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Tous les autres exerrplaires originaux sont fiimis en commenpant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la derniire page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparattra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — »>signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmto d des taux de reduction diff6rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est filmd d partir de I'angle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 i CANADA IN THE BODLEIAN. f/ It '10 in) -^%^ !♦ Public Archives Archives publiques Canada Canada CANADA IN THE BODLEIAN. BY HENRY SC ADDING, D.D., HOXORAF.Y LIBRARIAN OF TH»: CANADIAN INS;T!Tim. ^ Having a prolonged access to the famous Bodleian Library at Oxford, a sbort time siuce, I decided, while in the cnjojmeut of the much- valued privilege, to obtain a view of as many volumes as possible of early travels likely to contain references to Canada, and, in particular, to the neighborhood of the present site of Toronto. I found several works that I had never seen before, containing matter of the kind desired ; and I made a number of excerpts from them. I did the same afterwards in the magnificent library of the British Museum. Whilst pursuing my researches in the Bodleian, I lighted on a folio volume of Academic exercises of the year 17(il, principally in the Latin and Greek languages, productions of members of the University of Oxford, on the occasion of the death of George the Second, and the accession of George the Third. The title of the book in full was *'Pietas Universitatis Oxoniensis in Obitum Serenissmi Regis Georgii II, et Gratulatio in Augustissmi Georgii III, inaugurationem. Oxonii, h Typographeo Clarcndoneano. MDCCLXI." By a superscription of this nature, the cry of the old heralds on the demise of the Crown was of course instantly suggested — " Le roi est mort i Vive le roi ! " — and one expected to find in such a record the griefs, real and simulated, for the royal luminary just departed, plenti- fully mixed with prudential salutations to the youcg sun in the act of rising above the horizon. It was apparent at a glance that such an expectation was well-founded ; and naturally the interest in a collection of pieces uf the character indicated would have been limited, had not another circumstance happened to excite curiosity. Oa turning over the leaves, the eye was caught by words that looked strange in the midst of Latin and Greek, texts, however familiar in a plain English guise. I saw "Canada" recurring again and again, and "America," and other names to be read on maps of this western hemisphere, but inconceivable as appertaining in any way to the dead tongues of Greece and Rome. The explanation was this : the conquest of Canada had taken place just before the decease of George the Second. The academic versifiers of 1761, therefore, made a point of celebrating that CANADA IN THE BODLEIAN. event and lurulug it to great account in their panejryrics of the reign ju^t clo.-cd; introducing allusions to the sanoe also ; . their loyal aspira- tions for the glory and fame of the new King. While the volume was at hand, I rapidly made selections of passages containing the names that had arrested my attention, as a visitant from Canada, with one or two other passages pos.sessing some i)terest of a cognate character. These memoranda, though absolutely of little value, I am desiroup nevertheless of depositing, where, at all events, they may be consulted, should the exigencies of a (•anadian student hereafter require authoviry for a Latinised or Greciscd form of an American local proper name. I do not suppose that the old "learned" tongues are going wholly to die out amongst us. Such a re«iult will be prevented by the select few who, it is not to be doubted, will, in a certain average, here as elsewhere, always emerge from the general community, possessed of a special aptitude for the mastery of languages. For the sake of those, comparatively few though they may be, who shall evince especial talent for linguistics, ancient and modern, our Canadian schools and college? and universities will never cease to maintain a supply of instruc- tors and guides. Nor, on the score of essential knowledge, in respect to the composition of modern Koglish speech, and ii respect to the nomenclature adopted in every department of science, would it be safe wholly to omit means and appliances for acquiring«familiarity with what used preeminently to be called the learned languages. We conceive too that the literature appertaining to those tongues ought not to be left out of any pUiu of general education, lor the further reasons, as well sot forih lately by the accomplished Inspector of Schools for the Province of Ontario, in his annual Eoport (p. 12), that "it gives coliMgcd views, helps to lift the mind above a hard materialism, and to excite interest and sympathy in the experiences of human life," Our extracts may also serve to add a touch or two to the general picture of the times of George the Second. An interest in regard to the era of that King has of late been revived in the public mind — a period of English history that had become misty in the retrospect of the generality. One of Thackeray's lectures on the " Four Georges " brought back George the Second and his surroundings to the popular imagination for a passing moment. The republication a few years back by Hotten, of Wright's "Caricature History of the Georges," contributed to the same result — a work containing " Annals of the House of Hanover, compiled from the squibs, broadsides, window- ^», I II • r ■I- r CANADA IN THE BODLEIAN. 5 pictures, lampoons aoJ pictoii;il caricalurrg of tlie lime," ajid accom- panied by nearly four hundred illusilrations on steel and wood. Siuce then a series of papers entitled *' Historical Sketchc? of Ihe Eeign of Georj;o the Second," in succcsive numbers of Bluckvood, h;i3 vcitwa- kened the curiosity of "the readiui; public on the same subject. Of the sketches in Blattkwood. Mr?«. Oliphaot is the writer. They are now published in collected form, and have been reprinted in the United States. In jMrs. Oliphant's volume, s'gniucantly enough, no chiipter is devoted to the King himself, but one is given to the Queen, as being, in point of sense, the beUer man; George's good geoiqs, while she lived, saving him and probably the nation from serious calamity. Sir Robert Walpole is sketched as "The Minister" of ihe era. Sir Robert has also lately boea evoked from the shades for the coolempl.ition of the modern public by Lord Lytron, in his rhymed comedy of " Walpole, or Every Man has his Price." Nest we have Chesterfield, poiliayrd as "The Man of the World" of the period; wilh pictures of Pope as " The Poet;" of John Wesley as " The Eeformer;" of Commodore Anson as "The Sailor;" of Richardson a^ "The Novelist;" of Hume as " The Sceptic;" of Hoguvlh as "The Painter." Chapters are devoted likewise to the Young Chevalier and Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. In depicting this remarkable group, no special occasion presented itself for delineating the denizens of the colleges and halls of the universities, engaged at their literary work. The notes here offered will give a momentary gUmpseof them thus employed. It is in another relation that they are referred to in the sketch of Wesley. " 3'he Refor- mer." Wolfe's career, in which we in Canada naturally feel a peculiar interest, was brilliant but very brief; olhervvise we might have expected a chapter to have been assigned to hira as " The Soldier" of the di^ fvpfteirao Kai/a8ov aiTrv piiOpov' OvvtKOL fiLv 6* ercpws ydirpf Ka\iov>fy; some of them, the once sylvan laud of Penu — ihure is the well-built city of Philadelphia. Othrrs of them again inhabit the ^/(roi/ a7reip€(rLrjv viov tvpovT iKyovot dvSpwi/ Eupo)7nyciu)v, iriBov l)(6T^€(r(nv Ipavvov' 'lipuCTtti yap T d/x^t /x.a\* i^BvQt(T(Ta. OaXaaixa. 