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GILPIN ON THE GROUPING OF THE PICTOU COAL SEAMS. 281 
 
 Aet. VII. The Grouping of the Piotou Coal Seams. 
 Br Edwin Gilpin. 
 
 (Read March 10, 1873.) 
 
 Our knowledge of the Pictou Coal field was for many years 
 confined to the district worked by the General Mining Association, 
 the south crop of the Pictou great seams. The crops of the main 
 and deep scams had been carefully proved by the Agents of the 
 Company, and elaborate analyses made, but their explorations had 
 never been pushed to the west of McCuUoch's Brook, and it was 
 considered that the disturbances met there threw the seams out of 
 the miners' reach. In accordance with the generally accepted 
 theory, the seams underlay the town of New Glasgow at an inac- 
 cessible depth, and were covered by the measures of the Upper 
 Carboniferous. 
 
 When the monopoly ceased in 1858, it was believed that the 
 lines of the General Mining Association covered all the available 
 coal, and consequently for some time little interest was taken in 
 prospecting. The discoveries of Mr. French in 1865 opened a new 
 district called the Westville or Bear Creek. This gave a great im- 
 petus to explorers, and large sums of money were spent on both 
 sides of the river. The reports of Sir W. Logan and Mr. Hartley 
 contain all that is known of the field, but the general public cannot 
 be expected to derive much information from the exact and statisti- 
 cal form in which it is compiled. 
 
 On the west side of the East River the Acadia seam was proved 
 for a distance of over two miles, and now supports three large col- 
 lieries ; two underlying seams were also found. 
 
 To the south a coal seam has been opened on, but not clearly 
 connected with its right and left hand neighbours the Main and 
 Acadia scams. Opposite New Glasgow the coal measures are 
 found to dip south, and a large bed of coal has been proved. 
 
 The explorations on the east side of the river have opened a new 
 district underlaid by three groups of seams, the Upper and Lower. 
 In the latter are comprised the Albion and associated seams, while 
 the former contains the Marsh and McBean Groups. 
 
 hi il 
 
 im 
 
283 GILPIN — ON THE GROUPING OF THK PICTOU COAL SEAMS. 
 
 There can be no doubt as to the existence of the main seam be- 
 neath these, but its south outcrop has not yet been clearly defined, 
 and its northern rise is covered by the strata containing the upper 
 groups. The work of tracing the seams in this field is much in- 
 creased by numerous faults and the depth of the drift covering. 
 The courses of the central faults are more exactly defined by under- 
 ground workings and exposures in water runs. A careful study of 
 the ground between the Albion workings and the conglomerate 
 furnishes a key to the position of the seams on the west side of 
 the river, and a starting point for their detection in the eastern 
 district. The first signs of a change in the northern dip of the main 
 seam are found in the levels of the Foord pit, sunk 900 yards from 
 the south boundary. At the bottom of the pit the pitch of the coal 
 is 21°, but at the face of the north level 900 yards N. 44° W. 
 from the pit bottom, the strike approaches north and the dip lessens 
 to 11°. Still further to the west the dip workings of the Dalhousie 
 pits were found to pitch at an angle of 28° — coming to the surface 
 further signs of a change are observable. 50 chains north of the 
 Dalhousie pit shales and sandstones are found dipping 19° N. 10° 
 E. about 21 chains. North-west of this a seam of coal is found 
 exposed in a brook dip 42° S. 10° E. The measures here are dis- 
 turbed, and the axis of the synclinal is probably between the two 
 points, as no further dip to the north has been observed. A sand- 
 stone quarry near the Gairlock road bridge over McCuUoch's 
 brook gives the dip 25° N. 40° E. ; following the brook down, 
 about ^ mile to the north of this, sandstones are observed with the 
 dip 14^ S. 25° E. Going east the first crops of the reverse pitch 
 are found above the Nova Scotia Railway Bridge, lying at a heavy 
 angle to the south with the strike turning to the north-east. 
 
