* thereof, 15 per cent ad valorem

Artificial floweis, feathers, and other ornaments for head-drefles, ditto

Annnifeed, ditto

Ale, beer, and poi ter, in calks or bottles, on valu«t of bottles, 8 per cent per gallon,
an'' 10 per cci.,"^ id valorem

Anchors, 10 per c. c ad valorem

Apparatus, philofophical, imported for an/ feminary of learning, free

Articles o)' growth, produifl. and manufadnre of the United rStates, fpi-its excepted, «[<ki

Bricks and tiles, 15 per cent ad valorem

Brnnets, hats, and caps of every kind, ditto

jButtons of everv kind, and buttons for flioe and knee, ditto

Books, blank, io per cent ad valorem

Brufhes, dittc

Boots, 75 cent? per pair

Books oJF perfons coming to refide in the United Statci, frcQ

Bu'lion, oitto

Cards, playing, 15 cents per pack

. wool and cotton, 50 cents per doz.

Cable* and cordage, tarred, 1 80 cents per cwf.

— untarred, 2x5 cents ditto

Candles of tallow, 2 cents per lb.

of wax or fpermaccti, 6 ditto diet*

Cheefe, 7 ditto ditto
Cocoa, 4 ditto ditto
Chocolate, 3 ditto ditto
Coffee, J ditto ditto

THE UNITED STATES^

! this power
by no means
ndoment, and
ted unhappy
agnations in
:rcial policy.
ly Congrefs,

thefe emba-
irs. Inverted

of commer-
ble, uniform
:ercils of the

isbly follow,
ever, various
ugh fome of
> of fucceed-
afture above
i under that

c documents,
Itate of com-i'

HE UNITES

s with or wlth-

cent per gallon.

its excepted, «[«i

Cotton, 3 cent* per lb.

Coal, 5 cents per bufliel

Cabinet ware, IJ per cent ad valorem

China ware, ditto ditto

Cinamon, cloves, currants, and comfits, ditto ditto

Colours, painters, dry and mixed with oil, ditto ditto .

Copper manufadturcs, ditto ditto

Clocks and watches, and parrs thereof, ditto ditto

Canes, walking- flicks, and whips, lo per tent ad valorem

Cambrics, ditto ditto

Clothing ready made, ditto ditto . j i

Cotton and linen mai,.ifaaures, not printed, ftained, or coloured. lo per cent ad val.

^ printed, ftained, or coloured, 12^ per cent

Coaches, chariots, phxtons, chaifes, chairs, folos, or other carnages, or parts thereof,
20 per cent ad valorem

Copper in plates, pigs, and bars, free • . , , . r

Clothes, houlhold furniture, and implements of trade belonging to perfons coming to
refide in the United States, free

Dolls, dreffed and undreffed, and parts thereof, 15 per cent ad valorem

Drugs, medicinal, ditto ditto

■ and woods for dying, free

Earthen and ftone wares, 15 per cent ad valorem

Fans, or parts thereof, ditto ditto

Fringes, laces, linens, taffels and trimmings ufed by upholftcrcrs, coachmakers, an*
faddlers, ditto ditto

Floor-cloths and matts, and parts thereof, ditto ditto

Fruits of all kinds, ditto ditto

Fur? of evei7 kind, undreffed, free

Gauzes, gun-powder, and goods not herein enumerated, lo per cent ad valorem

Ciinger, and glue, I j per cent ad valorem

Gold, filver, and plated wares, and gold and filver lace, ditto ditto

Gloves and mittens of every kind, ditto ditto

Glafs, quart-bottles, ID per cent ad valorem

window-glafs, 15 ditto ditto

manufadures of all other kinds, ao ditto ditto

Hemp, IOC cents per cv/t. '

Hides, raw, free

indigo, 25 cents per lb.

Iron- wire, free

Iron, ftccl, or brafs locks, hinges, hoes, snvils, and vifes, to per cent ad valoren*.

cut, flit, or rolled, and all manufafturcs of iron, fteel, or brafs, or of which eitlicf

of thefe metals is the chief article in value, not otherwife enumetated, 15 ditto ditto

Leather, tanned or tawed, and al! manufadlures, of v.hich leather is the chief article in
value, not otherwife enumerated, ditto ditto

Laces, lawns, and lamp-black, 10 per cent ad valorem

l^avis calaminaris. free

Lead and mufket ball, and all naanufadures of which lead is tlic chief article, I ct.p. lb.

Malt, 10 cents per buihel

Molaffes, 3 cents per gallon

Marble, ilite, and other lione, bricks, tiles, tables, mortars, and other utenfils of tnar*
blc or flate, 15 per cent ad valorem

Mace, millinery ready made, and muftard in flour, ditto ditto

Nails, z ceuts per lb.

t^ankftfns, la^ per cent ^d valorem

Kutmegf, Oil, Powders, partes, balls, balfams, ointment!, waters, wallies, tincStures,
eflences, or other ctmpofitions called fwect fccnts, odours, perfumes or cof.netics, all
preparations for teeth or gums, and pickles of all forts, 15 per cent ad valorem

Pafte-work and jewellery, paper hangings, fhealhing, and cartridge, ditto ditto

Paper (writing or wrapping), pictures and prints, prinu .,, i-vpcs, pafteborftds, parch-
ment, and vellum, 10 per cent ad valorem

Pewter manufadure, 15 ditto ditto

Pewter (old) and plaftcr of Paris, free

^>,

THE UNITED STATES,

(i !•

'f i

k i

4 i

I'ack-thrcad or twl.ic, 400 cents per cwf.

Ptprer, 6 cents per lb.

i>inv;-nto. 4 Jitto ditto ..-«'■,■'

Salt, weighifij^ more than 56 lb. per bufhel, iz cents per 56 lb.

v'tjghi.ig 56 lb. per bufhel, or Icfs, 11 cents per bullid

Salts, Glauber, aoo ctnts per cwt.

Sa't-pcire, fulphur, and fea-ftote« of Ihips or veflcls, free

Stu: ch and (lockings, 15 per cent ad valorem '

Sail-cloth, faddle? or parts thereof, fatins and other wrought filks, and fugar-candy,

10 per cent ad valorem
Sugars, brown, J^ '^^"'^ P^*" ^^- — white clayed, 3 ditto — ditto powdered, 3 ditto — all
Of her clayed apd powdered, i^ ditto — lump, 64 ditto — loaf,^9 ditto — other r«-
fincd 6\ ditto
Spol;es, I cent-^Soap, 2 cents— Snuff, 22 cents per lb.
Steel, 100 cents per cwt.
Shoes and flippers of filk, 25 cent.s per pair

-. other fhoes for men and women, aRd clogs and jfoiofiioes, 15 ceiits per pair

— — other Ihoes anc flippers for children, ic ditto ditto

Spirits diftilled in foreign countries. — From grain, ift proof, 28 cents per gallon — J.d
29 — 3d, f I — 4th, 34 — 5th, 4C — 6th, 50 ditto

— from other materials, ift and 2d ditto, 25 — 3d, 28 — 4th, 32 — 5th, 38—

6th, 46

diftilled in the United States, and imported in the Hi me vefle! in whic,h they

had previoufly been exported from the United Suites. — From molaffes, ift proof,
13 cents per gallon — 2d, 14 — 3d, 15 — 4th, 17 — 5th, 21- -6th, a8
r. from other materials, produce of the United States, ift proof, 7 cents per gal-
lon — 2d, 8 — 3d, 9 — 4th, II — 5ih, 16
Teas, from China and hidia. — Bohea, lo cents per lb. — fouchong and other black tea,
18 ditto— hyfon, imperial, gunpowder, or goiinee, 32 ditto — other green, 20 ditto

from Europe. — Bohea, 12 cents per lb — fouchong «nd other black, 21 ditto—

hyfon, imperial, <^urpowder, or gomee, 40 ditto — other gieen,24 ditto
— — from any otlitr place. — Bohea, 15 cents per lb. — foucliong and gther black, H

— hyfon, imperial, gunpowder, or gomee, 50 — 'Other green, jOj
Tin, in pigs and plate>, free
— — munufudiures, 15 per cent ad valorem
Toys, not otherwifc enumerated, 10 ditto ditto
Tobacco, manufadlured, (other than fnuff) ic cents per lb.
Velvets and velverct?, 10 per cent ad valorem
■VVuftr,', 15 ditto ditto

Wood rriAitufadurcd, exclufive of cabinet wares, J2| ditto

JVJnei, in calks, bottles, or (;ther vefltls. — London particular or Madeira, $6 cents per
^jaljon — London market, or ditto, 49 — other ditto, 40 — Burgundy and Champaign,
40 — Sherry, ^,:, — St. Lucar, 30 — Lifbon and Uporto, 2j — Tcncriffc, fajal, and
Malaga, 2C — ail other, 40 per cent ad valorem
■^Vood and wool, unmanuf;id;hirtd, free

Vaier, goods, and merchandize, intended to be re-exported to a foreign place in the
fume vefTel, free

of fbe growth, produce, or manufadlure of the United States, except fpirits, do.

imported from China or India in fliips or vcffels not of the United Scates, ex-
cept teas, china ware, and other usticles liable to higher duties, 12^ per cent ad
valorem
Yarn, imtarred, %2S cctjts per cwt.

NoTK. Teas imported from China or India in foreign bottoms pay ene half more,
Wd from Europe one fourth more duty, than thole imported in American vtflels; and
.nil other goods, wares, and merchandifc, imported ijj foreign bottoj^w, from all ot^iep
places, pay «nc tenth additional duty.

f . ' "

IRE rS'ITED STATESr

ligar-Camiy,

3 ditto — all
I — other r«-

icr pa;r

• gallon — ad

which thejr
5, ift proof,

;nts per gal-

er black tea»
1, 20 ditto
, il ditto—

;r black, ^f,

jC cents per

Champaign,

Fayal, and

place in the

t fpirits, do.
i States, ex-
per cent ad

i half niore,
vtflels; and
nu all otlici:

EXPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES,

FROM THE FIRST OF OCTOBER, 1 796,
THE THIRTIETH OF SEPTEMBER, I797.

$pfr'ifs o/mcrd'ant^'Zi.
Alhes pot and pearl
Apples

Beer, porter, & ciiler ">
in talks _)

Do in botttles
Beef
Bifcuit, or (hip bread

Do
Buck wheat
Barley
Beans

Pran and fliorts
Butter
Boots
Bricks

Corn, Indian
Cotton
Coflee
('hocolate
Cocoa
Checfe
Coalj

Candles, wax
Do fpermaceti
Do taliow
Crnva!?, or fai! cloth
Cab'"-, and cordage
Civil., wool and cotton
Copper or braf^ aiid

copper manufaift.
Coaches & other car.
Flour

Fifii, dried orfmoked
Do pickled
Do do
Fnrnituic houfehold
I'iaxfced
C5un powder
(Jenfaug
Fiax
Hats

Hams, and baccn
Hiiir powder
Hops "^
I Iid:;s, raw
Horned cattle
Horlics
Hogs
lion, pig
Dr. bar
Do cafti gj

®,/,t«//Vy or -value. Specks of nrircbundizi. ^antity or rnhf.

}

tons

4.236

buihels

5.I18

gallons

48,664

dozens

ia,794

lbs.

5i,8iz

84,679

kegs

ai.ijo

bufticls

136

179

19>3ii

228

lbs. I

,255.435

pairs

6,47 7

number

487,160

bullieis

804,9^2

lbs, 3

,788,429

do 44,531,887

9,610

87f.334

do I

,256,109

bulhels

11,43a

lbs.

3,481

130,438

763,744

pieces

1.739

cwt.

7,8 v:>

1 dozens

1,82.4

► dollars

17,676

do
barrels

9,024
515,633

Cjuintals 406,016
69,782

7.351

22,019

222,269

7,5C0

4,004

4,274

44,617

,084,008

58,694
I,OCO

108,862
3,87-2

1,(77

3,484

597

barrels

kegs

dollars

bulhels

lbs.

dollars

lbs. I

number

tbn*

dollars

Meal, rye
Do Indian
Do buckwheat
Df>. oat

Muftard
Molaffes
Mules

Medicinal drugs
Mtrchiindize. and all
other articles nor
otherwifc particu
larly enumerated,
Oil, hnfced
Do. f]>erniaccti
Do. whal
Oats
Pork
Pitch
Poultry
Pea-s
Potutoes
Rice
Rye
Rofin

Spices, pepper
Dn. pimento
Do. all otl-.er
Spirits, forcij^n
Do. domeftic, from")
foreign produce y
Do do from domef- \
tic produce J

Shoes and flippers
Skins and ftirs
Saddlery
Siik, JW

buiheis
do
do
do.
lbs.
gallons

numrcr
dollas

36,570

254,799

286

3,8>i^

l,66<5

48.55/
-',064..

23>l*>

Iron, all other maEtifaf'l. do
Indigo lbs,

I -aid do

Leather do

Liad and Ihot lbs.

do 7,835>45'!»

gallons
do
& other fifli do

buih-.ls

barrels

dozens

buihcls,

tierces

buflKk

barrels

lbs.

dollars

gallons

T9.757

*7,55^

5*5i,4'i5

38,a»i:

40,145

7.97?

4,5"*
5^,40.'?
41-333
60,111

i,33t

7,015
.1,901,130

363,325
156,643
398,777

i 73,32s

pairs

collars

p'-unds

Su^ar, brown & other "?
clayed j

Sugar refined
Sheep
Ship ftuff

ruui?

Tobacco, manufaflurcd do
Do unmuuufadured hhds

pounds

number

cwt.

bulhels

pounds

2 2, or I

135-594

269,639

731,511
61,169

306,^89

Tallow

Tar

Turpentine

Do fpirits of
Tea, i3ohea

Do Souchong and
other black

Do Hyfcn

Do other Green

jiounds

barrels

gallons

pounds

lbs.

43,69*

106,074,

a3S,59i:

■ a, 105

3,'

24,46;^

r,223,6i<;

38,366,26*

ao3,78t|

3,401

fi5,7^.

73,457

li'8o5-

58,167
a6,oia
4 7,394
53.^9^
54,T5t
' 73,oo(>

8,66S

45.393

H ll

iir^

^ji^ *'

' t

'1 ^

'P I !

y iiiipi

Tttn UNITED STAT£5i

Species of merchandlae.

Wheat

Wli;»lebone

Way

Wines, Madeira
Do all other
Do do bottled

^jiantUy or value,
bufliels 15,655
pounds 452,127
do 188.727

gallons 46,562
do 1,519,255
dozens 77,097

W00.I, fiiaves & heading num. 33,073,521
Do fliingle?, num. 51,604,896

Species of menlMtJize Quantity or '.ulut.

Do hoops and poles do 3>956,340

Do boards, plank,") , ^ ,

r .y 9 .• k > icet 41,220,969
fcanthng & timber 3 ^■" '' '

Do timber tons 13,664

Do ail of her & lumber dollars 109,877

Do oal. hark, and 7 . ,/o ,^,

11 .u I I ao 168,531

ill other dye j •'•'

Do all manufacSuresof do 158.576

The increnfe in domellic cjqiorts this year ov«r the laft, i.s above two millions of
Jbllars; but in ordor to give nur corrmprrial readers a corredl view of the ful)jl*ift, we
I'ubjoin a comparative ftatemcnt of the exports of theyeafs 1797 and I79"8.

COMPARATIVfi STATEMENT. :

To- tvhat Countries. 1 7 9 7

1798

To -vhai Countries. T797

179?

Auffia, &c. 3,45'-'5

60,732

Italy 767,064

1,334,036

vSwpden, &c. 898,315

733.4'S2

China and India 387,310

261,769

Denmark, Nor-

W. Indicb gene-

way, &c. 2,533,224

2,901,511

rally 1,508,644

248,121

Holland. &c. ?.,34?,486

7,42(1,650

Africa do. ^30,8 73

13288^

G. Brit. &r. 8,569,748

17,686,189

Europe do. 207,077

74,858

HanfeTr,wns 9,589 858

14,412,6x3

N. W. coaft A-

France, &c. 11,664,091

6,941,486

nierica I5)607

79v?T5

Spain, &:c. 5>59^'.^53

: 740v553

Imperial imports

70,73»

Portugal, &c. 463.310

729,089

Morocco 15,000

19,188

Total, 51.^94,710

61,327,411

SUMMARY VALUE OF EXPORTS.

1797.

1798.

1797-

1798.

N. Hampfliire 475,840

361,453

Delaware 98,929

i83,72f

Maffachufetts 7,5.-1,647

8,639,25a

Maryland 9,811,799

12,746,490

Rhode-Ifland 975.530

947.827

Virginia 4,908,713

6,rr3,45t

Connedicut 814,506

763,128

N. Carolina 540,901

338,124

New York 13,308,064

14.300,892

S. Carolina 949,622

6,994,17?

New Jerfey 18,151

61,877
8,915*463

Georgia 644,307

961,848

Pcnnfylvania 11,446,291

Total, 51,294-710

(ji,327,4JJ:

From which it appears that the amount of exports, for 1798, was 61.327,411 dol-
lars, 33 millions of which were of gonds, wares. &c. of foreign growth or manufacftures.
A ftatcment o.'" the tonnage of their (hipping for the year 1797, was as follows : —

Of Regiftercd tonnage - - Tons. 597,777

Enrolled and licenced do ... » 437 401

Fiftiing veficls, do - - - . 4i.7 >3

Total, 876,912 — 11-

Of the above, 57,673 tons were built in the United States in 1798.

Imports from other Nations, into the Vnileii States of n'mer icn for 1798.

From Ruflia
Sweden

out.

From Spain

dol.

14 ',641

Portugal

76336

Italy

341CO

Eaft Indies

609,234

Africa

-__

17,117

95.110

sr34i

Denmark - - 400,107

Holland - 890,222

Great Britain - 57,101,227

Hamburgh, Embden,&c. 971,000 60,472,80a

France - - 126,274 Exp. as formerly mentioned 61,327,411

Balance in favour of America 854,602 dollars.

In thefe ftatements, it mall give £rreat pleafure to every Briton, f
fee that three fourths of the whole Exports and Imports of America,
are carried on with this country. Indeed, without the Britifli trade,
the United States would make no fijjure in commfrce. The imrr enfe
♦juantity and low price of hud, which draws all their capitals that way,
v;ould entirely ?.:iuihilate commerce, were it not for the Britifli capft^ls.

IP»

iiy or '.ijtut.
3.956,340

43,220,969

13,664
I 109,877

168,531

158,576

million* of
futijM, we

1798

1,334,036
261,769

245?, T2I

13288,^
74,858

79-5^5

70.73*

61,327,411

1798.

i83,72f
12,7^6,490

6.113,451
338,124

6,994,179
9^11,848

01,327,411:
;27,4ii dol-
lanufadtures.
ows ;—

597,777
«574C2

41.733

/or 179??.

I4\64i

76336

34 ICO

609,234

!^7,JI7

0,472,809
^327.4lt
dollars.

Biiton, f
' America,
itidi trade,
c imtrenfe
; that tvay,
(li capitals.'

THE UXTTED STATESV V$

The value of the exports of the United States before t^ie-reyoki.
tion is not precifely afcertained j but the ^vhole exportation^ot North
America, including the remaining Britifli colonies and Newfounclland,
(whole filhery alone was eftimated at more than 2,200,000 dollars in

1770, Bermuda, and the Bahamas, were computed to have been, in

1771, '1 ^,28o,QOO dollars. In thefe were comprifed the Ihipments be-
• tween thofe iflands and the main, and from province to province, as

every veffel which departed from one American port to another was
obliged to clear out her cargo as if defined for a foreign country.

Revenue, Finances, &c.— the prefent revenues of the United States
arife from duties on the tonnage of velTels, and on imported good;,
wares, and merchandize, and from an cxcife on various articles of con-

fumption. ,

Of thefe, fo late as 1798 and 1-709, the following table will give

the moll accurate view.

REVENUE.. .

their revenues, arlfing from impbrt and tonnage, were bbi-L?.

ertimated at 8,6do,ooo

Internal taxes, (lamps, poft-otfice,"&,c i,?ioo,t!CO

Land-tax . . 2,ooo,COC7

Borrowed at 8 ^er cent 6,000,000

Total 18,400,000

DEBT3.

the nett amount of the debts of the United States
Was, in 1 798, as follows :

1. Foreign debt .....* ; ii,8oo,ooc>

2. Six per cent. Hock 29,344,7 "2

^■. Deferred ditto I4,578*,88 j

4. Three per cent, ditto . 19,597, 54;^

5. Five oncrhalf per cent, ditto . ........;..... 1,848,900

6. Four one-half per cent, ditto 176,000

7. Unfunded regiltered debt . . • i79,9J.>

8. Debts due to Bank of United States, and Bank of

New York 6,200,000

As afcertained by the records of the Treafury 85,726,03^

Unalcertaincd and unliquidated, fuppoled to be 1,124,404

i^ mount 84,830,438
From which dedudl

1. Six per cent, ilock redeemed 1,170,232

2. Deferred ditto 93^»7 J 5

3. 1 hree per cent, ditto 610,757

4. i-Jank llock » • • 2,000,000

5. Two per cat principal redeemed .... 544,..66

5»2j5,8io

Remains 79o9'^j''23
M

Tttl UNITID ITATMi

If ,

i"l

■'1

t ;:1

nf tl^Js remainder the different States hold ftock to the amount of
• -11 n« ?o that the remaining 70 milUon of dollars, amountmg to
rr r-Sionfs^^^^^^^^^ oJnJtothe prefent low price at which
it f^ Is might be purchafed for about 10 or ii milhonj bterhng.

Mo' ^f the debt bears an intereft at one half of the eftabhihecl
rate of this country. Some of it bears an intere:. of two thuds, omc
'rr'°ee fourths, and fomc of four fifths, of the medmm of the legal
k '. .';»k of the States.

EXPENDITURE.

The expenditure of the United States, as voted for

IIQQ, amounted to ^ ' ' ' 'r

Afterwards voted to build fix men of war of 74 guns
each, and I2 large frigates

2,500,000
600,000

DOLLS.

6v5oo,oo9
2,400,000
8,900,000

3,100,000
6,200,000

Add

Intereft of debt

To redeem 6 per cents

To pay off debts to the banks . . «

Total, 18,200,000

The particulars of the above expenditure for the year 1799, as de-
tailed in the etUmates, were appropriated as follows :
For the civil \ii\, or fupport of government, including the

contingent expences of the feveral departments and othces, Dolls.

the fum of - - ,''.', r 'it

For defraying the compenfation of clerks, m the feveral loan
offices, and for books and ftationary heretofore allowed by
temporary aas of Gongrefs, the laft of which expired at
the clofe of faid year - - - -

For the payment of annuities and grants
For the fupport of the mint eilablifliment - -

For the expences of intercourfe with foreign nations, includ-
ing a fum of 20,opo dollars, eUimatcd as being reyiihte
for the relief of deiUtute feamen, and exclufive of the an-
mial appropriation of 40,000 dollars, authonfed by the
aa of March 19. 1798 - - '. ^ n'.

For the payment of expences incident to the treaties to G»eat

Britain, Spain, and the Mediterranean powers _ -
For the fupport of light-houfes, beacons, pubhc piers, 6tc.
1 or the ordinary conUngent expences of government^
For eftablilhing trading houfes with the Indians, be mg the
amount unexpended of a former appropriation, which alio
expired at the clofe of the prefent year - -

For farisfying faiicellaneous claims and expences, including
an additional eftimate for the purpofes of the ad of June
12, 1798, rcfpeaing loan-office and final lettlcment cer-
tificates, Sec. - ■ " " '__^

13,000

1,603

1-3,000

1 W

187,500
44,281

20,000

100,000

19,000

Carried ever, 955»590

IW>' •"

f ftiflj

! amount of
mounting to
ce at which
rling.

eftablilhed
thirds, feme
of the legal

DOLLS.

, 6v5oo,ooo

. 2,400,000

8,900,000

3,100,000
, 6,200,000

18,200,000

1799

, as de-

the

:es,

Dolls.

504,20^

oan

I at

13,000

1,603

13,000

iud-

ifite

an-

the

53^°°*

feat

187,500

44,281

20,000

r the

alfo

100,000

iding

June

cer-

19,000

Tit tWITID STATIfi

•7

Dolls.

Brought forwari

TOR THE MILITART DEPARTMENT.

Tor the fupport of the army including pay, rations, cloathing,
hofpital, ordnance, quarter-mafter, and India exptnces,
the defenfivc proteftion of the frontiers, and contingen-
cies agreeable to the eftimate of the Secretary at War j
thefunTof 3^302,005

For the payment of military penfions, - - 93»400

?0R THE NAVY DEPARTMENT.

Tor completing (hips ordered to be built by aas of Congrefs 67 1,504

Arm« and military ftorcs - - - 233,000

Contingencies and cafualties - - - loo,000
The expenfe of maintaining the prefent naval eftablUhment,
including the marine corps, for in entire year, is comput-
ed at 2,420,180 dolls. 15 cts. but as the whole number of
{hips would not be in fervice more than fix months of the
year, the fum required is eftimated at no more than 1,862,113

For the fupport of 3 revenue cutters during the year 1799 117,501

Total 7.335»"3
From which fum is deduced a balance of former appropria-
tions, applicable to the purpofes before ftated - 823,887

Making in whole

6,511,226

Q55,590

Notwithftanding the comfortable fituation of the Americans, with
regard to their liberal fupply of the neceflaries of life, however, it
would not appear that their finances are very 'Lrong. The late war in
which they were engaged run them greatly in debt, and it is probable
that the liraits to which it has fince put them, may be afligned as one
of the caufes of their economy all along with refpeft to their navy.
it has of late been ftrongly recommended by the Prefident of ihe
United States, that the national debt fliould be reduced. This, he iald,
could not be done %vithout the afliftance of agriculture j for whenever
the duty on commerce was made extravagant, fmug^ng was intro-
duced, nnd the au^y, inilead of being increafed was lenened. At fame
time it was alfo fignified that there was no dependence upon incir reve-
nue, as it at the bell was no more than merely fupported their prefent
cxpences, the arguments urged, therefore, werc^ that an a6l for addi-
tionally taxing the farmer * would not only be falutary, but would alfo
have the eflfeft upon him to awaken a wa.tchful attention to the opera-

* Th« term " Farmir" ii not lynonimouj with the fame word in England. In Eng-
land it means a tenant holding of iome lord, paying much in rent, and much in tythes,
and much in uses ; an interior rank in life, wcciipied by j nfons of inferior mana-r.
and education. la America, a farmer is a lani owner, paying ao rent, no tytbr*., ■,\ -i
few taxes, eqnal in rank to any other rank in the ftatc, having a voice in the apjrcint ■
ment of his Icgillatori, and a fair chance, if he dcfervcs it, of becoming one himfclf^
^iot teutju iH the Icgiflatori 9f America arc farmers. — Coo/sr'i Amichica.

Mji

hi.

K'f

III

•I!i

ill

II <

^: 1

'I t

THE UNITED STAT£».

tlonsofcovcrnmcnf, ancHvoukl alfo give them the means of payhijr
their debt, and of fheniiia to foreign countries that their revenues reU
upon a foundation which they cannot Ihake. ,, -, ,

Mint —A national mint was cftablilhcd m 179T. It has Gnce bcei?
vrovldcd by law, that the purity and intrinfic vulue of the hlver coin
lh:;ll be equal to that of Spain , and of the gold com to thole of the
lliiftcft European nations

TABLE OF THli DIFFERENT COINS ESTABLISHED BY LAW.

COLD COINS.

En.'le, value 10 dollars— weight 270 grains ftandard gold,
HaU' Eagle 5 ditto 135 ^j"°

Quarter Eagle 2h ditto 67* ditto.

Standard gold is eleven parts pure and one alloy.

SILVER. COINS.

Dollar, value 10 dimes— weight 416 grains ftandard filver,

Jlalf dollar, 5 2o8

Ouarter dollar, 2-^ i°4

iSTme, 10 cents 41 and s-jths

Ilulfdime, <; 20 and 4 5ths

Standard filvcr is 1485 part? pure and 179 alloy.
A pound of pure gold is valued at 15 pounds of pure filver.

A dollar in Sterlint,- money, is 4s. 6d. But the price of a dollar
vofe in New England currency to 6s. •, in New York to 8s. •, m New
T'nfcy Pennfylvania, and Maryland, to, 7s. •, in Vu-gima to 6s. •, i_H
tCorlh Carolina to 8s. j in South Carolina and G -orgia to 4s. 8d. This
dirfercnce, originating between paper and fpecie, or bills, continued at-
terwards to exi: in the nominal eliimation of gold and lilver, and
ilillexi^^s as the prefent currency. _ r r- . -n •. •

Independent of thefe, the gold and filver coins of Great Britain,
Trance, Spain, and Portugal, are allowed by law to be tendered m all
payments.

MONIES COINED AT THE MINT OF THE UNITED STATES, FROM ITS COM-
MENCiMENT, TO THE TWENTY-NINTH DAV OF JULY 1 796, VIZ.

(I 4

8,875

11,833
241,662

523, '44

5^894

^2,135

96,646

3,667,358

.:56,624

Eagles
Half ditto,
LioUars
Half ditto
Quarter ditto
Dii'mes
Half ditto
Cents
Half ditto

^ equal to

Total

Dollars. Cents.

88,750

59,165

241,662

161,572

1,473 5^ W^

2,213 .50

4,832 30

16,673 58

1,283 12

577,625 Dolls,

.THE UNITED

Bank of the Unitft States.— Tb

ef Conarcfs, F«bruav 25th 1791, b

fident, bireClors, and Company of

of the capital Hock \vas lO million

in gold and filver •, the other three

. obt of the United States, which, ai

rell at 6 per cent, per annum. Tv

10 millions was fubfcribed by the 1

States. The ftockholders are to con

ui til the 4th day of March iSii J s

property to an amount not exceeding

including the aforefaid capital rtock

ty to deal or trade, dircftly or indi

exchange, gold < r filver bullion, or i

ly pledged for money lent, and not 1

which Ihall be the produce of its be

public debt of which its ftock ftiall

ing 100,000 dollars may be made tc

lar ftates, of a fum not exceeding 5

Offices for the purpofcs of difc

blithed within the United States, u]

manner, as (hall be praftifed at th<

led Branch Banks, have been alrea

York, Baltimore, and Charleftowr

as it refpefts public credit and c

ricnced.

Military Force by Sea and
fl anding armies to be met with or
.tary Itrength of the United Stat^
According to the late cenfus, t
814,000 men of 16 years old and
fuperannuated, the officers 0" go
people who are excufed from milit
■will ftill remain a militia of 700,0
ber has been in proportion to the i
habitants fince the year 1790.
draughted in cafe of any emerge
well difciplined and veteran troc
contending with their adverfaries
into adual fervice, and as foon
ceafes.

Till of late, the American fleet r
has the railing of a navy hitherto
Congrefs. This feems not a litth
dance of materials for (hip buildin
and many iflands which lie alongl
natural to diredl more attention
producing every thing neceffary
inhabitants, it is probable may
encourage commerce to thofe dif
. can be imported.

HJll

neans of payin^r
rir revenues reU

[t has Gnce bceij
f the filver coin
I to thole of the

,D BY LAW.
ndard gold,
alloy.

ndard filver,

alloy,
pure filver,

: price of a dollar
k to 8s. V in New
Virginia to 6s. •, ii\
;ia to 4s, 8d. This
lills, continued af-
)ld and lilver, and

of Great Britain,
be tendered in all

J FROM ITS COM^
Y 1796, VIZ.

Dollars. Cents.

88,750

59.165

241,662

161,572

i»473

2,213

4,832

16,673

1,283

30
58
12

577,625 Dolls

.THE UNITED ITATEI.

Bank 0. the Unitf. SrxrEs.-This Bank was ' orr ^ by nft

.if Coii'^rcfs, F«bruav 25th 1 791, by the name 11

rJent Direaors, ana Companv of the United bu. .. f ^-c ^ nount
of th^ capital rtock u.. 10 miU Ion dollars, one fourth d 'vhuh wM
'n gold and filver , the other three fo hs is that part o. I h. p.W.C
eb? of the United States, ^vhich, at t. time o^ pay nent, 'Kne inte-
rell at 6 per cent, per at.num. Two millions ot th.s capital tock of
10 mUlions' was fulribed by the Prefident, in beh Jf or the United
States. The ftockholders are to cont mue a corporate b; ;, by the act
until the 4th day of March 1811 y and arc capaole, «r ..', nt holding
property t^o an amount not exceeding, in the whole aullion dollar ,
including the aforefaid capital ftock, The corpor .. »s "°V"' .I'^'r
ty to deal or trade, dircWy or indireaiy, in any t^ lug except bills of
exchange, gold <r filver bullion, or in the fale of j.oods really and tru
ly pledged for money lent, and not redeemed in due time, or of g^ .d*
4ich Lu be the produce of its bonds ; they may fell any part of the
pubUc debt of which its ftock ftiall be compofed. Loans not exceed-
ing 100,000 dollars may be made to the United States, aad to particu-
lar ftates, of a fum not exceeding 50,000 dollars.

Onices for the purpofcs of difcount or depofit only, may be elta-
blilhed within the United States, upon the fame terms, and m the fame
manner, as (hall be praftifed at the b«nk. Four of thefeoftices, cal-
led Branch Banks, have been already cftablilhed, viz. ut Bofton, New
York, Baltimore, and Charleftown. The great benefits of this bank,
as it 'refpeds public credit and commerce, have ul.eady been expe-

Military Force by Sea and Land.— Inftead of thofe expenfive
1 inding armies to be met with on this fide of the Atlantic, the miji-
. tary itrength of the United States lies in a well difciplined mihtia.
According to the late cenfus, there \yere, in the United States,
814,000 men of 16 years old and upwards, whites. Suppofc that the
fuperannuated, the officers c government,, and the other- claffes of
people who are excufed from military duty, amount to i 14,000, there
will ftill remain a militia of 700,000 men. The increafe of this num-
ber has been in proportion to the increafe of the whole number of in-
habitants fince the year 1790. The militia are always ready to be
draughted in cafe of any emergency, fnd from many of them being
well difciplined and veteran troops, they are abundantly capable o£
contending with their adverfaries. They enjoy pay only when called
into aftual fervice, and as foon as the war or hoftilities arc ended it
ceafes.

Till of late, the American fleet never made any refpeftable figure, nor
has the raifing of a navy hitherto feemcd to have been any objeiEt with
Congrefs. This feems not a little furj^.tifing, as they have fuch abun-
dance of materials for ftiip building, and the great extent of their coaft,
and many ifiands which lie alongft it, certainly ftiould render it very-
natural to diredl more attention to maritime affairs. Their country-
producing every thing neceffary for the comfort and happinefs of the
inhabitants, it is probable may make Congrefs not much inclined to
encourage commerce to thofe diftant parts, from whence luxuries alone
. can be imported.

i.j^g-iat^..

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

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1- ,.

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Sciences
Corporation

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07 ujRCT MAIM STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

•^•0-

THE ONITED STATEJ.

: ,1

I I

I 1

M . , If?

RELrG!ON.j-i-The confti'tution of the United States provides affa'nil
the making of any law refpe^aiiig the eftabliftiment of religion, or
|>ttjhrbiting the frfce exerbife of it j and in the ccnttitutiotts df the'ref-
yectiVe ftntes, religious liberty is a fundamental principle. Religion
irere is placed on its proper bafis j without the aid or interference of
the civil power, it is left to be fupported entirely by its own evidencei
Ivy the lives of its profeflGorfe, and the almighty care of its Di^irle Au-
thor. Itk public teaciierS arc maintalfied by ah equal tax on property,
by pew rent?, monies at intercft, marriage and burial feeji, fihall glebes!
iand rents, and voluntary contributions.

All being left at liberty to choofc their otvn religion, the people, as
may well be fuppofed, have naturally varied in their choice. The LnlJc
«f the people have denominated themfelves Chriftiaris j a fmall pro-
portion of them are Jews j fome plead the fufficiency of natural reli-
fion» ind rejta revelation as unneceflary and fabulous} and man*-
have yet their religion to choofe. Chriftians profefs their i-eligion uiT-
der various forms, and with different ideas of its doftrines, ordinance?
and precepts. The following denominations of Chriflians are more or
lefs numerous in the United States, viz. Congrfegatiofialirts, Preibyte-
nans, Dutch Reformed ChutcH, Epifcopalians, Bapriits, Quakers or
Fnends, Methodifts, Roman Catholics, German Lutherans^ Germati
Calvijiiils or Prelbyterians, Moravians, Tunkers, Mtnhonilts, Univer-
fclifts Shakers^ and fome others.

Of thefe dilFerent (bas, of which it is propofed to give a gener&l
^efcriptioh in their refped^ive places, the CoNORECATroNALisTs are the
rooft numerous. In New England alone, befides thofc which are
fcattered through the middle and tiprthern itates, there are upwards of
iQOo Gongtegations of this denomination.

It is difficult to fay what is the preftnt ficcMaftical conftitution of
•thfc Congregational churches. Formerly their ecclefiaftical proceed-
ings were regulated, in MaiTachufetts, by the Cambridge platform of
church difcipline, ellabliOied by the Synod, 1648: srtd in Connefticitt
by the Saybrook platform of difcipline j but fmcc the revolution, lefs
tegard has be€ri paid to thefe conltitutions^ and in many inftances they
Mte Wholly difufed. Congtegationalilts are pretty generally agreed in
opitiian, that " Every church or particular congregation of tilible
laims, m gofpel order, being furnifhed with a paltor or Wfhop. and"
^alkiiig together in trutli and peace, has received from the Lord lefus
mi power and authority ec'elefialtical, of itfelf, l-eguldrly toadminiitet
-ah the ordinances «f Chrift, and is not under any other ecclcfiallical
jurifdiaion whatfoever." Their churches, with fome exceptions, dif-
clautt the word Iadepend.tnt, as applicable to them, and claim a fifter-
ly t-clauon to each other.

The iftinifterj of the Congregsrtiotial Grderynre principally affociated
fot the pUrptofes of lieenfing candidates fot the miniflry, and friendly
interfcoutfe and improvement. Irt Conneaicut and the wiftern parts of
Maffaehufects, the churches have deviated lefs from their original con-
fthatioft. The degeneracy of the congregational churches from tlrat
order, fellowihip and harmony, in difsiplhte, doarines, and friendly
advice and affiftance in ecckfiaftical matters, which formerly fubfifled
between them, is matter of great concern to manv of that ilenomination.

Tie UNITED i.tSTti»

ConBrctttlonalifts are divided in opinion rcfpcfting t^* f ^f ""?' ^
the gofpcl, and the proper fubjefts of its ordmancej. 1 h.ie djfc
tnccs however, occaftoa but Uttle alteration. /I he epithets of dilr
tinaion, fuch as Calvinifts, Hopkinfians, Arnumans Anans, boci-
nians, and Univerfalifts, are ftiU ufed, though there feems to be aa
iacreafiug diflike to them.

Next to Conerfig^tiQuaUfts, pRKSBYTEausis are the moft numerou*
denomination of Chriftians in the United States, They have a con-
ftitution, by which they regulate all their ecclefiaftical proceedings,
and a confelhon of faith^ lyhich all church officers and church mcm^
bers arc delired to fubfcrihe. Hence they have preferved a angular
uniformity in their religious fentiments^ and have conduaed their eccle-
fiaftical affairs with a great degree of Order and harpony.

The body of the Prefbyterians inhabit the middle and fouthoin ftates,,
and are upitcd under th^ fame conlUtution. By this coniUtution, they
are divided into five fynods and eighteen prefbyteries j viz. i. Synod of
New York, 5 prfifhyteries •, 94 congregations j 61 fettled minillers.-^
a. Synod of Philadelphia, 6 ptefhyterks j 9a congregations •, 6q fettled
minifters, befides the minifters and congregations belonging to Balti*
more prelhytery.--3. Synod of Virginia, 4 preibyteries •, 70 con^ega-
tions J 49 fettled minifters, exclufive of the coj;igregati0n3 ai^d minifters
of Tranfylvania prefbytery.— 4. Synod o.f the Cafolinas, 3 prcHiytetiesj
Sj congregations ; 42 fettled minifters j the minifters and congrega-
tions in Abington prefbytery not included. The "A'hol^ number o£
preftiyterian congregations will he nearly 438, which arc fuppKed by
223 fettled minifters, and about 80 candidates, befides a number o£
ordained minifters who have no particular charges. Eslc\ of the ioat
fynods meet annually y befides which they have a joint meeting by their
coramiffioners once a year, in General Aflembly at Philadelphia.

The Prclbyterian churches are governed by cangregational, preAjy*-
terial, and fy nodical affemblies. Thefe affemblies pofixis no civil jurifi-
diftion J their power is wholly moral or fpiritual, and that only vaixar
ftsrial and declarative. They poffeft the right of requiring obedience
to the laws of Chrift, and of excluding the dii'obedient from thp pri*L.
leges of the church ; and the powers requifite for obtaining evidence
and indiaing ceufure j but the higheft puni(hment to which their au-
thority extends, is to exclude the contumacious and impenitfnt hossk
the congregation of believers.

The Church Seflion, hich is the congregational affembly of judica-
tory, confifts of the nunifter or minifters and elders of a particular
congregation. This body is invefted with the fpiritual government
of the congregation, and have power to inquire into the chriftian con'-
dua of all its members j to call before them offenders, ta adiuoniih^
fufpend, or exclude from the Cu:ranients, fuch as defcrve thefe cenfures;.
to concert meafures for promoting the fpiritual interefts of the con-
gregation f and to appoint r^clegates to the higher judicatoxieK of th«
church.

The higheft judicatory of the Preft)yterian chiuch is ftylcd .**^ Tk»
General Affembly of the Preftiyterian Church in the United States of
America." This grand Affembly confifts of an equal delegation q£
bilhops and ciders from each prefl^ytery withia their jurifdiaion, by the

i it- : : i

' . , i|

, ; I
3!

hi, THE umTEO STATfejrr

title of " Commiflioncrs to the General AflTembly.'* Fourteen com'ihif-
lioners make a quorum. 1 he General Affembly conftitute the bond
of union, peace, correfpondence, and mutual confidence among all
their churches j and have power to receive and iffue all appeals and
references which may regularly be brought before them from inferior
judicatories — to regulate and correft the proceedings of the fynods,
&c. To the General Affembly alfo belongs the power of confulting,
reafoning, and judging in controverfics refpeding doftr'ne and difciplinej
of reproving, warning, or bearing teftimony againft error in doctrine,
©r immorality in pradlice, in any church, prelbytery or fynod- of
correfponding with foreign churches — of putting a Hop to fchifmatical
contentions and difputations — and in general of recommending refor-
mation of manners, and of promoting charity, truth^ and holinefs in all
the churches and alfo of erefting new fynods.

The confeflion of faith adopiied by the Prelbyterian church, embraces
tvhat are called the Calviniftic dodrines j and none who dilbelieve
thefe dodrines are admitted into fellowftiip with thefe churches. The
General Affembly of the Prefbyterian church hold a friendly corref-
pondence with the General Affociation in Connefticut and the Conven-
tion of congregational minifters of Maffachufetts, by letter ; and the
two former by admitting delegates from their refpetlivc bodies to fit
in each others general meetings.

^ Difconnefted with the above churches, there ate four fmall prefbyte-
ries in New England, who have a fimilar form of ecclefiaflical govern-
ment and difcipline, and profefs the fame dodrines.

Befides thefe, there is the '* Affociate Prefbytery of Pennfylvania,"
having a feparate ecclefiallical jurifdidion in America j and belonging
to the Affociate Synod of Edinburgh •> which they declare is the only
ccclefiaftical body, either in Britain or America, with which they are
agreed concerning the dodrine and order of the church of Chrirt, and
concerning the duty of confeffmg the truth, and bearing witnefs to it by
•a public teftimony againft the errors of the times. This connexion is
not to be underftood as indicating fubjedion to a foreign jurifdidion j
hut is preferved for the fake of maintaining unity with their brethren
in the profeffion of the Chriftian faith, and hich an intercourfe as might
be of fervice to the interefts of religion. This fed of Preftjyterians are
commonly known by the name of Seceders, on account of their feeed-
ing from the national church in Scotland, in 1736.

The Dutch Reformed churches in the United States, who maintain
the dodrine of the fynod of Dort, held in 1618, are between 70 and
80 in number, conftituting fix claffes, which form one fynod, ftylcd
*' The Dutch Reformed Synod of New- York and New-Jerfey." 1 he
claffes confift of minifters and ruling ciders j eaoh clafs delegates two
minifters and an elder to reprefent them in fynod. From the firll
planting of the Dutch churches in New York and New Jerfcy, they
have, under the diredion of the claffes of Amfterdam, been formed
exadly upon the plan of the eftabliftied church of Holland, as far as
that is ccclefiaftical.

In Odober 1789, at a meeting of the Convention, it was, amongfl
Other things, agreed upon, to have a Conftitution rrhich Ihould

provide

THE UNITED STATES. 93

tliat there (hall be a general convention of the Proteftant
Epllcopal Church in the United Slates, on the fecond Tuefday
of September, of every third year from 1789 -That each ttate
fhould be entitled to a reprefentation of both the cler^ry and the
hity, or either of them, and may fend deputies, not exceeding four ot
each order, chofen by the convention of the ftate— That the bilhops
of the church, when three or more are prefent, fliall, in their general
conventions, form a feparatc houfe, with a right to originate and pro-
pofe ads for the concurrence of the houfe of deputies, compofed of
clergy and laity j and with a power to negative a6ts paffed by the houfe
of deputies^ unlefs adhered to by four-fifths of the other houfe— That
every bifliop Ihould confine the excrcife of his epifcopal ollice to his
proper diocefe or dillrift -That no peribn Oiould be admitted to holy
orders, until examined by the bilhop and two pretbyters, having pro-
duced the requifite teflimonials— and, That no peribn fliould be orda'ned
until he ihould fubfcribe the following declaration—" I do believe the
Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Tellament to be the XVord of
God, and to contain all things uecciTary to '..lyation j and I do folcmnly
engage to conform to the dodrines and worlhip of the Protelbnt Epif-
copal Church in the United States."

They have not yet adopted any articles of religion other than thcfe
contained in the Apollles nd Nicene Creeds. The number of Epifcopal
churches in the United States is not exa«a:ly afcertained ; in New Eng-
land there are between 40 and 50 j but in the foutherri ftates they arc-
more numerous. Four bilhops, viz. of Connefticut, New York, Penfyl-
vania, Virginia, have been elefted by the conventions of their refpeftive
ilatei, and have been duly confecratedj tlie former by the bilhops of
the Scots Church, the three latter by the bifliops of ^ the Englilh
Church. Thefe four, in 1792, united in the confecration of a fifth,
elected by the convention of the ftate of Maryland. BiQiops of Ver-
mont and South Carolina have fince been elefted.

The Baptists, with fome exceptions, are! uport the Calviniftic plan
as to doftrines, and independents as to church government and dlfci
pliae. Except thofe who are ftyled " Open Communion Baptifts,
of whom there is but one aflbciation, they refufe to commuuicate in
the ordinance of the Lord's Supper with other denominations j be-
caufe they hold their immerfion only as the true baplifm, and that
iaaptifm is necelTary to communion j it is, therefore, improper and in-
confillent, In their opinion, to admit unbaptifed perfons, (as ail others
arc, in their view, but themfelves) to join with them in this ordinance:
though they allow minifters of other denominations to preach to their
congregations, and fometimes to aQift in ordaining their minifters.

Some of the leading principles of the regular or particular Baptifts,
are — the imputation of Adam's fm to his pofterity— the inability of
man to recover iiimfelf — effeftual calling by fovereign grace — ^jultifi-
cation by the imputed righteoufnefs of Chrill — immerlion for baptifm,
and that on profeffion of faith and repentance —congregational churches,
and their independency, and reception into them upon evidence of
found converlion.

Frilnds, commonly called Quakers. • This denomination of Chrif-
tians arofe about the year 1648, and were firft formrd iato religious

Ill

. ! if'

:' III

¥f

-iff!'

THE UNITID STATKI.

them fcoffing at him, for having bidden him and thoie about him, to
tremble at the word of the Lord, gave to him and his followers the
name of Quakers j a name by which they have fmce been ufually deno-
minated ; but they themfelvcs adopted the appellation of Friends."
They came to America as early as 1656. The firft lettler* of Pennfyl-
vania were all of this denomination ; and their meetings in the United
States at prefent are very numerous. _ 1 01 • i- rpi

Their doftrinal tenets are in common with other Chriitians. They
believe in One Eternal God, and in Jefus Chrift the Meffiah _ and
Mediator of the new covenar^t. To Chrift alone, in whofe divinity
they believe, they give the title of the Word of God, and not to the
fcriptures ; yet they profefs a hi^h erteem for thcfe facred writings, in
fubordination to the fpirit who indited thfcm, and believe that tuey are
able, through faith, to make wife to falvation.— They reverence th«^
excellent precepts of fcripture, and believe them praftkable and bind-
ing on every Chriftian j and that in the life to come, every man will
be^rewarded according to his works. In order to enable mankind to
put in praftice thefc precepts, they believe, that every man coming
into the world is endued with a meafure of light, grace or good
fpirit of Chrift ; by which he is enabled to diftinguifti good from evil,
and corre£l the difordcily paflions antl corrupt propenfities of his nature,
which mere reafon is altogether infufficient to overcome — that this
divine grace is, to thofe who fincerely feek it, an all-fufficient and pre-
fent help in time of need. Thus perfuaded, they tftJnk this divine
influence efpecially ncceffary to the performance of th;' Igheft r^ft of
^vhich the human mind is capable, the worftiip of God in fpirit and in
truth ; and therefore confider, as obftruaions to pure worfliip, all forms
which divert the mind from the fccret influence of this undion of the
Holy One— Though true warfliip is not confined to time or place, they
believe it is incumbent on churches to meet oftert together, but dare
not depend for acceptance on a formal repetition of the words and expe-
riences of others— They think it is their duty to wait in filence-, to have
a true fight of their condition bcftowed on them j and believe even a
iingle figh, arifing from a fenfe of their infirmities and need of divine
beip, to be more acceptable to God than any pesformances which on-
t>inate in the will of man.

* They believe the renewed afTiftance of the light and power ot
Chiift, which is not at our command, nor attdnable by ftudy, but the
free gift of God, to be indifpenfably neceffary to all true miniftry.—
Hence arifes their teftimony againft preaching for hire, and confcien-
tious refufal to fupport fuch miniftry by tithes Or other means. As
they dare not encourage any miniftry, but fuch as they believe to
fpring from the influence of the Holy Spirit ; fo neither dare they at-
tempt to reftrain this influence to- perfons of any condition in life, or
to the male fex •, but allow fuch of the feir-^le fex as appear to be
cjualiEed, to exercife their gifts ior the general edification of the

church. . r . 1 r 1 • t T •

Tiiey hold, that as there is one Lord and one faith, lo his baptjlm is
one in nature aud operation, and that nothing (liort of it can make us

.-vi-,^.

TM UNITIO STATU.

d from evil,
if his nature,
c — that this
cnt and pre-
: this divine
gheft rift of
^irit and in
lip, all forms
idion of the
r place, they
er, but dare
ds and expe-
;nce; to have
ilieve even a
ed of divine
cs which ori-

nd power of
ludy, but the
: miniftry. —
and confcien-

means. As
ey believe to
dare they al-
ien in life, or

appear to be
;ation of the

his baptjfm is
I can make us

nvincr members of his myftical body •, and that bapufm with ^^^ter bt-
i>ngedto an inferior aJd decreafing difpenfation. With rcfped to
the Lord's Supper, they believe that communication between Lhrilt
ami his church is not maintained by that or any other external ordi-
nance, but only by a real participation of his divine nature through
faith •, that this is the fupper alluded to, Rev. lii. 20- -and that where
the fubftance is attained, it is unneceffary to atttnd tp the (hadow.

Believing that the grace of God is alone fufficient for jalvation,
they can neither admit that it is conferred on a few only, while otheia
are left without it j nor, thus afferting its univerfaMy, can they limit
its operation to a partial cleanfing of the foul from fin even in this lite
—On the contrary, they believe that God doth vouchfafe to alb" the
obedient to lubmit to the guidance of his pure Spirit, through whole
afliftance they are enabled to bring forth fruits unto holmeis, and to
Itand pfrfeiJ in their prefent rank. . .

As to oaths, they abide literally by Chrift's pofitive mjunftion,
«» Swear not at all." They believe that " wars and fightings" are, m
their origin and effefts, utterly repugnant to the gofpei, which ftill
breathes peace and good will to men.* Compliments, fupertluity ot
apparel or furniture, outward (hews of rejoicing or mourning, and ob-
fervations of days and times, they deem incompatible with the firapli-
city and fincerhy of a Chriftian life— and they condemn public divev-
fions, gaming, and other vain ^mufements of the world. They require
no formal lubfcription to any article, either as the condition of mem-
berlhip, or to qualify for the fervice of the church.

To effeft the falutary purpofcs of difcipline, monthly, quarterly,
.*nd yearly meetings are eftablifhed. A monthly meeting is compof-
icd of feveral neighbouring congregations. Its bufinefs Is to provide
for the fubfiftence of the poor, and for the education of their oil^pring j
to judge of the fincerity and iitnefs of perlbns appearing to be con-
vinced of the religious principles of the fociety, and defiling to be ad-
mitted to memberfhlp j to excite due attention to the difcharge of re-
ligious and moral duties ; to deal with diforderly members ; to appoint
overfeers to attend that, the rules of their difcipline are put in prac-
tice.

A quarterly meeting Is compofed of , feveral monthly meetings.
At this meeting are produced written anfwers from monthly meetings,
to certain qupftions refpefting the conduft of their members and the
meeting's care over them. The accounts thus received are digeftcd
and fent by reprefentatives to the yearly meeting. Appeals froni the
judgment of monthly meetings are brought to the quarterly meetings.
The yearly meeting has the general fuperintendence of the fociety
in the country In which it is eftablillied. The bufinefs of this meeting
Is to give forth its advice — make fuch regulations as appear to be re-
quifite, or excite to the obfervance of thofe already made, &c. Ap-
peals from the judgment of quarterly meetings are here finally deter-

* During the late war, however, fome of their number, contrary to this ardcle of
their faith, thought it their duty to take up arms in defence of their country. This
laid the foundation of a feceflion from their brethren, and they now form a feparatc
t^ngrcgation in Philadelphia, by the name of the " Refifting or Fighting Quakers."

9 > TH£ WNITED STATES,

mined ; and a brotherly correfpondence, by epiftlcs, Is maintained
with other yearly meetings. The Quakers have, in all, feven yearly
meetings. One in London", to nhich come reprefentatlves from Ire-
land. The other fix are in the United States: I. New England, 2. New
York, 3. New Jerfey and Pennfylvania, 4. Maryland, 5. Virginia,
6. The Carolinas and Georgia. '

As they believe y\ omen may bp rightly called to the work of the
minillry, they alfo think they may fliare in their Chrillian difcipllne.
Accordingly they have alfo monthly, quarterly, and yearly meetings of
their own fex j held at the fame time, and in the fame place with
tbnfe of the men ; but feparately, and \^'Ithout the power of making
rules.

Their elders and minlfters have meetings peculiar to themfelves.
Their meetings, called meetings of minillers and elders, are generally
held In the compafs of each monhtly, quarterly, and yearly meeting,
for the purpofe of reminding each other to the difcharge of their
feveral duties, of extending advice to thofe who may appear wealc,
&c. They alfo, In the intervals of the yearly meetings, give certifi-
cates to thofe minilters vvho travel abroad in the work of the miniftry.
'i'he yearly meeting, held In London, 1675, appointed a meeting
to be held in that city, for the purpofe of advifmg and afliftlng In cafes
of fuffering for confcience fake, called meetings for fufferings, whicii
is yet continued. It Is compofed of Friends under the napie of Corref-
pondents, chofen by the feveral quf^rterly meetings, who refide in and
near the city. This meeting Is eritruiled with the care of printing and
diftrlbuting books, and with the management of Its flock, and confi-
dered as a Handing committee of the yearly meeting. In none of their
meetings have they a prelidcnt, as they believe Divine Wifdom alone
ouoht to prefide j nor has any member a right to claim pre-eminence
over the reft.

The Methodists. — This denomination of Chriftlans arofe In Eng-
land in 1739 J and made their firft appearance in America about 28
years ago. Their general ftyle is, " The United Societies of the
Methodift Epifcopal Church;" They profefs themfelves to be " a
coaipany of men, having the form, and feeking the power of godlinefs,
united in order to pray together, to receive the word of exhortation,
and to watch over one another in love, that they may help each other
to work out their falvation." Each fociety Is divided into claffes of
12 perfons, one of whom Is Ityled the Leader, whofe bufinefs It Is to
fee each perfon In his clafs once a \yeek, in order to Inquire how their
fouls profpcr, to advlfe, reprove, comfort, or exhort, as occafion may
require ; and to receive contributions for the relief of the church and
poor. ^ In order to admiflion into their focieties they require only one
condition, viz. " A defire to flee from the wrath to come, i. e. a de-
fire to be faved from their fins." It Is expeaed of all who continue in
their focieties, that they (hould teftify their defire of falvation, by
avoiding all manner of evil, by doing all manner of good, as they
have ability and opportunity, efpecially to the houfehold of faith j
employing them preferrably to others,' buying of one another, and
helping each other In bufinefs. And alfo by attending upon all the ox-
dinances of God, fuch as public ;vorflii]3, family and private prayer,

THK UNITED STATKS.

re-eminence

fearrVmg the fcnptures, and fafting or abftmence. To fuperintend
the Metlodift comlexion in America, they had. in 1788, two bxlhops,

30 elders, and 50 deacons. . , ^ n* » 1 ♦^ k-

^ The RoMA« Catholics in the United States are eftimated to be
about p,00O in number, one half of which are m the ftute or Alary-
land. Their peculiar and leading dodrines and tenets are too gene-
rally known to be here recited. I'hey have a biihop, and many ot
their coneiegations are large and rcfpeftable.

The German inhabit:ints in thefe ftatcs are very numerous.

the German' Lutherans are the moft numerous. Of this denomination,
and the German Prefbyterians or Calvinifts, who are next to them in
numbers, there are upwards of 60 miniilers in Pennfylvania j and tht
former have I2, and the latter 6 churchts in the Hate of New A ork.
Many of their churches are large and iplendid, and m fome maances
furnifhed with organs. Thefe two denominations live together in the
gre^iiteft harmony, often preaching in each others churches, and fome-
times uniting in the eredion of a church, in which they alternately

wor{hip. ,

The Moravians.— Thefe Chnftians are faid to be a numerc s a.id
refpedable body, much of the fame principles, doftrinal tenets, and
church rites and ceremonies, as the former, though their local htu-
ation does not admit of fuch particular regulations as are peculiar t>
the regular fettlements.

They call themfelves, " The United Brethren of the Proteftant
Epifcopal Church." They are called Moravians, becaufe the firll
fettlers in the Britifli dominions were chiefly emigrants from Moravia.
Thefe were the remnant and genuine defcendents of the church of the
ancient United Brethren, eftablilhed in Bohemia and Moravia, as
early as the year 1456. About the middle of the laft century, they
left their native country owing to perfecution. They were received
in Saxony, and other Proteftant dominions, and were encour.^^ e t'v
fettle among them, and were joined by many other people ofdiffr e;.'
denominations. They adhere to the Auguftan Confeflion of Faith, which
was drawn up by the Proteftant divines at the time of the reformation
in Germany, in the year 1530, and prefented at the diet of the em-
pire at Augftjurg ; and which, at that time, contained the dodrinal
fyftem of all the eftabliftied Proteftant churches. They retain the di-
icipline of their ancient church, and make ufe of epifcopal ordination,
which has been handed down to them in a direft line of fuccefTion, for
more than 300 years.

They profefs to live in ftrift obedience to the ordinances of Chrift,
fuch as the obfervation of the fabbath, infant baptifm, and the Lord's
fupper J and in addition to thefe, they practife the feet waftiing, the
kifs of love, and the ufe of the lot.

They mere introduced into America by Count Zinzendorf, and fet-
tled at Bethlehem, which is their principal fettlement in America, as
early as 1741. Regularity, induftry, ingenuity, and economy, are
•liaracleriftics of thefe people.

THE UNITED STilTEt.

The

'if

le TuNKERS are fo called in derifion, from the word tunie/iy to pm
a morfel in faucc. The Englilh word that conveys the proper mearimg
of Tunkers is opr or /)/'/>pers. They are alfo called Tumblers, froin
the manner in which they perform baptifm, which is by putting the
•pcrfon, wliile kneeling, head firft under water, fo as to referable the
motion of the body in the aftion of tumbling. From the Grcrmans
founding the letters / and i> like J and ^, the words Turjtcrs and
Tumblers have been corruptly written Dunkcrs aiid Dumplers.

The firlt appearance of thefe people in America, was in the year
1 7 19, when about 20 families landed in Philadelphia, and difperfed
themfelves in various parts of Pennfylvania. They are what are called
General Baptifts, and hold to general redemption and general falva-
tion. They ufc great plainnefs of drefs and language, and will neither
Ivvear, fight, go to law, nor take intereft for the money they lend.
They commonly wear their beards — keep the firil day fabbath, except
one corigregation — obferve the Lord's fupper with its ancient attend-
ants of love-feafts, with wafhing of feet, kifs of chaiity, and right
hand fellowfliip. They anoint the fick with oil for their recovery, and
ufe the trine immerfion, with laying on of hands and prayer, even
■while the perfon baptifed is in the water. Their church government
and difcipline are the fame with thofe of the Englifh Baptilb, except
thai; every brother is allowed to fpeak in the congregation ^ and their
beil fpeakcr is ufually ordained to be their minilter. They have dea-
cons, deaconeffes (from among their ancient widows) and exhorters,
Tviio are all licenfed to ufe their gifts llatedly. On the whole, not-
withitanding their peculiarities, they appear to be humble, well-mean-
ing Chrillians, and have acqui;jcd the charafter of the harmlefs Tun-
Jters.

Their principal fettlemcnt is at Ephrata, fornetimes called Tunkers^
tov\-n, in Lancailer county, fixty miles welhvard 01 Philadelphia. It
confiiis of about 40 buildings, pf which three are places of worfliip :
One is called Sharon, and adjoins the fiiiers apartment as a chapel;
another, belonging to the brothers apartment, is called Bethany. To
thefe the brethren and filters rcfort feparately, to worjOhip, morning
and evcriing, and fornetimes in the night. The third is a commoji
<:hurth, called Zion, where all in the fettlement megt once a week for
j^uljlic worlhip. The brethren have adopted the White Friar's drefs,
v.'ith (oTRe alterations j the filters that of the nuns ; and both like them
iiave taken the vow of celibacy. All, however, do not keep this vow.
When they marry, they leave their cells, and go among the married
people. They at firlt flcpt on iward-couches, btit now on beds, and
iiave otherwife abated much of their former fevejity. This congrega-
tion keep the feventh-day fabbath. Tkeir finging is charming, owing
to the plcafantnefs of their voices, the variety of parts, and the devout
manner of performance. Befides this congregation at Ephrata, there
were, in 1770, 14 others in various parts of Pennfylvania, and fome
in Maryland. The whole, exclufive of thofe in Maryland, amounted,
to upwards of 2000 fouls.

I'he Mennqnists derive their name from Menno Simon, a native of
Witraars in Germany, a itaan of learning, born in the year 15P5, in
the time of the reformation by Luther and Calvin. He was a great
rlonian Catholic preacher, till gbout the year 1531, whci; he became

tl
n
I
n

I
I

tME UNITED STATSf.

99.

i Baptil^. Some of his followers came mto P^""^y^™^ ^^^,^„ A^,
York and fettled at Germantown, as early as 1692. \h>^'« »\ P ^f
the r prTncipal congregation, and the mother of the reft. Their whole
numbeT i 1770, in Pennfylvania, uas upwards of 4000. d.v.ded mta
Tr^urcil and 42 congregations, under the care of 15 ordained mi-

"^'S'io^nird^er^^^^^^^

general falvation ; yet, like them, they will neither fwear, fight, hear
Sny civi o^ce, nor go .0 law, nor take intereft fur the money they
a though iany bfeak this laft rule. Some of them we.r their
Sds, wafh each others feet, &c. and all ufe p amnefs of fpcech ami
drefs. Some have been expelled their fociety for wearing buckles 11
their ilioes, and others for having pocket-holes in their coa s. 1 he^r
church government is democratical. They call themfe ves the Hanr-
lefs Chriaians, Revengclefs Chriftians, and We^ponlefs Chriflians.
They are Baptifts rather in name than in faa •, for they do not ule im-
merllon. Their common mode of baptifm is, the perfon to be baptiz-
ed kneels ; the minifter holds his hands over him, into which the dea-
con pours water, which runs through upon the head of the perfon
kneeling. After this, follow impofition of hands and prayer.

The denomination ftyled UniversAlists, though theiv fchemcs are
tery various, may properly enough be divided into two claffes vit.
Thofe who embrace the fcheme of the late Dr. Chauncey, and the dil-
tiples of Mr. Elhanan Winchefter and Mr. John Murray.
Dr. Chauncey's fentiments has been given as follows :
" That the fcheme of revelation has the happinefs of all mankind
fying at bottom, as its great and ultimate end •, that it gradually tends
to this end, and will not fail of its accomplifliment, when fully com-
pleted. Some, in confequence of its operation, as conduced by the
Son of God, will be difpofed and enabled, in this prefent ftate, to make
fiach improvement in virtue, the only rational preparative for happi-
nefs, as that they (hall enter upon the enjoyment of it in the next ftate.
Others, who have proved incurable under the means which have been
ufed with them in this ftate, inftead of being happy in the next, will
be awfully miferable j not to continue fo finally, but that they may be
convinced of their folly, and recovered to a virtuous frame of mind :
And this will be the effedl of the future torments upon many, the con-
fequence whereof will be their falvation, they being thus fitted for it.
And there may be yet other ttates, before the fcheme of God may be
perfedled, and mankind univerfally cured of their moral diforders, and
in this way qualified for, and finally inflated in, eternal happinefs. But
however many ftates fome of the individuals of the human fpecies may
'pafs through, and of however long continuance they may be, the whole
is intended to fubferve the grand defign of univerfal happinefs, and
will finally terminate in it ; infomuch, that the Sop of God and Sa-
viour of men will not deliver up his truft into the hands of the Father,
•who committed it to him, till he has difcharged his obligations in vir-
tue of it, having finally fixed all men in heaven, when God will be All
in all."

The number of this denomination is not known. The open advo-
cates for it are few y thouglv the pumber is larger who embrace the

100

THE UNITED STATES,

!l «;'

if
M.

^! M

1 1

h til

doftrinc of the falvation of aM men, upon principles fimilar, but va-
rloufly difterin^' from thofe of the other clai's.

The latter clafs of Univcrfalilh have altogether a new fcheme, dif-
fering eflentially from that of the formei*, which they rejeft as incon-
Ment and abfurd j and they cannot ( onceive how they that embrace
it can, " with any degree of propriety, be called Univerfalills, on A-
poftolic principles, as it does not appear that they have any idea of be-
ing faved by, or in the Lord, with an everlafting, or with any falva-
tion."— Hence they call them " Phariiaical yniverfallils, who are wil-
ling to juftify themfelves."

'I'he Chrillians of this denomination believe, " that God is the Fa-
ther of the Univerfe ; that the Creator is almighty j that his purpofe
in creation was worthy the charader, Father, and of courfc that it
was gracioufly benignant ; that his decrees are his, eternal purpofe, ac-
cording to the council of his own will, whereby for his own glory he
hath fore-ordained whatfoever fliall come to pafs ; that the plan of re-
demption was coeval with the creation, and th^t the events of time,
through the over-ruling providence of Jehovah, will finally iflue in the
happinefs of every human being." They believe that when God de-
nounces on tlie human race woes, wrath, tribulation, death, damnation^
&c. in the fcriptures, he fpeaks in his legiflative capacity, as the juil
God who will by no means clear the guilty — that when he fpeaks of
mercy, grace, peace, of life as thf; gift of God, and falvation in whole
or in part, he fpeaks in the character of the jull God and Saviour—,
that the former is the language of the law j the latter the language of
the gofpel.

They deem it an incumbent duty " with deep anguifh of fpirit t«
confcfs their manifold transgreflions j unfeignedly to repent of every
evil ; to fupplicate the upholding mercy of their redeeming God, and
to prollrate themfelves low at his foptftool for forgivenefs of fins. They
believe that a paternal Creator holds in his hand the rod of Fatherly
chailifement, and that they who forfake the way of truth fliall be beaten
■with many ftripes. The Chriftian Unlverfalirt deprecates the divine
wrath, and would be holy as God is holy."

They believe that the Prince of Peace came to fave the human na-
ture from the pov.er and "dominion of the devil and his works— that
he came to deilroy the latter, that he might fave the formCT—that " Sin
is the work of the devil — that he is the worker and doer of whatever
^ives oiTence" — that Jcfus, as the Saviour of the world, (hall feparatc
from his kingdom both tlie evil worker and his evil works ; the evil
worker,^ in the character of goats j the evil works, in the charader of
tares. They fuppofe that which is wicked in mankind, is reprefented
by the evil feed fown by the evil one in human nature, and that " when
the fower of the evil feed, and all the evil feed fown, fliall be feparated
from the feed which God fowed, then the feed which is properly God's
feed, will be like him who fowed it, pure and holy."

Although they believe that the devil is the doer or worker of every
thing that gives offence ; yet they affert that " all men at all times
are finners, and come fliort of the glory of God j" but they believe that
what Chrill fuffered, " was confidered by the great Lawgiver as done
and fullered by every man in his own perfon ; and that every man is
as much intercfted in what Chriit the lecond Adam did, 'as they

TMK VKtTlO STATlf.

lar

lar,. but va-.

fcheme, dif-
e£t as incon-
hat embrace
ilills, on A-
r idea of be-
h any falva-
who are wil-

)d IS the Fa-
; his purpofc
aurfc tliat it
purijofe, ac-
\vn glory he
: plan of re-
nts of time,
r iflue in tlie
len God de-
, damnation,
as the juii
he fpeaks of
ion in whole
d Saviour-
language of

I of fpirit t«
:nt of every
r God, and
ffins. They
of Fatlierly
ill be beaten
i the divine

: human na-
\ork.s — that "
-that " Sin
jf whatever
lall feparatc
■is J the evil
charader of
reprefented
that " when
ae feparated
perly God's

k.er of every
It all times
believe that
iver as done
very man is
lid, as they

\vCTc in what the firft Adam did"— thus believing, they corifidcr God
as juft in being their Saviour, as he would have bceu In tbcir eteinal

damnation. . . r ir j u

The conliftent Umver^oKft, ** docs not confidcr hin^jelf under thr
law, any more than a womaD confiders herfclf uiwier thx. diredion or
dotnmion of a hufband that is dead and buried •, nor is he afraid of
death, being allured that Je&M hath abolittled death, and left notliing
of it but the ft)adow.'*

The Univerfatirt* of thi,s denthhination, affcrttke daty of doing ri^bt
as men, as meirtbers of civil fociety, and as Chriltians. Tliat as mem-
bers of civil fociety, they muft fubmit to the laws j or, if thought ton
fevere, they may avoid them by a removal from the Hate. That a^
Chriftjans, they mult be under the diredion of Chrilt, and do whatfo-
ever he conimands thcmj and theCe are his coonniandments, " that we
believe in him, and love one another."

On the whole, " the Chriftian Univerfalifl uniformly believes, that.
although all mankind are the children of the Mott High, though
they were formed with his omnipotent hand, were redeemed fi'oin
perdition by his benignant interpofition, and arc upheld by hi:<
merciful boimty ; yet, if they forfake his ftatutes, wliich point Inva-
riably to the paths of peace^ he will " vifit their traufgrelTions with
a rod, and their iniquities \vith Itrlpes." (Pfalro Ixxxix. 3*.) But »s
all calanvities, in the hands of intinir.e goodnefs, are tteiigned to refotra
and not to deftroy, the Chrirtiart Univerfalill, with holy gratitude, and
devout adoration, repeats th« fucceeding ^ordsj ** Neverthclefs, my
loving kindnefs I will not utterly take from him, nor fuffer my faithful -
nefs to fail."

The number of this denomination, compared with that of fom«
others, h inconftderable. They are fcattered through moft of the
ftates ; but the largeft body of them are in Bolton. They have a
xmmber of conftihited churches, which are governed by an ecclefiaitical
conftitution, formed in 1789, by a fmaU convention of their minifteis
at Philadelphia'.

There is a^fmall, and fingula* fe6l of Chriftians, called Shakbrs,
•whkh have fprung up as lately as 1774 j when a few of this fd^ came
from England to New York, and there being joined by a few others,
they fettled at Nifquennia, above Albany, which is their principal
fettlement : a few others are fcattered in different parts of the country.

The head of this party, while (he lived, was Anna Leefe, ftylcd the
Eledt Lady. Her followers afferted, that (he Was the woman fpoken
of in the twelfth chapter of the Revelation, and that (he fpoke feventy-
two tongues : and although thefe tongues were unintelligible to the
living, jfhe converfed with the dead, who underftood her language.
They alleged alfo that fhe was the mother of all the Eleft ; that Ibe
travailed for the whole world — that no blefling could defcend to any
perfbn but only by and through her, and that in the way of her being
poflfeffed of their fins, by their confeflfing and repenting of them, one
by one, according to her direftion.

Their leading doarinal tenets are, " That the firft refurreaion is
already come, and now is the time to judge themfclves : That they?
have power to heal the fick, to raile the dead, and caft out devils r
1 hat they have a eorrefpondeace >vith angels, the fpirits of the iaints,

; ■?iu'ij|

! 1.

H !

Ir ,

152 THE UNITED. STATES.

•and thoir departed friend.: That they fpeak %N-ith divers kinds *f
tonaues in their public affemblies ; That it is Wul to piadice vocal
muGc with dancing \u the Chriltian chinches, if it be conhftent m praif-
iits th" Lord; That it is unlawful to fwear, game, or ufe compliments ;
and that water haptifm and the Lord's fupper are abolinied:_ Ihat
Adam's fin is not imputed to his poa-rity ^^and that the doannes of
eleaion and reprobation are to be rejeacd." . , „ . ,

Thefe people are generally in[\ruaed to be very mduftrious, and to
bring in nccordin^ to their ability, to keep up the meeting. ^ 1 hey
vary in their exercifcs. Their heavy dancing, as it is called, is per-
formed by a perpetual fpringing from the houie -door, about four inches
up and down, both in the men's and women^ 3 apartment, moving aoout
Tvith extraordinary tranfpoit, fniging fometimes one at a time, tome-
times more, making a perfea charm. , , , • , r

ThiseL.ation affeas the nerves-, fo that they have intervals of
(huddering, as if they were in a ftrong fit of the ague. They fome-
time. clap hands, and leap as high as to firike the joift above with their
heads. They throw off their outfide garments in thefe exerciles, and
fpend their ftrength very cheerfully this way. Their chief ipeaker
often calls for attention, when they all flop and hear fome harangue,
and then fall to dancing again. They affert, that their dancing is the
token of the great joy and happinefs of the New Jerufalemilate, ar,d
denotes the vidory over fin. One of the poltures which is common
among them, is turning round very fwift for an hour or two. Ihis
thev fay is to Ibew the f, eat power of God.

they fometimes fall on their knees and make a found bke the roar-
ing of many waters, in gromis and cries to God, as they fay for the
wicked world who perfecut« thtm. . • ^ rj., ■, r

The Tews are not numerous in the Umted States— They bave iy-
nagoLrues at Savannah, Charlefton, Philadelphia, New York, and
Newport. Befides thofe who refide at^thefe places, there are otners
Scattered in ditferent towns in the United States. _ ,

The Tews in Chavleif on, among other peculiarities in burying their
dead, have thefe : After the funeral dirge is fung, and jutt before the
Gorpfe b depofited in the grave, the coffin is opened and a Imall bag
■ «f earth, taken from the grave, is carefully put uuder the head oi the
de-ufcd-, then fome powder, faid to be earth brought from J erufa-
lem, and carefully kept for this purpofe, is taken and put upon the
eyes of the corpfe, in token of their remembranoe of the holy land,
and of their expcdations of returning thither in God's appomted time.
Whether this cullom is Hill univcrfal among them, is not known. ^

The whole number of perfons who profefs the Jewilb religion, in
all pans of the world, is fuppofed to be about three millions ; wao,
as their phrafe is, are witneffes of the unity of God in all the nations

in the world. ^ r -t i \ f ,-

Befides the different religious feas above defcnbed, there are a ttw
of the German inhabitants in Pennfylvania, who are ftyled SwiNsmt-
inANSi and, in Maryland, a fmall number ca led Nicoupes or New
Qv■^KLs ; but the didinguiihing fcntlments oi thelc feas are not fuHi-

( iently known to be here inferted. . .,> j .• c

HisroRY.— America was originally peopled by unciyihzed nations
-vho lived mcllly by huiating and iHlung. That America v.as peopled

mix

VttZ UNITED STATE*.

I®.^

ious. and to

very anciently, and foon after the flood, is very probable, because the
aboriginal Americans, till they became acquainted with Europeans,
•were entirely ignorant of thofe arts and accompliihments vLich
they now polTefs : nor was there amorg them any knowledge of the
people of the old continent. The Europeans who firft vii'ted
thefe (hores, treating the natives in a manner as Avlld heall", of
the forert, which have no property in the woods where they ream,
planted the ftaudards of their refpedive mailers where they f.ilt landed,
and in their names claimed the country by right of difcovery. Piior
to any fettlement in North America, numerous titles of this kind were
acquired by the Britilli, French, Spanifh, and Di tch naviojatots, who
came hither for .the purpofes of fiftiing and trading with the natives.
Slight as fuch titles were, they foon afterwards became the caufes of con-
tention between the European nations. The fubjedh of difFereirt princes?
often laid claim to the lame traft of country, becaufe both hud diico-
vcred the fame river or promontory, or becaufe the extent of theii*
tefpe6Hve claims was undetermined.

While the fettlements in this vail uncultivated country were incon-
fiderable and fcattered, and the trade of it confined to the bartering of
a few trinkets for furs, a trade carried on by a few advt^nturer?, the
interfering of claims produced no important controverfy among the
fettlers or the nations of Europe. But in proportion to the progrefs
of population, and the growth of the American tiade, the jealousies
of the nations, which had made early diicovei«ies and fettlements ou
this coart, were alarmed, ancient claims were revived, and each power
took meafurcs to proted its own poffeflions at the expcnce of a rival.

America, fo far as known, is chiefly claimed and divided into colo-
nies, by three European nations, the Spaniards, BritiOi, and Portugxiefe.
The Spaniards, as they firft difcovered-it, have the large ft and richelh
portion, extending from Louiliana and New Mexico, in North Ame-
rica, to the ftraits of Magellan, in the South Sea, excepting the
largt; province of JBrazil, which belongs to Portugal 5 for, though tlie
French and Dutch have fome forts upon Surinam and Guiana, they
Scarcely deferve to be conlidered as projprletors of any part of the fouth-
ern continent.

Notwitliftanding the many fettlements of the Europeans on this
continent, great part of America remains ftill unknown. The northerii
continent contains the four liritifti provinces, viz. i. Upper Canada ;
i. Lower Canada, to which are annexed New-Britain^ and the Uland
of Cape Breton •, 3. New Brunfwick; 4. Nov^a Scotia, to which is an-
nexed St. John's illand. Befides theie are the ifland of Newfoundh\nd,
■and the iixteen United States. It contains alfo the Spaniiii territories
of Eaft and Weft Florida, Louiliana, New Mexico, California, and
Mexico. Beildes thefe, there are immenfe unexplored regions to the
■welt and north-weft. In the loufhern -continent, lie the Spanifti pro-
vinces of Terra Firma, Guiana, Peru, Paraguay, and Chili ; together
with that of Brazil, belonging to. the Portuguefe, and the country of
Surinam, belonging to the Dutch. Vaft tracks, however, in the inland
parts, are unknown, being comprehended under the general name of
Amazonia, formely called Maragnon. A large diftrift alfo lies be-
tween the ftraits of Magellan and the province of Paraguay, called Pa-
-^gonia, little known.

:
i

■ ?
I ,

i i

i04

rs»E uniteB states.

The United States as yet afford but little encouragement to the prp.
feffors of moft of the fine arts. Paintinjjj and fculpture flouri(h chiefly
in wealthy «^nd luxurious countries. The native American portrait
painters who have not fought protcdion and encouragement in Great
Britain, have oeen often obliged to travel occafioiially from one ftate
to another in order to fupport tlicmfelves. The teachers of mufic
have been more fortunate in America. A tafte for this accomplifti-
ment prevails very generally in^ti\e large cities j and eminent mailers
in that art, who have arrived there fince the peace, have received con-
iiderablj fums of money by exercifmg their profeflion among them.

To the cultivators of the earth the United States open the firft
afylum in the world. To enfure the fuccefs and happinefs of an Eu.
ropean fartner in this country, it is ncceffary to adviie hi«i either to
purc|iafe or to rent a farm which has undergone fome ijuprovement.

The bufmefs of iettling a new trat^ of land, and that of improving a
farm, axe of a very different nature. The former muft be effefted by
the native Am.erican, who is accuftomed to the ufe of the axe and th«
grubbing hpe, and who poffeffes almoft exclufively a knowledge of all
the peculiar and namelefs aits of felf-prefervation in the woods. Many
inftances are known of Europeans who have fpent all their ca(h in un-
fuccefsful attexnpts to force a. fcttlement ii^ the wiidernefs, and who
have afterwards been expofed to poverty and diftrefc at a great diftaiKt
from friends and even neighbours. Therefore, all farmers with mo-
derate capitals, ihould be advifed to purchafo or rent improved farms
in the old fettlements of thefe flates. Xhe price and rent of theft
farms are different in the different parts of the union. In Penofylvania,
the price of farms is regulated by the quality of the land-~by the
value or the improvcrnents which are ereded upon it>— by their vici-
nity to fea ports and navigable watpi:-— and by the good or bad ftate of
the roads which lead to them. There is a great variety, of courle, in
the price ox farms : while fome of them have been fold for five guineas
—others have been fold at lower prices, down to one guinea, and even
half a guinea per acre, according as they were varied by the above
circumltf -xes.

It is not expefted that the whole price of a farm Ihould be paid at
the time of purchafing it. An half, a third, or a fourth, is all that
is generally required, Bqnds and mortgages are given for the remain-
der, (and fon^etimes without intereft) payable in two, three, five, or
even ten years.

The value of thefe farms lias often been doubled and even trebled,
in a few years, where the new mode of agriculture has been employed
in cultivating them : fo that a man with a moderate capita), may, in
the courfe of fifteen years, become an opulent and independent free-
holder.

If, notwithf'-amling what has b^en faid qf the difficultiw of «ffe£l:lng
an eltablifhment in the woods, the low price of the n^w lands Ihould
tempt the European farmer to fettle in them, then let it be added,
that it can only be <ione by affoclating himfelf in a large company,
under the diredlon of an a,dive and intelligent American farmer. To
iecuve even a company of European fettlers from difappointment and
•want in the woods, it will be neceffary to clear a few acres of land the
VKir before, and to fow them, with grain, in order to provide fubfift-

'■WJi

I'm

THE UNITED STATW.

105

nt to the pt<9*
ouri(h chiefly
rican portrait
lent io Great
rom one ftate
hers of mufic
s accomplidi-
inent mallerti
received con-
ong them,
open the iirft
efs pf an £u«
hini either to
provement.
f improving a
oe effefted by
e axe and the
>wledge of all
^'oods. Many
iit cafh in un-
nefs, and who
great diftaiKt
ners with mo<-
iproved farms
i rent of thefc
Pennfylvania,
land— by the
by their vici-
iT bad ftate of
, of courle, in
or five guineas
.nea, and even
by the above

lid be paid at
th, is all that
or the remain-
hree. five, or

even trebled,
»een employed
pital, may, in
pendent free-

•s of effecting
V lands ihould
t it be added,
Tge company,
n farmer. To
pointment and
res of land the
irovide fubfiit-

ence for thecomoany. till they can provide for themfelrefe, fay clear-
inc their own farms. The difficulties of eftabhnung this new fettle.
ment, will be forthcr leffened, if a few cabins, a gn-^ and a ia\v null
be ereaed, at the fame time the preparations are made for the tempo*
rary fubfiftence of the company. In this manner, mod of the firlt let*
tleraents of the New England men have been made in this country.
One great advantage ttending this mode of fettling, is, a company
may always carry with them a clergyman and a fciiuolmaller, of trie
fame religion and language with themfeives. If a fettler in the w ) .ds
{hould poffefs a tafte for rural elegance, he may gratify it without any
expcnce, by the manner of laying out his farm. He may ihade
his houfc by means of antient and venerable foreft-trees. He may
leave rows of them ftanding, to adorn his lanes and walks— or clulters
of them on the high grounds of his fields, to ihade his cattle. If he
fhould fix upon any of thofe parts of the weftern country, which aro
covered with the fugar-trees, he may inclofe a fufficient number of
them to fupply his family with fugar ; and may confer upon them at
the fame time the order and beauty of a fine orchard. In this manner,
a highly improved feat may be cut out in the woods in a few years,
which will furpafs both in elegance and value a farm in an old fettle-
raent, which has been for twenty years the fubjea of improvements
In tafte and agriculture. To contemplate a dwelling houfe-— a barn
— ftables — fields — meadows— an orchard— a garden, &c. which havd
been produced from original creation by the labour of a fingle life|
muft be, to the proprietors of them, one of the higheft pleafures the
mind of man is capable of enjoying. But how much muft this plea-
fure be increafed, when the regularity of art is blended in the profped,
with the wildnefs and antiquity of nature ?

It has been remarked in this country, that clearing the land of its
woods, fometimes makes a new fettlement unhealthy, by expofing it*
damp grounds to the aftion of the fun. To obviate this evil, it would be
neceffary for the fettler to drain and cultivate his low grounds, as foou
as they are cleared, or to leave a body of trees between his dwelling
houfe, and the fpots from whence the morbid effluvia are derived. The
laft of thefe methods has, in no inftance that has yet been heard of,
ifailed of prefcrving many families from fuch difeafes as arife from damp
or putrid exhalations.

Mechanics of every defcription will meet with encouragement in
the United States. But it cannot be faid fo of the manufafturers j nor
can it be fuppofed, for although the exports of America be confider-
able, and have greatly increaled of late years j yet, when it is confi-
dered that land there is fo very cheap, and requires fo many hands, at
high wages, to clear and cultivate it, little attention can be paid to
manufa£lurers j whence the ftates muft, in general, depend on a fo-
reign market for the fupply of the moft neceffary articles of confump-
tion, and thut, probably, lor a long period 5 for men will always lay
out their capital on what promifes the fureft, fpeedieft, and largell
retui-n. It is a faft, that fome branches of manufadlure already at-
tempted in the United States, though on a very limited fcale, were
foon obliged to be given up, as not fufficiently produdlive to fuppor^
themfeives j owing chiefly, if not wholly, to the above caufes, and
athers that might be aingned, as always infeparable from an infant

''li

^C5 THE UNITED STAtES.

flate of fociety. From the above circumftances, the truth of which is
unquertioiiable, little credit can be given to affertions which appear in
their newfpapers, relpefting the flourifhing ftate of certain branches of
their manufadure. Their apprehenfions, therefore, mull: be unfound-
ed, who imagine that x\merica will foon be able to fupply herfelf with
all the neceflary articles of home confumption, independent of Great
Britain, or upon cheaper terms, and of a better quality, than (he can
fumilh them. Befides, while America and Britain are <:/ Peace^
there will be little or no temptation to let up manufadlures in the for-
mer country. ^
Thofe mechanical arts, which are accommodated to the Infant and
fimple liate of a country, will bid fairelt to fucceed In America.
Kvery art, connected with cultivating the earth, building houfes and
flilps, and feeding and clothing the body, will meet with encourage-
ment in this country. The prices of provlfions are fo different In the
different ftates, and even In the different parts of the fame ftate, and
vary fo much with the plenty and fcarclty of money, th?.t It would be
dithcult to give fuch an account of them as would be ufeful. It need
only be remarked, that the dlfproportlon between the price of labour
and of provlfions. Is much greater in every part of the United States,
than In any part of Europe : and hence tradefmen every where eat
meat and butter every day; and moft of them realize the wl(h of
Henry IV. of France, for the peafants of his kingdom, by dining not
only once, but two or three times, upon poultry, m every week of the
year.

It Is. a fmo-U'lar fa6l In the hlftory of the mechanical arts in this coun-
trv, that the fame arts feldom defccnd from father to Ton. Such are
the profits of even the humbleft of them, that the fons of mechanics
xTcnerally rife from the lower to the more refpeftable occupations :
iind thus their families gradually afcend to the firll ranks in fociety.
The Influence which the profpedis of wealth and confequence have, ii\
invlet)ratlng Induii^ry in every line of mechanical bufinefs, Is very
vreat. Many of the firft men In America, are the fons of reputable
Tr..echr.nics or farmers. But, indeed, upon this It may be obferved, that
.many men, who dilUnguIlhed frhemfelves both in the cabinet and field,
an tlie late war, had been mechanics, from which circumflance the
Britiih o'.Kcers treated the American caufe fomewhat with contempt :
i;u.t the event of the v.'ar (liowed, that the confidence of America %vas
not loit nor mifplaced in that body of citizens.

Labourers may depevid upon couHant employment In the United
States, both in the towns and In the country. "When they work by
she day, they receive high wages : but they are feldom continued
throutTh .the whole year. A labourer receives annually, with his
l^/oaiding, walhing, and lodging, from fifteen to eighteen guineas, in
-the middle itates. It is agreeable to obferve this clafs of men frequent-
ly railed by their Induftry from their humble rtations into the upper
ranlis of life, in the couri'e of twenty or thirty years.

Ptrfons inclined to indent themfelves as fervants for a few years,
ivlll find that humble lation no obltacle to a future eftabllfliment in
this country. Many men, who came to America in that capacity,
are now in affluent clrcumiiances. Their former lituation where they
have behaved well, does not preclude them from refpedabie connec-

>vlit|!| R

of which IS
h appear in
branches of
be unfound-
lierfelf with
at of Great
han (he cait
: at Peace^
5 in the for-

e infant and '
n America,
r houfes and

encourage-
"erent in the
e ftate, and
it would be
il. It need
:e of labour
lited States,
y where eat

the wi(h of
Y dining not
week of the

in this coun-
I. Such are
tf mechanics
)ccupations :
is in fociety.
ince have, ii\
lefs, is very
of reputable
bl'erved, that
let and field,
amftance the
11 contempt :
/Vmcrica was

the United
ley work by
m continued
ly, with his
n guineas, in
len frequent-
to the upper

a few years,
iblifliment in
lat capacity,
1 where they
able connec-

THE. VNITED' STATBS. ''^^

tTions in marriage, nor from ftiaring, if otherwife qjialificd, in the office*

of their courtry.

The Unit. States continue to afford encouragement to gentlemen-
of *he learn. ()rofe{nons, provided they be prudent in their deport-
ment, and* aiihcient knowledge : for fince the elabhihment of col-
leges and fchools of learning in all the ftates, the fame degrees o£
learning will not lucceed among them, which did fifty years ago.

Several lawyers and phyficians, who have arrived there frnce the
peace, are now in good bufinefs : and many clergymen, natives ot
England, Scotland, and. Ireland, are comfortably fettled in good^

^ariflies. ri /• r • t

From the numerous competitions in every branch of bufineis m iLw
rope, fucccfs in any purfuif, may be looked upon inthe fame light as a:
prize in a lottery. But the cafe is widely different in America. Here
there is room enough fcrr every human talent and virtue to expand and
flouriih. This is fo invariably true, that it is believed there is notan-
inilance to be found, of an Induftrious, frugal prudent European, with,
fober manners, who has not been fuccefsful in bufinefs, in this country.
. From this account of the United States, it will be eafily perceived-,
that tliey are a hot-bed for indurtry and genius in almclt every humaa
purfuit. It is inconceivable how many ufeful difcoveries neceflity has
produced within thefe few years, particularly in agriculture, in that
country. The fame neceflity has produced a verfatility of genius among;
their citizens: hence men are frequently met witk wlu) have exercifed
two or three different occupations or profefTions in the courfe of their
lives, according to the induence which interell, accident, or local cir-
cumftances have had upon them. It is known, that the peculiarities,
which have been mentioned in the American charader, itrike an Eu-
ropean, who has been accuftomed to confider man as a creature of
habit, formed by long eftabliihed governments, and hereditary cuffoms,,
as lb many deviations from propriety and order. But a wife mar, who
knows that national charadlers arife from circumftances, will view thefe
peculiarities without furprife, and attribute them wholly to the prefent
happy it ate of manners, fociety, and government in America.

GRAND DIVISIONS OF THE UNITED STATES.

The American Republic, of which a general account has been
given, confilts of three grand d"vifi.ons, denominated the Northern, or
more properly Eaftern, Middl..^, tnd Southern States.

The firft divifion, (the Northern or Eailern States) comprehends
Vermont, Maffachufetts,

New Hampfliire, Rhode Ifland,

Diftrid of Maine, Coiinefticut,

(belonging to Maffachufetts).
Thefe are called the New England States, and comprehend that part
of America, which, iince the year 1614, has been known by the name
of New England.

The fecoad divifion (the Middle States) comprehends
New York, Delaware,

New Jerfey, Territory ibuth- we ft of Ohio.

Pennfylvania<

ill

io!t kiw englanId.

Tlie thli'd divifioti (the Southern States) comprehends
Maryland, Territory fouth of Ohioj

Vir^ ini», SoutH Carolina,

Kentucky, Geoigia;

North Carolina,

CAPITA!* CITIES

Staift.
New-Hamplhire,
Maffachufett3,

Vermont, \

Rbode-Ifland^

Connefticut, \

New- York,
New-Jerfey,

OR. SBATS OF GOVERNMESlT IN TftE UNITED STATES, *

Capi^ali.
Portimouth,
Bofton,
Rutland and
Windfor,
Newport,
Hartford and
New-Have»,
New- York,
Trenton,

Statas.
Pennfytvama
rklaware,
Maryland,
Virginia,
NoFtl^-Carofina,,
South-Carolina,
Georgia^
Kentuck^j

C»f»itot.t.
Philadelphia,
Xfever,
Annapolis,
Richmond,
Raleijg^h,
Columbia,
Louifville,
Frankfort.

NEW ENGLAND,

Oft

THE NORTHERN OR EASTERN" STATES.

SiTUAtiow AND Boundaries.

New England lies between 41 and about 47° north lat. ani
between i^ 30' and 8'' caft long, fiom Philadelphia j, a«d is bounce*
north, by Lower Canada j eaft, by the Province of New Bruofwick
and the Atlantic Ocean \ fauth,. by the fame occao, and Long IflanA
Sound J weft, by the State of New York. It lies, in the form of a
quarter of a circle. Its weft line, beginning at the m^iith of Byram
river, which empties into Long Iflaad Sound at the fouth-weft cwner
of Conne£licut, lat. 41**, runs a little eaft by north, until it ftrikes the
45th* of latitude, and then curves to the eatllv«ard alwoft to. the Gulf
of St. Lawrence. '

Climate, Air, &g.— -New England ha» a very beatekml climate,
as is evinced by the longevity of the inhabitants. It is eftiiuated that;
about one in feven of the iiihabitants live to the age <af 70 y^afs j and-
about one in thirteen or foucteen to 80 year* a»d upwardsi..

North-weft, weft, and fouth-weft winds are the moft prevalent. Eaft
and north-eaft winds, which aue unelaftic and difagreeable, are frequent
at certain feafons of the year, particularly in April andi May,, on the
fea coafts. The weather is lefs variable than in the middle, and efpe-
cially the fouthern ftates, and more fo than in ' ladai. The e»ti>eraes
of heat and cold, according to obfervatioivi oil the thcrmamctei, are fron*
20** below, to 100? above o. The medium is from 48"^ to 50*. The in-

* The United States were thirteen in number at the time of their firft affbciation,
fcut arc now fixteen, in cwifi^uence «f j:he addition of Vermont, tli« Waftcna I'ttrrito-
"Vi '»xA Kentucky. - . ^

nil clnnate.

NIW ENGLAND* ^0^

tiabitants of New England, on account of the drynefs of their atmof-
phere, can endure, without . inconvenience, a greater degree of heat
than the inhabitants of a moifter climate.

The quantity of rain which falls in England annually, is computed to
be 24 inches j in t'rance 18 inches^ and in New England from 48 to
50 inches ; and yet in New England they fuffcr more from drought
than in either of the forementioned countries, although they have more
than double the quantity of rain. Thefe fads evi-ice the remarkable
drynefs of the atmofphere, in this eaftern divifipn of the United States,
and in part account for its fingular healthfulnefs. Winter commonly
commences, in its feverity, about the middle of December -, fometimes
earlier, and fometimes not till Chriftmas. Cattle are fed or houfed,,
in the northern parts of New England, from about the 20th of No-
vember to the 20th of May j in the fouthern parts not quite fd long.

New England though fituated 10 degrees nearer the fun than the
mother country, has an earlier winter, which continues longer, and is
more fevere tnan with us. The fummer again is extremely hot, and
much beyond any thing known in Europe, in the fame latitude. The
clear and ferene temperature of the Iky, however, makes amends for
the extremity of heat and cold, and renders the climate of this country
fo healthy, that it is reported to agree better with Brltiih conftitutions
than any "other of the American provinces. The winds are very boiftc-
rous in the winter feafonsj and naturalifts afcribe the early approach, and
the length and feverity of the winter, to the large frefh water lakes,
lying to the north-weft of New England, w hich being frozen over fe veral
months, occafion thofe piercing wmds, which, prove fo fatal to mariners
on this coaft. 't'he difeafes moft prevalent in New England, arc
alvine fluxes, St. Anthony's fire, afthma, artrophy, catarrh, cholic,
inflammatory, flow, nervous, and mixed fevers, pulmonary confump-
tions, quinfy, and rheumatifms.

The prevalent difeafes in populous towns are more numerous and
complicated, owing to want of frelh air and exercife, and to luxurious
and fafliionable living.

In northern latitudes, the prevalent diforder among the inales in the
winter months are generally inflammatory. Both men and women,
however, fuffer for not adopting a warmer method of clothing, and
from imprudent expofures to cold rainy weather, and the night air.

The fun rifes at Bofton on the longetl day at 29 minutes after 4 ia
the morning, and fets 34 minutes after 7 in the evening } and, on the
(hofteft day it rifes ^^ minutes after 7 in the morning, and ^ets at 27
minutes after 4 in the afternoon: thus their longelt day is. about 15
hours, and the ftiorteit about 9.

Face of the Country, Mountains, &c. — New England is a high,
hilly, arid in fome parts a mountainous country, formed by nature to
be inhabited by a hardy race of free independent republicans. The
mountains are comparatively fmall, running nearly north and fouth, iu
ridges parallel to each other. Between thofe ridges flow the great
rivers in majeftic meanders, receiving the innumerable rivulets and
larger ftreams which proceed from the mountains on each fide. To a
fpe(5lator on the top of a neighbouring mountain, the vales between the
ridges, while in a ftate of nature, exhibit a moft romantic appearance.
They fcem an ocean of woods, ivvcUed and depreffed in its furface iik^

IIO

NEW ENGtASb.

that of the gieat (Jcfcan itfelf. A richer, though left romaritic vife#
is prefented, when the valleys, by indulkious hulhandmen, have been
cleared of their natural growth, aud the fruit of their labour appears
in loaded orchards, extenfive ffleadows, covered with large herds of
ihcep and neat cattle, and rich fields' of flax, ccirn, and the various

kinds of grain.

Thefe valleys are of various breadtttf, from two to twenty miles ;
and by the annual inundations of the rivers and fmaller ftreams, which
flow through them, there is frequently art accumulation of rich fat
foil left upon their furface when the waters rettre.

There are four principal ranges of mountaitis, pa(!ing nearly from
fouth-weft to north-eaft through New England. Thefe confift of a
multitude of parallel ridges, each having many fpiirs, deviating from
the courfe of the general range •, which l^ars are again broken mto ir-
regular hilly land. The mam ridges commence, in high bluflF heads,
near the fea coaft ', and fometimes by a gradual afr-nt in the interior

parts of the country. , ^ ^ . r t. •

Thefe ranges of mountains are ful! of fprmgs of water, that give
rife to immberlefs ftreams of various flzes, which, interlocking each
other in every direaibn, and falling over the rocks in romantic caf-
cadcs, flow meandering into the rivers b^low. No country on the
ulobe is better Viraterfed than New England.

Rivers.— The prihcipal" rivers in New England are Penobfcot,
iCcttnebeck, Androfcogii, or AmerifcQggini Saco, Merrimack, Con-
neaicut, Houfatonick, and Onion rivers ; befides many fmaller ones.

Bays and Capes. — The moft remarkable bays and harbours are
thofe formed by Plymduth, Rhode Ifland, and Providence Plant?i.
tions •, Monument Bay and Weft Harbour, formed by the bending
Cape Cod,^ Bofton Hartwur, Pifcataway, and^CafcoBay.

The chief capes are. Cape Cod, Marble H^ad, Cape Anne, Cape
Netie, Cape Porpus, Cape Elizabeth, and Capfc Smallpoint.

Productions from Culture. — I^ew England,.geTierally fpeaking, is
better adapted for grazing than for grain, though a fufficient quantity
of the latter is raifed for home confumption, if we except wheat,
which is imported in confidfcrable quantities from the middle and
■ fouthern ftates. Indian corn, rye, rfats^, bariey, buck wheat, flax, and
hemp fucceedy generally, very well. Wheat is cultivated to advantage
In many parts 6f the interior country, but on the fea co^ft it'is fubjcd
to blaft, This has been attributed to various caufes, but the true one'
probably is, the fudden cold eafterly winds, rfter a^hot day, which
caufe a ftagnation and extravafation of the juices of the ftalk. Apples
are common, and in general plentjr in New Englahd ;■ and cyder con-
ftitutes the principal drink of the inhabitants. Peaches do not thrive
fo well as formerly. The otner common fruits are more ot lefs culti-
vated in different parts.

New England is a fine grazing country •, the valleys between the
hills are generally interfered with brdoks of water, the baftks of
which are lined with a tratt of rich meadow or intervale land. The
high and rocky ground is, in many parts, covered with clover, and'
generally affords the fineft of pafture. It will not be a matter of won-
der therefore, that New England boafts of raifing fome of the finell
cattle in the world j nor will Ihe be envied, when the labour of- rear-

^ '■ f.

MJIW EMfltAM).

IJI

naiitic vierff
, have been
)our appears
•ge herds of
ttie various

enty miles;

earns, which

of rich fat

nearly from
I confift of a
viating from
oken mto ir-

bluff heads,
I the interior

er, that give
locking each
■omantic caf-
untry on the

e Penobfcot,
•iniack, Con-
inaller ones,
harbours are
ience Planta-
the bending

I Anne, Cape
oint.

iy fpeaking, is
cient quantity
:xcept wheat,
e middle and
lieat, flax, and
I to advantage
tft it'is fitbjcd
[t the true one'
3t day, which
ftalk. Apples
ind cyder con-
s do not thrive
•e at lefs culti-

rs between the
the baftks of
:le land. The
Ith clover, and'
matter of won-
ae of the finell
labour of- rear-

• .1.^ ;. fJt^n into vitw Two months of the hottcft fcafon In the
7ar t a^r - emp^^ P-"-g '^^' f«. their cattle , and

fhe coW Sr is fpent in dealing ^rt out to them. The pleafure and
xrofit S doing this is, however, a fatisfjln^ compenfat.on to the ho-
S ani hSrioas former. Butter and Aeefe are ^^«^^^ -J.^^^^
^ent) for exportation. Conliderable attention has lately been paid to

^oftTrukus and flouriihiag parts of th. United State. It cpnta ns
Sar r^million andahalf of!ouls. The great body of t^fe are la d-
holders and^ltivators of the foil. As they poflefs m ^ee-^rnple the
farms which they cultivate, they are naturally all attached to hen
cZtr^r^ cultivation of' the toil makes them robuft and healt.:y,

and enables them to defend it. ..,.,, • .1. „ ^f ^^vf\

Thefe freeholds generally pafs to their children m the way ot ^avel-
kind, which keeps them from fcarccly ever emerguig out of their ori-
ginal happy mediocrity. In no part of the world are tbe ordina^ry ^o t
more iodepcndeiit, or poi^Cefs more of the conveniences *f lite ; they are
■^d from their bfancy to the exerx:ifc of arms ; and before the con-
teft with the mother country, the^ had a militia, which was by no
means conteayxtible j but their military Hrength is now greatly im-

^' The' inhabitants of New England are almoft univerfally of Englifti
.defccnt ; and it 4s owing to this cixcu«il»nce, and to the great and ge-
flcral attention that has been paid to education, i;^at the Euglilh lan-
fiuage has been pr«ferved amoiig tliem fo free of corruption.
• The New Englanders are generally tall, ft<?^t, and well bmlt.
They dory, and perhaps with julHce, in poff^ffrng that fpiot ot tree-
dom which induced their anceftors to leave their native country, and
to brave the dangers of the ocea^ and the h^rdOwps of fettlmg in a

wildernefs. ,.iv. <• j n

In New England, learning is very generally diffufed among all

ranks of people, ariifing from theexceUent eft^bliftunent of fohools in

almolt ev*ry townfliip. , , t,. j

In tlifife fohools, which are generally Supported by a public tax, and
under the direftion of a fchool-comipittee, are taught the elements ot
reading, wi-itii>g, and arithmetic j and in the naore wealthy towns, they
are beginning to introduce the higher branches of grammar, geogra-
phy, &c. . . ,

A perfon of mature ^ge, who cannot both read and write, is rarely
to be found. By means of this general eftabiilhment of fchools, the
«xtenfiv« circulation of newfpapevs, (of which there arc at leaft 60,000
printed every week in New Eq^^^id, and circulated in almoft every
town and village in the country, rd the confequent fpread of learn-
ing, every townfhip throughout the country is furniihed with men ca-
pable of conduding the affairs of their town with jud^ent and dit-
cretion.*

* from a kte and accurate eftimite, it appears that the number of newfpapera,
printed weekly in the Amerioan ftatcs, is at leaft I5o,oop, which, in a year, will

al>«uc fa doUart per annum, equal t» ll. 7«. fterl.

ii:

NEW KNCLAMD.

'It

There is at prefent no cftabliflied religion in New England, every
feft of Chriftjans being allowed the free exercife cf its own religion, and
IS equally under the protedlion of the law. Calvinrl'm, from the princi-
ples of the firft fettkrs, however, would appear to have been very-
prevalent in New England, many of the inhabitants having for-
merly obferved the fabbath with i degree of Jewifh rigour, but which
of late has been greatly meliorated. They annually celebrate falls
and thank fgivings.

In the fpring, the governors of the feveral New England ftate*', ex-
cept Rhode liland, iffue their proclamations, appointing a day to be
religioufly obferved in farting, humiliation, and prayer, throughout their
lefpedive ftates, i'l which the predominating vices which particularly
call for humiliation are enumerated. In autumn, after harveft, that
gladfome era in the hulhandman's life, the governors again iffue tl.eir
proclamations, appointing a day of public thankfgiving, enumerating
the public bleflings received in the courfe of the foregomg year.

This pious cullom originated with their venerable anceftors, the
firft fettlers of New England j and has been handed down as facred
through the fucceflive gentrations of their pofterity. A cuiiom fo
rational, and fo happily calculated to cherifh in the minds of the peo-
ple a fcnfe of their dependence on the Grkat Benefactor of the
world for all their bleflings, it is hoped will ever be facredly pre-
ferved.

The people of New England generally obtain their eftates by hard
and perfevering labour : They of confequence know their value, and
fpend with frugality. Yet in no country do the indigent and unfortu-
nate fare better. Their laws oblige every town to provide a compe-
tent maintenance for their poor, and the neceffitous ttranger is protect-
ed and relieved by their humane inllitutions. It may in truth be faid,
that in no part of the world are the people happier, better furnifhed
■with the neceffaries and conveniencies of life, or more independent
than the farmers in New Enpfland. As the great body of the people
are hardy, independent freeholders, their manners are, as they ought
to be, congenial to their employment, plain, fimple, and urtpoliftied.
Strangers are received and entertained among them with a great deal
«f pure fincerity, and friendly, unformal hofpitality. Their chil-
dren, thofe imitative creatures, to whofe education particular atten-
tion is paid, early imbibe the manners and habits of thofe around
them j and the It ranger, with pleafure, notices the hone ft and decent
refpe(ft that is paid him by the children as he paffes through the
country.

Many of the women in New England are handfome. They gene-
rally have fair, frefti and healthful countenances, mingled with much
female foftnefs and delicacy. Thofe who have had the advantages of
a good education are genteel, eafy, and agreeable in their manners,
and are fprightly and fenfible in their converfation. They are early
taught to manage domeftic concerns with neatnefs and economy.
Ladies of th^ firlt rank and fortune, make it a part of their daily buli-
nefs to fuperintend the affairs of the f<imily. Employment at the
needle, in cookery, and even at the fplnnisig wheel, is with thetn!
honqurable, and chearfuUy adopted in preference to idlcnefs.

mmm

NrW ENftlAND.

gland, every
religion, and
n the princi-
ve been very
having for-
;r, but which
elebrate fails

nd ftates, ex-
g a day to be
oughout their
I particularly
harveft, that
im ifliie tl.eir
enumerating
gyear.' ■'
nceftors, the
awn as facred
A cuiiom fo
Is of the peo-
rACTOR of the
facredly pre-
dates by hard
:ir value, and
; and unfortu-
'ide a compe-
rer is prote£t-
truth be faid,
tter furnifhed
i independent
of the people
as they ought
id urtpoliftied.
1 a great deal

Their chil-
rticular atten-
thofe around
'.A and decent

through the

They gene-
ed with nniuch
advantages of
;heir manners,
'hey are early
,nd economy,
eir daily buli-
yment at the
is with theni-
;nefs.

Dancing is the principal and favourite amufertient in New Englau(h,
and of this the young people of both fcxts are extremely tond.
Gaming is pradifed by none but thole who cannot, or ratlicr will not,
find a reputable employment. , . , r , „

The athletic and healthy diverfions of cricket, foot-ball, quoits,
wreftling, jumping, hopping, foot races, and prifon bals, are uniycr-
lally praaifed in the country, and feme of them in the moft populous
places, and by people of almoft all ranks.

History.— New Em^land owes its firft fettlement to religious perfe-
cution. Soon after the commencement of the reformation ?,i England,
which was not until the vear i;54. ihe Proteftants were divided

year 1534,

inio two parties, Lutherans and Calvinirts. The former had choien,
gradually, and almoft imperceptibly, to recede from the church of
Rome •, while the latter, more zealous, and convinced of the im-
portance of a thorough reformation, and at the fame time poffeliing
much firmnels and hi^jh notions of religious liberty, was for effeding
a thorough change r-'^once. Their conlequent endeavours to expunge
from the church all the inventions which had been brought into it lince
the days of the Apoftles, and to introduce the " Scripture purity,"
/derived for them the name of Puritans. From thefc the inhabitinte
of New England defcended.

New England may with propriety be called a nurfery of men, whence
arc annually tranfplanted, into other parts of the United States, thou-
I'ands of its natives. Vaft numbers of them fince the war have migrated
into the northern parts of New York, into Kentucky, and the weftern
territory, and into Georgia ; and fome are fcattered into every ftate,
and every town of note in the Union.

The firft company that carne to New England, planted themfelves
at Plymouth. They were a part of the Rev. Mr. Robinfon's congre-
gation, which, for 12 years before, had lived in Holland, for the
fake of enjoying liberty of confcience. They came over in the year
1620.

At the clofe of the year 1624, the plantation at New Plymouth
confirted of about 180 perfons, who lived in 32 dwelling houfes.
Their llock was a few cattle and goats, and plenty of fwine and poul-
try. Their town was impaled about half a mile in compafs. On a
high mount in the town, they had ereded a fort of wood, lime and
ftone, and a handfome watch tower.

The year 1625 was diftinguiihed by the death of the Rev. Mr.
Robinfon, who died at Leyden, in March, in the 50th year of his
age. He was truly a great and good man, and lived in great love and
liarmony with his people. He way held in high eftimation by all his
acquaintance, for his learning, piety, moderation and accomplilhments.
His death was lamented as a public lofs, and felt by none more than
by his own people at Plymouth. His fon Ifaac came afterwards over
to Plymouth, where he lived to the age of 90 years. His defcendants
ftill live in Barnftable county in Maffachufetts.

After the death of Mr. Robinfon, the remaining part of his congre-
gation were extremely defirous of coming over to their friends at Ply-
mouth, and meafures were taken for the purpofe ; yet it was not until
the year 1629 that they eft'edted their deiign.

The colony of Plymouth remained without a . charter, until they

I'ir

«4

vwMOirr.

'were incorporated trlth Maffnchulctts in 1691 or i()92, Notwhii.
ftanding this, however, it was always a governmciU, and confidered as
I'uch by King Charles, ^n his letters and orders, which were fent thcnj
at various times previous to tlieir incorporation with MaiTaehufctts.

It was in the Iprine of 1630 that the oreat co«spih.acy was entered
into by the Indians :n all parts, from the Narragtnfets rcnind to the
eaftward, to extirpate the Englifh. The coioay at Plymouth was the
principal objed of this confpirscy. They well knew that if thejf
could effed the deftruftion of Plymouth, the infant fettleawitt of MiU
, fachufetts would then fall an eafy facrificc. Their plan, %vhich ww
laid with great art, was under pretext of having fome Uiverfion at P)y-
inouth, when they intended to have fallen upon the inhabitants, and
thus to have cffeded their delign. But their plot l)eing dlfcovered,
the Englifti became very watchful of the motiwis of the Indians, and
were induced to ereft forts and maintain guards, to prevent any fuch
fatal furprife in future. Thefe preparations, and tfee firing of great
guns, fo terrified the Indians, t;het they difpcrfcd, relinquiflied their de-
lign, and declared themffclves the friends of the Englifli.

Such was the vaft incrcafe of inhabitants in New England l>y natu-
, ral population, and particularly by.emigrations from England and other ||
nations, that in a few years, befides the fettlements in Plymouth and

• MaflfacbufettSf very douriihing colonies were planted in Rhode Ifland,
Gonnedicut, New Haven, and New Hampihire. The dan|^rs to
T*'hich thefe colonies were at firft ex^ofed frotn the futioundjag In-
idians, as well as from the Dutch, who, although vqry friendly to the
infant colony at Plymouth, were now likely to prove troubiefome
neighbours, firft induced them to thank of alliance and confederacy for
Jtheir mutual defence. Accordingly, in 1643, *^ ^°"^ c»lonies of Ply. ^

• mouth, Maffadiufetts, Conne^icut, and N«w Hart', t^ <-^ ivpon «r-
•ticles of con&de ration, whereby u congrefs was foxme*' , lost ttiug of
two commiflioncrs from each colony, who were ch i- i Tr.Ltia Uy, and
when met were confidered as the reprefentatives of " the United Co-
lonies of New Englaind." The powers delegated to the comTtiiflioner.i
•were much the fame as thofe vefted in Congrd's by tlhe articles of coii-

. federation, agreed iqjon by the United States in 1778. The colony
of R!.r>'- Ifland would giadlyhave joined in this eonfiederacy, but
Ma'»r •; 'I'ftlts, { r particuiar cealbns, refufed to admit their commii-
iiont! -i, , h irtion fubfifted, wdth fome few alterations, until the year
*t^8f., xfhta all the charters, «Koept that of Cipnneftic.ut, wece k effcd
VRcated by a comniiflion from James II.

flt

VERMONT.

SitOATION AND EXTENT.

Mile

Length 158 7 , , ._ V42® 44' and 45® N. lat.
■Breadth 70 i ^^^" 1 i** 43' and f 36' E. loft, from I>hiladcl.

Containing 10,237 fquare miles, and 6,552,000 acres.
Boundaries, &c.— The ftatc of Vermont is a fine country, and
k)undcd, ftorth, by hoviGX Canada) eaft, by Conneaicut riv^r^ which

92» Notwitljr
d confide red as
were fent thcnj
aiTaehufctts.
iCY was entered
Its r^und to the
rmouth was the
n that if they
lement of Mal-r
an, %vhkh w(k
iverfion at P)y-
jihabitants, and
ing dlfcovered,
je Indians, and
revcnt any fuch
firing of great
uiilued their de-

igland l>y natu-
^iand ami other
1 Plymouth and
1 Rhode ifland,
"he dangers to
UTiOuivdiag in-
friendly to the
ve troublefome
confederacy for
ooWnies of Ply- ^^
a^ed iipon ax-
il., «.oiv ttiug of
1 irr;.** -ly, and
the United Co-
e GOHiTniflioners
article* of coii-
8. The colony
onfiederacy, but
it their commif- .
s, until the year (
t, wece in effcd

airides it from ^eW Hampfhire-, fcnith, by Maffachufetti •, weft, by

'vermmit is naturally divided by the Green Mountain, which run»
from fouth to north, and divides the lUtc nearly in the middle. It is
•tt prcfcnt divided into the following counties, ?ia.

. from I*hiladcl.
J acres.

le country, and
:ut rii^er^ which

Counties.

^ r

Towns.
f Bennington Sc
I Manchefter.

Rutland.
J Addifon and
\ Middlcburg.
^ f Cokhcftcr and

Benninotom

* ! RUTLANO

AoDiSON-

Countics.

^ rORANQK

^ 1 Windsor.

I WiMDHAM

Towns.

Newbury.
C Windfor ami
\ Wood (lock.
C Newfane and
1^ Putney.

Thefe connties are divided into 219 towni, -w^ich fir* incorporated
and organifed much in the fame manner as the towns in Maffachufetts

iYid Connecticut. r r l- u

Lakks and RivEM.^Lakc Champlain, more than half of which
lies within the ftate of Vermont, from Whitehall, formerly Skeenf-
borough, at the fonthern extremity, inchiding South Bay, to latitude
45, is 100 miles in length. It is about 12 miles in breadth in the
wideft place. Lake Memphremagog lies partly in the ftate of Ver-
mont, and partly in Lowef Canada, the line cfoffing it about fcv«a
miles from the fouthern extremity, This lake communicates with the
St. Lawrence, by the river St. Francis. There are nnmerous fnialf
lakes and pondS of lefs note, fome of the principal of which are, Wil-
(oughby's lake, in Greenlborough, which furniihes il(h refembling
bafs, weighing from 10 to 40 lbs. People often tfavcl many miles to
this lake to procure a winter's ftock of this fifti. Leicefter pond or
lake, in the town of Salifbury, remarkable for the depth and tranfpa-
rency of its waters, and for a large fpecies of trout which it produces,
itime of which have been found to weigh above 19 pounds. Lake
Bombazon, in Caftleton, which gives rile to a- branch of Poultney ri-
ver, on which iron works have been erefted in Fair Haven j and a
large pond in the town of Wells *.

Few countries are better watered than the ftate of Vermont. Nu-
merous perennial fountains rife in almoft every farm. In this ftate is
the height qf land between Gonnefticut, Hudfon, and St. Lawrcnct,
Streams defcend from the mountains in various direftions, and form
numerous fmall rivers, which fertility the lands through which they
pafs, and furnifh abundant conveniencles for mills and founderies. The-
river Gonnefticut forms the eaftern boundary of Vermont. From its
prefent importance to the commerce of this ftate, and the profpeft of
Opening an inland navigation, from Hartford, in Ccmne^icut, to Bar-
net in Vermont, more than 100 miles from the fouth line of this ftate,

* The ftate of New York has, by an aA of the Icgifiature, eftablifhcd a cnmpary
fer the purpofe < f opening an inland navigation, by the Hudfon, from Lanfiugbciig
to Fort Edward, and from Fort Edward to Wood Creek and Lake Champlain. Thu'
work, when completed, wili open to Vermont a water communication with Lanfing-
berg Albany, and New Yorkv The whole of thi* inland navigatiou will be 37»
miles, from latitude 4^" Co New York.

xi6

VERMONTt

renders It worthy of obfervation. This river has its fource m the
hieh lands which divide the waters falling Ibuthward into the Atlantic,
from thofe which fall Into the St. Lawrence, about 5c, fome lay only
zc miles north of latitude 45«. From its fource, or rather that of its
i^orth-weftern branch, to latitude 45^ It Is the boifpdary between the
United States and the Britifh dominions In America. For about 120
miles from its rife, its courle is about S. W. by S thence its general
courfe is nearly fouth, until, pafllng through Maffachufetts and Con.
neaicut* it empties itfelf into the found,, between Saybrook and Lime.
Its length, from its fource to the fea, including all its turnings, is near-
ly 400 miles, and It croffes more than four parallels of latitude Load-
ed boats afcend from Hartford, In Conneaicut, to the foot of the fif-
teen miles rapid, five miles above Newbury, about 220 miles troni the
fea In this courfe the nav Igation Is interrupted by the rapids at Had-
ley- Miller's Falls, at or near Northfield •, Bellows's Falls, between
Rockingham In Vermont, and Walpolein New Hampnure •, Queechy
Falls a little below the mouth of the river of that name j and \\ hite
River Falls, four and an half miles below Dartmouth College. Com-
panies have been formed by the feveral totes of Maffuchufetts New
Hampniire, and Vermont, for the purpofe of removing thefe obftruc-
tions, by means of locks, fome of which are already completed, and

The Falls of Queechy are but a flight obHruaion. The Falls or
Rapids of White River are but half a mile in length, and 20 feet per-

■endicular height. . , ■ , e en. ci, j

All the rivers and lakes abound with vanous kinds ot hlh. bhai
arc taken In Conneaicut river as high as Bellows's Falls, over which
they never pafs. Salmon are caught In the fpimg, the whole length
of Conneaicut river, and in moll of its tributary ftreams. A hnall
fpecies of falmon is taken In Lake Champlain, the Wmoufki, or Onion
river La Moelle and Miffifcoui, but in none of the foutherp rivers.
Perch, pike, pickerel, maiklnungas, a very large fpecies of pickere
pout, mullet, and a fi(h called lake bafs, are found in great pxcnty. All
the ikeams abound with falmon-trout. ^ . - ,

Springs.— Befides the numerous fprings of frcfti water, there arc
ibme chalybeate fprings. There is a fpring in Orwel, near Mount Inu
dependence, and another In Bridport, which produce the Lpfom falts

There is alfo a curious mineral fpring on fome low land over agamit
the great Ox Bow, difcovered about 20 years ago. ^ a ., , a
■ Mountains and Face of the Country.— Vermont is divided, from
north to fouth, by a high chain of mountains. 1 his chain has, from
the evergreens with which It is covered In many places, obtained the
name of Green Mountain, from which the n«"'<^,f Vermont is de-
rived to the Hate. The fouthern extremity is called Welt «-ock, a
huge precipice about three miles from New Haven in Conneaicut j

Memphremagog it ipreaas nuu a uig» pxax» ^y , - --- - o .

tile, Ll pales into the province ot Quebec. Alter having fornd
the rapids of St. Francois, it colleas into a high "^^nge of mountn.as,
whlch^terminate near the St. Lawrence. From Maffachufetts I..-,
more than 80 miles xo the nur^i, tiiC \-vite..i .-^ —

fource m the
3 the Atlantic,

fome fay only
her that of its
•y between the
For about 120
nee its general
ifetts and Con-
ook and Lime,
rnings, is near-
Ltitude. Load-
foot of 'the fif-
miles from the
rapids at Had-
Falls, between
bire j Queechy
le ; and White
!ollege. Com-
ichuietts, New
r thefe obftruc-
;ompleted, and

The Falls or
Lud 20 feet per-

of fi(h. Shai
ills, over which
e whole length
:ams. A fmall
louflci, or Onion
fouthcxii rivers,
;ies of pickerel,
reat plenty. All

ater, there arc
near Mount In«.
the Epfom falts.
and over againft

s divided, from
chain has, from
:es, obtained the
Vermont is de-
Well Rock, a
in Conncdticiit j
lit as it advances
Towards Luke
exceedingly Ki-
.r having forncd
re of mountn:ns,
'affachufetts lir.'-',
OP of the Grtcn

vSAMiSi^i

WfotfMam h h^ 46 to 30 mile, on a ftralt llrie f^^^J Co^ncftk^^^
rivei*. Alrtibft th« vthok of this country M formed With mountains
i-ahgirtg pwallel tVhh thfe courfe of Conneftlcut river. The jveft r^ngtf,
whkh contihiiei unbroketi, With fe.^ feicteptions, nearly through the
ftftte, b. In g^nefrf, niuch (he high^ft. On the eaft th^y decrfcafe
K^adUSllt t6 the Mefidows, aftd fortietmlcs to the ed^e of thiti^et.
Thefe lift'afc intetfefted by thti Hver* Which rtiti into the Cotirteflicu^
in a dlwaiori ntttlf from the horth-weft to the fouth-taft. The vat-
leys, di" r«thfe^ glerts, vfhith fepatate thefe rdnges, are generally narrow,
and Moftly covered with hittlock, fit, and fpruce.

About 100 miles from MalTachufettS Kne, between the waters of
White River arid Wiftouflci, Of Oni6ft River, there paffes off tothe
rtorth-eaft a tartge of high lands, rifing in many places into very ele-
vated mountains. This runs parallel iv-ith Conneaicut river, tH6
height being frotn 10 to 15 miles dittant, as far as the north littft of the
P. ate. The w^ftej»n rrin*e continues northward, fometimes fallmg be-
low the eloudsj fdmetitneS rifing above them. Between thefe. two
ranges, ejitefidiftg frottl ±0 to ^o miles in breadth, is a beautiful fchattl-
^aign eoimtfy, feeond in fertility, perhaps, to none in Vermont.

The riioir remarkabk mountains in the ft ate afe Mount AnthoTijr,
betwe«H Beftftington and Pownal, Stratton Mountain; Danby Moun-'
tairi, KeJlingtoh Peaks, Kingiion Mountain, Carmel's Rump, MaUfifield
MoiHitaini a vel'y high mountain, betweeti Kelly Vale and Belvldere,
Uppfct C^at Monadnock, quite in the north-eaft corner of the ftate,
and Afctttfte^j between Windfor and Weathersfield. On the v/efl o£
the Green Mountain there is one, and in fome places two of three
ranges of fttialtejf mduhtai^ji, though frequently interrupted. Thefe
extend as faf as the north line of the; county ol Rutland ; ffom that
to the latitude of 45**; too miles in length, and from lo to 30 miles
in breadth, bet#eferi Like Champiain and the Green Mountain, is a
fine tfaek of land; abounding with only moderate hills. Through this
whole eKtent, few tracks Can be found unfit for cultivation.

The antique forells, into Which the arm of man is juft carrying th6
deftttiftl^fe ax, every where afford the moft grand and mblime profpetfts.
Little of the land of this ftate is yet cleared, but the emigrations to it
from othet Hate* are gteat, and it will foon become well cultivated,
and equal in fertility to tht ftates it approximates.

The hills and mountains are generally covered on the eaft fides with
what is called hard wood, fuch as birch, beach, maple, afti, elm, and
butternut 5 the weft fide is generally covered with evergreens.

CuMATE.-'^^Dunng the tvinter in Vermont, the iky is moftly ferene,
a keen air, and the ground, from about the middle of December to the
httet part of March, h covered with fnoiw j and on the high lands,
among the mountains^ frequently to the dipth of four or five feet. It
is found, however, that the feverity of the winter is fenfibly moderated,
and the quantity of fnow diminiftied, as the fettlemeftt and cultivation
of the country have advanced. As thefe is little froft in the earth, on
the diflblution of the fnoWsj vegetation generally advances in the Tpring
with great rapidity.

Soil and PaoDOctioNS. — There are a great variety of foils in Ver-
mont ; loaiBj (and, graVc^ clay, marl, flate ; and thefe varionfly

mountaiMU?

,^ ^.....u, >„»», gi»'>- *-'"/, iiiaxi, uait ,

intetmixed. Th* rountrv. in or#>i>«>r&1 pvfn tlrp Wllv and

)}S

VKtMONf,

part Is not rocky. On the welt fide of the Green Moontain, an<i ht
many places on Conneaicut river, is raifed a great quantity of wheat,,
of an excellent quality, particularly on the marlly lands bordering on
take Champlaine. On the mountainous part, to the eaft, winter wheat
does not, in general, fucceed, until the lands have been fome time
cultivated. But fummer wheat thrives well, as do, very generally,
bavlcy, oats, peafe, flax, and all kinds of eatable roots which arc
cultivated in the neighbouring ftates* The warmer foils, and the lands
along the rivers, produce good Indian corn. The ftate affords the beft
pafturage, particularly the higher lands, and already affords confidera-
ble quantities of very fine beef for market.

Mines, Minerals and Fossils. — Iron mines abound on the well fide
of the mountain. Several have been found, which have not yet been
worked. A lead mine has lately been difcovered in Sunderland. The
vein is in a rock of white flint. The ore is very rich, but the mine
has not been opened fufficiently to difcover the quantity. In Shrewf-
bury, in the county of Rutland, is found a mine of that fpecies of iron
ore called pyrites ; the fame in quality, though not in appearance, with
what are called brafs lumps, from which copperas, or green vitriol, is
extrafted. It is fo highly {ulphurous, that a piece, thrown into the
fire, will blaze like a brimlione match. From this ore, fmall quantities
of copperas have been made, merely for experiment. There is, in the
town of Rutland, a vein of very fine pipe-clay, which has been wrought
into crucibles, that prove very durable. Numerous quarries of marble,
■white, grey, and variegated, are found in almoh every town fron*
Bennington to the Miflifcoai* ^

Trade, &c.~The trade from this ftate is principally to Hartford,
Boilon, and New York. Some little trade is carried on with the pro-
vince of Quebec. The remittances to Quebec arc moftly made in
lumber, fuch as boards, plank, fquare timber and ftaves, by Lake
Champlain and the St. Lawrence. The articles of export to Hartford,
:bofton, and New York, are horfes, beef, pork, butter, cheefe, wheat,
wheat flour, iron, nails, pot and pearl alhes*

There are feveral diftilleries for corn fpirits in this Rate. At Middle-
bury is a porter brewery on a pretty large fcale. The iron manufac-
ture is carried on to a confiderable extent. In common feafons large
quantities of maple fugar are manufaftured for home conlumption. In
fome parts of the ftate, the inhabitants are beginning to line the roads
with maple trees. And it would certainly be a wile meafure if this
praftice could become general throughout the Ijates. Orchards of
thefe trees planted on Hoping hills, fo as to render it eafy to coUett the
juice, might be attended witk peculiar advantages to the owners.

Animals. — The domeftic animals are horfes and black cattle, to the
breed of which, great attention has been paid of late •, jacks, mules,
and a very fine breed of ftieep, which thrive no where better perhaps
than in Vermont. The indigenous quadrupedes are the moole deer,
common deer, bears, wolves', cats of the mountain, wild cats, black
iats, foxes, a fpecies of hare which are white in winter, feveral kinds
of iquirrels, martins, the mink, otters, and beavers •, although the latter
are rarely to be met with. Here h alfo to be found the urchin or hedge-

^ TV.^ ^„nu r.f i-ViJc qnlmql ai-*> OiohtW infprted. Thev have tt

very fliarp and fine barbed point. When attacked, inftead of ftandmg

VEHMONT.

119

&in, and ht
y of whcaty.
jrdering on
inter wheat

Tome time
r generally^

which arc
id the lands
rds the be ft
s confidera-

he wert fide
lot yet been
irland. The
It the mine
In Shrewf-
;cies of iron-
nance, with
;n vitriol, is
iwn into the
11 quantities
ire is, in the-
;en wrought
s of marble,
town fronir

:d Hartford,
nth the pro-
Uy made in
s, by Lake
io Hartford,
leefe, wheat,

At Middle-
on maniifac-
feafons large
imption. In
Ine the roads
afure if this
Orchards of
o colled the
owners*
cattle, to the
jacks, mules,
etter perhaps

moofc' deer,
d cats, black
feveral kinds
igh the latter
hin or hedge-
They have il
ad of ftanding

fe-

«re venture to attack h„n ,n thts potoon A; head ^^^^^

i„;.antV Hied "«•» }^' I."'"'- ??^:r"S by .e»fon of their fine

.l,=y.galUci.ed„,to V"to?"«; -/J?,;; f ;f<'ve,m.nt confift pvincl-
■unclation of Vermont. ' "' '""7. . "' , . rnnneaicut. and their '

pa«y of f^^Z.''Z.'^^t^t:to::i^ti^e'^ nan-p.
defcendants. 1 here nave oecn iu»u Orange county

(hire, New York and f^=" /"f'^i. J^^l'^^^f'the pecpl are .hi
are moftly peopled from Scotland. 1 he manners u ^ r

?arastJo^o?the Hates [^ -^;--^^C;C^^^^^^
of the people are congregationalifts. ^hr other o

0irrwar:--V a wilWs without fo much as a fing e ^7
and noi they have confiderable compames of malitia , beUdes
companies of light infantry, dreffed m uniform.

