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■MU 
 
 HISTORY AND GE0GRA1>HY 
 
 OF 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 I 
 
 ! 
 
 B7 
 
 JOHN B. CALKIN, M.A. 
 
 PRINCIPAL OF NORMAL SCHOOL, TRURO, N.8. J 
 
 AUTHOR OK "school (JICdCBArHY OF IHE WORLD," AITO 
 
 "tHK INTUOUUCTUUY OICOOR/ I'UV." 
 
 HALIFAX, N.S. : 
 
 A. & W. M A C K I N L A Y, 
 
 1878. 
 
C3 
 
 Entered for Copyright In the Office of the Minister of Agriculture, 
 at Ottawa. 1877, by J. B. Calkin. 
 
 tM' 
 
 "-(' 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 This book aims to tell its story clearly and simply, 
 to suit the wants of school children, for whom it is 
 specially intended. In order to bring it within the 
 compass required of a school book, much important 
 matter has been omitted. For some schools it may 
 yet be found to embrace too much. Partly to meet 
 8uch cases, it is printed in two sizes of type, the larger 
 of which sustains the main tliread of the narrative. 
 The smaller type can therefore be omitted without 
 losing the connection. 
 
 For the period which it covers, Murdoch's " History 
 of Nova Scotia " has been taken as authority ; for 
 more recent events much has been gleaned from 
 Howe's " Speeches and Public Letters," edited by the 
 Hon. William Annand. I am also under obligations 
 to two or three gentlemen for valuable hints and 
 criticisms. 
 
 With these few prefatory words this book is sub- 
 mitted to the teachers of Nova Scotia, from whom 
 any suggestions that may tend to its improvement 
 will be thankfully received. J. B. C. 
 
 Normal School, Tburo, N.Sw, 
 Junt Z877. 
 
&^:'-:-r 
 
 "WW 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 OHAP. 
 
 I. INTRODUCTION .... 
 
 II. GENERAL OUTLINE . , . 
 
 III. FIRST SETTLEMENT OF ACADIE 
 
 IV. FRENCH QUARRELS 
 
 V. CLOSE OF THE FRENCH PERIOD . 
 
 VI. AN ERA OP CONFLICT AND UNCEHTAINTT 
 
 VIL LOUISBUIIQ TAKEN 
 
 VIIL SETTLEMLXT OF HALIFAX 
 
 IX. EXPULSION OF THE ACADIANS 
 
 X. THE END OF FRENCH POWEU IN AMERICA 
 
 XL THE AMEKICAN REVOLUTION . 
 
 XII. PEACK AND PROGRESS . . , 
 
 XIII. WAR BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN AND THE UNITED ST 
 
 XIV. MEN OF NOTE . . . 
 XV. HESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT . 
 
 XVL GOOD GOVERNMENT AND PROGRESS 
 XVir. CONFEDERATION .... 
 GEOGUAPHY OF NOVA SCOTIA 
 CHRONOLOGY OF NOTED EVENTS 
 PBONODNCINO VOCABULARY . , , 
 
 PAas 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 18 
 
 24 
 
 27 
 
 34 
 
 38 
 
 43 
 48 
 
 52 
 
 VTES 56 
 
 58 
 63 
 
 71 
 
 76 
 
 81 
 93 
 95 
 
 I 
 
 ^m 
 
 I 
 
D ST 
 
 PAOX 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 18 
 
 24 
 
 27 
 
 34 
 
 38 
 
 43 
 48 
 
 52 
 
 \TES 56 
 
 58 
 
 63 
 
 71 
 76 
 
 81 
 
 93 
 95 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 INTROf)UCTION. 
 
 1. Some countries are very old. They have been 
 inhabited by civilised people many hundreds of years, 
 and their history extends away back into the shadowy 
 pai-t, until we find it hard to tell bow much truth or 
 how much fable is commingled in the storv. Nova 
 Scotia is a new country. Tliree hundred veai-s a^ro 
 
 •/ I/O 
 
 its history had scarcely a beginning. There were 
 then no towns or houses, cultivated fields or carriage 
 roads ; one vast forest covered all the land. 
 
 The Micmacs. — 2. A few Micniac Indians were the 
 only inliabitants of the country in those eaily times. 
 How they came here, or who were their ancestors, 
 nobody could tell ; and they had no books or written 
 langUMge. The Micmacs were savages. They lived 
 in rude, cone-sha]>ed huts, called wigwams, formed of 
 poles covered witli the bark of trees. Their food was 
 chiefly fish and the flesh of wild animals. They were 
 a roving race, always changmg their place of abode, 
 They were often engaged in cruel wars with other 
 Indian tribes, their weapons being bows and arrows, 
 
I 
 
 2 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 clubs, and stone hatchets. Before a battle they had 
 a grand feast, followed by the war-dance, in which 
 they jumped wildly about, filling the air with hideoua 
 
 yells. 
 
 Glooscap. — 3. The Micmacs believed in a wonderful being 
 named Glooscap, who, as they imagined, held the world largely 
 under his control. By stretching out his magic wand he could 
 bring all the wild animals of the forest and the fish of the sea to 
 his side. Stormy Tlomidon was his home ; Minas Basin was his 
 beaver pond and his favourite resort. When the white men came 
 into the cou!itry, Glooscap went off in a gi'eat rage, upsetting his 
 big kettle, which, under the name of Spencer's Island, roay yet be 
 seen in Minas Channel. 
 
 What People thought lon^ 4. Four hundred years 
 ago about the World. ago people had very strange 
 notions respecting the earth. Even tlie most learned 
 men knew very little of its form and size, and of the 
 great bodies of land and water on its surface. Most 
 persons thought it was flat, like a vast plain, bordered 
 all around its edges by the ocean. They considered 
 it very dangerous to go far out on the sea. America 
 was then quite unknown to tlie rest of the world, 
 though a vivid tradition of its existence enlivened 
 the songs and stories of the Norwegians and Ice- 
 landers. About that time, b<>l<l navigators in the 
 south-west of Europe had, by sailing southerly along 
 the West Coast of Africa, reached the Cape of Good 
 Hope, and thence found their way to India. This 
 country was then, as at present, densely peopled and 
 rich in gold, diamonds, peails, and spices ; and among 
 its manufactures sou^^ht after bv other countries were 
 beautiful shawls and silks. Instead of travelling 
 overland as before, the merchants of Europe had now 
 an easier and a cheaper route to that far off land. 
 America DiscoTered, 1492, a.d. — 5. A retuarkab]<» 
 
 mi 
 ^Ijec 
 disi 
 Atl 
 wai 
 He| 
 hac 
 ho) 
 th( 
 
 
HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 le they had 
 e, in which 
 nth. liideoua 
 
 nderful being 
 world largely 
 ^and he could 
 h of the sea to 
 Basin was his 
 liite men came 
 , upsetting his 
 d, may yet be 
 
 dred years 
 k^erystrange 
 ost learned 
 and of the 
 jice. Most 
 I, bordered i 
 considered 
 America 
 the world, 
 enlivened 
 and Ice- 
 |)rs in the 
 erly along 
 of Good 
 iia. This 
 )pled and 
 nd amoni? 
 ries were 
 ravelling 
 had now 
 and. 
 markabl<» 
 
 'man named Christopher Columbus now startled the 
 people of Western Europe, by proposing a voyage of 
 discovery to find a westerly route to India across the 
 Atlantic Ocean. Columbus believed that the earth 
 was round, but he did not know that it was so large. 
 He was poor, and his ideas seemed so absurd that he 
 had much difficulty in obtaining assistance. J'inally, 
 iiowever, receiving aid from Ferdinand and Isabella, 
 the king and queen of Spain, in the month of August, 
 1492, with high hopes he set sail over the unex- 
 plored western waters. He had three ships, — one a 
 good-sized vessel, the others quite small, and with- 
 out decks. There were one hundred and twenty 
 sailors, many of whom were so unwilling to go that 
 they had to be forced on board. After a long voyage 
 Columbus came to a group of islands which he fondly 
 supposed lay off the coast of India. Afterwards, 
 when the error was discovered, the islands were 
 called the West Indies. 
 
 The Northmen.— 6. America had indeed been visited by the 
 Northmen from Norway five hundred years before the celebrated 
 voyage of Columbus. These people were great sailors, and loved 
 to rove over the sea, of which, through their skill and daring, 
 they were for centuries the virtual rulers. At first they estab- 
 lished a colony in Iceland ; then some of them went to Greenland, 
 from which they found their way to Newfoundland and Labrador. 
 For many years they continued to visit America, coasting 
 southerly as far as Massachusetts. To one of the countries which 
 they visited, supposed to be Nova Scotia, they gave the name 
 Markland or the Forest Country. After a while the Northmen 
 ceased to visit the country, and their discoveries and adventures 
 were forgotten, or remembered only in tale and song. 
 
 The Cabots. — 7. Tidings of the notable discovery 
 made by Columbus soon set all Western Europe 
 astir. Among the foremost on the new path of 
 glory And wealth were the Cabots, John and his son 
 
HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 Sebastian. The elder Cabot was a native of Venice, 
 but he had removed to Bristol, in England, where he 
 had become a })rominent merchant. Henry VII., 
 who then held the throne of England, eager to add 
 to his wealth and his dominion, gave tlie Cabots per- 
 mission to cruise over the seas on a voyage of dis- 
 covery. All lands that might be discovered were to 
 belong to tlie English crown ; the Cabots were to 
 have the sole right to trade with such countries, and 
 one-fifth of the profits must be given to the king of 
 England. These gallant pioneers sailed on their first 
 voyage in May, 1497, in search of a westerly route to 
 China and India. At the end of three months they 
 returned, having visited, not the sunny East, but the 
 stormy shores of Newfoundland and Labrador. In 
 the following year, Sebastian Cabot made a second 
 voyage to Labrador, and then turning southerly, sailed 
 along the coast of North America,, nearly to Florida. 
 It was not until the following year that Columbus 
 visited the mainland of America, so that to the 
 Cabots belongs the honour of discovering the conti- 
 nent. England afterwards based her claims to the 
 country on this discovery. 
 
 Adventurers. — 8. It would be very interesting to 
 tell of the many adventurers who crossed the Atlantic, 
 hoping to find treasures of gold in the New World, 
 or searching for some water passage to China and 
 India. One foolish old Spaniard, Ponce de Leon, 
 went to Florida to look for a fabulous fountain of 
 life, whose waters were said to have the power of re- 
 storing to the aged the vigour and freshness of youth. 
 We might tell, too, of the avaricious Cortez who 
 marched into Mexico wiih his bands of Spaniards, 
 i>lundered its rich Indian capital, and treated its old 
 
3 of Venice, 
 1, where he 
 [enry VII., 
 ger to add 
 Cabots i)er- 
 nge of dis- 
 ced were to 
 ts were to 
 ntries, and 
 the king of 
 I their first 
 •\y route to 
 onths they 
 st, but the 
 rador. In 
 i a second 
 3rly, sailed 
 'O Florida. 
 Columbus 
 it to the 
 he conti- 
 ns to the 
 
 esting to 
 Atlantic, 
 V World, 
 lina and 
 e Leon, 
 ntain of i 
 3r of re- 
 )f youth, 
 tez who 
 aniards, 
 1 its old 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 5 
 
 king, Montezuma, most treacherously and cruelh% 
 Then there is the story of another Spaniard, Balboa, 
 who, crossing the Isthmus of Darien, discovered the 
 Pacific Ocean and, wading into its waters, took pos- 
 session of it in the name of tlie king of France. But 
 we have now to speak of other matters. 
 
 9. For over a century after the discovery of America, there is 
 little to record bearing directly on the history of Nova Scotia. It 
 is said that in the year 1518, a Frenchman, named Baron de Levy, 
 visited Sable Island, wliere he left cattle which afterwards served 
 as food to persons who were shipwrecked on its dangerous shores. 
 The explorations of Verrazzaui in 1534, and of Cartior ten years 
 later, formed the foundation of thr claims of France to a largo 
 part of North America. 
 
 10. Among the early English visitors to Aiu ^ia was Sir Hum- 
 phrey Gilbert, who, iu the year 1583, took forujal possession of 
 Newfoundland in the name of his sovereign, Queen Elizabeth. A 
 half brother of his. Sir Walter Raleigh, v aid to hav? oaen the 
 first to introduce tobacco and potatoes into England, both of which 
 wei . .''•■ covered in America. A story is told of ■•ir Walter, that, 
 on his return tc Englanti, big servant our ■■ v saw him snioking, 
 and thinking he was oi> tire, dashed a pitcher of water over him. 
 
 11. In 1589, the Marquis de la Koche, having been appointed 
 viceroy of a large territory in America by the king of France, 
 crossed the Atlantic to take possession of his domain. Emigrants 
 of the lowest ranks, many of them convicts taken from the public 
 prisons, filled his little vessel. Whilst in search of a suitable 
 place for a settlement, La Roche left forty convicts on Sable 
 Island. Shortly afterwaids he was met by a violent storm and 
 driv«;n back to the coast of France. He returned home, where, 
 through the influence of his enemies, his commission was can- 
 celled, and he himself was thrown into prison. For five long 
 years, whilst De la Roche lay in prison, the wretched men on 
 Sable Island strove with one another, and with hunger, and cold, 
 and disease, until only twelve survived. These, by order of the 
 king of France, were brought homd. 
 
 ' 1 
 
HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 I ■ 
 
 CHAPTEE II. 
 
 GENERAL OUTLINE. 
 
 12. The history of Nova Scotia forms two great 
 divisions, — the French Period, beginning with the 
 first visit of the French to Port lioyal in 1604, and 
 ending in 17 10; and the British Period, beginning 
 with the capture of Port Royal in 17 10, and extend- 
 ing to the present time. During the French period 
 the country was generally called Acadie. 
 
 Acadle. — 13. The word Acadie, the Latin form of which is 
 Acadia, ia said to be derived from the Micmac cadie, which means 
 abounding in. It is often found as an affix in names of places, as 
 Shuhen-a- cadie, abounding in ground nuts. Several times during 
 tlie period of their ownership the French were dispossei-ded by the 
 English ; but each time they soon recovered by treaty what they 
 had lost in war. 
 
 Nova Scotia.— 14. Nova Scotia, meaning New Scotland, seema 
 to liave been first used as the name of the country in the yeai 
 1621, when, having fallen under the sway of Great Britain, it was 
 given by King James I. to his Scottish /;iend. Sir William 
 Alexander. It did not, however, become the fixed name until 
 the beginning of the British period. 
 
 An Era of Conflict. — 15. The first half century of 
 British ownership was a time of strife, during which 
 the country made little progress. Although France 
 had by tre.aty given up the country, yet many French 
 colonists, called Acadians, remained ; but, unwilling to 
 become British subjects, they caused much trouble to 
 themselves and their conquerors. The Indians, also, 
 were for many years hostile to the English, murdering 
 and scalping the unprotected, or carrying them off as 
 captives. The French government, moreover, still 
 
 h^ 
 oi 
 li{ 
 tl 
 
 1 1 
 
HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 two great 
 with the 
 1604, and 
 beginning 
 d extend- 
 ich period 
 
 jf which is 
 hich means 
 >f places, as 
 mes during 
 u,6ed by the 
 what they 
 
 and, seemi 
 in the yeai 
 ;ain, it was 
 r "William 
 lame until 
 
 ntury of 
 ig which 
 I Fmnce 
 ' French 
 illing to 
 ouble to 
 ns, also, 
 irdering 
 n off as 
 er, still 
 
 holding Cape Breton and Canada, disputed the riglit 
 of Great Britain to that portion of the country which 
 lies on the north of the Bay of Fundy, now forming 
 the province of New Brunswick. 
 
 16. There came, at last, between the rival powers 
 a grand struggle for the mastery, ending in the com- 
 plete triumph of Gre;it Britain. Many of the Acadians 
 were expelled from Nova Scotia; the French, rMspos- 
 sessed of their strongholds in New Brunswick, Cape 
 Breton, and Canada, gave up all these lands to the 
 British ; and the Indians, no longer incited to hostility 
 by their old friends, the French, laid aside the war 
 hatchet ami the scalping knife, and became loyal sub- 
 jects of the victorious nation. 
 
 Progress. — 17. Free from the fear of French inva- 
 sion and Indian outrage, many colonists came into 
 the country from England, Scotland, Ireland, and the 
 United States. Halifax, the new capital, was built 
 up and strongly fortified. Prince Edward Island and 
 New Brunswick were formed into separate provinces. 
 The forests were cleared away, and in their place 
 appeared farms, villages, and towns. The govern- 
 ment of the country was improved, good laws were 
 made, free schools were established, railroads were 
 built, and trade was promoted. 
 
 Oonfederation. — 18. In the year 1867, Nova Scotia, 
 New Brunswick, Quebec, and Ontario were united 
 into one great State, called the JJondnion of Canada. 
 Since that date, the Dominion has been enlarged by 
 the addition of Prince Edward Island, Manitoba, 
 British Columbia, Keewatin, and the North- West 
 Territory. 
 
1^ 
 
 .i 
 
 8 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 FIRST SETTLEMKNT OF ACADIE. 
 
 De Monts, 1694, a.d. — 19. In the spring of 1604, a 
 small fleet sailed from Havre de Grace, on the north 
 of France, westward bound across the Atlantic. The 
 expedition was fitted out chiefly by Huguenot mer- 
 chants of Rochelle, who expected to make themselves 
 rich by the fur trade in a portion of North America 
 to which the kiug of France had given them sole 
 right. On board were men of varied rank, from the 
 titled nobleman to the humble mechanic and day 
 labourer, all eager to try their fortune in the New 
 World. The leader of the expedition was De Monts, 
 who held a commission from Henry IV. of France, 
 ai)pointing him lieutenant-general or viceroy over a 
 territory along the Athmtic coast of America, between 
 the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the mouth of the Hud- 
 son River. This dominion was called Acadie. Other 
 noted men of the party were Champlain, Pontgravd, 
 and Poutrincourt. 
 
 20. After being rougldy tossed on tlie ocean for a 
 month, De Monts, with two small vessels, arrived off 
 the south coast of Nova Scotia. He then sailed 
 westerly, exploring some of the more important har- 
 bours as he passed along. Near the place now called 
 Liverpool, he was surprised to find a fellow-country- 
 man named Rossignol, who was busy buying fnrs 
 from the Indians, and storing his little craft which 
 lay in the harbour. De Monts was mudi displeased, 
 fcMC his commission i^ave him the sole right to trade 
 
HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 >f 1604, a 
 the north 
 itic. The 
 lenot mer- 
 hemselves 
 h America 
 them sole 
 , from the 
 ; and day 
 the New 
 De Monts, 
 >f France, 
 oy over a 
 between 
 he Hud- 
 Other 
 ontgrav(^, 
 
 ean for a 
 rived oif 
 m sailed 
 tant har- 
 DW called 
 -country- 
 ing furs 
 't which 
 q)! eased, 
 to trade 
 
 in the country. To punish the offender, he seized 
 his vessels and his furs ; then, perhaps to warn others 
 against a similar trespass, he called the place Rossignol. 
 
 21. On the shore of St. Mary's Bay an incident occurred which 
 caused some stir. A number of persons went on shore, and 
 strolled througlx the forest. On returning to the vessel it wjis 
 found that a youn;^ priest named Aubry was missing. The 
 forest was searched in vain. Then it was remembered that the 
 priest and a Protestant minister of the party had held angry 
 disputes on religious questions, and the Protestant was suspected 
 of having used moi-e effective means than argument to silence 
 his opponent. Seventeen days after, as one of the vessels was 
 passing the ojiposite coast on the Bay of Fundy, there was seen 
 on the shore a man waving his hat as a signal of distress. It 
 was Aubry. Returning to a spring for his sword he had lost 
 bis way, and had since been wandering in the woods, living on 
 roots and berries. 
 
 Selection of Port Royal. — 22. Having visited 
 several places along the south coast of Nova Scotia, 
 De Monts and his party sailed up the Bay of Fundy, 
 then called French Bay. Passing through a narrow 
 gateway in the rocky wall on the southern coast, they 
 entered that beautiful water now known as Annapolis 
 Basin. At the liead of the basin, where land and 
 water mitigle all their charms, a site was selected for 
 a town. This place, honoured with the kingly name 
 Port Eoyal, De Monts bestowed on his friend Pou- 
 trincourt. 
 
 23. Leaving Port Royal, De Monts sailed farther 
 up the bay inio Mmas Basin. In this neighbourhood 
 he found copper ore, and also a pretty blue stone, 
 probably an amethyst, specimens of which are still 
 obtained at Bloinidon. On his return to France, De 
 Monts presented the stone to the king. Coming 
 do'vn the bay, De Monts discovered a large river 
 llowing in from the north. Entering this river on 
 
m' 
 
 .'! ! 
 
 li 
 
 I 
 
 1-1 
 
 lO 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 tlie 24th of June, in honour of the day he called it 
 the St. John. 
 
 24. Having spent the summer in exploring the 
 coast, the adventurers took up their winter quarters 
 on a small island in Passamaquoddy Bay, near the 
 mouth of the St. Croix River. Here they erected 
 ruile dwellings, and made other preparations for a 
 season, of the severity of which they had yet but 
 little idea. It was a gloomy winter. The cold was 
 intense, fuel and water were scarce, and the food was 
 bad. Then disease broke out among them, and thirty- 
 five men fell victims. 
 
 Port Royal Founded, 1605, a.d.— 25. Early in 
 spring they went further west along the coast, but 
 no place pleased so well as Port-Royal. Thither, 
 accordingly, all returned, bringing with them the 
 materials of which their winter houses had been made. 
 But scarcely were they settled when bad news c"m(i 
 from France. The kinir, influenced ])v Do Mont>' 
 rivals, had cancelled the charter which secured to his 
 company the sole right to the fur trade. De Monts 
 and Poutrincourt at once set out for France, leaving 
 Champlain and Pontgrav^ in charge of the little 
 colony. 
 
 26. In the following spring Poutrincourt returned 
 to Port Royal, bringing supplies and new colonist?. 
 It was well he came so soon, for Pontgrav^, despair- 
 ing of his return, was about to break up the settlement 
 and return to France. It was a joyous reunion. To 
 make the occasion more merry Poutrincourt set out 
 a hogshead of wine which he had brought with liim 
 from France, and invited all to partake. 
 
 27. Among those who cnme with Poutrincoiu't wns a young 
 liarriBter uatncd Maro LescturboL Hia talents wore viu*ied« aud 
 
 
 he 
 
 tion 
 
 hist 
 
 whi 
 
 eari 
 
 wat 
 
 pre\ 
 
 pie J 
 whi 
 abo 
 wh( 
 fun 
 his 
 dec( 
 the 
 Mei 
 him 
 club 
 the 
 11 
 colo 
 
 to t; 
 
 tliis 
 the 
 accc 
 sett 
 colo 
 thei 
 3 
 to I 
 to a 
 a pi 
 was 
 of 1 
 
 "^-'-4^ 
 
 I 
 
HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 II 
 
 he called itihe became quite noted in his way. He encouraged the cultiva- 
 tion of the soil, looked after the public health, and wrote a 
 history of the colony. He also wrote poetry after a fashion, with 
 which he was wont to amuse his friends. Perhaps he best 
 earned the gratitude of the colony by securing the erection of a 
 water-power mill for making flour, in place of the hand niill» 
 previously used. 
 
 tploring tlie 
 iter quarters 
 ay, near tlie 
 they erected 
 'ations for a 
 iiad yet but 
 he cold was 
 :he food wa.s 
 1, and thirty- 
 
 5. Early in 
 
 e coast, but 
 
 \. Thither, 
 
 li them the 
 
 [ been made. 
 
 news crmo 
 
 Do Monti' 
 
 cured to his 
 
 De Monts 
 
 ice, leaving 
 
 the little 
 
 rt returned 
 w colonist?. 
 v^, despair- 
 3 settlement 
 union. To 
 urt set out 
 with him 
 
 was a young 
 re varied, and 
 
 The Good Time. — 28. The following winter passed 
 pleasantly. Fifteen of the leading men formed a club> 
 which they named The Order of the Good Time. Daj 
 about each member held the office of Grand Master, 
 whose duty it was to provide for the table, and to 
 furnish amusement during his day of office. Each, as 
 his turn came to play host, strove to outdo his pre- 
 decessor. Welcome guests at the festive board M'ere 
 the Indian chiefs, most honoured of whom was old 
 Memberton, whose head was now whitened by a 
 hundred winters. After dinner, the members of the 
 club smoked their lobster-claw pipes, and listened to 
 the old chief's Indian tales. 
 
 1607, A.D. — 29. The French company by which the 
 colony at Port Royal was sustained had looked chiefly 
 to the fur trade for its profits. Its exclusive right to 
 this trade having been taken away, the expense of 
 the colony exceeded the income. The company 
 accordingly instructed Poutrincourt to break up the 
 settlement and return to France. Reluctantly the 
 colonists left their new-made homes, and much did 
 their Indian friends grieve at their departure. 
 
 30. At the end of three years Poutrincourt returned 
 to Port Royal. He had promised the king of France 
 to aid in converting the Indians, and he brought out 
 a priest for this work. The aged chief Memberton 
 was the first convert, and through his influence many 
 of his people soon became Cliristians. Wishing to 
 
 
I'i! 
 
 ( 
 
 
 I Ml! [ 
 
 llli 
 
 ! Hi 
 
 12 
 
 HISTORY OF KOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 retain the king's favour, Poutrincourt sent his son 
 Biencourt to France to report the success of his mis- 
 sionary work. Biencourt returned the following year, 
 and with him came Claude de la Tour and his son 
 Charles, botli of whom were afterward conspicuous 
 in the history of the country. 
 
 Port-Royal destroyed by 31. Two years after the 
 the English, 1614, A.D. founding of Port Eoyal, the 
 English established at Jamestown in Virginia their 
 first colony in America. They had not forgotten 
 Cabot's discovery, and they claimed all the coast 
 country on the north, including Acadie. So, when 
 they learned that the French had come into the 
 country, they resolved to drive them out. Captain 
 James Argall, sailing from Jamestown, appeared 
 before Port Royal, which he plundered and laid waste. 
 It is said that Argall finding the royal arms of France 
 and the names of the founders ( / Port Royal in- 
 scribed on a large rock near the town, caused them 
 to be erased, that he might leave no marks of French 
 ownership. Satisfied with his work of destruction he 
 sailed away. The French, who had fled to the woods, 
 now returned to their homes, which the enemy had 
 left in ruins, 
 
 32. Poutrincourt was in France at the time of 
 Argall's attack, and Biencourt also was absent on a 
 fishing excursion. In the following year, the father 
 visited Port Royal once more, but soon returned home, 
 where a few months after his arrival he fell in battle. 
 The son remained in Acadie, and adopted the free, 
 wild life of the Indians. 
 