 These dips establish a line of synclinal running nearly wcct from 
 McCuUoch's brook and agreeing with the fault observed by the geo- 
 logical survey on the New Glasgow side of the East River, 500yds. 
 above the railway bridge. The crop of the seam on the south 
 edge of the Basin is regular and at an easy angle, while the mea- 
 sures exposed near the conglomerate and close to the supposed line 
 of fault, pitch heavily to the south. This would indicate a sudden 
 and violent upheaval of the northern half of the Basm acting at a 
 
 GILPIN- 
 
 period later tl 
 face, and the] 
 The turn of 
 Beam under tl 
 Beams of the 
 The high«] 
 Brook, conti 
 with 158 feet 
 feet. This 
 rests on the 
 faults bringiJ 
 480 yards to 
 This series c 
 fully examii 
 said to be of 
 more easily i 
 Bean's slope] 
 on this line I 
 come to the I 
 slopes. Th 
 these seams, 
 again to the 
 within 150( 
 and a short 
 seams dippi 
 East River 
 A short dit 
 from the F 
 nected witl 
 Our se 
 the Marsh 
 other is ui 
 equivaleni 
 crop of tb 
 of the Mc 
 dulation, 
 semblanc 
 
SEAMS. 
 
 in seam be- 
 rly defined, 
 the upper 
 much in- 
 't covering. 
 i by under- 
 fill study of 
 nglomerate 
 est side of 
 he eastern 
 >f the main 
 ^ards from 
 of the coal 
 L 44° W. 
 lip lessens 
 Dalhousie 
 le surface 
 •th of the 
 P JV. loo 
 is found 
 e are dis- 
 i the two 
 A sand- 
 Culloch's 
 k down, 
 with the 
 ^se pitch 
 a heavy 
 
 "=t from 
 he geo- 
 iOOyds. 
 i south 
 3 mea- 
 ed line 
 sudden 
 ? at a 
 
 GILPIN ON THE GROUPING OF THE PICTOU COAL SEAMS. 283 
 
 period later than that which brought the southern crops to the sur- 
 face, and the line of dislocation would be an upthrow going north. 
 The turn of the measures to the north-east would carry the main 
 seam under the town of New Glasgow, where it is overlaid by the 
 seams of the upper groups. 
 
 The highest group on the east side of the river is the Marsh 
 Brook, containing the Captain, Geo. McKay, and Millrace seams, 
 with 158 feet of contained measures ; their average thickness ia four 
 feet. This group forms an irregular basin the north crop of which 
 rests on the great north fault, and the south crop is broken by 
 faults bringing up lower measures. At the horizontal distance of 
 480 yards to the rise of their eastern crop is the McBcan group. 
 This series contains an eight foot seam and several others not yet 
 fully examined ; one 2ft. Gin. thick underlying about 80 feet is 
 said to be of excellent quality. The following description may be 
 more easily understood by the aid of a section drawn from Mc- 
 Bean's slope on the 8ft. seam to the East River pit. The distance 
 on this line between the crops of the Marsh group is If miles, they 
 come to the surface at an easy angle and have been opened by 
 slopes. The crop of the McBean has not been found to the rise of 
 these seams, and in a short distance to the west the strata dip 
 again to the north-west, and we are crossing higher measures till 
 within 1500 yards of the East River pit, where the pitch reverses, 
 and a short distance further on two openings have been made on 
 seams dipping south-east and called the Lawson and Foster. The 
 East River pit was sunk on an 8ft. seam also dipping east of south. 
 A short distance to the rise is the Richardson seam, and continuing 
 from the Pottery pit to the river bank we find the measures con- 
 nected with the main seam and underlying to the south-east. 
 
 Our section gives us two basins, the eastern of which contains 
 the Marsh group and the McBean dipping 33° N. 55° W. The 
 other is underlaid by the Foster and Lawson seams believed to be 
 equivalents of the Millrace and G. McKay, and gives the western 
 crop of the McBean. As no explorations have yet proved the crop 
 of the McBean on the anticlinal, its probable form is that of an un- 
 dulation, and its crops are over four miles apart. The marked re- 
 semblance between the Richardson 2fl. 9in. and the 2fl. 6in. seam 
 
 
 !ni 
 
 
 •■'■i 
 
 •I 
 
 M 
 
 ,• 
 
 
 4 '■ 'j 
 ,.• ■■ 1 
 
284 GILPIN — ON THE GROUPING OF THE PICTOU COAL SEAMS. 
 
 found 80ft. beneath the McBean, adds to the probability that the 
 8 ft. seam of New Glasgow is identical with the McBean. 
 
 Turning again to the main seam we find it overlaid by 1130 
 feet of barren shales, succeeded by a small seam of coal, still as- 
 cending beds of sandstone alternate with the shale, and among them 
 two or three small seams of coal, one of which before alluded to 
 agrees in thickness with the Stewart seam believed to underlie the 
 Richardson ; should this be the case we can form an approximate 
 idea of the thickness of the productive measures. 
 
