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PELHAM MULVANY, M.A., M.D., Author o/the '^ History of Liberalism," etc., etc. iUustratcb. TORONTO: W. E. CAIGER, PUBLISHER, 4 ADELAIDE STREET WEST. 1884. ■H F£rH99 M 8 Printed bv C. Blackett Robinson, 5 Jordan Street, Toronto. Bound by Hunter, Rose & Co., Wellington Street, Toronto. PRELUDE. \\\\\\\>\%\ I^JflY HE time has fully come for a new work on the History of Toronto, 1^ Past and Present. The former works on that subject are quite out /^ of date ; and it was felt by the publisher and by the auf^or of this work that no year could be fixed upon as more auspicious for this purpose than the present, in which the Queen City of English Canada celebrates, with the sympathies, it may well be hoped, of all who ate dwellers on this f,'reat continent to which we belong, the important event of her rising to the rank of a City. The projector of this work has designed, and the author has followed, a plan of arrangement quite original, and one which we believe ensures a {greater clearness and cohesion for the literary part of the work than has been attained, it is claimed, by any previous work on Toronto. Its nature will appear from an examination of our " Index," and of the headings of each separate chapter. The first of these, on the History of the City, covers the century, since wlien, in 1794 (by typographical error on page g the date is given as 1773), under the rule of its founder and guardian genius, John Graves Simcoe, the first twelve log houses of Little York rose by the muddy banks of the Don, to the triumphal celebration of the present year. As to the materials for this chapter, while the author gratefully admits his obligation for various questions of fact to preceding writers, all of which have, it is believed, been duly acknowledged in the course of the work, he has given much care to the verification of these and to collecting of new materials from the files of old newspapers, and the invaluable series of hound pamphlets on Canadian politics in the Parliament library in Toronto. Especially with regard to the history of William Lyon Mackenzie in 1837, he has searched out several survivors of the action at Montgomery's Farm now living in Toronto and elsewhere, and has obtained much valuable 8 PRELUDE. information, wliich, if not made available very soon, must be lost forever as material for Canadian History, On the subject of the U. E. Loyalists, a theory has been propounded in these pages, wiiich is unquestionably new, and will startle some readers. But it is of importance to a just appreciation of the joint claims which these gallant men, the fathers and founders of English Canada, have upon our gratitude, that we should not load them with the adulation of an ignorant or mendacious spread-eagleism. There has been a great deal too much of this senseless flattery of the national Worthies in the United States, though with such candid and high-minded historians as they now possess, the evil is being fast minimized. Let us not allow this evil to gain ground in Canada. Let us look facts in the face, like men. Let us give the U. E. lloyalists the glory they so unquestionably merit, and refuse to daub their honoured sepulchres with the whitewash of indis- criminate flattery. No expense and no efl"ort have been spared to make the History of Toronto Past and Present, worthy of our city and its citizens. The numerous illustrations which diversify the pages of this book will furnish to all guests of our city a memorial of most of the remarkable buildings which they have seen during their stay. It has been the author's object to avoid all expression of party politics, of theological controversy, of personal prejudice. For some errata I ask the reader's indulgence : among others the reference to the present repre- sentative of the Jarvis family, who was the somewhat distant kinsman, not the son, of the late Sheriff Jarvis. The cost of the present work has been studiously kept down to the lowest possible level, so as to bring it within reach of the people for whose benefit author and publisher intend it; it is dedicated to them, and not to any great magnate, social, financial or literary. Were any formal dedication to be prefixed to its pages, it should run in this fashion : — To the thousands who have bought it already, To the thousands who will Duy it in the future. and X-J^ , HE TORONTO OF THE PAST. A SKETCH OF ITS HISTORY. ![YHE brilliant capital of Knglish-spe aking Canada was founded by the first soldier-Rovernor^of the new Province, in which English speech and English law sought asylum after the revo- lution of 1783. The cession to the new Republic of a fort at the mouth of the Niagara river had warned Lieutenant-Governor John Graves Simcoe that New- ark was no safe position for the Upper Canadian capital. One fine morning in the July of 1773 this illustrious man — the father of Upper Canada, and the founder of Toronto — set out from Newark in a boat propelled by the stout arms of some score of his old warriors in the famous "Queen's Rangers." With Simcoe was another scarcely less celebrated pioneer of Upper Canadian civiliza- tion—the Honourable Colonel Thomas Talbot, founder of the Talbot settlement, and of the towns of St. Thomas, Port Stanley, and Malahide. Having skirted the lake shore from the Niagara river to the lesser lake, and eastward to the Indian trail, which extends by the Humber river to Lake Simcoe, they entered a natural harbour, which at once struck General Simcoe as possessing superior advantages of position to any place west of Cataraqui. His Indian guide told him that the place was known to the Mississauga hunters as the " Toronto," or harbour. A space of two miles of pebbly strand extended between the mouths of two rivers; it was fenced from the equinoctial storms of Lake Ontario by a peninsula, now an island, which formed a natural breakwater, and secured in all weathers an inviolable haven. From the beach, which stretched from lO TORONTO: FAST AND PRESENT I I I river to river, a declivity rose northward, dark with virgin forest. Unlike Mon- treal and Quebec, the capital of KnKliah Canada owes little, except the security of its harbour, and the excellent sanitary results from its graded terrar^c of site, to nature. Its island buttress of sand beach is still, unhappily, as ugly as when Simcoe and Talbot looked on it a hundred years ago. The glory of its stately streets and countless spires belongs to itself, and is not enhanced by anything in its surroundings of lake, island, and hill. 13ut in this spot Simcoe foresaw the possibility of founding a capital, which should communicate, by its rivers, with the vast regions to the north, of which the Upper Ottawa was the main highway. It was full thirty-three miles, lake voyage, from the hated American republic, and its peninsula could easily be made an impregnable fortress. A settlement was planned and carried out at once, under the name of York, in honour of the royal duke of that name ; twelve log houses were hastily put up near the swampy debouchement of the Don, and, much to the disappointment of the merchants and newspaper people of Newark, the seat of Government and the public offices were transferred to what soon became designated as " Muddy Little York." From its first rude beginnings the new town began to flourish. Government money circulated in its commercial arteries at a time when all other parts of the new colony of Upper Canada were obliged to carry on their trade transactions by the clumsy methods of barter, Midway between the boundary rivers, at right angles to where Palace Street fronted the bay, a street thirty miles long was hewn through the pine woods by detachments of Simcoe's old soldiers, most of whom had settled in and around York in the vicinity of their famous officers, the founders of names so justly honoured in the Toronto of to-day. The earliest account we possess of the York of Governor Simcoe is contained in the Due de Liancourt's travels, which date as far back as 1795. The Duke, a representative of an ancient house of the French noblesse, had been exiled by the Revolution, and took occasion to visit the colony, with which the glories of the French nobles and saints had been associated for two centuries, the most splendid in the history of Christian missions. From New France the exiled noble extended his travels westward, and was the guest of Governor Simcoe at his log-built residence of "Navy Hall" at Newark, and afterwards at Little York. Of the morals of the embryo Toronto the Due de Liancourt gives a most unfavourable account, and Robert Gourlay, who reprinted the passage from the duke's travels, twenty years afterwards, remarks that the character of York had not, to his knowledge, improved in the meantime. Such general accusations, however, must be taken with a liberal grain of allowance. York was, from the first, the centre of the newly-organized Province of Upper Canada. In the golden age of that Province, the age of good John Graves Simcoe, all impiovements, all roads, all new determinations of settlement radiated from the single muddy street of log houses east of the white-painted wooden church dedicated to St. James, the first representative of the present stately Cathedral, in which Dominie Strachan was wont to hold forth on the wickedness of "skism." as his Aberdeenshire doric rendered the word known to ears polite as schism. Though Toronto does not TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT II possess the magnificent scenic beiuty of Mount Koyal and Quebec, it has a more southern latitude, and has many local advantages which render it a more desirable place of residence than cither of the capitals of New France, or than any other city in C?anada, Its climate is remarkably pleasant .d salubrious, owing, no doubt, in great measure to the equalizing influence of the great lake which bounds it on the south. The period of CJeneral Simcoe's Government (1792 to 1796) may be most truly considered as the golden age of English-speaking Canada. Then none were for a party. Then all were for the state. And the rich man helped the pooi , And the poor man helped the great. The curse of party politics had not made itself felt ; the Family t.-mpact had not organized its machinery of mischief; the bitter injustice of a Statt Church, with its clutch on one-seventh of the entire country, had as yet to be d ivcloped. John Ciraves Simcoe seems to have had at heart the genuine int . jsts cf the CoV ay and its new capital. It is true he had two defects in hisgovirnment poluy: one, was the excessiv ^'-^ unreasoning hatred of everything belonging i ihe United States, which was common to most Englishmen of his time.