 New England, 1620, A.D.— 33. The English had as 
 yet made little progress in the settlement of America. 
 Every summer their fishing vessels thronged the 
 
 10 
 
 sai 
 the 
 
 [)eo 
 lish 
 this 
 put 
 see 
 cou 
 Hoi 
 oft 
 in I 
 moi 
 sett 
 aboi 
 N 
 Jam 
 Will 
 the; 
 obje 
 ive 
 Novc 
 had 
 ingi 
 Foui 
 the 
 throi 
 lKni< 
 ' listen 
 ivhoi 
 land 
 Thrc 
 ment 
 
 
 MiMMMBifiJ! 
 
HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 13 
 
 3nt his son 
 of his mis- 
 owing year, 
 and his son 
 conspicuous 
 
 LPS after the 
 
 t Royal, the 
 
 rginia their 
 
 t forgotten 
 
 . the coast 
 
 So, when 
 
 le into the 
 
 t. Captain 
 
 I, appeared 
 
 . laid waste. 
 
 is of France 
 
 Royal in- 
 
 aused them 
 
 s of French 
 
 truction he 
 
 the woods, 
 
 enemy had 
 
 le time of 
 sent on a 
 the father 
 ned home, 
 
 in battle. 
 
 the free, 
 
 lish had as 
 
 If America. 
 
 )nged the 
 
 lorthern coast waters ; but when autumn came all 
 jailed away again to their island home. But now 
 there came a time of severe religious persecution in 
 Ingland. The Government tried to make all the 
 )eople worship according to the forms of the Estab- 
 ished Church. Those who refused to worship in 
 his way were imprisoned, driven into exile, or even 
 )ut to death. Many of the persecuted resolved to 
 seek a home in some other country in which they 
 could enjoy greater freed 'm. At first they went to 
 Holland, and after remaining there a few years, some 
 of them set out for America. Crossing the Atlantic 
 in a vessel called tlie Mayflower^ they landed at Ply- 
 mouth, where they formed the first permanent English 
 settlement in New England. These people wandered 
 about so much that they got the name Pilgrims. 
 
 Nova Scotia, 1621, A.D. — 34. At the court of 
 James I. of England was a Scottish knight. Sir 
 William Alexander, who was ambitious of becoming 
 the founder of a colony in America. To secure this 
 object, he obtained from the king a grant of an exten- 
 sive country, which in the royal charter was called 
 Nova Scotia. It was the same country that the French 
 had named Acadie, including the territory now form- 
 ling the provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. 
 JFour }3ars later, to aid Sir AVilliam in settling 
 the country, Charles L, who had succeeded to the 
 throne, created an order of knighthood, styled the 
 Knights Baronets of Nova Scotia. The ordar con- 
 isted of one hundred and fifty knights, each of 
 ivhom was to receive a grant of land in Nova Scotia, 
 and to establish a certain number of colonists. 
 Through Sir William's efforts, a small Scotch settle- 
 ment was formed on the west side of Annapolis 
 
! 
 
 I I 
 
 j . . 1 j I I 
 
 I! I 
 
 > 
 
 l:^ 
 
 -4 
 
 14 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 11 
 
 m.'u 
 Fra 
 
 Basin, but his schemes for colonising Nova Scotiaiy| 
 did not prosper. hi| 
 
 35. Tiie French still claimed Nova Scotia. Bien- h( 
 couit succeeded his father as commandant or governor, oil 
 and on his death the title was conferred on Charles dv ^j\\\ 
 Li Tour, who had his headquarters at Fort Louis near le 
 Cape Sable. The French had also formed important udl 
 settlements on the banks of the St. Lawrence. At 5a 
 Quebec Champlain had for several years been trying sn 
 to build up a strong town which he wished to make 
 t!ie capital of a French dominion called New France. ISir 
 
 1627—1629, A.D.— 36. On the other hand. Sir Bc( 
 AVilliam Alexander was eager to expel the French for 
 from America, and with the consent of the king he IJet 
 fitted out a small fleet for this purpose. The com 
 mand was given to Sir David Kirkt. In the mouti 
 of the St. Lawrence, Kirkt captured eighteen Frencli 
 vessels laden with supplies for Quebec ; he also tool; 
 possession of Port-Royal in Nova Scotia. In tht 
 following year he again sailed for the St. Lawrencei 
 where he made more prizes of French vessels, and 
 finally compelled Champlain to surrender Quebec. 
 
 Claude de la Tour. — 37. On board one of the vessels! 39. 
 captured by Kirkt was Claude de la Tour. Taken to 
 England as a prisoner of war, lie was soon on friendlv 
 terms with his captors, and was ready to give up his 
 own country for theirs. He married a lady of the 
 English court and received from the king the title of 
 Knight Baronet of Nova Scotia. He also secured the 
 same honour for liis son Charles, who still held Fort 
 Louis, promi' uig on his behalf immediate submission 
 to the crown of England. Fitted out with two armed 
 vessels, L:i Tour, accom[)anied by his wife, sailed for 
 Cape Sable. He had, however, miscalculated his in- 
 
 Acj 
 
 int( 
 
 Ma 
 
 lW( 
 
 i\\n 
 Yyll 
 Ihl 
 
 an 
 rei 
 
HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 A. 
 
 15 
 
 iience over his son. Charles could be moved neither 
 g Nova Scotia|y English honours nor by paternal entreaty or 
 
 ireatening ; and when his fatlier tried the power of 
 Scotia. BienJliot and shell, the fort proved as unyielding as its 
 nt or governorjoinraander. Claude was now in trouble. From 
 I on Charles dtJEtigland he could exi)ect only disgrace ; fiom France 
 ort Louis neariie feared a traitor's punishment. Hard fortune com- 
 nied imj^ortantjudled him to accept from his son a home at Cape 
 -^awrence. Atfeable, out.side the fort, which he was forbidden to 
 rs been tryin Anter. 
 
 ished to makel The Treaty of St. Germains, 1632, a.d.— 38. All 
 New France. Is ir William Alexander's efforts to colonise Nova 
 ler hand, SirlScotia, his hnights baronets, and his conquests, went 
 el the Frencllfor nothing. The French period was not to end yet. 
 f the king }ieil>(tween the two great powers a treaty of peace was 
 se. The com made by which Acadie and Canada weie restored to 
 In the moutl France, 
 hteen Frencli 
 he also tool 
 otia. In tht 
 St. Lawrencej 
 vessels, anclj 
 r Quebec. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 FRENCH QUARRELS. 
 
 of the vessels! 39. The French, left in undisturbed possession of 
 r. laken tol Acadie for a period of over twenty years, spent the 
 n on fnendlvl interval of rest chiefly in quarrelling among them- 
 si'lvcs. After the treaty of St. Germains, Isaac 
 Iv.izilli was appointed governor, and under him were 
 two lieutennnts, Charles de la Tour in the peninsula, 
 and D'Aulnay Charnise in the district north of the 
 Bay of Fundy. Kazilli's headquarters were at La 
 Have. Associated with Nicolas Denys, he carried on 
 
 ) give up hi&l 
 lady of the 
 g the title of 
 ) secured the 
 ill held Fort 
 3 submission 
 
 I two armed r^,, extensive fishinur business alouij; the coast. His 
 
 e, sailed for 
 lated his in 
 
 xign was cut short by death. 
 
■i 
 
 ! i 
 
 I!! 
 
 ii! 
 
 ii!: 
 
 !l^ 
 
 Ii' 
 
 H 
 
 11 
 
 l!l 
 
 1 6 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 Charnis^ and La Tour.— 40. On the death of Ra- Bo 
 zilli, La Tour and Charnis^ succeeded to tlie chief car 
 command, each in his own district ; to Nicolas Denys 
 uere assigned Cape Breton and the coast of the main- ahsl 
 land from Canso to the mouth of the St. Lawrence, hesl 
 La Tour also held Fort la Tour at the mouth of the attj 
 Ptiver St. John, making it his headquarters, and by 
 Charnis^ owned Port Royal and La Have in La Tour's I conl 
 district. Ices.( 
 
 41. But Charnise was not satisfied. He wanted I she| 
 the whole of Acadie, and in his efforts to gain tliis 
 object he had the favour of the king of France. He 
 followed up a pttty warfare against his rival, until he 
 succeeded in driving him from the field. 
 
 42. Like a bird of prey CliHn.ise was erer on the alert, ready 
 to take advantage in the hour of his enemy's weakness. On one 
 occasion when provisions and war material were low at Fort la 
 Tour, he entered the harbour with an armed fleet Shortly after 
 a vessel from France, bringing supplies for the fort, was seen 
 coming up the bay. Warning signals were given to save her from 
 fulling into tlie hands of the enemy When night came on, leav- 
 ing the fort to the care of his men. La Tour, accompanied by his 
 wife, went on board, and with all hnste sailed to Boston for as- 
 sistance. The governor and council of Massachusetts were un- 
 willing to take part in the contest, but they gave La Tour per- 
 mission to hire men and vessels. To obtain money for this pur- 
 pose. La Tour mortgaged his estates in Acadie. Returning with 
 his hired force he easily put his enemy to flight, and compelled 
 him to take shelter at Port Boyal. 
 
 43. Madame La Tour was clever and brave, ready 
 to aid her husband in peace and war. Once returning 
 from England, whither she had gone for supplies, 
 instead of being landed at St. John according to 
 agreement, she was taken up the St. Lawrence, and 
 thence to Boston. When off Cape Sable the vessel 
 was boarded by Charnis^, and Madame La Tour 
 escaped capture by hiding in the hold. Arriving at 
 
HISTORY* OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 17 
 
 doath of Ra- 
 te tlie cliief 
 
 ficolas Denvs 
 of the maiii- 
 
 i>t. Lawrence. 
 
 month of the 
 
 iiarters, and 
 in La Tour's 
 
 He wanted 
 
 to gain tliis 
 
 France. He 
 
 ival, until he 
 
 ;he alert, ready 
 
 kness. On one 
 
 low at Fort la 
 
 Shortly after 
 fort, was seen 
 ► save her from 
 came on, leav- 
 npanied by his 
 Boston for as- 
 etts were un- 
 La Tour per- 
 
 for this pur- 
 eturning with 
 nd compelled 
 
 rave, ready 
 B returning 
 r supplies, 
 -•ording to 
 rence, and 
 the vessel 
 La Tour 
 Lrriving at 
 
 Boston, she entered an action against the faithless 
 captain, and recovered large damages. 
 
 44. On one occasion, learning that La Tour was 
 absent with many of his men, Charnis^ hastened to 
 besiege the fort. He had once before made a similar 
 attack in La Tour's absence, and had been driven off 
 by Madame La Tour. The brave woman again took 
 command of her men, and for three days made a suc- 
 cessful defence. When, betrayed by a Swiss sentry, 
 she saw the enemy entering the fort, she rallied her 
 little band, and presented such a bold front, that 
 Charnise, fearing defeat, proposed honourable terms 
 of surrender. Thinking that she dealt with a man of 
 honour, Madame La Tour commanded her men to lay 
 down tlieir arms and open the fortress gates. When 
 Charnise saw the defenceless condition of the fort, he 
 was greatly annoyed at having granted such favour- 
 able terms. He charged Madame la Tour with having 
 deceived him, and basely ordered all her garrison to 
 be hung. One man alone purchased his life by acting 
 as the executioner of his comrades, whilst Madame 
 La Tour was compelled, with a halter round her 
 neck, to witness the horrid scene. The wretched 
 spectacle was too much for her, and she died broken- 
 hearted l)eforo her husbnnd's return. 
 
 45. La Tour, ruined and hopeless, left the country. 
 Nor did Chaniisd long enjoy the fruits of his victory. 
 He died lliree years after the defeat of his rival. He 
 had gained his position at immense cost, and he left 
 his estates greatly encumbered with debt. His prin- 
 cipal creditor was Emmanuel le Borgne, a merchant 
 of Rochelle, who, failing to secure payment of his 
 claims, resolved to seize the province of Acadie. 
 
 46. But now La Tour appears again on the scene. 
 
 B 
 
 \ 
 
!<5 
 
 111 
 
 •IM 
 
 I! 
 
 I 
 
 il 
 
 *ll 
 
 ii 
 
 !)• 
 
 ii 
 
 i8 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 The capricious wheel of fortune by another turn has 
 given liim back his lost possessions. He is again in 
 favour with the court ot France, and holds a royal 
 commission as governor of Acadie. He makes a 
 romantic ending to the old feud by marrying Cliar- 
 nis^'s widow, and has his home again at the mouth 
 of the St. John. 
 
 47. Meanwhile Le Borgne established himself at Port Royal, 
 and proceeded to enforce his chiinis to the whole country. He 
 destroyed a little colony planted by Nicolas Denys at St. Peters 
 at Cape Breton, and carried off Denys himself a prisoner. He 
 seized the Fort at La Have, and placed his son in comroaiul. 
 About to follow up his i)urpose by an attack on La Tour, he was 
 himself comi)elled to yield to a stronger hand than his own. 
 
 pa 
 
 he 
 
 bo 
 
 do 
 
 deJ 
 
 stal 
 
 wa| 
 
 Cr( 
 
 mil 
 
 Till 
 
 he 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 CLOSE OF THE FRENCH PERIOD. 
 
 Cromwell's Conquest, 1654, a.d. — 4^. The Puritans 
 both in Old and New England had been dissatisfied 
 with the session of Nova Scotia to France in 1632. 
 Oliver Cromwell, who now ruled England, and who 
 made his power felt at home and abroad, shared in 
 these feelings, and he accordingly sent Colonel Robert; 
 Sedge wick to recapture the country. 
 
 49. Le Borgne, who was sti-ongly intrenched at 
 Port Royal, received with scorn Sedgewick's summons 
 to surrender. But losim? his chief officer in an eailv 
 enwauement, and beiui? him.self unskilled in the ait of 
 war, he soon gave up the fort on the favourable terms 
 offered. 
 
 50. Charles de la Tour had now outgrown .that 
 
 U 
 
lier turn has 
 3 is again in 
 olds a royal 
 Ele makes a 
 Tying Cliar- 
 t the mouth 
 
 it Porfc Royal, 
 country. He 
 
 s at St. Peters 
 prisoner. He 
 in com ID ami. 
 
 L Tour, he was 
 
 [lis own. 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 19 
 
 Puritans 
 dissatisfied 
 
 in 1632. 
 
 and who 
 
 shared in 
 nel KoberL 
 
 enched at 
 s summons 
 n an eailv 
 the ait of 
 ible terni^i 
 
 3wn .that 
 
 
 patriotism which seemed to burn in his bosom when 
 he refused to listen to the appeals of his father, or to be 
 bought with English honours. He proceeded to Lon- 
 don, and basing his claims upon Sir William Alexan- 
 der's grant to his father, petitioned Cromwell to rein- 
 state him in his Acadian territory. His application 
 was succcssi'ul. Sir Thomas Temple and William 
 Crowne beini' associated with him in Cromwell's com- 
 mission. Shortly after. La Tour sold his right to Sir 
 Thomas Temple, reserving tlie fort at St. John, where 
 he spent the remainder of his life. 
 
 Sir Thomas Temple. — 5L Temple did not disturb 
 the French settlers in Acadie, nor did he take much 
 interest in bringing in English colonists. His chief 
 - ncern was the fur trade, from which he expected 
 laige jTofits. To protect himself against intruders, 
 he spent huge sums of money in repairing the forts 
 of the country. 
 
 The Treaty of Breda, 1667, A.D.— 52. Temple's 
 hopes of gain were not realised. Charles IL succeeded 
 to the thione of England, and setting little value on 
 Acadie, lie was ready to yield to the demands of 
 France for its restoration. The people of New Eng- 
 land protested against the claims of France, and Sir 
 Tliomas Temple asserted his right ; but the only 
 elfei^t of this opposition was a little delay in the 
 transfer of the country. Acadie was ceded to France 
 by tlie treaty of Breda, and Temple was compelled to 
 hand over the forts to the French governor, the 
 Ciievalier de Grand Fontaine. 
 
 53. Between the French and English colonies in 
 America there had always been the keenest rivalry; 
 this feeling now grew into bitter hate and open 
 hostility. The French in Canada annyed in every 
 
20 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 i . ! 
 
 possible way the people of New Enirland and New 
 York. Tliey made raids on the defenceless border 
 settlements, burned the houses, plundered the movable 
 property, and carried off the inhabitants as prisoners, or 
 gave them over to be tortured by the Indians. Failing 
 to obtain aid from England to repel tlieir enemies, Mas- 
 sachusetts and New York raised a force of their own, 
 and utidertook the conquest of Acadie and Canada. 
 
 Capture of Port Royal, 1690, a.d. — 54. Eight war 
 vessels were got ready, and with eight hundred men on 
 board were sent against Port Royal. The command 
 was given to Sir William Phipps, a colonist of humble 
 birth, who by his industry and courage had gained 
 for himself position and name. Early in May Phipps 
 sailed into Annapolis Basin and summoned Governor 
 Mernieval to surrender. Menneval's garrison con- 
 sisted of but ei«ihty men, his ramparts were broken 
 down, his cannon were not mounted, and his stores 
 were low. Resistance would have been folly. But 
 by putting on a bold air, the wily Frenchman con- 
 cealed his weakness and gained honourable terms. 
 Phipps jigreed to serd the garrison to Quebec, and 
 to allow the. inhabitants of Port Royal to hold their 
 property. When he entered the fort and saw its 
 weak condition, he was greatly annoyed, and fearing 
 he would be blamed by the authorities at home for 
 dealing so mildly with the enemy, he was glad of a 
 })lausible excuse for violating his promise. A few 
 disorderly French soldiers robbed some stores which 
 had been given up to the English, upon which Phipps 
 charged Menneval with not fulfilling his part of the 
 bargain, sent him and his garrison to Boston as 
 prisoners of war, and allowed the English soldiers 
 to plunder the town. 
 
 II' h Hi 
 
HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 21 
 
 id and New 
 
 jeless border 
 
 the movable 
 
 prisoners, or 
 
 uis. Failino: 
 
 nemies, Mas- 
 
 )f their own, 
 
 d Canada. 
 
 i Eight war 
 
 dred men on 
 
 le command 
 
 5t of humble 
 
 had gained 
 
 May Phipps 
 
 id Governor 
 
 irrison con- 
 
 rere broken 
 
 1 his stores 
 
 folly. But 
 
 ihman con- 
 
 ible terms. 
 
 Quebec, and 
 
 ' hold their 
 
 id saw its 
 
 II id fearing 
 
 home for 
 
 glad of a 
 
 A few 
 
 )res which 
 
 cii Phipps 
 
 ^rt of the 
 
 Boston as 
 
 soldiers 
 
 55. Phipps left Port Royal without a garrison, and 
 le French soon returned. But Villebon, the new 
 rench governor of Acadie, fearing another attack, 
 
 ade his headquarters at tlic mouth of the Nashwaak 
 u the river St. John. Here, in his forest retreat, 
 le gathered around him bands of savage Indians 
 »^hom he encouraged in acts of outi'age against the 
 ilnglish. Baptiste, a noted pirate, who preyed on 
 he commerce of New England, also found refuge for 
 imself and sale for his plunder in Villebon's fort. 
 
 Colonel Chiircli. — 56. The Governmeuu of Massa- 
 jhusetts resolved on revenge for French and Indian 
 )utrages. A fitting instrument for this work was 
 bund in old Ben Church, who had many \ ears before 
 gained renown in Indian warfare. With his fleet of 
 ivhale boats, well manned by sturdy New England 
 nen. Church sallied forth, like an angel of wrath, 
 aying waste every Acadian settlement on the coast 
 rom Passamaquoddy Bay to Cumberland Basin. 
 
 Treaty of Ryswick, 1697, a.d.— 57. A treaty of 
 
 feace was now made between France and England. 
 t was agreed that all places captured by either 
 lation during the late war should be restored to the 
 original owner. Nova Scotia was thus once more 
 ceded to France. 
 
 58. But the peace was only a breathing spell. In 
 those days France and England seemed to find their 
 highest satisfaction in quarrelling with each other, 
 he war-spirit now raging anew in Europe was soon 
 roused in America. French privateers destroyed 
 he commerce of New England, and bands of French 
 nd Indians plundered the V)order settlements. On 
 he other hand. Colonel Church was sent to take 
 revenge on the Acadijins. At B-nubassin, a French 
 
22 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 i 
 
 settlement at the head of Cumberland Basin, and at 
 Minas, he killed the cattle, cut down the dikes, burned 
 the houses and barns, and drove the terrified Acadians 
 to the woods. 
 
 1707, A.D. — 59. With the French as neighbours, 
 the people of Massachusetts saw little prospect of 
 ])cace or security. Tliey, therefore, began to look to 
 the conciiiest of Acadie as the only source of relief 
 A fleet was accordingly fitted out in Boston and sent 
 against Port Royal, the principal seat of French 
 power in the country. The chief command was 
 given to Colonel March. The citizens of Boston 
 were so sure of victory that they pre})ared for a grand 
 celebration. But the expedition was ^ total failure, 
 and March, ashamed to return to Booc.n, sailed into 
 Casco Bay. 
 
 Capture of Port Royal, 1710, a.d.— 60. The colonists 
 applied to Great Britain for aid. After much delay 
 several war ships and transports were sent over, and 
 Queen Anne, who then held the British throne, gave 
 money from her private purse to equip four New Eng- 
 land regiments. The colonists were in earnest, and 
 soon a fleet of thirty-five sail, bearing over three thou- 
 sand men, was rrady to proceed against Port Royal. 
 The command was given to Colonel Nicolson. 
 
 61. It was in September when the fleet entered 
 Annapolis Basin, and appeared before Port Royal. 
 Subercase, the French governor, was not wanting in 
 bravely ; but with his broken down fortifications, 
 small garrison, and scanty stores of war material 
 and food, he could do little against such a force. 
 Besides, his men had so lost hope, that they were 
 rea<ly to desert if allowed to go outside the l"ort; 
 and thou the Acarlian farmers in the neighbour- 
 
HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 23 
 
 , and at 
 i, burned 
 Vcadians 
 
 ghbours, 
 spect of 
 ) look to 
 of relief, 
 and sent 
 ■ French 
 and was 
 f Boston I 
 I* a ^rand I 
 il failure, 
 liled into 
 
 1 colonists 
 
 ich delay 
 
 over, and 
 
 one, gave 
 
 ew Eng- 
 
 nest, and 
 
 ree tliou- 
 
 t Royal. 
 
 entered 
 rt Roval. 
 anting in 
 ifications, 
 material 
 a force, 
 hey were 
 the fort; 
 cighbour- 
 
 hood came trembling with alarm and besought him 
 to surrender. 
 
 62. Subercase held out long enough to save him- 
 self from the charge of cowardice and his men from 
 being treated as prisoners of war. When the cannon 
 balls began to come thick and fast he surrendered. 
 Thus Port Royal, so often captured and restored 
 to France, was now finally given up to Great Britain. 
 In honour of the queen its name was changed to 
 ylniiapolis Royal. Colonel Vetcli, with a garrison of 
 four hundred and fifty men, was placed in charge of 
 the fort. 
 
 63. Nicolson engaged to send the French garrison 
 to France, and also any of the inhabitants of For*" 
 Royal who wished to go. The Acadians within three 
 miles of the fort were allowed to remain on their 
 lands two years, on condition of taking the oath of 
 allegiance. 
 
 64. The Acadians were very unwilling to submit 
 to British authority. Indeed, they did not intend to 
 submit, and they refused to take the oath of allegi- 
 ance. Vaudreuil, the governor of Canada, sent the 
 Baron de Castine to Nova Scotia to keep alive this 
 s[)irit of opposition, and to secure the fidelity of the 
 Indians. Colonel Vetch tried in vain to hire the 
 Acadians to bring timber for reiJairinir the fort. The 
 Indians, more openly hostile, attacked a company of 
 seventy men, whc^m he hud sent uj) the Annapolis 
 river, killing thirty, and taking the rest prisoners. 
 Relying on aid fioni Canada, four or five hundred 
 Aca«lians invested the fort. But Vaudreuil needed 
 all his forces to })roteot himself, and conld do nothing 
 more for the Acadians than make thc^m uneasy hy 
 exciting vain hopes. 
 
i 
 
 24 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 Treaty of Utrecht, 1713, A.D.— 65. By the Treaty 
 of Utrecht peace was concluded between France and 
 Great Britain. Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and 
 Hudson's Bay territory were ceded to Great Britain. 
 Cape Breton, Prince Edward Island, and Canada 
 were still retained by France. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 AN ERA OF CONFLICT AND UNCERTAINTY. 
 
 66. The Treaty of Utrecht gave Nova Scotia to the 
 English ; but for a long time things were in an un- 
 settled state. For about half a centurv, conflict and 
 uncertainty prevailed, and the country made little 
 progress. The French Acadians still occupied their 
 lands, but they refused to become British subjects. 
 The Indians, who had been taught to look upon the 
 English as enemies, were openly hostile, committing 
 many acts of outrage and murder. Moreover, the 
 French asserted that they had ceded only the penin- 
 sula to Great Britain, and that the country on the 
 north of the Bay of Fundy still belonged to them. 
 
 Early Governors. — 67. Previous to the founding 
 of Halifax, Annapolis was the capital of Nova Scotia. 
 The first governor was Colonel Nicolson, who com- 
 manded at the taking of Port Royal. At the end of 
 three years, he was succeeded by Colonel Phillips, 
 who for thirty-two years drew his salary as governor of 
 Nova Scotia, although at the end of five years he re- 
 moved to England, and never returned to the country 
 of which he was nominally governor. During the 
 
 iMi 
 
1 Treaty 
 nee and 
 id, and 
 Britain. 
 Canada 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 25 
 
 TY. 
 
 ia to the 
 n an im- 
 iflict and 
 |de little 
 ed their 
 subjects, 
 ipon the 
 nmitting 
 ver, the 
 e penin- 
 on the 
 ihem. 
 founding 
 Scotia, 
 ho corn- 
 end of 
 *hilHps, 
 fernor of 
 rs he re- 
 I country 
 ling the 
 
 twenty-seven years of absentee rule, the duties of the 
 governor were performed by the President of tlie 
 Council, acting as Lieutenant-Governor. The first 
 Lieutenant-Governor was Colonel Armstrong, who 
 lield the office for seventeen years, when, in a fit of 
 ins.'inity, he killed himself with his sword. Then 
 Paul Mascarene, a French Protestant, wliose family 
 had been driven from France by religious percecution, 
 succeeded, and remained in office until the arrival of 
 Governor Cornwallis. 
 
 How the Laws were made.— 68. There wns no House of 
 Assembly in these early times. The Governor chose twelve of the 
 leading citizens of Annapolis Royal as a Council to act witli him 
 in making the laws and in governing the country. The Governor 
 and Council also acted as a court of justice to try offenders. 
 Some of their modes of punishment would seem curious enough 
 at the present time. It is related that, for the offence of slander- 
 ing her neighbour, Mary Davis, one Jean Picot was sentenced to 
 be ducked at high water. But the generous-hearted plaintiff, 
 moved with pity, interceded for the offender, who was let off 
 with asking pardon at the church door on Sunday morning. 
 