The inhabitants of this ftate are an affemblagc °f ^^^Pj^ ^^^J^^^^^J
places of different fentiments, manners, and habits. They have not
Sled together long enough to affimilate and form a general charaaer.
Si nfi nevir a chLaerillical feature of the fettlers of a new
coun rv Emigrants in general are aftive and induftrious. The oppo-
fite cha;aaers have neither fpirit nor inclixiat on to quit their native
foot! The inference is, that Vermont is peopled with an adive, induf-
rious hardy frugal race j as is really the cafe. And as it is a maxim
that Jhe inhabitants of all new countries .row virtuous before they
decenerate, it will moft probably be fo.in Vermont.

LeaTning, &c.-In a new country, like Vermont, few have leifure
to attend the arts and fciences beyond the prefent occupations of life
The higher branches of learning are therefore very little taugh ,n th s
ftate Numbers, however, are educated m the feminaries of the neigl.-
Luring fta's. in the ye^r ,791, the legiHature of the ftate paffe^ an
aa for eftkbliftiing a univerfity at Burlington, on Lake Champlaine, m
a delightful fituation, on the fouth fide of the Wmouflei. or Onion river,
^nd appointed ten truftees. The fum of fix thoufand pounds was fe-
cured by donation, part of which is to be apphed to the eream^ of
buildings, and part fettled as a fund for the fupport of the inftitutu>n.
There have been refervcd in the feveral grants made by this ftate about
thirty-three thoufand acres of land, for the ufe of the univerfity.
This, in a few years, will become a very valuable fund. 1 here is,
in every town, granted by the ftate, confifting of about one hundred,
a right of land, containing about three hundred aud thirty acres, on
an averasrc, referved for the ufe of county grammar fchools j and m
fvcry town through the ftate, thcr? is a right for the fupport of tcwn

120 VfRM^NT.

ichools. In iio country is commoR iizh(i>ollog mQr^ ^Xtmdei to er
encouraged.

Curiosities, — In the town of Clarendon, 0» the fi4e q( » m(N*9tW!J,
is a remarkable cave. The entrance i$ through 4 marhl* rock, »nd if
afaout the fize of a hogfliead. It deCccAdii, making m ftBglf of about
2,0 degrees with the horizon, 31 feet In length, J3^ ffpt ia br«adth»
find 18 feet in height. Near the Cxtreroe end of this roQW »» » wrrQW
perpendicular defcent into another room of an ov^l Aiapf , aQ f«ft thu
longeil, and 14 feet the (horteft diaipeter, »n4 Jo feet In height.

In the year 1782, when this c^vem wft« firft difcovpred, thsp* were
numerous ftalaftites defcending fron» the rQQf of ths upper cavern.
So me of thefe were four inches in djaaaeter, and reftched ff ow the roof
to the floor. The whole have fince, by the wantOflneft of yiiiton, been
broken down. There are, on the fide» of th^ lenvera, many incrufta*
tions, which evidently appear to h^v/e bee« fprmed by petrifjiSiotj,
Thefe incruftations and ftalaftites appear %o W forined by wat«rs d'ipt
ping or ejcuding from tlije rock, aid which, ip their paffage through
tlie ftrata of marble, have been elaborated and prepared for the pr^-r
duition of new marble, much ii> the fame paanfier ae water i« elabo-r
jated and prepared in pafling through the ftesis and beugha pf plants,
for the produftbns of new fhoQts, &p.

There is another cave on a mountain in Dorfet. It is an excavation
in a folid marble rock. The entrance, whico U % pf rpendicular ledge,
20 feet in height, is about 12 feet braad, and fts seiany m height.
"Within, it defeends about 15 degrees, is J5 fpet in hr^sidth, »Q feet
in height, and 150 feet in length. At the farther es^tremity, two n»r.
TOW pafiages run off to an unknown diftance ir>to the pwuntaifj, ip very
few places aflFording room for perfons to iland erect. There are, io
this cavern, no ftalaftites, nor, indeed, ajiy proper pgtrifi.£tiqns,
There is found, however, in feveral places, a v-'hhs, frjabl*, cglca-
xeous earth, that appears to he fprined by water whii^h pfrcoJates
through the incumbent fltr&tg, apd which, frpqa the ief^mt of the
cayern and the rife of the rock aboye, within go feet QJF the wntrajvce,
.150 feet in thicknefs,

In the fouih part of Manehefter, in a hill a little weft gf the Bfltten
Iciln, is a deep ftratum of friable calcareous earth, of the whltifpefs pf
thalk. This earth, wjth a Uttle burning, produces Ijnae of a good
quality. A lump, taken frefh from the ftratujn, and carefully broken
ivith the hand* exhibit*, m perfeft fhaoe, innumerable unufcle fliells,
fcallops, &c, interniixed with flicks, leaves, gnd other lubftances.
The whole are, hpwever,' lo perfeiftly saacerated and aflwilited as to
form one uniforna aaafs j what was once vegg^ble naatte^, npt being
diftinguifliable, except *9 the eye, 011 b^ng Qpeapd aj uientipned above,
froin the ms^tter of the iheU*.

On the South Herp (Grand Ifle) in l.ak^ Chanjpkin, shout i a feet
from the prefent high water mark, i* a l^rgp qugrry pf fine building
llone, of greyi(h blue warble, vv'hieh, on being fplit hPri^ipntaUy,
;ippears to be wholly formed by the I^trifa^jon «f fm^U fcallpps, ^
fpecies of (hell frequently to be met with in tbp npighbpurhopd of th«
lake, intermixed with the eommpo Cirth qi tfee (hgrp, which is of *
mirlly »ature.

t$nde4 tQ Qt

roek, »nd if
»^«: of ftbout

^ aQ f#f t thff

jl, tliir« were
jpper cBv«rn,
ff ow the roof
viiltori, been
yjny incmfta*

r w»t«rs 4»ipr
ir»g« thrftugH
fer th^ prQr
ater i« fhhof
gha pf pUnts,

an excavation
(iicyl^r ledge,
ly «) hpight.
»(ith, »€} feet
nity, tviQ n»r-
nt^in, ifi very
There are, »q

pgtrifi.ftiiqns,
W»t)l?, cgka-
ieJi p?rcoJ»te$
er?<8ijt: of the

the entrance,

qf th? Bfltten
e whitjfpefs pf
ne pf 9 gOO(i
refully broken
fluyfcie fliiells,
pr lubftances,
Rmilited as to
e^, not being
Otiofted abovp,

, libout It feet
fine bililding
hori^ontaUy,

^U fcaUops, ^

mrhood «if th*

^>lHch is of a

- sf

ner

Between BiirUngtoo f^»^d Colcheft^r, the Wlnqulk^ er Omon river,
has worn a M through . folid rock pf Ume.llqne. wh,ch, inW t.me
of re^iote antiquity, muft h«v« f«mi«d at this place a proaigious cata-
raa The chafm U betw«en 79 «nd 8p fpet m depth ftt low water >
and,' in one pl»ef , 70 i^t from r9«iK to rpck, wUfC r wooden bridge

i» thrown gQpofe. , ^ ^ , • l r

On th(f fam» river, at BoUon, U a ?hafra farmed m the fame maa-
r. Jt is foHvewhat wider, and the rock i» Pt leall 1 30 feet m lii;.-^ht.
From one U^ feveral large rock* hifve fallen ftcrofs the »fver, in luch
9 manner m to form » nptuval bridge at low water, but in u fituaMon
to be an objeft of curiofity only. Several pthfiF nverg exhibit umiiar

Chief TowNS.—In a new and interior country, Ifirge populous towns
lire not to be e}£p«aed. Bennington, fituated near the fouth-weft
corner of the ftate, is one of the moll handfome and largeil. It is aifo
one of the qldeft towns in the flats, being fifd fettkd about the year
1764, and i* a thriving town, and has b^ep, till lately, the leat of
government.

Windfof and Rutland, by a late aft ef th§ legiflature, were alter-
nately to be the fpSit of governqiQnt. The fqrmer is fituated on Con-
nefticyt river, and in^y Qontpin ?bout 2QQ0 inhabitants •, the latter lie§
upon Otter Creek, and contains upwards of 1,800 inhabitants. Both
pre ftourilhing towns. Guilford, Brattleborough, Putney, Wettmin-
iler, Weathersfield, Hartland, Norwigh, 9nd Nfwbury, are confide,
rabls towns, lying from fputh to north, on Connecticut rivev. Nev*.>
bury is the (hire town of Orange county, which comprehends about
threercighths of the whole ftate, %r\i contains upwards of 1000 inhabi-
tants. It has a CQurtrhoufe and a very elegant meeting-houfc for
congregationalifts, with a fteeple, the firtt erefted in the ftate. The
selebrated Coos meadows or intervales, commence about nine mile«
below the town. Newbury pourt-houfe ft«nds on the high land* back
from the river, and commands a fine view of what is called the great
Ox Bow, which is format- ^y a curious bend in the river. It Is one of
the moft beautiful and fertile meadows in New England. At the fea-
fon when nature is dreffed in her green attire, a view of this meadow
from the high lands is truly luxuriant.

Shaftlhury, Pownal, Mancbefter, Clarendon, Poultney, Pawlet,
Danby, and Charlotte, are eonfiderable and flouriflviug towns, weft of
the mountain. In the town of Orvvgll, is ]VI<Hjnt Independence, at the
fpiuhern extremity of L,ake ChampUin, ppppfite tq which is Ticonde«
yoga, in the ftate of New York.

Co>isTiTUTxoN.-^TTh€ inhabitants qf Vfrmmit are governed by their
own laws, independent of congrefs and the ftates. The (icclaration
which they made by their reprefentgtives in convention, at Windfor,
on the a5th December 1777, and which chiefly conipofcs their confti-
tution, breathes as high » fpirit of liberty as that of any other ftate.
They affert that all mini are born equally free-r-^with equal rights, and
ought to enjoy liberty qf ponfci«nce— freedom of the prefs— --trial by
jury — power to form new ftates in vacant countries, and to regulate
their own internal poUce-rT-that all elections ought to be free--»-that all
power is originally in the people-mthat government ought to be infti»
tuted for the eomraon good qf the commumty«-and that the coramu -

rEHMONT.

Tiity have a rig^it to reform or bolifh covernment-»-that every nkember
of fociety hath a right to protedion of life, liberty, and property — and
•in return, is bound to contribute his proportion of expence of that
proteftion, and give his perfonal fervice when neceffary— that the peo»
jjle have a right to bear arras — but no (landing a^rtnies (hall be main,
tained in time of peace— that the people have a right to hold them-
selves, their houfes, papers, and poffeflions, free from fearch or feizure,
and therefore warrants, without oaths firft'made,a{Fording fufficient foun-
dation for them, are contrary to that right, and ouglit not to be granted
—that no perfon (hall be liable to be traufported tiut of this (tate for
trial for any ofiFence committed within ij, &c..

Each inhabited town throughout the (late, has a right to fend on»
areprefentative to the alTembly.

The fupreme executive jKjwer is veiled in a governor, lieutenant
governor, and twelve counfellors, to be chofen annually in the fame
jnarmer, and vetted with the fame power as in Conne<F\icut.

Every perfon of the age of 21 years, who has re(ided in the (late
one whole year prior ot the eleftion of reprefentatives, and is of 4
•quiet peaceable behaviour, and will bind himfelf by his oath to dp
what he (hall in confcience judge to be moft conducive to the be(t
good of the ftate, fliall be entitled to all dae privileges of a freeman of
ihis (late.

Each member of the houfe of reprefentatives, before he takes his feat
jnuft declare his belief in one God — in future rewards and punifhments>
and in the divinity of the fcriptures of the Old and New Teftament,
and mufl profe(« the proteftant religion.

The fupreme court, and the feveral courts of common pleas of this
flate, befides the powers «fually ejtercifed by fuch courts, have the
like powers of a court of chancery. All profecutions are to be com-
jnenced in the name, and by the authority of the freemen of the ftate
of Vermont. The legiflata(ir.e arc to regulable entails fo as to prevent
perpetuities.

HisTORY.-r-The fouth-part of the territory of Vermont was formerly
claimed by MalTachufetts. As early as the year 1718 that government
iiad granted forty nine thoufand acres, comprehending part of the pre-
fcnt towns of Kraltleborough, Fulton, and Putney, as an equivalent
to the colony of Connefticut, for fome lands which had been granted
by Maffachufetts within the limits of the Connefticut charter. In the
year 1725, the government of Maffachufetts erefted a fort in the town
*)f Brattleborough. Around this fort were begun the firft fettlements
within the prcfent limits of Vermont. On a (inal adjuftmeut of a
difpute between Maflfachufetts and New Hamp(hire, the prefent jurif-
diftional line between Vermont and Maffachufetts, was run and e(la^
bliftied, in^he year 1741. From that time, unti) the year 1764, this
territory was con(idered as lying within the jurifdidlion of New Hamp-
Ah'ne. During this period, numerous grants were made j and, after
the year 1760, fome con(iderable fettlements were begun under the
authority of that province. In the year 1764, by order of the king of
Britain, this territory was annexed to the province of New York.
The government of that province pretended to claim the right of foil,
as well as jurlidiction, and held the graul;» formerly made under New
Hampftiire to he void. This occa(ioned a long feries of altercation

J I

every member
iropcrty — and
pence of that
-that the peo»
fhall be main,
to hold them-
"ch or feizure,
fufficlent foun-
to be granted
this ftate for

it to fend on*

or, lieutenant
ly in the fame
;ut.

;d in the ftate
1, and is of 4
is oath to dp
e to the belt
if a freeman of

e takes his feat
d puniihments^
;w Teftament,

n pleas of this
Lirts, have the
ire to be com-
en of the ftate
as to prevent

t was formerly
lat government
lart of the pre-

an equivalent
d been granted
larter. In the
art in the town
irft fettlements
ijuftmeut of a
le prefent jurif-

run and ella-^
^ear 1764, this
ii New Hamp-
de ■, and, after
;gun vuider the
■ of the king of
jf New York.
[le right of foil,
ide under New
I of altercatiop

KBW HAMKllIMfv *^

a,ld ContcYition between the fettlers and claimants under New Hamp-
^Lmc government of New York, and which at the commence-
ment of the late revolution, terminated in the eftabbftnnent of a fepa^
mi urifdiaion in the prefent ftate of V.^mont. 1 his difpute was
final y compromifed by commiffiooers appointed by the ftates of New
York and Vermont, and the ckim of New York, both tojunfdiaion
and property, extinguifhed in confideration of the Jiim of 30,00a
dollars to be paid by the ftate of Vermont to that of New York j and
in March 1791 Vermont was admitted a member ot the ledcrai
Union.

ISTEW HAMPSHIRE.
Situation and Extent.

J42*' 4r'a>td 45^ 30' N. Lat^
I 2^ 41' and 4'' 29' E. Long.

Miles«

JLength 168 "J

Greateft Breadth 90 > between-

Leaft Breadth 19 J

Boundaries. — Bounded, north, by the Province of Lower Canada f
toft, by the Dirtrrft of Main and the Atlantic Ocean j fouth, by Maf-
Tachufetts ', wefty by the wei'.ern bank of Conneaicut river j contain-
ing 9,461 fquare tniles^ or 6,074,240 acres j of which at leaft 100,000
acres are water.

Divisions. — This ftate is divided into the five follawing counties,
which are fubdivided into 214 townftiips and locations, moft of which
are about fix miles fquare.

Counties.

Rockingham

Stafford

Chief Towns.
f" Portfmouth
-t Exeter
(^Concord
V Dover
\ Durham

Counties.
Hilliftjorough

Ghefliire

Graft

Chief Towns.

Amherft

Keeh

Charleflown

Hayerhill

Plymouth

Face of the Cgunthy. — This ftate has but about 18 miles of fea-
coaft, at its fouth-eaft corner. In this diftance there are feveral coves
for fifhing veffels j but the only harbour for fliips is the entrance o£
Pifcata(^ua river, the ftiores of which are rocky. The fliore is moftly
a Tandy beach, adjoining which are fait marfties, interfeaed by creeks.
From the fea no remarkable high lands, in New Hampftiire appear,
nearer than 20 or 30 miles. Tlie firll ridge, by the name of the
Blue Hills, paffes through Roche iter, Barrington, and Nottingham,
and the feveral fummits are diftinguiftied by different names. Be-
yond thefe are feveral higher detached mountains. Farther back,
the mountains rife liill higher, and among this third range, Chocorua,
Offapy, and Kyarfarge, are the principal. Beyond thefe is the lofty
ridge which divides the -branches of Conneaicut and Merrimack
iirvt3, vic::viiimaLcu iiic iicigriL ui x^uitu. J imiy iiiiics 11ur1.11 us

which is Sunapee, and 48 miles farther, in the fame direaicun, la

^K!^

ii4

nt^ nAi^v-Mttit

■«>(!

Moofehinock ifiofiK'.talh. The rldjte Is iheti tohtlnued iroi'llwflf, dlvltp
iftg the waters df the river Cwnnedtieut ffom thofe «f Saco And AmArif-
ctjggin. Here the mountains rife much higher, and the moft elevated
fummits in this rahge< are the White Mountain*. The krtd* \feA of
this la mentioned rang* of mduntaihs^ bordering dn CofHWifticut fiver^
are interfpflrfed with extenfive nieado>t8 M intervale*^ tich amd well
vtatered.

Mountains i-u-Nev/ Hfimpfttiffe is irttdrfefttfd by ftvetrfl ranges oi
lAountains, ambiig which Is the celebtated Momkdhockj whi<*h lies i§
miles north of the ibuthern boundary of the ftate, and 22 miles eaP of
Connedicut river. The elevation of this mountain above the level of
the fea, according to an exaft raenfuration, is 3254 feet. The bafe
of it is about five miles in diameterj from north to fouth, and three
from eaft to well. Its fummit is a bald rock j and on the fides are
fome appearances of the explofion of fubterraneous fire. In Weft
river mountain, adjoining Conneftlcut riv'jr, in the townfhip of Chef-
terfield, appearances of a fimilaf nature are more vifible. Frequent
explofions of fire and fmoke have been emitted from this tnountain,
and the like appearances have of late been obferved.

Offapy Mountain lies adjoinirtg thfe town of Moultonborougn, on the
north-eaft. in this town it is obl'erVed, that iit A north-eaft ftorm^jhe
wind falls over the mountain, like water over a dam, ahd with fuclt
violenccj as frequently td unroof houfes.

Modehillock Mourttain is the high«ft of thiJ chain, the White
Mourttahis excepted. It takes its tv&tne fiata the circurtiftance of itS
being a remarkable range ioi Moofe* This moatrtafirt is about 'jd^
miles weftward of the White Mountains. From its irofth-wcft fidC
flows Baker's river, a branch of J'emigeWaffet. Ort this ittOuntain
ftiow has been faen, from the town of Newbury, On the 50th of Jun€
and 3 1 11 of Auguft, and on the mountains intervenitlg, called TtiLti-
conla and Lincohi Mountains, fnow, it is faid, lies throughout the
W'hole year*

People who live near thefe mountains, by noticing the varlout
movements of attradted vapeurfc, cam form a pretty accurate judgment
of the weather j and they hence ftyle thefe mountains their Almanack.
If a cloud is attracted by a iftountain, and hovers on its top, they
predial rain ; and if, after rain, the mountain continues capped, they
exped a repetition of fliowers, A llorm is preceded for fevefal hottri
by a roaring of the mountain^ which may be heafrd at the diftiinoe of t9
or 1 2 miles.

But the White Mountains are by far the m®ft ftupendetft of aiiy JtV
this ftate or In New Unglatid, attd perhaps a«e the moft r^maspkable o#
any within the United States.

They are undoubtedly the high«ft land In New England^ Arid, irf
c^ear weather, arc difcovered before any other land^ by veflfels coming
lo to the eaAetn coaft ; but by reafon of their white appearance, are
frequently miftaken for cloudsi They are vifible on the land at the
dift^uce of 80 miles, on the fouth aiid fouth-eaft fides j they appear
lughcr when viewed from the north-eaft, and it I? faid, they are I'een

■ar-r^rtt ixl»^- m*j £-•*••"*••** ■■'*"*'^* ""* ■—--••••»■'-*-" ••*-■»• ^^^^— ^--,«_. ^ ... ........tz.. ...- - ^

them the name of Agiocochook : They had a very ancient tradition
that, their country was once dioivncd, witb.aUits Mihabiteints', cjieept

^IIW HAMPSHlRr.

Iwtlf, dlvld--
And AmArif"
aoft elevated
and* weft of
jfticuf river^
[ih mA well

^1 ranges 6^
vhldti lies idi
miles eaP of
; the level of
:. The bafc
h, and three
the fides are
e. In Weft
hip of Chef-
:. Frequent
lis tnountain,

rdugn, on the
ift ftorm^he
hd with fuclt

, iht White
(iftance of it*

is about 7^^
»rth-wcft fid«
his itt<mntain
5dth bf Juntf

called ^raft-
roughout the

the variouf
ate judgment
ir Almanack,
its top, thty-
capped, they
fevefal hottri
^iftiintie ef t9

©«? of my fi*
^tSisiikable of

land, dnd, Jrf
refliels coming
pearance, are
ifl land at the
■f they appear
they are feen
Indians ''avc
:ient tradition
ifeantji', cueept

«he Powaw and Ws wife, who, forcfceing the flood, fled to thefe
mountains, where they were prefcrved, and that from them the coun-
try wa» re-peopled. They have a fuperftitious veneration for the
fummit, as the habitation of invifible beings ; they never venture to
afcend it, and always endeavour to difluadc every one from the at-
tempt. From theiti, and the captives, whom they fometimes led ta
Canada through the paffcs of tliefe mountains, many fiaions have beet?
propagated, which have given rife to marvelous and incredible Itories ;
particularly, it has been reported, that at immcnfe and inacceflible
heights, there have bden feen carburicles, which are fuppofed to ap-
pear luminous in the night. Some writers, who have attempted to
give an account of thele mountains, have afcribcd the whitenefs ot
them to Ihining rocks, or a kind of white mofs j and the higheit fum-
mit has been deemed inacccflTible, on account of the extreme cold,,
which threatens to freeze the traveller in the midft of fumirier.

Nature has, indeed, in that region, formed her wOrks oii a large
fcale, and prefented to view niany objefts which do not drdinarily oc-
cur. A perfon who is unacquainted with a mountainous country, can-
not, upon his firft coming into it, make an adequate judgment of
heights and diftaucesj he will imagine every thing to be nearer and
lefs than it really is, until, by experience, he learns to correft his ap-
prehenfions, and acdommodale his eye to the magnitude and fituatioii
of the objefts around him. When amazement is excited by the gran-
deur and fublimity the fcenes prefented to view, it is neceffary to
curb the imagination, and exercife judgment with mathematical pre-i
Cifiouj or the temptation to romance will be in^iincible.

The White Mountains are the itioft elevated part of a ridge, which
extends north -eaft and fouth-wcft to an immenfe diftance. The area
of their bafe is an irregular figure, the whole circuit of which is not
lefs than 6o miles. The nuniber of furtimits within this area, cannot
at prefcnt be afcertained, the country around them being a thick wil-
dernefs. The greateft number which can be feen at once, is at Dart-
mouth, on the north-weft fide, where feven fummits appear at one
view, of which four are bald. Of thefe the three higheft are the moll
diftant, being on the eaftem fide of the clufter j one of ih"'? is the
mountain which makes fo majeftic an appearance all along the ftiore of
the eaftern counties of Maffachufetts : It has lately been diftinguifhcd
by the name of Mount Washington.

To arrive at the foot of this mountain, there is a continual afcent of
1 2 miles, from the plain of Pigwacket, which brings the traveller to
the height of land, between Saco and Amerifcoggin rivers. At this
height there is a level of about a mile fquare, part of which is a mea-
dow, fornlerly a beaver pond, with a dam at each end. Here, though
elevated more than 3000 feet above the level of the fea, the traveller
finds himfelf in a deep valley. On the eaft is a fteep mountain, out:
of which iffuc feveral fprings, one of which is the fountain of Ellis
River, a branch of Saco, " which runs fouth j another of Peabody
River, a branch of Amerifcoggin, which runs north. From this mea-
dow, towards the weft, there is an uninterrupted afcent, on a ridge be-
tween two deep guUeys, to the fummit of Mount Wafhington.

The lower part of the mountain is fhaded by a thick growth of
fpruce and fir. The furface is compofed of rocks, covered with very

k26

MW HAMPtai&I*

■H^^D^

^Bl

Jong, green mofs, which extends from one rock t« iMther, aad is, li
many places, fo thick and ftronjr, as to bear a Jian's weight. This
iromenfe bed of mofs, fcrvcs as a fponge, to retain the moifturc brou^kt •
by the clouds and vapours, which are frc ^ ently rifing and gathering
round tlie mountains j the thick growth of wood prevents the rays of
the fun from penetrating to exhale it •, fo that there is a conftant fup.
ply of water depofited in the crevices of the rocks, and iffuing in the
form of fprings from every part of the mountain.

The rocks which compofie the furface of the mountain, are, in fome
parts, flate, in others flint j fome fpecimens of rock cryftal have been
found, but of no great value. No lime-ftone has yet been difcovered,
though the moft likely rocks Ktve been tried with aquafortis. There
is one precipiccy on the eaftern fide, not only completely perpcndicu-
lar» but compofed of fquare ftones, a* regular as a piece of mafonry ^
it is about five feet high, and from 15 to 20 in length. The upper,
moll rocks of the mountain, are the common quartz, of a dark grey
colour J when broken, they (how very fraaU ftiining fpecks, but there
is no fuch appearance on the exterior part. The eaftern fide of the
mountain rifes in an angle of 45 degrees, and requires fix or fevea
hours of hard labour to afcend it. Many of the precipices arc fo ftecp
as to oblige the traveller to ufe his hands, as well as his feet, and to
hold by the trees, which diminilh in fize, till they degenerate into
flirubs and bulhes ; Above tliefe, are low vines, fome bearing red, and
•ther blue berries ; and the uppermoft vegetation is a fpecies of grafi,
called winter-grafs, mixed with the mofs of the rocks.

Having furmounted the upper and fteepeft precipice, there is a large
arta, called the Plain. It is a dry heath, compofed of rocks covered
with niofs, and bearing the appearance of a pafture, in the beginning
•f the winter feafon. In fome openings, between the rocks, there arc
Springs of water, in others, dry gravel. Here the grous or heath-biri
reforts, and is generally out of danger. The fugar loaf, which ftand»
•n this plain is a pyramidal heap of grey rocks, which, in fome
places, are formed like winding fteps. The traveller, having gjuncd
the furamit, is recompenfed far his toil, if the iky be ferene, with a
moft noble and extenfive profpeft. On the fouth-eaft fide there is a view
•f the Atlantic ocean, the neareft part of which is 65 miles in a direft
line. On the Vreft and north the profpeft is bounded by the high
lands which feparatc the waters of Connefticut and Amerifcoggin ri-'
vers from thofe of Lake Champlain and the St. Lawrence. On the fotith,
it extends to the farthermoll mountains of New Hampfhire, compie-
iiending a view of the lake Winipifeogee. On every fide of thefc
mountains arc long winding gulleys, beginning at the p.ecipicc below
the plain, and deepening in the defcent. In wivAur, the fnow lodge*
in thefe gulleys, and being driven by the north weft and north-eaft wind
from the top, is deepeft in thofe which are fituated on the foutherly
fide. It is obferved to lie longer in the fpring on the fouth, than or
the north-weft fide, which is the cafe with many other hills in New
Hampfliire. ^ . .

During the period of nine or ten months, the mountains exhibit
more or lefs of that bright appearance, from which they are deno-
mnated White. In the fpring, when tUc fuow is partly diiToivcd, they

J*-*-'

her, a«d fs, li
weight. This
>ifture brougkt •
and gathering
nts the rays ot
a conftant fup.
1 iiTuing in the

NCW HAMNRIKI.

127

fly are,

in fome
rftal have been
ten difcovered,
fortls. There
:ly perpendicu-
;e of mafonryj
1. The upper-
of a dark grey
:ck.s, but there
tern fide of the
res fix or fevea
CCS arc fo ftecp
his feet, and to
degenerate into
learing red, and
pecies of grafs^

there is a large
: rocks covered
n the beginning
rocks, there arc
IS or heath-bird
if, which ftand*
vhich, in feme
r. having gained
e ferene, with a
[e there is a view
[niles in a dired
ed by the high
^mcrifcoggin ri-i
e, Onthefottth^
ipfhire, comprc-*
;ry fide of thefe
p.ecipice below
the fnow lodge*
1 north-eaft wind
on the foutherly
le fouth, than on
her hills in New

loruntains exhibit

they are deno-

[j diiTolved, they

appear •f a pale blue, ftreaked with white ; and after it is wholly
fone, at the diftance of 6o miles, they are altogether of the fame pale
Slue, tiearly approaching a IKy colour j while, at the fame time, view-
ed at the diftance of eight miles, or lefs, they appear of the proper co-
lour of the rock. Thefe changes arc obferved by peopk who live
•within conftant view of them •, and from thefe fafts and obfervations,
it may with certainty be concluded, that the whitcnefs of them U
wholly caufed by the fnow, and not by any other white iubllance } for
in fa6l there is none,

The height of the mountain was computed, in round numbers, at
5500 feet above the meadow in the valley below, and uearly 10,000
feet above the level of the fea, . . ^

Thefe vaft and irregular heights, being copioufly repleniftied with
water, exhibit a great variety of beautiful cafcades, fome of which
fall in a perpendicular Iheet or fpout, others, are winding and floping,
•thers fpread, and form a bafon in the rock, and then gufh in a cata-
raft over its edge. To encompafs thefe n^ountains^ ^s the roads arc
laid out through the eaftern and weftern paffes, and round the north-
ern fide of the whole clufter, it is neceiTary to travel mpre than 70
miles, and to ford eight confiderable rivers, befides many fmaller
ftreams. The diftance between the heads of rivers, which purfue
fuch different courfes, from this immenfe elevation, and which fall in^
to the fea fo many hundred miles ^funder, is fo fmall, that a traveller
may, in the courfe of one day, drink the waters of Saco, Amerifcog-
jin, and Connefticut rivers. Thefe waters are all perfectly limpid
and fwect, excepting on^; brook, on the eaftern fi4? of Mount Wa(h-
ington, which has a faponaceous tafte, and is covered with a very thick
and ftrong froth. It is faid, that there is a part of the mountain
where the magnetic needle refufcs to travcrfe ^ this is probably caufed
by a body of iron ore. It is alio faid that a mineral, fuppofed to be
lead, has been difcovered near the eaftern pafs j but th^t the fpot can-
not now be found. What ftores the bowels of thefe mountains con-
tain, tim« muft unfold, all fearches for fubterraneous treafures having
hitherto proved fruitlefs. The moft certain riches which they yield
are frelhcts, which bring down the foil to the intervals below, and
form a fine mould, producing, by the aid of cultivation, corn and
herbage in the moft luxuriant plenty. Almoft every thing in nature,
which can be fuppofed capable of infpiring ideas of the mblime and
beautiful, is in fa6l here realized. Aged mountains, ftupendous eleva-
tions, rolling clouds, impending rocks, verdant woods, cryftal ftreams,
%he gentle nil, and the roaring torrent, aH coafpire to amaze, to foothe,
and to enrapture *.

Rivers.— The moft confiderable rivers of this ftate arc, Connefti-
cut, Amerifcoggin, Saco, Merrimack, Pifcataqua, Upper and Lower
Amonoofuck, befides many other fmaller ftreams.

Connefticut river, as before obferved, is fettled all the way nearly
to its fource. It extends abng the wellern fide of New Hamplhirc
about 170 miles, and then paiTes into Maffachufetts. It receives from.

* The reader will find an elegant drrcription of there mouctaini in the third vo-
kffwt tf Or. Btiksap'* HHuj tf New Hampftirc, from wbicK the alisve it cooipiMt

«r

'ilt

12$ NIW UAMrSHIMU

New Hampflure Upper Amonoofuck, which paffes through f xcellent
meadows ; Ifrael river, a romantic rtream, bordered with fine land, ai
is John's river, a deep muddy ftream, 25 or 30 yards v-ide, 6 miles be.
low Ifrael river. This country is called Upper Coos. Juft above th«
town of Haverhill in Lower Coos, falls in Great or Lower Amonoo-
fuck, 100 yards wide, »nd which, two miles from its mouth, receivei
"Wild Amonoofuck, 40 yards wide, from Franconia and Lincoln moun-
tains. Two or three hours heavy rain raifcs the water in this river fe.
veral feet, and occafions a current fo furious, as to put in motion ftones
of a foot in diameter •, but its violence foon fubfides. Proce«ding
fouth to the Maffachufctts line, you pafs Sugar, Cold^ and Alhutlot
livers.

At Walpole is a rcmjirkable fall, formerly known by the name of
the Great Fall, now denonainated BeUows's Falls. The breadth of
the river above them is, in fome places, 22, in others not above 16
rods. The depth of the channel is about .'• 5 fcet, and commonly ruai
full of water.

This beautiful river, in its whole length, is lined on each fide with
a great number of the moft flourilhing and pleafajvt towns in tiic United
States. In Its whole courfe it preferves a diftanqe of from 80 to 100
miles from the fea coart.

Merrimack River is formed by the confluence of Pemigewaffet an^
Winnipfeogee rivers j the former is a very rapid river, and i'pring$
from a white mountain, weft of the noted mountains of that name •,
*ind before it joins the Winnipifeogce branch, it receives from the wefl,
JBaker's River, a pleafant ftream, 40 miles in length, and feveral
fmaller ftreams. The Winnipifeogce branch, fifes Kpm the lake of
the fame name. T^e ftream which ilTues from the lake is fraall, ani
in its courfe pafTes through a bay I2 miles loiig, and from three to
£ve broad. A few miles from its entrance into the Pemigewaffet, is a
place called the Wares, remarkable for the number of £(h which are
here caught. The river is fo wide and ftiallow, that the fifhermcn
turn the courfe of it, in a fl\ort time, or comprefs it into a narrow
channel, where they fix their gill nets, and take the fifli as they pa(s
up the ftream. After the Pemigewaffet receives the waters of Winni-
pifeogee, it takes the name of Merrimack j and after a courfe of about
90 miles, firft in a foutlierly, and then in an £afterly direction, an4
pafling over H.ookfet, Arauftteag, and PantUcket Falls, empties int»
the fea at Newburyport. From the weft it receives Blackwater,
Contoocook, Pifcataquoag, Souhegan, Nathua, and Concord rivers j
from the eaft, Bowcook," Suncook, Cohas, Beaver, Spicket, and
Powow rivers. Contoocook heads, near Monadnock mountain, is very
rapid, and 10 or 12 miles from its mouth is 100 yards widt. Juft before
its entrance into the Merrimack, it branches and forms a beautiful
ifland of about five or fix acres.

A bridge has lately been projefted over Amuflteag Falls, 556 feet
in length, and 80 feet wide, fupported by five piers, and an abutment
pn each fide : the top of the bridge is 30 feet from the bottom of the

vrete ufed. And what is remarkable, this bridge is faid to have been
rendered paffablefor travellers, in 57 days after it was begun. Other

rough f xc«lient
ith Bne Und, at
.ide, 6 miles be.
Juft above th«
^ower Amonoo.
mouth, rcceivei
i X^iocoJn moun-
in this river fe*
in motion ftoti^
JS. Proceeding
4^ and Aihu«lot

by the name of

The breadth of

:rs not above 1$

i comiQonly ruai

each fide with

ns in ttvc UDite4

from 80 to 100

emige.W'iifret an4
ver, and I'pringi
s of that name ;
cs from the weft.
;th, and feveral
rpm the lake of
ike is fmall, an4
1 from three ta
emigewafTet, is a
if £lh which are
It the fifhermen
t into a narrow
: iifh as they pals
waters of Winni-
a courfe of about
y direction, an^
Us, empties into
ves Blackwater,
Concord rivers ;
r, Spicket, and
uountain, is very
widt. Jull before
3rms a beautiful

,g Falls, 5s6 feet
and an abutmeuC
Ke bottom of the
o tons of timber
faid to have been
IS begun. Other

{NEW HAMfSHIRE. 'M

three brI4g« ^avc alfo lately been built acrofs thli river j one at
CnncnrA and two in Maffachufetts. r . . »t

^The Pi?cataqua is the only large river whofe whole courfcu m New
Hampdure. Its head is a poud in the north-eall corner ot ^^t ton u of
WakSicld, and its general courfe thence, to the Tea, w fouth fouth-
c^ about 40 mile..^ It divides New Ha»plhire from > ork county
in the Diftria of Maine, *nd i» called Salmon Uil River, fromUj
head to the lower falls at Berwick -, where U alfumes the name ot
Newichawamiock, which it bean till it meets with Cochecho Uiver,
which comes from Dover, when both run together in o»e cban.«.'l, t»
Hilton's Poiat, where the wellcrn branch nWJCts it. l-iom thia
junaion to the lea, the river is fo rapid th»t it "ever freezes; tuf
diftancc is fcven miles, and the couife gewrally from fontb to louth-
eaft. The wcftern branch is fonjtied by Swapnlc«t River, which coraej
from Exeter, Winuicot River, which copies through Greenland, and
Lamprey River, which divides Newmarket from Durham. 7 liefe
empty into a bay four miles wide, called the Grcut Bay. The water,
in its farther progref^, is contraaed iato a leffiur bay, and then it
receives Oyller River, which runs through Durham, ar.d Back River,
which comes from Dover, and at length i.ieet« with the main ftrt am
at Hilton's Point. The tide rifes into all thefe bays, and branches
as far as the lower falls in each river, and forptis a moll rapid current,
cfpecially at the feafon of the frelhets, when the ebb continues about
two hours longer than the flood ; and were it not for the numerous
eddies, formed by the indpntings of the Qjore, the ferries would almofl
be impalTable.

At the lower falls in the feveral branches of the river, are landing
places, whence lumber and other produce is tranfported, and veffels
pr boats from below difcharge their lading : fo that in each river there
is a convenient trading place, not mor* than twelve or fifteen nuleB
dillant from Portfmouth, with which there is conftant communication
by every tide. Thus the river, from its form, and the fituation of its
branches, is es^trcmely favourable to the purpofes of nfivigation and
commerce.

At Dover is a high peck of land between the main branch of Pifca-
faqua and Back River, about two miles long, and half a mile wide,
rifing gently along a fine rgad, and gradually declining on each fide.
It commands an extenfive and variegated prpfpea of the rivers, bays,
adjacent ihores, and diliant mountains. |t has often been admired by
travellers as an elegant fituation for a city, and by military gentlemen
for a fortrefs. The firft fettlers pitched here, bjit the trade has long C
fince been removed to Cochecho Falls, aboqt four miles farther up >
and this beautiful fpot is almoft deferted of inhabitint?.

Amerlfcoggin and Saco Rivers, are properly in the Diflrift of Main,
Kinder which head they will be obliervpd.

Lakes. — ^Winnipifeogee Lake, is the largefl collcaion of water ia
New Hamplhire. It is about 24 aailes in length, from fouth-caft to
north-weft, and of very unequal breadth, from three to twelve miles.
It is full of iflands, and is fupplied with numerous rivulets from the
iurromiding mountains. This l^e is frojteji abput three months in the
year, and wany fleighs and teams, from the circumjacent towns, crofs
It on the ice. In fummcr it is navigable its whole length. ITic land-

i''i

f.i

IJ* ffXW HAMPSHim.

ingon tlie fouth-eaft fide of the lake is 26 miles from Dorer lanLdin|r;
where the tide flows.

The other confiderable lakes, are Umbagog, In the north-eaft cor-
nier of the ftate, and partly in the Diftrift of Maine, Squam, Sunna-
pee, and Great Offapy.

Soil and Production^. — ^Of thefe there are a variety in this ftate.
The intervale lands upon the margin of the large rivers are the moft
Valuable, becaufc they are overflowed and enriched every year, by the
■water from the uplands, which brings down a fatflime or fediment.
Tliere are generally two ftrata of intervale lands, on the borders of the
large rivers, one is overflowed every year, the other, which is confi-
iierably higher, only in very high frelhets. Thefe intervale lands arc
of various breadths, according to the near or remote fituation of the
hills. On Connefticut River, they are from a quarter of a mile to a
mile and a ha]^ on each fide j and it is pbfervable, that they yield
wheat in greater abundance and perfeftion than the fame kind of foil
«aft of the height of land. Thefe lands, in every part of the ftate,
jield all the other kinds of grain, in the greateft perfeftion j but are
not fo good for pafture as the uplands of a proper quality. The wide
ipreading hills are generally much efteemed as w^rm and rich j rocky,
raoift land, ic accounted good for pafture j drained fwamps have a
deep mellow foil j and the valleys between hills are generally very pro.;
duftive.

Apples and pears are the moft common, and the principal fruits cul-
tivated in this ftate. No good huftaandman thinks his farm complete
without an orchard.

Agriculture is the chief bufinefs of the inhabitants of this ftate.
Beef, pork, mutton, poultry, wheat, rye, Indian corn, barley, pulfc,
butter, cheefe, flax, hemp, hops, efculent plants and roots ; articles
vrhich will always find a market, may be produced in abundance ir^
New Hampftiire.

Trade, &c. — The inhabitants in the fouth-wcftera quarter of this
ftate, generally carry their produce to Bofton. In the middle and
northern part, as far jas the Lower Coos, they trade at Portfmouth.
Above the Lower Coos, there are yet no convenient r o^d* dire Aly t«
the fca coaft, which circumftance may probably be afligned as a fea-
I'on for their trade being carried to fo diftant quarters. The people
on the upper branches of Saco River, find their neareft market at
Portland, in the Diftrift of Maine j and thither the inhabitants of
Upper Coos have generally carried their produce j fome have gone in
the other direftion to New York market. From a furvey lately made,
it was found that a road from the upper Amonoofuck, which empties
into Connedicut River, to the head of navigation, in Kennebeck
River, %vould be very prafticable j the diftance 80 or 90 miles •, as a
third part of that diftance from Kenebeck, is already roads and fettle-
nients.

The ftaple commodities of New Hampfliirc are ftiips, lumber, pro-
vlfions, filh, horfes, pot and pearl aflies, and flax feed : all of which
compofe part of their exports. Dried fifti furnifties a capital article
of export •, as do alfo pickled fifti, fuch as falmon, ftiad, the alewifc,
urticles of import cosifiil cnicfly vt. ruin, wine, port?r,

i.UC

iilii

)over landing,

lorth-eaft cor-
^uam, Sunna-

f in this ilate.
s are the moil
f year, by the
e or fediihent.
borders of the
vhich is confi-
i^ale lands are
tuation of the
of a mile to a
hat they yield
le kind of foil
t of the ftate,
ition j but are
y. The wide
rich J rocky,
A'amps have a
ally very pro-

Ipal fruits cul-
:arm complete

of this ftate.

barley, pulfe,

oots ; articles

abundance ii^

[uarter of this,
le middle and,
t Portfmouth.
jd* direAly t«
gned as a tea-
The people
reft market at
inhabitants of
have gone in
y lately made,
vhich empties
in Kennebeck
io miles *, as a
ids and fcttle-

kmber, pro-
all of which
:apjtal article
, the alewife,

1««W HAMMHIRB- *3*

MbMcs unrtffined and loaf fugar, coffee, cotton, tea, nails, &c.
Ihe vie of thefe imports are' generally regulated by the Boftoa
marklt. Ships are built m all the towns cont.gixous to the river Pifca-
^a a;d its branches, and their number has of late greatly encreafed
and their purpofes are highly encouraged, which clearly ev^n<=; t^at
the fuecefs of their fiftieryf which is another important branch of their
trade, is rapidly advancing. ,

The different manufadures arc pot and pearl afties, maple lugar,-
bricks and pottery, and fome iron, not fufficient, howev-.r, tor home
confumption, though it might be made an article o^ exportation.

B^NK.— The Bank of New Hampftiire, was eftabliftied at Portf-
mouth in 179^, which is declared to continue 50 years j under the
management of a Prefident, and fevcn diredors. The capital ftock
is 60,000 dollars; and the ftockholders have liberty to increafe it to
300.000 dollars fpecie, and ioo,poo dollars in any other ftate. ^

Religion, Ckaractm, &c.— The inhabitants of New Hampnure,.
like the fettlers in. all new countries, are, in general, a hardy, robutt,
adive, brave people. The advantages of early education have not
been fo generally enjoyed as could have been wilhed, in confequence
•f which there has hitherto been a deficiency of perfons properly
qualified to fill the various departments of government. But fmce the
revolution, the means of information and improvement have been m-
creafed and extended, and this political evil in a great meafure reme-

<iied. .

The free Indulgence of fpirltous liquors, has been, and is ftfll, one
•f the greateft faults of many of the people of New Hampftiire, efpe-
cially in the neighbourhood of the river Pifcataqua and its branches,
and wherever the bufinefs of getting lumber forms the principal em-
ployment of the people. In travelling up the country, it affords plea-
fure to obfcrve the various articles of produce and manufadure coming
to market ; but in travelling down the country, it is equally difguftful
to meet the fame teams returning, loaded with cafki of rum, along
with fifh, fait, and other necellary articles. Among huft)andmen, cy-
der is the common drink. Malt liquor is not fo frequently ufed as its
wholeforacnefs deferves. But after all, there are no perfons more ro-
buft and healthy than thofi^ whofe only or principal drink is the fim-
ple element, with which nature has univerfally and bountifully fup-
plied this happy land.

The principal denominations of Chriftians in this ftate, are Congre-i
gationalifts, Prefl)yterians, Epifcopalians, Baptifts, and Quakers.
Thf -e is a fmall fociety of Sandemanians, and another of Univerfal-
ifts, in Portfmouth.

The people in general throughout the ftate, are profeffors of the
Chriftian reli^on, in fome form or other. There is, however, a fort
af wife men^ who pretend to rejeft it j but they have not yet beca
able to fubftitute a better in its place.

The citizens of this ftate have lately formed for themfelvcs a new
republican conftitution. of government, upon the fame general princi-
ples with their former one.

College, Academies, &c. — The only college in this ftate is in the
t<)wnlhip of Hanover, iituatcd on » beautiful plain about lulf a mile

•«?■

t
i

ffpf"

I ^

) ■ 1 :^'f

{liMi ; i '

m^yi

iji

NlW HAM^SHfit;

eaft of Conneaicut River, called Dartmouth College, after the Right
Hon. Wllliarri, Earl of Dartmouth, who was one of ks principal be.
uefa-flors. It was founded by the late pidus and benevolent Dr. Eles.
zer Wheelock, who, in 1769, obtained a royal chartef, whereiir
ample privileges Were granted, and fultable provlfiorts niade for th«!
education and inftruftion of youth of th* Indian tribes, in reading,
writing, and all parts of learning which Ihould aippear neceffary for ci-
villzing the children of Pagans, aS well as in all liberal arts anil
fciences, and alfo of Britifh youths and any Others. The Very humane
and laudable attempts which have been made to chrittianize and edu-
cate the Indians, have not, through their native ufttraftablenefs, bee*
crowned with that fuccefs which was hoped and expefted. Its fitua-
niort, in a frontier courttry, tfxpofed it, during the late war, to many
IncoAVenlencies, Which impeded its profperity. It fldurilhed, however,
amidft all its embarraffmentSj and is tidw otie of the itibft growing fc-
minaries in the United States.

The funds of this colleg* confift chiefly of latiddj ' hich are increaf-
ing in value, in proportion to the growth of the country.

The ftudents are under the immediate government and ihftrtiftion of
a prefident, who is alfo profeffor of hiftory, rtistthematiesj natural phi-
lofophv, and of languages ; and t\Vd tutors.

Th'- college is furniihcd with a handfome library, and a philofbphical
apparatus tolerably coraplete. A new college, built of wood, 150 by
50 feet, and three ftoreys high, was erefted in 1786, containing 3^'
foofns for ftudeftts. Its fituatiort is elevated, healthful, stnd pleafant^
commanding art exteflfive profpetl: to the weft. There arc three other
public buildings belflnging to th<J college.

There are a number of academies in this ftftte j the prhicipal of
which is at Exeter, which Was incorporated by aft of aflembly in
178*, by the name of " Phillips's Exeter Academy." It i« a very
refpcftable and ufeful irtftitution, urtder the infpeftion of a board of
truftees, and the immediate government and ittftrutliort of » preceptor
and aft affiftant. It has a fund of 15,000!., a part of ^vhieh is in lands
not yet produftivc. , . . .

At New Ipfwich is an academy, which was incorporated in 1789 ;
and is faid to have a fund of about loool. j but few fcholars.

There is another academy at Atkinfon, incorporated in 1790, whick
has 1000 acres of land annexed to it.

At Amherft is an academy, incorporated in 1791, by the name of
the " Aurean Academy." Similar inftitutions are forming at Char-
Icftown, Concord, ard other place*, which, with the peculiar attcn-
tlon which has lately been paid to fchools, by the legiflature, anrf
the eftablifhment of focial libraries in feveral towns, afford a pleafing
profpccl of the inereafe of literature and ufeful knowledge in this ftatc.
Chief Tc«\ns.— Portfmouth is the largeft town in this ttatc. It iti
about two miles from the fea, on the fouth fide of Pifcataqua river.-
It contains near 700 dwelling houfes, and nearly as many other build-
ings, bcfides thofc for pubhc ufcs, which are three congregational
churches, one epifcopal, one univerfallft, a ftatc-houfe, market-houfe,
four fchool-houfes, and a work-houfe.

Its harbour is one of the fincft on the continent, having a fufficient

of ar.v b«rtb«n. It is defended againll

depth

•.T;iic;

f^_ avi.

NEW HAMVSHIK.C.

135

waf , to many

;h are increaf-

fiorms by the aajacent land, in fuch a manner, as that ftiips tnay fe-
Jurav ride there m any feafon of the year. Befides, the harhour is la
well fovuficd by nature that very little art would be neceffary to render
it impregnable. Its vicinity to the fea renders it very convement tor
wral trade. A Ught-bpufe, with a fingle light. Hands at the entrance
•f the harbour. Ships of w« have been built here 5 among others, the
America, of 74 Runs, launched November, 1783. and prefentcd to
Ihe king of France, by the Congrefs of the United State,. 1 he
rowing commerec of this pprt ip daily improving, as an inltance ot
which, the number .of its (hips in 1797 was 66, and in I79»» *»»«
courfe of one year only, they multiplied to 96. , /. '

• Exeter.— This town is 15 miles fouth^wcll from Portlmouth, litu-
4ited at the bead of navigation, upon Swamfcpt, or Exeter River. The
4idc rifeshere u feet, it is well lituated for a, manufaaunng town, and
has already fix faw-mills, a fulUng-mill, flitting- n>jll, papcr-mai, Inult-
•piill, two chocolate and 10 grill -mills, iron works, and two pnntmg-
'd^ffices. The public buildings are two Qongregational churches, a new
and elegant academy edifice, a new and handiome coyrt-houfc, antf
a gaol. The public offices of the Hate arc kept here. Formerly this
town was fainou? for Ihip-building, byt this bufinefs hw not flourilhed
ifince its inter ruptio;! by the late war, . k

; Concord h a pleafant, flouaOiing, inland town, fituated on the weft
bank of Merrimack River, J4 miles weft-north-welt from Portfmouth.
The general court, of l»te, ha.ve commonly held their feflions here j
- »nd from its central fituation, and a thriving back country, it will pro-
bably foon become the permanent feat of government. Much of the
trade of the upper country centers in this town.

Dover, Amherft, Keen, Charlefton, Plymouth, end Haverhill,
ftre the other moft confiderablc towns in this ftate. Haverhill is a
new, thriving town, on the eait fide of Connedlicut River, in l.owei-
.Coos. It is the moll confiderablc town in the county of Grafton, and
has a well conftru6lcd court-houfe and a congregational ch»r.cji. In it
is a bed of iron ore, which has yielded fome profit to the proprietor •,
alfo a quarry of free-ftone, from which the people are fupplied with
chimney-pieces, hc:arth-fl;ones, &c. It has alio a fulling-mill and an
•ilmill, and raan» other excellent mill feaU.

Curiosities.— In the townlhip of Chefter, on the main road from
Haverhill to Concord, is a circular eminence, half a mile in diameter,
and 400 feet high, called Rattlefnake Hill. On the fouth fide, 10
I yards from its bale, is the entrance of a cave called the Devil's Den,
in which is a room 15 or 20 feet fquare and 4 feet high, floored and
circled by i regular rock, from the upper part of which are dependent
many excrefcences^ nearly in the form and fize of a pear, and, when
approached by a torch, throw out a fparkling and beautiful luftre.

In the town of Durham is a rock, computed to weigh, 60 or 70 tons.
It lies fo exaftly poifed on another rock, as to be very eafily moved.
It is on the top of a hill, and appears to be natural. In the townlhip
of Atkinfon, m a large meadow, there is a fmall illand of fix or feven
acres, which was formerly loaded with valuable pine timber, and other
foreft wood. When the meadow is overflowed, by Bieans of an arti-
Ifial lUum, this iilaai riljes mik the water, which is i'«meuaif»;£x.

^34

•ISTKICT Cr IJAINI.

feet. Near the middle of the ifland is a fmall pond, which has hee^
gradually leffening ever fince it was known, and is now almoft covered
%kh verdure. In this place a pole 50 feet long has difappeared,
without finding bottom. In the water of that pond, there have becii
fi{h in plenty, which, when the meadow has been overflowed, have
appeared there, and when the water has been drawn off, have been
left on the meadow, at which time the ifland fettles to its ufual place.

Canal. — In the year 179 1, a canal was cut through the matflieg,
•which opens an inland navigation, from Hampton, through Salilbury,
into Merrimack Riyei-,Jor about eight miles. By this paffage, load-
ed boats may be conduced with the utmqft eafe and fafety.

History. The firft difcovery made by the Englifh of any part of

New Hanipfhire, was in 1614, by Captain John Smith, who ranged
the (bore from Penobfcot to Cape Cod'j and, in his route, difcovere*
the river Pifcataqua. On his return to England, he published a dc-
fcription of the country, with a map of the coaft, which he prefented
to Prince Charles, who gaye it the name of New England. The firft
fettlement was made in 1623. . . . .

New Hampftiire was for may years under the jurifdi£lion of the Go-
vernor of Maffachufetts, although they had a feparate and diftinft
legiflature. They ever bore a proportional (hare of the expences and
levies in all enterprifes, expeditions, and military exertions, whether
planned by the colony or the crown. In every tta^e of the oppoiition
that was made to the encroachments of the Britilh parliament, tlie
people, who ever had a high fenfe of liberty, cheerfully bore their
part. At the commencement of hoftilities, indeed, while their coun-
cil was appointed by royal mandamuiy their patriotic ardour was
. checked by thefe crown officers. But when freed from this reftraint,
they flew eagerly to the American ftandard, when the voice of thwf
country declared for war j and their troops had a large ftiare of th<
hazard and fatigue, as well as of the glory of accoroplifliung the lat^
revolution^ ' ' •

DISTRICT OF MAINE.

Situation and Extint.

Miles.

Average length 200 7 u * V 4° 29' and io<^ 15' E. Ion. fromPbi-

Avera^e breadth 2003 ^ ^^*" t43^ *"4 4^? 15' N. lat. [ladelphia.
Contaiiung 40,000 fquare' miles, or 25,600,000 acres.

Boundaries. — ^The Diftrift of Maine, belonging to MaflachufcttJ,
but which is flioftly expefted to be erefted into a feparate ftate, is
bounded, north, by Lower Canada, from wl;iich it is feparated by the
high lands r, eaft, by the river St. Croix, and a line dirawn due north
from its fource to the faid high lands, which divides it from the Pro-
vince of New Brunfwick ", louth, by the Atlantic Ocean j welt, by
New Hampfliire, ixom which it is divided for about 40 miles, by Pif-
(pata^ua River > and thence by a line drawn north, two dcgrsei wtfl

*-;v

iiWi*'

miiiKict or MAOtrL

vliJch has htc^
almoft covered
as difappeared,
here have been
rerflowed, have
t off, have been
its ufual place,
gh the matflies,
ough Salilbury,
s pafiage, load-
fety.

I of any part of
th, who ranged
mte, difcovered
published a de<
Ich he prefented
.AND. Thefirft

ftion of the Go-
ate and diiUnd
he expences and
jrtions, whether
of the oppoiitibn
parliament, tKe
rfiilly bore their
vhile their coun-
)tic ardour was
}m this reftraint,
le voice of theiii
irge (hare of the
ipUftiing the late

E. Ion. fromPhl-
. lat. [ladelphiit

too acres.

to MaffachufettJ,

feparatc ftate, is

s feparated by the

! drawn due north

i it from the Pro-

Ocean i wett, by

40 miles, by Pif*

two dcgrsei wtj^

,.b6ut 120 «iles, U latitude 45« 3°' no'^h, to the Prdvincc of Lower

^^The'oid Province of Maine (included in the above limits) »
bounded on the weft by New Hamplhire •, fouth by the Atlantic
Ocean? and north and north-eaft, by the land called m fome maps
Sagadahock. It was fuppofed, at the time ^^ "^^""8 ™^;v,*C
Vin?e, to have been I20 miles fquardj bvitby a. fettleiuent of the Ime
,7x737! on the part or fide adjoining New Harnpfh.re the forrn of
the land was reduced from a fquare to that of a diamond. The Old
Province of Maine contained, therefore about 9,6oo fquare miles.
Divisions.— The Dillrift of Maine is divided into five counties, viz.

Counties.

York
Cumberland

Lincoln

Hancoc
"Waftungton

thief Towns.

York

Portland
r Pownalborough
} Hallowell
(^ WaldoborougH

Penobfcot

Machias

Face of the Country, Soit, and Climate.— The diftrift bf Maine;
though an elevated traft of country, cannot be called mountaittous:
A great proportion of the lands are arable and exceedingly fertile,
•articularly between Penobfcot and Kennebeck riverSi On fome parts
of the fea coaft, the lands are but indifferent j but this defeft might
eafiiy be remedied, by manuring it with a marine vegetable, called
rock-weed, which grows on the rocks between high and low water*
taatk, all aloiig the ihores, and frdm the niufcle beds which ^re formed
«n the flats and iii coves on various parts of the fea ft^ore. Thfs rock-
weed makes a moft excellent manure, and the fupply is immenfe; It
generally grows, in this diftria, on all the (hores that are wafhed^ by
the fea j and the breadth of the border is in proportion to the height
the tide rifes, which, in the eaftcrn part of the diftria, is nearly 30
feet. It is eftimated that there ate 4000 acres of this rock-weed on
this coaft, and that each acre will produce annually 20 loads, making
in the whole Sojdoo loads of the beft manure, 10 loads of whi«h, fpread
upon an acre, is reckoned fufficient for three years. The country has
a large proportion of dead fwamps, and funken lands, which are eafiiy
drained, and leave a rich, fat foil. The interior country is univcrfally
reprefented as being of an excellent foil, well adapted both for tillage
and pafture. The lands in general are eafiiy cleared, having but little
under brufti.

The diftria of Maine may naturally be confidcred in three divifions.
The firft, comprehending the traa lying eaft of Penobfcot river, o£
tbout 4,500,000 acres— The fecond, and beft traa, of about 4,000,000
acres, lying between PonObfcot and Kenncbeck rivers — The third, firlk
fettled and moft populous at prefent, weft of Kennebcck river, con-
taining alio about 4,000,000 acres.

The feafon for vegetation, in the northern part of this country, is
about fifteen days ftiorter than it is in the fouthern, or rather louth-

which falls in the various parts of it.

fit

Al-h

'Mil

J36 «iivRrcT or MAiwr.

The foil on the fea coaft is hard, and reluflant M the plough « (j^
farther back from the fea, it is produftive j and the crops of grain art'
equal to any that can be procured in the weftern parts of New Eng.
land. This is, hr wever, but a late difcovery j for, until the Americat
revolution, the greater part of the brf""l «^hich TVft". confutiied in the
diilrift was brought from the middle

The weathf;r in the Diftrid of Mfei . , .i t»^ell as in every part of
North America, in found to be colder, .:.i«»n it is ift the fame degree of
latitude on the other continent.

However difagreeable the winters of a northern climate may be,
yet the northern pwt of every country is mere healthy than that part
which is nearer to the equator j as it is well known that the human race
has encreafed between the 40th and 50th degrees of latitude, much be-
yond what it has any where'elfe.

The weather in this country is more regular in the winter than in
more fouthern itates> The cold commences about the middle of De-
cember, and fpring opens the lail of March j" during this time the ponds
and frefli water rivers are paffable on the ice, and fleighing continues
uninterrupted by thaws, which are common in the fhree fouthern New
England States. Although vegetation, in the fpring, commencer
c;irlier in thefe ftatesthan irt the Diftrift of Maine, yet in the tatter it
is much more rapid. The elevation of the laiwls, in general, the pu;
rity of the air, which is rendered fweet and falubrious by the balfamic
rjualitics of many of the foreft trees j the limpid ftreams, both large
and fmall, wliich abundantly water this country, and the regularity of
the weather, all unite to render this one of the healthieft countries in
the world.

Rivers, Lakes, &c. — This diflrift has an exttnfive fea coaft, fur*
niihed with an abundance of fafe and commodious harbours j befides
which there is a fecurity given to navigation, on feme part of the coalt,
by what is called the Inland Paffage. Almolt the whole coait north-eaft
of Portland is lined with iflatxis, among which veflfels may geaerally
anchor with fafety.

This country is watered*by many large and ftnall rivew. The prin-
cipal are the following, proceeding from eaft to weft. St. Croix, by
the natives called Magacadava, a fhort river, iffuing from a large
pond in the vicinity of St. John's river, remarkable only for its form-^
ing a part of the eaftern boundary of the United States. This river
fialls into the north fide of Paffamaquoddy Bay, I3 miks north-eaft'
and by north of the Shoodac river. Next is PaSama^uoddy River,
which, with the Slioodac from the weft, fell by one mouth into Paffa-
maquoddy Bay. Oppofite Mount Defart I (land, which is about 19
miks long and 1 2 broad. Union River empties i«to a large bay. Be-
tweeii Shoodac and Union rivers, are Machias, Chandler's, Pleafant,
and Naraguagais rivers, all inconfiderablc. Thirty Or 40 miles weft of
Union river is the noble Penobfcot, which rifes in two branches from
the highlands. Between the fource of the Weft; Fork, and its jundioa
■with the eaft, is Moofehead Lake 30 or 40 miles long and 15 wide.
The eaftern branch paflfes through feVeral fmaller lakes. From the Forks,
sre they are called, the Penobfcot Indians pafs to Canada, up either
^i-aneh, principally the weft, the foui-ce of which they fay is wt more

be p!oag!i j hU
ops of grain are
I of New Eng.
il the American
jonfumed in the

1 every part of
i fame degree of

:limatc may be,
f than that part
the human race
itude, much be.

winter than in
middle of De-
s time the ponds
ghing continues
e fouthern New
ig, commencer
t in the latter it
;eneraJ, the pui
by the balfamic
ims, both large
be regularity of
eft countries in

I fea co»ft, fur*
rbours 'j befidei
art of the coalt,
coail north-eaft
may geaerally

;r«. The prin-
St. Croijf, by
Sf fr©«i a large
ly for its form-
es. This river
liles north'eaft'
i-juoddy River,
juth into Paffa-
ch is about 15
urge bay. Bc-
ler'*, Pleafant,
.0 miles well of
branches from
jnd its jun6lioa
J and 15 wide,
•"romthe Forks,
lada, up either
fay is w>t more

)»

wttnrcr m9 MAtst; iji*

than 1^ miles from the waters that empty into thtf river St. Lawrence.
At the Forks is a remarkable high mountain. From the Forks dowit
to Indian Old ToWn, fituated on an iiland in this river, is about
60 miles, 40 of which the water flows in a llill,fmooth ftream,and in the
whole di ance there are no falls to interrupt the pafling of boats. Iw
this diftance, the river widens and embraces a large number of fmall
iflands-, and about half way receives two confiderable tributary ttreamv
0ne from the eait and the other from the weft, whofe mouths aare nearly
cppofite each other. About 60 rods below Indian Old Town, are the
Great Falls, where is a carrying place of-abont 20 rods ; thenee i%
miles to tilie head of the tide, there are no falls to obftrua: boots^
Veffels of 30 tons come within a mile of the head of the tide. Tbencer
35 miles to the head of the bay, to the fite of old Fort Pownal, the
river flows in a pretty ftraight courfe, and is eafily navigated. PaflTmjj
by Majabagadufe, on the eaft, 7 miles, and Owl's Head about 20
*iiles 4rther, on the weft you enter the ocean.

This river, for beauty and ufefulnefs, may be confidered as the firft
in the diftrict. There is none that equals it for eafe and fafcty of navi-
gation, or exceeds it in plenlifulnefs of fiih, the excellency of its timber,,
er the commodioufnefs of its mill- privileges.

Proceeding weftnard, over St. George's, Pemaqmd, Damarifcotta,
snd Sheepfeot rivers, which extend but a little way into the country,
is Kennebeck, which,; next to Penobfcot, is the fineft river in thi»

country.

Three miles from the Chops, the ifland called Swan Ifland, divides
the waters of the river. This ifland is found to be fevcn miles long,
and was anciently the feat of the Sachem Kenebis, who fold, or pre-
tended to fell all the coimtry on both fides of the river, and alfo the
iiland. The river Kennebeck is faid to have taken its prefent appelk-
^on from a race of Sagamores of the name of Kenchi*. The waters
which form Swan Ifland, are navigable on both fides of it, but the
channel on the eaft fide is moftly ul'ed. Thirty-eight miles from the
fea, is a finaU iflandt called by the natives Nahunkeag, which tigni-
fies the land where eels are taken. Within three miles of this ifland,
» fmall river coming wcit, from ponds which are ia the town of
Winthrop, runs into the Kennebeck,. and ia known by the name of
Gobbefeconte, as we pronounce it, but by the Indians was called Cob-
biflieconteag, which, in their language i< the land where ftuxgeon axe
taken.

Six miles further up the river u the head of the navigable waters.
This is a bafon 46 miles from the fea, and very ctmsnodious for the
anchoring of vefl!els.

On the eaft bank of the fmall fell which terminates the navigation
of the Kennebeck, is Fort Weftern, which wa» ere6led in the year
1752. From that fort to Taconnet Fall it is eighteen miles. • This is
a great feU. of water *, and on the bank of it, on the eaitern fide of the
river, is the fort which was erefted under the orders of Governor
Shirley, in the year 1754, and called Fort Halifax. This fort is oft
a point of land, which is formed by the conrtuence of the Sebaftacook.
with the Kennebeck, by which the latter is incrcafed one-third by the
wsiters of that r*ve^, 'i'he Sebaltaccok comes froia lakes nearly uettb

138 nfTHTcT oruAiNk;

ftom its mouth : and in its windings receives brdbks and (mall tiv^rjj
for the fpace of 150 miles.

Thirty miles above Fort Halifax, as the rivers courfc Is, the
ftream called Sandy River, lofes its waters in the > Kennebeck, at the
point where the ancient town of Norridgewock was. Forty miles, or
hear that diftance farther up, the river Kennebeck takes a fouth-weft-
vrard courfe.

The Kennebeck turning dgain wtrtward, receives the eaftern brancli,
at 50 miles diftance from Norridgewock. The main branch of the
Kennebeck, winding into the wildernefs, forms a neceflity for fteveral
carrying places, one of which, called the Great Carrying Place, is five
miles acrois, and the river's courfe gives a diftance of 35 miles, for that
whicli is gained by five on the dry land. At 100 miles diftance, or
perhaps more^ from the mouth of the eaftern branch, the fource of the
main or weftel-n branch of the Kennebeck, is fonnd extended a great
diftance along fide the river Chaudiere, which carries the Waters from
the high lands into the St. Lawrence:

There are no lakesj but fome few firiall ponds Ind mbraiTes at the
fource of this branch. The carrying-place from boatable watery in itj
to boatable waters in the river Chaudiere, is only five miles over.

The eaftern bfanch of the Kennebeck, which unite* with the othtt:
above Norridgewock, ilTues from a body of waters which lie nortk
about 30 miles from the confluence of the two branches. Thefc
waters are called Moofe Pond or Moofe Lake. The fides of the lake
are fo crooked that the body 01 waters has an irregular figure ; but
the lake contains three tines as much water as is found in Lakd
George. There are very high mountains to the north and weft of
this lake, and from thefe the waters run by many channels to the St*
Lawrence.

The Kennebeck affords great quantities of lumber, and is inhabited
fcy feveral fpecies of valuable fifli, in the feafon fuited to their kinds;
Salmon and fturgeon are taken in great abundance there, and (ha4
and alewives relieve the wants of the neceftitous part of the inha-
bitants.

The river Kennebeck forms the neareft fea-port for the pedple o»
the upper part of the river Connedicut. Several furveys have bee«
made acrofs the country, and the land is faid to be capable of furnifli-
ing a good road at an ordinary expence. The town of Portland may
confider this as a rivalftiip to their claim upon the country beyond
the White Mountains, to which there can be no reafonable objedion,
becaufe this kind of emulation tends much to a promotion of the public
intereft.

Sheepfcot River is navigable 20 or 30 miles, and empties into the
ocean a little to the eaft of Kennebeck. On this river is the important
port of WifcaflTet, in the townftiip of Pownalborough.

Amerifcoggin, now more generally called Androfcoggin, properly
fpeaking, is but the main weftern branch of the Kennebeck. Its
fources are north of Lake Umbagog : Its courfe is fouthwardly, till it
approaches near the White Mountains, from which it receives Moofe

nnA Xianl^nAtr r^xtrnt-m • tr\A ♦V>«»»» turnc to tViio f^afl- Qnrl <-V>#>n fniltn-Pair.

jn whicb gourfc it paffes within two miles of the fea-coaft, and turning

*STRICT or MAINI.

I (mall Hv^rtj

ourfe is, the

check, at the

:)rty miles, or

a fouth -weft.

iftcrn branch,
trsinch of the
ty for fteveral
Place, is five
miles, for that
! diftance, or
fource of the
ended a great
e ivaters from

ibraiTes at the
e watery in it,
lies over.
rith the othft
ich lie nortk
ches. Thefc
es of the lake
r figure ; but
und in Lakd
and weft of
lels to the Sti

d is inhabited
3 their kinds;
ci-e, and (ha4
: of tlie inha>

:he pectple ot
js have beem
)lc of furniih-
Portland may
untry beyoni
ble objedion,
I of the public

pties into the
the important

;gin, properly
mebeck. Its
wardly, till it
jceives Moofc
len fouth-C9.iK
:, and turning

»3f

where it
'ormcr-

n»rth run* over Pejepfcot, falls into Merry Meeting Bay, wh
forms a junaion with the Kennebeck, 20 miles from the Tea to
br from this b«y to the fea, the confluent llream was called Sagada-
hock. The lands on this river are very good. Stevens', River head is
within a mile of Merry Meeting Bay. A canal, uniting thcfe t^-atrrs
has lately been opened. Cuffen's River is between Ireeport and North
Yarmouth. Royal's River empties itfelf into the fea in North^ar-
mouth. Prefumfcut is fed by Sebacook Lake, and empties into Lalco
Bay, eaft of Portland. Nonefuch River paffes to iea through Scar-
borough : it receives its name from its extraordinary frclliets. Dun-
ftan and Spurwink are fmall rivers as you pafs weft.

Saco River is one of the three largeft rivers in this diftritt. 1 he
■rincjpal part of its waters fall from the White Mountains : its courle,
E)me diftance from its fource, is fouthwardly •, it then fuddenly bends
to the eaft and croffes into the Diftria of Maine, and then makes «
large bend to the north-eaft, eaft, and fouth-weft, embracing the fine
townrtup of Fryeburg, in the county of York. Its general courfc
thence to the fea is fouth-eaft. Great and Little OlVapy Rivers fall
into it from the weft. This river is navigable for ftiips to Saco Falls,
about fix miles from the fea. Here the river is broken by Indian
Jfland, over which is the poft road. A bridge is thrown over each of
the branches. A number of mills are ereded here, to which logs are
floated from 40 to 50 miles aCove •, and veffels can come quite to the
mills to take in the lumber. Biddeford and Pepperellborough lie on
either fide of the mouth of this river. Moufom, York, and Cape
Neddock Rivers, in the county of York, arc ftiort and inconfiderablc
ftreams.

Bats and Capes.— The principal bays are Paffamaquoddy, Machias,
Penobfcot, Cafco, and Wells. Of thefe, Penobfcot and Cafco are tlic
moft remarkable. Both are full of iflands. Long Ifland, in the center
•f Penobfcot Bay, is 15 miles in length, and from two to three in
breadth, and forms an incorporated townlhip by the name of lfleft)0-
rough, containing about 400 inhabitants. On a fine peninfula on the
eaft fide of the bay, the Britifti built a fort and made a fettlement,
• which is now tfiTe ftiire town in the county of Hancock. The points
•f Cafco Bay, are Cape Small Point on the eaft, and Cape Elizabeth
•n the weft. This bay is about 25 miles wide, and 14 deep, fonning
an excellent harbour for veffels of any burden, and interfperfed with a
multitude of iflands, fome of which are nearly large enough for town-
Ihips. Wells' Bay lies between Cape Porpoife and Cape Neddock,
There are many other bays of lefs note on this coaft.

Productions, — The foil of this country, in general, where it is
properly fitted to receive the feed, appears to be very friendly to the
growth of wheat, rye, barley, oats, peas, hemp, flax, as well as for
the produaion of almoft all kinds of culinary roots and plants, and for
Englifti grafs ; and alfo for Indian corn, efpecially if the feed be pro-
cured from a more northern climate. Hops are the fpontaneous growth
of this country. It is yet problematical whether apple and other fruit
trees will flourilh in the northern and eaftern parts of this diftria. It
is faid, however, that a century ago, there were good orchards within
tlie county of Waftiington, about the Bay of Paffamaquoddy, which
wqre deftroyed after the French fettlcments at that place were broken

«40

BISSXtCT.Oir UAINC

tip. From fomeexpcrlnients of the prefcnt inhabitant!, tbe prerumptioo
is rather againil the growth of fruit trees. In the county of York
fruit is nearly as plenty as in New Harapflure. I'his country is uncom-
niunly good for grazing, and large ftuclu of neat cattle may be fed
both fumnicr and winter.

The natural growth of this country confifts of white pine and fpruce
trees in Urge quantities, fuitable for mafts, boards, and {hingles : The
white pine is, perhaps, of all others the moft ufeful and important.
Maple, beech, white and grey oak, and yellow birch, may be confi-
.^ercd as the principal growth of this country. The birch is a large
fightly tree, and is ufcd for cabinet work, and receives » polilh little
inferior to mahogany. The outer bark, which confills of a great num-
ber of layers, when feparatcd, is as fmooth and foft as writing paper,
and in fone cafes is ufed as a fubititute for it. The low lands produce
fir. This tree is fit neither for timber nor fuel j but it yields a bal-
fam that is highly prized. This balfam is contained in fmall protu-
berances like blillers, under the fmooth bark of the tree. The fir is
.an evergreen, refcmbling the fpruce, but very tapering, and neither tall
nor large.

Animals. — Numerous fiocks of deer, and fome moofe of a large fiz«,
formerly inhabited this dittriit j but few are now to be feen, efpecially
in the weftern parts of it.

The animals common to northern climates, fuch as the |bx, bear,
wolf, beaver, &c. are found here } and an animal, called by the na-
tives, buccarebou, of a lize between the mooie and the deer, wgs
ibrmerly found in tliis country. Cattle and horf:;8 are here eaiily
raifcd ; and the Iheep, on the Kennebeck River, are larger than in
Mailachufetts, the mutton is of a higher Havour, and the A^eces much
•heavier.

The rat<:le-fnake is the only poifonous ferpent in t;his diftrU, and is
feldom feen.

Commerce, &c.— From the firft fettlement of Maine, until the yetn
1774 or 1775, the inhabitants generally followed the liunl c trade to
4he ncgled of agriculture, which for the time aflForded an immediate
profit. Large quantities of corn and other grain were annually import-
ed from Bollon and other places, without which it was fuppofed the
inhabitants could not have fubfifted. But the late war, by rendering,
thefe refources precarious, put the inhabitants upon their true aqd
furelt interett, namely, the cultivation of their lands. The inhabitants
now r^fe a fufticient quantity for their own coiiiuirption j though too
many are Hill more fond of the axe than of the plough. Their wool
and flax are very good 5 hemp has lately been tried, and with gieat
fucccfs.

This country abounds with lumber of various kinds, fuch as mafts,
which of late, however, have become fcarce } white pine boards,
Ihip timber, and every fpecies of fplit lumber mt-iuftidiured from pine
and oak ; thefe are exported from the diflFerent ports in immenfe quan-
tities.

Minerals. — There is a fpecies of ftone in Lebanon, in tiie pounty

!'H-'

iron ore have been fouad in fonoc parts, «nd w«rks creAei for it«
.aauufi&cturci..

mtrxtCJ OF MAIHE.

141

be prerumptioo
mty of York,
intry is uncom-
e may be fed

pine and fpruce
(hin^lcs; The
Uici important.

may he confi.

)irch is a lar^

s li. pulifh little

)f a great num-

writing paper,

lands produce
it yields a bal*
1 fmall protu-
ce. The fir is
md neither tall

of a large fize,
feen, efpecially

the fox, bear,

lied by the na-
the deer, wgs
re here eafily
larger than in
e fleeces much

diftriJ, and is

, until the year
unl c trade to
[ an immediate
nually import -
s fuppofed the
, by rendering,
:heir true aqd
'he inhabitants
n } though too
. Their wool
nd with great

fuch as mads,
: pine boards,
ired from pine
Lmmenfe quan-

in tiie county

;re^ed for its

StAT. or LtTmATtmE—The ereftion of a col egt near Cafco Bay
i. contemplated, and a charter granted by the kganaturc. Axade-
„»ie, in Hallo^ell, Berwick, F7«b"'g. f^ .f^*f ^»^?,l7 j^^J,^
corporated by the legiflature, and endowed r'''^ ^^f^J^' jf "'/ ' ^J
the public lands. Another at Portland has been mftituted, hut is not
yet endowed. It is but jull to obferve, that town fchools are very
Generally maintained in moll of the towns, and in rnany of the pl;inta-
tions, that are able to defray the expence ; and a fpmt of improvement

is iricreafuig. . . , , ,^./, •« r n/r • r^.

Chief Towns.— Portland is the capital of the Diftrifl of Maine. It
is fituated on a promontory in Cafco Bay, and was formerly a part ot
Falmouth In July 1786, this part of the town, being the molt
populous and mercantile, and lituated on the harbour, together with
the iflands which belong to Falmouth, was incorporated by the name
si( Portland. It has a moll excellent, fafe, and capacious harbour,
which is feldom or never completely frozen over. It is near the maiii
ocean, and is eafy of accefs. The inhabitants carry on a conhderablc
foreign trade, build (hips, and are largely concerned in the filhery. It
js one of the moft thriving commercial towns in the Commonwealth of
MaflTachufetts. Although three-fourths of it was laid in alhes by the
Britifh fleet in 1775, it has fince been entirely rebuilt, and contains
between 2000 and 3000 inhabitants. Among its public buildings arc
jhree churches, t^vo for Congrcgationalifts, and one fof Jlpifcopalians,
and a handfome court-houfe. 1 ,1 . n 1 1

A light-houfc has bee.i erefted oa a point of l^id called Portland
Head, at the entrance of the harbour. It is a ftonc edificp, 72 feet
high, exclufivc of the lanthorn. « r" .

York is 74 miles north-eait from Bofton, and 9 from Portfmouth.
It is divided into two parifhes of Congregationalifts. York River,
which is navigable for veffels of ajo tons, 6 or 7 miles from the fea,
fjaflcs through the town. Over this river, about a wle from the
fta, a wooden bridge vas built in 1761, 170 feet long, exclufive
of the wharve* at each end, which reach to the channel, and 25

ieet wide.

This town, which it fituated in Ij^titude 43P 16', was fettled as early
at 1630, and wat then called Agamenticus, from a remaikable higH
hill in it, of that name, a noted land-mark for mariners.

About the year 1640, a great part of this town wat incorporated by
Sir fPeidinando Gorges, by name of Georgian*. He appointed » Mayor
and Alderman, and made it a free port. In 16 j a, when it fell under
the jurifdiaion of Maffachufetts, it affumed the oamc of York, which
it has fince r«taiiied.

Hallowell it a very flourifhing town, fituated in latitude 44'* 16', at
the head of the tide waters on Kennebeck River. That part of Pow-
nalborough, c. Sheepfcot River, called Wifcaffet, is flourifhing. Its
navigation is greater, in proportion to its iize and aumber of inhabl-
tants, than that of any town in Maffachufetts, Penobfcot, and Ma-
shias, are alfo towns of confiderable and increafing importance. Baa-
gor, fituated at the head of the tide waters on Penobfcot River
latitude ac^. it is thouo-ht. will.

^cTj coniiderable trade. The othe:

tide waters

in a few years, become a place
: t«iYnsofconfidcrat

»
of

Kittcry,

inii

Wel!% BJddefoTd, Berwick, North YsH-mOMth, BtAl, Brunfw?ck,
"Waldoborough, and Cambden.

PopuLATroN, REtioio'f, CharactbiI, at^.-^Tliis terntbry hat btcn
^op!ed by emigrants from Europe, but principally by people froia
other parts of New England, and by a rapid natural cncreafd. In 17^
the number of fouls in thii diftrift did not exceed 10,000 •, whereas^
the prcfent number, from a late com^utatibn, is fuppofed to be not left
than 130,000. There are no peculiar features in th<; charafter of the
people of this diftrid, to diftinguifh them from their neighbours in Ncit
Hampfhire and Vermont. Placed as they are in like circuraftancci,
they are like them a brave, hardy, enterprifing, induftvious, hofpht'
ble people. The prevailing religiout denominations are Congreg*.
tionalifts and Baptifts •, there are fomc Qiiakrfr», a few Methodifts,
Bpifcopalians, and Roman Catholics.

In 1794 there were 40 miniflers of the Congregational denomination
in this dillridl, and 1 1 vacant churches of the fame denomination.
There were alfo at this period a confiderable Muniber of Anabaptift
jlreachers, who were chietly itinerant, two Preftjytc-ian minifters, ont
JEpifcopalian, and a Roman Catholic miflionary at Paffamaquoddy.
Belides thefc, there were 100 new towns and plantatioas in which no
churches of any denomination were formed, many of which, efpeeially
in the three lower counties, have, for a number of years part, received
religious inftru(^ions from miffionaries fent among them by the focictf
for propagating the gofpel.

7 he conftitution and government of this provincfc i* finallar to that
cif MaffachuiTetts, to which the reader is referred.

I .KiANS, — The remains of the Penobfcot tribe art the o^ily Indiam
ttrho take up their reiidence in this dillrift. They confill of about
100 families, and live together in regular fociety at Indian Old Town,
which is fituated on an ifland of about 200 acres, in Penobfcot RivCr,
juil above the great falls. They are Roman GatholicJ, and have t
prieft, who reiides among thetn and adminiilersr the ordinances. They
have a decent houfe for public worfhip, with a bell, and another
building where they meet to tranfadt the public bufinefs of their tribe.
In their affemblies all things are managed with the greateft order and
<iecorum. The Sachems form the Icgiflative and executive authority
of the tribe ; though the heads of all the families are invited to be pre.
font at their periodical public meetings. The tribe U faid to be increaf-
ing, in confequence of an obligation laid by the Sachems, on the younj
people to marry early.

In a former war thii tribe loft their lands j but ^t the cammenefe-
ment of the laft war, the Provincial Congrefs forbid any perfon fettling
on the lands from the head of the tide in Penobfcot River» included in
lines drawn fix miles firom the river on each fide, namely, a traft it
Ihiles wide, interfered in the middle by the river. Tfacy, however,
confider that they hare d right td filh and hunt as far as the mouth of
the bay of Penobf- _i extendi. 1 his was their original right, in oppa-
iitioii to any other tribi, and they now occupy it.

Eastern Lands. — In the Difttid of Miine are large tra^t bf land
belonging to the Cortmpn\Vealth oi MafllkchtiffttltSi itiiich »re coiitQ-
,^vcly ftyled the Eafterh i>*nd9i

fiiinuet «r MAi*Jlt.

a, Brunfn?ck,

vittn-y hai btcn
by people from
reafd. In 17^
1,000 •, wherca*,
id to be nut lef|
chirtfter of th«
ighhours in Ncif
i circuraftancei,
ftiious, hofpltt*
are Congreg*.
■cw Methodirtu

lal denominatiGa
e denomination,
r of Anabaptift
m minifters, ont
Paffamaquoddf,
una in wliich no
^hich, efpeeially
irs part, rcceivei
m by the focictf

il fimilar to that

the oiiXj Indian*
confill of about
idian Old Town,
r>enobfcot Rivtr,
[icS^ and have t
rdinances. They
ell, and another
efs of their tribe,
reateft order and
ccutive authority
nvited to be pre-
paid to be incrcaf-
Ini, on the youuj

t the cammenet-
tiy perfon fettling
ivcr^ included in
mcljr, a traft it
Tfac.y, however,
r as the mouth of
al right, in oppo-

ir^c trft^t bf lani
Wiiich are coiita-

A committee for the fale of thcfc lands wm *»fpo»nte4 by the Ge-

hsral Court, in 1783. »"^l ^'^^ ^^"' ^*=P°'> J" \!'l\''^?^l '* "^P""'
That they have fold, and contrafted to feH, m behalf of the common-
wealth of thcfc lands, ^,$09^^^ «""• independant of a fecond con;

tt»^^ for 4,839,453 *cf"- ^ , ui • ♦^tl,.

From this report k alfo appear, that there were, belonging to the

nate not under contraft, 9^6,407 acres, the greateft part of which hg«

been furveyea. Thi* is eitclmive of the above mentioned contratt

for 2,839,453 acres, which indudei 103,680 acres, refcrvcd for raaftf

by the Itute. ... ,

SeiidM thcfc furveyed lands, there are, belonging to the common-
wealth, by eftimate of faid committee, no lefs than 7,100,000 acres.

Lan ' J between St. Croix and Paffamaquoddy, claimed by the Britifb
government, »,ooo,ooo acres. ^ , , . .

In addition to the fcvet«l townrtiips and trafts included m the aoove
eftimate, there remain for the future difpolition of government the
Grcflt Ifle of Hok, containii^ 4968 acres •, and upwards of 100 other
ifland*, lying between Penoblcot and Paffamaquoddy, of various fizesj
from 8e8 acres, down to one acre and a quarter, containing in the
whole aljout ^ooo acrM, whioh'have afU been furveyed.

Befides what has been fold, trafts of land have been granted for the
encouragement of literature anvi other ufcful and humane purpofcs, to
the amount of 385,000 acres.

H1STOR.Y. — The Firil attenif t to fettle this country was made in 1607,
on the well fide of Kennebeck, ni^ar the fea. No permanent fcttlc-
mcnt, however, was at this time effeflcd. It does not appear that
»iny further attempts were made until between the year* 1620 and

1630. ■ , ^

The Dutch formerly "had ^ fcttlemerrt at the place which is now
called Ncwcaflle, which was under the jurifdiftion of the governor of
New Yoi<k, then called Marihadoes. The town was built on a beauti-
ful neck of 'land, where rows of old cellars are yet to be feen.

In 1635, Sir Ferdinando Gorges obtained a grant from the council
df Plymouth, of the *ra61: af country between the rivers Pifcataqua and
Sagadahock, or Kennebeck j and up Kennebeck fo far as to form k
fcjuarc .of 120 miles. It is fuppafed that .Sir 'Fcrdiriand firlt irtftitutcd
government in this province.

In 1639, Gorges obtained from (the crown -a charter of the foil and
jurifdiftion^ containing as unlimited powers and privileges, perhaps, jai
the king of Britain ever granted to any fubjcS.

In the fan;ie year he appointed a governor and council, arid they
adminiftered juftice to the fettlcrs until about the year 1647, when,
hearing of the death of Gorges, they fuppofed their authority ceafed ^
and the people on tihe fpot univerfally combined and agreed to be under
civil government, and to cledl their officers annually.

Govenvmcnt was adminiftered in this form unttl 1652, Tv^hcn the
inhabitants fubmittcd to the Maffachufetts, who, by a new conftruftion
of thjir charter, which was given to Roffwell and others, in 1628,
claimed fhefeil and jurifdiftion of the Province of Maine as far as tbfi
middie of C-afco Bay. Maine then firft took the name of Yorkfhire j
and county courts were held in the laanucr they were in Mafiachufettj,

Ttj

■ui I

m I

r- nJ

J4.»r

MAISACHVIKTrfi

and the towns bad liberty to fend their deputlci to the getiertl cotirt

at BoUon. , . , ,, , Ti . »

In 1691, by -charter from William and Mtry, the Province of
Maine and the large territory eaitward, extending to Nova Scotia,
tvas incorporated with the MaffachufettJ Bay •, from which time it hit
been governed, and courts held as in other parts of Maffachufctts.

The Dillrid of Maine, at the time of the charter of William and
Mary, in 169 1, was held under two appellations •, that part which lie»
between Pifcataqua and Kennebeck rivers, was known by the name of
the Province of Maine j that part which lies Letween St. Croix and
Kennebcck, was called by the ancient French name of Acadic, and
both thefc names were preferved in that charter.

The Province of Maine was not then confidered as extendmg more
than 120 miles from the fea; all the country beyond that diftancc from
the ocean, having been confidered as crown lands.

The feparation of this diftrift from Maffachufetts, and its erection,
into an independent Hate, have been fubjeds difeuffed by the inhabi-
tants in town-meetings, at the defire and by the appwntment of the
iegiflature. And fuch is the rapid fettlcment and growth of thi»
country, that the period when this contemplated feparation will takd
place, is probably not far diftant.

MASSACHUSETTS.

IITOATIOM A«D KXTSHT.

Miles. Sq. Mile«.

Greateft Length 1907 u^.-.-n J^^ 3<^' «"<* ^* „"' ^t l°°* j 6250
Greateft Breadth 90 j ^''''''^" 1 41^ iS'^^nd 43*' i^'N-lat. j ^

Boundaries.— Bounded, north, by Vermont and New Hampihire J
eaft, by the Atlantic Ocean-, fouth, by the Atlantic, Rhode Ifland,.
and Conncaicut-, weft, by New York. , r, •

Divisions.— This p«rt of MaiTachufetts Is divided into the foUowmg
bounties.

Counticsi
Suffolk

Norfolk

£ffex

Middlefez

Hampfliirc

Chief Towns.

Bofton

Dedham
r Salem

\ Newburyport
C Charleftown
\ Concord
f Northampton
\ Springfield

Counties*
Plymouth
Briftol
Barnftabic
Duke's
Nantucket
Worcefler

Bcrkfhire

Chief Tawas.

Plymouth

Taunton

Barnftable

EdgartowH

Sherburne

Worceftcr
C Stockbridgc
l_ ^reat Barringtoil

Rivers.— Houfatonick River rifes from feveral fources in the wefteri
part of this ftatc, and runs foutherly through Conneaicut, into Long
I (land Sound. Deerfield River falls into Conneaicut River, from
the well, between Deerfield and Greenfield. A moft excellent and
beautiful traa of meadow lies on its banks. Weftficld River empties
into the Conneaicut at Weft Springfield. Conneaicut River paffcs
..1-— .-_t, *v,:. A~t.~ -..J J^^-rf-Ac i-i'" rnnntTf ftf Hamnftiire. In its

MASSACHUSETTS.

gerieril cotirt

c Province of
Nova ycotia,

lich time it h«

Hachufctts.

if William and

part which lies

by the name of
St. Croix and

if Acadie, and

ixtending more
It dillance from

nd its ere6lion=
I by the inhabi-
nntment of the
growth of thii
:ation >vill take

Sq. Milcj.

cw Hampihire ',
, Rhode Ifland,

to the following

Chief Tawns.

lymouth

'aunton

larnftable

idgartown

hcrburne

Vorcefter

tockbridgc

iTcat Barringto*

res in the weftera
:icut, into Long
cut River, from
ft excellent and
Id River empties
cut River paffci
imn(hire. In its

A (' V „m-. oirer f ^s above Deerfield, and bettvften Northampton
fturle Jt runs over I^ is, auuvc ^.r^ ' „r « n-y,^ Prnorietors of

the ^°f !,«";'^: foy the purpofe of rendering Conneaicut

Kaffat^^^Jorbo\\ra;J°^^^^ .WeL from Chicapee River nor th-
Sild to New Hampihire. Milk r'. and Ch.cap« "vers fallm to^t^^^
Conneaicutontheeaftfidci the former at Northfield, the latter at

^itfhe north-eaftern part of the ftate, is Merrimack, winch is naviga-
ble for veffels of burden about ao mile, from its mouth where it «
obftrtrald by the firll falls, or rapids, called Mtchell's Eddy, between
Bradford and Haverhill. Vaft quantities of Hup timber, "nging tim-
S=r, plank, deals, clap-boards, Ihingles, ^^=^7^' J"J°^,^" 7,^^; ^
brought down in rafts, fo conftruded as to pafs all the falls ^ tl« imr
Mcept thofe of Amufkaeg and Patucket. In the fpring and lumber,
conflderable quantities o: falmon, Oiad, and ^^^^I'Vl' /'^'i^?^^'-
^rhicb are either ufed as bait in the cod fiihery or pickled and ttupped
to the Weft Indies. There are la ferries acrofs this river in the county
•f Effex. The bar acrofs the mouth of this river is a very great m-
cumbrance to the navigation, and particularly terrible to ftrangcrs.
There- are i6 feet of water upon it at common tides. In «7»7.the
General Court granted a fum of money for the creftion of two fufficicnt
Kght houfes, and made the maintenance of them a public charge. 1 he
houfes arc of wood, and contrived to- be removed at pleafure- fo as to
be always conformed to the ftiifting of the bar-, and thus, the fingle
rale of bringing them in a line, will be the only ncceffary direaion for
veffels approaching the harbour, and by this direaioa they may fail
with fafety, until they are abreaft of the lights, where is a bold ftiore-
and good anchoring ground. ..... ^ ,

Nafhua, Concord, and ShawQieen rivers, rife in this ftate, and run a
north-eafterly courfe into the Merrimack. Parker's River takes its
rife in Rowley, and after a courfe of a f?w miles, paffes into the found
which feparates Plumb Ifland from the main land. It is navigable
about two miles from its mouth. Ipfwich and Chebacco rivers pafs
through the town of Ipfwich into Ipfwich Bay. Miftick River falls
into Bofton harbour eaft of the peninfula of Ch^rleftown, and is narv-
gable to Mcdford, three miles.

Charles River is a confiderable ftream, the principal branch of
which rifcs from a pond bordering on Hopkinton. It paffes through
Hollifton, and Bellingham, and divides Medway from Medfield,
Wrentham, and Franklin, and thence into Dedham, where, by a cu-
rious bend, it forms a peninfula of 900 acres of land. And, what is
very Angular, a ftream called Mother Brook, runs out of this river,
in this town, and falls into Neponfet River, which anfwers to a canal
uniting the two rivers, and affords a number of excellent mill-feats.
From Dedham the courfe of the river is northerly, dividing Newton
from Needham, Wcfton, and Waltham, pafling over romantic falls •,
it then bends to the north-eaft and eaft, through W^aterton and Cam-
bridge, and paffes into Bofton harbour,between Charleftown and Bol-
ton. It is navigable for boats to Waterton, feven miles.

Neponfet River originates chiefly from Muddy and Punkapog
ponds, in Stoughton, and Maftiapog Pdnd in Sbtron, and after paflinjjf

4X6 MASSACHUSITTJi

over falls fufficicnt to carry mills, unites vnt\i other final! {treams, tn4
forms a very conftant fupply of water for the many mills fituated oq
tlje river below, until it meets the tide in Milton, from whence it ii
navigable for veflels of 150 tons burthen to the bay, diftant about foat
miles. Neponfet river, from Milton to the bay, forms a regular and
beautiful ferpentine, interfperfed vvith hillocks of wood fo regularly
placed, that from Milton Hill it affords one of the fineft profpe^
imiinna'ile. Parting Fore and Back Rivers in Weymouth, is Nortk'
River, which rifes in Indian Head Pond in Pembroke, and^ running
in a Terpentine courfe between Scituate and Marftifield, paffes to the
fea. This river, for its fize, is remarkable for its great depth of
water, it being in fome places not mxDre than 40 or 50 feet wide, and
yet veffels of 300 tons are built at Pembroke, 18 miles (as the river
runs) from its mouth. This river is navigable for boats to the firft
faE, five miles from its fource in Indian Head Pond. Thence to the •
njearefl waters which run into Tauntom River, is only three nailcsi.
A canal to conned: -the waters of thefe two rivew, which communis'
cate with Narraganfet and Maffacliufetts bays, would be of great utii.;
lity, as it would fave a loof; and dangerous navigatioji round C«pe>
Cqd.

MaiAiog, Wiwiwantick, AccuflineJ, Aponc^nfet, amd Pafomnaa-
fet, are fmall rivers rureoing from •north and iiiorth-rrcil aato Buzzard^'
Bay.

. Taunton River is made up of feveral ftrcams which wnltc in or near
the town of Bridgwater. Its courfe is from nordb-.6aft to fouth-w«ft^i >
tUl it falls into Narragamiet Bay at Tiverton, oppofite the north &ad
of Rhode liland. It receives a confidcrable trjbutary ftl^e»Hl at Taun-
ton, from the north-weft. The head waters of 'Paiituckot and ftrovi^
dence rivers, in Rhode Ifland, and of Qgjtmabaug «nd Shdjuckct
rivers, in Connefticut, are in this ftate.

Capes and Bays.- — The only caipes of confidej"»bk not«, «n tke eoaft
t£ this flate, are Cape Anr, on the north ftde of MaffachufetJts Bay,
and Cape Cod on the fouth. Befides tliefe there are Cape Malabar,
pr Sandy Foiint, extending lo wiles fs>\rth from Chatham towardi
Nanturdtet — Ca[ie Poge, the north point of Chabaquiddiok i awi <jif
Head, the we A poiiu of Martha's Vineyard.

Cape Cod, fo called probably from the laMltitudes c>f podrlfifh which
are fomxi on its coaftj <h the fout)h-«afterly part of the Commcmweakh
of MaJTachufetts. In ihapc it refembies :a opaan's -arm when bended,
with the haffid turflied inward towards the body. The C»pe -fxwnprc-
Kendji the pOiunty of Barnftable^ though th« name Cs^c Cod, «)U^ to
be .confined to the northern point. It is between ^ Ami •jr^ milos ia
lengtJ), containing about 400 fquare miles.

Proviooc I'owu is tlxe hoolc of the cape, -and i-s generally narrow,
tlie widtA place not (being more ti^ran tiwee miks. Ihe harbour,
wiiich is capacious, opens to the ^[<J^thward, jand has deyth of waAet
f«r any ifiiips. It is fafe, except wlxen -ftforiig n'mj&s .bl^wr fr^iwn the
fomh-etUl, when veSels ibraetimes drag their enchwSj the bottom
being fjwvdy. This is faid to be the firft port ewtered by ndvejitu.
rcrs, upon fettling ia this country iu i<)ic. The pia^c hw» been ia
a thriving and decaying rtate many times j byt is at prefent thriving.

%.■

^1,

W itreams, vii
Ills fituated oq
ra whence it ii
ant about four
I a regular and
xi fo j-cgularty
inell profpe^
uth, is Nortii
, and^ running
i, paffes to the
[rcat depth of
fcct wide, and
:s (as the arivcr
jafcs to the firft
Thence to the
Ijr three nailc*.
»ich communi-
)e,of great uti-
on xound Cape

and pB£c«maii<
iato Buzz»rd^

ante m or iiear
t to fouth-wftft^.
! the north end
i-eaiHi at Taun-'
kc!t and Rrovi.
md Shdjuckct

«, <wi tke <:oaft
'achufetts Bay,.
Cape Malabar,
ithaw> towardt
lick } ;aKd <jiij^

pod-fifli whicfc
IlommcMiTv.eakh
when bended,
C»pe '♦xwnprc-
Cod, ou^at to
m4 7^ milos ia

asrally narrow,
"i'hi; harbour,
def th of wwbfl"
b3:9w fr(9tn the
r6, the botiora
d by adyejrtu*
ant hw» been ia
efent thriving.

MMfACHTJIlTTii

'47

: '""i

ing^^foie^ll and Aing into the harbour ^^^J^^^- f^f ;; ^J
ftorr high, and ftandinone range upon the beach ; the ^'^i^" ;j^^y;'";i»
Oicy drf their h(h are around them. The veffels run in upon he (hore^
^b?ch iL foft f»nd, throw their filh over where they ar: walhed from
the fait, and carried up to the flakes on band-barrows. , , „„

The; raife nothing from their lands, but are wholly dependent up-
on BoLn market and other- places, for every ku.d o. vegetable pro-

Vr^e were, in 1791, but two horfes and two yoke of oxen kept in
the town. They hid about 50 cows, which ^^^ ". the fprmg u^n
beach grafs, which grows here and there upon the fliore •, «nd in fam-
mer in the funken ponds, and marH.y places, that arc found between
the fand hills. Here the cows are leen wading, and even fwiraraing,
pluneine their heads into the water up to their horns, picking a Icanty
fubfillence from the roots and herbs produced in the water. I hey arc
fed in the winter on fedge, cut upon the flats. , , ,

Except a border of loofe fand, which runs round the whole placp,
it is very broken and hilly. Thefe hills are white fand, and their pro-
d«ce i* whortleberry bufhes, and fmall pitch-pine Ihrubs. The pina,?
next the village have been much cut off tor firewood. Cutting away
the wood, cxpofes the hills to be torn away by the violence of the
wind*, and in fome inftances perfon* have been obliged to remove their
hbufei to prevent being covered up. Thefe hills and fand heaps are
eonftantiy fliifting j and when torn away in one place, are piled up on
another. It is not unfrequent to have their fifh flakes covered up with
banks of fand like fnow. Immediately in ftepping from any houfe, the
foot finks in fand to the depth of the ihoe. The molt foutherly point
of this place, called Wood End, is two miles fouth-weft from the vil-
hge. What is called Race Point, known to all feamen, is the north-
■•♦efterly extremity of the cape, and lies north-weft from the village,
diftant three miles.

At Race Point arc a number of huts, erefted by the pcrfons who
come over from the village to fifli in boats. Here they keep their
feftiing apparatus, and lodge. At the diftance of 15 rods from thie
point the water i6 30 fathoms in depth, and cod, haddock, and other
kinds of fiftl are taken in plenty whenever the weather will permit.
They take many kinds of lifla with feins, fuch as pollock, mackarel,
and herrings : The tw6 latter are often taken in their harbour in great
abundance. At this place, Race Point, are feen, at fome times, hun-
dreds ef fliarks lying on the ihore, which have been caught by the
boats when fithing for cod. They weigh from 3 to 600 weight.
Their livers, which produce oil, are the only part of them of which
any ufe is made. They are taken by a large hook, baited with a cod-
filh, and faiiened to an iron chain with a fwivel, to prevent them froaa
biting or twiftiwg it off. When the ihark has fei*ed the hock, they
drag him up to the ftern of the baat, and being to« lurge lo take on
board, they row jtfliore with him, drag him up on the beach, rip him

imnmak. tairtt eat* V.io llxf/(i- anA tli* ^•t-Z-aft la \mtt to r«»t-ini l?v/nin*

.' r ' ' .. **^;^'!- ^!*wr^ **.'r «* ▼ ^» , ^r..^* *-.«^ •»»*» ^-«fl^»- ■ .■." .^rT.'p — ^ i- — •*•••• .>. «.*-*. ^«.,

■ * ■ ' ' ♦ ■

94! MASSACMUSSTTf.

■either at fct in reffels, or round the ihore in boats, ii th« whole em-
floyment of all the inhabitants. There is no employment but this to
which they can turn their attention. And the boys, as foon as they
have ftrcngth to pull a cod-fi(h, arc put on board a boat or veffel.

As this harbour is &f fo much confcqucnce, often affording a ihelter
from dorms to vcflels lx)th inward and outward bound, it is of import-
«nce that there fhouW jilways be a fettkment hcrjc. The provinct
ibrmcrly afforded them fome encouragement, befides exempting them
from taxation ; but there is now hardly a town in the ftate more thriv^
ing and able to help thcmfelves. Cape Cod in general is a thin, bar-
Ten foil, by far the moft fo of any part of New Lagland. But the fea
air impregnates all vegetables with a quality which renders them far
more nutritive co cattle, than the fame quantity far inlwid. It being
an undoubted faft, that cattle v.ill do well in fiich paftures, as, far^uf
in the country, would ftarve them at once. Their fait hay, which is
«lmoft their only forage, affords a manure which is alfo far fuperior to
that which is made at a diltance from the fea. This greatly affifts
their crops of corn and rye, beyond what the land ^romdfcs in its ap.
.pearance. Cape Cod is a nurfery for feamen, and, in that view, one
of chc moft important places in the ftate, or in America.

It abound." with clear frefh pondi, generally ftocked with.fifli.
There is little funken land. The wood on the Cape is generally pitc^
pine. There are few or no ftones below Harwich. The cellars an
walled -with brick, in a circular form, to prevent the loofe fand from
cavisg in. The wells are fecured in the fame manner, and they are
obliged to keep them covered, to prevent the fand from blowing in,
and Ipoiling the water. Formerly, the inhabitants took many whalet
round the cape, chiefly in Maffachufetts Bay j but that bufinefs i«
almoft at an end. The manner of taking black fifli is Ibmewhat fingu-
lar. They are a fifti of the whale kind, of about fiv?e tons weight,
and produce oil, in the fame manner as a whale. When a (hoal of
them is difcovered, which ibmetimes confifts of fevcral uundreds, the
inhabitants put off in boats, get without them, and drive them, like
io many cattle, on to the ihore and flats, where they arc left by the
tide and fall an eafy prey. The (hore of the cape is in many places
covered with the huge bones of thefe lifti and of whales, whiv':h remain
unconfunied for many years. Many perfons conjecture that the cape
is gradually wearing away, and that it will finally fall a facrifica to the
ravages of the winds and feas. Indeeo' • my circumftances corroborate
fuch an opinion. At Province I'own Harbour, ftumps of trees are fecn,
ivhicii the fea now covers in common tides. When the Englifti iirft
jeitled upon the cape, there was an ifland off Chatham, at three leagues
dlftance, called Webb's Ifland, containing 20 acres, covered with ret'
cedar or (iivin. The inhabitants of Nantucket ufed to carry wood from
it. This ifland has been wholly worn away, for almoft a century. A
large rock, that was upon the ifland, and which fettled as the earth
walhed away, now marks the place j it rifes as much above the bottom
of the fea, as it ufed to rife above the furface of the ground. The
water is fix fathoms deep on this fpot. And in many places on the
cape, the fea evidently appears to be encroaching on the land.

The cape is fo expofed to winds in every direftlon, that fruit trees
<io not thriy?. There axe few orchards of any confcq^ucnce .beloit

i>W'Nt-

ii th* whole em-
laent but this, to
, as foon as they
)at or veffel.
ffording z (helter
I, it is of import"
. The provinct
exempting them
ftate more thriv-
al is a thin, bar-
id. But the fea
renders them far
:ilwid. It being
^ures, as, far^^uf
lit hay, which is
fo far fuperior to
his greatly affifts
romifes in its ap-
n th&t view, one
ica.

acked withfifli.
s generally pitclj
The cellars an
i loofe fand from
icr, and they are
from blowing in,
.ok many whalet
: that bufinefs i«
Ibmewhat fingit
fiv'C tons weight,
When a (hoal of
al nundreds, the
dri\e them, like
y arc left by the
IS in many places
3S, whi':h remain
re that the cape
a facrificc; to the
:nces corroborate
of trees are fecn,
the Englifti iirft
, at three leagues
covered with ret'
carry wood from
ft a century. A
:led as the earth
ibove the bottom
e ground. The
ly places on the
the land.
, that fruit trees
•nfequence; .bcloif

■IM

MAJtSACHiJWTTJ.

149

llsmftablc Thcre^is not a cyder mill in the country. . I\"^f "/
places, ticir foreft trees, have Lore the appearance of a prxm hedge,

'' T^ci^e^'an healthy fituation, except ^pr thofc^conaitutlon. whl^^^^
„e too delicate for the piercing winds which blow m every dueaion
from the fc.. The inhabitants, ii. general, live as long as m other

carts of the northern ftates. ^ , ^ t r • i n^JT

The princin;i bays on the coaft of Mairaclmfctts are, Ipl^^'^ch, .Bo4-
ton, Plymouth, Cape Cod or Barnftable, and Buzzard's Bays j and
Ibme others of Icfs note. n.«„»«Vl

Islands.— xMany iilands arc fcattered along the coaft, the moft noted
•f which arc Plumb iHand, which is about nine miles m length, ex-
tendiniT from Merrimack River on the north, to the entrance of Ipl-
wlch River on the fouth, and is feparated from the mam lund by a
narrow found, called Plumb Ifland River, fordable m feveral places at
low water. It coniifts principally of fand, blown into curious heaps,
.nd crowned with buftiei bearing the peach plum. There is however,
a valuable property of fait marfh, and at the fouth end of the illand
arc two or three good farms. On the north end are the light-houics
Lrforc mentioned. On the fc* (horc of this iiland, and on Salisbury
Reach, the Marine Society, and other gentlemen of Newburyport
have humanely erefted feveral fmall houles, furniftied with fuel and
other- conveniences for the relief of mariners who may be ftupwrecked

oa this coaft. . , ,

Nantucket Saand is 15 miles in length, and il in breadth, about
70«' weft longitude, and 4l» 2o' north latitude, eight leagues fouth-
ward ofCape Cod. The climate of this ifland is mild, compared with
;that of the adjacent country. The foil is light and fandy, except fome
parts, Wiicre the town Hands, and fome tracts at the eail end ©f the
illand >which arc of a loamy, rich foil. It is well watered with ponds
,iind rprliir.,^^. A louy; fandy point projefts from the eaft end of the
ifland to the northward and weitward, on which ftands the light-houfc,
■creaed in 1784. Between tlus point and the northern ftiore of th«
ifland, is a bay which aftbrds a fine road for fliips, except with the
w-ind at nbth-weft, when there is a heavy fwell. The harbour is a
4)afon within this bay, obftruaed by a fand bar, on whic^- are feveri
*nd a half feet water at low tide 5 within the bar arc 11 fr 14 feet
water.

The neighbouring fca produces cod, hallibut, fturgeon, flia,d, her-
ring, bafs,"eels, &c. On ths land, are horfes, cattle, flieep and hogs.
In 1703, there were 4,619 inhabitants on this Ifland. The men arc
principally robuft, enterprihng feamcn, and mechanics. The women
arc handfome, and make good wives and mothers. The inhabitants
are remaiitable for living together like one great and harmonious
'V.

The land i« held in common by the inhabitants, i. c. the ifland is
fuppofed to be divided into 27 fliarcs j (fome few private farms except-
ed)— each fharc h entitled to a certiiin portion of land, which the
owner may take up in any part of tlie common land, and convert it to
what ui'e he thinks proper. Each fliarc is fubdivided into letTer Ihares,
called Cow's Commons, which give the proprietor a priviltj;e tu turn
out .at many cows or otlie;- cattle at he owns of fuch parts in cojamon

IJO

MAISACHVISTrt.

or other ttock, In the proportion of one horfc or i6 fhftep' to tw»
€ows commons ; which ftock fcedi on any part of the land that rs not
converted into a field. All the cowi feed together in one herd, andl
the flicep in one pafture : each proprietor marki his own. 0«
the days of fhearing, which arc commonly two, in mid-fummer, and
which are high feftive days among the inhahitants, all the ftieep
are driven into an enclofure, and each proprietor fclcdts and Ihcan his
- own fhcep.

The proprietors^ in common, plant about 675 acres of corn a year
averaging about 12 bufhels an acre, making an aggregate of 8,100
bufhels, bcfides about 4000 bufhels raifed on the private farms. Every
other year the land is fowed partly with rye, and partly with oati
yielding yearly about 500 buftiels of the former, and 8000 of the lat-
ter ; befides what is raifed on the private farms.

The ifland is continually leffening by the wafhing of the fea. Shells
of the fame kind as are now found on the furface, have been dug froa
wells 40 or 50 feet below the furface, which indicate that at foac
farmer period the earth has encroached upon the fea.

This ifland was granted to Thomas Msfyhew, in 1641, by the agent
of William, Earl of Stirling. In 1659^ Mayhew conveyed nint-
tenths of it to nine proprietors, who, the fame year, began the fettle-
ment of the ifland.

The ifland of itfelf conftitutes one county, which bears the name of
the ifland. Sherl^urnc is the only town, and contains the bulk of the
inhabitants; A bank was inftituted in Nantucket, in 1794.

The inhabitants formerly carried on the moft confiderable whale
£fliery on the coaft,, but the war almoft ruined this bufinefs. They
kare fince, however, revived it again, and even purfue the whales
into the great Pacific Ocean. There is not a fmgle tree on the ifland
©f natural growth j they have a place called the Woods, but it has
been deftitute of trees for upwards of thcfe 60 years pafl:. The ifland
was formerly well wooded, The people, efpecially the females, are
fondiy attached to the ifland, and few wilh to migrate to a more defir-
able iituation;

The inhabitants of this iflaiiu are principally Quakers ; there is one
fociety of Congregationalifts. About 40 years ago there were three
•ongregations of Indians ; each of which had a houfe for worfliip and
a teacher.

Martha's Vineyard, which lies a little to the weftivard of Nan-
tucket, latitude 41O 23', is about 31 miles in length, including Cha^
baqiuddick, and fix in breadth. It contains three focieties of Congre-
gationalifts, at Edgarton, Tift)ury, and Chilmark j two of Baptifls,
without minifters, and three congregations of Indians, one of which it
Supplied by an ordained Indian miniiter, and the others are preached
to in rotation. Martha's Vineyard, Chabaquiddick, Noman's Ifland,
and the Elizabeth Iflands, which contain about 16,500 acres of valu-
able land, conftitute Duke's County, containing near 4000 white inha-
bitants, and between joo and 600 Indians and Mulattoes, fubfitting by
agriculture and fiftiing.

Edgarton, which includes the fertile Ifland of Chabaquiddick, threi
tr.i1?5 long, ir:d one and a half broad, is ilic fliirc town. This little
ifland joins to the harbour and rcndcvi it very fecurc. Gay Head, the ..

MASSAtHOSITTf.

'i'

wcftcrnm«ft p«rt of the ifland, containing about J400 tcr**, if very
good tillage land, and Is wholly occupied by Indians, but not well
cultivated. One-third of this traft is the property of the Britilh Ib-
«Iety for propagating the gofpel In New England. A (hrub oak plain
covers about two-thirds of the ifland. The principal produdlions of
the ifland are corn, rye, and oats : they raife fheep and cattle in confi-
derable numbers. The inhabitants of this county fend three repre-
sentatives, and, in conjundion with Nantucket, one fenator to the
General Court.

The other iflands of conflderation are in that part of MaflTachufettt
Bay called the Harbour, which is agreeably diverfified by about 40 of
Tariouj fizcs. Seven of them are within the jurifdiftion of the town
«^f Bofton, and taxed with it. Caftle Ifland is about three miles from
Bofton, and contains about 18 acres of land. The buildings are the
fovernor's houfe, a magazine, gaol, barracks, and workfliops. On
this ifland there are many convldts, who are fentenced to conflnement
fo different periods, according to their crimes, and employed in the
siaiiafa6lure of nails and flioes, and guarded by a company of foldiers.
The fort on this Ifland commands the entrance of the harbour. Her«
»re mounted 50 pieces of heavy cannon, befides a large number of a
Smaller flze.

LieHT-HouiES.-->On Plumb Ifland, near Newbury, are two light-
tiouf«s. On Thatcher's Ifland, off Cape Ann, are alfo two of equal
height. Another Hands on a rock on the north fide of the entrance of
Bollon Harbour, with one fmgle light. On the north point of Ply-
mouth Harbour arc Ukewife two. On a point at the entrance of th»
harbour on the ifland of Nantucket is one with a fingle light. Thia
light may be feen ; far af Nantucket flio^ls extend. The ifland being
l«w, the light appears at a gre^t dift^nce over it.

Soil ahd Productions. — In t^ie north-eartern fl:atei, (New Hamp-
ihire, Maffachufctts, Connefticut, &c.) property is much divided j
krmi art fmall, and Jands, in general, dearer than in other flates :
hence purchafcs are not eafily made he^e, with the fame profpeft of.
future encreaie in value, which many of the other ftates afford. Add
»o this, that thefe parts of the Anjerican continent do themfelves fur-
■Ifli, yearly, a very confiderablc number of emigrants to the middle
and wertera ftates, fropi which they are termed to be " the northern
hire" of this country. In Maffachufctts arc to be found all the varie-
ties of foil, capabltf of yielding all the different produdlions common
«o the climate, fuch as Indian corn, rye, wheat, barley, oats, hemp,
flax, hops, potatoes, field beans, and peas j apples, pcavg, peaches,
plumbs, cherries, &e. That part of the itate which is diflinguiftied by.
the name of the Old or Plymouth Colony, including the counties of
Barnftable, Duke's, Nantucket, Briftclj and Plymouth, in point of
foil, is the poorefl: part of the ftate, being generally fandy and light,
interfperfed, however, with many excellent trafts of land. Th«
■orthern, middle, and weftern parts of the ftate have, generally fpeak-
ing, a ftrong, good foil, adapted to grazing and grain ; very fimilar
to the foil of N«w Hampfliire and Vermont on one fide, and to that oS
Hhode Ifland and Connedicut on the other. It has been obferved
that the cffccl* of the eaft winds extend farther inland than formerly,
mii injure th« tf ni«r fruita, partitnlarly the peach, anii avan tha aior^

Wij

ijS

iMnAcmnxrvf.

If! I
m 4

i; 'j J! ... /,

^^^^Hk -V

I^H^^HB' ' )^.

fm^B

HBr'I'i

tU ettlttraf-

an acre, qg
The ftfcplc

hardr apple Tlift arcrage r.roducc of the good Unds, ^
«d, hai been eaimated as follow! : 40 bufhels of corn on
©f'barley, 20 of wheat, 30 of rye, io<J of potatccj.
gommodities of this li^te, «re fidi, beef, lumber, &ti.

Cltmati, CiURACTiRs, AMD MASNiRJ.— Se« Ncw flngland.

CoMiMKikCi.-— This ftatc carries on in exten'.jve and lucratire com-
xierpe. Her Ihips vifit and traffic with almoll: all parti of the world.
Her principal exports, of her oTvn produftions, confitt of pot aod pearl
alh, riiix feed, whale oil, fp.:rmaccti, whalebone, fpcrmaceti candles,
ii(h dried and pickled, beef, pork, cheefe, butter, and various other
kinds of provifions, live Itock, American runn, cotton aitd wool card*,
men'? and women's flioes, fnuff and manufa<^tured tobacco, houfehold
&lrmture, various kinds of lumber, as boards, plank, oars, and rafters,
oak and pine timber, fliinj^les, ilaves, and heading, fl»ip-timber, &c.
Pf thefe articles, and others, the produce or manufadture of the
iUtes, together with articles of foreign growth,- imported for exporta-
tion to other countries, Were exported in the year ending September
vo, 1793, from this ftate, to the amount of 3,676,413 dollars. Befidei
ihoes, cards, hats, faddlery and various other manufactures, and fetc«
ral articles of the produce of the G«untvy to a great amount, cxp#rteil
to the fouthcrn and other flates, not included in this amount.^

This iUte owns more than three times as many tons of {hipping as
any other of the ilates, and mord than one^third part of the Whole
that belongs to the United States. Upwards of 29,000 tons are em-
ployed in carrying on the fifheries*, 46,000 in the coarting bufinefs, and
^6,56 4 in trading with almoft all parts of the world. Pot and pearl
alh, Itaves, tlax-fced, bees-wax, &tc. are carried chiefly to Great Bri-
tain, in remittance for their manufactures ; roalh and provifioni to the
Eaft Indies ; filh, oil» beef, pork, lumber, candles, &c. arc carried
to the Well Indies, for their produce, and the two firft articles, fin»
and oil, to Frante, Spain, and Poftugal •; roots, tegetables, fruits,
and fmall meats, to Nova Scotia and New Brunfwick j k»ts, faddlery,
cabinet-work, men's and women's Ihoes, rails, barley, hops, buttenj
checfe, &c. to the fouthern ftates. The Ncgfo trade was prohibited
by law, in 1788, and tkere is not 4 fingle flavc now belonging to the'
C omraonwe alth .

MANuFACTbx.E$. — ManufafloTiesof cotton goods have been attempted
at Beverly, Worcefter, alid Bofton j and great credit is due to the
gentlemen who began them j although, notwithftanding their perfe-
vcring exertions, they have uot been able to fiuiltount the various oh*
Itacles in the way of fuccef*. A woollen manufaaory has alfo bee»
ellablilhed at Byefield pariQi in Newbury, bu^ which i« not likely to
'Succeed. At Taunton, BridgwHter, Plymouth, Ncwburyport, Middle
borough and fume other places, naih huve been made in fuch quantities
as are faid to lelTeu in fume degree the importation of them from Britain.
Nail making was not an object of confiderable attention until the Ge-
neral Court Md a duty on imported nails of every fiie. This fooa
" gave nerves to the arm and motion to the hammer } and from 400 to
500 nails indifferently made by one hand in a day, 1OO6 ite now Well
Irj^j-. \^ »i*-. fr.«,« tirrt*. " 1\/r!.r-Viin*«a h^vA K^fti invpriff'fi for this manu*
fafture, and are faid to aufwer fo well, that one of them will cut and
)«»4 5,000 nails in a day under the direction »f a youth of ditfeer kit.

uusAcnnnrvi.

iS$

T« tl/rftate tTiere are »bout 20 paper-mllb, fi.t on Neponfit River,
Jj^o ChlrlL River, on« at And'over, on Shaihcen «'-- one at
buTon, one »t Wotcelkr, another at Springfield, &c. Moft of thele
«^ s Imc two vat, each, and when in achon, employ, 10 men, and «
*!.ny gl'ls and boy., and produce at the rate of 80,000 ream, of vmt-
inff. printing, and wrapping paper, annually. » . .1.

^In the principal card manufaftovics in Rofton are made, yearlr
.bout 12,000 dozen of cotton and wool cards wh.ch ccnfume neady
too calk.s of wire, and about 35,000 tanned calf, fl>ecp, and latfib
Ikins. The aicking of thefe cards employs not lels than 2000 people,
chielly children, and above 60 men are fully occupied m ni;i""f«<a^r-
.ine card-boards, card-tacks, and in finilhing them. ^^^^'^^^^Jf ,f °;^
there are three other fmaller manufaaotics m Eofton •, and »t »» eft*-
mated that between 2000 and 3000 do/cn cards are made at the mher
mtnufaftories in different parts of the ilate.^ _

There are two or three manufadones, m Bofton, and its vicmity,
for making playing-cards, at one of which large quantities are made.
The feat of the ilioe mauufaaure is at Lynn, eight miles to the
- «orthwafd of Bollon, in the county of £ffex •, though a vaft many arc
made ill Botton, Quincy and other places. All the (hoes made m thii
town, of which there is an immenfe number, are exported chiefly hf
the manufadurers to the foHthern markets.

. Silk and thread lace, of a good texture, are manufaauied by women
and children, in the *own of Ipfwich, in Effex county, and fold for
ufe and exportation in Botlon, and other mercanlilejowns. This ma-
nufadure, it U thought, if properly regulated and encouraged, might
ke produaive of great and exteniive advantages.
■ A wire manufaaory has lately been ereded, at a confiderable ex-
pence, in Dedham, in Norfolk county, for the purpofe of drawing wire
for the ufc of the filh-hook, and card manu^«aurers in Bofton.

There are feveral fnuff, oil, cliocolatc, and powder milh in different
parts of the Hate, and a number of iron-works and ilitting-millj,
befides other mills, in common ufc, in great abimdance, for fawinjj
lumber, grinding grain, &c.

There wereui 1792, 62 diftillerics in this ftate, employed la diftil-
lino- from foreign materials. In thefe diftillerics arc 158 Hills, which
contain in all 102,17^ gallons. One million nine hundred thoufand
gallons have been diiUUed in one year, which at a duty of eleven centJ
a gallon, yields a revenue to government of 209,000 dollars.

A brick pyramidical glafs-houfe was creaed in Bofton, by a compa-
ny of gentlemen, in 1789. This has fince been pulled down and
another crefted on a new plan. For want of workmen, (killed in th«
bufinefs, howerer, their works were not put in operation effedually
till November, 179! j and have fince been interrupted by the transfor-
mation of the building. The glaft here manufadured is faid to b«
fuperior to any imported. As there is an abundance of the materials
far this manufadure at command, it is contemplated that the foreign
importation of that article, will in the courfe of a few years become
almoft fopcrHuous.

- EaiDGHs. — The bridges that merit notice In this ftate arethe fol*
lowing, viz. Charles River Bridge, built in 17S6-87, 1503 feet long,
and cannedin^ Bof;on and Charlcftown. It is built on 75 piers, with

'54

ir..jJACRUStT7l.

• convenient irpw in the middle, for the palTage of yeffeli. Kteli
pier is compofcd of feven flicks of oak timber, united by a cap-piece
*rong braces and girts, and afterwards driven into the bed of the river^
«nd firmly lecured by a finglc pile on each fide driven obliquely to a
Iblid bottom. The piers are conncfted to each other by large ftrine-
f ieccs, which are covered with fopr inch plank. The bridge is 41
feet m width, and on each fide Is accommodated with -a paffage fix feet
•wide, railed in for the fafety of foot palTenger.. The bridge ha, «
gradual rife from each end, fo ».s to be two feet higher in the middle
than at the extremities. Forty elegant lamps are ereacd, at a fuitable
<Iiltancc from each other, to illuminate it wUen nccefiary There
are four ftrong fione wharyes conneded with three piers each funk in
various parts of the river. The machinery of the draw « fimple. and '
xequires but two men to ralfe it. At the iiigheft tides the water rifcs
12 or 14 feet ; the floor of the bridge is then about four feet above
the water. 7 he depth of the water in the channel, at low tide, Is 27
feet. This badge was completed in 13 months j and while it exhibit*
die greateft effea of private cntcrprlze, of this kind, in the United
States, It being the firit bridge of confiderablc magnitude that ha*
been eredcd, prcfents a (lire proof, how great objefts may be attained
ky fpirited exertions. ' -

The fuccefs which attended this experiment, led others to engage in
fcrmlar works of cnterpmc. Maiden Bridge acrof. Myftlc River, con.
ncdling Charleftown with Maldan, was begun in April, 1727, a-.d wa«
•pencJ for paffengers the September following. Thi, bridge,' includinr
Jhe abutments is 2420 feet long, and 3a feet wide j it hts a dww 4
leet vfidc. The deepeft water at iiill tide is 33 feet.

EITex bridge up_n;ards of xjoo feet in length, >v'ith a well- contrived
«lraw, wasereded^ 1789, and conneas Salam with Beverly. The
expencc of this bridge is faid not to have exceeded one-third part of
toat of Charles Rivc^ Bndgcyet it is efteemed quite equal in ilrcngth.
and IS thought by ftrangers to be fuperior in point of beauty.

In Rowley, on the pojl-road between Bofton aiid NewbuiTPort it
a bridge acrols Parker's River, 870 feet long, and 26 feet wide, con-
frlhug of mne loud piej* and ciglii wooden arches. This bridfie wu
built in the year 1 758. ^ "

A bridge over Mtrrlmack River in the county of Effex, about two
r,iles above Newburyport was lately completed. At the place where
the bridge IS creaed, an ifland divides the river into two branches. An
arch ot 160 fsct diameter and 40 feet above the level of high water
conneas this ifland with the main on gne fide. The channd on the
ether fide is wider, but the centre ai:ch is but 140 feet diameter.
, An elegant bridge, conneding Haverhill with Bradford. 6 CO feet
m length and 34 feet wide, was completed in 1794. It has three
arches of ,80 feet each, fupported by three handfome ftone piers, 40

'TfVT K^^r ■! """"y ^'^'"''^^* P^"' °^ sterlings, extending
50 feet above the bridge, and a draw of 30 feet over the channel oi
luc river.

^ Another ingenioufly conftruaed bridge, has been built over thi«
mer at Pentuckct Falls, between Chelmsford and Dr,cut. Jn ttg

etunty oi MidAitfex. -' " "^

MASSACHWSETTS. l/j

XiMrtKer bridj5e over this river, called the Merrimtck Brldgid, be-
tween Newbury and Haverhill bridges, of ingenioui and elegant
workmanlhip, wa» completed in November, 1795. It is the longeft
•f any on Merrimack River by feveral hundred feet. It confifts of
four long archei, and a draw ; and ftands upon five piers, and two abut-
oients, one on each (hore, befide a confiderable length built upon pile*.

A bridge, connefting Bofton with Cambridge, of very handfomc
workmanlhip, wai erefted in the years 1792 and 1693. The wooA
•art of it it 3500 feet in length j the caufeway on the Cambridge fide,
U ^640 feet, making together nearly a mile and a third. The bridge
ii Supported by piers, and has a draw for the paffage of veflels, and i(i^
by much the longeft, and probably the moft expcnfivc bridge in the
United States. This, and the other bridges which have been now
mentioned, are fupported by a toll, and yield to the proprietors a very
liandfome interert for their money.

Locks and Canals. — Locks and canals in various parts of the ftatc
have been contemplated, particularly between Barnftable Bay an4l
Buzzard^s Bay ; and one by which a communication might be openerfl
ketween Bofton and fomc part of Connefticut -River ; for which latter
•urpofc, a body of gentlemen were incorporated by the General Court,
sn 1 79 J, by the name of " The Proprietors of the Maffachufett*
Canal." But the idea of opening canals in thefe places, feems far
the prefent at leaft to be laid afide. Other plans of this kind, fincc
adopted, and more pra£ticable, hav« been carried, or are now carryin|;
into eifefl.

The locks and canals at South Hadlcy, on the e^ft fide mi Connefti-
«ut River, made for the purpofe of navigating round the falls in the
river at that place, were begun in 1793, and completed in 1795.

It is obferved, that fince the completion of thefe locks and canals,
'there has been a very confiderable increafe of tranfportation up an^
Jown the river : Confequently, although the proprietors have been at
great expence, the profpeft of ftill greater increafing bufincfs, givea
them no fmall aflurance of future grin.

Some mills are already erefted on thefe canals, and a great variety
•f water- works may, -^nd doubtlefs will foon be ereftcd here, as nature
and art have made it v ".e of the moft advantageous places for thefe
purpofes in the United t.tates.

Canals ?re alfo opening by the fame company, at Miller's Falls, ia
Montgomery, about 25 miles above thefe, on the lame fide of the
river.

Middlefex canal, which it is expefted will be of great importance
to this ftate and New Hampfliire, has 1 ■ sn opened at a vaft expence,
by an incorporated company.

The route of this canal is foutherly, through the caft parts of
Chclmesford, and Billerlca, the weft part of Walmington, and the
•liddle of Woburn, where it comes to fome ponds, from which the
waters run by Myftic River into Bofton harbour.

The diftance from the Merrimack to thefe ponds, will be 17 mile$.

The canal will, without meeting with any large hills or deep valleys,
i; iiiaigiiici liian liic tuuiiLi^' .'ouu iicut ii. i uc uiuanCc irom lat
Merrimack to Medford, as the canal will be made, is 27, and to Eoftou,
31 miles.

:l IM

i^6 UAMAcnnvr rt.

The piivilcfje of the canal is granted to the proprletDr^ hr evrr.
They are made a ftatute corjtoratJon, with proper and ncccflary powers-
and to have a toll of fix cents a mile for every ton weight which (htll
pafs, beiidcs pay for their boats and labour. 'I'he canal is ('aid to he
34 teet wide at the bottom, 32 at the top, and <ix feet deep. The
^ats are to be 12 feet wide and 70 feet long. There are three locks
at the head of the canal, by which bo»tj can afcciul from, and defcend
into the Merrimack.

Some parts of the bank* of Merrimack River, and the adjacent
countiy, are full of timber and wood, and others produce great nyan-
titles of beef, grain, butter, and other articles for a market, and call
for great quantities of fait, fugars, and other heavy articles, whick
mil be tranfported upon the canal.

it is cxpeded that this canal will alfo be a fource of encreafinr
wealth to Medford, Charleftown, aod Bolton, a< well as to the enter-
Iprifing and patriotic proprietors.

There is yet a ftrong expeftation of opening a communicntion be-
tween the Connefticut and Merrimack rivers, by means of the Su^ar
River which nms into the Conne<5licut, a«d the Contoocook whl'ck
runs into tke Merrimack.