1303—1308. That is : " Now speeding in thy bark afar, across the wide stream of the Atlantic ocean, come to the American laud. There at the vast outlet > i » CAKADA IK THE DODLBIAN. of Ibo f;»it-flowiug stream Canada, the oflfsprio;:; of European men hiive newly found an Uland of untold extent, a soil beloved of Ushers, for round it rours a sea especially abounding in 6>h." In the edition from which I have made the above extracts, the wholo of the Pci'irgi'iih^ the continuation included, is accompanied by notes in liUtin, and also by a linc-for-line Latin version, after the manner of Clarke's Homer, in former days As in the case of the work just named, the Latin verbatim rendering, ef";ie'^'ially of compouod terms, and stock opithets, is amusing. But with tnis the reader need not be troubled. Simply as a specimen which will recall the grotesque kind of help that a few years back was considered nepcspiiry for students in their acquisition of Greek, I transcribe four lines, in which the familiar word Canada quaintly occurs : Dcincep'' F>'ancui nova pxleiuliliir. Utruiquo ad pulchiifl\ii Canadio altura fliionlutu .- QiLipropter ipsura etiam teri-ara aliter vocaut C uiadam, Ubi super fliiviimi Quebeciic est oppidum. 1011-101'J. The humorous parody of this iiind of cluciualion of a deek text, in one ot Lmiiop Hebev's youthful pieces, ntill piestr vj in bis collected , jiks, will probably be remembered^ in wbic^ he ppcaks of — K\cmjv KvKvqv r} B/Xorova ^ Bp€fxl)(o.nov, XaXho-oXtt', 3 of their designs is lessening ? Lo ! there survives a George, heir under equally happy auspices to his grandsire's sceptre, to his grandsire's valour. He will maintain the full measure of the ancient quarrels with supplies of energy and persistent hate ; and whatever for a successful war remains to bo done, he will forthwith, with armaments like the former, fully accomplish. It shames me now that I broke the treaty j it repenteth me now that I wantonly meddled with the boundaries of Acadia, and the tracts left un defined ! Ye see what triumphs the fortune of the long-lived King hath lately wrested from the western world ! Louisbourg is razed to the ground j its vast threatening walls, its shattered fortifications, smoke ! In vain did the trusty fortress of Quebec, raised aloft on shadowy rocks, strengthen and environ itself with stockade upon stockade — paid for by the foe though that success was, by the life of a commander so great ! And now new tribes, and a hundred fertile domains, voluntarily swell the honours appertaining to the King of the British people. From the point where, on precipitous rocks, a region of pines surrounds the lonely Oswego, and with a sound like that of the sea, heard over a wide space, Ontario, greatest of lakes, roars and ragef^, even unto the cultured bunks afar, where the swift Mississippi, with front upreared, plunges into the tidal sea, — he, this new George, this new avenger, will begin afresh his grandsire's wars, will guard an Indus of his own, and will lord it far and wide within the Hesperian hemisphere.'' " Angligen^m," in the second line, is, of course, a contraction for " Angligenorum," from Angligeni, a mediaeval word for " men English- CANADA IN THE BODLEIAK. 15 born." Another term of the same era, for ' EDglishmen/' is "Angli- geaenscs/' a word familiar by reason of the well known monkish distich, Chronica si penses. cam pujjnant Oxonienses, Post paui:03 meuses, volat ira per Angligenenses. J[ a couplet quoted not long since in the British House of Commons, in relation to the agitations occasioned throughout ihe empire by Oxford controversies. It referred originally to faction fights between Northern men and Southern men, between Welshmen and Saxons, which filled the streets and neighbouring fields with tumult and bloodshed. The treaty of which Louis is made to regret the violation, in line 8, is that of Utrecht. By the 12ih article of the treaty of Utrecht, " all Nova Scotia, or Acadia, with its ancient limits, and with all its dependencies," was ceded to the Crown of Great Britain. The French authorities f afterwards contended that Nova Scotia comprehended only the Penin- sula, and did not extend beyond the Isthmus : whereas the charter of James I. to Sir William Alexander, and Sir William's own map, as old as the charter, demonstrated that the ancient limits of the country so named included a vast tract of land, besides the peninsula, reaching along the coast till it joined New England; and ertending up the country till it was bounded by the south side of the St. Lawrence. By the 15th article of the treaty of Utrecht, " the subjects of France, inhabitants of Canada and elsewhere, were not to disturb or molest, in any manner whatsoever, the Five Nation Indians, which, the article says, are subject to Great Britain, nor its other American allies.'' Not- withstanding, a writer in the GenthmavH s Magazine, for December, 1759, sets forth, '< while the French usurpations went on so insolently in Nova Scotia, the plan was carrying on with equal perfidy on the banks of the Ohio; a country, the inhabitants of which, says that writer, had been in alliance with the Itinglish above a hundred years ago, to which also we bad a claim, as being a conquest of the Five V Nations, and from which, therefore, the French were excluded by the W! 15th article of the treaty of Utrecht." We observe from line 20 that t Lake Ontario had by some means acquired a reputation for tempestu- ousness. In the thirteenth of the Duddon Sonnet^i, Wordsworth also, at a later period, sang of " the gusts ihat lash Tlie matted furesls of Ontario's shore, By wastelul gleel uo■ did vanqnislied Ohio behold the ambuscades of savages made of none effect; and, source of woe unending I St. Lawrence pour down his tide, subject unto Thee ! '* It will be observed that the penultimate sjllable of Niagara has, in the above Latin lines, the quantity which it possessed when the name first fell on the ear of Europeans. The line in Goldsmith's Traveller will be remembered : Have we not seen, at Pleasure's lordly call, The smiling, long-frequented village fall ? Beheld the duteous son, the sire decayed, The modest matron, and the blushing maid, Foi c'd from their homes, a melancholy train. To traverse climes beyond the western main, "Where wild Oswego spreads her swamps around. And Niagara stuns with thund'ring sound ? Like other native names, Niagara has been subjected to a process of abbreviation and shaping. It properly begins with a nasal On. The following forms of the word are to be read in early books on Canada : lagera, lagare, Jagera, Jagare, Jagera, Niagaro, Niagra, Niagro, Oakinagaro, Ochiagara, Ochjagara, Octjagara, Ohoiagero, Oneageragh, Oneagoragh, Oneigra, Oneygra, Ongay€»?e, Oniagara, Ooiagorah, Oniagra, Oniagro, Onjagara, Onjagera, Onjagoi'i, Onjagore, Onjagoro, Onjagra, Onnyagaro, Onyagara, Onyagare, Onyagaro, Onyagoro, Onyagars, Onyagra, Onyagro, Onyegra, Yagero, Yangree. Id the Jesuit Relation for 1641, we have Onguiaahra. Our English system of accentuation misleads us in respect to the quantity of syllables in native words. The aborigines lay an almost equal stresa on every syllable: thus it happens that, although their language, when reduced to writing, seems to consist of words of an unconscionable length, it sounds, when spoken, monosyllabic. Ohio, too, it may be observed, has here its middle syllable short. We find it short in other early productions. Like the shortening of the penult of Niagara, the lengthening of that of Ohio is an English modernism. Ohio occurs in the old books as Oio and Oyo. For the sake of a clever transfer into Latin of the idea of our national flag, we made an extract from P. Metfauen's production. Otherwise, in the lines presented there is nothing especially interesting. Indus therein seems to indicate the river ; although again Indian or Hindoo may be intended. The writer was a gentleman commoner of Corpus Christi College. He is speaking of the late royal death : 1 wiijaaMM CANADA. IV THE BODLEIAN. 