 The Acadians. — 69. At this time there wore six 
 or seven thousand Acadians in the Province. Their 
 chief settlements were in the most fertile i)arts of the 
 country along the Annapolis River, at Canard, Grand 
 Pro, Piziquid, Cobeqnid, and Beaubassin on Cumber- 
 land Basin. Here they cultivated the rich marsh 
 lands, which they protected from the sea by strong 
 dikes. For the most part, they neglected the wooded 
 uplands. Their wealth consisted largely in cattle, 
 horses, sheep, and swine. 
 
 70. Wh.en Port Royal was given up, the English 
 agreed that the Acadians living within three miles of 
 the fort should be allowed to remain on their lands 
 for two yeais. At the end of this time, all the Aca- 
 dians in Nova Scotia could have been expelled as 
 
26 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 ■M 
 i 
 
 
 I 
 
 foreigners. But Queen Aniie directed Governor 
 Nicolson to treat them in all respects as British sub- 
 jects. If they liad been left to themselv s, it is 
 probable that kind treatment would soon have led 
 them to submit to their new sovereign, as the French 
 of Canada did fifty years later. But the French 
 governors of Quebec and Louisburg encouraged them 
 to stand aloof. 
 
 71. So the Acadians refused to take the oath of 
 allegiance. They said that in case of war between 
 France and Great Britain, they would not join either 
 side ; they would be neuiraU. JMany of them, no 
 doubt, honestly kept their pledge of neutrality ; 
 others encouraged the Indians to annoy the EiiLilisl), 
 or secretly did so tliemselves. 
 
 Louisburg.— 72. Shortly nfter theTreaty of Utrecht, 
 the French turned their attention to Cape Bieton, 
 which was at that time called Isle Royal. On a fine 
 harbour, previously called English Harbour, they 
 built a town, which, in honour of Louis of France, 
 they named Louisburg. To this place came many of 
 the French colonists of Newfoundland. Some of the 
 Acadians also removed from Kova Scotia to Louis- 
 burg ; but most of them did not care to leave their 
 fertile marshes, and, l)y hard toil, make i'cr them- 
 selves a new home among the forests. 
 
 73. Louisburg was built on a tonguo of land stielcliing down 
 between the harbour and (Jabarns Ilay. It was jirotected on tlio 
 hind side V»y stone walls thirty feet high, on the toj) of which were 
 ]arai)ets or towers. Outside the wall was a deep ditch eighty feet 
 Avide. Seaward, the town was gu.-irded by a fortified rocky islet, 
 called llittery Island. On the opposite side of the harbour, to 
 the iMivth-cast, was a fort called Grand I'attcry. Light House 
 INiint w:,s across the liarbour on the cast. 
 
 74. Thus Louisburg was a very strong town, so strong that it 
 reniirded ]'eople of Dunkirk in France ; hence it was culled tha 
 
HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 3(1 Governor 
 s British sub- 
 nselvos, it is 
 0011 have led 
 as the French 
 b the Frencli 
 enraged them 
 
 a the oath of 
 war between 
 
 lot join either 
 of them, no 
 
 •f neutraUty ; 
 
 y tlie EuLilish, 
 
 aty of Utrecht, 
 
 Cape Breton, 
 
 a1. On a fine 
 
 larbour, tlicy 
 
 [lis of France, 
 
 came many of 
 
 Some of the 
 
 M)tia to Lonis- 
 
 to leave their 
 
 ke for them- 
 
 strelcliing down 
 
 rott'ctoil or. tlic 
 
 ojt of which wove 
 
 ) ditch eighty feet 
 
 tifictl rocky islet, 
 
 the huihour, to 
 
 Light House 
 
 so strong tliat it 
 it was culled the 
 
 27 
 
 Dunkirk of America. This place became the chief American 
 naval station of France, and the headquaiters of her fishermen 
 who thronged tlie coasts. As we liave seen, the influence of 
 Louisburg on affairs in Nova Scotia was not favourable to the 
 English. The Acadians, feeling that tliey had powerful friends 
 so near, were bolder in their opposition to llie government at 
 Annapolis; and the Indians were encouraged in their tiiisdceds, 
 finding at Louisburg ready sale for their plunder and their cap- 
 tives. Here, too, in time of war, privateers were fitted out to 
 prey on English coiimieroe. 
 
 Tiie Indiana. —75. Governor Phillips tried to gain the goodwill 
 of the IndiaTis. He invited their chiefs to Annai)olis, feasted 
 them, and gave them presents. They accepted his acts of kind- 
 ness, but he failed to secure their friendship. Shortly after 
 they made an attack upoji Canso, which had become important as 
 the headquarters of English fishermen. They killed three of the 
 inhabitants, and destroyed and plundered a hwge amount of pro- 
 perty. Some French fishermen from Louisburg were ])artner8 in 
 the robbery. The Indians also seized English fishing vessels in 
 the iJay of Fuudy and on other parts of the coast. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 LOUISBURG TAKEN. 
 
 Louisburg sends a force 76. And now war came 
 against Annapolis, a^rain between France and 
 Great Britain. In America tlie Frencli struck the first 
 blow. Duqiiesnel, governcn' of Louisbnri:, sent a small 
 for^'e nmler the command of Diivivier against Nova 
 Sootia. Duvivier burned Canso, and made prisoners 
 (tf the small garrison stationed there. He then sailed 
 to Chiegnecto, and rnandied overland to Annapolis. 
 Here lie foinid about three hnndr<'d Indian allies, who 
 had for some weeks been hovering aronnd the place. As 
 the fort w.is wenk and the garrison small, Governor 
 Mascarene could not liave withstood a bold attack. 
 
28 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 ! 
 
 It 
 
 m 
 
 
 Duviv^ier was timid, but artful. His fighting con- 
 sisted in little skirmishes and night attacks on the 
 fort. Then he tried to frighten Mascarene into giving 
 up the town, asserting that a naval force was coming 
 from Louisburg. Finally he marched off to Minas. 
 
 77. Governor Mascarene was a Frenchman, and he had so gained 
 the goodwill and confi<lence of the Acadians that on this occasion 
 they gave little aid to the French invaders. Some of them after- 
 wards asserted that Duvivier had compelled them to give food to 
 his soldiers. 
 
 Massachusetts sends a Fleet 78. The people of 
 against Louisburg, 1745, a.d. New England were 
 determioed to drive the French from Louisburg. With 
 haste and secrecy a plan was formed by Governor 
 Shirley of Massachusetts to take this strong town. 
 Four thousand volunteers, untaught iii the art of war, 
 but full of spirit and daring, were got ready. The 
 command was given to William Pepperell, a militia 
 colonel. Early in April, the fleet arrived at Canso. 
 Gabarus Bay was yet full of ice, and Pepperell had 
 to wait. But he lost nothing by the delay; for 
 whilst at Canso, he was joined by Commodore Warren 
 with war ships from the British navy. 
 
 79. At the end of three weeks the fleet entered 
 Gabarus Bay, on the west of Louisburg. Here the 
 New England volunteers gave proof of their courage. 
 The landing was most difl&cult. The surf dashed 
 wildly against the rugged shore, the ascent from the 
 water was steep and rugged, and the French were 
 there ready to dispute every inch of ground. Boldly 
 the Massachusetts men faced the foe, and fought their 
 way up to an important position behind the town. 
 Over marshes too miry for wheeled vehicle??, under 
 cover of night, they dragged their cannon on 
 sledges, and carried their ammunition and provisions 
 
 on 
 shi 
 Th 
 
 for 
 
HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 29 
 
 urage. 
 
 Joldly 
 their 
 I town. 
 Iiuuier 
 In on 
 lisions 
 
 on their backs. Commodore Warren drew up his 
 ships in the harbour and opened fire on the town. 
 The inhabitants outside the walls fled to the fortress 
 for safety. And now the siege began in good earnest. 
 
 80. Colonel Vauglian led four hundred men through the woods 
 around tlie head of the harbour to Grand Battery. Here he set 
 fire to some storehouses containing jiifcch, tar, and rum. The 
 next morning he saw that the liiig had been removed from the 
 battery, and that no smoke came from the chimneys. He gave an 
 Indian a bottle of brandy to crawl tbrough jin embrasure, 
 and open the fortress gate. The enemy had fled. One of 
 Vaugban's men climbed the flagstaff, holding in his teeth a red 
 coat, wliich he nailed to the top for n flag. The guns, which had 
 been spiked, were soon put in order, and turned with good effect 
 against Louisburg, which was about a mile distant. 
 
 Louisburg Surrendered. — 81. When first summoned 
 to surrender, Governor Duchambon sent a defiant 
 answer. But as the sieire went on he became less con- 
 fident. A war ship from France, bringing recruits and 
 supplies, fell a prey to the English; the guns on Battery 
 Island were silenced ; and the walls of the town were 
 now yielding in wide breaches to shot and shell. More- 
 over, the soldiers of the garrison were in ill-humour, for 
 they hatl not received their full pay. Then the citi- 
 zens, whose dwellings were riddled with shot, petitioned 
 the governor to surrender. The siege had lasted seven 
 weeks when Duchambon hung out the white flag. 
 Next day terms were agreed on. The French gar- 
 rison marched out with colours flying, and Pepperell, 
 at the head of his men, took possession of the fort. 
 
 12. The French soldiers and such of the citizens 
 as desired it, about four thousand in all, were sent 
 to France, on condition that they would not bear 
 arms against Great Britain for twelve months. The 
 French flag was kept flying at Louisburg for several 
 days, ft»^tl three French merchant ships, which with 
 
30 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 their cargoes were valued at $30,000, sailed into 
 the harl30ur, and were captured by the British. 
 
 83. The news of the fall of Louisburg caused great 
 joy in Boston and in London. Colonel Pepperell was 
 rewarded with the honour of knighthood, and Warren 
 was made an admiral. 
 
 84. The brave New England men had driven the 
 French out of Louisburg ; but there remained a foo 
 before which many of them fell. Among the supplies 
 which came into their hands was a large quantity of 
 rum. Every day scores of drunken soldiers stag- 
 gered through the streets. Unbridled appetite was 
 followed by deadly fever, and before spring twelve 
 hundred of Pepperell's men filled graves in the con- 
 quered soil. 
 
 D'Anville's Expedition, 1746, ad.— 85. The loss of 
 Louisburg filled the French with rage and a spirit of 
 revenge. The lost town must be got back; Nova 
 Scotia, too, shall be taken again from the English ; 
 Boston and other towns of villainous New England 
 shall be burnt to ashes. For these objects a power- 
 ful fleet was fitted out at Rochelle, a seaport of 
 France, and the command was given to Due D'An- 
 ville. It was the grandest force that had ever been 
 sent to America. Never was expedition more fruit- 
 less or ill-fated. Not a single victory did it gaifi ; 
 disaster followed disaster, until there were left only 
 scattered fragments of the once proud fleet. 
 
 86. Two of D'Anville's ships were taken by the 
 English while yet on the coast of France ; some were 
 cast away on Sable Island ; others were driven by 
 storms far off their course, and never reached the 
 place for which they sailed. After a three months' 
 voyage D'Anville arrived at Chebucto Harbour, with 
 
i into 
 
 I great 
 ill was 
 V^arren 
 
 en the 
 d a foo 
 applies 
 itity of 
 s stag- 
 te was 
 twelve 
 lie con- 
 loss of 
 piiit of 
 [ Nova 
 iglish ; 
 ngland 
 power- 
 )ort of 
 D'An- 
 r been 
 e fruit- 
 gain ; 
 ■t only 
 
 3y the 
 e were 
 ren by 
 }d the 
 lonths' 
 ', with 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 31 
 
 a helpless remnant of the great force with which he 
 had left France. Disease had broken out during the 
 long voyage, carrying off many of his men ; others 
 were ill and dying. Such misfortune weighed heavily 
 on his spirits, and he died suddenly, some say of 
 apoplexy, others say of poison. 
 
 87. D'Estournelle, the next in command, arrived 
 on the day cf D'Anville's death. Disheartened, he 
 advised that they abandon the undertaking and re- 
 turn to France ; but his counsel was overruled by 
 the other officers. Then he fell ill, and in the deli- 
 liriutn of fever killed himself with his sword. 
 
 88. La Jonquiere was now chief officer. He 
 thought they might at least take Annapolis, and 
 about the middle of October the fleet set sail. Only 
 disaster followed. Off Cape Sable, where many a 
 vessel has since been cast away, a violent storm 
 came on, which wrought such ruin that the stricken 
 ships yet remaining were turned homeward. Three 
 years after, when Governor Cornwallis landed at 
 Chebucto, the whitened skeletons of French soldiers 
 were found lying beside rusty muskets beneath the 
 brushwood. 
 
 A French Force from Canada. — 89. A body of 
 French soldiers, under De liamezav, had ))een sent 
 from Canada to aid D'Anville's fleet in taking 
 Annapolis and Louisburg. Ivamezay landed at 
 Chiegnecto, and then marched thiough the coun- 
 try by way of Minas to Annapolis. Having 
 waited in vain for the fleet, he made a feeble 
 attempt to take the fort, and afterwards returned 
 to Chiegnecto, where he resolved to spend the 
 winter. 
 
 Help from Boston. — 90. The presence of the enemy 
 
3« 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 in the country made Governor Mascarene uneasy, 
 and he applied to Governor Shirley of Massachusetts 
 for assistance. Five hundred men, under Colonel 
 Noble, were immediately sent from Boston. Their 
 orders were to sail up the Bay of Fundy, and post 
 themselves at Grand Pre for the purpose of keeping 
 the Acadians in clieck, and of driving Kamezay back, 
 if he should again march against Annapolis. 
 
 91. On the passage winter set in, and Colonel 
 Noble was unable, on account of the ice, to enter 
 Minas Basin. So he landed at a point far down the 
 Bay, and with his men set out on foot for Grand Pre. 
 With two weeks' provisions on their backs, they 
 marched through the forests and the deep snow, across^ 
 the North Mountain, and down the Cornwallis valley. 
 About Christmas, after a week's march, they arrived 
 at Grand Pr^. Here, for want of proper quarters, 
 they were scattered, a few in a place, in private 
 houses throuijrh the settlement. 
 
 The massacre. — 92. Ramezay heard, probably 
 through the Acadians, of Noble's arrival. He 
 resolved to take him by surprise. Soon over six 
 hundred French and Indians, fitted out with snow 
 shoes and hand-sleds, were on the move for Grand 
 Pr4 Coulon de Villiers was their leader. lo was 
 a tedious and painful march of one hundred and 
 fifty miles tiu'cugh the forest in the depth of win- 
 ter. On tJie 23d of January Coulon set out, and 
 at the end of seventeen days he arrived at Windsor. 
 Next day, in the midst of a driving snowstorm, he 
 went forward to the Gaspereaux Kiver. Here, within 
 two or three miles of Grand Pre, he halted until after 
 midnight. 
 
 93. Coulon divided his men into ten companies. 
 
 fight 
 
HISTOIlV OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 33 
 
 uneasy, 
 chusetts 
 Colonel 
 Their 
 nd post 
 keeping 
 ly back. 
 
 Colonel 
 bo enter 
 own the 
 md Pre. 
 IS, they 
 V, across 
 s valley. 
 
 arrived 
 luarters, 
 
 private 
 
 robably 
 He 
 )ver six 
 h snow 
 Grand 
 lo was 
 'ed and 
 of win- 
 ut, and 
 Windsor. 
 )rm, he 
 within 
 til after 
 
 for the purpose of attacking at the same time the 
 different houses where the English were lodged. 
 Then, led by Acadian guides, the French went for- 
 ward to their cruel work. Under cover of the night 
 and the falling snow, they crept stealthily upon their 
 victims. Killing the sentinels, they rushed into the 
 liouses where the English soldiers were sleeping, all 
 unconscious of danger. Some were slain in their 
 beds ; others, and among them Colonel Noble, fell 
 fighting in their night-clothes. At daybreak the 
 French were masters of the place, and the carnage 
 ceased. 
 
 94. On the morrow the ^Massachusetts men buried 
 their dead, about eighty in number, in one grave, 
 still marked by a mound of earth, the only monu- 
 ment ever erected to their memory. Tlien, with six 
 days' provisions on their backs, they marched off 
 sadly for Annapolis, leaving behind seventy of their 
 comrades as prisoners of war. 
 
 Treaty of Aix la-Chapelle, 1748, A.D.— 95. For a 
 little. Great Britain and France ceased fighting, and 
 tried to settle their disputes by a treaty, signed at a 
 place called Aix-la-Chapelle. The treaty included 
 several matters, but the only thing bearing on our 
 history was the restoration of Cape Breton to France, 
 in exchange for places in other parts of the world 
 which the French had taken from the British. The 
 people of Massachust'tts were not plea.se«l at this, and 
 to pacify them the Briti-h Government paid them 
 back the money they had spent in taking Louisburg. 
 
 ipanies. 
 
34 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 SETTLEMKNT OF HALIFAX. 
 
 A new Scene at Chebucto. — 96. Three years have 
 passed awny since D'Aiiville's shattered fleet lay 
 moored in Chebucto Harbour, and such of his soldiers 
 as liad escaped tlie perils of the sea were dying on its 
 shores. And now ships are again arriving from be- 
 yond the eastern waters, and joyously those who 
 have been borne hitlier are taking possession of the 
 land. These are not French soldiers sent to conquer 
 with guns and swords ; but English people, men, 
 women, and children, come to make for themselves 
 a liome in a forest country. 
 
 97. No wonder if the French had hoped to get Nova 
 Scotia back again, for Great Britain had not seemed 
 to prize it much. As yet few of her people had come 
 to the country, and these were mostly at Annapolis 
 and Canso. But now the Government resolved to 
 send out colonists ; and offered free grants of land, a 
 year's provisions, farming tools, and other gifts, to 
 all who would go to Nova Scotia. The Lords of 
 Tiade and Plantations, who had charge of colonial 
 afi'airs, gave orders to found a new capital on the 
 sliores of Chebucto Harbour. At this place the new 
 governor, Colonel Edward Cornwallis, arrived in the 
 ship " Sphynx " on the 2 ist of June ; and he was soon 
 followed by transports bearing over two thousand 
 five hundred colonists. The hillside on the west of 
 the harbour was chosen as the site of the new citv, 
 which was named Halifax, in honour of the President 
 of the Lords of Trade and Platitationa. 
 
 nig ^^ 
 
 up, fc 
 I the Ii 
 I 99. 
 with 
 counc 
 ten an 
 the ii 
 A cadi 
 
HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 35 
 
 ears have 
 fleet lay 
 is soldiers 
 mg on its 
 from be- 
 hose who 
 ion of the 
 conquer 
 pie, men, 
 hemselves 
 
 > get Nova 
 )t seemed 
 had come 
 A.nnapolis 
 solved to 
 3f land, a 
 gifts, to 
 Lords of 
 colonial 
 on the 
 the new 
 ed in the 
 
 a 
 
 was soon 
 thousand 
 e west of 
 new citv, 
 .^resident 
 
 Making a Home. — 98. Through the summer and 
 autumn Halifax presented a busy scene. When tlie 
 colonists landel, the whole coast around tlie harbour 
 was clothed with forest down to the water's edge. 
 All were soon at work chopping down the trees, 
 erecting rude dwellings, and preparing for the com- 
 inir winter. They had vet no saw-mills for niakin<' 
 lumber. A few frame liuuses were built of materiid 
 hrouiirht from Boston ; but most of the dwellinus 
 were rude shanties, formed of upright poles stuck in 
 the ground and roofed over with the baik of trees. 
 The openings between the i)ole3 were filled with moss 
 to keep out th(} c(dd winds. On the sunnnit of the 
 hill, now called Citadel Hill, a square fort was built, 
 and around the town the trunks of trees were thrown 
 up, forming a barricade or wall, as a defence against 
 the Indians. 
 
 99. Governor Cornwallis chose his council to act 
 with him in governing the country. Of this first 
 council, Paul Mascarene, who liad been so long lieu- 
 tenant-governor at Annapolis, was a member. As 
 the gove'-nor was not sure of the loyalty of the 
 Acadians, he called on them to take the oath of alle- 
 giance. This they refused to do, claiming the right 
 to occupy the country as neutrals. 
 
 100. The Indians were very unfriendly and kei»fc 
 j the colony in constant terror. They Mere ever buk- 
 
 inur in the woods on the borders of the settlements, 
 ready to kill and scalp or carry oft' those who came 
 within their reach. Knglish captives were often taken 
 1 to Louisburg and sold to the rreneh, from whom they 
 I were afterwards rawsouuMl by their friends Dart- 
 mouth, which was settled in the year after the found- 
 I ing of Halifax, sufifered most from the savages. Six 
 
 I 
 
36 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 men belonging to this place were attacked wliijst 
 cutting wood in tlie forest ; four of tliem were killed 
 and .scal[)ed, and one was taken prisoner. A few 
 months afterwards, the Indians, having crept npon 
 the settlement during the night, killed and scalped 
 several of the panic-stricken iidiabitants. The screams 
 of the terrified women and children were heard across 
 the harbour in Halifax. The governor and council, 
 nnwisely adopting the barbarous custom of the 
 savages, offered large rewards for Indian prisoners 
 and Indian scalps. 
 
 Disputed Territory.— 101. We have already stated 
 that tlie Fiencli claimed the country north of the 
 liay of Fundy, asserting that Nova Scotia, which they 
 had given up l)y the Treaty of Utrecht, extended only 
 to the Mi.s,sa(piash liiver and the Isthmus of Chieg- 
 necto. Commissioners were appointed by England 
 and France to settle the dispute, but they fjiiled to 
 agree. Tlie French, however, kept a body of soldiers 
 at the Isthmus to prevent the English from crossing 
 the Hue which thev had laid down. On a rid^e of 
 ground in the marsh north of the Missatpiash they 
 erected Fort Beausejour, which was placed under the 
 command of La Corne. They had another fort also 
 near the head of Bay Verte. 
 
 102. On the south of the Missaquash was the 
 Acadian settlement Beaubassin. The people of this 
 place were not disposed to obey the government at 
 Halifax. As the produce of the country was all 
 nei^ded at Halifax, a law was made forbidding its 
 exportation. But the Acadian farmers sent their 
 grain and cattle by way of Bay Verte to the Louis- 
 burg market. 
 
 103. To enforce the laws, and to keep the French 
 
 ■iiaiaHii 
 
;d whilst 
 3re killed 
 A few 
 ept upon 
 i scalped 
 e screams 
 rd across 
 [ council, 
 of the 
 prisoners 
 
 dy stated 
 
 h of the 
 
 liich they 
 
 ded only 
 
 )f Chieg- 
 
 England 
 
 fill led to 
 
 f soldiers 
 
 crossing 
 
 ridge of 
 
 ish tliey 
 
 iider the 
 
 brt also 
 
 was the 
 of this 
 
 iment at 
 was all 
 linsj; its 
 
 nt tlu'ir 
 l^ouis- 
 
 ( 
 
 [3 
 
 ! Frencli 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 37 
 
 in check, Governor Cornwallis sent Major Lawrence 
 to Beaubassin with a small body of soldiers. When 
 the Acadians saw the British sloops coming up the 
 Bay, they set fire to their dwellings, and fied 
 across the river to La Corne. The landing of the 
 English was opposed by a large body of French and 
 Indians, who lay sheltered behind the marsh dikes. 
 Lawrence kept his men from firing until they were 
 close upon the enemy, when he poured his shot upon 
 them with such effect that they betook themselves 
 to flight. He afterwards erected Fort Lawrence on 
 the south of the river, about a mile from Beausejour. 
 
 GDvernors. — 104. Governor Cornwallis remained 
 in Halifax about three years, when he was succeeded 
 by Thomas Hopson. In the following year Hopson 
 retired, and Major Lawrence became governor. 
 
 The Germans. — 105. The British Government 
 wanted more colonists for Nova Scotia, and invited 
 people to come from Germany, offering to them the 
 same gifts of land and supi)lies as to the English. 
 Many accepted the invitation, coming at various times, 
 so that within two or three years ncarlj' two thousand 
 Germans airived at Halifax. Tlicy were mostly 
 farmers. Unlike the other colonists in their language 
 and customs, they chose to form a settlement by 
 themselves. Accordingly, in the y(\'ir 1753, most of 
 them removed to Lunenburg. Here they under- 
 went many hardships, and, like the English colonists, 
 they suffered greatly from the hostility of the Indians. 
 
 106. The early Gcnnnn settlers were a people of simple manner 
 Their wants wore few ami easily sui)plie(l. The women were clad 
 in homespun, and their li'^ad-dress consisted of a calico handker- 
 chief, lioth men and Monien wore upon their feet wooden shoes 
 or clogs, made hy scooping out hlocks of birch during the long 
 winter evenings. Their spoons, also, were of the same material, 
 
 i 
 
 MM 
 
38 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 or, they used sea shells instead. Their cart-wheels were circular 
 pieces sawn from the trunk of trees, with holes nuule in the 
 centre for the axles. Riding wagtjons were not used in Lunenhurg 
 till sixty years after its first settlement. 
 
 The Riot.— 107. A few mouths after the Germans went to 
 Lunenburg, certain evil-minded persons spiend a report amongst 
 them, that some of the sui)plie3 sent out for them from England 
 had been withheld. This caused great excitement, and the place 
 was for several days under mob rule. Colonel Monckton came 
 down from Halifax with a few soldiers, and soou restored order 
 without using any harsh means. 
 
 Wl 
 
 al 
 
 sel 
 BJ 
 ini 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 EXPULSION OF THE ACADIANS. 
 
 Beausejour, 1755, a.d. — 108. The year 1755 was 
 noted for two important events in the history of 
 Nova Scotia. The fir.st was the capture of Fort 
 Beausejour ; the second was the expulsion of the ill- 
 fated Acadians. The capture of Fort Beausejour put 
 an end to the claims of the French on the country 
 north of the Missaquash. The exi)edition was fitted 
 out in Massachusetts. Colonel Monckton, sailing from 
 Boston with a force of two thousand men, landed 
 early in June near Fort Lawrence. Opposed hy 
 Acadians and Indians he fought his way across the 
 river, and opened fire on Fort Beausejour. Vergor, 
 the commander of the fort, called to his aid the 
 Acadians of the surrounding country. Having hidden 
 their women and children in the woods they obeyed 
 the summons. But tln^y brought little strength to 
 the fort. Seeing the English at close quarters, they 
 were filled with alarm, and began to desert the 
 French commander in his hour of need. 
 
th( 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTiA. 
 
 39 
 
 109. When tlie siege had lasted four days, Vergor 
 was compelled to surrender. His soldiers were 
 allowed to retire with the honours of war, and were 
 sent to Louisbur^r. Monckton chancred the name of 
 Beausejour, calling it Fort Cumberland, and placed 
 in it a small garrison. 
 
 110. The forts at Bay Verte and St. John were 
 taken shortly after. The Acadians tried to excuse 
 themselves for fighting against the English, by assert- 
 ing that they had been forced to aid the French. 
 They were commanded to give up their arms, and 
 take the oath of allegiance. They complied with 
 the first part of the order, but refused to take the 
 oath. 
 