Curiosities.— In the north part of the townrt\ip of Adams, in Berk-
ihire county, not half a mile from Stamford, in Vermont, is a flaturtl
and fingular curiofity. A pretty mill ftrcam, called Hudfon's Brook,
■which rifes in Vermont, and falls irtto the north branch of Hoofuck
River, has, for 30 or 40 rods, formed a' very deep channel through «
<juarry of white marble. The hill, gradually deicenditig towards the
iouth, terminates in a ftccp precipice, down which, probably, the water
cuce tumbled. But finding, in fome places, natural chafms in th« rocks,
and in others wearing them away, as is evident from their appearance,
it has formed a channel, which, in fome places, is more tlian 60 feet
deep. Over this channel, where decpcft, fome of the rocks remain,
and form a natural bridge. From the top of this bridge to the water,
it is 62 feet ; its length is about 12 or 15, and its breadth about 10.
Partly under this bridg«, and about 10 or 11 feet below it, is another,
which is wider but not fo long *, for at the caft end they form one body
of rock, 12 or 14 feet thick^ and under this the water flows. It i«
evident, from the appearance of the rocks, that the water, in fome
places, formerly flowed 40 or 50 teet above its prcfent bed. Many ca-
vities, of different figures and dimen^fions, but generally circular, are
worn out in the rocks. One of thcfc in the folid rock, is about four
feet in diameter, and four or five feet deep j the rock is on one fide
worn through at the bottom.- A little above the bridge, on the weil
lldc of the chafm, is a cave or little room, which has a converuent en-
trance at the north, and a pafTage out at tlie eaft. • From the weft fide
•f this cave, a chafm extends into the hill ; but foon becomes too nar-
row to pafs. The rocks here, which are moftly white, though in fome
places clouded c Orcaked with other colours, appear to be of that
fpecies of coarfe white marble which is common at Lanefborough, and
in otiicr towns in Berkihire county.

In the town of VVrenthera, about two miles routh-eaft of the meet-
ing- houfe, is a curious cavern, called Wampom's Rock, from an Indian .
tiuiily of that name who relidcd in it for vears. It is fituated on tht

MAisAemrirrTf.

«5T

ns, in Bfrrk-

is a »«turtl
bn's Brook,
)f Hoofuct
;1 1>hr<nigh «
towards the
r, the water
n tli'C rock I,
appearance,
lian 60 feet
cks remain,
> tii« water,
h about 10.
, is another,
•m one body
0\TS. It i«
sr, in fomc
. Many ca-
ircular, are

about four
on ohc fills
jn the wed
ivenient cn-
le weft fide
les t«o nar-
ijgh in fome

be of that
jrough, and

fouth fide of a W11, »nd is fiirrounded by a number of brdkcn rocks.
It is nearly fquare, each I'.dc meafurinR about nine feet. The height
is about ciKht feet in front, but from the centre it leffens to about
four feet. At prefcnt it fcrres only as a (helter for cattle and fheep,
M do one or two other rocks or caves in the town, formerly inhabited
by Indians.

Under this article may be mentioned the falls of Powow River,
which rifes in New Hampftiire, and falls into the Merrimack between
Salifbury and Amefbury, in the county of Effex. At thefe falls, the
defcent of the water, in the diftance of 50 rods, is loo feet, and m itt
p^flage carries one bloomery, five faw-mills, feven griil-miUs, two
rinfeed-oil-mills, one fulKng-miU, and one fnuff-mill, befides fcveral
wheels, auxiliary to diflferent labours. The rapid fall of the water —
the dams at very (hort diftances crofling the river—tht: various wheel*
and mills arifing almoft immediately one over another — and the very
irregular and grotefque fituation of the houfes and other buildings oh
the adjoining grounds, give this place a romantic appearance, and
afford, in the whole, one of the moft Angular views to be met with in
this country.

Lynn Beach may be reckoned a curiofity. It is one mile in length,
and connefts the peninfula called Nahant vnth the main land. This i«
m place of much rcfort for parties of pleafure from Bofton, Charlef-
town, Salem, and Marblehead, in the fummer feafon. The beach is
ufed as a race ground, for which it is well calculated, being level,
imooth, and hard.

MiNKRALs AND FpssiLS.— Iron ore, in immenfe quantities, is found
in various parts of this ftate, particularly in the old colony of Plymouth,
in the towns of Middleborough, Bridgewatrr, TavrntoOj Attlebbrough,
Stoughton, and the towns in that neighbourhood, which has in conft-
qucnoe become the feat of the irrif\ manufa^ures. Valuable iron-works
on an extenfive fcale, have been eredtcd, -sad ve o&w in opperation at
Plymouth.

Copper ore is found at Leverett in the county of Hampftiire, and at
Attlcborough ixi the county of Briftol. Several mines of black lead
have been difcpvered in Brimficld in Hampfliire county j and white
pipe-clay, and yellow and red ochre, ar Martha's Vineyard, and in
other places. AUura flate, or ftone, has been found in fome parts j
and alfo ruddle, or a red earth, which has been ufed as a ground co-
lour for primiijg, infxead of SpaniHi brovyn. In a quarry of lime-ftone,
in the parilh ofByefield, in the county of EiTex, is found the aibeftos,
or iucombuftible cotton, as it has been called. Marble has been found
in the fame vicinity, and it is conjeftured that there arc confiderable
beds of it. The fpecimens of it already exhibited, have been beauti-
fully variegated in colour, and admit an admirable poliftu A marble
quarry at Lanefborough affords Tery good marble.

In the town of Brookfieid, in this commonwealth, is to be found a
very large quantity of rocks, which arc called by chemifls, pyrites, fo
highly impregnated with fulphur, vitriol, and allum, that if properly
manufaftured, it is thought, would yield a fufficient quantity of thofis
valuable articles to fupply the United States for many years, TV,**

1 IIM

rock, when firfl taken from its bed, is nearly as hard as flint, but a«
fxpt furc of it \9 the air, and the pouring of water upon it, foftcns it

■ti(.

to fUch a diegrce that it is eafily pulverlze<i. TIic proccfs hf 'which
the vitriol, commonly called copperas, is obtained, is very finjiple and
eafy, and not very expenfive j that by which the alluiu is procured
is fomcwhat more difficult. The fulphur is the stoft difficult to b?
obtained ; but &om various and late .expe.rinien,ts, it appears tha;t
great quantities of the flour of fulphur may be eafily extrafti^d by fjah^
limatlon.

Mineral Springs, — Several mineral fprings have been found in differ
rent parts of the ftatc j particularly at Jfynn, Wr*nth»m, Men^tomy
paridi in Cambridge, ^c. b^t none are celebr<^ed ^ pli^es of refprt
for invalids.

LiTiRARY, Har.iANE, ANB oTHE|. SociBTrES. — Thcfc infUtutions iq
Maflachufetts, exhibit a fair trait in the charafter of the inhabitants.
Among the firft literary inftitutlons in this (late, is the /imericnn Aca-
demy of ^rtt and Sciences^ incorporated in l']%o. It is declared iij
the aft, that the end and defign of the inflitution, i» to promote and
encourage the knowledge of the antiquities of Amfirica, and of th^
natural hiftoiy of the country, ^nd to determine tlie ufei to which the
various natural produdlions of the country may be applied, Alfo tQ
promote and encourage medical difcoveries, mathematical idifquifitions,
philofophical inquiries and ejKperiments j aftronomical, meteorological,
and geographical obfervations j improvements in agriculture, arts,
manufaftures, commerce, and the cultivation of every fcience that
jtnay tend to the advancement of a free, independent, and virtuous peor
pie. There are never to be more than 200 members, nor lefs than 40,
^his focjiety has four ftated annual meetings.

The Majfachufetts CharitMe Socitty, incorporate^d in Dccembet
1779, is intended for the mutual aid of themfelyes and families, who
may be diitreffed by any of the adverfe accidepjts oi life, and for the
icomforting and relieving of widows and orphans of their deceafed mem-
bers. The members 9f ij^^s fociety meet annually, and are not tp
exceed 100 in number.

The Bqfton Epifcopal Charltohk Soeiity, jfisfl: inftituted in 1774, pnd
incorporated in 1784, has for it* objeft, rjiarity tp fmch as are of the
Epifcopal church, and to fuch others as the fociety fhall think fit} bu^
more efpecially the relief of thofe whjo ^re members of, and benefac-
,tors to the fociety, and afterwards become fuitable objefts of its cha-
rity. 1'he members of this fociety meet annually, ^nd are not to ex^
ceed ".00 in number,

The MftJfacbufeUs Medifaf S$eiety was inrorpor^ted in 178 1. The
deli^Ti of this inftitution is to promote medical and fiirgical knowledge,
inquiries into the animal economy, and the properties and effedli of
medicine, and a friendly correfpondencie with |the eminent in thofe pro-
fcflions throughout the worlu.

Committees are appoiJ^t€d in each county to receive communications
/rom, and to corrcfpond with their medical brethren who arc not fel-
lows of the fociety ; and this led .0 the formation of feveral medical
aflbciations, whyje views are to »id the l»ud^ble defigns of this impor-
tftBt inflituticn.

To evidence tKeir humanity and bencrojence, a number of the me-
dical and other gentlemen, in the town of Bofton, in 1785, formed a
focietv, by the nwnp of the Hum^ftf Siteieiyy {qx the purpofc of rccu-

'*^g*Wi«tr J i « ' ; ; a w i !»*1ijBw ^^ i M «gmiiew! ■■"•■.■

iHiiA.<i*tntt»»

'i^

in» IS procured.

V*fiftfffierfofl» a6Wr(!ntly dead, from drowning, fuffocauon, ftranglmg,
ani other accidents. Thi» focicty. which was iBcorporatcd in 1791,
Mve creaed fcven huts, furnilhed with wood, ftraw, cabbins, Undcr-
boxes blankets, &«. two on Lovell's Ifland, one on Calf Ifland, both
in Bofton Harbour, two on Nantaflcct Beach, and another on bcituate
Beach near Marfhfield, for the comfort of ftiipwrecke^ feamen. Hut*
of the fame kind are crcaed on Plumb Ifland, near Newbury, by the
Marine Society of that place, already mentioned y and there are alf«
lome contiguous to Hampton and Salilbury Beach.

TA/f S§eietyfor propagating the Go/pel among the Indtant and others
in Nofth America, ^i* incorporated irt 1787. They are enabled M
rccci-e fubfcriptions of charitably difpofed perfons, and may take any
perfohal eftate in fucceflion. All donations to the fociety either by
ftibfcriptions, kgacy or othefwife, excepting fuch as may be difFerentlf
appropriated by the donors, to make a part of, or be put into the ca-
pital ftock of th<i fociety, which is to be put out on ereft on good
fecuritf , or otherWife improved to the beft advantage, and theincom*
and profits, are to be applied to the purpofes aforeiaid, in fuch manner
is the fociety ftiall judg* moll conducive to anfwer the defign of their
inflitutioh. For fever al years paft miffionaries have bein appointed
and fupported by the focitty to vifit the caftern parts of the Dillrift ^
Mai*^e, Whtfre thi people are generally deftitute of the means of reli-
gious inftruaion, and to fpend the fum«ier months with them. The
fucceft of thefe miffions has been highly fatisfaftoiy to the fociety.
Several thoufand books of different kinds, fuited to the ftatc of thft
people, have bet:, nurchafed by the focicty 's funds, and dittributed
kmong them and the Oneida Indians.

A part of this fociety are a board of commiflioners from the Scot'»
fociety foi" pioiAoting Ghriftian knowledge among the Indians in

America.

Ihe Majfaehufetts Society for promoting j^grieulture^ w^^'mcox^o-
rated in 179*. At a late meeting of this fociety in Bofton, a very
tonfiderable fum of money was fubfcribed, for cftablifhing a fund to
defray the eipence of premiums and bounties, which may be voted by
the fociety <^

Befides thefe there is a Marine Society, of ancient date. The
Majachu/ettf CtngregatioAal Society^ incorporated for the relief of the
widows *nd ehildr^n of deceafed clergymen.

The Middle/ex Medical Society, founded in the year 1790, for the
cultivation and ditfufion of medical knowledge.

x/ S»ciety far the aid of Emigrants, inftituted in 1793, whofe bene-
volent objcd is cxpreffed in the name by which they h»ve diftinguiftied
their fociety.

The Majfaehufetts Charitable Fire Society, inftituted in 1794, for the
purpofe of relieving fuch as may fuffer by fire, and of ftimulating ge*-
nius to ufeful difcoveries, tending to fecure the lives and property of
their fellow creatures from deftruftion by that element.

7 he Bojhn Mechanic Ajociation^ cftabMied in 1795. Its defign
is to promote and regulate the arts.

Next to Pennfylvania, this ftate has the greateft number of focletlc,^
for the promotion of ufeful knowledge »nd human happiucfc ^ ai das

160

MASIACIVIKTTI.

they are generilly foiinded on the broad bafis of benevolence, patriot-
ifm and charity, they cannot fall to profper.

LiTBRATURE, CsLLEGJEs, AcAUEMiES, &c.— According to the lawi
of this commonwealth, eycry tovm havinp^ fifty houfeholiders or up.
wards, is to be provided with one or more fchool-mafters to teach chil-
dreii and youth to read and write, and inftruft them in the EngUfh
language, arithmetic, orthography, and decent behaviour ; and where
any town has 26a faitiilies, there is alfo to be a grammar fchool fet up
therein, and fome pcrfen well InftruAed^ in the Latin, Greek, and
Engliih languages, procured to keep the fame, and be fuitably paid
by the inhabitants. The ptnalty for negleft of fchools in towns of 50
families is lol. — thofe ef 100 families 20I. — of 150, 30I.

Thefe laws refpefting fchools, are not fo well regarded in many
parts of the ftate as the wife purpofes which they were intended to
anfwer, and the happinefs of the people, require.

In Bofton there are feven public fchools, fupported wholly at the
expence of the town. Thefe fchools are attended alternately, and each
of them is furmfhed with an uflier or afliftant.

Next iff importance to the grammar fchools ar« the academies, in
which as well as in the grammar fchools, young gentlemen are fittcd-
Ibr admiffion to the univerfity.

Dummer /Academy at Newbury, was founded as early as 1756, by
means of a liberal donation from the Honourable William Dummer^
formerly lieutenant-governor, whofe name it has eVer fince retained.
It was opened ia 1763,- and incorporated by an aft of the General
Court in 1782. By the aA the number of truftees is not to exceed
IS, who are to manage tlie fbnds for the fupport of the inftmdori.
This academy is at preleat in a flouriflung ftate.-

Fhilips^s ^eadettiy, in Andover, was founded, and endowed in 17781
by the Honourable Samuel Philips, Efq. of Andover, in the county of
Effex, dnd commdnweakh of Maffijchilfetts; and his brother, the Ho-
nourable John Phillips^ L. L. D. of Exeter, in the ftate of New Hamp-
fliirr both deceafed. It was incorporated in 1780, and is under the
direaion of 13 truftees of refpeftable charaders, and the immediate
care of a principal, (who is one of the truftees ex officio) an affiftant
and a writing matter. '

The defign of this foundation, according to its conftitution, is. The
promotion of true piety and virtue, the inftrudion of youth in th'*
±;.nglifl),^Latm, and Greek languages, together with writing, arithme-
tic, praftical geometry, mufic and oratory, logic and geography, and
iuch other of the liberal arts and fciences, or languages, as opportuni-
ty and ability may hereafter admit,, and the truftees Aall dired.
xkt'!!"' ^'''!'^""^' '" the townftiip of Leicefter, and county of
Worcefter, was uicorporkted in 1784. For tht encouragement of this
mltitution, a large and commodious manfion-houffc, lands, and appurtc
nances ill Leicefter, were generoufly given in a compliment.

ortftol jtteademy, at Taunton, was incorporated in 1702.

At Hmghani is a well endowed fchool. which, in honour of its prin-
Cipal donor and founder, is called Derby lichooi.

T^^J"^ «re academies alfo at Plymouth, WcftficW, Groton» Wcftford.
Dedham, and fome other places. *

MAMACHCIETrTS,

I^I-

Theft .cadcmi« are deHgned to dijemlnate virtue .^^^^^^^
to oromoie the education of youth m the Englifh, Latin Greek, and
rreCuanguages, In writing; arithmetic, oratory geography, praa.cal
«:metr^^ and fuch other of the hberal arts and-

ffJences or languages, as may be thought expedient. _

^ 'S^r^ir^ cX,! or UrnvlAvJo called in honour of the late Rev •
Tohn Harvard of Charleftown, who left it a ff^^f^'^^'V Court
its date from the year 1638. Two years before the General Court
voted for the ereaing a public fchool or college in Nevvtown (fince
called Cambridge) 4ori. to be paid out of the colony treaAiry. ^^^
was but about fix years after MalTachufetts began to be fettled, Ply-
mouth at that time being a diftinft colony.

In 1640, the Court granted the income of Charleftown Fer^ as »■
perpetiaf r'evenue to this college. The ^^^^ V^^^ '^)^'l;^l^^
Dunfter was appointed, prefident, there having been before that time
only a preceptor or profeffor, and an afliftant. ^

/n the year 164I (when the firft clafs fini(hed their literary .our fe,
»nd the degree of Bachelor of Arts was conferred on them) the Ge-
neral Court paffed an ad conftituting; a board of overfeers, for the well
ordering and managing of the faid collv^ge, confifting of the governor
and deputy-governor for the time being, and all the magiftrates of the
iurifdiaion, together with the teaching elders of Cambridge, Water-
town, Charleftown, Bofton, Roxbury, and Dorchefter, and the prefi-
dent of the college for the time being.

In 1650 the college received its firft chatter from the Court, ap-
pointing a corporation confifting of feven perfons, viz. a prefident, five
fellows, and a treafurcr, to have perpetual fucceffion by eleaion to-
their offices: Their ftyle is, " The Prefident and Fellows of Har-
vard College." To this body wa» committed aU the eftate of the
eollege, and- they have the care of all donations and bequefts to the
inftitution. After this charter was granted, the board of overfeera
continued a dittina branch of the government j and thefe two bodies
form the legiflature of the college. , « j

The branches of literature and fcicncc in which the ftudents are in-
ftruaed are, the Latin and Greek clafllcs, the elements of Englilh
grammar and of rhetoric, the Hebrew and French languages, the
belles lettrcs, univerfal grammar, Englifti' compofition, oratory, an-
cient and modern hiftory, logic, metaphyfics, thf elements of natural
and political law, geography, arithmetic, algebra, geometry, conic fec-
tions, menfuration of fuperfices and folids, plain trigonometry, furvey-
ing, menfuration of heights and diftances, navigation, dialling, projec-
tions of the fphere, fpheric geometry and trigonometry, with their ap-
plication to aftronoraical problems ; natural philofophy, aftxonomy, and
theology.

The ftudents are annually examined very critically and fully la
thefe feveral branches, each clafs as far as it has proceeded in the
courfe of education, before a committee of the corpcratlon and over-
feers.

Among the prefidents and profcflbrs of this unlverfity, have been
men highly dittinguifhed both for their natural abilities and acquircit
ftccomplKhmeuts.

-"Ill,

In the year 1782, a medical inftitution was formed in tlie uniYetijty,
It confifts of three profeflbrfhips, viz. one of anatomy and furgert on©
of the theory and pradice of phyfic, atid one of chymiftry and iiate^
na medica. Each of thefe profeflbrs is eftabKfhed upon a foundMiorj
and adopts peculiar names to themfelves, from the donators of the^
*fferent funds. The two firft are called Herfey profeffors, after Dr
Herfey of Hingham j and the third, the profeffor of chcmiftry antj
materia medica, from the late Major William Irving.

The funds, however, not affording a fufficient comptfnfation for thefe
yrofeflbrs for their ledures, they are allowed to take moderate fee»
from their pupils.

Thefe profefors give a complete courfe of ledlurea in th^^ir feverai:
branches. The mftitution requires, " that they demonftrate the ana.
tomy of the human body, making phyfiological obfetvations on thtf
parts, and that they explain and perform a complete fyftem of furrical
operations-That they teach their pupils the theory and pradlle of
phyfic, by direaing and fuperintending, as much as may be, their pri-
vate ftudies ledunng on the difeafes of the human body, and takW
with them fuch as are qualified to vifit their patients, making proper
obfervations on the nature of their difeafes, he peculiar circulftancer
attending them, and the method of cure— That whenever the profef.
fors be deiired by any other gentlemen of the faculty, to vifit their
patients m difficult and uncommon cafes, they ufe their endeavours ta
introduce with them their pupils duly quaUfied— That they deliver
leaures on th» materia medica— That they explain the theory of che-
miltry, and apply its principles in a courfe of adual experiments."^
iach one, as far as his own branches ure concerned, ft«adily follow*
this plan. •'

Thefe leaures commence on the firft Wednefday in Oaober an^

nually at Cambridge, and aire purfued till eaeh profeffor has finifhecf
Ais courfe.

The under graduates are not permitted to attend until their fcniot'
year. All Itudents m phyfic from any parts whatever, whether they
have or hpye not a collegiate education, are allowed to attend, by com-
plying wuh the medical regulations, and may have the ufe of the li'^
■rary during the courfe.

Tx/r ■?\P''r''^''' buildings belonging to the univeffity are Harvard ifalL
Maffachufetts Hall, Hollis Hall, and Holden Chapel. The laft no«
being large enough to contain tl>e lludent^, has not been ufed as a cha-
pel tor many years part. It is now occupied by fome of the medical
profeffors. Maffachufetts Hall and Hollis Hall contain private rooms,
and are occupied by the tutors and ftudents. As a very confiderabk
number of the rtudents are obliged to live in private chambers ift th<S
town, lor want of room in the halls, the General Court, in 1704,
granted a lottery to raife the fum of 8000I. to build another hall for
the better accommodation of ftudents, which wiU probably foon ht
built. Harvard Hall has none but public rooms, which are a- chapel
a dining-room, hbrary, philofophy-chamber, an apartment for the phi*
lolophical apparatus, and a muieum. The library contains near 12,000
volurnes, and is conftantly increafing ]>y donations, and by the incomes
ot a legacy recently left it. The phil, fophical apparatus, which coft
between 14G0I. and i^oqI. contains a tompietc let of inltruaient* for

exhajuing » «oarfc of etperjmental Icaurei in natural philofopiif and
aAronomy. Newly indented and improved inflruments are frequently
added to the apparatus. Indeed .lie library and apparatus of this uni-
verlity ^e far fvpcrjor to thofc of any other univerfity in the United
States. A hall, (landing where Harvard now is, was confumed by firt
in January 1764, and the library and apparatus dettroyed with it, fo
that thefe literary treafure* have been coUeaed fince that period, folely
by the munificence of gentrous benefaaors.

The muCeum contains a handfome colle6tion of natural and artificial
curiofities. It may be faid to be pretty rich in minerals, owing to tKc
munificenc/e of Dr. Lettfom of London, in 1794, and of the French
Republic the year following. The colleaion fron> thefe two fourccs i%
•xtenfive and various. *

A courfe of leaurcs on natural hiftory, in which mineralogy i» par-*
ticularly attended to, is ^iven every fpring and autumn in the univer-
sity •, but there is no proteflbrfhip of natural hiftory yet eftabliflied. f

The part of Cambri&^e tn whidi the poUeges are fituatffd, is very
pleafant and healthful. Some gentlemen's ffats in it are bcautifullf
fituated, commanding a ddightftil profpea of Charles River, whicb
runs through the town, the adjoining meadows, and neighbouring hills.
The college edifices ftand on a large plain, facing a very pleafant and
cxtenfive comnjon. Behind, towards the caft, there is a fi»€ rural
profpeft, and acrofs the fields a rich view of Bofton and Chajrleftowix.
They are about half a mile diftant from the river, whick is navigable
for laden veffels of nearly 100 tons abreaft of the populous part of the
town. Their diftance from the centre of Bo(lon, is eight miles bjr
the way of Roxbury, 4^ n»iles over Charles River Bridge, 3^ milc^
jover Weft Bofton Bridge.

In Williamftown, in Bcrkibire county. Col. Ephraim William*
^aid the foundation of an academy feveral years fince, end endowed it
*rith ^ handfogjc donation of lands. In 1790, partly by lottery, and

'* If U believed l>y the Atncricaqi that tbeir country pollcflet iovaluaMe treafure*
Jiid in the earth, but for want of perfons (killed in mineralogy, thofc receffet of curio,-
fity, wealth, and pleafure, have not been entered, and they have hitherto remained
dependent on foreign coun'.iiei f«r riches that are aAuaily under their feet. Dr. Lett-
Coni of London, iniprciTed with a fenfe of the advantages which would accrue to that
country from I'carching the earth for ores and foflils, generoully ftiut a noble colledtioa
fff minerals to the univerfity in Cimbritlge, to fervc at (landard fpecimens.

This colledlioB contains, befides gold, filver, and p|atina, a great variety of fpecif
mens of iron ores, found in Great Britain, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Hungary^
and other places. As great a variety of copper and lead ores, from different parts sf
the world, and of tin from England. To thefe are added fpeciment of femi-metab,
and others variouily mi«ed and compounded. There is, befides, a fine colleAlan of
jQilts, ^nd faltne earths, from Trafifylvania, and the bannet of ramctfwcar, which
would be cvnfidered as very complete in any cjibinet in Europe. There are, befide^
a great number of fpars and curieus chryl>alli;£ations, and p<trefa<Sliont. Thefe, toge-
ther with a very valuable cclleftion of minerals fent diredily from the agency of the
mints of France, by the dire&iun of the Committee of Public Safety (or iuprcmc exe-
cutive) of the Republie of France, to that univrrfity, forms the richefb and mod cx-
tenfive coUeftion of mineralogy in the United States.

f Although there may be fome variations and probably improvements of other
colleges up«n the plan here purfucd, yet the reader, from the foregoing (ketch, m»f
form a pretty juft idea of the government and courfe of education in the other Ame-
rican cm\\eee%. efneclallv thofe of Nrw Kno'l^i'i'^ 'Ui'irVi q v';»ur m #»:.» »k<a m'^/-* mfi

gcucral information, this article hat been exceeded rather beyond iu limits.

t64

MASSACHUSltn.

fl!

i . (

partly by the liberal donation of gentlemen In the town, a brick edifice
-was ercded, Sz.fcet by 42, and four ftorics high, containing 24 rooms
for ftudents, a large fchool-room, a dining-hall, and a room for public
fpeaking. In 1793, ^^^' academy was ereded into a college by an aft
■of the legiflatare, by the name of Williams' College, in honour of itt
liberal founder. The languages and fciencei ufually taught in the
American colleges are taught here. Board, tuition, and other ex-
pences of education are very low 5 and from its fituation and other cir,.
cumftances, it is likely, in a fhort rime, to become an inftitution of
€onfiderable utility and importance.

Banks. — There are no lefs than fix banks in this commonweahh
•of which the Branch Bank in Bolton, which is a part of the National
Bank, is one. I lie Maffachufetts Bank in Bofton was incorporated
io 1784.

ElTex Bank, at Salenj, was inftituted in 1792, and is under the
Tnanagement of a prcfuU'?t and fix direftors.

Union Bank, in Bofton, was incorporated in 1792, and has a prefi-
dent and eleven direftors. -its capital confifts of 100,000 fharcs of
-eight dollars each, amounting to 800,000 dollars. The Common-
•wealth owns 25,000 ftiarcs in this feank. Banks at Newburyport and
Nantucket have fmce been inftituted.

Chief Towns .--Bofton is the capital, not only of Maffachufettt,
.but of New England, an lies in latitude 42<> 23' north. It is built
«on a peninfula of an irregular form, at the bottom of Mafiachufetts
Bay. The neck or ifthmus which is now in part fettled, and which
joins the peninfula to the main land, is at the fouth end of the town,
«nd leads to Roxbury. The length of the town itfelf from this ifth^
mus, is not quite two miles. Its breadth is various. At the entrance
from Roxbury it is narrow. The greateft breadth is one mile and
139 yards. The buildings in the town cover about 1000 acres. It
contains, at prefcnt, near ^500 dwelling houfes, and upwards of 30,000
inhabitants.

la this town there are 79 ftreets, 38 knes, and 21 alleys, exclufirp
of fquares and courts j and about 80 wharves and quays very couveni-
«nt for veffels. The principal wharf extends 600 yards into the fea,
'«nd is covered on-the north fide with large and coavenient ftorcs. Ii
far exceeds any other wharf in the United States.

In Bolton arc 19 houfes for public worfhip j of which nine arc for
Congregationalifts, three for Epifcopalians, two for Raptifts, one fer-
tile Friends, one for Univerfalifts, one for Sandimanianu, one for
Roman Catholics, and one: for Methodills.

The other public buildings are the ftate-houfe, court houfe, theatre,
|[aol, Faneuil Hall, an alms-houfe, a work-houfe, a bvidewell, and
powder-magazine. That building, which was formerly ibe gorernor'*
lioufe, is now occupied in its feveral apartments, by the ct-tindl, the
treafurer, and the fecretary ; the two latter hold their n*;.C'-s in it.
it has lately been fold by the ftate. Franklin Place, adjoining the
theatre, is a great ornament to the town. It contain ' a monument of
Dr. Franklin, from whom it takes Its name, and , encompaffed ov^
two fides with the Tontine Buildings, which, in point of elegance, ar«
i-yi T/icc-.a-.u, ^;ciiii:|)-v, uy ihc ii.acipni, m i*onaou.

MASSACHUSETTS.

165

Here are kept, in capacious rooms, given and fitted up for the
purpofe^ the Bofton Library, and the valuable colledion of the
■Hiftorical Society. Moft of the public buildings are handfome, and
fome of them are elegant. The town is irregularly built, but as it
lies in a circular form around the harbour, it exhibits a very handfome
view as you approach it from the fea. Gn the well fide of the town
is the mall, a very beautiful public walk, adorned with rows of trees,
and in vi«w of the common, which is always open to refrefhing breezes.^
Beacon Hill, on which a handfome monument, commemorative of
fome of the moft important events of the late war, has lately been
erefted, overlooks the town frm the weft, and affords a fine varie-
gated profpetl:.

The harbour of Bofton is fate, and large enough to «ontain 500
-(hips at anchor, in a good depth of water ; while the entrance is fo
narrow as fcarcely to admit two fliips abreaft. It is diverfified with 40
iflands, fome of which afford rich pafturing, hay, and grain. About
three miles from the town is the caftle, which commands the entrance
of the harbour.

The market in this town is fupplied with an abundance of beef, pork,
mutton, lamb, veal, and poultry, all of an excellent quality j and alfo
with meal, butter, cheefe, roots, vegetables, and fruits of various
kinds, in great plenty. The fifli-n^^rkct is alfo excellent, and not
only furnifties the tables of the rich with fome of the groateil dainties^
but is alfo a fingular blcfling to the poor.

Bofton was fettled as early as the year 1630 or 163 1, from Charlcf-
town. The peninfula was called by the natives, Shawmut j but the
inhabitants of Charleftown, from the view they hald of three hills called
it Trimountain. The new inhabitants, however, named it Bofton,
out of refpedl to the Rev. Mr. Cotton, formerly a minifter of Bofton
in England, who was expefted to come oyer to New England. He
was afterwards minifter of the firft church.

The principal manufaftures here are rum, beer, loaf-fugar, cordage,
cards, paper-hangings, fpermaceti and tallow candles, glafs and ftonc
ware j there are 3 d dittilleries, two breweries, eight fugar-houfes,
eleven rope walks, and a furnace for cafting iron.

Salem. — This town, which was called by the Indians Naumkeag,
is next to Bofton in point of number,'^ and commercial importance. It
was fettled as early 1628, by Mr. Endicot afterwards governor, and a
colony under his direftion. It is the oldeft town in the ftate, except
Plymouth, which was fettled about eight years before. It contains
about 1000 houfes. ind between 8000 and 9000 inhabitants *Here are
a fociety of Quakers, an Epifcopal church, and five Congregational
iocieties. The town is fituated on a peninfula, formed by two fmall
inlets of the fea, called North and South rivers. The former of thefe
paffes into Beverly Harbour, and has a draw-bridge acrofs it, built many
years ago at private expence. At this place fome part of the (hipping
of the town is fitted out j but the principal harbour and p' « for bufi-
nefs is on the other fide of the town, at oouth River, if t may pro-'
perly be called a river, which depends on the flowing of the fea for the
water it contains. So fhoal is this harbour, that veflels which drawf
jiiorc than jo or iz feet of^water, muft be laden and unladen at a,

i66

MASSACHUSETTS.

if- i

J." ' ■ M

diftance from the wharves by the afliftance of lighters. NotwithflandU*
this inconvenience, however, more navigation is owned, and more
trade carried on in Salem, than in any poi-t in the commonwealth
Bofton' excepted. The filhery, the trade to the Weft Indies, to Eu*
rope, to the coafl: of Africa, to the Eaft Indies, and the freiwhtinff
bufincfs from the fouthern dates, are all here puriued with ener'ry and
ipirit. The cnterprizc of the merchants of this place is equalled by
nothing but their indefatigable induftry and fevere economy. A pe-
neral plainnefs and neatnefs in drefs, buldings, and equipage, and a
certain ftillnef" ind gravity of manner, perhaps in fome degree pecu-
liar to commercial people, diilinguift them from the citizens of the
metropolis.

A court-houfe, built at the joint expence of the county and town
forms a principal ornament, and is txecutcti in a flyle of architedurc
that would add to the elegance of any city in the Union. The Supreme
Judicial Court holds a term here the.fecond Tuefday of November the
Courts of Common Pleas and Seflions, the fecond Tuefday of March
and September.

South-eaft from Salem, and at four miles diftance from it, lies Mar-
Mehead, containing one Epifcopal and two Congregational churches
befides r fmall fociety of Separatills. Tlie chief attention of this town
as devoted to the bank fifhery, and more is done in that line than in
any port in the government. The late war putting a total flop to this
bufinefs, and valt numbers of the men before employed in it being loft
by land and water, the peaee found thofe who furvived in circum-
ilances of gi.at diftrefs. Great exertions were made to revive the
former courfe of bufineft, and it is lamented by every friend to itiduf-
try and the profperity of the country, that thefe exertions have not
been crowned with more fuccefs j every thing here has more and more,
the fymptoms of decay. A lottery was granted by the legiflature for
the double purpofe of leffening the w eight of this burden, and repair-
ing the fea wall, which proted^s the harb^-..r, and which was in immi-
nent danger of giving way, to the great detriment, if not utter ruin
of the port.

Newbury Port, originally part of Newbury, from which its incor-
poration detached it in 1764, and by which and Merrimack. River it
is Tvholly encircled, is perhaps the moft limited, in its extent of land,
of any townfhip in the commonwealth, containing but about 640 acres.
Here are five houfes of public worftiip, viz. one Epifcopalian, two
Prelhyterian and two Congregational. It was formerly remarkable
for the number of veffcls annually built here ; but after the commence-
Jnent of the late war, this bufinefs in a great degree failed. The trade
to the Weft Indies is carried on here wirh much fpirit and to a great
amount. Large quantities of rum are diftillcd, which is principallly
exported to the fouthern ftates. Some veffels are employed in the
freighting bufinefs, and a few in the fifliery. A term of the Courts
of Common Pleas and General Seflions Is held here on the laft Tuefday
of September.

Ipfwich, by the Indians called Agawam, in the county of ElTex, is
32 miles north-north-eaft from Bollon, is diyided Into fire pariflies,
and contain upwards of 5000 inhabitants. An excellent ftone"^ bridge'
acrofs Ipfwich River, coropofed of two arches, with one folid pier iii

WASSACHUIETtl. J<J7

the bed of the river, conneds the two parti^ of the town, and was exe-
cuted in a ftyle of ftrength and ncatnefs till lately unequalled in this
country. This was heretofore a place of much more confideration than
at preient. Its decline is attributed to a barred harbour and (hoal
rivers. Its natural fituatiou is very pleafant, and here the Supreme
Judicial Court, the Courts of Common Pleas and Seflions, are held
once in a year •, and from its central fituation, it appears to be the
molt convenient place for all the courts and public offices of the county.

Charleflown, called by the aboriginal inhabitants, Miftiawum, lies
north of Bofton, with which it is connedled by Charles River Bridge,
and is the principal town in Middlefex County. The town, properly
fo called, is built on a peninfula, formed by Myllic River, ontheeaft,
and a bay letting up from Charles River, on the vvelf. It is very ad-
vantageoufly fituated for health, navigation, trade, and various manu-
faftures. Bunker, Breed's, and Cobble (now Barrell's) hills, are
celebrated in the hiltory of the American Revolution ; and no lefs fo
for the elegant and delightful profpefts which they afford of Bofton,
and its charmingly variegated harbour, of Cambridge and its colleges,
and of an extenlwe tra6l of highly cultivated country. It contains
within the neck or parirti, near three hundred houies, and about 3000
inhabitants. The only public buildings of confequence are a handfome
Congregational church, with an elegant fteeple, and one of the beft
clocks perhaps in the United States, and an alms-houfe very commo-
dious and pleafantly fituated.

Before the dcftrudion of this town by the Briti(h in 1775, feveral
branches of manufaftures were carried on to great advantage, fome of
•which have been fince revived j particularly the manufafturc of pot and
pearl afh, rum, ihips, leather, filver, tin, brafs, and pewter. Two
rope-walks have lately been eretled in this town, and the iucrcafe of
its houfes, population, trade, and navigation, have been very great
within thefe few years part.

Cambridge and Concord are the moil confiderable inland towns in
the county of Middlefex. The former is 3^ miles from Bofton, and
is a pleafant town, and the feat of the univerlity. The latter is 19
miles north-weft cf Bofton, and is alfo a pleafant, healthy, thriving
town. The Provincial Congrefs fat in Concord in 1774, and the
General Court have frequently held their fcflions here when contagious
difcafes have prevailed in the capital. The public buildings are a Con-
gregational church, a fpacious ftone gaol, the beft in New England,
and a county court houfe. The town is accommodated with three
handfome bridges, one of which is 208 feet long and 18 feet wide, fup-
ported by 12 piers; built after the manner of Charles River Bridifc.
I'he number of inhabitants in this town is computed not to be lefs tb au
17,000 or 18,000, fome of whom arc faid to live to a great age, owinp-
to the healthy lituatlon of the town.

Plymouth, the principal town in the county of the fame name, and
the capital of the Old Colony, fo called, it 42 miles fouth-eaft of Bof-
ton, and is about the fize of Charlertown. Before the war, the inha-
bitants of this town employed 90 fail of veffels, chiefly in the fiftiing
buftnnfs. But in the courle of the war, they were moftly taken or
deftroyed by the enemy, and their feamen captivated, and many oi
the inhabitants reduced to indigence. They have fince, in a gre^t

Y ij

f6S

MAssArmrsETT*.

:.iit|

meafure, recovered from lJ'eird'1 relied flate. The liarbour m fpacIoiNL

but tlic water is not deep. This town is famous for being the tir^

place fe'tled by the jJous anceftors of the New Englandcrs, in 1620.

Worcciter, the (hire town of the county of the Iwsne name, is the

lars;eil inland town in New England, and is filuated about 47 miles

wellward of Bofton. The public buildln,<rs in this town, arc two

Cougrega'ional churches, a court-lioitf , and a lirong (lone gaol. The

inhabitants carry on a large inland trade, and manufafture pot and

pearl aih, befides fome other articles.

Printing, in its various branches, is carried on very e.vtcnfively in thii
town. Two editions of the Bible, in 1791, were carried through the
preiIVs, the one the large royal quarto, tlie firft of that kind publiilied
in America, the other a large folio, with 50 copperplates, befides fe-
vcrdl other books of confequence.

On Conneaicut River, in the county of Hampfhire, there are t
number of very plealant towns, among which are Springfield and Had-
ley, on the ealUide of the river j Northampton, Hatfield, and Deer-
field on the well. Courts are held in Springfield and Northampton
Springfield is the oldell of hefe towns, having beta fettled as early
as 1636. Its public buildings are a Congregational church, court-
houfe, and gaol. A large quantity of the military ftores of the United
States are lodged here, A clear meandering brook runs through the
town from north to fouth, and adds much to its beauty and plea-
fantnefs. . . '

Stockbridge, Pittsfield, and Lenox, are the principal towns in
JBcrkOurc County, and lie from 45 to 5s "^Jl^^ weft-north-weft from
Springfield.

MiLfTARY SrRENGTH.—Thc militia of Maffachufetts is compofed
of all the able-bodied white male citizens fr«m 18 to 45 years of age
cxcr-pi- g fi-om the enrollment, within thofc ages, all who hold any
civil olhce or importance, either under the ilatc or federal govern,
ment j and alfo thofe who have formerly held any military commiirion
vwiatever.^ The militia thus compofing th« greateft part of the adive
citizens, is completely armed and organizca, and in a<; good a Itate of
ducipline as can poffibly be defired, it being afiembled by companies
three times a year for dlfcipllne, and once for revifing the rolls and
making returns, and alio once by regiments 01 battalions for review
and mfpcaion. The whole is formed into divifions, and confirts of
infantry, c avalry, and artillery. There is an annual return made of
tbe wlole militia to the adjutant-general, who makes out ibftrafts
therefrom tor the governor, and for the prefident of the United States.
Revenue and Taxes. — The principal fources cf revenue arc land and
poll taxes, and the fales of new lands. Taxes are levied on ail males
upwards of i6,_ except fuch as are exempted by law— alfo on the num-
ber of acres of improved and unimproved land— on dwelling houses and
barns, ware-houfes, ftores, &c. Thefe are all valued, and upon this
valuation taxes are accordingly proportioned.

History, Religion, and Govi-RNMENr.— New England is at prcfcnt

ii ''^4 ^^^"^^^^'^ /?,"'■ P'^oy'^cesof New Hamplhirc, Maflkchufetts,
Ivuude iliii.-id, and Conncifricut.

Thefe four provinces, though always confederates for their mutual
defence, .were at firft, and ftiU continue, under feparatc jurifdiaiojii.

:ld, and Deer-

MASSACHUSRT- S. 165.

Th«y were all of them, by tbtir cliartcri, ori /inally free ami Indepen*
dent. The ihabitants had the choice of their own matrillrates, th«
governor, the council, tlie alTenably, and the power of making fuclx
laws as they thought nrnper, without funding them to Great Britain
for the approbation of the crown. Their laws, however, were not to
be oppofite to thofe of Great Britain. Towards the lattt - end of th«
reign of Charles II. when he and his minifters wanted to deltroy all
charters and liberties, the Maflfachufetts colony was accufed of violat-
ing their charter, in like manner as the city of London, and by a
judgment in the Kin«^'s Bench of England was deprived nf it. From
that time to the revolution, tliey remained without any charter. Soou
after that period, they received a new one, which, though very favour-
able, was much infer! r to the extenlive privileges of the former. i'h«
appointment of a governor, lieutenant-governor, fecretary, and all ths
©dicers of the admiralty, -as veflcd in the crown j the power of the
"militia was wholly in the hands of the governor, as captain general j
ail judges, ;u(lices, and IherifFs, to whom the execution of the law^
was entrutted, were nominated by the governor, with the advice o£'
ihe council : the governor had a negative on the choice of counfellorSj
peremptory and unlimited J and he was not obliged to give a reafoa
for what he did in this particular, or rellrained to any number : authen-
tic copies of the feveial ai5ts palTv.d by this colony, as well as others,
were to be tranfmitted to the couri of England, for the royal appro-
bation ; but if the laws A' tliis colony were not repealed within three
years after they were prefented, they were not repealable by the crowa
after that time j no laws, ordinantc^, elci Hon of magiftratcs, or acts
of governn.ent whatfoever, were valid without the g' crnor's confent
In w I iting •, and appeals for funis above 300I. were adn ted to the klnfj
Und council. Notwithllanding thele reilraints, the p aple had ftill at
great (hare of power in this colony ; for they not only chofe the affcm-
bly, but this aflembly, with the govcrnois concurrence, chofe the
council ; and the ^ vernor depended upon the affembly alone for his
annual allowance.

Bi.t the government of N(;w England has been entirely changed, in
conl'eq^ience of the revolt of the colonies from the authority of Great
Britain. It was on the 25th of July, 1776, th. by an order from
the council at Boflon, the declaration of the American Congrefs, ab-
folving the United Colonies from tlieir allegiance to the Britilh crown,
and declaring them free and independent, was publicly proclaimed
from the balcony of the flate-houfe in that town.

A conlHtution, or form ' f government, for the commonwealth o£
Maffachufctts, including a declaration of rights, was agreed to, and
cftabliHted by the inhabitants of that province, md took place in O6I0-
ber, 1780. In the preamble to this it was- declared, that the end o£
the inftitution, maintenance, and adminirtration of government, is to
fecure the exiltence of the bodv politic : to proteil it, and to furniih
the individuals who compofe it, with the power of enjoying, in fafety
and tranquillity, their natural rights, and the bleilings of liic •, and
that whenever thcfe great objeds are not obtained, tlie people have a
right to alter the government, and to take meafures neceffary for their
profperity and happinefs. They expreffed their gratitude to the Great
Legillator of the univerfcj for having afforded them, in the courfe of

liii

iyi»

MASJAcrrusETrj.

Ins providence, an opportunity, dcliber.itcly and peaceably, vvitlu-ut
fraud, violence, or fuiprifc, of cnter^n^^ into an original, explicit and
folernn compact with c:a-h other ; and of formln^r a new conltitutlon of
civil governmtnt for themfclves and their poftcrity. They declared
that it was the ri;^ht, aj well as the duty, of all njcn in focicty pub
licly, iMid at ftated Icafoiis, to worlhip the Supreme Beinir ; and that
no fubjcrt (hould be hurt, molelkd, or rcftraincd in his perfon liberty
or ertate, for worlhippin- God in the munner and frafon molt aVreeabl*
to the didates of his own confcience ; or for his religious profdlion or
Itntiments : provided he did not dilturb the public peace or obaruft
others in their religious worlhip, '

It vvas allb enaded, that the feveral towns, parlfhes, prccln^s and
other bodies politic, or rcligiois locietics, Ihould at all times have the
exclufive right of electing their public teacl.ers, and of contradin..
with them for their iupnort and maintenance. U'hat all moneys paid
by the fubjed to the lupport of public worlhip, and of the public
teachers, ihouid, if he required it, be uniformly applied to the funport of
the public teacher or teachers of his own religious ka or denonunation
provided there were any on whofe inllrudions he attended ; otherwifc*
It might be paid towards the fupport of the teacher or teachers of the
parilh or precindt m which the faid moneys fhould be raifed I'hat
every denomination of Chriflians, demeaning themfelve. peaceably,
and as good fubjeds of the commonwealth, Hiould be equally unde^
the protcdion of the law ; and that no {ubordination of any fedt or de-
nomination to another fliould ever be tolerated.

It was likewile declared, that «s all power exillcd originally in the
people, and was derived from them, the feveral magllhatcs and officer,
of government, veiled with authority, whether legiflative, executive
or judicial, are their fubRitutes and agents, and are at all times ad
couinable to them. That no fubjed Ihould be arrclled, impriibned.
dclpoikd, or deprived of his pronoity, immunities, or privileges ; puj
out ot the protedion of the law, exiled, or deprived of h^s life liberty
or cltate, but by the judgment of his peers, or the law,of Ihe land!
1 hat the legillature fliould not make any law that fliould fubjed any
perlon to a capital or infamous punlfliment, excepting for the t,T)vc. -i-
raent of the armyor navy, without trial by jury. That the liberty of
the prefs ,s eilentiul to the fecuritj of freedom in a ftate j and that It
ought, not, therefore, to be reiirained la that coifimonwealth That
the people liave a right to keep, and bear arms, for the common de,
icnce J but taat as lu times of peace armies arc dangerous to liberty
they ought not to be maintained without the confent of the legiflature •
and that the military power fliould always be held in an exadl fubordi'
nation to the civil authority, and be governed by it.

It was likewife enaded, that the department of leglflation fliould be
iormed by two branches, a fenate, and a hbufe of reprefentatlves :
each ot which fliould have a negative on the other. That the fenators.
confifluig of 40, and the members of the houfe of reprefentatlves,
Ihould be cleded annually ; and that every male perfon, belne 21

years or aiJ-e. or miTvqi-rlc ^^ih"^ l^'^r' ..^f:j..j ;„ „.., .• ■, ■ ° .
' o 7 -- -r' •■•I- •..■•, "!!._, .,,.ct -■.-iiQvu in any particular town 111

the commonwealth, for the fpace of one year, and having a freehold

citate within the faid town, of the annual income of d. or any eftatc

of the value of 60I. fliould have a right to vote for feaators and reprc-

entatives ;

HASSACHUSLTTt. I71

/cntatlvcs of the tllftilct of uliitli he wns an inlinoltrint. And tli;»f.
there flioulJ be a fuprcmc executive majjilh.ite, wlio llioiiUl be (tylcU
the governor of the commoiuvcalth of Mairachufctts, aiul alfo a lif^uto-
nant-j;ovcrnor, both of whom (houhl be chofen anmially by the whoh;
body of elcflors in the comnmnvvcalth, and all] tied by lunc counfellors,
chofen by ballot, out of the fenate. The fccrttary, trcafurer, re-
ceiver-general, notaries public, and naval olhcers, to be chofen annu-
ally by the fenators a ;d reprcfcntativcs. TIic judiciary power to he
feptcnnlal, and the d- legates to congrefs ihall lie annunlly cle^lcd by
and out of the fcnatt and houfe of reprefentativcs, or general court.
The governor has a negative on bills fent to him for afi'cnt from the
general court, but has no controul in their choice of ofiicers.

On the conclulion of peace, whin the difcontents of tlie peo])le of
the different ftates were raging with regard to the fylUm of the old
confederation, which was at lall found eflcntially defcdivc, Mafi'a-
chufetts was one of the many ftales which did not undcrj'o any of the
mod mild revolutions. 8uch was the nature of thefe difputes, that
each ftate aflumcd the right of contending the propriety of the refolu-
tions of congrefs, and the interell; of an individual ilate was placed in
oppofition to the common intereft of the union. In addition to this
fource of divifion, a jealoufy of the powers of congrefs began to be ex-
cited in the minds of the people. This jealoufy of the privileges of
freemen, had been roufed by certitin ai^s of the Britilli parlia-
ment ; and no fooner had the danger from this quarter ceafcd, than the
fears of the people changed their object, and were turned againft thtJr
own rulers. During this fituation of affairs, jVlaffachufetts, in her zeal
to comply fully with the rcquifitions of congrefs, and fatisfy the de-
mands of her own creditors, laid a heavy tax upon the people. This
was the immediate caufe of the rebellion in 1786. But a heavy debt
lying on the ftate, added to burdens of the fame nature, upon rilmoll
every incorporation within it ; a decline or rather an extinftiua of pub-
lic credit j a relaxation and corruption of manners, and a free ufe of
foreign luxuries ; a decay of trade and manufaclure, with a prevailing
fcarcity of money j and, above all, individuals involved in debt to each
other — thefe were the real, though remote caufes of tlie infuneftion.
It was the tax which the people was required to pay, that caufed them
to feel the evils juft now enumerated — this called forth all their other
grievances, and the firft a&. of violence committed, was the burning
or deilroying of a tax bill. This outrage threw the Hate into a con-
vulfion which lafted about a year j courts of juftlce were violently
obftrufted ; the collection of debts was fufpended •, and a body of
armed troops was obliged to be employed during the winter of 1786
to diiperfe the infurgents. Yet fo numerous were the latter in the
counties of Worcefter, Hampfhire, and Berkfliirc, and fo obftinatcly
combined to oppofe the execution of the law by force, tliat the gove'r-.
nor and council of the ftate thought It prudent not to entruft or dircft
the military powers further than merely to aft on the defenfive, and
repel force with force, in cafe the infurgents ftiould make the attack.
The leaders of thofe rebels, however, were not men of talents : they
were deiperate, but without fortitude ; and while fupportcd with a fu-
pcrior force, they appeared to be Imprcfied with that confcioufnefs of
guilt which often awes the moft daring wretch, and makes him flirlnk

tjx

RHODE rSUVD.

¥%

,,!■■■ ivflj

ti!

•froi his purpofe. This clearly appeared by the condafl of a large party
of the rebels before the magazine of Springfield, where a fmall cruard
was Rationed to protect the continental ftores. The infurgents app'tan-d
«pon the plain Avith.a vaft fuperiority of numbers, but a tew fliots from
<he military foon made the annoying multitude retreat in difordcr with
the lofs of fome men. I'his perfevera.jce and firmnefs of the military
«liiperfed the rebels, drove the leaders from the ftate, and rellored
tranquillity. An ad of indemnity was paffed in the legiflature for all
infurgents, except a few leader^, on condition they Ihould become
peaceable fubjeds and take the oath of allegiance. Ihe leaders after-
Tivards petitioned for pardon, which from motives of policy was granted
by the Icgillature.

But the lofs of credit, popular diAurbanccs, and infurreftions, were
•not the only evils which were generated by the peculiar circumltances
■of the times. The cmilhon of bills of credit, and tender laws, were
added to the black catalogue of political dilordei. Maflach'ufetts
liowever, had the good fortune, midlt all her political calamities, to
■prevent an emidion of thefe bills of credit.

_ Thus divided, the rtates began to feel their weaknefs j and accordingly,
•in 1786, the prefent plan of the federal conftitution was propofed and
fubmitted to the legillatures of the feveial ftates, when they proceeded
to take meafures for collefting the fenfe of the people upon tiu: propri-
ety of adopting it. At hrli Maffachufctts did oppofe this meafure, and
:ne oppofition was large and refpeftable. The convention, confilling
cf more than 300 delegates, were affcmbled, and continued their de-
liates with great candour and liberality. At length the queltion was
*;arried for the conllitution by a fmall majority, and the minority, with
•»h;it manly condefcenlion which becomes great minds, fubmitted to the
meafarc, and united to fupport the government.

On the ratification in Malluchufetts, the citizens of Bofton, in the

•elevation of their joy, formed a procefllon in honour of the happy

cvent,^ which was novel, fplendid, and magnificent. This example

.ivas afterwards followed, and in fome inltances tmproved upon, in

Ealtimc/.-c, CharleRown, Philadelphia, Newhaven, Portfraouth, and

A^ew York, fucceihvely. Nothing could equal the beauty and gran-

•^eur t)f t'licfe exliibitions; A fhip was mounted upon wheels and

xlraw:! through the llreets j mechanics erefted ftagcs, and exhibited

fpeciipen.s of labour in their feveral occupations, as they moved along

the road ; flags whh emblems, defcriptive of all the arts, and of tlje

iederal union, were mventcd and difplayed in hoiionr of the government j

multitudes of all ranks in life aflembled to view the majeitic fcenes •

while fobricty, joy, and harmony marked the brilliant exhibitions bv

■which the Americans celebrated the ellablilhmcnt of their empire.

,..,7i

•Greatefl Length
-Greated Breadth

RHODE ISLAND, &c.

Situation and Extent.
Miles.

47 7
37 A

between

Sq. Miles

y 3^ II' and 4° E. Ion. i

l4i''ancl42''N. lat. ] '3°°^

BouMDAiuEs.— Bounded north and eaft, by the commonwealth o^

jlHODE ISLAND.

I of a large party
re a fmall guard
urgents appeared
a tew fliots from
in difordcr, with
s of the military
Le, and relbred
igiflature for all
Ihould become
lie leaders after-
licy was granted

irredlions, were
ir circurnltances
iider laws, were
MaiTachufetts,
il calamities, to

md accordingly,
IS propofed and
they proceeded
ipon tiiu' propri-
ils meaikre, and
tion, confirting
inued their dc'
he quellion was
: minority, with
ubmitted to the

Bofton, in the
r of the happy

This example
oved upon, in
ortfmouth, and
;auty and gran-
on wheels and

and exhibited
;y moved along
irts, and of the
ic government J
lajeitic fcenes j
exhibitions bj
eir empire.

173

Sq. Miles
. Ion. i
.t. ] ^300.

imonwealth p^

Maffachufetts ;' fouth, by the Atlantic j weft, by Conne£licut. Thefe
iiroits comprehend what is called Rhode Island and Providence Plan-
tations.

Divisions, &c. — This ftate is divided Into five counties, which are
fubdivided into thirty townftiips.

Counties.

Newport

Providence

Towns.

Newport

Portfmouth

New Shoreham

Jameftown
j Middletown
j Tiverton
L Little Compfon

Providence

Smithfield

Scituate

Gloucerter

Cumberland

Cranfton

Johnllon

North Providence
iFofter

Countlei.

Waftiington

Briftol

Kent

Towns.
rWefterly
I North Kingftown
! South Kingrtowa
1 Charlellowu

Exeter

Richmond
-Hopkinton
rEriltol
"s Warren
l-Barriagton

Warwick

Eall Greenwich

Weft Greenwich
^Coventry.

Climati.— Rhode Ifland is as healthy a country as any part of
North Angierica. The winters, in the maritime parts of the ilatc, are
jnilder than in the inland country j the air being foften9d by a fea va-
pour, which alfo enriches the foil. The furamers are delightful, efpe-
cially on Rhode Ifland, where the extreme heats, which prevail in
other parts of America, are allayed by cool and refrelhing breezes
from the fea.

Bays,' Harbours, and Islands. — Narraganfet Bpy makes up from
fouth to north, between the main land on the eaft and weft. It em-
bofoms many fertile iflands, the principal of which are Rhode Ifland,
Canonnicut, Prudei.:( , Patience, Hope, Dyer's, and Hog iflands.

The harbours are Newport, Providence, Wickford, Patuxet, War-
ren, and Briftol.

Rhode Ifland, from which the ftate takes half Its name, is 15. miles
in length •, its average breadth is about 3^ miles. It is fituated be-
tween 41'' 28' and 41° 42' north lat. and 71*" 17' and 71^ 27' weft Ion.
from Greenwich, It is divided into three townflups, Newport, Portf-
mouth, and Middletown. This ifland, in point of foil, climate, and
fituation, may be ranked among the fineft and molt charming in
America In its moft flouriftiing ftate, it was called by travellers, the
Eden of America. But the change which the ravages of war, and a
decreafe of bufinefs have effefted, is great and melancholy. Some of
the moft ornamental country-feats were deftroyed, and their fine groves,
orchards, and fruit-trees, wantonly cut down •, and the gloom of its
prefent decayed ftate is heightened uy its charming natural fituation,
and by reHeding upon its former glory. The farming intereft fiiifcred
far lefs injury than the commercial city of Newport, and has nearly
recovered its former ftate. Upwards of 40,000 ftieep are faid to bef^
on this ifland, bcfidcs neat cattle and horfes.

life

Canonnicut Ifland lies three miles weft of Rhode Ifland, and is Teven
miles in length, and on an average about one mile in breadth. It was
purchafed of the Indians in 1657, and incorporated by aft of affembly
by the name of the Ifland of Jameftown, in 1678. At the fouth end of
this ifland, called Bevertail, ftands the light-houfe.

Block Ifland, called by the Indians Maniffes, is 2i ipiles fouth-
fouth- weft from Nc.vport, and is the fouthernjoft land belonging to the
•ftate. It was eretled into a townfliip, by the name of New Shoreham
in 1672. The inhabitants of this iflapd were formerly noted for mak-
ing good cheefe, and for their dexterity in catching cqnfiderable quan-
tities of cod-fifli round the ledges near the ifland.

Prudence Ifland is not fo large as Canonnicut, which lies north of it,
and jj a part of the townfliip of Portfrnouth.

Rivers. — Providence and Taunton rivers both fall into Narraganfet
Bay, the former ojk the weft, the latter on t "le caft fide of Rhode
Ifland. Providence River rifcs partly iii Maflachufetts, and is naviga-
ble as far as Providence for (hips of 900 tons, 30 miles from the fea,
Taunton River is navigable for fmall yeffels to Taunton. Common
tides rife here about four feet.

Fall River is fmall, rifing in Watuper ponds ; and, running in a
north-weft direftion about a mile, empties into Taunton River. Paw-
tuxet River is formed by two confiderable ftreams, called the north-
"weft, and fouth-weft branches, and five miles below Providence, empties
into Narraganfet Bay. Pawtucket River, called more northerly
Blackftone's River, empties into Seekhonck River, four miles north-
north-eaft from Providence, over vvhich is a bridge, on the poft-road
to Bofton, and 40 miles from thence. The confluent ftream empties
into Providence River, about a mile below WeybolTet, or the Great
Bridge. Wahafpatucket River rifes in Gloucerter, and in its courfe
receives many fmall but unfailing ftreams. It falls into the bay about
1 4 miles north-weft of Weyboflet Bridge. Mofliafluck River falls into
the fame bay three-fourths of a mile north of the bridge. Thefe rivers
united, form Providence River, which, a few miles below the town,
receives the name of Narraganfet Bay, and aflPords fine fifli, oyfters,
and lobftcrs in great plenty. Charles River rifes in Wordin's Pom),
and in its courfe weftward, receives Wood and Afliewague rivers, and
other large fupplies from Watchcajj, Fairfield, and Chapman's ponds.
A junction of this with Shannock River, from the north, forms Pauka-
tuck River, which, in a foutherly courfe of about feven miles to the
fca, divides Connefticut from Rhode Ifland.

Fishes. — In the rivers and bays is plenty of ftieeps-head, black-fifli,
herring, fliad, lobfters, oyfters, and clams ; and around the fliores
of Rhode Ifland, befides thofe, are cod, hallibut, mackarel, bafs,
haddock, &c. &c. to the amount of more than 70 different kinds j
fo that, in the feafons of fifli, the markets are alive with them.

RELIGION. — By' the conftitution of this ftate, all men profefllng one
Supreme Being, are equally proteded by the laws, and no particular
feft can claim pre-eminence. This unlimited liberty in religion is one
principal caufe why there is fuch a variety of religious fefts in Rhode
Ifland. The Baptifts are the moft numerous of any denomination in
the ftate. Thefe, as well a« the other Baptifts in New England, arc
chiefly upon the Calvipiftic plan as to doftrines, and independents m

RHODZ ISLANS.

*7J

h lies north of it,

Reward to cliurch government. There are, however, fome who pro-
f«8 the Arminian tenets, and are called Arminian Baptifts. Other*
obfcrve the Jewifh or Saturday Sabbath, from a perfuafion that it wa»
one of the ten commandments, which they plead are all in their nature
moral, and were never abrogated in the New Teftament, and mull at
leaft be deemed of equal validity for public %vor{hip as any day parti-
cularly fet apart by Jcfus Chrift and his apoftles. Thefe are called
Sabbatarian, or Seventh day Baptifts. There are others who arc called
Separate Baptifts. , ^

The other religious denominations in Rhode I Hand are Congrega-
tionalifts. Friends or Quakers, Epifcopalians, Moravians, and Jews.
Eefides thefe there is a confiderable number of the people who cannot
or will not be reduced to any particular denomination.

In many towns in the weftern parts of the ftate, public worftiip ii
too much neglefted by the inhabitants. The pay no taxes for the
fupport of ecclefiaftics of any denomination j and a peculiarity which
diftinguifhes this ftate from every other protcftant country is, that
no contrail formed by the minifter v;ith his people for his falary it
valid in law. So that minifters are dependent wholly on the integrity
and generofity of the people for their fupport, luice their falaries are
not recoverable by law. It ought in juftice, however, to be obferved,
that the clergy, in general, are liberally maintained j and none, who
merit it, have reafon to complain for want of fupport.

Literature. — -The literature of this ftate is confined principally to
the towns of Newport asd Providence; There are men of learning
and abilities fcattered through other towns, but they are rare. The
bulk of the inhabitants in other parts of tlie ftate are involved in
greater ignorance perhaps than in moft other parts of New England.

At Providence is Rhode Ifland College. The charter for founding
this feminary of learning was granted by the general affembly of the
ftate.

This inftitution was firft founded at Warren, in ..he county of Brif-
tol, and the firft commencement held there in 1769.

In the year J 770, the college was removed to Providence, where a
large, elegant building was ereded for ils accommodation, by the ge-
nerous donations of individualsj nioftly from the town of Providence.
it is fituat'ed on a hill to the eaft of the town; and while its elevated
fituatiun renders it delightful, ly commanding an extenfive, variegated
prolpedl, it furniflies it with a pure falubrious air. The edifice is of
brick, four flories high, roof covered 'vith flate, 150 feet long, and 46
wide, with a projeiiilion of 10 feet each lidc. Jt has an entry lengthwife
with rooms on each fide. I here are 48 rooms for the accommodation
of ftudents, and eight larger ones f ^r public ufes.

From December T776, to June 1782, the college edifice was ufed
by the French and American troops for an hofpital and barracks, fa
that the courfe of education was interrupted during that period. No
degrees were conferred from 1776 to 1786. From 1786 the college
again became regular, and is now very flourifhing.

This inftitution is under the inftrudtion of a prefident, a profeffor g£
divinity, a profeiTor of natural and experimental philofophy, a profeflor
of mathematics and aftronomy, a profejyfor of natural hiftory, and three

Zij

m^^

x*l6

R»ODS ISLAKD.

tutors. The inftituti'on has a library of between 2C30 and 3C00 volumes
containing a valuable philofophical apparatus. Nearly all the funds of
the college are at intereft in the treafury of the ilate, and amount to
almoll two thoufand pounds.

At Newport there is a tlouriihing academy, under the direftlon rf ,
reaof and tutors, who teach the learned languages, Englifh grammar
geography, &c. *

Societies.— A marine fociety was eftablifhed at Newport in 171-2
for the parpofe of relieving diltreffed widows and orphans of marltme
brethren, and fuch of theii- fociety as may need aflirtance.

The Providence Society for promoting the abolition of (lavery for
the rdief of perfons unlawfully held in bondage, and for improvinathe
condition of the African race, commenced in 1789, and was incorpo-
rated the year following. It confifts of upwards of 150 members part
of whom belong to the flate of Maffachufetts. '

Mountain.— In the town of Uriltol is Mount Hope, or as fome call
it IMont ^aup,_ which is remarkable only for its having been the feat
of the Indian kihcr Phillip, and the place where he was killed.

Bridges.— The great bridge, in tlie town of Providence, formeilv
called Weyboffet, from a high hill of that name, which flood near the
well end of the bridge, but which is now removed, and its bafe built
upon, was, till lately, the oily bridge of confiderable note in this ftate
It was 162 feet long and 22 feet wide, fupported by two wooden truf"
fels, and two Itoiie pillars. It united the eallern and weftern parts of
the town and was a place of refort in fummer, affording a pleafant
proipea of all veffels, entering and leaving the harbour.

The bridge over Pawtucket Falls is a work of confiderable ma^nl^
tude and m.uch- ingenuity. Thefe are not toll bridges. "

Central sfid India bridges over Seekhonck River, near its mouth
*aft pf t^Tovidence, efpecially the latter, built at private expence, are
works of confiderable coft and' utility.

The affembly of this ftate, in their feflion of May lyp;*, paffed an
act incorporating three companies for the purpofe of erefting three
bridges. One ov«r the upper, and another over the lower ferry of Seek
'\T} ^r'j ^V^, ^,A^"-^ over Rowland's Ferry, which would uoite
Xhode liland with Tiverton on the main ; the two former, which arft
now finifhed, as above mentioned, will greatly accommodate the tonn

S\ J^'Tr'^^' ^^'"^ ^^"'''"' ^^^ P^'^P^*' °^ Newport and others on
Xhode Ifland. The bridge over Hcwland's Ferry is fmce alfo
completed, and is a noble Specimen of bridge architeaure, uniting
elegance with llrength, and does credit to the ingenious archited.
The bridge xs 900 leet long, 36 broad, has 42 piers, and a {lid'im
draw upon an improved plan, which one perfon may remove and
replace with eale. The greatell depth of water is 5* feet at low
water. -^

SotL AND P.^ODiTCTiONs.— This flatc, generally fpeaking, is a country
more for palture than tor grain. It however produce^ corn, rye bar-
ley, oats, and in fijme parts wheat fufficient for home tonfumptlon ;
and the various kinds of graffes, fruits, and cuUnary roots and plants
m great abundance, and in good perfeaion ; cyder is made for ^xpor-
tuition, and the improvements which the farmers in the county of Pro-
vidence have made ia manufaauiing it, has gained their cvdsr .*

■AV

met, which arft

RHODE tSLAWD^ 177

prefer^nce t<5 all other, in moft of the fou liern tnarTs-ets. The^
north-weltern parts of the ftatc are but thinly inhabited, and are
more rocky and barren than the other parts. The trail of land
lyinp' between North aid South Kinglton on the eart, and Coa-
nea'icut on the weft, called Shannock Country, or Purchafe, is excel-
lent grazing land, and is inhabited by a number of large and wealthy-
farmers, who raife fome of the fineil neat cattle in New England.
They keep large dairies, and make butter and cheefe of the beft quality
and in large qaantities for market. The Narraganfet (which includes
a flip of land feven or eight miles wide, terminated on the eaft by the
bay of the fame name, and extending fiom Point Judith on the fouth,
to Hunt's River, or near it, on the north) has been f?.med for an ex-
cellent breed of pacing horfes, remarkable for their fpeed and hardinefii
in enduring the fatigues of a journey. This breed of horfes has much
depreciated of late, the beft mares having been purchafed by people
from the weftward.

Tr.ade. — Before the late war, the merchants in Rhode Ifland Im'X)rt-
cd from Great Britain, dry goods ; from Africa, flaves ; from the Weft
ladies, fugars, coffee, and molafles •, and from the neighbouring colo-
nies, lumber and proviiions. With the bills which they obtained ia
Surinam and other Dutch Weft India iflands, they paid their merchants
in England. Their fugars they carried to Holland j the flaves front
Africa, they carried to the Weft Indies, together with the lumber aad
proviiions procured from their neighbours •, the rum diftilled from the
molaffes, was carried to Africa to purchafe negroes •, with their dry-
goods from England they trafficed with the neighbouring colo-nies»
By this kind of circuitous commerce, they not only fubfifted but be-
came enriched. But the war, and fome other events, have had a great.
End in moft refjtils, an injurious eft'etl upon the trade of this ftate.
Tije flave trade, ^vhich was a fource of wealth to many of tlie people
in Newport, and in other parts of the ftate, has happily been abolifhed.
The town of Briftol carries on a coafiderable trade to Africa, the
Weft Indies, and to different parts of the United States. But by far
the greateft part of the commerce of this ftate is at prefent carried on
by the inhabitants of the Houriihingtown of Pruvidence.

The principal exports from the ftate are ftaxfeed, lumber, horfes,
cattle, beef, pork, fu' roultry, onions, butter, cheefe, barlty,

frain, &c. The 'vipr 't' confilt of European msnuta^lures. Well
ndia goods, and logwood from the Say of Honduras. Upwani«
of 600 veffels enter and clear annually at the different ports in
this ftate. The amount of exports from this ftate to foreign coun-
tries, in the courfe of one year, is immenfe, and th-'*^ ^m'perity is ftill
advancing.

For the fafety aui- convenience of failing Into the Narraganfet Bay
and harbour of Newport, iz a light-houfe in Beavcrtail, at the fouth
end of '"anonnlcut Illand.

Tl'^ ground upon which this l:ght-houfe ftands, is about I2feefc
above the furface of the lea at high water.

Mandfactures.— The principal and moft confiderable branches of
manufaftures carried on ia this ftate are thof- of iron, fucli as bar arid
incct iron, fteel, nail-rods and nails, implements of huft)andry, ftoves,
pots, and other licafchcld uteufils, tht iron work of Ihipping, anchors*

1^8

RHODE JtSLAND.

bells, &c. The other manufaftures are rum, corn, fplrlts, chocolate
paper, wool and cotton cards, &c. '

Fossils and Minerals. — Iron ore Is found in great plenty in feveral
parts of the ftate. . The iron-works on Patuxet Rivt'r, 12 miles from
Providence, are fupplied with ore from a bed four miles and a half
diliant, which lies in a vallej, through which runs a brook. The brook
is turned into another channel, and the ore-pits are cleared of water by
a fleam engine. At this ore-bed are a variety of ores, curious ftonei
and o»hres.

At Diamond Hill, in the county of Providence, which is fo called
from its fparkling and rtiiniug appearance, there are a variety of pecu.
liar ftones, moie curious than uieful. Not far from this hill, in the
townfhip of Cumberland, is a copper mine, mixed with iron itronfily
impregnated with load-ftone, of which fome large pieces have been
found m the neighbourhood. No method has yet been difcovered to
work it to advantatre.

An abundance of limeftore is found in this ftate, particularly In the
county of Providence, of which large quantities of lime are produced
This hraeftone is of different colours, and is the true marble both of
the white, plain, and variegated. It receives a fine polifh, and works
equal to any in America.

^ There are feveral mineral fprings In this ftate ; to one of which, near
Providence, many people refort to bathe, and drink the water

Chief Towns.— Newport nd Providence are the two principal
towns m this ftate. Newport lies in latitude 41O 29', longitude Ti**
1/ weft. This town was Hrft fettled by Mr. William CodJinHton
afterwards governor, and the father of Rhode Iftand, with 17 others'
in 1639 Its harbour, which is one of the fineft imaginable, fpreadJ
weftward before the town. The entrance is eafy and i;.fc, and a large
fleet may t:iu:bor in it and ride in pe-fea iecuvity. 'J^hls city, once
lamed for the beauty of its fituation, the falubrity of Its climate, and
the hofpitahty and politenefs of Its Inhabitants, and which formerly
ivas the place of refort for Invalids from a great diftance, now wears
the gloomy afped of decay, moft of Its inhabitants being almoft defll-
tute for w'ant of employment. The town lies north and fouth, up6n a
gradual afceiy^. as you proceed eaftward from the water, and exhibits
a beautiful view from the harbour, and from the neighbouring hllU
which he weftward upon the irain. Weft of the town is Goat Ifland
on which IS a rort, and between this iiland and Rhode Ifland is the har-
bour, iront or Water ftreet is a mile in length, and level.

Newport contains upwards of looohoufes, built chitHy of wood. It
has 10 houles for public worQiip ; four for the Baptifts, two for Con-
gregationahrts, one for Enifcopalians, one for Quakers, one for Mora-
Tiaus, and a fynagogaie for the Jews. The other public buildings are
a ftate-houfe, and an edifice for the public library. The fituation
form, and architedure of the ftate-houfe, give it a pleafing appearance!
It ft..nds Efficiency elevated, and a long wharf and paved parade lead
up to it trom the harbour. t t -^^

Providence, fituated In latitude 41O 51', on both fides of Providence

u^^^^l '' ,^/r *"' ^'■.""^,^1>^ <'^^> and 30 north by weft from Newport.
It IS the oldeft town m the ft:ite.

HHODE tSLANB.

I7f

The town 55 divided into tu-o parts by the nver and cor.reaed by
the bridge already defcribed. Ships of ahTiolt any hze fail up and down
he channel, which is marked out by Hakes, erefted at points Ihoah
and beds lying in the river, fo that ftrangers may come up to the town
without a pilot. A fhip of 9^0 tons, for the Eall India trade, was
lately built in this town and fitted for fea. In i;64, there were be-
longing to the county of Providence, only 54 iail of veflels, whereas
the prefent quantity is almoft four times that number.

This town fufFered much by the Indian war of 1675, when a num-
ber of its inhabitants removed to Rhode Ifiand for shelter. In the late
war the cafe was reverf'-d •, many of the inhabitants of that ifland hav-
ing removed to Providence. ^ t, .-n ,„uu

The public buildings are an elegant meetmg-houfe for Baptilts, witn
a lofty and beautiful fteeple, and a large bell •, a meeting-houle for
Triends or Quakers ; three for Congregationalills, one of ^vhlch, lately
erea^d, is the moft elegant perhaps in the United States •, an tpilcopal
church ; a handfome uourt-houfe, in which is depolited a library tor
the ufc of the inhabitants of the tovrn and country •, a work-houle, a
market-houfe, and a brick fchool-houfe. The houfes in this town are
generally built of wood, though there are fome brick buildings which
are large and elegant. In the town are two fpermaceti-works, a num-
ber of diftilleries, fugar-houfes, and other manufadories. Several
forts were in and near Providence during the late wai", but which,
however, have been allowed to go into difrepair. This town has
an cxtenfive trade with Maffachufetts, Conneaicut, and part ot
Vermont-, and from its advantageous fiiuation, promifes to be among
the largcft towns in New England. It fends four reprefentatives
to the General Affembly, where the other towns in the county only

fend two. ,

Briftol is a pleafant thriving town, about 15 miles north of Newport,
on the main. Part of the town was dellroyed by the Britilb, but it
has fince been rebuilt, it has an Epifcopal and a Congregational
ehurch. This town is noted for raifing large quantities of onions and
other roots. A number of veflels are owned by the inhabitants, and
they carry on a confiderable trade to Africa, the Weil Indies, and to
different part of the United Slates.

V/ arren is alfo a flourifhing town — trades to the Wert Indies and
•ther places, and encourages ihip- building.

Liitle Compton, called by the Indians Seconnet, is faid to be the
beil cultivated townihip in the ftate, and affords a greutei fupply of
provifions for market, fuch as meats of the feveral kinds, butter, cheefe,
vegetables, &c. than any other town of its iize. The inhabitants,
are an induftrious, enterprifing, and foher people, and arc in thefe, and
other refpeas, an example worthy the notice and imitation of their
brethren in other parts of the flat:.

Eaft Greenivich and Warwick are noted for making good cyder, and
formerly for railing tobacco for exportation.

Curiosities. — About four miles north-eaft of Providence lies a fmall
▼illage, called Pawtuckei, a place of fome trade, and famous for lam-
prey eels. Through this village runs Pawtucket River, which empties
into Seekhonk River at this place. In this river is a beautiful fall of

^^'■*tk

zSs

HHODE ISLAND.

ijiHi

water, direclly over which a bridge has been built, which divides th,.
commomvealth of Maffachufetts from the ftate of Rhode IHand Thl
faU, in Its whole length, is upwards «^ 50 feet. The water' pafTe!
through feveral chafms ,n a rock which runs dircdly acrofs the bed of
the Urcam and ferves as a dam to the water. Several mills have
been ere ded upon thefc falls,: and the fpouts and channels which havl
been confiruaed to condud the ftreams.to their rcfpedive wheels. IZ
the bndge, have taken very much from the beauty and grandeur of
the fcene, wbch would otherwife have been indefcribably charmin.
and romantic. ^ '"^luuig

In the town of Middletown, on Rhode Ifland, about two miles from
J^ewport, IS a place called Purgatory. It joins' to the fea on the eaft
lide of the Uland It is a large cavity or Opening, in a high bed of
rocks, about . 2 feet in diameter at top ; and about 40 feet d^eep before
depth'"' Th/T °^-^-';^--^i-»s the fea, it\as always'a larg
depth, i he rocks on each fide appear to have been onccunited. and
were probably feparated by fome convulfion in ::-.iture. '

CoNSTiTaTiON.-The conlHtution of this Ibte is founded on the
diarter granted by Charles II. in 1663 J and the frame of g^ven'
inent was not effentially altered by the revolution. The legiflfturrof
•the Itate confifts of two branches, a fenatc or upper houfe comuoftd
pften.mcmbers, befidesthe governor and depity g'ver'jor called
n, the cl arter, alMants, and a houfe of reprcfcntati^es, compofed of
^eputies from the feveral towns. The meibers of the legiflaL e a^c
chofen tWice a year ; and there are two fellions of this hofy annually

The fuprcme executive power is veiled in a governor, or in his ab-

lence, in r.e deputy governor, who, with the afllUants, fecr.tary and

.general tirafurer, are chofen annually in May by the fuffmges of the

people. 1 ne governor preiidcs ia the upper houfe, but ifas only a

iiiigle voice m euading laws. ' ' "•*" ""^X a

. S."?.^' ^"^ %reme judicial court, compofed of five mdffes, whofe
junfdid:on extends over the whole Itatc, and who holds two^coir^s at
riiiialiy m each county.

^f:T • - * 'T'^' ^^^^ "^'^ ' y^'^- ^^ the trial of caulbs fot

o-nh.T^''TY'' •\''', ""T ^''^ ^'''^''^ ^'■""^ M.^Tachufetts. Motive*
V..tr^" c ""''l '^'f' ^'^^'^ ^'"^ "'^=1^ l'""''^" to have occafioned
the fettkmcnt of ,moft of the other United Sat^s, gave birth to this,
ue emigrants from England who came to MalTachulttts, though they
itt.TK^'.l • ^^ '^'''" '" ''^^''''' fcntimenls,. had been tolerably
EnrfJ/ rT "T"""" ^""^ 'Sainft the ceremonies of the church of

«n rnnirV ^f T"" '' ^"'y '"'"'^ '■''"^"^'^ ^™'" ecclefialtical courts,
and poffeiTed of a charter alLnving liberty of couicicvce, they fell intb
dilputes and contentions amo)..g themfelves. And notwithltanding all
uni o- 2'""?!;^ complaints in England, excited by the principle .f
Tnl^ IV '^^."^^r-'^y i^'^'e were as foud of this principle, a* thofc
•■;liom whole pcrlecution they had lied.

XVQDt ISLAND.

iSi

The true grounds of religious liberty were not adoiJted.or underftood
at this time by any feft. While all difclaimed pf;rfccution for the fake
of confcience, a regard for the public peace and for the prefervatiou
of the church of Chrift from infei:l;ion, together with the obilinacy of
the heretics, was urged in juftification of that, which ftripped of all
its difguifes, the light of nature and the laws of Chrift in the raoft
folemn manner condemn.

Mr. Roger Williams, a minifter who came oyer to New England in
1631, was charged with holding a variety of errors, and was on that
Recount cruelly forced to leave his houfe, land, wife, and children at
Salem in the dead of winter, and to feek a refidencr v^^thout the limits
of Maffachufetts. Accordingly, Mr. Williams being obliged to re-
move without the above limits in 1636, he and four others ct Ted
Seekhonck River, and landed among the Indians, by whom they were
hofpitably received, and thus laid the foundation of a town, which,
from a fenfe of God's merciful providence to him, he called Providence.
Here he was foon after joined by a number of pthers, and though they
were fccured from the Indians by the terror of the Englifh, yet they,
for a confiderable time, fuffered much from fatigue and want ; but en-
joyed liberty of confcience, which has ever fince been inviolably main-
tained in this ftate.

The unhappy divifions and contentions in Maffachufetts at this time
Aill prevailed, and meafures were concerting to exterminate the opi-
^ nions which were difapproved.

W Thefe differences of opinion ftirrcd up the whole colony of Maffa.

chufetts in a violent ferment. The eleftion of civil officers was carried
by a party fpirit, excited by religious diffention. Thofe who were
baniflied by the court, joined by a number of their friends, went in
i^ueft of a new fettlement, and came to Providence, where they were
kindly received and entertained by Mr. Williams-, who alfo, with
affiftance, procured for them, from the Indians, Aquidnick, now Rhode
llland. Here, in. 1638,. the people, 18 in number, formed themfelves
into a body politic, and chofe a leader, to &&. as their judge or chief
magiftrate. This fame year the Saclicms figned the deed or grant of
the ifland. For which Indian gift, it is faid, they afterwards paid very
dearly, being obliged to snake repeated purchaf«;s of the fame land*
from fevcral claimants.

The other parts of the ftate were purchafed of the natives at fcveral
fucceflive periods.

In the year 1643, the people beiqg dcftitute of a patent or any legal
authority, Mr. Williams went t.- England as agent, and, without much
difficulty, obtained a free and abfolute charter of civil incorporation of
Providence Plantations in Narraganfet Bay. This lafted until the
charter granted by Charles II. in 1663, by which the incorporation was
ttyled, " the Engliffi colony of Rhode liland and Providence Planta-
tions ir. New England." This charter, without any effential altera-
tion, has remained the foundation of their government ever fince.

As the original inhabitants of this ftate were perfecuted for the fake
of confcience, a moft Jib«rai and free toleration wa-? ^. . tbliftied by them.
Mr. Williams became a Baptift in a few year? d:--' his fettling at Pro-
-vidence, and was aftive in forming a church of that perfuafion in 1630,

182

COMNKCTICUT,

but ccafed to walk with it in the following year. This church in
1653, difagrecd about the rite of laying on of hands, (bme hokiinVlt
ncceflary to church communion, others cftceming it indifferent j upon
which the church divided. At Newport, a church was formed in
1644, on the the principles of the Baptifts, which was, afterwardi
divided like that at Providence. Other churches were alfoeflahliftied
in this town of different principles, the whole number of which in
1738, were fevcn worfhipping iflcmblics, and a large fociety of Qua-
kers at Portfmouth, at the other end of the ifland. ^

The colony of Rhode Ifland, from its local fitu tion, has ever been
Icfs expofcd to the incurfions of the neighbouring Indians, and from
the French from Canada, than their neighbours in Maffachufetts and
Connefticut. Many sf the colony have, from its firll ellabli(hment
profeffed the principles of the Quakers whjch forbade them to fight!
For thefe reafons the colony has been very little concerned in the old
wars with the French apd Indians. In the expedition againft Port
Royal in 1710, and in the abortive attempt againft Canada in 1711
they had fome forces. Towards the intended expedition againft Cana-
da in 1746, they raifed 300 men, and equipped a floop of war. with
100 feamen ; but in their voyage to Nova Scotia, they met with many
misfortunes, which entirely fruftratcd their defign, and was loon after
the caufe of their totally relinquifliing it. "

PONNECTICUT.

[Situation and Extent.
Miles.
Crreateft Length 1007 between 14^'' and 42° 2' N. latitude
Greateft Breadth 72 3 I i'^ 45' and 3'^ 40' E. longitude.

BouNDARifs.— Bounded north, by Maffachufetts ; eaft, by Rhode
Ifland J fouth, hy the found which divides it from Lone Ifland • weft
by the ftate of New York. 6 ? »,

The divifional line between Conneaicut and Maffachufetts, as fet-
tled in 1713, was found to be about 72 miles in length. The line
dividing Connetlicut from Rhode Ifland, was fettled in 1728, and
found to be about 45 miles. The fea coaft, from the mouth of *Pau-
katuk River, which forms a part of the eaftern boundary of Connec-
ticut, in a direft fouth-weftcrly line to the mouth of Byram River, is
reckoned about 90 miles, The line between Connedlicat and ^few
York, runs from latitude 41° to latitude 42* 2', 7a miles. Connecll-
«ut contains about 4674 fquare miles j fequal to about 2,640,000 acres.

Civil Divisions. — Connedicut is divided into the eight following
counties, and about 100 townftiips. Each townftiip is a corporation,
inverted wi<:h pover to hold lands, choofe its own town-officers, ttf
make prudential lavvs, and t ohoofc its own reprefcntatires to the
General Affembly. The townftiips are generally divided into two 01^
more parifties, in each of which is one or more places for public wor-
fliip, and fchool-houfes at convenient iiftinccs.

;»i*|

«.

^_A

'"IP"'**.

CONNK :COT.

«83

ig year. Thh cliurcli, i„
n of hands, Tome holding it
rcming it indifferent j upon
;, a church was formed in
ifts, which was afterwardi
lurches were alfo eflahliflied
ii'hole number of whi.:h, in
and a large fociety of Oua-
: ifland.

cal fiti tion, has ever hceii
bourint Indians, and irom
hours in Maflachufetts and
rom its firll ellablilhment,
[ch forbade them to fight,
little concerned in the old
le expedition againft Port
ipt againft Canada in 171 1,
ed expedition againft Cana-
ipped a floop 01 war, with
Icotia, they met with many
defign, and was loon after

1 42^ 2' N. latitude

and 3'' 40' E. longitude.

ihufetts J eaft, by Rhode
from Long Ifland 5 well,

Counties.
H- rtford
New Haven

New London
Fairfield

Chief Towns
Hartfor4
New Haven

f New London

(^No' ch

JFai eld

\ Danbury

'ft.

Litchfield
Middlefcx
Tolland

Chit f TowM.

Windham

Litchfield
J Middleton
\ Haddam

Tolland

RivfAs. — The principal rivers in this ftate are Conne£licut, Houfa-
tonick, the Thamt , and their branches Upon the Conneaicut River
entering the bounds of this ftate, if fe* over Enfield Falls, to render
which navigable tor boats, a com has been conftituted, and a fum

of money raifed by lottery. At V aidibr it ri-ceivei Windfor Ferry
River, from the weft, which is formed by the juafti ^f Farwington
and Poquabock rivers. At Hartford it meets the ticic, and thence
riows, in a crooked channel, into Long ifland Sound. It is from 80
to 100 rods wide, 130 miles from its mouth.

At its mouth is a bar of fand which confidi rably obftru£ls the navi-
gation. On this bar the water, at full tides, is 10 feet deep, and the
lame depth t« Middleton. The diftance of the bar fri)m this place, as
the river runs, is 36 miles. Above Middleton are fcvc.al r.ioals which
ftretch quite acrofs the river. Only fix feet wai. r is '^ound on the
Ihoal at high tide, and here the tide ebbs and flows but about eight
inches. About three miles below Middleton, the river is contrafted
to about 40 rods in breadth, by two high mountains. Almoft every-
where elfe the banks are low, and f, ead into fine extcnfivc meadows.
In the fpring floods, which generally happen in May, thefe meadows
are covered with water. At Hartford the water fometimes rifes lo
feet above the common furface of the river, and having all to pais
through the a! >vc mentioned ftrait, or narrows, it is fometimes two or
three weeks before it returns to its ufual bed. Thefe floods add nothing
to the depth of the water on the bar at the mouth of the river j thtt
bar lying too 'ar off" in the found to be afFe£ted by them.

On this beautiful river, whofe banks are fettled almoft to its fourcc,
are many pleafant, neat, well built towns. On its weftern bank, from
its mouth northward, are the towns of Saybrook, Haddam, Middleton,
Weathersfield, Hartford, Windfor, -and Suftield. Onitscafternbank,
upon afcending the river, are, Lyme, Eaft Haddam, Glaftenbury, Eail
Hartford, Eaft Windfor, and Enfield.

This river is navigable to Hartford, upwards of 50 miles fr«m its
mouth, and the produce of the country for 200 miles a\ ve is brought
thither in boats. The boats which are ufed irt this bufmefs are flat
bottomed, long and narrow, for the convenience of going up the
itream, and of fo light a make as to be portable in carts. Before the
late improvements on ' his river, by the invention of locks and canals,
they were taken out of the river at three different carrying places, all
of which made 15 miles. Thefe obftruclions, however, from the com-
pletion of fome works, and the forwardnefs of others, are now in a great
meafure removed.

Sturgeon, falmon, and fliad, are caught in plenty, in their feafon,
from the mouth of the river upwards,>xceptincr fturgeon, which do not

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afcend tlie irpiTtr falls ; befidcs a variety of fmall fifti, fucli as pike,'
carp, pearch, $tc. ^ • r o

From this rirer were employed, in 1789, three brigs, of 180 tons each,
in the Bntifli trade j and about 60 fail, from 60 to 150 tons, in the
Weft India trade ; befides a few filhermen, and 40 or 50 coafting
yeffels. The trade and navigation of Hartford have incrcafcd fince.

One branch of the Houfatonick * rifes in Lanefljorough, the oth«r
in Windsor, both in Berklhire County in Maffachufetts. It paffej
through a number of plcafant towns, and empties into the found be-
tween Straford and Milford. It. is navigable 12 miles to Derby. A
bar of (hells at its mouth, ohftrudts its navigation for large veffels. In
this river, between Sali(bury and Canaan, isacatara£t, where the water
of the whole river, which is 150 yards wide, falls about 60 feet per-
pendicular, in a perfed white (heet, exhibiting a fccne* exceedingly
grand and beautiful.

Naugatuk is a fmall river which rifes in Torrington, and eifiptiis
into the Houfatonick at" Derby.

The Thames empties into Long Ifland Sound at New London. It
is navigable 14 miles, to Norwich Landing. Here it lofes^ it§ nama,
and branches into Shetucket on the eaft, and Norwich or Little River
on the weft. The city of Norwich is fituated between thefc rivers.
Little River, about a mile from its mouth, has a remarkable and very
romantic cataraft. A rock, 10 or 12 feet in perpendicular height,
extends quite accrofs the channely over which the whole river pitches
in one entire fheet upon a bed of rocks below. Here the river is com-
preffed into a very narrow channel between two craggy cliffs, one of
which towers to a confiderable height. The channel defcends gradu-
ally, is very crooked, and'covered with pointed rocks. Upon thefe
tire water fwiftly tumbles, foaming with the moft violent agitation, 15
drib TCdij into a broad bafon which fpreads before it. At the bottom
of the perpendicular fulls, the rocks are curioufly excavated by the
tronftant and forcibly falling of the water. Some of the cavities, which
are all of a circular form, are five or fix feet deep. The fmoothnefs
of the water above its defcent — the regularity and beauty of the per-
pendicular fall — the tremendous roughnefs of the other, and the craggy
towering cliff which impends the whole, preient to the view a fcene
indcfcribably delightful and majeftic. On this river are fome of the
fineft mill-feats in New England, and thofe immediately below tlic
falls, arc perhaps not to be exceed*. J. Acrofs the mouth of this river
is a' broad, commodious bridge, in the form of a wharf, built at a
great expence.

Shetucket River, the other branch of thr Thames, four miles froTfi
ih month, receives Quinnabavig which has its fource in Brimficld in
MuflTachufetts j tlience pafting through Sturbridge and Dudley in
Maffachufetts, it crolTes into Connefticut, and divid«s Pomfret from
Killingly, Canterbury from Plainfield, and Lifbon from Prefton, and
then mingles with the Shetucket. In pafTmg through this hilly country,
it tumbles over many falls, two of which, one in Thompfon, the other
in Broo!;lvii arc 30 feet each, and affords a vaft number of fine mill-

* An Indian azmc, Ggmfyiug^tver tki mtuntiin.

CONNECTICL*. '°S

fe»t. In Its courfc It receives a number of trlbuta^^ ftieams, tKe

• -J of which are Muddy Brook, and Five Mile River.
^"Sh tucket River^^^^ the' jundlon of WiUamantick and

mLh Hope rivers, which unite betvveen Wyndham and Lebanon.
J2Son?t receive; Little River , and at a farther dillance the Qvun-
nabaue. and then empties as above. , ,

Thefe rivers arc fedby numberlefs brooks from every part of the
county At the mouth of Shetucket, is a bridge of timber 124 Jcet
in S, fupported on each fide by pillars, and held up in the middle
hv braces on the top, in the nature of an arch. , ? i.- u

'^' Xtuck River'i. an inconfid.rahle flream, a branch of whxch
heads in Stonington, and empties into bton.ngton Hjfbou . It torms
part of the dividing line between Connefticut and Rhode Itland.
^ Eaft or North Haven River, rifes in Southington, f^ far from a
bendtn Farmitigton River, and paffing through Wallmgford and North
Haven falls into New Haven Harbour.
Sand Weft rivers are inconfiderable ftreams, bounding thfe city

«f npw Haven on the eaft and weft. • , , • ^ f n

mft of the Houfatonick, are a number of fo. 11 rivers w^ich faU

itito the Sound. Among thefe it Byfam River, which is only obfer.

table as forming a part of the boundary between New York and Ccn-

"""flAfBOBRS.-The two principal harbours are at New London and-
New Xen. The former opeL to the fouth. From the H^^^^^r-
which' ftands at the mouth of the harbour, to the tovvn, is ^bom three
miles ; the breadth is three quarters of a mile, and in feme places more.
The harbour has from five to fix fathom water-a clear bottom—
tough ooze, and, as far as one mile above the town, is entH-ely fecure,

and commodious for large fliips. r at t ^«^«« 1*

New Ha,ven Harbour is greatly infenor to that of New London. It
h a bay which ftts up northerly from the found, about lour miles. Its
entrance is about half a mile wide, andis regarded as having a very-
good anchorage. . . a j „,.
About a mile from the- town, on the channel, a pier is ereaed, at
which veffcls of l^ach fize as cannot cothc up to the wb^rt lade anil
unlade. A fum of money was lately railbd by lottery, for the purpofe
of extending the lohg wharf to this pier, and the work is now almok
completed. When completfely finifned, this whart will be the longti.
in the United States, and will be an cffcntial benefit to the town.

The whole of the fea-coaft h indented with other harbours many-
of which arc fafe and commodious, although not frequently uied. ^

Climate, Soil, and Productions.— Conneaicut, though fubjert
to the extremes of heat and cold in their feafons, and to trcqueut iudden
changes, is very healthful. The north-weft winds, in the winter lea-
fon, arc often extremely fcvere and piercing, occahoned Ly the great
body of fnow which lies fecluded from the diffolvmg intlueiice ot the
fun, in the immenfe forefts north and north-weft. The clear and fevene
temperature -of the Iky, however, makes amends for the leventy o\
the weather, and is favourable to health and longevity. C -netticut
is generally broken land, made up of mountains, hills, and vu .eys^ and
is exceedingly well watered. Some imall parts of it are thin and bar-
ren. It lies in the fifth and fixth northern climates, and ha» a ftrong

1 86

•ONNECTICOT.

III

.'.'' il Hi-'

fertile foil. Its principal produdions are Indian corn, rye, wheat in
many parts of the ftate, oats, and barley, which are heavy and good ;
and, of late, buck wheat — Hax in fmall quantities — fome hemp, pot».
toes of fevcral kinds, pumpkins, turnips, peas, beans, &c. &c. Fruiti
of all kinds^ which are common to the climate. The foil is very well
calculated for pafture and mowing, which enables the farmers to feed
large numbers of neat cattle and horfes. It has been experienced, that
any given quantity of the b«ft mowing land in Connefticut, produce*
about twice as much clear profit^as the fame quantity of the belt wheat
land in the ftate of New York. Many farmers, in the eaftern part of
the ftate, have lately found their advantage in railing mules, which
are carried from the ports of Norwich and New London, to the Weft
India iflands, and yield a handfoine profit. The beef, pork, butter,
and cheefe of Conne^icut are of an excellent and fuperior quality.

Trade.— The trade of Connefticut is principally with the Weft
India iflands. The exports confift of horfes, mules, oxen, oak ftavcs,
hoops, pine boards, oak plank, beams, Indian corn, flfti, heti, pork,
&c. Horfes, live cattle, and lumber, are permitted in the Dutch,
Danifti, and French ports.

Connecticut employs a large number of coafting yeffels in carry-
ing her own produce to other ftates. To Rhode Ifland, Maffa-
chufetts, and Nev/ Hampfliire, they carry pork, wheat, corn, and rye.
To North and South Carolinas and Georgia, butter, cheefe, fait beef,
cyder, apples, potatoes, hay, &c. and receive in return, rice, indigdj
and money. But as New York is nearer, and the ftate of the marketl
always well known, much ef the produce of Connecticut, efpeciallyof
the wefttrn parts, is carried there 5 particularly pot and pearl afties,
Hax feed, beef, pork, cheefe, and butter, in large quantities. Moft
of the produce of Connecticut River, from the parts of Maflachufetts,
New Hanlpftiire and Vermont, as well as of Connecticut, which arc
adjacent, goes to the fame market. Confiderable quantities of the
jproduce of the eaftern parts of the ftate, are marketed at Bofton, Pro-
vidence, and Norwich.

This ftate owns and employs in the foreign and coafting trade a vaft
number of ftiipping, and is at prefent in a profperous and flourifliing
iltuation.

Manufactures. — The farmers In Connecticut and their families, it
is faid, * " are moftly clothed in plain, decent, homefpun cloth.
Their woollen and linen cloths are manufactured in the family way ;
and although they are generally of a coarfer kind, yet they are of a
ftronger texture, and much more durable than thofe imported from
Great Britain," &c. It is alfo added, that " many of their clothl
are fine and handfome," and further, " that a duck manufactory hai
been eftabliihed at Stratford, which is faid to be doing well," &c.
To all this it may be juftly obferved, that the true cafe is widely
different ; and it were to be wifhed, that the following remarks mar
not only be applied to this ftate, but to the whole of the other ftatts in
general. It has been an invariable rule In the laws of nature, and of
the dUTufion of the bounty of Providence, that certain nations aic en-
doAved with certain bleflings and advantages. In this ViCVv' America

Morfc'» Amcijcan Giejrap h/.

1, oak. fiaves.

CONMICTICWT. *°7

hii bfcn happily and largely blcffcd. Agriculture, the mother of all
arts has here eftabliihed herfelf, and has.promlied that country returns
more than adequate to what could be produced from manufadures or
other arts. In cool refleftion, therefore, does it not appear ablurd
that America (hould be blind to this, and lliould (liew pretenfions to
what nature ha« evidently never intended (he lliould poffols > Ecfidcs,
what opportunity, not to fay encouragement, have the people to fet up
manufaaures of the above defcription, while agriculture occupies a.-
moft every mind and hand, and yields the moil certain and largelt
return for labour ? What inducement have a people to betake them-
felves to a precaurious employment, when the objeft of their under-
taking is more than attained, by having fet down at their doors, from
other countries, the very articles which they themfelves are attemptinfr
to make, at a cheaper rate, and of a much better quality than they could
be furnifhed with at home ? And has it not already been fecn, that fuch
of thofe manufaaures that have been attempted, have proved abortive
and ruinous i. -he end ? And is it not alfo well known, that if manu-
faaurers (hould emigrate from Europe to America, that at leaft ninc-
tenths of them will become farmers ? for they, nor no perfon, will be
confined to manufaaures when they can get much greater profits by
farming. That the Americans are fully convinced of this is not doubted,
and that they well know the nature, value, and fuperiority of Eritilh
manufaaures has already been confirmed. To talk, therefore, of their
crtablifhing, or attempting to eftablilh, manufaaures of the fame articles
of which they have been fo liberally and moderately fupplied with
from Britain thefe many years pall, and which Hill bid fair for a con-
tinuation, it certainly idlenefs in the extreme. At fame time, far be
it from being inferred from what has been faid refpeaing thefe particu-
lar manufaaures, that America is altogether deliitute of certain ones.
She has her own peculiar manufaaures, and valuable ones too. —
Manufaaures, which perhaps, on the other hand, exceed many of the
fame kind in other countries. TUere are different branches of thefe
manufaaures carried on in Conneaicut. In Hartford are glafs-works,
a fnuff and powder-mill, and iron-works, and a flitting mill. Iron-
works arc eftabliihed alfo at Salilbury, Norwich, and other parts )f the
ftate. At Stafford is a furnace at which are made large quantities of
hollow ware, and other ironmongery, fufficient to fupply the whole
Itatc. Paper is manufaaured at Norwich, Hartford, New Plaven, and
in Litchfield County. Nails, of every fize, arc made in almoll every
town and village in Conneaicut j fo that confiderable quantities can be
and are exported to the neighbouring dates. Ironmongery, hats,
candles, leather, {hoci, and boots, are manufaaured in this Hate,
and oil-mills, of a new and very ingenious conftruaion, have been
lately ereaed in different parts.

Character and Religion. — Conneaicut is the moft populous, in
proportion to its extent, of any of the United States. It is laid out
in fmall farms from 50 to 300 or 4C0 acres each, which are held by the
farmers in fee fimple j and i re generally cultivated as well as the
nature of the foil will admit. The Hate is chequered with innumerable
roads or highways, crofling each other in every direaion. A traveller^
in any of thefe roads, even in the moft unfettled parts of the ftate, will
f(;ir|arn mgfs lucr? thsti tws ov thrcc mi'ss without firdinc a houf? or

cottage, and a. farm under fuch improvements as to Xifford the jieceffa-
Ties for the fupport of a family. The whole ftate refembles a well
cultivated garden, v/hich, with that degree of induttry that it is necef-
fary to happinefs, produces the neceffarics and convcniencies of lite in
^reat plenty.

The inhabitant? are almoft entirely of Britifh defcent. There are
no Dutch, French, or Germans, and v»ry few Irllh people In any part
of tlie rtate. Some years ago, the emigrations into this ftate were very
numerous from Vermont, the weltern parts of New Hampftiire, New
York, and the other Hates.

The mode of exercifing church gavernment apd difqipline, may not
.improperly be called a republican religion. Each church has a fepa-
rate jurifdi£tion, and claims authority to chpofc its own minifter, tg
excrcife judgment, and to enjoy gofpel ordinances within .itfelf. The
ehurches, however, are not indenendent of each other, but are affo-
ciated for mutual benefit and convenience. The afTociations have
power t9 licence candidates tor the minirtrj, to confult for .the general
welfare, and to recommend meafures to be adopted by the churches,
but have no authority to enforce them. Whendiitputes arife in churches,
councils are called by the parties, in order to give their advice and
to fettle them. There are 1 1 aflbciations in the ftate, and they mcst
tvvice a year. Thefe are all combined in one general affociation, formed
in 1709, confifting of delegates from the feveral aflbciations, which meet

annually.

All religions that are confiftent with the peace of foclety, are tolerated
in Connefticut j and a fpirit of liberality and catholicifm is increafing.
There arc very few religio-'s fefts in this ftate. The bulk of the peo-
ple are Congregationalift. Befides thefe there are Epifcopalians and
2aptifts ; and formerly there was a fociety of Sandimanianr at New
Haven, but they are now reduced to a very fmall number. The Epif-
copalian cliurches are rcfpeftable, and are under the .fuperLitendance
©fabidiop.

Chief Towns. — There are a great number of very pleafant towns,
lioth maritime and inland, in ,Conne6licut. It contains five incorpo-
jated towns or cities, with extenfive jurifdiftion in civil caufes. Two
.«f thefe, Hartford and New Haven, are capitals of the ftate. The
General /MTembly is holden at the former in May, and at the latter in
Offober, annually.

Hartford. — This city is fituated at the head of ftilp navigation, on
the weft fide of Connefticut River, about 50 miles from its entrance
into the found, and contains upwards of 5000 inhabitants. Its build-
ings are a ftate-houfe, two churches for Congregatlonalifts, and one for
■ji:pIfcopaHans, befides about 500 dwelling houfes, a number of which
are handfomely built with brick.

The town is divided by a fmall river, with high romantic banks.
Over this river is a bridge connefting the two divifions of the town.
Hartford is advantageoully fituated for trade, has a very fine back
country, enters lugely into particular jnanufaflures, and is a rich,
flourifliing commercial town. A bank lias lately been eftabliftied in

this city.

New Haven city lies round the head of a bay, which makes up
about four miles north from the found. It covers part of a large plain.

CONNECTICUT. 189

•which is circumfcrlbcd on three fides by high hills or mountains. Two
rmall rivers bound the city caft and weft. The town was originally
laid out in fquares of 6c rods : many of thefe fquares have been divided
by crofs ftreets. Four ftreets run north-weil and fouth-eall, thcfe are
crofled by others at right angles. Near the centre of the city is the pub-
lic fquare, on and around which are the public buiklin(;s, which are, a
ilate-houfe, college and chapel, three churches for Congrc^^'ationaliris
and one for Epifcopalians. Thefe arc all handfome and commodioi;«
buildings. The college edifices, chapel, ftate-houfe, and one of the
churches, are of brick. The public fquare is enciicled with rows of
trees, which render it both convenient and delightful. Its beauty,
however, is greatly diminished by the burial ground, and feveral of
the public buildings, which occupy a confiderable part of it.

Many of the ftreets are ornamented with two rows of trees, one on
•ach fide, which give the city a rural appearance. The profpeft from
the ftecples is greatly variegated and extremely beautiful. I'here are
more than 500 dwelling houfes in the city, principally of wood, and
well built, and fome of them elegant. The ftreets are fandy but neat
and cleanly. Within the limits of the city, are computed to be be-
tv;een 5000 and 6000 fouls. About one in feventy dies annuallv ;
this proves the healthfulneis of its climate. Indeed as to pleafantnefs
of fituation and falubrity of air, New Haven is hardly exceeded by any
city in America. It carries on a confiderable trade with New York
and the Weft India illands, and feveral kinds of manufaftures, and is
become flourilhing.

New London city ftands on the weft fide of the river Thames, near
•its entrance into the found, in latitude 41" 25'. It 1 as two places for
public worftiip, one for Epifcopalians, and one for Congregationalifts,
befides about 340 dwelling houfes, and more than 5000 inhabitants.
Its harbour is the beft in Connefticut. It is defended by Fort Turn-
hull and Fort Grifwold, the one In New London, the other in Groton.
A confiderable part of the town was burnt by Benedi6t Arnold in
1781, but which has fince been rebuilt.

Norwich city ftands at the head of Thames River, 14 miles north
from New London. It is a commercial city, at the head of naviga-
tion, and has a rich and extenfive back country. Its fituation upon
a river which affords a great number of convenient feats for mills and
water machines of all kinds, renders it very eligible in a manufaclural
view, and the inhabitants are not njegle(51ful of thefe advantages wliicli
nature has fo liberally given them. They manufadure paper of all
kinds, ftockings, clocks and w-atches, chaifes, buttons, ftone and
eathern ware, wire, oil, chocolate, bells, anchors, and ail kinds of
forge work. The city contains near 500 dwelling houfes, a court-
houfe, and tvro churches for Congregationalifts, and one fur Epif-
copalians, and upwards of 4000 inhabitants. The city is; in three
detached, compaft divifions ; viz. Chelfea, at tlie landing, tlie town,
and Bean Hill j in the latter divifion is a Houriftiing academy j and in
the town is a fchool fupported by donations. The courts of law are
held alternately at New London and Norwich.

Middleton city is pleafantly fituated on the weftern bank of Con-
nedicut River, 15 miles fouth of Hartford. It is the principal town
la Middlefex County— has about 340 houfes — a court-houfc — 0U15

19^

CONNECTICCfT-

mri

church for CongregaUonalins— one for Eplfcopallans— a naval offx(V-
and carries on a confidcrable trade.

Four miles fouth of Hartford is Weaerfield, a very pleafant town,
containiuK about :?oo houfcs, fituated on afine foil uith an elej^ant
brick church for Congregationalifts. A fair is held here twice a year.
This town is noted for raifing onions. v r u

Wii.dfor, Farmington, Litchfield, Milford, Stratford, Fairfield,
Guilford, Stamford, Windham, buffield, and Lnfield, arc all confi-

derul)le and very pleafant towns. r n ^n Wft, a

Turnpike Roads.— When turnpike roads were firft eflabhlhed
in Knpland, about 50 years fince, the innovation occafioned great
difturb^nces and fome riots. Though matters.did not proceed to thefe
lengths here, yet the plan when firlt propofed, and in its operation,
met vnth violent oppofition from the neighbouring farmers and other.
Thefe fame farmers and oppofers are now, however, among the firft to
applaud the undertakers, and their improvements •, for they now find
that two oxen will convey to market what was formerly a heavy
load for four •, and the faving in time, in wear, and tear of carnage.
independent of the greater fafety and convenience of travelling, and
the rife of property, in confequence of a good road runmng by their
<loors. Is far mere valuable to them than the trilling toll to which they

''' An ixpeHment of this nature, fo pleafing, and fo unexpeaed, did
not fail to produce itseffeft throughout the ftate ; and the confequence
}ias been, that petitions were prefcnted to the General Affembly trom
all. parts of the ftate, for liberty to eftablifh turnpike roads : one among

" others was, to eftablilh a turnpike on the road between Norwich and
Providence, a very bad piece of road. This_ and fome others of the
petitions were granted. The legidature, for wile reafons, thought kft
to check in fome degree the lage for turnpikes, thinking, probably,
that a good thing might be overdone.

Turnpike roads, next to canals, may be reckoned among the greatel
of all inland improvements. No tax can operate with more juftice and
equality than that of turnpikes-, fmce all who are benefited by theni,

' ftrancrers as ^Yell as others, muft contribute towards their fupport. 1 he
neighbouring farmers, who now very unequally bear the expence ot

making and keeping in repair,

the roads in their vicinity, would be

freed, in a great meafure', from fo heavy a burden. Since improve-
nients of this kind have fo fuccefsfuily commenced in Connefticut and
Pennfylvania, the emulation of this kind of enterpnze in the other
ftates is anticipated •, and that the United States will in a Ihort timebe
as celebrated for the excellency of their roads, as they are for their
other late improvements. . . • „„

Curiosities.— Two miles weft of New Haven is a mountain, on
the top of which Is a cave, remarkable for having been the rehdence
of generals Whaley and Goffe, two of the judges of Charles I. wh
was beheaded. They arrived at Bofton, July 1660, and came to Ps£«
Haven the following year, and retired and concealed themlelves behinQ
Weft Mountain, three miles from New Haven. They ioon auer
removed to Milford, where they lived concealed until Oaober, 1&04,
when they returned to New Haven, and immediately PfOC?^'^^J.;°
Hadley, where they remiilued concealed for about ten years, m '-^n -' ,

s a mountain, on

CONNECTICUT* 19'

time Whalcy died, and GofFe foon after fled. In 1665, John Dixwcll,
Efq another of the king's judges, vifited them while at Hadley, and
afterwards proceeded to New Haven, where lie lived many years, and
was known by the name of John Davids. Here h-j died, and vvas
buried in the public burying-place, where his grave ftone is Handing-

to this day. * a r 1 •

Colleges, Academies, and Schooi.s.—A tafte for Irarmng jjene-
rally prevails among all ranks of people in this ilate. More ot the
young men in ConnecUcut, receive in proportion to their number a
more liberal education than in any of the other Hates.

Academies have been cllabliihed at Grec-nficld, Pl.iinfield, Norwich,
Windham, and Pomfret, and an Epilcopal one has lately been clla-
bliihed at Chelhire on a liberal plan.

Yale College was founded in 1700, and remdiiied at Killingworth
until 1707 — then at Saybrook, until 1 7 16, when it was removed and
fixed at New Haven. Among its principal bcneta(Ftors "vas governoi'
Yale, In honour of Avhom, in 1718, it was named Vale CoUegf. Its
firll building was ereaed in 1717, being 170 feet in length, aud 2 2ii»
breadth, built of wood. This was taken down in 1782. There are
at prefent fix college domiciles, two of which are colhge fd: (ices for
the accommodation of lludents — a chapel, with a ilecplc 130 fttt high,
—a dining hall— a houie for the prelident, and anotlior for the profcl-
for of divinity. . .

In the chapel Is lodged the public Hbrarv, confiding of about .^_coo
volumes j and the philolbphical apparatus, which, by a late handlbms
addition, is now as complete as any in the United States, and contains
the machines necelTary f(K exhibiting experiments in the whole courfe
of experimental philoibphy and ailrononiy.

The college mufeum, to which additions are conftantly making,
contains many natural curiofities.

The three learned languages, together with the liberal arts ami
fciencesi in their feveral branches, and a general courfe of univerfal
literature, are taught In this college,

In May and September, annually, }-^ -^veral claffes are critically
examined in all their clalfical iludies. A.- incentives to Improvement
in compofition and oratory, quarterly ^xercifes are appointed by the
prefideiit and tutors, to be exhibited by the refpedive claffes in rotation.
A public commencement is held annually, on the fecond Wednefday
in September, which calls together a more numerous and brilliant
affembly than are convened by any other anniverfary in the l^ate.

It is believed, and perhaps not without good rtafon, that this thirit
for learning is too extravagent, at lead in many cafes mifapplied, as it
induces too many to leave the plough. If education would excite an.
emulation in agriculture, and towards encouraging manufadures, there
could not be too many men of learning in the itatej but unfbrtuatel/
this is too feldom the cafe.

Minerals and Fossils. — On the bank of Conneflicut River* two
miles from Middleton, is a lead mine, which was wrought diirinS the
war, at the expencc of the ftate, and promifed to be produtllve- It
is too expeufive, however, to work in time of peace. Copper mines
have been difcovered and opened in feveral parts of the ftate, but have
proved unprofitable, and are much negledcd. iron ore abounds iu

' iJ b ij

ig2

CONNECTiat'T.

|l:'*4

many parts of the ftatp. Talks of various kinds, wliite, brown, ind^
chocolate coloured cryllals, zink or fpcltcr, h femNmetal, and fevcril
other foUils and metals have been found in Connefticut.

MiNEKAu Springs. — At Staftbrd is a medicinal fpring, which is faid
to be a fovertl^n remedy for fcorbutic, cutaneous and other difordcr^

Some valuai)le medicinal iprings have lately come into repute in
SuHifld in this Hate, which have been much frequented,^ and, in a
variety of inlUnces, with advantage. Thefe fprings, four in number,
in different parts of the town, are ftrongly impregnated with Culphur,
and the waters when drank, operate on fome as emetic, on others a»
( athartic, and on all as diurhetic, and are (iiid to have either wholly
cured or greatly relieved the gravel, the falt-rheum, the hooping-cough,

and the hcad-ach. ^ • • e c

Constitution and Courts or Justice. — The confiitution of Connec-
ticut is founded on their charter, which was granted by Charles II. in
1662, and on a law of the ftate. Contented with this form of govern-
meut, the people have not been difpofed to run the hazard of framing
a new conftitution fince the declaration of independence.

Agreeable to this charter, the fupreme legiilative authority of the
ftate is verted In a governor, lieutenant governor, 12 afliftants or coun-
fellors, and the reprefentatives of the people, flyled the General
yiffembly. The governor, lieutenant-governor, and afliftants, arc
annually chofen by the freemen in the month of May. The reprefen-
tatives (their number not to exceed two from each town) are cholen by
the freemen twice a year, to attend the two annual fefhons, on the
lecond Thurfdays of May and Odober. This affembly has power to
erecl: judicatories, for the trial of caufes civil and criminal, and to or-
aai'i and eftablilh laws. The General Affembly is divided into two
branches, called the upper and lower houics. The upper houfe is com-
poled of the governor, lieutenant governor, and afliftants 5 the lower
houfe, of the reprefentatives of the people. No law can p.ds without
the concurrence of both houfcs. In each of the counties is a county
court, and one fupreme or circuit court for the whole ftate. In each
are five juftices or judges, who are appointed by the General Aflembly.
AH the juftices of the ftate are annually appointed by the Airembly,
and commiirioned by the governor. The judges of the fuperior
court hold their oflic'es during the pleafure of the General Affembly.
'J'he judges of the county courts, and juftices, are annually appointed.
Sheriffs are appointed by the governor and council, without limitation
of time. The governor is captain general of the militia, the lieutenant
jiovernor, lieutenant general. All other military ofticers are appointed
bv the Affembly and commlffioned l-y the governor.

' The General Affembly only have power to grant pardons and re-
prieves •, to grant commiffions of bankruptcy j or proteft the perfon<
and eftates of unfortunate debtors. As to the other particular adts of
the conllitutlon they are much after thofe of Maffachufctts.

There are fevcral different courts in this ftate, and what greatly
adds to the encouragement of them is, that the people of Connedicut
prefer having all their dlfputcs, even thole of the molt trivial kind, let-
tied according to law. The juftices of the peace, of whom a number are
annually appointed in each town by the General Affembly, have aulho-
rity to keep the peace, and to hear and detcrmiuc civil attions, where

CONNECTICUT. '91f

t<.c demand does not cxc«d four pounds. If tl.e Jj"^^"^^.;;"-'^
Wtv ihillines an ai.ucal to the county courts is ullowcd. 1 hey hH^e
co^nixa "e of' etty offences, and may punilh by fme, not c.xccedm;^
fTyihUngs^r whipping, not exceeding ten llripes or httn., »n th«
bckf The e are eight County courts in the rtatc, held m the leyeral
coundes by one iudge and four juftices of the quorum, uJ;o have junt-
dS of^U cLinal cafes, Lif.ng ^vithin their re pea.ve c.H.nt.es,.
there the punifhment does not extend to hte hmb or ban.thment^
They have original juriidiaion of all civil actions M exceed the
iurifdiaion of a judice. Either party, in a doubtful cufe may appeal tu
the fupcrior court, if the demand exceeds twenty pounds,

There are fcveral courts of probate in each county, con.ilhn- of one
iudgc. The peculiar province of this court, is the probate ot wills
granting adminill ration on intelVate eftates, ordermg dulnbut.on ot
them, and appointing guardians for minors, tec. An appeal alto lies
from any decree of this court to the lupenor court. , . . i,

The fuperior court conliils of five judges. It has authority in all
criminal cafes, and other high crimes and mifdemeanors, to grant di-
vorces, and to hear and determine all civil actions brought by appeal
from the county courts, or the court of probate, and to corrcrt the
errors of all inferior courts. This is a circuit court, and has two
flattd ieflions in eacli county annually. The fupenor and county-
courts try matters of fa6t by jury, or without, if the parties arc

agreeable.

There is a fupreme court of errors, confifting of the lieutenant go-
vernor, and the twelve aflillants. '1 heir fole bulinefs is to determine
writs of error, brought on judgments of the fupenor court, where the
error complained of appears on the record. 1 hey have two ftatcd
felTions annually, viz. on the Tuefdays of the weeks precceding the
ftateclfenions of the General Affembly.

The county court is a court of chancery, empowered to hear and
determine caf; sin equity, where the matter in demand does not ex-
ceed one hundred pounds. The fuperior court has cognizance of aU
cafes where the demand exceeds that fum. Error may be brought
from the county, to the fuperior court, and from the luperior court to
the fupreme court of errors, on judgment in cafes of equity as well as

of law.

The common law of England, fo far as it is applicable to this coun-^
try, is confidered as the common law of this Itate. The reports ot
adjudication in the courts of kings bench, common pleas, and chancery,
are read in the courts of this ftate as authorities ; yet the judges d.o not
confider them as conclufively binding, unlefs founded on folid reaior.s
which will apply in this ftate, or fanaioned by concurrent adjudicationt
of their own courts.

The feudal fyftem of defcents was never adopted in this rtate. AH
the real eftate of inteftatcs is divided equally among the children, males
and females •, and all eftates given in tail, muft be given to ibmc pcrlon
then in being, or to theii- immediate iffue, and (hall become fee fimple
eftates to the iffue of the firft donee in tail. The widow of an intellate
is entitled to a third part of the perfonal eftate for ever, and to her
-,, ^\y',rA r^orfr .»f tK* V^it'pc ^Tid Iniids bclonging; to the inteftate

at the time of his death, during her life.

J 94

•OMNECTIClfr.

I !

^^r,

^ The practice of law In this ftatc has more fimpllclty, but lefs pre-
rlfion than in England. Afliilants and judges are empowered to ifl'ue
writs thr High the llate, and julliccs, through their rtfpedive counties.
In thcfe writs the hibdaiicc of the complaints or the declarations mull
he contained ; and if neither of the parties (hew good reafon for delay,
tiie caufes are heard and determined the fame term to which the writs
are returnable.

History, — The prefent territory of Connecticut, at the time of the
firll arrival of the Engliih, was poffeffed by the Pequot, the Mohegan,
Podunk, and many other fmaller tribes of Indians.

The Pequots were numerous and war)'ke. The country extended
along the fea-coall from Paukatuck to Connefticut River. About the
year 16^0, this powerful tribe extended their conquells over a confi-
derablc part of Connefticut, over all Long Ifland, and a part of Narra-
ganfet. Saliacus, who was the grand monarch of the whole country,
Avas king of this nation. The feat of his dominion was at New London j
the ancient Indian name of which was Pequot.

The Mohegans were a numerous tribe, and their territory extenfivc.
Their ancient claim comprehended moll of New London County, al-
rnoft the whole of the county of Windham, and a part of the counties
ol Tolland and Hartford. Uncus, diilingulihed for his friendlhip to
the Lnglilh, was the fachcni of this tribe.

The Podunks inhabited Eatt Hartford, and the circumjacent coun-
try. The rirll fachem of this tribe of whom the Engliih had any
knowledge, was Tatanimoo. He was able to bring into the field more
than 200 fighting men.

The firft grant of Conne6licut was made by the Plymouth council,
to the earl of Warwick, in 1630, and confirmed by his majefty in
council the fame year. This grant comprehended *' all that part of
Nevv England which lies well from Narraganfet River, 120 miles on
the fea-coalb." The year following, the earl afTigned this grant to lord
t>ay and Seal, lord lirook, and nine others, who held it in trufl for
the puritan emigrants from England.

No Englifh lettlements were attempted in Connedtlcut until the year
1633, when a number of Indian traders, having purchafed of ZequaiTon
.Mid Natawanut, two principal fachems, a trad of land at the mouth of
Little River in Windfor, built a houl'e and fortified it, and ever after
miiintained their right of foil upon the river.

The fame year, a little before the arrival of the Engliih, a company
of Dutch tr^iders came to Hartford, and built a houle, which they called
the Hirfe of Good Hope, and eredled a fmall fort, in which they plant-
<fd two cannon. The remaias of this fettlement are Hill vifible on the
bank of Connedicut River. They ereded another fort among the
Indians at Tetoket now Branford. I'hefe were the only fettlements
of the Dutch in Connedicut in thefe ancient times^. The Dutch, and
after them the province of New York, for a long time claimed as far
call iis tlie weltern bank of Connedicut River. This claim was dii'pu-
ted, and after the neceffary underllanding, the line was run nearly the
fame as It is now fettled.

In 1634, was fent over a fmall number of men, who built a fort at
Saybrouk, and held a treaty wiih the Pcc^uot indiaus, who, iu a formal

CONNECTICI'T.

115

..nncr, g.ve t.. the EnglHh their ri.ht to Conneaicut River and the

adjacent <;"""*jy; j. ^ ^^^, „f ,|,, piy^^outh company's patent to the
Upon h fo ccd lum 7^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^.^^ .j

crown, in 1635. *^^ ';".„. ^f lords and proprietors', and amon;,'
i Ur,c partujons ^« ^^J ^ JX ^uke of liu.nllton all '-he lands .
I!::;:'; Na;ra^g-;nirt:nd' conneaicut rFvers, and bacl. into the country

indcfimtely. Warwick's patent, and occafioncd

Th.s covered a PJ ^ "^^ ^/'':V,,,,, ,,re Ibveral attempts to revive
fome dilputes in tne coiony. 1 •'<-

'"T^L^^n 'iSd hf Co^W was at Wcther^field orWater-
toJn' Ipril Sh, .636 , and the next year was diilinguUhcd by the

""V^^T^^^ Penuot war, .^7, the EiyliO. obtained the
country ea?l of the Dutch fettlemcnts, by "?^^\« ^"f ;j^,[,t^
purfuit of the Indians led to an acquaintance with the ands "" the Jca
Laft from Saybrook to Fairfield, whicli was reported to be a ve>y

'' Trc2;ies of Conneaicut and New Haven, from their firft fettlc-
ment increTd rapidly •, trads of Innd were purchafed of the Indians,
Td nV"tol7fettkd'fr'om Stamford to Stonlngton and far b-^" «
the country, when, in 1661, the agent for the colony bought ot the
natives a7h^^ vv^ich had not before been purchafed by .particu ar
ow" and made a public refignation of them to f colony n. the pe-
fence of the General Affembly. Having done thefe things, the col -
nirpe i ioned Charles H. for a charter, and their petition was granted.
hL mat rty on the 23d of April, 1662, iffued his letters T^atent under
t"lS £ ordaining that the colony of Conneaicut ihould, forever
h relf^et be one bod/corporate and politic, in fa^ a-^ - name, con
firming to them their ancient grant and purchafe, and fixing their
boTdfres as follows, viz. « All that part o lus -Unity's donunions
in New England, in America, bounded ^-^^yNarraganfet Ri^
commonly called Narraganfet Bay, where the river falleth into the
r, and'on the north by\he line of Maffachufett, Pl--tJon ^ and on
theVouth by the fea, and in longitude as the ^'J^ f .^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Colony running from eaft to well; that is to fay, from the faid Narra
einfet Bay on the eaft, to the South Sea on the well part, with the
ffland fhe'reunto belonging." This charter has ever hnce remain^l
the bafis of the government of Conneaicut, which was originally the
earl of Warwick^s patent, 120 miles of two degrees - b-adth -^^^
extending from Narraganfet Bay acrofs the continent Connedhcut
charter fompiehended\he fame. But court conftruaion, in 1664,
limited the 120 miles to the fea-coart, inltead of the two meridional
de^^ees. New Haven people had aaually made an e-g-uon ^^^^^
fettlement, under lord Say and Seal, at Delaware near 1 ^'h-^elph a
in 165^, evidently Ihewing that it was the original ""^erftand ng th^
the cad of V/anvick's patent extended two degrees m breadth below

*^(> CONNECTICUT.

Mafrachufctts. But for the gratification of the duke of York, thia
vvas taken from tlie purchafers of lord Say and Seal's title, and sreaod
into the colonics of New York, New Jerfey, and Peimfylvania.

^ It may here be obferved, that although Conneftlcut was forced to
yield her claim to the lands within the limits of her charter, which
%vere c -nprjled withii, that of Pennfylvania, yet flie did not relinquifti
the right her charter gave her to the lands lying weft of Pennfylvani?
and between that ftate and the Miflifippi. At the clofe of the revolu-
tion, llie ceded all her charter claims weft of Pennfylvania to Con^refr
referving only a trad, the width of the ftate of Conneaicut, and 120
miles in length j bounded eaft, on the weftern line of Pennfylvania
and north by Lake Erie, containing nearly four n^illiony of acre. This
cefTion was accepted by Congrefs, which eftabliftics to Conneaicut her
title to thcfe lands.

The colony of New Haven, though unconneaed with the colony of
Conneaicut, was comprehended within the limits of their charter, and
as they concluded, within their jurifdiaion. But New Haven remon'
flrated agamft their claim, and refufed to u'ute with them, until they
flioukl hear from England. It was not until the year 1665, ^'-''^en it
was believed that the kitig''s commiflioners had a defign upon the New
England charters, that thefe two colonies formed an union, which has
ever fince amicably fubfifted between them.

In 1672, the la^vs of the colony were revifed, and the general court
ordered them to be printed j and alfo, " that every family ftiould buy
one of the law books ; fuch as pay in filver to have a book for twelve-
pence, fuch as pay in wheat, to pay a peck and a half a book ; and
iuch as pay in peas, to pay two (hillings a book, the peas at three
Ihillings the bufhel." Perhaps it is owing to this early and univerfai
fprcafl of law books, that the people cf Conneaicut are to this dav [q
fond of the low.

The years 1675 and 1676 were diftinguifhed by the wars with Phillip
and his Indians, and with the Narragaufcts, by which the colony was
thrown into great diftrefs and confufion. The inroads of the enraged
lavages were marked with cruel murders, and with fire and devaftation.

In 168 .1., the charter of MalTachuietts Bay and Plymouth were taken
away, in conltquence of ^uo wananlos which had been iffued againlt
theni, while the charter of Conneaicut was faved.

The revolution, which fo eflentially afteaed the government of moft
of the colonies, produced no very perceptible alteration in the govern-
ment of Conneaicut. While under the jurifdiaion of Britain, they
cleaed their own governors, and all fubordinate civil officers, and
made their own laws, in the fame manner, and with as little controul
as^ they do now. Conneaicut has ever been a republic, and perhaps
as perfea and happy a one as has ever exifted. While other ftates,
more raonarchial i.i their government and manners, have been under a
iiccefnty of undertaking the dithcult tafk of altering their old, or for-
ming new conltltutions, and of changing their monarchical for republi-
can manners, Connedicut has uninterruptedly proceeded in her old
track, both as to government and manners •, and, by thefe means, has
molded thofe convullions ai.d difcontents which too often rend other
lUtes into violent parties.

• charter, which

lilODLt STATES. 1S7

That iparty fpirit, however, which is the banc of political happinels,
■feas not raged with luch violence in this ftate us in Maffachufetis and
Rhode liland. Public proceedings here have been condudcd ^(.nerally,
and efpecially of late, r/ith much calmnefs and candour. The people
are well informed in regard to their rights, and judicious in the metliods
they adopt to I'ecure them. The Hate enjoys a great fliare of political
tranquillity, and its inhabitants arc firni lupportcrs of the federal go-
rernment.

Conne6licut has ever made rapid advances in population. There
have been more emigrations from thi:; than from any of the other ftatcs,
and yet it is at prefent *"ull of inhabitants. This increafe may be afcribed
to feveral caufes. The bulk of the inhabitants are induftrious, fagacious
Imibandmen, Their farms furnifli them with all the neceffarics, moll
©f the conveniences, and but few of the luxuries of life. They of conrfe
mull be generally temperate, and if they choofe, can fubfirt with as
much independence as is confiftent with happinefs. The fubfiftence ot
the farmer is fubftantial, and does not depend on incidental circum-
llances, like that of moft other profeffions. There is no neceflity of
ferving an apprenticefliip to the bufinefs, nor of a large ilock of money
to commence it to advantage. Farmers, who deal much in barter,
have lei's need of money than any other c^afs of people. The eafc
with which a comfortable fubfiftence is obtained, induces the hulhand-
raan to marry young. The cultivation of his farm makes him ftrong
jind healthful. He toils cheerfully through the day — eats the fruit of
Jiis own labour with a gladfome Jheart — at night devoutly thanks his
bounteous God for his daily blefling — retires to reft, and his deep is
iweet. Thefe and the like happy circumftances have greatly contri-
buted to the amazing increaCe and profperity of the inhabitants in this
■ftate.

MIDDLE STATES.

THE SECOND PRAND DIVISION OF THE UNHED STATES,

comprehends,

New York, Delaware,

New Jersey, and

Pennsylvania, Territory N. W. of Ohio.