19 i Ah 1 quotics memori revoc«ntes pectore, Regem Sublatum qtuerent ^citooes, luctuqae recenti Tarn cari capitis quoties jactura recurret, Dum redit ia mentem veri pia cura Parentis, Saacti juris amor, mitiasima gratia sceptri, Et blandi mores, atque artes mille benigai Imperii ? — At non sola dedit pax aarea laudem ; Neo minus emicuit memorabile nomen in armis, Per mare, per terras, quacunque sub auspice tanto Anglia victrices turmas metuenda per orbem Miserit, extremasque Indi tremefecerit oras, Sanguineumve Crucis signum (dirum hostibus omen !) Dant ventia agitare per eequora lata carinse. '' Ah ! recalliog him, how oft, with faithful hearts, will Britons sigh for the King of whom they have been bereft: how oft with fresh grief will the loss of so dear a one come back, whilst to their minds recur his true paternal solicitude, his love of the sacred right ; the gentle graci- ousness of his sway, his condescending manner, his countless modes of exercising a benignant rule ! Yet not alone did golden peace win him renown : not less did his name shine forth conspicuous for deeds of arms, by sea and land; wherever, under guardianship so august, England, feared throughout the world, hath sent forth her victorious bands, and made tremble the remote shores of the Indus; wherever her ships unfold to the winds on the broad sea, the blood-red cross, to foemen, presage of woe ! " A fellow-commoner of Trinity, John Cussans, contributed some Alcaics ; and therein he imagines the shade of George 11. in Hades meeting the shades of his son Frederick and of his own Queen Caro- line. The substance of their talk, which is about affairs in the upper regions, is briefly given. Whilst they converse, the ghost of Wolfe joins them for a moment. It will be remembered that George III. was not the son, but the grandson of George II. : Prolis frequentes ut juvat invicem Audire plausus ! Ut, patria: memor, Uterque victrices BritannOm Assidu& bibit aure laudes ! Nee loogum ; et altis gressibus Wolfiu#, Vi8& corond, se socium inserit ; Belli tumultus usitatos Victor adhuc meditatur Heroa: Fraotoqne postqnam milite Galliaia Suetia fugatam . cedere finibns CANADA IN THK BODLEIAN. 11' t< Exaudil., incepiisque rulnien Appositum Bubito triumpliis, Lfelan citato se rapit impeta, Nee plara quterit : turn sua, conscid Vlrtute nixus, gesta crebr6 Dinumerat, patriasqne laurus. '< How it delighteth them mutually to hear the frequent commenda- tions of their descendant ! Still mindful of fatherland, how each of them drinks in with eager ear the praises of the victorious British race I Nor is the interval long before, observing the concourse, Wolfe, with solemn stride, joins them : tho victor-hero even yet thinks over the turmoils of war to which he was used ; and when he hears that Gaul, its military power broken, hath been made to flee from its wonted limits and to succumb ; and that to the triumph begun by himself a crown was swiftly put, he, filled with joy, hurries away, and asks no more. Then, sure of his own conscious merit, he rapidly reckons up his own exploits and his country's glories/' It will not be altogether out of place to mention here that Cruden dedicated the first edition of his well-known Concordance to the Queen Caroline, of George II., and to give a specimen of the style he employs addressing her on the occasion : " The beauty of your person," he says, " and the fine accomplishments of your mind, were so celebrated in your father's court, that there was no prince in the Empire, who had room for such an alliance, that was not ambitious of gaining a princess of such noble virtues into his family, either as a daughter or as a consort. And though the heir to all the dominions of the house of Austria was desirous of your alliance, yet you generously declined the prospect of a crown that was inconsistent with the enjoyment of your religion." The talent and skill of several members of the magnificent college of Christ Church, graduate and undergraduate, noble, gentle and simple, were put in requisition. For one, we have Viscount Beauchamp, eldest son of the Earl of Hertford, expressing iiimself in dignified heroics. (His full name and style stand as a signature at the end of his composition in this wise: "Francisous Seymour Conway, Vice- Comes de Beauchamp, Honoratissimi Comitis de Hertford, Fil. natu maximus, ex ^Ede Christi.'') The piece is addressed Ad Begems in the usual strain. We quote the passage which contains the word America: Aspice jam quantia se attoUat gloria rebus Angligen Et barbaroram corpoi'a, et yoltns traces^ Et SKVa dieat anna, et nsas horridos: Dnm mira pronepos stupebit aadiens, Et vera forsan credet esse fabulas. ? OAKADA IN TUB DODLXIAK. *' Joyful amid his oups on festive days his gray head crowned with laurels, the soldier will boast hereafter of his exploits under this King, and noble triumphs won ; and, remembering ' je former George, who himself also waged wars far from fatherland, will tell of glorious deeds done by himself and his chief; will tell of the gulfs and huge lakes of America, of mountain summits clothed with forests, of sternly*ru8hing rivers, of finely seated cities, of the forms and murderous looks of savages, of their dire implements of war, their horrific customs : whilst his great-grandson, listening to these marvels, will stand amazed, and, it may be, deem fabulous that which is true." We have in the Gentleman's Magazine for March 1759, a glimpse, somewhat too realistic, of a group, of whom it is to be hoped some survived to fulfil the poet's prediction : "On Taes^'ftv, the 13th instant," we are told, "abont eighty Highlanders, wonnded at le battle of Ticonderago, in America, set out from Portsmouth in waggons, in order to be sent, some to hospitals for cure, others to Chelsea Ho8> pital, and the rest to return to their own country. Some of them, it is added, were so lacerated by the slugs and broken nails uhich the enemy fired, that they were deemed incurable." The Regius Professor of Medicine, Dr. John Kelly, also a member of Christ Church, gives proof that the cares of his profession had not caused him to forget how to construct hexameters. We extract the passage wl.ere he names America. He is eulogising the late King : Yirtutis prtecepta secutus Impiger ille aderat qua divsB causa vocabat Libertatis ; earn firmd defendere dextrd Unica erat cnra : Americse quin barbara Pubes Jura Britannornm stevis agnovit in oris, Duraque consuerant mitescere corda, Georgt Preesidio Ac. "Obeying the dictates of valour, wherever the cause of god-like Liberty summoned, he was instantly present : her to defend with strong right hand was his one care. Moreover, under the guardianship of our George, the barbarian youth of America, in all their savage coasts, became acquainted with the laws of Britons, and their stern hearts grew familiar with gentleness.'' Here is a brief extract from the production of another Christ Church man, John Crewe, senior, a fellow-commoner. He names Canada : En I nomen Britonam quaqui patet Orbis, ab Orta Soils ad Occasom, ventrnttir decolor Iitdoi 24 CAKADA IV THE BODLEIAN. I %! Qai Gangen potat, Canadaere in montibns errana Incultus, certo sibi yictum qusritat area. " Lo ! wherever the wide world spreads, from rise to set of san, the swart Indian reveres the British name: the Indian who qnafis the Ganges, and he who, wandering rude on Canadian hills, is ever on the search, with unerring bow, for food." Once more : a member of Christ Church, a fellow-commoner, bearing a name of archaic tone, Chaloner Arcedeckne, appears as an encomiast of the late King, whose shade he addresses. While recounting the perils from climate experienced in the war on tbis continent, he names the St. Lawrence, thus : Tu, crescentem, Rex magne, BritanDis Latiua extendens per inhospita litora famam, Tentabas noTa bella ; licet de montibas all is CoDcretas nive devolvat Laurentius undas, Pennatusque gerat miles fiirliva sub aspris Bella !ateDS dumis, et sjlva tectns opaca. " Thou, great King, while extending for the British people, wider than ever, over inhospitable regions, their growing fame, didst engage in novel warrings, despite the St. Lawrence rolling down from vast heights his glacial masses, and the feather-cinctured brave, waging a stealthy warfare, lurking in rough thickets, protected by dense forests." My last extract in Latin will be from some choriambic stanzas, after the mannner of Horace in the ode Scriberis Vario, and elsewhere* The author is no less a personage than the Puke of Beaufort of the day. He was of Oriel. The signature runs thus : " Illustrissimus Princeps Henricus, dux de Beaufort, e coll. Oiiel." We again have Canada expressly mentioned. Under the name of Agrippa, the right-hand man of Augustus, the elder Pitt is personified. The young King is adroitly converted into Octavius; and George II. is then, with some appropriateness, spoken of as the deified Julius. The whole composi- tion shows great tact and skill. The poem is addressed to the new King. We select the passage where Canada is met with, in very classic company : Nee te poeniteat qaod mediis novus Rerum andis subeas : En lateri aasidet Agrippa eloquiis et consiliis potens, Octayi Javenis, Tuo ! Stevi illo moderante impavidu mann Belli fnena, niger solibos Africus, ! il !i .■ •\ ■i i CANADA IN THE BODLEIAN. 