 111. For several years there had been in the country a very 
 troublesome man named La Luutre, a French i)rie8t. He was the 
 paid agent of the governor of Canada, and used all his influence to 
 keo.p the Acadians and Indians at enmity with the English. The 
 Bishop of Quebec, las su[)eriur, was mucli displeased at his conduct, 
 and warned him against meddling in stu-ular affairs. ]>ut he gave 
 no heed to the warning. He was at Beausejour during the siege, 
 urging on the work of defence. Before the English entered the 
 fort, he made his escape. Ho went to Quebec, and afterwtu'ds set 
 out for France. On the way the vessel in which he sailed was 
 taken by a Britisli man-of-war, and lie was made prisoner. 
 
 Expulsion of the Acadians, 1755, a.d.— 112. The 
 
 other great event of the year uas the expulsion of 
 the Acadians— an event which has ])een more talked 
 about and written about than almost anything that 
 ever happened in Nova Scotia. The poet Longfellow 
 made it the subject of the well-known and beautiful 
 poem " Evangeline," which is much bettor i)ot'try 
 than history. It would make one believe that the 
 Acadians were a most virtuous, harmless, and deeply- 
 injured people ; and that the wrong-doing was all on 
 the side of tliose who sent them out of tiie country 
 
40 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 113. The Acadians had little claim on the govern- 
 ment at Halifax. They had repeatedly refused to 
 promise thorough loyalty to the British Crown ; con- 
 trary to positive orders, tliey had persisted in sending 
 their produce to the Louisburg markets, rather than 
 sell to the English ; a.nc> some of them liad given direct 
 aid to the enemy. Ihe punishment meted out to 
 them was severe; but we must remember that at 
 this time the English in Nova Scotia were not strong 
 enough to be generous to those whom they could not 
 trust. 
 
 114. The authoiities at Halifax had several reasons for alarm. 
 The Indians were dangerous enemies who kept their people in con-^ 
 stant terror, and there seemed little hope of their being made 
 friendly while the Acadians were in the country. The French 
 were strong in Louisburg and Quebec, and they had recently 
 gr>'' M^ a victory over tlie British on the Ohio River. They might 
 make another effort to obtain Nova Scotia. Then a French victory 
 or two might bring over to what would seem to be the winning 
 side those who now refused to take the oath of allegiance. 
 
 115. The Acadians had abundant warning. Gover- 
 nor Lawrence called on them to choose delegates 
 who should come to Halifax with power to act for 
 the whole people. The delegates refused to take any 
 oath which would bind them to aid the British 
 against the French. The dangerous results of their 
 conduct were pointed out to them, but they remained 
 firm. 
 
 116. The day of grace was past ; the time had 
 come for sterner measures. So thought Governor 
 Lawrence and his council. Orders were sent to the 
 ofHcers commanding the forts at Annapolis, Grand 
 Pr6, Piziquid, and Chiegnecto, to seize all the Aca- 
 dians in their districts, and place them on board the 
 vessels provided for their removal. Tiiey were told 
 
 1 
 
HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTrA. 
 
 At 
 
 had 
 ernor 
 
 tho 
 rand 
 Aca- 
 
 1 tho 
 told 
 
 to hearken to no petitions or entreaties, but to act 
 firmly and promptly. The Acadians were to be 
 allowed to take their money and such household 
 furniture as the vessels could carry ; their lands, 
 cattle, and other property were forfeited. Their 
 barns, now filled with the freshly-gathered harvest, 
 and their dwellings were to be burned, so that those 
 who fled to the woods might have little chance of 
 holdini? out. 
 
 117. The task of removing the Acadians from 
 Canard, Minas, and Grand Pre fell to Colonel Win- 
 slow. He did his work thoroughly. "Without making 
 known his object, he commanded the men and boys 
 to assemble in their church at Grand Pre on the 5th 
 of September. And now, when all are gathered, the 
 church is surrounded with armed soldiers. Winslow, 
 standing at the altar, reminds the Acadians of the 
 kindness which had been shown their people for half 
 a century, and upbraids them with their ingratitude, 
 closing his address watli the startling announcement 
 that they are all the king's prisoners, and that the 
 vessels lie waiting in the harbour which are to convey 
 them out of the country. 
 
 118. A guard was kept around the church to prer 
 vent any from escaping. Their families were notified 
 to send them food, and to get ready to leave their 
 homes as soon as possible. A few days after, all 
 went on board the transports in the mouth of the 
 Gaspereaux. 
 
 119. It was a wretched scene in the church at 
 Grand Pre on that 5tli September evening, and there 
 was many a sad household around the shores of the 
 Basin of Minas. The morning had dawned with 
 bright prospects on those homes, around which clus- 
 
 i. 
 
42 
 
 HISTOIIY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 tered many pleasant thoughts and happy memories. 
 God's blessing had rewarded the hand of the diligent. 
 The barns were bursting with the freshly-gathered 
 harvest, and the orcliards were colouring with crimson 
 and gold. A cloud of sadness, deeper and darker 
 than evening sliadows, now brooded over every 
 hearthstone and gloomed every heart. Then imagine 
 you see those poor people, men, women, and children, 
 with funereal step and mien, trending their way to 
 the vessels which would soon bear them to the land 
 of exile. And now, when all are gone, the smoking 
 ruins of houses and barns completes the picture of 
 desolation 
 
 120. The total number of Acadians sent from Canard and Granil 
 Pre is given at 1923 ; 255 dwellings and 276 barns were burnt. 
 The cattle and horses were left to run wild. In the foHowing 
 year a pjirty of (Jennans from Lunenburg came acios.s the counti y 
 through the woods, and drove away about 170 liead of cattle aj.l 
 a number of liorses. Many of the cattle and all the liorses ditd 
 on the way to Lunenburg. 
 
 121. The work of expulsion was less successful in other parts of 
 the countrj'. At Annapolis, when the Acadians saw tlie vessels 
 enter tlie llasin, they fled to tlie woods. Some were brought 
 back ; others eluded pursuit. Tlu" prisoners on board one of tlio 
 transports from Aniiiipolis took p,t»ssession of the vessel, and sail- 
 ing into St. Jolin's Harbour escjiped. 
 
 122. The worst scenes were at Chiegnecto. Some of the men 
 fled to the woods, leaving the women and chihhen behind ; others, 
 joined by the Indians, turned u]iou the soldiers, some of whom 
 they killed. Over 450 hotises wcie burnt. 
 
 123. It is computed that at least 3000 Acadians 
 were ])anished from Nova Scotia. Thev were scattered, 
 a few hundreds in a place, from ^lassachusetts to 
 North Carolina. The}' were set down nearly desti- 
 tute at the approach of winter among strangers, from 
 whom they differed in language, customs, and religion. 
 In some cases families were broken uj), nnd tlu^ chil- 
 
 dren 
 Man 
 
 the f 
 toN 
 alou! 
 
HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 43 
 
 lemories. 
 diligent, 
 gathered 
 . crimson 
 1 darker 
 LT every 
 imagine 
 children, 
 r way to 
 the land 
 smokini; 
 Lcture of 
 
 dren were bound out as apprentices or servants. 
 Many, with ardent longing for their old homes, in 
 the face of numerous difficulties, found their way back 
 to Nova Scotia. Some, trying to get back by coasting 
 along shore in boats, were sto})ped on the way. 
 
 Indian Murders. - 124. The Indians were still bitter foes to 
 tlie English and Germans. At Bay Verte tliey killed nine nicn 
 who were cutting wood in the forests. On an island in Mahone 
 Bay tlicy killed a man named Payzant and part of his family ; 
 his wife and four of his children they carried off to Quebec a.s 
 captives. In scattered settlements, piles of wood and brush were 
 kept on the hills ready for lighting, as a signal for help in case of 
 an attack. Large rewards were offered by the government for 
 Indian scalps and Indian prisoners. 
 
 and Grand 
 ere burnt, 
 following 
 iie country 
 cattle aj.l 
 orst'S died 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 THE END OF FRENCH POWER IN AMERICA. 
 
 ^r piirls of 
 
 lie vessels 
 
 brought 
 
 ne of the 
 
 and sail- 
 
 the men 
 ; others, 
 of whom 
 
 cadi an s 
 attered, 
 etts to 
 Y desti- 
 ■s, from 
 
 eiigion. 
 
 lie c 
 
 liil- 
 
 125. Great Britain and France could not agree as 
 to the boundary between their possessions in North 
 America. Out of their disputes there grew a war, 
 known in history as the Seven Years' War. As Louis- 
 burg was the only ocean port of the French colonies 
 in America, the British thought that by taking it 
 they would deal a severe blow to the power of the 
 enemy, and prepare the way for more conquests. 
 From lack of ability on the pari of those in command, 
 the first year's attempt was a failure. 
 
 Loudon's Failure, 1767, a.d.— 126. In the summer of 1757 a 
 strong force was collected at Halifax for the jiurpose of taking 
 Louisburg. Lord Loudon, the commander-in-chief, arrived from 
 New York with transports and soldiers, and Admiral Holborne came 
 from England with eleven ships of the line and lifty transports. 
 
 I 
 
■mhip 
 
 44 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 bringing over 6000 soldiers. At Halifax, London heard that the 
 French forces at Louisburg were stronger tliun his own, and he 
 was afraid to attack them. Twice Admiral Holborne sailed down 
 to Louisburg, but he carefully avoided the enemy. The second 
 time a storm overtook him, shattering and dispersing his ships. 
 
 William Pitt. — 127. And now there came a new 
 liand at the holm. The great statesman, William 
 Pitt, was at the head of the British Government, and 
 by Ids wise measures he soon changed the aspect of 
 affairs. Under his rule, officers of courage and ability 
 were appointed over the army and navy, — men who 
 gained imperishable glory for themselves and for the 
 flag of Old England. 
 
 The Second Siege of Louisburg, 1758, ad. — 128. 
 The Dunkirk of America must yield to British power. 
 For its conquest came a fleet of 150 sail, under Ad- 
 miral Boscawen, ami a land force of 14.000 men. 
 General Amlierst was commander-in-chief, and next 
 under him was Colonel James Wolfe, a brave young 
 officer, now only thirtv-two years of age. On the 2d 
 of June the fleet arrived in Gabarus Bay. A M'ild 
 storm was raging, and for nearly a week the angry 
 surf kept the troops from landing. Meanwhile the 
 French at Louisburg were busy fortifying the shore. 
 
 129. With tlie first lull the brave British soldiers, 
 arranged in three divisions, advanced boldly in their 
 boats in the face of a brisk fire from the enemy. As 
 they drew up to the shore, Wolfe leaped into the 
 water, and was the first to gain the land. The French 
 were soon driven back, and forced to take refuge 
 behind the ramparts of the town. 
 
 130. Louisburg was not j^repared for a siege. The 
 stonework of the ramparts had in many places fallen 
 into the ditches, the earthen embankments were 
 broken down, and many of the cannon were mounted 
 
 I 
 
rd that the 
 own, and he 
 sailed down 
 The second 
 his sliips. 
 
 me a new 
 William 
 nent, and 
 aspect of 
 nd ability 
 men who 
 d for the 
 
 D.— 128. 
 
 ill power, 
 nder Ad- 
 Doo men. 
 and next 
 ve young 
 )n the 2d 
 A M'ild 
 he angry 
 while the 
 e shore, 
 soldiers, 
 J in their 
 my. As 
 into the 
 Q French 
 e refuge 
 
 ge. The 
 ies fallen 
 its were 
 mounted 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 45 
 
 on carriages so rotten that they could not bear the 
 shock of discharge. The French forces consisted of 
 about 3500 men, including soldiers, militia, and In- 
 dians. The harbour was guarded by five war ships, 
 and at its mouth were sunk three frigates to prevent 
 the aj)proach of the British shi[)s. M. Drucour, the 
 governor of Louisbuig, gathered all his forces within 
 the town, and resolved to defend his post. 
 
 131. "Wolfe, with a strong party, marched around the head of 
 the harbour to Lighthouse Point, from which he directed such a 
 fire on the Island Battery that he silenced its guns. Boscawen, 
 from his ships, poured shot and shell into the harbour with grand 
 effect. One of the French ships took fire and blew up. The fire 
 spread to two other ships and burned them to the water's edge. 
 Then a party of brave British seamen came up in boats, burned 
 one of the remaining ships, and brought away the other in 
 triumph. 
 
 The Surrender. — 13. For seven weeks the siege 
 went on. Drucour saw with dismay the widening 
 breaches in his walls. The terror-stricken inhabi- 
 tants of the town urged him to give up the contest. 
 Then he pro[)osed to surrender with the honours of 
 war. But General Amherst would grant no condi- 
 tions, and Drucour was compelled to Aield. The 
 soldiers of the garrison marched out of the fort as 
 l)risoners of war, and the arms, ammunition, and pro- 
 visions were given up to the victors. 
 
 133. In the same year Prince Edward Island was 
 taken from the French. Two years after, the British 
 Government, not wishing to maintaii: a garrison at 
 Louisburg, levelled its walls to the ground. 
 
 The Conquest of Canada, 1769, a.d. — 134. Canada also was 
 taken from the French. The siege of Quebec was conducted by 
 General Wolfe, the young officer who showed so much bravery at 
 the siege of Louisburg. Whilst leading hia men to victory, Wolfe 
 fell mortiUly wounded. As be was borne from the field, he heard 
 
wmmmmm 
 
 ll! 
 
 I 
 
 I ! 
 
 Kl !' 
 
 !- \i> 
 
 Bi ti- 
 
 ll 'It 
 
 46 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 a cry, "They run, they run!" "Who run?" said the dying 
 hero. "The enemy, sir," was the reply. "Then," said Wolfe, 
 ••' God be praised, I die happy ! " ) 
 
 The First Assembly, 1758, a.d. — 135. Governor 
 Lawrence was informed by the British Government 
 that the laws made by the governor and council were 
 not valid ; and he was instructed ill on the people 
 to elect an Assembly, He obeyea this order quite J 
 unwillingly, fearing that such a body might assume j 
 too much power. The first Assembly met in the 
 Court-house in Halifjix on tlie 2d of October 1758. 
 It consisted of twentv-two members. Koman Catholics 
 were not allowed to sit as members, or to vote at 
 elections. 
 
 136. Better days now began to dawn on Nova 
 Scotia. On the invitation of Governor Lawrence, 
 many colonists came from Rhode Island and Con- 
 necticut, and settled on the far from wiiich the 
 Acadians had been banished. '^ fertile lands of 
 Annapolis, Cornwallis, Horton, Windsor, Truro, On- 
 slow, and Cumberland were thus occupied by a good 
 class of people. There was no more trouble with the 
 Indians. Their chiefs came to Haliftix and made a 
 treaty of peace. Laden with presents, they went 
 away well pleased with their newly-made friends. 
 
 Governors. — 137. In the midst of the prosperity 
 which he had done so much to promote, Governor 
 Lawrence died suddenly. For two or three years the 
 duties of governor were performed by Chief-Justice 
 Belcher, a member of the council. Then Colonel 
 Montague Wilmot was appointed to the office, and 
 after three years he was succeeded by Lord AVilliam 
 Campbell. 
 
 An Alarnij 1762, a,d. — 138. And now news reached 
 
 Hali 
 
 capit 
 
 the 
 
 Scot! 
 
 l)air(' 
 
 wen^ 
 
 But 
 
 139. 
 
 florto 
 
 to rej) 
 
 More 
 
 provin 
 
 chuset 
 
 taken 
 
 prison 
 
 Indies 
 
 land ir 
 
 now li 
 
 lUitisl 
 
 Th 
 
 Year^ 
 the si 
 A trt 
 Cnna( 
 were 
 and ( 
 vince 
 in 17 
 dians 
 
 Picti 
 
 of the 
 came fi 
 endure 
 two b> 
 ing, so: 
 Truro, 
 potatoi 
 Scotlai 
 
HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 47 
 
 I the dying 
 said Wolfe, 
 
 Governor 
 )veriiment 
 iincil were 
 the people 
 rder quite ^ 
 ht assume j 
 et in the 
 )ber 1758. 
 1 Catholics 
 to vote at 
 
 on Nova 
 
 Lawrence, 
 
 and Con- 
 
 which the 
 
 lands of 
 rruro, On- 
 by a good 
 e with the 
 id made a 
 they went 
 dends. 
 prosperity 
 
 Governor 
 e years the 
 ief-Justice 
 n Colonel 
 office, and 
 •d William 
 
 ws reachedl 
 
 Halifax that tlie French had taken St. Johns, the 
 capital of Newfoun'lland. The wildest alarm seized 
 the pec^ple, lest the enemy should next attack Nova 
 Scotia. Councils of war were lield ; forts were re^ 
 pairtMl; martial law was proclaimed; and the militia 
 were brought from the country to defend the capital. 
 But the French did not come. 
 
 139. So great was the panic in Annapolis, CornwalHg, and 
 florton, that many Acadians who had heen employed as labourers 
 to repair the dikes were seized and sent to Halifax as prisoners. 
 More of these i)eople were brought in from other parts of the 
 province, and all were sent to Boston. The governor of Massa 
 chusetts would not allow them to land, but orlered them to be 
 taken back to Nova Scotia. They were kept for some time as 
 prisoners at Halifax. Some of thorn afterwards went to the West 
 Indies ; others took the oiith of allegiance, and received grants of 
 land in Nova Scotia. Many of the descendants of the old Acadiiuis 
 now live in different paits of thi; province, and are as loyal to the 
 IJritish Crown as any of our JJrit' li people. 
 
 The Treaty of Paris, 1763, a.d.— 40. The Seven 
 Years' War was brought to a close, and with it ended 
 the strife between the British and French in America. 
 A treaty of peace was signed at Paris, by which 
 Canada, Cape Breton, and Prince Edward Island, 
 were ceded to Great Britain. Prince Edward Island 
 and Cape Breton were now made a part of the pro- 
 vince of Nova Scotia. The population of the province 
 in 1763 was estmated at 13,000, of which the Aca- 
 dians formed about one-fifth. 
 
 PlctOU. — 141. "VVe shall close this chapter with a short account 
 of the first settlers of Pictou. In the year 1767, a few families 
 came from Philadelphia in a smsvU vessel called the " Hope. " They 
 endured great hardships, getting much of their footl for a year or 
 two by hunting and fishing. To obtain seed for the spring plant- 
 ing, some of them travelled on foot through an unbroken forest to 
 Truro, a distance of over forty miles, carrying home their bags of 
 potatoes on their backs. Six years later, thirty families came from 
 Scotland in the ship "Hector." These suffered even more than 
 
■I 
 
 '1' 
 1 1'! 
 
 It 
 
 it 
 
 48 
 
 HISTORY OF rsOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 those who came in the " Hope." They had only time to huild rude 
 huts before winter set in. To prevent their families from starv- 
 ing, the men went to Truro, where they hired as labourers, and 
 then dragged home on hand-sleds the flour and potatoes given 
 them in payment for their work. 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 How the Quarrel began. — 142. Great Britain had 
 driven the French from America, and she had now 
 an unbroken line of colonies along the whole Atlantic 
 coast. But scarcely was peace made with France, 
 when a quarrel arose between the mother country 
 and the colonies. This in the end led to war and 
 separation. Unwise statesmen ruled the parent coun- 
 try, — men who denied to the colonists the privileges 
 and liberties of British subjects. 
 
 143. A selfish policy was shown in discouraging 
 manufactures in the colonies, that England might 
 have a better market for her products. The long and 
 expensive wars with France had loaded the nation 
 with debt, and the British Parliament resolved to 
 make the colonies bear a share of the burden. A bill 
 was passed, called the Stamp Act, which required that 
 wills, deeds, and otlier papers should have a govern- 
 ment stamp affixed to make them legal. 
 
 144. The colonists were indignant at being taxed 
 by a parliament in which they were not represented. 
 There were murmurings throughout all tiiO country ; 
 whilst in Boston, New York, and other cities, the 
 people spoke out against the Act in the strongest 
 
HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA 
 
 49 
 
 3 build rude 
 
 from starv- 
 
 lourers, nnd 
 
 latoes given 
 
 itain had 
 had now 
 e Atlantic 
 h France, 
 ir country 
 ) war and 
 rent coun- 
 privileges 
 
 couraging 
 nd might 
 
 long and 
 he nation 
 solved to 
 n. A bill 
 uired that 
 
 a govern- 
 ing taxed 
 presented. 
 5 country ; 
 cities, the 
 
 strongest 
 
 terms. Muffled bells were rung, flags were hung at 
 half mast, and the officers appointed to sell the stamps 
 Avere compelled to resign their office. 
 
 145. The storm was quieted for a little by the 
 repeal of the Stamp Act. Then the hateful tax wa«« 
 imposed again in the form of a duty on tea. This 
 awakened the strongt^st opposition. The colonists 
 bam led together, and pledged themselves to use no 
 tea or other articles which paid a royal duty. In 
 Boston a number of men, disguised as Indians, went 
 on board some ships laden with tea, and threw their 
 cargoes into the harbour. 
 
 The War Begins, 1775, A.D.— 146. The strife went 
 on. The British Parliament insisted on its right to 
 tax the colonies ; the colonies as firmly resisted, and 
 iinally appealed to arms. British soldiers were sent 
 across the ocean to enforce obedience. Tlien, in tlio 
 year 1776. thirteen colonies declared their imlepend- 
 ence, taking tlie natne of The United States of America. 
 Canada was askcid to join in the rebellion, and when 
 it refused, an army was sent against Montreal and 
 Quebec. 
 
 Nova Scotia during the War. — 147. For the most 
 
 part the people of Nova Scotia v/ere loyal to Oreat 
 
 J*)ritain. Tlie House of Assembly gave no answer to 
 
 the letter asking our province to join in the revolt. 
 
 The governor and council removed some persons from 
 
 office for saying that the duty on tea was unjust. 
 
 They also forbade the people to hold public meetings 
 
 for tlio pur[)ose of discussing affairs connected with 
 
 the government of tin country. 
 
 148. During tlio war tlio coast Bottlemonts wore kept in constant 
 alarm by privateers fitted out in New England. Yarmouth, 
 Annapolis, CornwulIiB, Lunenburg, and otlier places, were pluu^ 
 dered. Two armed vesBols camo up Aunapolis Basin. The in* 
 
III'!! 
 
 ill] 
 
 50 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 t H 
 
 vadera seiaed the Wock-house, spiked tlie cannon, and then loaded 
 their vessels with whatever they found of value in the houses aid 
 shops. A militia force from Cornwallis captured a privateer in 
 the Bay of Fundy, and brought in the crew as prisoners. 
 
 149. Strong feeling in favour of the rebellion 
 showed itself in -some p'aces. Nor should this seem 
 strange, when we remember that many of the people 
 had lately come from New England, where their 
 friends still lived. In Cumberland a band of rebels 
 attacked the fort ; but they were soon dispersed, two 
 or three of their number being killed in the affray. 
 It is stated that in Lond terry, Onslow, and Truro, 
 only five persons could be found who would take the 
 oath of allegiance. On account of this disloyalty, the 
 members from these places were not allowed to take 
 their scats in the Assembly. At the close of the war 
 an Act was jmsscd by the Assembly, giving full pardon 
 to all who had been guilty of treason. 
 
 The Loyalists, 1783, a.d. — 150. Great Britain 
 failed to conquer the colonies, and finally, in the year 
 1783, acknowledged their independence. Many per- 
 sons in the United States did not approve of the 
 rebellion, and wishing to live under the Britisli 
 Government, they came to Canada and Nova Scotia. 
 These people were known Dy the name of Loyalists. 
 In the United States they were called traitors, and 
 laws were passed forbidding their return, and depriv- 
 ing them of all their property left in the country. 
 
 151. The Loyalists were made welcome in Nova 
 Scotia and Canada, and their losses were in some 
 measure made up by free grants of land. The British 
 Government al^^o gave them farming tools and various 
 supplies. It is estimated tlwat about twenty thousand 
 Lovalists came to Nova Scotia. 
 
 Shelbume. — 162. A lar^o number of Loynliats settled nt Shel- 
 
 rapl 
 the 
 
 i 
 
niSTOIlY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 5» 
 
 then loaded 
 ! houses ard 
 privateer in 
 rs. 
 
 rebellion 
 this seem 
 he people 
 ere their 
 
 of rebels 
 Tsed, two 
 he affray, 
 lid Truro, 
 I take the 
 yalty, the 
 h1 to take 
 •f the war 
 ill pardon 
 
 b Britain 
 the year 
 any per- 
 
 of the 
 
 Britisii 
 
 a Scotia. 
 
 Lovalists. 
 
 ors, and 
 
 depriv- 
 itry. 
 
 in Nova 
 in some 
 e British 
 
 various 
 housand 
 
 burne. Before tlieiv arrival, this was quite a small place, and 
 was called Port Razoir. It now surpassed Halifax in population, 
 becoming a city of 12,000 inliabitants. Many of the new citizens 
 were men of wealtli. Some of tliem brought with them their 
 Negro slaves. In 1783 Governor Parr visited li.e town, and gave 
 it its present name. The decline of Shelburne was almost as 
 rapid as its rise. Some of the Loyalists removed to other parts of 
 the province ; others returned to the United States. 
 
 New Brunswick, 1784, ad. — 153. That portion of 
 the country which now fi)rnis the province of New 
 Brunswick became the home of many of the Loyalists. 
 About five thousand settled at the montli of the River 
 St. John. Here they founded a city whicli, in honour of 
 Governor Parr, tliey called Parr Town, a name which 
 was soon changed for St. John. The Loyalists of St. 
 John quarrelled with Governor Parr, and began to 
 agitate for a division of the province. As many of 
 them were men of ability and influence, they easily 
 gained their object. In the year 1784, the British 
 Government set off the country north of the Bay of 
 Fundy as the province of New Brunswick. 
 
 Cape Breton. — 154 Caue Bii^ton was also made a 
 separate province in the year 1 784. Major Desbarres, 
 tlie first governor, made his 1 1 cad-quart rs at Sydney, 
 which became the capital of the island. Prince 
 Edward Island had been formed into a distinct pro- 
 vince in 1770, so that the province of Nova Scotia 
 now consisted of the peninsula alone. Its popula- 
 tion was about twenty thousand. 
 
 I At Shel- 
 
Hi 
 
 ! 1 
 
 1 I; 
 
 ! lill 
 
 E' 'ill 
 
 
 52 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SC JTIA. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 PEACE AND PROGRESS. 
 
 155. We have no wars to tell of in this chapter. It 
 was a time of peace and progress. Many of the 
 Loyalists who liad settled in the province were edu- 
 cated and intelligent, and their influence on society 
 and in public affairs tended to improvement. The 
 people began to take more interest in the government 
 of the country, and many of the men whom they 
 elected to make their laws were possessed of ability, 
 such as would have graced tlie legislative halls of | 
 much older countries. The historian Murdoch says 
 of this time, that it was " one of the happy and hal- 
 cyon periods of Nova Scotia." 
 
 166. Previous to the year 1783, Roman Catholics were not 
 allowed to own lands or to hold public worship iu Nova Scotia. 
 These hard laws were then repealed ; but still, for many years, 
 Roman Catholics had not the same privileges ns others. 
 