* \'hr. other, which was in f . : a result of this anti-American prejudice, was a desire to found aristo- cratic institutions as a bulwark against American republicanism. 1 ur this pur- pose, avowedly, Simcoe made a disastrous attempt to establish a State Church i>> the Colony he governed with almost absolute-power. It was a most unfortunate error ; it cramped and hindered, unspeakably, the development of the settlement by excluding from vast tracts of fertile land the settler's axe and the farmer's plough; it led to an armed insurrection only quelled at much expendit'ire of blood and treasure ; it has bequeathed to a venerable, historic church a legacy of prejudice and exclusiveness of a sectarianism which only tolerates as " street acquaintances" the great majority of all other I'rotestant Churches, which has not yet ceased to exert its influence for evil. In person John Graves Simcoe, as may be seen from his published portraits, was dignified and pleasing ; his athletic and well-proportioned figure, set off by he handsome scarlet and gold-laced uniform of the Queen's Rangers, seems not un- worthy to stand beside those other heroic founders of Canadian Colonies, Jacques Cartier and Samuel de Champlain. Simcoe built himself a residence of stately proportions, according to the simple tastes cf a century ago, known as " Castle Frank" (it was so named after one of the members of his family), on the rising ground overlooking the old Don and Danforth Road. Though only built of logs • The writer's grandfather, who died at the age of ninety-eight, in 1849, was present as a midshipman in the Royal Navy, at the battle of Bunker Hill. He was in most respects as amiable a specimen of one of Nelson's post-captains as could be desirea, but the slightest mention of any good belonging to the United States would make him swear like "our army in Flanders." ■■■■■■■ 12 TORONTO : PAST .4ND PRESENT. hewn from the neighbouring forest it was a commodious building and was the scene of much hospitality to those U. E. Loyalists who brought to the first be- ginnings of York an amount of wealth and refinement not often to be found in the society of pioneer cities. At the head of this societv was the Governor's vife, a very amiable and attractive lady of thirty-one. We have a pleasant picture in the Memoirs of the Duke de Liancourt of the Governor's charming wife, who was then thirty and had most winning manners. She acted as the Governor's private secretary, and it is on record that ha\ ing some taste for drawing she helped her husband much by making plans and maps, among others the first outline plan of Toronto, On Governor Simcoe's recall in 1796, the Government was administered by the Hon. Peter Russel, cx-member of the Irish branch of the great house of Kussel, who had come out with Simcoe. A picture of Russel 's Toronto residence has been secured for this work. Under his auspices the iniquitous system of land monopoly began to flourish. It was common for the Governor to grant to himself large tracts of valuable land, the document being worded as follows: — " I, Peter Russel, Lieutenant-Governor, do grant unto you, Peter Russel, so many thousands of acres." Meanwhile two large brick edifices, designed as wings to a centre, had been built by Simcoe, as Chambers for the Upper and Lower Houses of Assembly, and in 1797 the Parliament of Upper Canada, for the first time, held its session in the Capital of the Province, under presidency of the Hon. Peter Russel. The Settlement of twelve houses described by the Duke de Rochefoucauld, which, with two huts occupied by families of Mississauga Indians, formed the original Toronto in 1795, had rapidly increased. New structures were being constantly erected on King (near Front Street), and around the Government buildings. A road, or rather a track, through the yet unbroken forest, had been hewn by Governor Simcoe's disbanded soldiers of the Queen's Rangers, and along the first few miles of the new Yonge Street, farming settle- ments began to occupy the clearings ; these pioneer settlers were for the most part old soldiers of the Queen's Rangers, who readib' obtained grants of land near the city by the interest of their old officers, who were the pioneers of the first settlement of Toronto. These early settlers had the great advantage of being near an excellent mill, the ancient windmill, which occupies a prominent position in our first picture of Old Toronto on page 9. The mill stood on the site of the premises now occupied by Messrs. Gooderham & Worts' distillery. There was also from the very first the certainty of a good market for all farm produce, Government pay, about the only specie then in circulation in the Colony. But the town of York was so fa** to the east of Yonge street that the farmers along that line of settlement experienced great difficulty in making their way with the ox waggons which carried their grain and potatoes over the pitfalls and pine stumps of the new " streets." Mr. George Heriot, Deputy Postmaster-General of British North America, in his "Travels Through the Canadas," thus describes the Toronto of 1806: *' The town of York, according to the plans, is projected to extend a mile and a h I TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 15 half from the bottom of its harbour along its boundary ; many houses are already coDipleted, some of which display a considerable degree of taste. The advance- ment of this place to its present condition has been effected within the lapse of six or seven years, and persons who have formerly travelled in this part of the country are impressed with sentiments of wonder on beholding a town which may be termed handsome, reared, as by enchantment, in the midst of a wilder- ness." With the change of the seat of Government, as a matter of course, all the Government officials and offices were removed from Newark, as the old town of Niagara was called, to Torouto. Their salaries from the first brought a healthy flow of trade into the new town. From the first, the society of Muddy Little York assumed a social and intellectual character which was probably superior to that of any other city on the American Continent. For it was founded by those stern old Tory families, who, in the great controversy between Hanoverian George and American Freedom, had chosen what, at the beginning of the contest, seemed certain to be the winning side. A great deal of nonsense has been talked and written about the U. £. Loyalists having given up home and country for "loyalty to the Crown." As a matter of fact, the "Tories," who, in 1776, preferred crown to country, were the " Upper Ten Thousand " of society in the revolted colonies, the government officials, the army officers in the loyal militia, the rich and aristocratic classes, who naturally sided with authority or privilege, the numerous merchants interested in supplying the army and civil service. These people found out when too late, that, like Cato, but from much more mercenary motives, they had chosen the vanquished side. It was quite too late to make their peace with the victorious Republicans. A war of extermination had been waged for seven years between the two parties. The Tories got the worst of it. Edicts of confiscation and exile had been passed against them in all but one of the thirteen colonies. Those who stayed at honie were shot at, ridden on rails, tarred and feathered. Death was enacted as the penalty of returning. It is the merest nonsense, and the most brazen falsification of historic fact, to state that the U. E. Loyalists gave up anything for their loyalty. They had nothing to give up. They had chosen deliberately, and from motives which, it is perfectly evident, had nothing to do with a Montrose-like loyalty to the muddle-head Hanoverian King, the side which had every apparent likelihood of winning, but which happened to lose. But their forfeiture of home and country proved the greatest gain to English Canada, and to no part of it more than to ■*s heart and to the new capital. But while in our study of history we deem it right to discard the absurd fiction which the spread-eagleism of U. E. Loyalty would set up on the subject of the Tory immigrants who founded English Canada, it would be equally absurd to shut our eyes to the fact that those immigrants formed the very best material ever introduced to found a virgin colony. They came not tentatively, not in sparse groups of soldiers or missionaries, as in the early formation of French- Canada, but simultaneously, the first body, that of 1783-84, numbering ten thou- sand. They were the picked men and women of the best, most cultured class of i6 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. American society, and in every way, with military experience and knowledge of forest crops and pioneer farming, suited to form a settlement in the magnificent wil- derness which became their inheritance. No part of Canada was more benefitted, by the settlement of these brave and hardy pioneers than Toronto. To illustrate this, it is only necessary to point to such families as those of Givins, Tipinesh, Beverley Robinson, and Jarvis, names which formed the original aristocracy of Toronto, and are associated with her first rude beginnings. As early as 1791 Lieutenant, afterwards Colonel, Givins explored Toronto harbour and its tribu- tary streams. The men of the Queen's Rangers, during General Simcoe's gover- norship, cut with their axes the forest road, which is now Yonge Street, as far north as the lake named after their former Colonel. These men formed the earliest and most industrious settlers. Here and there, in one instance known to the writer, the sons of these men still survive in extreme old age, and tell interesting stories of the bears shot on King Street, and the howling of the wolves at night in the immediate neighbourhood of the Parliament buildings and the market.