Boundaries. — Bounded north, by Upper Canada, from which it I5.
Separated by the lakes j eaft, by the New England States ; fouth, by
the Atlantic Ocean, Maryland, Virginia, and the Ohio River, whicii,
fcparates it from Kentucky j weft, by the Miffifippi River.

Rivers and Bays. — The principal rivers in this diftricl are the
Hudfon, the Delaware, Sufcjuehannah, the Ohio, the MilTifippi, and
their branches. York, Delaware, and part of Clicfapeak bays are in
this diftrift.

Cliwate.— The climate of this Grand DivICon, lying almoft in the
fame latitudes, varies but little from that of New England. There
.are no two fuccclTive years alike. Even the fame fucceilive ieafons an4
ragnthg differ frsm sack ether srerv year= And there is, perhaps, hiip

C «

^»* n

'tti

Us, li

J eg NIVT T(»K.

•ne ftcady trait in the charaaer of this climate, and that is, it is un}.
formly variable, the changes of weather being great and frequently
fudden. Storms and hurricanes fometimes happen, which are fo violent
as to overfet vcffels, demolifh fences, uproot trees, and unroof building*.
Droughts of fix weeks or two months continuance occur now and then.
Rain has been known to fall in fuch abundance that the earth, by
raeafurement, has received upwards of fix inches on a level, in the fliort
fpace of four hours. The quantity of water which falls in rain and
fnow, one year with another, is faid to amount to from 24 to ^6 inciies.
In the northern parts of this diftria the fnow falls in larger quantities,
lies longer, and tl^e cold is more fteady and intenfe, by many degrees
than in the fouthern •, hence the climate of the former is more agree-
able in winter, and that of the latter in i'ummer. The warmeil weather
is generally in the month of July -, but exceflive warm days are often
felt in May, June, Auguft, and September. There are feldom more
than four months in the year, in which the weather is agreeable with-
put a fire. In winter, the winds generally come from the north-well
in fair, and fiom the north-eaft in wet weather. The north-weft winds
»re uncommonly dry as well as cpld.

The climate on the weft fide of the Allegany mountains differs mate-
Tially from that on the eaft fide, in the temperature of the air, and the
efteds of the wind upon the weather, and in the quantity of rain and
fnow which fall every year. The fouth-weft winds on the weft fide of
the mountain, are accompanied by cold and rain. The temperature
©f the air is feldom fo cold or fo hot by feveral degrees as on the eaft
iide of the mountain.

Upon the whole, it appears that the climate of this divifion of the
United States, is a compound of moft of the climates in the world. It
has the moifture of Ireland in the fpring — the heat of Africa in fum-
mer — the temperature of Italy in June — the Iky of Egypt in autumn
— -the fnow and cold of Norway, and the ice of Holland in winter—
the tempefts, in a certain degree, of the Weft Indies in every feaibn,
and the variable winds and weather of Great Britain in every mo^ith
in the year.

From this account of the climate of this dlftrift it is eafy to afcertain
what degree of health, and what difeafes prevail. As the inhabitants
have the climates, fo they have the acute difeafes of all the countries
that have been mentioned. Although it might be fuppofed, that with
fuch changes and varieties in the weather, there would be conne61ed
epidemical difeafes and an unwholfome climate, yet, on the contrary, this
diftria is found to be as healthy as any part in the United States.

NEW YORK.

Situation and Extent.

Length
Breadth

(■40" 40' and 4t® N. lat. 1
l5»W.andi'>30'E.lon. j

Sq. Miles.
44,000

Miles.

^^^ J- between

300 s

Boundaries. — Bounded fouth-eaftwardly, by the Atlantic Ocean j
faf!:, by Conneaicut, Maffat.hufetts, and Vermont 5 north, by the

,^-

it is, it is uni.
and frequently
\ arc fo violent
roof buildingj.
now and then,
the earth, by
cl, in the ftiort
lis In rain and
4 tp 36 inches,
•ger quantities,
many degrees
is more agree-
armelt weather
days are often
•e feldom more
igreeable with-

^pt lu autumn
md in winter—
n every feai'on,
n every moiitli

afy to afccrtain
the Inhabitants
11 the countries
jofed, that with
I be conne61ed
ic contrary, this
:ed States.

Sq. Miles,
I 44,000

tlantic Ocean j
north, by the

Mlw YORK. i^

irth degree of latitude, which divides it from Canada; north cafl-
wardly, by the river Iroquois, or St. Lawrence, and the lakes Ontario
and Erie j fouth-wcft and weft, by Penniylvania and New Jerfey.
Thefe dimenfions are exclufive of Long Ifland and Staten Illand, which
belong to this ftate.

Divisions. — This province Including the Idand of New York, Long
Ifland, and Staten Illand, is divided into the following counties and
townlhlps :

Counties.

Counties.
^ew York
Albany

Suffolk

Queens

Kings

Richmond
Weft Chcfter

Orange

Ulfter

Duchef*

Chief Towni.

New York City

Albany
r Eaft Hampton
\ Huntington

Jamaica
5" Flatbulh
\ Brooklyn

Weftfield

Bedford .

^ Goflien -s

\ Orange

Kingfton
C Poughkeepfie
\ Filhkill

c
9

c5
2;

Columbia

Renfielaer

Wafhington

Clinton

Montgomery

Ontario
"Herkemer
Otfego

- T>og*

Saratoga
.Onondaga

Chief Towni.
CHudfon
1^ Kenderhook

Laniinbur<i

baleni

Flattibixrg

liivkled Ute'v iat*

three countiet.
Canadaque
German Flats
Cooperftown
C Chenango
\ Union Town

The townlhlps, Into which the counties were by law divided, la
1788, are Incorporations inverted with certain privileges.

Rivers and Canals. — Hudlbn's River is one of the largcft and finell
rivers in the United States. It rlfes in the mountainous country
between the lakes Ontario and Champlain. In its courfe fouth-eafterly
it approaches within fix or eight miles of Lake George •, then, after a
Ihort courfe ealt^ turns foutherly, and receives the Socondaga from );hc
fouth-welt, which heads In the neighbourhood of Mohawk River. I'he
courfe of the river thence to New York, where It empties Into York
Bay, is very uniformly fouth, \Z^ or 15? weft. Its whole length Is
about 250 miles. From Albany to Lake George, is 65 miles. This
dirtance the river is navigable, at prefent, only for battftaux, and has
two portages, occafioned by falls, of half a mile each.

The banks of Hudfon's River, efpeclally on the weftern fide, as far

the highlands extend, are chiefly rocky cliffs. The paffagc through

the highlands, which Is 16 miles, affords a wild romantic fcenc. In
this narrow pafs, on each fide of which the mountains tower to a great
height, the wind, when there is any, is coUefted and compreflfed, and
blows direftly as through a bellows. Veffels, in paffing through It
are often obliged to lower their fails. The bed of this river, which Is
deep and fmooth to an aftonilhing diftance, through a hilly, rocky
country, and even through ridges of fome of the highert mountains in
the United States, muft undoubtedly have been produced by fome
grand convulfion In nature. The tide flows a few miles above Albany,
which is 160 miles from New York, and Is navigable for Hoops of 80
tons to Albany, and for fhips to Hudfon. Ship navigation to Albany
is interrupted by a number of iflands, fix or eight miles below the city,
caiicd the Oveiriaugh. About 60 luiles above New York the v.atvr

Cc ij

saa

I*BW TOMl.

becomes frelli. The river is ftored with a varitfty of fiih, whtch-r*ndf«r
a fummer palTagc to Albany delightful and amufing to thofe who are
fond of angling.

The advantages and convenience of this river for carrying on the -
trade with Canada, and for internal commerce arc fingularly gi
The produce of the remoteft farms is eafily and fpcedily conveyed ...»
certain and profitable market, and at no great cxpence., In this rcfpcfl-,
New York, has greatly the advantage of Philadelphia. But indeed^
lince the late laudable exertions in both thefe ftates, Pennfylyania in
pallTcular, with regard' to facilitating the carriage of commodities by
means of new roads and canals, and the improvement of river navigj.
tion. New York and Philadelphia may be faid to have Ihared the bufi-
iiefs of markets pretty equally J but a great deal depends upon where
the marketable producci is brought from, whether lying more conve.
nient for New York market or Philadelphia. It is this confideration
afone that muft in a great degree regulate the markets of thefe ftates'.
The increaling population of the fertile lands -Upon the northern bran-
ches of the Hudfon, mult annually increafe die amazing wealth that ij
conveyed by its waters to Netv York. Add to this, the ground has
been marked out, the level afcertaincd, a company incorporated, by
the name of " The Prefiden^, Direftors, and Company of the Northern
Inland Lock Navigation, in the ftate of New York," and funds fub-
fcribed for the purpofe of cutting a canal from the ncarcfl approximating
point of Hudfon's River to South Bay, which empties into the fouth end
of Lake Cham'plain, The diftance is 18 i^ailes. The difference of level
and the face of the country are fuch as to juftify a belief that the opeif
ing of this canal will not be lei's prafticable than ufeful.

Saranac River paffes through Plattlburg into Lake Champkin. It
has been twplored nearly 30 miles, and there found equal in hze to the
mouth. In this river is the greateft abundance of filh, fuch as lalmon,
bafs, pik«, pickerel-, trout, &c.

Sable River, not far from the Saranac, is fcarcely 60 yards wide.
On this rtream are remarkable falls. The whole defcent of the water
is about 200 fset, in feveral pitches-, the greateft of which is 40 feet
perpendicular. At the foot of it the water is unfathomable. A large
pine has been feen, in a freftiet, to pitch over endwife,. and remain
feveral minutes under water. The ftream is confined by high rocks
on either fide, a fpace of 40 feet, and the banks at the falls are, at
leart, as many feet high. The Big and Little Chazy rivers arc in the
townfliip of Champlain, which borders on the Canada line. Both are
navigable fome miles, the former fix or leven, aftbrding good niill
feats, and feveral mills have already been ereded.

The river Boquet paffes through the town of Willlborough, In
Clinton County, and is navigable for boats about two miles, and is
there interrupted by falls, on which are mills. At this place are the
remains of an intrenchment, thrown up by general Burgoyne. Hern
he gave his famous war feaft to his " numerous hofts of favages," and
ker^;, probably, he fiirft conceived that celebrated proclamation which
he afterwards brought forth.

Black River rifes in the high country, near the fources of Canada
Creek, which falls into Mohawk River, and takes its couric north-weft
»nd thcii north-cail till it difcharges itl^lf iiito Cataraquc or Iroquoii

WZVr YORK*

20 i

ttkr«r no^ far from Swegauchee. It Is fa'ul 'to be navigable for
Wteaux up to the lower falls, 6o iriles, which is diftant from the
doSing fettlement of Whitertown 25 miles. The whole diitance

of this river is reckoned at II2 miles, „ • ,

Onondago River rifcs in the Oneida Lake, runs wcftwardly into
I ake Ontario at Ofwegp. It is navigable for boats from its mouth to
the head of the lake, 74 miles, except a fall which occafions a portage
of 20 yards, thence batteaux go up Wood Creek almoil to lort btan-
vvix 40 miles •, where there is a portage of a mile to Mohawk Kiver.
Towards the head waters of this river falmon is caught m great quaii-

Mohawk River rifes to the northward of Fort Stanwix, about eight
miles from Black River, and runs fouthwardly 2D miles, to the fort j
tlien eaftward 1 10 miles, into the Hudfon. The produce that is con-
veyed down this river is landed at Skeneclady, and is thence carried
by land 16 miles, over a barren ihrub plain, to Albany.

The locks and. canals round the Little Falls, j6 miles above bkc-
nedady, were completed in 1795, which now allow full loaded boats
to pafs. The perpendicular defcent of thefe falls is 42 fctt in the
courfe of one mile. The canal round them is nearly three quarters
ef a mile in length, almoft the whole dillancc through an uncommon
hard rock. Thefe falls v/ere the principal obllruclion to the naviga^
tion of the waters of Mohawk River, above Skeneaady. The
opening of this navigation is a vaft acquifition to the commerce of thi-;^
flate. A ihore of at leaft 1000 miles in length, is, in confequence ot
it, waflied by gentle waters, exclufive of all the great lakes, and
many millions of acres, of excellent tillage land, rapidly fettling, are
accomodated with water communicatitjn for conveying their produce to

market.-

'J'he falls called the Cohoez, in this river,, are a great curiofity.
They are three miles from its entrance into the Hudfon. The river is
about 100 yards wide ; the rock, over which it pours as over, a mill-
dam, extends almoll in a line from one fide of the river to the ether,
and is about 30 feet perpendicular height. Including the defcent above,
the fall is as much as 60 or 70 feet. The rocks below, in fome places,
are worn many feet deep by the conftant fridion of the water. The
view of this tremendous cataraft is diminiihcd by the height of the
banks oa each fide of the river. About a nxile below the falls is the
brid"vi hereafter defcribed, and here the river branches and forms a
lar .. iand ; but two of the mouths may be feen at the fame time from^
the'oppofite bank of the Hudfon. I'he branches axe fordable at low
water, but are rather dangerous.

Delaware River rifcs in Lake Utftayantho, latitude 42° 25', and
takes its courfe fouth-weil, until it croffes into Pennfylvania, in latitude
42*^. Thence fouthwardly, dividing New York from Pennfylvania,
until it ftrikes the north-welt corner of New Jerfey, in latitude 41^ 24'v
and then paffes off to fea, through Delaware Bay, having New Jerfey
on the call fide, and Pennfylvania md Delaware on the weft.

Sufquehannah Eaft Branch River has its fource in Lake Otfego,
latitude 42*^ 55', from which it takes a fouth-weft courfe. It croffes
the line which divides New York and Pennfylvania, three times, the
j^ft time near Ty-uga Fuiui, ^vljei'e it receives Tyoga aUv-ct^ Jiattcsux

502

NE7V yOUK.

paCs to its fourcft ; thence to Mohawk River is but 2o miles, capablk
of good roads.

Tyoga River rifes in the Allegany Mountains, in about latitude 42'
runs ealbvaidly, and empties into the Sufquehannah at Tyoga Point
in latitude 41^ 57', and is pafiable for boats about 50 miles.

Seneca River rifes in the Seneca country, and runs eaftwardly, and
in its paflage receives the waters of the Seneca, and Cayuga lakes
(which lie north and fouth, 10 or 12 miles apart, each is between 30
and 40 miles in length, and about a mile in breadth) and empties into
the Onondago River, 14 miles above the falls, at a place called Three
Rivers. From Three River Point to Onondago Lake, up Seneca
River is t2 miles. Witiiin half a mile of this lake a fait fpring iffuet
from the ground, the water of whi«h is falter than that of the ocean.
It conllantly emits water in fufficient quantity for works of any extent.
It is probable the whole country will be fupplied from this fpring, and
at a very cheap rate. This fpring is the property of the flate.

CheneiTee or Geneflee River riles near the fource of the Tyoga, and
runs northwardly by the Chenefiee caftle and flats, and empties into
Lake Ontario 80 miles eaft of Niagara Fort. On this river is one fct
of large fallu, not far from its junftion with Lake Ontario. The in-
habitants improve thefe falls to good purpofe* by crcding mills upon
them.

The north-eaft branch of the Allegany Rivet, heads in the Allegany
mountains, near the fource of the Tyoga, and runs direftly well, until
it is joined by a larger branch from the fouthward, which rifes near the
well branch of the Sufquehannah. Their junftion is on the line betxveen
Pennfylvania and New York. From this juntlion, the river purfues a
nort welt courfe, leaving a fegment of the river of about 50 miles
in length, in the ftate of New York, thence it proceeds in a circuitous
fouth-weft direction, until it croffes into Pennfylvania.

There are few fifh in the rivers, but in the brooks are plenty of trout;
and in the lakes, yellow-perch, fun-fith, falmon-trout, cat-lilh, and a
variety of others.

From this account of the rivers, it is ealy to conceive of the excel-
lent advantages for conreying produce to market from almoil every
part of the llate.

The fcttlements already made in this ftate, are chiefly upon two
narrow oblongs, extending from the city of New York, eaft and t?orth.
The 'one e all, is Long liland, which is 140 miles long, and narrow,
and furroundcd by the fea. The one extending north, is about 40
miles in breadth, and divided by the Hudfon. Of late, however, the
ftttlements have extended welt of Albany, on the Mohawk River, and
into the CheneiTee country, making anotner oblong, bearing welt and
iouth-welt from Albany. Such is the interfedion of the whole ftate,
by the branches of the Hudfon, the Delaware, the Sufquehannah,
and other river, ,>hlch have been mentioned, that there arc few places
tliroughout its whole extent, that are more than 15 or 20 miles Irom
fome navigable ftream.

Bays and Lakes. — York Bay, which is nine miles long and four
broad, fpreads to the fouthward before the city of New York, and i»
iormcd by the conllucncc of the Eait and Iludfon's rivers, and era-
bofoms fcVeral fm?.ll ifland?, of which Governor's Iflaud rs the principal..

WEW YORK. 205

It coramunicatcs ultK tlic ocean through the narrows, between Staten
and Long iflands, which are fcarcely two miles \ idc. I'he paffage up
to New York, from Sandy Hook, the point of land that extends far-
theft into the fea, is fafe, and not above 20 miles in length. The
common navij,'ation is between the caft and wttt banks, in about 2 Z
feet water. There is a light-houfe at bandy Hook, on a pcniulula
from the Jerfey fliore. ■ tjt j

South Eay lies I2 or 15 miles north of the northern bend in Hud-
fon's River. At its north "end it receives Wood Creek from the fouth,
which is navigable feveral miles, and lined with line meadows. Soou
after, it mingles its waters with Eaft Bay, which ftretches eaftward
into Vermont. At the junction of thcfe bays, commences another bay
or lake, frem half a mile to a mile wide, wlofe banks are flecp hills,
or cliff* of rocks, generally inacceflible. At Ticoi«leroga, this bay
receives the waters of Lake George from the fouth-weft, through a
large brook, which rolls down a gentle declivity, at the foot of which
were formerly a fet of faw-mills. The waters of Lake George are 100
feet higher than thole of the bay.

Oneida Lake lies about 20 miles weft of Fort Stanwix, and extends
weftward about 30 miles.

Salt Lake is fmall, and empties into Seneca River, foon after its
junftion with the Onondago River, about 12 miles from Three River
Point. This lake is ftrongiy impregnated with faline particles, which
circumftance gave rife to its name. The Indians make their fait
from it.

Lake Otfego, at the head of Sufquehannah River, is about nine miles
long, and narrow, perhaps not more than a mile wide. The land 011
the banks of this lake is very good, and the cultivation of it eafy.

Caniaderago Lake is nearly as large as Lake Otltgo, and fix mile«
weft of it. A ftream, by the name of Oaks Creek, iitucs from it, and
falls into the Sufquehannah River, about five miles below Otkgo. The
beft checfe in the ftate of New York is faid to be made upon this
creek.

Chatoque Lake is the fource of Conawongo River, which empties
into the Allegany. The lower end of it, whence the river proceeds,
is in latitude 42"^ 10' 5 from thence to its head, is about 25 milrs.
From the north-weft part of this to Lake Erie, is nine miles, which
was once ufed as a communication by the FrencVi.

On the north fide of the mountnins, in Orange County, Is a very
valuable traft called the Drowned Lands, containing about 40 or 50,0 o
acres. The waters, which deltcnd from the furrounuing hills, being
but ilowly difcharged by the river Iffuing from it, cover thcfe vail
meadows every v/inter, and render them extremely fertile •, but they
expofe the inhabitants in the vicinity to intermiltents. The Wallkill
River, which paffes through this extenfive amphioious trad, and emp-
ties into Hudfon's River, is, in the fpring, ftored with very large eeis
in great plenty. The bottom of this river is a broken rock •, and it is
believed, that the channel could be deepened fo as to let off all the
waters from the meadows, and thereby redeem from the floods a large
traft of rich land, for grafs, hemp, and Indian corn.

RoAos.— The roa>is in this itate have been in general but Indiffe-
rently attended to, till of late. The legillature, however, con\Inccd

tf04

REW T«*.K.

lof the irapottaiicc of attending to "the matter, and, perhaps, ftrmuiatel
<by the enterprizicg and a6\ive Pinnfylvanians, who are competitors for
•the trade of the weiicrn country, have lately granted very liberal fums,
towards improving the roads which lead to the interior of the country,
and opening fuch as lead into the weftern and northern parts of the
.Hate, uniting as far as pofliblc the cftabliftiments on the Hudfon River.
A port regularly rides from Albany to the Cheneffee River, once a
-^fortnight, through Whitcftown, Geneva, Canadaqua, Canawarjjus,
,and W illiamiburg on the Cheneffee River. By this eftabliftiment a
fafe and direct conveyance is opened between the molt interior parts
of the United States, to the well, and the feveral ftates in the union.

A grand and ufeful road has been opened through Clinton Ccuntj-,
which borders upon Canada. This road adds greatly to the conveni-
ence and fafety of travelling between the ftate of New York and Ca-
nada, efpecially in the winter, when pafling the lakes on ice is oftea
dangerous and always uncomfortable. Another road hjis alfo been
lately cut from .Kxitt'i Kill, on .the Hudfon, weaardly, which paiTes
near Owafco Lake.

, Bribges.— A bridge cilled Staat's Bridge, 250 feet long, and of i
fufficient width to admit two carriages abreall, has lately been thrown
;acrofs Abram's Creek, which falls into Hudfon's Riyer, near the citj
of Hudfon, by which a communica,tion with the country, in a new di-
Tedion, is opened from the city of Hudfon, and a diltance faved of
four or five miles. in the main poll road from New York to Albany.

A bridge over the fprouts of Mohawk River, has lately been built,
which fully anfwers its intended purpofc. Itis about 10 miles north
,of the city of Albany, and is the molt elegant and bell conftruded
bridge in this ftate ; and will probably be ef immenfe advantage to th«
•city, by opening an eaiy and dired communication, with an extenfiye
and thriving country to the north-weft. It is 960 feet in length, 24 in
breadth, and 15 feet above the bed of the river, which for the moft part
,is rock. It is fupporled by 13 folid ftone pillars, and affords a fine ap-
pearance towards approaching it from the Ibuth. About a mile wcli
of the bridge arc the Cohoez," Falls in full view, forming a grand fpec-
tacle to the eyr •, while on the eaft a different fcene is prefented, the
river below the bruise fpreading into three brandies, and pouring its
waters irito the Hudibn by as many mouths.

At Fort Stanwix, now Fort Schuyler, is a bridge over the Mohawic
River, about I20 lectin length, in one arch, extending from ftiore to
ibore. About 50 miles above Skenaftady is another bridge acrofs thu
river of a fimilar conftruftion, having an. arch of too feet.

Face of thh Country, Mountains, Soil, and Productions. — This
ftate, to fpeak gcnerallv, is interfeaed by ridges of mountains running
in a north-eaft and fouth-wert diveftion. Beyond the Allegany moun-
tains, however, the country is entirely level, of a fine rich foil, covered
in its natural ftate, with maple, beach, birch, cherry, black walnut,
locuft, hickory, and fome mulberry trees. Belides thefe, there are in
various parts of the ftale, the feveral kinds of oak, fuch as -white^ red,
yellow, black, and chefnut oak j white, yellow, fpruce, and pitch
..:.,^o. j.„,4n.. r,t- tr-»<= Kiittprniit. afnin- commonlv called pop at,
^vhitewood, which in Pcnnfylvania is called poplar, and in Europe .he
tulip .Ue«, rock maple, the linden .tree, which, with the whi^ewoptl.

iver, once a

KIW TORK. *9|

jH-otvs on the low, rich ground, the buttonwood, (lirub, cranberry,
the fruit of which hangs in clullers like grapes as larj/e as cherries •,
this Ihrub too grows on low ground. Beiklcs thcfe is the fumach,
which bears clurters of red berries ; the Indians chew the leaves inllcad
of tobacco; the berries are ufed in dyes. Of the commodities produced
from culture, wheat is the itaple. Of this article, in wheat an'd Hour,
near to one million budiels are yearly exported. Indian corn and
peas are likewile raifed for exportation ; and rye, oats, barley, &c.
for home confumption. On the banks of Lake Erie, are a few chefmic
and oak ridges". Hemlock fwamps are interlperied thinly through the
country. All the creeks that empty into Lake Erie, have falls, which
afford many excellent mill-feats.

The lands between the Seneca and Cnyugn lake";, nre reprefcnted as
uncommonly excellent, being moll agreeably div^riified with gentle
vilings, and timbered with lofty trees, with little underwood. The
legiflature of this ftate, have granted one million and a half acres of
land, as a gratuity to the ofhcers and foldicrs of the lii\e belonging to
this province. This traft, forming the new county of Onondugo, is
bounded weft, by the eaft fhore of the Seneca Lake, and the MaHu-
chufetts lands in the county of Ontario ♦, north, by part of Lake On-
tario near Fort Ofwego ; fouth, by a ridge of the Allegany mountains
and the Pennfylvania line -, and call, by the 'i'ufcarora Creek (which^
falls nearly into the middle of the Oneida Lake) and that part of
Montgomery which has been fettling by the New England people very
rapidly fince the peace.

This pleafant country is divided itito 25 townfhips of 60,000 acres
each, which are again fubdivided into convenient farms. Each farm
generally contains 600 acres, and the whole number of them at prefeut
in this ftate, amounts to near 2,600.

In feme parts of the ftate large dairies arc kept, which furnffli for
the market butter and cheefe. The beft lands in this Itate, which lie
along the Mohawk River, artd north of it, and weft of the Allegany
-mountains, are yet moftly in a ftate of nature, but are moft rapidly
fettling.

The county of Clinton, in the moft northern part of the ftate^ on
Lake Champlain, and Lake George, lies about midway between (i)ue-
bec and New York, and from 230 to 240 miles from each. A great
proportion of the lands in this county are of an excellent quality, and
produce in abundance the various kinds of grain cultivated in other
parts of the ftate. The inhabitants of this county, who are in number
between 7 and 8,000, manufaclure earthen ware, pot and pearl afti, in
large quantities, which they import to New York or Quebec. Their
beef and pork are of an excellent quality ; and the price of ftall fed
beef in ' ntreal (diftant 60 miles from Plattfburg) is fuch as to en-
courage tuo farmers to drive their cattle to that market. Their forefts
fupply them with fugar and molaffes, fo that every family, with no
more implements than are necefl'ary for coiiamon ufe, can make a fuftl-
ciency for its own confumption, and that at a feafon when the farmer
can be no-otherwife employed. The land carriage from any part of
the county, in tranfporting their produce to New York, does not ex-

.rrviiju pl2Cc at 1 rcon

M'L.

-ogs

^\u

half -J and from Fort George, at the fouth end of the lake of the fame

■Uv

3f05 NEW TOIK.

name, to Fort Edward, is but 14 miles. From this county to Queber
are ann\ially fent lar^re rafts j the rai)ids at St. John's and Chamblee
being the only interruptions in the navigation, and thofc not fo great,
but that at fume leaibns, batteaux can afccnd them. At this diftance
from the lea; fait is very plenty, and fold at half a dollar a buihel.

In the northern and unfettled parts of the ftate, are plenty of moore,
deer, bears, fome beavers, martins, and moll other inhabitants of the
foreft, except wolves. Ducks, growfe, pigeons, and fifli of many
kinds, and particularly falmon are taken in great abundance in different
parts, and efpecially in the county of Clinton. At the mouth of Sara-
nac River, which falls into Champlain, the falmon arc found in fuch
plenty, that it is ufual to take 4 or 500 in a day with fpcars and fmall
fcoop nets. They are caught from' May till November, and make
excellent falted provifions ; and every cottager, by fpcnding an hour in
the evening, may obtain a fufficicnt fupply for his family.

Manners, Character, &c.— The effeas of the revolution have been
as fenlibly felt by this, as by any of the United States. The ac-
ccffion of inhabitants within a few years have been great, even beyond
calculatiqn ; and fo long as lands can be obtained upon advantageous
terms, and with a good title, and the general government conti-
nues to proteft indullry and encourage commercej they will ever con-
tinue to increafe. The number of inhabitants in this Hate at prefent,
amount to upwards 360,000. Of this vail number, (in which black!
are included) a great proportion confifts of emigrants. The population
for every fquare mile, including the whole fiate, perhaps docs not
exceed ten, which clearly Ihews that a great part of the ftate is yet
unfettled. The liew fettlements that are forming in the northern and
weftern parts of the ftate, are principally by people from New England.
It is remarkable that the Dutch enterprise few or no fettlements. Among
all the new townftiips that have been fettled fince the peace, it is not
known that one has been fettled by the Dutch. Although they are a»
" intent upon gain'' as other people, they had rather reft fccurc of
<\'hatthey poffcfs, than hazard all or even a part, in uncertain attempts
to increafe it.

The Englifli language is generally fpoken throughout this ftate, but
is ftlli a little corrupted by the Dutch dialed, which is fpoken In Tome
counties, particularly in King's, Ulfter, Albany, and that part of
Orange which lies fouth of the mountains. But as Dutch fchools arc
now alraoft difcontlnued, that language. In a ftiort time, will probably
ceafe to be ufed at all, when inBproveraents in the Englilh language will
prevail.

The manners of the people differ as well as their language. The
anceftors of the inhabitants in the fouthern and middle parts of Long
lOand, were either natives of England, or the immediate defcendanls
of the firft fcttlers of New England, as their manners and cuftoms are
pretty limilar to ihofe of tholr anceftors. The counties inhabited by
the Dutch, have adopted the Englifli manners in a great degree, but
ftill retain many modes, particularly in their religion, which are pe-
culiar to the Hollanders. They are induftrious, neat and economical
in the manayement of their farms and their families. Whatever buH-
nefs they purfue, they generally follow the old track of their torc-
fathcrs, butieldom invent any new improvements in agriculture, mauu-

NIVT TORK. 407

figures or mechanicj. They were the firll fctllers of this nalc, and were
particul'ary fricnJly to the Englifh colony that fettled at Plymouth m
New England, in 16205 and continued to be amicably difpofcd towards
the Englifti colonies eaft of them, until the unhappy difpule arofe con-
cerning the lands on Connefticut River.

Schools, academies, and colleges have been eftabiiilicd for the edu-
cation of their children, in the Englilh nnd learned languages, and in
the arts and fciences, and a literary and fcicntitic fpirit is evidently
increafing among them.

The city of New York is inhabited principally by merchants, phy-
ficians, lawyers, mechanics, fliop-keepers, and trade iVncn, compoled of
almoft all nations and religions. They are generally refpcdable in
their feveral profefTions, and fuftain the reputation of honelt, pundual,
fair dealers.

Be (ides the Dutch and Englilh, there are in this ftate many emi-
grants from Britain, Ireland, Germany, and fome few from France.
Many Germans are fettled on the Mohawk, and fome Britiih on
the Hudfon, in the county of Wartungton. The principal part of
the two former fettled in the city of Ne ,v York 5 and retain the manners,
the religion, and fome of them the language of their refpedlive countries.
The French emigrants fettled principally at New Rochelle and on Sta-
ten Illand, and their defcedants, feveral of whom now fill fome of the
highell offices in the United States

Chief Towns.— There are three incorporated cities In this ftate j
New York, Albany, and J udfon.

New York is the capital of the ftate, and ftands on the fouth-weft
point of Manhatten, commonly called New York Ifland, at the con-
liuence of the Hudfon and Eaft rivers. The principal part of the city
lies on the eaft fide of the ifland, although the buildings extend from
one river to the other. The length of the city on Eaft River is about
two miles 5 but falls fliort of that diftance on the banks of the Hudfon.
Its breadth is nearly three fourths of a mile j and its circumference may
be four miles. The principal ftreets run nearly parrallel with the rivers.
Thefe are interfered, though not at riorht angles, by ftreets running
from river to river. In the width of the ftreets there is a great diveriity.
Water-ftreet and Pearl-ftreet, which occupy the banks of Eaft River,
are very conveniently fituated for bufinefs, but they are low and too
narrow j not admitting in fome places of foot walks on the fides. Broad-
ftreet, extending from the exchange to the city hall, is iufliclently wide.
This was orriginally built on each fide of the creek, which penetrated
almoft to the city hall. But the moft convenient and agreeable part
of the city is the Broadway. It begins at a point which is formed by
the jundion of the Hudfon and Ealt rivets — occupies the height of
land between them, upon a true meridional line — rifes gently to the
northward — is nearly 70 feet wide — adorned, where the fort formerly
ftood, with an elegant brick edifice for the accommodation of the gover-
nor of the ftate, and a public walk from the extremity of the point,
occupying the ground of the lower battery, which is now demolilhcd ;
alfo with two Epifcopal churches, and a number of elegant private
buildings. It terminates, to the northward, in a triangular area, froiu-
ing the bridewell and alms-houfe, and commands from any point, a
view of the bay and Narrows.

H.'^^f|.

658 NEW VO»K.

Since the year 1788, that part of the city, xvMch was burled h
ruins during ilic war, has been rapidly rebuildin'r, the llreets widcntd,
jlraitcned, and foot-ways of brick, made on each lide.

Wall-llreet is of a good breadth a^d elevated, and the buildinjrs ele
gaiit. Hanover-lquaie and Dock-llreet are conveniently iitnated for
bufinefs, and tlie houl'ts well built. ■W'illiam-ilrect is-alfo elevated and
convenient, and is the principal retailing market. Alany of the other
hrcttsarc plcafant, bvit nioft of them arc irregular and n-^.row.

'J'iie houlcs arc generally built of brick, and th;" roofs tiled. There
are remaining a few houfes built after the old jJutch manner j but the
Englifh talle in building is now adopted.

The moll ijiajjniticent edifice in this city is Federal Hall, fituated
at the head of lirqud-ftreet, Avhcrc itb front appears to great advantage.

The veflible to this building is paved with marble, is very lofty,
and well finiihed ; the lower paft is of a light rullic, which fupports
a handfome iron gallery •, the upper h^lf is in a lighter ilyle, and
is finiflied with h large (ky-light, which is decorated with v profu-
fion of ornament in the tichell tavlc. The reprcfentatlves room
is a fpacious and elegant apartment. The windows are large, and
placed 16 feet from the floor j all below them is finiflied with plain
vainfcot, interrupted only by four chimneys. The fpeaker's chair is
opposite the great doqr, and raifed by feveral fteps ; the chairs for the
mcmbeis are ranged ftmiclrcularly, in two rows in front of the fpeaker.
'Jhere are two galleries, for the accommodation of fpcclators. •

On the left of the vellible is a lobby finiihed with Tufcan pilaftcrs.
'This leads to the fenate chamber, which is fpacious, with an arched
ceilinc'. It lias three windows in front and three back. Thofe in
iVont open into a large gallery, guarded by an elegant iron railing. In
this gallevy did the late beloved George Waftiington, attended by
the fenate and houfe of re ''efentatives;, take his oath of office, as Pre-

i'.DF.NT OF THE UnITED S'lAiKS OF IMERICA.

The building on the "vvbok dot much cK«.iit to the ingenuity and
abilities of the architect. Since the removal of congrefs, for whole
accommodation it was thus prnamented, it has been occupied by the
jlate legiflature, and by the courts.

The other public buildings in the city are three houfes for public
■vvorfliip for the Dutch Reformed church, four Preftjyterian churches,
three fcpifcopal churches, two for German i.utherans and Calvinifts,
two Tiiends meetiug-houfes, twp for Baptilts, two for Methodifts,
one for Moravians, one Roman Catholic church, an old French Pro-
tcftant church, and a Jews fynagogue. Befides thefe, there is the college,
gaol, and feveral other buildings of lefs note. The city is accommo-
dated with four markets in different parts, which are furniflied with a
^reat plenty and variety of provifions in neat and excellent order.

'The government of the city, which was incorporated in 1696, is
now in the hands of a mayor, aldermen, and common council. The
city is divided into feven wards, in each of which there Is ehofen annu-
ally by the people an alderman and an aliiil int, \yho, together with
tl)^ recorder, are appointed annually by the council of appointment.

The mavor's court, which is held from time to time by adiournmentj
); in high reputation as a court of law.

A court of ieliion h lik.e^vI^e held for t^e trial of criminal cauf(«s.

'ir-iir

KEW TOUR. 43$

The fitnatton of the city is both healthy and plf afant. Surrounded on
all fides by water, U is refreihed with cool breezes in fiimmer, and the tir
in winter Is more temperate than in other places under the fanie parallel.
In point oF commerce, the cities of New York and Philiulelphla arc
to be elteemed as the moft elioihle fituations in the United States. Both
command a vaft extent of trade, while at the fame time they are the
channel of lupplying feveral of the other Hates, 'i'his being the cafe,
thefe two cities naturally vie with each other, and the fuperiority ii\
favour of cither has hitherto been fcruplcd ; but this certainly can be
no longer a matter of doubt, as it mult be clear, from many concomi-
tant circumftances In favour of Philadelphia, as well as from her 'HJvan.
tage in the eafy carriai^e of commodities to market, that that city has
the prefer once. In the llaple commodity, flour, Pennfylvania and
Maryland have exceeded this ftatc, tlie belt flour of thofe Hates com-
manding a higher price than that of New York j not from an inferiority
in quality, but becaufe greater attention is paid in thole Hates to the
infpeftion and manufadure of that article.

la the manufadure likewife of iron, paper, cabinet works, &c.
Pcnniylvanla exceeds not only New York, but all her filler Itates. But
it is no grievous confideration, how long thefe or any Hates may rival
each other in point of trade and every good quality, as the natural ten-
dency can only produce that laudable emulation, which ought never
to be wantuig^in a commercial people.

A want of good water is a great inconvenience to the citizens •,
there being very few wells in the city. Moil of the people are fup-
plied every day with frelh water, conveyed to their doors in calks,
from a pump, which receives it from a Iprlng almoit a mile from the
centre of the c^ty.

On a general view of this city, as defcrlbed 40 years ago, and In
its prefent Hate, the comparifon is flattering to the prefent age •, par-
ticularly the improvements in taHe, elegance of manners, and that eafy,
unafFeded civility and polittnefs which form the happinefs of focial
Intercourfe.

Albany is fituated upon the weft fide of Hudfon's River, 160 miles
north of the city of New York, in latitude 42° 36', and is, by charter
granted in 1686, one mile upon the river, and 16 miles back. The
houfcs are built moftly on the margin of the river, upon Pearl, Market,
and Water Hreets, and lix other Hreets or lanes which crofs them at
right angles. They are moftly built in the Dutch Gothic ftjle, with
the gable end to the ftreet, which cuftomthe firil fettlcrs brought with
them from Holland. The gable end Is commonly of brick, with the
heavy moulded ornament of Haunting with nitches, like ftairs, and an
iron horfe, for a weathercook, at top. The houfcs are feldom more
than one ilory and a half high, and have but little convenience^ and
lefs elegance j but they are kept very neat, being rubbed with a mop
almort every day, and fcoured evei"" week. Many new houfes, how-
ever, have latelvubeen built in this city, all in the modern ftylc. The
inhabitants are paving the Hreets after the New York plan, with fooi-
"ways, and making other improvements.

The city of Albany contains about 14 or 1500 houfes, and 7000 In-
habitants, colleded from all parts of the northern world. As great a
variety of languages are fpokea in Albany, as in any town in the'

i.iii

KKW TOR.K*

'ft

United States, but the Englifh predominate;:, and tlse ufe of every
other is conftantly leffening. Adventurers, in purfuit of wealth, are led
liere from the advantages for trade which this place affords.

This city is delightfully and advantageoufly iituated. It (lands on
the bank of one of the fineft rivers in the world, at the head of Hoop
navigation. It enjoys a falubrious air, as is evinced by the longevity
of its inhabitants. It is the natural emporium of the increafing trade
of a large extent of country well and north ; a country of an excellent
foil, abounding in every article for the Weft India market j plenti-
fully watered with navigable lakes, creeks, and rivers •, fettling with
almolt unexampled rapidity, and capable of affording fubfiftence and
affluence to millions of inhabitants. And when the contemplated lock*
and canals are completed, and convenient roads opened into every part
of the country, Albany will probably be able to compete with any
other city or town in the United States.

The well watef in this city is extremely bad, fcarcely drinkable by
thofe who are not accuftomed to it. It oozes through a ftiff blue clay,
and imbibes in its paflage the fine particles common to that kind of
foil. This difcolours it, and when expofed any length of time to the
air, it acquires a difagreeable tafte. Indeed all the water for cooking
is brou'Tht from the river, and many families ufe it to drink. The water
in the wells is unwholefome, being full of little infedls, which are fre-
quently to be feen in ftagnated rain water. But the inhabitants are
about to remedy this inconvenience by conftrucling water-works, to
convey good water into the city.

The public buildings in this city are a Low Dutch church, one for
PreAjyterians, one for Germans or High Dutch, one for Epifcopalians,
an hofpital, the city hall, a brick gaol, the city hotel, and a bank,
eflabliihed in 1794.

Hudlbn, next to Baltimore in Maryland, ha' psrhaps had the moft
rapid growth of any place in America. It is fituated on the eaft fide
of Hudfon's Paver, in latitude 42*^ 23', and is 130 miles north of
New York 5 30 miles fouth of Albany, and four miles weft from Old
Claverack Town. It is furrounded by an extenlive and fertile back
country, and, in proportion to its fize and population, carries on a
large tradf.

In the fprin^r of 1784, feveral houfes and ftores were erefted. The
increafe of the town From this period to the fpring of 1786, two years
only, was aitoniihingly great, and retlefts honour upon the enterprifing
and perfevering fpirit of the original founders. In this fliort fpace of
time, no lefs than 150 dwelling-houfes, befides fhops, barns, and other
buildings, four ware-houfes, feveral wharves, fpermaciti works, a co-
vered rope-walk, and an excellent diftillery, were erefted, and 1500
fouls collected on a fpot, which three year* before, Had been iniproved
as a farm, and but two years before began to be built. Its increafe
fince has been very great ; a printing-office has been cftabliihed, and
feveral public buildings have been erefted, befides dwelling-houfes,
ftores, iScc. The inhabitants are plentifully and conveniently fupplied
with water, brought to their cellars in wooden pipes, from a fpring tua
miles from the town.

This town ftands on an eminence from which are extenfive and delight-
ful views to the north- weft, noith, and round tu«t way to the i»uth=ea.-;

NEW TOIK.

itt

he i©uth=eart.

^onfiftinP of hills and valleys, variegated with ivood: and orchards
corS and meadows, with the river, which is in moft places a mdc
nver and may be feen a confiderable dirtance to the northward, form-
i„e a numl'^of bays and creeks. From the fouth-eaft to the fouth-
S tCcityi. fcreened with hills at different diflances, and weft,
Tfar off over the river and a large valley, the profpeft is bounded by »
chain of ftupendous mountains, called the Katts Kill, running to the
weVnorth-weft, which add magnificence and fublimity to the whole

'with refpea to the country adjacent, it is every way extenfive and
fertile, particularly weftward. The original proprietors of Hudlmi
offered to purchafe a trad of land adjoining the fouth part of tne city
of Albany, and were conilrained, by a refufal of the propofition, to be-
come competitors for the commerce of the northern country, when
otherwife they would perhaps have added great wealth and coiiiequence

*° Pouahkeepfie is the flilre town of Duchefs County, and is fituated
upon the eaft fide of Hudfon's River, and north of Wapping Kill or
Creek. It is a pleafant Uttle town, and has frequently been the Icat
of the ftate government. . „ ■, i n rA

Lanfinburg, formerly called the New City, ftands on the eaft lidc
of the Hudfon, juft oppofite the fouth branch of Moliawk River and
10 miles north of Albany. It is a very ftouriftiing place, pleaiantly
fituated on a plain at the foot of a hill. . .

Troy, feven miles north of Albany, is a thriving place, containing
upwards of 200 houfes. Veffels of confiderable burden pufs up to this

^ Kbgfton is the county town of Ulfter. Before it was burnt by the
Britifti, in 1777, it contained about 200 houfes, regularly built on an
elevated dry plain, at the mouth of a little pleafant ftream, called
Eufopus KiU or Creek, that empties into the Hudfon •, although nearly
two miles weft from the river, but has fince been rebuilt.

Skenedady is 16 miles north-weft of Albany, in Albany County,
fituated on the banks of the Mohawk River, The town is compact
andre-ular, built of brick, and, excepting a few, in the old Dutch
ftyle, on a rich flat of low land, furrounded with hills. The windings
of the river through the town, and the fields, which are often over-
flowed in the fpring, afford a beautiful profpedl about harvell tune.
As it is at the foot of navigation on a long river, which paffcs through
a very fertile country, one would fuppofe it to embrace much of the
commerce of itj but originally knowing no other than the fur trade,_
fince the revolution the place has decayed, and no advantage taken ot
its happy fituation. A college has lately been eitablifticd here. ^

Plattlhurg is an extenlive townfliip in Clinton County, fituatea on
the weft margin of Lake Charaplain. From the fouth part of the
town, the mountnins turu away vvide from the lake, and leave a charm-
ing traa of excellent land, of a rich loam, well watered, and about
an equal proportion fuitable for meadow and for tillage. 1 he land
rifcs in a gentle afcent for feveral rnilcs from the lake, of which every
farm will have a delightful viev.-. Not many years ago, this tov^nftmp.
and the whole county, indeed, which at prcfe contains fe--rd thou-
fcrJ inhabitants- xvas a wildernefs •, now they .avc a houfe fur public

< «

ntw Tanit.

? !

IjUhrMI

worlliip, a court -houfe, and gaol j the courts of common pleas, and
general fefllons of the peace, fit here twice in a year j they have arti-
sans of almoft every kind among them, and furnifli among themfelves
«11 the materials for building, glafs except'"d.

Agriculture and MANUfActuRES. — New York has always been<
and is ftill confideruhly behind her neighbours in New England, New
Jerfey, and Pennfylvania, in point of improvements, in agriculture
and mauufadures. Among other reiafons for this deficiency, is that
want of enterprize in the inhabitants, which ought ever to poffefs com-
mercial charaders. Indeed their local advantages have been fuch as
that they have grown rich without enterprize. By this it is meant that
lands hitherto have been fo very cheap, and farms of courfe large,
that it requires much lefs ingenuity to ralfe the fame quantity of grain
upon 60, as that the farmers might have been forced to contrive to
raife upon 30 acres of land, were lands at a higher price. So long,
therefore, as lands here are fo very cheap, as that the farmer may have it
in his power to purchafe a propfcr quantity as loon as that of a fmaller, he
will furely never purchafe that leffer quantity, and perplex his judgment
how to cultivate it, in order to make it yield an equal produce to that
of which a double quantity might do, when he can have the one al-
moll upon as eafy terms as the other. When a man is obliged to
maintain a family on a fmall farm, his invention is exercifed to find
Out every improvement that may render it more prbduftivc. This ap-
pears to be the great reafon why the lands on Delaware and Connec-
ticut rivers, produce to the farmer twice as much clear profit, as lands
in equal quantity and of the fame quality upon the Hudfoti. It is po-
l)ulation alone that llamps a value upon lands, and lays a foundation
for high improvements in agriculture. The population therefore of
this Itate, having lille all other infant eflablliliments advanced ftep by
ifep, great improvements in agriculture cannot be expedled, unlefs
they are made by a few individuals who have a particular genius for
that bufinefs. This, however, may not long be the cafe, for as popu-
lation increafes, fo will there be an equal attention paid to agriculture,
and that proportion of land employed.

The city of New York contains a great number of people, who ard
engaged in various kinds of manufadurcs. Among many other arti-
cles manufailured in this city, are wheel carriages of all kinds,, loaf-
fugar, bread, beer, flioes and boots, faddlery, cabinet-work, cutlery,
hats, wool cards, clocks, watches, potters ware, umbrellas, all kinds
of mathematical and mufical inftruments, fliips, &c. Glafs-works,
and feveral iron-works, have been eftabliflicd in different parts of the
country, but they never till lately have been very productive, owing
folely to the want of workmen, and the high price of labour, its nccel-
fary confequence. The internal refources and advantages for manu-
factories, fuch as ore, wood, water, hearth-ltone, proper fituations for
bloomeries, forges, and all kinds of water-works, arc immenfe. There
are feveral paper-mills in the ftate, which are worked to advantage.
The raiinufadlure of maple-fugar, within a few years paft, has become
an objeft of great importance. >

Trade. — The fituation of New York, with refpeft to foreign mar-
kets, has decidedly the preference to any of the other ftates, Pnilade^
phla^excepted. It hi:s ;it all feafons of the year, a ihort and cafy acceii to

NlW YORK. 2r3

the ocean, nnd of confequence commands the trade of a great pro-
portion of the belt fettled, and bell cultivated parts of the United

States. . , .p . T J-

Their exports to the Weft Indies are, bifcmt, peas, Indian corn,

applef, onions, boards, ftaves, horfes, iheep, butter, cheefe, pickled
oylters, beef and pork. But wheat is the ftaple commodity of the Hate,
of which great quantities are exported both in bread and in flour. In-
fpeftors of tiour are appointed to prevent irapofitions, and to fee that
none is- exported but that which is deemed by them merchantiible.
Weft India goods are received in return for thefe articles. Befides
the above mentioned articles, are exported fiax feed, cotton, woo),
farfapaiilla, coffee, indigo, rice, pig-iron, bar-iron, pot-afli, _ peajl-
afh, furs, deer-Ikins, logwood, fufiic, mahogany, bees-wax, oil, Ma-
deira wine, rum, tar, pitch, turpentine, whale tins, fiih, fugars, mo-
lafles, fait, tobacco, lard, &c. but molt of thefe articles are imported
for re-exportation. The trade of this llate has greatly increafed lince
the revolution, and the balance continues to be conltantly in its fa-
vour.

MEnicrxAL Springs. — There are feveral medicinal i[irings in the
county of Saratoga j thofe which are moft frequented, on account of
fuperi'or accommodations, are called BalUlown Springs from their being
found within the limits of a town of that name. They are fitnatcd
about 12 miles Aveft of Still Water, and about 14 from the banks of
the Hudfon, or North River. They are 206 miles above the city of
New York, 36 north of Albany, and abouY 30 fouth of ^ ake George.

Thefts medicinal fprings are found in the bottom of a valley, or ex-
cavation, forniing a kind of bafon, of about 50 acres in extent. In this
hollow grow lofty pines, which are over-topp'd by others, that cover
and ornament the hills, which rife at a greater or lefs diilance above
tlie brim of this bafon. A brook runs through tliis fiugular valley, an(L
empties itlelf by the only natural Hope in it. I'he woods are pretty
well cleared near the fprings. There is a pretty large houfe for enter-
tainment, with neat bathing-houfes and fliowcr-baths for the conve-
nience of invalids. In tracing the hillory of thefe medicinal fpring;-,
it would appear that an Indian chief difcovered them to a lick French
oiiker, in the early part of their wars with the Engllfii. But whether
they were thsfe very fprings in this bafon, or thofe at 10 miles diftance,
properly called the Saratoga Springs, is not known.

The foil, for half a dozen miles round this place, is poor and fandy,
producing little elfe than pine tree<, Ihrub-oaks, fern, and mullen. In
the neighbouring hills, ores have been accidentally found, efpecially
iron and copper, or rather what the mineralogifts call ferruginous and
capreous pyrites. Thefe have been acidentally difcovered ; for in a
country like this, covered with wood, there is as yet no icmptatioa
to explore the earth beyond its furface for fuel.

The valley of Ballftown and its environs may be made an enchant-
ing ipot, equal, and perhaps fuperior in fome refpeds, to any of the
Watering places in Europe. I'here is, for exampk', a imaller bafon,
fo near to the one already mentioned, that were they of equp.l lize,
their two circles Avould form the f.gure 8. This fmall bafon is iu regu-
kr in its form, as to feem the refult of art, rather than nature, it is
not irai^robabie, that in this hoUon' a luring of wnicr limilar to thut iu

"E e

2X4

MEW YORK*

the large bafon may be difcovered, and be converted by the liand of
tafte into an ornamental fountain. A little higher up, ©rcheftras for
mufic may be erefted, and even houfes for entertainment built on the
very brim of this bowl of nature's forming.

The mod celebrated chalybeate waters in Europe, are, ift, tht
Pyrmont, from a town' fo called in the circle of Weftphalia, juft or>
the confines of Brunfwick j 3d, the Spa, which is a beautiful village
in the bifhopric of Leige in Flanders j and 3d, the Seltzer, from a
town of that name in the arehbiftiopric of Tiers in Germany. The
Pyrmont is the richeft of all the chalybeates j the Spa is the next,
and thefe are they, which very nearly refemble the waters of Ball-
ftown, in the county of Saratoga in tafte, chymical analyfis, and me-
dicinal virtues.

The Pyrmont water, the Spa, and the Seltzer, form a confiderable
article of commerce. The Saratoga waters are equally precious, and
may become is valuable in a commercial view in the United States, as
the former are in Europe, when they are drank, not merely medici-
nally, but as a luxury.

Thoufands drink and bathe in thefe Saratoga waters, for under that
name are included thofe at Ballftown as well as thofe in the limits oj
the town of Saratoga : the majority declare themfelves pieafed and
benefited by their ufe,-, many reap no advantage whatever, and fome
are dertroyed oy them. They are undoubtedly, however, a very
powerfid and precious remedy in the hands of the judicious, and deferve
not to l>e forgot among the very valuable produftions of that country.

About 10 miles from Ballftown valley, and within the limits of the
town of Saratoga, there is a clutter of fprings, which are more pro-
perly called the Saratoga Springs. They are fituated in a ftiallow vale,
tit mm fli, in feveral refpefts refen.bling that of Ballftown. Thefe wa-
ters appear to hav« received as ftrong if not ftrongcr impregnation oi
the fame kind of ingredients that enter thofe ef Ballftown, and maybe
a ftream of the fame fountain running through the fame kind of calca-
leous earth.

There is another medicinal fprmg at the pleafant village of New
Lebanon, which is fituated partly in a vale and partly on the declivity

of hills.

The fpring difcovers itfelf on a commanding eminence, overlooking
a fine valley, and furrounded with feveral good houfes, which afford
much better accommodations for the valetudinarians than are to be
found at any of the fprings in the county of Saratoga.

The Lebanon pool is faid to be famous for having wrought many
cures, efpecially in rheumatifms, ftift joints, eruptions, and even in
vifceral obftruftions and indigeftions.

In the new town «f Renffalaer, nearly oppofite the city of Albany,
a medicinal fpring has lately been difcovered, combining moft of the
valuable properties of the celebrated waters of Saratoga. Should fur-
ther experiments confirm the favourable opinion already entertained
of this fpring, it will prove a fortunate difcovery for the city of Albany
and for the country adjoining, as well as for the invalids who annually
refort to Saratoga, under many inconveniencjes and at a great expencc.
MiNtRALs anl» Fossils. — This Hate cmboioms Viift quarititics d srou
ore. Naturalills have obfcrved, that ore ia fwamps and pondy ground

»EW YORK. ^"^5

Tegetates and Increafes. There is a filver mine at Phllllpfburg, which
produces virgin filver. Lead is found in Herkemer County, and iuV
phur in Montgomery. Spar, zink or fpelter, a femi-metal, magnez,
ufed in glazings, pyrites, of a golden hue, various kinds of copper ore,
and lead and coal mines, are fourd in this ftate ; alfo petrified wood,
plailer of Paris, ifing-glafs in theets, talks, and cryllals of various kinds
and colours, flint, afheftos, and feveial other folTils. A fmail black
ftone has alfo been found, which vitrifies with a fmall heat, and it t%
faid makes excellent glafs.

Literary and Humane Societies,— Thefe are not numerous, and
what are of them are principally confined to the city of New York.
The firft is " The Society for promoting Ufeiul Knoxvledge." This
fociety is upon an eltabliihment fimilar to other phllofophical focieties
in Europe and America, but is not incorporated. Secondly, " The
Society for the Manumiflion of Slaves, and pr testing fv h of them as
have been or may be liberated." This fociety meets once a quarter.
Both thefe focieties confift of gentl-men o; the firft charader iu the
city, and of fome in other parts of the (bte. Befides thefe, there is
» marine fociety — a fociety for the relief of poor debtors confined ia
gaol — a manufafturing fociety — an agricultural fociety, lately efta-
blilhed j of which the members of the legiflature are, ex afflciis, mem-
bers—a medical fociety— and a fociety for the information and aid of

emigrants.

Literature, CoLLTOES, Acatjemties, &c. — Until the year i754,ther?
was no college in the province of New York. In that year, King's
College, in the city of New York, was founded, partly by the voluntary-
contributions of the inhabitants of the province, affiftedby the general
aflembly, and the corporation of Trinity Church j and a royal charter
and grant of money being then obtained, a number of gentlemen were
incorporated, by the name of " The Governors of the College of the
province of New York, in the city of New York, in America."

The building confifts of an elegant ftonc edifice, three complete
liories high, with four ftair-cafes, twelve apartments in each, a chapel,
hall, library, mufeum, anatomical theatre, and a fchool for expeii-
mental philofophy.

The college is fituated on a dry gravely foil, about 150 yards from
the bank of Hudfon's River, which it overlooks, commanding a molt
extenfive and beautiful proffpeft.

This college, now called Columbia College, confifts of two faculties;
a faculty of arts, and a faculty of phyfic. The firft has a prefident and
feven profeffors, and the fecond a dean and feven profeflbvs.

Another college by the name of " Union College in the town of
Skenadady, in the city of New York," was incorporated by the re-
gents of the univerfity, in 1794, and is at prefent in profperous circum-
ftances.

Thefe, with the eftablifliment of fchools for the common branches of
education, muft have the moft beneficial effeft on the ftate of fociety.

Religion. — It is ordained by the late conftitution of New York,
that the free exersife and enjoyment of religious profeflion and worftiip,
without difcrimlnation or preference, (hall for ever be allowed withi^i
th,e ftate to ail mankind.

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NEW YORK.

The various rcliifious denominations in this ftate, are the followinfr;
T nglifh Prefbytcrians, Dutch Reformed, Baptifts, Epifcopalians
Friends or Quaker;;, derman Lutherans, Moravians, MethodiUs, Ro.
man Catholics, Jews, Shakers, and a few of the followers of Jemima
Wilkinfon. The Shakers arc principally fettled at New Lebanon, and
the followers of Jemima Wilkinfon, at Geneva, about 1 2 miles Ibuth-
weft of the Cayuga Lake. For the peculiar fcntiments of thel'e various
religious fefts, fee the general account of the United States, under the
article Religion.

The minillers of every denomination in the ftate are fupported bv
the voluntary contributions of the people, raifed, generally, by fub.
icription, or by a tax upon the pews j except the Dutch churches in
New York, Skencdtady, and Kingfton, which have, except the two
laft, large eftates confirmed by a charter. The Epifcopal church alfo
in New York poiTeffes a very large eftate In and near the city.

Constitution and Courts of Justice. — By the conftitution of the
ftate of New York, eftabliftied in 1777, the fuprcme legiflative power
was vefted into two feparate and dlftincl bodies of men j the one to be
called, " The Affembly of the State of New York," to confift of p
members, annually chofen by ballot •, and the other, " The Senate of
the State of New York," to confift of 24, for four years, who, together,
are to form the legiftature, and to meet once, at leaft, in every year,
for the dlfpatch of imfinefs. The fupreme executive power is to be
vefted in a governor, who is to continue in office three years, aflifted
by four counfellors, chofen by and from tlie fenate.

Every male inhabitant of full age, who fliall poffefs a freehold of the
value of twenty pounds, or have rented a tenement of tlie yearly value
of forty fluUlngs, and has been rated and actually paid taxes to the
jlate for fix months preceding the day of eledlion, is entitled to vote
for ;-eprefentatives in affembly. The freedom of the cities of New
York and Albany, likeAvH'e entitles a perfon to the privilege of voting
for members of affembly in the city or county where he refides, but
thofe who vote for the governor and the members of the fenate, mult
be poiTeffed of freeholds to the amount of one hundred pounds.

The fubordinate olhcers of the ftate are appointed by the council of
appointment, which is compofed of one fenator from each diftri^l, to
l-e chofen annually by the legiflature, ^vith the governor, or In his ab-
Icnce the lieutenant governor, or prefident of the fenate, who has ^
caftinw vote only.

All military officers hold their commiflions during pleafure. The

chancellor, the judges of the fupreme court, and the firft judge of each

■ county court, hold their offices during good behaviour. Thefe officers

can hold no other oftice at the fame time, except that of delegate to

congrefs.

A court of errorr and impeachment Is Inftituted, compofed of the
prefident of the fenate, the fenate, chancellor, and judges of the fupreme
court, or the major part of them, under the regulation of the legilla-
ture. The power of Impeachment Is vefted In the houfe of reprefen-
tatives, and the members on trial muft be fworn.

Befides the court of errors and impeachment, there is a court of
chancery, confifting of a chancellor, appointed by the council of ap-
pointment, who holds his oflice during good behaviour j a fupreme

NEW YORK.

217

late, who has a

circuit court, the judges of which are appointed in the fame manner,
ind for the fame time as the chancellor j and county courts, held in
each county, the judges of which are appointed in the manner above
mentioned Bcfides Vhefe, there are the jurtices' court court of pro.
bates court of admiralty, court of exchequer, a court of oyer and ter-
miner and general gaol delivery, and court of quarter fcHions,

The praaice in the fupreme court, to which an appeal lies troin the
courts below, is in imitation of the courts of common pleas and king s

bench in England. . . rr.i • t.

FoRTS &c.—Thefe are principally m rums. The rcmams, how-
ever, of the fortifications on Long Illand, York Ifiand, White Plains.
Weft Point, and other places, nre ftill vifible. Sums ov money have
been granted for the purpofe of ereaing fortifications to fecuretiie har-
bour of New York in cafe ^f invafion. In cpnfequence ot which,
works have been erefted to a coniiderable extent, and aftord great Ic-
curity to the city. Fort Stanwix, built by the Britini, in 1758, at an
enormous expence, is 107 miles vveflward of Skenaclady, on an artih •
clal eminence bordering on the Mohawk River j and, in travelling
this diftance, you pafs Fort Hunter, Fort Anthony, Fort Plain, Fort
Herkemer,' and Fort Schuyler. Proceeding welhvard of Fort Stan-
v.'i.\- YOU pafs Fort Bull, and Fort Breweton, at the weft end of Oneida

lie

Lake. Fort George is at the fouth end of Lake George. ^ At tl
jioint where Lake George communicates with Lake Champlain, is the
famous poll of Ticonderoga, by which word t^^e Canadians underftood
noify. The works, at this place, are In fuch a ftate of delapidation,
that a flrangcr can fcarcely form an idea of their conftruftion. They
are, however, fituated on fuch high ground as to command the com-
munication between the lakes George and Champlain. Oppofite, on
the fouth fide of the water that empties out of Lake George, is a moun-
tain, to appearance Inaccefllble, called Mount Defiance.

Crown Point is 15 miles north of Ticonderoga on Lake Champlain.
The fort at this place, in which a Brltifti garrifon was always kept,
from the reduftion of Canada till the American Revolution, was the
moll: regular, and the moft expenfive of any ever conrtrufted and fup
ported by the Brltlfh government in North America. _ The walls ai •;
of wood and earth, about 16 feet high, and 20 feet thick, and nearly
150 yards fquare, furrounded by a deep and broad ditch, cut through a
folid rock. It ftands on a riling ground, perhaps 200 yards from tlir>
lake, with which there was a covered way, by which the garrifon could
be fupplied with water in time of a fiege. The only gate opens on tha
north towards the lake, where there was a draw.bridge. On the right
and left, on entering the fort, are a row of Itone barracks, not inele-
gantly built, the parade Is between them, and is a flat fmootlv rock.
There were feveral out works, which are now In ruins, as is the prin-
cipal fort, except the walls, and the walls of the barracks, which ftill
remain.

Banks. — There is one Incorporated bank in the city of New York,
befides a branch of the national Ijank, and one has lately been eftabllflied
in the city of Albany, and another at Hudfon.

Mode of raising internal Taxes. — The leglflature fix upon the
ium to be ralfed, and apportion it among the feveral counties. >7 f^is
being done, the fupervilbrs, one from each townOiip in the refpedmc

NEW YORIt.

counties, affemble and affign to each townOiip its proportion of the
quota of the county. The lupervlfor and afleffors m each townlhip then
apportion their own quota among the individuals of the townlhip, ac-
cotrding to the value of their real and perfonal ellates. The tax thus
laid, is coUefted by the colkaor of the townlhip, and lodged with the
county treafurec, who tranfmits it to the treafurcr of the ftate.

Finances.— A variety of circumftances have corifpired to fupply the
treafury of this ftate, aud to alleviate taxations for feveral years pad j
£rft, confifcations and ecor.oniical management of that property— fe-
cond, fales of unappropriated lands j and third, a duty on imports pre.
vious to the eftablilhment of the Federal Government. The two former
were fold for continental certificates, at a time when the credit of the
Hate was perhaps above the par of the Union, which was the caufe of
•getting a large fum of the public debt into the treafury of the ftate at

a depreciated value. xi- • n-

The abilities of this ftate have ever been fuch, as to aid public mfti.
tutions of every kind, to make roads, ereft bridges, open canals, and
to nufti every kind of improvement to the moft defireable length.

Curiosities.— In the county of Montgomery is a fmall, rapid ftream,
emptying into Scroon Lake, weft of Lake George j it runs under a
hill, the bafe of which is 60 or 70 yards diameter, forming a moft
curious and beautiful arch in the rock, as white as fnow. 1 he turyof
water and the roughnefs of the bottom, added to the terrific noilc
within, has hitherto debarred any perfon from pafling through th?

In the townlhip of Willft^orough in Chnton County, is a curious Iplit
Tock. A point of a mountain, which projeded about 50 yards_ mto
Lake Champlain, appears to have been broken by iome violent ihock
of nature It is removed from the main rock or mountain about 20
feet and the oppofite fides fo exaftly fuit each other, that there is no
doubt of their having been once united. The point broken off contain?
about half an acre, and is covered with wood. The height of the rock
on each fide the cleft is about 12 feet. 'Round this pomt is a fpaciouj
bay nieltercd from the fouth-weft and north-weft winds by the lur-
louidina hills and woods. On tire weft fide are four or five finely cul-
tlvated farms, which altogether, at certain feafons, and in certain fitu-
ations, forms one of the moft beautiful landfcapes imagmable. Saibng
under this coalt for feveral miles before you come to Spht Rock, th?
-mountains rude and barren, feem to hang over the paffenger and threa^
ten deftruftiiDn. A water, boundlefs to the fight, lies before him;
man feels his own littlenefs, and infidelity itfeH pays an unwilhng ho-
mage to the Creator. Inftantly aiid nnexpecledly the fcene changes,
•and peeping, with greedy eye, through the fiffure, nature prefents to the
view a filver bafon— a verdant lawn— a humble cottage— a golden har-
^eft— a majeftic foreft— a lofty mountain— an azure Iky, rifing one
»bove another,' in juft gradation to the amazing whole.

In the year 1792, a very curious cavern, at a place called by the in-
tiians. Sepafcot, at Rynbeck, in Duchefs County, was difcovered. A la4
y-^ -1-.-^^ "'-(Tircr n"^*- 'I-': *>ntvanre. which lav between two huge rocK.s
on the'dccHvTty of a fteep hill, on prying into the gloomy recels faw the
to>;.tof a ladder, by which he defcended about 10 feet, and found himieit
Wa fubterraneous apartment^ more- capacious than he then chole t»

YORK*

.119

iiveftJcatc. He found, however, that It had been the abode of perfonv
who probably during the war, not daring to be leen openly, had taken
Ihclter there, as bits of cloth and pieces of leather were fcattered about
its floor. He then left the place, and little more was thought of it, until
the writer of this account made one of a large party who went on pur-
pofe to examine it. " We found," fays this writer, " its entrance much,
fmaller than we expeaed, and with fome difficulty gained the ladder,,
by means of which the remaining defcent was made tolerably eafy. W»
had fix candles to fcrutinize the receffes of the apartment, where per-
haps, light for upwards of 5000 years before, had never gleamed. V\ e
found the cave divided by a narrow paflTage into two divilions ; the firll
being about 17 feet in length, and fo low that a child of eight years
old could but juft walk upright in it j the breadth is about eight or tea
feet. The fecond between 12 and 14 feet in length, but much higher
and broader than the firft. In this laft room we found that three bats
had taken up their winter quarters, and hung fufpended from the roof,
as it were, by the very tips of their wings. But what makes the cave,
peculiarly worthy of notice, is the petrifying quality of the water, that,
by a gentle oozing, continually drops from every part of the ceiling,
the whole of which exaftly refembles a mill-gutter in a frofty mornings
with a thoufand ificles impending. Thefe concretions are formed by
the water, and probably are conftantly increafing. They have in al-
moft every refpeft the appearance of ilicles, and may be broken off by
the hand if not more than two inches in circumference. They appear of
confiftence much like indurated, lime, almoft tranfparent, and are all
perforated quite through the whole length, with a hole of the fize ot
that in a tobacco-pipe, through which aperture the water unremittedly
drops, although very flow. When a perfon is in the remoteft room,
and the lights are removed into the firft, thofe pendant drops of water
make an appearance more fplendid than can be well imagined. Some
of thofe ftony ificles have at length reached the bottom of the cave,
and now form pillars, foire of more than two feet in giith, of the ap-
pearance of marble, and almoft as hard.

" But what we moft admired, was the (k^lcton of a large fnake, turned
into folid ftone by the petrifying quality of the water before mentioned.
It was with fome difficulty torn up with an axe from the rock it lay
upon, and is ftill in poflelfion.

" We found the inmoft recefTes of this cavarn very warm, and expe-
rienced the want of free air, by a difficult refpiration, although the
candles burnt very clear."

Indians. — The body of the Six Nations inhabit the weftern parts of
this ftate. The principal part of the Mohawk tribe refide on Grand
River, in Upper Canada j and there are two villages of Senecas on the
Allegany River, near the north line of Pennfylvania, and a few De-
lawares and Skawaghkees, on Buifaloc Creek. Including thefe, and
the Stockbridge and Mohegan Indians, who have migrated and fettled
in the vicinity of Oneida, there were, in the Six Nations, in 1791,
according to an eftimate made by the mifTionary then among them,
6,330 fouls.

The following will give an idea of the charafters, which, according
to Indian tradition, are excluded from the happy country. " The
legion of pure fpirits, the Five Nations call Eikanane. The only

120

NEW YOlK.

charaacrs wliich, according to their tradition^ cannot be admitted to
participate of the pleaiures and delights of this happy country, are re.
duced to three, viz, filicides, the difobedient to the counfels of the
chiefs, and fuci; .is put away their wives on account of pregnancy.
According to their tradition, there is a gloomy, fathomleb guU, nea^
the borders of the delightful manfions of Elkanane, over which all good
and brave fpirits pafs with fafcty, under the conduft of a faithful and
Hulful guide, appointed for that purpofe j but when any of the above
mentioned characters approach this gulf, the conduaor, vvho poffcfles
a mod penetrating eye, inllantly dlfcovers their fpintual features and
charaaer, and denies them his aid, alV.gning his re-dfons. I hey m-,11,
however, attempt to crofs upon a fmall pole which, before they
reach the middle, trembles and flrakes, till prefent y down they fall
with horrid (hrieks. In this dark and dreary gulf, they fuppofe rehdes
a great dog, fome fay a dragon, infeded with the itch, which makes
him peroctually reftlefs and fpiteful. The gmlty inhabitants of th,^
miferabk region, all catch this difcafe of the great dog, and grope and
roam from lide to iide of their gloomy manlion in perpetual torments.
Sometimes they approach fo near the happy fields of Llkananc, that they
can hear the fongs and dances of their former companions. 1 his only
ferves to increafe their torments, as they can diicern no light, nor dif-
cover any palVage by which they can gain accels to them. 1 hey lup-
pofe idiots and dogs go into the fame gulf, but have a more comfortable
apartment, where they enjoy fome little light." It is believed, that
feveral other nations of Indians have nearly the fome traditionary
notions of a future ftate. They almoft univerfally agree in this, that
the departed fpirit is ten days in its palTage to their happy elyfium after
it leaves the bodv ', fome of them fuppofe its courfe is towards the
fouth ; others that it afcends from fome lofty mountain.

IMie Oncidas inhabit on Oneida Creek, ii miles weft of Fort btan-

^^The Tufcaroras migrated from North Carolina and the frontiers of
Virginia, and were adopted by the Oneidas, with whom they have
ever fincc lived. They were originally of the fame nation

The Senecas inhabit on the Cheneffee River, at the cartle. Ihey
have two towns of 6o or 70 fouls each, on French Creek, in Penn yl-
vania ; and another town on Buffaloe Creek, attached to the Bntiih 5
two fiuall towns on Allegany River, attached to the Americans. _
,. The Mohawks verc acknowledged by the other tribes to uie their
©wn exprelTion, to be " the true old heads of tlje confederacy •, and
xvere formerly a powerful tribe, inhabiting on the Mohawk River in
1796, there was only .uc family of them in the ftate, who lived about
a mile from Fort Hunter, moft of the r^ft having migrated to Canada.

All^he confederated tribes, except the Oneidas and lulcaroras,
fided with the Eritilh in the late war, and fought againft the Ameri-

*'''The Onondagas live near the Onondaga Lake, about 25 miles from
the Oneida Lake •, and of the Delaware tribe, there are very few in

this ftate. „ •■,,', I 1 ,1 . K-„l-.

The Five confederated Nations were formerly ietticd along the bank.

of the Sufquchannah, and in the adjacent country, until the year 1779,

V hen an arir.y of 4OCO men, drove them from their country to Magaia,

tltif TOKK.

221

but coulJ not bnn< t1u-m to aaion. They .vnited but in vain, fur
the affi^ce of the clement., or, as they cxprcffed themfelvcs for the
Imftance of the Great Spirit. Had lieavy rams fallen wh.lc this army
was advanced into their country, perhaps, few of the lokhers would have
eicaped, and none of their baggage, ammunition, or artilkry. But
this not happening, the army overcame the Indians, burned icyeral ot
their towns, and deftroyed thtir proviiions. Since this irruption into
their country, their former habitations have been moUly defertcd, and
many of them have gone to Canada. . ,. -j i r .1

In 1787 a Icafe was illiciUy obtained by a few individuals ot the
Six Nations of Indians for 999 years, on a yearly rent refcrved of aoco
dollars, of all the country included in the followmg limits, viz. begin-
ning at' a place commonly known by the name of Canada Creek, about
fevcn miles weft of Fort Stanwix, now Fort Schuyler, thence north-
eailwardly to the line of the province of Quebec •, thence along the
faid line to the Pennfylvania line •, thence eatt on (aid Pennfylvama hne
to the Hne of property, fo called by the ftate of New York j thence
along the faid line of property to Canada Creek aforefaid. And in
1788, the fame perfons obtained another leafe of the Oneida Indians,
alfo for 999 years, on a ient referved for the firit year, of 1200 dollars,
and increafmg it at the rate of too dollars a year, until it fhould amount
to 1500 dollars, of all the trad of land commonly called the Oneida
Country, except a refervation rtf fcveral trads fpeciHed in the leafc.
But thefe leafes having been obtained without the confent of the leglf-
lature of the ftate, the fenate and affembly, in their feffion, March,
1788, decreed, " That the faid leafes were not leafes, but purchafes
of land, and therefore, that by the conftitution of this ftate, the faid
leafes are not binding on the faid Indians, and are not valid." Since^
this, a treaty has been concluded with the faid Indians ; the bargain ot
the leafes annulled, and all the country purchafcd of the natives, except
a refervation to the Oneidas, Cayugas, and Onondagas, defined by
certain marks and boundaries.

Islands. — Of thefe there are three of note belonging to this ftate j
viz. York ifland, Long Ifland, and Staten Illand.

York Ifland, which is 15 miles in length, and hardly one in breadth,
is joiiwd to the main by a bridge called King's Bridge. The channels
between Long and Staten iflands, and between Long and York iflands
are fo narrow, as often to occafiou an unufual rapidity of the tides,
which is increafed by the confluence of the waters of the Hudfon and
Eaft River. This rapidity, in general, prevents the obftrudtion of the
channel by ice, fo that, the navigation is clear, except for a few days
m feafons when the weather is uncommonly fevere. There is no bafori
or bay for the reception of fliips j but the road where they lie in Eaft
River is defended from the violence of the fea by the iflands, which in-
terlock with each other j fo that, except that of Rhode ifland, and
Portland, in the Diftrid of Maine, the harbour of New York, which
admits fhips of any burthen, is the beft in the United States.

Long Ifland extends 140 miles, and terminates with Montauk Point.
It is not more than 10 miles in breadth, on a medium, and is feparated
from Connetlicut by Long Illand Sound. The ifland is divided into
three counties ; King's, Queen's, and Suffolk.
... F f

>^2

NRW TOUIt.

I
%

King's County lies at the weft end of Lon;i Iflantl, oppofite New
York, and is not aSove ten miles long, and eight broad. The inha-
bit mts arc principally Dutch, and live well. It contains a number o{
plcafant villages, of which Flatbulh, Brooklyn, and licdford arc the
principal.

Queen's County lies ealhvard, next to King's. It is about 30 miles
long and 12 broad, Jamaica, Neuton, Hampftead, in which is a
handfome court-houfe, aud Oyllcrbay, arc the principal villages in this
county.

Suffolk County is about 100 miles long, and lO broad, and compre-
bends all the callern part of the illand, and fevcral little iflands adjoin-
ing ', viz. Shelter Illand, Filhers Khuid, Plumb Illand, and the 1 lie of
Wight. Its principal towns are Huntington, Southampton, Smith-
town. Brook Haven, tall Hampton, in which is the academy, South-
hold, and Bridge H:nnpton.

The ibuth fide of the illand is flat land, of a light fandy foil, bordered
on the fea-coaft with large tradts of fait meadow, extending from the
welt point of the I.land to Southampton. This foil, however, is well
calculated for raifing grain, efpecially Indian corn. The north fide of
the ifland is hilly, and of a Itrong foil, adapted to the culture of grain,
hay, and fruit. A ridge of hills extends from from Jamaica to South-
hold. Large herds of cattle feed upon Hampilead Plain, and on the
fait niarlhes upon the fouth llde of the illand

Hampftead Plain, in Queen's County is a curiofity. It is 16 miles
in length, eaft aud well, and feven or eight miles wide. The foilis
black, and to appearance rich, and yet it was never known to have
any natural growth, but a kind of wild grafs, and a few Ihrubs. It Is
frequented by vaft numbers of plover, an indigenous fowl. ^ Rye grow*
tolerably well in fome parts of the plain. The mod of it lies common
for cattle, horfcs, and flieep. As there is nothing to impede the prof-
pcft in the Avholc length of this plain, it has a curious but tirefome
tffeft upon the eye, not unlike that of the ocean.

Eall of this plain, on the middle of the illand, is a barren heath,
overgrown with Hirub-oaks and pines, in which it is fuppofed there are
feveral thoufand deer. It is frequented alfo by a great number of
growfe, a very delicious bird. Laws have been palTed for the prefer-
vation of thefe birds and the deer.

It is remarkable that on Montauk Point, at the eaft end of the ifland,
there are no llies. Between this point and Eaft Hampton, is a beach,
three quarters of a mile wide, in the centre of which was found, about
JO years ago, under a fund hill which was blown up by the wind, the
tntirc fkcleton of a large whale, nearly half a mile from the water.

'i'here are very few rivers upon the illand. The largeft is Peakonok,
which rifes about 10 miles weft of a place called River-head, vyherc
the court-houfe ftands, and runs eafterly into a large bay, dividing
Southhold from Southampton. In this bay are Robin and Shelter
illands.

The fouth fide of this ifland is indented with numerous ftreams, of
various fizes, A\hich fall into a large bay, two or three miles over,
formed by a bead), shout 80 rods wide, vvhicli appears like a border
10 the ifland, extending from the weft end of it to Southampton,
'i'hrough ihli beach, iu variou?: places, are inlets of fych dej th as to

vtvr TOMC, 223

admit of vcffeh of 60 or 70 tons. Tht< bay W3« formprly frc(h water.
Oylleri, clams, and filh of various kinds, nvr caught with cafe, and ic
great plenty in this hay, with nets-, during the v.injcr fearnn. It is
not uncommon to fee 40 or 50 vcflVls here, loading with oyltcrt at thn
fame time. And, what is almoll incredible, 30 waggon loads of bafs
•are faid to have been caught in this bay at a lime.

Rockonkama Pond, lies about the centre of the illand, bet^veea
Smithtown and lilip, and is about a mile in circumference. This pond
has been found by obfervation to rife gradually for fcveral years, until
'It had arrived to a certain height, and then to fall more rapidly to
its lowelt bed ; and thus it is continually ebbing and flowing. 'I'he
caufe of this curious phenomenon has never been invelUgated. Two
miles to the fouthward of this pond is a conOderablc llream, called Con-
net^ticut River, which empties into the bay.

There are two whale fillicries •, one from Sagg Harbour, which pro-
duces about 1000 barrels of oil annually. The other is much fmallcr,
and is carried on by the inhabitants in the winter feafon, from the;
fouth fide of the ifland. They commonly catch from three to fevcii
whales in a feafon, which produce from 25 to 40 barrels each of oil.
This fi(hery was formerly a fource of confidcrable wealth to the inha-
bitants, but through a fcarcity of whales, it has greatly declined of
■iate years.

There is a confidcrable trade carried on from Sagg Harbour, whence
is exported to the Wert Indies and other places, whale-oil, pitch pine
boards, horfes, cattle, tlax-feed, beef, &c. The produce of the mid-
dle and weftcrn parts of the ifland is carried to New York.

Staten Ifland lies nine miles fouthwert of the city of New York,
and forms Richmond County. It is about 18 miles in length, an J at
a medium, fix or feven in breadth. On the fouth fide is a coniiderablc
tra(ft of level, good land j but the ifland in general is rough, and the
hills high. Richmond is the only town of any note on the ifland, and
even that Is a poor inconfiderable place. The inhabitants are princi-
pally dcfcendants of the Dutch and French.

History and Remarks. — The Swedes and Dutch were the firfl Eu-
ropeans who formed fettlements on this part of the American coart.
The track claimed by the two nations, extended from the 38th to the
41ft degree of latitude, and was called the New Netherlands. It con'
tinned in their hands till the time of Charles II. who obtained it from
them by right of conqueft, in 1664, and it was confirmed to the Bri-
tilh by the treaty of Breda, 1667. The New Netherlands were not:
long in poffeflion of Britain before they were diverted of that name, and
divided into different provinces. New York took its name from the
king's brother, James duke of York, to whom the king granted it,
with full powers of government, by letters patent, of date 20th March,
1664. On James's acceflion to the throne, the right to New York
became verted in the crown, and of courfe became a royal government.
The king appointed the governor and council ; and the people, once in
feven years, elefted their reprefentatives to ferve in general afierablies.
Thefe three branches of the leglflature had power to make laws not
repugnant to thole of Britain j but in order to their being valid, the
j?uyal afleiit to them was fiift to be obtained.

Ffij

■ ' " " ■'.<

224

ii£w yom:.

The ftatc of New York lia» always been, nd is ftill incrcarmg more
rapidly in every circumftance of profpcrity, than any other Hate, per.
haps in the union, Pennfylvania excepted. The city of New Yors
ranks next to Philadelphia as a place of trade, and the back parts of
the ftate afford, at no very dear price, immenfe Uads of the richeft
land. Neither is the dinaatc, in general, fo dilierent from that of
Great Britain, as to conilitute any formidable objeaion to fettlers. It
is colder and warmer than Britain •, but in fomc parts, a little more
ivarnjth, perhaps, would be no difadvantage : for although the numer.
oiis kinds of American apples are to be found here in great perfec-
tion, yet the peach, it is faid, docs not perfeaiy ripen at Albany.

Beyond comparifon, the moll fertile part of this llate is the Chencf.
fee or Geneffce countiy, which, fmcc the late war with the Indians, has
attrafted a great number of the New England emigrants, who were in-
duced to travel to the weftcrn frontier of the Ohio, in fcarch of cheaper
and better land than could be found in their own country. Indeed, there
does not appear to be much difference in the kind or quality of the foil,
between the firft rate lands of Cheneffee and the Kentucky Territory :
■whatever difference there is, may be juflly attributed to the greater
•warmth of the climate in the 'aft mentioned part, which has its difad-
vantages in others, to counterbalance its benefits in this refped. If the
mere circumrt;r re of richnefs of foil, therefore, were to deternine
emigration, the emigra:* need only ftop in this part of the country,
■without taking fo long a journey as many heretofore have done._

To this part of the ftate, however, rich and fertile as it is,, are
many objeaions, one amongft the. reft, and which indeed may be »
fufhcient one for all, is, that the whole of its marketable gram is ob-
liged to be fent cither to Philadelphia or New York by the way of
Albany. This conveyance is both tro;iblefome and expenfive, and
confequcntly muft impair the profits of the farmer. Befides, that part
of the Cheneffee which is neareft to the Sufquehannah and the Dela-
ware, will of courfe find vent for its produce at Philadelphia. This
city will alfo attrack the produce of the Cheneffee Country, which,
from mere fituation, would feem more in the vicinity of Now York
market, in confequence of the greater exertio'as m*king by the ftate of
Pennfylvania to facilitate the carriage of commodities, by^ means cf
new roads and canal?, and the improvement of river navigation. It is
evident from hence, that the interior parts of Pennfylvania, in the vi-
cinity of the Sufquehannah, where the land for the moft part is ex-
tremely fine, have every confiderable advantage over the nioft advan-
tageous parts of the Cheneffee traa, from the convenience of tranfport-
ing produce to market. Therefore, unlefs under circumftances of much
gieater fuperlority of foil in the Cheneffee, than hath yet appeared, the
produce of the interior of Pennfylvania, muft come firft and cheapeft to
Market. But the price of lands in Cheneffee, is almoft as high as m
the rich parts of Pennfylvania, 150 miles nearer to Philadelphia ; and
among other difadvantages^ attending this country, it is rather an un-
pleafant circumftance to think that it forms the frontier to the Indians,
vrho navigate the lakes along the whole traa. Indeed, many traas in
the Cheneffee territory itfelf, are ftill refcrved by the Indians. At pre-
fent they are friendly ; and fliould they become otherwifc, they may to

NEW TORK.

«25

be fare be ultimately fubJucd : but the (late ot larermed.ate conteft on
inch an occafiou, would ill luit the inclinations and habits of a peace-
able European. It feems evident, therefore, from the e cnxumlUnees
that this country (which in other refpeds is the m^[\ eligible part ot
New York State, for many purpofes of a new iettkr) has many dil-
advantaees attending it. Difadvantages, which an American emigrant
from the thick fettled Hates of New England may regard as trilling r
but which will certainly appear in a more llriklng light to Europr .
In Pennfylvania, the government is more mteat upon thole pupUc
improvements that will force population and the fpeedy rife of
lands •, iti revenue is more produdlive, and its treafury richer. In
all other circumllances, Pennfylvania is at leaft equal to New York,
if not fuperior, becaufe the climate of Pennfylvania is more dry, and
therefore more favourable to health •, fomewhat warmer, and ther'^fore
mor" favourable to vegetation, ihun that of New York. Hence,^
whatever may be the cafe as to particular fpots, the gradual acceffion ot
landed property, from the operation of conftant and regular caufes,
neither is, nor can be fo great in countries of this defcription, as in
others, where the climate admits and requires exertion, and where it
is no difgrace for all ranks to labour. It certainly has been already
experienced, that the gradual acceffion of value to landed property of
this nature, will accrue more certainly, more fpeedily, and to a larger
amount, in the ftates of Pennfylvania and New York, than in either
of the other ftates j becaufe on account of the cheapnefs of good land,
and on account of the refort of emigrants from the New England States,^
;jnd other places, who very reafonably prefer the northern counties o£
thefe ftates to the weftern territory. In clearing heavy timbered land
in America, the expence is confiderable j fometimes to the amount of
five and fix pounds per acre ; but the great fertility of this k;nd of land
affords ample recompence. In general, however^ the whcle expence
is not forty ftiillings an acre. One half or tw^o thirds of the expence of
clearing land in New York State, is repaid by the pot- a^^h obtained in
burning the wood. In Pennfylvania, and the fouthern ftates, the back
Tettlers are not fo much in the pradlice of this ufual method.

In Bofton, New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, the ftate of
fociety is much the fame as in the large towns ef Great Britain, fuch
as Birmingham, Briftol, Liverpool, and Mancheftcr. New York, for
inrtance, is a perfeft counterpart of Liverpool : the fituation of the
docks, the form of ftreets, the ftate of the public buildings, the
inllde as well as the outfidc of the houfes, the manners, the amufc-
ments, the mode of living among the opulent pare of the inhabitants —
iiU thefe circumftances are as nearly alike in the towns laft mentioned
as poffible. la all the American towns above noticed, there arc
theatres, affemblies, &c. In ftiort, they are precifely what the larger
and more wealthy provincial towns of Great Britain are. The expence
of travelling between Philadelphia and New York, both as to carria-
ges and as to living, is, however, confiJerably cheaper than in Britain,
although much cannot be laid in praife of the elegance, or convenience,
cither of the public carriages, oi thofe that are to be got to hire in
America j a total want of Lullc and neatncli in that rcfped; being
prevalent among them.

.!'*l

In America, particularly out of the large towns, no man of mode,
riite defires feels anxious about a large family. In the country, vvhere
.dwells the mals of the people, every man on the other hand feels the
jncreafe of his family to be the increafe of his riches j and no man doubts
about the providing for his children, where land is fo cheap and fo
fertile, where fociety is fo much on an equality, and where the prodi.
gious increafe of population, from natural and accidental caufes, and
the improving ftate of every part of the country, furnifhes a market for
•whatever fuperfluous produce he chufes to raife, without prefenting
inceflantjy that temptation to artificial expence, and extravagant com-
petition, fo common and To often ruinous in other countries. "With
refped to merchants, tradefmen, and fhopkeepers emigrating to New
York, they will neceflarily have a kind of local apprenticefliip toferve,
"whatever be the previous inducements to lead them thither : they muft
fpcnd time there to acquire a fufficient knowledge of the habits and
manners of the people, of the charafter and iltuations of thofe with
wliom tliey are to deal, of the channels of commerce, the articles of
barter, and the other details of bufmefs, which nothing but adual re-
fidence and local inveftigation can fupply. With this, no perfon of good
char-^6ler and recommenuation can fail to fucceed in that country. Sue-
cefs, however, will be much accelerated, by a knowledge of the Get-
man and French languages, in Pennfylvania and New York Hates in
particular. In Philadelphia, every itorekeeper has the name of his
-firm, and his trade, written in the German charadter and language, st«
Tvell as in the Engliih.

With refpetl to manufactures, no one can ever fucceed in eftabliflh-
ino- a profitable or even a proper manufafture of woollen, linen, or of
<ottan goods •, neither does it appear, that the time is yet come for any
branch of the pottery to fucceed. There are more profitable means
of employing the capital neceflary to embark in thofe manufadures, and
thore certrjnly is already in that country, a predilettion, founded upon
a due fenfibility of interell, in favour of articles manufadured in
Great Britain.

From thsfc detached fads, the reader will be enabled to form fome
ludgment of Ne^v York State. It will be obferved, that provifions arc
ibmewhat cheqnpr there than in Pennfylvania 3 tliis would bt an ad-
vantage in the e::peiiditure of an income, although a difadvantage to
the cultivator of land.

Upon the whole, it is clear, that decided advantage muH be given
to the two middle dates, Pennfylvania and New York, as being more'
eligible fituations for the employment of time and trouble, as well as
capital, than any of the other llates. Of the two, however, prefer-
ence muft be allowed to Pennfylvania for the reafons already obferved *,
and alfo, becaufe the current of improvement is beyond comparifon
more rapid in tliis than in New York State j but in both thefe ftates,
emigrants from the New England and other ftates eafily find plenty
of land, -ich, cheap, and well watered, within the reach of naviga-
tion, under a good government, among a happy people, andju u fa'
vourabie climate.

NKW JER.SET..

iryf

NEW JERSEY.

Situation and Extent.

Miles.

Length
JBreadth

(^ 1 ("39*' ^^^ ^^° ^4' ^- ■'^*'

^ {• between \ The body of the rtate lies between the

•5^_\ (_ "meridian of Philadelphia, and i« E. Ion.

BoDNDARiEs. — Bounded eaft, by Hudfon's River and the fea;^ fouth,
by the fea •, weft, by Delaware Bay and River, which divides it from
the ftates of Delaware and Pennsylvania •, north, by a line drawn from
the mouth of Mahakkamak River, in latitude 41° 24' to a point on
Hudfon's River in latitude 4i«. Containing iibout 832c Iciuare miles,,
equal to 5,324,800 acres.

Civil Divisions, &c. — New Jerfey is divided into 13 countic?,
which are fubdivided into 94 townlhips or precincls, as follows :

Counties.
Cape May
Cumberland
Salem

Gloucelter

Burlington

Hunterdon

Suffex

Principal Towns.

None

Bridgetown

Salem
C Woodbury and
\ Gloucefter
C Burlington and
\ Bordentown

Trenton

Newtown

C, unties.
Bergen

ElTex

Middlcfex
Monmouth
Somerfet
Morris

Principal Towns*

Hackinfak
C Newark and
\ Elizabethtown

Amboy and part

of Brunfwick

Freehold
y Boundbrook and
\ part of Brunfwick

Morriftown.

{

Bays, Rivers, Canals, &c. — New Jerfey is waflicd, on the eaft
and fouth-eaft, by Hudfon's River and the ocean j and on the weft by
the river Delaware.

The moft remarkable bays are, Arthur Kull, or Newark Bay,
formed by the union of Paffalk and Hackinfak rivers. This bay opens
to the right and left, and embraces Staten Ifland> lliere is a long
bay, formed by a beach, four or five miles from the fliore, extending
along the coaft north-eaft and fouth-welt, from Mauafiiuand River, ia
Monmouth County, almoft to Cape May. Through this beach are a
number of inlets, by which the bay communicates with the ocean.

On the top of a mountain, in Morris County, is a lake or pond three
miles in length, and from a mile to a mile and a half in breadth, from
which proceeds a continual ftream. It is in fomc places deep. The
water i.; of a fea green colour j but when taken up in a tumbler, is, like
the water of the ocean, clear and of a chryftaline colour.

The rivers in this ftate, though not large, are numerous. A tra-
veller In pafling the common road from New York to Philadelphia,
CI ofles three confiderable rivers, viz. the Hackinfak and Paflaik, be-
tween Bergen and Newark, and the Raritan by Brunfwick. Tl:e
Hackinfak rifes In Bergen County, runs a fouthwardly courfe, and
empties into Newark Bay. At the ferry, near its mouth, it is ^ta
yards wide, and is navigable 15 miles.

22f

NIW JERSEY.

PaflTalk is a verj crooked river. It rifes in a large fwamp in Morris
County. Its general courfe is from weft-north-welt to eaft-fouth-eaft
until it mingles with he Hackinfak at the head of Newark Bay. It
is navirable about lo miles, and is 230 yards wide at the ferry. The
catarad, or Great Falls, in this river, is pne of the greateft natural cu-
riofitics in the ftatc. The river is about 40 yards %vidc, and moves in
a flow gentle current, until coming within a fliort diftance of a deep
deft in a rock, which croffes the channel, it defcends and falls above
70 feet perpendicular, in one entire Iheet. One end of the cleft,
which has evidently been formed by nature alone, is clofcd ; at
the other, the water ruihes out with incredible fwiftnefs, forming an
acute angle with its former direftion, and is received into a large bafon,
whence it takes a winding courfe through the rocks, and fpreads into
a broad fmocth ftream. The cleft is from four to 12 feet broad. The
falling of the water occafions a cloud of vapour to arife, which, by
floating amidft the fun beams, prcfents to the view rainbows, that add
beauty to the tremendous fcene. The new manufafturing town of Pat-
terfon is erefted upon the Great Falls in this river. The wefternbanlc
of the river, I^etween Newark and the falls, afford one of the ;.loafan-
teft roads in New Jerfey. The bank being high, gives^ the traveller
an elevated and extenlive view of the oppofite Ihore, which is low and
fertile, forming a landfcape pi£lurefque and beautiful.

Raritan River is formed by ti\o cohfiderable ftreattis, called the
North and South branches ; one of which has its fource in Morris, the
other in Hunterdon County. It pafles by Brunfwick and Amboy, and
mingles with the waters of the Arthur Kull Sound, and helps to form
the fine harbour of Amboy. It is a mile wide at its mouth, 250 yards
at Brunfwick, and is navigable about 16 miles. It is fuppofcd that
this river is capable of a very fteady lock navigation, as high as the
jundllou of the north and fouth branches ; and thence up the fouth
branch to Grandin's Bridge in Kingwood ; and thence to Belanare
River, which is 10 or 12 miles.

At Raritan hills, through which this river paffcs, is a fmall cafcade,
where the water falls 15 or 20 feet, very romantically between two
locks. This river, oppofite to Brunfwick, is fo ftiallow, that it is
fordable at low water with horfes and carriages, but a little below it
fo deepens all at once, that a 20 gun (hip may ride fecurely at any time
cf tide. The tide, however, rifes fo high that large fliallops pafs a
mile above the ford •, fo that it is not uncommon to fee veffels cf con-
liderable burden ridirg at anchor, and a number of large river craft
lying above, fome dry, and others on their beam-en^s for want ot
water, within gun- Ihot of each other.

Belldes thefe are Ccfarea River, or Cohanfey Creek, which rifes In
Salem County, and is about 30 miles in length, and navigable for
veffels of an hundred tons to Bridgetown, 20 miles from its mouth.

Mulicus River divides the counties of Gloucefter and Burlington,
and is navigable 20 miles for veffels of 60 tons.

Maurice River rifes in Gloucefter County, runs fouthwardly about
40 miles, and is navigable for veffeli of an hundred tons 15 miles, and
for floops iO miles farther.

Alloway
fmall Hoops,

Creek, in thc^ county of Salem, h

navigable

16 mik'' fof

with feveval obftruiUons of draw-bridges. Ancocus

KEW JERSET.

229

Creek In Burlington County, is alfo navigaTjle 16 miles. Theft,
with many other linaller llreams, empty into the Delaware, and carry
down the produce which their fertile banks and the neighbouring
country afford.

That part of the flate which borders on the fea, is indented with a
great number of fmall rivers and creeks, fuch as Great Egg Harbour,
and Little Egg Harbour rivers, Navefink, Shark, Matiticung, and
Forked rivers, which, as the country is flat, are navigable for fmall
craft almoft to their fources.

Paulin's Kiln, in Suffex County, is navigable for craft 15 miles j and
the Mufconetcony, which divides Hunterdon from Suffex, is capable
of beneficial improvement, as is the Pequeft 01 Pequaffet, between the
twe lart mentioned rivers.

This Hate is remarkable for mill-feats, 1 100 of which arc already
improved ; 500 with flour-mills, and the rell: with faw-mills, fulling-
mills, forges, furnaces, flitting and rolling mills, paper, powder, and
oil-mills.

Sandy Hook, or point, is in the townfliip of Mi idleton •, and on this
point itands a light-houfe, 100 feet high, built by che citizens of New
York.

Bridges.— A neat wooden bridge 1000 feet in length, over the
Hackinfak, and another over the Paffaik River, 500 feet long, con-
uedled by a very long caufeway, have been lately eredled at a great
expence. The port road from New York to Philadelphia paffes over
thefe bridges j but the route is more circuitous, and the roads more
difagreeable than the former way over the old ferries, where, in the
opinion of many, the bridges fliould have been built.

Another bridge over the Raritan River, oppofite the city of Brunf-
wick, about 1000 feet in length, and wide enough for two carriages to
pafs abrealt, befides a foot-way, was completed at a great expence ia
1795. The wood work of the bridge refts on 11 neat Itone pillars,
befides the abutments. This is among the moil elegant and expenfivc
bridges in the United States.

Face of the Countrv, Mountains, Sort, and Produce. — The
counties of Suffex, Morris, and the northern part of Bergen are moun-
tainous. I'he South Mountain, which is one ridge of the Great Alle-
gany Range, croffes this ftate in about latitude 41^. This mountain
embofoms fuch amazing quantities of iron ore, that it may not impro-
perly be called the Iron Mountain. The Kittatinny Ridge paffes through
this ftate north of the South Mountain. Several fpurs from thefe moun-
tains arc projefted in a fouthern direftion. One paffes between Spring-
S«ld and Chatham j another runs weft of it by Morriftown, Baiklnridge,
and Vealtown. The interior country is, in general, Agreeably varie-
gated with hills and valleys. The fouthern counties which lie along the
lea-coaft, are pretty uniformly Hat and fandy. The noted highlands
of Navefink, and Centre Hill, are almoft the only hills within the dif-
tance of many miles from the fea-coaft. The highlands ofr Navefink,
which rife above 600 feet above the furface of the wat^r, are on the
fea-coaft near Sandy Hook, in the toWnftiip of Middletown, and are
*he firft lands that are difcovered by mariners, as they come upon tbr

COaft

J NEW JERSET,

This flate has all the varieties of foil from the worft to the bcH kind.
It has a great proportion of barrens, one fourth part at leaft of the
T,rovIncc beii^ barren, fandy land, and unfit in many places Wr cuhi-
vation The I'ood land in the fouthern counties lies principally on th«
banks of r--.' and creeks. The foil on thefe banks is generally i
HlfF cla' while in a ftate of nature, produces various fpecies of

oak hicko ->plar, chefnut, a(h, gum, &c. The barrens produce

little elfe but Ihrub-oaks and vellow pines. Thefe fandy lands yield an
immcnfe quantity of bog-iron ore, which is worked up to great advary.
tajre in the iron-work, in thefe counties. 1 here are large bodies of
fait meadow along the lower part of the Delaware River and Bay,
^vhich afford a plentiful pafture for cattle in fummer,, and hay in wi^
ter: but the flies and mulketoes frequent thefe meadows m hrg«
fwarms, in the fummer months, and prove very troubklome both to
man and beaft. In Gloucefter and Cumberland counUes are fcveral
large traces of banked meadow. Their vicmity to Philadelphia renders
them highly valuable. Along the fea-coaft the inhabitants fubfift pnn.
■cipally by feeding cattle on the fait meadows, and by the fifti of various
kinds, fuch as rock, drum, fl.ad, perch &c black turtle, crabs, and
oyfters, which the fea, rivers, and creeks afford m great abundance.
They raife Indian corn, rye, potatoes, &c. but not for exportation.
Their fwamps afford lumber, which is eafily conveyed to a good mar-
ket. The fugar maple tree is common in Suffex County upon the De-

laware. . ,

In the hilly and mountainous part of the ftate which are not too
rocky for cultivation, the foil is of a ftronger kind, and covered in its
natural ftate with ftately oaks, hickories, chelnuts, &c, and when
cultivated produces wheat, rye, Indian corn, buck wheat, oats barley,
«ax and fruits of all kinds common to the climate. 1 he land m this
hilly country is good for grazing, and farmers feed great numbers of
cattle for New York and Philadelphia markets ; and many ot them
keep laige dairies, as there are large trads of fine meadows between

the hills. • V XT J

The orchards in many parts of the ftate equal any m the. United
States, and their cyder is faid to be of a very fuperior quality.

The markets of New York and Philadelphia receive a very coBfi-
derable proportion of their fupplies from the contiguous parts of^New
Terfey Thefe fupplies confilt of vegetables of difterent kinds, ^J)ks,
pears, peaches, plums, ftitawberries, cherries, and other fruits j cyder
in large quantities and of the beft quality, butter, cheeie, beet, pork,
mutton, and the leffer meats.

TRAnrf.— The trade of this ftate is earned on almaft fvilely with and
f^om thoffe two great commercial cities, New York on one fide, and
Philadelphia on the other •, though it wants not good ports of its own.
Several attempts have been made by the legiHature, to fecure to the
ftate its own natural advantages, by granting extraordinary privileges
to merchants, who would fettle at Ambcy and Burhngton, two very
commodious ports. But the people having been long accuftomed to lend
their produce to the markets of Philadelphia and New York, arid o
.«„rf. having their correfoondencles eftabliftied, and their mode ot
dealing fixed, they find it difficult to turn their trade from the cm
^^h-nucl. Befides, in t^efe large cities, Avhcre are fo many able

}ttVr JERSEYI *3*

iBcrcliants, and Co many wants to be fuppUed, credits are more cafily
obtained, and a better and quicker market is found for produce, tljan
could be expedcd in towns lefs populc^s and rtouriHiing. Thcle and
other caufes of the fame kind, have hitK-to rendered abortive the en-
couragements held out by the legiflatuie, and at fame time (hew,
that trade is now fo concentrated in thefe two cities of Philadelphia and
New York, that they are not only enabled to fupply fei'eral of the
other ftates, but are rapidly adding treafure to their owp funds.

The articles exported, befides thofe already mentioned, are wheat,
flour, horfes, live catlle, hams, which are celebrated as being of a deli-
cious and excellent quality, lumber, flax-feed, leather, iron in great
quantities, in pigs and bars, and formerly copper ore ; but the mines
have not been worked fince the commencem>:nt of the late war. The
imports confilt chieHy of Weft India goods.

Manufactures and Agrichlturk. — The raanufaftures of this ftate
have hitherto been very inconfiderable, not fufficient to fupply its own
confumptioH, if the articles of iron, nails, and leather are excepted.
A fpirit of induftry, particularly in raanufadures, has, however, fome-
what increafed within thefe few years.

In Trenton, Newark, and Elizabethtown, are a confiderable num-
ber of very valuable tanneries, where excellent leather in large quan-
tities is made, and a part of it exported to the neighbouring markets.
Newark is the feat of a confiderable (hoe manufaftory, great part of the
leather made in the tanneries in this place being chiefly ufed in this ma-
nufadlory. Steel was manufadlured at Trenton in the time of the war,
but not confiderably fince. InGloucefterCounty isaglafs houfe. Paper-
mills, and nail manufaftories are ereded and worked to good advantage
in feveral parts of the ftate. Wheat alfo is manufaftuted into flour, and
Indian corn into meal to good account, in the weftern counties, where
wheat is the ftaple commodity, l^t the iron manufadory, is, of all
others, the greateft fource of weakh to the ftate. Iron-works are erec-
ted in Gloucefter, Burlington, Suffex, Morris, and other counties. The
mountains in the county of Morris give rife to a number of ftreams ne-;
ceffary and convenient for thofe works, and at the fame time furnifli a
copious fupply of wood and ore of a fuperior quality. In this county
alone, are no lefs than feven rich iron mines, which are capable of pro-
€lucin|^ annually about 540 tons of bar-iron, 800 tons of pigs, bcfidest
largfe quantities of hollow ware, ftieet-irou, and nail-reds-

" A .-nanufafturing company," fays Morfe, " was incorporated in
1791, by :^he legiflature of this ftate, and favoured with very great pri-
vileges, and ilis v'Ptter to encourage every kind of manufafturc, a fub-
fcription was opened, under the patronage of the fccretary of the trea-
fury of the United States, for this important purpofe. Each fubfcriber
promifed to pay, for every fliare annexed to his name, 400 dollars
to the truftees appointed to receive it. A fum of upwards of 500,000
dollars was almoft immediately fubfcribed, and the direftors of the affo-
ciation have iinee taken the proper meafure$ to carry into effeft their
extenfive plan. They have fixed on the Great Falls, in Paffaick B-iver,
and the ground adjoining, for the ereftion of the mills and the town,
which they call Patterfon, in honour of Judge Patterfon, then governor
vi New Jerfey, Every advantage appears to have been concentrated
4Q this delightful fituatioUj to make it one of the moft eligible in the

Ggij

*39

»»EW jERSEr.

United St-ates, foi' the permanent eftabliflinient of manufaftutr s. Al-
ready a large fum of money has been expended, but the expedations
of the proprietors have not been realized."

This ftrongly confirms our former obfervatlons on the innumerable
difficulties attending the eftahlidiingof manufaftures in America. Here
it will be obferved'that this was no^ a private cnterprizc, but an under-
takinc^, fuggefted, planned, and favoured by the legiflature, as well
as fupported by public fubfcripj:ion-, and yet, after all, the event proved
luch as is acknowledged by themfelves. When manufaftures, there-
fore ' fo earjieftly attempted with fuch public fpirit and fupport, and in
the end do not fucceed, what credit is there to be given to the fuecefs
that individual manufadurers can meet with, when they have not
the one fiftieth p?.rt of the opportunity, countenance, or encourage,
ment ? It furely, therefore, would be a happy circumftance, could
every country only be content with, and be employed in producing
that which nature has bell fitted it to produce, and each be free to
exchange with others, mutual furplufes for mutual wants, the greatea
mafs poflible would then be produced of thofe things which contribute
to human life and human happinefs j the numbers of mankind would
be encreafed, and their condition bettered.

Although the bulk of the inhabitants of this ftate are farmers, yet
agriculture has not been altogther improved to that eminent degree,
which, from experience, could be rationally expeaed, and which the
fertility of the foil in many places feems to encourage. _ A great part
of the inhabitants are Dutch, who, although they are in general neat
and induftrious farmers, have very little enterprlze, and feldom adopt
nny new improvements in hulbandry, becaufe, through habits and want
of education to expand and liberalize their minds, they think their old
modes of tilling the beft. Indeed this is too often the cafe with the
creat body of the common people, and proves almoil: an infurmountable
obftacle to agricultural improvements.

Mines akd Minerals. — This itate embofoms vaft quantities of iron
and copper ore. The iron ore is of two kinds ; one is capable of being
manufaftured Into malleable iron, and is found in mountains and in low
barrens ; the other, called bog ore, grows in rich bottoms, and yields
iron of a hard, brittle quality, and is commonly manufaftured into
hollow ware, and ufed fometimes inftead of ftone in building.

A number of copper mines have been difcovcred' in different parti
of the ftate. One in Bergen County, which, when laft worked, ^^as
confiderably produaive •, but they have for many years been negkaed.

The foUowIno- curious account of a copper mine at New Brunfvvick,

is thus given : r , , r - •

" About the years T748, 1749, 1750, feveral lumps of virgin cop-
per, from 5 to 30 pounds weight, in the whole upwards of 200 pounds,
^vere ploughed up in a field, within a quarter of a mile of New Brunl-
•wick. This induced a gentleman, of the city of Philadelphia, to take
ji leafe of this land for 99 years, in order to fearch for copper ores, a
body of which he concluded muft be contained in this hill. _ He took
in feveral partners, and about the year 175 1, opened a pit In the low
grounds, about a or 3^" -^""'•- =>'"" «"t^ ^ivci. x^li, vvct.-i.o ...
ilfjot by a friend of his,
the morning, obfcrved

JOO yarcii;

MEW JERSEY.

233

^ a comiron fixed man, and foon after die away. He drove a ftakc
Tn the fpot About i j feet deep, he came on a vein ot blueifli ftoue
about two feet thick, bc^tween two perpendicular loofe bodies ot red
rock covered nith a iheet of pure virgin copper, a little thicker than
gold 'leaf. This blueiih itone was filled with Iparks of virgin copper,
rery much like copper hUngs, and now and then a large lump of virgin
coppei- from j to 30 pounds weight. He followed this vein almoll 30
feet when, the water coming in very fall, the expence became loo
great for the company's capital. A llamping-miU was ereded, when,
by reducing the blueilh Itone to a powder, and walhing it m large tubs,
the ftone was carried off, and the fine copper preferved, by which
means many tons of the purell copper was fcnt to England without ever
pafTing through the fire 5 but labour was too high to render it poflible
for the company to proceed. Sheets of copper about the tluckncls of
twopennies, and three feet fquare, on an average, have been taken
from between the rocks, within four feet ot the furface, in feveral parts
of the hill. At about 50 or 60 feet deep, they came to a body ot fine
lolid ore, in the midft of this blueiih vein, but between rocks of a
white, llinty ipar, which, however, was worked out in a few days.
I'hele works lie now wholly neglefted, although the vein when left
was richer than ever It had been. There was alio a very rich vein of
copper ore difcovered at Rocky Hill, in Somcrfet County, which lia>
alio been ncgledled from the heavy expence attending the working ot
it. There have been various attempts made to fearch the hills beyond
Boundbrook, known by the name of Van Home's Mountain, but for
the fame reafon is now negledled. This mountain difcovers the greatcll
appearance of copper ore, of any place in the ftate. It may be picked
up on the furface of many parts of it. A fmelting furnace was eredcd
before the revolution, in the neighbourhood, by two Germans, who
were making very confiderable profit on their work, when it was dei-
troyed in the beginning of the war. The inhabitants made it worth
their while, by colledting the ore from the furface, and by partially
digging into the hill to fupply the furnace. Befidcs, a company opened
St very large fliaft on the tide of the hill, from which alfo a great deal
of val-.iabie ore and fome virgin copper were taken. Two lumps of
copper were, it is faid, found here in the year 1754, which weighfd

J900 pounds."

A lead mine has been difcovered in Hopewell Townflnp, four milci
from Trenton. There is faid to be coal on Raritan River, below Brunf-
wlck, and at Pluckemin, and turf in Bethlehem, at the head of its
ibuth branch ) and alfo at Springfield on Rahway River, which is re-
markable for mill -feats.

. In the town of Newark, and the on ; adjoining it on the north, there
?re immenfe quarries of ftone, of a veiy valuable kind, and much ufed
in building. Thefe quarries have been eitiinated at a great value, and
that value is annually increafing.

Curious Springs, See. — In the upper part of the county of Morris,
is a cold mineral fpring, which is frequented by valetudinarians, and its
waters have been ufed with very conliderable fuccefs. In the townlhip
of Hanover^ in this county, on a ridge of liills, are a number of wells,
which regularly ebb and tlow about fix feet, twice in every 24 hours.
Thefe wells are nearly 4® miles iVom the fea, in a llraight line. In the

^34 **^^ jenwT.

county of Cape May, is a fprlng of frefli water, which boils up fro»
the bottom of a fait water creek, which runs nearly dry at low tide 5
but at flood tide, is covered with water direCtly from the ocean, to the
tlepth of three or four feet ; yet in this fituation, by letting down a
bottle well corked, through the lalt water into the fpring, and iiime-
diately drawing the cork with a ftring prepared for the purpofe, it may
be drawn up full of fine, untainted, frefh water. There are fprings of
this kind in other parts of the ftate. In the county of Hunterdon,
near the top of Muikonetcong Mountain, is a noted medicinal fpring,
to which invalids refort from every quarter. It ilTues from the fide of
a mountain, and is conveyed into an artificial rcfervoir for the accom-
modation of thofe who wifli to bathe in, as well as to drink the waters.
it is a ftrong chalybeate, and very cold. Thefe waters have been ufej
with very confiderable fuccefs j but perhaps the cxercife neceffary to
get to them, and the purity of the air in this lofty fituation, aided by
a lively imagination, have as great etilcacy in curing the patient as the
•waters.

A curious fpring has been difcovered, about 200 yards from the
fouth branch of Raritan River, from which, even in the drieft feafons,
a fmall ftream iflues, except when the wind continues to blow from the
north-well for more than two days fuccefTively, when it ceafes to run ;
and if the water be taken out of the cafk placed in the ground, it will
remain empty until the wind .changes, when it is again Hlkvl and flows
as ufual.

In the towiilhip of Shrewfbury, in Monmouth County, on the fide
of a branch of Navefink River, is a remarkable cave, in which there
are three rooms. The cave is about 30 feet long, and 15 feet broad.
£ach of the rooms are arched, the centre of the arch is about five feet
•from the bottom of the cave j ^he fides not more than two and a half.
The mouth of the cave is fmall j the bottom is a loofe fand j and the
^rch is formed in a foft rock, through the pores of ;vhich, the meifture
Is flovvly exudated, and falls in drops on the fand below.

Character, Manners, an:/ Customs. — Many circumftanees concur
to render thefe various in different parts of the ilate. The inhabitants
are a collcftion of Low Dutch, Germans, Englifh, Scots, Irif.i, and
New Englanders, or their defcendants. National attachment, and
mutual convenience, have generally induced thefe feveral kinds of peo-
ple to fettle together in a body, and in this way their peculiar national
manners, cuftoms, and charatler are iUH prelerved, efpecially among
the poorer clafs of people, who have little intercourfe with any but
thofe of their own nation. Religion, although its tendency is to
unite people in thofe things that are efTential to happinefs, occafions
wide differences as to manners, cuiloms, and even charafter. The
Prefbytcrian, the Quaker, the Epifcopalian, the Baptiil, the Gerrin
and Low Dutch CaWinift, the Methodiil and the Moravian, have eac;.
their diftinguiihing charaderiftics, either in their worfliip, their difci-
yline, or their dieis. There is ftill another charafteriftical difference,
diftinft from either of the others, which arifes from the intercourfe of
the inhabitants with different ftates. The people in Weft Jerfey trade
to Philadelphia, and of ccurfe imitate their falhious, and imbibe tncif
manners. The inhabitants of Eaft Jerfey trade to New York, and
regulate their falhions and mamicrs according to thofe in New York,

NCW JBMET- *35

Zx> that the difference In regard to fa(hions and manntM between Eaft
.nd We I Jcrfey, is nearly as great as between New York and PhUa-
5*lnhia Add to all thefc the differences common in all countries,
arifL from the various occupations of men fuch as the cv.han, th«
divine the lawver, the phylkian, the mechamc, the clou mth, the
decent, and the'refpcaable farmer, all of whom have different purfuits
or purfue the fame thing differently, and of courfe mi^^ have different
ideas and manners j^when we take into view all thefe differences, (and
,11 thefe differences exill in New Jcrfey, and many of them m all the
other ftatcs) it cannot be cxpeaed that many general obiervations will
apply. It may, however, in truth be faid, that the Fople of New
Terfey are generally induftrious, frugal, and hofpitable. fhere are,
comparatively, but few men of learning in the ftate, nor can it be faid,
that the people, in general, have a talk for the fcienccs. Ihe poorer
claCs. in which may be incUided a confiderable proportion of the in-
habitants of the whole ftate, are inattentive to the education of their
children, T^ho are but too generally left to grow up m igncrancc.
There are, however, a number of gentlemen of the fir t rank in abili-
ties and learning in the civil offices of the ftate, and in the feveral
learned profeffions. And of the fair fex, there is at leaft as great a
number of induftrious, difcreet, amiable, genteel, and handfome wo-
men in New Jerfey, in proportion to the number of inhabitants, as m
any of the United States. Of the whole number of inhabitants m this
ftate, there may be at prefent upwards of 190,000, including ilaves.
Great part of this number is compofed of emigrants, who of late have

been very numerous.

Religion.— There are, in this ftate, about 50 Preft.yterian congre-
rations, fubjea to the care of three Preft)yteries, viz. that of New
York, of New Brunfwick, and Philadelphia. A part of the charge of
New York and Philadelphia preft^yteries lies in New Jerfey, and part
in their own refpedive ftates. _ r r- • j

Befides thefe there are uowr.rds of 40 congregations ot I'riends, 30
•f the Baptirts, 25 of Epifcopalians, 28 of Dutch Reformed, befides^
Mcthodifts, and a fettlement of Moravians. All thefe religious deno-
minations live together in peace and harmony ; and are allowed, by the
conftitution of the ftate, to woriliip Almighty God agreeably to the
diftates of their own confcienc.es j and are not compelkd to attend or
fiipport any worfliip contrary to their own faith and judgment. AU
Proteftant inhabitants, of peaceable behaviour, are eligible to the:
civil offices of the ftate.

Colleges, Academies, and Schools.— There are two colleges m
New Jerfey J one at Princetnwn, called Naffau Hall, the other at
Brunfwick, called Queen's College. The college at Priucetown was
firft founded by charter, about the year 1738,. and enlarged in 1747>
The charter delegates a power of granting to " the ftudents of faid
college, or to any others thought worthy of them, all fuch degrees as
are eranted in either of our univerfities or any other college in Great

Britain."

The eftabliftimcnt confifts of a prefident, two profeffors, two tutors^
and a grammar matter. The prefident is alfo a profeffor of moral phi-
kfophy, theology, natural and revealed, hiftory, and eloquence. There
is a profeffor of mathematics, and natural philoibphy, including aftro-

nomy, and a profclTor of chymiftry ; which Tubjcd Is trcatcc!, not only
in its relation to medicine, but to agriculture, and manufafturcs. To
the tutors is committed the inilrutlion of the two loweft claffcs in the
college. The grammar martcr teaches writing, arithmetic, and ih^
elemei.ts of the Latin and Greek languages.

When young gentlemen hav6 read the Greek Teftamcnt, and thofe
Latin books necefl'ary to be read in fchools before Virgil, and are wcll
verfed in the rudiments of that language, they are jn-rmitted to enter
the loweft clafs in the college. The tutors then direft their lludics i

the claflics, in arithmetic and geography during two years. Two
years more are fpent in the higher iciences under the profeflbrs, and
the prefident. All the examinations in this college, except the daily
ones by the profeflbrs, are held in public. Lcdures on Icl-d fubjefli
of the evidences of revealed religion, of Jewilh and Chrillian anti-
quities, and of facrcd criticifm, arc given on the Sabbath evenings in
the college hall, before all the ftndents. Lcftiires on the fyflem of
divinity are given to a theological clafs, confiding of bachelors of art?,
on Thurfday evening^. On Tuefday evenings the members of the
fame clafs, in prefence of the prefident, and fuch others as may choofe
to attend, produce, in rotation, effays on fome head of theology, or fer-
mons on fome text of Scripture, which arc fubjeded to the free remarks
and criticifms of all who are prefent.

On Friday evenings, during the winter fcflion, the graduates who
refide in the college, and in the town, meet for the purpofe of improv.
ing themfelves in llyle and compofition, and for the difcuflTion of quef-
tions literary, moral, and political. The greater part of the ftudent<
arc alfo divided into two focieties for fimilar puTpoir^, between whom
an ardent emulation exifts, which is very friendly to the improvement
of the ftudents, and the good government of the inftitution. I'he mem-
bers of the two focieties, in all public exhibition^', appear with dltle-
rent badges to dilHnguilh them, which is another mean of promoting
their emulation. It is a point of honour with them to admit none into
their refpedlive bodies who maintain a remarkably bad ttanding in their
tlafs. If any member of either of the focieties is fubjefted to any flig-
ina or cenfure by the faculty of the college, for immorality or bad
icholarihip, he infallibly meets with a correipondent cenfure in hi»
Ibciety j or, if the fault be confiderable, is expelled from it.

The college being founded on private liberality and zeal, and not
being yet taken under the patronage of the ttate, its reputation, and
even its exiftence depends on the improvement of the ftudents and the
exaftnefs of its moral difcipline, which the affociaxions before men-
ti'-ned contribute greatly to promote.

The annual income of the college at prefent, by fees of the ftudent*
and otherwife, is about one thoufand pounds. It has alfo funds in pof-
felTion, through the liberality of ger.erous donators.

This college library was almoft wholly deftroyed during the late tr&r,
but from its remains, and the liberal donations of fevcral gentlemen,
chiefly in Scotland, it has coUefted one of about 23CO volumes. There
are befides in this college, two libraries belonging to the two literary
Ibcieties into which the ftudents have arranged themfelves, of about
1000 volumes j and the library of the prefident, confifting of 1000
volumes more, is always op/;n to the ftvidents,

NEW jmstT.

Before the war, this college whs fiirnin\ed v\ith a vnluable pliilofo-
phiciil apparatus, which was alfo greatly delhoycd during the late war.

The tolUge cdiHcc is handlbmely built with ftone, is four lloiics
Wwh and is divided into 42 convenient chambers for the accommoda-
tion of the lludcnts, bcfides a dining-hall, chapel, and room for the
library. It? lituttion is elevated, and exceedingly pleaf-nt and health-
ful. '*

The charter for Queen's College, at Brunfwick, ^liich at prefent

cxlfts only in name, was granted jult before the war, in confetiuence
of an application from a body of the Dutch church. Its funds, raiftd
wholly by free donations, amounted, foon after its ellablilliment, to
four thouHmd pounds ; but they were confiderahly dimiiiiflu d by the war.
There are a number of good academies in this Hate. One at Free-
hold, in the county of Monmouth. Another at Trenton, in which
are about 80 Undents in the different branches. It has a fund of about
one hundred and fifty pounds per annum, arifing from the interelt 011^
public fccurities. Another in Hakinfak, in the county of Ecrgen, of
upwards of an hundred fcholars. Inftiuftion and board are laid to be
cheaper here than in any other part of the ilatc. There is another
flourilhing academy at Orangedale, in the county of Effex, conlifting
of nearly as many fcholars as any of tlic others, furnilhcd w ith able
intl rudors and good accommodations. Another has lately been open-
ed at Elizabethtown, and confiits of upwards of 20 ftudents in the lan-
guages, and is increafing. An academy, by the name of Burlington
Academy, has lately been ellablilhed at Burlington, under tlie direc-
tion of fevcn truftees, and the inllruftion of two preceptors. The
fydem of education adopted in this academy is defigned to prepare the
fcholars for the Itudy of the more difficult claflics, and the higher
branches of fcicncc in a college or univerfity. At Newark is an aca-
demy which promifes to be a ufeful inftitution. Befides thefe, there
are grammar fchools at Springfield, Morriftown, Bordenton, and Am-
IpOv. There are no regular eftabliftiments for common fchools in the
ftate. The ufuaJ mode of education is for the inhabitant* of a village
or neighbourhood to join in affording a temporary fupport for a fchool-
niafter, upon fuch terms as are mutually agreeable. But the encou-
ragement which thefe occafional teachers generally meet with, is fuch,
as that no perfon of abilities adequate to the bufinefk', will undertake it •,
and of courfe, little advantage is derived from the fchools. The im-
provement, therefore, in thefe common fchools can only be in propor-
tion to the pay of the teacher.

Then© is a medical fociety in this ftate, which is compofed of their
moft refpeftable phyficians, who meet twice a year. No perfon is ad-
mitted to thepraftice of phyfic, without a licenfe from the fupreme court,
founded on a certificate from this fociety, or at leaft two of its members,
telHfying his flcill and abilities. It is remarkable, that in the county
of Cape May, no regular phyfician has ever found fupport : this, pro-
bably, may proceed from medicine being adminiftered by that fage clafs
of matrons, who pretend, and perhaps juftly, to prefcribe in all com-
mon and fimple cafes.

CiUfiF Towns. — I'herc arc a nuiiiber of towns in this Rate, nearly
of equal fize and importance, and none that has lefs than 200 or 300
boufes compa611y built. Trenton is one of the largeft towns In the

ijS

{new jerset.

Jerfey and the capital of the ftate. It Is fituated on the north-eafl fide
of the river Delaware, oppofite the falls, nearly in the centre of the
Hate, from north to fouth, in latitude 40° 15', and about 20' eaftof
the meridian of Philadelphia. The river is not navigable above thefe
fails, except for boats which carry from 500 to 700 bufticls of wheat.
This town, with Lamberton, which joins it on the fouth, contains about
220 houfes, and near 2300 inhabitants. Here the legislature llatedly
meets, the fupreme court fits, and moll of the public offices are kept.
The inhabitants have lately ercfted a handfome court-houfe, with a
femi-hexagon at 'rach end, over which is a balluilrade. In the neigh.
bourhood of this pleafant town, are feveral gentlemen's f«ats, finely
fituated on the banks of the Delaware, and ornamented with tafte and
elegance. This town, from being a thoroughfare between the eallern
parts of the ftate and Philadelphia, has of courfe a confiderable inland
trade.

Burlington. — This cit) extends three miles along the Delaware, and
one mile back, at right angles, into the county of Burlington, and is
2,0 miles above Philadelphia by water, and 17 by land. The Ifland,
which is the moft populous part of the city, is a mile and a quarter in
length and three-quarters of a mile in breadth. Ii has four entrances
over bridges and cauleways, and a quantity of bank meadow adjoining,
On the ifland are upwards of 160 houfes, 1200 white and 100 black
inhabitants. But few of the negroes are flaves. The main ftrcets are
conveniently fpacious, and moftly ornamented with trees in the fronts
of the houfes, which are regularly arranged. The Delaware, oppofite
the town, is about a mile wide j and, under {helter of Mittinnicunk and
Burlington iflands, affords a fafe and convenient harbour. It is com-
modioufly fituated for trade, but is too near the opulent city of Phila-
delphia to admit of any confiderable increafe of foreign commerce.
There are two houfes for public worfliip in the town, one for the Friends
or Quakers, who are the moll numerous, and one for Epiicopalian^,
The other public buildings are two market-houfcs, a court-houfe, and
gaol, an academy, a free fchool, a nail manufadory, and an excellent
diftillery.

This city, which is a free port under the ftate, has a mayor, a re-
corder, and aldermen, who hold a commercial court, when the matter
in controverfy is between foreigners and foreigners, or between fo-
reigncrs and citizens. The ifland of Burlington was laid out, and the
firft fcttlements made, as early as 1677. In 1682, the ifland of Mittln-
nicunk, or Free School Ifland, was given for the ufe of the ifland of
Burlington ; the yearly profits arifing from which are appropiatcd for
the education of poor children.

Perth Amboy city took its name from James Drummond, earl of
Perth J and Ambo, t, Indian word for point, and ftands on a neck,
of land included between Raritan River and Arthur Kull Sound. Its
Situation is high and healthy. It lies open to Sandy Hook, and has
one of the beft harbours on the continent. Veffels from fea may enter
it in one tide, in almoft any weather. Great efforts have been made,
and legiflative encouragements offered, to render it a place of trade,
but without fucccfs. This town was early incorporated with city pri-
vileges, and continued to fend two members to the general affembly
until the revolution. Until this cvcuij it was the capital of ^i^

lilW JEKSET. 239

Jcx-fey •, and the legiflature and fupreme court ufed to fit here and at
Burlington alternately.

Brunfwick.— This city w:is incorporated m 1784, and is fituatcd on
the fouth-weft fide of Raritan River, over which a fine bridge has
lately been built, twelve miles above Amboy. It contains leveral
hundred houfes, and upwards of 2000 inhabitants, one half of whom
are Dutch. Its fituation is low and unpleafant, being on the bank ot
a river, and under a high hill which rifes back of the town. The icc,
at the breaking up of the river in winter, frequently lodges on the
(hallow fording place, juft oppofite the town, and forms a temporary
dam, which occafions the water to rife many feet above its ufual height,
and fomctimes ^o overflow the lower floors of thofe houfes which are
not guarded againft this inconvenience, by having their foundations
elevated The ftreets are raifed and paved with ftone. The water iii
the fprings and wells is generally bad. The inhabitants pofl"efs a taite
for improvement, and are beginning to build on the hill above the town,
which is very pleafant, and commands a pretty profpea. The riuzens
have a confiderable inland trade, and feveral Imall veffels belonging to

the port. . . * .

Princetown is a pleafent village, containing near 90 houles, 52imle3
from New York, and 42 from Philadelphia. Its public buildings are_
a large college edifice of ftone, and a Prelbyterian church built ot
brick. The fituation of this village is remarkably healthy.

Elizabethtown is 15 miles from New York. Its fituation is pleafant,
and its foil equal in fertility to any in the ftate. In the compaft part of
the town, there are upwards of 150 houfes. The public buildings are
a very neat Prelbyterian brick church, lately built j an Epifcopal
church, Hlfo of brick, and an academy. This borough, which is one
of the oldeft towns in the ftate, was purchafcd of the Indians as early
as 1664, and was fettled foon after.

Newark is feven miles from New York. It is a handfome, fiourifh-
ing town, about the fize of Elizabethtown, and has two Preft)yterian
churches, one of which is of ftone, fupplied from the quarries in this
town, and is the largeft and moft elegant building in the ftate. Befide^
thefe, there is an Epifcopal church, a court-home, a gaol, and an aca-
demy. This town is celebrated for the excellence of its cyder, and u
the feat of the largeft ftioe manufaftory in the ftate.

Constitution. — The government of this ftate, agreeably to their
conftitution, is vefted in a governor, legiflative council, and general
affcmbly. The governor is chofcn annually, by the council and aflem-
bly jointly, and is ftyled, " Governor and commander in chief in and
over the ftate of New Jerfey, and the territories thereunto belonging,
chancellor and ordinary in the fame." The legiflative council is coni-
pofed of one member from each county, chofen annually by the people.
They muft be worth one thoufand pounds in real and perfonal eftate
within the county, and have been freeholders and inhabitants of t're
counties they reprefent for one year. The general affembly is compoC d
of three members from each county chofen as above ; each of tl m
mull be worth five hundred pounds in real and perfonal eftate witl m
the county, and have been freeholders and inhabitants as above. Each
of thefe, on taking his feat in the legiflature, muft fwear •* that he
will not alTent to any law, vote or pioceedine^, which uiull appear to

JIO NEW JERSKT.

him injurious to the public welfare of the ftate, or that ftiall annul or
repeal that part of the conftitutlon which eftabliflies annual eleftions,
nor that part refpeding trial by jury, nor that part which fecures liber-
ty of confcience."