 167. In 1792, the Assembly passed the Septennial Act, which 
 required that a new House should bo elected every seven years. 
 Before this time the Assembly was not chosen for any fixed 
 period, but continued during the pleasure of the governor. The 
 House elected in 1770 was not dissolved until 1785, and it is hence 
 sometimes called the Long Parliament of Nova Scotia. 
 
 King's College. — 158. As there was no college or 
 academy in Nova Scotia, young men were accustomed 
 to go to the United States for higher education. The 
 Assembly, fearing they would learn disloyalty in that 
 country, resolved to found an academy at Windsor. 
 The institution was opened in 1789, and a few years 
 after it obtained a royal charter as King's College. 
 Its early bye-laws required all students to attend wor- 
 
 shl 
 
 sij 
 
 mal 
 
 fori 
 
 AsJ 
 
 th{ 
 
 oiTil 
 
 seni 
 
 tlu 
 
 tht 
 
 ^ 
 
chapter. It 
 any of the 
 je were edu- 
 ) on society 
 ment. The 
 government 
 whom they 
 i of ability, 
 ive halls of 
 irdoch says 
 py and hal- 
 
 lics were not 
 
 Nova Scotia. 
 
 many years, 
 
 ers. ' 
 
 nl Act, which 
 
 seven years. 
 
 or any fixed 
 
 vernor. The 
 
 lid it is hence 
 
 a. 
 
 college or 
 icciistonied 
 ition. The 
 Ity in that 
 i Windsor. 
 
 few years 
 s College. 
 
 tend wor- 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 53 
 
 ship at the Episcopal Churcli, and all graduates to 
 sign tlie articles of that Church. 
 
 Two Judges Impeached.— 169. A>)out this time two lawyers 
 made serious charges against Judges Deschamps and Brenton, the 
 former of wliom was a member of the Council. The House of 
 Assembly took up the matter, and passed resolutions condemning 
 the judges, and calling on the governor to remove them from their 
 ofFice. This, Governor Parr refused to do. Then the Assembly 
 sent two of its members to England to bring the matter before 
 the King and Privy Council. 3>ut the delegjftes failed to ivstain 
 the charges, and the judges were not disturbed. 
 
 Public coaches were not used in Halifax until 1811. Previous to 
 this time the sedan chair was a common conveyance. 
 
 Royal Visitors. — 160. Prince William Henry, who 
 afterwards became William IV. of England, visited 
 Halifax on different occasions. At one time he re- 
 mained about three weeks. In 1794, there came 
 another royal visitor, Prince Edward, younger brother 
 of Prince William Henry, and lather of Queen Vic- 
 toria. For over four years he held command of 
 the troops in Halifax. Hia favourite residence was 
 the Prince's Lodge, a beautiful place belonging to 
 Governor Wentworth, on the west side of Bedford 
 Basin, about six miles from the city. 
 
 161. In his discipline the prince was strict, even to severity. 
 The rules which he enforced did much to break up the drinking 
 and gambling habits which prevailed in the garrison at the time 
 of his arrival. When off duty the prince was most affable and 
 courteous. He took great interest in the welfaic of the citizens 
 of Halifax, and became a favourite with all classes of the pe pie. 
 As he was one day riding through the city, his horse stumbled 
 and fell. The prince was seriously injured by the fall, and lie 
 shortly afterwards went to England for medical treatment. In 
 the following year ho returned to Halifax ; owing to ill health, 
 however, ho remained but a short time. 
 
 The Maroons. — 162. In the year 1796, about five 
 hundred negroes were brought to Halifax from the 
 
I 
 
 54 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 Island of Jamaica in tlie West Indies. They were 
 called Maroons. For many years they had been 
 causing so much trouble that it Avas thought best to 
 banish them from t]u3 island. ^Making their ,home 
 in the glens and caves of the mountains, they often 
 came out to rob the settlements ; then, when pur^ 
 sued, they fled to their mountain fastnesses. Every 
 effort to dislodge them "was in vain. Finally, the 
 English resolved to hunt them with dogs, and im- 
 ])orted a savage breed for this purpose. When the 
 Maroons heard of the dogs, they were filled with 
 alarm and gave themselves up as prisoners. 
 
 163. 'Whon biouglit to Halifax tlie Maroons were at first lodged 
 in tenta near tlie city, and were employed by Prince Edward to 
 work on ilie fortifications of Citadel Hill. Then they were re- 
 Jiioved to J'rcston, where tliey were for some time supported by 
 ihe Government of Jamaica. This aid 'being withdrawn, they 
 were told that they must eai-n their own living. Labour did not 
 please them. In the winter they suffered much from the cold. 
 Finally, four years after their arrival iu Halifax, they were re- 
 moved to Sierri" Leone in Africa. 
 
 Disputes between the Assembly 164. There now 
 and the Council, 1802, a.d. arose between the 
 
 House of Assembly and the Council a strife which ended 
 only when that new condition of public aflfairs called 
 Kesi)onsible Government was established. As the 
 people's representatives, the Assembly claimed the 
 sole right to regulate the taxes of the province, and 
 to say how the public money should be used. A 
 njajority of its members coming from the country 
 districts, this body voted large sums for roads and 
 bridges. The members of the Council living in Hali- 
 fax, and holding office for life independently of the 
 people, took a different view of matters. They cut 
 down the amounts voted by the Assembly, i)referiing 
 
 to s 
 sala 
 bac 
 be 
 
 ?• 
 
ey were 
 ,d been 
 best to 
 r home 
 3y often 
 eu pur- 
 Every 
 illy, the 
 and im- 
 hen the 
 ed with 
 
 rst lodged 
 Idward to 
 f were re- 
 •ported by 
 iwn, they 
 Lir did not 
 tlio cold, 
 were re- 
 
 re now 
 een the 
 1 ended 
 s called 
 As the 
 led the 
 ice, and 
 ed. A 
 country 
 ds and 
 n Hali- 
 of the 
 lev cut 
 iferiimr 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA, 
 
 55 
 
 to spend the money on piibhc buildings, and in large 
 salaries. When the anicndetl money l)il]s were sent 
 back by the Council, the Assembly (»rdered them "to 
 be thrown under the table." 
 
 165. In these disputes Governor Wentworth took 
 part with the Council. William Cottnam Tonge was 
 the leader of the popular party in the Assembly, and 
 between him and the iroveriior there i:frew stroiii; ill- 
 feeling. Tonge was elected Speaker of the Mouse^ 
 but Sir John, using a right seldom exercised, refused 
 to accept him, and the House had to elect another 
 Speaker. 
 
 1808, A.D.— 166. Although Sir John Wentworth 
 did not always act wisely, he was, on tlie whole, a 
 good governor, and lie gaincid the good-will of the 
 people. On retiring from office, lie was allowed a 
 yearly pension of $5000 for the remainder of his life, 
 paid in e<pial shares by the governments of Great 
 Britain an<l Nova Scotia. He continued to live in 
 Halifax, where he died in 1820, at the advanced age 
 of eighty-four. During his term of office Government 
 House was built in Halifax. 
 
 The Province Building, 1811, a.d.— 167. Sir George 
 Prevost was the next governor. He was succeeded in 
 181 1 by Sir John Sherbrooke. Shortly befcu'e Sir 
 George left Halifax, he laid the corner-stcnie of the 
 Province Building or Parliament House, closing the 
 ceremonies with these words — "May the building 
 that shall arise from this foundation peri)etuate the 
 loyalty and libeiality of the province." The building 
 was made of freestone brought from Wallace ; it was 
 finished iu 18 19, costing about $200,000. 
 
56 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 i 
 
 1 1 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 WAR BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN AND THE UNITED 
 
 STATES. 
 
 How the War began, 1812, a.d. — 168. In continuing 
 tlie liistoiy of Nova Scotia, it is necessary to speak 
 briefly of a war between Great Britain and the United 
 States. As it usually happens in every quarrel, there 
 was fault on both sides. The United States encour- 
 aged sailors to desert from the Royal Navy, and Great 
 Britain perc>isted in searching American ships in mid- 
 ocean for tlie runaways. The war began in 1812, 
 and continued till the close of 18 14. It was carried 
 on chiefly on the border territories of the United 
 States .and Canada, and on the ocean. 
 
 Privateers. — 169. During the war, privateers f/om 
 the United St.ttes did much damage to Nova Scotia. 
 They plundered the coast settlements, and captured 
 many vessels engaged in trade and fishing. Chester 
 was attacked several times. Hall's Harbour, on the 
 Bay of Fundy, was the headquarters of a band of 
 pirates. They made frequent raids upon the Corn- 
 walh's valley, idundering houses, stores, and farm- 
 yards. 
 
 170. An exciting scene was witnessed in Mahone Bay. A pri- 
 vateer, named "Young Teazer," ran up the bay pursued by two 
 r.ritish war vessels. On the point of being captured, suddenly 
 the privateer blew up. Of thirty-six men on board only eight 
 were saved. From these it was learned that the destruction of 
 the vessel was caused by an English deserter on board, who, to 
 save himself from being captured, threw fire into the powder 
 magassine. 
 
 1?1. To defend the country, the old forts and block- 
 
 hoi 
 an( 
 pii 
 
niSTOKY OF KOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 57 
 
 NITED 
 
 itinuing 
 
 speak 
 United 
 
 3I, there 
 
 encoiir- 
 
 id Great 
 
 in mid- 
 
 n 1812, 
 
 carried 
 
 United 
 
 Ts fx'om 
 Scotia, 
 aptured 
 Chester 
 on the 
 )and of 
 3 Corn- 
 
 1 farm- 
 
 A pri- 
 d by two 
 mddeiily 
 ily eight 
 action of 
 who, to 
 powder 
 
 block- 
 
 houses in different parts of the country were repaired, 
 and cannon weie njouiited at tlie entrance of the 
 principal harbours. Privateers Mere also* fitted out 
 and sent against the enemy. 
 
 172. Hahfax was a l)usy place during the war. A 
 militia force was brought in from tlie country, and 
 British war ships thronged the harbour. Vessels and 
 other property t.iken from tlie United States were 
 brought here to l)e disposed of Prisoners of war 
 were kept on ]\Ielvillc island in Halifax Harbour. 
 Increased d<'mand for provisions of all kinds raised 
 tlie price of produce, and made good times for the 
 farmers of the countrv. 
 
 Capture of the "Chesapeake."— 173. The story of the capture 
 of the " Cliesnpeiike" is alinost a houseliohl tale, Ciiptain Broke, 
 of tlie British frigate "Shannon," came U}) before Boston Harbour, 
 where the "CMiesapeako " was* lying, and chnllonged Captain Law- 
 rence to single combat. As the two ship.s sailed out to the battle 
 ground, they were followed by a fleet of sail bout.s fdlcd with tho 
 citizens nf Boston, eager to see the battle and take part in the ex- 
 pected triumph. As the "Chesapeake" drew near, there was 
 great excitenient among I'loke's men. " Don't cheer," said Broke, 
 "but go quietly to your (juartfrs." 
 
 174. In fifteen minutes after the first shot was fired, the "Chesa- 
 peake " was in the hands of the liritisli ; on her masts the British 
 flag floated above the stars and stripes; .seventy of her men, 
 besides several ofiiiters, lay <1ead ; and her cajjtain was dying of a 
 mortal wound. Tlie British lost tliirty men in the action, and 
 Captain liroke was severely wounded. On Sunday, June 6, the 
 "Shannon" witii her luize sailed into Halifax Harbour. Captain 
 Lawrence was buried in Halifax with military honours. Bioku 
 wivs rewarded by his sovereign with the title of baronet. 
 
 Dalhonsie. — 175. The Earl of Dalhousie became 
 governor in 18 16. He studied in every })ossible way 
 to promote the welfare of the piovince. A district 
 called Castine, on the coast of Maine, had been held 
 ^ by the British during the late Mar, aiul the duties 
 collected here, nmounting to over $40,000, were given 
 
58 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA* SCOTIA. 
 
 to Nova Scotia by the British Government. The 
 Earl applied the greater part of this money to the 
 founding of Dalhousie College, the corner-stone of 
 which he laid in the year 1820. Pictou Academy 
 was established about the same time. 
 
 176. During the Earl of Dalhousie's time were published the 
 celebrated letters of " Agricola " on agriculture. They awakened 
 new interest in the farmer's calling, and led to the formation of a 
 Provincial Agricultural Society, with the governor ns its presi- 
 dent. Tlie autlior of the letters was John Young, fatlisr of Chief- 
 Justice Sir William Young. He was afterwards elected a member 
 of the House of Assembly. 
 
 177. In 1820, at its second session in the new building, the 
 Assembly voted $4000 to purchase a star and sword for Governor 
 Dalhousie. The Earl refused to accept the presents, because the 
 Assembly did not provide for a survey of the province and for the 
 inspection of the militia — measures which he had urged as of the 
 highest importance. 
 
 
 CHAPTER XIV 
 
 MEN OF NOTE. 
 
 Cape Breton. — 178. In the year 1820 Cape Breton 
 was annexed to Nova Scotia, with the privilege of 
 sending two members to the 'Assembly. The islanders 
 were not at all pleased at losing their independence, 
 as they considered it, and tried to break up the 
 union. 
 
 179. One of the first members sent from Cape 
 Breton was Lawrence Kavanagh, a Romai Catholic. 
 The oath of admission to the House at that time con- 
 tained a clause abjuring Popery; Kavanagh could 
 not, therefore, take his seat. Tho governor applied 
 to the king for instructions in the matter, and in the 
 
The 
 to the 
 one of 
 ;ademy 
 
 shed the 
 wakened 
 tion of a 
 ts presi- 
 of Chief- 
 , member 
 
 ling, the 
 Sovernor 
 iftuse the 
 d for the 
 [13 of the 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 59 
 
 Breton 
 lege of 
 landers 
 idence, 
 up the 
 
 a Cape 
 itholic. 
 o.e con- 
 could 
 ipplied 
 in the 
 
 following year he informed the House that they had 
 his majesty's permission to admit Mr. Kavanagh. 
 Upon this, the House resolved to change the oath for 
 Roman Catholics by omitting the clause against their 
 religion. This was in 1823. Four years after, an 
 Act was passed giving Koman Catholics the same 
 privileges as others. 
 
 180. The year 1825 is memorable for a terrible fire which swept 
 over the eastern part of New Brunswick. Flourishing settlements 
 on the Miramichi River were laid waste ; many persons were 
 burned to death, and a still larger number were left houseless and 
 destitute at the approach of winter. Aid was sent to the suf- 
 ferers from Nova Scotia <and many other parts of the world. 
 
 181. Sir James Kempt was governor of Nova 
 Scotia from 1820 to 1828, when he was succeeded by 
 Sir Peregrine Maitland. Governor Kempt took great 
 interest in the affairs of the province. He gave 
 special attention to the public roads, travelling 
 through all parts of the country to make himself 
 acquainted with their condition, and then recom- 
 mending to the Assembly measures for their improve- 
 ment. In the year before he left the province, the 
 Shubenacadie Canal was begun. I'he object was to 
 form a water-road from Halifax Harbour to the head 
 waters of the Bay of Fundy through the Shubenacadie 
 River and a chain of lakes. It was thought that this 
 canal would bring to Halifax much trade which was 
 then passing to St. John. A large amount of money 
 was at different times expended on the work, which 
 still remains unfinished. 
 
 182. The Assembly was at this time adorned with 
 men of no ordinary talent. John Young, or Agricola, 
 has already been mentioned. Two otlier names will 
 never be forgotten in the countiy's history, — Samuel 
 
6o 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 George William Archibald and Thomas Ciiandler 
 Haliburton. 
 
 183. S. G. W. Arcliibald, a lawyer of polished manners, ready 
 wit, and powerful eloquence, was a nsttive of Truro. By his 
 talents and industry he raised himself from a humble station to a 
 position of honour and wealth. At one time, whilst practising at 
 tlie bar and holding a seat in the Assembly of Nova Scotia, he held 
 the office of Chief- Justice of Prince Edward Island. For several 
 years he was Speaker of the Nova Scotia House ; then ho was 
 Attorney-General; and finidly he became a Judge, holding the 
 title Master ^^ the Rul/a. When on a visit to England, he was 
 urged by a nitoleman to allow himself to be elected to the British 
 House of Commons, to show the people of ilngland wliat clever 
 men Nova Scotia couhl produce. "No," saul Mr. Archibuhl, "I 
 am the head of one House, and I will never become the tail of 
 another." 
 
 184, Thomas C. Haliburton, also a lawyer, was born at Windsor. 
 For many years he represented the County of Annapolis, and 
 afterwards became a Judge. Scholarly, classic, and ptlished l»y 
 travel, he at times electrified the House with "thoughts that 
 breathe and words that burn." His great strength lay in humour 
 and sarcasm. On one occasion ho entertained tlie House by ridi- 
 culing the Council, calling them twelve old women. The mend)cr8 
 of the Council were very indignant, and to pacify them Mr. Hali- 
 burton was required to make an nptdogy. Judge Hjdiburlon re- 
 moved to England, where for several years he held a seat in the 
 British House of Commons. He died in 1865. Haliburton's 
 "Clock maker," and other humorous works, have amused the 
 English-speaking world. 
 
 The Barry Riot. — 185. Much oxcitoment was occa- 
 sioned by a member of the Assembly named Barry, 
 who represented the county of Slielburne. He had 
 spoken of anotlier member in an improper manner, 
 and then refused to apologise as tlie House demamleil. 
 He afterwards published a lett'i ''barging certiiin 
 members of the House v 'th fa'seliood. i'or this 
 offence Barry was order- pri?-on ; ^ it the mob (»f 
 
 Halifax rescued him fi i the offices, and pelttd 
 the memb'ii's of the House \vit1 snowballs and stones 
 when they a,ppeared on the streets. Barry wa^ now 
 
 . 
 
HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 6i 
 
 chandler 
 
 lers, ready 
 ). By his 
 kation to a 
 actising at 
 ;ia, lie liuUl 
 ?or several 
 en lie wjis 
 oldinjj the 
 ul, lie WJis 
 blio Lritisli 
 i^liat clever 
 liibalil, "I 
 the tail of 
 
 ,t Windsor, 
 ipolis, and 
 [K'lished l»y 
 ughts that 
 in hiiniour 
 ise by ridi- 
 le mend)crs 
 1 Mr. Hali- 
 ihurton re- 
 seat in the 
 aliburton's 
 tuused the 
 
 kvas occa« 
 d Bany, 
 He liad 
 manner, 
 manded. 
 y certain 
 For this 
 e mob cf 
 I pelt«'d 
 id stones 
 wa^ now 
 
 expelled from the House. On being re-elected by 
 the people of Shelburne he was allowed to take his 
 seat. 
 
 The Brandy Dispute. — 186. In the session of 1826 
 a duty of one sliilling and fourpence })er gallon was 
 imposed on brandy. In 1830, the Assembly discovered 
 that the law had b* en evaded, and that only one 
 shilling per gallon had been collected. An Act was 
 then passed fixing the duty as the Assembly had in- 
 tended, but to this the Council refused to give assent. 
 The Assembly, claiming the sole right to regulate the 
 taxes, were indignant .'.t this action of the Council ; 
 and the feeling was the more intense in view of the 
 fact that the duty related to an article used mostly 
 by the wealthy. But neither Assembly nor Council 
 would yield, and so the country was left without a 
 revenue law ; goods were imported free of duty, and 
 Si 00,000 were lo-it to the treasury. In the meantime, 
 in consequence of the death of King George IV., the 
 Assembly was dissolved. The new House adhered to 
 the larger duty, to which the Council objected. But 
 the Council now gracefully gave way, and passed the 
 revenue laws as submitted by the Assembly. 
 
 Reform Needed. — 187. A violent political struggle 
 was now drawing nigh. We have already seen how 
 the government of the country was vested in the 
 Council of Twelve, a body having both legislative and 
 executive powers, appointed for life by the governor, 
 and in no way accountable to the people. This state 
 of things had been established from the first, before 
 an elective assembly had been formed ; and the power 
 thus early lodged in their hands the Council came to 
 regard as a right which ought not to be disputed. 
 We have seen, also, that at times the Assembly re- 
 
62 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 sisted tlb claims of the Council, and tried to assert 
 their own rights as representing the peoplu. 
 
 188. Matters liad not ini})roved, — rather the reverse. 
 With but one exception the members of the Council 
 were residents of Halifax ; eight of them were Epis- 
 copalians; five were partners in thv. same banking com- 
 pany ; and two or three were bound together by family 
 ties. Moieover, the episcopal bisliop and the chief 
 justice were m-embers. Then, as if tlie public busi- 
 ness were a private concern, the Council sat with 
 closed doors. It was impossible tliat a government 
 thus constituted could work in harmony with tlie 
 Assembly, or coiihl devise measures suited to the 
 wants of the countr3^ Tlie foreign trade was re- 
 stricted to five ports of entry. The Assembly wished 
 to open new ports, but the Council refused its assent. 
 Keform was needed, and a strong fearless man was 
 required to lead the movement. 
 
 189, Sir Colin Campbell became governor of the 
 province in 1834. He was an honest man and a 
 brave soldier ; but he served his country much better, 
 and gained more renown for himself on the field of 
 battle, than in governing a colony. 
 
 Joseph Howe. — 190. Joseph Howe, the son of a 
 Loyalist, was born at the North- We^t Arm, near 
 Halifax, in 1804. He had few educational advan- 
 tages. He walke<l two miles to school in summer, in 
 winter lie remained at home. But his genius and 
 industry made up largi^ly for what he had not gained 
 at school. Wlu'u thirteen he became a printer's boy. 
 He was now about thirty -five years of age, and ho 
 had lately become the editor and pr'^Drietor of the 
 " Nova Scotian.'' Honest, fearless, and h .ting abuses, 
 he was the man for the times. Like most bold 
 
 iii 
 
;0 assert 
 
 reverse. 
 Council 
 re EpiS' 
 ng com- 
 Y family 
 lie chief 
 ic biisi- 
 at with 
 3rnment 
 ath tlie 
 to the 
 was re- 
 r wislieil 
 \ assent, 
 nan was 
 
 \ of tlie 
 and a 
 I better, 
 field of 
 
 on of a 
 
 n, near 
 
 advan- 
 
 imer, in 
 
 ins and 
 
 . gained 
 
 r's boy. 
 
 and lie 
 
 of tlio 
 
 abuses, 
 
 st bold 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 63 
 
 reformers, his zeal and enthusiasm sometimes led him 
 to extremes. 
 
 The Libel Case, 1836, a.d.— 191. Halifax was not yet inoor< 
 porated. Its business was managed by the magistrates, who 
 levied tlie taxp-<, and expended the money as they saw fit. 
 Everywhere there existed neglect and mismanagement and cor- 
 ruption. Everybody was dissatisfied, but who would lead in the 
 work of reform? And now there appeared a letter in the " Nova 
 Scotian," signed '* 2'/ie Peop/e,*' attacking the magistrates in the 
 strongest terms, and accusing them of robbing the city annually of 
 $4000. 
 
 192. The magistrates prosecuted Howe for libel. The lawyers 
 told him that his case could not be defended ; he must nettle as 
 best he could, or pay a heavy fine and go to prison. Regardless 
 of the maxim, " He who pleads his own case has a fool for his 
 client," Mr. Howe undertook his own defence. He studied law 
 for a week, and then addressed the jury in a six hours' speech. 
 Contrary to the charge of the judge, the jury gave their verdict, 
 "Not guilty." Howe was curried home iu triumph, and the 
 people kept holiday that day and the next. In the following 
 year Mr. Hov/e was elected to the Assembly as member for the 
 county of Hadifax. 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT. 
 
 1836, A.D. — 193. Mr. Howe was now the ackno\T- 
 ledged leader of the popular party in the Assembly ; 
 and he gave all his energies to the work of reform. 
 In this work ho luid good help from many who were 
 strong and true. Of these were Lawrence O'Conner 
 Doyle, Herbert Huntington, and William Young. 
 The first movement was to open the Council doors. 
 The Assembly passed a unanimous vote against tlio 
 practice of the Council in sitting with cloeed doors, 
 and offered to meet any expense incurred in making 
 
 i 
 
 rill 
 
64 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOWA. 
 
 room for tho public. But the Council refused to 
 make any change, and sent back a haughty answer. 
 
 Tke Twelve Resolutions. — 194. On the motion ©f 
 Mr. Howe, the Assembly passed a series of twelve 
 resolutions against the abuses in the structure and 
 action of the Council. The members of the Council 
 were now iu'lignant; and especially were they angry 
 over one clause in the resolutions, which asserted that 
 they desired to protect their own interests at the 
 public expense. They informed the Assembly that 
 thev would hold no further intercourse with them 
 until that clause was rescinded. 
 
 195. Tliere was now intense anxietv to know how 
 the difficulty was to be got over ; which body would 
 give way ; or must the public business be left undone, 
 and the country left as on a former occasion without 
 a revenue law ? But Mr. Howe, with great coolness, 
 said he would give the Council more than they asked. 
 He would rescind not one clause alone, but the whole 
 twelve resolutions. They liad already done their 
 work in showing the opinion of the House, and that 
 work could not be undone. Having thus appeased 
 the Council, the business of the session was finished. 
 Then the Assembly drew up an address to the throne, 
 stating the evils in the government, and asking his 
 majesty's interference. The Council also sent an 
 address to the king ; but })efore any reply came back, 
 the Council chamber was thrown open to the public. 
 
 Rebellion in Canada. — 196. Abuses in the govern- 
 ment and agitation for reform were not confined to 
 Nova Scotia. Simihir struggles were now going on 
 in the other provinces. In Canada, public feeling was 
 so much aroused that some of the people rushed to 
 arms, and for two years tho country was distracted 
 
HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 65 
 
 efused to 
 answer, 
 motion ©f 
 af twelve 
 3tiire and 
 e Council 
 ley angry 
 3rted that 
 ts at tlie 
 iibly that 
 ith them 
 
 :now how 
 
 dy would 
 
 't undone, 
 
 1 witliout 
 
 coolness, 
 
 ey asked. 
 
 he wliole 
 
 ^ne their 
 
 and that 
 
 appeased 
 
 finished, 
 e throne, 
 5king his 
 
 sent an 
 nie back, 
 le public, 
 e govern- 
 n fined to 
 going on 
 tiling was 
 ushed to 
 istracted 
 
 by civil war. In Nova Scotia the enemies of reform 
 pointed to this rebellion as the natural result of 
 polit.cal agitation and charged Mr. Howe and his 
 party with M'orking for that end. 
 
 Changes for the better, 1838, a.d. — 197. In the 
 meantime Queen Victoria had ascended the British 
 throne. Despatches also came from the colonial 
 secretary to the governor. Sir Colin Campbell, in 
 reply to the Assembly's address. Much had been 
 gained. There must be two councils — a Legislative 
 and an Executive ; the Legislative Council was to con- 
 sist of nineteen members, selected from different parts 
 of the province, and from different religious denomi- 
 nations ; the Executive Council was to consist of 
 twelve members, taken partly from the Legislative 
 Council and partly from the Assembly ; the Chief 
 Justice was not to be a member of either Council ; 
 the public money was to be under the control of the 
 Assembly. Such were the instructions. 
 