* The name of Parliament Street was given to what is now Berkeley Street ; the Legislative buildings stood in this part of Toronto. At the east end of To- ronto harbour, close to the spot now marked by the stern, grey outlines of a prison, was erected the first Parliament building of the new English Province. It was at first but a plain wooden structure and was burned by the American raiders in 1813. It was replaced in 1818 by a more commodious edifice of brick, but by accident this was burned in 1824. Round this, and Palace (now Fro.it) Street, and King, and Lot, (now Queen) and Berkeley or Parliament Streets grew up, in irregular cluste-s, the new settlement, the tavern, the general stores, where produce of all kinds might be exchanged for tea, hardware, dry goods, a jar of whiskey. This latter commodity, if such it may be called, then cost about seven- teen cents a gallon, and was in far more general use than at present. At every store, at every " bee" the stone jug was on the table. Nay, even good Colonel Talbot, when in patriarchal fashion he read the Church service to his assembled settlers, concluded the ceremony with a liberal glass of whiskey to all on Sunday. The eastern part of the harbour, in the direction of the bay, was chosen no doubt for military reasons since, being at the head of the Bay it was in a more defen- sible position than the western portion near the entrance of the iiarbour. From the Parliament buildings to the Old Fort, immediately east of Garri.son Creek, there extended a grove of fine oak trees, a vestige of the primeval forest. The bastions and earth- work of this fort are still in tolerable repair, several cannons, pointed between the embrasures, still command the harbour. There is a block- house of the ancient pattern, devised by the French in their Indian warfare ; on * I have heard many such tales from the Venerable Mr. Brock, of Toronto, son of an old Queen's Ranger sergeant. Mr. Brock, like many other U. E. Loy- alists, took the Liberal side in 1837, and was an officer on William Lyon Mac- kenzie's side at the fasco of Montgomery's Farm. TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 17 the land side the approaches are defended by a trench and a stockade of very rickety palisades. It was here in this western part of the enclosure that the accidental explosion took place which resulted in the death of the brave young General Pike and many a gallant American soldier. The Old Fort is a ruin, though its buildings are still tenanted by a few government officials engaged in military duty. May its ruins be a true emblem of the aboliticn of the curse of war, and of all ill-feeling between the kindred people of this great continent, the realm of perpetual peace ! The first period of Toronto's history closed with the outbreak of the war of 181 2. Up to that time the town had steadily grown, though still but a small col- le'.tion of scattered stores, taverns and farms ; it was the centre of what com- merce existed in Upper Canada. Already the thoughts of merchants in England, and more especially in Scotland, were turned to the capital of Upper Canada, when the breaking out of the vexatious, and to the American Republic inglorious, war of 1812 put a stop to all industrial progress, and brought about two successive occupations of York by American raiders. In April, 1813, a force of 1,600 under General Dearborn sailed from Sackett's Harbour and attacked the fort of Toronto, which they easily captured, as it was defended by but 600 men. The explosion of the powder magazine occurred soon after the Americans, led by General Pike, a youthful officer of great promise, had carried the first line of the defence. This unfortunate accident caused the death of General Pike, and of two hundred men, and so much exasperated the invaders that the public buildings of the town were burned, including the Parliament and Government Houses. A second raid was made on the town in July of the same year, by a body of troops under Commodore Chauncey. As the Glengarry Fencibles, who then garrisoned the fort, had just then been obliged to march in defence of the impor- tant military depot at Burlington Heights, the Americans were again successful in occupying the capital. Again they fired the public buildings and storehouses, set free the convicts from the jail and would have done much further mischief but for the intrepid remonstrances of the Rev. John Strachan, the newly appointed Episcopalian minister at York, afterwards Archdeacon of the State Church in York, and Bishop of the disestablished Episcopalians in Toronto ; a noteworthy and venerable divine, whose figure and face all of Toronto people who have reached middle age must long associate with their memories of the city. The war of 1812 was fortunately closed in December, 1814. Its apparent effect on Toronto, twice in the possession of a victorious enemy, was at first sight depres- sing. But in reality the result was a gain to the Upper Canadian capital. The buildings that had been destroyed were rebuilt in a more durable and tasteful form by the British Government. The presence of large bodies of soldiers during, and for some years after, the war, brought a considerable quantity of money into circulation. Even during the American raids private property was as a rule respected, and neither the farmers nor the store-keepers suffered. On February the 6th, 1816, the Parliament of Upper Canada met at York, and passed several very useful measures. By one of them was inaugurated the i8 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. • I Public School system, since brought to such perfection as to be regarded by the Mother Country and Europe as deserving of imitation. The Upper Canadian Parliament appropriated the sum of ;^6oo a year to assist in paying the salaries of teachers and in purchasing books for the use of schools. Another law appro- priated /8oo for the purchase of a library to be used by members of both Houses of the Legislature. In 1818 Sir Peregrine Maitland arrived in Toronto as Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada. He had married a daughter of Charles Gordon Lennox, fourth Duke of Richmond, who was at this time Governor-General of Canada. The Duke soon after his arrival died of hydrophobia, which terrible disease was the result of the bite of a young pet fox at Sorel. But on account of his father- in-law's high position and rank, Sir Peregrine Maitland's social status made his little court at Toronto Government House an attraction to such of the English aristocracy as visited Canada. His wife, Lady Sarah Maitland, was a lady of much beauty and vivacity, and contributed not a little to the enjoyableness of Toronto society. Her husband was a conscientious man of narrow views, and strong prejudice in favour of an aristocracy and a State Church. He was sin- cerely religious after the teaching of Dr. John Strachan and the High Church- men; every Sunday his tall, soldierly figure might be seen in the pew assigned to a personage of his rank in St. James' Church on King Street, then a plain wooden building with huge gallery, and what is now known as a " three-decker " pulpit. But Sir Peregrine's social and State Church principles were such as ill-befitted a ruler in the Toronto of those days. Society in the capital of Upper Canada originally, and at least during Gov- ernor Simcoe's term of office, had been what, in philosophical language, is called homogeneous. But soon it became differentiated with two opposite bodies, one of which became known as the Family Compact, the other consisted of the great mass of farmers, merchants, store-keepers and settlers. The original Tory (or .as they are called U. E. Loyalist) immigrants had continued. in embryo two social grades, distinct in New York or New Jersey before their expatriation, and who became more and more distinct in Toronto and other parts of Canada. Rich aristocrats like Beverley Robinson (who had received / 17,000 sterling for the loss of his great possession in New York State from the British Government) ; ex-officers of the British army and navy, who carried into private life the haughty social pretensions of their regimental days; hangers-on of noble families in Eng- land who came well recommended to a Lieutenant-Governor, or some other high official, got enormous grants of land, not unfrequently a whole township. How unsuited for pioneer settlers were persons of this class, newly arrived in Toronto from England, may be seen in the pages of the delightful books in which Mrs. Moody describes the experience of her husband "roughing it in the bush." Holding office under Government suited these gentlemen much better than any work with axe or spade which could possibly come between the wind and their nobility. Hence arose a distinct class, with whom the possession of office was regarded as an inalienable hereditary right, and whose political methods are best TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 19 described by the nickname, borrowed from European politics, of the Family Compact. ' The headquarters of this caste were at Toronto, the centres being Government House and the mansions of the Powells, Hagermans, Beverley Robinsons, of the judges and other high officials. Theirs was an exclusive society even respect- able gentlemen like Dr. Baldwin, father of the Hon. Robert Baldwin, could not, at first, gain admission into the charmed circle. In the interests of those men were appointed the members ot the Legislative and Executive Councjls, which practi- cally ruled the country, and to which the sole elective body in the Legislature, the Assembly, had hitherto been completely submissive. A worse grievance had by this time made itself felt. The leading spirit of the Family Compact was the Rev. John Strachan, the main object of whose keen intellect and powerful will was the advancement of a State Episcopal Church. He was abetted warmly by the Lieutenant-Governor and by all who desired the ascendancy of aristocratic and Tory principles. A grant of one-seventh of the land of the entire country was made for the maintenance of a State Church. This had been done in Simcoe's time, and for some time its evil effects did not make themselves felt. But as settlement went on, the farmers found the disad- vantage of large tracts of wild land wliich the Church would not settle and would not sell, teeming with wild beasts and every sylvan pest. This had been felt as far as the time of Judge Thorpe, the first champion of the people's rights in English Canada. But for him the Family Compact were too strong, and they procured his recall to England. Meaatime the little capital was recovering, with much renewed vigour, from the losses, of no real magnitude, and not affecting the private citizen, which had been sustained during the war. The Parliament buildings