25 ^ I ' Semotse et Canadse barbarus incola, Duris pelUbus boMdas, Senserant B)-iloDilm quid potuit manns, ForJnuA oomite et Conbilio duce: Dum poHn latuit Gallia conscio, Ventis snrda vocantibus Orbem jam dubiis UDdique prseliia Vexalum, ad Superos sidere Julio Evecto, ecce^tuia, maxime P-incipum, Pacandum anspiciis Tides ! " Grieve not that tbou, a novice, art plaaging into the very midst of the waves of public affairs. Lo ! at thy side, O young Octavius, sits an Agrippa, powerful in speech and counsel. While he wiih fearless hand hath been guiding the reins of ruthless war, the African, sunburnt to blackness, and the savage denizens of far Canada, shaggily covered with undressed skins, have felt what a band of Britons, attended by good fortune and guided by prudence, could do. Whilst deaf to the winds inviting her forth, Gaul hath within her secret haven hidden herself, lo ! thou, greatest of princes, now that the star of Julius has risen to the skies, beholdest the whole globe, long harassed on every side by. dubious istrifei, destined under thy auspices to be reduced to peace." In November 20-22, 1759, Admiral Sir Edward Hawke, at tho head of thirty-three ships of the line and frigates, partly destroyed and partly drove hack into the river Yillaine, the Brest fleet : "In altacking a flying enemy," Sir Edward, in his de'patcb, says, "it was impossible, in the space of a short winter's day. that all our ships should bo able to get inlo action, or all those of the enemy brojight to it. The commanders and companiei of such as did come up with the r^ar of the French, behaved wiih the greatest intrepidity, and gave the strongest proof of a <.rue British spirit. In the same manner, I am satisfied, would those have acquitted themselves, whose bad-going shipa, or the distance they were at in the morning, prevented from getting up. When I consider the season of the year, the hard gales on the day of action, a fljang enemy, the shortness of the day, nd the coast we were on, I can boldly affirm, that all that could possibly be done, has been done. Had ws had but two hours more daylight, the whole had been totally destroyed, or taken, for we were almost up with their van when ni^ht overtook us/' From one of the exercises in Gr;)ek verse, I made a brief esoerpt, because it exhibited the name of Canada, which, as we have seen before, falls very readily into the ra )k8, in the nomenclature of the Greek language. J. Wilis, scholar ol' Wac!Lam, laments the death of the King in a strain quits Theocritoan^ V mh : W fe' rt 20 CANADA IK THK BODLEIAX. I » # i'^ H Ot irapa Tov Tdyyrp^ Itpov fifXavu))(po€^ 'IcSol ®avfJM^ovTO yipovT ipUtvMa Travra Sa/novra. Kcu KANAAH VoXKoxk tKdafifio^ oparo ff>vyovTai, Xcipas 6p€$afi€VT) T€ Koi opKua. TTuna rdfioxxra' AvTos ^t alj vvv (liXcr, dScvKci (i>Xcr oXc^p^ ^iXraTos, ai, BoaiXcw, /tey* dwajXcTO xdpfJi-o. ^perdwtav. " The swart Hindoos, on the banks of the sacred Ganges, wondered at the illastrions old man who conqaered all things; and Canada, amazed, beheld the Gauls routed, stretching forth her hands and enter- ing into firm treaties. Bat He, alas ! now hath perished, hath perished by a woefol stroke. The King best beloved, alas ! the chief joy of the British race, hath perished ! " <' The chief joy of the British race hath perished ! " Curiously enough, Thackeray, in his " Four Georges,'* avers that the death of George II. was the beginning of an era of misfortune to England. " It was lucky," he says, "for us that our first Georges were not more high-minded men; especially fortunate that they loved Hanover so much as to leave England to have her own way. Our chief troubles began when we got a King who gloried in the name of Briton, and, being born in the country, proposed to rule it." , Here is a specimen of the scenes going on among " the swart Hin- doos," along the Coromandel coast, in 1759. We quote from a report on the French side. On the 29th of April, Count Dache is off the town of Gondelour, in command of the French fleet, when a signal is given of the approach of an English squadron of nine 'ships. The narrative then proceeds: M. Dache immediately drew up in line of battle. At two in the afternoon the engagement began, and continued till night with great vivacity on both sides. The English retired to Madras, to repair the damage they had received. On June 1st, the English fleet, after being repaired at Madras, was again seen approach- ing. Count Dache immediately got under sail ; but the Eaglisfa, rather than yenture a second engagement, again retired to the coast of Madras. On the 26th of July, the English fleet again appeared ; and on August 8rd, at one in the afternoon, an oogagemeot began, " which continued with the utmost fury for above two hours.'* The English squadron suffered greatly in the action; and Count Dache, the account says, would have had the whole advantage, had it not been for the accident that happened on board hb ship and the Comte de I\wencej by the oombustibles or fire-arrows which the English, contrary to all the rales W OAKAbA IN THB 60DLEIAK. 27 « » I* -1 and customs of war, threw on board. The Comfe de Provence was the first that suffered : all her sails and mizenmast took fire, and the flames spread to the quarter-deck, so that the whole ship would have been* consumed, had not the captain of the Due de Bourgogne shot in between the Comte de Provence and the English vessel, which conti- nued firing broadsides, after expending all her combustibles. It was with the utmost difficulty the captain of the Comte de Provence extin- guished the fire on board his ship. The same thing happened to the Zodiaque, with this difference, that the fire having gained the powder- room, she was on the point of blowing up, but was saved by the diligence of the officers. The French fleet retired, and anchored before Pondicherry on the following day. We were not again attacked. The number of French killed was 251 ; of wounded, 602. From a set of heroics contributed to the Oxford volume by the Regius Professor of Greek himself, in the grand old tongue of which he was the official guardian in the university, I made no extract, as no use was made therein of the local names with which I was immediately coDcerned. I noted, however, that the professor did not accentuate his Greek; and that he bore a name which some years back was imagined to have a sound somewhat unclassical, even in English ; but which, by association, uow possesses a fine ring. The signature attached to the exercise alluded to was *' S. Dickens,^' with the Academic suffixes of "S.T.P., ex ^de Christi, Ling. Graecse Professor Regius." Among the poetical offerings at the tomb of the deceased King, and before the throne of his youthful successor, there were several in English also, duly preserved and splendidly printed in the volume which has been engaging our attention. A few specimens of these are now given, containing either the name of Canada or allusions to locali- ties with which Canadians are familiar. The first will be from a set of very good Spenserian stanzas, by " the Right Honorable the Enrl of Donegal, M.A., of Trinity College.'* The Genius of (he Western World is represented as appearing to Columbus during his first adventuraus voyage. Among other coming events, she reveals to him the conquest by the second George of the region which she represents, his sudden decease, and the fact that a young King would succeed him, and carry on triumphantly the work begun. She broaches by anticipation the Monro doctrine, but in th« interest of Great Britain. She e.\hibit8 no prescience of the diminu- tion which the Empire was destined speedily to suffer. The Genius speaks: ill il 28 CANADA IN THB BODLEIAN. "Lo 1 then wbate'ei* old bavda, in mystic loro, Of regions blest, Hesperian coasts, have told, ^ In me shall be revealed. From shore to shore, From Pole to Pole, one Empire I behold ! From Albion's cliffs a mighty King shall send Secure dominion : mid the brave career, Ilowe'er to death his honour'd eld descend A yonthful prince shall seize his massy spear, Shall rise his grandsire's conquering race to run, To ) ule, to bless the realms the hoary Warrior won." W. H. Keyoell, scholar of New College, contributed a copy of verses in the style and forin of " Gray's Elegy." He poetically styles Canada, or New France, " Laurentia." In " royal towers," there is probably an especial allusion to Montreal and Louisbourg; also, it maybe, to Quebec, and to the important forts, which had been captured from the French, of Beaus6jour, Niagara, Frontenac, Ticonderoga, Crown Point and Isle Royal. After alluding to the military intervention of Great Britain on the continent of Europe, he proceeds : *' Nor yet for you, Germania, favour'd land. Alone her heroes fight, her bles-iiogs fall ; Another vlime demands her'fostering hand, Gloiy commands : who heais not glory's call ? • Happy Laurentia, to thy fa^thc^:t shove, Li'-vish of life, a chosen band she led ; And to those loyal towers hsr standard bore, "Whence fe'l Oppression, Gallic tyrant, fled." In Wright's Cancafio'e History of the Georfjcs, a portion of a sati- rical picture, of the year 1754, is given, in which the British liou Is represented as plucking feathers from the tail of a Gallic cock; the feathers under the lion's paw being severally inscribed with the names of the French forts in North America, " Beau Sejour," " Fort St. John," "Crown PoinJ," "Ohio," " Quebec," &o. S. Bradbury, commoner of Wadham, adopted, in his exercise, the ordinary English epic measure. He expressly employs the epithet "Canadian." All the successes of the Biitisu arm«t during the late reign are attributed to the King himself. Thus ho speaks : " Witness, thou sun, whose vivid beams are bhed On everj' clime, how wide his oonquepts spread, Or on the Atlantic, or Pacific main, Or Libya, or the bleak Canadian plain." dk # CANADA IS THE BODLEIAN. 