 The Reformers not satisfied. — 198. The reformers 
 were not satisfied. The Executive was not respon- 
 sible to the Assembly ; in fact, both it and the Legis- 
 lative Council were composed chiefly of men who 
 M'ere opposed to the reforms desired by the great 
 body of the people. The reformers complained that 
 there were y't too many Episcopalians in the Legis- 
 lative Counc..^ that there were too many lawyeis; 
 too many residents of Halifax ; and, further, they 
 thought it unjust to other denominations that the 
 episcopal bishop should bo a member of that body. 
 
 199. Whilst the House was in session, there camo 
 despatches from England showing that there was 
 some mistake as to the number of members in the 
 two Councils. Tlie Legislative Council must be re- 
 
 B 
 
66 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 I. 
 
 (hiced to fifteen, the Executive to nine. In recon- 
 structing these bodies, the few reformers they con- 
 tained v/ere left out. 
 
 Appeals to the Queen — 200. The Assembly now 
 sent a memorial to the Queen, complaining that 
 neither of the Councils was in accord with the views 
 of the people as expressed by their representatives. 
 Further to urge their cause, they sent to England 
 a delegation consisting of Herbert Huntington and 
 William Young. The Council were not idle spectators. 
 That the royal ear might not be too much inclined to 
 any fancy tale of wrong which Young and Huntington 
 might weave, they too sent delegates. 
 
 New Brunswick invaded.— 201. But now an event 
 occurred which for a little hushed the din and turmoil 
 of political strife. Theie m as an unsettled boundary 
 between New BrunsM'ick and the state of Maine, and a 
 large territory was claimed by both countries. News 
 reached Halifax that an armed force from Maine had 
 marched into the disputed territory. Quickly the 
 members of the Assembly and Council forgot their 
 strife. There was neither Tory nor Liberal ; they 
 were Britons all. The Assembly voted $400,000 
 and the whole militia force of Nova Scotia for the 
 defence of New Brunswick. Hap})ily, through the 
 prudence of Sir John Harvey, who was the governor 
 of New Brunswick, war was averted. 
 
 Despatches from England.— 202. The Assembly's 
 delegates failed in the chief object of thfir mission. 
 The colonial secretary sent out desjiatches granting 
 five new ports of entry ; but the two Councils were 
 left unchanged, and responsible government seemed 
 as far off as ever. Sliot tly after, liowever, Lord John 
 Kussell, a man of liberal viitws, became colonial 
 
 se< 
 
 of 
 
 Sii 
 
 ap 
 
 Co 
 
 del 
 
HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 67 
 
 n recon- 
 liey con- 
 
 ibly now 
 ing that 
 [.he views 
 ?ntatives. 
 England 
 [^ton and 
 jectators. 
 iclined to 
 intington 
 
 an event 
 
 d turmoil 
 
 boimdarv 
 
 ine, and a 
 
 News 
 
 aine had 
 
 ckly the 
 
 ot their 
 
 •al ; they 
 
 400,000 
 
 for the 
 
 iigli the 
 
 governor 
 
 Isendjly's 
 Iniission. 
 Granting 
 lils were 
 
 seemed 
 Ird John 
 
 colonial 
 
 secretary. He sent despatches to the governor- 
 general of Canada, instructing him to form his 
 government according to the wishes and interests 
 of the people as expressed by their representatives. 
 Sir John Harvey, understanding these instructions to 
 apply to all the colonies, at once told his Executive 
 Council that their hold of office must for the future 
 depend on the will of the Asserably. 
 
 Extreme measures. — 203. Having seen that Sir 
 Colin Campbell had no intention of making any 
 changes, the Assembly, by a nuijority of thirty to 
 twelve, passed a vote of want of confidence in the 
 Executive. They then waited on the governor and 
 presented their resolution. With much coolness. Sir 
 Colin told them that he was quite satisfied with his 
 Council, and that he had received no despatches 
 which required him to change its members to suit 
 the views of the Assembly. 
 
 204. The reformers were very indignant, but they 
 resolved not to be too hasty. The Assembly next 
 presented an address to the governor, in wliich they 
 urged that Earl Russell's despatch ai)plied to all the 
 colonies. They pointed to the .action of Sir John 
 Harvey, and stated that they could see no reason 
 why the people of Nova Scotia should be worse 
 treated than tlu»se of New Brunswick. ]>ut Sir Colin 
 was unmoved. He said that lu; would bring the 
 matter to the notice of the British Governnunt. 
 
 205. Sir Colin Campbell had to deal with men 
 as unyielding as himself. Mr. Howe pre[)aied an 
 addie.<8 to the Queen. After stating the evils in the 
 CJovernmenfc, and the vain efforts of the Assembly to 
 secure the desire<l changes, the memorial asked her 
 Majesty to remove Sir Colin Campbell and sekid a 
 
 ^ 
 
68 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 governor who would be guided by the wishes and 
 interests of tlie people, as expressed by their repre- 
 sentatives. Tliis was a bold measure, and some of the 
 more timid in the ranks of the reformers hesitated. 
 Sir Colin Campbell was respected even by those who 
 most disapproved of liis policy. But the address was 
 carried by a large majority of the House. 
 
 206. Then the whole country was in a ferment. 
 The peo^de were divided into two great pprties. 
 Ever\'lijody was either Tory or Liberal. Public meet- 
 ings were held to discuss the politics of the day, and 
 hard things were said on both sides. Some said that 
 Howe was a Papineau, ami should have his head 
 taken off. Jam s W. Johnstone, a lawyer of high 
 standing, came f( ward as the great Tory leader and 
 antagonist of Joseph Howe. Between these two there 
 was afterwards waged many a hard battle. 
 
 207. Governor - General Thompson came from 
 Canada to inquire into matters. He listened at- 
 tentively whilst Mr. Howe explained his views of 
 resi^onsible government. He was guarded in express- 
 ing his own opinion, and said nothing as to the kind 
 of report he slionld send to England ; but he went 
 away satisfied that Mr. Howe was no rebel. The 
 nature of his report may be inferred from the events 
 which followed. 
 
 A New Governor, 1840, A.D. — 208. In the autunm 
 of 1840 Lord Falkland arrived in Halifax as governor 
 of Nova Scotia. He had belonged to the Liberal 
 party in England, and the reformers in Nova Scotia 
 expected much from him. He began well. Four 
 Tory members of the Executive, who held seats in 
 neither branch of the Legislature, were asked to 
 retire to make room for reformers. This they did 
 
 w 
 
 o 
 
 d 
 
 h 
 
HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 69 
 
 ishes and 
 3ir repre- 
 me of the 
 liesitated. 
 hose who 
 dress was 
 
 ferment, 
 i pprties. 
 3lic meet- 
 day, and 
 said that 
 his head 
 • of liigh 
 ader and 
 iwo there 
 
 lie from 
 encd at- 
 views of 
 ex[)ress- 
 tlie kind 
 lie went 
 d. The 
 le events 
 
 autumn 
 governor 
 Liberal 
 a Scotia 
 Four 
 seats in 
 sked to 
 hey did 
 
 with ill grace. Mr. Howe, Mr. Young, and others 
 of the party, accepted the seats thus vacated on con- 
 dition that the Executive should hold office only so 
 long as its policy was approved of by the Assembly. 
 Thus the principle of responsible government seemed 
 to be conceded. One of the first measures brought 
 forward by the new government was a Bill to incor- 
 porate the city of Halifax. 
 
 A pleading Incident.— 209. Before Sir Colin Campbell left the 
 province, he and Mr, Howe met at Government House. Mr. Howe 
 bowed, and was passing on, when Sir Colin called out, " We must 
 '.ot part that way, Mr. Howe. We fought out our differences of 
 opinion honestly. You have acted like a man of honour. Here is 
 my hand." And so they shook hands and parted. 
 
 Discordant Elements. — 210. There was little har- 
 mony in that first Council of Lord Falkland's. It was 
 called a Coalition Government, because it was made 
 up of men from both sides of politics ; but Liberals 
 and Tories of that day were too discordant to coalesce. 
 In their principles of government there was little 
 in common. The college question, wliich was tlien 
 agitating the country, brought the two great leaders, 
 Howe and Johnstone, into open conflict. Howe was 
 for establishing one provincial university, Johnstone 
 was for denomin.ational colleges. Howe's attitude on 
 this question gave offence to many of his old supporters 
 in the country. The Tory members of the Council, 
 taking advantage of this position of aff'airs, persuaded 
 the governor to dissolve the House without consulting 
 Mr. Howe. I?i the new House Mr. Johnstone's party 
 had a m.ajority of one. 
 
 1844, A.D— 211. When Lord Falkland first came 
 to the province, many of the Tories thought he 
 favoured the Liberals, and in their ill-nature they 
 abused him in the public papers. The Liberals were 
 
 ^ 
 
l 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 t 
 
 I 
 
 70 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 now dissatisfied because he leaned to the other side. 
 Mr. Young, on being elected Speaker, resigned his 
 seat in the Executive. To fill the vacancy the gover- 
 nor appointed M. B. Almon, a Tory, who held a seat 
 ill neither branch of the Legislature, and a brother- 
 in-law of Mr. Johnstone's. At once Howe, Uniacke, 
 and M'Nab sent in their resignation. 
 
 212. The breach between the governor and Mr. 
 Howe widened, until at last it came to open war. In 
 his despatches to the colonial secretary, Lord Falk- 
 land described Howe as an ambitious, troublesome 
 man, with whom he would have nothing more to do. 
 He also tried to persuade Howe's friends to desert 
 him and accept seats in the Council. On the other 
 hand, Mr. Howe, in the columns of the "Nova 
 Scotian," sometimes by sober argument, sometimes 
 by comic verse, attacked Lord Falkland and his 
 government. 
 
 Lord Falkland Retires. ~ 213. Lord Falkland failed 
 to reconcile the Liberals whom he had foolishly 
 driven from his Council. Hoping to gain the good- 
 will of the people and strengthen his government, 
 he made a tour through difr(Ment parts of tlie pro- 
 vince. He was treated witli respect, but was also 
 told with great jdainness that his Council had not the 
 confidence of the country. No effort could save a 
 ruined cause. Lord Falkland quietly retired, pro- 
 bably carrying away no veiy pleasant memories of 
 his experience in Nova Scotia. His successor was 
 Sir John Harvey. 
 
 214. The Executive Council had not been filled up 
 since the reformers retired. It now c(msisted of six 
 members. Sir John Harvey invited Mr. Howe and 
 his friends to return, proposing that Mr. Almon should 
 
 A 
 
HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 7' 
 
 er side, 
 led his 
 i gover- 
 a .«eat 
 )rother- 
 niacke, 
 
 nd Mr. 
 ar. Ill 
 i Falk- 
 alesome 
 u to do. 
 • desert 
 e other 
 " Nova 
 iietimes 
 lud his 
 
 il failed 
 )oli.s]ily 
 
 gOO(i- 
 
 nment, 
 le pro- 
 s also 
 ot the 
 save a 
 pro- 
 ries of 
 )r was 
 
 led up 
 
 of six 
 
 re and 
 
 diould 
 
 retire, by which there would be four seats for their 
 party. But they had lost faith in governments com- 
 posed of men holding opposite principles ; and they 
 informed the governor that they could not act with 
 the present members of his Council, between whom 
 and themselves the people would soon judge at the 
 polls. 
 
 Reform Government, 1847, 1848.— 215. The people 
 gave tlieir decision in favour of the reformers. The 
 elections came off on the 5th of August, 1847, the first 
 occasion in tlie history of the province when all the 
 votes were polled in a single day. Previously, the 
 elections were at different times in the various coun- 
 ties, and in each county the voting was continued 
 from day to day for a week or more. When the 
 House met in the following January the reformers had 
 a majority of seven. Mr. Johnstone and his friends 
 resigned, and the first Liberal Government was 
 formed. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 GOOD GOVERNMENT AND PROGRESS. 
 
 216. The question of responsible government, which 
 had agitattid the country for many years, was finally 
 settled. The voice of the people was recognised by 
 all parties as the supreme authority, at wliose bidding 
 governments must stand or fall. It mattered little to 
 the country now which j^arty ruled, Tory and Liberal 
 were but empty names ; as to the principles of the 
 two parties there was little difference. Sometimes, 
 indeed, the Tories outstripped the Liberals themselves 
 
 .1 
 

 Ill 
 
 til 
 
 72 
 
 HISTORY OP NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 in measures of raform. For the most part, men, not 
 nirasures, formed the bond by which the two great 
 parties were held together. 
 
 217. With the exception of an interval of three 
 years, from 1857 to i860, when the Tories held the 
 reins of power, the Liberals ruled the country for a 
 period of fifteen years. There were good men on 
 both sides. Each party formed a check on the other 
 to prevent abuses ; and each stimulated tiie other to 
 greater activity in doi^ng good. Just as we might 
 expect, therefore, wise measures were adopted of the 
 highest importance to the welfare of the country. 
 Tlie two great things to be spoken of in this chapter 
 are the introduction of railways, and the founding of 
 free schools. 
 
 Railways, 1854, A.D.— 218. The subject of build- 
 ing railways was talked of some time before anything 
 was done. Mr. Johnstone and his party thought the 
 work should be done by companies. Finally, the 
 Assembly resolved that the Government should build 
 lines from Halifax to Windsor and to Pictou. Mr. 
 Howe was appointed Chairman of the Railway Board, 
 and the work was pushed on rapidly. A lew miles 
 of the road w<to opened in February 1855. 
 
 219. In the year 1852 Sir John Harvey, the good 
 old soldier governor, who was always trying to make 
 peace by kind worJs, died at Halifax. Our next 
 governor was Sir Gaspard Le Marchant. 
 
 220. In the year 1854 an Industrial Exliibition was 
 held at Halifax. In the autumn of the following year 
 the Nornial School was opene<l at Truro. 
 
 Nova Scotian Heroes. — 221. About this time a 
 great war was raging in Europe, — Great Britain, 
 France, Turkey, and Italy on the one side; and 
 
nen, not 
 wo great 
 
 of three 
 held the 
 :.ry for a 
 men on 
 ;he other 
 other to 
 
 HISTORY OP NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 73 
 
 e 
 
 might 
 
 d of the 
 country, 
 s chapter 
 nding of 
 
 of build- 
 any thing 
 >uij:ht the 
 ally, the 
 [lid build 
 ou. Mr. 
 y Board, 
 ew miles 
 
 the good 
 to make 
 )ur next 
 
 tion was 
 ing year 
 
 time a 
 
 Britain, 
 
 le : and 
 
 Russia on the other. In this war three Nova Scotians 
 distinguished themselves— Captain William Parker, 
 Major Augustus Frederick Welsford, and General 
 Fenwick Williams. 
 
 222. Captain Parker was a native of Lawrencetown, near Hali- 
 fax, aod was educated at Wolfville. Mnjor Welsford was born in 
 Halifax, and received his education at Windsor. Both were 
 killed at the final storming of the Kedan in the Crimea, AVehsford's 
 head being carried away by a cannon ball as, in scaling the walls, 
 he led his men over the parapets. To the memory of these heroes 
 the Parker- Welsford monument was erected in Halifax in i860. 
 
 223. General Williams was born at Annapolis Royal. His won- 
 derful defence of Kara in Asia Minor secured for him the highest 
 renown. The Queen conferred on him the title Sir Fenwick 
 Williams of Kars, the British House of Commons voted him a 
 pension of a thousand pounds, and the Nova Scotia Legislature 
 gave him a costly sword. 
 
 A Change of Government, 1857, a.d. — 224. In 
 some newspaper coiTesj)ondence referring to a riot 
 of railway navvies and other exciting incidents of 
 the day, Mr. Howe began a discussion which led 
 the Roman Catholic supporters of the Government 
 to join the Opposition. Tliis turned the scale, and a 
 vote of want of confidence was carried. The Liberals 
 resigned office, and a new government was formed, 
 with Mr. Johnstone as attorney - general, and Dr. 
 Tupper, provincial secretary. 
 
 22S. One of the moat imi>ortant acts of Mr. Johnstone's govern- 
 ment was the settlerndnt of a dispute respecting the minerals of 
 Nova Scotia. King George IV. hud leased the right to work Uio 
 mines in Nova Scotia to his brother the Duke of York ; the Dukr, 
 again, had disposed of his claim to a company in Knglan<l. ]iut 
 now the Legislature maintained that this was an improper disposal 
 of the minerals of the province, and dis])uted the validity of the 
 company's claim. Mr. Johnstone and Mr. A. S^ Archibald were 
 sent to England to arrange terms of settlement. As a result of 
 their mission, the company gave up all claims to the minerals ot 
 the proviuce, except within certain areas around the mines already 
 ui^uncd. 
 
m 
 
 74 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 I 
 
 . 
 
 Submarine Telegraph, 1858, a.d.— 226. The Earl 
 of Mulgrave now became governor of Nova Scotia. 
 In the same year Europe and America were first con- 
 nected by telegraph, the cable being laid along the bed 
 of the Atlantic from Ireland to Newfoundland. 
 
 Discovery of Gold, 1861, A.D.— 227. The first dis- 
 covery of gold in Nova Scotia was at Tangier, in Hali- 
 fax county. It has since been found in various parts 
 of the province, more especially in Guysborough, 
 Halifax, Hants, and Lunenburg, and gold mining 
 has continued to be an important industry. 
 
 The Liberals in Power again, 1860, A.D.— 228. A 
 general election gave the Liberals tiie majority in the 
 Assembly. But Mr. Johnstone objected to the right 
 of several opposition members to sit in the House, on 
 the ground that, when elected, they held offices which 
 disqualified them. In the meantime, however, he 
 could not prevent these men from voting, and through 
 their votes a majority was obtained to defeat any 
 motion to unseat them. Then the Executive asked 
 the Earl of Mulgrave to dissolve the House and order 
 a new election. The governor refusing to do this, 
 Mr. Johnstone and his colleagues gave in their resig- 
 nation. A new government was now formed under 
 the leadership of Hon. William Young ; Hon. A. G. 
 Archibald being attorney-general, and Hon. Joseph 
 Howe, provincial secretary. 
 
 The Prince of Wales, 1860, A.D.— 229. The govern- 
 ment of the province of Canada invited Queen Vic- 
 toria to visit their country and take part in the 
 ceremony of laying the foundation-stone of the Par- 
 liament Buildings at Ottawa ; and also to be present 
 at the opening of the great Victoria Bridge which 
 crosses the St. Lawrence at Montreal. The Queen, 
 
 !l. I 
 
he Earl 
 
 Scotia. 
 
 rst coii- 
 
 the bed 
 
 irst dis- 
 in Hali- 
 Lis parts 
 )orough, 
 mining 
 
 -228. A 
 
 :y in the 
 :he right 
 [ouse, on 
 es which 
 ever, he 
 through 
 feat any 
 ire asked 
 nd order 
 
 do this, 
 eir resig- 
 
 X under 
 )n. A. G. 
 Joseph 
 
 govern- 
 leen Vic- 
 in the 
 the Par- 
 present 
 e which 
 ( Queen, 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 75 
 
 unable herself to accept the invitation, sent her eldest 
 son, the Prince of Wales. In Nova Scotia the Prince 
 visited Sydney, Hidifax, Windsor, Truro, and Pictou. 
 The people gave him an enthusiastic welcome, show- 
 ing their joy and loyalty by triumphal arches, waving 
 flags and banners, long processions, school childrens' 
 songs, flattering addresses, and brilliant balls. 
 
 The Liberals Defeated, 1863, A.D.— 230. And now 
 a general election brought the Tories — or Conserva- 
 tives, as they preferred to call themselves — into power. 
 In the new irovernment Mr. Johnstone aurain becani j 
 attorney-general, and Dr. Tupper, provincial secre- 
 tary. The two leading questions now before the 
 House were Education and Union of the Provinces, 
 or Confederation. Sir Richard Grav«»-s MacDonnell 
 was lieutonant-ijovernor. 
 
 Free Schools, 1864, a.d.— 231. The Act to which 
 we owe our Free Schools was framed and brought 
 before the House by ^^r. Tupper. It was not, how- 
 ever, dealt with as a party measure. The Hon. A. 
 G. Archibald, then leader of the Opposition, and 
 others on his side the House, gave it hearty support. 
 The law came into operation in November, 1864. In 
 some parts of the country it was far from being 
 acceptable. People did not like the taxes. Many 
 sections refused to appoint trustees or take any steps 
 to organize schools under the law. For a year or 
 two there was much confusion and strife ; and matters 
 seemed worse than before. But then people began to 
 see their mistake, and many who had most violently 
 opposed the law became most active in carrying it 
 into eff"ect. In several points the law has since been 
 greatly improved, and now he would be a bold man 
 who would strike the Act from the Statute-Book. 
 
■ ! 
 
 76 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 Dr. Forrester— 232. In connection vfiih education in Nova 
 Scotia, the name of Alexander Forrester will ever be remembered 
 and revered. A native of Scotland, Dr. Forrester came to Nova 
 Scotia to take charge of a church in Halifax. In 1855 he was ap- 
 pointed superintendent of education and principal of the Normal 
 School. Tliose who came under his charge as pupil-teachers, he 
 sent abroad uver the country witli enlarged views of thoir calling, 
 greater practical skill as teachers, and filled with much of that 
 enthusiasm which animated himself. During holidays, spring 
 and autumn, he journeyed over the pr vince, lecturing to the 
 people, and awakening greater inteiest in education. In this way 
 the public mind was prepared for higher legislation. Dr. Forrester 
 died in the spring of 1869. 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 ill, 
 
 CONFEDKRATION. 
 
 233. The veterans, who had long guided the counsels 
 of Liberals and Conservatives, had now retired from 
 the toil and strife of politics. Mr. Young, now Sir 
 William Young, was chief-justice, Mr. Johnstone was 
 equity -judge, and Mr. Howe was fishery-commissioner. 
 New hands guided the ship of state. Dr. Tupper 
 was leader of the government, and Hon. A. G. 
 Archibald M'as leader of the opposition. Union of 
 the Provinces was the great question to be settled. 
 Union Delegates at Charlotte- 234. Nova Scotia, 
 town and Quebec, 1864, a.d. New Brunswick, 
 
 and Prince Edward Island were in favour of union ; but 
 the larger province of Canada did not seem to care 
 about joining the sisters by the sea. So the three 
 maritime provinces appointed delegates to meet at 
 Charlottetown, and arrange terms of union amongst 
 themselves. Then Canada changed her mind, and 
 asked leave to send delegates too. So her foremost 
 statesmen, such as John A. Macdonald, George 
 
1 in Nova 
 tmembered 
 le to Nova 
 he was ap- 
 he Normal 
 ^achers, he 
 oir calling, 
 ch of that 
 lys, gpring 
 ing to the 
 [n this way 
 '. Forrester 
 
 counsels 
 red from 
 now Sir 
 bone was 
 issioner. 
 
 Tapper 
 A. G. 
 Jiiion of 
 ^.Dtled. 
 
 Scotia, 
 uiswick, 
 ion ; but 
 
 to care 
 16 three 
 meet at 
 amongst 
 nd, and 
 ■oremost 
 
 George 
 
 T 
 
 -; «HM,-Mni!tmmmm innnWtwiBUfftaWi. 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 77 
 
 Brown, George E. Cartier, an(i D'Arcy Magee, came 
 down the St. Lawrence in the government steamer 
 "Victoria," and were made welcome in the Council 
 of delegates at Charlottetown. 
 
 235. The little union of the maritime provinces 
 was sc.ircely thought of ; it was quite overshadowed 
 by tlie jnospect of a ^rand confederation of all the 
 provinces. From Charlottetown the delegates went 
 to Halifax, and thence to New Brunswick. Every- 
 where they were honoured with balls and banquets, 
 and little wonder if amid such festivities they said 
 some extravagant things in praise of union. 
 
 236. Before leaving Charlottetown the delegates 
 resolved to meet at Quebec to draw up a basis of con- 
 federation. In ti»e autumn the " Victoria " was sent 
 down the St. Lawrence again to bring up the delegates 
 from the maritime provinces. For over a fortnight the 
 conference sat with closed doors until the terms of 
 union were arranged. All was to be kept secret until 
 laid befcjre the Legislatures of the dilTerent i)rovinces. 
 But the bv'sfc laid plans often fail ; long before the 
 Legislatures met, the Quebec scheme was before the 
 public. There was a storm of opposition in the 
 maritime provinces. Prince Edward Island turned 
 her back upon confederation with utter scorn. New 
 Brunswick rejected it by electing a strong anti- 
 confederate House. In Nova Scotia there were 
 murmurings of dissatisfaction, but the people had no 
 opportunity of expressing their views at the polls. 
 
 1865 A.D.— 237. On the nieeting of the Nova Scotia 
 Legislature, Dr. Tupper stated that, on account of the 
 oppositicm in New Brunswick, the subject of con- 
 federation would not be brought up. Then suddenly 
 "there came a change in that province. A confederate 
 government was formed^ tlie House was dissolved, 
 

 t« 
 
 
 !i! 
 
 78 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 and ft confederate House was elected in its stead. 
 The question of union was now brought before the 
 Nova Scotia Assembly. There was strong of)position ; 
 but finally Dr. Tupper consented to drop the Quebec 
 scheme, and to have a new basis of union drawn up 
 by the British Government, aided by delegates Irom 
 all tlie provinces. This measure was carried by a 
 large majority ; and to it Canada and New Brunswick 
 gave their assent. 
 
 The Delegates in London. — 238. The scene was 
 now changed to the Colonial Office in London. The 
 ^'^ova Scotia delegates were Cliarlcs Tupper, A. G, 
 Archibald, Jonathan M'CuUy, J. W. Ritchie, and \V. 
 A. Henry. There were opposition delegates too. The 
 anti- confederates, though beaten in the Assembly, 
 were not disposed to yield. Mr. Howe, who hitherto 
 had been a silent looker-on, joined their n. Vs, giving 
 them courage and strength. Howe, .\ > and, and 
 Hugh M'Donald were sent to London as " the People's 
 Delegates " to oppose the union. Dr. Tupper skilfully 
 set Howe the unionist against Howe the anti-unionist, 
 for no one had, in former days, advocated union more 
 ardently tlian Mr. Howe hinif elf. The strongest argu- 
 ment of the anti-confederates, one never fully an- 
 swered, was tlio fact that the people of Nova Scotia 
 had never been consulted on the question. But "the 
 People's Delegates " could not stay the movement. 
 
 The Provinces United July 1st, 1867.— 239. A 
 scheme Mas drawn up, arranging the terms of union 
 for the four provinces. Nova Scot'a, New Brunswick, 
 Quebec, and Ontario. This was approved of by the 
 British Parliament, and a royal proclamation declared 
 that on July i, 1867, these provinces were bound 
 together as the Dominion of Canada. 
 