and other public edifices were soon rebuilt on a far ampler scale than before. An acute observer, and one by no means favourable to Canada or the Canadians, Mr. E. Talbot, thus describes Toronto in 1821 : " This town now contains 1,776 inhabitants, and about 250 houses, many of which have a very agreeable appearance. The public edifices are a Protestant Episcopal Club, a Roman Catholic Chapel, a Presbyterian Meeting-house, a Methodist Meeting-house (the reader will observe the restriction of the appellation Club to the Episcopalians. It is very character- istic of the class to which Talbot belonged. En passant, he was no relation of the Hon. Colonel Talbot), the Hospital, the Parliament House, and the residence of the Lieutenant-Governor. The Episcopal Church is a building devoid of decoration, constructed of wood, with a belfry of wood. The Roman Catholic Chapel, which is not yet completed, it is proposed to make very magnificent. The Parliament House, built in 1820, is a long and commodious building, built with brick, and with much simplicity. The York Hospital is the most important building in the Province. It has a fine exterior." — Talbot : Five Years in Canada. A Court-house had been also completed on Richmond street, east ot Yonge. It had been erected as a dwelling-house by Mr. Montgomery, a U. E. Loyalist settler, and father of Mr. John Montgomery, near whose hotel the battle of 20 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. December, 1837, was fought. In this Court-house took place, in 1818, a trial which gives a remarkable illustration of the iniquities practised by the Family Compact officials of the time. The Earl of Selkirk, a Scotch nobleman of adventurous and philanthropic disposition, had a short time before induced a party of his tenants to emigrate to British America. Unfortunately, he planted his settlement in the Hudson's Bay Territory, and roused the bitter jealousy of the great company of monopolists who at that time used the North-West as a trading ground, the Montreal North-West Company of Fur Traders. As in the case of the Riel fiasco, sixty years afterwards, interested parties stirred up the passions of the half-breeds, who were all in the company's employ ; annoyance was given on repeated occasions to I-«rd Selkirk's settlers ; reprisals were made. Mr. Semple, the Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, in the spring of 1818, repaired to the place and endeavoured to restore order. He was murdered by a band of seventy men, led by half-breed employees of the Fur Company. Lord Selkirk was at New York when the news of the crime reached him ; he at once proceeded to York. Fortunately, at this very time, several French Canadian and Upper Canadian regiments were being disbanded. Lord Selkirk secured the aid of about a hundred men and several officers. He proceeded with them to the spot, and in his capacity of Justice of the Peace, procured the arrest of the ringleaders, who were imprisoned at York and, two years afterwards were arraigned for murder and intimidation, at the old Toronto Court-house, on Richmond street. But they were tried by the Family Compact, Chief Justice Powell and his associate judges. The North-West Fur Company was a rich monopoly, in which the Family Conn^act magnates were interested, and in such a case they were judges that " feared not God, neither regarded man." The verdict in every case, and on every charge, was acquittal. Judicial corruption in those evil days had become proverbia . The great officials granted enormous tracts of land to needy hangers-on of the Family Compact, who sold them off- hand for what they might bring, or kept them in wild land, until by the labours of actual settlers in their neighbourhood they had acquired value. It was high time that some popular champion should appear, and give voice to the public indignation. Such a champion appeared. The ill-starred Robert Gourlay was a keen reasoner, a political economist of no mean powers ; he could write and speak with force ; he was an enlightened and perfectly disinterested philanthropist, but he was intolerably vain, wrong- headed about trifles, self-confident on all matters; he was emphatically what, in modern slang, is termed a crank. He had displayed all these qualities in his career as tenant of a model farm under the Duke of Sutherland ; at first most successful as an agriculturist, he all but ruined himself by chancery lawsuits against his landlord. He came to Canada in the hope of retrieving his fortunes; most unfortunately for himself, the route by which he entered Upper Canada was by Niagara, which he reached from the American shore. He visited Toronto and other places of importance. In TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 21 the course of his travels he spent a short time at Bath, then a flourishinR village* and became intimately acquainted with the Bidwells, father and son, as well as with Peter Perry and others who were anxious for a reform of existing abuses. To promote such a reform was exactly what suited Robert Gourlay's temperament. He addressed a printed document containing certain questions on the condition of the country, to the leading land-holders and municipal authorities in the Province of Upper Canada. The questions were innocent of any political significance, all but the last, which inquired what did most injury, and what would be most beneficial to the settlement of the province ? The Family Compact leaders in Toronto at once took the alarm, and Dr. Strachan, who was the directing intellect of the party, took energetic measures to prevent any answers being sent from any district where he or his friends could exert influence. Therefore Gourlay got no replies from the Rev. John Strachan's old parishoners at Cornwall, and very few from the home district. But from a con- siderable number of townships he got full and minute answers, to draw up which public meetings were held and speeches made ; in nearly all the cases the last of his questions was answered by a statement that the Clergy Reserves were the greatest hindrance to settlement, and that their abolition would be the greatest benefit. The greatest public interest was aroused by this ventilation of griev- ances ; although then there existed no Reform paper, yet the very clamours of the Family Compact journals drew public attention to the facts. Gourlay now pro. ceeded to convene at Toronto an assembly of representatives from each township, in order to prepare a petition for the redress of grievances, which should be trans- mitted to the English Government. The convention met and adopted a petition drawn up with considerable ability by Gourlay himself. The fury of the Family Compact knew no bounds ; they at once dismissed from military or official situations several gentlemen who had attended the convention in all good faith and with no disloyal intentions. But Gourlay had made a fatal mistake. The assembling of the "convention " was premature and imprudent. It gave just offence to the members of the popular branch of the Legislature, who regarded it as what it really was, an impertinent interference with their own functions. The very name Convention gave offence in a capital which, five years ago, had twice been raided and burned by the Americans, of whose political phraseology it was so suggestive. Dr. Strachan, with characteristic adroitness, fomented this feeling by a speech which he delivered to the Assembly through the mouth of the Lieutenant-Governor. He succeeded. Throughout the controversy with Gourlay the Assembly was, to a man, on the side of the Family Compact. But none the less was Gourlay the political idol of the moment. Twice the Family Compact charged him with libel ; twice the jury acquitted him. Then another method was resorted to. An ancient law, which had been directed against American propagandists of Republicanism, enacted that if anyone would make oath that any person had not been in Canada more than six months, and was propagating sedition, that person should be sent out of the Province on 22 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. I I I penalty of death in case of return. That law did not apply to Gourlay, and this Dr. Strachan and his associates very well knew, as it was generally known that he had been in the Province for over a year. But a creature was found base enough to swear that Gourlay had not been six months in Canada. Gourlay was thrown into prison and treated so cruelly that his eccentricity became absolute insanity. Reduced to this condition he was brought to trial, condemned, and sent out of Canada. The Rev. John Strachan was now at the height of his power with the aris- tocrats, who in that day ruled Toronto. He had gained them a great victory. He had enabled them to conquer and get rid of the pestilent agitator, Gourlay. He had his reward. I find by reference to Dr. Scadding's exceedingly charming book, in the chapter treating of St. James' Church — now the cathedral — that all the most aristocratic people in Toronto sat under the good Doctor's pulpit. There, tall, stately, and devout sat the Lieutenant-Governor, Sir Peregrine Maitland. i^eside him, the observed of all observers, was his beautiful and high- born wife, Lady Sarah Maitland. There with powdered hair, glittering swords, and scarlet uniforms sat the officers of the garrison, not without a side glance at the Toronto young ladies, who, by the accounts of travellers, then, as now, pos- sessed exceptional personal attractions. There, handsome and dignified, sat Chief Justice Powell, Mr., afterwards Chief Justice Sir William Campbell; there, pre-eminent in the dignity and sweetness of expression which we still read in his portrait, sat one who then and while he lived had no superior and no peer in Toronto, Mr., afterwards Sir John Beverley Robinson, and Chief Justice of Ontario. Such was the congregation which then met in the old wooden church then occupying the site of the stately Cathedral of St. James. And to them the parish clerk, from his place at the pulpit base, gave out the Tate and Brady Psalms, which sometimes he would sing by himself alone, and his reverence, the Rector, in a surplice not too carefully arran,»ed, would descant on the duty of passive obedience to the powers that be, and the wickedness of schism ! Nor was the reverend Doctor without more substantial proofs of the goodwill of Toronto's great ones. I find it stated in a scarce tract, a copy of which is preserved in