88 Henrj Theodore Broadbead, geDtleman commoner of Trioitj College, wrote in blank verse. He employs tbe epithet " Canadian.^' With Lim ''Lanrentia'' denotes tbe river St. Lawrence. Ontario and Vine figure in bis composition. He anticipates tbe re-establishment of peace, and the gratitude of tbe world to George III. He even conceives the existence, at a future day, of an " Oxford " on " tbe Atlantic shores," nay, a " fane to science sacred" on " Ontario's meads," " where nature revels most j" a devoied Uoivoraity, where, " a thousand ages hence," professors, graduates and undergraduates would be, like himself and bis compeers in their day. chanting tbe glories of one " born of Brunswick's line." We shall observe; however, that Mr. Broadbead bad not as yet been put in pos«cs!>ioa of accurate information as to tbe fauna and flora of the surroundings of bis expected seat of learning. He sings of " Canadian bards " reclining boneatb " tbe plantane or the citron grove," and of tbe "hunter youth" of the land feasting on "tbe boar" — tbe boar, it is presumed, taken in tbe chase. " Wbat realms remote IS'iiall bless liis potent ioflucm-e, when the fiend, ]ada!i.ite Wd'', with carnage gorjjed, shall drop The blauted speav, relucianl, at his word And g-i-at-iou8 call ! The tawoy tribes that watch The lion's footsteps, in the snltry sands Of Afric printed ; the furr'd swains that pine Near Hndson's frozen Etr;{it!4, in games nnoou'h, Aroimd their midnight fire9, shall meet to praise His name i-evei'd, who joins to distant Thames Laui-eolia's thnndering waves. In numbers wild, Wild above rule or art. Canadian bard?, Beneath the pLinlane &):relnh'd or citron g-iove, Shall '"arol Geoi^e's acts: the hunter youlh •Shall lisioning .stop in full tareer, and leave The boar untasted. The true hero srorns The wari-ior's meaner fame, exuli s to spread ConfO)-d and harmony, and BOt-ial life Guard and refine. The t ime may eome when Peace, Diflu-sing wide her blese^iogs. on Ihy banks, Romantic Erie, or Ontario's meads, "Where Nature revels mobt, may build a fane To b4-ienL'e sam-ed; snatch the murderous knife From the grim savage, tame bis stubborn heart With arl-s and manuern mild, and gently bind In true Religion's golden band, the States Of lawless, hapless wanderers. There may rise 9wmm» mmm *. I' ! 80 CANADA IN TUB BODLEIAN. Another Oxford, on the Atlantic shore? Still foQd, a thousand ages hence, to chaunt Some future hero born of Brunswick's line." The establishmeat of universities od this Dorthern cootinent early entered into the schemes of philanthropists. Harvard University was founded in 1636, and Yale in 1700. Bishop Berkeley's name is asso- ciated with a chivalrous effort of the kind in the reign of George II. But his institution was to be set up in Bermuda, or ''the Summer Islands," for the benefit of '' the youth of our English plantations." Swift, in a letter to Lord Carteret, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, in 1724, introduces Berkeley and his scheme in the following humorous style : '< He (Berkeley) is an absolute philosopher with regard to money, titles and power, and for three years past hath been struck with a notion of founding a university at Bermuda, by a charter from the Crown. * * He shewed me a little tract, which he designs to publish, and there your Excellency will see his whole scheme for a life academic-philoso- phic of a college founded for Indian scholars and missionaries, where he most exorbitantly proposeth a whole hundred a-year for himself, forty pounds for a fellow, and ten !br a student. His heart will break if his deanery be not taken from him, and left at your Excellency's disposal. * * Therefore do I humbly entreat your Excellency," Swift continues, " either to use such persuasions as will keep one of the first men for learning and virtue quiet at home, or assist him by your credit to com- pass his romantic design, which, however, is very noble and generous, and directly proper for a great person of your excellent education to encourage." Berkeley's famous lines, written in prospect of the speedy establishment of his college, partake of the exalted ideas indulged in by the Oxford versifier : " There shall be sung another golden age, The vim of empire and of arts, The good and gi'eat inspiring epic rage, The ^visest heads and noblest hearts. Not iiuch as Europe breeds in her decay; Such as dhe bred when fresh and young, "When heavenly flame did animate her clay. By future poets shall be sung." Tho a i lii/;.mert of a university formed, it will be remembered, a part of Governor Siuicoe's scheme for the organization of his new province of Upper Canada. To account for the epithet *' romantic," applied to Luke Erie, we must have recourse to the early French il CANADA IN THE BODLBIAV. 91 writers on America. La Hootan, in his Afemoires de TAmirique Septentrionahf unaccountably sajs of that sheet of water : <' Cost assur^ment le plus beau qui soit sur la terre.'' (ii. 20.) Charlevoix, as he journeys along its northern coast, writes more calmly ; but even he employs such language as the following : " In every place where I landed, I was enchanted with the beauty and the variety of the landscape, bounded by the finest forest in the world." (ii. 2.) It is interesting to know that it was Charlevoix's account of this region that induced the distinguished pioneer of Canadian civilization, Col. Talbot, to form his settlement there. See " Life of Colonel Talbot,'' by Mr. Ermatinger, of St. Thomas, page 13 ; also Mrs. Jameson's '' Winter Studies and Summer Rambles," ii. 11. We come next to an extract, in vigorous blank verse, like the last, from a piece contributed by " Thomas Leigh, M.A., Magd. Coll." He makes Britannia herself bemoan the sudden death of the King. She says : " "What now avails That in the embattled field upon my spear Perch'd Victory, whilst o'er the sabject main My conquering fleets have spread their canvas wings From Ganges to the river on whose banks The scalping Indian, nursed in Murder's arms, Qnaff'd the ensanguined stream, which erst (ere Wolfe's And Amherst's heaven-assisted swords forbade) With British blood flowed purple to the vast Laurentiue Gulf." The Amherst here coupled wrth Wolfe is Major-General Jeffrey Amherst, to whom Montreal was surrendered, September 8th, 1760. He was afterwards Lord Amherst. We have in the December number of the London Magazine^ 1760, a '' Martial Song " on the Taking of Montreal, with music : the whole " presented to His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales." Amherst is its hero. In a list of new publica- tions, given in the March number of the same volume of the London Magazine^ an ode, entitled " Canadia," is mentioned ; price Is. ; pub- lished by Dodsley : also " Quebeck," a Poetical Elssay ; price Is. 6d. In the blank verse of J. Fortescue, B.D., Fellow of Exeter College, we have some very strong expressions of regard for the late King. Posterity, it was predicted, would kiss the greensward once trod by him, at Kensington. The metaphor of the setting and rising sun is once more employed. Pitt is adroitly introduced ; Cacadt is named, and S2 CANADA IN THE BODLEIAN. ■1 its conquest by Britain is patriotically declared to be a rescue from " Gallic slavery.'