 H 
 
S991E 
 
 ■'ti ■•'.<M)('l-J«?s.*- 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 79 
 
 its stead. I 
 before the 
 ►[)position ; 
 he Quebec 
 1 drawn up 
 gates ironi 
 rried by a 
 Brunswick 
 
 scene was 
 don. The 
 per, A. G. 
 ie, and W. 
 3 too. The 
 Assembly, 
 lio hitherto 
 . Vs, giving 
 rand, and 
 le People's 
 er skilfully 
 ti-unionist, 
 union more 
 ngcst argu- 
 fuUy an- 
 ova Scotia 
 But "the 
 venient. 
 .—239. A 
 IS of union 
 :Jrun»wick, 
 of by the 
 n declared 
 uro bound 
 
 240. Sir FeuM'ick Wilhams was now governor of 
 Nova Scotia. He tried to quiet the agitation which 
 the union had stirred up. But even the hero of Kara 
 could nut pacify those wlio still gave their voice for 
 war. In the strife old party lines were obliterated, 
 old party names were forgotten. Those who, as 
 Liberals and Conservatives, had fiercely opposed each 
 other in the great political questions of former days, 
 were surprised to find themselves standing side by 
 side under the same banner. 
 
 The Voice of the People. — 241. In the summer of 
 1867 members were elected for the Dominion and 
 Local Houses. Throughout the whole province only 
 three union men were elected — Dr. Tupper for the 
 House of Commons, Hiram Blanchard and Henry 
 Pineo for the House of Assembly. 
 
 Repeal. — 242. The new government, led by Mr. 
 Annand, was bent on the repeal of the union. An 
 address was sent to the Queen, stating that whilst 
 Nova Scotians loved connection witli Great Britain, 
 nothing was so hateful to them as confederation. 
 Howe and Annand were sent to England for the pur- 
 pose of breaking up the union. At the Colonial Offico 
 they were met by Dr. Tupper, who had come to defeat 
 their purpose. All efforts for repeal were in vain. 
 
 Better Terms. — 24'i. Mr. Howe now gave up the 
 struggle, and, as lie said, " only laboured to make the 
 best of a bad bargain." He bargained for better 
 terms. The Dominion Government, wishing to make 
 peace, agreed to give Nova Scotia some permanent 
 financial advantages and a larger subsidy for the 
 period of ten years. On this Mr. Howe accepted 
 office as Secretary of State in the Dominion Govern- 
 ment. Many of the anti- con federates, following the 
 
vi : * 
 'ii 
 I* 
 
 I 
 
 80 
 
 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 W 
 
 example of their great leader, became unionists ; 
 others, indignant at what they regarded as his deser- 
 tion of them, heaped upon him unmeasured abuse. 
 
 244. In the winter of 1870 a gloom was cast over Halifax ])y 
 th« loss of the Tnnian steamer " City of Boston. " She left Halifax 
 for Liverpool, England, towards the end of January, and was never 
 heanl of after. On board were over two hund red persons, amongst 
 whom were several merchants and other citisens of Halifax. 
 
 Governor Howe. — 245. In 1873 ^^^ Hon. Joseph 
 Howe succeeded General Doyle as governor of Nova 
 Scotia. The service of an active life had been given 
 to his country; it was most fitting that he should now 
 enjoy the highest honours which that country could 
 bestow. But the evening-time of rest and dignity 
 was short. A few weeks after his appointment, 
 Governor Howe died at Government House, Halifax. 
 The position of lieutenant-governor was then offered 
 to Mr. Howe's old rival, Hon. J. W. Johnstone, wlio 
 was at the time in England for the benefit of his 
 health. But Mr. Johnstone's medical adviser inter- 
 fered, and rapidly failing health compelled him to 
 decline the honour. He died shortly after. 
 
 Gk)vemor Archibald. — 246. The Hon. A. G. Archi- 
 bahl, who had succeeded Mr. Johnstone as judge in 
 equity, was now appointed lieuteiiant-irovernor. He 
 had already, as governor of Manitoba, dono good 
 service to the domin'on in organizing that new pro- 
 vince ; and before, tiuring an active political life of 
 twenty years, he Iwvl aided every measure of reform 
 and j)rogress in Nova Scotia. Although decided an<l 
 outspoken as a politician, his moderation and integrity 
 had won for him the confidence and respect of all 
 parties; and his appointment to the highest office in 
 the. country was received with universal satisfaction. 
 
^ ■»«T>->**<*'«»«>**^'«fi»***S«il»ut 
 
 inionists ; 
 liis deser- 
 abuse. 
 
 Halifax l)y 
 left Halifax 
 J was never 
 ns, amongst 
 tlifax. 
 
 1. Joseph 
 of Nova 
 5en given 
 ioul(i now 
 try could 
 I dignity 
 [>intment, 
 , Halifax, 
 n offered 
 one, who 
 fit of liis 
 *er inter- 
 l him to 
 
 J. Arcld- 
 judge in 
 
 or. He 
 )no good 
 
 low pro- 
 U life of 
 f reform 
 ded and 
 integrity 
 ct of all 
 
 office in 
 
 faction. 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OP NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 Position. — 1. Nova Scotia is situated on tlie Atlantic 
 coast of North America, and about midwav between 
 the equator and the north pole. The prcvmce is 
 bounded on the noith-west by the Bay of Fundy ; on 
 the north by New Brunswick, Northumberland Strait, 
 and the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; and on all other sides 
 by the Atlantic Oce.an. 
 No*th Latitude, 43° 25-47° ; West Longitude, 59° 4o'-66'' 25'. 
 
 Natural Divisions. — 2. The province consists of 
 two natural divisions— iViom Scotia Propef and the 
 Idmid of Cape Breton. Nova Scotia Proper is a penin- 
 sula, having water on all sides, except a strip about 
 twelve miles wide on the north. This narrow neck 
 of land is called the Isthmus of Chkgnedo. 
 
 Ooast. — 3 For a small country, Nova Scotia has a 
 long line of sea coast which, without including the 
 inland waters of Bras D'Or and Minas Basin, and 
 the many small })ays, nu;asures about 1200 miles. 
 Numerous good harbours give great facilities for. 
 trade. 
 
 4. The following are the principal coast waters : — 
 
 On the liay of F'uJidy coast— S<. Mari/'a Bay, Petite Passaqe, 
 Grand Passage Dighy Out, AvnnpoUa Hndii, Mina» Channel, 
 Afinas liasin, Cohequid Bay, Chiei/necto Bay, and Cumberland 
 Basin, 
 
 On Northumberland Strait — Bay Verte, Puywaih Harbour, 
 Wallace Harbour, Tatamafjouche Harbour, Pictou Harbour, Meri' 
 ffomish Harb<mr, mu\ St. Oeonje's Bay. 
 
 On the coast of Cape Breton— -^*py Bay, St. Anne^s Bay, the 
 Brtu D'Or Waters, Sydney Harbour, Olace Bay, Cow Bay, Mira 
 
82 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 i'Wi. 
 
 I 
 
 Bay, Louishurg Harbour, Gaharus Bay^ St. Peter*8 Bay^ Lennox 
 Passa^/e, and the Strait of Canso. 
 
 On the Atlantic Coast of tlio Peninsula — Chedabvcto Bey, White 
 Haven, Tor Bay, Country Harbour, Liscomh Harbour, S icet Har- 
 bour, Ship Harbour, Clam Bay, Jeddore Harbour, Musquodolmt 
 Harbour, Halifax Harbour and Bedford Baun, Margaret's Bay, 
 Mahone Bay, Lunenburg Harbour, Port Mcdwaii, Liverpool Har- 
 bour, Shelburne Harbdur^ Port La Tour, Barrington Harbour ^ 
 an<l Argylc Bay. 
 
 6. Ti>c Bay of Fundy, an arm of the Atlantic, nofed for its fofrs and liiph 
 tides, extends f;ir inland between Nova ScoUjir.nd NiV. Brunswick so that 
 its head wiiters are ne»iiy 200 miles from the main ocean. Its shores are 
 generally hijrh and rocky, rising' up like a great v-uU npain.Ht the se.i. 
 
 6. St. Mary's Bay is thirty-fiie miles long fuid Irom three to ten miles 
 ride. AtDigby Gut the ma, cntTra throu/rli a nai row gateway in the rocky 
 ^oast wall, forming Annapolis Basin. This is a hiantiful sheet of water 
 twenty miles long, and is the only natural hjirhour on this coijst. As we go 
 up the Hay we find many brenkvaters, built of timber and stone at which 
 small trading vessels find slielter. 
 
 7. A tongue of land, ending in the lofty rounded headlamls. Cape Chifg- 
 neclo and Cape D'Or, divides the Hay of Fundy into two nrnis Cfiiffniccto 
 liuji and Mhms CUnnnel. Chiegnccto Bay, on the north, is again divided 
 into Vtimherlnml linxin and Shi^Hxlj/ Ikiv. The latter is wholly in New 
 Drun.swick. The southern arm is called Mhias C/unnwl At Cojte ii)>lit, a 
 bild rook standing out from the shore, the cliannel is only about (-oven 
 miles witle. Then the waters suddenly widen, forming the inland sea called 
 Miiuts Jitisni. Here, overlooking the basin, is Jihvthion, a lofty headland, 
 rising 450 feet above the sea. The shore on the west of Minas Jhisin is 
 quite low ; indeed, for several miles up into the cou try, the lowlands 
 along the margins of the rivers which flow into tlie basin are below the 
 level of the sea at high water, and are protecte<l by diki s. East of Economy 
 Point, the waters take the name Colntjuid Bail 
 
 At the head of Cobequi<l Hay and Cumberland Basin the tide rises very 
 high, the difference between low and high water being from fifty to sixty 
 feet. 
 
 6. BayVerte is about eleven mil(>s in length. It has no liarbour on its 
 shores. Tatamagouohe Bay is seven miles lonj:. Pictou Haibcur is divided 
 into three arms. It is the best harbour on the north shore, its chief disad- 
 vantage arising from its being frozen over for three or four months in the 
 yi-ar. 
 
 9. The Strait of Canso, fifteen miles long and a mile wide, is very deep, 
 and forms the great highway between the Atlantie and the tiull'of i't. Law- 
 rence. Its shores are for the most part high and steej*. ri>iiig in some 
 places over ikw ft'Ct above the water. Ctipe l'or<u)iivf, on the Nova Scotia 
 shore, is 640 feet high. Port Ilawkesbury, on tlie Cape IJreton shore, is 
 the best li rhour on the Strait. 
 
 10. On the west of Cape Breton, and around 'he north and east to Cape 
 I)<t It ))lii II, tho. short* is elevated from fxxj to laro feet. Capes A'oc/A, Lit<'- 
 rem-i; lu\j'i>me, and Dauphin, are icxw feet or more in height. St. Ann*' • 
 Pay has a narrow entrance, and is surrounded by tiigh mountains, broken 
 by deep glens. 
 
 11. The Bras D'Or waters form an irregular inland sea. navigable for 
 large vessels, and having an area of about 4ch,> squiire miles. They have 
 two channels leading from the ocean, callc<l Great Bras l>'Or and Ultle liraa 
 D'Or, separated by Jioulardarie Isloml. Great Bras D'Or, on the north, is 
 narrow, but deep and navigable for large vessels. Little Bras D'Or has a 
 rocky bar at its entratics which only small vessels can cross. 
 
 18. On the west of Doulardarle is Little Bras D'Or Lake, which is shout 
 nine miles in length. From this an arm stretches westerly for nearly thirty 
 
 ff 
 
OEOGHAl'HY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 83 
 
 ay, Lennox 
 
 Bey, White 
 S. leet Har- 
 isquodohoit 
 irefs Bay, 
 rpool Har- 
 Harbour, 
 
 )frs and lii^rh 
 vick so tlint 
 s sliorcs are 
 • sea. 
 
 to ten miles 
 ill the rocky 
 ■et of water 
 t. A.s we go 
 ue at which 
 
 Co))e Cfiifff- 
 — Chifynecto 
 ;nlit divided 
 oliy in New 
 '<i/»^ Split, ti 
 iibont ."even 
 HJ ««'ft called 
 ty headland, 
 las Itasin it) 
 lie lowlands 
 <■ below the 
 of Economy 
 
 e rises very 
 Ifty to sixty 
 
 hour on its 
 ir is divided 
 
 hiet disad- 
 Miths in the 
 
 very deep, 
 of i't. Law- 
 iif? in some 
 ova ii^cotia 
 111 shore, is 
 
 aft to Cape 
 
 Sor(h, Law- 
 
 St. Anne*t 
 
 ns, broken 
 
 ^v1^'able for 
 They have 
 Little /has 
 le north, is 
 D'Or has a 
 
 ch :s Hbout 
 •arly thirty 
 
 miles, varying in breadth from one to three miles. The eastern portion 
 of this arm is called 67. Patrici's Channel: the western, U hi/kokomoffh 
 Jiai/. T>i>i shores here are generally high, and they are mucli indented 
 with det'p coves. 
 
 13. On the south-west of Little Bras D'Or Lake is Barra Strait, which ts 
 les3 tlian a mile in width. This opens out on the south into the main body 
 of thvse inland waters, called Great Sras D'Or Lake, which forms four 
 arm.s — £"«»< B<^i/, St. Peter's Inbt, HV.^t Bail, and liosin St. Denys. From 
 the head of Ea.st Bay to that c.f West Bay the distance is about fifty miles ; 
 from Barra Strait to the head of St. Peter's Inlet, eighteen miles. Between 
 St. Peter'.s Jiilet and St Peter's Bay, on the Atlantic coast, is St Ptter'» 
 Isthmus, which is half a mile in br>'iidth. Across this Isthmus a ship 
 canal ha-* lately been made, connecting the Bras D Or with the south coast. 
 
 14. Sydney Harbour is one of the best luirliours in the world. Four mileJ 
 inland it divides into two arms. X.Tam-a-I)i'.u separates Scatarie Ihliind from 
 the mainland. From this point to i^t. Peter's tl'e coast is generally low. 
 Lennox Passage is fifteen miles in length. 
 
 15. The Atlantic coast of Nova Sco ia is rugged, and abounds in craggy 
 islanils and good harJ)ours. Chedabucta Bay, twenty-five miles long, is 
 noted for mackerel and herring fisheries 
 
 16. Halilax ITarbour or Ghebucto Bay is a large and safe harbour, open 
 to navigation tlnougliout tiie year. Its upper waters take the name Ac/- 
 ford Basia. MNab's Island is situated in the mouth of the harbour. 
 
 17. Margaret's Bay, twelve miles long and six miles broad, is a beautiful 
 sheet of water, borde'-ed by rugged hill,<. Mahonc Bay, twelve miles long 
 and ten miles wide, s noted for the fine scenery along its shores. It is 
 said to contain as many i.s'ands as there are days in the year. Aspo^ogcn 
 is a high peninsula between Malione and Matg:iiets Bayn, ending in Cmicti 
 Point, from which one may get a wide view of sea and land. Argyle Bay 
 ia also noted for its many small islands. One group i.n known as the Tusket 
 Isles, the largest of which is Matrix, three miles in length. 
 
 Capes. — 18. Tlui I'rincipal capes are. — 
 
 Split, JfOi\ CIi'n'(/n I'fo, Blomuloii, Ectmomy Point, 
 Mala gash, John, St. (Icorije, Mahou, St. Luicrence. Noiih, 
 Egmont, Enfiune, JJiiuphin, Acuni, Granhij, Murgain, 
 Breton, Canso, JWatpine, Siimhro, Cnncn Boint, Enrage, 
 Baccaro, Sable, Eonrchu, and St. Mary. 
 
 Islands. — 19. 'ilie most important islands on the 
 coast of Nova Scotia are the follo\v'ing : — 
 
 Pictou, Carrihoo, St. Paul's, Scatarie, Bonlardaric. 
 Madame, Janrriii, S(d)le, Tancook, Cape Sable Island, 
 Long Island, and Brier Island. 
 
 20. Pictou Island, eight miles from tlie mouth of Pictou ITivr- 
 hour, is about tivo miles long uiid two miles broad. Poiiulatioii, 
 130. 
 
 CarrlbOO, (juite near tho mainlaiid, with which it was once con- 
 nected, ia very irroj,'uliir iu form. IJoth it and Little CarrlbOO 
 nro rapidly wearing? away by the action of the sea. 
 
 21. St. Paul's Islaud, thirteen miles from Capo North, is a huge 
 rock, three miles long and ft mile iu breadth. It is very danj,'er- 
 ous to thu mariner, und has beau tho scene of uuiuj flhipwreoka. 
 
imii 
 
 84 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 It has two Hghthoufles, which are kept by men stationed on the 
 island for that purpose. 
 
 22. Boulardarie, between the Great and Little Bras d'Or Chan- 
 nels, is twenty-five miles in length, and from two to eight mile* 
 in width. It forms a part of Victoria Ctiunty. Population, 1300. 
 
 Scatarle, separated from Capo lireton i)y Muin-a Dieu Passage, 
 is about six milus iu length. It is the most easterly part of the 
 province. 
 
 23. Isle Madame, separated from Cape Breton by Lennox Pas- 
 sage, is sixtei^n miles iu length. Near the middle of the island is 
 a small lake. Isle Madame has a population of more than 6000. 
 Fishing is the lua<lin>; occupation. The princi|>:d )>laces on the 
 island are Avichat, fjittlc Arichat, Petit de Itras, :ind Dtscousse, 
 Janvrln and Little Anse are small islands near tin) cosuit of Isle 
 Madame. 
 
 24. Sable Island, about twenty-six miles lon^, and a mile in 
 breadth, is situated abi)ut one hundred miles south of Cape Bre- 
 ton. It is low antl sandy, with dangerous sand bars on its coast, 
 on which many vessels have been wrecked. Tlie island is desti- 
 tute of trees, and noar its centre is a lake thirteen miles in length. 
 The chief product is cranberries. The island is noted for its wild 
 ponies, many of which are brought to Halifax to be sold. The 
 coast waters abound in seals. Men are stationed on the island to 
 care for shipwrecked mariners. 
 
 25. Big Tancook, two miles in length, is th«^ largest of the many 
 islands in Mahoue l^ay. Oak Island is noted for excavations 
 in search of treasures supposed to have been buried here by 
 Cai>tain Kidd. Much money was expended without finding any- 
 thing of vslue. 
 
 26. Cape Sable Island is seven miles long, and from two to 
 three in breadth, having a population of about 1600. Cape Sable, 
 a rocky islet on the south, very dangerous to mariners, is tlte 
 nm.st southerly point of Nova Scotia. Seal Island is called the 
 elbow of the Bay of Fundy. 
 
 27. Long Island, sejiarated from Digby Neck by Petite Piissage, 
 is ten miles long, and abuut two miles iu breadth. Freeport is the 
 chief place. Populati«)n, 700. Brier Island, the most westerly 
 part of the province: is about five miles long and twondles broad. 
 West Port is the principal place. Fishing and shipbuilding are 
 the leading occupations. Population, 650. 
 
 Area. — 28. The area of the province, according to 
 late measurements, is 20,914 squ:ire miles, or it in 
 equal to a square of 145 miles. 
 
 T.Ova Scotia is about 260 miles in length, its greatest breadth is 
 100 miles ; and its area is 16,500 square miles. Cape Breton is 
 no miles in length, and 90 miles in breadth, having an area of 
 4400 square miles. 
 
 Surface. — 29. Nova Scotia is varied with lowlands, 
 liilis, and low but n*gular mountain ranges. A 
 
 I 
 
 06 
 
 CO 
 
mmtm 
 
 GROG HA PHY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 85 
 
 lioiied on the 
 
 8 d'Or Chan- 
 eight miles 
 lation, 1300. 
 *ieu Passage, 
 Y part of the 
 
 Lennox Pas- 
 tlie island is 
 e than 6000. 
 ilaces on the 
 tl Desconssc. 
 cosist of Isle 
 
 id a milo in 
 >f Cwpe Bre- 
 on its coast, 
 and is desti- 
 es in length. 
 i fur its -wild 
 3 sold. The 
 he island to 
 
 of the many 
 excavations 
 ed here by 
 finding any- 
 
 roin two to 
 Dape Sable, 
 
 uers, is the 
 called the 
 
 ite Piissage, 
 efMvt is the 
 st westerly 
 liU's broad, 
 uilding are 
 
 ording to 
 or it isj 
 
 breadth is 
 
 Breton is 
 
 an area of 
 
 owlands, 
 
 central water-shed lies along^ the wliole lengtli of the 
 country, throwing streams to the north and south. 
 The South Mountains in Annapolis and King's 
 Counties form a j)art of this central ridge. They 
 have an elevtition of 500 or 600 feet. 
 
 30. The North Mountain lies along the margin 
 of the Bay of Fundy from Cape Blomidon to Digi)y 
 Neck. 
 
 The North Mountain is formed of a dnrk-cnlourcd rock called 
 trap, which at sonie time in the history of the earth has been 
 poured out in a melted mass from its interior. From the valley 
 on the south the ascent is very steep, the greatest height being 
 600 or 700 feet ; the slope towanls tlie bay on the north is more 
 gradual. Beautiful views are obtained from various points on the 
 summit — villages, farmhouses, patches of forest, and verdant 
 meadows threaded with silver streams, seeming to be just at the 
 feet of the beholder. 
 
 31. Between the North and South Mountains is a 
 beautiful slieltered valley watered by the Annapolis 
 and Coniwallis Kivers. It is four or five miles wide 
 in the west, and it gradually widens to three times 
 thcat breadth in the east. Mucli of the country south 
 of the central water-shed is rugged and rocky. 
 
 32. The Cobequid Mountains are in Cumberland 
 and Colchester, expending from Cape Chiegnecto to 
 the borders of Pictou. Their greatest height is about 
 1 1 00 feet. 
 
 33. The northern part of Cape Breton is moun- 
 tainous, and in many places the high-lands are cleft 
 by deep gorges. Some of the more elevated i)eaks 
 are nearly half a mile in height. The country around 
 St. Anne's, and northerly to Ingonish, is much ad- 
 mired for the grandeur of its scenery. 
 
 A range of hills lies along the south of the Bras D'Or waters 
 from St. Peter's to the head of East Bay. 
 
 Rivers. — 34. For the most part the streams flow 
 across the country from the central water-shod ; they 
 are therefore short and small, the longest not exceecl- 
 ing fifty miles in lengih. The largest rivers are the 
 
 1 
 
w 
 
 86 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 St. Mary's, La Have, Liverpool^ Animpolis, Shuhenacadie, 
 Philip f Wallace J and East River of Pictou. 
 
 SB. The rivers mny he grouped according to their slopes : — 
 
 South of the central water-.shed are — 
 
 The Country Havho'n\ Sf. Marti'x, Liscomb, Middle, Musquodo- 
 boit, Sackville, Gold, Ln Have, Pitite, P<.rl Medu'ayy Liverpool^ 
 Jordan, Roseway, C yde, and Tusket. 
 
 Oil the north of tlie central water-shed are — 
 
 The Sisxiboo, Annapolis, Bear, Allen, Habitant, Canard, Corn- 
 icallvi, Gaspereaax, Avon, St. Croix, Kennetcook, Petite, Shuben- 
 aradie. West, Middle, and East Rivers of Pictou, Sutherland, 
 French, Barny, R'< hVs, West, South, and Pomket. 
 
 On the north of the Cobequids are— 
 
 Hcbei't, Maccan, Napan, La Planche, Missaquash, Shinimicou, 
 Philip, Pw/wash, Wallace, Wauf/h, &nd John. 
 
 On the south of the Cobequids are — 
 
 Partridye Island, Great Village, Folly, Debert, Chiganoia, and 
 Salmon. 
 
 In Cape Breton are — 
 
 The Maryaree, Baddick, Wayamatcook, Mabou, Inhabitant, 
 Grand, Mira, St. Denys, and Middle, 
 
 Lakes. — 36. Small lakes are very numerous, especi- 
 ally in tlie counties bordering on the Atlantic. The 
 largest are Rossignoly George, Ship Harbour, and Grand 
 Lake in Nova Scotia ; and A inslie in Cape Breton. 
 These lakes are from ten to fifteen miles in length. 
 
 37. Rosslguol contains many small island^*, and is much ad- 
 mired for its beauty. At the foot of the lake, near a forest of 
 oaks, is the site of nn old Indian villa;je. 
 
 38. The Tusket Lakes in Yarmouth, of whicn Lake George is 
 the largest, are noted for their beautiful scenery. They aboun I 
 in trout and salmon, and are a favourite resort of sportsmen. 
 
 39. Grand Lake is the largest of a chain of lakes in the basin 
 of the Shubenacadie. 
 
 Lake Ainslie is noted for its fine scenery and for its salmon. 
 
 Soil. — 40. The soil throughout a large part of the 
 province is well suited to agriculture. The best soil 
 is on the nortliern slope. The counties bordering on 
 the Bay of Fundy and its head waters contain mnch 
 diked marsh along the lower course of the rivers. This 
 is a very fertile soil, having, without manure, produced 
 large crops since the first settlement of the country. 
 
 Climate. — 41. The winters in Nova Scotia are long and cold. 
 Snow covem the ^ound for three or four mouths^ and cattle 
 
ibenacadie, 
 
 opes:— 
 
 , Musquodo- 
 ft Liverpool, 
 
 vnard^ Corn- 
 
 tite, Slniben- 
 
 Sutherland^ 
 
 Shinimicod, 
 
 'liganoia, and 
 
 Inhabitant^ 
 
 )us, especi- 
 ntic. The 
 and Grand 
 le Breton, 
 length. 
 
 is much ad- 
 r a forest of 
 
 ce Oeorge is 
 hey aboun I 
 ;smen. 
 in the basin 
 
 salmon. 
 
 art of the 
 e best soil 
 dering on 
 tain much 
 i^ers. This 
 ])roduced 
 country. 
 
 ig and cold, 
 and catilfl 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 87 
 
 
 require to be fed and housed six or seven montlis in the year. 
 Spring is late, but when warm weather sets in vegetsxtion is veiy 
 rapid. Summer is short and hot. Autumn is generally a very 
 pleasant season. 
 
 Minerals. — 42. Nova Scotia is rich in minerals. 
 The most important are coal, iron, gold, copper, 
 manganese, lead, barytes, gypsum, lime, marble, and 
 freestone. 
 
 43. Bituminous coal of good quality is abundant in the eastern 
 counties. The principal mines worked are iu (^ape IJreton, Tictou, 
 and Cumberland counties, yielding annually from 700,000 to 
 1,000,000 tons. 
 
 44. The most important iron mines i:i the province ar** the 
 Acadia mines in Ct)lchester. The ore, which is of superior 
 quality, is obtained from the Cobequid mountains. 
 
 45. Qold is obtained from various mines in Guysborough, Hali- 
 fax, and Hants counties. The value of gold found in 1876 whs 
 $230,000 ; tlie total vulue obtained in fifteen years from the time 
 of its discovery in 1861 is n«;arly $5,000,000. 
 
 46. Lead is found in Guysborough ; Copper at Tiochaber in 
 Antigonish, at Tatamagimche, and at Cape D'Or ; Qypsum is abun- 
 dant in Hants, Cumberland, Antigonish, and other places; Barytea 
 is found at Five Islands. 
 
 Plants. — 47. Nova Scotia has large native Forests 
 of pine, spruce, hemlock, beecli, birch, maple, oak, 
 ash, and otlier trees. 
 