the Ontario Government Library, and entitled The Early Settlement of Toronto, a statement of various grants of land made at this period, among which is one of two thousand acres to the Rev. John Strachan. Accordingly in 1818, the year of our Canadian Lord Bishop's triumph over Gourlay, he built himself a place of residence of no inconsiderable pretensions. It may be seen within its crumbling but still unfallen brick fence, the second house on Front Street west of York. The building is of brick, with a handsome facade fronting the bay ; it is surrounded with pleasant grounds, and in its whole build and appear- ance reminds one not a little of some of those fine old mansions of the time of George HL, which one sees peeping from among the elm trees in the old-fashioned gardens of Kew. This house was the first built in Toronto with bricks manu- factured in the town. One or two brick buildings had been put up already, but the bricks had been imported from Kingston or Montreal. TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 33 The flourishing period of the Family Compact rule lasted during the remainder of Sir Peregrine Maitland's term of office, which ended in 1829. It in easy to descant on the injustice of their methods of rule, but taking into consider- ation the circumstances of the country in its colonial stage, that rule was at first necessary and beneficial, and at the present day it might have been perhaps as satisfactory a manner of ruling the country, had the Constitution not demanded the admission of the elective principle in the Legislative Assembly. Mr. Goldwin Smith has given the key to the strife of party which led up to the insurrection of 1837, in a passage of his " Empire," when he says that in framing the Constitution of Canada the British Government committed the mistake of granting freedom of election without parliamentary f: jedom. In the latter years of the Maitland rule the desire for reform and the popular indignation at Gourlay's wrongs found a chainpion of very different stamp, William Lyon Mackenzie, a Scotchman, who had been induced to come to Canada by the Lesslies, of Dundee, who were also merchants of Toronto, removed to this city from Niagara. His paper, the Colonial Advocate, began its remarkable career in November, 1824. Mackenzie was a man of firm principles, indomitable courage, and the magnetic force of oratory which can sway " the fierce democracy." His paper was conducted with considerable skill ; being the work almost entirely of one man's mind, it was far inferior to anything in later Canadian journalism. But it assailed with far more tact and moderation than Gourlay had displayed the State Church monopoly, and other grievances. At first the Advocate had but a small following, but the foolish conduct of a mob, composed of the sons and younger kinsmen of the officials, whom Mackenzie had attacked, put a considerable sum of monej into that journalist's hands, and enabled him to make his struggling newspaper a success. Mackenzie's office was wrecked by the mob, and they and their influential friends were obliged to pay him some ;{'6oo as compensation. Thus armed, he continued to assail the Family Com- pact monopolists and the irresponsible Executive. He was chosen by the electors of York County to represent them in the Legislative Assembly, and in his examin- ation of public accounts displayed much flnancial acumen, and in criticising political grievances, made a decided mark as a speaker, even in an Assembly where every third member was a Government placeman. The Family Compact tried in vain the tactics they had used against Gourlay ; their new opponent was a man of far stronger character ; he gave them no just hold by speech or editorial. His utterances, at least till the desperation of 1837, were what, under the circumstances, all parties at this day would consider moderate and constitutional. He also addressed large audiences in many parts of Canada, and even at Brockville and Cornwall, the strongholds of Dr. Strachan's influences, excited crowds cheered as he " poured thick and fast the burning words that tyrants quake to hear." So appealed to, the electors of the Province formed what had never existed before, a distinctly Liberal party, who returned enough represent- atives to give Mackenzie and his supporters a formidable strength in the Assembly. The most noteworthy of these lived in Toronto : Dr. Rolph ; the 24 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. uminent lawyer, Marshall Spring Bidwell, and Dr. Morrison. At length the Liberal party completely controlled the Assembly. Yet this proved unavailing to secure any measure of Reform, as the Executive vetoed each measure as it passed. The Liberals of Toronto held their meetings chiefly at the houses of Mr. Jesse Ketchum and of Mr. Harvey Price, a few miles north on Yonge street. When the gathering was expected to be more than usually large, it was held at the brewery of Mr. John Doel, near the north-west corner of Bay and Adelaide Streets. It was in this building that the rising of December, 1837, was planned, at a meeting of Mackenzie's supporters. A portion of it is still standing, a red brick house, now (1884) in use as a planmg mill. Mr. Doel was for many years sole manager of the solitary post office of York. He was postmaster, general delivery clerk, and postman, all in one. Rev. Dr. Scadding says of him: " In the local commotion of 1837 Mr. Doel ventured, in an humble way, to give aid and comfort to the promoters of what proved to be a small revolution. We cannot, at this hour, affirm that there was anything to his discredit in this." Toronto of Old, p. 309. When the Family Compact party succeeded, by what methods the impartial historians of Canada bear record, in procuring the expulsion, five times repeated, of William Lyon Mackenzie from the Assembly, Toronto was the scene of many tumultuary gatherings, one of which had well-nigh ended in mas.sacre. A numer- ously signed petition against the unconstitutional character of the proceedings in the Assembly had been sent to Sir John Colborne, who in eighteen hundred and twenty-nine succeeded Sir Peregrine Maitland ; on the following day the peti- tioners proceeded in a body to Government House to receive the Governor's reply. An immense concourse of people followed them through the streets. The petitioners were admitted to the presence of Sir John Colborne, who dismissed them with a few curt and scornful sentences. Under such exasperating circum- stances, it is well that the Toronto populace, one of the most law-abiding on this continent, committed not the slightest breach of the peace, for the stern old soldier who ruled Upper Canada had cannons mounted on the roof of Govern- ment House, and artillerymen with lighted matches standing by their loaded guns. On the slightest pretext he was ready to sweep the streets of Toronto with such a storm of flame and grape-shot as they had not beheld since the days of Dearborn's raiders. But strict order was maintained by the Toronto people, and massacre was without excuse. In 1834 the capital of Upper Canada having completely out-grown the propor- tions and population of a mere town, was incorporated as a city. The ancient Indian name of Toronto had never been in disuse, but now the absurd official designation of York, associated with the mud and squalor of its earlier days, was abandoned, and the capital of the wealthiest and most progressive province in Canada is to be known henceforth by a purely Canadian name. William Lyon Mackenzie was elected by the citizens to be the first mayor of the new city. Of course this was opposed to the utmost by all the rank and file TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 33 of officialism, but the result showed that the people of Toronto were neither to be bribed nor intimidated into deserting the champions of their rights. Strange scenes were to be witnessed in the city streets in those days. Dr. Scadding tells of Jesse Ketchum . a philanthropist, and a leader in the Mackenzie party, harangu- ing the populace from a cart ; Mackenzie and others made speeches in the market square; the Family Compact party, though they could not win the votes of the entire people, were well able to hire a mob ; and at such speechiBcation where mob met mob, the " tug of war" was fierce on King street, where sticks were flourished and stones were freely thrown b>' either side. In 1835 the popular discontent, especially in Toronto, which was the focus and centre of the Mackenzie movement, had well-nigh reached high water, and, most unfortunately, at this critical time, Sir John Colborne \vas recalled, and one Sir Francis Bond Head sent in his place. Sir John, aJthough a rigid absolutist and strict disciplinarian, was clear-headed and conscientious ; his successor an addle-headed, self-conceited charlatan, destitute even of the element of military skill necessary to secure the defence of his capital in a time of revolution. Sir Francis had been a major of engineers, had relinquished military service in order to become an unsuccessf'il mining agent in South America, and through the interest of family connections he was finally appointed Assistant-Poor-Law Commissioner . in Kent. He yas chiefly known to the public by a flippantly egotistical magazine article describing his ride on a mustang across the pampas. His character may be summed up in the French word exploitation. When he entered Toronto the fences were covered with painted inscriptions of welcome to " Sir Francis Head, the tried Reformer," for the new Governor had in England some faint connection with the party of the Liberals, or rather the Whigs. After attempting, by the bait of office, to gain over several of the popular leaders, such as Rolph and Baldwin, and finding them incorruptible. Sir Francis Head threw himself entirely into the hands of the Family Compact clique ; he became an avowed partisan, he issued incendiary manifestoes to militia regiments, and denounced as "rebels" those who were, after all, only seeking for reforms which men of all political parties now admit to have been indispensable. By this line of policy what had been simple agitation for redress of grievances became an insurrectionary organization for revolution. In November, 1837, a meeting was held in Mr. Doel's brewery on Bay Street, at_ which William Lyon Mackenzie, Dr. Rolph and other leading Reformers were present. A central com- mittee was formed in Toronto which had