^ Our extract thus proceeds : *' No more thy walks, KenBington, shall see A presence more august ; nor shall thy plants Which grew beneath his fostering hand, perceive A kindlier influence. ' Here he stood ' — * Here walk'd ' — shall late posterity remark, And reverentially kiss the sacred ground,— ' Planning with thee, Pitt, suttcessful schemes, Determining the fate of kingdoms ; while Thy realms, Canada, that too long groan'd The Gallic slavery beneath, restored To smiling freedom, own his gentle sway. Ilim as another sun the western world Revered declining, anxious for his fate. Till Thou, another orb, as heavenly bright. With every art and early virtue graced. The loss repairiug, lead th' auspicious Hours.' " Canada again is expressly named in the poem of ^' the Bight Hon. the Earl of Abingdon, of Magdalen College.'^ He adopts the Pindaric style, and arranges his matter in a series of strophes and antistrophes. In a stanza relating to the triumphs of the reign of George II. in different quarters of the globe, he excitedly exclaims : " Hark ! hark ! the feather-cinctured Muse that roves O'er Canada's high-trophied shore, Calls to the sable nymph that dwells Amid the thunder-echoing cells Where Senegal's rough waters roar,— Calls to the Muse sublime that swells Her voice in Asia's spicy groves, And oft her glowing bosom laves In the rich Ganges' sparkling waves. To chaunt the triumphs that have crown'd The second George's arms ; To chaunt the blessings they have found In British virtue, thro' the world renown' d, And British freedom's unresisted charms." That the same ideas should occur to our versifiers was, under the circumstances, inevitable. We have several times already heard what « Thomas Foley, Gentleman Commoner of Magdalen,'^ says in his address to the shade of the departed King. The author was probably youthful. The excerpt is given for the sake of the name of Canada occurring therein : \ CANADA IN THE BODLEIAN. 30 I *' Georgo, Ihy giant race is run, Unclouded sets the Britisli sun ; Glory marks the parting rays, The vast Atlantic spreads its blaze From vanquish'd Canada to India's main : Mighty Lord, on mortal sight Beams no more thy glorious light ; No more shall empire's sacred toils, Asian triumphs, naval spoils, America's extended reign. No more shall win thee from the realms of day ; Unfettered springs the soul, and spurns the abode of clay." As a curiosity, the opening of Shute Barrington's expression of Academic sorrow was selected. Canadians, proud as they are of their British descent, are nevertheless apt to forget the eponymous hero of their race. They may refresh their memories by a perusal of Shute Bairington's address to the " Genius of Britain." He thus begins " Genius of Britain ! who with ancient Brute, Didst visit first this goodly soil, here fix Thy glad abode, with more than Argus' watch To guard its welfare : say, for well thou fenow'st, "When in thy people's sorrow hast thou felt Thy deepest wound ? When mourn'd thy heaviest loss ? " It was not, he proceeds to explain, when Edward the Third, ever victorious over France, expired ; nor when Elizabeth died ; nor when William the Third departed this life; but when the late illustrious George deceased. As to Brute, the chronicles afSrm that he was great- grandson of ^oeas ; and that in the year of the world 2855, he came to England from Troy, accompanied by certain Grecian philosophers ; that they settled first at Greeklade (Cricklade), in Wiltshire, and thence removed to a place called Ryd-ychen, a name, " denotans," says Antony ^ Wood, in his Historia et Antiquitates Universitatis Oxoniensis, p. 10, " vadum-boftm, id est, Oxonium, apud Britannos." At Totness, in Devonshire, I was shown, not long since, the " Britstone," which still marks the spot where Brute is said to have landed in Britain. The tide-water of the beauiiful river Dart must have pushed farther inland in 2855 than it does at present. The tradition indicates that here, at a very primitive period, traders from the Mediterranean exchanged commodities with the inhabitants of the Forest of Dartmoor and the surrounding region. The whole signature of the writer of the verses 84 CANADA IK THE BODLEIAN. 'I! which a specimen has just been given, is as follows : '' The Hon. Shute Barrington, M.A., Brother to the Lord Viscount Barrington, one of His Majesty's Chaplains in Ordinary, and Fellow of Merton College." He was afterwards a famous prince-bishop of Durham, and an early friend and patron of the late Bishop Phillpotts of Exeter. Sir Gerard Napier, Bart., of Trinity College, furnishes some blank verse. Our extract was made for the sake of the adulatory reference to Pitt, who is represented as having begun to form, while yet a student at Oxford, plans " fatal to Gallia's visionary hopes." The elder Pitt had been a member of Trinity College, in that university. He himself, while there, had perpetrated Latin verse on the occasion of a royal death — that of George I. " Allen " is a river in Dorsetshire, which falls into the Stour near Blaodford. We gather from Sir Gerard's words that certain members of the University bad been honored with a request to write on the twofold occasion which Oxford in its loyalty desired to commemorate. He exhibits an affectionate appreciation of Oxford as a place of beauty, and as congenial to the pursuits of science. He thus speaks : "This humble s'lTdin, near Allen's silver lide, • That winds with vocal lap' e its ea-^y way To Blandi'ord's vale, frooi Rhedyciaa's view Eslvang'd, yet m'xing with the leLter'd U-ibe, Meaa suitor, I iodite ; nor of her call Unmindful, noi* of that weil-favour'd opot, Where late I trai.'ed the soienlific pnf,e; "Whose spacious walks and winding alleys green, "With blended foliage sweetly interchang'd. Prompted to woo the solitary muse. And calm with noontide breeze intemperate heat. Blest haaat! where once, in speculative search, lodustrious Pitt indulg'd the lonely step. Add formed, deep-musing, the commercial plan, Fatal to Gallia's visionary hopes : Who now his counsel sage with pat)'iot zeal Dispenses, and unrivalled still attracts His Sovereign's favour, and his country's love." The popularity of Pitt, at the time of the composition of these verses, was immense. It was the intention of the Corporation of London, that the bridge over the Thames, afterwaids known as Black Friars, should bear the name of Pitt. The following is a translation of the inscription engraved on the plate deposited in the foundation- CANADA IN THE BODLEIAK. 35 fitono of this bridge, on the 31st of October, 1700 : " That there might remain to posterity a monument of this Citj's affection to the Man who, by the strength of his genius, the steadiness of his mind, and a certain kind of happy contagion of his probity and spirit (under the Di^rine favour and fortunate auspices of George II.), recovered, aug- mented and secured the British Empire in Asia, Africa and America, and restored the ancient reputation and influence of this country amongst the nations of Europe, the citizens of London have unani- mously voted this bridge to be inscribed with the name of William Pitt." In a contemporary account of a royal visit to the city, in the year of the coronation, we have the following description of the reception given to Pitt by the crowd in the streets : " What was most remarkable," the writer says (An. Reg. 1701, Chron. 