The governor fits in, and prefides over the legiflative council, and
has a carting vote in their debates. His privy or executive council ij
compofed of any three members of the legiflative council j and the
governor and any feven members of the council are a court of appeals
in the laft rcfort, as to points of law in civil cafes, and poflefs a power
of pardoning criminals in all cafes whatfoever. The council choofe
o;ie of their rnemliers to be vice prefident, who, when the governor is
abfent from the ftate, pofleHes the fupreme executive power. The
council may originate any bills, excepting preparing and altering any
money bill, which is the fole prerogative of the aifembly. In every
other' refpeft their powers are equal. Every bill is read three times
in each houfc. None of the judges of the fupreme court, or other
courts, (heriffs, or any perfon poffeffed of any port of profit under the
governor, except juftices of the peace, is entitled to a feat in the
aflembly.

Courts of Justice, Laws, &c. — The courts of juftice in this ftate
are, firft, juftices courts. A competent number of perfons are ap-
pointed in each county by the council and alTembly, in joint meeting,
who are called juftices of the peace, and continue in office five years,
who, befides being juftices of the peace, agreeably to the Englifh laws,
are authorifed to hold courts for the trial of caufes under twelve pounds.
From this court, perfons aggrieved, may appeal to the quarter ieflicns.
Secondly, courtj of quarter feflions of the peace, are held quarterly in
every county, by at leaft three of the juftices. This court takes cog-
nizance of breaches of the peace, and is generally regulated by the rules
of the Englifti law.

Thirdly, courts of common pleas, which are held quarterly, by
judges appointed for that purpofe, in the fame manner as the juftices
of the peace, and who are commonly of their number, and hold their
commilTions five years. This court may be held by a fingle judge, and
has cognizance of demands to any amount, and is conftruclcd on, an J
governed by the principles of the Englifti laws.

Fourthly, fupreme courts, which are held four times in a year, at
Trenton, by three judges appointed for that purpofe, who hold their
oifices three years, but one judge only is necefiary to the holding of
this court. This court has cog'iizance of all anions, both civil and
criminal throughout the ftate, having the united authority of the courts
of king's bench, common pleas and exchequer in England. The court?
of oyer and terminer and niji prius^ commonly held once a year in
each county, for the trial of caufes arifing in tlie county, and brought
to iffue in the fupreme court, are properly branches of this court, and
are held by one of the judges of it, except that in the courts of oyer
and terminer, fome of the gentlemen of the county are always added
hii the commifllon as aftiftants to the judge j but they cannot hold the
court without him.

Fifthly, orphans courts, lately eftabliftied by ad of affembly, arc
held by the judges of the court of common pleas, ex qfficiis, and have
cogniitncc of all matters relating to wills, udminilirations, &.c.

NEW JERSEY. ^4'

- Sixthly, court of chancery, held by the governor ex ojcio, always
one. It is a court of law and equity, founded on the fame prmciples. .
and governed by the fame rules as the court of chancery »»/"gl^"^-

Seventhly, high court of errors and appeals, compofed of the go-
vernor, and feven of the council, and is a court of appeals m the lalt

refort, in all cafes of law. ,, t r „„r.J

To all the above different courts, it would naturally be luppoled
that a hive of attorneys would be indifpenfibly neceffary, in order to
condua all the various bufinefs that ftiould chance to come betorc
them. But the cafe is not fo, there being in this ftate a very mode-
rate proportion of that clafs of men, to what appearances hold out tor
them to do J and it is to be obferved, that thofe who already fall under
this denomination are, perhaps, not fo much refpeaed as what tney
ouM to be. The attorneys in this ftate are m general men ot abili-
ties the qualifications neceffary for their admiffion being pccu rarly nice
and critical. Certain years of an indenture muft be ferved, college
claffes gone through, private and public examinations undergone, am.
charafter afccrtained before entry. Many of the inhabitants ot this
ftate, however, like thofe of too many others, think (becaule perhars
they are inftruments in obliging them to pay their debts) that the law-
yers know too much. But their knowledge will certainly not injure the
innocent, and thofe who will let them alone. Experience has verified
this obfervation in the county of Cape May. A few years ago, no
lawyer lived within 60 miles of the feat of government in that county,
and it was feldom that they attended their courts.

All the EngliOi laws which had been praftifcd upon in this ftate, and
which are not repugnant to revolution principles, were adopted by the
conftitution, and very few alterations of confequence have fince been
made, except in the defcent of the real eftates, which inftcad of dei-
eending to the eldeft fon, agreeable to the old feudal fyftem, as for-
merly, are now divided, where there is no will, two ftiares to each fou,
and one ftiare to each daughter ; i. e. the fons have double the daughters
portions, but all the fons have equal portions and all the daughters.

History. — New Jerfey is part of that vaft traft of land, which, as
already obferved, was given by King Charles II. to his brother, James»
Duke of York j he fold it, for a valuable confideration, to Lord Berk-
ley and Sir George Carteret, (from whom it received its prefent namt,
becaufe Sir George had eftates in the ifland of Jerfey) and they agaia
to others, who in the year 1702 made a furrender of the powers of
government to Queen Anne, which Ihe accepted ; after which it became
a royal government.

Since this period, New Jerfey has continued upon a good underftand-
ing, and under a uniform government. It is conveniently fituated
between two of the largeft commercial towns in America, and confe-
quently muft poffefs iingular advantages in trade as well as in other
refpefts.

This ftate was the feat of war for feveral years during the late con-
teft with Great Britain and America. Her loffes, both of men and
property, in proportion to the population and wealth of the ftate, was
greater than that of any of the other ftates. When General Waftilng-
ton was retreating through the Jerfeys, almoft forfaken by all others,
her militia were at all times obedient to hlsorder.Sj and foraconfidcrable
time compofed the ftrcngth of hisarmy. There is luuilv a town in the

242

>£NNSTLVANtA.

ftate that lay in the progrefs of the Britiih army, that \vai5 not rendered
fignal by feme enterprife or exploit. At Trenton the Britifli received a
check, which for the time feemed to turn the tide of the war. At Prince-
ton, the feat of the miifes, they received another, which, united, obliged
them to retire. In ihort, the many military achievements performed
by the Jerfey foldiers, give this ftate one of the firft ranks among her
fillers in a militar} view, and entitle her to a (hare of praife in the late re-
volution, that bears no proportion to her fiic. New Jerfey has a
good difciplined militia, a happy code of law«, impartial courts of juilice,
and, above all, polTeffes a good underftanding within herfelf, all which
circumilances, when added to other internal bleflings, cannot fail of
affording a favourable opinion of this ftate, and of (hewing that Provi-
dence is leading it with diftingui(hed marks of protedlion and favour.

PENNSYLVANIA.

Sq. Miles.
I 44.900

Situation and Extent.
Miles.
Length 288 7 , Jo*' 20' E. and s° W. longtudc.

Breadth 156 j" '^"^"'^ I39O 43' and 42^ N. latitude

Boundaries. — Bounded eaft, by Delaware River, which divides it
from New Jerfey j north, by New York and Lake Erie j north-weft,
by a part of Lake Erie, where there is a good port j weft, by the
North-weftern Territory, and a part of Virginia j fouth, by a part of
Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware. The ftate lies in the form of a
parallelogram, and contains in the nortl*-weft corner of it, about
202.000 acfes, which was lately purchafed of congrefs by this ftate.

Divisions, &c. — The ftate of Pennfylvania is divided into and con-
tains 21 counties, which, with their fituations, are as follows ;

Situations.
On Delaware River
On Delaware River
On Delaware River
On Delaware River
On Schuylkill River
On Sufquehannah River
On Sufquehannah River
On Schuylkill River
On Delaware River
On Sufquehannah River
On Sufquehannah River
On Sufquehannah River
On W. branch Sufque.
On Sufquehannah River
On Juniata River
On Juniata River
On Juniata River
On Allegany River
On Monongahfcia River
Wafliington Walhington S. W. corner ftate

Allegany Pittft)urg On Allegany River

Counties.

Chief Towns.

Philadelphia

Chefter

Wert Chefter

Delaware

Chefter

Bucks

Newtown

Montgomery

Norrirton

Lancafter

Dauphin

Harriihurg

Berks

Reading

Northampton

Earton

I^uzerne

\Vilk(hurg

York

• York

Cumberland

Carlifle

Northumberland

Sunbury

Franklin

Chamberfton

Bedford

Huntingdon

Mifflin

Lewilhurg

Weftmoreland

Greenftjurg

Fayette

union

FEMNSTLVANIA.

243

Rn-FRS, Canali, &c.— There are fix confiderablc rivers which,
with their numerous branches, peninfulate the whole ftate, viz. The
Delaware, Schuylkill, Sufquehannah, Youghiogeny, Monongahcla,
and Allegany. The bay and river Delaware are navigable from the
fea up to the great or lower falls at Trenton, 155 miles ■, and are ac-
commodated with a light-houfe, on Cape Henlopen, and with buoys
and piers for the direaion and fafety of fhips. The diltance of Phila-
delphia from the fea, is about 60 miles acrofs the land m a fouth-ealt
courfe, to New Jerfey coaft •, and 120 miles by the fliip channel of the
Delaware. So far it is navigable for a 74 gun Oiip. Sloops go 35
miles farther, to Trenton Falls. The river is navigable for boats that
carry eight or nine tons, an hundred miles farther, and for Indian
canoes, except feveral fmall falls or portages, 150 miles. At Eafton,
it receives the Lehigh from the weft, which is navigable 30 miles. The
tide fets up as high as Trenton Falls, and at Philadelphia rifes gene-
rally about five or fix feet. A north-eaft and eaft wind raifes it higher.
Between Cape Henlopen and Cape May, is the entrance into the
Delaware Bav. The entrance into the river is 20 miles farther up, at
Bombay Hook, where the river is four or five miles wide. From
Bombay Hook to Reedy I Hand is 20 miles. This ifland is the rendez-
vous of outward bound Ihips in autumn and fpring, when waiting for a
favourable wind. The courfe from this to the fea is fouth-fouth-eaft,
fo that a north-weft wind, which is the prevailing wind in thefe feafons,
is fair for veffels to put out to fea. This river is generally frozen one
or two months In the year at Philadelphia, which for the time prevents
navigation, but veffels may, at all feafons, make a fecure harbour at
Port Penn, at Reedy Iftand, where piers have been crefted by the
ftate. Veffels are generally from 12 to 24 hours in afcending this
beautiful river to Philadelphia *, the navigation, however, is fafe, and
in the milder feafons, efpecially in the fummer, is indclcribably pleafant.
From Chefter to Philadelphia, 20 miles by water and 15 by land,
the channel of the river is narrowed by iflands of marfti, which arc
generally banked and turned into rich and valuable meadows.

Billingfport, I2 miles below Philadelphia, on the Jerfey fliore, was
fortified in the late war for the defence of the channel. Oppofite this
fort, feveral large frames o^ timber, headed with iron fpikes, called
chevatix-de friz-es^ were fur to prevent the enemy's ftiips from paff-
ing, but which, fince the pea; i ■, have been removed.

The Schuylkill rifes north-weft of the Kittatinny mountains, through
which it paffes, into a fine champaign country, and runs, from its
fource, upwards of 120 miles in a fouth-eaft direftion, and paffing
through the limits of the city of Philadelphia, falls into the Delaware
oppofite Mud Ifland, fix or feven miles below the city. It is naviga-
ble from above Reading. 85 or 90 miles to its mouth, by tlie canal at
Norrirtown, which paffes by the falls, and alfo forms a communication
with the Delaware above the city. There are four floating bridges
thrown acrofs it, made of logs faftened together, and lying upon the
water, in the vicinity of Philadelphia.

The north-eaft branch of the Sufquehannah River rifes in lakes Ot-
fego and Otego, in the ftate of New York, and runs in fuch a winding
couxfe as to crofs the boundary line between New York and Pcnnfyl-

244 PENNSYLVANIA.

vania three times. It receives Tyoora River, one of its principal
branches, in latitude 41° 57', three miles fouth of the boundary line.
The Sufquehannah Branch is navigable for batteaux to its fource, -vhlcli,
to Mohawk River, is 20 miles. The Tyoga Branch is navigable 50
miles, for batteaux •, and Its fource Is but a few miles from the Che-
nelTee, which empties into Lake Ontario. From Tyoga Point, the
river proceeds fouth-eaft to Wyoming, without any obltruftion by falls,
and then fouth-eatt, over Wyoming Falls, till at Sunbury, in about
latitude 41°, it meets the weft branch of Sufquehannah, which is navj.
gable 90 miles from its mouth, and fome of the branches of It are
navigable 50 miles, and approach very near fome of the Tmaller bran-
ches of the Allegany River. This noble river Is paffablc to Middleton,
below Harris' Ferry, with boats, carrying feveral hundred bufhels,
and with rafts of boards, &c. from the ftate of Nev/ York, as well as
down the Tyoga, and Juniata branches, feveral hundred miles. In their
different windings, but It is attended with difficulty and danger on ac-
count of the numerous falls below Middletown. About 15 miles above
Harrilburg it receives the Juniata, from the nortb -eft, proceeding
from the Allegany mountains, and flowing through a mountainous,
broken, yet a good country, capable of cultivation. This river is na-
vigable, 120 miles from Its mouth.

The Swetara, which falls into the Sufquehannah from the north-eaft,
is navigable 15 miles.

From Swetara to the Tulpehoken branch of Schuylkill, a canal and
lock navigation is completing, which leads through the Schuylkill to
Philadelphia. This will open a paffage to Philadelphia from the Ju-
niata, the Tyoga, and the eaft and weft branches of the Sufquehannah,
%vhich water at lead 15,000,000 of acres. From this juudlion, the ge
neral courl'e of the Sufquehannah is about fouth-eaft, until it falls into
the head of Chcfapeak Bay at Havre de Grace. It is above a mile
•wide at Its mouth, and is navigable for fea veffels but about five miles,
on account of its rapids. The banks of this river are very romantic,
particularly where It paffes through the mountains. This paffage has
«vcrv appearance of having been forced through by the preffure of the
•water, or uf huvint'- been burft open by fome operation in nature.

The feveral branches of the Youghiogeny River rife on the weft fide
of the Allegany mountains. After running a ftiort diftance, they unhe
and form a large beautiful river, which, in pafllng fome of the molt
weftern ridges of the mountains, precipitates itfclf over a level ledge
of rocks, lying nearly at right angles to the courfe of the river. Thefe
falls, called the Ohiopyle Falls, are about 20 feet In perpendicular
liejo-ht. and the river is perhaps 80 yards wide. For a confiderable
diftance below the falls, the water is very rapid, and boils and foartis
vehemently, occafionlng a continual mill to rife from it, even at noon
day, and in fair weather. The river at this place runs to the fouth-
weft, and then winds round to the north-weft, and continuing this
courfe for 30 or 40 miles, it lofes Its name by uniting with the Monon-
frahela, which comes from the fouthward, and contains, perhaps, twee
us much water. Thefe united rtreams, ftiortly after their jundllon,
mingle with the waters of the Allegany at Pittihurg, ajid togethtr
form the Trand river Ohio. - ' '

gcny, ar

PENNSYLVANIA.

Between the foutliern branch of the Tyoga and a branch of the AUe-
n xnv the head ^vaters of vvlilch, are hut a ihoit diltance iiom each
(.Lher there Is luld to be a pvadlcuble commuulration. llahs ot timber,
plank boards, and itaves, ulth other -articles upon them, can be
l,rou.rht down tlie Delaware from the cour.ties of Montgomery and
OUe^'o, in New York, 200 miles above the city, by the courie ct the'
river? Some money has been expended by the povernmcnl and land-
bolders in improving the navigation up towards the fourcc, belore the
revolution •, and there has been a furvey ftnce made, for the purpolo
of proceeding in the improvement of this and the other principal riveis
of Pennfylv^nia, and for making communications by canals in the un-
proved part, and by roads in the unimproved parts of the Hate. Great
pro^refs has already been made in thefc improvements, and the exer-
tions for their completion are Hill continued. The Pennfylvanians are
mueh inclined to fuch enterprifes, having found great benclit from them.
On the completion of the prefent plans, the ihite will be as convcm-
cnily inlerfedcd by roads as any other of its hze in the union, y.liicU
•i\ ill" greatly facilitate the fettlement of its new lands. ^ This Hate is
finely watered by the Delaware ?.nd its branches, the Schuylkill, the
Juniata, Sufquehannah and its branches, the Ohio, Allegany, Yorghic
geny, and Monongahela. The Patomak and. Luke Lrie alio aiioul
proipefts of confidcrable benefit from their navigation. Nature hsiS
done much for Pennfylvania in regard to inland water carriage, whicli
is Ifrikingly exemplified by this facl, that although Philadelphia and
Lake Erie" are dillant from each other above 300 miles, th. . :; is no
doubt but that the rivers of the Hate may be fo improved, as to reduce
t'.ic land carriage between them nuie-tenths. In the laine way the na-
\ igation to Pittihurg, after due improvement, may be uled inHead ot
land carriao-e for the whole diHance, except a few milts,^ By thcie
routes it is clear, that a large proportion of the foreign articles iifcd on
the weHern waters muH be tranfported, and their furs, ikins, ginieng,
hemp, dax, potalh, and other valuable commodities, brought to Phi-
ladelphia. The hemp and oak-timber for the RuHlan navy is tranfported
1 y inland navigation 1200 miles, and yet hemp is Hupped from that
kingdom on as low terms as from any other part. K.uHia, long lince
tlie Yettlement of Pennfylvania by civilized and enlightened people,
v,-as in a Hate of abfolute bavbarifra, and deftitute of thcie improve
nients. Much therefore is to be expeded from tlie continued exer-
tions of the prudent, induHrious, and fenhble inhabitants of Penufylva-
i:ivi, in the way of improvement.

The only fvvamps worth noticing, are, the Great Swarop, bctv.een
Northampton and Luzerne counties, and BuiTaloe Sv;amp in the north-
\veftern parts of Northumberland County, near the head waters of the
weH bi-au'^li of the Sufquehannah. Thele fwamps, on examination ami
Ruvey, are found to be bodies of farm land, thickly covered vatli
beach and fugar maple. One remark may be here made, and that
!;, that in all the back country waters of this Hate, even in thole high
iio in the moimtains, marine petrif»dions are found in great abun-

t.unce

face

Face of the Country, Soil, Natural Advantages, &c. — The
he country, air, foil, and produce, do not materially dilfer

from thole of New York. \V''hatcvcr dilTereiicc there is however, it

1 i

^^^ PliNNSYLVAMA,

is in favour of this pro 'nee. The air is fwcct and clear. The win.
lers continue from December till March, and are fo extremely cold-
and fevere, that the River Delaware, though very broad, is often fro,
zcn over. A confiderable proportion of this itatc may be called
mountainous J particularly the counties of Bedford, Huntingdon, Gum-
berland, part of Franklin, Dauphin, and part of Bucks, and North-
ampton, through which pafs, under various names, the numerous
ridges and fpurs, which collectively form what is called, for the fake of
connexion, the Great Range of Allegany Mountains. The principal
ridges in this 'ange, in Pennfylvania, are the Kittatinny, or Blue
Mountains, which pafs north of Nazareth, in Northampton County,
nnd purfue a fouth-weft courfe, acrofs the Lehigh, through Dauphin
<Jounty, jull above Harrilhurg, thynce on the weft fide of the Sufque-
hannah, through Cumberland and Franklin counties. Back of thefe,
and nearly parallel ivitli them, are Peters, Tufcarora, and Nefcopek
mountains, on the eart of the Sufquehannah ; and on the welt. Share-
man's hills. Sideling hills. Ragged,. Great Warriors, Eyits, and Will's
mountains-, then the Great Allegany Ridge, which being the largeft,
gives its name to the whole range ; weft of this are the Chefnut Ridges.
Eetween the Juniata and the weft branch of the Sufquehannah^ are
Jacks, Tuffys, Nittiny, and Bald Eagle mountains. The^ vales be-
tween tiiefe mountains are generally of a rich, black foil, fuitcd to the
various kinds of grains and grafs. Some of the mountains will admit
of cultivation almoft to their tops. The other parts of the ftate are
general] V level, or agreeably variegated with hills and valleys.

The foil of Pennfylvania is of various kinds, having in fome parts
barren, a great proportion of good, and no inconfiderable part of very
good laud. Perha}is the proportion of firft rate land is not greater in
any of the other ftates. The richeft part of the ftate that is fettled is
Lancarter County, and the valley through Cumberland, York, and
yrankliri. The richeft that is unfettled, is between Allegany River
and Lake Erie, in the north-weft corner of the ftate, and in the coun-
try on the heads of the eaftern branches of the Allegany.

In jyeneral, the foil Is more fit for grain than for grafs. The turf of
unimproved grounds is not equal to that in the northern ftates. Eut
tlie borders of ftreams and rivulets are good meadow grounds. Thcle
Hbound throughout the ftate. They have alfo a great number of falls,
fnitable for every kind of mill-works.

Pennfylvania includes the greater part of the kinds of trees, Hirubs,
and plants, tliat grow within the United States, as it has a central fitu-
r'tion, and confiderable extent with hills and valleys. Oaks, of feveral
fpecies, form the bulk of the v^oods. Hickory and walnut make a
greater proportion than in the northern liates. Saflafras, mulberry,
tulip, and other trees, are frequent, and grow to perfeflion.

Grajies of feveral forts are common : the late kind, when mellowed
by froft, make, with the addition of fugar, good wine. The white
rine and white cedar grow well in fome parts. Red cedars, of tole-
rable fize, are not rare on high grounds. Elms and linds arc not here
lu ftately as farther north. The fugar maple is plenty in the wclku;
and northern parts of ti'.e ftate, and yields a Coufideiabk fupply u)
fupar for the uie of the inhabitants.

PENNSYLVANIA. 247

Iron ore is dlftributed in confiilerablc quantities ihrougli the ftatc :
copper, lead, and allum appear in lome places. Limellone quarries
are feund in many parts, and alfo feveral kinds of marble j as^ liglit,
fpeckled, blueifh, and water-coloured. They arc ufed for chimney-
pieces, tables, fteps in buildings, and tomb-ftones. Mill-llones, of a
coarfe grain, are hewn in Bucks County. In the, middle and wefteru
country is abundance of coal. In the vicinity of Wyoming, on the
Sufquchannah, is a bed of the open, burning kind, which gives a great
heat. On the head waters of Schuylkill and Lehigh are fome c<,nfi-
derable bodies; and at the head of the wellem branch of Sulquchan-
nah is an extenfive bed, which ftrctches over the country fouth-weft-.
wardly, fo as to be found in the greatell plenty about PitttLurg.

Wild turkeys, which formerly abounded, are now fcarcely e;v.er feen
in the old lettlements j but in the new, there are large docks. Par-
tridges are yet numerous, though the late hard winters have dcllroyal
many. Phcafants are become dear. Groufe are found only in I'oraa
diftricls. Great numbers of pigeons come from the north in the cold
Jeafons. In fpring and autumn, feveral kinds of ducks, and fome wild
geefe are found on the rivers. Pennfylvania has a great number ot*
.linging birds, as many migrate to it from north and ibuth, in certain
ftafons.

Trouts are common in the rivulets •, and, in the eaftern rivers, the
principal filh are, rock and iheep's-head, with (had and herring, which,
in the fpring, come up from the fea in great Ihoals. Thefe arc not
found in the weftern waters, which are faid to have their own valuable
kinds, efpecially a fpecies of cat-fifli, of a large fize. Yellow perch
and pike are alfo found in them much larger and more numerous.

Ufeful quadrupedes, in the new dilhids, are, deer, in great numbers,
beavers, otters, racoons, and martins. Buffaloes rarely crofs the Ohio,
and elks but ^-^Idom advance from the north. Panthers, wild-cats,
bears, foxes, and wolves are not rare : the lall do moit mifchief, ef-
pecially in the winter ; but the fi^r of all is valuable. In the thick
fettlements, rabbits and fquirrels are frequent j alfo minks and mulk-
rats in marlhes j opoflums and ground-hogs arc rare.

The fouth fide of Pennfylvania is the bell fettled land throughout,
owing entirely to the circumftance of the weftern road having been run
by the armies, prior to 1762, through the towns of Lancafter, Car-
Jille, and Bedford, and thence to Pittihurg. For the purpofe of per-
fuading fettlers from this old channel into the unfettled parts of the
llate, the government and landed intereft of Pennfylvania have been
very bufy in making convenient roads. Thefe exertions have been
crowned with great iuccefs, and the advantages akeady derived from
the number of good roads, in almoft every part of this ftate, has dcfer-
vedly given Pennfylvania that degree of advancement beyond any of
the other ftates.

Agriculture, Manufactures, and Commerce.— Wheat, the prln-
cipal and moif valuable grain of cultivation, is the ftaple of Pennfyl-
vania. The Heffian fly, however, has, in this itate, as well as much
farther north-eaft and Ibuth, caufed great damage to it for feveral years
pad. Indian corn is the next in value, and attains full maturity, except
in the mountainous trafts, where the early September frofts are more
tommon and f;vere. Buck-wheat is frequently ibmewhat injured by

I i i j

2i§ pr;^Nsn.vANrA.

thefe nnd by tlie pi-eccdinc( heats in Aiiouit ; but yields, nevertliclcfs, n
c onlld.-mhle crop throuf,fliout the country. Rye has of late been more
rultiviUtd, and a great proportion of it is, in the veltem parts, dliUllea
into whifky. Crops of barley nill increafe with the progreflive ufe of
hcf-r. Oats are railed luiricicnt for demand. Spelts arc cultivated by tli«
C; firmans, cliirtly as food for horfcs. Potatoes are plenty. Turnip^,
*ribba<;e, parfnips, carrots, and the fmall oval pea, are common ; the
Lcrmudlan potatoc tlirivcs in a loofc mould.

The culture of meadows is a confidcrablc object : the marflies nu
rivers arc firli banked, drained, ploughed, and harrowed, and then
foAvn. Trials of artificial graffes are yet rare. The fummer is long
cnoupji for two mov/mps, and even three in rich ground •, but in dry
leafons, the lall yields little. On farms that have fprings or ftreams,
dairle-i are built over them fo as to place the mllk-veiTcls in the water;
without I'uch convenience, the he.it is prejudicial. Unimproved wooil.
lands arc fuitablc for the rearing of cattle. Grazing is nioit prolitable
en extenfivc low lands. ^

Horfes are raifed here with that attention which the nature of that
noble animal require"-.. The beft for teams are bred in LancaPer County,
and eicfrant fuddle and carriage horfes have more or kfs of the blood
of flallions imported from I'.ngland.

The number of flierp is confiderabk in the improved country. Hojrs
exceed home-confumption : the woods of oak and beech atloi ..1 a ^^rcat
part of their food. Mak-s and afles are yet very rare. Poultry aboundi,
and turkeys are in this ftate very cheap. Flax has a portion of ground
on moft farms, and the culture of hcinp is increafing in the fertile inland
counties. Hop-yards are yet inconfulerable. Bees receive pretty .ood
attention.

In the old fettlemcnts, all kinds of north European fmits are com-
mon ; though choice of varieties and attentive cuItiv;ition are rare,
Late frofts in the fpringofLcn caufe great damage, but the warm autumn
ripens the latelt forts. Thefe are alfo better than the early kLid^
■<,vhich are liable to tlatnefs ar-d fpecks, tfpccially when tb.c feafon is
hot and wet. CatterpUlars and %vorms, likewilc greatly damage tin;
«jrch.ai 's. Plums are infeiled by a fly, whofe lliiig makes them Ihrivel
•ind fail, unripe. The Italian mulberry-tree thrives well : but, as yet,
iilk worms are merely a curlolity in this flate.

Improved farms in the country-towns have gardens, in which com
rnon ve'retablcs, fmall fruits, and fome tlowers are cultivated, but oi
ramental planting and gardening is yet admired by few. The general
ih'le of architePure in this ftate is neat and folid. Stone buildings are
moil common in the old fettlements j log and frame-houfes in the new 5
the latter are naturally of the rou^h kind, ufual in infant improve-
ments. Towns have a confiflerable proportion of brick houfes ; in
Philadelphia they make four-fifths. Shingles cover the roofs ; thole
of white-cedar ate preferred when they can be obtained. White -oak,
chefnut, and cedar make the beft wood fences. Stones i-re not often
employed in fencing, even where they abound, and where wood is
valuable.

NccelTaiy tradefmen and mechanics, viz. fhoemakcr,;, tailors, wea-
vers, carpenters, joiners, mafons, coopers, fmiths, cartwrlghts, tanners,
and faddlers are fettled on fmall larms or lots throughout the improved

PENNSYLVANIA.

149

con-tiv fcveral arc alfo fettled in villaj^cs •, but ll.rs mrnlc h more
curtomar'y in the tluckly pcopU-.) parts, ul.id. cannot hipport many .^t
n fort iVIanufaaurers, for whom there is lefs demnnd, dwell chictly
in the towns, as cabinet -miikeis, finiths, tinners, j.otters, hatters dyers,
rope.makers, nailors, brewers, diOillers, &c. although many oi tlic.c
trades-people are fcattered through the country.

In the midland counties, many ufeful manufaaurcs have reulttd
from a tlourilhin;,^ agriculture, and fiucc thoir birth, have added to thr
profperity of the cultivators. I-ancaller, which is the larj^-ell inland
town in the United States, is similes from a fca-port, and _io from
any pradifed boat-navi(ration. 'Ihe number of families here is great,
and moil of the inhabitants apply and tmphn lliemfelves tow . Is the
different manufadurcs of hatts, ladlcry, printing, brev,enes,_lmith-
works, ch.ck and watch making'. Bofides thefc, there arc within a
few miles from the town, a number of lurnates, forges, rdlii.q anu
ilitting-mills, grain-mills, iaw-mills, fulling-mills, oil mill., hemp-
mills, boring and grinaing-mlHs for gun barrels, and leveral tamicrtes,
all of which engage an equal proportion and attention of the uihabi-

tahts. r 1 o- • 1-

A new article Is likely to be ad'led to the lilT of produaions in this
ftatc, which Is a wholefome and well tailed _mai>^ fugar, made from the
fap of the maple tree, which abounds in this lUile.

Iron-works are of long Handing, and their produfts increafe In quan-
tity, and improve In quality. The flitting and rolling-mills are faid to
cut and roll 1500 tons per annum. Among the fabricated articles arc
great numbers of lloves, botb open and clofc, the ufe of which con-
ilantly increafes j tongs, (hovels, and irons •, pots, kettles, ovens, pan-?,
laddies; plough-irons, fpades, hoes •, flieet-iron, hoops ; iron and ttecl
work for pleafure and working carriages •, nails, bolts, fpikes •, vari-
ous pieces for {hips, mills, and buildin;,- •, cannon, balls, and fomc
muflcets •, fcythcs, iickles, axes, drawing-knives, fome iav.s and planes,
■with other tools.

Manufadfures of leather, fldns, and fur, are very extenfive and
good. Shoes and boots, faddles and bridles, houfings, holiliers, faddle-
bags, portmanteaus, whips, harnefs and leather materials for carriage:;,
are made, not only for home-ufe, but for exportation. Dccr(kln
breeches, draw-ers, and mens gloves, anfwer full demand. Trunks
covered with feal, deer, and other Iklns ; with flings, belts, cartoucli-
boxes, and fcabbards, are, of late, confiderable articles. Hatting Is a
bufinefs long ertabllOied, though at prefent under fome difficulty, from ;i
Icarclty of the fine northern furs. Muffs, tippets, linings, &c. are
confiderable articles of demand.

The moft remarkable trades employed on materials of wood, are
cabinet-making, houfe-carpentry, coach making, and fliip-buiidlng.
Tables, chairs, f Has, bureaux, and all forts of houfehold furniture, are
made to any demand, neat and elegant : walnut, maple, and wild
cherry-wood are the bert native materials : mahogany is Imported, and
generally ufed by the wealthier people, efpcclally In towns. C uimo-
dious chariots, phaetons, and chaifes, are conlhuaed for domelllc and
foreign ufe j partlcukrly in Philadelphia, ^nd the adjacent boroughs.
The inward carpentry-work, on private and public buildings, is, in
general, well finilhtd. The port of Philadelphia Is blglily eftimated

rFN'NSYLVANrA.

for its naval arcliitfclure. M:ifls, fpars, timber, and plank, from z>l
the country up and down tlic Delaware, are conilantly tor ("ale in it,
market. The mulberry of the Chcfapeak, and ihc live oak and red
cedar of the Carolinas and Georgia, are To abundant, that molt of tla
veflels arc built of ihtiu.

Papers, of moil kinds, form a beneficial branch of trade. There ate
a great many mills of this manufafture, and the papers fabricated, arc
writing and printing paper, of various qualities, except the largefl
and moll collly, Iheathing and wrapping-paper, paitc-boards, card'?
and fome paper-hangings. Gun-powder is become a great article, and
fcveral mills have been lately eredled for it:i making.

IN' • ufadories in (lone, clay, and foifils, are bricks, and the different

kinds of marble ; common earthern-ware, grlndlloncs, and millllones

of an inferior fort. Glafs-works are rather backward, but pot and

pearl-allies make a good progrcl's. 'I'in-wares are well executed for

various domellic utenills, &cc. Copper is raanufadurcd for diflillers,

brewers, fugar-rcfiacrs, and other purpoles. Brafs is wrought for the

furniture of houfcs and cariiages, cabin lloves, and various inflrumcnta.

Pewter fails for diilillers Avorms, plates, bafons, &.c. Silver plate,

an fpoons and tea-talile articles, i-; very common, alfo buckles and other

.finall aitlclcs. Gold and ornamental toys are yet of fmall account.

Watclics are molUy imported ; thofe made here, are conftru6led in pat

■from foreign materials. Sugar refineries, and diltilleries of molafles, and

various preparations of tobacco, employ many hands. Lead is worked

into ball and ihot, Iheets, and door and window weights, &c. and at

Philadelphia there has been lately ellablilhed a foundery for making

.types for printing. This concern was carried on to fome extent, although

furely not w ith great profit, for, notwithllandiug lead being got from

the mines in Pennfylvania, as well as uom tlie famous lead mines on

James River, Virginia, yet the proprietors mull labour under a very

,great dil'advantage from the high wages they pay their workmen,

"which is, in general, triple, and, in fome inilanccs, four times wliat i«

.given in Europe. Eut tliis is not the only difHculty attending infant

3nanufa6"tures in this country, for in fa6t the natural confequence is,

that fo loon as thefe very workmen who are thus exorbitantly hired,

ifind thcmfclves enabled, they jn^mediately defert the manufatluring

employment, retire into the back fettlementi, and there purchafe land,

Avhere they can derive the fullell and furell return of their money.

Thus the manufafturer is forlaken, his work in a manner llopt for the

.time, and is obliged to engage other hands, and thefe almofl at any

jjrice. This, however, may ferve tQ illullrate the uncertainty, and the

great many difadvantages that infeparably attend the ellablilhing ma-

aiufaftures in America.

The other particular manufaftures of Pennfylvania have greatly im-
proved of late years and Hill increafe. But with regard to the more
important and valuable manufaftories of woolJcn, cotton, and linen, it
is prefumed enough has already been laid on that head, to convince the
intelligent reader, that not only this, but the whole of the United
.States, muft for years to come remain dependent vpon Great Britain.

The commerce of Pcnufyivania with the ealtern and louthern itaies,
iss pii; cipally an exchange, or barter of llaple commodities. Wheat-
ilour ard bar-iron are exported to New Knglaaid for whale-oil and

PENNSYLVAN/AV 2jjl

Hne, fpermaceti, fcal-(klns, raackarcl, cod fi^i, and falmon, Rhrxlc
liknd and Conne<5licut cheefe; to South Carolina and Georgia for live-
oak cedar, cotton, rice, and indip[o ; to Nortli Carolina for tar, pitth,
turpentine, and lumht-r. IMuch of tlie trade with the fouthern Ihtcs
arifes from the luperioiity of Pcnnfylvania in her manufadures and
t ommerce. Great quantities of deer-fkius, with thofc of otters, racoons,
foves, mufk-rats, and beavers, are impfMtcd from the hack country.
Virginia fends a great deal of wheat, aad unmanufatflured tobacco. In
return, flie receives furniture, farming utenlil;;, cquipaj^e, fome Eafl:
India goods, F,uropcan articles of clothing, and even Well India pro-
d^ice •, of all thcfc, more or Icfs, acc(vdli>g to the local^ improvement
and lituation. Hatts, faddltry, fhocs, Windfor-chairs, carriages,
hewn (lones, iron cartings for domeftic ufe, wheel-tire, fpades, hoes,
itxes, paper, books, tin-unre, and l-ru{lics, conllitutc a great propor-
tion of the exports to the fouthward.

Numerous droves of lean cattle come from the we Rem parts of thefe
flates where they have a wide range, but want meadow. Virginia
fends of late a confidei-ablc deal of coal, fome lead, and peach brnndy.
This liquor alfo comes from Maryland ; but from both in quantity-
very fmall, confiderlng its value, and the facility of raiihig the fruit.
The eaflern (liore of Maryland fends to Philadelphia conliderable quan-
tities of wheat and Indian corn : from the wellern comes the kitefoot,
tobacco. 'I'his Hate has alfo fome trade with the fouth of Pennfylva-
nia, by the way of Chelapeak Bay : fome parts of it receive the fame
commodities as Virginia, efpecially pleafuve carriages.

The trade with New York depends chiefly on the Hucluatlon of the
market : American and foreign goods, of the lame kinds, are carried
l>etwcen the two capital cities. New York and Philadelphia, as their
prices fall and rife. Albany pejis and craw-filh arc, however, articles
m regular demand from New York. Great part of New Jerfcy and
Delaware State have, as neigkbours, much intercourfe with Ptnnfyl-
vanla. The firfl: fupports, in a great meafare, the market of Philadel-
jjhla, furniihes rye-meal, much Indian corn and lumber, and fome iron
bloomery : the other fends great quantities of excellent flour from the
mills of Brandywine, lumber from the diflrift on the bay, and fat cattle
from the paltures adjoining Delawarf^ Many of thcfe, and of thofc
fattened in the vicinity of Philadelphia, are brought from the fouth :
and alfo from the countries on the North and Connedlcut rivers, asl\:r
as Vermont and MalTachufetts.

The commerce of Pcnnfylvania, in the wefl;, is by the Ohio witii
the Spanifli, and by the lakes with the Britifli dominions ; and both
ways with the Indian tribes. This trade will probably be confiderablcj
fince commercial iHpulatlons are formed with thofe powers, and peace
is concluded with the Indians. At prefent nearly the whole foreign
commerce is carried on by the port of Philadelphia. Its diflnnce from
the fea, and its clofing by ice in the winter, aie to be fure dlfadvan-
tages J but the firit is leflened by improved piloting \ the other by the
conllrudlion of the piers below, and by the occalional thaws which
i>ermlt veffcls to clear their wav durlngr the winter.

Philadelphia is, in a commercial view, the capital of all the country
around the Delaware. It is alfo, by its refources, by the peculiar im-
provements of Pcnnfylvania, ar.d by its central fituation, an emporium.

2?2

PHTNNSYLVANIA.

of the United States. Its market is, therefore, at all times, fiockevl uiih
American, European, and, of late, Eail India produ6ts. This accounts
for the great amount of exports from Philadelphia, which, at prcfent
are at leaft one-fourth of the total exports of the whole United States.

The importation, both for the confumption of Pennfylvania, and ol'
the diftricls fuiiplied from Philadelphia, is very great : common and
fine noollcn, cotton and linen cloths of Briliih manufafturc, are im-
ported and ufed here to a great amount j as alfo Svvedilh iron, and
Rultian hemp is imported; and Englilh hardware is alfo in great demand.

Manners and Charactf.p., ike. — The inliabitants of Pennfylvania
who may be upwards of 450,000 in number, are principally dc-
fcendants of EngliOi, Iriih, and Germans, with feme Scots, Weill!
Swedes, and a few Dutch. There are alfo many of the Iriih and Ger-
mans, wlio emigrated when young or middle aged. The Friends and
Epifcopalians are chiefly of the Engliih extradion, and compofe about
one-third of the inhabitants. 'J'hey live principally in the city of Phi-
ladelphia, and in tlie counties of Cheller, Philadelpliia, Bu'-ks, and
Montgomery. The Iriih and dcfcendants of Irifli, are chicily fettled
in the wellern and frontier counties j a large proportion of them are
Preibyterians and Roman Catholics.

The Germans compofe about one fourth of the inhabitants of Penn-
fylvania. They are moll numerous in the north part of the city r.F
Philadelphia, and in the counties of Philadelphia, Montgomery, Bucks,
Dauphin, Laucaller, York, and Northampton ; chieay in the four
lall : but are fprcading in other parts. I'hcy confiit of Lutlierar. ,
who are the moil: numerous feci, Calvinills or Reformed Church, IVIo-
ravians, Catholics, Mennonills, Tunkers or Dunkers, and Zwingfel-
ters, who are a fpecies of Ciuakefs. Thefe are all dillinguiilied for
their temperance, indullry, and economy.

The Germans have ufually about a fourth of the members in the af-
fembly ; and ft me of them have avifen to the Hril; honours in the Hate,
and no'.v fill a number of the liigher otiices.

Peunfylva^aa is indebted to the Germans for improvements in aorl-
culture; but their impcrfctl knowledge of the iLngliih language makes
them deticient in literature and politics. This dlfadvantage is, how-
ever, greatly diminilhing. ♦

The Baptilb, except the Mennonifl; and Tunker-baptills, who are
Gerniaus, are chltHy the defcendants of emigrants from Wales, and
are not numerous.

The original Swedes came in the year 1638, as a colony, under tlr.
government and protecHun of Svvcden. Their poiTefllons extended on
*hc wellern fiiore of Delaware, fiom the capes up to the falls of Trcii-
ton, 30 miles beyond the l:te of Philadelphia, and inland towards Sul-
quehannah. They had a regular, civil, and military eftabliihment,
which was founded on wife and good principles. It was earneltly en-
joined, to make fair purchaftr. from the Indians, as the juit owners of
the land, and to treat them with all manner of kindnefs j to fupport
religion and good manners j to explore and cultivate valuable mate-
rials for agriculture, manufadlures, and c 'mmcrce. A few bad cha-
raders came out with the firft emigrants j but, by a fubfcquent edid,
perfons of that defcription were llriftly rellrained. I'he I'mall colony
was in a thriving {♦.ate, until the 4ilj?utc with the l^utch, v,ho were

>ENNSTU'ANJA. 7^^

already eftabllflied in New York, and who pretended a prior claim to
the Dclaivare. Unfupported by a diliani mother-coiiu'.r l en tirroived
in war with five principal powers of Europe, it was conquered in the
year 1654, and afterwards became, with the other iJutch {.oflenicjis in
North America, part of the Britifli dominions. Sweden has hitherto
furnifhed the defcendants of the colony v\ah '.niflioiiarit!>, Their lan-
guage is now nearly extinft. Very few Sv.edilh emigrants have come
iince the firrt colony. This people have uniformly had, hov.ever, the
charafter of probity, mildnefs, and hoi'uitality j but have been carclefs
of their lands and interelK

The charader of che Pennfylvanians is naturally diverged by difTe-
rence of cxtrattion, various dc^jrecs of education, and of opulence.
The moil leading f;;atures are indullry, enterpiize, and frugality. Ex-
travagance, however, is creeping into fociety, efpecially in the capital
and large towns. 1 hi caufes a greater confumption of foreign luxu-
ries, which would perhaps lie otherwise uniinown. Emigrants, when
eollefted together in neighbourhoods, retain much of the manners of
their native countries ; but in other cafes, thej generally affimilate to
the manners of the ftate. Their enterpriling charadcr leads thera fre-
quently to over-trading, and produces ruinous confequences, but thefe
are at prefcnt more rare than formerly.

Religious liberty has always been on a more refpeftable eflabliihment
in Pcnnfylvania than in the other parts of America. However, even
here it was imperfed until the late revolution j for Roman Catholics
and Jews were excluded from a fliare in the government. The latter
continued under this difadvantage, until the nt w conltitution gave them,
and all people indifcriminately, unlimited libejrty of confcicnce, witli
capacity for all civil rights and piivilegcs.

Literary, Humane, and other. Socjeties.— Thefe are more nume-
rous and riouriihing in Pcnnfylvania, than in any other ilate. Thoir
deiigns are calculated for the beft purpofes, and their adions are bene-
volent.

At Philadelphia is held the American philofophical fociety, for pro-
moting ufeful knowledgv. II11S fociety was i'ormed in 1769, b> the
union of two other literary focieties that had fubfifted for fome time in
Philadelphia j and were created one body corporate and politic, with
fuch powers, privileges, and immunities as are neceffary for anfwering
the valuable purpofes which the fociety had originally in view, bv a
charter granted by tlie commonwealth of Pcnnfylvania in 1780.

This fociety confiils of nearly 500 members j a large proportion of
whom are foreigners of the firil diftindlion in Europe. Formerly, mem-
Ijerlhip was lavidied very profufelyj but at prefcnt more difcrimlnatiua
is obferved.

A fociety for promoting political inquiries., was inftituted in 1787 j
as was alfo a college of Phyficians, for the promotion of medical)
anatomical, and chemical knowledge, which was incorporated by atSt
ofaffcmbly, March, 1789.

_ The Pcnnfylvania hofpital, is a humane inftitution j it was firft me-
ditated in 1750, and carried into efFeft jy means of a liberal fubfcrin-
*J0"»^and by the ainftance of the afifembly. This hofpital is under tlie

a
d

ireaion of managers, chofen annually, and is vifited every year by
oramittce of the aflembly. I'he account-; of the managers are fubmittc

2^4 PENNSYLVANIA.

to the infpeftion of tlie legidature. Six phyficians attend gratis, by
rotation. Tins hofpital is the general receptacle of lunatics and mad-
men, and of thofe affefted with other diforders, and unable to fupport
themfelves. Here they are humanely treated and very well provided
for.

A Philadelphia difpcnfary, for the medical relief of the poor, was
eftabliflied in 1786, and Is fupported by certain annual fubfcrlptions of
each perfon. It Is under the direction of 12 managers and fix phyfi.
clans, all of whom attend gratis. This Inftitution exhibits an applies-
tion of fomething like the mechanical powers, to the purpofes of humani-
ty. The greateft quantity of good is frequently produced this way,
with the lead money. Here the poor are taken care of in their own
houfes, and provide every thing for thenifelves, except medicines, cor-
dial drinks, &:c.

The Pennfylvania fociety for promoting the abolition of flavery, and
the relief of free negroes unlawfully held In bondage, was begun in
1774, and enlarged In 1787. The officers of this fdclety confill of a
prelident, two vlce-prefidcnts, two fccretarlcs, a treafurer, fourcoun-
fellors, an eleftlngand afting committee, all pi whom, except the laft,
arc chofen annually by ballot. The fociety meet quarterly, and eacii
member contributes annually his proportion towards defraying its con-
tingent expences.

The legiilature of this ftate have favoured the humane defigns of
this fociety, by " sn a^ for the gradual abolition of flavery," paffed
on the firft of March, 1780, wherein, among other things, It Is or-
dained, that no perfon born within the ftate after pafTing of the aft,
lliall be confidered as a feryant for life j and all perpetual flavery Is by
this a6l forever aboliflied. The a6l provides, that thofe who would,
in cafe this aft had not been made, have been born fervants or flaves,
fhall be deemed fuch, till they ftiall attain to the age of 28 years ; but
they are to be treated In all refpedts as fervants, bound by indenture,
for a term of years.

Some years ago, the fociety extended its original plan to Improving
the condition of free negroes. A committee conducts this bufinefs, ot
•which the four great parts are, to proteft them from wrongs, to InfpeCt
their manners, to procure them employment, and to educate their chil-
dren : for this lart purpofe, particular fchools are kept.

The fociety for alleviating the miferles of prifons, has affefted an
admirable reform In the gaol of Philadelphia. It is become a regular
workhoufe, with fome cells for the occafional correftlon of the refrac-
tory. The clergy preach there at convenient times, and the prlfoners
and are fo favoured, that they h^ve It In their power to procure a dimi-
nution of the term of their confinement by a good behaviour.

The fociety of united brethren for propagating the gofpel among the
heathens, Inftltuted In 1787, meet ftatedly at Bcthelem, An ad in-
corporating this fociety, and invefting It with all neceflary powers and
privileges for accompliflilng Its pious defigns, was paffed by the leglilar
ture of the ftate, in 1788. They can hold lands, houfes, &c. to the
annual amount of 2000 pounds.

Thefe pious brethren, commonly called Moravians, began a miflion
among the Mahikan, Wampano, Delaware, Shawanoe, Nantikok,
and other Indians, about 50 y.;ars ago, and were fo futcefsit^l^s to^dd

PENNSYLVANIA. ^55

more than lOCO fouls to the ChrilHan church by baptifm. Six hundred
of thefe have died in the Chrillian faith 5 fome ftill live with the mif-
fionarles near Lake Erie, and the reft are either dead or apoftates in
the wildernefs.

The Pennfylvania fociety for the encouragement ot manutattures and
ufeful arts, inftituted in 1787, is open for the reception of every citi-
zen in the United States, who will fulfil the enj^rngements of a member
of the fame. This fociety is under the dire£lion of a prefident, four
vice-prefidcnts, and 1 2 managers, befides fubordinate odicers. Each
member, on his adraifTion, pays fo much into the general fund ; and fo
on annually, till he Ihall ceafe to be a member.

Befides thefe, there are in Philadelphia two refpeitable^ infurance
companies j a humane fociety, for the recovering and reftoring to life
the bodies of drowned perfons, inftituted in 1770, under the direction
of managers •, alfo, an agricultural fociety j a marine fociety, conlift-
ing of captains of veffels j a charitable fociety for the fupport of widows
and families of pre fbyterian clergymen j and St. George's, and St. An-
drew's charitable focieties.

College, Academies, and Schools. — Notwkhftanding the enter-
prizing and literary fpirit of the Pennfylvanians, it would not appear
that they have yet arrived at any great proficiency in literature.

The univerfity of Pennfylvania, founded and endowed by the legif-
lature during the late war, was lately united with the college rf Phila-
delphia, by the agreement of the truftees on both lides, and with the
fanftion of the government. This college was founded by charter, and
is eftablifhed in Philadelphia. Additional public favour would render
this inftltution ftill more refpeclablej certain fcienccs, fuch as political
economy, American jurifprudence, natural hiftory, &c. being much ne-
gledled. In the laft, indeed, there is a profeflbrftiip, but without a
falary.

Dickinfon College, at Carlifle, in the weftern part of the ftate, was
founded in 1783, and has a principal, three profeffors, a philofophical
apparatus, a tolerable library, about 4000 pounds in funded certificates,
and 10,000 acres of land •, the laft, a donation of the ftate. The num-
ber of ftudents attending this college is but trifling. It took its name
after John Dickinfon, author of the Pennfylvania Farmer's Letters,
and formerly prefident of the fupreme executive council of this ftate.

In 1786, a college was founded at Lancafter, and honoured with
the name of Franklin College, after Dr. Franklin. This college Is for
the Germans j in which they may educate their youth in their own
language, and in conformity to their own habits. The Englifli, lan-
guage, however, is taught in it. Its endowments are nearly the fame as
thofe of Dickinfon College. Its truftees confitl of an equal number of
Lutherans, Preftiyterians, and Calvinifts, German and Engllfti.

At Yorktown, in York County, the Epifcopallans have an aca-
demy, and at Germantown, Pittfburg, Wafhington, Allcn's-town,
and other places, arc alfo academies, which are endowed by donations
from the Icgiflature, and by liberal contributions of individuals.

The fchools for young men and women in Bethlehem and Nazareth,

under the direftion of the people called Moravians, are upon the beft

eftablilhment of any fchools in America. Befides thefe, there are nu-

, mcrous^ivatc fcUoois in difTcrcnt parts of the ftiiie ) and, to prornoic

^ Kklj

2^ PENNSYLVAKIA.

the education of poor children, the legiflaturc has appropriated a ki'^e
traft of land for the ellablifhent of free fchools.

Chief Towns. — The city of Philadelphia, capital of the ftate of
Pennfylvania, and till now, the feat of government of the United States
of America, lies in latitude 39*^ 57' north, and lonjritude 75° 8' weft
from the meridian of London, upon the weftcrn bank of the river De-
laware, which is here but a mile in breadth, about 120 miles from the
Atlantic Ocean, by the courfe of the bay and river, and about 35 or
60 miles from the fea, m a fouth-eallward direction.

It was laid out by William Penn, the firft proprietary and founder
of the province, in the year 1683, and fettled by a colony from Eng-
land, which arrived in that and the preceding years-, and was increafed
by a conftant and regular indux of foreigners, to fo great a degree,
that in lefs than a century, and within the life-time of the firll perfon
born within It of European parents, it was computed to contain 6000
houfes and 40,000 inhabitants in the city and fuburbs.

The ground plot of the city is an oblong fquare, about one mile
north and fouth, and two miles eaft and weft, lying in the narroweft
part of th> illhmus between the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers, about
five rniles m a right line above their confluence. The plain is fo nearly
level, except upon the bank of the Delaware, that common feweri
and water courfes in many places were ncceffary to be made in order
to drain the ftreets. In the beginning of this fettlement it was ex-
pefted that the fronts on both rivers would be firll improved for the
convenience of trade and navigation, and that the buildings would
extend gradually in the rear of each, until they would meet and form
one town, extending from eaft to weft j but experience foon convinced
the fettlers, that the Delaware front was alone fufficient for quays and
landing-places, and that the Schuylkill lay at too great a dlUance tj
form part of the to^.n on its banks j whence it followed that the
town increafed northv;ard and fouthward of the original plot, on the
Delaware front, and now occupies a fpace of near three miles in length,
north and fouth, while the buildings in the middle, where they are
moft extended, do not reach a mile from the Delaware.

The city has been twice incorporated, and the limits thereof re-
trained to the oblong, originally laid out, without including the north-
ern or fouthern fuburbs. This plot is interfered by a number of
lircets at right angles with each other, nine of which run call and well
from Delaware to Schuylkill, and 23 north and fouth, croffing the firlt
at right angles, forming 184 fquarcs of lots for buildings. The ftreets
running ealt and weft arc named, exi;ept High-ftreet, near the middle
of the city, from the trees found in the country upon the arrival of the
colony ; fuch as Vine, Saflafras, Mulberry, High, Chefnut, Walnut,
Spruce, Pine, and Cedar ftreets 1 and thofe running north and fouth,
from their numeral order. Front, Second, Third, Fourth, &c. to
Broad-ftrcet, which is midway between the two rivers. Thefe ftreets,
for the fake of exa£lnefs, have tlie Delaware or Schuylkill prefixed to
their numeral names, to diftlnguifti which they belong to ; as Delaware
Second-ftreet, &e. but, as there are very few buildings wellward of
Brcad-ftreet, this addition is feldom made.

Of thefe, High-ftreet, Broad-ftreet. and Mulberry, are the largeft
and broadert j all the other ftreets admitting only of a decent palTage.

pinnsylvAnia. • *57

Within the improved parts of the city, they are paved, with pebble-
flones in the middle, and on each fide with bricks ; between the brick
and ftone pavements, are gutters, to carry off the water j and the foot-
ways are defended from the approach of carriages, by rows of polls
placed without the gutters, at a regular dillance.

Beildes the above ftreets, there are many others not originally laid
down in the plot, the moil public of which are Water-ftreet and Dock-
ftreet. Water-ftreet, in the original plan, was intended only for a
cart-way, to accommodate the wharves and Ilores to be eretSled under
the bank, and not to rife more than four feet above it, fo as to leave
the river open to the view from the weft fide of Front-ftreet j but the
inhabitants, convinced that the grovmd, on both ftreets, was too valuable
to be kept unimproved, marely for the fake of a profpe6t, built it ia
with lofty houfes, except a very few lanes here and there, throughout
the whole front on both lides, and commodious wharves are now ex-
tended into the river, at which the largeft ftiips, that ufe the port, caa
lie in fafety to deliver and receive their cargoes j and are defended
from the ice, in winter, by piers made of ftrong logs, extending inti>
the river.

The ground occupied by Dock-ftreet, and by an openfpnce between
it and Spruce-ftreet, below the bridge, was formerly a fwamp, and
was given over to the corporation, for the ufe of the city. It was once
intended as a place to dig a bafon and docks to fhelter the (hipping j
but being fatisfied that ftiips were already defended from the ice by the
piers extended into the river, and that the dock could not be kept
clean, but at an expence far beyond its utility, it was negledted till it
became a perfedt nuifance, and was, by act of affembly, ordered to be
arched over and covered vvith earth, whereby the city acquired a beau-
tiful ftrcet, more than loo feet in breadth towards the water, and not
lefs than 90 in the narroweft part.

Tiie remainder ftreets, lanes, and alleys are here very numerous,
and, generally, laid out with tafte and for accommodation, there be-
ing fcarcely a fquare that is not interfered by one or more of them*, fom?
of them, continued in a right line through feveral fquares, and fo fpa-
cious as to be eafily miftaken for main Itreets j others only through one
fquare.

The common council of this city vonfifts of t^^o branches •, aldermen
and common councllmen. The former are chcfen by the freeeholdtrs,
^^nd the latter by the citizens at large, who are entitled to vote for
reprefentatives in affembly. Eight aldermen and 16 common council-
men form a quorum or board, to tranfadt bufinefs, at which th2 :nayor
or recorder prefidcs •, they fit and confult together, hv. no &&. is L'r;ai
unlefs a majority of the aldermen, a majority of the coi.imon council-
men prefent, and the mayor or recorder concur.

A city-court is held by the mayor, recorder, and aldermen four
times a year, and has cognizance of all crimes and mifdemeanours com-
mitted within the city, and a court of aldermen for fro all debts is alfo
held here every week.

The houfes for public worfhip, in this city, are numerous, and confift
of five for the Friends or Quakers, fix for Preft)yterians and oeceders,
three for Epifcopalians, two for German Lutherans.^ one for German
Calvinifts, three for Catholics, one fur SAvedifti Lutherans, one hv

Ij8 FtNNSYLVAKlA.

Moravians, one for Baptifts, one for the Univerfal Baptifts, two tot
the Methodifts, one for the Jews, one for the Univcrfalifts, and one
for the Africans j this laft was built by the fubfcription of thofe citizens
who confidered a feparate houfe of worlhip beneficial to this race.
Clerorymcn of various profeffions preach in it, as well as regular
teachers of tlieir own colour. The German church, which was unfor-
tunately burnt in the year 1795, but which has fince been rebuilt,
contains a large organ, and is, perhaps, one of the moil elegant churches
in America.

The other public buildings in this city, befides the univerfity and
college already mentioned, are, a ftate-houfe and offices, two city
court houfes, a county court-houfe, the philofophical fociety's hall, a
difpenfary, an hofpital and offices, an alms-houfc, three incorporated
banks, two dramatic theatres, a public library, medical theatre and
laboratory, three market-houfcs, a fifli-market, a public gaol, a houfe
of correction, &c.

The ftate-houfe in Chefnut-ftreet, was erefted as early as 1735,
within 53 years after the firft European cabin was built in Pennfylva-
nia. Its architedure is, in this refpeft, juilly admired. The Hate-
houfe yard is a neat, elegant, and fpacious public walk, ornamented
with rows of trees j but a high brick wall, which enclofes it, limits
the profpeft.

South of the ftate-houfe is the public gaol, built of ftone. It has a
ground half ftory, and two ftories above it. Every apartment is
arched with ftone, againft fire and force. It is a hollow fquare, 100
feet in front, and is the neateft and moft fecure building of the kind
in America. To the gaol is annexed a work-houfe, with yards to each,
to feparate the fexes, and criminals from the debtors. There have
lately been added apartments in the yards for folitary confinement of
criminals, according to the new penal code.

The city is provided with a number of public and private charitable
inftitutions ; among which is, the houfe of employment, a large com-
modious building, where the poor of the city, and fome adjoining
townftiips, are fuppo'rted and kept at work, to aid in defraying their
expences, under the care of the overfeers and guardians of the poor,
who are a corporate body, created for the purpofe by aft of affembly,
with power to lay taxes for its further fupport.

The Quakers alms-houfc is fupported by that fociety, for the ufe at
its own poor 5 it is di^ ided into a number of feparate houfes and roon>s
for families or fingle perfons who have fallen into decay. Moft of
them contribute, by t'r. ir induftry, towards their own fupport ; but
are fupplied with whatever their induftry falls ftiort of procuring, by a
committee of the fociety i and live almoft as comfortably as thofc, who,
in full health, and unhurt b •/ accident, provide for their own fubfiftence.
There is a confiderable garden belonging to this houfe, from which the
city is fuppiied, at very ra Jt rate prices, with almoil every kind of
medicinal herbs common to the climate.

Seminaries of les *ng are eftablilhed here upon liberal principles,
of which the princij u\ is the univerfity of Pennfylvania.

Almoft every religious fociety has one or more fchools under its im-
mediate diieciion, for the education of its own youth of both fexes, as
well of the rich, who are able to pay, as of the poor, who are taught

PENNSYLVANIA. 259

and provided with book* and ftationary gratis ; befidci which, there
are a number of private fchools under the direaion of mailers and
miftrelTes, independent of any public body j and there arc feveral pn-^
vate academies for the inaruaion of young ladies in all the branches of
polite literature fuitable to the fex.

The public library of Philadelphia is a ufeful inftitution : it contains
nearly lOjOoo volumes, well felccled, for the information and improve-
ment of all ranks of the citizens. T!i(^y are depofited in an ele;;ant
building lately erefted, in a modern ftyle j and are accefTihle every
lawful day. To this library an addition has been made, by incorpo-
rating it with another valuable collefiion. The company confiils of
f. me hundreds of proprietors, incorporated by charter, who^ pay fo
much annually for the purchai> of new books and defraying inciden-
tal expences. In front of the building belonging to the library
company of Philadelphia, liands, in a niche over the door, a hand-
fome ftatue of Dr. Franklin, of white marble, about feven feet high,
executed in Italy.

The environs of Philadelphia, between the two rivers, are finely
cultivated. In the northern arc Kenfington, near the fuburbs on Dela-
ware, noted for fliip-building •, Germantown, a populous, neat village,
with two German churches j and Frankfort, another pretty village j
both within feven miles j befides many country feats. In the fouth is
Derby, a (mall, pleafant borough, above feven miles diftant j and, on
Schuylkill, four miles from the city, is a botanical garden •, and in the
weft, on the fame river, 18 acres of ground have been lately laid out
and deftined for a public one.

Few cities, perhaps, can boaft of more ufeful improvements and
rapid advancement than that of Philadelphia. In her population (lie
is increafing, in her agriculture Ihe is tlourifliing, in her commerce fhe
is thriving, in her manufaftures (he is improving, and in her external
trade (he is equalled by no city in the union.

Lancafter. — This borough is the largeft inland town in the United
States. It is the feat of jultice in Lancafter County, and ftands on
Coneftoga Crpek, 58 miles, as the new turnpike-road now '•uns, a little
north-weft from Philadelphia. Its trade is already great, and muft
increafe, in proportion as the furrounding country populates. It con-
tains about 800 houfes, and near 6000 people.

Carlifte is the feat of juftice in Cumberland County, and Is 120 miles
weftward, with one-fourth of a degree north of Philadelphia. It con-
tains about 1800 inhabitants, has more than 300 ftone houfes, three
churches, a court-houfe, and a college. Forty years ago this fpot was
a perfeft wildernefs, and inhabited only by Indians and wild beads.

Pittlburg, on the weft fide of the Allegany mountains, 320 miles
weftward of Philadelphia, is beauufully fituated on a large plain, which
is the point of land between the Allegany and Monongahela rivers,
and about a quarter of a mile above their confluence, in latitude 40*
26' north. It contains upwards of 200 houfes, ftores, and (hops, and
near 1000 inhabitants. Tl furrounding country is very hilly, but
good land, and well ftored ith excellent coal. The rivers abound
with line fifti, fuch as pike, perch, cat-fi(h, and others of uncertain
names. This town is qutte a thouroughfare for the travellers from
the eaftcrn and middle ftates, to the fettlcmeats on the Ohio.

s.6o

MKNSTLVANIA.

Suubury, the county town of Northumberland County, is fitutted
on the eal\ lidc of Sufquchannah River, juft below the junftion of tlit
call and wcil branches, in about latitude 40" 5a', and about 120 miles
Borth-wcft from Philadelphia. It contains about 100 houfes, and a
proportional number of inhabitants.

Kethlehem is fituated on the river Lehigh, a weftern branch of the
Delaware, ^^ miles north of Philadelphia, in latitude 40** 37'. The
town being built partly on high, riling ground, and partly on the lower
banks of the Monocacy, has a very pleafant and healthy fituation, and
is frequently vifltcd in the fummer feafon by perfons from different
parts. The profped is not extcafive, being bounded very near by the
chain of the Lehigh hills. To the northward is a trad of land called
tlie dry lands.

The greatei part of the inhabitants of this town, as well as the peo-
ple in the neighbourhood, being of German extra£lion, that languane
is more in ufe than the Englilh. The latter, hoAvever, is taught in
al] the fchools, and divine lervice performed in both languages.

This town is laid out greatly for the prefervation of the young gene-
ration. It contains, in particular, two houfes, the one ityled, " the
fingle brethren's or young men's houfe," the other, " the iingle filler's
or young women^ houfe." The purpofes of thefe inftitutions are for
to receive and take In tradefmen and others in the middle ranks of life,
where they are boarded at a moderate rate, and taught their feveral
intended profellions. Each houle has its own cuftoms and privileges,
is inrtrucltd by their own kx, and great care taken of the part of reli-
gion towards the youths. BeliJr s thefe, there are common boarding
fchools on the ufual footing.

Nazareth is 10 miles north from Bethlehem, and 63 north from
Philadelphia. It is a traiSl of good land, containing about ^000 acres,
purchafed in 1740, and fold two years after to the brethren. The
Jargell building in this town is a (tone houfe, creeled in 1755, named
Nazareth i. ail. In the loweft Itory is a fpacious meeting hall or church.
The upper part of the houfe is chiefly fitted for a boarding fchool, where
youth, from different parts, are under the care and infpeftion of the
juiniller of the place and feveral tutors j and are inftrudedin the Eng-
liih, German, elements of the Latin and French languages j book-
keeping, furveylng, and other praftical knowledge. Another good
building, on the eail fide of Nazareth-hall, is inhabited by fingle fif-

regulation

and mode of living as thofe

ters, who have the fame
."Bethlehem.

LItiz is in Lancafter County, and Warwick Townlhip, eight miles
from Lancafter, and 70 miles wed of Philadelphia. This fettlcment
■was begun in tlie year 1757. There are now, befides an elegant church,
and the houfes ot the fingle brethr^ and firters, which form a large
Iquare, a number of houfes for private families, with a ftore and tavern,
all in one ftreet. There is alfo a good farm and feveral mill works be-
longing to the place. The three lall mentioned towns are fettled
chiedy by Moravians, or the United Brethren.

Reading, the capital of Berks County, is diflant about 60 miles
north-welt of Philadelphia, in latitude 40'^ 42'. It is a flouriihing
Iowa, chiefly inhabited by Germans. An elegant Lutheran chuich
was cre£led in 1793. In its vicinity are ten fulling mills, and fcvcxs^l

tENNSYLVANlA.

26/

iron works : ?n the whole county of Berks arc five furnaces, and a-;
many forges.

Yorktown, diftant nearly 88 miles weft, 40' fout!. from Philadel-
phia, is probably next to Lancalter ii» importance. It is inhabited
chieriy by Germans. The Lutherans and CalviniCts have each achiuch,
of which the former is faid to be elegant.

Harrifbutg, as it is commonly called, but properly ftyled Louifbur;;,

is the principal town in Dauphin County, is a very flourllhing placi-,

about 100 miles weft by north from Philadelphia. It contained in

1789, 130 dwelling houfes, a Ilonc gaol, and a German church, when

at that period it had only been fettled about three years.

Walhington, 300 miles weft of Philadclpliia, and beyond tlic Ohio,
has been fettled fince the war, and is remarkable for the number and
variety of its manufadures, for fo young and interior a tow.i.

CuRious SpRiNGi.— In the neighbourhood of Reading is a fpring
about 14 feet deep, and about lOO feet fquare. A full mill-itrcam
ilTues from it. The waters are clear and full of fifties. From appear-
ances, it is probable that this fpring is the outlet of a very coniiderabic
river, which in A mile and an half or two miles above this place, finks
into the earth, and is conveyed to this outlet in 4 fubterrancan channel.

In the northern parts of Pennfylvania there is a creek called Oil
Creek, which empties into the Allegany River. It iflues from 4
fpring, on the top of which floats an oil, limilar to that called Barba;
does tar j and from which one man may rather feveral gallons in a day.
The troops fent to guard the weftern pons, halted Ht this fpring, col-
lefted fome of the oil, and. bathed their joints with it. This, they
faid, gave them great relief from the rheumatic complaints with which
they were aftiifted.

Curious Caves and Antiquities. — There are three remarkable grot-
tos or caves in this ftate j one near Carlifte, in Cumberland County j one
in the townftiip of Durham, in Bucks County, and the other at Swetara,
in Lancafter County. The latter is on the eaft bank of Swetara River
about two miles above its confluence with the Sufquehannah. Its
aperture is under a pretty high bank, and from 15 to 20 feet wide,
and from feven to ten in height. Its entrance is by a gradual defcent,
fo low as that the furface of the river is rather higher than the bottom
of the cave, and in going through is a number of palfages and apart-
ments of various dinienfions, fome low and narrow, others very hliJ^li
and fpacious, vaulted by magnilicent canopies, fretted with a variety
of depending petrifatHons, fome of which are drawn to a great lenotii
by ineans of the conftant exudation and accretion of petrifying matter,
till folid pillars have been gradually formed. Thefe appear as fupports
to the roof, which is of folid lime-ftone, perhaps 20 feet thick. Thlvty
years ago there were ien fuch pdlars, each fix inches in diameter, and
iix feet high ; all fo ranged that the place they encloied refembhd a
I'andtuary in a Roman church. The refemblance of feveral monumciits
are found indented in the walls on the fides of the cave, which appear
like the tombs of fo many departed heroes. Sufpended from the roof
is ' the bell,' which is nothing more than a ftone projected in an unuft.,)'
form, fo called from the found it occaiions v,hen ilruc
to that of A bell.

VriilCii llr

umsi.^^

/A* PENNSTLVANIA.

8ome of the flalaflitcs are of a colour Ukr fugar candy, jind otheri
refemblc loaf iujrar j but their beauty is much defaced by the fmot of
the torches which arc f equently employed in cor.lufting the curious
through this glrtoray reccfs. The v/:iter which is exudated throuah
the foof, runs down the declivity, an i is both pleafant and wholefome
to drink. 1 here are feveral holes in the bottom of the cave, defcend-
ing perpendicularly, perhaps, into an abyfs below, which renders it
dangerous to walk without a light. At the end of the cave is a pretty
brook, which, after a ihort courfe, lofes itfelf among the rocks. Be- •
yond this brook is an outlet from the cave by a very narrow aperture.
Through this the vapours continually pafs outwards vvith n ftrong cur-
rent of air, and afcend, refembling, at night, the fmoke of a furnace.
Part of thefe vapours and fogs appear, on afcending, to be condenfed
at the head of this great alembic, and the more volatile parts to he
carried off through the aperture communicating with the exterior air
by the force of the air in its paffage.

On a high hill, near the Tyoga River, a little to tl^e fouth\.;!rd of
the line which divides New York from Pennfylvania, ; re to be feen
the ruins of an ancient fortification. The form of it is circular, and it
is encompaffed with the remains of an entrenchment. Of the origin
and purpofes of thefe works the Indians are entirely ignorant. The
hill is an excellent fituation, and commands a delightful view of the
country around it, which is low and fertile. There is a fortification
of a fimilar kind at Unadilla^B' the flat lands, befides others which are
in the weftern c unties.

Constitution. — The fupreme executive powc of the commonwealth
is vefted in a governor ; the legiflative, in a general aflembly, confill-
jng of a fenate and a houfe of reprelentatives. The governor is chofen
for three years, but cannot hold his office more than nine years in
twelve. A plurality of votes makes a choice. ^1ie reprefentatives
are defied for one year-, the fenators for four. The latter are divided
into four clnffes. The time of one clafs expires each year, wliofe feats
are then filled by new cleaions. Each county clioofes i'-<! reprefenta-
tives feparately. The fenators are chofen in ditirias formed by the
legiilature. There is to be an enumeration of the inhabitants once in
Jeven years. Ti.e number of fenators and reprelentatives is, after each
enumeration, to be fixed by the legiflature, and apportioned among the
leveral counties and diftrifls, according to the number of taxable inha-
bitants. There can be neve" fewer than 60, nor more than 100 repre-
fentatives. The number of fenators cannot be lefs than one-fourth, nor
greater than one third of the reprefentatives. The elcftions are made
on the fecond Tuefday of Oftober. The general aflembly meets on
the firft Tuefday of December, in each year, unlefs fooner corvened
by the governor. A majority of each houfe nri'.es a quorum to do
bufinefs, and a lefs number may adjourn from dav to day and compel
the attendant' of members. ILach houfe choofes its fpeaker aiid other
officers, judge:, of the qualifications of its members, and ellablilhesthe
rules of its proceedings. Impeachments are made by the houfe of re-
prefentative?5 and tried by the fenate. All bills for raifing revenue
originate in the lower houfe, but the fenate may propofe amendments.
The lenators and reprefentatives are free from arreils, while attending^
)he public bufinefs, except in cafes of treafon, felony, and breach oi

•iM"

PENNSYLVANIA.

263

the pearc •, and are not liable to be queftioned concerning any thln^
I'viid in ijublic debate. Tliey are compenfated out o ihe public ealu-
ry from which no money can be drawn but in conl' 'luence of appro-
bation by law. The journals of both houfes are puuliftied weekly,
ami their doors kept open, unlefs the bufinefs requires fecrecy. All
bills which have puffed both ' oufes.muft be prcfented to the governor.
If he approve he mult fign tlicin, hut if he does not approve he rn..'t
return them within ten days, with his objedions, to the houle in whicli
they originated* No bills fo returned fliall become a law, unlefs it be
repaffed by two-thirds of both houfes. The governor Is commander in
chief of the military fore ; may remit fines and forfeitures, and grant
reprieves and pardons, except ia cafes of impeachment ; may require
information from all executive officers •, may, on extraordinary occa
lions, convene the general afferably, and adjourn it, for any term not
exceeding foUr months, in cafe the two branches cannot agree on the
time themfelves. He muft inform the general affembly of the ftate ot
the commonwealth J recommend fuch meafures as he (hall judge expedi-
ent •, and fee that the laws are faithfully executed. In cafe of vacancy in
the office of governor, the fpeaker of the Icnate fills that office. The
judicial power is veiled in a fupreme and inferior court, the judges of
which, and juftlces of the peace, arc appointed by the governor, and
coniraifTioned during good behaviour j but arc removeable on the ad-
drefs ot both houfes. The other officers of the Hate are appointed,
Ibme by the governor, fome by the general affembly, and fomc by the
people. The qualifications for an ele6lor are 21 vears of age, t.vo
years rcfidence, and payment of taxes. They a ■ privileged from
arrefts In civil aftions, v ale attending eleAions. 'hofe for a repre-
fentative are, 21 years f' age, and three years inuabltancy. For a
fenator, 25 years of age, aad four years Inhabitancy. For a govcrnoi,
30 years of age, and I'even years inhabitancy. The governor can hold
no other office, and the fenators and reprcfcntatives none, bi that of
attorney at law, and in the militia. No peifon, holding an office ot
truft, or profit, under the United States, can hold any office in this
rtate, to which a falary Is by law annexed. All the officers of tht;
ilate are liable to imneachment, and are boui \ by oath, or affirmation,
to fupport the conttii. ^cion, and perform the ti »ics of then offices.

The declaration of rights affcrts the natural freedom and equality ct
allj liberty of confclence J freedom of eledlon, and of the prels j fub-
ordinatlon of the military to the civil powers-, trial by jury j fecurity
from unreafonable fearches and felzuresj a right to an equal dlllrlbu-
tion of juftlce •, to be heard in criminal profecutlons •, to petition for
the redrefs of g' vancesj to bear armsj and to be at liberty to - mi-
grate from the It. e. It declares that all-power isinlierent in the peo-
ple, and that they may, at any time, alter their form of government j
that no perfon fhall be obliged to maintain religious worffilp, or fuppuri
any minillry j that all perfons believing in the being of a God, and a fu-
ture ftaie of rewards and punilhments, are eligible to office j that laws
cannot be fufpended but by the legiilature j that all perfons fhall be
bailable, unlefs for capital offences, when the proof is evident, or ^re-
ii'Tuption itrong^ that every debtor ihrJi be rclcafca from priion, oa
delivering his ertate to his creditors, according' to law, except there
be ftrong prefuiuption of fraud j that the privileges of the v,-.ii oi'

Lllj

2()d rENNSYLVANIA.

habcar (orpti^ fhiill not be fufpcnded but in time of rebellion, Or public
danger; that no ex fiof fafto law (hall be madej that no pcrfon fliall
\v.\ attainted by the legiflature, or forfeit his cftate for longer term than
bis own life; thai no title of nobility, or hereditary diftinclion (liaH
ever be granted.

Among oilier ufeful laws of this ftate, of a public nature, are, one that
declares all rivers and creeks to be open and" free to all — a law for the
emancipation of negroes, already mentioned — a bankrupt law, nearly on
the model of the bankrupt laws of England — a law^ commuting hard
labour for a long term of years, for death, as a punifliment for many
crimes which are mndc capital by the laws of England. Several crimes in
tin-; llatc, of a particular nature, arc however, yet punifhed with death.

Forts, &,c. — On Mud I Hand is a citadel, and a fort not juft com-
pleted. Oppoflte Mud Ifland, on a fand bar, a large pier has been
creftcd, as the foundation for a battery, to make a crofs fire. The
garrifon about to be ereded by the United States, at Prefquc Ifle, will
be upon a very commanding fpot, juft oppofite llie entrance of the
bay. ■ The town commences 30 yards weft of the old^ Britifh fort,
leaving a vacancy of 6oo yards, which will ferve for a military parade
and public walk, and add much to the beauty of the place. The town,
Avhen finilhcd, will extend nearly three miles along the lake and one
mile back.

History. — Pennfylvania was granted by King Charles il. to Mr.
William Penn, the celebrated quaker, Ton of Admiral Penn, in conlide-
ratlon of his fatlier's fervices to the crown. Though as an author and a
divine Mr. Penn may be little known but to thofe of his own perfuafion,
yet his reputation, in a chaf after no lefs refpeftable, will be ever univer-
fal among all civilized nations, and moft juftly preferved in the hiftory of
North America. Many were the difficulties this great man had to en-
counter in the profocution of the talk he had undertaken. If he fatisfied
one party he difplcafed another ; if he fuggefted or made a falutary law, he
^.vas conlldered a; opiKeffive; and, in ftiort, fuch were the difcontents of
the times, that perhaps few men but himfelf would have adcd fo wifely
KS did this Penn. He humbly propofed, attentively llttened to,
and was ever ready to be convinced of adminiftering fuch laws as he
thought could enforce due regularity, and lead to real happincfs. 'ihe
circumilances of the times engaged vaft numbers to follow him into his
now fettlement, to avoid the perfecations to which the Quakers, like
other fcclaries, were then cspofed ; but it was to his own wildom and
irudent manawraent, that they are indebted for that charter of pri-

of all denominations, might not only live unmolefted, but have a
fhare in the government of the colony. No laws could be made hut
Tvith the confent of the inhabitants. Even matteus of benevolence, to
v.'hich the luws of few nations have yet extended, were by this great
man fubjetred to regulations. The affairs of widov.-s and orphans were
to be enquired into, by a court inftituted for that purnnfe. The caules
between man and man were not to be fubjecled to the delay and cht-
canevy of the law, but decided by wife and honeft arbltmtors. His
i^encvulence and gcnerofity extended alfoto the iadLan nations; inllead

FENWTLVANIA.

«?

ot takine immediate advantage of his patent, he purchafed of thcl'e
people the lands he had obtained by his grant, judjjing that the origi-
nal property, and only right was veiled in them. Thefc, and many
others of the like wotthy anions, have marked the condud of this
William Penn, while tlie fruits of them are to this day enjoyed.

In fome years more people tranfported thcmfclvcs into Pennl'ylvania
than in all the other fcttlements together. Upon the principal river*
fettlements arc made, and the country is now cultivated to a great ex-
tent above Philadelphia.

While William Penn was In America, he crefled Philadelphia into
a corporation. The charter was dated October 25, 1701 •, by which the
police of the city was verted in a mayor, recorder, aldermen, and com-
mon council, with power to inquire into trcafons, murders, and other
felonies ; and to inquire into and punilh fmaller crimes. The corpora-
tion had alio extenlive civil jurifdidHon j but it was diflolved at the late
revolution, and Philadelphia was governed like other counties in thfc
ftate, till 1789, when it was again incorporated.

In 1793, Philadelphia was vifited with a levcre fcourgc, the yellow
fever, which raged with uncommon violence for above three monr.hs,
and in that fliort time fvvept off nearly 5000 fouls. The humane cfi'ort*
of a committee of health, appointed by the citizens, were, however,
highly Inrtrumeutal In dimlnilhing the calamity. A few weeks after
this Ihock ceafed, the trade of the city was rellorcd In a manner almoft
incredible to any but eye witnefles, and it avIU readily be believed,
that this influx of trade Itill bears its proportion, at the prefent moment.

The year 1794 was dirtlnguldied by an alarming inlarretVion of the
inhabitants in the weftern counties in this ilatc, the ofl^enfible caufe ot"
■which was " dilcontent with an excife upon whilkey," although the
real cau'e was not then generally known. Much light, however, was
thrown on the affair, which for a time threatened all the calamities of
a civil war,by the communication of a private letter. From this letter,
the infurreclion appears to hixve been a deep laid fcheme to Involve the
country into a downright rebellion. But by the wife, feafisnable, ami
decKive meafures of the fupreme executive, and the other officers of
government, which were warmly fupported by the great body of en-
lightened citizens throughout the United States, this daring Infurredlion
was quelled almoll: without bloodlhed •, tran.-^iuilllty was reftorcd, aiid
the confidence of the people Increafed in the ftability, energy, and.
promptnefs of the federal government.

From the firll: eftablilhmenl, however, of Pennfylvania, a fplrit of
difpute would appear to have prevailed among its Inhabitants. During
the fife time of William Penn, the eonlHtutlon had been three times
altered. After this period, the hillory of Pennl'ylvania is little elle
than the recital of the quarrels between the proprietaries, or their go-
vernors, and the aflem';ly, Avhich is as uniptertaining as they were
produOive of any good conlcquenccs. The proprietaries contended for
the light of exempting their land from taxes •, to which the affemblr
would by no means confent. This fubjeft of dH'pute Interfered in almoft
every que 11 Ion, and prevented the molt falutarylaws from being enabled,
and occalionally fubjetted the people to great inconveniences.

At the revolution, the government was abolilhed. 'i he proprietaries
were abl'ent, and. the people, by their reprefentavlve'^, formed a new

2^6 DELAWARE. '

conftitution on republican principles. The proprietaries were excluded
from all fliare in the government, and the legiflature oiFered them one
hundred and thirty thoufand pounds in lieu of all quit rents, which was
finally arccpted; The proprietaries, however, ftill poflcfs in Pennfyl-
vania many large f rafts of excellent land.

- The conftitution eftablifiicd at the revolution was a fource of party
fpIri^ The chief obj eft ion of thofe who difapproved it, was to a le-
gilUture compofed of one branch. This party was ftyled republicans;
the other, conititutionalifts. Their efforts were inceffantly exerted to
render each oti:er odious, and to frurtrate and thwart the meafures
brought forward by their opponents. The reins of government were
alternately poffeffcd by thefe parties^ according as their refpeftive
laeafures were popular or otherwife. At length the republicans acquit-
ed the afcendancy, and the conftitution underwent an alteration that
placed it nearly on the federal fyftem, which has ever fince been im-
pro" ing. At prefent the ftate of Pennfylvania enjoys a high degree of
prolperity. Her population has greatly increafed. Her commerce
flouriflies. New fettlements are forming and fpreading in various direc-
tions J and in every other refpeft is this ftate rapidly advancing in that
tlue and regular gradation towards perfeftion and happinefs.

DELAWARE.

Situation and Extknt^

Miles.

Length 927 u t S 3^° ^9' 3°" ^^^ 39^ 54' ^' latitude.

Breadth 24 V '^""'"" | Merid. of Philadel. and o^* 40' W. lotigitudCv
Containing 2000 fquare miles, or 1,200,000 acres.

BouNDAMES.— Bounded on the eaft, by the r'.ver and bay of the
fame name, and the Atlantic Ocean ; on the fouth, by a line from
Fenewick's Illand, in latitude 38'' 29' 30", drawn weft till it interfeds
what is commonly called the tangent line, dividing it from the ftate of
Maryland ; on the weft, by the faid tangent line, paffing northward up
the peninfula, till it touclies the weftern part of the territorial circle ;
and thence on the north, by the faid circle, defcribed with a radius of
12 miles about the town of Newcaftle, which divides this ftate from
Pennfylvania.

CiviT. Divisions. — This ftate is divided into three counties, which
arc fubdlvided into hundreds.

Counties. Chief Towns.

Newcaftle ... Newcaftle, Wilmington
Kent and - - - Dover

Suffex , - - Lewes, Milford

RiViJRs AND Creeks. — The eaftern Hde of rhc ftate is indented with
a large number of crtcks, or fmall rivers, which generally have a ftiort
courie, foft banks, numerous flioals, and are Ikirted with very exten-
iive marflies, and empty into the river and bav of Delaware. Li the
fouthern and weftern parts of this ftate, fpring the head waters of Po-
comoke, Wicomico, Nantlcoke, Choptank, Chefter, Saffafras, and
Bohemia rivers, all falling into Chefapeak Bay ; fome of them arc navi-r
gable 29 or 30 miles into the ccuntry, for vcfleio of 50 or 60 tons.

..Z-

DELAWARE. ^^J-

Fack of the Couktry, Soil, and Productions.— Tlie ftate of De-
laware the upper parts of the county of Newcaftle excepted, is, in
eenJ-rai, extremely low and level. Large quantities of ftagnant water
ut particular feafons of the year, overfpreading a great proportion of
the land, render it equally unfit for the purpofes of agriculture, and
injurious to the health of the inhabitants. The fpine, or higheft ndge
of the peninfula, runs through the ftate of Delaware, inclined to the
eaftern or Delaware fide. It is defignated in Suffex, Kent, and part
of Newcaftle County, by a remarkable chain of fwamps, from whicU
the waters defcend on each fide, pafling, on the eaft, to the Delaware,
and on the weft to the Chefapeak. Many of the fhrubs and plants,
growing in thefe fwamps, are fimilar to thofe found on the higheft

mountains.

Delaware is chiefly an agricultural ftate. It includes a very fertile
tradt of couutry j and fcarcely any part of the unior can be fettled
i^iore adapted to the different purpofes of agriculture, or in which a
great variety of the moft ufeful productions can be fo conveniently and
plentifully reared. The foil along the Delaware River, and from eight
to ten miles into the interior country, is generally a rich clay, producing
large timber, and well adapted to the various purpofes of agriculture.
From thence to the fxvamps above mentioned, the foil is light, fandy
and of an inferior quality.

The general afpeft of the country is very favourable for cultivation.
Excepting fome of the upper parts of the county of Newcaftle, the fur-
face of the ftate is very little broken t-: irregular. The heights of
Chriftiana are lofty and commanding j fome of the hills of Branaywine
are rough and ftony j but defcending from thefe, and a few others, the
lower country is fo little diverfified as almoft to form one extended
plain. In the county of Newcaftle, the foil conf.fts of a ftrong clay j
in Kent, there is a con^derable mixture of fand j and in SufTex, the
iquamity of fand altogether predominates. Wheat is the ftaple of this
ftate. It grows here in fuch perfeftion as not only to be pdrticulniiy
fought by the manufafturers of flour throughout the union, but alfo
to be diftinguiflied and preferred, for its fupt-^rior qualities, in other
markets. This wheat poffeffes an uncommon foftnefs and whitenfifs,
very favourable to the manufactures of the fineft flour, and in othrr
refpefts far exceeds the hard and flinty grains raifed in general on the
higher lands. Befides vheat, this ftate generally produces plentiful
crops of Indian corn, barley, rye, oats, flax, buck-wheat, and pota-
toes J and it abounds in natural and artificial meadows,, cootainiug a
large variety of gralTes.

The county of Suflex, befides producing a confiderable quantity of
grain, particularly of Indian corn, poffeffes excellent grazing lands. This
county alfo exports very large quantities of lumber, obtained chiefly
from an extenfive fwamp, called the Indian River or Cyprefs Swamp,
lying partly within this ftate, and partly in the ftate of Maryland.
This morafs extends fix miles from eaft to weft, and nearly 12 from
north to fouth, including an arej. of nearly 50,000 acres of land. I'hc
whole of this fwamp is a high and level bafon, very wet, though un -
doubtedly the higheft land between the fea and the bay, whence the
Pokomokc defcends on one fide, and Indian Riv«r and St. Martin's on

Z69 DELAWARE.

the Other. This fwarap contains a great variety of plants, trees, wild
beafts, birds, and reptiles.

In the county of SufTex, among the branches of the Nanticolce River
large quantities of bog iron ore arc to be found. Before the revolu-
tion, this ore was worked to a coufiderable extent •, and was thought
to be of a good quality, and peculiarly adapted to the pur^iofes of caft-
ings, although they have now fallen almoft to decay.

Chief Towns. — Wilmington is a pleafant town, north latitude 30Q
43' 18", 27 miles fouth-weft of Philadelphia, containing upwards of
500 houfes, moftiy bi'ick, and near 4000 inhabitants. It is fituated
two miles well of the river Delaware, between Chrirtiana and Brandy-
■^vine creeks, which, at tliis place, arc about one mile from each otherj
but, uniting below the town, they join the Delaware in one ftream
■460 yards at the m.;uth — the fite of the principal part of the town is
the 'buth-weil fide of a hill, which rlfes 109 feet above the tide. On
the north-eall fide of the fame hill, there are 13 mills for grain, and a
confiderable number of handfome dwelling lioufes, which form a beau-
tiful appendage to the town. The Chriltiana admits vcffels of 14 feet
<irai:ght of water to the town, and thofe of fix feet draught eight milei
farther, where the navigation ends ; and the Erandywine admits thofe
of fever) feet draught to the mills. About the year 1735, the firll
Iioufes were built at this place 5 and the town ivas incorporated a few
years afterwards. Its oihcers are two burgeifes, fix alTiilants, and two
conftables, all of whom are chofen annually. There arc fix places of
public worihip, viz. two of Prefl)yterians, one of Friends, one of Epif-
copalians, one of Methodifts, and one of Laptifts. There is alfo a, public
edifice, built of uone, three ftories high, for the reception of the pau-
pers of Nev/rattlc County. There is alfo another ftone building, which
v/as originally intended for an academy, where a fchool was fupported
ibme time with confiderable reputation j but, through a defe6f in the
conflitution of the feminary, or fome other caufcs, tliis building has,
df late, b?en entirely negletfed as a place of tuition. In this town a
•jnarket is held twice a week, nnd is ^vell fupplied with provifions. Al-
moft the whole of the foreign exports of Delaware are from this place:
the trade from this ftate to Philadelphia is great, being the principal
fource whence that city draws its ftaple commodity. No lefs than
265,000 barrels of flour, 300,000 bufiicls of wheat, 170,000 bulhels
oi Indian corn, beddes barley, oats, flax-feed, paper, flit-iron, ihuft",
faked prov'ilions, <kc. &c. to a very confiderable amount, are annually
icnt from the waters of the Delaware State j of which the Chrilliana
is by far the moO; produ£live, and probably many times as much lo as
any other creek or river of liivc magnitude in the union— 245,000 bar
ids of riou", and other articles, to the amount of 80,000 dollars more,
being from this creek j of which, to the value of 550,000 dollars, arc
inanufaitured on its northein bank, within two or three miles of the
navig.Ttion. Among other branches of induftry exercifed in and near
Wilmington, are, in the county of Newcaltle, feveral fulling rJiis, two
fniilf-mills, one flitting-mill, four paper-inills, and fixty mills for
^eriiiding grain, all of which are turned by water. But though Wil-
Tisington and its neighbourhood are probably already tiie grcatell feat
of manufa6lures in the United States, yet they are capable of being
much improved in this refpe(f>, as the country is hilly and abounds with

DELAWARE. 269

junnino- watei j the Brandyivine alone might, ^vith a moderate expeiice,
•when compared with the objeft, be brought to the top of tlic hill upon
which Wilmington is fituated, whereby a fall fufficient for 40 mills, iu
addition to thofe already built, could be obtained. The heights near
Wilmington afford a number of agreeable profpefts j from fome of
which may be feen the town, the adjacent meadows, and four adjoin-
ing dates. The Legiflature of this Hate, a few years ago, paffed an ad:!
to incorporate a bank in this town.

Dover, in the county of Kent, is the feat of government. It ftand'^'
on Jenes Creek, a few miles from the Delaware River, and confills of
more than lOO houfes, built principally of brick. Four llreets interfect
each other at r'ght angles, whofe incidencics form a fpacipus parade,
on the eaft fide of which is an elegant Hate houie alio of brick. Thr
town has a lively appearance and carries on a conliderable trade with
Philadelphia. Wheat is the principal articje of export. The landing
is five or fix miles from the town of Dover.

Newcaftle is ^^ miles below Philadelphia, and agreeably iituated on
the weft bank of Delaware River. It was firll fettled by the Swedes,
about the year 1627, and called Stockholm. It was afterwards taken
by the Dutch, and called New Amfterdam, but when it fell into the
hands of the Englifh, it was called by its prcfent name. This town,
which was the firft that was fettled on Delaware River, and which
was formerly the feat of government, contain? about 60 houfes, which
now greatly wear the afpeft of decay.

Milford is fituated at the fource of a fmall river, 15 miles from De-
laware Bay, and 150 fouthward of Philadelphia. This town, which
contains about So houfes, has been built, except one houfe, fince the
revolution. It is laid out with good talle, and is by no means dif,i-

freeable. The inhabitants are phietly Hpifcopalians, Quakers, and
lethodifts.

Duck Creek Crafs Roads is 12 miles north-weft from Dover, and
has 80 or 90 houfes, which ftand in one ftreet. It carries on a -conli-
derable trade with Philadelphia, and is one of the largeft wheat mar-
kets in the ftate. Kent is alfo ;< place of connderable trade.

Port Penn is fituated upon the flvcre of the Delaware, 10 miles foul'i
of Newcaftle. It contains but few inhabitants, and its commerce U
fmall, althougli in prt)portion to its fize.

Newport is fituated upon the Chriftiana Creek, three miles weft nf
Wilmington. It contains ^bout 200 inhabiujrts. The principal buii-
nefs is to tranfport ftour to Philadelphia, and to bring in return foreign
articles for the confumption of the country.

Chriftiana Bridge is at the head of the navigable part of the Chrifti-
ana, eight miles fouth-weft of Wilmington. It contains about 200
inhabitants. Its commerce is fimilar to that of Newport, but fome-
what more conliderable, being the greattft carrying-place between the
navigable waters of the Delaware and Chefapeak, which are 13 miles
afunder at this place.

Appoquinimink Bridge is 23 miles fouth of Wilmington j the village
contains about 200 inhabitants. The principal bufinefs is the tranfpor-
tation of flour and grain to Philadelphia and Erandywiae, and the falc
«f foreign goods for the confumption of the neighbourhood.

ill

Lewes is fituated a few miles above the light-lioufe, on Cape Hen-

lopen. It contains about i6o hoiifcs, built chiefly on a ftieet which is

jnore than three milts in length, aitd extending along ;i creek, which fe-

paratcs the town from tlic pitch of the cape. The fituation is high,

and commands a full profpeft of the light-houfe and the fen. The

coart-houfe and gaol are commodious buildings,, and give an air of im.

portance to the to\vn. I'he fituation of this place muft at fome future

time render it of confideruble importance. It is placed at the entrance

of a bay, './hich is frequented by veflels from alraoil all parts of the

tvorld, and although it is frequently clofed with ice a part of the ^vin-

ter feafon, yet neceflity feems to require, and nature to fuggcft, that

the forming this port into a harbour for fliipping» would be lilghly

rl'eful and convenient. Nothing has prevented this heretofore, but the

deficiency of the water in the creek. This want could be very eafily

jijpplied by a fmall canal, fo as to afford a paffage for the waters of

Jlehoboth into Lewes Creek, which would enfure an adequate fupply.

The circumjacent country is beautifully diverfified with hiils, woods,

ilrcams, and lakes, forming an dgrecable contrail to the naked fandy

beach, which terminates in the cape j but it is greatly infertcd with

inuiketoes and fand tlies. Tlie light-houfe near the town of Le',ve=i,

which was burnt in 1777, has been completely and handfomely repaired, ~

and now exhibits a line (tone ftrudure of eight ftories high.

Trajde, &c.— Wheat, w'.jich is the ftaple commodity of this ftate,
is manufadluvcd into flour ana exported in large quantities. The ma-
nufatlure of flour is carried to a higher degree of perfection in this flate
than in any other in the union. Befides the well conftrutled mills on
Red Clay and White Clay creeks, and other ftreams in different parts
of the ftate, there are the celebrated colleftion of mills at Erandywlne,
■which manufafture an immenfe quantity of wheat, and that of the ht'l
quality, in the courfe of a year.

Thefe mills give employment to upwards of 200 perfons, fo many
tend the mills, others make calks for the flour, a liifticient numbci man
the Hoops, which are employed in the tranfportation cf the wheat and
llour, and the reft in various other occupations connected with the
mills. The navigation, quite to thefe mills, is fuch, that a vefliel car-
rying lOOQ bufhels of wheat may be laid along fide any of tliefe mills j
and befide fome of them, the water is of fufficient depth to admit veffels
of twice the above fize. 'I'he veflels are unloaded with great conve-
niency, and with aftonilhing expedition. It is frequently the cafe that
veffels with 1000 buthels of wheat come up with flood tide, unlade, and
go away the fucceeding ebb >vith 300 barrels of flour «)n board. Be-
ildes, in confequence of tlia affiftancc of particular machines, three-
quarters ef the manual labour, before found necefFavyj is now fuflkicnt
for every purpofe. By means of thefe machines, when made efe of in
the full extent, the wheat Avill be received on the fliallop'' deck-
thence cam<^ to the upper loft of the mill — and a conftder? jle portion
of the fame returned in ilour in the lower floor, ready for packing, with-
out the affjfl:ancc of manual labour but ia 3 very fnali degree, in pro-
portion to the bufinefs done. Th« tranfportation of the flour fro;fl the
nxills to the port of "^Vilmmgton, does not req.uire half an hour, and it
is frequently the cafe that a cargo is taken from the mills and deliveP-
ed at Philadelphia the farae day. The fituation of thefe mills is very

DgLAWARg. 27 1

''I<*af,int and healtliful, and are all built of fnpfrlor dinlenfions, and ex-
cellent conllrudion. The firft mill was built liere about 5c years ago.
There is now a fmall town of near 50 houfes, principally Itone and
brick, which, together with the mills, and the veffels lending and un-
loadincf befide them, furnilh a .harming profpeft from the bridge, xrom
whence they are all in full view. Befides the wheat and dour trade, this
Itate exports lumber and various other articles to a confiderable extent.

Population and Religion.— The prefent number of inhabitants iii
tiiis Hate amounts to about 60,000, who are compofed of many diffe-
rent nations, and who are divided into as many different ways of thinkidg
witli refpect to religion ; but here religion is on that footing, thar the
adoption of any particular feft, or the manner of performing devotion,
is not qucftioned, provided it does not dilhirb the public peace. In this
ilate there is a variety of religious denominations. Of the Prefbyterian
feci; there are 24 churches— of the Epifcopal, 14 — of the Baptift, 7 —
of the Methodiit, a confiderable numher, especially in the two lower
counties of Kent and Suflex, which is not exadly afcertained. Befides
thefe, there is a Swedish church at Wilnnngtom, which is one of the
oldelt in the United States.

HrsTORY AND GOVERNMENT. — Thls diftric^ of countTv, which before
the revolution was denominated " the Three Lower Counties," de-
rived its prefent name from Lord Delaware, who wa.. inilrumenta! in
eitablifhl-ig tlie firil fettlement in Virginia. Although amongil the
lealt of all the other provinces in point of population, it raiift be ac-
knowledged that the inhabitants of Delaware »re not inferior in many
other refpeftfi. In induftry and perfeverance they acquit themfelves'
to their full proportion, and are thereby enabled to fuppdy themfelves
with all the neceffaries and ble(fings of life, whilft in acrrlculture the
ilate has gained fuch a pre-eminence, that it may be ranked araongft
tjie firil in the Union. In this Itate, as in all North America, the
1 grand ilaplc confills of land, and here feems to be the mo:!; pleafant,
the moft certain, and the moft profitable means of employment fcr
capital to almolt an indefinite extent. That the inhabitants of Dela-
ware are precifely of this opinion would evidently appear from the
reputation they have acquired with regard to tlkelr rtricl and proper
attention towards agriculture, the extra value the duality of their grains
gaineii, and the profitable advantages which they in the ?nd derive
■mm that fource of employment. As one good reafon for the uperi-
ority of this <late in point of agriculture, it may be remarket, ihat
no lofs of iime or expenditure of money have been greatly experienced
in conttiving or attempting to eitablifh manufactures, which they
jirobably have feen were -t natural to the country, and which
could never fucceed or yie. ...iv adequate return. Thus the ftate of
Delaware has direfted her chief attention to the moft fure cbje6l of
a'.yiculture, while with the overplus of that blefied production flie
aiKindantly fupplies herfelf with all the nccefifaries of foreign mana-
fu'flures through the medium of Pennfylvinia.

This ftate is proteded by a well difciplincd militia, and a happj
conftitution, which begins by declaring fome of the rights of the people,
and enumerates nearly the fame that are mentioned in the declaration cif
rights of Pennfylvania. It then delegates the legiflative power to a gene-
ral alTcmbly, confitting of a fenaie and a lioufe of reprefcntatives: tnl

M m ij

a^a DELAWARE,

the executive to a governor. All thefe are chofen by the people on the^
lirft Tuefday of O^lober — the governar for three years •, but he is not
tligible for the next three. He mull be 30 years old, and have been
an inhabitant of the ilate fix years, and of the United States 12 years.
^V phirality of votes make a choice. The fcnators are chofen for ihret
years, mull be 27 yars old, freeholders of 200 acres of land, or pof.
iefled of lool. property, and have been inhabitants of the Hate three
years. 'I'hey are divided into three clafles, the time of one clafs
expiring each year, and their feats being filled by new cleftions. The
rc-prefentativcs are chofen for one year, rauft be 24 years old, free-
holders, a-wl have been inhabitants three years. The conlHtution pro.
vides that there ih ill be feven reprefcntatives and three fenators cho-
um by each county ; but the general affembly has power to increafj
the number, where two-thirds of each branch ftiall think it expedient;
provided the number of fenators fliall never be greater than one half,
nor lefs than c^ic third, of the number of reprcientatives. The gene-
ral affembly meets on the firft Tuefday of January annually, iinlefj
fooner convened by the governor. Each branch has all the powers
neceffary for a branch of the legillature of a free and independent
Hate. A majority of each conilitutes a quorum to do bufinefs, and a
lefs number may adjourn from day to day and compel the attend?nce
of members. They are privileged from arrefts while attending on pub.
lie bufinefs, except in cafes of treafon, felony, and breach of the peace,
and for things faid in public debate are not quellionable elfewhere.
They are compenfited out of the public treafury, from which no money
can be drawn but in confcquencc of appropriation by law. Impeach-
ments are made L^ the lower houfe, and tried by the fenate. Revenue
bills originate in the houfe of reprefentatives, but the .fenate may pro-
pofe alterations. A journal is kept of their proceedings, and publiihed
at the end of every feiTion, and the doors of both houfcs are kept open,
uniefs the bufinefs requires fecrecy. The govemof is commander ii>
chict csf the military force ; may remit fines and forfeitures, and grant
reprieves and pardons, except in cafes of impenchm^nt •, may require
informati*?n from all executive ofticers', may convene the general ?1-
jfembly on extraordinary occafions, and adjourn them to any time not
exceeding three months, when they cannot agree on the time them-
fclves. He mull: inform them of affairs concerning the ilate, recoiii-
raend to them fuch meafures as he (hall judge expedient, and fee that
the laws are faithfully executed. The fpeaker of the fenate, and, after
him, the fpeaker of the houfe of reprefentatives, fliall exercifc the
office of governor, in cafe -of vacancy. The judicial power is veiled
in a court of chancery, and feveral common law courts. The judges
are appointed by the governor, and coramiffioned during good behaviour,
' ;jind the juftices of the peace for feven years ; all removeable on the
addrcfs of two-thirds of both houies of affembly. I'he other officers of
the Hate are appointed, fome by the governor, fome by the general
affembly, and fome by the people. No perfon concerned in any array
or navy tontraft, or holding any office, except the attorney general,
officers ufually appointed by the courts of juftice, attorneys at lav,-, and
('ihcers in th^' miliiia, can be a frnator or reprefentative. The govcr-*
nor can hold uo other otHce. No federal officer can hold an othce in
this Hate to which a falary is by law annexed. The clergy arc exchdeJ

T2KR.IT0RY NORTH-WEST OF THE OHIO.' i*^

from all civil offices. All officers are impeachable, and are bound by
oath or affirmation to fupport the conlUtution, and peiform the duties
of their offices. All free white men, 21 years old, having been two
years inhabitants, and paid taxes, are ekaors ; and are privileged from
arreils in civil adtions while attending elcftions. The general allembly,
with the approbation of the governor, have a right, under certain regu-
lations and reftriaions, to make amendments to this conftitution, and
a convention may alfo be called where a majority of the people ihall
fignify their wilh for it. _

Under this govermnent, with the many internal advantages which
flow from it, togetlier with the diipofition of the inhabitants, which h s
been to follow nothing but the moft certain and profitable of purfuits,
may Delaware not only be confidered as a thriving ftate, but in point
of agriculture, has already arrived at that eminence, tliat it may juftly
be ranked amongft the firil agricultural Hates in America.

TERRITORY NORTH-WEST OF THE OHIO.

Length

Situation and Extent.
Miles. Sq. Miles,

O^oT , ^ r 37® and co° N. latitude. 7 ^TTr^o

Breadth 700 1 ^=*^^^'" 1 6« and 23^ W. longitude. § ^^^,^00

Boundaries. — This extenfive traft of country is bounded north, by
part of the northern boundary line of the United States 5 call, by the
iakes and Pennfylvania j fouth, by the Ohio River -, well, by the Mil"'
fifippi. This traa has been eftlmated to contain 263,040,000 acres,
of which 43,040,000 are water j this dedudkd, there will remaift
220,000,000 of acres, belonging to the federal government, to be fold
for the dilcharge of the national debt :• except a narrow ilrip of land
bordering on the fouth of Lake Erie, and flrctching 120 miles we^ o£
the wellern limit of Pennfylvanisj which belongs to Conneaicut'.

But a fmall proportion of thefe lands is yet purchafed of the nadves^
and to be difpofed o^ by congrefs. Beginring on the meridian line,.
which fcrms the wcftitrn boundary of Pennfylvania, fcven imgci of
townlKIps have been- furveyed and laid off by c«der of congrefs. As a
north and fouth line llrikes the Ohio in an oblique direaion, thr ler-
roinution of the fevf.nth range falls upon that river nine .niles ubovc the
Mulkingum, which is the firft large river that flills into tir; Ohio. It
forms this juniHon 172 miles below Fort Pitt, including the windings
of the Ohio, though in a dire61: line it is but 90 miles.

On the lands in which the Indian title is extinguiftied, and which
are now purchafing under the United States, are fcvcral fettlements ;
one at Marietta, at the mouth of Mulkinguni, under the direaiou of
the Ohio company j auuther between the Mi .xj rivers, under the di-
rcaion of Colonel Symmes •, and a French fettlenvent at Galliopolls,
There are feveral otlier traas, which have been granted by congrefs
U) particular companies, and other traas for particular ufes, which
remain without any Englilh fettlements.
; Civil DivisioNi'.— 1 bat part of this territory in which the Indira

lil

i*J^ TBRHrrORY NORTU-WfiST OF THE OHIO.

title is c\tui!r;uinie<l, and which Is fettling under the government of tlio"
United States, is divided into the four counties of

\Va!hin_^ton — Hiimilton— St. Clair — ami Knox.

Thefc counties iiave been organized with the proper civil and mill,
tary ollicers. The county of St. Clair is divided into three dirtrids,
vh. the diftrift of Cahokia, the diftrid of Praiiie-du-rochers, and the
diftrift of Ka(kii{kias. Courts of general quarter feilions of the peace,
county courts of common picas, and courts of probate, to be held in
each of thefe diilrids, as if each was a diftindl county ; the officers of
the county to acl by deputy, except in the diftrift where they relide.

Rivers.— The Mufkingum is a gentle river, confined by banks fo
hjoh as to prevent its overflowing. It is 150 yards wide at its coiitlu-
ence with the Ohio, and navigable by large batteaux and barges to
the Three Legs ; and, by fmall ones, to tiie lake at its head. From
thence, by a portage of about one mile, ^ communication is opened to
Iiake Erie, through the Cayahoga, which is a ftream of great utility,
navigable the Avhole length, without any obftruftions from falls. From
Lake Erie, the pallage is well known to the Hudl'on, in the ftate ot
New York.

The Hockhocking refembles tlie Mufkingum, though fomewhat In-
ferior in fi^c. It is navigable for large boats about 70 miles, and for
fmall ones much farther. On the banks of this very u'eful ftream are.
found produdivc quarries of free ftone, large beds of iron ore, and
ibme rich mines of lead. Coal mines and fait fprings are frequent iiV
the neighbourhood of this 11 ream, as they are in every part of the
v^'eftern territory. The fait that may be obtained from thofe fprings
■v\ill afford an inexhauftible ftore of that neceflary article. Beds ot
\i'hite and blue clay, of an excellent quality, are likt^^'ife f'^'.r.u here,
fuitable for the manufa£lure of giafs, crockery, and other earthen wares.
Red bole, and many other ufeful fofllU, have been obferved on the
branches of this river.

'Vhe Scioto is a larger river than either •f the preceding, and opens a
more extenlive navigation. It is paflable for large barges for 200 miles,
with a portage of only four miles to the Sandu&y, a good navigable
ftream that falls into Lake Erie. Through the Sandulky and Scioto
lies the molt common pafs from Canada to the Ohio and Miflifippi ;
one of the moft extenfivc and ufeful communications that is to be found
in any country. Prodigious extenllons of territory are hereUbnnecled*,
an<l, from the rapidity with which the Aveftern parts of Canada, Lake
Erie, and the Kentucky countries are fettling, an intercourfe between
them may reafonably be expeded. The lands on the boiders of thefc
middle llreams, from this circumllance alone, afide from their natural
fertility, iflult be rendered vaiily valuable. The flour, corn, Hax,
hemp, &€. raifed for exportation in that great country between the
lakes Huron and Ontario, will find an outlet through Lake Krie and
thefe rivers, or down the Miflifippi. The Ciuo merchant can give a
higher price thaw thofe of Quebec, for thoii commodities ; as they may
be transported from the fonucr to Florida and the Weft India ifland^,
with lef's expence, rifk, and ir.lurance, than from th* biter ; while
the cxpence from the pUce of growth to the Ohio will not be one-
fourth of what it would ;.'e to Qi^iebec, and much kfs than even to the
Ujieida Lake, The ftream f^^ Scioto '■"- gentle, ?i«s ■vvHere broken ^y

TWRITORY NORTH- WEST OF THE OHTO.

^75

falls •, at forae places, in the fpriiig of the year, it overflow's its banks,
providing for large natural rice plantations. Salt rpiin;;s, coal mines,
white and blue clay and frcellonc, abound iu the country adjoining
ihis river.

The Little Miami is too fnoall for batteaux narigation. It<; banks
are good land, and fo high as to prevent, in common, the oversowing
of the water.

The Great Miami has a Very ftony channel, and a fwift ftream, but
no falls. It i'j formed of fevcml large branches, which are pafiahle
for boats a great diftancc, and which interlock with the Scioto. One
branch comes from the weft, aftd rifes in the Wabafh Country : ano-
ther rifesnear the head waters of Miami River, which runs into Lake
Erie ; and a fliort portage divides ..nothcr branch of Sandulky River.

'I'he Wabaih is a beautiful river, with high and fertile bunks. It
empties into the Ohio, by a mouth 270 yards wide, 1020 miles btlow
Fort Piit. In the fpriag, fummer, and autumn, it is pafTuble with bat-
teaux drawing three feet water, 412 miles, to Ouiatanon, a fmall
French fettlement, on the weft fide of the river j and for large canoes
197 miles furtVier, to the Miami carrying place, nine miles from Mia-
mi village. This village Itands on Miami River, which empties into
the fouth-weft part of Lake Lrie. The communication between De-
troit and the Illinois and Ohio countries, is up Miami River to Miami
village, thence, by land, nine miles, when the rivers are high, and
from 18 to 30 when they are low, through a level country to the Wa-
baih, and through the various branches of the Wabafli to the phicts of
deftlnation.

A filver mine has been difcovered about 28 miles above Ouiatanon,
on the northern lide of the Wabafti. Suit fprlngs, lime, frecftonc,
blue, yclloiv, and white clay, arc found in ];lenty upon this ri"er.

The rivers A Vafe and Kaikaiklas empty into the Mifiifipi;i from the
north-eaft j the former is navigable for boats 60, and the lai^er about
130 miles. Thoy both run through a rich country, which has extcrt-
iive meadows.

Between the Kaika<klas and Illinois rivers, which are 84 miles aparf
is an extenfivc trart ot level rich land, which terminates in a hitrh luh^d
about 15 mile; before you reach the Illinois River. In this deliglitfLil
vale J*re a Tiumbcr of Ffcnch villages, which, together with tliofc of
St. Geaevievc and St. LoUi3, on the wcftern fide of the Miirifipjii, are
Inhabited by upwards of 2200 fouls, the greater part of whom are fei>-
ciblc men.

One hundred and feventy-fi\ miles a?bove the Ohio, and 18 miles
above the MifTouii, the Illinois empties into tlie Miffifippi from the
north-eart by a mouth about 400 yards wide. This river is bordered
with fme meadov/s, which in fome places extend as far as the eye can
reach. Thi^ river furnlfhes a communication with Lake Michigan, by
the Chicago River, between which and the Illinois, are two portages,
the loBgeft of which does not exceed four miles. It recefves a number
oi rivers which are from 20 to 100 yards wide, and navigable for boats
from 15 to 180 njN, On the north-weftern fide of thi river is a coal
mine, which ette ^ Is for half a mile along the middle of the bank of
the river, and abouc the fame diftance below the coal mine are two
f-.t ponds, 100 yards in circuiufcrcncc, and fevcral feet in de;j'Lh. The

3^ TERRTTOHr NOS.Ta-WEST 07 THE OMIO.

water is ftagnant, and of a yellowifh colour •, but the French .id na.
tives make good fait from it. The foil of the Illinois (^ountry is, rt\
general, ofa fupcrior quality: its natural growth ci fiftj of oak,
fcckory, cedar, mulberry, &c. hops, dying drugs, mcd.cinal phau
of fcvcral kinds, and eKcelleiit wild gxapcs. Bcfides the livers jult
now defcribed, there are feveral others of etjualfize and importance ki
this part of the United States.

Population. — The number of -fouls in this large traft of country ha'^^
hitherto been unalcertained and unknown. This mi^ht have arifen
from the vaft number )f Indians who principally inhabit this territory,
and who, in general, are rather unft uled in their fituations. From
every reafonable data, however, the prcient number of fouls inhabiting
this country, may be cllimated at upwards of 84,000. In this numbw
are included the many tribes of Indians who inhabit the country.
Thefe dliFerent tribes are, the Piantias, on both fides the Mlfllfippi',
the Caiquerafquias, on the Illinois j the Piankalhaws and other tribes,
on the WabaQ* •, the Shawanefe, on the Scioto •, the Delauares ; the
Miamasj the Ouifcons, Mafcontens, Sakies, Sioux, Mekekouakisj
ihe Pilans, Powtowatamis, Meffaques, Ottawas, Chipcwas, and the
Wiandot-;.

Face of the Country, Soil, and PRonucTjoJis.-r-The country on
the Ohio is every where pleafant, with large level ipots of ridi land ;
and remarkably healthy. This may be aUb faid for the whole traft
comprehended between the weftern ikirts of the Allegany mountains ;
thence running fouth-wellwardly to the 'Uftance of 500 miles to the
Ohio falls J then crofling them northerly to the head of the rivers that
empty themfelves into the Ohio ; thence eafl along the ridge that fepa-
rates the lakes and Ohio ftreams, to French Creek.

The lands on thefe various Itreams which fall into the Ohio, are
5 iterfperfed with all the variety of foi. which conduces to pleafantncfs
of fituation, and lays the foundation for the wealth of an agricultural
.and indullrious people. Large level bottoms, or natural meadows,
from 2D to 50 miles in circuit, arc every where found bordering he
rivers, and variegating the country in the interior parts. Tliefe afford
as rich a ibil as can be imagined, and may be reduced to proper culti-
vation with very little labour, h. is faid, that in many of thefe bot-
toms, one hand may clear an acre a day, fit for pianting with Indian
corn j there being no under wood, and the trees gi-owing very high andi
large, but not thick together, need nothing but girdling.

The prevailing growth of timber, and the more ufeful trees in thii
country, are, maple or fugar tree, fycamore, black and white mulber-
ry, black and white walnut, butternut, chefnut, white, black. Spa-
riih, and chefnut oaks, hickory, cherry, buckwood or horfe chefnut,
honey, locull, elm, cucumber' tree, lind tree, gum tree, iron wood,
afli, afpin, faffafra^, crab apple tree, paupaw or cuftard apple, a variety
©f plum trees, nluc bark fpice, and leather wood bullies. White and
black oak, and chefnut, with moft of the above-mentioned timbers,
crrow large and plenty upon the high grounds. Both the high and low
lands produce vaft quantities of natural grapes of various kinds, o£
-ivhich the fettlers r.niverfallv make a fuSiciency for their own confump-
tion of rich red wine.

cultivation, wl

TERRITORY NORTH-WEST OF TH

T'^e fupa maple is the mort valualile tree, for an inland country, a^
. inhabitants miiy be plentifully fuppU^J with fugar, by
prelei jng a few frees for the ufe of each family.

Springs uf excellent water abound in every part of this territory;
and fmaii and lari^e llream?, for mills and other purpofes, are aftually
intcrfpprred, as it by art, that there be no deficiency in any of the con-
veniencies of lif( .

Very little walte land is to be found in any part of this trail of
country. 7'here are no fwanips but fuch as may be readily drained,
and made ••••o arable and meadow land ; and though the hills are fre-
(juent, ■ y a"e gentle and fwelling, no where high or incapable of
tillag« "^'hey are uf a deep, rich foil, covered with a heavy growth
of timht.r, and well adapted to the production of wheat, rye, nidigo,
tobacco, &c. Cotton aliu .^rows plentifully and to perfeftion in this
country, and is faid t' be its natural produdion.

River Navigation. — From this part of the federal territory uniting
fomany advantages, in point of health, fertility, variety of produdtions,
and foreign interc ourfe, the communications between this country and
the fea, have of late been greatly attended to and improved, and will
be principally in the four following direftions. Firrt, the route through
the Scioto and Mufkingum to t-ske Erie, and fo to the river Hudfon.

Second, the paffage up the Ohio and Monongahela to the portage
above-mentioned, which leads to the navigable v.aters of the Potomack.
This portage is 30 miles, and will probably be rendered much lefs by
the execution of the plans lately adopted for opening the navigation of
thofe waurs.

Third, the Great KanhaWay, which falls intu the Ohio from the
Virginia fliore, between the Hockhocking and the Scioto, opens an
extenfive navigation from the fouth-eall, and leaves but 18 miles por-
tage from the navigable waters of James River, in Virginia. 'I'his
communication, for the country between Mufkingum and Scioto, ivill
probably be more ufed than any other, for exportation of different ar-
ticles 5 and, efpecially, for the importation of foreign commodities,
which, it is fuppofed, may be brought from the Chefapeak to the
Ohio almoft as cheap as they are at prefcnt carried from Philadel-
phia to Carlifle, and the other thick fettled back counties of Penn-
fylvania.

Fourth. But the current down the Ohio and MifTifippi, for heavy
articles that fuit the Florida and Weft India markets, fuch as corn,
flour, beef, lumber, &c. will be more frequently loaded than anv
ftreams in all America. The diflance from the Scioto to the IMIflifippi
is 800 miles j from thence to the fea is 900. This whole courfe is
eafily run in 15 days j and the conveyance up thofe rivers is not fo
difficult as has ufually been reprefented, many ufeful experiments hav-
ing of late been made with regard to facilitating .a paffage againlt the
current of the Ohio.

The defign of congrefs and of the Ohio company Is, that the fettle
ments fliall proceed regularly down the Ohio, and northward down to
Lake Erie ; and it is probable that not many years will elapfe, be-
fore the whole country above Miami will be brought to that degree of
cultivation^ which will exhibit all its latent beauties, and jullify thoff

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Sciences

Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREST

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

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2-g rERRITORY NOR.TH-WEST OF THE OHIO.

defcrlptions of travellers which have fo often made It the garden of rt^e"
>vorld, the feat of wealth, and the centre of a great empire

Animals, &c.— No country is better flocked with wild game of
every kind. Innumerable herds of deer and wild cattle are iheltered
In the groves, and fed In the extenfive meadows that every where

"" Th-fc CKtenfive meadows, or as the French call them Prairie, which
anfvver to what, In the fouthern ftates, are called Savannas, are, gene-
rallv, a rich plain, without trees, and covered with grats. borne ot
thefe between St. VIncennes and the Mimfippi, are 30 or 40 miles m
extent. In paffing them, to a great diftance there ,s not a tree to be
fecn ; but there is plenty of deer, wild cattle, bears, and wolves, and
InnumcrabTe Hocks of turkeys j all which, with the green grafs, form

a rich and beautiful profptft. , ^ . . -4 ir^ nr*

Turkeys, geefe, duck, fwans, teal, pheafants, partndgcs, &c. are,
from obferx^atlon, believed to be In greater plenty here, than the tame
poultry are in many parts of the old fettlements m America.

All the rivers are well llorcd with fi(h of various kinds, and many
of them of an excellent quality. They are generally large though or
different fizes : the cat-fi(h, which is the largeft, is of a delicious fla-
vour, and makes a good dith. r ij f * r , J
Antiouities and Fortifications— The number of old forts, found
in this weaern country, are the admIrs;tIon of the curious, and a matter
of much fpeculation. They are moftly of an oblong form, fituated on
ftrona, well chofen ground, and contiguous to water. When, by whom,
and for what purpolc, thefe were originally thrown up is uncertain.
They are undoubtedly very ancient, as there is not the leall vihble
difference in the age or fize of the timber growing on or_ within the c
forts, and that which grows without v and the oldeft natives have loll
all tradition refpeaing them. Dr._ Cutler ^^^o has accurately exam-
ed the trees oh thefe forts, and which he thinks, from appearances, ait
the fecond growth. Is of opinion that they muft have been built up-
.JardTof 10^00 yea'rs ago. They muft have been the efforts of a people
much more devoted to labour than the prefent race of Indians •, and t
is difficult to conceive how they could be conftrufted without the u(c
of Iron tools. At a convenient diftance from thefe, ahN^ys f. nds a
imall mound of earth, thrown up In the forni of a pyramid and leems
n fome meafure proportioned to the fize of >ts adjacent fortificat^..
On examination they have been found :o contain a chalky lubftancc,
iuppofed to be bones, and thofe of the human kind.

There are, at prefent, a number of forts or poftsof proteaion of the
frontiers, in this countiy. Thefe are, the Lawrence, Wayne Reco-
very, Franklin, on French Creek-, Harmav, at the mouth of Muikm-
eum Stuben, at the rapids of the Ohioj Fayette, Hamilton, Knox,
(efferfon, St. Clair, Marietta, and St. Vincennes

GoviRNMENT, &c.— Byan ordinance of congrefs, paffed m 1^,7
this country, for the purpci'es of temporary government, was erectc<t
into one diilria, fubjea, however, to a divifion, when circumltanccs

Ihall make It expedient.

Congrefs was alfo to appoint a governor, M commiflion fliall co -
thuie !/» force three years unlefs fooner revoked, and who muft refiuc

TERRITORY NOITH-WEST OF THE OHIO.

-79

in the dlftria, and have a freehold eftate therein of lOOO acres of iaiul,
•while in the cxercife of his office.

Congrefs, from time to time, are to appoint a fecretary, to continue
in office four years, unlefs fooner removed, who muft alfo rcfide in the
diftria, and have an eftate of 500 acres of land, while in nflir-c.

The bufmefs of the fecretary is, to keep and prefervc the afts and
laws of the legiflature, and the public records of the dillritl, and the
proceedings of the governor, in his executive department j and to
tranfrait authentic copies of fuch ads and proceedings, every fix months
to the fecretary of congrefs.

The ordinance provides that congrefs Hiall appoint three judges
poffeffed each of 500 acres of land in the diihia in which they are t(>
refide, and to hold their commiiTions during good behaviour, any two
of whom (hall form a court, which (hall have a common law jurifdi*;-
tion. The governor and judges arc authorized to adopt and publifli in
the diftria, fuch laws of the original ftates, criminal and civil, as may
be necelTary and beft fuited to the circumtlances of thedirtria, and
report them to congrefs, and, if approved, they (hall continue in force,
till the organization of the general alTembly of the dirtria, who (hall
have authority to alter them. The governor is to command the mili-
tia, and appoint and commifTion their officers, except general officers,
who are to be appointed and commiffioned by congrefs.

Previoufly to the organization of the affembly, the governor is to
appoint fuch magiftrates and civil ofticers, as (hall be deemed ncceffary
for the prefervation of peace and order.

So foon as there fliall be 5000 free male Inhabitants of full age, in

the diftria, they ftiall receive authority to eka reprefentatives, one for

every 500 free male inhabitants, to reprefent them in the general affem-

bly •, the reprefentation to incrcafe progreffively with the number of

free male inhabitants till there be 25 reprefentatives j after which the

number and proportion of the reprefentatives ftiall be regulated by the

le<nflature. A reprefentative muft poffefs, in fee fimple, 20c acres of

land, and be a reftdcnt in the diftria, and muft have been a citizen of

the United States, or a refident in the diftria, three years preceding

his eleaion. An eleitor muft have 50 acres of land in the diftria, muft.

have been a citizen of one of the ftates, and muft be a refident in the

diftria, or muft poiTefs the fame freehold, and have been two years a

refident In the diftria. The reprefentatives, when duly cleaed, are to

continue in office two years.

The general affembly, or legiflature, fliall confift of the governor,
Jegillatlve council, and houfe of reprefentatives. The ieglftative council
ftiall confift of five members, to continue In oftice five years, unkfs
fooner removed by congrefs. Three make a quorum. The council
are to be thus appointed : the governor and reprefentatives, when met,
ftiall nominate ten perfons, refidents in tlie diftria, and each poflefled
of a freehold of 500 acres of land, and return their names to congrels,
wl ) ftiall appoint and comniKRon five of them to ferve as aforefald.
All bills pafled by a majority in the houfe, and in council, fliall be
. referred to the governor for his afTent j but no bill, or legiflativ -^
whatever ftiall be of force without his afTent. The governor (hall
power to convene, prorogue, and dlffolve the general affembly, v,

in his opinion, it (hall be expedient.'

N n ij

ive

licn.

::8o

I'ERRITORY NORTH-WEST OF THE OHIO.

I»f

The legiflature, %vhen organized, fliall have authority, by joint ballot
to elea a delegate to eongrefs, ^^•ho (liall have a feat in congrefs with
a right of debating, but not of voting, during this temporary govern-

"""^And for extending the fundamental principles of civil and religious
liberty, which form the bafis whereon thefe republics, their laws an4
conftititions, are ereaed •, to fix and eftabli(h thofe principles as the
bails of all laws, conilltutions, and governments, which forever here-
after (hall be formed in the faid territory •, to provide alfo for the
crtabliaiment of Hate and permanent government therein, and tof their
admiffion to fhare in the federal councils on an equal footing with the
original ftates, at as early periods as may be confident with the general

'"''ifis ordained and declared, that the following articles rtiall be con-
fulered as articles of compaa, between the original ftates and the peo-
ple, and ftates in the faid territory, and forever remain unalterable,
unlefs by common confent, viz. , j i

" That no perfon, demeaning himfelf in a peaceable and orderly man-
ner (hall ever be molefted on account of his mode of worftnp, or reli-
gions fentiments in the faid territory j and that as religion morality
and knowledge, is neceffary to good government and the happmels ot
mankind, fchools and the means of education ftiall forever be encour-
a.ed: the utmoft good faith Ihall always be obferved towards the
Indians 5 their lands and property (hall never be taken from them
without their coi nt •, and in their property, rights, and liberty, they
lliall never be Invaded or dlfturbed, unlefs in juft and lawful wars au-
thorifed by congrefs ; but laws founded on juftice and humanity ftiall
from time to time be made, for preventing wrongs being done to them,
and for preferving peace and friendftnp with them. • n n

" That this territory, and the ftates which may be formed therein, ftiall
forever remain a part of this confederacy of the United States of Ame-
rica fubiea to the articles of confederation, and to fuch alterations
therein as ftiall be conftitutionally made •, and to all the aas and ordi-
nances of the United 'States in congrefs alTenibled, conformable thereto.
The Inhabitants and fettlers in the faid territory ftiall be fubjcc^ to pay
a part of the federal debts contraaed, or to be contraaed, and a pro-
portionable part of the expences of government, to be apportioned on
them bv congrefs, according to the fame common rule and meafure
by which apportionments thc-reof ftiall be made on the .^her ftates j and
the taxes for paying their proportion, (liall be laid and levied by the
amhorlt; and dlrelion of tL feginatires of the diftria or diltrias or
new ftates, as in the original ftates, within the time agreed upon by the
United States, in congrefs affembled. The legiftatures ol thole diftrias,
or new ftates, ftiall never interfere with the primary difpoial ot the
foil by the United States, in congrefs aftembled, nor wtth any regula-
tions congrefs may tind neceffary for fccuring the title in fuch foil to
the fair purchafers. No tax ihall be impofed on lands the property ot
the United States-, and in no cafe ftiall non-refident proprietors be taxed
hieher than refidents. The navigable waters leading into the Milh-
fippl and St. Lawrence, and the carrying places between the fame,
flSl be commoh highways, and forever free, as well to the inhabitants
of the faid tcrritorv, as to the citizens of the United States, and thofe

TERHTORY NORTH-WEST OF THE OHIO.

iftt

of any other flates that may be admitted into the confederacy, .vith-

'^^^ ^a:.::&^::i^^^i^^ territory not lers than three
.or more than five ftates -, and the boundavies of the Hates as foon a
ViJnia fl.all alter her Ift of cefiion and confent to^^e lame il aU
becSme fixed and eftablilhed as follows, v,z the weftern ftate in the
faid territory, (hall be bounded on the Midifippi, the Ohio and Wa-
bl rTv rs7a clireft line drawn from the Wabaih and Poll \^ncents
due north to the territorial line between the United States and Canada,
and Z the faid territorial line to the Lake of the ^oods and Miffi-
finoi The middle ftate Oiall be bounded by the faid direa me the
Waba(h from Poft Vincents to the Ohio -, by the Oh b by a direa Ime
Tawn dueTorth from the mouth of tl,e Great Miami to the fa.d terr.-
torillline, and by the faid territorial line. The ea em ftate n.all be
bound d by the laft mentioned dired line, the Ohio, Pennfylvan.a,
and the fafd territorial line: provided, however, as it is further de-
clared that the boundaries of Ihefe three ftates ft^all be fubjeft (o far
ite altered, tha^ "T congrefs hereafter ft.all find it exped-^ thej.^^^^^^
have authority to lorm one or two ftates, m that part ot the l^^'l ter-
rrtlywhkh^lies north of an eaft and weft line drawn through he
Southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan •, and when any of the

SftatL ft.all have 60,000 ^^ V^l^^b^^^'^ f """j, ;^,t ,t fes i
be admitted by Its delegates into the congrefs of the United btates, on
an VZl footing with the original ftates in all refpefts whatever •, and
'hal7be at libefty to form a permanent conftitution and ftate govern-
mentforitfelf: provided that that conftitution and government fo to
be formed ftiall be republican, and in conformity to the principles of
thefe articles, and fo far as it can be confiftent with the general mtertjl
of the confederacy, fuch admiflion ft^all be allowed at an earlier penod
and when there may be a lefs number of free mhabitants m the ftate

* '^^Thfrrihall be neither flavery nor involuntary fervitude in the faid
territory, otherwife than in the puniOiment of crimes, whc.cof the
party ftiall have been duly convided : provided always, that any per-
fon efcaping into the fame, from whom labour or fervice is awfu y
claimed in any one of the original ftates, fuch fugitive «^^y ^^ ;^^^^\>
reclaimed and conveyed to the perfon claiming his or her labour <.r

^^Tuch" whh the other ufual declarations of a federal conftitution
compofe the prefent government of the Weftern Territory and fuch
are the political rule? to be obferved by adventurers into this fertile
and delightful part of the United States.