branches through a considerable portion of Upper Canada. They were organized on a plan capable of being used for military purposes. Arms were sedulously collected, and there was much melting of bullets and furbishing of ancient flint-lock guns and pea-rifles. The weekly drill on Yonge Street was regularly held. The plan was that an insurgent force should meet on December 7th, at Montgomery's Hotel on Yonge Street, a few miles from the market square, and that while one detachment of armed men seized on the Dundas Street bridge over the Humber, so as to intercept loyalist militia from the west, another party should destroy the bridge over the Don, thus, c =* 26 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. severing the eastern approach which led from Kingston. Meantime the main body of insurgents would march down Yonge Street and seize the Lieutenant- Governor, the arms and Fort. They wee assured of being joined by a large number of sympathisers in the city. But there were many, and those among the most respectable and intelligent of them, who had supported Mackenzie as long as he proceeded by constitutional methods, who declined to cross the rubicon of actual revolt. Among these were Robert Baldwin, afterwards the first successful Reform leader of English Canada, and those tried Reformers, the Lesslies. Mr. James Lesslie, who is still a resident of Toronto, informs me that in the short and inglorious reign of terror that followed the fiasco of 1837, soldiers occupied his wan rooms oa King street (one door west of the present Globe office), and his books vvcre searched for entries of paper supposed to have been supplied to the insurgents for the purpose of making cartridges. Of course no evidence whatever was found. On account of the disturbances in Lower Canada Sir John Colborne, who was then in chief command of the British forces in Canada, had withdrawn the troops from Upper Canada, but he offered to leave ten companies for the de- fence of Toronto. Although Head had been repeatedly warned that large bodies of men had been r-een drilling on Yonge Street, that pikes were being maaufac- tured in quantities, and that there was every sign of ar impendiijjg insurrection, he had the consummate folly to refuse the offer. Nay, more, he did not even organize a single regiment of militia. Toronto, as far as he was concerned, was left absolutely defenceless, at the mercy of any two hundred resolute men who might choose to march in and take possession. Tv;o field pieces were taken from the Fort and placed in front of the City Hall, and the city contained a single artilleryman. A large quantity of muskets and ammunition were also known to be stored in the City Hall, as if provided on purpose to arm the suc- cessful insurgents. It was through the divided counsels and consequent irresolution of the insur- gents that they did not capture Toronto. They can find no fault with Sir Franci:; Head, who gave them every opportunity. Montgomery's Hotel was a wooden building of two stories with a stoop or verandah in front. It was situated about a mile from the present suburban vil- lage of Mount Pleasant. John Montgomery, the owner, had let the hotel to a man named Lingfoot, who was, if anything, a Loyalist, but whose principles did not prevent his turning a penny by selling beef to Mackenzie during the insurrec- tion. Montgomery himself was of U. E. Loyalist descent, but was in thorough sympathy with the insurrection.* A young man named Brock, son of a veteran Mr. Brock, the son of an old soldier, settled in Toronto, was charged with the conduct of conveying supplies to this place. But while visiting at the house of a friend on Yonge Street, William Lyon • This has been denied. I affirm it on the authority of men still living in Toronto who were present at Montgomery's Farm during the battle. > H S O O o r o m r o o a < k ^ - tJ...J-BH^KEgBHB^M TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. ag Mackenzie was informed that the day of rendezvous had been changed by order of Dr. Rolph, from the 7th to Monday, the 4th of December. The reason of this change has never been discovered. It is supposed that Dr. Rolph fancied that the Governor had discovered their plans and was on his guard. All arrangements were now disconcerted. At nightfall on the 4th, Samuel Lount, an ex-member of the Assembly, arrived at Montgomery's Farm with ninety armed men. Owing to the change made by Rolph no preparation had been made for their reception ; food there was none, nor beds, no comfort but in bare floors and bad whiskey. But Lount's party had been seen on their march by a Loyalist ex-oflficer, and a hurried meeting of Loyalists was held, it was resolved to ride into the city with the news. One of the party, Colonel Moody, when stopped below Montgomery's Farm by a party of insurgents, drew his pistols and fired right and left. Not un- naturally the fire was returned, and most unhappily took effect. Alderman John Powell, who was riding by on the same errand, was arrested by Mackenzie h_. whom, having given his word of honour that he was without a weapon, he was sent back to the hotel in charge of one of the insurgents, named Anderson. Powell managed to get behind his unsuspecting escort, and drawing a pistol shot him in the back and galloped at full speed towards the city. At midnight the news was told to the terrified Lieutenant-Governor and the city was alarmed, the tidings being clanged from every steeple. Next day fresh reinforcements joined the camp at Montgomery's, and if an advance had been made by the seven or eight hundred men who had then assembled there is no doubt that To- ronto could have been taken, most likely without a shot being fired. But the insurgents had no sufficient force of discipline. In vain did Mackenzie urge a prompt advance. They were determined to wait for the arrival of contingents from other districts, and on Wednesday, the 6th, an advance was made down Yonge Street as far as Carlton Street, when a skirmish took place with some of Sheriff Jarvis'* volunteer force. At the same time Mackenzie, by orders received from Dr. Rolph, the insurrectionary executive, fired Dr. Home's house, which had been a rendezvous for Loyalist spies. Some of those who stood by opposed, as they tell us, this unwise act. Meantime the alarm had been sent to Hamilton and Niagara, and a militia force under Colonel, afterwards Sir Allan, McNab, enabled Sir Francis to assume the offensive. On the forenoon of the Seventh the insurgents at Montgomery's Hotel saw the advance of a column of men from the city. This was the militia from Gore. About half a mile from Montgomery's Farm they halted, and fired round after round of grape shot from two field pieces. Mackenzie posted his force under cover of a pine copse, south-west of the hotel, and for some timo maintained, with some spirit, the contest against superior numbers. At length the insurgents were driven from their position, the leaders fled, the hotel which had sheltered them was set on fire by order of Sir Francis Head, and burned to the ground. • Sheriff Jarvis, a distinguished member of the aristocratic and Loyalist party, father of the present Sh»;riff Jarvis. 30 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. In the brief reign of terror that followed the defeat of the insurgents, Toronto witnessed the execution of two of the lieutenants of Mackenzie, Samuel Lount and Peter Matthews, both men of amiable character and blameless lives. They died calmly and without bravado. A reaction followed on the suppression of the insurrection, and the conciliatory measures adopted in consequence of Lord Durham's visit as Lord High Com- missioner, and the publication of his famous report, contributed much to the revival of trade in the capital of Upper Canada. In 1844, ten years after its mcorporation as a city, the population h'Sd doubled, being 18,420. The revival of political acrimony in Montreal in 1849 did, it is true, extend in some degree to Toronto, but beyond burning in effigy a few of the unpopular members of the Ministry, no harm was done. And the city of Toronto was indirectly a gainer by the wanton destruction of the House of Parliament buildings at Montreal by the Montreal mob, for the sessions of the next ten years were, in consequence, held in Toronto, and subsequently until Confederation alternate sessions were held in Toronto and Quebec. The vast growth of our railway system was rapidly making Toronto the centre of a complicated network of lines pervading every part of the Province, manu- factures developed, street after street invaded the wilderness to the north and west, our educational system, founded and fostered by Egerton Ryerson, was incorporated with our public institutions under a Minister responsible to Parlia- ment, spacious school buildings were erected withm reach of every part of the city, our University gave asylum to the higher education of the Province in one of the most beautiful buildings in Canada. Great things had been achieved, but greater were to follow, and those who, with the writer, remember well the Toronto of 1866, are well assured that more than a double rate of progress is rL;presented by the Toronto of to-day. In 1866 the Fenian banditti invaded our Province. They were re-inforced by a consiuerable number of disbanded veterans of the Northern army of the United States, and so were likely to prove somewhat formidable. In the military operations that followed, the gallant Queen's Own of Toronto bore a leading part ; a conspicuous monument in the Queen's Park commemorates the brave who fell. Ever since Confederation Toronto has assumed increased importance as the capital of Ontario, the wealthiest, the most progressive, and in every way the leading Province of Canada. During the last decade the history of Ontario's capital has been that happiest of histories which has few events to record— no political commotions, no "complaining in our streets;" only the silent growth of industry and the extension of a vast area of well-built streets, the development of art and literature, which have in Toronto their acknowledged centre. How- ever great may be the future development of the north-western Provinces, their carrying trade can but add to the resources of Toronto. Of all Canada to the east and west, she is the lake depot, the Chicago of the future to the Dominion. We look on the maps and pictures which represent her straggling streets and few and mean public buildings when, fifty years ago, she began her existence as I TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 31 a city ; we look at her mast-thronged harbour, her forest of spires, her palaces of education and of industry, the metropolitan splendour of her far-reaching streets, and we turn with interest to realize in detail the full analysis of that unprece- dented growth in civic prosperity which we celebrate in the Semi-Centennial of 1884. The following figures will show to what extent Toronto has grown since its incorporation fifty years ago. Its population at that time was as follows : — St. George's Ward 718 " Patrick's " 1,472 " Andrew's " 1.748 " David's " 3,394 " Lawrence " 1,922 Total 9,254 The above does not include the military stationed here, persons confined in gaol, transient persons, or immigrants. Assessment and Population. — mc of assessment property and population :■ following is a table showing the growth Years. 