 Lying unconformably against the southern crops of the Marsh 
 and McBean seams are two groups known as the McLennan and 
 McLean. The latter contains fou^- beds of coal with an agg 'cgate 
 thickness of 25 feet. Little has been done to prove tits potition 
 and thickness of the seams belonging to the former group, the two 
 lower seams are each 4 feet thick and lie about 1650 feet above the 
 McLean group, thus closely agreeing with the estimated section 
 between the main seam and the supposed equivalent of the Stewart 
 seam. Should these prove the equivalents of the Albion seams, we 
 should find the crops of the Main seam beneath those of the McBean, 
 and the continuity of the group established across the Basin. 
 
 There are 1130 feet of barren shale above the Main seam, and 
 at least 400 between this point and the seam before mentioned. 
 Crossing to the Stewart seam we find that its strike would carry it 
 500 yards to the rise of the East River seam, which, together with 
 its pitch, would make the thickness of the intermediate strata 750 
 feet. We have thus the following table : 
 
 Main seam to Stewart seam 1530 feet. 
 
 E. River seam 750 " 
 
 Marsh Group 800 " 
 
 Contained in Marsh Group 170 " 
 
 Above Marsh Group 1740 ** 
 
 4990 feet. 
 
 Which would give the productive measures a thickness of at least 
 5000 feet. 
 
 The identity of the Widow McLean seams with those of the 
 
 "Western distij 
 in thickness 
 estimated thici 
 the existence] 
 Coal Fields. 
 
 Art. Vin. ' 
 
 LlTTLB| 
 
 M. E. 
 
 The accoT 
 at the Caledi 
 from that of 
 are closely aj 
 being 100,) 
 be accountec 
 rain and sno 
 inches for tl 
 173-35 inch 
 not be corr€ 
 in the temp 
 rately. 
 > The nui 
 
 151 ; from 
 I 49 ; shewir 
 than in pr< 
 , the Anem( 
 ^ hour; Mi 
 months ; v 
 on the 19 
 have been 
 from the 
 Onth 
 and on tl 
 
 gale on 
 
SEAMS. 
 
 ity that the 
 
 ti. 
 
 f^ by 1130 
 il> still as- 
 mong them 
 alluded to 
 mderlie the 
 pproxiinate 
 
 the Marsh 
 snnan and 
 agg -egate 
 3 poiition 
 }, the two 
 above the 
 2d section 
 le Stewart 
 3eams, we 
 
 McBean, 
 in. 
 
 earn, and 
 entioned. 
 [ carry it 
 her with 
 rata 750 
 
 Jt. 
 ( 
 
 ( 
 
 ( 
 
 tt least 
 of the 
 
 1 
 
 POOLE ON METEOROLOGY. 
 
 285 
 
 "Western district cannot be considered as settled, but the agreement 
 in thickness of the overlying scams, and the slight difference in the 
 estimated thickness of intervening strata, are strong evidences that 
 the existence of the lower seams will be proved over all the Pictou 
 Coal Fields. 
 
 Art. VIII. On the Meteorology of Caledonia Mines, 
 Little Glace Bay, Cape Breton. By H. Poole, Esq., 
 
 M. E. 
 
 (Bead March 10, 1S73.) 
 
 The accompanying record of meteorological phenomena observed 
 at the Caledonia Mines during the year 1872, does not vary much 
 from that of 1871. The barometrical and thermometrical readings 
 are closely approximate, but the relative humidity, 82*46, (saturation 
 being 100,) was greater than in the previous five years, which is to 
 be accounted for by the largely increased amount of precipitation in 
 rain and snow ; amounting to 74*955 ins. , against a mean of 58*898 
 inches for the previous five years. The measured snow-fall was 
 173*35 inches, but the exact quantities of water contained in it could 
 not be correctly measured apart from the rains ; as sudden changes 
 in the temperature often prevented them from being recorded sepa- 
 rately. 
 
 The number of days on which the wind blew from S. to W. was 
 151 ; from W. to N. 66 ; from N. to E. 100 ; and from E. to S. 
 49 ; shewing a larger increase of winds from S. to W., and N. to E. 
 than in previous yearc. Forty-seven gales were observed, in which 
 the Anemometer recorded velocities exceeding thirty-five miles ar 
 hour; March, November, and December being the most stormy 
 months ; while in September there was only one high wind to record 
 on the 19th. continuing from 7 a. m. to 1 p. m., but which must 
 have been much more severe seaward, as vessels passing on the 21st 
 from the southward carried double reefed topsails. 
 
 On the 3rd. of January, ice made in the outer bay of Glace Bay ; 
 and on the 7th drift ice was passing to the south. There was a 
 gale on the 7th which sprung up in the afternoon from W. by S. 
 
 i