237), " were the prodigious accla- mations and tokens of affection shown by the populace to Mr. Pitt, who came ia his chariot, accompanied by Earl Temple. At every stop, the mob clung about every part of the vehicle, hung upon the wheels, hugged his footmen, and even kissed his horses. There was a universal huzza ; und the gentlemen at the windows and in the balconies waved their hats, and the ladies their handkerchiefs. The same, I am in- formed, was done all the way he passed along." From the contribution of R. Heber, M.A., of Brase-nose College, father of the well-known Bishop of Calcutta, and of the famous hclluo librorum, Richard Heber, two lines were selected, on account of the familiar sound of one of them — " The brightest jewel in the British crown." With us, I believe, this phrase is chiefly held to describe a colony of Great Britain, and Canada par excellence; but in the text where it is found, its application is to something quite different. It there appears as an apposition to an honorable prerogative enjoyed by the Sovereigns of England: " To reign in freeborn hearts ia true renown, The bi-ightest jewel in the British crown." One more brief extract and we have done. There is again no reference by name to Canada or this continent therein, but it helps to illustrate the general contents of the volume which has been engaging our attention ; and is a specimen of a kind of production insipid enough, as it seems to us, but which was oaoe in high repute not only in the m^m ss OT^apaap 86 CA?»ADA IN THE BODLEIAW. UniversUy of Oxford, but throughout England. The czeroiso of " the Right Hoa. Lord Churlos Grenville Montagu, second son of his Grace the Duke of Manchester, of Christ Church " (so runs the signature at its close), is a Pastoral, after the manner of one of the eclogues of Virgil. There is in the composition a curious mixture of the ancient and par- tially modern; of the classic and the English of the time of Chaucer. Two shepherds discourse : one of them dismally laments the recent death of him that wtis, us he speaks, "hight of shepherds all, the King." This old shepherd King is styled Tityrus. ITie flucces.sor to the pastoral monarch is then alluded to. One Damoetas, Colin, the speaker, soys, has pointed him out to him — a youth, as he describes him, of peerless praise And moilest meiu, tlmt over geueroua in'md betrays." Damootas himself, the shepherd observes, is one " deeply skilled iQ wise foresight, and much of all admired for learned fume." The lines to which I confine myself are the addresi of Damoetas to Colin, oa showing him the King : " Colin, quotli he. Miilk lovely Lad goes yon, Master is now of all Ihis forest wide, (Si' that great Tityrua hia life hath done) And well shall keep: ne hence with siurdy sl'ide Siiall derring wolf our nightly folds annoy, No subtle fox, what time the lambs for dam 'gin rry." Possibly this piece, with its antique, homely English, may have been relished as much as any in the volume by the young King, who in after years was popularly known as "Farmer George." " Thilk lovely lad goes yon" recalls the copper-plate frontispiece of the London Magazine for the year 1760, which represents the following scene, ss explained to the reader in the periodical itself: " Britannia moarnitig over an urn, on which is the profile of hia late Majesty. Juntico and Religion are consoling her, by showing the person of our present most gracious Sovereign, accompanied by Liberty and Concord : PaovfOENCE is placing the British diadem on his head; Mercury, the god of Com- merce, with the Cornucopia at his feet, denoting the present flourishing state of our Trade. The obelisk in the back-ground may serve to commemorate the death of his late Majesty." All these symbolical objects are depicted with great spirit and grace : the yoang King is represented as a smiling stripling. ' \ CAN' DA IN THE BODLEIAN. 87 I 'II' Gcorgo TIT. docs not appoar to have possoascd tho poetic scoso very 6troti;:;ly. He expressed bis regret that Milton had not writfen ParadUe Ijiist in prose. In the sp'vitof complaisance, a "gentleman of Oxford" accord! n;j;Iy provided a version of the work in tho form suggctod hy the royal tnste. Occasionally a volume is to bo met with in tho old bool'-^ellers' stalls, hoanng the following title, " Milton's Paradise Lost, State of Tnnocence and Fall of Man ; rendered into I'rose; wi^h histo- rical, philosophical and explanatory Notes, from the French of Raymond do St. ]\Iuur, by a Gentleman of Oxford." This is the work. It is in octavo shape, and was printed at Aberdeen, in 1770. A poem on the death of George II., by R. Warton, tho Professor of Poetry, anil the respectable author of the History of English J'oetry, is preserved in the " Elegant Extracts." From its contents, it appears to have been one of a number of coatributions from Oxford. I am not sure that it was not the opening piece in the Bodleian folio. Wartou indulges in the customary adulation of Pitt, and prays him to accept the volume as an appropriate oQering from Oxford. " Lo ! this her genuine love!" he says; and, writing from Trinity College, of which Society he was a fellow, he intimates that the gift will probably be all the more agreeable, as that was h'a college also — the college likewise, he takes occasion to say, where the great Lord Somers, the famous Chancellor and statesman of King William's day, had studied; and where Hanington wrote his Oc^oini, a work, like the New Atlantis of Plato and the Utopia of More, descriptive of a transcendental human community. Thus he concludes, expressing the opinion that now, by the aid of Pitt, and under the auspices of the new King, the specula- tions of Harrington, on the subject of a perfect Commonwealth, are realized : " Lo ! thi3 her genuine love ! — Nor thou refuse This humble present of no partial muse, From that calm bower which nurs'd thy youth In the pure precepts oi Athenian truth : Where first the form of British Libeity Beam'd in full radiance on thy musing eye ; That form, whose ra'en sublime, with equal awe, In the same sliade unbleraish'd SomeiS saw: "\yheve once (for well sha lov'd the friendly gi-ove "Where every classic Grace had learn'd to rove) Her whispers wak'd sage Harrington to feign The bleesinga of her visionary reign ; "mmmmm 38 CANADA IS THX B0DLBIA9. That rei^ which now, no more an empty (heme, Adorns Philosophy's ideal dream. But i^rowns at la.^*:, bcnealh a George's smile, la full reality this favoar'd Isle.'' Here my notes from the Bodleian folio end. We can gather from what has been p-asented, that which we gather also from (he coDtemporavj literature of the day, of every description, that in 1759, 'GO, '61-'G-I, Canada was occupying a very large space in the public mind of Kn-ilarid. The public imagination pictured to itself, after its own fashion, a eon- quest of immense importance to the empire, and of immense ex-ent; failing to master, nevertheless, after all, as events have proved, and still continue to prove, the true character and actual magnitude of the prize which had been won. Should England at a future Mroe be .^tirred to put forth her strensth for the retention, by force of arras, of this great region, it will be the tradition of the exultation of her people over the acquisition in 1750 that will move her to do so, more than the desire to hold possession of a domain unproductive cf national advantage to herself directly — entailing, on the contrary, on herself several embar- rassments. Let the national pride be touched by a reawakening of the memories of the close of the second George's reicro, and the decision of England would be promptly expressed in the memorable language of good William the Fourth, when the Maine boundary question was in agitation, — " Canada must neither be lost nor given away I " We m:,heir verse not bad by writing worse." It is certain that Cambridge erectci a roagf. ont statue of Georgo the Second, of life size, in marble. It stands to .ais day on a pede.«^tal in the Senate-house, on the left side as the visitor passes up to tho Chancellor's chair. The sculptor's naa^e was Wilton. I have spoken of this statue before, on more than one public occasion. It represents the King, according io the taste of the age, in the dress or undress of a Roman imperator. He leans on a iiuncated column, round which ob1i(|uely passes a series of medals poiaraemorative of military successes ; and he encircles with his right arui a globe duly marked with meridian 40 CANADA IK THE BODLEIAN. lines, and showing the Wesfern hemisphere, across a goodly portion of which is engraven, in characters of a considerable size, the word Canada. From the moment, long ago, when I made the discovery of this inscription, while in jest brushing oflF; *'« la Niebuhr," from the orb round which the "arm of the King was thrown, some of the accumu- lated dust of years, this statue — which to persons in general ts not especially attract ive — became, to me, an object of peculiar interest ; as, I think, it will also prove to any other Anglo-Canadian, who, when passing through Cambridge, may, for the sake of seeing his coantry^s name in a situation so unique, step into the Senate-house and examine the statue which it contains of George JI. The Latin and Greek pieces, from which we have been giving extracts, have rendered the idea of Canada in classic guise, and in the midst of classic surroundings, familiar to us. It happened i,aat, like Stadacona, Hochelaga, Cacona, Kamouraska, Muskoka, and other now familiar names, Canada, in the lips of the first immigrants, underwent little or no change — none in the termination. Tn passing iato Latin, it conse- quently required no manipulation to make it conform to the laws of that tongue. It became