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 Assessment. ;^i86,496 227,051 218,090 71,081 74.865 75.082 75.092 81,610 88,713 100,834 105,321 "3.567 181,167 122,981 127,167 122,827 133.922 Expenditure. ^3,450 16 6 4,196 2 4,061 3.872 3.669 3.672 3.730 3.992 2 15 2 8 9 2 2 14 17 9 6 6i 3i 2 4.445 5.532 5.661 6,071 7.025 7.278 9.421 9,788 17-429 18.413 28,130 n 44.939 12 50,395 5 55.364 I 74,962 n 6 16 6 18 8 13 4 9 4 loj 6i 10 6i 6 4i 5 3 3i 8i 4i 6 7 Population. 9.254 9,765 9.654 10,871 12,571 12,153 13.092 14.249 15.356 17.805 18,420 19.704 20,565 21.025 25,166 30,775 41,760 32 TORONTO: PAST A.^D PRESENT. Years. Assessment. Expenditure 1857 J362,392 28 1858 189.164 97 1859 249,219 98 i860 260,824 5ii 1861 266,810 13 1862 1863 1864 320,026 56J 1865 314,491 31J 1866 322,892 20| 1867 362.817 48 1868 »24.883,573 378.872 58 i86g 26,618,809 4C«,999 40 1870 26,995,751 421,233 37 Populatiqn. 45.288 Rate of Taxation. — From 1834 to 1836 inclusive, the rate of taxation was three pence in the £ (on the rental) ; from 1837 to 1839 it was one shilling and a penny half-penny ; from 1840 to 1843 it was the same, with a farthing in the £ on what was then known as the liberties ; from 1844 to 1846 it was the same, with a penny in the £ for schools ; from 1847 to 1850 it was one shilling and two pence, and a penny for schools ; for 1851 it was one shilling and six pence, and two and a half pence for schools, and for 1852 it was the same, with a penny for a lunatic asylum. In that year a debt of ;^io,420 was created for the general improvement of the city. In 1853 the rate was two shillings and a half penny, with three and three quarter pence for schools, and one penny for the asylum ; in 1856 it was two shillings and six pence ; in 1857 two shillings and ten pence. In 1858 dollars and cents were introduced, and the rate was fourteen and three quarter cents on the $, on the rental value of prof)erties ; in 1859 it was ten cents, in i860 and 1861 fifteen cents. The particulars given below were obtained from the Assessment Department. The Growth in Later Years:- Years. Realty. Personalty and Incomi •. Totals. 1871 $22,037,470 » 7.239.665 $29,277,138 1872 24.391.727 8.076.045 32,467,772 1873 31.925.743 12.840.108 44,765.844 1874 33.844.535 9.617.977 43.462.512 187": 36.560,652 9.945.628 46.506,280 ^ f^ 37.969.401 9. 180.851 47.150.362 T 38,715.253 8.899.140 47.614.393 ><•:•»/■;.?.' riO,29I.884 8.761,881 49.053.765 ■4^it •' 1.212,757 8.539.735 49,752,492 1..".- •2,020,155 8.146.484 50,166.639 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 33 Years. 1881 1882 1883 1884 Realty. Personalty and Income. 44,151,186 9,389,724 45.968,926 9.985-973 51,261,047 10,683,616 53.906,302 11,306,296 Totals. 53.540,910 55.954.899 61,944,634 65,212,598 The Assessors' Census Returns of Population within City Limits:— ^^'"'*- Population. ^871 54.736 1872 1873 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 57.020 62,647 67.995 68,678 71.693 67,368 70,867 ^879 73.813 1880 1881 1882 1883 '.'.'■ 1884 The figures given above are the results of the assessors' operations, and they, of course, differ materially from the Dominion census returns, which are as follows : — 75,110 77.034 81,372 86,585 100,000 Years. 1841. .1851. 1861. 1871. Population. 14.249 ■ 30,775 44,820 56,920 1881 (without suburbs) 86,415 1881 (with suburbs) 103, 196 The last Dominion census was taken in 188 1, so that there is no exact record for the present year. The present population of Toronto is shown as near as possible to be 1 20,396. The figures, therefore, show the following comparisons :— Population in 1884 120,396 ^^34 9,254 Increase in 50 years 111,142 Or an increase of 1,207 per cent, in the half century. Average annual increase 2,223. Average annual increase between 1841 and 1851 J 652 1851 " 1861 1861 " 1871 1871 r88i. 1,404 1,210 2,948 fi» 34 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. The following is a complete list of fifty years ago:-- 1834. Wm. Lyon Mackenzie. 1835. Hun. Robt. Baldwin Sullivan, Q. 1836. Thos. D. Morrison, M.D. 1837. Geo. Gurnett. 1838-39-40. John Powell. 1 84 1. George Munroe. 1842-43-44. Hon. Henry Sherwood, Q. 1845-46-47. Wm. Henry Boveton. 1848-49-50. George Gurnett. 1851-52-53- John Geo. Bowes. 1854. Joshua George Beard. 1855. Hon. George Wm. Allan. 1856. Hon. John Beverley Robinson. 1857. John Hutchinson. 1858. Wm. Henry Boultoil. Toronto's Mayors since its incorporation, 1858. D. Breckenridge Read, Q.C. 1859-60. Hon. Adam Wilson, Q.C. John Carr, President of the Council. 1861-62-63. John George Bowes. 1864-65-66. Francis H. Medcalf. 1867-68. Jas. E. Smith. 1869-70. Samuel B. Harman. 1871-72. Joseph Sheard. 1873. Alexander Manning. 1874-75. Francis H. Medcalf. 1876-77-78. Angus Morrison. 1879-80. Jas. Beaty, Q.C. 1881-82. W. B. McMurrich. 1883-84. A. R. Boswell. i TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 35 Wf\t^ Wiixva mit 'UFaunn. ^ T seems strange that there should be some difficulty in ascertaining with exactness the kinds of trees found on the site of a city which but a century ago, was covered with virgin forest. But it is a natural law which we have found attested by many an observant pioneer-settler in all parts of Can- ada, that when a forest growth of any one species of trees has been cut down, or has otherwise disappeared, its place is supplied by a second growth of an entirely different species. We can not, therefore, judge of the original forest from the existing trees in the neighbourhood of the city. Pine of various species seems to have been the staple growth. Professor Hincks, late of University College, Toronto, notes that the sub-species found in this vicinity, were as follows : — The White Spruce ; the Balsam Fir ; the Hemlock Spruce. Besides these were several kinds of valuable Maples — the White; Striped; Red; Mountain; and Sugar Maple. The shelving summit of the terrace of hills to the north was entirely covered with a dense array of Pines rising, spear above spear, as if to repel the invasion of settlers. A grove of majestic Oaks covered the site of King and Front Streets, where the Custom House now stands. The extensive region east of the city, by its name of "Pine Ridges," shows the original character of forest where now* Oaks only grow. In the impenetrable coverts along the windings of the Don, all manner of Alders, Birches, Cedars, Aspens and Poplars flourished ; Willow and Osier, mixed with a rank undergrowth of climbing plants. In the woods the luxuriant growth of the beautiful Virginian Creeper (indigenous in this neigh- bourhood) climbed, "festooning tree to tree." On pond and river the fragrant lotus floated ; the trilion put forth its mystical triune white flower among the woods; where the lightning, with its random sword-thrusts, had cleared a sunny space, the Celadine, the Anemone, the Sunflower, the Columbine, the Marigold appeared and, most welcome harbinger of spring, the Mayflower, to which we in Canada may apply Shakespeare'? words, substituting May for March ; for It comes before the swallow dares, and takes The winds of March with beauty. This favourite flower takes its pretty name from the fact that it was the first flower seen by the Pilgrim Fathers in the first Spring which relieved their dreary Winter. Such, without pretending to scientific detail or comprehensiveness, as far as by careful inquiry and the aid of Professor Hincks' analysis, is a popular but faithful, as far as it goes, view of the Flora of the Toronto of the past. The Fauna. — The largest example of the Carnivora once inhabiting the site of our city was the common black bear, Urstts Canadensis. For some years after 36 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. li ;:■ the settlement of Little York, bruin prowled around the cattle-sheds of houses quite near the market square. A large bear was killed on the street, which, from the incident, derived its name of Bear Street, afterwards Bay Street. It is a pity that by the stupidity of municipal Dogberries, stone-blind to the picturesque, this street should ever have lost a name so characteristic of our city's early history. Next in order of the Carnivora is the grey wolf (Canis Lupus), the howling of whose hunting-parties used, in living memory, to be heard from the valley of the Don. The wolverine and the lynx, especially the latter, were known to haunt the precincts of Little York. Of foxes there were two varieties — the red, and the black or silver. Of the weasel tribe there were the common weasel, the pine marten, the mink, the ermine, Of the Marsupialia we had but one representative, the Virginian opossum. Of the rodents, we have every variety known to Canada — the black squirrel, the Louisiana black squirrel, the grey squirrel, the flying squirrel of the Rocky Mountains, and the ground squirrel. The prairie dog belongs to this family, so does the easily-tamed and not ungraceful Canadian marten, known to our farmers' sons as the ground-hog or woodchuck. To the Carnivora also belong the various bats, one specimen of a species of which, the New York bat, from three to four inches long, with a spread of wing of from ten to twelve inches, was killed as it lay hanging by its claws to a branch of a tree on the Homewood estate. It was sent to Agassiz, and enabled that eminent naturalist to correct an erroneous opinion he had formed, that this species of bat is never found north of the Middle States. In the vicinity of our city has also been found the hoary bat, which is the largest in America. The little brown bat, the silver-haired bat, and