History.— The fettlement of this country has been checked, for
feveral years paft, by the unhappy Indian w-ar, an amicable termina-
tion of which only took place in 1795, 'f'^ wT fZli'llt
at Grenville, between the United States and the chiefs of the vaiious

tribes of Indians. , » ,• j j » ♦i,«. TT„;»»^

By the third article of this treaty the Indians ceded ^o the United
States, for a valuable confideration, all lands lying e^ftward ^nd fouth-
ward of a line " beginning at the mouth of Cayahoga River, and runmng
Tence up the faixfe to tt portage between that and the Tufcara.as
hranch of the Mulkingum j thence down that branch to tne crofting

_,1>l

ail

TER.MTOR.T NORTH-WEST OF THE WHO.

place above Fort Lawrence ; thence weftcrly to a fork of that bvancli
of the Great Miami River, running into the Ohio, where cornmences the
portage between the Miami of the Ohio, and St. Mary's River, which
is a branch of the Miami of the lake j thence a wcflerly courfe to Fort
Recovery, which ftands on a branch of the Wabafti, then fouth-weft-
erly in a dire<t^ line to the Ohio, fo as to interfe(S that river oppofite
the mouth of Kentucky or Cattawa River." Sixteen trails of land of
fix and twelve miles fquare, interfperfed at convenient diftances in the
Indian country, were by the fame treaty ceded to the United States,
for the convenience of keeping up a friendly and beneficial intcrcourfe
between the parties.

The United States on their part, " rellnquidi their claims to all
other Indian lands northward of the river Ohio, eaflward of the Mifli-
fippi, and weft ward and fouthward of the Great Lakes and the waters
uniting them, according to the boundary line agreed on by the United
States and the king of Great Britain, in the treaty of peace made
between them in the year 1783. But from this rclinquiftiment by the
United States the following trads of land are explicitly excepted:
Firft, The track of 150,000 acres near the rapids of the Ohio River,
ivhich has been afligned to General Clark, for the ule of himfelf and
his warriors : Seccind, The poll of St. Vincennes on the river Wa-
ba(h, and the lands adjacent ; of which the Indian title has been ex-
tinguifhed : Third, The land at all other places in poffeffion of the
French people, and othej- white fettlers among them, of whicli the
Indian title has been extinguiftied. And, fourth, The poll of Fort
Maffac towards the mouth of the Ohio. To all wliich feveral parcels
•of land (o excepted, the faid tribes relinquifh all the title and claim
•which they or any of them may '-ive."

Goods to the value of twen,^ thouJand dollars were delivered the
Indians at the time 'this treaty was made ; and thence forward every
year, goods, to the amount of nine thoufand five hundred dollars, at
original coll In the United States, are to be delivered to the Indians at
fome convenient place northward of the Ohio.

A trade has been opened, fince this treaty, by a law of congrefs,
with the foremcntioned tribes of Indians, on a liberal footing, which
promill's to give permanency to this treaty, and fecurity to the frontier
inhabitants.

In tr.e ordinance of congrefs, for the government of this territory,
as already mentioned, it is provided, that after the laid territory ac-
iqulres a certJiin degree of population, it fliall be divided into Itates.
The eaftf^rn (late, that is thus provided to be made, is bounded on the
Great Miami on the weft, and by the Pennfylvania line on the eaft.
The centre of this ftate will fall between the Scioto and the Hockhock-
an<^. At the mouth of one of thefe rivers will probably be the feat of
ool^ecnraent for this Hate ; and, if an indulgent idea may be formed of
the whole territory of the United States, fettled by an induftnous and
fruo-al people, and continued under one extended government— on the
river Ohio, and not far from this fpot, will be the feat of empire for the
whole dominion. This is central to the whole ; it will beft accom-
modate every part j it is the moft pleafant, and probably the moll
healthful.

MARYLAND.

1^5

SOUTHERN STATES.

THE THIRD. AND MUCH THE LARGEST GRAND DIVISION OF THE
UNITED STATES, COMPREHENDS

Maryland,

Virginia,
Kentuck.y,
North Carolina,

Tennessee,
South Carolina,

and
Georgia.

This extenfive divlfion is bounded nortK hy ^.'fy^J^J^l^''^^^
Ohio River ; weft, by the MilTifippi •, fouth, by Lalt and Weft Flou-
da eail bv the Atlantic Ocean and the Delaware State. It is in-
terfeaed in^ north-eaft and fouth-weft direaion by the range >
II legany mountains, which give rife to many -^le "vjrs -hichj^^l
either into the Atlantic o. the eaft, or the Mifl-ifippi on tae ^vc .
?:i Jhefea-coaft, 60, 80, and in fome parts xoo ^^^^;^
the mountains, the country, generally Ipeakma, \s nca ly a dead level
and a very large proportion of it is covered, in its natural ftate v. th
uitch pbts In the neighbourhood of ttagnant waters, which abound
rtis'le^d country, th! inhabitants are fubjea to i^-k-^^^ ^^u^ -
back, hilly, and mountainous country, they are as healthy as m any

'"Thfs^drftHa'^f the union, which is now fixed as the pemanent
feat of the general government, contains upwards of «"«7"^°" " "^
hundred thoufand inhabitants, of whom near 700,000 ^ ^-^"'.f ^^^
i. almoft thirteen-fourteenlhs of the whole number of Haves m the
United States. The influence of ftavery, however, has F^^^^^^JJ^^^
difting^iiftiing feature in the general charaaer of the nhab ^an^^
and vvhich, though ftiU difcernible to their difadvantage has beea
Lftened and meliorated by the benign effeas of the revolution, and
progrefs of liberty and humanity.

This grand divifion may alfo be confidered as the richeft and molt
fertile of the United States. Its principal produAions are tobacco,
rice, indigo, whent, corn, cotton, tar, pitch, turpemme, and lumber ^
all of which compofe the principal trade of the inhabitants, and em-
ly the hands of the induftrious, while the plough, which is the 1 lu -
Iration of the profperity of a country, crowns the whole of all other
undertakings.

Miles.

Length 1347
Breadth 1103

MARYLAND.

Situation and Extent,

Sq. Miles.

u . 5" 37° 56' and 39« 44' N. lat. 1 ^J''i^°°u ^f

between | ^^^ ^^^ ^q ^^, w. Ion. S which i« water,

BouNDARiES.-Bounded north, by Pcnnfylvanla j eaft, by Delaware
State, and the Atlantic Ocean ; fouth and weft, by Virouaa,

2Sa MARYLAND.

Divisions. This ftate Is divided into the following counties, which

are fituated on the ^-eftern and eaftcrn Ihore of Chefapeak Bay.
Thofe on the weftern Ihore are,
Counties. Counties.

Hartford, Montgomery,

Baltimore, P"nce Georgey

Ann Arundel, Calvert,

Frederick, Charles,

Allegany, St. Mary's.'

Walhlngton,

And thofe on the eaftern (hore are.
Counties. Counties.

Cecil, Talbot,

Kent, Somerfet,

Queen Ann,' Dorchefter,

Caroline, Worcefter.

Each of thefe counties fends four reprefentatives to the houfe of
delegates, befides which, the city of Annapolis, and town of Balti-
more, fend each two.

Bays and Rivers. — Chefapeak Bay, which divides this^ ftate in'to
the eaftcrn and weftern divifions. Is the largeft bay In the United States.
It affords many good fiiheries, and is remarkable for the excellency of
its crabs, and alfo for a particulrjf fpecies of wild duck, called canvas'
back. In a commercial view, It is of great advantage to the ftate,
from its receiving a number of large rivers. From the eaftern ftiore In
Maryland, among other fmaller ones, It receives Pokomoke, Nanti-
coke, Choptank, Chefter, and Elk rivers. From the north, the
rapid Sufquehannah ; and from the weft, Patapfco, Severn, Patuxent,
and Patomak, half of which is in Maryland and half in Virginia. Ex-
cept the Sufquehannah and Patomak, thefe are fmall rivers. Patapfco
River is about 30 or 40 yards wide at the ferry, juft before it empties
into the bafon upon which Baltimore ftands. Its fource Is^ in York
County, In Pennfylvania, and Its courfe is fouthwardly, till It reaches
Elkridge landing, about eight miles weftward of Baltimore, where
it then turns eaftward. In a broad bay-like ftream, by Baltimore, which
it leaves on the north, and paffes Into the Chefapeak.

Severn Is a ftiort, Inconllderable river, pafling by Annapolis, which
it leaves to the fouth, emptying, by a broad mouth, Into the Chefapeak.

Patuxent is a larger river than the Patapfco. It rifes Irji Ann Arun-
del County, and runs fouth-eaftwardly, and then eaft into the bay, 15
or 20 miles north of the mouth of Pftomak. Befides thefe there are
ieveral fmall rivers, fuch as WIcocomico, Eaftern Branch, Monocafy,
and Conegocheague, which empty into Patomak River from the Ma-
ryland fide.

Face of the Country, Climate, Soil, and Produce. — Eaft ot the
blue ridge of mountains, which ftretthes acrofs the weftern part of this
ftate, the land like that in all the fouthcrn ftates, is generally level and
free of ftones; and appears to have been made much in the fame way ;
of courfe the foil muft be fimilar, and the natural growth not rcmarka-
Ijly cUflferent.

RUITLAMD. 2*5

^he -around is uniformly level and Ion* in mort of the counties on tlie
fcaftern ihore, and confcrjucntly covered in many places with ilagnant
water except where it is interfered with numerous creeks. Here
alfo are large trafts of marih, which, during tlie day, load the atmof-
phere with vapour, that falls in dew, in the clofe of the fummcr and
autumn fcafons, which are rather fickly, but the fpriiig and fuinmer atj
perfeftly healthy.

The foil of the good land in Maryland is of iuch a nature and qua-
lity, as to produce from I2 to i6 bulhels of wheat, or from 20 to 30
bulhels of Indian corn per acre. Ten bulhels of wheat, and 15 bu{he!i
of corn per acre, may be the annual average crops in the Rate at large.
Wheat and tobacco are the itaple commodities. Tobacco is gene-
rally cultivated in fets, by negroes in this way : the feed is firll Town
in l)€ds of fine mould, and tranfplanted the beginning uf May. The
plants are fet at the diRance of three or four feet from each other, and'
are hilled and kept continually free of weeds. When as many leaves
have ftiot out as the foil will nourifh to advantage, ttic top of the plant
is broken off, which prevents its growing higher. It is carefully kept
clear of worms, and the fuckers, which put up between the Laves, arc
taken off at proper times, till the plant arrives at perfedion, which is
in Auguft, When the leaves turn of a brownifh colour, and bcjjin to
be fpotted, the plant is cut down and hung up to d-y, after li;ivi:ig
fweat in heaps one night. When it can be handled without crumbling,
which is always in moiil weather, the leaves are flripped from the ftalk,
tied in bundles, and packed for exportation in hoglheads, free, how-
ever, from fuckers or ground leaves, which are not allowed to br
merchantable. Of this lucrative produce an indullrious perfon may nin-
nage 600-: plants, which will yield auout 1000 lb. of tobacco, bclidts
four acres of Indian corn.

The genuine white wheat, which grows in Kent, Queen Ann's, and
Talbot counties, on the eaftern ftiorc, and wliich degenerates in other
pluces ; and the bright kite's foot tobacco, which is produced at Elk-
ridge, on tloe Patuxent, on the weilern (hore, are faid to be peculiar
to Maryland ', as alfo hemp and flax, whir- are raifed in the interior
country, on the upland, in confiderablL /UP'-titics.

Among other kinds of timber that now t,»ow in this country, is the
oak, of feveral kinds, which is of a ftraight grain, and eahly rives into
ftaves, for exportation. The black walnut is in demand for calnnct;,
tables, and other furniture. The apples of tins ftatc are large and
mealy, their peaches plenty and good, and from which tlie inhabitants
diftill cyder brandy and peach brandy.

The forefts abound with nuts of various kinds, which are collt^Piivclr
called m^ft. On this mail vad numbers of fwine are fed, which run
wild in the woods. Thefe fwine, when fatted, are caught, killed,
barrelled, and exported in great quantities, and which traffic formeily
Was carried on to a very confiderable extent.

Population and Character.. — Of the whole number of inliabitants
in this ftate, there may be upwards of 330,000, who are made up of
various nations, and who poffefs many different religious fentiments.
The inhabitants of Maryland, except in the populous towns, live ou
their plantations, often feveral miles dirtant from each other. To an
siutnnt- nf thn middl'O, snd efpecially of the eallern flates, "which are

yuan

V \fi. \tA\J

jgg MARYLAND.

thicklv populated, they appear to live very retired and unfocial Ihti.
•Ihe ekas of this comparative folitude are vifible in the countenance,
as well as in the manners and drefs of many of the country people.
•{ he inhabitants of the populous towns, and thofe from the country who
have intercourfe with them, are in their manners and cuftoms genteel

**" Tharpride'which grows on flavcry, and which is habitual to thofc,
^vho, from their infancy arc taught to believe and to feel tH^ir fuperio-
ritv is a vifible charaaevillic of the inhabitants of Maryland. But with
this chavP.aeriftic may be conneacd that hofpitality to ftrangers. which

is cauallv Uiiiverfal and obvious. ... • i

CH,E/TowNS.-.Annapolis city, although of little note in the com-
mercial world, is the capital of Maryland, and the wealthieft town of
its ike In America. It is fituated at the mouth of Severn River on
a healthy fpot, ^o miles fouth of Baltimore. It contams upwards ot
a8o houfes, which are generally large and elegant, indicative of great
wealth rhe defign of thofe who planned the cUy, was to have the
^hole in the form of a circle, with the ftreets beginning at the centre
where the ftatehoufe ftands •, and thence diverging m every diredhon.
The principal part of the buildings are arranged agreeably to this plan,
and the ftate-houfe, amongft the whole, is confpicuous and elegant.

B^timore has hid the moft rapid growth of any town on the conti-
nent, and is the fourth in fize in the United States. It lies m latitude
Tohi' on the north fide of Patapfco River, around what is called the
Bafon 'in which the water, at common tides, is about five or ixx teet
deep Baltimore is divided into the town and Fell's Point, by a creek,
oveVwhich are two bridges j but the houfes extend, m an open fitua^
Zn, from one to the other. At Fell's Point the water is deep enougu
for fiiips of burden , but fmall veffels only go up to the town. 1 he
fituation of the town is low and was formerly unhealthy •, but the in-
oeafeofhouffes, and of courfe, of fmoke, the tendency of which is to
dertroy and dilpel damp and unwholefome vapours, and the improve-
mentfthat have been made, particularly that of paving the ftreets,
have now rendered it very agreeable. The prefent number of hou e,
in this town is not lefs than 2209, moft of which are in the town, and
the reft at Fell's Point. And of the number of inhabitants, there may
yi upwards of 20,000, the majority of whom, colkaed from almoft a
quavLrs of the world, vary in their habits their manners, and the r
Religion. The number ^f ware-houfes and ftores here, is great, and of
churches, there are feveral, which belong to German (^alvmiftsa^^^
Lutherans Epifcopalians, Pren)ytenans, Roman Catholics, Baptilts,
Sod fts, Q?al^«S Nicolites or New Qnakers. There are many
very rcfpeaabfe families in Baltimore, who live gentcely, are hofpita-
ble to ftrangers, and who maintain a friendly and improving mtercourle

with each other. . , t .a

Market-ftreet is the principal ftreet in the town, and runs nearly eaft
«nd weft, a mile in length, parallel with the water. Fhis is croffed
by feveral other ftreets leading from the water, a ""rnber of wh ch

particularly Calvert, South, and Gay ^^^^^.^^'/V fn a ^f th

Ld eaft of the toy, 11 the laud riles and aftords a fine profpea ot the

tovrn and bay.

MARYLAND.

287

ry.Tt is a bank eftahlilliea in tins town, ^vlth a capital of 300 poo
There IS a^^" ^ .. ^^^^ Maryland Bank." licfide:; which,

^k""-: ^brnchoT lie bank of the United ^,catcs. A public hbrary
tT2 be" nUituted -, and for the defence of the town, a battery and
b racks have been conrtruded and mounted with «uns. In every
rlea Baltimore is a molt thriving town-its .nhauitants are nume-
^u's and r V"aable-its trade, lur extent is amann«-the number
of veffeis th-ai for trathc pais up to it is almott mcrediblc-and, in fliort,

'^'l^XilZ ijaliartaXof the river PatomaU, abo. ,60
miles from its entrance into Chefapeak Bay. The ground on which it
SsLvey broken, being a clufter of little hills which though at
pretnt ekv Jted confiderably above the fuiface of the nver, were pro -
Tahly at bme former period overflowed, as at the depth ot <=ig n or
ten Lt below the furface, marine aielh have been found, which lead.

'" ntt vertbeorgetown and its vicinity may be confidered as a healthy
part of America ; and with regard to any hefitation about the propne y
If any public fet'tlement bein| fixed he... no objedion can properly
be urged againft it on account of its difeafes.

Fre^dericktown is a fine rtouxiiluug inland tovvn, ^^ "P^^^^^^^^ 3^0
houies, built principally of brick and ftone, and moltly on one broad
ilre t ? It is fituated in a fertile country, about four miles fou h ot
Catockton Mountain, and is a place ot confiderable trade It has
four places for public worttiip ', one for Pieibyter.ans, two for Dutch
Luthtans and Llvinift«, and one for BaptUls , befides a pubh. gaol,

and a brick market-houfe. 1 • r.. * i •«

Hagarftown is but little inf^nor to Frcdencktown, and is fituated m

the beautiful and well cultivated valley of Conegocheague, and carries

on a confiderable trade with the welkrn country

Elkton, to which the tide waters extend, is fituated near the head

of Chefapeak Bay, on a fmall river which bears the name of the town.

?rhis town enjoys great advantages from the carrying trade between

Baltimore and Philadelphia. c r^ ^ x.- » r^^A^A

The city of Waihington, in the territory of Columbia, was ceded,
by the ftates of Virginia and Maryland, to the Umted States and by
them eftablilhed as the feat of their government, after this P^efent yea
1800 This city, which is advancing rapidly in improvements, ftands
It ih'e iunaion of the River Patomak and the Eaftern Branch, latitude
q8« cV north, extending nearly four miles up each, and including a
La of territory, exceeded, in point of convenience, falubnty, and
beauty, by none in America. For though the land, in general, appeai^^s •
level, yet by gentle and gradual fwellings, a variety of elegant prol-
„eas are produced, and a fufiiclent defcent formed for conveying off
*he water occafioned by rain. Within the limits of the city -je a great
number of excellent fprings •, and by digging wells, water of the bell
quality may readily be had. Befides, the never failing llreams that
now rL through that territory, may alfo be colleaed, which can
abundantly fupply the city, and which can be conveyed to any corner.
The perpJndicSlar height of the ^ound on -l-\the capital is to
ftandf is'78 feet above^he level of the tide in Tiber Creek. The
iburre of Tiber Creek is elevated about 236 teet above the level of thj

.uit

i»jy MARYLAND.

tide In faic! creek, the water of %vhich can be conveyed to the capital,
luid, after watering that part of the city, may be dclHncd to other
iifefiil piupofcs.

The Eailern Branch Is one of the fafcft and molt commodious har-
)iours in America, being fuiliciently deep for tlie largeil ihips, for about
four miles above its mouth, while the channel lies clofe along the bank
{idjoining the city, and affords a lar>;e and convenient harbour. Ihe
Patomak, although ouly navigable for fmall craft, for a confiderable
(HlhiMcc from its Iranks next to the city, will neverthelefs afford a capa-
cious fummcr harbour •, as an immenfe number of fliips may ride in the
great channel, oppofitc to, and below the city.

The iituation of this metropolis is upon the great port road, cqiu-
ilidant from the northern and fouthern e\treii.,lie8 of the union, and
nearly fo from the Atlantic nnd Piltfburg, upon the bell navigation,
jind in the midft of a commercial territory, probably the vichcll, and
commanding the moll extenlive inltrnal rcfource of any in America,
'i'he plan of the city appears to contain many improvements, and
thofe of the moll important kinds, combining, in every degree, conve-
nience, regularity, elegance of profped, and a free circulation of air.
The pofitlons of the difl\:rcnt public edifices, and the feveral fquarts
and areas of different fbapes as laid down, were originally determined on
the moll advantageous ground, commanding the mollextenfive profpeds,
and from their fituation, fufceptiblc of fuch improvements as cither ufc or
ornament may hereafter fuggell. The capitol, as it is named, will be
iituated on a molt beautiful eminence, commanding a complete view of
every part of the city, and of a confiderable part ofthc country around.
The pri-fident's houfc Hands on a rifing ground, poffeffing a deliglit-
ful water profpecl, together with a commanding view of the capitol,
and the moft material parts of the city. Lines or avenues of direft
communication, have been devifed to connect the molt dillant and im-
portant obje6ls. Thefc tranverfe avenues, or diagonal rtreets, are laid
put on the moll choice ground for proi'pc6i and convenience, and art)
calculated not only to produce a variety of charming profpeds, but
oreatly to facilitate the communication throughout the city. North
and fouth lines, interfecled by others running due eaft and weft, make
the dillribution of the city into ftreets, fquares, &c. and thofe lines
have been fo combined as to meet at certain given points, with the
ilivergent avenues, fo as to form, on the fpaces firll determined, the
different fquares or areas. The grand avenues, and fuch llreets as lead
immediately to public places, are from 130 to 160 feet wide, and may
be conveniently divided into foot-ways, a walk planted ^vith trees on
each fide, and a paved way for carriages. The other ftreets are from
qo to no feet wide. Upon the whole, from the dellred effed with
which the plan of this city has been laid out and executed, and from
the fuccefs with which many other improvements are at prefent carry-
ing on, it will appear tliat it has many advantages to recommend it.
Advantages which are certainly inviting as an eligible place for the
permanent feat of tlie general government, as well as for any publit:
fettlement ; and while fupported by the public fpirited enterprile of the
people of the United States, and even by foreigners, the prefent ftate
of the city of Walhingtor muft dillinguilh itfclf as growing up in prof-
perity, with that degree of rapidity not unequal to the fubiiniity of

•IAR.TLAHO. 289

fiiiraan*perfcaion which fignalizcd th- rcfpeaableand worthy charadcr
to wlium it owes its name.

MANUFACTiTRn, Trade, Revrnues, &c.— Mines of iron ore ot
a fuperlor quality, abound in many parts of the llutc. I'urnacts tor
running this ore 'into pi^s and hollow ware, and forces to tednc pi«.
Iron into bars, are numerous, and worked to great extent and proht.
Thiii is the only manufafture of import ;uic« r-.irried on in the llate, ex-
cept it be that of wheat into lloiir, and curing tobacco.

The trade of Maryland is principally carrifd on from Baltimore,^
with the other Ihites, with the Well Indies, and with fomc parts o£
Europe. To thefe places they fend great quantities of tobacco, be-
fides large quantities of wheat, flour, pij^-iron, lumber, and corn j
beans, pork, and llax-fecd in fmallcr quantities ; and receive in return,
clothing for themfclves and negroes, and other ui> goods, wines, fpirits,
fugars, and other Well India commodities.

The trade of this llate is very conlidcrable, the attention of the
people being engrolVed in producing the two llaple articles of wheat and
tobacco, which they do to pcrfedion, and which they cxchinf-c with
other nations for their produce. By this means Maryland nul only
furnilhes herlelf with every neceffary, but uniformly throw , the balance
of trade in her own favour. The annual cxpences of the government
of this ftate have been eltimated at L.ao,ooo currency. The revenue
arifes chieriy from taxes on real and perfonal property.

In the weftern part of this itate tliere is faid to be ieveral remarkable
caves, although, probably from their not having been properly cxajnined,
a particular defcription of them has never been received.

SiMiNAMES OF Lear-nino, Religion, &c.— Walhington Academy, in
Somerfet County, was inlUtuted in 1779. It was founded and is lup-
uorted by voluntary fubfcriptions and private donations, and is autho-
rifed to receive gifts and legacies, and to hold 2000 acres of land.

At Chellertown, in Kent County, a college was inllituted in 1782,
and honoured with the name of Wailiington College, after the late
Prefident Wafliington. It is under the management of vitkovs or go-
vernors, with power to fupply vacancies, and hold eftates whole yearly
value fhall not exceed L.6000 current money. By a law enaded in
1787, a permanent fund was granted to this inititution L.I250 a year,
currency, out of the moneys arifing from marriage licences, fines, and
forfeitures on the eaftern (bore.

St. John's College was inllituted in 1784, and is alfo under trullees,
who have power to keep up the fucceflion by fupplying vacancies, and
to receive an annual income of 900D pounds. A permanent fund is
aflignedthis college, of 1750 pounds a year, out of the moneys aiifmg
from marriage licences, ordinary licences, fines, and forfciturei on
the wcltcrn Ihore. This college is at Annapolis, where a building
was prepared on purpofe for it. Very liberal fubfcriptions were ob-
tained towards founding and carrying on thefe feminaries. The two
colleges conftitute one univerlity, by the name of " The Univei-fity of
Maryland," whereof the governor of the ftate, for the time being, it
chancellor, and the principal of one of them is vice-chancellor, either
by feniority or by cledlion, as may hereafter be provided for by rule or
by law. The chancellor is empowered to caUa meeting of the trufteei,
pv a reprefentation of fevcu of each, and two Oi tiie mcm-crs Ox tu«

MARYtANB.

faculty of cacli, vfhlch. meeting is ftyled " Tlie Convocation of t<Ke
Univeifity of Maryland," who are to frame the laws, preferve unifor-
mity of manners and literature in the colleges, confer the higher degrees,
(letetmine appeals, &c.

Of the different feds of religion in this ftate, there are, the Roman
Catholics, who were the fint fettlers in Maryland, and who are the
moll numerous. Befides thefe, there are Proteftant Epifcopalians,
JUngliOi, Scotilh, and Iriili Prelhyterians, German Calvinills, German
Lutherans, Friends, Baptirts, Methodifts, Mcnnonifts, Nicolites or
New Quakers j who all enjoy liberty of confcience.

For the promotion of general literature, the Roman Catholics have
alfo ereded a collegr at Geprgetown, on Patomak River, which is t
prefent in a very flouriihing ftate.

In 1785, the Methcdifts inftituted a college at Ablngton, in Harford
■Countv, by the name of Cokcfhury College, after Thomas Coke, and
Francis Alhury, biihops of the Methodift Epifcopal church. The
college edifice is of brick, handforaely built, on a healthy fpot, en-
joying a line air, aivd a very extenfive profped.

The ftudent:, who are -toconfiii. of the fons of travelling preachers,
the fons of annual fabfcrlbers, the fons of the members of the Metho-
dift fociety, and orphans, arc inftru6led in Engliih, Latin, Greek, logic,
ihetoric, hiilory, geography, natural philofophy, and allronomy j and
when thfr finances of the college will admit, they are to be taught the
Hebrew, French, and German languages.

The college was ereded and is fupported wholly by fubfcription and
voluntary donations, and is-governed with the following regulations :^
All the iludents have regular hours for rifmg, for prayers, for their
meals, for ftudy, and for rtcreation. They are all to be in bed precifely
6t nine o'clock. Their recreations, for they are to be ' indulged ia
nothing which the world calls play', are gardening, walking, riding, and
bathing, without doors •, and within doors, the carpenter's, joiner's, cabi-
net-maker's, or turner's buiinefs. Suitable provKion is made for thefe fe-
veral occupations, vhich are to be confidered, not.-s nxatters of drudgery
and conftraint, but as pleafmg and healthful recreations, both for the
body and miiul. Another of their rules, which though new and fingu-
kr 'and which mav be favourable to the health and vigour of the body
£nd mind, is that the Ihidents HialJ not fleep on feather beds, but oa
wattrtir.s and each one by hirofelf. Particular attention is paid to
1 he morals and religion of the ftudents. _

There arc a few other litejary inrtitutious, of inferior note, in
different parts of the ftate, and provilion is made for free fchools ia
juoilof the counties J though fome are entirely negleded, and very
few carried on with any fuccefs. Thefe, however, are of much fervice
to a great proportion of the lower clafs of people, who a few years ago
were w a Itate of ignorance. n n-n j

CoNSTiruTxcN.— The conftitutlon of Maryland, which was eflabhOied
by a convention of delegates at Annapolis, in 1776, is compofed ot
two diUina branches, a fcnate and houfe of delegates, and Ityled
*' The General Affembly of Maryland." The fenators are ekacd on
the firft of September, every fifth year, the freemen choofe two men
in each county to be ekdors of the fenate, and one ekaor for the city
«r Annapolis, and one for the town of Baltimore. Thefe ekaors muU

WAR.YLAN».

294

Urt tU qualifications neceffary for county delegates, and muft meer
at Annapolis, or fuch other place as (hall be apponited for convening
the leeiflaturl, on the third Monday in September, every fifth year,
and ella bv ballot 15 fenators out of their own body or from the people
at large Nine of thefe muft be refidents on the weftern (here, and lix
on the caftern j they muft be more than 25 years ^f «g<^', "^f j'.^Tf
refided in the ftate mote than three years next preceding the ekaion,
and have real and perfonal property above the value of a thoutand
pounds. The fenate may originate any bills except money bills co
which they can only give their affent or diflent. _ The f^";^; ^J»«°;'^
their prefident by ballot. The houfe of delegates is ^ompofed of four
members for each county, chofen annually the firft Monday in 06lober,
The city of Annapolis and town of Baltimore fend each two delegates.
The qualifications of a delegate, are, full age, one year's refidence m
the county where he is chofen, and real and perlonal property above
the value of five hundred pounds. Both houfes choofe their own oR^
cers, and iudge of the ekaion of their members. A majority ot each
is a quorum. The eledion of fenators and delegates is viva voce, and
Iheriflfs the returning officers, except in Baltimore town, where the
commiflioners fuperintend the ekaioi^ and make returns. 1 he Hated
feffion of the legidature is on the firft Monday m November. 1 he
qualifications of a freeman are, full age, a freehold eftate of 50 acres
of land, and aftual refidence in the county where he jffers to vote,
property to the value of thirty pounds in any part of the Itate, and a
year's refidence in the county where he offers to vote.

On the fecond Monday in November, annually, a governor is ap-
r)oInted by the joint ballot of both houfes, taken in each houle reipec
tively, and depofited in a conference room ; where the boxes are
examined by a joint committee of both houfes, and the number ot votes
feverally reported. The governor cannot continue in office longer than
three years fucceffively, nor be re-ekaed until the expiration of luur
years after he has been out of office. The qualificatipn for the chiet
magiftracy, are, 25 vears of age, five years refidence m the ftate next
preceding the ekaion, and real' and perfonal property above the value
of five thoufand pounds, one thouGmd of which muft be freehold eftate.
On the fecond Tuefday of November, annually, the fenators and de-
ktrates eka by joint ballot, five able men, above 25 years_ of age^»
refidents in the ftate three years next preceding the ekaion, and
poffeffing a freehold of lands and tenements above the value of a thou-
fand pounds, to be a council for affifting the governor in the duties ot
his office. Senators, dekgates, and members of council, wnilft ii^h,
can hold no other office of profit, nor receive the profits of any office
exercifed by another. The governor, with tlie advice of his counci ,
appoints the chancellor, all judges and juftices, the attorney genera ,
naval and militia officers, rcgifters of the land office, furveyors, and all
other civil officers, except conftabks, affefTors, and overfeers oi the
roads. A court of appeals is eftabliffied for the final determination ot
all caufes, which may be brought from the general court of admiralty,

or of chancery. ,, , t n

History.— Maryland was granted by King Charles I. to t^eorge
Calvert, baron of Baltimore, in Ireland, in 1632. It was called Mary-
land, in honour of the queen, and was the firft colony which was erettcrt

■:h%\

2g2 KAHYLANC.

into a province of the Engliih Empire, and governed by laws enaiEledf
in a provinciiil lef;i(lature.

Lord Baltimore was a Roman Catholic, and was induced to uuder-
take thi^ fettlement in America, from the hope of enjoying liberty of
confcience for himfelf and fiich of his friends as might prefer an eafy
banifhment from England, embittered as they were by the Iharpnefs of
the laws, and the popular odium which hung over them.

The firft ^migration, confifting of about aoo gentlemen of confider-
able fortune and rank, with their adherents, chiefly Roman Catholics,
failed from England, in November, 1632 5 and after a profperous voy-
age, landed in Maryland, near the mouth of Patomak River, the be-
ginning of the next year. Calvert, their leader, «iurchafed the rights
of the aborigines, for a coniideration which feems to have been fatis-
faftory ; and, with their free confent, in the following March, he took
poflfefTion of their town which he called St. Mary's. Prudence, as
■well as iullice, di<R:ated the continuation of this falutary policy with
regard to the Indians-, and having carefully cultivated their friendlhip,
he lived with them on terms of perfeft amity, till it was interrupted
by the interefted intrigues of one William Cieyborne.

' The providing of food and habitatioiw, neceflarily engroflfed much
of the attention of the firft fettlers. They lived, for fome time, ratiier
under the domeftic regimen of a family, than according to the diffufivt-
regulations of a provincial eftablilhment. The Indian women taught
the emigrants how to make bread of their corn ; their men went out
to hunt and fifli with the Englilh ; they afllfted them in the chace, and
fold them the g^me they took for themfelves, for a trifling confidcra-
tion J fo that the new fettlers had a fort of town already built, ground
ready cleared for their cultivation, and no enemy to harafs them. They
had alfo prudently commenced their fettlement at that feafon when tlie
operations of agriculture naturally begin, which put it in their power
of providing food in proportion for thofe whom they expefted to follow
them from England.

Lord Baltimore laid the foundation of this province on the broad
bafis of fecurity to property, and liberty in religion ; granting, in ab-
folute fee, 50 acres of land to every emigrant ; eftablilhing Chriftianity,
agreeably to the old common law, without allowing pre-eminence to
any particular fed. The wifdom of his choice and meafures foon
converted a dreary wildernefs into a profperous colony. The tranfpor-
tation of people, and neceflary ftores and provifions, during, the firft
two years, coft Lord Baltimore, it is faid, upwards of 40,000 pounds.
The ficemen of the province, even during the youthful ftate of the
colony, granted him a fubfidy of 15 pounds of tobacco on every poll,
** as a teftiraony on their gratitude for- his great charge and folicitude
in maintaining the government, in protedling their inhabitants in their
Tights, and for reimburfing his vaft charge." This donation doesequal
honour to both j as it ilievvs tliat the one had merited, «nd that the
others poffeffed graditude.

As emigrants arrived and extended themfelve* at a greater dillance
from St. Mary's, the metropolis, legiflative regulations becume more
neceflViry, and accordingly a colleftion of regulations was prepared,
which dcmonftrated equally their good fenfe and the ftate of their

MARYLAND.

^93

affairs. The province was divided into baronies and manors, the pri-
vileges of which were carefully regulated.

Never did a people enjoy more real happlnels, or were more grateful
for it, than the inhabitants of Maryland under Cecilius, the excellent
founder of f hat province. The fpirit which the emigrant* difplaycd
on all occafions, as well as their legidative talents, evince that they
underrtood their Intereft, and purfued itj that while tliey chcrifhed the
,art prerogative of the proprietary, they never loft fight of the rights
of freemen.

The wife and prudent rael^fures of the governor, with regard to the
Indians, had hitherto cnfured a peace, which had proved extremely
beneficial to the province, during its weaknefs. The intrigues of Cley-
borne, however, infufed a jealoufy that was never altogether eradicated.
The rapid increafe of rtrangers, which threatened their own annihila-
tion as a people ; and the donation of their lands, without the authority
of government, for trifling confiderations, gave them the greateft dil--
fatisfaftion. All thefe caufes brought on an Indian war, in 1642, which
larted for feveral years, and was attended with the cuftomary evils*
A peace was at length concluded on the ufual conditions, of prefent
u bmiflion and of future amity.

Laws were foon after made-, to prevent, in future, the exigence of
the fame caufes. All purchafes of lands from the Indians, withoi't
the confent of the proprietary, were declared illegal and \x>id. It was
made " felony of death" for any perfon " to fell or tranfport any friendly
Iirdians." And it was declared to be highly penal to deliver any arms
or ammunition to them. Thefc falutary regulations, with the pru'denc
conduct of the governor, preferved a long and advantageous peace with
the aborigines.

The public tranquillity was fcarcely reftored, when it was difturbed
by mifchiefs of greater magnitude and more malignant efFefts. The
relllefs Cleyborne, joined by one Richard Ingle, who had been pro-
claimed a traitor, hi 1643, fii<Jed by the turbulent fpirit of the times,
raifed a rebellion in this province, in the beginning of the year 164;*
and obliged Calvert, the governor, to flee into Virginia for prote^lion!
The adminiftration, which he had been conftrained to relinquilh, Cley-
borne's adherents inftantly feized on as fallen to them, and excrcifed
it with fo great violence, that notwithftanding Calvert's moll rigorous
exertions, the revolt was not fuppreffcd, nor peace reftorcd, till Au-
guft, 1646.

The revolt being thus fuppreffcd, and order reftored In the flato,
the affembly endeavoured, with a laudable anxiety, to preferve the
peace of the church j and though compofed chiefly of Roman Catho-
lics, which would have enabled it to have pafled any regulation pecu-
liarly favourable to that denomination, the aft which it paiTed. con-
cerninT t«sligion, breathes a fpirit of liberality uncommon at that period.
It recjt d that the enforcement of confcience had ever been of danae-
rous confequence in thofc countries In which it had been pradifed. A^ul
?t was enafted, " That no perfonsj-profefling to believe in }v;fus Chrill,
iliould be moleftcd in refpeft of their religion, or in the free exercilc
thereof, or be compelled to the exercife ot any other religion, agaiull:
their confent; fo that they be not unfaithful to the proprietary, or
conlpire againft the civil p-ovcrnmfnt. That-

nnv

29+

MARTtAND.

•mother In refpea of his religious tenets, Hiould pay treble daTnagcs m
the party aggrieved, and twenty Ihilllngs to the proprietary ; that thoie
•cproaching any with opprobious names of religious diftindion ihould
forfeit ten ihilllngs to the perfons Injured j that any one 1 peaking re
proachfully againlt the bleffed virgin or the apoftlesn^ould forfeit ^ve
pounds. But blaf^hemy againft God fl^ould be puniflied with death.'
This aft paired 1649, and was confirmed in 1676, among the perpetual

^' Vir!inb/aTthirperiod", animated by a very different fpirit, paffed
f.vevekws againft the Puritans, whofe miaifters were not fulTered to
Tjreach. This occafioned numbers to emigrate to iVIaryland. _

^ Extraordinary fcenes were, at this time, exhibited on the colonial
thearrrc in Mamichufetts, the Congregationa irts, intolerant towards
the Episcopalians, and ev.ry other ktl ; the E^ucopal church retahat-
Z upon them in Virginia •, and the Roman Cathohcs of Maryland.

^^hf ':^^'(^"'^^ble in the hlftory .f Maryland,, for the
f\vA eftabliiament of that conftitution, which continued, with ioine
Ihort interruption, till the prefent one was adopted, m 177O.

In ,h'^ year 1652, the commilhoners iffued a variety of orders with
refpea t; Maryland. Yet, while they eltablilhed the authority of the
romrronwealth; they permitted the proprietary, who had acicnowledged
ks authority, to rule the province, as formerly ; though, in the name

the keep^ers of the liberties of England. But in 1654, the year after

1 ; was nLe proteftor for life, Cromwell feized the government.
Conlntions iltued 'between the Roman Catholics and the Puritans ; .e
W? adhering to their old conftitution, the latter to the new eita-

q Ihec aut irity of the commonwealth , which, at length,, terminated
in a civil war. Various ikirmld^es were fought with v^anous fucc f>,
till finluy, a decinve engagement took place, and the Roman Catbo-
s\vire V nnulfhed •, the governor. Stone, was taken pnloner, and
ordered to bel.ecutJd accm-ding to martial law;, but the mildn.fs 0.
h s admmUlration had fo attached him to the foldiers of Ins aavcrlancs
;tt, by^heir interceft.on, his fentence was fufpended, but changed
into'that of a long and rigorous confinement. , 1 -i •

In Tuly, J654. this faiJ Cleyborne, who wasfo much the evil genu<s

of MiUand, apponr.ed Fuller, Prefton, and others commilhonen

.r d aing he affairs of Maryland, under his highnefs, the lord p™

eao And thefe men called an affembly to meet in the next Oclobeu

The burg Ves, returned for St. Mary's County, rcfufed to fcrve deem-

inrit il^onfiftent with the oaths which they had taken to Lord Balti-

This affemblv firft paffed an ad of recognition of Cromwell sjuft tit.
-nd au^horlTy 'as from him it derived Its power. It next paffed an ad
:oncerh^rg rdigion, declaring, that none who pro effcd the popi v
" Hon ^uld t p^tcttcd In this province, by the laws of Enghu..
; mcrly eftablifl,ed, and yet unrepealed , nor by the Kovernrne
the commonwealth. That fuch as .profeffed faith m ^^«^' ^y J
Chrift though differing In judgment from the doanne and dUcip 1
pv' 1 y held forth, (hould not be reftrained trom the excrcile o^ hen
S' ^^. provided fi:ch liberty was not extended to popery or prdac),
]^(o lu 1 , us under th. profeliion oi Chnft, pracUfbd hccutiotdnci..-

MARYLAND, 295

Thefe feveral acls, for the time, engaged every attention, and created
the too common conrternation, while the more real alTairs of the llatc
were, perhaps, neglediled. This mull iippear from the management
ot" the government having been cntrulled to weak, and unknown hands,
iome of whofe ails revolved into treachery, others into nothing, and
the whole put together in no ways to the general advantage of the
^late.

In the beginning of the year 1676, died Cccilius, truly the father
of his province, covered with age and reputation, in the forty-fourth
•year of his government. He lived to fee his province divided into ten
counties, all llored with inhabitants, of whom the Roman Catliolics
were, to the number of Proteftants, in the proportion of an hundred
io one. But there were no parirties kid out, nor churches erediled,
nor public maintenance granted, for the fupport of the miniflry. And
there were then in Maryland only three clergymen of the church of
England.

Charles Calvert, who had governed the province with great ability,
prudence and reputation, from the year 166 1, fuccecded his father as
proprietary, in the year 1676. He immediately convened an alfcm-
bly, in v hich he prefided in perfon. They carefully revifed the whole
code of .aws, repealed the unneceffary, explained the obfcure, and con-
iirmed ;.he felutary.

Early in the year 1689, a rumour was artfully diffeminated, which,
faftion had framed, and credulity believed, that a popidi adminiilra-
tion, fupported by papilts, had leagued with the Indians, to cut oft" all
the protellants in the province. Confufion, difmay, and indignation,
inilantly fcized the people. Every art was tried to fatisfy them of thr
falfehood, the folly, and abfurdity of the report ; but in vain. A.n
affociation in arms, for the defence of the Proteflant religion, and for
afferting the right of King William and Queen Mary to that province,
and all the Englilh dominions, was inftantly formed. The affociation, it
is faid, placed at their head, a moft improper, and unqualified charac-
ter, who had formerly been tried and condemned for fedltious pradlices,
but had been pardoned. The deputies, at firft, endeavoured to oppofe
the affociation with force*, but meeting few fupporters, they were forced
to deliver up the fort, with the powers of government, by capitulation;
and a resolution in government of great extent and duration, enfuediu
Maryhir-d.

Thvi:, \ ;re the prerogatives of the proprietary, which had been
e.xerted with an unexampled attention to the rights of the people, toge-
ther with the privileges of the Roman Catholics, which they had
hitherto enjoyed under the mildeft laws, overwhelmed at once by the
provincial popiili plot, and buried in the fame grave. William approved
of the revolution, and tranfmitted orders to thofe who had thus acquired
the power, to exercife it, in his name, for the prefervation of peace ^
and, for the fucceeding 27 years, the government of the province-
remained in the crown of England. In 169'^, the protcftant religion
was eftablilhed by law in this province ; and in 17 16, the government
was reftorcd to Charles, Lord Baltimore, the then proprietary, and
continued in his, and his fucceffors hands, till the late revolution "j
ff-hen, though a minor, the proprietary's property ia the lands, v/ai*

P P 5 j

296 MARYLAN».

confifcated, and the government affumed by the freemen of the province,
who framed their prefent conllitution.

In 1779, the Maryhmd convention met at Annapolis, and unani-
moufly refolved upon an affociation to be figned by its members, and
by all the freemen of the then province •, that they fliould unite as one
band, and folemnly pledge themfelves to each other, and to America,
that they would, to the utmoft of their power, fupport the prefent .rain
of affairs, carrying on, as well by arms, as by the continental aflfocia-
tion, rcftraihing their commerce, &c.

Maryland was the laft to fign the articles of confederation, publifhed
by congrefs after the declaration of independence. The rcafon ihe
afligncd for her delay, was, " that (lie had no vacant, unappropriated
weilern territory, of which there were large trafts in the United States,
and which, (he contended, with great jullice, ought to be deeined the
common property of the union, and pledged as a fund for finking the
mtional debt." Till, therefore, fome fatisfaftion fliould be given on
the fubjeft, (he declined acceding to the confederation. Congrefs
having recommended to the feveral Hates, claiming fuch country, to
relinquifh their claims to the union, which being complied with on the
]iart of fome of the dates, the legiflature of Maryland, by the earned
requeft of congrefs, empowered their delegates in congrefs, by an act
for that purpofe, to fubfcribe and ratify the articles of confederation :
and this they did, as well from a defire to perpetuate and llrengthen
the union, as from a confidence in the juftice and generofity of the
larger ftates j and from a belief that, rifing fuperior to local interefts,
they would confent to fuch arrangements of the unappropriated lands,
included in the refpeftive charters, as good policy required, and the
great exertions of their own flate, in the common caufe, had fo highly
deferved. On the firll of March, 178 1, therefore, tht'v figned the
articles of confederation, and they were thus finally ratified.

During tke rage of the paper currency, in many of the itates, foon
after the peace, Maryland efcaped the calamity. The houfc of dele-
gates brought forward a bill for the emiflion of bills of credit to a large
amount j but che fenate firmly and fuccefsfully refifted the pernicious
fchcme. The oppofition between the two houfes was violent and tu-
multuous •, it threatened the ilate, for a while, with .uiarchy ; but the
quelb'on was carried to the people, c+nd the good fenfe of the fenate
finally prevailed.

When the prefent federal conftitution came befoie the convention of
Maryland, in April, 1788, feveral men of abilities appeared in oppo-
fition to it, and were unremitted in their endeavours, before, as well
as during the fitting of the convention, to perfuade the people, that
the propofed plan of government was artfully calculated to deprive them
of their deareft rights. But on taking the voice of the convention,
there appeared in f 'Ur of adopting it, 63 againll twelve.

Notwitftanding ail thcfe various dillraftions and revolutions, which
have attended this ftate,«and which inuft in fome degree have retarded
the progrefs of its profperity, Maryland has wonderfully increafed in
population and wealth. Its confequence and power, in the eye of her
lifter ftates, were ever confulted and eftcemed, and in procuring the
late revolution, has it had its full proportion of merit. There are fomi;

VIIGIMIA.

297

obie^llons, however, to the ftates of Maryland and Virginia, with regard
to the climate and Have labour. Thei'e Hates are rather unpleasantly
warm, in the fummer leafon, to an Engliih conftitution, particularly
the former j and the impoflibility of procuring any ftrvants but n'-<Tro
flaves is an objeftion almoil infuperable. Befides this, Phlladeinhia
is a much better market for produce than Baltimore, particularly for
wheat, which ufually fells higher at Philadelphia than at the port iult
mentioned, which, however, is in a very rapid Hate of improvement.
The federal city recently laid out between the forks of the Patn-.r.ak,
mull give a confiderable value to the country round it •, and the future
refidence of congrefs there, may, in time, make vValhington city what
New York and Philadelphia are now •, aUhough the ports of Akxan-
dria, Baltimore, and Annapolis, will long be competitors of great
importance. But from the dlfadvantages of the climate and Have-labour,
and whether it be owing to one or both ofthefe caufes combined, there
certainly is a want of individual and national energy in the fouthern
Hates which is not to be found in the otliers : the itile of farming i j
more flovenly, the individuals arc more idle and diflip§ed, and the
progrefs of public improvements, in general, more flow than in the
Hates on the northern fide. There can be no doubt of the climate
contributing fomewhat to this indolence of difpofition j but where labour
is coMned to flaves, who do not benefit in proportion to their induHry,
and where the white inhabitant regards himfelf as a different and fupe-
rior being, the general Hate of improvement muH be aftcfted by fuch
opinions unive.fally adopted in theory, and purfued in praaice. Upon
the whole, however, the prefent Hate of Maryland is highly promif-
ing, and if we may judge from national clrcumdances, as well as from
the many Angular advantages attending it, this Hate is certainly en-
titled to be ranked and refpedled as among the firft Hates of diftindiou
^n the union.

h.f.-

VIRGINIA.

Situation and Extent.

Miles.

Sq. MIlc^-

,cco

Length 446 1 , , ^ 0° and 8° W. longitude. 7

Breadth 224 j ^'''''''' j 36^^ ..S and 40° 30' N. latitude. ^ 7°,

Boundaries. — Bounded north, by Maryland, part of Pennfylvania
and Ohio River ; weH, by Kentucky ; ibuth, by North Carolina •,
cafl, by the Atlantic Ocean.

Civil Divisions. — This Hate contains the following counties, 82 ia
number, which are again divided into pariflies.

CountM.
Ohio

Monongalia
Walhington
Montgomery

WJST OF THE BLUE RIDGE.

Counties.

W^ythe
Botetourt
Greenbriar
Kanawii

Counties.
Hampihire
Berkley
Frederick
ohcuaudoaih

Counties.
Rockingham
AuguHa
Rockbridge

J93

vip.cin;a.

Counciei.
.Loudoun
Fauquier
.Culpcper
Spotfylvania

Lou: la

Greenfville

,Ditiniddie

•Cherterfield

Henrico
Manorcr
New Kent

ar.Twi;EN the blue ridge and the tide waters.

(.'inintifs.
Goochland
Flavania
Albemarle
Amhcrll
Buckinghum
Bedford

Counties.
Henry
PIttfylvanla.
Halifax
Charlotte
Prince Edward
Cumberland

between JAMES RU'ER. AND CAROLINA.

Prince George Southampton
Surry Ille of Wight

SulVcx Nanfemond

between JAMES AND YORK RIVER.S.

Charles City Williainlbur'r

James Cjty York

Countic",
Powhatan
Amelia
Nottaway
Lunenburcf
Mecklenburg
Brunfwick.

Norfolk
Princefs Ann,

Warwick
Elizabeth CItA.

Caroline
King. William

ibETVV;E;EN YORK and RHAPPAHANNOK RIVER.S.

King and Queen
Effes

GlouceHer
Middlefex.

between RHAPPAHANNOK and PATOMAK. RIVERS.

Tairfax Stafford Richmond Northumberland

Prince Williim King George Weftmoreknd Lancalter.

EASTERN SHORE.

Accomac and Northampton

Campbell
Jt'ranklin

NEW COUNTIK*.

Harrifon Hardy and

Randolph Pendleton Ruflell,

Climate. — In an extenfivc country, it will be expefted that the
climate is not the fame in nil its parts. It is remarkable that, proceeding
on the fame parallel of latitude weitwardly, the climate becomes colder
in like manner as when yo|i proceed northwardly. This continues to
be the cafe till you attain the furamit of the Allegany, which is the
Jhighell land between th-: or"';n aud the Miflifippi. From thence, de-
scending in the fame l.,:ii;u;lc to tlie MiHHlppi, the change reverfes,
.k.nd is faj<l to beconie Vvarrucr there than it is in the fa:ne latitude gn
the fea fide.

The fouth-weil winds, cait cf the mountains, are molt predominant.
Next to thefc, on the fea coail, the north-caft, and at the mountains,
tlie north-weit winds prevail. The difference between thefe winds is
very great. The north-eaft is loaded with vapour, infomuch that the
ialt manufacturers have found that their chryftals would not Ihoot while
diiit blows : it occaflons a dilfreiring chill, and a heavinefs and depref-
iion of the fpirits. The north-well is dry, cooling, elaftic, and animat-
ing. The call and fouth-eaft breezes come on generally in the afternoon,
and are known to have advanced into tiic country very fcnlibly within
the memory of people now livinj^.

That fiuduation between heat and cold, fo deftru(51ive to fruit, pre-
%nils l^fs in Virginia than in Pennfylvania, in the (i

pring

alon ; nor is

;he overllowing of the rivers in Virginia io extenfive or fg frequent trt
iliwt ibalbn, us thufe of the Ncv; England Hates; becaufc the fnows In

V*r«,GiNiA»

f-0^

^he former do not lie accumulating all winter, liable to be cliflc.lv cd all
Itnnce in the fprinir, as they do fometimcs in the latter. In \ irgnua,-
below the mountains, fnow fcldom lies more than a day or two ami
feldom a week •, and the large rivers fcldom freeze over. I h>s fluau.
Ition of weather, however, is Cafficient to render the wmters and fpnngs
very unpleafant, as the inhabitants have to walk almoll in perpetual

^^°The months of June and July, though often the hottea, are the moll
healthy in the year. The weather is then dry and lefs liable to change
than in Auguft and September, when the rain commences, and iuddtu

variations take place. • i • ^ r .. r ^l,*

On the fea coalt, the land is low, generally within I2 feet o_t the
level of the fea, intcrfeaed in all direaions with fait creeps and rivers,
the heads of which form fwamps and marQies, and tenny ground, cover-
ed with water, in wet feafons. The uncultivated lands are covered
with lar^^e trees, and thick underwood. The vicinity of the fea ai^
fait cr-eks and rivers, occafion a conftant moifture and waimth ot tlit.
atmofphcre, fo that although under the fame latitude, lOO or ijomiks
in the country, deep fnows. and frozen rivers frequently happen, for a
ihort fcafon ; yet here, fuch occurrences arc conlld.'red as phenomena.^
for thefc reafons, the trees are often in bloom as early as the laUo.
Februarv ; from this period, however, till the end of April, the inha-
hitants are incommoded by cold rains, piercing winds and (harp trolls,
which fubjeas them to the inllammatory dilcafcs, known under the

names of plcurify and pcripneumony. ^ , ^ x^r a ( v:.-

Rivers, Capks, Bays, and Canals.— It has been obfervcd of Vii-
ginia, and perhaps the obfervation is not exaggerated that every plan ef
iiasariverat his door. It is certainly evident, however, tnat this
Hate is conneacd with a great number of important rivers, which are
not onlv navlrable for large flups into the heart ot the country, blK
have fo'many^rbeks, and receive fuch a number of fmaller navigable
livers, tluu Virginia is, without ail manner of doubt, the country m
the w'oud of all others of the moft convenient navigation. ^ ^

Tames River, and its waters, afTord a molt extenfive navigation.
The whole of Elizabeth River, the lowelt of thofc which run into
Tames River, is a harbour, and would contaui upwards of 5CO Ihips.
The channel is from 150 to 200 fathoms wide, and, at common tiood
tide affords 18 feet water to Norfolk. Craney iHand, at the mcutli
of this river, commands its channel tolerably well, and the nvcr ulcU
^ifords harbour for veffels of any fize in Hampton Road, althougn not
in fafetv throu-h the whole winter •, and there Is alfo navigable watc^
as far as Wlulberry I (land. A forty gun fhip goes to Jamedown, and
lightening herfelf, may pafs to Harrllmvs Bar, on which there is only
I c feet --cer. Veflels of 2sO tons may go Warwick -, tho.e ot 250 to
Rocket I mile below Richmond ; from thence is about ieven feet
water to Richmond ; and about the centre of the town, four feet and a
half, where the navigation is interrupted by falls, which in a courleot
liK miles, dcfcend about 80 feet perpendicular. A canal has, however,
been completed for the palTing of boats by thefe falls, and above them
the navigition is refumcd in canoes and batteaux, and is profecutec
fafely and advantageouily to within 10 miles of the Blue Ridge ■, aud

even througli it.

300

VIRGINtA.

fn fome future period, it is polTible that the navigation of this river
ma\ be made to intrrlock with that of Patomak, and through that to
conmumcate by a fliort portage witli the Ohio. Although this river
IS called in maps James River, only to its confluence with the Rivan^
naj thence to the Blue Ridge, called #ic Fluvanna, and thence to
Its Inurce Jackfon's River ; it is to be oblcrved, that in common fpcech
It IS called by the name of James River to its fource.

The Rivanna, a branch of this river, is navigable for canoes and
batteaux to its interfeaion with the South-weft Mountains, which is
abr.ut 22 miles ; and may eafily be opened for navigation tiirouoh thofe
mountains, to its fork above Charlottefville. "

\ork River, at Yorktown, affords tlie beft harbour in the ftate for
veffels of tiie largeft fize. The river there narrows to the width of a
mile, and is contained within very high banks, clofe under which the
veffels may ride. It holds four fathoms water at high tide for 2 ? miles
above York to the mouth of Poropotank, where the river Is a mile and
a half wide, and the channel only 75 fathoms, paffing under a high
bank. At the confluence of Pamunkey and Mattapony, it is reduced
to three fathoms depth, which continues up Pamunkey to Cumberland
w-liere the width is 100 yards, and up Mattapony to within two miles
Oi l^raz.er's Icrry, where It becomes two and a half fathoms deer, and
holds that about five miles. Pamunkey is then capable of navigation
lor loaded floats f Brockman's Bridge, 50 miles above Hanorertovvn •
and Mattapony to Downer's Bridge, 70 miles above its mouth.

Roanoke, fo far as it lies within this ftate, is no where navigable
but for canoes, or light batteaux; and even for thefe, in fuch de'
tached parcels as to have prevented the inhabitants from availing
themlelves of it at all. °

Nanfemond River is navigable to Sleepy Hole, for veffels of 2s-o
tons ; to Suffolk, for thofe of 100 tons ; and to Milner's, for thofe "^of
25. ^ Pagan Creek affords eight or ten feet water to Smithfield, which
admits ^^effels of 20 tons. Chickahominy has at its n^outh a bar, on
which IS only 1 2 leet water at common flood tide. Veffels paffing that
may go eight miles up the river j thofe of ten feet draught may 00
lour miles further J and thofe of fix tons burthen, 20 miles further.''

Appamattox may be navigated as far as Broadways, by any veffel
which has crofled Harrifon's Bar, In James River j it keeps eight or
mne feet water a mile or two higher up to Fliner's Bar, and four feet
on that and upwards to Peterfburg, where all navigation ceafes.

I lankatank, the little rivers making out of Mobjak Bay and thofe
ot the eaftern Ihore, receive only very fmall veffels, and thefe can but
enter them. RappahannoH- affords four fathoms water to Hobb's Hole
and two fathoms from thence to Frederlckfburg, no miles. '

Patomak is fevcn miles and a half wide at the mouth, four and a half
at ^omony Bay, three at Aquia, one and a half at Hallooing Point
one and a quarter at Alexandria. Its foundings are, feven fathoms at
the mouth, five at George's Ifland, four and a quarter at Lower
Matchodic three at Swan's Point, and thence up to Alexandria ;
thence 10 feet water to the falls, which are i^ miles above Alexandria;
J he tides m the Patomak are not very rapid, excepting after great
lams, when the ebb Is pretty ftrong ; then there is iiitie or no tlood j

VIRGINIA. 331

and there is never more ilian four or five hours Hood, except with long
and ilrong Ibuth wmds.

The diftance from the capes of Virginia to the termination of the
tide water in this river is above 300 miles ; and navigable for fliips of
the created burthen, nearly that diftance. From tlicnce this river,
obftrucled by four confidcrablc falls, extends through a vail; traft of
inhabited country towards its fource. Thcfe falls are, the Little Falls,
three miles above tide water, in which diftance there is a fall of ^6
feet J the Great Falls, fix miles higher, where is a fall of 76 feet 'v\
one mile and a quarter j the Seneca Falls, fix miles above tlie former,
which form ftiort irregular rapids, with a fall of about 10 feet •, anil
the Shenandoah Falls, 60 miles, from the Seneca, where is a fall of
about 30 feet in three miles : from which laft. Fort Cumberland ii
about 120 miles diftant. The obftruftions, which arc oppofed to the
navigation above and between thefe falls, are of little confcqucnce.

Early in the year 1785, the leglHatures of Virginia and Maryland
pafled a6ls to encourage opening the navigation of this river.

From the opinion of the prefident and dlreflois, however, locks
appear only to have been neceflary at two places, the Great and Little
Falls: fix M the former, and three at the latter. At the latter nothing
has yet been completed. At the Great Frlls, where the difficulties were
judffed by many to be infurmountable, the work, is accomplilhed. At
the Seneca Falls the laborious part of the bufintfs is entirely finiftied,
by removing the obftacles, and making the defcent more gradual j fo
that nothing now remains but to finifti the channel for this gentle cur-
rent in a proper manner. At the Shenandoah, where the river breaks
through the Blue Ridge, though a prodigious quantity of labour has
been beftowed, yet the paffage is not yet perfected. Such proficiency has
been made, however, that an avenue for a partial navigation has been
opened froni Fort Cumberland to the Great Falls, which are within
nine miles of a fliipping port.

In order to form juft conceptions of the utility of this inland naviga-
tion, it would be requlfite to notice the long rivers which empty into
the Patomak. This will at once convince that the many plans hitherto
adopted have been well judged, and will at fame time fliew, that the
fubjeft of inland navigation in America is abundantly extenfive to afford
the ingenious mind fulhcient fcope to exert itl'elf in the way of inven-
tion, and to admit of further experiments.

The Shenandoah, which empties juft above the Blue Mountains,
may, according to report, be made navigable, at a trifling expence,
more than I 50 miles from Its conlUience with the Patomak ; and will
receive and bear the produce of the richeft part of the ftate. Com-
miffioners have been appointed to form a plan, and to eflimate the ex-
pence of opening the channel of this river, if on examination It ftiould
be found pradlcable. The fouth branch, ftill higher, is navigable in its
a6lual condition nearly or quite 100 miles, through exceedingly fertile
lands. Between thefe, on the Virginia fide, are leveral fmaller rivers,
that may with eafe be improved, fo as to afford a paffage for boats. Oa
the Maryland fide are the Monocafy, Antietam, and Conegocheague,
feme of which pafs through the ftate of Maryland, and have their
fources in Pennfylvania. A trad of 500 acres of land, at the contiu-

302 VIRGINIA.

cnce of the Slicnandoali and Patomak has teen pul?licly purchafed^
intended as a fite for the arfenal of the United Statrs.

From Fort Cumlierlnnd, or Will's Creek, one or two good wagf^on
roads may be had, where the dillance is from ^^ to 40 miles, to the
Youifliiogany, a large and navigable branch of the Monongahcla, which
lall forms a jundion Avith the Allegany at Fort Pitt.

But, by parting farther upthe Patomak th;in Fort CumbeiLnd, which
Tnay very eafily be done, a portage by a good waggon roud to Cheat
River, another large branch of the Monongahela, c in be obtained
through a fpace, which may be from 20 to :^o miles.

From thefe weflern waters, the navigation through that immenfe
region is opened by a thoufand directions, and to the lakes in fcveral
places, by portages of lefs than 10 miles j and by one portage, it is
alTcrted, of not more than a fingle mile.

The Great Kanhawa is a river of confidcrable note for the fertility
of its lands, and Hill more, as leading towards the head waters of
James River. Neverthelefs, it is doubtful whether its great and nume-
rous rapids \vill admit a navigation, but at an expence to which it will
require ages to render its inhabitants equal. The great obftacles begin
at what are called the Great Falls, 90 miles above the mci.th, below
Avhich a>"c only five or fix rapids, and thefe paffable, with fomc diffi-
culty even at low water. It is i8o yards wide at its mouth, and from
the falls to the mouth of Green Briar is 100 miles, and thence to the
lead mines 120.

The Little Kanhawa is 150 yards wide at its mouth. It yields a
navigation of lo miles only. Perhaps its northern branch, called
Junius' Creek, which interlocks with the weftern waters of Mononga-
hela, may one day admit a fliorter paflligc from the latter into the Ohio.

From tl.'s much enlarged and improved inland navigation, made in
this ftate, as well as in all Amr " a. in general, it will appear, that
the Americans arc poffelTed of no r:n: '! 'ock of ingenuity, with regard
to inventing and planning, accoiv^, '..rru 'ith that judgment and pene-
tration of accomplilhing only iucii projects as promife real utility and
relleft merit.

Mountains. — In Virginia the mountains arc not folitary and fcatter-
ed confufedly orer the face of the country •, but commence at about
150 miles from the fea coaft, are dlfpoftd in ridges one behind another,
running nearly parallel with the Tea coalt, though rather approachini;
it as they advance north-eaflwardly. To the fouth-well, as the trad
of country between the fea coaft and the Miflifippi becomes narrower,
the mountains converge into a fingle ridge, which, as it approaches the
Gulf of Mexico, fubfides into plain country, and gives rife to fome of
the waters of that gulf, ai.d particularly to a river called Apalachicola,
probably from the Apalachies, an Indian nation formerly rcfiding ou
it. Hence the mountains giving rife to that river, and feen from its
A arious parts, were called the Apalachian Mountains, being in fact the
end or termination only of the great ridges paffing through the conti-
nent, notwithllanding the name has been applied northwardly as tar as
the mountains extended •, fome giving it, after their fcparation into
dilFarent lidges, to the Blue Ridge, others to the North Mountains,
otiiers to the Allegany, and others to the Laurel Ridge. In the fame
dire.^Jon, generally, arc the veins of Umeflone, coal, and other mincnib

VUCINI/I. ^-i^

iittlierto difcovercel ; and fo ran;re thr falls of llic p[rf at rlvrr"?. Rut
the courfes of the rivers art- at right angles with thcfe. James and
Patomal; penetrate throuj^h all the ridges of mountains calbvard of the
Allegany that is broken by no watc courfe, which is the fpinc of
the country between the Atlantic on one lide, and the Miinfippi ar.d
St. Lawrence on the other. The paff.ige of the Patomak through the
Blue Ridge is, perhaps, one of the moll Ihiptndous fcenes in nature.
You Hand on a very high point of land. On your right comes up th«
Shenandoah, having ranged along the foot ot the mountain an hundred
miles to feck, a vent. On your left approaches the Patomak, in quell
of a paffage alio. In the moment of their jundion they r\ilh togtiher
againrt the mountain, rend it afunder, and pafs off to the fea. The
firll glance of this licene hurries the fenfcs into the opinion, that this
earth has been created in time, that the mountains were formed firn,
that the rivers began to flow afterwards, that in this place particularly
they have been blocked up by the blue ridge of mountains, and have
formed an ocean, which filled the whole valley j that continuing to
rife, they have at length broken over at this fpot, and have torn the
mountain down from its fummit to its bafe. The piles of rock on each
hand, but particularly on the Shenandoah, the evident marks of their
difruption and avulfion from their beds by the moft powerful agents of
nature, corroborate the impreffion. But the diftant finilhing wliicli
nature has given to the pifture, is of a very different charader. It is
a true contrail to the fore ground. It is as placid and delightful, as
that is wild and tremendous. For the mountain, being cloven afunder,
prefents to the eye, through the cleft, a fmall catch of fmooth blue
horizon, at an infinite diftance, in the plain country, inviting you, as
it were, from the riot and tumult roaring around, to pals through the
breach and participate of the calm below. Here the eye ultimately
compofes iti'elf j and that way too, the road actually leads. You croi's
the Patomak above the juntlion, pafs along its fide through the bafe of
the mountain for three miles, its terrible precipices hanging in frag-
ments over you, and within about 20 miles reach Fredericktown and
the fine country around it. The Allegany being the great rid 're
which divides the waters of the Atlantic from thofe of the Mitrifippi
its fummit is doubtlefs more elevated above the ocean than that of anv
other mountain. But its relative height, compared with the bafe on
which it (lands, is not fo great as that of ibme others, the country
rifing behind the fucceflive ridges like the (leps of flairs. The moun-i
•tains of the Blue Ridge, and of thefe, the peaks of Otter are thouolit
to be of greater height, meafured from their bafe, than any others in
Virginia, and perhaps in Nortii America. From every reafonable con-
■jefture, the higheft pjeak may be fuppofed to be about 4000 feet per-
pendicular, which is not a fifth part of the height of the mountains o£
South America, nor one-third of the height which would be neceffarv
to preferve Ice in the open air unmelted through the year. The ridge
of mountains next beyond the Blue Ridge, called the North Mountain,
is of the greateft extent j for which reafon they are named by the
Indians the Endlefs Mountains. Next to thefe are the Ouafioto
Mountains, which arc 50 or 60 miles wide at the gap. Thefe moun-'
tains abound in coal, lime, and freeftone •, the fummits of them are

304

VIRGINIA.

¥l

cenerally covered with a good foil, and a variety of timber j and the
fow intervale lands are lich, and remarkably well ivatered.

Face OF THE Country, Soil, Produce, Scc-Fhe whole country
below the mountains, which are about 150, or perhaps 200 miles W
the fea, is level, and fecms, from various appearances, to have been
onre .^4lhed by the fea. The land between York and James rivers is
verv level, and its furface about 40 feet above high water mark., It
nppears frim obfervation, to have rifen to its prefent height at different
p rfods far dlllant from each other, and that at thefe periods it was
wa(hed by the fea •, for near Yorktown, where the banks are perpen-
dicular, is, firft a aratum, intermixed with fmall Ihells refembling a
mi\tur; of clay and fand, and about five feet thick; on this hes hon-
rontally, fmall white (hells, cockle, clam, &c an inch or two thick j
then a body of earth about 18 inches thick •, then a layer of njellsand
another body of earth •, on this a layer of three feet of white (he Is mixed
wSfmdoa which ay a body of oyller ftiells fix ieet thick which
've e covered with earth to the furface. The oyfter Ihells, whichare
f^Ito have the appearance of large rocks on the fi.ore, are fo umted
by avery ftrong cement, that they fall only when undermined, and then
in lar<re bodies from one to twenty tons weight.

Thefe appearances continue in a greater or leis degree on the banks
of James River, 100 miles froni the fea -the appearances then va,
and the banks are filled with (harks teeth, bones of large and frnall fi(h
p trified, and many other petrifadiions ; fome refembling the bones of
Lnd and other animals, others, vegetable fubftances. Thefe appear-
Les are not confined to the river banks, but are feen at various placs,
rguireys, at confiderable diftancesfrom the rivers. In one part of the
U?e, for 70 miles in length, by finking a well, you apparently come
o the bottom of what was formerly a water courle And even as high
up as Botetourt County, among the Allegany Mmntains, there is a
naa of land, judged to be 40,000 Hcres, (urrounded on every fide by
mountains, whih fs entirely covered with oyller and cockle meUs, an
from fome gulleys, they appear to be of confiderable depth. A plan-
tatL at dTj^ Point, on James River, of as many as 1000^ acres,
appears at a dillance as if covered with fnow, but on examination the
.!hhl appearance is found to arife from a bed of clatn fi^ells, which by
repeated ploughing have become fine and mixed with the earth.

The foil below the mountains, feems to have acquired a charafter
forroodnefs, which, it is faid, it by no means deferves. Though not
rich it is well fuited to the growth of tobacco and Indian corn, and
parts of it for wheat. Good crops of cotton, flax, and hemp are alio
ralfed ; and in fome counties they have plenty of cyder and exquifite
brandy, diftilled from peaches, which grow m great abundance upon
the numerous rivers of the Chefapeak. . . , • .. *i

The planters, before the war, paid their principal attention to the
culture of tobacco, of which there ufed to be exported, generally,
c 5,000 hogOieads a year. Since the revolution they have turned their
attention more to the cultivation of wheat, Indian corn, barley, flax,
and hemp. It is expefted that this (late will add the article ot rice to
the lift of her exports ; as it is fuppofed, a large body of Iwamp m the
eallernmoft counties, is capable of producing that uietul grain.

If:!?

VIRGINIA.

3^5

A ,MAT^ &c.-We (liall here obfervc, that there were mkher
, ^''"^.ows fh en, nor hogs in Atnerica, before they were carv^cd.
thfhe'r rthe Europeans; but now they are multiphecl fo extrcuu'y
thither oy ^"^ Lrticularly In VIr^l^,;a and the iouthcrn co'oaics,

;trS' lrrs\CrmalJtranfpo^tea from Europe thoiV .atnral
Tthe country are, deer, of which there arc great numbers, aloj ot
to the ^°"""y;; '. ^^; .^^Ives, foxes, and racoons. Here is hke-
^JL:^^, called 'the opilTum, which has already been

*^^ m""^?;i nr neat cattle are bred in great numbers in the weftern coun-
tiefo7vtinia ste^^^^ -in the rtaL fouth of it, where they have an
cxtelve r^a^Te and mild winters, without any permanent iuows. I hey
run a lari a e feldom houfed, and multiply very lad. In the Wr
lun at large, ar^ . . j- ,£^^^3 ^inong the neat cattle,

rhthlro^est tal to^Iu tbAre noc b'red there, ft is l^d that the
vjhich P^«\" ?^ . nrou ht from the Havanna to bouth Uarc-

^:f^^^^:^^^^^ -^ ^^- '•p-^^ -^•^^— '^ '^ ^''"

^"in this ftate much pains have been take, to lalfe a g"-\J';^^^ "^
lio fes and have fucceeded in it beyond any ov the other itates. One
tl^ufand pounds ilerling has been know, to be giv.n ior one good
b ec^W^^^ Horfe racing has had a great tendency to ..courage the
b eeding of'good horfes, as it affords In opportunity ot .-ttiag tncnx
to the tfial of their fpeed. The horfes here are more elegant, and will
^eribrm r^ore fervice'than the horfes of the --h-n U.tes.
^ In Virginia there are all forts of tame and wild lo^^l. 1 ^ ^ y b ^ e
the nightingale, uhofe plumage is crimfon and blue ; the nioc.uig
brd thought t; excel all others in his own note and including that u
c ^r'y onel the humming bird, the fmallell of al the --fe-^ crea u .
and by far'the moft beautiful, all arrayed in carlet, ^-^^'^ ^
It fips the dew from the dowers which is^ all its nounlhment, and is
too delicate to be brought alive into Britain.

This itate may be faid to abound with good fiQi Sturgeon il^d,
and herring are the moll plenty •, perch, (heeplhead, drum, rock hlh
and trout, are common. Belides thefe, they have oylters in abun-

dance, crabs, flirimps, &c. 1 ii„ ^,r

Cascades, Curiosities, and CAVERNS.-The only remarkable cas-
cade in this ftate, is that of Falling Spring, m Auguita It is a wa t^r
of Tames River, where it is called Jackfon's River, nfing mthe waim
fpr ng mountains about 20 miles fouth-weil of the warm ^"^^^
flowing into that valley. About three-quarters of a "-^l, -^ ^^
fource, it falls over a rock aoo feet into the ya ley below The ihtet
of waur is broken in its breadth by the rock m two or three places
but not at all in its height. Between the Iheetand rock at the bottom,
you may walk acrofs dry. This catarad, however, will bear no com-
parifon with that of Niagara, as to the quantity of water compomg it j
the Iheet being only 12 or 15 feet wide above, and fomewhat more
fpread below •, but it is half as high again.

^ In the limertone country, there are many caverns of very conader-
able extent. The moft noted is called Madilon's Cave and is on
the north fide of the Blue Ridge, near the ir >rleaion of the Rock-
pgham and Auguita line with the South Foi of the fouthern nver o^

■•■t*^4

.'»i

■•%.■

[

306 VIRGINIA."

•Shcnundoan. It Is in a lull of about 200 feet 'perpendicular height,
the Rlcent of which, on one fide, is fo fteep, that you may pitch a bif-
cuit from its fummit into the river which wafties its bafc. The entrance
of the cave is, in this fide, about two-thirds of the way up. It extends
into the earth about 300 feet, branching into lubordinate caverns,
Ibmetimes afcending a little, but more generally defcending, and at
length terminates in two different places, at bafons of water of unknown
.extent, and which appear to be nearly on a level with the water of the
river. It is probably one of the many refervoirs with which the inte-
-xior parts of the earth are fuppofed to abound, and which yield fupplies
to the fountains of water, diltinguiflied from others only by its being
accefiible. The vault of this cave is of folid limcftone, from 20 to 40
or 50 feet high, through which water is continually exudating. This,
trickling down the iides of the cave, has incrulled tlicm over in the
form ot elegant drapery j and dripping from the top of the vault, gene-
rates on that, and on the bafe below, ftaladites of a conical form, fome
•of which have met and formed maffive columns.

Another of thel'e caves is near the North Mountain, in the county of
Frederick. The entrance into this is on the top of an extenfive ridge.
You delccnd 30 or 40 feet, as into a well, from whence the cave then
extends, nearly horizontally, 400 feet into the earth, preferviiig a
breadth of from 20 to 50 feet, and a height of from 5 to 12 feet. After
rcntering this cave a few feet, the mercury, which in the open air was
at ^0^, rofe to 57*^.

At the Panther Gap, in the ridge which divides the waters of the
Cow and the Calf Palture, is what is called the Blowing Cave. It is
in the fide of a hill, is of about 100 feet diameter, and emits conftantly
a current of air of I'uch force, as to keep the weeds prortrate to the
diitance of 20 yards before it. This current is ftrongeft in dry frofty
Tvcather, and in long Ipells of rain weakeft. • There is another blowing
cave in the Cumberland Mountain, about a mile from where it crofTes
the Carolina line. All that is known of this is, that it is not conllant,
and that a fountain of water iflues from it. Other caves arc faid to
jiave been Ijt.fly difcovered in this Itate, which yield fait petre in fuch
abundancf;', that nolefs than 500,000 pounds of that article, it is thought,
might be coUcder! from them annually.

The Natural Eiidge is the moll fublimeof Nature's works. It Is
•0!i the alccnt ot a hill, Avhich feems to have been actually cloven
through its length. The fiflure, juit at the bridge, is by fome meafure-
ments, 270 ifct deep, by others only 205. It is about 45 feet wide
at the bottom, and 90 feet at the top j this of courfe determines the
length of the bridge, and its height from the water. Its breadth in
the middle is about 60 feet, but more at the ends, and the thickneis
of the mafs at the fummit of the arch, about 40 feet. A part of this
rhicknels is conftitutcd by a coat of earth, which gives growth to many
large trees. The refidue, with the hill on both Iides, is folid rock of
Jimcftone. The arch apj)roaches the femi-elllptical form j but the
i nger axis of the ellipfis, which would be the cord of the arch, is many
times longer than the tranfverfe. Though the fides of this bridge are
^irovided 111 fome parts with a parapet of fixed rocks, yet few have refo-
iution to walk to them and look over into the abyfs, but involunarily tall
en their hands and feet, creeu to the oararaet. and oecp over it. If tha

VIRGINIA.'

view from the top be painful and intolerable, that from below is delight-
ful in an equal extreme. It isimpcflTible for the emotions arifing from the
fublime, to be felt beyond what they are here : fo beautiful an arch^
fo elevated, fo light, and fpringing as it were up to heaven, the rapture
of the fpedator is really indifcribable ! The fiffure continuing narrow,
deep, and ftraight for a confiderable diftance above and below the
bridge, opens a ttiort but very pleafing view of the North Mountain on
one fide, and Blue Ridge on the other, at the diftance eath of them o..
about fiv; miles. This bridge is in the county of Rockbridge, to
which it has given name, and affords a public and commodious paffage
over a valley, which cannot be croiTcd clfewhere for a Gonfiderable
diftance. The ftrcam pafling under it is called Cedar Creek, and is-
fuch a water, that in the drieft feafons it is fuff^cient to turn a grift-
mill, though its fountain is not more than two miles above. There is
a natural bridge fimilar to the above over Stock Creek, a branch of
Pelefon River, in Waftiington County.

Remains of ancient fortifications are fcattertd thick throuph the
weftern parts of this ftate, and in Kentucky, embracing from two to
ten acres each. One of thefe is fituated on a high bank, on the eaft:
fide of Youghiogany River, about 20 miles from its confluence with
the Monongahela. Its figure is fomevvhat like that of a horfe-ftioe.
It is encompaffed with a ditch, except at one narrow pafs, left proba-
bly for a gate-way. There are no Ma than ten of thefe ancient forts
within ten miles of the one above defcribed. The Indians fay they
are the work of people of ancient time, before the days of their fathers.
Mines and Minerals.— Virginia is the moft pregnant w'Mi minerals
and foiTils of any ftaU^ in the" union. A finglc lump of gold ore has
been found near the falls of Rappahannok River, which yielded 17
penny weight of gold, of extraordinary duaility. No other indication
of gold, however, has been difcovercd in its neighbourhood.

On the Great Kanhawa, oppofite to the mouth of Cripple Creek,
and alfo about 25 miles from the fouthern boundary of the ftate, in the
county of Montgomery, are mines of lead. The metal is mixed fome-
times with earth, and fometimes with rock, which requires the force
of gunpowder to open it j and is accompanied with a portion of filver,
too fmall to be woith fcparation under any procefs hitherto attempted
there. The proportion yielded is from 50 to 80 pound of pure metal
from 100 pound of waflied ore. The veins are at fomc thucs moit
tiattering, at others they difappear fuddenly and totally. They enter
the fide of the hill, and proceed horizontally. Two of them have
been wrought by the public, and could employ about 50 labourers to
advantage.' Thirty men, who have at the fame time raifed their owa
corn, have produced 60 tons of lead in the year j but the general
quantity is from 20 to 25 tons. The Great Kanhawa has confiderable
falls in the neighbourhood of the mines. ^ i,out feven miles below arc
three falls, of three or four feet perpendicular each •, and three milen
above is a rapid of three miles continuance, which has been compared
in its defccnt to the great fall of James River. Yet it is the opinion,
that they may be laid open for ufeful navigation, fjp as to reduce very
much the portage between the Kanhawa and James River.

A mine of copper was opened in the county of Amhcrft, on the
north fide of James River, and another in the oppofite county, on ths

ell

- fd

1,1 , . vj

i !

15 .

008 VIRGINIA.

fouth fifle. Howev*; r, either from bad nuinagcment or the poverty of
the vfiiis, they were difcontinued. A few years ago there were fix
confuln-fiMe iron nines worked in this ftate, and a forge at Frederickf-
barer, which made about 300 tons a year of bar-iron, from pigs im-
ported from Maryland ; and a forge on Neapfco of Patomak, worked
in the fame way. The indications of iron in other places are numerous,
and difperfed through all the middle country. The toughnefs of the
caft-iron of fome of the furnaces is very remarkable. Pots and other
utenfils, ca!l thinner 4;han ufual, of this iron, may be fafely thrown
into or out of the waggons in which tliey are tranfported. Salt-pans
Kiade of the fame, and' no longer wanted for that purpofe, cannot be
broken up in order to be melted again, unlefs previouily drilled in
many parts.

In the weftern part of the ftate, are faid to be iron mines on Chefnut
Creek, a branch of the Great Kanhawa, near where it croffes the Ca-
rolina line J and in other places.

Confiderable quantities of black lead are taken occafionally for ufe
from Winterham, in the county of Amelia. There is no work efta-
blifhed at it, thofe who want, going and procuring it for themfelvcs.

The country on both fides of James River, from 15 to 20 miles above
Richmond, and for feveral miles northv9ard and fouthward, abcunds
with mineral coal of a very excellent quality. Being in the hands of
many proprietors, pi : have been opened, and worked to an extent
equal to the demand. The pits which have been opened,^ lie 150 or
200 feet above the bed of the river, and have been very little incom-
ftioded with water. The firlt difcovery of the coal, is faid to have
been made by a boy, digging after a cray-fifti ', it has alfo been found
on the bottom of trees blowing up. In many places it lies within three
or four feet of the furface of the ground it is conjedured that 500,000
bulhels might be raifed from one pit in 12 months.

In the weftern country coal is knoAvn to be in iio many places, as to
have favoured an opinion, that the wliole tradl between the Laurel
Mountain, Miftilippi, and Ohio, yields coal. It is alfo known in many-
places on the north fide of the Ohio. The coal at Pittftturg is of a
very fuperior quality. A bed of it at that place has been on fire fince
' the year 1765. Another coal hill on the Pike Run of Monongahela
has been on fire ten years, yet it has burnt away about 20 yards only.

In this country an emerald is known to have been found. Ainethyfts
have been frequent, and chryilals common : yet not in fuch numbers
any of theni as to be worth feeking.

There is very good marble, and in very great abundance, on James
River, at the mouth of Rockfiih. Some white, and as pure as one
might expea to find on the furface of the earth •, but generally varie-
gated with red, blue, and purple. None of it has ever been worked;
It forms a very large precipice, which hangs over a navigable part of
the river.

But one vein of limeftone is known below the Blue Ridge. _ Its
firrt appearance is in Prince William, two miles below the Pignut ridoe
of mountains ', therile it paffes on nearly parallel with that, and crofies
the Rivanna aljout five miles below it, where it is called the South-weft
Ridge. It then croffes Hardware, above the mouth of Pludfon's

I ' . 1, T_,_ o : .... *u-. .,«.1^ ^f P --./-I- jn (V. of- thi" i-navKle nimrrv

V. ictjl, lilUiO isiVCi »;i \iVk iuuntii uA iv^v««<'«'} ■"* ■>"" — — i-i- -J— .- J

iciiij jiiaics isivsr ui

VIRGINIA. 309

before fpok'^n of, and probably runs up that river to where It appears
again at Rofs's iron-works, and fo pafles off foath-weftwardly by Flat
Creek of Otter River. It ic never more than 100 yards wide. From
the Blue Ridge weft wardly, the whole country feems to be founded on
a rock of limeftone, befides infinite quantities on the furface, both
loofe and fixed. This is cut into beds, which range, as the mountains
and fea coaft do, from fouth-wert to north-eaft.

Medicinal Springs. — There are feveral medicinal fprings, fome of
which are indubitably efficacious, while others feem to owe their repu-
tation as much to fancy, and change of air and regimen, as to their
real virtues.

The moft efficacious of thefe, are two fprings in Augufta, near tlie
fources of James River, where it is called Jackfon's River. They rife
near the foot of the ridge of mountains, generally called the Warm
Spring Mountain, but in the maps, Jackfon's Mountains, '^he one is
diftinguifhed by the name of the Warm Spring, and the other of the
Hot Spring. The Warm Spring iiTues with a very bold ftream, fuffi-
cient to work a grift-mill, and to keep the waters of its bafon, which
is 30 feet in diameter, at the vital warmth. The matter with which
thefe waters is allied is very volatile j its fmell indicates it to be ful-
pherous, as alfo docs the circumftance of turning filver black. They
relieve rheumatifms, and other complaints of different natures have
been removed or ieffened by them. It rains here four or five days iix
every week.

The Hot Spring is about fix miles from the Warm, is much fmaller,
and has been fc hot as to have boiled an egg. Some believe its degree
of heat to be' Ieffened. It fometimes relieves where the Warm Spring
fails. A fountain of common water, iffuing within a few inches of its
margin, gives it a Angular appearance. Comparing the temperature
of thefe with that of the hot fprings of Kamfchatka,the difference is very
great, the latter raifing the mercury to 200 degrees, which is within 1 z
degrees of boiling water. Thefe fprings>re very much reforted to in*
Ipite f a total want of accommodation for the fick. Their waters are
lirongeft in the hotteft months, which occafions their being vifited in
July and Auguft principally.

The Sweet Springs are in the county of Botetourt, at the eaftern
foot of the Allegany, about 42 miles from the warm fprings. They
are ftill lefs known. Having been found to relieve cafes in which the
others had been ineffeclually tried, it is probable that their compofition
is different. They are different alfo in their temperature, being as cold
as common water j which is a proof of a diftinft impregnation. This
is among the firft fources of James River.

On Patomak River, in Berkley County, above the North Moun-
tain, are medicinal fprings, much more frequented than thofe of Au-
gufta. Their powers, however, are lefs, the waters weakly mineral-
ized, and fcarcely warm. They are more vifited, becaufe fituated in
a fertile, pleatiful, and populous country, provided with better accom-
modations, always fafe from the Indians, and neareft to the more popu-
lous ftates.

In Louifa County, on the head waters of the South Anna branch of
York River, are fprings of fome medicinal virtue. They are, how-

•"I

^ *f *l

,-*tf

fc (£1

" 4 4

|ver, not much uled.

There is a weak chalybeate at Richmond ; and
Rr

^10

vmciNiA.

m.nv others m various parts of the coyutry, which arc of little worth,

.vhen compared with thofe before mentioned.

In Howard's Creek of Green Briar, there ,. faid to be a fulphur

foru. L the low grounds of the Great Kanhaw^ay feven m.lc.

ibovf 'the mouth of Elk River, and 67 above that pf the Kanhaway
tfelf s a hole in the earth, of the capacity of 30 or 40 gallons, from

'Si ITues conftantly a bituminous yapgur, in faftrong a current as
o dve to 'he fand about its orifice the motion w;^uch ^t ha. m a boiling

to give ^° "»^ ;;. V ^. , J ^ die or torch, within 18 inches at
1;:. ifo'le ^t tCs u In a Column of 18 inches dian^eter, and foyr or
five fect'in height, which fometimes burns out m 20 rninutcs. and at
X times has^een known to coaiti^ue three days, and then ha, bee,
p.llier titpes nab u ,,nfteadv of the denfity of that of burning

leftburniug. ],^ .^^ ^^/pTt coal Water fometimes coUeds in'
KaVof S i^'^mSl/cpld, a.d is kept in ebulition by the
tlie oaion, wan-.i . ir^^i,„ vanour be fired in that Itate, the

'''T..:'tVL\t^r„rr Sandy R^er the Aa™ of «V,ch U a co.un,.
of abbut 12 inches diameter, and three feet high.

There s an uncommon furir^ not far from Brock's Gap, on th
flreamnfwhrchisagriA-mSl, wh^ch grinds tw'o burti^ls of grau a
flnnr of the fpring. Another near the, Cow Pafture lUver, a
'^17andf h.lftlow itf contluencewith the Bull Failure River, and
"fo; 7-^'^-the Hot Springs, which i"-"-- -« ^ ^^^

1 o«,. olfo near the mouth ot the INorth Holiton.

''X%l.et"-.rbe "S "tied the Natural Well ia Fredemk
ro„n r It is fomLhat brger than a common well ; the water nes
• •, '^;.,r the fmface of the earth as m the neighbouring artificial
^^cSs a^d Vof a d P h as yet unknown. It is faid there is a current
iJendina fenfibly downwards. « this he true, « probahly feeds
f 1 fom«4 of which it is the natural refervo.r, diftinguidied from
lleis lite that of Madifon's Cave, by being acceflible. It is ufcd

'tlLt''.!lThe3Stf^ht^t:rL^^^^^

.iccording i^ fubordinate officers, as in the regular iervicc. In

:tf :oX i*"coty lieutenant, who commands the wWemiitia

- "' ro-ir^Iiry'' elding." 'rhet Tr e^Vp^Tnied'^JcclK

general officers ^^^^ ^7f '^^^^^^^ whofe comnyffion Ms

power. ^,^%^r;,'^^;;\;j";^ but this injunaion was always

gently called ^r to a.m ^J^^i^ Z^ c::^r^ fpurth or
country they arc entirely dilarmcd in in had provided to

fifth part of them may have fiich firelocks^ l^^^^^J.^Uc wetter-
dcRrov the noxious aiumais whicn inicli thv,u tctrmS; an_ j
fide o7 the Blue Ridge they are generally armed with ntk..

The interfeftion of Virginia by fo many navigable rivers, renders it
almoil incapable of defence. As the land will not (upport a great
number of people, a force cannot fodn be colkaed to repel a iuddeii

invafion.

Chief Towns. — Virginia is not divided mto tcnnnnps, hke the
northern ftates. The towns are fmall, owing probably to the inter-
fedlion of the country by navigable rivers, which brings the trade to
the doors of the inhabitants, and prevents the neceirity of their going
in quert of it to a diflance. The to^vns, or more properly villages or
hamlets, are the following : On James River and its waters, Norfolk,
Portfmouth, Hampton, Suffolk, Smithfield, Williamlhurg, Peterftmrg,
Richmond, the feat of government, Manchefter, Charlottefville, New
London. On York River and its waters, York, Newcaftle, Hanover.
On Rappahannok, Urbanna, Port Royal, Frederickfburg, Falmouth.
On Patomak and its waters, Dumfries, Colchefter, Alexandria, Win-
cheflcr, Staunton.

Norfolk and Portfmouth will probably become the emporium of all
the bulky articles imported from foreign countries, from whence they
arc dillribnted for retail to all the towns in the ftate, as well as thole
in North Carolina fouth of Newbern, from the canal that has been cut
from the north branch of Albemarle Sound in North Carolina, t.)
the wat<irs in the fouth branch of Elizabeth River j thb canal is i/i
miles in length, through a level, low country : it empties the waters
of Albemarle Sound, which are rather higher than thofe of Eli/abct'i
River, in Virginia, about nine miles from Portfmouth, which lies oppo-
fite to Norfolk, on the fame fide of Elizabeth River with the canal.
To the place where the canal empties into Elizalieth, merchant velTcl 4
of the largeft fize may go within a mile : here the w ater will be con
tinually frelh, fo much fo that the worm, the grcatell enemy to the
ihipping of the harbour of Norfolk and Portfmouth, and which does
great injury in the harveft months, will not affed them if they mn up
near the canal.

Peterihurg already receives a grtat proportion of the tobacco it (liip^
from North Carolina, and the counties of Virginia bordering on the
North Carolina line. From the great convenience of this canal, not
only the produce of North Carolina, that formerly was carried to
Peterfburg, will be diverted to the Norfolk and Portfmouth channel,
but the produce of the valuable counties of Dan and Staunton rivers iii
Virginia, will natutally purfue the fame courfe, as the water carriage
Hvill be much cheaper than a land one of an hundred miles, which was
before impofed on them •, but at Norfolk and Portfmouth they will
certainly procure their goods cheaper, being the fountain head, than
from any of the extraneous fources. As an evidence of the importance
of thefe towns to the United States, congrefs paffcd a law, lalt iL^flion,
for fortifying the port and harbour of them. Two Ibong batteries arc-
now completed, and another is faid to be in contemplation, which, vyheu
finilhed, it is fuppofed will be perfeftly fecure from any naval operations.
This harbour is fuppofed to be one of the belt in America j it begins
at the mouth of the fouth branch of Elizabeth River, which is not a
quarter of a mile over, and has fix fathoms water within 30 yards of
the (liore. Adjoining this place, are the towns at the licad ot the
tide waters, viz. Peterlhiirg en Appamattox, Richmond ou James

Kr ij

, '"■'-.aI

(•' .1* I

f .1
.Ml

312

VIRGINIA.

River, Newcaftk on York River, Frederickfburg on Rappahannok,
and Alexandria on Patomak. • -p • r

Alexandria ftands on the foutli bank of Patomak River, m Fairfax
County. Its fituation is elevated and pleafant The foil IS clay. The
oriirlnal fettlers, anticipating its future growth and importance laid
out^the ftreets upon the plan of Philadelphia. It contains about 500
houfes, many of which are handfomely built, and nearly 4000 inhabi-
tants. This' town, upon opening the nayigati^^n of Patomak River.
4nd in confequcnce of Its vicinity to the city of Wadungton, w 1 pro-
bably be one of the moft thriving commercial places on the continent
ivfount Vernon, the celebrated feat of the late refpefted and beloved
Prefident Walhington, is pleafantly fituated on the Virginia bank of
the river Patomakt where it is nearly two miles wide, and is about 280
milerf om the fea and 127 from Point Look Out at the mouth o
the river. It is nine miles below Alexandria, and four above the
beautiful feat of the late Colonel Fairfax, called Bellevoir. 1 he aica
of the mount is 200 feet above the furface of the river •, «nd, after fui^
niming a lawn of five acres in front, and about the fame ^n lear of the
buildings, falls off rather abruptly on thofe two quarters. OnfJ^e north
end it fubfides gradually into extenfive pafture grounds •, ^'V^^" V'^ ^
fouth it flopes Lre fteeply, in a (horter diftance, -J.^---^-j;^^^,
the coach-houfe, ftables, vineyand, and nurferies. «" ;;^^^. .^^ "
a thick grove of different flowering foreft trees. Parallel ^.^th ^hem
on the ifnd fide, are two fpacious gardens, into which one is led by
two ferpentine gravel walks, planted with weeping willows and Ihady
hrubs. The manfion houfe itfelf, appears venerable and conve ment
A lofty portico, 96 feet in length, fupported by eight pillars has a
pleafing effea when viewed from the water: the whole affemblage of
?he grfen-houfe, fchool-houfe, offices, and fervants halls, when /een
from^he land fide, bears a refcmblance to a rural village ; efpecial y
as t^e lands on that fide are laid out fomewhat m the for mo Englilh
gardens in meadows and grafs grounds, ornamented with little copfes,
ffrcScCps, and fingl^ treel A fmall park on the -argin of the
river where the Englifh fallow deer, and the American wild deer are
Ten hrough the thickets alternately with the veffels as they are failing
Hon 'radd\ romantic and piaurefqu. appearance to the whole fcenery
On the oppofite fide of a fmall creek to the northward, an extenfive
ilain exhfbiting corn-fields and cattle grazing, affords m fummer a
fuxur'iant lai dfc!pe j while the blended verdure of woodlands and cul-
tivated dedivities, on the Maryland fhore, variegates the profpeft m a
d^^mlng manner.' Such are the philofophic (hades to which th. truly .
great man retired from the tumultous fcenes of a bufy world Yet he
fs no more, that hero, whofe eulo^lum afloi^s pleafure ^o |reat minds ,
.vho has diubtlefs merited the civic palm both as a -- o^^^'^ -^
citizen J who combined every virtue with every Ulent , ^^^^^^^'
havlne begun and fupported the revolution, by his abilit es, his va loui,
anTvfrtuefknewhowto terminate it by the moderation as we 1 as
the ^^fdom of his counfels •, who has done more yet than rendered his
countrymen free, who has rendered them happy.

, , .^ u...„ ^;„»„ o frpfrh of the life of this greUt charafter, George

^»/m'',!^'n'^'^utVrefJpdrfeded■by the many publications that have already appe.rc^
:!::^:f:^:^l^^^ iy ^ ^o^L^i^ou ^^. has Utdy con. out.

VIRGINIA.

3»3

Fredenck(burg, in the county of Spotfylvania, is fituated on the
louth fide of Rappahannok River, no miles from its mouth', and
contains upwards of 200 houfes, principally on one ftreet, which runs
nearly parallel with the river, and about 1800 inhabitants.

Richmond, in the county of Henrico, is the prefent feat of govern-
ment, and ftands on the north fide of James River, juft at the foot of
the falls, and contains upwards of 500 houfes, and 5000 inhabitants.
Part of the houfes are built upon the margin of the river, convenient
for bufinefs •, the reft are upon a hill which overlooks the lower part of
the town, and commands an extenfi\e profpeft of the river and adja-
cent country. The new houfes are well built. A large aate^houle
has lately been ereaed on the hill. The Ipwer part of the toxyn is
divided by a creek, over which is a conv*"nient bridge. A bridge,
between 500 and 400 yards in length, has lately been thrown acrofs
Tames River at the foot of the falls. That part from Mancheftcr to
the idand is built on 15 boats. From the idand to the rocks was for-
merly a floating bridge of rafts; but it is now built of framed log piers,
filled with ftones. From the rocks to the landing at Richmond, the
bridge is continued on framed piers, filled with Hones. '1 his bridge
conneas Richmond with Manchefter ; and as the paffengcrs pay loU,
it produces a handfome reimburfement to the private fuggefter ami

undertaker of it. . . , 1 » 1 1 1

The falls above the bridge are fevcn miles m length. A noble canal
is nearly completed on the'north fide of the river, which is to termi-
nate in a bafon of about two acres, in the town of Richmond, trom
this bafon to the wharves in the river, will be a land carnage of about
« mile. The opening of this canal promifes the addition oi much wcaltll

to Richmond. . , « , 1 r tT.

Peterlhurg, 25 miles fouthward of Richmond, ftnnds on the ioiltn
fide of Appamattox River, and contains upwards of 320 houfes, in two
divifions ; one is upon a clay cold foil, and is very dirty, the other
upon a plain of fand or loam. There is no regularity, and very httle
elegance in Peterlhurg, it is merely a place of bufinefs. ^ The tree
Mafons have a hall tolerably elegant. Like Richmond, WilhamibttTg,
Alexandria, and Norfolk, it is .-> corporation j and what le fingwkr,
Peterfijurg city comprehends a part of three counties. The celebrated
Indian queen, Pocahontas, from whom defcended the Randolph wvX
Bowling families, formerly refided at this place. Of inhabliaiUS
Peterfburg and its fuburbs may contain upwards of 40CO. _

The trade of this place is very confiderable and important. It COn«
fifts of tobiicco, flour, bread, Indian meal, wheat, Indian corn, peas,
pork, beef, bacon, hog's lard, butter, tallow, bees-wax, heiftp, a»A4
decr-lkins ; all of which, in the way of trade, have amounted, ux th€
courfe of one year, to the value of 1,400,000 dollars, befides peaeh
and apple brandy, whifky, &c. to a confiderable amouivt.

Williamftjurg is 60 miles eailward of Richmond, fituated htiwtm
two creeks-, one falling into James, the other into York River. I he
diftance of each landing place is about a mile from the town. .Dunfig
the regal government, it was propofed to unite thefe creeks by a canal
pairing through the centre of the town ; but the removal of the feat of
rovernmenlkiendered it no longer an objea of importance. It contwns

* r

t •* : *|

\ "If

covernmen%i'<

about aoo houles, many oi

which are going fait to decay, and abvu;

▼tRCINIA.

1400 inhabitants. It is regularly laid out in jiarallcl rtreets, nith a
pleal'ant Iquare in the centre oi about ten acres, through which runs
the principal ftreet ealt and well, about a mile in length, and more
than 100 feet ^vide. A, he ends of this ftreet are two public build-
ings, the college and capitol. Befides thcle, there is an Epifcopal
church, a prifon, a court-houfe, a magazine, how occupied as a market,
and an hofpital for lunatics j and not far from the fquare ftood the
governor's houfc, or palace, as it was called, which was burnt during
the war, while it was occcupied as an American hofpital. The houlc
of the prefidcntof the college, occupied alfo as an hofpital by the French
army, ftiared the fame fate, but this has fince rebuilt at the expcnce
of the French government. Every thing, however, in Williamlhurg
appears dull, torfaken, and melancholy ; no trade, no amufcments,
but the infamous one of gaming •, no induftry, and very little appear-
ance of religion. The unprofperous ftate of the college, but princi-
pally the removal of the feat of government, have contributed much
to the decline of this city.

Yorktown, 13 miles eaftward from Williamftjurg, and 14 from
Monday's Point at the mouth of the river, is a place of about 100
houfes, fituated on the fouth fide of York River, and contains about
800 or 900 inhabitants.

Moll of thefe different towns have greatly advanced of late years,
and when the many advantages that attend the (late they are in is
confidered, it will be allowed that they have every opportunity of
thriving.

Colleges, Academies, &c. — The college of William and Mary was
founded in the time of King William and Queen Mary, who granted
to it 20,000 acres of land, and a penny a pound duty on certain tobac-
coes exported from Virginia and Maryland, which had been levied by
a ftatute of Charles 11. The affembly alfo gave it, by temporary
laws, a duty on liquors imported, and fklns and furs exported. From
thefe refources it received upwards of 30,000 pounds. The buildings
are of brick, fufficient for an indifferent acommodation of perhaps 100
lludents. By its charter it was to be under the government of 20
vifitors, who were to be its legiflators, and to have a prefident and fix
profeflbrs, who were incorporated. It was allowed a reprefentative in
the general affembly. Under this charter, a profefforftiip of the Greek
and Latin languages, a profefforftiip of mathematics, one of moral phi-
lofophy, and two of divinity, were eftabliftied. To thefe were annexed,
for a lixth profefforftiip, a confiderable donation by a gentleman of
England, for the inftrudion of the Indians, and their converfion to
Chriftianity. This was called the profefforftiip of Brafferton, from an
eftate of that name in England, purchafed with the donation. The
admiflion of the learners of Latin and Greek filled the college with
children. This rendering it dilagreeable and degrading to young gen-
tlemen already prepared for entering on the fciences, they were dil-
couragcd from rcforting to it, and thus the fchools for mathematics and
moral' philofophy, which might have been of fome fervice, became of
very little. The revenues too were exhaufted in accommodating thofe
who came only to acquire the rudiments of fcience. After the revo-
lution, the vifitors, having no power to change thofe circumltances
'n\ the conftitution of the college which were fixed by the charter, and

/es.

VIMINIA.

3^5

. .,„ ,i,ereforc confiued In the number of pro edornnps unde ook
^ h.n^rtl e r objeas, and they accordingly excluded the two kl o. U
r" ^ Sv and that for the Greek and Latin lanKua-es and ^ibili-

tll« e » 7o;= of m.A.n.atk,, one cf law, one of rno<to„ lanjua,
itaXtfttule a "of Xothors fo"; o'tl.ev branches of fciencc.
bee^ vevi.cd', and a. prcfent' the coll.Re - tln,v>ng. Us ph,lofci,h.c.,l

There are fevcral other a -adcmies in Virgnna—oue at A>exandna

^ rv o"rn?ilesfHuavc, caUcJ hundreds, and '" '-^° .. ''™> , ^

o poor to L them further education, and to fend hnn tor.v» d
o"e of the grammar fehools, of v.hich 20 are propoff '? ^' "'«='''
dS^er'nt pa'rts of the country, for teaching G-k, Latm £og' h
•,„d 1' c hither branches of numerical arithmetic. 1 he u Uimate reuii
o tWhok rcheme of education tvould be the teaching all the cluldvc,
'.^ tftatc'^rlrrg, writing, and common arithmetic , "--S-"-

;rt I'hltr ESes"^'aS;^« ". ^^'tg t^^' inUL.

^ene ll obieds of this law are to provide an education adapted to U
feL to the capacity, and the condition of every one, and direcled to
S freed! and hamunefs. Specific details were not proper for th.
w rrri^uftbe'the bufinefs of the vilkors e-tru^ecl with its exe-
cut7on The firft fta^je of this education being the fehools of the hun
d^: wherl the gr^ft niaf.of the people -11 --.te. inarudio

'• . .!..-i r„.,„j„t''>"'= '^f fni-nrp order will be laid ncre. i u^- "i^i.
elements of morality may be initilled into their mmds •, lach as, whca

•'I
- M

Jl5 VIRGINIA.

further JcvcWped as their judgments advance in ftrcngth, may teach
them how to promote their own greatell happincfs, by Ihevving thtni
that it docs not depend on the condition of life in which chance has
placed them, but is always the refult of a jroodconfcirncc, good health,
occupation, and freedom in all juft purfuits. Thofc whom either the
wealth of their parents or the adoption of the Hate Ihall delHne to
higher detrrees of learning, will go on to the grammar fchools, which
conltitute the next ftage, there to be itiilruftcd in the languages. As
foon as they are of a fufficient age, it is luppofed they will be fcnt on
from the grammar fchools to the univcrfity, which conllitutes the third
and hit Itage, there to ftudy thofe fcicnces which may be adapted to
their views, By that part of the plan which prefcribes the felertion of
the youths of genius from among the claffes of the poor, the Hate will
avail itfelf of thofc talents which nature has fown as liberally among
the poor as the rich, but which perilh without ufe, if not fought for
and cultivated. But of all the views of this law none Is more important,
none more legitimate, thai; tiiat of rendering the people the fafe, as
they are the ultimate guardians of their own liberty. For this purpole
the reading in the firft llage, where they will receive thejr whole edu-
cation, is propofcd, as has been laid, to be chietly hirtorical. Hiftory,
by apprizing them of the palt, will enable them to judge of the future ;
it will avail them of the experience of other times and other nations ;
it will qualify them as judges of the actions and defigns of men j it will
enable them to know ambition under every difguife it may aflunie; and,
knowing It, to defeat Its views.-''

The excellent meal'ures for the dlflFuiicn of ufeful knowledge, which
this bill propofcs, have not yet been carried into effed j and here too
much rtiall not be faid of the fuccefs which it may meet with in the
•end — for to ufe a jull and true maxim, " Nature may give very great
advantages ; but Die muft have the concurrence of fortune to make
heroes."

Religion. — The firft fettlcrs in this country were emigrants from
England, of the Knglifli church, juil at a point of time when it was
l^ulhed with complete victory over the rcli^ousof all otiier perfuafions.
Poffefied, as tliey became, of the powers of making, adminilleringj and
executing the laws, t'.ic-y Ihcwcd ccjual intolerance in this country with
iheir preibyterlan brcllucii, who had emigrated to the northern govern-
ment. The qu:ikcrs ^vcre dying from pcrfecution in England. They
call their eyes on thcl'c new countries, as afylums of civil and religious
freedom •, IkU they found them free only for the reigning fed. Sever;) I
.'i(Ss of the Virginia affcmbly of 1659, 1662, and 1663, had made It
penal in their parents to refufe to have their children baptized j had,
prohibited the unlawful affembling of qu^kers j had made it penal for
any rn.'ificr of a vefl'el to bring a quaker into the ftate j had ordered
thofe already here, and fuch as Ihould come thereafter, tobe Imprifoned
till they ihould abjure the country •, provided a milder puniihment for
their £rll and fecund return, but death for the third 5 had inhibited
all perfons from fuffering their meetings in or near their houfes, enter-
taining ihcm Individually, or difpofing of books which fupported their
tenets. If no capital execution took place here, as did in i\cw Eng-
land, it was not owing to the moderation of the church, or fpirit of the
Icclflature, as may be' inferred from tlie law itfelf; but to hiftorical

VIRGINIA. 317

fircum (lances %vl)ich have not been yet Intided donn. The cpifcopa-
lians retained full poffelFion of the country about a century. Other
opinions began to creep In •, and the great care of the government to
fupport their own church, having begotten an equal degree of indolence
in its clergy, two-thirds of the people had become dlflcnters at tlie
commencement of the prefcnt revolution. The laws indeed were ftill
opprefllve on them, but the fpirit of the one party liad fubfidcd into
moderation, and of the other had rifcn to a degree of dcterminaiiou
which commanded refpeft.

The prefent denominations of Chriftlans in Virginia are, Prefliytc-
rlans, who are the moft numerous, and inhabit the weftcrn parts of
the (late •■, Epifcopalians, who are the moft ancient fettlers, and occupy
the eadern and firll fettled parts of the (late. Intermingled with thefc
are great numbers of Baptilts and Methodilh.

In 1785, the alTembly enafted that no man (liould be compelled to
fupport any religious worOiip, place, or miniftcr whatfoever, nor be
enforced, rcftrained, molefted, or burdened in his body or goods, nor
otherwifc fuffer on account of his religious opinions or belief ; but that
all men (liould be free to profefs, and by argument to maintain their
opinion in matters of religion •, and that the fame (liould in no ways
dimini(h, enlarge or aft'eft their civil capacities.

Population, CnARAr.rER, Manners, and Customs.— The population
of Virginia is very great indeed, it containing, at leaft, upwards of
800,000 inhabitants, which is almoft double the number of any other
itate. Great many of thcfe, however, may be laid to be heterogeneous,
from their perceptible difference in their mode of living, charadter, Sec.
Virginia hai, however, produced fome of the moft diftlngullhed and
influential men that have been aftive in elYcaing the tvvo late grand and
important revolutions in America j and for her political and military
charafter, it will rank among the (irft in the page of hiftovy. But it
;•! to be obfervcd, that this charader has been obtained for the Virgi-
nians by a few eminent men, who have tuken the lead in all their public
tranfaftions, and who, in (Ivort, govern Virginia •, for the great body
of the people arc more fond of other employments than to give them
ftlves any concern with politics. The difparlty of fortunes, and of
intelleftual acquirements, is very great herej and it is to be regretted,
that the mafs of the people are unenlightened. The young men, it has
been obferved, generally fpeaking, are gamblers, cock-fighters, and
horfe-jockies. The ingenuity of a Locke, or the difcovcries of a New-
ton, are confidered as infinitely inferior to the accit»^li(liments of him
who is expert iathc management of a cock fight, or dextrous in ma-
noeuvring at a horfe race. A fpirit of literary enquiries, if not alto-
gether confined to a few, is, among the body of the people, evidently
I'ubordinate to a fpirit of gambling and barbarotis fports. ^ At almoit
every tavern or ordinary, on the public road, there is a billiard table,
a back-gammon table, cards, and other implements for various games.
To thele public -houfes the gambling gentry in the neighbourhood
refort, to kili time, which hangs heavily upon them •, and at this buli-
nefs they are .extremely expert, having been accuftomed to It from
their earlieft youth. The paffion for cock-fighiing, a diverfion not
only inhumanly barbarous, hv.t Infinitely beneath the dignity of a man
of ienfe, is fo predominant, that they even advertife their mutches ui
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the public papers *. However, the ftate of things is rapidly ameiro^.
rating a tafte for learning and inftrufting the mind fecming to fpread
itfclf among the people. When this tafte for learning is further pro-
lecuted and the happy fruits of education better known, ifls to ^e
lioped that the ftiades on the Virginian charafter will be greatly
aifpclled, and that the ftate will (bine forth with that degree of fplen-
dour becoming the extent of its population.

Constitution, Courts, and Laws.— The executive powers are
lodoed in the hands of a governor, chofen annually, and incapable of
adling more than three years in feven. He is aOlfted by a council of
eight members. LegiHation is exercifed by two houles of affembly,
the one called the houfe of delegates, compofed of two members from
each county, chofen annually by the citizens, poffeffing an eftate ior
life in 100 acres of uninhabited land, or 25 acres with a houfe on it,
or In a houfe or lot in fome town ; the other called the fenate, con-
lifting of 24 members, chofen quadrennially by the fame ekaors, who
for this purpofe are diftributed into 24 diftrifts. The concurrence of
both houfes is neceffary to the paffing of a law. They have the ap-
pointment of the governor and council, the judges of the fuperior courts,
auditors, attorney general, tr^afurer, and regifter of the land othce.
This conftltution was the firft that was formed in the union.

The judiciary powers of this ftate are divided into feveral courts,
among which are three fuperior ones, to which appeals lie from the
courts below, viz. the lugh court of chancery, the general court, and
court of admlrnlty. The firft and fecond of thefe receive appeals from
the county courts, and alfo have original jurildidlon where the fubjeft
of controvcrfy is of the value of ten pounds fterllng, or where it con-
cerns the title or bounds of land. The jurifdidlon of the admiralty 15
original alto'xether. The high court of chancery is compofed of three
iudges, the general court of five, and the court of admiralty of three.
The two firft hold their feflions at Richmond at ftated times, tke chan-
cery twice in the year, and the general court tw^ce for bufinels, civil
and criminal, and twice more for criminal only. Tli£ court of adm;.
ralty fits at Williamftiurg whenever a controverfy anfes.

There is one fuprem.e court called the Court of Appeals, compofed
of the judges of the three fuperior courts, affembling twice a year at
Hated times at Richmond. This court receives appeals in all civil cales
from each of the fuperior courts, and determines them finally : but it
has no original jurifdidlion. . , . , r ,- ra-

All public acf^-,«ir.ts are fettled with a board of auditors, conliiting
of three members, appointed by the general affembly, any t,.o of
^vhom may nA. But an individual, dilTatisfied with the determination
of that board, may carry his cafe into the proper fuperior court.

In 1 60 1, the laws of England were exprefsly adopted by an adl ot
the alTembly of Virginia, except fo far as " a difference of condition"'
render them inapplicable. To thefe were added a number of ads ot
affembly, paffed during the monarchy, and ordinances of convention,
and adb of affembly fince the eftablifliment of th<? republic, among
which are the following, and which may be confidcred as the only
variations from the model of the Britifti laws.

Guthrie's Gcograiiliy,

VIRGINIA.

3^9

Debtors unable to pay their debts, and makln;? faithful delivery oi
their whole effeas, are releafed from their confinement, tnd their per-
ions forever difcharged from reftraint for fuch previous debts : but any
property they may afterwards acquire will be fubjcft to their creditors.
The poor, unable to fupport themfelves, are maintained by an affeftment
on the titheable perfons in their pari(h. A foreigner of any nation, not
in open war, becomes naturalized by removing to the Hate to reiide,
and taking an oath of fidelity ^ and thereby acquires every rignt of a
native citizen. Slaves pafs by defccni and dower as lands do. blaves
as well as lands were entailable during the monarchy ; uut, by an act
of the firft republicaa affembly, all donees in tail, prelgut and tuture,
were veiled with the abfolute dominion of the entailed fubjea. Gaming
debts are made void, and moneys adually paid to difcharga iuch debts,
if they exceed 40 IhiUings, may be recoveied by the payer within
three months, or by any other perfon afterwards. Tobacco, tlour,
beef, pork, tar, pitch, and turpentine, muit be mfpeded by perlons
publicly appointed, before they can be exported-

In Oaober, 1786, an aa was paffed by the affembly prohibiting the
importation of Haves into the commonwealth, upon penalty of the tor-
felture of the fum of 1000 pounds for every Have ; and every flave im-
ported contra\y to the true intent and raeaning of this acl becomes free.
Manufactures, Trade, and Commerce.— The people of this ftate
are much attached to agriculture, and prefer foreign manutaaures.
This is inftruaed both by precept and example ; as Irom Mr. Jetter-
fon's * learned notes on the Itate of Virginia, he, amongft other things,
obferves, in fubftance, that " with regard to the general operations
of manufaaures, let our worklhops remain in Europe, where it is
better to carry provifions and the raw materials to workmen there,
than to bring them tA the provifions and materials m America. It is
better our citizens ihould be employed in cultivating the immcnfity ot
land which courts the induftry of the hufhandman, than that one halt
Ihould be called off, to exercife manufaaures and handicraft arts for

the other," &c. r ' • .

But independant ef this friendly recommendation, the cale is at

prefent iuft what is above obferved, and it is believed the Americans

have .10 intention of having it altered, unlefs for reafons that have yet

to be explained. , , 1 a • r

In every fenfc, there certainly can be no doubt that America lees
that her ftaple confifts in land, and in order to improve and cultivate
tliat bounty of Providence, direa attention is requifite.

This may well be applied to the ftate of Virginia, which has com-
pletely availed herfelf of her agricultural interelt. As ?.u mltee ot
this, it may only be obferved, that from the produce of this ftate
before the war, Virginia exported 800,000 buftiels of w-heat, and
600,000 budiels of Indian corn, befides 55,000 hogfiieads of tob^^c«,
although the culture of tobacco has of late declined greatly, and that o
wheat taken its place. The price which it commands at market will
not enable the planter to cultivate it. Were the fupply ftill to depend
on Virginia and Maryland alone, as its culture becomes more difficult,
^his price would rife, fo as to enable the planter to lurmount thofe diffi-,

» pref.nf tiirp.nrpfidfnt: of the United States.

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2 20 vrRGiNiA.

culties, and to live. But the weftern country on the MiffifippI, and
the Midlands of Georgia, having fre(h and fertile lands in abundance,
and a hotter fun, are able to underfell thofe two flates, and will, per-
haps, oblige them in time to abandon the railing of tobacco altogether.
It is certainly a culture productive of infinite flavery, thofe employed
in it being almoft in a continued (late of exertion beyond the powers ot
nature to fupport. Little food of any kind is raifed by them j fo that
the ipen and animals on thefe farms are badly fed, and the earth is
greatly impoverifhed. The cultivation of wheat is the reverfe in every
circumftance. Befides clothing the earth with herbage, and preferving
its fertility, it feeds the labourers plentifully, requires from them only
a moderate toil, except in the feafon of harveft, raifes great numbers
of animals for food and fervice, and diffufes plenty and hanpinefs among
the whole. It is eafier to m^ke an hundred buihels of wheat than a
thoufand weight of tobacco, and they are worth more when made.
The other articles which compofe the tr^de of Virginia are, tar, pitch,
turpentine, pork, flax-feed, hemp, cotton, pit coal, pig iron, peas,
beef, fturgeon, white (l»ad, herring, brandy from peaches and apples,
liorfes, &c. together with the peltry trade.

In Ihort, it is not eafy to fay wl.^t are the articles either of neceflity,
comfort, or luxury, which cannot be raifed here, as everything hardier
than the olive, and as hardy as the fig, may be raifed in the open air.
Sugar, coffee, and tea, indeed, are not between thefe limits j and habit
having placed them among the necelTaries of life with the wealthy, as
long as thefe habits remain, they muft go for them to thofe countries
•which are able to furnlih them.

History. — This is the firil country which was planted In America.
Right not only to this, but to all the other fettlements, as has
been already obferved, was derived from the difcovery of Sebaftian
Cabot, who, in 1497, firft made the northern continent of America,
in the lervice of Henry VII. of England. No attempts, however,
•were made to fettle it till the reign of Queen Elizabeth. It was then
that Sir Walter Raleigh applied to court, and got together a company,
■which was compofed of feveral perfons of diftinfilon, and feveral emi-
nent merchants, who agreed to open a trade, and fettle a colony, in
thnt part of the world, which, in honour of Queen Elizabeth, he called
Virginia. Towards the clofe of the fixteenth century, feveral attempts
were made for fettling this colony, before any proved fuccefsful. The
three firit companies vvho failed into Virginia, periftied through hunger
and difeafes. or were cut off by the Indians. The fourth was reduced
almoft to the fame fituation ; and being dwindled to a feeble remainder,
had fet fail for Englan4, in defpair of living in fuch an uncultivated
country, inhabited by fuch hoftlle and warlike lavages. But in the
mouth of Chefapeak Bay, they were met by Lord Delaware, with a
Iquadron loaded with provifions, and with every thing necelfary for
their relief and defence. At his perfuafion, they returned : by his
advice, prudence, and engaging behaviour, the internal government
of the colony was foon fettled within itfelf, aud put on a refpedable
footing with regard to its enemies. This nobleman, who had accepted
the government of the unpromlfing province of Virginia from the
iiohlefl motives, was comnelled. bv the decayed (late of his health, to

VmGINIA.

321

return to England. He left behind him, however, his fon, as deputy,
with Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Sommcrs, the honourable George
Piercy, and Mr. Newport, for his council. By them Jameftown, the
firft town built by the Engli(h in the New World, was ereded. The
colony continued to Hourilh, and the true fources of its wealth began
to be difcovered and improved. The firft fcttlers, like thofe of
Maryland, were generally perfons of confideration and diltin6tIon. It
remained a fteady ally to the royal party during the troubles of Great
Britain, and a receptacle to many, who in danger at home took refuge
here j and, under the government of Sir William Berkeley, held out
for the crown, until the parliament, rather by Itratagem tha i force,
reduced them.

from the vafl: number of Indians inhabiting this country, it may
well be fuppofed, that the firft fettlements of Virginia muft have been
attended with no inconfiderable difficulties, and that, to come to a
proper underftanding with the feveral tribes, was a tafk truly ferious.

From the various revolutions, however, which muft have enfued,
and the neceffary explanations which would naturally be exchanged
on the fubjeft, the following would appr-ir to be amongft their laft
agreements, and from which fome idea may be formed of the prefent
footing with thefe Indian tribes.

That the Six Nations, and the Shawanefe, Delaware, and Huron
tribes, ceded to William Trent and 22 others, as a compenfatlon for
the loffes they had fuftained by the depredations committed by the
former, in 1763, that tradt of land lying on the Ohio River, in the
Itate of Virginia, called by the name of Indiana.

This ceflion was made in a congrefs of the reprefentatlves of the Six
Nations, at Fort Stanwix, by an indenture, dated in 176S, witnefling,
*' That for and in confideration of 85,9161. los. 8d. York currency,
the fame being the amount of the goods feized and taken by faid
• Indians from faid Trent, &c. they did grant, bargain, fell, &c. to
his majefty, his heirs, and fucccffors, for the only ufe of the faid Wil-
liam Trent, &c. all that trpa or parcel of land, beginning at_ the
foutherly fide of the Little Kanhawa Creek, where it empties itfelf
into the river Ohio j and running thence fouth-eart to the Laurel Hill ;
thence along the Laurel Hill until it ftrikes the river Monongahela ;
thence down the ftream of the faid river, according to the feveral
courfes thereof, to the fouthern boundary line of the province of Penn-
fylvanla •, thence weftwardly along the courfe of the faid province
boundary line as far as the fame Ihall extend •, thence by the fame
courfe to the river Ohio, and then down the river Ohio to the place
of beginning, inclufively." This indenture was figned by fix Indian
chiefs, in prefence of Sir William Johnfon, Governor Franklin of New
Jerfey, and the commiffioners from Virginia, Pennfylvania, &c. making
twelve In the whole.

Since the Indians had an undlfputed title to the above limited terri-
tory, either from pre-occupancy or conqueft, and their right was
exprefsly acknowledged by the above deed of ceflion to the crown, it
is to be prefumed that Mr. Trent, in his own right, and as attorney for
the traders, has a good, lawful, and fufficient title to the land granted
by the faid deed of conveyance.

^'-^:

22} KENTUCKY.

This m:\tter was laid before congrefs in the year 1782, and a com*
inlttee appointed to confider it, who, in May, reported as follows :
*' On the whole, your committee ire of opinion, that the purchafes of
Colonel Croghan and the Indian company, were made bona fide iox a
valuable coniideration, according to the then ufage and cuftoms of pur-
chafing Indian lands from the Indians, with the knowledge, conferit,
and approbation of the crown of Great Britain, the then government
of Ne^v York and Virginia 5 and therefore do refolve, " That the faid
lands are finally ceded or adiudged to the United States in point of
jurifdiaion-, that congrefs wiU confirm to fuch of the fatd purchafers
who are, and (hall be, citizens of the United States, or either of them,
their refpeaive fiiares and proportions of faid lands, makmg a reafon-
able dcdncHon for the value of the quit-rents referved by the crown of

Notwithaanding this report of the committee, the queftion could
rever l)e brought to a decifion before congrefs. The federal conftitu-
tion has, however, made provifion for the determination of tliis bull-
ncfs before the fupreme federal court. But previous to an appeal to
this court, the proprietors thought proper, by their agent, to prefent
a memorial to the legiflatufe of Virginia, letting forth their claims,
and praying that the bufinefs might be equitably fettled : but this
memorial, which was prefented in Novciuber, 1790, has not yet been
advifed j and thus the Indiana bufinefs re Its far the preilent.

From this period, however, this concern has been little thought of,
and now has it been allowing time to bury in oblivion what was infti-
jrated from necefllty and felf-interert at the time. The prefent ftate
of affairs may now be viewed different, as, from the manly refolutions
laid down by this ftate to fupprcfs fiavery, in every degree, and the
underftanding that has hitherto been preferved with the negroes, muft
indicate, that the great political and moral evil of encouraging fiavery
has in a great meafure ceafed, and that the minds of men are fail ripen-
ing for a complete emancipation of human nature.

If, therefore, the circumftance of fiavery is excepted, the prefent ftate
of Virginia may be confidere^ as highly ftouriftiing. In the extent of
her population he furpalTes every ftate in the union. In her agriculture
fhe is equal. In her commerce fhc can compete j and in her abhorencc
againft encouraging opprefTive fiavery, it is hoped ftie will ever be ai\
imitable example.

KENTUCKY.

Situation and Extent.
Miles. Sq. Miles.

Length 2507 , . ^^„ 5" 8° and 150 VST. longitude. \.^r,oo
Breadth 200 \ ^'"'^ "" 1 36'' 30' and 39^^ 30' N. latitude. 5 ^""'^

Boundaries.— Bounded north-weft, by the river Ohio •, weft, by
Cumberland River; fouth, by Tenneflfee State; eail, by Sandy River,
and a line drawn due fouth from its fource, till it flukes the uoFtncrji
boundarv of North Carolina.

KXNTccrr.

323

Crvit Divisions. —Kentucky Is at prefent divided into the following.

bounties.
Counties.
JcfFerfon
Fayette
Bourbon
Mercer
Nelfon

Chief Towns.
Louifvillc
Lexington
Paris
Danville
Beardftown

Counties.
Madifon
Lincoln
"Woodford
M^fon

Chief Towns.
Madifon

Woodford
Walhingtoa

Wafhington.

Clark

Scott

NEW COUNTIES.

Logan
and
Franklin

Rivers. — The river Ohio walhes the north weftern fide of Kentucky
in its whole extent. Its principal branches, which water this fertile
traa of country, are Sandy, Licking, Kentucky, Salt, Greer, and
Cumberland rivers. Thefe again branch in various diredlions, int»
rivulets of different magnitudes, fertilizing the country in all its parts.
At the bottoms of thele water-courfes the lime-llone rock, which is
common to this country, appears of a greyidi cokur j and wh«e it
lies cxpofcd to the air, in its natural Hate, it look like brown free-
ftone. On the banks of thefe rivers and rivulets, this ftone has the
appearance of fine marble, being of the fame texture, and is found m

the greateft plenty. ^ ^ ■ i.

Sandy, Licking, and Kentucky rivers rife near each other, m th&
Cumberland Mountains. Of thefe, Sandy River only breaks through
the mountain. This river conilitutes a part of the eaftern boundary
of Kentucky.

Licking River runs in a north-weft direftion, upwards of lOO imlesi.
and is about 100 yards broad at its mouth.

Kentucky is a very crooked river, and after running a courfe of more
than 200 miles, empties into the Ohio, by a mouth 150 yards broad.

Salt River rifes *at four different places, near each other. ^ The
windings of this river are curious. The four branches, after a circui-
tous courfe round a fine traft of land, unite •, and after running about
15 miles, empty into the Ohio, 20 miles below the falls. Its general
eourfe is weitward ; its I'tngth about 90 miles, and at its mouth is Ho

yards wide.

Green River purfucs a weftern courfe upwards of 150 miles, and by
a mouth 80 yards wide, falls into the Ohio, 120 miles below the rapids.

Cumberland River interlocks with the northern branch of Kentucky,
and rolling round the other arms of Kentucky, among the mountains
in a fouthern courfe, 100 miles •, then in a fouth-weftern courfe for
above 200 more •, then in a fouthern and fouth-weftern courfe for about
350 more, finds the Ohio, 413 miles below the falls. At Naftwillc,
this river is 200 yards broad, and at its mouth 300. The river, m
about half its courfe, paffes through Tenneffee State.

Thefe rivers are navigable for boats almoft to .their fources, without
rapids, for the greateft part of the year. I'he little rivulets which
checker the country, begin to leffcn in June, and quite dKappear m
the months of Auguft, September, and Odober. The autumnal^
vains, however, in November replenlfh them again. ^ The method ok
getting, a fupply of water In the dry fcafon is by finking wsUs, v/hicW

:^m

. t *

'^'.m

.Ml

!;i

■■M

324 KENTUCKY.

arc eafily dug, and afford excellent water. The want of ".vater in
autumn, is the great complaint. Mills that may be fuppHed with
water eight months in a year, may be erefted in a thoufand different
places. Wind-mills and horfe-mills may fupply the other four months.

7'he banks of the rivers are generally high, and compofed of lime-
ftone. After heavy rains, .he water 'n the rivers rifes from 10 to 30
feet.

Springs. — There are T ted fait fprings or licks in this country j

viz. the higher and lowet ^lue Springs, on liicking River, from fome
of which, it is faid, 'flue ftreams of brinilh water: the Big Bone Lick,
Drennon's I.icks j and Bullet's Lick, at Salt(hurg. The laft of thefe
licks, though in low order, has fupplied this country and Cumberland
with fait at 20 fliillings per buihel, Virginia currency j and fome is
exported to the Illinois country. The method of procuring water from
thefe licks, is by finking wells from 30 to 40 feet deep. The water
drawn from thefe wells is more ftrongly impregnated with fait than the
water from the Tea.

Climate, Face of the Coontrt, Soil, and Productions.— Healthy
and delightful, fome few places in the neighbourhood of ponds and low
grounds excepted. The inhabitants do not experience the extremes
of heat and coM. Snow feldom falls deep, or lies long. The winter,
which begins about Chrillmas, is never loiiLjer than three months, and
is commonly but two, and is fo mild as that cattle can fubfiift without
fodder.