at once a feminine proper name of legitimate form, and admitted of " declension," like any other name of a country ending in a. In French, strangely, Canada is a masculine noun. "W^e shall remem- ber that it used to be " 13as Canada," " Haut Canada." Had the word assumed, by some chance, a form resembling " Acadie," then it would have been feminine in French, on the analogy of the numerous feminine names of regions with that termination. And then in Latin (as in English), it would have been Canadia, as from Acadie has come the beautiful word Acadia ; and from Algerie, Algeria. (We have seen that there was a poem published in 1760, entitled "Canadia.") But entering the French language unchanged from the aboriginal tongue, it remains masculine. We may suppose ''le pays" to be understood before it; and that the full expression really is ''the Canada country," as we say, " the Lake Superior country," ** tha Hudson's Bay country." The French poetic imagination must have suffered a certain degree of violence, when, as was recently the case, the "two Canadas" were impersonated on the seal of the United riovince by two -^ 42 CANADA IN THE BODLEIAN. illustrating the additions of his continuator, the St. Lawrence is marked " FluQien Canada;" aud in the Greek text we have, as we have heard, the siieara of the "fair-flowing Canada" spoken oT. la Huhert Jaillot's old map of America, of the date 1092, examined by me in 18G7, in the Library at Lambeth, the St. Lawrence is called '' Riviere du Canada." In this map the sea along the whole coast of the present United States is also styled " Mer du Canada." Some of the old geographers undertook to teach that the countiy derived its name from the river, and so probably misled some of the writers in the Bodleian folio. Thus Gordon, in his " Geography Anato- mized," a work of repute, in its 6th edition, in 1711, in a section entitled " Terra Canadensis," says the land is so called from the " River Canada," which divides it into two parts. Th : north part, he says, is called "Terra Canadensis Propria," and contains \v ' ^iritannia and Nova Francla. The southern part contains Nova Scot. . jw England, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virgiuu, Carolina. "Terra Cana- densis Propria," Gordon continues, being the northmost of all the rest, is esteemed none of the best ; but being so slenderly known as yet, he candidly says, we pass on to Nova Britannia and the rest. And again : Morden, author of a quarto Geography bearing the date of 1G80, at page 3G6, teaches to the same effect. " Canada," he writes, " so called from the river Canada, whi-^h hath its fountains in the undiscovered parts of this tract; sometimes enlarging itself into greater lakes, •'nd presently contracting into a narrow channel, with many gieat windings and falls, having embosomed almost all the rest of the rivers. After a known eastern course of near fifteen hundred miles, it empties itself into the great bay of St. Lawrence, over against the Isle of Assumption [Anticosti), being at the mouth 30 leagues in breadth, and 150 fathoms deep. On the north side whereof, the French (following the track of Cabot) made a further discovery of these said northern parts, by the name of Nova Francia." It is true that many countries and regions on this continent were named from rivers by the European immigrants, as Ohio, Arkansas, Delaware, Iowa, Tennesee; but not Canada. Morden's expression, when he sp^'iks of the river Canada " enlarging itself into greater lakes," reminds one of Wordsworth's allusion to the St. Jjawrence in the 3*]xcursioD, where he speaks of " tliat NoiLhern stream, That spreads into successive seas." ^^ t i \ -"""iitymm CANADA IN THE BODLEIAN. 48 I i In respect to tbc proiodiacal quantity of the penultimate syllable of " Canada," we may no ice that the pseudo-Dionysius quoted above makes it long, contrary to modern usage. He says, as we shall remember yairjv KoAeoucrt KavaSryi'. In the exercises of the Oxford versifiers, on the contrary, the quanilty of that syllable is held to be short. In this connection it may be remarked that in the Perigesis continued, and also in the pieces con- tained in the Bodleian folio, the first three syllables of "America" form always a dactyl, in accordance with the popular pronunciation of the word. Nevertheless, by the old prosodiacal rule, " Derivativa eandem fere cum primitivis quantitatem sortiuntur," the i is by nature long, as always in the Teutonic syllable rlc or rek. America is from jimcricua, the latinizat.ion of the fir:t name of Amerigo Vespucci. And Amoricus was a softened fcriii of Albericus, as the name appears in my own copy of Peter Martyr Ve Rehus Oceanian et Novo Oibe- ColonipR 1574, where the editor Gervinus Calenius says the "Divine Favour," " terras novas majoribus incognitas, regibus catholicis, ductu atque auspiciis cum aliovum, turn imprimis Christophori Coloni sivo Columbi. et Alberici Yespucii. patefecit." One more observation relating to Canada in Latin guise must be subjoined. On the Confederation medal, bearing on its reverse the inscription Canada Instaurata, the Queen's head is seen veiled and crowned. Posterity will understand the artist's symbolism, and with more tenderness than some contemporaries manifested, will recall the touching devotedness of Victoria to the memory of the husband of her youth. The artist, in designing this iritei°stiDg and grand head of the Queen, had doubtless in mind one of the medals of Livia, the f]mpres9 of Augustus, lon2' " the mirror of Roman mothers," as the Ilistoriau of the Romans under the Empire speaks (v. 1G5). There are three rather well-known medals of this Empress existing. On one of them she is represented simply as Empress, with the common legend Salus Au 1'ee; under her wing ; but when full- fledged, they must be taught to undertake for themselves. Jvvi'nius et patrivs vfjor, as the words stand in " The Praises of Drusus," are the qualities or instincts moving a now malure young eagle, at the very instant of bis quitting the nest, to provide bravely for himself, however unwonted before was such an occupation. The young soldier, Drusus, step-son of Augustus, has no sooner quitted the home where he had been renred and trained, than, by a splendid victory, won amidst the defiles and fastnesses of the Tyrolean Alps, he lays the whole empire under an enduring obligation. He is consequently compared by tho poet to the only just fledged but spirited youog eaglet — "Whom nailve vigor and the rush Of youth have spuri-'d to quit the nest, And skies of blue ia springtide's flush. Entice atoft to breast The gales he fear"d befoi e his lordly plume« were di est, — Now swooping, eager for his prey, Spreads havoc through the flutter'd fold, — Straisflit, fired by love of food and Iriy, In grapple fierce and bold The struggling dragons rends even in the'r rocky hold.." The applioution is obvious. This famous fourth ode of the fourth book of the Odes was previously associated with Caouclian history. CAKADA IN THE BODLEIAN'. 45 The inscripiioa od tb? seal of the fonner Province oF Lower Canada was from ii — \ " Ab ipso Dtcit opes animnrnqae feri-o." A part of it also is the Alcaic stanza familiar to recipients of prizes at Upper Canada College, from the time of its foundation : " Docliina sed vim piomoTet insilam, • Rcclique cultus peciora l*o^oranfi, Utcupque defecere mores Dedecorant beoe nata cnlpie." The inscription on the seal of the Province of Upper Canada was also from Hox'ace : " Impevi Porrecla Majesiaa * * * Cubtode rei-um Csesare." 15ut this was from thejwrteenth ode of the fourth book. Formerly "Virgil was held to be a source of mystic oracular lesponses; but with colonial ministers Hoi*ace has evidently been the favorite for such pur- poses. One of them (Lord Lytron) has even given the world a trans- lation of the odes and epodes of Horace. The seal of the province of Qui bee before the division of the country into Upper and Lower Canada may oe seen figured on the title page of " The Laws of Lower Canada," printed at Quebec, by J. Neilson, in 1793. Its motto, " Exter.ne yavde.d agnoscfre metee." (gleaned from Statins, however, in this instance : Vide Silva V. 2, 26,) seems to indi- cate the supposed pleasure with which the new monarch was welcomed after the conquest. A king, crowned and robed, stands before a map unrolled, and points with his sceptre towards the St. Lawrence. The legend round the outer edge of the seal is " Sigifhi/n Procindae Nostras Qi'ebecensis in America."