 48. The Products of the Field nre wheat, oats, 
 barley, rye, maize, buckwheat, potatoes, turnips, and 
 other vegetables. 
 
 49. The principal Fruits are apples, pears, and plums. The 
 valley between the North and South Mountains is noted for the 
 abuntlanco and excellence of its apples. It also produces grapes 
 of good qualify. 
 
 Animals. — 50. Among the wild animals are the 
 moose, caribou, bear, wild cat, fox, and raccoon. Cod, 
 halibut, shad, mackerel, salmon, herring, and other 
 lish, are abundant in the coast waters. 
 
 61. The Lloose is the largest wihl animal in the province. It 
 belongs to the same family as the ox. His horns are not hollow 
 like those of tht ox, but are solid and branching, and are replaced 
 by new ones every year. The forests in the north of Cape Breton 
 are noted for moose. 
 
 The caribou is smaller than the moose, and resembles the rein- 
 deer. 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 
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 < 6" — 
 
 
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 v] 
 
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 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y 14S80 
 
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 i/.s 
 
88 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 Inhabitants. — 52. The population in 1871 was 
 387,800 ; it is now over 400,000. 
 
 POPULATION OF 1871 CLASSIFIED. 
 
 BIRTHPLACE. 
 
 Nova 
 S.iotia. 
 
 New 
 Brunswick. 
 
 Prince 
 Edward 
 Island. 
 
 Englnnd 
 
 and 
 
 Wales. 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 Ireland. 
 
 United 
 
 Statoa. 
 
 351,360 
 
 3413 
 
 3,2x0 1 4,008 
 
 14,316 
 
 7,558 
 
 2,239 
 
 Q] 
 Yl 
 
 li; 
 
 If 
 
 i 
 I'll 
 
 
 
 
 ORIGIN. 
 
 
 
 
 
 EnRlith. 
 
 Scotch. 
 
 IrUh. 
 
 French. 
 
 German. 
 
 African. 
 
 Dutch 
 
 Swiss. 
 
 Indift 
 
 113,520 
 
 130,741 
 
 62,851 
 
 32,833 
 
 31.942 
 
 6,212 
 
 2,868 
 
 1.775 
 
 1,666 
 
 RELIGION. 
 
 Presb}'- 
 turian. 
 
 Roman 
 Catholic. 
 
 najitist. 
 
 Episcopal 
 
 Metho- 
 dist. 
 
 Lutheran 
 
 Congrega- 
 tioualiat. 
 
 103,500 
 
 102,000 
 
 73,295 
 
 55,124 
 
 40,748 
 
 4,958 
 
 2,538 
 
 63. Tlie Public Schools, sustained by provincial endowment, 
 county ftssessnient, mid district assessment, are free to all children 
 over five years of u^e. Tlie total aniount expended on public 
 schools in 1876 was #619,000 ; of this i(f i73,ckx> were paid from the 
 provincial treasury. 
 
 64. There aro live CoWegea—Daninusie, belonging to the pro- 
 vince ; Aiuulla, to the liaptists ; Kimfs, to the Episcopalians ; St. 
 Marf^'s and St. Francis Xavici'''s, to the Roman Catholics. 
 
 A Provincial Normal School is maintained at Truro for the 
 training of teachers. 
 
 Counties. — 55. Xova Scotia is divided into eighteen 
 Counties, t'oin teen in the penin.sula and four in Cape 
 Breton. Tlie.se counties are divided into Townshiys, 
 Tiie town or village in which the courts are hehl and 
 other ])ublic business of the county is transacted is 
 called the county town. 
 
 iiwiiilftit 
 
 j * m wiiii »ii *. '%w 
 
iSyi was 
 
 nd. 
 58 
 
 United 
 Statos. 
 
 2,239 
 
 
 Swiss. 
 
 IluliM 
 
 1. 775 
 
 1,666 
 
 « 
 
 in Congrega- 
 tionalist. 
 
 2,538 
 
 ndowment, 
 nil children 
 I on public 
 id from the 
 
 o the pro- 
 )aliaii8 ; St. 
 
 iC8. 
 
 iro for the 
 
 • in O.ipo 
 oirnsJiips. 
 lieM and 
 sactod is 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF NOVA SCOTiA. 
 
 89 
 
 The following are the counties, with their chief 
 places. The county town is in black letter. 
 
 SIX COUNTIES ON THE ATLANTIC. 
 
 Counties, Chief rbices. 
 
 GuYSBOROUGH Ouyflborough, Canso, Sherhrooke, Port Mulgruve. 
 
 Halifax . . Halifax, Dartmouth, Bedford, Tangier. 
 
 LuNENBUllG . Lunenburg, Chester, Mahone Bay, Bridgewater, 
 
 New l^ublin. 
 
 Queen's . . Liverpool, Port Medway, Milton, Mill Village. 
 
 Shelburnk . Shelburne, Barrington, Locke's Island. 
 
 Yaumouth . Yannoutb, Tusket, Hebron. 
 
 FOUR COUNTIKS ON THE BAY OF FUNDY. 
 Counties. Cliief Places. 
 
 DiGBY . . . DlfiTby, AVeyniouth, AVestport, Freeporfc, Bear 
 
 River. 
 Annapolis . Annapolis, Bridgetown, Lawrencetown, Paradise, 
 
 Port Willinni, Clementsport, Middleton. 
 Kino's. . . Kentville, Wolfvflle, Port Williams, Canning, 
 
 Canard, Berwick, Kingston. 
 Hants . . . Windsor, Hantsport, Brooklyn, Maitland, Shu- 
 
 benacadie. 
 
 FOUR COUNTIES ON NORTHUMBERLAND STRAIT. 
 
 Counties. 
 Cumberland 
 
 Colchester . 
 
 PiCTOU . . 
 
 Antiqonish . 
 
 Counties. 
 Inverness . 
 
 Victoria . . 
 Cape Breton 
 Richmond . 
 
 Ciiief Places. 
 Amhorst, Pugwash, Wallace, Oxford, Minudie, 
 
 P:irrsl«)ro'. 
 Truro, Tatamagouche, Acadio Mines, Great Vil- 
 
 ngo, Folly, Htewiacke, Five Islands. 
 Plctou, Now Glasgow, Hopewell, 8tellarton. 
 Antigonlsh, St. Andrews, Tracndie. 
 
 FOUR COUNTIKS ON CAPE BRETON. 
 Chief Places. 
 
 Port Hood, Mabou, Port Havkesbury, Port 
 
 Hastings. 
 Baddeck, English Town. 
 Sydney, North Sydney, Cow Bay, Louisburg. 
 Arlcbat, Little Aiichat, Petit de Gras. 
 
 POPULATION OF COUNTIES, 187I. 
 
 Ouysborough 16,555 
 Halifax . . 56,963 
 Lunenburg 23,834 
 Queen's . . 10,554 
 Bhelbume . 12,417 
 Yarmouth . 18,550 
 
 Digby . . 
 
 17*037 
 
 Pictou . . 
 
 32,114 
 
 Annapolis . 
 
 18,121 
 
 Antigonlsh 
 
 16,512 
 
 King's . . 
 
 21,500 
 
 Inverness . 
 
 23.415 
 
 Hants . . 
 
 21,301 
 
 Victoria 
 
 11,346 
 
 Cumberland 
 
 23,S'8 
 
 Cape Breton 
 
 26,454 
 
 Colchester 
 
 23,331 
 
 Richmond . 
 
 14,268 
 
90 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 TOWNS. — 56. Halifai (30,000), situated on a 
 peninsula between the harbour and tlie north-west 
 arm, is tlie capital of Nova Scotia, and tlie chief British 
 naval station in America. It has a commanding posi- 
 tion on the slope of a liill facing the harbour. The 
 city is protected l)y an im[)regnable fortress on the 
 summit of tlie hill, and by strong fortifications on 
 Georsxe's Island. HaHfax is the scat of Dalhoude 
 College, St. Mary's College, and a Prcshiiterian Theo- 
 logical Ilall. The l\uliament House and the Post 
 Office are fine stone buildings. 
 
 
 
 I' 
 
 67. Dartmouth (4300) is about a niilo from Flalifax, on the 
 opposite side of the liuibour. It lias various iiiiinufactures, auu)ng 
 which are lieinjieii roj.e and skates of superior quality. Near the 
 town is the Pr ivincial Lunatia Asylum . 
 
 68. Lunon'jurg (2000) has a large and safe harbour. It exports 
 himber and fish, aiul carries on considerable trade with the West 
 Indies. Many of its inhabitants are of Gennau origin. Twelve 
 miles from the town are the Orens, c(>nsisting of several oven- 
 shaped cavorns in the rocky cliffs overlianying the shore. Some 
 of these caverns are seventy feet wide and two hundred feet deep. 
 
 69. Chester lias a beautiful sitnation at the head of Malnmo 
 liay. Bridg'awater, on the La Have lliver, tliirtoen miles from 
 • uS m )Uth, exports large (quantities of lnmy)er. 
 
 60. Liverpool (2 >jo) is siluatcd at the mouth of the Liverpool 
 River. Its leading industries are lumbering, fisliing, and ship- 
 building. Tlie numerous lakes and streams in the back country 
 abound in trout, and are a favourite rcsoi't of sportsmen. De 
 Monts gave to Liverpool Harbour tiie name of Port Ronxii/vol. 
 
 61. Shelburne (1500) is situated at the head of a narrow bay 
 two miles wide and nine miles in lengvh. HP^JVutt's Island is at 
 the entrance of the bay. SlupbuiMing and f'sliing are extensively 
 carried on at Shell)urne (si'e '"' History," p. 50). Port La Tour is 
 noted as the site of La Tour's Fort in the seventeenth century. 
 Barringrton is a ]U'osperous fishing town. 
 
 62. Yarmouth (5000) is a wealthy and prosperous town, largely 
 engaged in shipbuilding and tr.ide. Its j)ublic schools are among 
 the l)est in tiio province. Tusket, nt the head of navigation on 
 the Tusket River, is also noted for shipbuilding. 
 
 63. Dlgby (looo) has a beautiful situation at the west end of 
 Annai)oli8 iJasin. Claro is a country distiict inhaViited principally 
 by Acadian French, who speak the French language and retain 
 many of tl»o customs of their ancestors. Weyinouth is noted 
 for Bhipl)uilding. 
 
 64. Annapolis, on the enst end of Annapolis Brtsin, is the oldest 
 town in the i)rovince. The ruins of the fortifications form the 
 chief object of interest. Bridgetown ( 1006), at the head of navi- 
 
imm 
 
 GKOGRAPHY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 91 
 
 ied on a 
 
 orth-west 
 ef British 
 ling posi- 
 ur. Tiie 
 !s on tlie 
 itions on 
 Dalhomie 
 Ian Tkeo- 
 the Post 
 
 'ax, on the 
 
 ares, among 
 
 Neiir the 
 
 It exports 
 li the West 
 n. Twelve 
 veral oveu- 
 ore. Some 
 I foet deep, 
 of INIiiliono 
 miles from 
 
 e Liverpool 
 and ship- 
 •k country 
 snuMi. De 
 Hsi.(jiiol. 
 1 arrow bay 
 Island is at 
 jxtensively 
 La Tour is 
 h century. 
 
 .vn, largely 
 arc among 
 igation on 
 
 est end of 
 )rincipally 
 ind retain 
 is noted 
 
 the oldest 
 
 form tho 
 
 id of navi- 
 
 gation on the Annapolis River, is the largest town in Annapolis 
 County. It is surrounded by a beautiful fruit-growing country. 
 
 65. Kentville (1000), enviioncd by hills, lias a beautiful situation 
 on the Cornwallis lliver, eiglit miles from its mouth. Wolfville. 
 on the south side of ]\Iiiiiis liasin, near tliJ ])lace where once 
 flourished tlie Ac:idian village of Ciatid J're, is the seat of Acadia 
 College. Canning* is noted for shipbuilding and tra«le. A beau- 
 tiful view is obtained from a high blutf on the North Mountain, 
 three or four miles from Canning. 
 
 66. Windsor (2500), on the broad estuary of the Avon, is the 
 seat of King's ColL'ge. Many shijjs are built here, and large 
 quantities of jdaster are exported. The iron railway bridge across 
 the Avon, on the west of the town, is tho largest and finest bridge 
 in the i)rovince. Hantsport, at the mouth of the Avon, is noted 
 for shii)l»uilding. 
 
 67. Amherst (2'xxd) is situated near the great Taiitramar Marsh, 
 and is equally distant from St. John and Halifax, being 138 miles 
 from each. Four or five miles north of Amherst is the site of Fort 
 Lawrence, and about a mile further north, in New ]>runswick, are 
 the ruins of Fort Camhvrlnnd. WaRace and Pugwasli export 
 gypsum, freestone, and lumber. Oxford is noted for its tweeds 
 and other woollen manufactures. 
 
 68. Truro (3500), the seat of the Provincial, Normal and Model 
 Schools, has various manufactures, including furniture, shoes, 
 pegs, ironware, and carriages. The Normal Schocjl building is a 
 fine structure of brick and stone. Tatamagouche is noted for 
 shipbuilding. 
 
 69. PictOU (3500) is a wealthy town, and has a fine s".tuation on 
 a hillside facing tho water. It carries on variotis manufactures, 
 and large ([uantities of coal from the neighbouring njines are 
 shijiped froni its harbour. New Glasgow (2500) is an important 
 town, largely engaged in shij)building, trade, and manufactures. 
 
 70. Antigoniah is the seat of St. Francis Xavier's College, and 
 has a fine Roman Catholic Cathedrid. Tracadie, inhabited chiefly 
 by French Acadians, has a wcaltliy monastery. 
 
 71. Guysboro', on Milford Haven, is engaged in Khipbuilding 
 and fishing. Sherbrooke, at the head of navigatit)n on the St. 
 Mary's River, is also noted for shipbuilding. Throe miles distant 
 is Goldenville, one of tho richest gold-fields in Nova Scotia. 
 Canso is noted f sr its early settlement. Whitehaven has one of 
 the best harb«)urs in America. 
 
 72. Port Hood is tho most important port on tlie west coast of 
 Cape lireton, north of the Strait of Canso. The Gulf fishermen 
 take refuge here in time of storms. Port Hastings, (»r Plaster 
 Cove, has a commnnding position on a high bhitf overlooking the 
 Strait. Fotir miles south is Port Hawkesbury. 
 
 73. Baddeck is the largest place on tho liras D'Or Waters. 
 English Town, near tho entrance to St. Anne's Harbour, is noted 
 for its highland scenery. 
 
 74. Sydney (2000), situated on the south-west arm of Sydney 
 Harbour, was tho capital of (.'ape Breton Island before its annexa- 
 tiuu to Nova Soutiiu Tho barracks, uud other old buililings used 
 
m 
 
 
 92 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 by the officers and soldiers, still remain as memorials of tlie olden 
 time wlion the island fornietl a separate i>rovince. In recent times 
 the opening of various cojil-niines in the neighbourhood has given 
 new life to the place and led to many improvements. Many fine 
 buildings have been erected, of which the Court House is worthy 
 of special note. 
 
 76. North Sydney, a growing town, is on the north side of 
 Sydney Hurbour. It h:is extensive wharvos, and is the cliief 
 coaling station on the island. Over two thousand vessels call 
 Annually at this port. The Atl.intic cable lands at Lloyd's Cove, 
 four rniles from the town. The diief office is at North Sydney, 
 where from twenty to thirty «»perators are emploj od. The Miues, 
 a rising town, where the great works of tlie Mining Association 
 are situated, is three miles from North Sydney 
 
 Cow Bay is notoil foi its breakwater, 1430 feet in length, con- 
 structe.l at a cost of $100,000. 
 
 76. Lou'sburg, the old French cipital, is now only a small 
 villitge, whose chief industry is iishing. Grass-oovfred mounds 
 are all that remain of the once ini])regnahlo fortress. The llar- 
 botir of Louisburg is seldum closed by frost, and a riiilroad is being 
 built from the Jteserve Mines, eighteen miles dist;iiit, for the pur- 
 pose of securing an open winkn* port for the shipment of coal. 
 
 77. Arlchat (1000) has a good liiirbour, and is one of the most 
 important fishing towns in the i)rovince. ISIjiny of its inhabi- 
 tants are Aca<lian French. Little Arlchat, Petit de Oras, and 
 D*£sC0U88e, are also largely engaged in the fisheries. 
 
 Industries. — 78. The principal ])iirsiiits in Nova 
 Scotia are ai;ricultnre, fishing, mining, shipbuilding, 
 hinibering, manufactures, and comn:orce. 
 
 Railroads. --79. The railroads include that])ortion of the Tnter- 
 ccdonial, between Halifax and New liruuKwick, about 140 miles; 
 the Eastern Li)»e, from Truro to Pictou, 51 luile.s; an extension 
 to the Strait of Canso being now under contract; Iho Western 
 Line, from "Windsor Junction to Annapolis, 116 miles, with an 
 extension to Yarmouth in course of construction ; and the Spring 
 Hill and Parrsl)oro' Line, about 32 nules in length. There are also 
 several short lines in Cape Breton, connecting various coal-minos 
 with shipping ports. 
 
 Government. — 80. The Local Government is vested 
 in a Lientenani-Goveriwr, ai)p<)int<'d by the Dominion 
 GovernnuMit, and an Executive Council. The Legisha- 
 ture consists of a Home of Assemhhj of thirty- ei'jlit 
 members, a Legislativ Council^ a!id the Lieutenant- 
 Governor. 
 
of tlie olden 
 recent times 
 d hns given 
 Many fino 
 se is worthy 
 
 )rth side of 
 
 Ih tlie cliief 
 
 vessels call 
 
 loyii's Cove, 
 
 ntli Svdney, 
 
 The JEtllues, 
 
 Association 
 
 length, con- 
 
 >nly a small 
 rrd mounds 
 . The Ilar- 
 -o:id is being 
 for the pur- 
 ; of C(»al. 
 of the most 
 f its inhabl- 
 e Gras, and 
 
 ill Nova 
 )biiilding, 
 
 if the Tnter- 
 
 140 miles; 
 |u extenKitm 
 
 Western 
 IS, with an 
 
 the Spring 
 lere nre also 
 
 coal-minoB 
 
 is vested 
 
 dominion 
 
 Legisla- 
 
 jrty-eijjrlit 
 
 kentenaiU' 
 
 CHRONOLOGY OF NOTED EVENTS. 
 
 AD. 
 
 Columbus di.scovered America .... 1492 
 
 First voyage of John and Se!)a.stian Cabot . . 1497 
 
 Cartier vi.sited the (»ult' of 8t. Lawrence . . 1534 
 
 Sir Humphrey Gilbert took possession of Newfoundland 1583 
 De la Roche left convicts on Sable Island . . 159S 
 
 Ue Monts visited Nova Scotia .... 1604 
 
 Port Royal ft)nn(led ..... 1605 
 
 Argall destroyed Poit Royal . . . .1614 
 
 New England settled by the Pilgrims . . . 1620 
 
 Nova Scotia granted to Sir William Alexander , .1621 
 
 Sir David Kirkt's conquests . . . 1627-29 
 
 Treaty of St. Geiniaiu — .Acadie restored to France . 1632 
 
 Charles de la Tour married diamine's widow . . 1653 
 
 Colonel Sedgwick took Port Roy;d . . . 1 654 
 
 Treaty of Breda — A cadie restored to France . . 1667 
 
 Sir William Diips took Port Royal . , . 1690 
 
 Treaty of Ry.swick ..... 1697 
 
 Colouel Maik's tuisuccessful attempt to take Port Roy«al 1707 
 Final capture of Port Royal — name changed to Anna- 
 polis R(jyal . . . . . .1710 
 
 Treaty of Utrecht . . . . .1713 
 
 I)u Vivier besieged Port Royal .... 1744 
 
 Capture of Louisbiug by Pepperell and Warren . 1745 
 
 D'Anville's Expedition ..... 1746 
 
 Massacre at Grand Prd . . . . .1 747 
 
 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapello — Louisburg restored to France 174C 
 Founding of Halifax ..... 1749 
 
 Fort Beausejour built . . . , -1750 
 
94 
 
 CHRONOLOGY OF NOTED EVENTS. 
 
 
 W' 
 
 Germans settled at Louislmrg 
 Fort Beausejour taken from the French . 
 Expulsion of the Acadiaus from Nova Scotia 
 li^arl of Loudon's failure . 
 Capture of Louisbnrg by Boscawen, Amherst, and Wolfe 
 First meeting of Assembly in Nova Scotia 
 Ca,pture of Quebec by General Wolfe 
 The Treaty of Paris 
 
 Piince Edward Island a separate province 
 First American AVar 
 
 New Brunswick made a separate province 
 Cape Breton made a separate province 
 Windsor Academy opened , 
 
 Septennial Act in Nova Scotia 
 The Duke of Kent arrived at Halifax 
 Maroons brought to Halifax 
 Edwai'd, Duke of Kent, finally left Halifax 
 The Second American War 
 Assembly first met in New Building at Halifax 
 First Roman Catholic menjber admitted to Assembly 
 Great Fire at Miramichi . 
 Tlie Brandy Dispute 
 
 Sir Colin Campbell Governor of Nova Scotia 
 Joseph Howe's Libel Suit , ~ . 
 
 Howe first entered Nova Scotia Legislature 
 Rebellion in Ca^iada . , . 
 
 Accession of Queen Victoria 
 Lord Falkland Governor of Nova Scotia . 
 Halifax incoip(jrated 
 
 >ii- John Harvy Governor of Nova Scotia 
 iiesponeiltle Government established 
 'I'ho Normal Sclio'.d opened at Truro 
 Visit of the Prince of Wales to Nova Scotia 
 Gold discovered in Nova Scotia . 
 Free schools established in Nova Scotia . 
 Union Delegates met at Charlottetown . 
 Donjinioji of Can.ada formed . , 
 
 Hon. Jost^ph Howe Governor of Nova Scotia 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1753 
 1755 
 1755 
 1757 
 1758 
 1758 
 1759 
 
 1763 
 1770 
 
 775-83 
 1784 
 1784 
 1789 
 1792 
 
 1794 
 1796 
 
 1800 
 812-14 
 1819 
 1823 
 1825 
 1830 
 
 1834 
 1835 
 1837 
 837-38 
 1838 
 1840 
 1841 
 1846 
 1848 
 
 1855 
 i860 
 
 1861 
 
 1864 
 
 1864 
 
 1867 
 
 1873 
 
Wolfe 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1753 
 1755 
 1755 
 1757 
 
 1758 
 1758 
 1759 
 1763 
 1770 
 
 775-83 
 1784 
 
 1784 
 1789 
 1792 
 
 1794 
 1796 
 
 1800 
 812-14 
 1819 
 1823 
 1825 
 1830 
 
 1834 
 1835 
 1837 
 837-38 
 1838 
 1840 
 1841 
 1846 
 1848 
 
 1855 
 i860 
 
 1861 
 
 1864 
 
 1864 
 
 1867 
 
 1873 
 
 PRONOUN CIXG VOCABULARY. 
 
 KEY TO THE REPRESENTATION OF SOUNDS. 
 
 5, as in pate, 
 
 5, as in init. 
 ah, as ill balm. 
 aw, as in hall. 
 
 e, or ee, .as in meet. 
 
 6, as in met. 
 
 o, as in hone. 
 5, as in jtot. 
 00, as in tnoon. 
 u, as in viute. 
 tl, as in nut. 
 ai, as in air. 
 
 n, somewhat as ng in long. 
 
 Acadie, Jik'-ah.d^. 
 Ainslie, an'-zle 
 Aix-la-Chapelle, fika-lah-shah- 
 
 p6l. 
 Auhry, o'-bre. 
 Beaubas^in, bo-bah-saii'. 
 Beaunejour, bo-sa-zhoor'. 
 Bieiicourt, be-Jln-koor'. 
 Bonlardarie, boo'-lar-dree. 
 Bras D'Or, brah-dor'. 
 Castme, cUs-teen'. 
 Chamjilain, shJlni-plan'. 
 Chehucto, she-btic'-to. 
 Caidon de Villiers, coo-loh'- 
 
 dah-veel-yair'. 
 Dalhousie, dai-hoo'-zo. 
 
 B'Anville, dahii-veel'. 
 D'Aulnay C/iarnis4, dO-na' 
 
 shar'-ne-za. 
 De la lioche, dti-lah-rosh'. 
 Denys, da'-ne. 
 Iksbarrcs, da-bar'. 
 Des-diarnps, diX-shaii'. 
 D'EstouryieUe, da-toor-nSl'. 
 Drurour, dru-koor'. 
 Diichamhon, du-shan-boli'. 
 Duqucsnel, drik-nCl'. 
 Daviv'cr, chi-vee-ve-a'. 
 En/nm^., afi-foo-ina'. 
 Euray^, an-rah-zha'. 
 Foiirchii, foor-shu'. 
 Gaharus, gdb-ah-roo*'. 
 
 mmmmn 
 
,, s.- 
 
 96 
 
 PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. 
 
 Pi 
 I' 
 
 i!;:h;,;:: 
 
 
 
 Gaspereaux, gfts-pe-ro'. 
 Grand Pr6, gralift-pra'. 
 Havre de Grace, hflvr-dtt- 
 
 grahs'. 
 Janvrin, zhaft-viJlft'. 
 Jonquiere, zhon-kee-air'. 
 Kirkt, ktlrk. 
 La Come, lah-coin'. 
 La Loutre, lah-lootr'. 
 La Tour, lah-toor'. 
 Lescarbot, la-car-bo'. 
 Le Borgne, Itt-born'. 
 Madame, inah-dahm'. 
 Main-a-Dieu, mafi-ah-du'. 
 Mascarene, inS.8-ka-reen'. 
 Musquodoboit, mtls-quo-dbb'- 
 
 it. 
 
 Petite, p*i-teet'. 
 Pont(jrav4, p6ft-grah-v5'. 
 Poutrincourt, poo-trS,!i-koor'. 
 Raleigh, ravv'-lee. 
 Ramezay, rah-mee-za'. 
 RazUli, rah-zee'-yee. 
 Rochelle, ro-shgl'. 
 Rossignol, rSs-seeii-yOr. 
 Scatarie, scJit-a-ree'. 
 Shinimicas, shln-im-e-kfts'. 
 St. Germain, f^llu-zh6r-ma&'. 
 2^atamagouche,tAt-n\?ih-gonsh'. 
 Utrecht, yu-tr£kt'. 
 Vaudreuil, vo-dru-ey'. 
 Verrazzani^ va-rah-zah'-ne. 
 Villehon, veel-boii'. 
 Wcmgh waw. 
 
 IJl'M! 
 
i-giah-va'. 
 
 poo-ti^a-koor'. 
 
 ee. 
 
 nee-za'. 
 
 i'-yee. 
 
 sr. 
 
 ieefi-yfil'. 
 
 ,-ree'. 
 
 n-im-e-kae'. 
 
 ifi-zhgr-mafi', 
 
 tjlt-niah-goosh'. 
 
 kt'. 
 
 Jru-ey'. 
 
 rah-zah'-ne. 
 
 )6ii'. « 
 
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