This whole country, as far as has yet been difcovered, lies up'^n a
bed of limellone, which, in general, is about fix feet below the furiacc,
except in the valleys, where the foil is much thinner. A traft of
about 20 miles wide, along the banks of the Ohio, is hilly, broken
land, interfperfed with many fertile fpots. *The rell of the country
is agreeably uneven, gently afcending and defcending at no great dif-
tances. The angles of afcent are from eight to twenty-four degrees,
and fometimes more. The valleys, in common, are very narrow, and
the foil in them is very thin, and of an inferior quality ; and that along
the afcending ground is frequently not much better j for where there is a
tree blown up, you find the roots clinging to the upper parts of the rock.
The foil on thtfe agreeable afcents, for they cannot be called hills, is
fufficiently deep, as is evident from the fize of the trees. The foil is
either black, or tinged with a lighter or deeper vermilion, or is o^the
colour of dark afiies. In many places there are appearances of potter's
clay, and coal in abundance. The country promifcs to be well fupplied
with wholefome, well tailed water. In Nelfon County, north -weft of
Rolling Fork, a branch of Salt River, is a tra6t of about 40 miles
fquare, moftly barren, interfoerfed with plains and ftrips of good land,
which are advantageous fituations for railing cattle, as the neighbour-
ing barrens, fo ftyled, are covered with grafs, and afford good paftur-
age. The lands eait of Nolin Creek, a branch of Green River, are,
in general, of an inferior quality •, but the banks of Green River afford
many defireable fituations.

I'owards the head wateis of Kentucky River, which interlock with
the waters of Cumberland and Sandy rivers, and the whole country
eaftward and fouthward as far as the Holfton River, it is broken and
mountainous ; and from the defcription given by hunters, it has beea

KENTUCKY.

325

much doubted whether it would ever be pra£ticable to make a paflfable
road from Kentucky acrofs to Winchefter, in Virginia, on the eaft fide
of the mountains, which, on a Itraight line, is not, perhaps, more than
400 miles, whereas the way now travelled is 600. This doubt, how-
ever, is now removed, and a company have lately undertaken to cut a
convenient road from Kentucky, to pafs by the Sweet Springs in Vir-
ginia, thence to Winchtricr. This new road, it is fuppofed, will be»
nearly 200 miles fhorter than the one now travelled.

Elkhorn River, a branch of the Kentucky, from the fouth-eaft,
waters a country fine beyond defcription. Indeed, the country eaft
and fouth of this, including the head waters of Licking River, Hick-
man's, and Jeffamine creeks, and the remarkable bend in Kentucky
River, may be called an extenfive garden. The foil is deep and black,
and the natural growth, large walnuts, honey, and black locuft, poplar,
elA, oak, hickory, fugar tree, &c. Grape vines run to the tops of
the trees ; and the furface of the ground is covered with clover, blue
grafs, and wild rye. On this fertile traft, and the Licking River,
and the head waters of Salt River, are the bulk of the fettlements ia
this country. The foil within a mile or two of Kentucky River is
generally of the third and fourth rates j and towards the Ohio, the
land is altogether poor and hilly.

Dick's River runs through a great body of firft rate land, abounding
with cane, and affords many excellent mill feats. Salt R iver has good
lands on its head waters, except that they are low and unhealthy, but
for 25 miles before it empties into the Ohio, the land on each fide is
level and poor, and abounds with ponds.

Cumberland River, fo much of it as paflcs through Kentucky, tra-
vcrfes, fome parts excepted, a hilly poor country.

Green River overHows its banks a confiderable way up, at the fcafun
when the Ohio fvvells, which is in April. This fwell in Green River
occafions feveral of its branches to overHow, and covers the low grounds
with water, leaves, and vegetable lubilances, which, in fummcr, be-
come noxious and unhealthy. Its banks are fine and fertile, and thei'e
is a great body of good land near the falls and rapids in the Ohio,
called Bare Grafs ; but the climate is fuppofed to be rendered unhealthy
by ponds oi itagnant water, which, howeVcr, may be eafily drained.

This country, in general, is well timbered. Of the natural growtli
which is peculiar to this country, we may reckon the iugar, the coficc,
the papaw; the hackberry, and the cucumber trees. The two lall are
foft wood, and bear r fruit of the fhapfc and lize of a cucumber. The
coffee tree refembles the black oak, and bears a pod, which enclofes
a feed, of which a drink is made not unlike cofl^e. Befides thefe,
.there is the honey locuft, black mulberry, wild cherry, of a large fize.
The buckeye, an exceedingly foft wood, is equal to the horfc chefhut
of Europe. The magnolia bears a beautiful bloflbm of a rich and ex-
quifite fragrance. Such is the variety and beauty of the tlovvering
Ihrubs and plants which grow fpontaneoufly in this country, that in the
proper feafon the wildernefs appears in blolfom.

I'he accounts of the fertility of the foil ia this country, have, in
fome inftances, exceeded belief, and probably have been exaggerated.
That iorae parts of Kentucky, particularly the high grouud!>, are re-
markably good, all accounts agree. The lands of the firil rate arc loo

t^\

r • »j
i ,

f
i<'

** *il

1 A

» 'I

3 26 KENTUCKY.

rich for wheat, and will produce 50 and 60, and In fome inftanccs, it
is alhrmfd, 100 bulhcls of good corn, an acre. In common, the land
Avill produce ^o buOiels of wheat or rye, an acre. Barley, oatB, flax,
I'.i'mp, and vegetables of all kinds, common in this climate, yield abun-
tiantlv. Cotton is feldom and with diHiculty brought to perite6tion.
Iriih potatoes produce in abundance j fwect potatoes are raifcd with

AliiFiculty.

The old Virginia planters fay, that if the climate does not prove too
moirt, few foils known will yield more or better tobacco. Ksperience
has proved, that the climate is not too moift. Great quantities of this
article have been exported to France and Spjun, through New Orleans^
and it is a well known faa, that Philadelphia is a profitable market for
the Kcntuckv planters, notwithftanding all the inconveniences and ex-
pcnces of rcHiipmcnt at New Orleans, under a Spanith government.
What advantages then may not this cduntry expeft lincc the free na^i-
fration of the Miflifippi is now enjoyed ? . /. ,

■^ Chief Towns.-— Frankfort, the capital of this ftate, is fituated on
the north bank of Kentucky River, in Franklin County. The legilla-
turc and fuprcme courts of the flate hold their fefTions here. It is a
HourlOjing town, regularly laid out, and has a number of handfome
houfes. The ftate-lioufe is a large, fightly Hone building.

Lexington is the largeft town in this Hate, and Hands on the head
waters of Elkhorn River, in Fayette County, 14 miles call of Frh.ik-
fort, in the mid it of a fine tra^ of country. The population and prof-
ix-vity of this town has encreafed greatly of late. Its prefent number
of inhabitants may be eftimated at about 2500, among whom are a
number of genteel'families, aflfbrding very agreeable lociety.

Wa{>.ington is the ftiire town in Mafon County, 60 miles north-eaft
of Lexingt'on, having about i 200 inhabitants, and faft increaling. _

LouifvUle is very'pleafantly fituated at the rapids of the Ohio, m a
fertile country, and promifes to be a place of great trade. It has betn
made r» port of entry, its unhealthincfs, owing to ftagnated waters
back of the town, has confiderably retarded its growth.

Bcardtlown, in Nelfon County j Danville and Harrodlhurg, m Mer-
cer •, Georgedown, in Scott County •, and Vcrfailles, in Woodiord
County, are towns eftabliQied by law, and faft increafing.

Religion and Character.— -In an infant ftate, like this, where the
population may be fait! to be altogether uncertain, owing to the aiton-
Ilhing emigrations that have poured into it, an cxaft trait of their
charader cannot be expeaed. Indeed, the people, who are colledled
from different ftates, of different manners, cuftoms, religions, and
political fentiments, have not been long enough together to form a
imiforra national charafter •, and the fame may alfo be obferved with
regard to religion, although it is in the meantime placed, onthat foot-
in^ that no p'referenre is' given to any denomiflation. The Prethyte-
ria'ns Baptifls, Methodifts, and Epifcopalians, however, are the moll
rumerous. Among the fettlers in Kervtucky there are many gentlemen
of abilities, and many genteel families, from feveral of the ilates, who
eive dic/nity and refpeaability to the fettkment. This, however, iray
gjve an

idea how the auvuHtages of this itate is rfefpe^ed in the cy^ 01

as.

an emigrant, when it is

fo reforted to by thofc, wiio, it is to be fuppofed.

have it it! their optbn to-chufc any place in point of fituation

in a

kENTCCKT. 337

LiTEHATURK AND IMPROVEMENTS. — Tlic legllliiture of Vlrfrinia, wliIlc
Kentucky belonged to that ftate, made provilioii for a college in it,
and endowed it with very confuierable landed funds. A. very hand-
fome library for its ufe was coUefted, chieriy from a niiTiber of liberal
gentlemen in Ensfland. The college, how«vcr, has not Houriflied j
and another has been eilabliihed, and confiderable funds collcrted for
its fapport. Schools are eltabliflied in the feveral towns, and, in gene~
ral, regularly, and handfomely fupported. In this ftatc are two printing
offices, and two weekly gazettes publidied. Befides, there are erected
a paper-mill, oil mills, fulling mills, fuw mills, and a great number of
valuable grift mills. Several valuable tanneries have been eft^iblithed
in different parts of the country. Their fait works are more than fuHi-
cient to fupply all their inhabitants, at a low price. They make conft-
dcrable quantities of fugar from the fugar trees.

• Animals, dec. — This ftate, which poffeffes great advantages in point
of fertility of foil, an.d temperature of climate, contains a.great many of
the different kinds of animals. Here are buffaloes, bears, deer, elks, and
many other animals common to the United States, and others entirely
unknown to them. In 'ihe rivers are the fineft filh, in abundance j fuch
as, buffaloe, pike, and cat-filh, of uncommon Tize 5 falmon, mullet,
rock, perch, gar-firti, eel, fuckers, fun-fifh, and all kinds of hook-filh.
Swamps are rare in Kentucky, and, of courfe, the reptiles which they
produce, fuch as fnakes, frogs, &c. are not numerous. The honey
bee may be called a domeftic infeft, as it is faid not to be found but in
civilized countries. It has alio been obferved to be the emblem of
induftry, and if fo that it is regarded as fuch, here is a compliment
paid to the Kentuckians, as of late years bees have abounded almoil
beyond conception, and have thriven fo exceedingly, that they have
even fpread themfelves 2oo miles north and north-weft of the Ohio.

Curiosities.— The banks, or rather precipices, of Kentucky and
Dick's River, are to be reckoned among the national curiofities of
this country. Here the aftoniftied eye beholds 300 or 400 feet of folid
perpendicular rock, in fome parts, of the limeftone kind, and in others
of fine white marble, curioufly checkered with ttrata of aftonilhing
regularity. Thefe rivers have the appearance of deep artificial canals.
Their high rocky banks are covered with red cedar groves.

Caves have been difcovered in this country of feveral miles in length,
under a fine limeftone rock, fupported by curious arches and pillars.
Springs that emit fulphcrous matter have been found in feveral parts
of the country. One is near a fait fpring, in the nciglibourhood of
Boonft)orough. There are three fprings or ponds of bitumen n^ar
Green River, which do not form a ftream, but empty themfelves into
a common refervoir, and when ufed in lamps, anfwer all the purpofes
of the beft oil. Copperas and allum are among the minerals of Ken-
tucky. Near Lexington, are found curious fepulchres full of human
Ikeletons. It has been afferted, that a man, in or near Lexington,
having dug five or fix feet below the furface of the ground, came to a
large Hat itone, under which was a well of common depth, regularly
and artificially ftoned.

History and Government-.— Nothino" maf-erial. in way of hiftory.
is there to be given of Kentucky, further than what has already been
ftbferved iu the general account and difcovery of North America. It.

T t ij

»«f%i|

■M <*,

2 23 KENTUCKY.

may be added, however, that fince the acquifition of tills ftate to the
which is among the lateil, Kentucky has dillinguilhed hcrfclf

iniiun.

becomingly. In her prolperity, ihe has embraced all the advantages
that are confiftent with prudence, and, over all, has formed for herfelf
a conftitution, which promifes to proteft and encourage every thing
that is worthy being connefted with an independent ftate.

This conftitution, which was formed and adopted in 1792, is cxaftly
formed on the federal i'yUem. The powers of government are divided into
three diftinft departments •, legiflative, executive, and judiciary. The
legiflative power is vcftcd in a general adembly, confifting of a fenatc
and houfe of reprelentatives j the fupreme executive, in a governor ; the
judiciary, in the fupreme court of appeals, and fuch inferior courts as
tiie legillature may eftablifh. The repvefentatives arc choien annually
by the people j the fenators and governor are chofen for four years, by
electors appointed for that purpoie j the judges are appointed during
good behaviour, by the governor, with advice of the fcnate. An
enumeration of the free male inhabitants, above 21 years old, is to
be made once in four years. After each enumeration, the number of
fenntors »,id reprefcntatives is to be fixed by the legiflature, and ap-
portioned among the feveral counties, according to the number of
inhabitants. There can never be fewer than 40, nor more than 100
reprefcntatives. The fcnate at firft confifted of 1 1 members j and for
the addition of every four reprefcntatives, one fenator is added. The
reprefentatlves muft be 24 years old; the fenators 27 ; the governor
^0 J and all of them muft have been inhabitants of the ftate two years.
The governor can hold no other office. The members of the general
affembly none, but thofe of attorney at law, juftice of the peace, coro-
ner, and in the militia. The judges, and all other officers, mult be
inhabitants of the counties for which they arr appointed. The governor,
members of the general affembly, and judges, receive ftated falaries
out of the public treafury, from which no money can be drawn but in
confequence of appropriation by law. \ll officers take an oath of
fidelity to difcharge the duties of their offices, and are liable to im-
peachment for mifcondu£V. Eledive officers muft fwear that they have
not ufed bribery In obtaining their eleftions. All free male citizens
2 1 years old, having refided in the ftate two years, or In the county
where they offer to vote one year, have a right to vote for reprefenta-
tives, and for eleaors of fenators and governor, and are privileged
from arreft. In civil a£lions, while attending that bufinefs. The gene-
ral affembly meets on the firft Monday In November, in each year,
unlefs fooner convened by the governor. Each houfe choofes its
fpeaker and other officers, judges of the qualifications of its members,
and determines the rules of its proceedings, of which a journal is kept
and publHhed weekly, unlefs fecrecy be requifite. The doors of both
houfes are kept open. The mei-ibers of the legillature, while attending
the public bufinefs, are privileged from arrefts In ci\il anions, and
may not be queftloned eli'e where for any thing fald in public debate.
Impeachments are made by the lower houfe, and tried by the upper.
All revenue bills originate in the houfe of reprefcntatives, and are
amendable by the fenate, like other bills. Each bill, paiied by both
houfes, Is prefented to the governor, who muft fign it if he approve It j
if not, he muft return It within ten days, to the houfe In which It

NORTH CAROLINA.

329

(Originated *, if it be not returned, or if, when returned, it be repaflcd
by two-thirds of both houfes, it is a law without his (ignatuie. The
governor has power to appoint moft of the executive oHiccis of the
liate : to remit fines and forfeitures, and grant reprives and pardons,
except in cafes of impeachment •, to require information from executive
otHcers j to convene the general aflembly on extraordinary occafions,
and adjourn them in cafe they cannot agree on the time thcmfclves.
He murt inform the legiflature of the (tate of the commonwealth •, re-
commend to them fuch meafures as he fliall judge expedient ; and fee
that the laws are faithfully executed. The fpeaker of the fenutc cxer-
cifes the office of governor in cafe of vacancy. The leglllaturc has
power to forbid the further importation of (laves, but not to emancipate
thofe already in the Itate, with the confent of the owner, or paying
an equivalent. Treafon againlt the commonwealth confilts oniy in
levying war againft it, or in adhering to its enemies, giving them aid
and comfort.

The declaration of rights afferts the civil equality of all", their right
to alter the government at any time •„ liberty of confcience ; freedom
of eleftions and of the prefs; trial by jury, the fubordination of the
military to the civil power j the rights of criminals to be heard in their
own defence 5 the right of the people to petition for the redrefs of
grievances, to bear arms, and to emigrate from the Hate. It prohibits
unreafonable fearches and feizures j exceflive bailj confinement ot
debtors, unlefs there be prefumption of fraud j fufpenfion of hahtas
corpus writ, unlefs in rebellion or invafion •, ex pojl jaBa laws; attam-
der by the legiflature j Handing armies j titles of nobility, and heredi-
tary diftinftion.

From the many falutary and judicious claufes with which this con-
ftitution is compofed, the refpeftability of the inhabitants which it
protefts, and other advantages attending this rifing ftate, it cannot
be doubted, that, in the courfe of not many years, Kentucky will
be able to furniih for herfelf a hiflory as one of the fixtcen United
States J a hiflory, however, which it is earneilly trufted, will avail itfelf
only of fuch memorable events, and record fuch facts as will ever
appear to have been oppofite to the encouraging of that intolerable
|)aflion, llavery.

Miles.

NORTH CAROLINA.

Situation and ExTE^^'.

Sq. Miles.

Length 4?o7 , , S 1° and 80 W. longitude. X^.r-r,-.

Breadth TSoi ^^^^"" Iss^ jo' and 36" 30' N. latitude. i34,co=>

Breadth acrofs the centre from 35^ north latitude, 105 miles.
Boundaries. — Bounded, north, by Virginia-, eaft, by the At-
lantic Ocean j fouth, by South Carolina and Georgia j weft, by the
1 enneiice otace. iiii tnat cuuutij vViu<-!i ituw iumis iiiv icj. .-..--
State was furrendered to the United States by the ftate of Carolina,
in the year 1789.

, !■

'lit' I

r ..-•

>u »

''I

< J\

333

NORTH CAAOUHJk.

DrvrsioNJ.—

-North Carolina is at prefcnt fet off

in three divifioa

oallcd the Hallern, Middle, and VVeltetii dilhids.

The Eailern Dillrias are,

EDENTON DISTRICT

Countiea.

Piiiicipal I'owtii. Ciiuntict.

Principal Twwiit.

Tynell

EUiabethtown Chowan

Edenton

Currituck.

Gates

Hertford

Cambdcn

Jonefborough Hertford

Wynton

Pafquotank

Nixonton Bertie

Windfor

Perquimons

NEVVflERN DISTRICT

Carteret

Beaufort Pitt

Greenfvillc

Jones

Trenton Wayne

Craven

Newbern Glafgow .

Beaufort

Walhington Lenoir

Kingdon

Hyde

Germantown Johnllon

WILMINGTON DI'TRICI

Smithfield

Brunfwick

Smithville Duplin

Sarefto

N. Hanover

Wilmington Bladen

EUzabethtown

Onflow

SwannlLorough

The Middle

Diilrids, which extend from South
ginia, are,-

FAYETTEVILLE DISTRICT

Carolina to Vir

Moore

Alfordfton Richmond

Rockingham

Cumberland

Fayetteville R obefon

Lumberton

Samplbn

Anfon

HILLSBOROUGH DISTRICT

Wadefborouph

Granville

Williamfborough Wake

Raleigh

Perfon

Chatham

Pittlhorougjj

Cafwell

Lcafburg Randolph

Orange

HilKborough

HALIFAX DISTRICT

Northampton

Warren

Warrenton

Halifax

Halifax Franklin

Lewilhurg

Martin

Williamfton Nalh

Edgecomb

Tarborough

And the We

llern Diltrids, which alfo extend from South Carolins

to Virginia, are,

MORGAN DISTRICT

Rutherford

Rutherfordton Lincoln

Lincolntoif

JBurke

Morgaa Wilkes

JBuncomb

SALISBURY DISTRICT

Guilford

Martinville Surry

•Sdem

Roc'"^ngham

Rowan

Salilbury

Montgomery

Stokes Cabarrus

Stokes

Upper Saura Mecklenburg

Charlotteville

Iredell

Rivers.— -Chowan River is formed by the confluence of three rivers,
y'u, the Meherrin, Nottaway, and Black rivers j all of which rife in

NORTH CAROLINA.

33»

Virginia. It falls Into the north-weft corner of Albemarle Sound, and
is three miles wide at its mouth, but narrows full as yuu afcend it.

Roatioke is a long and rapid river, formed by two principal branches,.
Staunton River, which rifes in Virginia, and Dan River, which rifcs
in North Carolina. The low lands on this river are rubjeil to inunda>
tions. It is navigable only for (hallops, nor for thefe, but about 60 or
70 miles, on account of falls, which in a great meafurc obftruft the
water communication with the back country. It empties, by feveral
mouths, into the fouth-weft end of Albemarle iiound. The planters
on the banks of this river are fuppofed to be the wealthielt in North
Carolina.

Cuihai is a fmall river, which empties into Albemarle Sound between
Chowan and the Roanoke.

Pamlico or Ta River opens into Pamlico Sound. Its courfe is from
north-wctl to fouth-eaft. It is navigable for veffels drawing nine feet
water to the town of Walhington, about 40 miles from its mouth ; and
for fcovvs or flats, carrying 30 or 40 hogiheads, 50 miles further, to
the town of Tarborough. Beyond this place the river is iuconlidcrable,
and is not navigable. _ ■

Neus River empties into Pamlico Sound below Newbern. It is na-
vigable for fea veflels about 12 miles above the town of Newbern 5 for
fcows 1;., miles, and for fmall boats 200 miles. Trent River, Ixom the
fouth-weft, falls into the Neus at Newbern, which is navigable for fea
veflels about I2 miles above the town, and for boats 30.

This country is generally fettled by emigrants froin North Britain}
a hardy, induft.rious, economical race of peoph, and much in the habits
of domellic manufaftures. Black cattle are raifed here with little care,
and in great numbers •, many of which are driven to the markets of
Virginia, Maryland, and Pennfylvanla.

There are feveral other rivers of Icfs note, among which are, the
Pafquotank, Perqviimons, Little River, AUigator, &c. which dil-
charge themfelves into Albemarle Sound. All the rivers^ in North.
Carolina, and, it may be added, in South Carolina, Georgia, and the
rioridas, which empty into the Atlantic Oceaii, are navigable by any
veflel t)iat can pafs the bar at their mouth. Vv'hile the water courfes
continue wide enough for veffels to turn round, there is generally a
fufficicnt depth of water for them to proceed.

Cape Fear, more properly Clarendon River, opens into the fea at
Cape Fear, in about latitude 33'' 45'. As you afcend it, you pafs
Brunfwiek on the left, and Wilmington on the right. The river thea
divides into the north-eaft and north-weft branches, as they are called.
It is navigable for large veffels to Wiknington, and for boats to Fay-
etteville, near 90 miles further. This river affords the beft navigation
in North Carolina. Yadkin River rifes in this ftate, and running fouth-
eaftwardly, croffes into South Carolina, where it takes the name of
Pedee, and paffes to fea below Georgetown.

This ftate would be much more valuable, were it not that the rivers
are barred at their mouths, and the coaft furniftiing no good harbours.
Thefe circumftances murt prevent the ftate from building large ftiips,
lor which they have an abundance of excellent timber. Several cauuis
have been afligned for all the harbours and rivers beings barred foutk
of tlie Chefapeak. The moft probable would appear, ho\^ever, to be.

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^^2 NARTH CAROLINA;

thai the bars are formed by the current of ihc long rivers throwing up*
the lands where their rapidity terminates, or that a bank is thrown up
by the Gulf Stream, which runs near thefe (bores.

The banlvs of th rivers in this, and the other neighbouring ftates,
often overflow after great rains, which does much damage to the plan-
tations. As an inftance of this, the water has been feen 30 feet below
the banks of the river, juft after it had been 10 feet above them. This
is owing to the narrownefs of the mouths of the rivers, which do not
afford a fufficient channel for the waters, accumulating every mile, to
difcharge themfelves into the ocean.

On fome of the rivers in North Carolina, there is found what may be
called a fliell rock, being a concretion of fliells and fand, in a hard,
ragged compofition, and is fometimes ufed inflead of ftones, for the
foundation of houfes, which purpofe, when mixed with mortar, it
anfwers very well, making a Ihong wall. ■

Sounds, Capks, Inlets, &c. — Pamlico Sound is a kind of lake or
inland fea, from 10 to 20 miles broad, and nearly ico miles in length.
It is feparated from the fea, in its whole length, by a beach of land
hardly a mile wide, generally covered with fmall trees or bufhes.
Through this bank are feveral fmall inlets, by which boats may pafs.
But Ocrecock Jnlet is the only one that will admit veffek of burden'
into the diilridls of Edenton and Newbern. This inlet is in latitude
^^'^ 10', and opens into Pamlico Sound, between Ocrecock Ifland and
Core Bank •, the land on the north is called Ocrecock 5 and on the
fouth, Portlinouth. A bar of hard fand croffes this inlet, on which, at
low tide, there are 14 feet water. Six miles within this bar, is a hard
fand Ihoal, called the Swaih, lying acrofs the channel. On each fide
of the channel are dangerous ihoals, fometimes dry. There is from
eight to nine feet water at full tide, according to the winds, on the
Swafli. Common tides rife 18 inches on the bar, and 10 on the Swafh.
Between the bar and the Swaih is good anchoring ground, called the'
Upper and Lower anchorages. Ships, drawing le feet water, do not ■
come farther tlian the firll anchorage, till lightened. Few mariners,
though acquainted with the inlets, choofe to bring in their own veffels,
as the bar often fliifts during their abfence on a voyage. North of
Pamlico Sound, and communicating with it, is Albemarle Sound, 60
miles in length, and from 8 to 12 in breadth.

Core Sound lies fouth of Pamlico, and communicates with it. Thefe
founds are fo large, when compared with their inlets from the fea, that
no tide can be perceived in any of the rivers that empty into them j
nor is the water fait even at the mouths of thefe rivers.

Cape Hatteras is in latitude ^s'* 15'j the flioaJs in the vicinity of
which, were found to be extremely H-^ngerous, and no veffels, in that
latitude, ventured within feven leagues of the land. From a furvey
of the antient drafts of this part of the coaft, there can be no doubt
but the fears of former navigators were not without foundation, as thefe
Ihoals are laid down very large in extent, and in many places covered
■with not more than five or lix feet water, at a great diftance from the
land.

At prefent, the out flioals, which lie about 14 miles fouth-weft of
the cape, are but of five or fix acres extent, and where they are really
dangerous, to vtffeis of modtrr.te draught, nut more tl

i,=i^

NORTH CAROLINA. 33^

n\itnbcr of acres. On the fhoaleft part of tliefe is, at low water, about
10 feet, and here at times the ocean breaks in a tremendous manner,
Ipouting, as it were, to the clouds, from the violent agitations of the
gulf ftream, which touches the eaftern edge of the banks, from whence
the declivity is fudden, that is to fay, from 10 fathoms to no founding^.
On the fpot above mentioned, ivhich is firm fand, it has been the lot
of many a good veffel to ftrike, in a gale of windj and to go to pieces.
In moderate weather, however, thefe Ihoals may be paffed over, if
neceffary, at full tide, without much danger, by veffels not drawing
more than eight, nine, or ten feet water.

From this bank, which was formerly of vaft extent, and called the
Full Moon Shoal, a ridge runs the whole diftance to the cape, abt at
a north- weft courfe. This ridge, which is about half a mile wide, has
on it, at low tide, generally lo, ii, and I2 feet water, with gaps at
fequal intervals, affbrding good fchannels of about 15 or 16 feet water.
The moll noted of thefe channels, and moft ufed by coafting veffels, is
about one mile ahd an half from the land, and may eafily be known by
a range of breakers which are always feen on the weft fide, and a
breaker head or two on the eaftern fide, which, however, are not fo
conftant, only appearing when the fea is confiderably agitated. This
channel is at leaft two miles and an half wide, and might, at full fea,
be fafely paffed by the largeft (hips. Thefe, however, rarely attempt
it, The common tides fwell about fix feet, and always come from the
fouth eaft. A little north of the cape is good anchoring in four or
five fathoms, and, with the wind to the weftward, a boat may land in
fafety, and even bring off calks of frelh water, plenty of which is to be
found every where on the beach, by digging a foot or two, and putting
a barrel into the fand.

,It is remarkable, that off the coaft, from Cape Henry to Ocrecock
Inlet; in founding, the bottom feems uniformly a fmooth fand. A
ftfhing lihie, with a heavy iron marlincfpike tied to it to keep it near
the bottom, has been dragged for feveral days along the bottom, with-
out breaking the fiftiing line", fo that probably there are no rocks on
that part of the coaft.

Cape Lookout is fouth of Capie Hatteras, oppofite Core Sound, and
has an excellent harbour, entirely filled up with fand.

Cape Fear is known for a dangerous fhoal, called, from its form
the Frying Pan. This (hoal lies at the entrance of Cape Fear River,
the fouth part of it fix miles from Cape Fear Pitch, in latitude ^^'i

32'-

For the proteftion of veffels, and to render the entrance of thefe

ports the more fafe, a light houfe has been erecled near Bald Head, a
rtoted bluff on Cape Fear Ifland, at the mouth of Cape Fear, or Cla-
rendon River, bearing weft-north- weft from the point of the cape, four
miles diftant j and north-weft by north from the extremity of Frying
Pan Shoal, at eight leagues. 'Fhe iron lantern is ten feet nine inches
in diameter, and about fifteen feet nine inches in height.

In failirtg from the eaftward, bring the light to bear north-north-eaft,
and then ftcer in north, which will carry a veffel clear of the fhoal,
arid bring her a Ihort diftance to the weftward of the bar. The channel
over the bar is direft and of good width. Strangers in a dark night,
hnx\-ever, flioiild fteer weft, in latitude ^3° 20' or 25' at molK uutil

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.^34

HOR.TH CAROLINA.

they fhoal in their water to feven or eight fathoms. By doing this,
they may be fure of being to the weftward of the bar.

Swamps. — There are two fwamps that have been judged difmal, and
are therefore diftmguiihed by that name.

Great Difmal, which is on the dividing line between Virginia and
North Carolina, is chiefly owned by two companies. The Virginia
company, of which the prefident of the United States is one, owns
100,000 acres j and the North Carolina company owns 40,000 acres.
In the mldft of this difmal there is a lake about feven miles long, called
Drummond's Pond. The waters of that lake, in rainy feafons, dif-
charge themfelves to the fouthward, into Pafquotank of North Caroli-
na-, and to the north and caftward, into the branches of the Nanfemond,
Elizabeth River, and a river which runs into Currituck Sound. A
navigable canal is to be dug from the head of Pafquotank to the head
of Elizabeth River, in Virginia, the diftance about 14 miles. This
canal will pafs about a mile to the eaftward of Drummond's Pond, and
•will receive water from that lake. To pafs through the lake would
not be fafe for low-fided veffcls. The company by whom this canal is
to be cut have been incorporated by the concurring laws of Virginia
and North Carolina. By this canal, the exports of Norfolk muft be
greatly increafed.

The other difmal is in Currituck County on the fouth fide of Albe-
marle Sound. This difmal had not drawn the public attention as an-
objeft of importance before the end of the late war, at which time it
was chiefly taken up. It is now fuppofed to contain one of the mofl
vaTuable rice eftates in America. In the midfl of this difmal there is
a lake of about 1 1 miles in length, and feven miles broad. About 500
yards from the lake, feveral faw mills have been erc6led. The water
in the lake is higher than the furface of the ground for about half a
mile from the lake on both iides of the canal j whence It follows, that
there can be, at any time, laid under water about 10,000 acres of a
. rich fwamp, which proves admirably fitted for rice.

Natural Curiosities. — The Ararat, or Pilot Mountain, about i5
miles north-weft of Salem, draws the attention of every curious tra-
veller in this part of the ftate. It is dlfcernable at the diftance of 60
or 70 miles, overlooking the country below. It was antiently called
the Pilot, by the Indians, as it ferved them for a beacon, to conduft
their routes in the northern and fouthern wars. On approaching it, a
grand difplay of natuire'^s workmanfliip, in rude drel's, is exhibited.
From its broad bafe, the mountain rifes in e? y afcent, like a pyramid,
ncar^a mile high, to where it is not more than the area of an acre broad-,
when, on a fudden, a vaft ftupendous rock, having the appearance of
a large caftle, with its battlements, ereds its perpendicular height to
upwards of 300 feet^ and terminates in a flat, which is generally as
level as a floor. To afcend this precipice, there Is only one Wcfy,
which, through cavities and fiffures of the rock. Is with feme difficuUf
and danger efFefted. When on the fummit, the eye is entertained willx
a vaft delightful profped of the Apal«;hlan Mountains, on the north,
and a wide, extended level country below,, on the fouth -, while the
Hreams of the Yadkin and Dan, on the right and left hand, are dil-
covered at feveral diftant places, winding, through ihe fertile low^
grounds, towards the oceaiu

NORTH CAROLINA. 335

Mineral SpRiNtJS. — In the counties of Warren, Rockingham, and
Lincoln, there are mineral fprings of great medicinal virtue. They
are fuppofed to be impregnated chiefly, with fulphur and iron, and are
powerful in removing cutaneous fcorbitic complaints, and correfling
indigeftions. Numbers of people from the lower country, and elfe-
where, repair to thefe fprings, in the autumn, for health, which is ge-
nerally obtained by coploufly drinking the waters.

Principal Towns. — Newbern, Edtnton, Wilmingtpn, Halifax,
Hlllfborough, Salisbury, and Fayettville, each, in their turns, have
been the feat of the general affembly. Until lately they had no capital.
According to the conftltution of this ftate, the general affemblies are
to meet at ?ny place they think fit on their own adjournments. The
€fFeft of thi? power was fuch as might be expefted, In a ftate where
there Is no very large city or town nearly central j it Avas the fource of
conftant intrigue and difquletude. The affembly feldom fat twice in
fuccefllon in the fame place. The public officers were fcattered over
every part of the country. One could feldom vlfit the governor, the
fecretary, the treafurer, or the comptroller, in lefs riding than two or
three hundred miles. Hence records were loft, accounts were badly
kept, and the ftate, from that fingle misfortune. Is fuppofed to have
loft more than a million of dollars. It was equally clear to all parties
that the government (hould not be itinerant j and the convention^
which met in the year 1788, to confider of the new federal conftltution,
according to their inftrudlons, took this part of their own conftltution
into their confideratlon, and by a very fmall majority rcfolved that the
feat of government ftiouid be fixed at fome place to be agreed on by
commiffioners, within ten miles of Wake cpurt-houfe. This Is a healthy
and central fituation. But an aft of the legiflature became neceffary to
give effeft to this ordinance, and the general affembly accordingly,
at their feffion, in December, 1791, paffed Ji law for carrying the or-
dinance Into effeft, and appropriated 10,000 pounds towards erefting
public buildings. A town has fince been laid out r.t this place, and
named Raleigh, after Sir Walter Raleigh, under whofe direftlon the
llrft fettlement In North America was made at Roanoke Ifland, in
Albemarle Sound. The neceffary public buildings are ereftcd, and
the legiflature now hold their feflions In R.alclgh j but its remotenefs
from navigation Is a great inconvenience.

Newbern, notwithftarvding Its late misfortunes from fire, and Its lofs
by a fevere gale of wind. Is the largeit town in the ftate. It ftands on
a flat, fandy point of land, formed by the confluence of the rivers Neus
on the north, and Trent on the fouth. Gppolxte the town, the Neu*
is about a mile and a half, and the Trent three-quarters of a mile wide.
The town contains about 400 houfes, akl built of wood, excepting the
palace, the church, the. gaol, and two dwelling houfes, which are of
brick. The palace Is a building erefted by the province before thi;
revolution, and was formevly the refidence of the governor. It Is
large and elegant, two ftorles high, with two wing.s for oiBces, a little
advanced in front towards the town ; thefe wings are connefted with
the principal building by a circular arcade. I'his once handfwme and
and well furnilhed building Is now much out of repair. One of the
halls is ufcd for a dancing, and another for a fchool room, which are
the only prefent ufes of this palace. The Epifcopal churcii. is a fmal|

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33'S NORTH CAROLINA.

brick building, with a bell, and is the only houfe for public worfliip i^
the place. A rum diftillery has lately been erefted in this town. It-
is the county town of Craven County, and has a court-houfe and gao^.
The court-houfe is raifed on brick, arches, fo as to render the lower
part a convenient market place j but the principal marketing is done
with the people in their canoes and boats at the river fide,

Edenton is fituated on the north fide of Albemarle Sound, and has
about J 50 indifferent wood houfes, and a few handfome buildings. It
has a brick church for Epifcopalians, which for many years has been
much negle£ted. Its local fituation is advantageous for trade, but not
for health. It is the county town of Chowan County, and has a court
houfe and gaol. Jn or near the town lived the proprietary, and the
fif ft of the rOyal governors.

Wilinington is a town of about 280 houfes, fituated on the eaft fide
of the eaftern branch of Cape Fear or Clarendon River, 34 miles from
the fea. The courfe of the river, as it paffes by the town, is from north
to fouth, and is about 150 yards wide. It is a place of very confider-
able trade, and thriving. '

Hillfborough is an inland town, fituated in a high, healthy, and fer-
tile country, 180 miles north of the weft from Newbern, and is de-
firably advancing in population and trade.

Saliftjury is agreieably fituated, about five miles from Yadkin River,
and contains nearly an hundred dwelling houfes.

Halifax is a pretty town, and ftnnds on the wcftern bank of the Roa-
noke, about fix miles below the falls, and has about 40 or 50 dwelling
houfes.

Fayetteville, fo called, in honour of the Marquis La Fayette, is
fituated in the county of Cumberland, on the weft fide of the north-
weft branch of Cape Fear, nearly at the head of the natural navigation
of the fame, 100 miles above Wilmington. On the bank of the river
ftand a few buildings, and tobacco warehoufes, capable of contain-
ing about 6000 hoglheads, which quantity has been received here in
one feefon, a cohfiderable proportion of vyhich is equal to Peterftiurg
tobacco. ' The centre, and moft improved part of the town, is about
a mile from the river,' in the fork, and near the junftion of Blount's
and Crofs Creek;, from the latter, on whpfe banks it principally ftands,
the town formerly was named. It is well built on both fides of the
creek, and contains nearly 400 houfes, and two very decent^ public
buildings, for the fupr' ^ , diftri6t, and county courts, and the meet-
ings of the town police arid its citizens j one built of Hrick, and, the
other of wood, by voluntary fubfcriptions and donations. They are
ere61ed in two public fquares, of 300 feet, fronting each other, about
a quarter of a mile apart j into each of thefe fquares run four principal
ftreetfi, of 100 feet wide. The buildings being open below, afford
excellent market places. The Free Mafon's Lodge, lately built here,
is a large, handfome edifice. Fayetteville is better fituated for com-
merce, and vends more merchandize than any inland town intheftate j
and few places are more eligible for the eftablilliment of manufaflures.
There are three mills at this place, which make excellent flour j feve-
ral extenfive tan-yards j and ode or two confiderable diftilleries an4
breweries. The produce received here is, tobacco, flour, wheat, beefj
pork, flax-feed, forae hemp, cotton, butter, and a vaiicly 01 othe*

NORTH CAROLINA. 337

articles, tliC produ£l of a rich and fertile back country, lying to the
north and weft of this town, from 30 to 250 miles. Add to this, quan-
tities of faw mill lumber, ftaves, and fome naval ftores made in the
neighbourhood. The town has increafed fince the revolution in a very
rapid manner, but has experienced fome dreadful checks from fire j the
inhabitants begin now to ufe bricks for building, which are made here
of a good quality, and fold from five to fix dollars per thoufand. The
country immediately around the town is a high, fandy, dry foil, and
not fertile, except on the water courfes. which are numerous, and ge-
nerally afford as rjch foil as any in the rtate. The boats ufed between
this place and Wiljnington, are from 1 20 barrels burden to 5005 and
perform a trip from 10 to 15 days.

Wafliington is fituated in the county of Beaufort, on the north fide
of Tar River, in latitude 35° 30', diftant from Ocrecock Inlet 90
miles. From this town is exported tobacco of the Peterlburg quality,
pork, beef, Indian corn, peas, beans, pitch, tar, turpentine, rofin,
&c. and pine-boards, Ihingles, and oak ftaves, and with imported
goods and other trade, a great many flups annually enter here.

Greenville, fo called, after Major-General Nathaniel Green, is
fituated in Pitt County, on the fouth bank gf Tar River, in latitude
35« 35', diftant from Ocrecock Inlet iio miles. At this town there
is an academy eftablilhed, called the Pitt Academy.

Tarborough is fituated in the county of Edgecomb, on the fouth bank
of Tar River, in latitude 35"* 45', diftant from Ocrecock Inlet 140
miles. At this town large quantities of tobacco of the Peterftjurg qua-
lity, pork, beef, and Indian porn, are coUedled for exportation.

Face of the Country, yoiL, and Productions, — North Carolina,
in its whole width, for 60 miles frqm the fea, is a dead level. A great
proportion of this tract lies in foreft, and is barren. On the banks of
fome of the rivers, particularly the Roanoke, the land is fertile and
good. Interfperfed through the other parts, are glades of rich fwamp,
and ridges of oak land, of a black, rich foil. In all this champagne
country, marine produdiqns are found by digging 18 or 20 feet below
the furface of the ground. The fea-coaft, the founds, inlets, and the
lower parts of the rivers, have uniformly a muddy, foft bottom.
Sixty or eighty miles from the fea, the country rifes into hills and
mountains. Wheat, rye, barley, oats, ^ i flax grow well in the back hilly
country. Indian corn and pulfe of aL "inds, in all parts. Ground peas
run on the furface of the earth, and are covered by hand with a light
,moul4, and the pods grow under ground j they are eaten raw or roafted,
and tarte much like a hazlenut. Cotton and hemp are alfo confiderably
cultivated here j the former of which is planted yearly, but the ftalk ir,
much hurt with the froft. This country is generally friendly to the raff-
ing of (heep, and of calves : it is no uncommon thing for the farmer to
mark froi^i 5®o to 1000 in a year. No farther attention is paid

them till they arc fit for flaughter ; then they are taken up, killed,
barrelled, and fent to the Weft India market. Their pork is raifed
with as little trouble ; large quantities of which, before the war, were
fent to New England ; particularly to Bofton and Salem.

Trade and Manufactures. — A great proportion of the produce of

the back country, confifting of tobacco, wheat, Indian corn, &c,

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J 38 NORTH CAROLINA.

interior countries carry their produce to Charlefton j ar.d the northern
to Peterlburg, in Virginia. The exports from the lower parts of the
ftate arc, tar, pitch, turpentine, rofm, Indian corn, boards, fcantling,
ilaves, {hingle«, furs, tobacco, pork, lard, tallow, bees-wax, myrtle-
wax, and a few other articles. This trade is chiefly with the Weft
Indies and the northern ftates. From the latter they receive flour,
cheefe, cyder, apples, potatoes, iron wares, cabinet wares, hats, and
dry goods of all kinds', imported from Great Britain, France, and
Holland, teas, &c. From /the Weft Indies, rum, fugar, and coffee.

The late war, by which North Carolina was greatly convulfed, put
a flop to feveral iron works, and hurt the ftate of improvements '\.\
general. At prefent there are four or five furnaces in the ftate and a
proportionable number of forges. There is one in Guildford County,
one in Surry, and one in Wilkes, all on the Yadkin, and one in
Lincoln. The quality of the iron Is excellent.

At Salem a paper-mill has lately been erefted, by the Moravians,
to great advantage, and fome other manufaftures are feeming to get
round again here to every wilh.

Climate, Diseases, &c.— In the flat country, near the fea coaft,
the inhabitants, during the fummer and autumn, arc fubjeft to inter-
mitting fevers, which often prove fatal, as bilious or nervous fymptoms
prevail. Thefe fevers are feldom altogether dangerous to the natives
who are temperate, or to rtrangers who are prudent. They, however,
if fuffered to continue for any length of time, bring on other diforders,
which greatly impair the natural vigour of the mind, debilitate the
conftitution, and terminate in death. The countenances of the inha-
•bitants during thefe feafons, have generally a pale, yellowifli caft, occa-
fioned by the prevalence of bilious fymptoms. They have very little
of the bloom and freftmefs of the people in the northern ftates.

It has been obferved, that more of the inhabitants, of the men ef-
pecially, die during the winter, by pleurilies and peripncumonies, than
^during the warm months by bilious complaints. Thefe pleurifies are
brought on by intemperance, and by an imprudent expofure to the
weather. W^ere the inhabitants cautious and prudent in thefe refpefts,
it is alleged by their phyficians, that they might, in general, efcape
the danger of thefe fatal difeafes. The ufe of flannel next to the Ikin,
during the winter, is reckoned an excellent preventative of the difeafes
incident to this climate. The weftern hilly parts of the ftate are as
healthy as any in America. That country is fertile, full of fprings and
rivulets of pure water. The air there is ferene a great part of the
year, and the inhabitants live to old age, which cannot fo generally
be faid of the inhabitants of the flat country. Though the days in
fummer are extremely hot, the nights are cool and refrefliing. Au-
tumn is very pleafant, both in regard to the temperature and ferenity
of the weather, and the richnefs and variety of the vegetable produc-
tions T^'bich the feafon affords. The winters are fo mild in fome years,
that autumn may be faid to continue till fpring. Wheat harveft is the
beginning of June, and that of Indian corn early in September.

Natural Hhstorv, &c. — The large natural growth of the plains In
the low country, is almoft univerfally pitch-ninc, which is a tall,
liiindrome tree, far fuperior to the pitch-pine' of the northern ftates.
This tree may be called the ftaple commodity of North Carolina.

fIOR.Tr CAROLINA. JJ^I

It affords pitch, tar, turpentine, and various kinds of lumber, which,
together, conftitute, at leaft, one half of the exports of this ftate. This
pine, is of two kinds, the common, and the long leaved. The latter
has a leaf fhaped like other pines, but is nearly half a yard in length,
hanging in large clurters. No country produces finer white and red oak
for ftaves. The fwamps abound with cyprus and bay trees. The
latter is an evergreen, and is food for cattle in the winter. The leaves
are (haped like thofe of the peach tree, but larger. The moft common
kinds of timber in the back country are, oak, walnut, and pine. A
fpecics of oak grows in the moift, fandy foil, called black jack. It
feldoni grows larger than eight or nine inches diameter. It is worthy
of remark, that the trees in the low country, near the fea coaft, are
loaded with vaft quantities of a long fpecies of mofs, which, by abforb-
ing the noxious vapour that is exhaled from ftagnated waters, contri-
butes much, it is fuppofed, to the healthincfs of the climate. This
hypothefis is confirmed by experience, fince it is commonly obferved,
that the country is much lefs healthy for a few years after having been
cleared, than while in a Itate of nature.

The miflctoe is common in the back country. This is a (hrub which
differs in kind, perhaps^, from all others. It never grows out of the
earth, but on the tops of trees. The roots, if they may be fo called,
run under the bark of the tree, and ingraft with the wood. It is an
evergreen, referabling the garden box-wood.

The principal wild fruits are, plums, grapes, from which a tolerable
wine has been made, ftrawberries, and blackerries.

The country is generally covered with herbage of various kinds, sndl.

a fpecies of wild grafs. It abounds with medicinal plants and roots.

Among others arc, the ginfeng 'y Virginia fnake root j Seneca fnakc

root, an herb of the emetic kind, like the ipecacuanaj Lyons bait,

which has been fouiid to be a fovertign remedy for the bite of a fer-

pent. A fpecies of the fenfative plant is alfo found herej it is a tort

of brier, the rtalk of which dies with the froft, but the root lives

through the winter, and fhoots again in the fpring. The lighteft touch

of a leaf caufcs it to turn and cling clofe to the ftalk. Although it fo

eafily takes the alarm, and apparently (brinks from danger, in the fpace

of two minutes after it is touclved, it perfeftly recovers its former {jtua^

tion. The mucipula veneris is alfo found here. The rich bottoms arc

overgrown with canes. The leaves are green all the winter, and afford

an excellent food for cattle. They are of a fweetilih talte, like the flalkt

of green corn, which they in many refpefts referable.

There is a long ridge of lime-ftone, which, extending in a fouth-
weftcrly direftion, croffes the whole itate of North Carolina, It croffes
Dan River to the weftward of the Sawro towns, croffes the Yadkin
about 50 miles north-weft from Salilbury, and thenee proceeds by the
way of King's Mountain to the fouthern ttates. No limeftone has
been found to the eaftward of that ridge. A fpecies of rock lias been
found in feveral places, of which lime is made, which is obvioully a
concretion of marine (hells. The ftate is traverfed nearly in the fame
direction by another ftratum of rocks which paffes near Warrenton. It
is a circumftance worthy of obfervation, that the fprings of water on

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Tlie river Yadkin, where it paf* s Salifbury, is about 400 yards
broad, but it is reduced between ,vo hills, about 25 miles to the
fouthward of that town, to the width of 80 or 100 feet. For two miles
it is narrow and rapid, but the moil narrow and moft rapid part is not
above half a mile in length. In this narrow part, fliad are caught in
the fpring of the year, by hoop-nets, in the eddies, as fall as the
ftrongeft men are able to throw them out. Boats with 40 or 50 hogf-
heads pafs eafily from thefe rapids to Georgetown. In the month of
Auguft, 179?, fome negroes who were digging a fand-hill, about a
mile from Wilmington, in this ftate, difcovcred a number of bones,
and two teeth of ari extraordinary fize. The teeth, which were found
12 feet below the furface, meafured 15 inches in circumference. Thefe
bones and teeth have been thought to be thofe of that fmgular animal,
the mammoth, and it is exceedmgly probable that they were.

Religion, &c. — The welkrn parts of this ftate, which have been fet-
tled within the laft 40 years, ite chiefly inhabited by Prefbyterians from
Pcnnfylvania, the defcendant^ of people from the north 6f Ireland, and
are exceedingly attached to the dbftrines, difcipline and ufages of the
the church of Scotland. They are a regular induftribus people. Al-
moft all the inhabitants between the Catawba and Yadkin rivers are of
this denomination, and they are, in general, well fupplied with a
fenfible and learned miniftry. There are interiperfed fome fettlements
of Germans, both Lutherans and Calvinillsy but they have very few
minlfters.

The Moravians have feveral flduri(hing fettlements in this ftate. In
17 5 1, they purchafed of Lord Granville 100,000 acres of land, between
Dan and Yadkin rivers, about 10 miles fouth of Pilot Mountain, in
Surry County, and called it Wachovia, after an 6fta;t6 of Count Zin-
zendorf, in Auftria. In 1755, this tra6l, by an ad of affembly, was
raade a feparate parifti, by the name of Dobb's Parifti. The firft
fettlement, called Bethabara, was begun in 1753I, by a number of the
brethren from Pennfylvania, in a very wild, uninhabited country,
which, from that time, began to be rapidly fettled by fai-mers fromf
the middle ftates.

In 1759, Bethany, a regular village, was laid out arid fettled. Irf
J 766, Salem, which is now the principal fettlement, and nearly in the
centre of Wachovia, was fettled by a coUeftion of tradefmen. The
fame conftitution and regulations are eftablilhed here, as in other regu-
lar fettlements of the united brethren. Befides, there are in Wachovia
three churches, one in Friedland, one in Friedburg, and another at
Hope, each of which has a minifter of the brethren's church. Thefe
people, by their induftry and attention to various branches of manu-
fadure, are very ufeful to the country around them.

The Friends or Quakers have a fettlement in Neiw Garden, in Guil-
ford County, and feveral congregations at Perquimons and Pafquotank.
The Methodifts and Baptifts are numerous and incr6afin^ in the four
lower diftridb. Belides the denominations already mentioned, there
is a very numerous body of people, in this and in all the fouthern ftates,-
who cannot properly be clailed with any fed of Chrittians, having never

r^oy^o O.T.I- .^,.r.<^ortir>ii /■^f PViiil-ianifi/ TViic rlafc lin«! hepn verv confider-
leffened, we are informed, in confeauence of the fuccefs of the

ably

Baptift and jMcthodift milfionaries among them, who have coUeaed

NORTH CAROLINA. 34 1

•congregations, and erefted places for public worlliip, in almoft every
Mcighbourhood, in the diftrids of Wilmington, Ncwbern, Edcnton,
and Halifax.

CoLLEoei AND AcADEMiEs. — The general aflVmbly of North Carolina,
in December, 1780, paffed a law, incorporating 40 gentlemen, five
from each diftri(jt, as truftees of the umvcrfity of North Carolina. To
this .univerfity they gave, by a fubfequent la.v, all the debts due to
the ftate, from (heriffs or other holders of public money, and which
liad been due before the year 1783. They alfo gave it all efcheated
property within the ftate, ^^'henever the trull ees ftiall have collecled
a futiicient fum of the old debts, or from the fale of efcheated property,
the value of which is confiderable, to pay the expence of erecting
buildings, they are to fix on a proper place, and proceed to finifl\ the
buildings. A confiderable quantity of land has already been given to
the univerfity. The general aflembly, in JC>eccmber, 1791, gave in
loan five thoufand pounds to the truftces, to enable them to proceed
immediately with their buildings. The truilees have fixed on Chapel
Hill, in Orange County, for the fite of the .univerfity, an elevated and
handfome fituation. The buildings have fince been completed, and i;he
academical ftudies commenced in January, 1795.

There is a very good acsdemy at Warrenton, one at Newbern,
another at WilliamA)orougJi, in Granville County, and three or four
otlierii in the ftate, of confiderable note.

Population, Character, Manners, and Customs. — Perhaps there
are few inilanccs of fuch a rapid increafe of inhabitants as we find
in this ftate. In the year 1710^ w^e are well affured that the number
of inhabitants in North Carolina did not exceed 6000. This extraor-
dinary increafe muft arife, in a great meafure, from the migration ot
inhabitants frum other ftates, or from diftant countries ; but tliis will
not fully account for the prcfent ftate of population in North Carolina,
The great difference that appears in North Carolina in favour of chil-
dren, cannot be explained by fuppofing that the climate is ficklyj for
we know that fuch climates are equally fatal to young and old. The
idea too of a fickly climate, does not accord with the prodigious increafe
of inhabitants in this ftate, nor with another fad, viz. that there is a
confiderable proportion of very old inhabitants in the ftate. To explain
this, we muft obferve, that the human fpecies, and all other animals,
are found to increafe in proportion to the comforts of life, and the cafe
with which they can fupport their progeny. If, tberftfore, the rigours
of an inhofpitable climate were removed, and the more uniform dilfuu-
five to matrimony, the apprehended difficulty of fupporting a family,
it has been judged, that the human fpecies would doubk, not ifl 20
but in 15 years. In North Carolina, neither the cold of winter, nor
the heat of fummer, are, in the back country, at all difagreeable.
Land continues to be plenty and cheap j grain is raifed with lb much
eafe, and the trouble of providing for cattle in winter fo trilling, that
^ man fupports his family with half the labour that is required in the
cold climates. Under thefe advantages, we are not to wonder that
people in all ranks of life ftiould marry very young, and which is the
cafe, as grandmothers in that ftate have been known who were no;;
more than twcnty-feven years of age.

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34^ aOKTH CAROLINA.

The North Carolinians are moftly planters, and live from half a milcj
to three and four miles from each other, on their plantations. They
have a plentiful country, no ready market for their produce, little
intercourfe with ftrangers, and a natural fondnefs for fociety, which
induce them to be holpitable to travellers.

Temperance and indullry have not heretofore been reckoned among
the virtues of the North Carolinians. The time which they wafted in
drinking, idling, and gambling, left them very little opportunity to
improve their plantations or their minds. The improvement of the
former was left to their overfeers and negroes*, the improvement of the
latter was too often neglefted. Time that is not employed in ftudy or
ufeful labour, in every country, is generally fpent in hurtful or inno-
cent excrcifcs, according to the cullom of the place or the tafte of the
parties. The citizens of North Carolina were formerly in the habit
of fpending their time in drinking, or gaming at cards and dice, in cock
fighting or horfe racing. And, among other praftices, a ftrange and
very Sarbarous one prevailed among the lower clafs of people before
the revolution, in the back parts of Virginia, North and South Caro-
lina, and Georgia, which was called gouging, and which was neither
more nor lefs than a man, when boxing, putting out the eye of his
antagonill with his thumb. We have lately been told that in a particu-
lar county, where, at the quarterly court, 20 years ago, a day fcldom
palfed without lo or 15 boxing matches : but it is now a rare thing to
hear of a fight, or, indeed, any of thofc brutal culloms, in comparifon
to the length they were formerly carried to.

Since the peace there has not been greater progrefs, in the arts of
civilized life, made in any of the ftates, than in North Carolina. In-
Head of diflipation and indolence, formerly too prevalent among the
inhabitants, we generally find, an orderly, indullrious people, who
are, in fome meafure, indebted for this reform to the great emigra-
tion of farmers and artlzans from Europe and the northern ftates, who
have roufed the fpirit of induftry among them, in a country where it
may be cultivated and cheriflied to any degree. The fchools that have
lately been erefted in different parts of the ftate, have greatly con-
tributed to the advaj ement of knowledge, and the improvement of
the people.

Military Strength. — By a law paffed in July, 1794, it was di-
reded, that a draft of 7331 men ftiould be made in conformity to the
requifition of congrefs, apportioned to the numbers in the refpeftive
counties. The molt competent judges in this ftate eftimate the number
drafted to be about one in fix or I'even of the whole number of fenci-
ble men in the ftate, which would make the whole number of fencible
men about 47,000.

Constitution. — By the conftitution af this ftate, which was ratified
In December, 1776, all legiflative authority is vefted in two diftinft
branches, both dependent on the people, viz. a fenate and houfe of
commons, which, when convened for bufinefs, are ftyled the General
Affembly. The fenate is compofed of reprefentatives, one from each
county, chofen annually by ballot. The houfe of commons coiififts of
icprefentatlves chofen iia the fame way, two for each county, and cne
for each of the towns of Edenton, Newbern, Wilmington, SaUft)ury,
Hillft)orou»h, Halifax, and Fayetteville.

NORTH CAROLINA,

343

The qualifications for a fenator arc, one year's refidencc immedi-
atcly preceding his ekaion, in the coi-.nty in which he is chofen, and
300 acres of hind in fee. A member of the houfc of commons mull
have ufually rcfided in the county in which he is elefted, one year
immediately preceding his elcftion, and for fix months Ihall have pof-
leffed, and continue to poffefs, in the county which he reprifents, not
lels than 100 acres of land in fee, or for the term of his own life.

A freeman of 21 years of age, who has been an inhabitant in the
ftate twelve months immediately preceding the day of any ek-aion, and
who had poffeffed a freehold of 50 acres of land within the county for
fix months next before, and at the day of eleftion, is entitkd to vote
for a member of the fenate.

All freemen of 21 years of age, who have been inhabitants of the
ftate the year next before the eledion, and have paid public taxes,
may vote for members of the houfe of commons.

The fenate and houfe of commons, when convened, choofe each
their own fpeaker, and are judges of the qualifications and ekaions ot
their members. They jointly, by .ballot, at their firll meeting after
each annual ekaion, choofe a governor for one year, who s not elit;!.
ble to that office longer than three ye*rs, in fix fuccedive years ; and
who muft poffefs a freehold of more than 1000 pounds, and have been
an inhabitant of the ftate above five years. They, in the fame manner,
and at the fame time, eka feven perfons to be a council of ftate for
one year, to advife the governor, in the execution of his office. They
appoint a treafurer or treafurers for the ftate. They triennially choofe
a (late fecretary. They jointly appoint judges of the lupreme courts of
law and equity — judges of admiralty, and the attorney general whi)
are commilHoned by the governor, and hold their offices during good
behaviour. They prepare bills, which muft be read three times in
each houfe, and be figned by the fpeaker of both houfes, before they
pafs into laws.

Judges of the fupreme court, members of the council, judges of ad-
miralty, treafurers, fecretaries, attorney generals for theftatc-, clerks
of record, clergymen, perfons denying the being of a God, the truth
of the Proteftant religion, or the divine authority of the Old and New
Teftament, receivers of public moneys, whofe accounts are unfettled,
n ilitary officers in aaual fervice, are all ineligible to a feat in either the
fenate or houfe of commons — ^^juftices of the peace, being recommended
by the reprefentatives, are commiffioned by the governor, and hold
their offices during good behaviour. The conftitution allows of no
religious eftablifliment, the leglilature arc authorized to regular entails
fo as to prevent perpetuiiies. A majority of both houfes is neceffary
to do bufinefs.

History. — The hiftory of North Carolina is left known than that of
any of the other ftates. From the beft accounts that hiftory affords,
the firft permanent fettkment in North Carolina was made about the
year I710, by a number of Palatines from Germany, who had been
reduced to circuni fiances of great indigence by a calamitous var. The
proprietors of Carolina, knowing that the value of their lands depended
on the ftrenjrth of their fcttlcments, determined to rnve every poffibk
encouragement to fuch emigrants. Ships were accordingly provided
for their tranfportation, and iiiftrudions were given to Governor Tynt<;

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344

MORTH CAROLINA.

to allow an hundred acrf s of land for every man, woman, and child,
free of quit rents, for the firft ten years j but at the expiration of that
term to pay one penny per acre, annual rent for ever, according to the
ufages and cuftoms of the province. Upon their arrival Governor
lyntc granted them a traft of land in North Carolina, fmce called
Albemarle and Bath precinds, where they fettled, and flattered them-
delves with having found, in the hideous wildernefs, a happy retreat
from the defolations of a war which then raged in Europe.

In the year 17 12, a dangerous confpiracy was formed by the Corce
and I'ufcarora tribes of Indians, to murder and expel this infant colo-
ny The foundation for this confpiracy is not known. Probably they
were offended at the encroachments upon their hunting ground. 1 hey
minacred their confpiracy with great cunning and profound lecrecy.
They^furrounded their principal town with a breaft- work to fecure their
families Here the warriors convened to the number of 1 200. 1' rom
this place of rendezvous they fent out fmall parties by diftercnt roads,
who entered the fettlement under the mafk of friendfhip. At the
change of the full moon all of them had agreed to begin their murde-
rous operations the fame night. When the night came, they entered
the houfes of the planters, demanding provifions, and pretending to be
offended fell to murdering men, women, and children, without mercy
or diftinaion. One hundred and thirty-feven fettle rs, among whom
were a Swifs baron, and almoll all the poor Palatines that had lately
come into the country, were flaughtered the firit night. Such was the
lecrecy and difpatch of the Indians in this expedition, that none knew
what had befallen his neighbour, until the barbarians had reached his
own door. Some few, however, efcaped and gave the alarm. I he
militia aff^mbled m arms, and kept watch day and night until the
news of the fad difaftcr had reached the provmce of South Carolina.
Governor Craven loft no time in fending a force to their rcliet. 1 he
nff-nnbly voted 4000 pounds for the fervice of the war A body of 600
Sa' under the commnnd of Colonel Barnwell and 366 Indians of
different tribes, with different commanders, marched with great expe-
dition through a hideous wilderncls, to their affiftance. In their firlt
encounter with the Indians, they killed 300 and took 100 pnfoners.
After this defeat, the Tufcaroras retreated to their fortihed town,
which was (liortlv after furrendered to Colonel Barnwell. In this ex-
pedition it was computed that near a thoufand Tufcaroras were killed
Lundcd, and taken. The remainder of the tribe foon after abandoned
heir country, and joined the Five Nations, with whom they have ever
fmce remained. After this, the infant colony remained m peace, and
continued to tlourifb under the general government of Soutli Carolina,
till about the year 1729, when feven of the proprietors, for a valuable
cSidcration,'velled^heir property and juvifdidion in the crown and
the colony was ereded into a feparaie province, by the name of North
Carolina, and its prefent limits ertabhAed by an order of Ge^'-gf "'
From this period to the revolution, in 1776, the hirtory of North Ca-
rolina is litde known •, but, from what may be judged of her prefent
flate it would appear, that (lie has continued to rife m profperity,
notwithlbnding all the Itruggles flie has had to encounier._

In point of numbers, it is now the fourth flate in the union. During
this amazing proqrefs in pofulaticn, which has been greatly aided by

TtNNKtSBff. ^4^

«r(iigrations from Pennfylvania, Virginia, and Otlier ftatcs, nliilc each
has been endeavouring to increafe their fortune, the human mind, how-
ever, like an unwccdcd garden, has fatally been luft'cred to fhoot up
in ^vild diforder. But when we confidcr, that, during the late revolu-
tion, thii rtate produced many dilUngiiilhcd patriots and politicians,
that (he fent her thoufands to the defence of Georgia and South Caro-
lina, and gave occafional fuccours to Virginia — when we confidcr too
the difficulties ihe has had to encounter from a mixture of inhabitans
coUeftcd from different parts, ftrangers to each other, and intent upoi?
gain, we fliall find many things worthy of praife in her general charaftecr

iffe*

TENNESSEE.

')0 20' and ifi" yj W. longitude.

Situation and Extent.
Miles.

Brefdth 104 5 ^^^^'^^" I 35O and 36° 30' N. latitude.

Boundaries. — Bounded, north, by Kentucky and part of Virginia ;
eaft, by North Carolina j fouth, by South Carolina and Georgia j well,
by the Miflifippi, which feparates it from the Spaaifti province ot
Louifiana.

Civil Divisions, Sic. — In 1796, this ftate was erefled and organifcd,
and is now divided into the three diftri6ts of Walhington, Hamilton,
and Nero, which are divided into the following counties :

Walhington, Sullivan, Green, Carter,

Hawkins. Knox, Jefferfon, Sevier,

Bloiuit, Grainger, Davidfon, Sumner,

Robertfon, Montgomery.

The firft four belong to Wafliington DIftrift, the next five to that oF
Hamilton, and the remainder to Nero Diftrid.

Wafliington and Hamilton diftri£ts are fituated upon the waters of
the rivers Holfton and Clinch, and the latter bounded fouth by the
river Tcnneficc. Mero Diftrift lies upon the waters of Cumberland
River. The two former diftrifts are divided from the latter by an
uninhabited country of 91 miles in extent ; that is, from the Block-
houfes at the point formed by the jundion of the river Clinch with the
Tenneffee, called South-weft Point, to Fort Blount upon Cumberland
River. Through this traft a waggon road has been opened, which h
very convenient, and which muit'lhew that great advantages are to be
derived from a general eftablifliment of proper and good roads.

Population, — In 1765, there were about 10 families fettled weft of
the Kanhawa. So many had joined them in 1773, thatthe fettlement
■weft of the Kanhawa was erefted into a county, and in 1776, fubdi-
vided into three counties. By an enumeration of the people made by
the captains of militia companies, in 1791, the number of inhabitants
appeared to be 35,691 ; and under the authority of an " Aft providing
for the enumeration of the inlialntants of the territory of the United
States of America fouth of the river Ohio," paffed in 1795, a fecond
enumeration was made by the IherifFs of the refpeaive counties, by

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which it appeared, that the number of inhabitants had inc eafed t(i
7'-, 262. This number has ftill greatly increafed, and the prefent po-
pulation niay now be fixed at upwards of 400,000. Many of thefe
inhabitants are made up of emigrations, chiefly from Pennfylvania, and
that part of Virginia that lies weft of the Blue Ridge. The anceftors
of thcfe people were generally of the Scotch nation, fome of whom
emigrated firrt to Ireland, and from thence to America. A few Ger-
mans and Englifli are intermixed.

Climat£. — The climate of this ftate may be confidered as moderate
and healthy. In the traft lying between the Great Ifland, as it is
called, and the Kanhawa, the fummers are remarkably cool, and the
air rather moift. South-weft of this, as far as the Indian towns, and
on the wertern fide of the Cumberland Mountains, the climate is much
warmer, and the foil better adapted to ^he produftions of the foutheni
ftates, fuch as tobacco, cotton, and indigo.

The difeafes to which the old inhabitants are^moft liable are, pleurifies,
rheumatifms, and, rarely, agues and fevers. So healthy have been the
inhabitants, that from the firft fettlement of the country, to 1788, not
a fingle phyfician had fettled among them. It is to the inhabitants a
real advantage, that they are almoft beyond the reach of thofe luxuries
which are enjoyed, and thofe epidemical difeaies which are confequent-
ly frequent, in populous towns on the i'ea coaft. An inhabitant of this
diftridl writes, " Our phyficians are, a fine climate, healthy, robuft
mothers and fathers, plain and plentiful diet, and enough of exercife.
There is not a regular bred phyfician refiding in the whole diftrift."
Phyficians, however, have fince fettled in this country.

The piercing northerly winds that prevail during the winter in the
Atlantic States, feldom molcft the inhabitants on Cumberland River j
for they have no great mountains to the northward or weftward. The
inhabitants of the Atlantic States are alfo fubjcdl to fudden changes in
the atmofphere, arifing from their vicinity to the ocean. The air that
comes from the furface of the fea, efpecially from the warm gulf
ftream in winter, muft be "ery different in its temperature from the air
that comes acrofs cold and high mount..:!:: ; bul the great diftance be--
tween the Cumberland fettlers and the ocean, confidering that many
great mountains intervene, efFedually fecures them againft the bad
effcas of thofe fudden changes. North-eafterly ftorms never reach
this country.

Other circumftances prefjnt themfelves, by which we may account
for the remarkable heaUhiuefs of this country. Limeftone is common
on both fides of Cumberland Mountain. 1 here are no ftagnant waters j
and this is certainly one of the reafons why the inhabitants are not
aflefted with thofe bilious ...,d intermitting fevers, which are fo frequent,
and ofter fatal near the fame latitude on the coaft, in the fouthern
ftates. \\ hether it proceeds from the goodnefs of the water, i^.e purity
cf the air, the ten.perature of the climate, or vi!^ atever may have been
chc caufe, the inhabitants have certainly been remarkably healthy, ever
fince they fettled on the waters of Cumberland River.

Rivers awd Mountains. — There are few countries fo well watered
as this, witli rivers and creeks. 'I'he principal rivers are, the Mifti-
fippi, which conftitutes its weftern boundary, the Tenneffce, Cumber-
knf!- Hnlfton. Clinch ; and the V/oIf, Hatchce, Forked, Deer,

TtNNISSKK,

ilirough

347

the part called the Broken

Obeon, Reelfoot, uhich pafs
Ground, into the Miflifippi.

The Tenneficc, called by the French, Cherokee, and abfurdly 'tj
others, the Hogohege River, is the largett branch of the Ohio.' It
rifes in the mountains of Virginia, latitude 37°, and purfues a courfe
of about 1000 miles fouth and fouth-well, nearly to latitude: 34*^, re-
ceiving from both fides a number of large tributary ftreams. It then
wheels about to the north, in a circuitous courfe, and mingles nith
the Ohio, nearly 60 miles from its mouth. From its entrance into the
Ohio to the Mufcle Shoals, 250 miles, the current is very gentle, and
the river deep enough, at all feafons, for the largelt row boats. The
Mufcle Shoals are about 2o miles in length. At this place the river
fpreads to the width of three miles, -and forms a number of iflands, and
is of difficult paffage, except when there is a fwell in the river. From
thefe fhoals to the V/hirl or Suck, the place where the river bre.iks
through the Great Ridge, or Cumberland Mountain, is 250 miles, the
navigation all the way excellent.

The Cumberland Mountain, in Its whole extent, from the Great
Kanhawa to the Tenneflee, confifts of the moft ftupendous piles of
craggy rocks of any mountain in the weilern country. In feveral parts
of it, for miles, it is inacceflible even to the Indians on foot. In one place
particularly, near the fummit of the mountain, there is a moft remark*
able ledge of rocks, of about ^0 miles in length, and 200 feet thick,
ihewing a perpendicular face to the fouth-eaft, more noble and grand
than any artificial fortification, and apparently equal in point of regu-
larity. Through this ftupendous pile, according to a mt,dern conjefture,
had the waters of all the upper branches of the Tenneflee to force their
way. The attempt would have been impradicable at any other place
than the one mentioned, for more than 100 miles eaftwardly. Here
then feems to have been the chafm, left by the Creator, to convey
oflF thefe waters, which muft otherwife have overflowed, and ren-
dered ufelefs a vaft tra6t of valuable country, encompafled within the
mountains.

The Whirl, as it is called, is in about latitude 35°. It Is reckoned
a greater furiofity than the burfting of the Patomak through the Blue
Ridge, which has already been noticed. The river, which a few miles
above is half a mile wide, is here comprefled to the width of about loo
yards. Juft as it enters the mountain, a large rock projedh from the
northern ihore, ni an oblique direftion, which renders the bed of the
river flill narrower, and caufes a fudden bend; the water of the river
Is of courfe thrown v/ith great rapidity againft the fouthern fliorc,
whence it rebounds around the point of the rock, and produces the
whirl, which is about 80 yards in circumference. Canoes have often
been carried into this whirl, and elcaped, by the dexterity of the row'
ers, without damage. In lefs than a mile below the v>'liirl, the rive»
fpreads into its common width, and, except mufcle fhoals, already
mentioned, flows beautiful and placid, tiU it mingles with the Ohio.

Six miles above the whirl are the Chiccamogga towns, on the banks
of the river, and of a large creek of the fame name. From thefe towns
to the mouth of the Hiwaflee, is 60 miles by water, and about 40 by
land. This river is a fouth branch of the Tennelfee and the only one
of confeniience. and nafles tlnoucrh the Cherokee towns. It is niviga*

■"HI

[ .til

i ". *

I --It

ft '*
lit ,

■t.

rj^^S TENNESSEE.

Jble till it penetrates the mountains on its fouth fide. Up this river,
in thefe mountains, a mine has been difcovered, and ore taken, from
-ivhich, it is faid, gold was extrafted by an artift, while the Britifti
were in poffeffion of Georgia. It is certain but few Indians know the
fpot, and thofe who do are very anxious to keep it a fecret. The
mountain is very high and barren, and has feveral of the appearances
defcribed by mi'neralifls. The difcovery was made by means of the
river's undermining the bafe of a large clifF or fpur of the mountain,
which occafioned a great column of the earth or rock to tumble into
the river. This difrupture difcovered the vein of yellow metal at a
jjreat depth. The climate, the fine fprings, and fertile plains, render
the banks of this river a moft delightful place of fettlement. From a
branch of the Hiwaffee, called Amoia, there is but a fliort portage to
a branch of the Mobile, and the road all the way firm and level.

Faffing up the Tenneffee, 60 miles from the mouth of the Hiwaffee,
you come to the mouth of Pelefon or Clinch River, 35 miles below
Knoxville. This river rifes in Virginia, and comes in from the north,
and is large and navigable for boats upwards of 200 miles, receiving in
jtscourfe, befides inferior llreams, Powell's and Emerie's rivers, the
former of which is nearly as large as the main river, and is boatable
100 miles. This river runs through Powell's Valley, an excellent
trad of country, abounding with fine fprings.

From the Pelefon to the junction of the Holfton and Tenneffee, is
computed AO miles. The Holfton is the branch which formerly gave
its name to the main river, not from its fize, but Trom its notoriety,
having on its banks a vaft number of Indian villages, and the chief
town of the Cherokee Indians, called Chota, and was therefore called
•Cherokee River -^ but the name of Tenneffee is now given it. It^ rifes in
Virginia, and empties into the Tenneffee 22 miles below Knoxville, and
receives in its courfe th€ waters of Watauga, French Broad, Noli-
chuckey. Great and Little Pigeon, and Little River. It croffes the
1-alley at nearly right ar\gles with the mountains, and has on its banks
a number of beautiful plains, which are chiefly improved as corn-fielda
by the Indians. Forty miles from the Tenneffee, up the Holfton
branch, comes in French Broad, 4 or 500 yards wide •, thence purfu-
Jngthe Holfton 200 miles, you come t« Long Ifland, which is amongft
the higheft navigation ufed j thence about 100 miles is the fource ot
the river.

The higheft point of navigation upon this river, now, is Tehco
Blockhoule, which ftands upon its north bank immediately oppolite
the remains of Fort Loudon, and is computed at 900 miles, accordmg
to its meanders, above its mouth. Tellico Block-houle is 32 miles
fouth of Knoxville, and has proved a very advantageous military poft
ever fince it was ereded in the year 1794 j and lately it has ajfo been
crtabliftied by the United States as a trading poft with the Indians.^

One mile below Long Ifland comes in North Holfton -, and 20 miles
above it, the Watauga] the former is ico yards wide at its mouth,
and, with a fmall expence, might be made navigable to Campbell's
Salines, 70 miles further up. On the banks of the Holfton are many
mines of iron ore, of the beft kind, fome of which have been opened
and worked to fuch advantage, that enough might be made to lupply
the whole weftern country. 'Ahefe mines are rendered the moic

TENNESSEK. i^^fj

valuable, -as there is faid to be none of this ore near the MifTifippj,
and very little north of the Ohio. The Holiloii is navigable for boat»
of 25 tons as high as the mouth of the North Fork., upwards of 100
miles*, at which place iron-works upon a large fcale have been erefted,
and others completing. At its mouth, on the north lide, ilands Bort
Grainger. In the Tenneffee and its upper branches, are great numbers
of filh, fome of which are very large and of au excellent flavour.

The head waters of the Great Kanhawa are in the weftern part of
North Carolina, in the mote euftern rid^^e of the Allegany or Appala-
chian Mountains, and fouth of the 36th degree of latitude. Its head
biranches encircle thofe of the Holllcn, from which they arc feparated
by the Iron Mountain, through which it paiTes ten miles above the
lead mines j thence fleering its courle along the foot of the Allegany
Mountain, until it receives Little River from the eall, it turns to the
north, which is its general couri'e till it meets the Ohio. About 60
miles from Little River, it receives Green Briar River from the eaft,
which is the only coniiderable tributary flream in all that diitance.
About 40 miles below the mouth of Green Brier River, in Virginia,
in the Kanhawa, is a remarkable cataradt. A large rock, a little ele-
vated in the middle, croffes the bed of the river, over which the water
fhoots, and falls about 60 feet perpendicularly, except at one lide,
where the defcent is more gradual.

Cumberland River, formerly called Shawanee, and by the French,
Shavanon, difcharges its waters into the Ohio, ten miles above the
mouth of the Tenneffee, and is navigable for large veffelsto Nalhville,
and from thence to the mouth of Obed's River. The Caney Fork,
Harpeth, Stone's River, Red River, and Obed's River, are branches
of the Cumberland, fome of them navigable a great diitance up.

Wolf, Hatchee, Forked, Deer, Obion, and Reelfoot rivers, dif-
charge themfelves immediately into the Mllfihppi. Thefe rivers, in
general, are deep, flow with a gentle current, and are unincumbered
with rocks and rapids •, moft of them have exceedingly rich low grounds,
at the extremity of which is a fecond bank, as on moft of the lands or
the MilTifippi. Be'^des thefe rivers, there are feveral fmaller ones,
and innumerable creeks, fome of which are navigable •, in lliort, there
Is hardly a fpot in this country which is upwards of 20 miles diftaut
from a navigable Itream.

It would take a volume to defcrlbe particularly the mountains of
this ftatc, above one half of which is covered with thofe which are un-
inhabitable. Some of thefe mountains, particularly the Cumberland or
Great Laurel Ridge, are the moft ftupendous piles in the United States,
and occupy a part of the uninhabited country between Waihington and
Hamilton diftrifts. and the diftri6l of Mero j and between the two nrit
mentioned diftricls, and the ftate of Kentucky. They abound v^ith
ginfeng and ftone coal. Clinch Mountain is fouth of thefe ; in which,
Burk's Garden and Morris' Nob might be defcribed as curiofitles. This
mountain divides the waters of Holllon and Clinch rivers.

Stone, Yellow, Iron, Bald, and Unaka mountains, adjoining each

other, form the eaftern boundary of the ftate. Their dire61ionis nearly

north-eaft and fouth-weft. The Iron Mountain extends from near the

.lead mines, on the Kanhawa, through the Cherokee country, to the

^ ' I

1»,

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,w*i

(
i

TENNESSEE.

fouth of Chota, and terminates near the fouth of the Mobile. The
caverns and cafcades in thefe mountains are innumerable.

Animals. — A few years fince, this country abounded with larg«
herds of wild cattle, improperly called buffaloes j but the improvident
or ill-difpofed among the firft fettlers, have deftroyed multitudes of
them out of mere wantonneft. They art. Hill to be found on fome of
the fouth branches of Cumberland River. EU-, or moofe, are feen ia
many places, chiefly among the mountains. The deer are become
comparatively fcarce j fo that no perfon makes a bufmefs of hunting
them for their fkins only. Enough of beats, panthers, wild cats, and
wolves yet remain. Beavers, mufkrats, and otters are caught in plenty
in the upper branches of Cumberland and Kentucky rivers. Racoons,
foxes, and fquirrels abound , as do pheafarits, parti.idges, pigeons, fwans,
wild turkeys, ducks, and geele.

The rivers are well {locked with all kinds of frefli water fifh ; among
-ivhich are, the trout, perch, cat-fifh, buffaloe-fifli, redhorfe, eels, &.c.
Some cat-fifli have been caught that weighed upwards of 100 pounds ;
find the weftern waters 1 cing more clear and pure than the eaftern
rivers, the fifli are in the fame degree more firm and favoury to the

tafte.

The mammoth, fuppofed to be the king of the land animals, was
formerly an inhabitant of this country, as appears from his bones,
which have been dug up by labourers at Campbell's Salines, on North
Holfton, when finking falt-pits, from three ^o feven fee^ b^low the fur-
face of the earth.

Salines, Mines, Springs, &c. — Campbell's Salines, mentioned above,

are on the upper branches of the Tenneffee. The tra6t which contains

thefe falines is a great natural curiofity, and it w-as originally difcovered

by Captain Charles Campbell, about 1745, who was one of the firft

explorers of the weftern country. It has fince been improved to »

confiderable extent, and many thoufands of inhabitants are now fup-

plied from it, with fait of a fuperior quality, and at a low price. The

traft confifts of about 300 acres of dat marih land, of as rich a foil as

can be imagined. In this flat, pits are funk in order to obtain the fait

water. The beft is found from 30 to 40 tcet deep. After pafling through

the rich foil or mud, from fix to ten feet, there is a very brittle limeftone

rock, v.ith cracks or chafms, through which the fait water iffues into the

pits, 'whence it is drawn by buckets, and put into the boilers, which

are placed in furnaces adjoining the pits. The hills that furround this

flat arc covered with fine timber, and not far diftant a coal ipine has

been difcovered.

I'his country is well fuppUcd with fprings of the purcft limeftone
water. Salt licks* are found in many parts of the country. Iron ore
ribounds in the diftrds of Wafliington and Hamilton, and fine ftreams
to put iron works in operation. Iron ore is lately difcovered upon the
fouth of Cumberland River, about 30 n;ile§ below Naftiville, where a

* The terms Salt Lid and Salt Spring arc ufed fynonymoully, but improperly, as
!he former differs from the latter in that it is dry. The term Ihk is derived (rom tl\e
<irciimaaiice of anttua! coming and lickin^^ up the particles of fait which are lodo-d rih
fhr fnrface of the Pround. Wells funk in iuch places, y\M water arongly impregnated
with fait, and from which that articlj is made, llie Big 1/ick, in Virgima, is a ku*.
cf fwanip, coijt;uniiig f.-vcral acres, and cdgfd with fcvcral fpringf.

TENNESSEE. ^^t

furnace is now erecting. Several lead mines have been difcovered, and
r)ne upon French Broad has been ^vorkcd j the ore produced 75 per
cent, in pure lead.

The Indians teach a belief, that there are rich filver mines in Cum-
berland Mountain, but cannot be tempted to difcover any of them to
the white people.

Ores and fprings, ftrongly impregnated ivlth fulphur, are found iu
various parts of the country. Saltpetre caves are numerous, infonnich,
that, in the courfe of the year 1795, feveral tons of f'altpetre were fent tO
the Atlantic markets.

On the waters of French Broad River, Is a fine, large, clear, me-
dicinal warm fpring. Numbers of perfons from the Carolinas, Geor-
gia, and the fouthern parts of Virginia, have experienced its lalutary
efFeils in various complaints. When the improved ftate of the country
fhall afford fufficient accommodations, this fpring will probably be as
much reforted to as thofe of the back parts of Virginia, being more
convenient to the fouthern ftates, and equally efficacious in healing
difeafes. The heat of the water is fuch, that at firft going into it, it
is hardly fufferable.

Soil, Productions, Commerce, &c. — The foil Is luxuriant, and pro-
duces cotton, tobacco, indigo, Indian corn, hemp, flax, rice, wheat, rye,
oats, barley, and all kinds of vegetables in thehighefl pcrfeiftion. Infliort,
this ftate will produce. In great perfedion, every plant, vegetable, vine,
and grain, which grow in any of the United States. The ufual crop of
cotton is 800 pounds to the acre ; the ftaple is long and fine. Such is the
richnefs of the land, that from 60 to 80 budiels of corn are gathered ou
tin acre of ground, although It is aflertedj that the lands on the fmall
rivers that run into the Mifllfippi, have a decided preference to thofe oil
the Cumberland River, for the produftlon of cotton, rice, and indigo.

The face of the country In the neighbourhood of NalhvIUe, is, iii
general, level, and the foil very rich, equal to any other part of Ame-
rica, and produces, in abundance, every thing tliat can be expected,
from fo temperate a climate and fo rich a foil. This part of the coun-
try Is well watered by the rivers Tenneffee and Cumberland, and their
branches. Both of thefe rivers empty into the Ohio, Ihortly after
they pafs the north boundary of the ftate. As the waters of the
Cumberland from NalhvIUe, and of the Tenneflee from the Mufcle
Shoals to the Ohio, are navigable to the Ohio and the IMifri/ippi, the
people, of courfe, who live In this or the adjacent country, have thr;
fame advantages of water conveyance for trade, as thofe who live on
the Ohio or MllfifippI, to New Orleans or elfewhcre. Befides, there
is another probable avenue through which trrtde will be carried .,n with
this and the adjacent country, which Is from Mobile, up the \/aters
of the Pvlobile River, as far as It Is navigable ; thence, by a land car-
riage of about 50 miles at moft, to Ocochappo Cresk, which empties
into the Tenneflee at the lower end of the Mufcle Shoals. The mouth
bf this creek is the centre of a piece of ground, the diameter of which
is five miles, ceded by the fouthern Indians at the treaty of Hopewell,
bn Keeowee, to the United States, for the the ellablilhment of trading
pofts.

The kinds of trees and plants found in this ftate, are poplar, hickory,
black and white walnut, all kinds of oaks, buck-eve, beech, iycamors,

. *••

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TENNESSEE.

WOO

The
cane.

3S^

black and honey locaft, afli, hornbeam, elm, mulberry, cherry, dbg-
d, fafiafras, papaw, cucumber-tree, cofFee-tree, and the fugar- tree.
: undergrowth, in many places, and efpeciaily in low grounds, is
fome of which is upwards of 20 feet high, and fo thick as to
prevent any other plant grawing j there are alfo Virginia and Seneca
ihakeroot, ginfeng, angelica, fpicewood, wild plum, crab apple, fweet
anile, red bud, ginger, fpikcnard, wild hop, and grape vines. The glades
are covered with wild rye, wild oats, clover, buffaloe grafs, ftrawber-
ries, and pea vines. On the liills, at the heads of rivers, and in fome
high cliffs of Cumberland, are found majeftic red cedars j many of
thefe trees are foui Teet in diameter, ami 40 feet clear of limbs.

Chief Towns. — In this ftate there are fcveral towns which can only
bt ..onfidered as ertablifiicd in their names, and from their infancy, they
have been unable to furuilh any account that can be important. Tho
principalcnes among them are, Knoxville, which is called after Major
Generni Henry Knox, late fccrctary at war, the feat of government,
is fituated in a beautiful fpot on the north bank of the Holfton, 22,
miles above its junftion with the Tenneffee, and four below the mouth
of French Broad, in north latitude 35^ 42'. The fupreme courts of law
and courts of equity for the diftria of Hamilton half-yearly, and the
courts of pleas and quarter feflions for Rnox County, are held iu this
tov,-n, and it is in a very tlouriihing fituation.

Naftivili north latitude 36**, fo called after Brigadier General
Francis Nalh, who fell on the 4th of Oftober, 1777, in the battle at
Germantown, m defence of his country, is a growing town, fituated
upon the fouth bank of Cumberland River. It is the feat of the courts
held every two years for the diftri6l of Mcro, and of the courts of pleas
and quarter fcfhons, held ^or the county of Davidfon.

Jone(borough is the feat of the courts held for the diftrift and county
of Wafhington, and is thrivhig to every expeftation.

Religion. — The Prelhyterians are the prevailing denomination of
Chriftians in thi-s ftate. They have a prefbytery, called the Abingdon
Prefbytery, eftabliflied by aft of fynod, which, in 1788, confilkd of
23 large congregations, who were then fupplied by only fix minifters.
There are alfo fome of the Baptift and Methodift denominations.

Literature and Colleges. — The inhabitants of this ftate have not
been inattentive to the interefts of fcience. An academy and feveral
grammar fchools were early eftabHftied •, and ?. fociety, who ftyle them-
felves, " A Society for promoting Ufeful Knowledge •," from which
much good is expeded. A tafte forliterature has iince been increaf-
ing amon^ vhis people. At prefent they have three colleges eftablilhed
by law, viz. Greenville College, in Greene County, between Green-
ville and Nolychuckey River, inftitutcci by ad of affembly, in 1794,
and placed under the management of a president and truftees. For the-
foundation aiid fupport of this college, about 5000 dollars have
heen coUefted in money and books. Th other colleges are, Blount
College, at Naflivilie, and Walhington College, in the county of the
fame name.

CoxNSTiTUTiON. — By the conftitu .on of this ftate, which was formed
and ratified at Knowille, in February, 1796, and which clofes with a
jl^claration of ri'i-hts the leeillative tiuthority is vefted in a general
affembly, confifling of afenute and houfe of reprcfentatives. The.'

TENNESSEE. gr»

rumTjcr of reprefentatlves is to be fixed once in feven years, by the
legiflature, according to the number of taxable inhabitants, who are to
be numbered feptennially, the number of reprefentatives not to exceed
216 to a county, until the taxable inhabitants iliall be 40,00©.

The fenators are never to be lefs than one-third, nor more than one-
half the number of the reprefentatives, and are to be chofen upon prin-
ciples fimilar to thofe for the choice of reprefentatives. The eledioa
for members of both houfes is biennial. Having been three years in
the ftate, and one in the county, immediately preceding election, pof-
fefling 200 acres of land in the county, and being 21 years of age, ren-
der a man eligible to a feat in either branch of the Ic^illature. Each
houfe m?.v choofe its own officers, judge of the qualifications and elec-
tions of its own members, and make its ov.n rules. Senators and repre-
fentatives during their feflion, and in going to, and returning from the
fame, are privileged from arrefl: in all cafes, except treafon, felony, or
breach of the laws, and are not anfvverable for any thing faid ii> cither-
houfe, in any other place.

When vacancies happen, the governor fliall ifTue Vv'rit.<; of election to
fill up fuch vacancies. Neither houfe can adjom-n for more than three
days without the other. Eills may originate in either houfe — fliall
have three feveral readings, and being once rejected, ftiall not be padtd
into a law the fame feiTion. The doors of each houfe fiiall be kept
open. The falaries of the governor, judges of the fupreme court,
fecretary, treafurer, attorneys, and members of the legiflature, are
fixed until 1804. No perfon holding an office under tlie authority of
the United States can have a feat in the general affcmbly, nov can any
perfon hold more than one lucrative office at the fame time. The
executive power of the ftate is veiled in a governor, who is chofen by
the electors of the members of the legiflature ; the perfon having the
highefl; number of votes is chofen. 0|ntelled cledtions for governor
are determined by both houfes. The governors are to be choien bien-
nially and are eligible fix years out ©f eight — are commanders in chief
of the army and navy, except in the fcrvicc of the United States.
Every freeman of 21 years of age, poffeffing a freehold in the cornty,
and having been an inhabitant of the Itate for fix months preceding,
may vote for the members of the legiflature. The lioufe of reprefen-
tatives have the fole power of impeaching, and the feiiate of trying
Impeachments. Tlie judicial power is veiled in courts of lau- f.nd
equity. County officers are, flierifts, coroners, trufl;ees, and confla-
bles. Military officers are to be eleiited by perfons fubjeft to military
duty. Minifliers of the gofpel are not eligible to a feat in. the legifla-
ture. No perfon who denies the exiftence of God or a future ftate can
hold any civil office. The oath of allegiance and of office is to be taken
by perfons holding any office of trurt or profit.

When two-thirds of the general alTembly think it necelTary to amend
or change the confl:itution, they are to recommend to the eledtors at
the next election for members to the general aflembly, to vote for a
convention, and if there is a majorl nf votes for it, the general aflem-
bly at their next feffion ffiall call a convention, which (hall confill of
as many members as the general aflembly, and be chofen in the fame
manner. This conititution is fubjed to being rcvifed or changed.

-41

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•ii^rl

354 TENNESSEE.

Character, Manners, and Dress — There is nothing in the charadci^
of this people that diftingiiiihes them from the fettlers of new countries
in general. Among the bulk, of the inhabitants, a great fimplicity of
manners prevails. Duplicity, or the etiquette of cities and populous
places is unknown among them. If a man deceives another, he is
deemed and called a liar ; and it frequently happens, that " a bloody
nofe" is the confequence. Wreftling, jumping, running foot races,
and playing ^t ball, are the common diverfions. Dancing is coming
into faihion. Card-playing is a rare amufement. The hunting-fhirt is
i\ - worn by the militia on duty, and by hunters in purfuit of game.
At home at public afltmblies they drefs like the Virginians.

Curiosities. — Under this head may be inferted an extraifl of a
letter from i\Ir. Silas Dinl'raoor to Governor Blount, dated Ooilinahli,
an Indian town, January 2, 1796.

" On my return from South Carolina, I paid a vifit to the Enchanted
Mouni'ain, about two miles fouth of Brafstown,* to examine the much
famed curiofities 0.1 the rocks, and was pleafed to find that report fo
happily coincided with reality.

" There are on feveral rocks a number of impreflions rcfembling the
tracks of turkeys, bears, horfes, and human beings, as vifible and per-
fedc as they could be made on fnovv or fand. The latter were remark-
able for having uniformly fix toes each ; one only excepted, which
appeared to be the print of a negro's foot. By this we muft fupnofe
the originals to have been the progeny of Titan or Anak. One of
thefe tracks was very large, the length of the foot 16 inches, the dif-
tance of the extremes of the outer toes 13 inches, the proximate breadth
behind the toes feven inches, the diameter of the heel-ball five. One
of the horfe-trafts was likewife of an uncommon fize, the tranfverfe
and conjugate diameters were eight by ten inches, perhaps the horfe
which the Great Warrior rode.

" There were many oth^- fanciful figures, the meaning of which,
if they had any, I could not decipher. If you expeft that I fhall giye
a fatisfaftory account of tlie origin or occalion of thofe figures, I doubt
you will be difappointed. What appears to me the molt in favour of
their being the real tradls of the animals they rcprefent, is, the cir-
cumrtance of a horfe's foot having apparently Hipped feveral inches and
recovered again, and the figures having all the fame direftion like tlie
trail of a company on a joufney. If it be a /u/us naturce^ I believe
the old dime never fported more ferioully. If the operation of chance,
perhaps there was never more apparent defign. If it were done by art,
it might be to perpetuate the remembrance of fortie remarkable event
of war or engagement fought on the ground. The vaft heaps of Hones
near the place, which I underftand are tombs of warriors ilain in battle,
feem to favour the fuppofition. The texture of the rocks is foft. The
part on which the fun had the greateit influence, and which was tlie moft
indurated, could eafily be cut with a knife, and appeared to be of the
nature of the pipellone. Some of the Cherokees entertain an opinion,
that it always rains when any perfon vifit^ the place, as if fympathetic
nature wept at the recollection of the dreadful cataftrophe which thofe

* Rrafbtcwn ii f.tur.ttd on the head waters of Tcnccflee River, about 100 miles, a'
little eafl; of i'mich from Knoxvills.

TENNESSEE.

i.-'.'J

figures were intended to commemorate. An old Indian, at wliofc cnbin
we called to enquire the way, alTurcd us it would certainly rain, i he
truth is, it was then rainy, and continiud fo through the ivhcle of the
day and following night j confequently I was unable to confute the
notion, however abfurd, by fafts.

" I had likewife the curiofity, on my journey, to take a view of the
fituation of the fprings which arc faid to be the fources of fome branches
of the Tugulo, Apalachicola, and Hlwaffce rivers, which are very
near neighbours in the mountains. I rode my horfe at a moderate
^valk, difmounted and drank of the three waters in ten minutes. 1'heir
fituation is in the form of a triangle, the lldes, perhaps, from 150 to
200 yards."

Indians. — The Indian tribes within ?nd in the vicinity of this (late
nrc the Cherokees and Chicafawj. The Chcrokees have been a war-
like and numerous nation j but by continual wars, in which it has i?cea
Cheir deftiny to be engaged, with the northern Indian tribes, they
xvere reduced, at the commencement of the lall war, to about 2000
lighting men ; fince which they have been re.duced more than one-half,
and have become weak and pulillanimous.

The Chicafaws, of all the Indian tribes within the limits of the
United States, merit the moft from the Americans, having at all times
maintained a brotherly attachment to them. They glory in faying
that they never (bed the blood of an Anglo-American. There
is fo great an affinity between the Chicafaw and Choclaw lan-
guages, that the common people can convcrfe together, each fpeaking
in his own dialeft. They are a perfonable people, and have an opcn-
nefs in their countenances and behaviour uncommon among Indians.
Thefe nations fay they are the remnant of a great nation that once lived,
far to the weft, which was deftroyed by the Spaniards, for whom thev
flill retain an hereditary hatred.

History.— The country now called Tcnneffee w"as included in the
fecond charter granted by King Charles II. to the proprietors of Ca-
rolina. In a fubfequent divifion it made a part of North Carolina.
The eaflern parts of thisdiilricl: were explored as early as between the
years 1740 and 1750. In 1754, at the commencement of the French
war, not more than 50 families had fettled here, who were either def-
troyed or driven of? by the Indians before the clofe of the foUoxvIng
year. It remained uninhabited till 1765, when the fettlement of it
commenced, and in 1773, fuch was the vaft acceffion of emigrants,
that the country as far weft as the long illand of Holfton, an extent of
more than I20 miles in length from eaft to weft, was well peopled.

In 1774, a war broke out with the northern Indians, over the Ohio,
which iffued in their fuing for peace, which was granted them on eafy
terms.

In 1780, the torles of the weftern parts of North Carolina and Vir-
ginia, emboldened by the reduction of Charlefton by the Britifti, em-
bodied In armed parties, and proceeded towards the lead mines on the
Kanhawa, to take pofleffion of fome lead ftores at that place, but were
defeated in their attempt.

A/o^ifi^ic other movement^ took place lu the courie or this vear bu^
the moft interefting and brilliant was the battle of King's Mountain,
yrhich was fought and won by about 000 Mountaineers, as the veteiaji

sMll
,4

i, 1

!',>

*'*M

w
I*

9cS TliNNESSEE.

fons of tiiis dlitncl were called. Upward- of i lOO of the enemy were
eitlicr killed, wounded, or taken.

Soon after this, to defeat a meditate 1 invafion of the Cherokr* In-
dians, which was dilcovered by an Indian woman, t ailed, from this
circumllance, the weltern Pocahontas, an officer, witli 700 Moun-
taineers, well mounted, ;.cueliaccd far into the Cherokee ( ountry j
introduced the new and fuccefsful mode of fighting Indians on horfe-
back j accomplilhed his defigns, and returned in January, 178X.

In the celebrated battle at Guilford, March i,^, 1781, the Moun-
taineers behaved with their ufual gallantry. This nearly clofcd the
aclive part which the Movuitnin men took in the American war.

In 1782, the legiflature of North Carolina appointed commilhoners
to explore the weitcrn part of the Hate, by which is meant as well the
lands included in Davidlon County, as thofe between the fouth boun-
dary of this county and thofe between the rivers Mifllfippi and Tennel-
iee, and to report to tlic fucceeding legiflaturc, which part was bell:
for the payment of the bounty promifed to the otBccr^ and loldiers ot
the contincnthl line of that Hate ; and they accordint;ly did explore the
before delcribed tra6t of country, and reported to the legitlature in the
ipring of the year 1783. Althoughthis country was notel'ablilhed by law
before the laft mentioned period, yet in the year 1780, a party of about
.40 families, invited by the richnefs of the Cumberland county, under
the guidance and dlreciion of Colonel James Robertfon, palled through
a wildernefs of at lealt 300 miles to the French Lick, and there founded
Nafhvilie. The nearelt ncighhuuis to Robertfon and his followers,
ivere the fettlers of the then infar.t Hate of Kentucky, betwee. whoru
there was a wildernefs of 200 miles. He had but few followers until
the year 1783, after the peace had taken place, and after an aft had
paiTed directing the military or bounty v.-arrants of the officers and fol-
diers to be located inthis country. Thefe circumilances induced many
officers and foldiers to repair immediately thither, to fecure and fettle
their lards •, and fuch as di." not choofe to go, fold their warrants to
citizens v.ho did go: in conlequcnce of" this, many people, from aliuoll
every ft;>'e in the union, became purchalers of thefe military warrants,
and are fince become inhabitants of this county 5 and many valuable
and opulent families have removed to it from the Natches. Remote
as Colonel Robi-rtfon was from all other fettlements it v ill readily Lc
luppoled that himfelf and party were in danger every hour ot bem;^ cut
otf by the Indians, agairH: whom his princij, tl fecurity was, that he
xvas as far dillant from them as from the white people ; and llender as
this fecurity may appear, his party never fuilained an^ damage from
the Indians', but what was done by parties of hunters, who happened
To find out his fettlement.

In 1785, in conformity to the rcfolutions of congrefs of April 23,
1784, the inhabitants of this diftrift attempted to form themfelves into
a body politic, by the name of the " State of Frankland or Franklin j"
but differing among themfelves as to the form of government, and r'bout
other matters, in the ilTue of which fome blood was ihed •, and being
onnofed hv fnme leading charatLcrs in the caftern parts, the fcheme,
in the ye'ar 1789, was relinquifhed, and the inhabitants of this
" Titular State-' returned peaceably to their allegiance ; and fuch of
them as wvrc members of the North Ci-olina leginature, fuppoiied the

SOUTH CAROLINA.

357

aa paffed this year, ceding tl,e territory, on certain tondiiioos, to the
United >States.

In 1790, February 35, congrcfs paffcd an a^ accepting thi.^ ccfllon,
and by another aft palTed, May 26, 1790, provided for its'govc. ment
under the title of " The Territory ul the United States of America
South of tlie River Ohio,"

I'his territory, for fome time pall, has had a delegate In congrcfs,
with liberty to deliberate and fpeak to any (|ue{lion licforc that body,
but not to vote. By the late ccnfiis, however, it appeared that the*
number of free inhabitants in the territory was fulKcient, accordin'^ to
their form of government, fur an admiiTion into the union, on an equal
footing with the original flates. They have accordingly, met and
formed for themfelves a permanent conllitutioi. and Hate government,
and have fmce, in due form, become a fixteenth ftate in the union.

Th' peace of the citizens of this territory lias been difturbed more
or lefs, for 18 years part, by Indian wars, or incurfions from the fa-
vages, for the purpofes of murder and plunder. The late treaty of
HoUlon, however, between the governor of this territory and the Che-
rokees, by which a line of feparation was to be dra\sn from the river
Clinch, acrofs Holfton to Chilhowee Mouatain, has now given peace
to the inhabitants.

From theff deftruftive incurfions of the Indians this ftate has fuffcred
great damages ; what from their effefti, and being always obliged to
be ii a pofture of defence. However, the ftate has recovered thefe
conrternations tolerably well, and that merely by its own fpi'it of in-
trepidity and pru icnt condud, for when in the midft of tht calami-
ties, with thefe Indiar.s, they v\ le offered aflirtanoe, tht with -dr
patriotic dignity rejedt:d it.

TennelTee, for its protcftion, li > a good militia, which bears a
proportion to the extent of population •, and for its public revenue and
expenditure, that is fupplied by a tax on flaves, lands, and horfes.
enneffee, in general, may be viewed as advancing in way of improve-
lents, and, perhaps, it has liothing more formidable agalml it doing
fo in happinefs, but i' s being fo connefted as a fouthern Itate with the
different tribes of Indians. It rertainly, therefore, w uld be a fortu-
nate and happy circumftance could congrefs effeft a pernianciit und«.i
ftanding with thefe nations. This would not only be a pleafure to
obfervt-, but would indubitably infure a moft defireable and ineftimaMe
friendihip to the whole union.

.23'
into

in,"

bout

SOU'H CAROLINA,

SiTUArroN AND Extent.

Miles.

y between 4

40 and 90 W.

long.

rrom

Phila

Scj. Miles.

"R A*\ ^T V ^"tween 4 yS'^and'^i'^W.lon.r.fromLond. J- 20,000
Jjreaath I25j (_32<' and 35« N. latitude.

Boundaries. — Bounded, north, by North Carolina*, eaft, by the At-
lantic Ocean ; fouth and Ibuth-wefl, by Savann;ih River, and a branch
of its head waters, called Tugulo River, which divide tl is Hate from
Georgia.

■If.

■ •

o j8 SOUTH CAROLINA.

In form, llils ftate nearly refemblcs a triangle, which extends along
the fea coaft above 200 miles. Georgia on the fouth, and North Ca-
roUna on the north, approximate to each other about 300 miles from
the fea coaft, fo as nearly to form an anj^le enclofing the whole ftate.

Civil Divisions, &c. — The proprietors who firil fent ftttlers to
Carolina, divided it into counties and parifties. The counties were ge-
licrally named after the proprietors. No county courts, howerer, were
eftabliihed j and this divifion, though for a long time kept up in the
province, became, in a great meafure, obfolete, previous to the revo-
lution. Since the revolution, county courts have been cftablifhed,
where a majority of the inhabitants have petitioned for them, and the
ftate is now arranged and divided into the nine following dillricls, which
are Aibdivided either into pariihes or counties,

Beaufort, Orangeburg, ' Ninety-fix,

Charleftown, Cambden, Pinckney,

Georgetown, Cheraw, Walhington.

Beaufort Diftrifl, on the fea coaft, between Combahee and Savan-
nah rivers, has for its chief town Beaufort. It contains upwards of
20,000 inhabitants, moft of whom are flavts. It contains four pariihes,
viz. St. Helena, St. Luke's, Prince William, St. Peter, and fends to
the ftate legillature 1 2 reprcfentatives and four fenators.

Charlefton Diftrift is between Combahee and Santee rivers. Chief
tov.'n Charlefton. Its inhabitants are near 700,000 in number of which
upwards of 55,000 are flaves. It is divided into 13 parifties, viz. St.
Philips, St. Michael's, St. Bartholorrew, St. John's, Berkley, St.
George's, Dorchefter, St. Stephen's, St. James', Santee, St. Tho-
mas', Chrift Church, St. James', Goofe Creek, St. John's, Colleton,
St. Andrew's, St. Paul's, and fends to the ftate legillature 48 reprcfen-
tatives and 13 fenators, and one reprefentative to congrefs.

Georgetovvn Diftridi: is between Santee River and North Carolina.
Chief town Georgetown. It contains upwards of 25,000 inhabitants,
of whom two-thirds are ilavfes. It fends to the ilale legillature 10
reprcfentatives and three fenators, and is divided into three pariftics,
viz. All Saints, Prince George's, and Prince Frederick's.

Thefe three diftrifts lie from fouth to north along the fea coaft, and
conrtitute what is called the Lower Country,

Orangeburg Diftrift, weft of Beaufort Diftrift, has for its chief
town Orangeburg. It contains about 20,000 inhabitants, of whom
about 6000 are flaves. It fends to the ftate legiflature ten reprcfenta-
tives and three fenators j and, as being united with that of Beaufort,
fends one reprefentative to congrefs. It is divided into the four counties
of Lewiftaurg, Orange, Lexington, and Winton.

Cambden Diftrift is weft of Georgetown Diftrift, and has for its
chief town Cambden. It contains upwards of 40,000 inhabitants, of
■whom near 10,000 are flaves. It fends to the legiflature 12 reprcfen-
tatives and three fenators, and one reprefentative to congrefs, and is
divided into fix counties, viz. Fairfield, Richland, Clarendon, Clare-
mont, Kerfliaw, and Lancafter.

Cheraw Diftrift is alfo weft of Georgetown, and has yet no chief
town. It contains near i2,cco inhabitants, of whom 4000 are iiaycs.
It fends fix reprcfentatives and two fenators to the ftate legifla-
ture, and, together with Georgetovvn Diftrift, one renrelcutative to

SOOTH CAROLINA. 359

congrers. It Is divided into three counties, viz. Darlington, Chcfter-
field, and Marlborough.

Ninety-fix Diihirt lies weil of Orangeburg Diftrift, and has for its
chief town Cambridge. It contains upwards of 35,000 white inhabi-
tants, bcfides llavcs, the number of whom is uncertain. It fends iz
rcprefentatives to the ftatc legiflaturc and four fenators ; and one
reprcfcntative to congrcfs. It is divided into four counties, viz. ildge-
held, Abbeville, Laurens, and Newbury.

Pinckney Diltrift is well of Cambdcn and Cheraw dillrias. Chief
town Pinckneyville. It contains about 28,000 white inhabitants befides
flares. Sends nine rcprefentatives and three fenators to the Hate legifla-
turc, and, in conjunftion with Walhington Dillridl, one reprcfentativc
to congrcfs. It is divided into four counties, viz. York, Cheller^
Union, and Spartanburg.

Walhington Dilh-ift, weft of Ninety-fix Diftricl:, has for its chief
town Pickenfville. It contains upwards of i6,oco white inhabitants,
befides Haves. It feuds to the Hate legillature five rcprefentatives and
two fenators, and is divided into two counties, viz. Pendleton and
Greenville.

Thefe fix interior diftrifts conftitute what is called the Upper
Country.

From the above ftatement it appears that the reprefentation of the
people in the legillature of this Hate is very unequal. Attempts have
been made by the upper country to remedy this evil, but hitherto
without effeft.

The name of county is given to the fubdivifions of thofe diftrifts only,
in which county courts were ellablifhed, this part of the judiciary
fyllem of this Hate having never been adopted in the three Atlanlic
diftrifts of Beaufort, Charletton, and Georgetown j their fubdivifions
are called parillies, and are made only for the purpofe of eleding mem-
bers to the legiflature.

Climate. — The climate is different in different parts of the ftate.
Along the fea coaft, bilious difeafes and fevers of various kinds are
prevalent between July and Odober. The pr()l)ahility of dying is
much greater between the 20th of June and 20th of Odober, than w
the other eight months in the year.

One caufe of thefe difeafes is, a low marlhy country, which is over-
flowed for the fake of cultivating rice. The exhalations from thefe
llagnated waters, from the rivers, and from the neighbouring ocean,
and the profufe perfpiration of vegetables of all kinds, which cover the
ground, fill the air with moillure. This molllure falls in frequent rains
and copious dews. From actual obfervation, it has been found that
the average annual fall of rain, for ten years, was 42 inches, without
regarding the moillure that fell in fogs and dews. The great heat of
the day relaxes the body, and the agrt'eable coolncfs of the evening
invites to an expofure to thefe heavy dews. But not only does the
water on the low grounds and rice fwamps become in a degree putrid j
and emit an unwholefome vapour, but when it is dried up or drawn off
from the furface of the ground, a quantity of weeds and grafs which
have been rotted by the water, and animals and fiili wliica have been
fdeftroyed by it, are expofed to the intenfe heat of the fun, and help to
infecl the air with a quantity of poifonous effluvia. Within the limits

Z z ij

m^M

''ill

o60 SOOTH CAKOLINA.

of CharLfton, Oie cafe is very different, and the danger of contraftlnr,^
difeafes ariles from indolence and cxcefs. Though a relidenre in or
near the fwamps is very injurious to health, yet it has been fatisfaftorily
nfcertained, that by removing three miles from them, into ♦he pine
land, which occupies the middle ground between the rivers, an exemp-
tion from autumnal fevers may be obtained.

The difagreeahle effeds of this climate, experience has proved,
mit-^ht, 'n a^^reat meafure, be avc^" '>jd, by thofe inhabitants whofe cir-
cumlf ances will admit of their removal from the neighbourhood of the
rice fv>amps, to healthier fituations, during tiie months of July, Au-
guft, September, and Odober ; a.id in the word fituations, by tempe-
rance and care. Violent exercife on horfeback, chieHy, expofure to
the meridia.i rays of the fun, hidden ihowers of rain, and tlie night air,
are too frequently the caufes of fevers and other diforders. Would the
fportfmf n deny themfelves, during the fall months, iheir favourite
amufements of hunti-'g and Hlhing, or confine themfelves to a very few
hours, in the morniiig or evening — would the induUrlous planter vilit
his fields only at the fame hours — or would the poorer clafs of people
pay due attention to their manner of living, and obferve the precau-
tions recommended to them by men of knowledge and experience, much
ficknefs, and many dirtreffing events migbt be prevented. The upper
country, fituated in the medium between extreme heat and cold, is as
l^p'ilthful as any part of the United States.

Rivers. — This ilatc is watered by four large navigable rivers, befides
n great number of fmaller ones, which are paiVable in boats. The river
Savannah waflies it in its whole length, from fouth-ealt to north-wcfl.
The Edillo riles in two branches from a remarkable lidge in the Inte-
rlor part of the ilatc. 'i'hefe branches unite below Orangeburg, which
Hands on the North Fork, and form Edifto River, which, having
pafl'ed Jackf<mfburg, leaving it on the fouth, branches and embracer
Edillo Iflard.

Santee is the lavgefl and longert river In this ftate. It emptioF into
the ocean by two inouths, a little fouth of Georgetown. Abour i 20
miles in a direft I'ne from its mouth, it branches into the Congavee
and Watcrcej the latter or northern branch palTes the Catabaw nation
of Indians, and bears the nam= of the Catabaw River from this fcttle-
ment to its fourcc. I'he Congaree branches into Saluda and Broad
rivers. Broad River again branches into Enorce, Tyger, and Pacolet
Tivers ; on tlie laLtcr of wliich a'-e tlie celebrated Pacoitt Springs. Not
luanv vcarr, ago, two boats only were employed i)i the trade lietween
Charlctlon ami Congaree River, where the number at prefent employed
is at lead upwards of thirty.

Pedee River rifes in North Carolina, where it is called Yadkin
River. In this ftate, however, it takes the n?me of Pedee, and, re-
reiving the waters of Lynche's Creek, Little Pedee, and Black River,
it joins the Wakkamaw River near Georgetown. Thefe united ilreams,
with the accelhon of a fmall creek, on which Georgetown Hands,
form Winyaw Bay, which, about i 2 miles below, communicates with
the ocean. All the forementioncd rivers, except Ediilo, rife irom
various fources in that ridge of mountains which divides the waters
which tlow into the Atlantic Octan from thoi'c which fall into the
Miinfippi.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

?6f

The rivers of a fecondary fize, as you pafs from north to foutli, are
Wakkamaw, Black River, Cooper, AHicpco, and Combahce 'i'henr:
rivers afford ti the proprietors of thdr banks a confulerable quantity of
tide fwamp, or rice land, flowable from the rivers, except in extraor-
dinary droughts.

In the third clafs are comprehended thofe rivers n-hich extend but a
Hiort dilhance from the ocean, and ferve, by branching into numberlcf<
creeks, as dranis to take off the quantity of rain water ^vhich comes
down from the large inland fwamps ; or are merely arms of the Icj.
Of this kind, are Alhley, Stono, Coof^uv, Bro;;cl. Colleton, Mav,
New, and Right's rivers, ^['he tide, in no part of the ftate, flow*
more than 25 miles from the fca.

Canals and liRioGhs. — A company was incorporated foon after tlic
^yar for the purpofe of cutting p. canal from the Santce to tl,c Coopei-
rivers. The foimcr river runs throi;oh a country of great extent and
fertility, and is navigable for boats of bo hogiheads of tobacco to the
contluence of Broad and Saluda rivers.

'I'l.^ advantages of this navigation have hitherto Ijcen confiderablv
leffened, from the neceffuy which the boats were under of puttin-^- out
to fca, in order to get to Charlef^on. Ey means of this canal, a fafe
inland and much Ihorter navigation will be fecured to that place, and
no part of the ftate will be reinoved more than 50 miles from the bene-
fits of conveying to market, by water, the fruits of their induflry.

The work has been profecuted by the company with great fpirit,.
and the fatisfaCtoiJly way :n which it is coropleted, has repaid their
exertions. The length of the canal is 21 miles. The greateft ele-
vation of ground between the two rivers is 19 feet.

The company, by their cnarter, are permitted to lay fuch toll on
boats pafling through it, as they may think proper, provided the ratt.
does not produce an income cvceeding 20 per cent, on the amount actu-
ally expended in completing the work.

Another canal is ihortly to be begun, which will conneft tlie Edifto
with the Afhley •, the practicability of which is evident from a faft
well afcertained, that in the time of a very high fvelliet, the water,
from the overdowlng of the b aiks of the former, hiis been known to
run into the latter.

A bridge has lately been erefted over the Congaree River, at a
fmall town called Granby, about two miles helcAv the confluence of
iiroad aad Saluda rivers. This bridge is remarkable for its being built
in a curvilineal diredion, with the arch up the iheam, which contri-
butes much to its llrength ; and alfo for its height, being 40 feet above
the ordinary level of the water. The bridge is fupported by wooden
pillars, which are llrong, framed Into water lilh', which are bolted
into a Iblid rock that extends acrofs the river. Thefe bolts are fecured
tn the rock by running into the Interllices round the bolts large quan-
tities of melted lead. The great height of the bridge was requihte to
fecure it from the frclhets whicli rife here to a great degree, the current
of which is ib rapid as to carry before it ;very thing which Ihould pre-
fent to Its fury any condderable furface. The centre arch is upv;ard3
of 100 feet in the clear, to give a palfage to the large trees, which are
frequently brought down by the Hoods in great abundance, and would
otlicrwifo, by lodging againft the bridge, prove fatal to it, as was the

■Mi

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3^2 SOUTH CAROLINA.

cafe with one, fome few years ago, which had been ereded in the
fame place. For this ufeful work the country is indebted to an inter-
prifing and valuable citizen, Colonel Wade Hamilton, who has a right
of toll fecured to him by the legiflature for one hundred years.

Another bridge was erefted by the fame citizen, a few years ago,
over the Savannah River at Augufta, but not being raifed fo high, nor
fo well fecured in the foundation, it received confiderable Injury, but
was, however, paflable, and was rebuilding by the proprietor, and
his right to toll was fecured to him in perpetuity by the legiflatures of
the two ftates, Georgia and South Carolina •, but It was unfortunately
carried away by a remarkable frelhct which happened in the fall of

'795-

The legiflature, at their feflion in 1795, paffed a refolve, authorlfing

the governor to appoint three commlffioners to confult with the gover-
nor of tlie territory fouth of the Ohio, now Tenneffee, and to report
the prafticabllity and probable expence of opening a good waggon road
from Knoxvillc, over the mountain to the fettlemcnts in South Caro-
lina*, and the legiflature. In confequence of a favourable report of the
commiflioners on this bufinefs, voted a fum of money for the purpofe
of opening a waggon road acrofs the mountains into the new Itate of
TenneflTee.

Mountains. — Except the high hills of Santee, the Ridge, and fome
few other hills, this country is like one extenfive plain till you reach
the Tryon and Hogback mountains, 210 miles north-weft of Charleftor..
The elevation of thefe mountains above their bafe, is J840 feet, and
above the fea coaft 4640. There is to be feen from the top of thefe
mountains an extenfive view of this ftate. North Carolina, and Georgia.
And as no obje£t Intervenes to obftrud the view, one with telefcoplc
eyes may difcern veflels at fea. The mountains weft and north-weft
rife much higher than thefe, and form a ridge, which divides the waters
of Tennefiee and Santee rivers.

Harbours. — The only harbours of note are thofe of Charlefton, Port
R oyal, and Georgetown. Charlefton harbour Is fpaclous, convenient,'
and fafe. It is formed by the junftion of Afliley and Cooper rivers. Its
entrance is guarded by Fort Johnfon. Twelve miles from the city Is a
bar, over v.hich are four channels: one by the name of Ship Channel^
has 18 feet »vaterj another 164 : the other two are for fmaller veflels.
The tides rife from five to eight feet. Port Royal has an excellent
harbour, which is of fufficient extent to contain the largeft fleet.

The bar at the entrance of WInyaw Bay, which leads to George-
town, does not admit vefljals drawing more than 11 feet water; and is
in many refpecls a very dangerous place. This circumftance has proved
Injurious to the growth of Georgetown, which is othcrwife exceedingly
well fituated for all the purpofes of an exteniive trade.

Ii;^ANDS. — The fea coaft is bordered with a chain of fine fea iflands,
around which the fea flovvs, opening an excellent inland navigation, for
the conveyance of produce to market.

North of Charlefton Harbour, lie Bull's, Dewee's, and Sullivan's
iflands, which form the north part of the harbour. James"* Ifland lies
on the other fide of the harbour, oppofite Charlefton, containing about
60 families. Further fouth-weft is John's Ifland, larger than James' ;
Stbno River, which forms a convenient and fafe harbour, divides thclc

SOUTH CAROLINA. 363

iflands. Contiguous to John's Ifland, and connefted with it, by ii
bridge, is Wadmelaw ; eaft of which are the Irnall illes of Keyv.a.v
and Simmon. Between thefe and Ediilo Uland, is North Edifto Inlet,
which alfo affords a good harbour for veffcls of eafy draft of water.
South of Edifto Ifland, is South Edifto Inlet, through which enter,
from the northward, all the veffcls bound to Beaufort, Aflicepoo, Com-
bahec, and Coofaw.

On the fouth-weft fide of St. Helena Ifland lies a clufter of iflands,
one of the largeft of which is Port Royal. Adjacent to Port Roval
lie St. Helena, Ladies Ifland, Paris Ifland, and the Hunting iflands,
five or fix in number, bordering on the ocean, fo called from the num-
ber of deer and other wild game found upon them. All thcfe iflands
and fome others of lefs note belong to St. Helena parifl-i.

CrolTing Broad River, you come to Hilton Head, the moft fouthern
fea ifland in Carolina. Weft and fouth-weft of Hilton Head, lie Pinck-
ney's, Bull's, Dawfuflcies,- and fome fmaller iflands, between which
and Hilton Head, are Calibogie River and Sound, which for-n the
outlet of May and Nevv rivers.

The foil on thefe iflands is generally better adapted to th- culture of
indigo and cotton than the inain, and lefs fuited to rice. The natural
grovvtii is the live oak, which is fo excellent for fliip timber j and the
palmetto or cabbage tree, the utility of which, in the con^buclion of
forts, was experienced during the late war.

Chief Towns. — Charlefton is the only confiderable town in South

Carolina. It is fituated on the neck of land which is formed by the

confluence of Aftiley and Cooper rivers, which are large and navigable.

Thefe rivers mingle their waters immediately below the town, and form

a fpacious and convenient harbour, which communicates with the ocean

juft below Sulivan's Ifland, which it leaves on the north, fevcn miles

iouth-eart of the town. In thefe rivers the tide rifcs in common about

6^ feet. The continued agitation which this occafions in the waters

which almoft furround Charlellon — the refreihin^' fea breezes which

are regularly felt, and the fmoke rifing fromfo many cliiraueys, render

Charlellon more healthy than any part of the low country in the fouthern

ftates. On this account it is the refort of great numbers of gentlemen,

invalids from the Weft India iflands, and of the rich planters from the

country, who come here to fpend the fickly months, as tliey are called,

in queft of health and of the focial enjoyments which the city afi'ords.

And in no part of America are the focial bleflings enjoyed more

rationally and liberally than in Charlefton. Unaffetled hofpitality —

affability — eafe in manners and addrefs — and a difpofition to make their

guefts welcome, eafy, and pleafed with themfelves, are charafteriftics

of the refpedlable people in Charlefton.

The land on which the town is built is flat and low, and the water
brackifli and unwholefome. The ftreetsfrom <;aft to weft extend from
river to river, and, running in a ftraight line, not only open beautiful
profpefts each way, but afford excellent oppcrtunit'es, by means of
fiibterranean drains, for removing all nuifances, and keeping the city
clean and healthy. Thefe ftreets are interfered by others, nearly at
right angles, and throw the town into a number of I'quares, with dwell-
ing houies in front, and office-houfes and little gardens behind. Some
qi the ftreets are conveniently n-ide, but moU of them arc much too

■'I

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;m|

'4'

■i' *'yi

j6^ SOUTH CAP.OHNA.

nzvtow, efpeciiiUy for Co populous a city, in To warm a climate. Ee-
f clcs their being a nurfery for various difeafes from their confined fitua-
tion, they have been found extremely inconvenient in cafe of fires, the
dcilrudivc effe6>s of which have been frequently felt in this city. The
houfes, which have been lately built, are brick with tiled roofs. Some
of the buildings in Charlelton are elegant, and moft of *V^m aFe neat,
airy, and well fur lilhed. The public buildings are, an exchange, fta^e
iioufe, lately rebuilt, armoury, poor houfe, two large churches for
Epifcopalians, two for Congregationalifts or Independents, one for
Scots Prelhyterians, one for Eaptids, one for German Lutherans, two
for the Methodifts, a large houfe for worfliip being lately finilhed by
them, one for French Proteftants, beiides a raectino houfe for Quakers,
a Roman Catholic chapel, and a Jewifli iynagogue.

But little attention is paid to the public markets. A great propor-
tion of the moft wealthy inhabitants have plantations, from which they
receive fupplies of almoll every article of living. The country abounds
with poultry and wild ducks. Their beef, mutton, and veal, are not
of the beft kind, and but few fiih are brought to market.

Charlelton was incorporated in 1783, and divided into 13 wards,
which chooie as many wardens, from among whom the citizens eleit
kn intendant of the city. The intendant and wardens form the city
council, who have povvcr to make and enforce bye laws for the regu-
lation of the city.

At prefent this city is highly flourithing, whr" from its healthinefs
as well as other advantages. Its prefent population amounts to about
20,000, of v,'hom upwards of 9000 are flaves. This extent of population
is greatly kept up, both by the longevity of the inhabitants, and from
the rtate being reibrted to by valitudinarians and others, on account
of its healthy lituation.

Beaufort, on Port Royal liland, Is a pleafant little town, of about
60 or 70 houfes, avid 300 inhabitints, who are dillinguilhed for their
liofpitallty and pol^'ti uefs. The courts which were formerly held here
arc now lield at Cooiawhatchie.

Georgetov.n, t]ie feat of jutlic;.' In Georgetown DIftri«51', 61 miles
iiorth-ea:t of Cir.irlellon, ilands ut a fpot of land near the junction of a

r umber

rivf.r;;, w

ch.

when united in one broad Ihxam, by the
name of VVinya\v, fall into the ocean 12 miles below the town.

Columbia., w]:ich has lately been made the feat of government, by
tl c logiil-uuve, (lands jult below the junciion of Saluda and inroad rivers,
o;i the Congavee. The public oflicers have, however, in fome initances
b^en divided, for the accommodation of the Inhabitants of the lower
counties, and a branch of each retained in Charleiton.

C:imbd'';n, on the Waterce, north-weft of Santec Hills, 130 miles
tvcft of north from Cliarleiton, Is regularly built, upon a good plan,
although the whole is not yet executed.

PuryllDurg is a hilly village, about 20 miles above Savannah, on the
north bank of the river of the fame nanrie. It was early fettled by fo-
leigners, with a view to the culture of fdk, which for a while they
ittended to with fpliit. Th.e mulberry trees are yet Handing, and
iome attention is llill paid to the making of filk. Jjut the proHts of
the rice and indifjo foon diverted the orijiinal planters from almoll
every o'.Ler purfuit. Eclides thefc, are Jackfonb^jcough, Orangeburg,

SOUTH CAROLINA. 3<^;

Winnfborough, and Cambridge, which are all Inconfiderable villages
•ot from 30 to 60 dwelling houfes.

General Face ok the Country.— The whole ftate, to the d'*llance
of 80 or 100 miles from the fea, generally fpeaking, is low and level,
almoft without a Hone, and abounds, more or lefs, efpecially on and
near the rivers, with fwamps and marlhes, which, when cle'ared and
cultivated, yield, in favourable feafons, on an average, an annual in-
come of from 2D to 40 dollars from each acre, and often much more :
but this fpecies of foil cannot be cultivated by white men, without
nfkingboth health and life. Thefe fwamps do not cover one hundredtk
part of the Hate of Carolina. In this dillance, by a gradual afcent
from the fea coaft, the land rifes about 190 feet. Here, if you pro-
ceed in a weft-north weft couife from Charlefton, commences a curi-
oujly uneven country. The traveller is conftantly afoending or
defcendmg httle fand hills, which nature feems to have difunited in a
frolic. If a pretty high fea were fuddenly arrefted, and transformed
into fand hills, in the very form the waves exifted at the moment of
transformation, it would prefent the eye with juft fuch a view as is here
to be feen. Some little herbage, and a few fmall pines grow even on
this foil. The inhabitants are few, and have but a fcanty fubfilknce
on corn and fweet potatoes, which grow here tolerably 'well. This
curious country continues tili you arrive at a place called the Ridge,
140 miles from Charlel^on. Ihis ridge is a remarkable trac^ of high
ground, as you approach it from the lea, but level as you ariv;-^. e
north-weft from its fummit. It is a fine high, healthv trait of land,
well watered, and of a good foil, and extends from the Savannah to
Broad River, in about 6« 30' weft longitude from Phil. ...Iphia.
Beyond this ndgc, commences a country exaftly refemblino- the
northern ftate?, or like Devonftiire, in England, or LanguedSc, i )
France. Here hills and dales, with all their verdure and variecrated
beauty, prefent themfelves to the eye. Wheat fields, which are* rare
in the low country, begin to grow common. Here Heaven has bc-
ftowed its bleflings with a moft bounteous hand. The air is mucii
more temperate and healthful than nearer to the fea. The hills are
covered with valuable woods— the valleys watered with beautiful
rivers, and the fertility of the foil is equal to every vegetable produc-
tion This, by way of diftinclion, is called the Upper Country,
V*' ere a: e different modes, and different articles of cultivation j where
the ma.iners of the people, and even their language, have a djfferenl
tone. The land xtill rifes by a gradual afccat j each fucceeding hill
overlooks that which immediately precedes it, till, having advanced
223 miles in a north-weft diredio- from Charlefton, the elevation of
the land above the fea-coaft is 1 - by menfuralion to be 800 feet.
K,:e commences a mountainous country, which continues riling to the
weftern terminating point of tliin ftate.

Soil and Productions. — The foil may be divided into four kinds ;
firft, the pine barren, which is valuable only for its timber. Inter-
fperfed among the pine barren, are tra6ls of land free of timber, and
every kind of growth but that of grafs. Thefe trafts are called Sa-
vanna*, conftituting a fecond kind of foil, good for glazing. The
third kind is that of the fwamps and low grounds on the rivers, which
Is a laixturc of black loam and fat ciav, producing, naturally, caiies la

3 A

366 SOUTH CAROLINA.

great plenty, cyprefs, bays, loblolly pines, &c. In thefe fwampv
rice is cultivated, which conilitutes the ftaple commodity of the (late.
The high lands, commonly known by the name of oak and hickory
lands, conflitute the fourth kind of foil. The natural growth is oak,
jiickory, walnut, pine, and locuil. On thefe lands, in the low country,
are cultivated Indian torn principally j and in the back country, befides
thefe, they raif: tobacco in large quantities, wheat, rye, barley, oats,
hemp, flax, and cotton. From experiments which have been made, it
is well afccrtaincd, that olives, filk, and madder may be as abundantly
produced in South Carolina, and we may add in Georgia alfo, as in the
fouth of France.

There Is little f iiit in this ftate, efpecially in the lower parts of it.
They have oranges, which are chiedy four, and figs in plenty, a few
liracj and lemons, pomegranates, pears, and peaches ', apples are fcarce,
and are imported from the northern ftates. Melons, efpecially the
water melon, are rail'ed here in great perfedlion.

The river fwamps, in which rice ctm be cultivated with any tolerable
degree of fafety and fuccefs, do not extend higher up the rivers than
the head of the tides j and in eftimating the value of this fpecies of rice
land, the height which the tide rifes is taken into conlideraticn, thofe
lying where it rifes to a proper pitch for overflowing the fwamps being
the moll valuable. The belt inland fwaraps, which conllitute a fecond
fpecies of rice land, are fuch as are fuiniHied with referves of water.
Thefe referves ire formed by means of large banks thrown up at the
upper parts of the fwamps, whence it is conveyed, when needed, to
the fields of rice.

At the diftance of about no mile* from the fea, the river fwamps
terminate, and the high lands extend quite to the rivers, and form banks
in fome places, feveral hundred feet high from the furface of the water,
and afford many exteufive and delightful views. Thefe high banks arc
interwoven with layers of leaves and different coloured earth, and
abound with quarries of i..ee ftone, pebbles, flint, cryftals, iron ore in
abundant, filver, lead, fulphur, and coarfe diamonds.

The ftvamps above the head of the tide, are occafioi.ally planted with
corn, cotton, and Indigo. The foil is very rich, yielding from 40 to
50 bufficls of corn an acre.

It is curious to obfervc the gradations from the fea-coaft to the upper
country, with refpcfl to the produce, the mode of cultlvatkm, and the
cultivators. On the Iflands upon the fea-coall, and for 40 or 50 nailes
back, and on the rivers much farther, the cultivators are all flaves. No
%vhlte man, to fpeak generally, ever thinks of fettling a farm and im-
proving !t for himfclf without negroes. If he has no negroes, he hires
himfelf as overfeer to fome rich planter, who has more thitn he can or
will attend to, till he can purchafe for himfclf. The atticlts cultivated
are corn, rye, oats, every fpecies of pulfe, and potatoes, which, with
the fnall rice, are food for the negroes j rice, indigo, cotton, and
fome hemp for exportation. The culture of cotton is capable of being
increafed equal to almoft any demand. The foil was cultivated, till
lately, almoft wholly by manual labour. The plough, which, till-
lulc'ly, was fcarcely ufed, is now, with the harrow and other Improve-
ments, Introduced into the rice fwamps with great fuccefs, and will,
iio doubt, become general. In the middle Icttkraents, negroes are

SOUTH CAROLINA. ^g-

T\ot fo numerous. The tnafter attends perfonally to his own bufinefs.
I'he land is not properly fituated for rice. It produce:, tuodciately
cood indigo weed, and fome tobacco is railed for exportation. The
farmer is contented to raife corn, potatoes, oats, rye, poultry, and a
little wheat. In the upper country, there are but few nejrroes; gener-
ally fpeaking, the farmers have none, and depend, like the inhabitants
of the northern Itates, upon the labour of themfelves and families for
fubfiilence j the plough is ufed almolt wholly. Indian corn in great
quantities, wheat, rye, barley, oals, potatoes, &c. are taifed for food,
and tobacco, wheat, cotton, hemp, tlux, and indigo for exportation.
From late experiments it has been found that vines may be cultivated,
and wine made to great advantage : fnakeroot, pinUroot, and a varietv
of medicinal herbs grow fpontaneoufly j alio, ginfcng on and near the
mountains.

Mode of Cultivating Rice. — Rice ground is prepared only by
effeftually fecuring it from the water, except fome higher parts of it,
which are fometimes dug up with a hoe, or mellowed by a plough or
harrow. When the rice is young, the overflowing of the water does
not prevent its growth. Thofe who have water in referve commonly
let it in upon their rice, after firft going through with the hoe, while
it is young, though it is deemed beft to keep out the grafs without this
aid, by the hoe only. The water is commonly kept on the rice eight
or ten days after hoeing. When the ear is formed, the water i,s con-
tinued on till it is ripe. It is hoed three or four times. When the
grafs is very thick, a negroe cannot hoe more than one-fixteenth of an
acre in a day. From three pecks lo a bufhel is fown on an acre. It
produces from 50 to So bufhcls of rough rice an acre: I20 bufliels
have been produced on one acre, 20 butliels of which make about
500 pounds, or eight bumels and a quarter clean rice for market.
Alter it is threflied it is winnowed, and then ground in a mill, con-
ftrufted of two blocks in a fimple manner ; then winnowed by a fan
conllruftcd for that purpofe •, then beat in a mortar by hand, or now
generally by horfe Or water machines ; then fifted, to feparate the
whole rice from that which is broken and the flour. The whole rice
is then barrelled in calks of about 500 pounds, or eight bufliels and a
quarter. Thefmaliric- fcrves for proviiions, and the flour for pro-
vender, the chaff for manure, and the ftraw for fodder. The blade is
green and frefli while the ear is ripe. The price of rice is f:-o:»: f)". 4<i.
to 10s. 6d. a hundred, dollars 4s. 8d j and furely it is a very viluable
cultivation, and ought to be encouraged, feeing the many needful and
ufeful wants which it is capable of fupplying.

Natoral Histor.y.— " In th* beginning of Auguft, 1765, the flcele-
tcn of a gigantic animal," it is faid, " was difcovered in digging the canal
between Cooper and Santee rivers in South Carolina, at the depth of
nine feet in the ground. Ages mult have paffed away iince that monftcr
died. From the appearance of the Ikeleton, this animai mult have
far furpaffed any now known to exilt on this continent. From the for-
mation of his teeth, this mult have been a carnivorous creaturs, and
doubtlcfs the fame with the mammoth, fkelctons of which are found
near the fait licks in Virginia. At the fame place were found the tufks
of an elephant, and two teeth of the graminivorous kind, which proves
tkis cr.eature to have been in ancient times an inhabitant of America,

3 A ij

.«^i

*».(:1

•^68 SOUTH CAROHKA.

coiitraiy to tije opinion of naturalifts. The remains of the mammoth
and elephant being thus found on one fpot, renders it probable that they
both perifhed in an obilinate combat. The natural vegetation of the
foil in the lower parts of Carolina, is computed to raife the general I'ur-
face about one-fixth of an inch annually, confequently it has taken 648
years to produce a foil of nine feet depth over thci'e fkcletons j and
they mull have perilhed in the year of Chrill 1 147, or 345 years before
the difcovery of America by the Europeans. It is remarkr^ble that
among thefe bones was found the arm bone of a man, in a ilate of
petrifatlion.

*' This country abounds with precious ores, fuch as gold, filver, lead,
Mack lead, copper, and iron : but it is the misfortune of thofe who
direft their purfuits in fearcli of them, that they are deficient in the
knowledge of chymiftry, and too frequently make ufe of improper
menftruums inextradling the refpeftive metals. There are likewife to be
found pellucid flones of different hues, rock cryltal, pyrites, petrified
fubftances, coarfe cornelian, marble, beautifully variegated, vitreous
ilone and vitreous fand j red and yellow ochres, which, when roafted
and ground down with linfeed oil, make a very excellent paint; alfo,
potter's clay of a moil delicate texture, fuller's earth, and a number of
dye-fluffs, among which is a fingular weed which yields four different
colours, its leaves are furprifingly ftyptic, flrongly refembling the tafte
of alum J likewife, an abundance of chalk, crude alum, fulphur, nitre,
vitriol, and along the banks of rivers large quantities of marie may be
colle(9rcd.

*' There are alfo a variety of roots, the medicinal cffefts of which
are, from the ill judged policy of thofe who are in the fecret, kept a
profound myflery. 'J'he rattle-fnake root, fo famous amongft the In-
dians for the cure of poifon, is of the number. The next is the venerial
toot, which, under a vegetable regimen, is efficacious againft certain
llages of that difeafe. Another root, when reduced to an impalpable
powder, is lingulavly efficacious in deftroyi'-.g worms in children. There
is likewife a root, an ointment of which, with a poultice of the fame,
%vili in a fhort fpace of time difcufs the moft extraordinary tumours,
particularly what is termed the white fwelling : this root is very fcarce.
There is another root, a decoftion of which, in new milk, will cure
the bloody dyfentcry: the patient muft avoid cold, and much judgment
as requifite in the potion to be adminillered. There is alfo a plant, the
leaves of which, being bruifed and applied to the pait affeded, relieves
rheumatic pains ; it occafions a confiderable agitation of the parts,
attended with moft violent and acute pains, but never fails to procure
immediate cafe. There is alfo a plant, the leaves of which hav^c a moft
foetid fmell j thefe leaves being boiled, and any perfon afflifted with
cutaneous complaints, once bathing therein, will be radically cured.
There h a root, which a£ls as an excellent purge, and is wvl! calcu*
lated for the labouring part of mankind, as it is only neceffar;, to chew
it iv its crude ftate, and it requires no manner of aid to facilitate its
operation. An equally efficacious and fimple cathartic is obtained from
n weed, the ftalk of which is red, is about three feet high, and the
flower white ; the leaves run from the bottom of the ftalk in oppofite
and correfponding lines j the feed is about the fizf of a wh^at gtuin,
globular in the centre, and oblate ?*t both ends j it is full of oil. and

SOUTH CAROLINA. 365

taftes like a walnut kernel : 20 grains of this chewed and Avallowed,
is, in point of mildnefs and efficacy, equal to any rhubarb j and the
pleafantncfs of its tafte, as a deception to weak ftomachs, appears
to have been a dciign of Providence-, in its operation it refembles caftor
oil. A very fovereign remedy is extracted from the bark of a tree,
which may be ufed to great advantage in tlie dil'cafcs incident to this
climate. Every climate, fome believe, has its peculiar dileafe, and
'every difeafc its peculiar antidote under the fame climate. In addition
to the above, is anotiier fpccies of bark, of a fweet and naufeous tafte;
the tree grows contiguous to a very powerful chalybeate fpring ; the
bark, when fuflkiently maflicated, operates as a very potential purge
and emetic, and in the hands of a Ikilful chymift may be rendered very
ferviceable.

'* In this country is a tree which bears a large pod, inclofing a kind
of mucilage, the juice of which is very (harp •, the bark fmells like
tanned leather, and when prepared like hemp makes the very bcft of
cordage. AUb another tree, which bears an ear like a corn cob,
covered with berries, containing a large proportion of oil. There is
likewife a very Angular tree, which affords a moft fuperb fliade j it
produces a round ball, which, in the heat of fummer, opens and ea-
larges a number of male infeds, which become very tvoublefome
wherever they lodge j this happens generally fome diftance from their
parent tree.

" I cannot but exprcfs my furprife," fays the fame writer, " at the
contempt in which the culture of vines is held by the inhabitants of
this ftate. The whole country is over-run with the growth of th'*
fpontaneous grapes. I had the curiofity to take the altitude of a moun-
tain, which I found to be a quarter and a half-quarter of a mile high ;
and on alcending the fcuth fide I found it covered with a profufion of
purple grapes, of a moft delicious flavour, and had they been tranf ■
planted, I do believe they would produce a very delicate wine. Lafi
feafon I made the experiment of fome French vines, and their luxuit-
ancy beggars all defcrlption. Ihe hand of nature never formed a
country with more natural advantages, or bleffed it with a more ferene
or healthful climate. It abounds with game of all kinds, is a very fine
iruit country, and is peculiaily adapted to the growth of vines, the
©live, filk, and coflfee ti.ees, ana the production of cotton. It is a
perfect garden of medical herbs, and its medicinal fprings are not
inferior to any in Europe."

. Iron Works.— The iron %vorks, known by the name of the JErz
^.tna Ir^n-works, are fituated is York County, within two miles of
the Catawba River. Within the compafs of two miles from the fur-
nace, there is an inexhauftible quantity of ore, v/hich works eafy and
well in the furnace. The metal is good for hammers, gudgeons, or
any kind of machinery and hollow ware, and will make good bar iron.
Some trial has been made of it in fteel, and it promiies well. Nothing
is neceffary for preparing the ore for ufe, but burning. The ore confifts
of large rocks above the furfacc, the depth of which is not yet knovra.
In the cavities between, 11" ^c- achre and feed ore. It is faid ther^ will
be no occafion to fink {hafi ". drive levels for 50 years to come. The
iEra furnace was built In 17J>7, the ii^tnain 1788. The proprietors o£
the works, and feven others, have obtained a charter to open the

. i|

570 SOTJTH CAROLINA.

Catawba to the North Carolina line, ;md a charter from N< nh Carofina
to open the river 80 miles higher in the Hat- ; and there are boats built
for the purpofe, which carry 30 tons, and which come within twu
miles of the works. The works are within two miles of the river, and
tlic creek can be made navigable to the works.

By means of a fa.'l of water, a method has !)Cf:n contrived of blowing
all tlje fires, both of the forges and fvirnaces, ib as to render unneceflfary
the ufe of wheels, cylinders, or any other kind ol bellows. The
machinery is firaj 'c and cheap, and not liable to the accident of
freezing.

Manufactures, — In the interior pan of this ftate, cotton, hemp,
and riaK, are faid to be plenty. They have alio a conliderable Hock
of good flieep. Great exertions are made, and much di .ic in the
houfehold way j and, within a few years part, many general improver
inents have been made.

This Hate furnilhes all the materials, and of the beft kind, for ftilp
building. The live oak, and the ])Itch and yelJow pines, are of a
iuperior quality. vShips might be built here with m( re cafe, and to
much greater advantage, than in the middle and eallern Hates. A
want of feamen, is one reafon why this bufmefs is not more generally
attended to.

So much attention is now paid to the manufafture of indigo, in this
ilate, that it bids fair to rj^'al that of the French. It is to be regretted,
however, that in crefting mills, for making paper, or fawing lumber,
and efpecially for manuf iduring wheat flour, more attention and capital
■tire not beHowed on thefe and other ufcful manufadures, there being
hundreds of valuable mill feats unimproved, and the woods abounding
■with pine treci. A bulhel of wheat may be purchafed in South Caro-
lina for half a dollar, which will make as good flour as 'hat which in
the vicinity of proncr mills fells for double that price. Such is the
cheapnefs and fertiluy of the foil, that half a dollar a bulliel for wheat
■would afford a great profit to the cultivators thereof. In tanning and
manufacturing leather— r-Cattle are raifed with fo much cafe, in a country
■where the winters are both mild and Ibort, that hides are remarkably
cheap. The profits of tanners and flioe-makers rauH be confiderable,
when it is a well known fact, that the hides of full grovvai ciittle, and
a iingle pair of ihoes fell for nejirly the fame price. In making bricks-
Thole now fell for nine dollars a thpufand, and the call for them is fo
};reat, that the bricklayers are not fully fupplied. In making pot alh—
*i'he athcs that might be colleAed in CharleHon, and from the woods
burned iu clearing new lands in the country, would furnifli the means
of carrying on the manufadlure of pot-alh to great advantage. All
thefe ditferent branches of employment might be puHied much farther,
were they only to be viewed according to their importance, and the
proiitabie ends which they would ani'wer.

' Constitution.— The conflitution ot this ftate, which was ratified in
June, 1790, declares the legiilative authority to be veHcd in a general
affembly, confiiUnv^ of a fenate and houfe of reprefentatives. There are
J 24 reprefentatives, and 35 fenators appointed among the feveral
dIHrids. The reprefentatives are chofen for two years, muH be free
"white men, 21 years old, and have been inhabitants of the ftate three
years, if reiident in the diftrift, they muft have a freehold of S'^

hores of land, and ti
ling, ( icar " .!.'
ciiHria w ,

chofen for tour yeari
chofen every iccoud
oli' and have been ir
tl y muft have a free
if non -reiident, a fre(
Every free white mai
the Hate two year
town lot, fix m-' cr
months, and a

vote for mem , of ■
on the fecond Alone
day of November, a
judges of tiie (jualifi,
the other. A major
and compels the att
their perfons and eft
and after j except in i
They are paid out r
drawn but by the legi
lower houfc, but may
navy contractors, aai
juftices of the peace,
falaries, are exc'ided
excluded from civil
governor, chofen for 1
but he cannot be re*
years old, have been
eHate in it worth 150
office, except in the i
fame manner, for the
and holds tlae office ol
commander in chief o
forfeitures, and grant
peachment ; to requir
the general affembly
to any time not beyon
in cafe they cannot
the general affembly c
meafures as he fliall ji
faithfully executed ir
judicial authority in fi
hole their commifTion
courts are eleded by 1
a Hated falary, and cai
of fidelity to their d<
the United States j a
houfe of reprefentativ
aflerts the fuprcmc pi
by jury J and fubordi

SOUTH CAROLINA.

ciilfrk non-rcndcnt mult have a freehoal in th.

chofcn for io.rvear. , H r M^J flearofdebt. Thr fcnators arc
vuuM:n lor lour years, a: id divided into two claH s one c\^h hr!., ,
chofcn every (ecoud year Thev muiV U. f i • ^

o7c' and have hr^., ji 1% c^ " ^^ ^''^^ ""'^"^^ '"^'^ ^^ year*
t. y mua l7vc rLeS^^ y'^"''- Jf ^^'"Jent in the'diflrict,

town lot fix m' V'- . u • . '"'^ "^ ^^ ^"" °^ 1«< or a
month and 1 1 '^'^^'^^.^'^^ ^-'l '^^^Ment in the diltria fix

vote fo; mem f t '^ ' .! '"' ^"n^""^' ^^"^'"^'' ^as a right t<,

on^i!:S M: t^V^^^- ^^^-ralafl^blyis^hoicn
day of Movemhl; ^ n 1 f''"^ '"''^^' °" *^^« *o""l' Mon-

iud^cs of Z Vr"" •'"^' ■^r^'^^' »^°"^e choofes its own olKcers,
tK her ^•^i'l^^^'^-f'^"/ -^ its member,, and has a negative o:
tne other. A majority of each makes a quorum from day to day
and compels the attend: ,ce of members.' They arc p oLtled frJ

undX'T.e::1 i*^""r' ?"^'"?^^ ^'^^'^^^ aLten'"fo:
Thrv .rV •. ^ ?^' of treaion, felony, and breach of the peace
llZ but bv tl "? V '• ' P"^^^- .treaUuy. from which no moLJ ^
Irawn but by the leg, ,.itive authority. Revenue bills originate in the
lower houfc, but may be altered or reiefted by the fenite A ir i
navy contraaors. a .d all ofllcers, excepti.!l^ ^ffic r ' tht Si'l'

lalaries, are cxcuided from the general aifembly. The cler-rv are
excluded from civil offices. The executive autLrity is veSi,^
governor, chofen for two years, by both houfcs of affLbly join /
but he cannot be re-elected till after four years. He mu/be thirrJ
years old have been an inl,abitant of the Ihte ten years" and have ^
elf ate in it worth 1500 ( erling, clear of debt. Ke can hold no otC
office, except in the mil.tia. A lieutenant-governor is chofen in thl
fame manner, for the fame time, and poffeffing the fame qualificatiors
and holds tli^ o T,ce of governor in cafe of vacancy. The governor J
commander in chief of the military force ; has power to remit fines a„d
forfeitures and grant reprieves and pardons, except in cafes of im-
peachment j to require latormation of executive orflcers 5 to convene
the general alTembly on extraordinary occafions, and to adjourn them
to any time not beyond the fourtli Monday in November next enfuin^
m cafe they cannot agree on the time themfelves. He muft inform
the general affcmb ly of the condition of the ftate ; recommend fuch
meafures as he fliall judge expedient j and take care that the laws are
tauhfuxly executed in mercy. The legiilature lias power to veil the
judical authority m Inch courts as it Ihall think proper. The judges
hole their commiflion during good behaviour. Thofe of the fuperior
courts are eleded by the joint ballot of both houfes of aflembly have

% r j^i •''' .''"'^ ''''" ^'""^"^ "'' °^^^'" ''^*^' ^'^ officers take an oath
u *'?f^!ty/o, their duty, and to the conllitution of this itate, and of
the United o-tates ; and, for malcondud, may be impeached bv the
houfe ol reprefentatives, and tried by the fenate. This conftitlition
Hiierts the fuprcmc power of the people j liberty of confcience j trial
by jury J and fubordmation of the military to the civil power. It

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23 WEST MAIN jiREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

372

SOUTH CAROLINA.

excludes ex pofl faSio laws \ bills of attainder ; excefllve bail j and titles
of nobility, and hereditary diftindion.

A convention may be called by vote of two-thirds of both branches
of the whole reprefentation, and to this conftitution the legiflature has
power, under certain regulations, to make amendments.

State of Literature. — The literature of the ftate is at a low ebb,
although, fince tlie peace, it has begun to fpread more generally.
There are feveral refpedtable academies in Charlefton — one at Beau-
fort, on Port Royiil Ifland — and feve«-al others in different parts of the
ftate. Three colleges have lately been incorporated by law — one at
Charlefton — one at Winnlhorough, in the diftrift of Cambden — the
other at Cambridge, in the diftridt of Ninety-fix. The public and
private donations for the fupport of thefe three colleges, were origi-
nally intended to have been appropriated jointly, for the erefting and
fupporting of one refpedable college. The divifion of thefe donations
has fruttrated this dcfign. Part of the old barracks in Charlefton has
been handfomely fitted up, and converted into a college, and there are
a number of ftudents \ but it does not yet merit a more dignified name
than that of a refpeftable academy. The Mount Sion College, at
Winnlhorough, is fupported by a refpeaable fociety pf gentlemen, who
have long been incorporated. This inftitution flourifties, and bids fair
for ufefufnefs. The college at Cambridge is no more than a grammar
ichool. That the literature of this ftate might be put upon a refpeita-
ble footing, nothing is wanting but a fpirit of enterprife among its
wealthy inhabitants. The legiflature, in their feflfion in January, 1795,
appointed a committee, to inquire into the prafticability of, and to report
a plan for the eftablilliment of fchools in the different parts of the ftate.

Laws, Practice of Law, Courts, &c. — The laws of this ftate
have nothing in them of a particular nature, excepting what arifes from
the permiflion of flavery. The evidence of a flave cannot be^ taken
againft a white man j and the mafter who kills his flave is not puniftiable
otherwife than by a pecuniary mulft, and 12 months imprifonment.

By a late regulation, the judges of the court, who before had a falary
of qco pounds each, and fees, have now 6co pounds, and no fees. The
chief juftice has 8co pounds.

A committee was appointed to put in train the bufinefs of revifing and
amending the negro aCt, or the law for governing the flaves, but we
have not yet heard of itseffeds in leffening that unmanly crime, although
it is fincerely hoped fuch meafures will, in courfe of time, meliorate the
condition of the flaves, and aftord an evidence to the world of the
enlightened policy and increafing humanity of the Americans in gene-
ral. We a\;ticipate an iffue of this nature, the more efpecially, becaufe
a difpofition to foften the rigours of flavery has of late been manifefted,
by allowing them fifti, tobacco, and fummer clothing, which formerly
was not cuftomary.

A law, altering the mode of the defcent of inteftate eftates, which
formerly defcended according to the laws of England, was paffed in
J792_ According to the prefent law, a more equal partition takes
place, and more conformable to a republican government, and to the
dictates of natural affetlion.

From the firft fettlement of this country in 1669, to the year 1769,
a ilnc-k court, called the Court of Common Picas, was thought iuffi-

SOUTH CAROLINA. a--.

•«Ient_ to tranfaa tlie jurHcI:!! bufinefs of the fiate. This court ^^■^■i
invariably held at Charlefton, where all the records were kept, and
all civil bufinefs tranfaded. As the province increafed, inconveniences
arofe, and created uneafinefs among the people.

To remedy thefe inconveniences, an aft was pafled in 1760, by
which the province was divided into feven diftrifts, fince which two
iiave been added. The court of common pleas, inverted with the
powers of the fame court in England, fat four times a year in Charlefton.
By the above-mentioned aft, the judges ot the court of common pleas
Were empowered to fit as judges of the court of ieffions, inverted with
the powers of the court of king's bench in England, in the criminal
junfdiftion. The aft likewife direfted the judges of the courts of
common pleas and feflions, in Charlefton Diftrift, to divide, and two
of the judges to proceed on what is called the northern circuit, and the
other two on the fouthern circuit, diftributing juftice in their progrefs.
This was to be done twice in the y;ar. This mode of adminiftering
jurtice continued till 17S5, when, by the the v\nanimous exertions of
the two upper diftrifts, an aft was pa'^Ted, eftablirtiing county courts in
all the counties of the four diftrifts of Camden, Ninety-fix, Cheraws,
and Orangeburg. The county courts are empowered to fit four times'
in a year. Before the eftablifhment of county courts, the lawyers all
refided at Charlefton, under the immediate eye of government ; and
the Carolina bar was as pure and genteel as any in the United States.
Since this etlabliftiment, lawyers have flocked in from all quarters, and
fettled in different parts of the country, and lawfuits have been multi-
plied beyond all former knowledge. This of itielf, however, ftiouIJ
help to dilFufe a general knowledge throughout the ftate, and that by
experience.

Charitable and other Societies. — Thefe are the South Carolim,
Mount Sion, Library, and St. Cecilia focieties— a fociety fur the relief
of the widows and orphans of clergymen, a medical fociety, lately
inftituted, in Charlefton, a mufical fociety, and a fociety for the in-
formation and affirtance of perfons emigrating from foreign countries.
At Beaufort and on St. Helena, are feveral charitable focieties, incor-
porated with funds to a confiderable amount, dcfigned principally for
the education of poor children, and which promife, at a future day, to
\k of great public utility. What are called Jockey Clubs, have
increafed within a few years.

Indians. — T^ie Cataliaws are the only nation of Indians in this ftate.
They have but one town, called Catawba, fituated on Catawba River,
in latitude 34" 49' on the boundary line between North and South
Carolinas, and may contain about looo inhabitants, of which a good
many are at prefent fighting men.

It is worthy of remark, that this nation was long at war with the
Six Nations, into whofe country they often penetrated, whicli, it is
faid, no other Indi n nation, from the fouth or weft, ever did. The Six
Nations always c-iufidered them as the braveft of their enemies, till
they were furrounded by the fettlementsof \vhite people, whofe neigh-
bourhood, with other concurrent caufes, have rendered them corrupt
and nervelefs.

Religion. — Since the revolution, by which all denominations were
put on an equal footing, there have been no difputcs between diiTcicnt

»hI

■:n

'ml

■im

*!«

■^'M

374

SOUTH CAROLINA,

religious ft-ifls. They all agree to differ j and, at prefent, the upper
jwrts of tlie Hate are fettled chieHy by Prelhyterians, Baptifts, and
Method ills. From the moft probable calculations, it is fuppofed that
the religious denominations of this Hate, as to numbers, may be ranked
as follows : Prefbyterians, including the Congregational and Indepen-
dent churches — Epilcopaliaus, Baptifts, Methodifts, &c.

Character, Diversions, &c. — There is no peculiarity in the manners
of the inhabitants of this llate, except what arifes from the mifchievous
influence of lliivery j and in this, indeed, they do not differ from the
inhabitants of the other Ibuthern Hates. Slavery, by exempting great
numbers from the necefTities of labour, leads to luxury, difhpation, and
extravagance. The abfolute authority which is exercifed over their
fiaves, too much favours a haughty i'upercilious behaviour. A difpo-
fition to obey the ChriiUan precept, " Do to others as you would that
others Ihould do unto you," is not cheriihed by a daily exhibition of
many made for one. The Carolinians fooner arrive at maturity, both
in their bodies and minds, than the natives of colder climates. They
poflTefs a natural quicknefs and vivacity of genius, fuperior to the inha-
bitants of the north j but too generally want that enterprife and perfc-
verance, which are neceflary for the hlgheft attainments in the arts
and fciences. They have, indeed, few motives to enterprize. Inhabiting
a fertile countrj% which, by the labour of the (laves, produces plenti-
fully, and creates affluence — in a climate which favours indulgence,
eafe, and a dii'pofition for convivial pleafures, they too generally reft
contented with barely knowledge enough to tranfadl the common affairs
of life. There are not a few inllances, how^ever, in this ftate, in which
genius has been united with application, and the elfefts of their union
have been happily experienced, not only by this ftate, but by the
United States.

The wealth produced by the laboi'.r of the fiaves, furnifhes their pro-
prietors with the means of hofpitality ; and no people in the world ufe
thefe means with more liberality, Many of the inhabitants fpare no
pains nor expence in giving the higheft polifli of education to their chil-
dren, by enabling them to travel, and by other means unattainable by
thofe wlio have but moderate fortunes.

The Carolinians are generally affable and eafy in their manners, and
polite and attentive to ftrangers. The ladles want the bloom of the
north, but have an engaging foftnefs and delicacy in their appearance
and manners, and many of them polfefs the polite and elegant accom-
plifliments.

Hunting is the moft fadiionable amufement in this ftate. At this
the country gentlemen are extremely expert, and with furprizing dex-
terity purfue their game through the woods. Gaming of all kinds is"
more difcountenanced among fadiionable people in this, than in any
of the fouthern ftates. Twice a year, ftatedly, a clafs of fportlve
rcntlemen, in this and the neighbouring ftates, have their horfe races.
Bets of vO or ijoo guineas have been fometimes laid on thefe occa-
lions.

There is no inftance, perhaps, in which the richer clafs of people
trefpafs more on the rules of propriety than in the mode of conducing
iheir funerals. That a decent rcfpect be paid to the dead, is the natural
didate of refined humanity j but this is not done by fumptuous and

SOUTH CAROLINA.

37i

expenfive entertainments fplendid decoctions, and pompous cercmo
mes which a mifg.ad.d fafhion h.s here introduced and rendered
«eceffary In Charlelton and other p .rts of the (laie, no perfons
attend a funeral any more than a weddiog, unlefs particularly invited.

profufion are handed round on the.'c folemn occafions. In il.ort
one would fuppofe that ftle religious proverb of the n-ife man, «' it i

rffloi t. hT •^''^l \"^ ';^°"y inapplicable here, as it would-be
difficult to dilhnguiih the houf^e of mourni.,^ f.om the houfc- of fealting.
tJnn;'".^' STRENGTH.-.Th« militia of this ftnte bears a full propor-
tion to the number of inhabitants, and of which a great number are of
the city of Charleflon. 4bout lo men are kept to guard Fort John-
Ion, on James' Ifland, at the entrance of Charlellon harbour, by which
no veffel can pafs, unlefs the mafter or mate make oath that there is
no malignant diftemper on board. The militia laws, enacHng that
every freeman between i6 and 50 years of age (hall be prepared for
war, have been but indifferently .. .yed fince the peace. An unufual
degree of military fpint, however, feems lately to have arifen among
the citizens of Charleflon. No lefs than eight volunteer uniform com-
panies have lately formed in this city, befides a troop of horfe, and the
ancient battahon ^t artillery.

Mode of levying Taxes.— The great bulk of the revenue of the
ftate is raifed by a tax on lands and negroes. The lands, for the pur-
pole of being taxed according to their value, are divided into three
grand divifionsj the firft reaches from tlie fea coail to the extent of
the flowing of the tides j the fecond, from thefe points to the falls of
the rivers 5 and thence to the utmoft verge of the weRern fcttlemrnr
makes the third. Thefe grand divilions, for the lake of more exa-Jlly
afcertaining the value of the lands, are fubdivided into 21 different
ipecies. Ihe mofl valuable cf which is eflimated at fix pounds, and
the leafl valuable at one fhilling per acre. Half per cent, on the value
thus eftimated, is levied from all granted lands in the llatc. The coJ-
leaion of taxes is not annexed to the office of fheiilf, but is committed
to particular gentlemen appointed for that purpofe, who are allowed
two and a half per cent, in Charleflon, and five per cent, in the other
parts of the Hate, on all they colka. The amOunt of taxes adually
collefted m fpecie, Avhich alone is receivable, varies according to the
exigencies of the ftate. For two years paft, abfentees from the ftate,
holding property v/ithin it, are double taxed. A claufe in the law
exempts thofe who refide in any of the United States, young men abroad
for education, till they arrive at the age of 23, and allows two years
to others who go for the purpofe of travelling.

Banks.— There are three banks in this ftate, all at Charlefton, viz.
the Branch Bank of the United States j the South Carolina Bank j
and the Union Bank, with a capital of 600,000 dollars, divided into
1200 (hares of 500 dollars each, under the management of i^ direftors.

Commerce. — The little attention that has been paid to manufadures,
occafions a vaft cunfumption of foreign imported articles ; but the
quantities and value of their exports generally leave a balance in fa-
vour of the ftate, except when there have been large importations of
jiegrocs.

SBij

♦■«l

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■ ^

»* ft!

wmm

2^6 ' SOUTH CAROLINA.

The amount of exports from the port of Charlellon is very extcnfivc,
and the number of veflels cleared from the cuftom houfe, in the courle
of one year, is alfo very great. American veflels are the mod;
Tiumerousj and many others belong to Great Britain, Spain, France,
the United Netherlands, and Ireland.

The principal articles exported from this ftate, are rice, indigo,
tobacco, Ikins of various kinds, beef, pork, cotton, pitch, tar, rolin,
turpentine, myrtle wax, lumber, naval ilores, cork, leather, pink root,
Inake root, ginfeng, &c. In the moil i'uccefsful feafons there have
been as many as 140,000 barrels of rice, and 1,300,000 pounds of
indigo, exported in a year. Charlellon is by far the moft confiderable
city on the fea coaft, for an extent of 600 miles. From it are annually
exported about the value of two millions and a half of dolla^-s, in native
commodities ; and it fupplies, with imported goods, a great, part of the
inhabitants of North Carolina and Georgia, as well as thofe of South
Carolina. Its harbour is operi all the winter, and-its contiguity to the
Weft India illands gives the merchants fuperior advantages for carrying
on a peculiarly lucrative commerce. A waggon road of 15 miles only
is all that is wanted to open a communication with the inhabitants o£
the fouth-wertern territory of the United States. Knoxville, the capi-
tal of that territory, is lOO miles nearer to Charlefton than to any other
confiderable feaport town on the Atlantic Ocean.

History. — Nothing fuccefsfully was done towards the fettlement
of this country till 1669, when the proprietors, in virtue of their
powers, engaged Mr. Locke to frame for them a conftitution and
body of laws. This conftitution, conlifting of 120 articles, was arifto-
cratical, and though ingenious in theory, could never be fuccefsfully
reduced to praftice.

' Three clalTes of nobility were to be eftabliftied, viz. I ms, caliiques,
and landgraves. The firft to polTefs 12— the fecond 24— the third
48,000 acres of land, which was to be unalienable.

At this time, William Sayle, being appointed firft governor of this
country, embarked with a colony, and fettled on the neck of land
where Charlefton now ftands.

During the continuance of the proprietary government, a period of 50
years, th^e colony "was involved in perpetual quarrels. ^ Oftentimes
they were harralTed by the Indians — fometimes infefted with pirates —
frequently invaded by the French and Spaniftv fleets— conftantly uneafy
under their injudicious government— and quarrelling with their gover-
nors. But their moft bitter distentions vvere refpeding religion. The
epiicopalians, being more numerous than the diffenters, attempted to
exclude the latter from a feat in the legiilature. Thefe attempts
lo far fucceeded, as that the church of England, by a majority of votes,
was eftablilhed by law. This illiberal adl threw the colony into the
utmoft confufion, and was followed b> a train of evil conlequences,
tvhich proved to be the principal caufe of the revolution which foon
followed. Notwithftandir g the ad eftabliftiing the church of England
%vas repealed, tranquillity was not reftored to the colony. A change
of government was generally defired by the colonitts. They found
that they were not fufficiently protected by their propietary conftitu-
tion, and effefted a revolutiou about the year 1719, and the govern,
ment became regain

GEORGIA.

377

In 1728, the piopnetors accej.red 22,500 pounds fterling from the
crown, for their property and juriidiaion, except Lord Granville, who
relerved his eighth of the property, which has never yet been formally
given up. ^ At this time the conaitution was new modelled, and the
territory, limited by the original charter, was divided into North and
bouth Carolinas.

From this period the colony began to fiouri(h. It was proteaed by
a government formed on the plan of the Rritiai conttitution. Under
the foftering care of the mother country, its growth was altonin»ingly
rapid. Between the years 1763 and 177?, the number of inhabitant^
was more than doubled. No one indulged a wiih for a change in their
political conlhtution, till the memorable ftamp aa, pafled in 1765.

During the vigorous conteil for independence, this Hate was a great
liiilerer. For three years it was the feat of war. It feels and laments
the lofs of many refpeaable citizens. Since the peace, it has emerged
from that melancholy confufion and poverty, in which it was generally
involved by the devaftations of a powerful enemy. The inhabitants are
faft multiplying by emigrations from the other ftales. The agricul^

tural intereils of the rtate are reviving— commerce is flouriihing

economy is becoming more falhionable— and fcience begins to fpread
her falutary influence among the citizens. And, under the operation
of the prefent government, this ftate, from her natural, commercial,
and agricultural advantages, and the abilities of her leading charaders,
ranks among the rlcheft and moft refpeaable in the union.

f^l

GEORGIA

AND ITS

WESTERN TERRITORY.

Situation and Extent.
Miles.
Length 600 7 1 .,.,__ e 5« and i6« W. longitude.
Breadth 2505 1 3 1« and 35O N. latitude.

Boundaries.— Bounded, eaft, by the Atlantic Ocean j fouth, by
paft and Weft Floridas j weft, by the river Miflifippi 5 north-eatt and
north, by South Carolina, the Tenneffee State, or by lands ceded to
the United States by South Carolina.

Divisions, &c. — Before the revolution, Georgia, like all the fouthern
ftates, was divided Into parifties, afterwards into three diftrids, but now
into two diftrids, viz. Upper and Lower, which are iubdivided into 24
counties, as follow :

in the lower district are,
Camben, Chatham, M'lntofti, Scriven,

Glynn, Bryan, Effingham, Burke.

Liberty,

Montgomery,
Walhington,
Hancock,
(Jreeue,

in the upper district are,
Franklin, Lincoln, Bullock,

Oglethorpe, Warren, Columbia,

Elbert, JefFerfon, Richmond.

Wilkes, [ackfon.

:ifl

.«v

378 GEORGIA.

The iiinclpal towns are, Augufta, formerly the feat of government,
Savaiinuli, the former capital of the ftate, Sunbury, Jirunfvvlck,
Frcdcricj, Walhington, and Louifvllle, which is the metropolis of the
flate J and here are depofited fuch of the records of the Hate as a late
legillature did not order to be publicly burned.

Face of the Country. — The eaftern part of the ftate, between the
mountains and the ocean, and the rivers Savannah and St. Mary's, a
traft of country more than 120 miles from north to fouth, and 40 or
50 cart and weft, is entirely level, without a hill or ftone. At the
diAance of about 40 or 50 miles from the fea board, or fait maxfli, the
lands begin to be more Ox Icfs uneven. The ridges gradually rife one
above another into hills, and the hills fucceflively increafe in height,
till they finally terminate In mountains. That vaft chain of mountains,
which commences with the Katts Kill, near Hudfon's River, in the
ftate of New York, kno'.vn by the names of the Allegany and Appa-
lachian mountains, terminate In this ftate, about 60 miles fouth of its
northern boundary. From the foot of this mountain, fpreads a wide
extended plain, of the richeft foil, and in a latitude and climate well
adapted to the cultivation of moft of the produdlons of the fouth of
JEurope and the Eaft Indies.

Climate, Diseases, &.c. — In fome parts of this ftate, at particular
fcafons of the year, the climate cannot be efteemed falubrlous. In the
low country, near the rice fwamps, billious complaints, and fevers of
various kinds, are pretty univerfal during the months of July, Au-
guft, and September, which, for this reafon, are called the fickly
months.

The diforders peculiar to this climate, originate partly from the
badnefs of the water, which, in the low country, except In a|g| about
Savannah and fome other places, where good fprlngs are found, is
generally brackiftij and partly from the noxious putrid vapours which
are exhaled from the ftagnant waters and putrid matter in the rice
Iwamps. Befides, the long continuance of warm weather produces a ge-
neral relaxation of the nervous fyftenn j and as a great proportion of the
inhabitants have no neceflary labour .to call them to exeicife, indolence
is the natural confcquencej and indolence, efpecially amongft a luxurious
people, is ever Vjc parent of difeafe. The Immenfe quantities of fpiri-
tuous liquors, which are ufed to correal the brackhhnefs of the water,
form a fpecies of intemperance which too often proves ruinous to the
conllltutlon. Farf^nts of inhrm, fickly habits, often, in more fcnfes
than one, have children of their own likenefs. A coniiucrable part of
the difealcs of the prefent inhabitants may, therefore, be confidered as.
hereditary.

Before the fickly feafon commences, many of the rich planters of
this ftate remove with their families to the fea illands, or fome elevated,
healthy iituatlon, where they refidethree or four m.onths for the benefit
of the frefli air. In the winter and fpring, pleurifies, peripneumonies,
and other Inriammatory diforders, occalined by fudden and violent colds,
are very common, an^l frequently fatal. Confumptlons, epilepfies,
•cancers, palfies, and apoplexies, are not fo common among the inha-
bitants of the fouthern as northern climates.

The winters in Georgia are very mild and pleafant. Snow is feldora
or never fceu. Vegetation is not fiequeritly prevexiteu by ievere fwltei'

OEORGIA.

379»

Cattle fubfift tolerab y well through the winter, without any otl>er food
than what they obtain ,n the woods and favanna.. and are fitt . S
fea on than m any other. In the hilly country, which be.ins abou co
and .n fome places loo miles from the fea, th^ air is purr and lllu
br.ous. and the water plenty and good. 'The moft pr^v li, ," wind
are fouth-wert and eaft_in winter, north-well. The eal wild i
warmeft in wmter and cooleft in fummer. The fouth wind, n fumme
healtty! P"^""^^^^^' ^« ^^P' ^^'^^V^ u-laRic, and of'courinn-

In the fouth .eaft parts of this ftate, which lie within a few decrees
W 1 r . '"'•':, the atmofphcre is kept in motion by imprcilion.
from the trade winds. T Ims^ ferves to purify the air, and^ender it fit
for refpiration j fo that u .s found to have a very advanta^^eous effcd
on perfons of confumptive habits. '^

RivEas.— Savannah River divides this ftate from South Carolina Its
courfe IS nearly from north-weft to loulh-eaft. It is formed principally
of two branches, the Tugulo and Keowee, which fpring from the
mountains and unite under the name of Savannah, 15 miles north -weft
of the northern boundary of Wilkes County. It is navigable for large
veffels 17 miles up to Savannah, and for boats of 100 feet keel as tar
as Augufta. After rifing a fall jull above this place, it is paffable for
boats to the mouth of Tugulo River. After it takes the name Savan-
nah, at the contluence of the Tugulo .ud Keowee, it receives a numkv^
of tributary ftreams from the Georgia (ide, the principal of which is
Lroad River, which riles in the county of Franklin, and runs Wtlv
eart through part of Wilkes County, and mingles with Savannah at the
own of Peterlhurg, and might, with a tririing expence, be made
boatable 25 or 30 miles through the beil fettlement. in Wilkes Countv.
lybee Bar, at the entrance of Savannah River, in Lit. qi^ ;^> has
16 feet water at half tide. ^ - "

^ Ogeechce River, about 18 miles fouth of the Savannah, Is a fmailcr
river, and nearly parallel with it in its courfe.

^ Alatamaha, about 60 miles fouth of Savannah River, has Itsfource
Jn the Cherolice Mountains, near the head of Tugulo, th- .•• nt well
branch ol Savannah, and, before it leaves the mountains, is w'v A Bid
augmented by innumerable rivulets ; thence it deiccnds th -o-igh the
hilly country, with all its collateral branches, and fpreads fapid v
amongft the hills 250 miles, and then enters the Hat, plain country'
by the name of the Oakmulge ; thence meandering 150 miles, it is
joined on the eaft fide by the Ocone, which likewifc heads in the
lower ridges of the mountains. After this confluence, having now
gaineda vaft acquliiton of waters, it affumes the name of Alatamaha;
when It becomes a large majeftic river, Mowing with gentle windings
through a vaft plain foreft, near 100 miles, and enters the Atlantic by
feveral mouths. The north channel, or entrance, glides by tije heights
of Darieii, on the eaft bank, about ten miles above the bar j and,
running from thence, with feveral turnings, enters the ocean between
Sapello and Wolf iilands. The fouth channel, which is efteemed tise
largeft and deepeft, after its feparation from the north, defcends gently,
binding by M'Intofti's and Broughton iflands j and laftly, by the v;e'(t
coart of St. Simon's Illand, enters the ocean, through St. Simon's
Sound, between the fouth eiid of the IHand of that name aud the ntmli.

•^■M

1*,...
%'4

-Ji;

oil

68d Georgia.

end of jekyl Iflantt. On the weft banks of the fouth channel, lo o^
12 miles above its mouth, and nearly oppofite Darien, are to be feeri
the remains of an ancient fort, or fortification j it is now a regulaif
tetrao-on terrace, about four feet high, with baflions at each angle ;
the area may contain about an acre of ground, but the foiTe which
Jurroundcd it is nearly filled up. There arc large live oaks, pines,
and other trees, growing upon it, and in the old fields adjoining. It ii
fuppufcd to have been the work of the French or Spaniards. A large
nvamp '.ies betwixt it and the river, and a conliderablc creek run>»
rlofe by the works, and enters the river through the fwamps, a fmall
diftance above Broughton llland. About 70 or 80 miles above the
confluence of the Oakmulge and Ocone, the trading path from Au-
gurta to the Creek Nation croffes thefc fine rivers, which are there 40
miles apart. On the eaft banks of the Oakmulge, this trading road
runs nearly two miles through ancient Indian fields, which are called
the Oakmulge Fields ; they are the rich low lands of the river. On
the heights of thefe low grounds are yet vifible monuments or traces of
an ancient town, fuch as artificial mounds or terraces, fquares and
banks, encircling confiderable areas. Their old fields and planting land
extend up and down the river, 15 or 20 miles from this fite. And, if
•We are to give credit to the account the Creeks give of thcmfclves,
this place is remarkable for being the firit town or fcttlement, in which
they fat down, (as they term it) or cftabliflied themfelves, after their
emigration from the weft, beyond the Miflifippi, their original native

country. o ti /-

Befides thefe, there is Turtle River, Little Sitilla or St. Illc, Great
Sitilla, Crooked River, and St. Mary's. The latter forms a part of
the fouthern boundary of the United States, and has its fource from a
vaft lake, or rather marlh, called Ouaquaphcnogaw, hereafter defcribed,
and Hows through a vaft plain and pine foreft^ about 150 miles to the
ocean, with which it communicates between the points of Amelia and
Talbert's iflands, latitude ao** 44', and is navigable for vcffcls oi
confiderable burthen for 90 miles. Its banks afford immenfe quantities
of fine timber, fuited to the Weft India market. Along this river,
every four or five miles, are blufts convenient for veffels to haul to'

and load. 11

The bays and lagoons in this ftate are ftored with oyfters, and other
flicll filh, crabs, ftirimps, &c. The clams, in particular, arc large,
their meat white, tender, and delicate. The (hark and great blacK
Itingray, are inl'atiable cannibals, and very troublefome to the hfliermcn.
Lakes and Swamps.— The lake, or rather marfh, called by fome
Ouaquaphcnogaw, and by others Ekanfanoka, lies between Flint and
Oakmulge rivers, and is nearly 300 miles in circumference. In net
feafons it appears like an inland fea, and has feveral large iflands of
rich land ', one of which the prefent generation of Creek Indians repre.
fent as the moft blllsful fpot on earth. They fay it is inhabited by a
peculiar race of Indians, whofe women are incomparably beautiful.
They tell vou alfo, that this terreftrial paradifc has been feen by iome
enterprifing hunters, when in purfuit of their game, who, being
loft in inextricable fwamps and bogs, and on tlie point ot penihing,

V)Y a comnanv of beautitul women, whom

e uiicxpededly relieved V)y

vCl

lev c

all'dauahtcn of the Sim, who kindly gave them fuch provifio

CEOtCIA. -gj

•s they had with them confining of fruit and corn cakes, .nd then
enjoined them to Hy for fafety to their own country, becaufe their huf,
bands were fierce men and cruel to Ihangcrs. They further fav, that
thcfe hunters had a view of their fettlemcnts, fituated on tlie elevated
banks of an ifland, m a beautiful lakej but that in their endeavours to
approach it, they were involved in perpetual labyrinths, and, like
enchanted land ft.ll as they imagined they had juft gained it, it feemed
to Hy before them. They determined at length to quit the delufive
purfuit, and with much difficulty effefted a retreat. When they re-
ported their adventures to their countrymen, the young warriors were
intlamed with an irrefiftible defire to invade and conquer fo charming a
country but all their attempts had hitherto proved fruitlcfs, they never
bemg able again to find the fpot. They tell another dory concerning
this fequeftered country, which feems not improbable, which is, that
the inhabitants are the pofterity of a fugitive remnant of the ancient
Yamafes, who efcapcd being maffacrcd after a bloody and decifive battle
between them and the Creeks, who, it is certain, conquered and nearly
exterminated that once powerful people, and here found an afylum,
remote and fecure from the fury of their proud conquerors.

The rivers St. Mary, Sitllla or St. Ille, and the beautiful Little St.
Juan, which empties into the Bay of Appalachi at St. Mark's, are
laid to How from this lake.

About 1 6 miles from the mouth of Broad River, on its fouth fide, U
what IS called the Goofepond, a trad of about 180 acres, covered with
living water about two feet deep. It difcharges into the river, and is
fed by two fprlngs.

Chief Towns.— The feat of government in this rtate, till lately, was
Augufta. It Is fituated on the fouth-weft bank of Savannah River,
which is here about 500 yards wide, about 144 miles from the fea, and
127, by land, north-weft of Savannah. In 1785 there were but five
houfes on the fpot where the town now (lands. In I787.it contained
200 houfes, regularly laid out on a fine large plain, at the foot of tlie
firlt falls in the river, which, in a dry feafon, are four or five feet m
height ; and, as it enjoys the beft foil, and the advantage of a central
iituation between the upper and lower counties, this town is rifing fall
into Importance. It was Incorporated in 1790 by an aft of the legilla-
ture j and is now under the government of a mayor and aldermen. The
public buildings arc, a church, court-houfe, academy, a ftonc gaol,
and a government-houfe, for the governor and other public officers*
and three ware-houfes capable of containing 10,000 hojjffieads of to-
bacco, of which article, in 1791, upwards of 6000 hogflieads were
,inlpefted In this town.

Savannah, the former capital of Georgia, ftands on a high fandy bluff,
on the fouth fide of the river of the fame name, and 17 miles from its
mouth. The town Is regularly built in the form of a parallelogram,
and, including its fuburbs, contained, in 1787, 227 dwelling houfes,
one Epifcopal church, a Pfelbyterian church, a fynagogue and court-
houfe.

In Savannah, and within a circumference of about 10 miles from it
there were, in the fummerof 1787, about 2300 Inhabitants. Of thefe,
192 were above 50 years of age, and all in good health. The ages of
a lady sns her ux cnudren, ^hen living in tue town, aruountcd te 385.

»*j

«g2 CECCCIA.

years. This comTtutatJon, which was a^ually made, fervcs to (hew
that Savannah is not really fo unhealthy as has been commonly repre-

fentcd.

Sunbury is a fea-port town, favoured with a fafc and very convenient
harbour. Several fmall iflands intervene, and partly obllruft a direft
view of the ocean •, and, interlocking with each other, render the paP
fage out to fca winding, but not difficult. It is a very pleafant, healthy
town, and is the refort of the planters from the adjacent places of
Midway and Newport, during the fickly months. It was burned by
the Britirti in the late war, but has fince been rebuilt, with the addi-
tion of an academy, which is eftabliflied under an able inftruftor, and
which has proved itfelf to be a very ufeful intlitution.

Brunfvvick, in Glynn County, latitude 31' lo', is fituatcd at th.
mouth of Turtle River, at which place this river empties itfelf into
St. Simon's Sound. Brunfwick has a fafe and capacious harbour j and
the bar, at the entrance i-no it, has water deep enough for the largeft
veffel. The town is regularly laid out, and from its advantageous
fituation, and fertility of the back country, it promifes to be one of the
firft trading towns in Georgia.

Frederica, on the ifland of St. Simon, is nearly in latitude 31 15.
It is one of the firrt towns built in Georgia, and was founded by Ge-
neral Oglethorpe. The fortrcfs was regular and beautiful, conftrufted
chiefly with brick, but is now in ruins. The town contains but fcAV
houfes, which ftand on an eminence, if confidered with regard to the
marfiies before it, upon a branch of Alatamaha River, which walhes
the weft fide of this agreeable ifland, and forms a bay before the towrt,
affordine a fafe and fecure harbour for veffels of the largeil burthen,
■which may lie along the whart.

Wafliington, the chief town in the county of Wilkes, is fituated in
latitude 33° 22', about 50 miles wellward of Augulla. It had, in 1788,
a court-houfe, gaol, 34 dwelling houfes, and an academy, whofe funds
amounted to about 800 pounds Iterling, and the number of ftudents to
between 60 and 70. This place is reforted to for health, by invalids
from the lower country, and is efteemed as a thriving town. ^

The town of Louifville, the prefent feat of government, is fituated
on the bank of Ogeechee River, about 70 miles from its mouth. The
convention for the revifal of the conftitution fat here in May, 1795.
And here the legiflature have fince held their feflions, from which cir-
cumltance, as well as from other advantages attending this place, it is to
be prefumed that this town, in point of importance, is not inferior to any
of thofe already mentioned.

Soil, Productions, &.C.— The foil and its fertility are various
according to fituation and different improvement. The iflands on the
fea board, in their natural ftate, are covered with a plentiful growth
of pine, oak, hickory, live oak, an uncommonly hard and very valua-
ble wood, and fome red cedar. The foil is a mixture of fand and black
mould, making what is commonly called a grey foil. A confiderable
part of it, particularly that whereon grow the oak, hickory, and live
oak, is very rich, and yields, on cultivation, good crops of indigo,
cotton, corn, and potatoes. Thefe iflands are furrounded by naviga-
ble creeks, between which and the main land is a large extent of fait
marfli, fronting the whole ftate, not lei's, pn an average, than four ur

C€ORCrA. ogj

five rtiUfiS in breddth, interfered with creeks in various direftions,
admitting, through the whole, an inland navigation, between the idandj
and main land, from the north call to the foulh-call corners of the
llatc. The caft fides of thefc iflands are, for the moll part, clean,
hard, fandy beaches, expofcd to liie walh of the ocean. Between thefc
iflands are the entrances of the rivers from the interior country, wind-
ing through the low fait murlhes, and delivering their waters into the
founds, which form capacious harbours of from three to eight miles
over, and which communicate with each other by parallel fait creeks.
The principal illands are, Skidaway, Waffaw, Offabaw, St. Catharine's,
Sapelo, Frederica, Jekyl, Cumberland, and Amelia.

The foil of the main land, adjoining the marlhcs and creeks, is
nearly of the fame quality with that of the iflands ; except that w^ich
borders on thofe rivers and creeks which llretch far back into the
country. On thefe, immediately after you leave the falts, begin, the
valuable rice Iwamps, which, on cultivation, afford the prcfent princi-
pal llaple of commerce. The moll of the rice lands lie on rivers,
which, as far as the tide flows, are called tide lands*, or on creeks and
particular branches of water, flowing in fome deeper or lower parts of
the lands, which are called inland iwamps, and extend back into the
country from 15 to 25 miles, beyond which very little rice is planted,
though it would gi-ow exceedingly well, as experiment has proved,
120 miles back from the lea. The intermediate lands, between thefc
creeks at\d rivers, are df an inferior quality, being of a grey foil,
covered c^ffly with pine, and a fort of wild grafs and fmall reeds^
which afford a large range of feeding ground for flock, both fummer
and winter. Here and there are interfperfed oak, and hickory ridges,
which are of a better foil, and produce good crops of corn and indigo,
but thefe are very little elevated above the circumjacent lands. The
lands adjoining the rivers, and for an hundred miles in a dire6\ line
from the fea, continue a breadth from two to three or four miles, and
wherever, in that diftance, you find a piece of high land that extends
to the bank of the river on one fide, you may expeft to find the low
or fwamp ground proportionably wide on the oppofite fide of the river.
This feems to be an invariable rule till you come to that part where
the river cuts the mountains.

The foil between the rivers, after you leave the fea board and the
edge of the fwamps, at the diftance of 20 or 30 miles, changes from a
grey to a red colour, on which grow plenty of oak and hickory, with
H confiderable intermixture of pine. In fome places it is gravelly but
fertile, and fo continues for a number of miles, gradually deepening
the reddilh colour of the earth, till it changes into what is called the
Mulatto Soil, confiftiag of a black mould and red earth. The com-
pofition is darker or lighter according as there is a 'arger or fmaller
portion of the black or red earth in it. The mulatto 'ands are gene-
rally ttrong, and yield large crops of wheat, tobacco, aats, &c. To
this kind of land fucceeds, by turns, a foil nearly black :«nd very rich,
on which grow large quantities of black walnut, mulberry, 5c^ This
fucceflTion of different foils continues uniform and regular, though there
are fome large veins of all the different foils intermixed j and what U
more remarkable, this fuccefllon, in the order mentioned, ftretches

•n*i

3 -.... J-

acrofs this ftatc nearly paiallel witn tne ica coau, anu ext^

;U9 ^iii..'^;

284 GEORGIA.

tlie feveral ilates nearly in the fame dircftion, to the banks of Hudfon^a
River. la this ftate are produced, by culture, rice, indigo, cotton,
filk, though not in large quantities, Indian corn, potatoes, oranges,
£gs, pomegranates, &c. Rice, at prefent, is the ftaple oominodity •,
and as a fmall proportion only of the rice ground is under cultiv?.tion,
the quarlity railed In future muft be much greater than at prefent.
But the rapid increafe of the inhabitants, chiefly by emigrations,
•vvhofe attention is turned to the raifing of tobacco, and the vaft extent
of land, with a richnefs of foil fuited to the culture of that plant, ren-
ders it probable that tobacco will Ihortly become the ftaple of this
f:ate. Cot con was formerly planted only by the poorer clafs of people,
find that onl-^ for family ufe. They planted of two kinds, the annual
snd the Welt Indian \ the former is low, and planted every year. The
balls of this are very large, and the phlox long, ftrong, and perfedly
white. The iRtter is a tall perennial plane, the ftalk fomewhat fcrubby,
feveral of wl„ch rife up from the root for feveral years fucceflively, the
Items of the former year being killed by the winter frofts. I'he balls
of Weft India cotton are not quite fo large as the other, but the phlox
or wool is long, extremely fine, filky, and white. A phntation of
this kind will laft feveral years, with moderate labour and care. The
culture of cotton is nov; much more attended to, feveral indigo planters
having converted their plantations into cotton fields. A new fpecies
of cotton is about to be introduced into this ftate, the feed of which
was lately brought from the ifland of Waitahoo, one of the^Marquefas
in the South Pacific Ocean, and fent to a gentleman in G«<5V:gia by a
member of the Hiftorical oociety in Bofton. This cotton is of a very
fine texture, and grows on all the iflands of that clufter called the Mar-
quefas. it is expefted that it will prove a confiderabie acquifition to
the fouthern ttates. ^ ^ ,

A Georgia correfpondent with the Hiftorical Society diftinguifhes
the cotton now raifed in Georgia into two kinds, the green and the
black feed J the firft is planted almoft exclufively in the upper country,
the other is planted on the fea illands, and ^ands of the fame kind ad-
jacent, and was brought ibout the year 1788, from the Bahamas.
"*' There is now a profpeft," he obfeives, " that in a few years the
ftates of South Cavolina and Georgia may be able to raife more than
ten millions of pounds of cotton annually, for exportation." The to-
bacco lane's sre equally well adapted to wheat, which m«y hereafter
make an important article of commerce.

On the dry plains, grow large crops of fweet potatoes, which are
found to afford a wholefome nouriftiment, and from which is made, by
dillillation, a kind of whilky, tolerably good, but inferior to that made
of rye. It is by properly macerating and walhing this root that a fedi-
itient or ftarch is made, which has obtained the name of fago, and
anfwers all the purpofes of the Indian fago.

Moft of the tropical fruits would fiourifh in this ftate with proper
attention. The rice plant has been tranfplanted, and alfo the tea
plant, of which fuch immenfe quantities are confumed in the United
States, was introduced into Georgia, about the year 1770, from India.
The feed wa^ diiT^^minated, and the plant now grows, without cultiva-
tion, in moft of the fenced lots in Savannah.

OBOHGtA.

\li

From mnny confiderations we may perhaps venture to predl^V, that
the fouth-weftern part of the ftate, and the parts of Eaft and Weft;
Florida, which lie adjoining, r.ill, in feme future time, become the
vineyard of America.

Remarkable Spring. — In the county of Wilkes, within a mile and
a half of the town of Wafhington, is a medicinal fprinT, which rifes
from a hollow tree, four or five feet in length. The infide of the tree
is covered with a coat of matter, an inch thick, and the leaves around
the fpring are incrufted with a fubftance as white as fnow. It is laid
to be a fovereign remedy for the fcurvy, fcrofulous diforders, con-
fumptions, gouts, and every other difeafe arifing from humours in the
bSod. A perfoi , who had a fevere rhei matifm in his arm, having,
in the fpace of ten minutes, drank two quarts of the water, experi-
enced a momentary chill, and was then thrown into a peri'piration,
which, in a few hours, left him entirely free from pain, and in perfect
health.

This fpring, fituated in a fine healthy part of the ftate, in the neigh-
bourhood of Wafhington, where are excellent accommodations, will,
no doubt, prove a pleafant and falutary place of refort for invalids, from
the maritime and unhealthy parts of this, and the neighbouring ftates.

Curiosities. — One of the greateft curiolities in this ftate is the bank
of oyjler fhells, in the vicinity of Augufta, 90 miles from the fea,
already defcribed. On the banks of Little River, in t];<? upper part
of the ftate, are leveral curious and ftupendous monuments of the
power and induftry of the ancient inhabitants of this country. Here
are alfo traces of a large Indian tovrn.

CoMMERCK, Manufactures, and Agriculture. — The chief articles
of exports are, rice, tobacco, of which great quantities are exported,
indigo, fago, lumber, of various kinds, naval ftores, leather, deer ikins,
fnakeroot, myrtle and bees wax, corn and live ftock. The planters
and farmers raife large ftocks of cattle, from 1000 to 1500 head, and
fome more.

The value of the exports of Georgir. have, of late years, greatly
increafed. In 1795 the exports amounted to 695,985 dollars, whereas
for the laft year, 1799, they amounted to no lefs than 1,396,759 dollars,
a fum more than double that of 1795. In return for theie extcnlivt^
exports, Georgia receives Weft India goods, teas, wines, vaiious
articles of clothing, and dry goods, of all kinds. From tlie northern
ftates. cheefe, fifti, potatoes, apples, cyder, and ftioes. The imports
and exports of this ftate are principally to and from Savannah, which
!ias a fine harbour, and is a place where the principal commercial bufi-
ncfs of the ftate is tranfafted. The trade with the Indians in furs and
Ikins was very cor.fiderable before the war, but has fince been inter-
rupted by the wars in which they have been involved. The manufac-
tures of this ftate have hitherto been very inconfiderable, if we except
indigo, hlk, and fago.

The manner in which the indigo is cultivated and manufaftured is
as follows : — The ground, which muft be a ftrong rich foil, is thrown
into beds of feven or eight feet wide, after having been made very
mellow, and is then raked till it is quite pulverized. Tlie feed is
then fown in April, in rows at fuch a diftance as conveniently to admit
of hoeing between thera. In July the firft crop is fit to cut, being

•Ml

■til

ill

386 qsokgia;

commonly two feet and a half high. It is then tlirov;il into vifts,
conftruded for the purpofe, and fteeped about 30 hours ; after which
the liquor is drawn oiF into other vats, where it is beat, as they call it,
by which means it is thrown into fuch another ftate of agitation as
cream is by churning. Aftfer this proc6fs, lime water is put into the
liquor, which ca'ifes the particles of indigo to fettle at the bottom. The
liquor is then drawn off, and the fediment, which, is the indigo, is taken
out and fpread on cloths, and partly dried j it is then put into boxes
and prefled, and while it is foft, cut into fquare pieces, which are
thrown into the fun to dry, and then put up in cafks for the market.
They have commonly tliree cuttings a feafon. A crop for 30 acres is
generally about 1300 pounds.

The culture of filk and the manufafturc of fago are at prefent but
little attended to. The people in the lower part of this ftate manufac-
ture none of their own clothing for themfelvcs or their negroes. For
almoft every article of their wearing apparel, as well as for their huf-
bandry tools, they depend on their merchants, who import them from
Great Britain and the northern ftates.

PopuLATSON, Character, and Manners. — The population of this
jRate has been greatly multiplied by emigrations, and otherwife, which
have been very confiderable of late years. At prefent the number of
inhabitants may be nearly about 100,000, of whom, forry to add, no
lefs than 30,000, near one third of the whole, are flaves. With regai;d
to their general charafter, none can properly be applied to the inhabi-
tants at large. Collected from diflFerent parts of the world, as intercll,
fiecefljty, or inclination led them, their charadler and manners muft,
of courfe, partake of all the varieties which diftinguifti the feveral ftates
and kingdoms from whe^ice they came. There is fo little uniformity
that it is difficult to trace any governing principles among them. An
averfion to labour is too predominant, owing, in part, to the relaxing
heat of the climate, and partly to the want of neceflTity to excite
induftry. An open and friendly hofpitality, particularly to ftrangers^
is an ornamental charafterirtic of a great part of this people. 1 heir
political charader, as a ftate, has been tarniftied and difgraced by the
proceedings of their legiflature, relative to the fale of a part of their
weitern territory, which was not approved of by the ftate in general.

Their diverfions are various. With forae, dancing is a favourite
amafement. Others take a fancied pkafure at the gamingtable, which,
however, frequently terminates in the ruin of their happinefs, fortunes,
and conftitutions. In the upper counties, horfe-racing and cock-fight-
ing prevail, two cruel diverfions, imported from Virginia and the
Carolinas, from whence thofe who praftice them principally emigrated.
But the mott rational and univerfal amufement is hunting-, and ior this
Georgia is particularly well calculated, as the wodds abound with
plenty of deer, racoons, rabbits, wild turkies, and other game j at the
fame time, the woods are fo thin and free from obftrudions, that one
may generally ride half fpeed in chafe without danger. In this amufe-
ment, pleafure and profit are blended. The exercife, rrore than any
other, contributes to health, tits fcr aftivity in butinefs, and expert-
nefs in war ; the game alio aiTords them paLuable food, and the Ikms
a profitable; artiglc of commerce.

11/

Religion and Government.— The inhabitants of this ftate, who
profefs the Chnftian religion, are of the Prefhyterian, Epifcopalian,
Baptift, and Methodlft denominations. The two latter are much the
moft numerous. They have but few regular rainifters among them.
All perfons have the free exercife of religion, without being obliged
to contribute to the fupport of any religious profeflion but their own.

The prefent conftitution of the Ikte of Georgia was adopted and
ratified by a convention of delegates from the people, on the 6th of
May, 1789, and is entirely formed upon a plan fimilar to the federal
conrtitution of the United States. All legitlative power is vefted in
two diftina branches, a fenate and houfe of reprefentatives, both chofen
by the people at large, and ftyled the General Affembly.

The fenate confifts of one member from each county, and the houfe
of reprefentatives of 34 members, A fenator muft have attained the
age of 2S^, muft have been nine years a citizen of the United States,
and three years a citizen of Georgia. He muit poffefs, in bis own right,
ajo acres of land, and property to the amount of 250 pounds. A
member of the houfe of reprefentatives muft be 21 years of age. He
muft have been feven years a citizen of the United States, and two
years an inhabitant of Georgia. He muft poffefs 200 acres of land, or
other property to the amount of 150 pounds. One third of the mem-
bers of each houfe may proceed to bulinefs.

Administration of Justice. — This ftate is divided into twodiftridls,
called the upper and lower circuit ; and there are only two judges
appointed to fit in the fuperior court. One rides the lower, and the
other the upper circuit, both commencing at the fame time ; fo that
there is only one judge upon the bench in the trial of the moft impor-
tant caufes, unlels occafionally, when a jundion happens at the feat o£
government, at the conclufion of the circuits.

Thefe judges are invefted with limited chancery powers, and can
hold courts of chancery, within fuch limitation, at any time when
occafion requires. Befides the fuperlqr court, there Is an inferior court,
or court of common pleas, eftabllihed in each county, which fits twice
in a year, with five judges appointed by the leglflature. The mode of
procefs is extremely fimple, and unencumbered with the tedious com-
plication and delay of Engllfti forms.

All aftlons In the county courts are commenced by a fimple petltbn,
addreffed to the judges of the court, praying redrefs of grievances, and
ftating in few words the nature and caufe of the aftlon.

A writ iffues from the clerk's office, which brings the defendant
before the court, and. In due time, the merits of the cafe are invefti-
gated and determined by jury. The county courts have no jurifdidlon
of criminal caufes, which can be tried only In the fuperior court. Be-
fides thele, there Is the ftierlff's court, and courts held by the juftices
of the peace, in every part of the ftate.

State of Literatjre. — The literature of this ftate, which Is yet In
Its Infancy, Is commencing on a plan which affords the moft flattering
profpefts. It feems to have been the defign of the leglilature of this
rtate, as far as poffible, to unite their literary concerns, and provide
for them in common, that the whole might feel the benefit, and no
part be negletted or left a prey to party rage, private prejudices, and
content' ns, and confequently ignorance, their iafeparable attendant.

:>4\

q^g GEORGIA.

For this purpofe, tVie literature of this ftate, like its policy, appears to
be confidered as one objeft, and, in the fame manner, fubjeft to com-
mon and general regulations for the good of the whole. The charter,
containing their prefent fyllem of education, was paffed in the year
lySq. A college, with ample and liberal endowments, is inftituted in
Loiiifville, a high and healthy part of the country, near the centre of
the ftate. There is alfo provifion made for the inftitution of an acade-
my in each county in the ftate, to be fupported from the fame funds,
and confidered as parts and members of the fame inftitution, under the
general fuperintendencc and direction of a prefident and board of
truftees, appointed, for their literary accomplifliments, from the diffe-
rent parts of the ftate invefted with the cuftomary powers of corpora-
tions. The inftitution thus compofed, is denominated " The Univerfity
of Georgia." That this body of literati, to whom is entrufted the
direction of the general literature of the ftate, may not be fo detached
and independent as not to poffefs the confidence of the ftate j and in
order to fecure the attention and patronage of the principal officers of
governmentj the governor and council, the fpeaker of the houfe of
affembly, and the chief juftice of the ftate, are affociated with the
board of truftees, in fome of the great and more folemn duties of their
office, fuch as making the laws, appointing the p^refident, fettling the
property, and inftituting academies. Thus affociated, they are deno-
minated *V The Senate of the Univerfity," and are to hold a ftated,
annual meeting, at which the governor of the ftate prefides.

A board of commiftioners in each county, is appointed by the fenate
for the particular management and direftion of the academy, and the
other fchools in each county, who are to receive theirl^iftruflions from, and
are accountable to the fenate. The reftor of each academy is an officer
of the univerfity, to be appointed by the prefident, with the advice of
the truftees, and commiffioned under the public ffial, and is to attend
■with the other officers at the annual meeting of the fenate, to deliberate
on the general interefts of -literature, and to determine on the courfe
of inftrudion for the year, throughout the univerfity. 'rhe prefident
bas the general charge and overfight of the whole, and is from time to
time to vifit them, to examine into their order and performances.

The funds for the fupport of their inftitution are principally in lands,
amounting in the whole to about 50,000 acres, a great part of which
is of the^eft quality, and at prefent very valuable. There are alfo
nearly 6000 pounds fterling in bonds, houfes, and town lots in the
town of Augufta. Other public property, to the amount of looo
pounds in each county, has been fet apart for the purpofes of building
and furnifliing their refpeaive academies. This property has been
brought into ufeful operation in feveral of the counties, and the time isfaft
approaching when its beneficial effeds will appear in thofe more recent
and unimproved. The funds originally defigned to fupport the literary
orphan-hbUfe, founded by the Rev. George Whitefield, are chiefly m
rice plantations and negroes, and have been in a very unprodudlive
fituation j but the legiflature, in 1792, on the demife of the countefs of
Huntingdon, to whom Mr. Whitefield bequeathed this property, a$
truftee,' paffed a law, vefting it in 13 commiffioners, with independent
powers, to carry the original intention of Mr. Whitefield into exccu-

l|/

UOil f uUu, lu Cviu^iuusu

GEORGIA. ^%g

Huntingdon College. The funds are now in a produaive (late j and the
commiffioners are paying oflF the debts contraaed by former agents, and
by the clergy whom the countefs ient fiora England, in whole hai^ds
the mli ^ution was going faft to ruin.

Indi i.— The Mulkogec or Creek Indians inhabit the middle parts
of this ate, and are the raoft numerous tribe of Indians of any within
the limits of the United States. Their whole number, feme years
fmce, was about 18,000, of which 6oco were fighting men. They are
compofed of various tribes, who, after bloody wars, thought it good
policy to unite and fupport themfelves againR the Chadaws, &.c.
They confift of the Appalachies, Alibamas, Abecas, Cawittaws, Coofas,
Conftiacks, Coofaaees, Chacfihoomas, Natchez, Oconies, Oakmul-
gies, Okohoys, Pakanas, Taenfas, Talepoofas, Weetumkas, and fome
others. Their union has rendered them viaorious over the Chaaaxvs,
and formidable to all the nations around them. They are a well made,
expert, hardy, fagacious, politic people, extremely jealous of their
rights, and averfc to parting with their lands. They have abundance
of tame cattle and fwine, turkeys, ducks, and other poultry j they
cultivate tobacco, rice, Indian corn, potatoes, beans, peas, cabbage,
melons, and have plenty of peaches, plums, grapes, llrawberries, and
other fruits. They are faithful friends, but inveterate enemies — hof-
pitable to ftrangers, and honeft and fair in their dealings. No nation
has a more contemptible opinion of the white men's faith, in general,
than thefe people, yet they place great confidence in the United States,
and wifti to agree with them upon a permanent boundary, over which
the fouthern Itates Ihall not trefpafs. ■

The country which they claim is bounded northward by about the
34th degree of latitude j and extends from the Torabeckbee, or Mo-
bille River, to the Atlantic Ocean, though they have ceded a part of
this traa, on the fea coaft, by different treaties, to the ftate of Georgia.
Their principal towns lie in latitude 3 a'' and longitude 11* 20' from
Philadelphia. They are fettled in a hilly, but not mountainous coun-
try. The foil is fruitful in a high degree, and well watered, abounding
in creeks and rivulets, from whence they are called the Creek Indians.

The Chadaws, or Flat Heads, inhabit a very fine and extenfive
traa of hilly country, with large and fertile plains intervening, be-
tween the Alibama and MiCifippi rivers, in the weftern part of this
ftate. This nation had, not many years ago, 43 towns and villages,
in three divifions, contai il '■':^ 12,123 fouls, of whom 4041 were fight-
ing men.

The Chickafaws are fettled on the head branches of the Tombeck-
bee, Mobille, and Yazoo rivers, in the north-wedcorner of the ftate.
Their country is an extenfive plain, tolerably well watered from fprings,
and of a pretty good foil. They have feven towns, the central one of
which is in latitude 34° 33', and longitude 14*' 30' weft. The number
of fouls in this nation have been reckoned at upwards of 1700, of whom
600 were fighting men.

Of that country, called " Geoiigia[Wester.n Territory,'' a principal
part belongs to, and is inhabited by, the Creek, Chaaaw, Chickafaw,
^nd Cherokee nations ol Indians.

This weftern territory, of which about 22,000,000 acres have bee»

^'!

<l%m,

■m

39°

CEORGIA.

fold by the (late of Georgia to feveral companies, has become an objeft
of great fpeculatlon and much public attention. This country is waftied
by the Miflifippi River on the well, and may be confidered as extending
cattward as far as the Appalachicola and Flint rivers. It is interfefted
by a great number of rivers, which run in every direftion j the princi-
pal of which are the Yazoo and Loofa Chitto, which empty into
the Miflifippi; Pearl, Pafcagoula, Mobille, Alibama, Tombeckbec,
Efcambia, and Chatta Hatcha, which fall into the Gulf of Mexico ;
the Tenneffee Bend, wi^h Chuccam.iga River, which falls into it from
fouth-eaft, water its northern part. i tt • j

The Miflifippi, the free navigation of which is granted to the United
States, by the late treaty with Spain, empties, by feveral mouths of
different depths, from nine to fixteen feet, into the Gulf of Mexico.
The bars, at the mouths of this river, frequently fhift •, after pafling
them into the river, there is from three to ten fathoms of water, as far
as the fouthweft pafs j and thence to the Miffouri, a djilance of 1142
computed miles, from 12, 15, 20, and 30 fathoms is the general depth.
In afcending the Miflifippi there are extenfive natural meadows,
with a profpeft of the Gulf of Mexico on each fide, the diftance of 32
miles, to a place called Detour-aux-Plaquemines, in Well Florida.
Thence 20 miles to the fettlements, the banks are low and marftiy,
generally overflowed and covered with thick wood, palmetto buflies,
&c apparently impenetrable by man or beaft. Thence to Detour-des-
Anglois, at the bend of the river, the banks of the river are well inha-
bited •, as alfo from hence to New Orleans, 18 miles, which diilancc
there is a good road for carriages. Veffels pafs from the mouth of this
liver to New Orleans, 105 miles, in feven or eight days, commonly ;
fometimcs in three or four. - ^ -^ 1

From New Orleans, which is the capital of Louifiana, there is an
eafy communication with Weft Florida by Bayouk Creek, which is a
water of Lake Ponchartrain, navigable, for veflels drawmg four feet
water, fix miles up from the lake, to a landing place two miles from
New Orleans. For nearly 50 miles, as you proceed up the river, both
its banks are fettled and highly cultivated, in part, by emigrants from
Germanv, who fumifti the market with indigo of a fuperior quality,
cotton, rice, beans, myrtle wax, and lumber. In 1762, fome rich
rlanters attempted the cultivation of canes and the making of fugar,
and creeled mills for the purpofe. The fugar which they made was of
^an exceUent quality, and fome of the crops were large-, but fome
winters proving fo fevere as to kill the canes, no dependence can be
placed on the culture of that article.

The fettlements of the Acadians, which were begun in the year
1763, extend on both fides of the river, from the Germans to the river
ibberville, which is 99 miles above New Orleans, and 270 from Penfa-
cola, by way of lakes Ponchartrain and Maufe- s.

At Point Coupee, 35 miles above the ibberville, are fettlements
extending 20 miles on the weft fide of the river, which, 30 yer.rs ago,
had 2000 white inhabitants, and 7000 flaves, who were employed in
the cultivation of tobacco, indigo, Indian corn, &c. for the New Or-
leans market, which they furniflicd alfo with poultry and abundance ot<
fquared tiraber ita^'es, &c.

0£ORGlA.

39 1

This country, on both fides of the Mifflfipiii, between the latitudes
fto*^ and ;^i®, bordering on Georgia, is defcribed as follows :

" Although this country might produce all the valuable articles
raifed in other parts of the globe, fituated in the fame latitudes, yet
the inhabitants principally cultivate indigo, rice, tobacco, Indian corn,
and fome wheat; and they raife large llocks of black cattle, horfes,
mules, hogs, flieep, and poultry. The (heep are faid to be the fueetell
mutton in the world. The black cattle, v.'hen fat enough for fale,
which they commonly are the year round, are driven acroi^ the coun-
try to New Orleans, where there is always a good market.

" This country is principally timbered with all the different kinds of
oak, but moftly with live oak, of the largeft and beil quality, uncom-
monly large cyprcfs, black walnut, hickory, white a(li, cherry, plum,
poplar trees, and grape vines ', here is found alfo a great variety of
Ihrubs and medicinal roots. The lands bordering the rivers and lakei
are generally well wooded, but at a fmall diilnnce from them are very
extenlive natural meadows, or favannas, of the moll luxuriant foil,
compofed of a black mould, about one foot and a half deep, very loofe
and rich, occafioned, in part, by the frequent burning of the favannas •,
below the black mould is a ftiff clay of different colours. It is faid,
this clay, after being expofed Ibme time to the fun, becomes fo hard
that it is difficult either to break or bend, but when wet by a light
flaower of rain, it flackens in the fame manner as lime does when ex-
pofed to moifture, and becomes loofe and moulders away ; after which
it is found excellent for vegetation.

" This country being fituated between the latitudes of 30^ and ^i*^
north, the climate is, of courfe, very mild and temperate •, white trolls,
and fometimes thin ice, have been experienced here ; but fnow isivery
uncommon."

After pafling the 31ft degree of north latitude from Eaft Florida Into
Georgia, you enter what is called the Natchez Country, bordering on
the MIlTifippi. Fort Rofailiej in this country, is in latitude 2,1^ 40',
243 miles above New Orleans.

" The foil of this country is fuperior to any of the lands on the bor-
ders of the river Miflifippi, for the produftion of many articles. It'!
fituatiou being higher, affords a greater variety of foil, and is in a more
favourable climate for the growth of wheat, rye, barley, oa^s, &c.
than the country lower down, and nearer to the fca. The foil alfv>
produces, in equal abundance, Indian corn, rice, hemp, flax, indigo,
cotton, pot herbs, pulfe, of every kind, and pallurage •, nnd the tobacco
made here is eftedmed preferable to any cultivated m other parts ot
America. Hops grow wild j all kinds of European fruits arrive to
great perfeaion, and no part of America is more favourable for thc^
raifing of every kind of ftock. The climate is healthy and temperate ;
the country delightful and well watered •, and the profpeft is beautitul
and extenfive, variegated by many inequalities and fine meadows, lepa-
rated by innumerable copfes, the trees of which are of different kinos
but mollly of walnut and oak. The rifing grounds, which are clothtJ
^^'ith grafs and other herbs of the fineft verdure, are properly diipolec
for the culture of vines; the mulberry trees are very numeroas and
the winters fufficiently moderate for the breed of filk worms. Clay,
of different colours, fit for glafs works and pottery, i5 louna her" in

^(J2 GEORGIA.

great abundance j and alfo a variety of ftatcly timber, fit for houfc and
ililp building, &c. The elevated, open, and airy fituation of this
country renders 't lefs liable to fevers and agues, the only diforders
ever known in its neighbourhood, than fome other parts bordering on
the Miflifippi, ^vhcre the want of fufficient defcent to convey the waters
ofFoccafions numbers of ftagnant ponds, whofe exhalations infed the air,

" This country was on';e famous for its inhabitants, who, from their
great numbers, and the ftaite of fociety they lived in, were confidcred as
the moft civilized Indians on the continent of America. Nothing now
remains of this nation but their name, by which their country continues
to be called. The diftrid of the Natchez, as "Urell as all along the
caftern bank of the Miflifippi to the river Ibbervillc, was fettling very
faft by daily emigrations from the northern ftates, till fome operations
of the late war put a flop to it.

" From Fort Rofailie to the Petit Goufrc is 31^ miles. There is
a firm rock on the call fide of the Miflifippi for near a mile, which
feems to be of the nature of limeftone. The land near the river is
much broken and very high, with a good foil, and fevcial plantatious
on it.

" From the Petit Goufre to "Stoney River, is 44 rtiiles. Frofti the
mouth to what is called the Fork of this river, is computed to be 21
miles. In this diilance there are fcveral quarries of ftone, and the
land has a clay foil, with gravel on the furface of the ground. On the
north fide of this river the land, in general, is low and rich ; that on
the fouth fide is much higher, and broken into hills and vales j but
here the low lands are not oiten overflowed •, both Tides are (haded
with a variety of ufeful timber. At the fork, the river parts almoll
at right angles, and the lands between, and on each fide of them, are
laid to be clay and marl foil, not fo uneven as the lands on this river
lower down.

" From Stoney River to Loufa Chitto, is 10 miles. This river, at
the mouth, is about 30 yards wide, but within, from 30 to 50 yards,,
and is faid to be navigable for canoes 30 or 40 leagues. About a mile
and a half up this river, the high lands are clofe on the right, and are
much broken. A mile and a half farther, the high lands appear again
on the right, where there are feveral fprings of water, but none as yet
have been difcovered on the left. At about eight miles farther, the
high lands are near the river, on the left, and appear to be the fame
range that comes from the Yazoo cliflFs. At fix miles farther, the
high lands are near the river on both fides, and continue for two or
three miles, but broken and full of fprings of water. This land on the
left was chofen by a few New England adventurers, as a proper place
for a town ; and, by order of the governor and council of Weft Flori-
da, in 1773, it was refcrved for the capital. The country round is
very fit for fcttlements. For four or five miles above this place, on
both fides of the river, the land is rich, and not fo much drowned, nor
ib uneven, as fome parts lower down. About 6i miles farther, there
is a rapid water, ftones and gravel bottom, 160 miles in length j and in
one place a firm rock almoft acrofs the river, and as much of it bare,
when the water is at a moderate height, as confines the llream to nearly

:o icet ;

itiU

the

uiiiiiiiiti.

..u

f«..

IS UuCUi iCU

OEORCIU.

395

From tU Loufa Ch.tto to the Y«zoo cliffs 5s 39 miles and three,
quarters From this chff the high lands lie north-eanward and fouth-
fouth-eaflward, bearing off from the river, full of cane and rich foil,
even on the very highell ridges. Jurt at the fouth end of the cliffs!
the bank IS low where the water of the Miffifippi, when high, flows
back and runs between the bank and high land, which ranges nearly
northerly and fouth-fouth-eailerly to the Loufa Chitto, occafioninfr
much wet ground, cyprefs fwarap, and ftagnant ponds. *^

From the cliffs, is feven miles and a half to the river Yazoo. The
mouth of this river is upwards of 100 yards in width, and was found to
S!.!;;'^-.32^37', aiidagaintobein32<^ 28' north. The water of the
Miflilippi, when the river is high, runs up the Yazoo feveral mile./
and empties itfelf again by a number of channels, which direft their
courfe acrofs the country, and fall in above the Walnut hills. The
Yazoo runs from the north -eaft, and glides through a healthy, fertile^
and pleafant country, greatly refcmbling that about the Natchez, par- •
ticularly in the luxuriancy and diverfity of its foil, variety of timber,
tentperature of climate, and delightful fituation. It is remarkably well
watered by fprings and brooks ; many of the latter afford convenient
leats for mills. Farther up this river the canes are lefs frequent and
Imaller in fize, and at the diftance of 20 miles there are fcarcely any.
Here the country is clear of underwood, and well watered, and the foil
very rich, which continues to the Chadaw and Chickafaw towns. The
former is fituated on the eaftern branch of the Yazoo, an hundred miles
from the mouth of that river, and confifts nearly of 140 warriors: the
towns of the latter are about 15 miles weft of the north-weft branch,
150 miles from the Miffifippi. They can raife upwards of 500 warriors.
The above branches unite 50 miles from the Miflifippi, following the
courfe of the river •, the navigation to their junaion, commonly called
the Fork, is prafticable, with very large boats, in the fpring feafon,
and with fmaller ones a confiderable way further, with the interrup-
tion of but one fall, where they are obliged to make a (hort portage,,
20 miles up the north-weft branch, and 70 miles from the Miflifippi.,
The country in which the Chaclaw and Chickafaw towns are fituated,
is faid to be as healthy as any part of this continent, the natives fcarcely
ever being fick. Such of them as frequent the Miflifippi, leave its-
banks as the fummer approaches, left they might partake of the fevers
that fomtetimes vifit the low, fwampy lands bordering upon that river.
Wheat, it is faid, yields better at the Yazoo than at the Natchez,
owing, probably, to its more northern fituation. One very confidtr-
able advantage will attend the fettlers on the river Yazoo, which thofe
at the Natchez will be deprived of, without going to a great expence,
namely, the building with ftone ;, there being great plenty near tLe
Yazoo, but none has yet beei ':overed nearer to the Natchez than
the Petit Goufre, or Little Wnirlpool, a diftance of 31 miles and a
half. Between this place and the Balize there is not a ftone to be
feen any where near the river. Though the quantity of good land oi>
the Miflifippi and its branches, from the Bay of Mexico to the river
Ohio, a diftance of nearly icoo miles, is vaftly great, and the coiive-
nlences attending it j fo, likewlfe, we may cfteem that in the neigh-
bournoou Oi the iNutcucz, and ox ihs nver \ azooj the jiovvci oi it al;.

594

C£OROlA.

" About a mile and a half up the Y«20o River on tt.e north fiae,
there is a lar-c creek, which communicates w.th the MiiTilippi above
the river St. Francis, about too leagues higher up, by the courfe of
he river. It paffes through feveral lakes by the way. At the diftance
of twelve miles from the mouth of the river Yazoo, on the fouth fide,
arc the Yazoo hills. Ihere is a cliflF of folid roc'-, at the landing place,
on which are a variety of broken pieces of fe. iiells, and fome entire
Four miles farther up is the place called the Laid Ground, near which
a church. Fort St. Peter, and a French fettlement, formerly rtood
They were deftroyed by the Yazoo Indians in 1729. That nation is

now entirely extlnd. • ui^ .,.„..ot.^c

" Pearl River rifes In the Cha^aw country, and is navigable up^^ard8
of 1 CO miles. It has feven feet water at its entrance, and deep water
afterwards. In 1769 there were fome fcttlements on this river, in
which were raifed, tobacco, indigo, cotton, rice, Indian corn and
various forts of vegetables. The land produces many kinds of tan be r
fit for pipe and hoglhead Itaves, malts, yards, and all kinds of plank

'"""^£gorkiver empties Into the Gulf of Mexico by feveral
mouths, w'hich, together, occupy a fpace of three or four miles, which
is one Continued bed of oyrter a,ells, -^^^^.^^ «'°=;\^^^ .^^^ .|.^/,
weltcrnmott branch has four feet water, and is the deepeft. After
rroffinnhe bar, there is from three to fix fathoms water tor a great
Sitance and the river Is faid to be navigable more than 150 miles
T e fo 1 oirthis river, like that on all the others that pafs throu^^^
Georgia into the Gulf of Mexico, grows better as you advance to its

^°"''But the principal river In this territory is the MoHlle including,
its branches ^ On the bar, at the entrance of the Bay of MobiUe, there

only about iV or 16 feet water •, two thirds of the way through the
bay to^vards the town of Mobille, there is from two to three fathoms ;
aiJ'the dee;efl water to be depended on in the upper P-^ ^^ Uie W
is only 10 or 12 feet, and in many places not fo much. Large veflels
rpnnot tro within feven miles of the town. ^ n. a c

" Tlfe Bay of Mobille terminates a little to the "o/t^-f ^^-^^.^^
the town, hfa number of marihes and lagoons : which fubjed the
T^pnnle to fevers and agues in the hot lealons. • • t

^^°f The .^veTof Mob'ille, as you defcend it, ^--^^-^r caT/Th
branches about 40 miles above the town : one of which, called the
"^lirintoieeaitpartofthebay.theotW
Kv the town where it has a bar of feven feet •, but there is a brancn a
n?t ' o the eatard of this, called Spanld. River f'^J^^
channel of nine or ten feet, when the water is high, but this join.
Mobille River about two leagues above the town

** Two or three leagues above the 1 anfa Branch, the Alibama Kiver
falJnrMoSile Rivlr, after running, ^^ornr^.cr^^^ a -re

r,„ce b'°n .;nn-iro„cd. Abo-.'c th- confluence u! Al.bamu and Mob.Le,

CEORCIA.

395

\l>

the latter is called the Tombetkbee River, from the toit of Toni-
beckbee fituated on the weft fide of it, about y6 leajjves abovf the
town of Mobille. The fource of this river is leckoned to be ahoi.t 40
leagues higher up, in the country of the Chickafaws. 1 he u.;i of
Tombeckbee was taken poflclVion of by the En^lilh, but abafidoned
again in 1767, by order of the commandant of PenAiCola. The river
is navigable tor lloops and fcliooners about 35 Icaj^ues abcve the town
of Mobille. The banks, where low, are part'y cverticwed in the
rainy fcafons, which aids greatly to the ioil, and adapts it particularly
to the cultivation of rice. The fides of the river are covett:d in many
places with larj^c canes, fo tliick that they are almoft impenctrulde ;
there is alfo plenty of remarkable large red and white cedar, cyprcfs,
elm, a(h, hickory, and various kinds of oak. Several people have
fettled on this river, who find the foil to anfwer beyond expectation.

" The lands near the mouth cf the Mobille River ate generally low:
as you proceed upwards, the land grows higher, and may with great
propriety be divided into three rtages. Firll, low rice lands, on or
near the banks of the river, of a moft excellent quality. Secondly,
what are called by the people of the country fecond low grounds, or
level, flat cane lands, about four or five feet higher than the low lice
lands ; and, thirdly, the high upland, or open country. The firft, or
low lands, extend about an half or three-quarters of a mile from the
river, and may almoft every where be ealily drained and turned into
moft excellent rice fields, and are capable of being laid under water at
almoft all fcafons of the year. They arc a dee^ black mud, or flime,
which have, in a fuccefllon of time, been accumulated, or formed by the
overflowing of the river.

" The fecond low grounds being, in general, formed by a regular
rlfuig of about four or five feet higher than the low lands, appears to
have been originally the edge of the river. This fecond clafsi, or kind
of land, is, in general, extremely rich, and covered with large timber,
and thick, ftrong canes, extending in width, upon an average, three-
quarters of a mile, and, in general, a perfeft level. It is excellent
for all kinds of grain, and well calculated for the culture of indigo,
hemp, tlax, or tobacco.

" At the extremity of thefe fecond grounds, you come to what is
called the high, or uplands, which is covered with pine, oak, and
hickory, and other kinds of large timber. The foil is of a good quality,
but much inferior to the fecond, or low land. It anfwers well for
railing Indian corn, potatoes, and every thing elfe that delights in a
dry Ioil. Further out in the country again, on the weft fide of this
river, you come to a pine barren, with cxtenfive reed fwamps, and
natural meadows, or favannas, which afford excellent ranges for innu-
merable herds of cattle.

*' On the eaft of the river Mobille, towards the river Alibama, is
one entire extended rich cane country, not inferior, perhaps, to any in

America. . _.

" Whenever portages are made between the Mobille and Tenneiiee
rivers, or their branches, which are probably but a few miles apart,
the Mobille will be the firft river for commerce, the MilTifippi excepted,
orld. a:, it affords the ilioUell and moix dircci coKi-

in this part of tb

munication to

he fea,

396 OEORQlA.

The river Efcarnbla Is the moft confiderablc that falls into the B
of Pcnracola. I'hcrc is a flioal near the entrance of this river, and
vcfiels that draw more than five or fix feet water cannot be carried into
it, even through the deepeft channel •, but there arc from two to four
fathoms aftcrvvaids. This river, which has a very winding courfe.has
been afcended upwards of 80 miles, where, from the depth of water,
it appeared to be navigable for pettiaugers many miles further. " The
lands, in general, on each fide of the river, are rich, low, or fvvamp,
admirably adapted for the culture of rice or corn, as may fuit the
planter beft ; and what gives thefe low lands a fupcriorlty over many
others, is the great number of rivulets that fall into this river from the
high circumjacent country, which may cafily be led over almoft all the
rice lands, at any feafon of the year whatever. Near the mouth of
this river are a great number of iflands, fome of very confiderable extent,
and fuppofed not to be inferior for rice to any in America.

" The Chatta Hatcha, or Pea River, which alfo heads in the Georgia
Weftern Territory, empties, from the north-eaft, into^ Rofe Bay,
■which is 30 miles long, and from four to fix broad. The bar, at
the entrance into the bay, has only feven or eight feet water at deepeft j
but, after crblTrng the bar, has 16 or 17 feet. The months of the
river, for almoft all the fouthertf rivers have fcveral mouths, are fo
fhoal that only a fmall boat or canbc can pafs them. This river was
afcended about 75 miles, and found that its banks very much refemblcd
thofe of Efcambia, above noticed.

" The northern parts of this territory are watered by the Tenneffee,
•r'hich has a circuitous courfc of many miles through the northern part
of Georgia, and the Hiwaffce and Chiccamauga rivers, which fall into
the Tenneffee from the fouth-eaft. Travellers fpeak of the lands on
thefe waters in terms of the Irigheft commendation. The Chiccamauga
mingles its waters with the Tenneffee near what is called I.' Whirl,
and on its banks ftand the Chiccamauga Indian towns. Its hend branches
are not far frort the waters of Mobille River.

The mouth of the Hiwaffec Is 66 miles above the Whirl. A branch
of th€ Hiwaffee, called Amola, almoft interlocks a branch of the
Mobille. The portage between them is ftiort, and the road, all the
diftance, fiim and level."

From this osvu: >.ed account of the rivers, foil, produftlons, advaii-
tages, &:c. .■ C ■-.orrr'.'d Weftern Territory it would appear that this
country err.b,:ro!U; many valuable treafures, which are capable of being
cultivated to great purpofes, and which, when confidered as being
joined with Georgia, muft be Regarded as a great acquifitlon to that
Hate in general.

General History, &c.— The fettlement of a colony between the
rivers Savannah and Atalamaha, was meditated in Ei^land in 1732,
for the accommodation of poor people in Great Britain and Ireland,
and for the further fftcuriry of Carolina. Private compaffion and pub-
lic fplrit confpired to promote the benevolent deffgn. Humane and
cpulent men fuggefted a plan of tranfporting a number of indigent fami-
lies to this part of Ametica, free of expence. For this purpcfe they
applied to the king, George 11. and obtained from him letters pateni,
bearing date June 9, 1732, for legally carrying into execution what they
geueroufly had projefted. They called the new province Georgia, in

GEORGIA.

397

honour of the king, who encouraged the plan. A corporation, con-
fiding of 21 pcrfons, was conftituted, by the name of the truftecs, fi;r
fettling and eftahlilhinj^ the colony of Georgia j which wys fcparatcd
from Carolina by the river Savannah. The truftees having firll fet an
example themfelves, by largely contributing to the fchcme, undertook
alio to folicit benefaiSion-s from others, and to apply the money towards
clothing, arming, purchafing utenlils for cultivation, and tranlportln^
fiich poor people as Ihould confent to go over and begin a fettlcment!
They did not confine their charitable views to the fubjeas of Britain
alone, but wifely opened a door for the indigent and opprcfled pro-
teftants of other nations. To prevent a mifapplication of the money it
was depofited in the Bank of England.

About the middle of July, 1732, the truftees for Georgia held their
firft meeting, and chofe Lord Percival prefident of the corporation, and
ordered a common feal to be made. In November following, n6
fettlers embarked for Georgia, to be conveyed thither free of expence,
furniflied with every thing requifite for building and for cultivating the
foil. James Oglethorpe, one of the truftees, and an aclive piomotcr
^ I / of the fettlement, embarked as the head a;nd director of thefe fettlers.

They arrived at Charlefton early in the next year, where they met h
friendly reception frbm the governor and council. Mr. Oglethorpe,
accompanied by William Bull, fiiorfly after his arrival, vifited Georgia,
and, after reconnoitering the country, marked the fpot on wliicU
Savannah now ftands, as the fittell to begin a fettlement. Here they
accordingly began, and built a fmall fort, and a number of fmall hut-;
for their defence and accommodation. Such of the fettlers as were able.
to bear arms, were embodied, and well appointed with officers, arms,
and ammunition. A treaty of fricndfhip was concluded between the
fettlers and their neighbours, and the Creek Indians j and every thing
wore the afpe6l of peace and future proljperity.

In the mean time, the truftees of Georgia had been employed in
framing a plan of fettlement, and eftablilhing fuch public regulations
as they judged moft proper for anfwering the great end of the corpora-
tion. In the general plan they confidered each inhabitant both as a
planter and a foldier, who muft be provided with arms and ammunition
lor defence, as well as with tools and utenfils for cultivation. As tlif^
ftrength of ihe province was the objeft in view, they agreed to eftab-
lifti fuch tenures for holding lands in it as they judg- d moft favourabl.*;
fof a military eftabliftiment. Each traft of land granted was coniidered
as a military fief, for which the poffcflbr was to appear in arms, and
take the field, when called upon for the public defence. To prevent:
large trafts from falling, in prbcefs of time, to One p^irfon, they agreed
to grant their lands in tail male in preference to tail general. On the
termination of the eftate in tail male, the lands were to revert to the
truftj and fuch lands thus reverting were to be granted again to fucli
perfons as the common council of the truft fliould judge n )ft advanta-
geous for the colony •, only the truftees in fuch a cafe w^ere to pay
fpecial regard to the daughters of fuch perfons as had made improvti-
ments on their lots, efpecially when not already provided for by mar
riage. The wives of fuch perfons as ihould furvive them, were to be,
during their lives, entitled to the maniion houfe, and one half of the
lands improved by their lutft^ands. No man was to be permitted to

^■yS GEOP.CIA.

depart the province without licence. If any of the lands- granted \if
the trultees ihould not be cultivated, cleared, and fenced round about
vv ith a ^voI•m fence, or pales, fix feet high, within i8 years from the
date of the grant, fuch part was to revert to the trull, and the grant
^cith refperf to It to be void. All forfeitures for non-rrfidences, high
treafons, felonies, 8cc, went to the truftees for the ufe and benefit of
the colony. The ufe of negroes was to be abfolutely prohibited, and
rtlfo the Importation of rum. None of the colonifts were to be permit-
ted to trade witli tne Indians, but fuch as Ihould obtain a fpecial licence

for that purpofe. -rL j u

Thefe wtre fome of the fundamental regulations eftabhlhed by the
truftees of Georgia, and perhaps the imagination could fcarcely have
framed a fvllera of rules worfe adapted to the circumftances and litua-
tlon of the i^or fettlers, and of more pernicious confequence to the
profperlty of the province. Yet, although the truftees greatly erred,
with r^fpe6\ to the plan of fettlement. It muft be acknowledged their
views were generous. As the people fent out by them were the poor
find unfortunate, who were to be provided with_ neceffaries at their
public ftore, they received their lands upon condition of cultivation,
and, by their perfonal refidence, of defence. Silk and \vine being the
chief articles intended to be raifed, they judged negroes were not re-
cmlfite for tliefe purpofes. As the colony was defigned to be a barrier
to South Carolina^ againft the SpanlQi fettlement at Auguftine, they
imagined that negroes would rather weaken than ftrengthen it, and
thatluch poor colonifts would run in debt, and ruin themfelves by
purcharmg them. Rum was judged pernicious to health, and ruinous
to the infant fettlement. A free trade with Indians was a thing that
mi'rht have a tendency to Involve the people in quarrels and troubles
witli the powerful favages, and expofe them to danger and deftruaion.
Such were, probably, the motives which induced, thofe humane and
^renerous perfons to irapofe fuch fooliOi and rediculous reftridlions on
tlielr colony. Fcir, by granting their fmall eftates in tail male, they
drove the fettlers from Georgia, who foon found that abundance of
lands could be obtained in other parts of America- upon a larger fcale,
and on much better terms. By the prohibition of negroes, they ren-
dfred It Impraaicable In fuch a climate to make any imprefilon on the
thick forefts, Europeans being utterly unqualified for- the heavy tafli.
Sy their difcouraging a trade with the Weft Indies, they deprived the
ccdoniils of an excellent and convenlont market for their lumber, of
which they had abundance on their lands. The truftees, like other
diftant legiflators, %vho framed their regulations upon principles of fpe-
culatlon, were liable to many errors and miftakes ; and, however good
their deiign, their rules were found improper and impraaicable. The
Carolinians plainW perceived that they would prove unfurmountable
oDtlacles to the progrefs and profperity of the colony, and therefore,
irora motives of plty^ began to envite the poor Georgians to com*
over Savar.nah River, and fettle In Carolina, being convinced that
thev could never fucceed under fuch Impolitic and oppreffive reftriaions.
Befides the large fums of money which the truftees had expended
for the fettlement of Georgia, the parliament had alfo granted 36,000
poimds towards carrying into execution the humane purpofe of the
curporutlon. But after the reprefcat-ation and memorial from the

OEOROIA. 399

legiflature of Carolina reached Britain, the nation confidcred Georgia
to be of the utmoft importance to the Britifli fettlements in Anieric;i,
and began to make ftill more vigorous efforts for its fpecdy popuhtion,
Xhe firil embarkations of poor people from England, bemg colleded
from towns and cities, were found equally idle and ufelefs members o*
fociety abroad, as they had been at home. An hardy and bold race o:
men, inured to rural labour and fatigue, they were perfuaded, would
be much better adapted both for cultivation and defence. To lind
men polTeffed of thefe qualifications, they turned their eyci ^o Germany
and the Highlands of Scotland, and rcfolved to fend over a mimher o:
Scotch and German labourers to their infant province. When they
publilhed their terms at Invernefs, an hundred and thirty Highlanders
immediately accepted them, and were tranfported to Geor;;ia. A
townlhip on the river Alatamaha, which was conlidered as the boun-
dary between the Britilh and Spanifh territories, was allotted for th o
Highlanders, in which dangerous fituation they fettled, and built a
town, which they called New Irivernefs. About the fame time, an
hundred and feventy Germans embarked with James Oglethorpe, and
were fixed in another quarter •, fo that, in the fpace of three years,
Georgia received above four hundred Britilh fubjeds, and about an
hundred and fevency foreigners. Afterwards, feveral adventurers, both
from Scotland and Germany, followed their countrjmen, and added
further ftrength to the province, and the truftees flattered themfelves
with the hope of foon feeing it in a promifing condition.

Their hopes, hovvever, were fruitlefs. Their injudicious regulations
and reftriaions — the wars in which they were involved with the Spa-
niards and Indians^and the frequent i.ifurreaions among themfelves,
threw the colony into a ifate of confufion and wretchednefs too great
for human nature to endure. Their oppreffed fituation was reprefented
to the truftees by repeated complaints ; till at length, finding that the
province languiQied under their care, and weary with the complaints
of the people, they, in the year 1752, furrendered their charter to the
king, and it was made a royal government. In confequeuce of which,
his majefty appoihted John Reynolds, an officer of the navy, governor
of the province, and a legiflature, firailar to that of the other royal
governments in America, was eftablilhed in it. Great had been the
cxpence which the mother country had already incurred, befides private .
benefatlions, for fupporting this colony j and fmall had been the
returns yet made by it. The veftiges of cultivation were fcarcely
perceptible in the forefts, and in England all commerce with it was
negleded and defpifed. At this time, the whole annual exports or
Georgia did not amount to io,ooo pounds fterling. Though the peo-
ple were now favoured with the fame liberties and privileges enjoyed
by their neighbours under the royal care, yet feveral years more elapfed
before the value of the lands in Georgia was known, and that fpirit ot
ihduftry broke out in it, which afterwards diffufed its happy intiuencs
over the country. , .

From the time Georgia became a royal government, in 1752, tul
the peace of Paris, in 1763, ftie ftruggled under many difficulties,
arifing from the want of credit from friends, and the frequent molelta-
tions of enemies. The good effcfts of the peace were lenhbly ielMi
the province of Georgia. From this time it began to flounffi, and fc

3 E 'i

i^n

GEORGIA,

to form a judgment of the rapid growth and prefent (late of the colony,
ne need only attend to the amount of its fiift exports, which would b^
about the year 1755, and which only amounted to 15,744 pounds
Iterling, and pf its laft exports, in 1799, which have been already
mentioned, being fully more than double the forpaer.

During the late war Georgia was overrun by the Britifh troops, and
the inhabitants were obliged to flie into the neighbouring ftates foir
fiifety. The fufferings and loffes of her citizens were as great, iu pro-
portion to their numbers and wealth, as in any of the ftates:

Since the conclufion of the war, population, agriculture, and com-
merce have increafed with great rapidity ; but thefe agam^have been
retarded by the wars and difputes with the Creek Indians, who have
made frequent, though perhaps not in *11 inftanpe§ Wnproyoked, attacks
upon the frontier inhabitants. .

The fale of part of the weftern territory of this ftate excited a warm
and violent oppofition in Georgia. The original purphafers of thefe
lands, the then holders, and allthofe who had been intermediately con-
cerned, who had become a numerous and refpeaable body, fcattered
through the United States, were, for the moment, thrown into an
unpleafant dilemma, and for a time thjs bulineis was the general topic
of converfation., and the caufe of general ferment, which, however,
has fmce lubfided, but upon what conditions it is believed are not yet
thoroughly afcertained.

In 1790 a treaty of peace was concluded, ratified, and conhrmed
between the United States of America and the head warriors of the
Creek nation of Indians. Since that time, emigrations have been
frequent, and the ftate has been enriching in wealth, population, and
in every degree of improvement. Wilkes County, which m 1782 was
little better than a wildernefs, contained in 1790 tlie vaft number ot

^'™sadvanc*ement of population would, it is believed, extend more
<renerally among all the fouthern ftates, were it not owing to that moft
formidable objeftion of encouraging that unmanly vice of llavery.
From many authorities, and even alturances, we haVi- been told, that
every means were to be adopted for its fpeedy fuppreffion. In fome
l^ates to be lure, this has been attended toj but m others, and
particularly in the fouthern ftates, we are forry to obferve, that an
abolition of (lavery feems only to be advancing in conformity with
;iaual conveniency and felf intereft. Until thefe ftates however, or
America in general, perceive the baneful effeds arifing from this finful
line of traftk, and take ferious meafures to eradicate the fame it «iay be
inftly quertioned how far they are entitled to be allowed the charaaer
if '^A Free and Independent People," a tit e which they hemfelves
fo earneftly claim, and on which they fo much pride themfelves.

In reviewing the general hiftory of America, however, we have to
contemplate a countVy, although little cultivated by the hand of ait.
ucou^?y that owes, in many refpeds, more to that of nature than any
other dviLn of the globe.' And, when we refleft on the generally
r pid progremon of improvements, we may naturally anticipate th«
criod^in flavery will be abollftud, and when America, mpointo,
Irational rcHncmeut; v.ill vie v^Uh any other of the three quarters of the,
world.

ri
o

]
c
c
i

NEW DISCOVERJES^

401

NEW DISCOVERIES.

The following e«trafls from the account of Captain Cook's dlfcove-
ries, contain much valuable information refpefting the north-weft coaft
of America, and its neighbouring iflands.

Having left the Society lllands, Captain Cook proceeded to the
northward, crofling the equator on the 22d and 23d of Dcccmi er,
1777 J and on the 24th difcoyered a low uninhabited ifland, about 15
or 20 leagues in circumference. Here the longitude and latitude were
cxa£lly determined, by means of an eclipfe of the fun. The weft iide of
it, where the eclipfe was obferved, lies in north lat. i'' 59' eaft long._
;202'^ 30'. From the time of its difcovery it obtained the name of
Chriftmas Iftand. Plenty of turtle were found upon it, and the cap-
tain caufed the feeds of the cocoa mxt, yams, and melons, to be planted.
Proceeding ftill to the northward, our navigator next fell in with
five iflands, to which he gave the general name of Sandwich Ifles, in
honour of his patron. Their names in the language of the country are,
Woahoo, AtQoi, Oneeheow, Dreehoua, and Tehoora. They are fitu-
ated in the latitude of 21^ 30' and 22° 15' north, and between 199^-
20' and 20 1 <^ 30' eaft long, The longitude was deduced from no fewer
than 72 fets of lunar obfervations. The largeft of thefe iflands is
Atooi, and does not in the leaft refemble the iflands of the South Sea,
formerly vifited by navigators, excepting only that it has hills near
the centre, which flope gradually towards the fea fide. The only
domeftic animals found upon it were hogs, dogs, and fowls : Capt'iin
Cook defigned to have made the inhabitants of this ifland a prefent ot
fome others j lout being driven out of it by ftrefs of weather, he was
obliged to land them upon a fmaller one, named Oneeheow. He
left a male goat with two females, and a boar and fow of the Engbfh
breed, which is much fuperior to that of the South Sea iflands. He
left alfo the feeds of melons, pumpkins, and onions. The foil of this
ifland fecmed, in genera^ to be poor : it was obferved that the ground
was covered with ftirubs and plants, fome of which had a more dehci-
ous fragrency than he had ever before experienced. The inhabitants
of thefe iflands are much commended, notwithftanding their horrid
cuftom of eating human flefti. In every thing manufadured by them
there is an ingenuity and neatnefs in an uncommon degree s and the
elegant form and polifli of fome of their fiftiing-hooks could not be
exceeded by a European artift, even aflifted by all his proper tools.
From what was feen of their agriculture alfo, it appeared that they
were by no means novices in that art j and that the quantity and good-
nefs of their vegetable produdions might, with propriety, be attributed
^s much to their fkilful culture, as to the fertihty of the foil. 1 he
language of the Sandwich Ifles is almoft identically the fame with that

of Otaheite. . jt J tV,*.

Proceeding farther to the northward, our navigator dilcovered the

coaft of Nev5 Albion, on the 7th of March, 1778. ^^.^^Pf""""^
was very difterent from that of the countries with which they had
hitherta been converfant. The land was full of mountains, the tops

40 ft

DEW QI5C0V£RI£S.

of which were coverecl with fnow j while the valleys between them,
and the grounds on the fea coaft, high as well as low, were covered
with trees, which formed a beautiful profped as of one vaft foreft.
The place where they landed was fituated iu north lat. 44''33',eaft long.
235* 20'. At firft the natives feemed to prefer iron to every other
article of commerce j but at laft they (hewed fuch a predileftion for
brafs, that fcarcely a bit of it was left in the (hips, except what be-
longed to the neceffary inltruments. It was obferved alfo, that thefe
people were much more tenacious of their property than any of the
lavage nations that had hitherto been njet with, infomuch that they
would part neither with wood, water, grafs, nor the moft trifling article,
without a compenfatign, and were fometimes very unreafonable in their
demands j with which, however, the captain always complied as far
as was in his power.

The place where our navigator anchored was called St. George'5
Sound, but he afterwards underilood that the natives gave it the name
of Nootka. Its entrance is (ituated in the eaft corner of Hope Bay,
in north lat. 49* 33', eaft long. 333'' 12'. The climate, as far as
they had an opportunity of oblerving it, was much milder than that
on the eaftern coaft of the American continent i.v the fame parallel of
latitude j and it was remarkable that the thermometer, even in the
night, never fell lower than 42'', while in the day time it frequently rofe
to 60*^. The trees met with here are chiefly the Canadian pine, white
eypref?, and fome other kinds of pine. There feemed to be a (carcity
of birds, which are much harraflfed by the natives, who ornament their
clothes with the feathers., and ufe the fledi for food. The people are
iTO ftrangers to the ufe of metals, having iron tools in general ufe among
them *, and twa Liver fpoons were procured, of a conftru£lion (imilar
to what may be obferved in fome Flemiih pitlures, from a native who
wore them round his neck as an ornament. It is moft probable that
thefe metals have been conveyed to them by way of Hudlbn's Bay and
•Canada-, nor is it improbable that fome of them may have been intro-
duced from the north-weftern parts of Mexicou

While Captain Cook failed along this coaft, he kept always at a
diftance from land when the wind blew ftrongly upon it j whence
feveial large gaps were left unexplored, particularly between the lati-
tudes of ^0^ and s^°. The exaft fituation of the fuppofed Straits of
Anian was not afcertaiued, though there is not the leaft doubt, that
had he lived to return by the fame way in 1779, he would have examined
every part with his ufual accuracy. On departing from Nootka vSound,
he fell in with an ifland in north lat. 59*^ 49', eaft long. 216° 58', to
which he gave the name of Kay's Ifland. Several others were difcovered
in the neighbourhood j and the (hip came to an anchor in an inlet
named by the captain Prince William's Sound. Here he had an op-
portunity of making feveral obfervations on the inhabitants, as well as
on the nature of the country. From every thing relative to the former,
it was concluded, that the inhabitants were of the fame race with the
-Efqiiimaux, or Grecnlanders. The animals were much the fame with
thofe met with at Nootka, and a beautiful (kin of one animal, which
feemed to be peculiar to that place, was offered for file. The alcedo,
■f>r great king's fjilier, was found here, having very fme and bright'colours.
"i'lie humming i)i;-d alfo came frequently, and Eew about the (lip whil^

New Drscon MEs,

4<»^

tft anclior J tliougli it is hardly to be fuppofed that it can live throughout
the winter, on account of the ctreme cold. The water fowl were in
confiderable plenty ; and there is a fpecies of diver which feeraed t»
be peculiar to the place. Almofl the only kindo of filh met with m
the place were torflj. and hallibut. The trees were chiefly the Canadian
and the fpruce pines, fome of which are of a confiderable height and
thicknefs. The found is judged by Captain Cook to occupy a degree
and a half of latitude, and two of longitude, exclufive of its arms and
branches, which are not explored. There was every reafon to believe
that the inhabitants had never been vifited by any European veffel be-
fore ; but our navigator found them in poffefhon not only of iron but
beads, which, it is probable, were conveyed to them acrofs the conti«
nent from Hudfon's Bay.

Soon after leaving Prince "William's Sound, our navigator fell in
with another inlet, which, it was expefted, would lead cither to the
Northern Sea, or to Hudfon's or Baffin's Bay j but upon examinatiott
it was found to end in a large river. This was traced for 210 miles
from the mouth, as high as north lat. 61^ 30', and promifes to vie with
the moft confiderable ones already known, as it lies open, by means of
its various branches, to a very confiderable inland communication. As
no name was given by our commander to this river, it was ordered by
Lord Sandwich to be named Cook's River. The inhabitants feemed
to be of the fame race with thofe of Hrince William's Sound ; and
like them had glafs beads and knives j they were alfo clothed in very
fine furs ^ fo that it feemed probable that a valuable fur trade might
be carried on from that country. Several attempts have accordingly-
been made from the Briti(h fettlements in the Eaft Indies to eftablilK
a traffic of that kind*, but little benefit accrued from it, except to
the proprietors of the firft veffel, her cargo having greatly lowi^red the
price of that commodity in the Chinefe market. It muft be obferved,
that on the weftern fide of the American continent, the only valuable
fkins met with are thofe of the otter : thofe of the other animals,
cfpecially foxes and martins, being of an inferior quality to fuch as are
met with in other parts

Proceeding farther to the northward, cur navigator now fell in with
a race of people who had evidently been vifited by the RufTjuns, and
feemed to have adopted from them fome improvements in drels, &.c.
In the profecution of this part of their voyage, it appeared that they
had been providentially conveyed in the dark through a paffage io
dangerous, that our conamandcr would not have ventured upon it ia
the day time. They had now got in among thofe iflands which had
lately been difcovered by Captain Baering and other Ruffian navigators,
and came to an anchor in a harbour of Oonalaihka, fituated in north
ht. 53'' 55', eaft long. 193" 30'. Here it was remarked, that the
inhabitants had as yet profited very little by their intercourfe with the
Ruffians •, fo that they did not even drefs the fiih they ufedfor their
food, but devoured them quite raw.

From Oonalaihka our navigator proceeded- again towards the conti-
nent, which he continued to trace as far as poffible to the northward.
In north lat. 54° 48', eaft long. 195° 55' is a volcano of the ihape of
a perfecl cone, having the crater at the very fummit. On the coaiV^
fai-thcr to the north, the foil appears very barren, producing neither

404
tree nor

NEW DrSCOVIRlES.'

are not deftitute of grafs and
,, confiderable height, fituated
36, our commander gave the

^^ llirub, though the lower grounds

fomc'other plants. To a rock, point o'
in north lat. 58° 42', eaft long. 197

"^ Here UrLZ^Z'^^ furgeon of the Refolution, died of a con-
furm't on unfer which he had laboured for more than twelve months
SoSS Xr having breathed his laft, land being feen at a diftance it
vras named Andfrfon's Idand •, and on the 9^^^ of Auguft the (hip
Tnchord under a point of the continent which he named Cape Prince
Tf Wales? This is remarkable for being the molt wefterly point of
the American continent hitherto known. It is fituated in north lat.
6cO 46' eaft long igi^ 45'- It is only 39 fil" ^'\'''\^T f
eafterncoaftof sfberia j fo that our commander had the pleafure of

? I ;nW the vicinity of the two continents to each other, which
f r n!.n LrerfTaiy done by the Ruffian navigators. Setting
had only ^e^ ^f neft d.y he iLred to the weft and north, when
1"' r ^ nwtrth^^^^^ the Tfchut(ki, which had been

eLlored by Beer ng in 17x8. Here he had an opportunity of cor-
£• M Strhlin'f map who had placed in thefe feas an imaginary
^ d '^of wh cthe beftowed the name of Alafchka. Being convinced
taf tC W he had now reached was part of the Afiatic continent

that tne lanu iic 1 ^n„rfe eaftwaid. in order to fall m with

^h^^tTCetat:^^^^^^^^ -'^^^ ^^^ '^^'t ^^ r-^^'T'

eaft ronrTQ7« 41'. Here they began to perceive that brightnefsiu

the hSi called, by the mariners, the blink of the ice 5 and in 70
li^heXd g^^^ fo that no farther progrefs could be

We Next^day they made a ihift to get as far as 70° 44:v ^^\ the
made. iNexc ^^y ^ ^, ^ ^^^t 10 or 1 2 feet in height.

. ow glad to ufe as iood. J ^bftruaions becoming every day

the Icy Sea till the ^9t^, ^^ j^^ ^^^, ^H farther

greater and |;;^,f f^^^J^le '^^^^^^^^ tha? year. He did not,

attempts of fi"<^yig.^ P^^^^^^^^^^ ^f the Afiatic and American coafts,

IThr as he went, and corrected the errors of M. Sttuhhn. C^ieat
h ;';nf °dt th'e'^.d otS.. and lUid forro«^«™e in order .o

L and peaceable people in the -.vorld, not to be m a fl^^.""™^
tbn • though perhaps this may be o«nig m fomc meafute to the
Tn aior.1.ey'have'long had with the Ruffians. ^^ 'J^^f ^

llioie 01

nd,

\ I

■

NEW DISCOVERIES. 4D5

td believe tliat all thofe nations are of the fame extraftion •, and, i£
that be the cafe, there is little reafon to doubt, that a communication,
by fea, exifts between the eaftern and wellern fides of the American
continent ; which, however, may very probably be ftiut up by ice in
the winter time, or even for the mdft part throughout the year.

On the 30th of Augull, 1789, Mr. Cordis, at Wafliington Ifland,
left the floop Walbington, which was commanded by Capt. Kendrick,
and went on board the fnow iileanora, commanded by Capt. Simeon
Metcalf.

Captain Cook, when he paffed this ifland, fuppofed it to be a part
of the continent, as the weather at the time was thick, and the wind
boifterbus, which obliged him to keep at fea till he made the weftern
cape of the continent, in about lat. 55°. Captain Gray., in the floop
Wafliington, firft; difcovered it to be an Ifland, and gave it the name ot
Waftiington. To a harbour, about the middle of the ifland, he gave
the name of Barrel's Inkt, in honour of Jofeph Barrell, Efc^. ot
Charleftown. Another harbour, whofe entrance is in lat. ^2"^ 12'
north, long. 136'* weft, they called Clinton's Harbour, in honour of
Governor Clinton, of New York.

On the continent, oppofite the ifland, Is a convenient harbour, with
a muddy bottom, which they called Cordis's Cove. The ifland has
many excellent harbours.

This ifland is about 100, miles in length, from fouth-caft to north-
weft, and about 30 in breadth. The fouthernmoft point is in about
lat. s^^ so' north, long. 135° weft. _ r , • 1

It is compdfed principally of irregular mountains, the tops of which,
even in fummer, are covered with fnow. It abounds with fpruce, pine,
and cedar trees.' Among other animals on this ifland, are the bear,
deer, dog, feal, and fea otter •, of the latter, are great numbers, whofe
fkins are of a moft beautiful black, intermixed with white hair, and
their fur is extremely fine and delicate.

The number of inhabitants on this ifland, Mr. Cordis conjeaures,
is between 10 and 11,000. He calculates thus — One of the hiefs in-
formed him that he pofl'efl'ed fix large canoes, or as thfeycall them, Lux
Chepotts, which would carry upwards of 50 men each ; and his tribe
was large enough to man them all. There were 17 other chiefs, he
faid, befide himfelf, on the ifland, each of whom had nearly the fame
number of men-, hence he concludes, that upon a moderate calculation
each tribe contains 600 fouls j and the whole ifland about io,8co.

The natives of this ifland are in. general well made, robuft, active,
and athletic •, of a larger fize than thofe on the oppofite continent, and
of a lighter complexion*. Their hair is very harfl; and long, and tied
back with a piece of red cedar bark. The women have a very hngular
mode of ornamenting, or rather of disfiguring themfelves, by ma.-.ing,

* In the fummer of 1 791, Mr. John Holkins, of Bofton, vifited this ifland. In
his M.S. is this important taft relative to the colour of thu natives. We one day
prevailed on a woman of this ifland to have her face walhed. ^vhen it appeared that
L hud a fair complexion, of pure red and white, and one of the moll dchghtful
countenances my eyes ever beheld. She was indeed a perfect be.uty from th,.
fpecimenV he adds ' wc may believe, that thefe people are naturally of a white
Tmp txbn This woma.i went into h.r canoe, and fliortly after returned agam,
■ 3her face as black a, before. She was laughed at by her companion, tor huv.ng

it wafbed." t->

4o6

NEW DISCOVERIES.

%vhcn very young, a fmall hole in the under lip, and putt mgm a fmall
niece or plug of wood, for the purpofe of keeping it dillended. By
frequently incrcafing the fize of this plug, as they advance in age, by
the time they are 25, the hole becomes large enouijh to contain a piece
of wood two inches long, and aboutaninchw.de, the upper part ot
nhlch is dug out in the form of a fpoon, which ferves both for orna-
nient and ufe, as it is ufed at their meals to co.-.tain the oil foyl^eir fifli.
Thlscuitom, however, is not general throughout the ifland*. Iheir
war implements, which tliey have frequent occafion to uie, fome or
other of the tribes being almoft perpetually at war are fpears, about
J c feet long/ with the ends pointed with (hells or rtone and bows and
anows, Thl iron which they obtain in tralik is immediately converted
into ornam,nts for the neck, and into knives Thei. -^/^ °f -^^^^S
it could not be difcovered. Their common diet is dried fifti and their
Vawns, mixed with a large quantity of fiHi oil They ^^rneiu^.s^hca
they have no fire near, eat fmali filh raw, jull as they are taken from

■ *'' Theircommon habitations are fmall huts, of a triangular form, con-
Ihuaed of poles, and the bark of cedar trees, with a fmall hole tor a
door. They frequently remove from place to place as the fi(h go up 01
dou'; the river. ' The nien ar. extremely jealous of their ^^ves, but
chaftity is not among the virtues of the young unmarried women. Both
men and women generally paint themfelves red or b ack, every mormng
Th ir drels conffrts of Ikins thrown over their flioulders, and tied round
their necks with a leathern thong , the other part o^J^^ ^odies^s
entirely naked, except the women, who fometiraes, but not always,
have a Ikin fartened round their waift. r u. TT,rv nnf

Their method of difpofing of their dead is very Hngular They put
the corpfe into a fquare box'; if the box happen to be too (mall for t^e
body, they cut off the head, or other parts of it which they put into
tl^'v'acant'places. This being done, the box is_ fecured, by having
1-everal mats wound round it, and then is hoifted into he top of the
higheft tree in the neighbourhood, Avhere it is /^^^^^f' ^"^^f \,'^^;
tht box decays and drops in pieces. T. hough frequently afked, they
would not tell their reafons for this cuftom. . . r*- tl,.

The manner of treating the dead, on the continent oppofite the
iHand, is fomewhat different. They put the dead body into a fquare
box when it has become a little putrified, and fecure 1 well w th
cords After tliis, the relations of the dec.afed feat themfelves on the
box and with an nftrument made of a fi^ell, cut their faces till they
aTe Covered with blood, fpeaking all the while in a loud and melan^
'-holy tone. This ceremony being over, they wafii themfelves, and
etur'n to tiie company wlthVeat gaiety ^1- corpie is then put un e
a great tree, and covered with mats and earth, and leh^to be devouicd

'■^It has been conieaured by navigators upon this coaft, that there is,
rotnewhere betwein the latitudes%f 50 and 60 degrees a paffage
t hTou" h the continent, from the Pacific Ocean, into Hudfon's Bay
Mr Cordis, by order of Captain Mctcalf, explored a large jlrait, to

* This cuftom of the women wearing the Mlp-picce,- by ^^=^7 "^ ™tovc''
contad bV Mr. Hcil:i»'s j...ur«ul, whufe account very well agrees with the .bovc

NEW DISCOVERIES, ^^j

tlie eaftward of Waflungton Ifland, running up nirthcaft Into the
country. On the 24th of September, 17S9, he left the ihip, and in
the yawl, with fix men, proceeded north-north-eaft about 25 mile*
up the ftrait, where he found it about three mile^ wide. 'l"he laud,
on each fide, was mountainous and woody, and bears and wolves were
heard during the night*- Continuing his courfe next day, noith-
north-eart till 10 o''clock, A. M. he found the llrait to lead north, and
to be much narrower. He kept on the eallern fiicre, till 2 o'clock,
P. M. when the rtrait1h|pned wider to the north-eaft. The next day
he prjc 'eded upwards of 40 miles, north-eait and north-north-ealt,
where he found the ftrait much wider than any part he had^pafi'ed,
except the entrance. The time to which he was limited bei.«g now
expired, and his provifions Qiort, he returned on board, ftrongly
imprefled, however, with the opinion, that this ftrait communicated
with Hudfon's Bay, or with Ibme of the waters of the Atlantic
Ocean.

In January, 1790, Captain Metcalf vifited the Sandwich Iflands.
The principal of thefe illands, O-why-hee, according to Mr. Cordis's
reckoning, lies in 19" 50' north lat. and 154*^ 50' weft, or in 205*^ 2D'
eaft long, from Greenwich. The natives of thefe iilands are, gene-
rally fpeaking, ftout, vigorous, and adlive, and, by being almoft con-
flantly in the water, feem to be nearly amphibious, 'iiicy are of a
light copper colour, with black hair. The women have a cuftom of
anointing themfelves with an ointment which gives them a yellowiftx
appearance.

They have two kinds of canoes, the fingle and the double. The
former are about 30 feet long, and two and a half broad ; and, to pre-
vent their overturning, have an out rigger, which projefts five feet
from the canoe. The latter, are two canoes, connefted by arched
timbers palfing from the gunwale of the one to the gunwale of the
other, and are about three feet apart ; fome of thefe double canoes arc
above 80 feet in length, and will contain as many men. The paddles
of thefe canoes are about five feet long, and the part which goes into
the water 15 inches broad j with thefe they will paddle at the rate of
fix miles an hour.

Thefe iflands produce fugar canes, potatoes, cocoa nuts, bread fruit,
plantains, water melons, yams, and a root they call tea, which is of
a fweetifti tafte, not difagreeable. It is about the thicknefs of a man's
arm, and nearly as long. They have alfo a root which they call ava.
With its juice they often get intoxicated, or rather ftupified. Thofe
who make a free ufe of it, when they become old, have a fcaly appear-
ance not unlike the leprofy. Thefe iflands abound with hogs, whicli"
are large and good. Dogs are confidered by the chiefs as a delicate
difli, and are fed with great care for their ufe. A few dungliill fowl,
were alfo found on thefe iflands, which, probably, were left here by
fome fliips, not many years fince.

The only valuable wood on thefe iflands Is what is called fandlc
wood, which is of a yellowifti colour, and has a moft agreeable fmell.
It is much efteemed by the Chinefe, who burn it in their temples or
places of religious worftiip. They ^ave another fpecies of wood, not
unlike the lignumvitte, with which they make their ipears, which are
from 10 to 12 feet in length, Theie ipsars, with the kuife, whicu li

-7'

4o8

* >)EW blSCOVEdlES.

li'

tntde of a fmall piece of woocU and on both fides ftuck full of (lurk »
teeth appear to be heir only inftruments of war.

The iSand of O-why-hee.is nearly 20 leagues m circumference, and
contains upwards of 30,000 inhabitant., under the arbitrary govern-

"TJtt'f^mmefof 1787, . voyage of trade -d d^fcoveries to the
north-weft coaft of America, was planned by Jofeph Barrell, L q.
Snd others •, and, for the purpofe of carrying it into cffed. they pro-
Jured a ft/ip of about 250 tons, which they called t^^ Columbia
Kcdiviv., and a (loop of about 100 torts, called the Wa(hington. The
ronunTnd of thefe veffels. when fitted for their voyage, was given to

JtoSne^ofthlJkind had ever before b-n und^take^^^^^^^^^^
rica ; and, confidering the infant and embarraflfed ftatc of their nation,
«Mhat period, it wa^s art enterprife of great -^g-^"^; ^f, X';
tance, and as fuch was patronized both by congrefs and the Itate

^'¥hrptoJ;aorsof this voyage, wilH.a view to J^n^-^-^^f.^^^/^^J
to lenve a lafting memento in thofe countries winch might be difcovered
or vl^d by Captain Kendrick or his men, hit on an expedient for
or viiiicu uy p wilhed, might be adoptedvby others,

the purpofe, which It were u,D ^ .^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^

bfft"uctanTfrt inXfe 'veff^lL On one fide were the (hip and

Lp Encircled with their names and thofe o^\«, -J^^f r^i,:S
the other, the names of the owners, -""rcled w th the words, * itted
RtBorton, North America, for the Pacific Ocean 1787.

Thefe veffels failed from Bofton the firll of Oaober, 1787, ^nd
Jved round Cape Horn, at Nootka Sound the .3d o Sep.mber
following wh.. they ^:^^^^ ^.^^tl^^^^:^^
'S:r^Z?rXtl^oZ^^^^^^^ -s fonowed focn after by Captain
Kend ck in the Wa(hington (loop. Here they parted Cap am
Kendrick Jith the (loop, returned to the north-weft coaft and Captam
^/ray ^^th he Columbia, came forward,- by the way of the Cape of
Good Hope to Bofton, where he arrivtd the 9th of Auguft, 1790,
batw comple ed the c rcumnavigation of the globe being the firft
'^::^:^ ..at ever Performedfi^cli a^voyag. ^^^^
fince made another voyage round the world , ana is proouu y j

"1 rit ru" S :PJ teaU on .Kofe^genae^en ,^o pWd^
encouraged, and executed thofe voyages. O^^^^^^X'X" hlelf to

tUftinguiflied.

T I N I S.

Mrlursb--Prhl.lh.y. Jo^^njlonc, for R. Paul, Hi^l-Jrcct.

And