the Carolina bat complete our share of the 150 species of this not very cheerful nightly visitor. The list of Carnivora known to exist in our city and its precincts is completed with the common mole (same as the European), and the starnose mole. The Accipitres dr Raptores (the birds of prey) are of two families : the diurnal, which huri by day, and the nocturnal, namely the whole tribe of owls. Of the former a visitant to our neighbourhood is at times the Golden Eagle, " the bird that bore Jo/e's thunder;" less rare are the white-headed, or bald eagle, the ringtailed eagle, the black, or sea eagle. The fishing eagle, or osprey, may still frequently be seen hovering over the Don or Humber of a summer morning, or sweeping down on his prey, we note the silver gleam of the fish he has secured. This bird is migratory ; it arrives in the vicinity of our city in Spring and leaves at Autumn. Of the beautiful falcon tribe, once the favourite purveyor of sport to Royalty, we have four, the gyr falcon, one of the largest and most intelligent breed in hawking ; the great-footed falcon, the pigeon hawk, and the small, but plucky, sparrow-hawk. It may be interesting to our readers to learn that when the last remains of the traditional hawking establishment, maintained till late in Queen Victoria's reign for the use of Royalty, was abolished, together with the sinecure office of Lord High Falconer, and the royal falcons were sold off, two of the latter were brought to this Province by Captain Dugmore, of the Royal Canadian Rifles, at whose house in Kingston the present writer has often seen TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 37 them. They were two noble birds, gyr falcons from Iceland. Captain Dugmore was a proficient in the mystery of hawking, and used often to ride forth, hawk on wrist, over liariyefield Common, after the fashion of " ye olden time." I hope the reader will consider that the interest of the subject will repay him for this little digression. There are seven other kinds of hawks which are more frequent visitors than our suburban farmers approve of — the American buzzard or white-breasted hawk, the ash-coloured or black-capped hawk, the black hawk, the red-shouldered or winter hawk, the rough-legged hawk, the red-tailed hawk, and that which haunts marshes, otherwise known as the harrier. I must not omit the sharp- skinny hawk and the slate-coloured hawk of Pennsylvania. Of nocturnal birds we have some of the most beautiful known to ornithologists. The first place is to be given to the snowy owl eagle, one of the most Regally beau- tiful of the eagle tribe, with his snow-white plumage and powerful talons and beak. It used to be often shot on the Island, and I have seen, two years ago, one that had been caught in the garden ol a store on Queen street. Next in size to this is the great American owl, often found around the suburbs. Other varie- ties of owl known to Toronto are the hawk-owl, the barred, long-eared, short- eared, and great-horned owl. The latter is rare. Very common are the mottled owl and the little owl. This charming little favourite of Minerva is often seen. Several specimens have been shot or caught on Spadina Avenue. It would be tedious to attempt a full enumeration of our other birds. Most of the smaller ones, such as the pretty little grass birds, seem to have been driven from our city by the pugnacious English sparrow. Among the most remarkable of our feathered visitors is the purple marten, emblem of Venus and Spring, for whose reception so many miniature wooden houses are placed in gardens of our city homesteads ; the Whip-poor-Will, associated with Longfellow's " Evangeline/' the belted kingfisher, often seen in the summer months among the coverts of the Humber banks; the robin, so called by early British settlers, although in all respects different from the bird slain by the English sparrow's archery. Our robin is a variety of thrush ; I have seen exactly the same bird at the Cape of Good Hope, where also it is known by the same name. The robin is our first spring bird. Another and still more beautiful variety of thrush is the golden- crowned thrush, one of the best of Canadian song birds. To this family belongs our familiar summer visitor, the cat-bird. There are many species of warblers (Miiiotilla;), some of the most beautiful and sweet-voiced of which have become rare since our city has been made a happy hunting-ground for the ugly and voracious English sparrow. The same may be said of those beautiful little birds, the wrens, many species of which used to be familiar guests in Toronto gardens, but have been seemingly driven away by the representative bird of the London slums, the harbinger of the pauperism with which those slums are now inun- dating our Canadian cities. The blue bird comes, or used to come, with the early spring; it is tame and easily approached. Of the lark family there are two which are constant denizens of our suburbs, the shore lark and the meadow 38 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. lark. The latter is identical with the English song bird, which gave its name to one of Caesar's legions (the " Alanda"), and has a far more glorious association with the poetry of Shelley and Wordsworth. The black and scarlet tanager, and the black and orange oriole I have often seen in suburban orchards during summer. Of the Scansons ("climbers") we have the yellow and black-billed cuckoo and the several species of woodpeckers. Of those, the pileated wood- pecker, with its tri-colour plumage of red, white and black, is often seen in our parks. The passenger pigeon still occasionally visits the region where once dense clouds of these birds used to cover the fences and trees; the partridge is still found by suburban sportsmen. The numerous families of Grallatorcs, or waders, and Natatores, or swimming birds, abound about the Humber and the sandy reaches of the Island. In winter we still have with us the snow- bird, the crow, and the chattering and easily-tamed bluejay. In summer, what most distinguishes a garden in Toronto from a garden in an English city is the occasional presence of the beautiful humming-bird, as it darts from one blossom to another, a living flash of emerald. The Keptima of our Toronto and its suburbs are now few in number, in fact, future natural historians of our city will have to say of them, as in the celebrated chapter on the snakes of Ireland, that "there are none." They are now pretty well banished before the advance of our modern St. Patrick — civili- zation. Still the tortoise and terrapin are abundant on the margin of the Don and Humber, the black snake, too, is found near swamps, and the beautiful and harmless grass and garter-snakes are now and then discovered amid the lawns of city mansions. None of the Crotaliis (rattlesnake) tribe have, as far as I can learn, been seen in our section of country. The frog, the " Canadian nightingale, ' is vocal at the eastern and western riverside regions, and lizards are frequently caught on the night-lines of the Don sportsman. The insect life of Toronto is too extensive a subject for a work like this — it has been treated of exhaustively in a work on this branch of natural history by Dr. White, of this city, a work which does the highest credit to Toronto as a centre of natural science. fORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 39 '9^f\t ^Htvlt^ of 1E^oronto« THE STREETS, AVENUES, BOULEVARDS, AND STREET RAILWAY. N no city in the Dominion are the streets arranged on a more metropolitan method than in the capital of English-speaking Canada. Of ancient Rome it was said that her great thoroughfares led to routes of travel to all quarters of the world. Toronto's main highway, flanked by the most brilliant shops and the stateliest public buildings, runs east and west from frontier to ocean. In the centre of the city, her next most important mercantile thoroughfare leads north- ward to Lake Simcoe. Parallel, or nearly parallel to these, over an extent of ten miles along the Lake shore are the streets of city and suburb, from the waters of the Bay to all but the topmost height of that dusky hill described by the poet Moore in the first decade of the present century. To the east the main streets are prolonged over the Don into new and ever-increasing suburbs. Still greater is the growth towards the west. The names of our main street arteries are in accordance with what has been told of the story of Toronto's history. In most American cities the Revolution of 1776 has revolutionized the street nomenclature. In Boston, for instance, the name of King Street has been changed to State Street, and Queen Street to Court. But in Toronto the old names have kept their places, and a glance at the map of our city will show their correspondence with the history of Toronto since its first numble beginnings in 1794. King Street was our first main highway, although the name was at first given to Palace Street, now Front. The names speak for them- selves. Palace Street was so called from an intention, never carried out, of erecting a Government House at the eastern part of the present Front Street. Simcoe Street and John Street commemorate the excellent and gallant soldier who may be justly honoured by Toronto as her founder. Parliament Street is a memento of the fact that the Parliament buildings once stood in the eastern part of the town within the limits of the old town of York, adjoining the Don. Jarvis and Beverley Streets are mementos of two of the leading families of the original U. E. Loyalist settlers. Those who study with the care it deserves Dr. Scadding's delightful book, "Toronto of Old," will see how, in nearly every instance, the street names commemorate some early settler, or some home associa- tion of the Toronto pioneers. For instance Teraulay Street represents the family residence in Scotland of the Macaulay Clan, leading representatives of which. Dr. Macaulay, Captain J. S. Macaulay and Sir James Macaulay, were among the early settlers in Little York. Caer Howell Street is a memento of the Powell family, so long leading spirits of the Family Compact. 40 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT The Esplanade of course follows the windings of the Bay shore. Queen and King Streets converge when a turn is made northward by the latter to form the Kingston Road over the Don bridge to the east. Dundas Street runs irregularly to the north-west, and the Davenport Road equally so to the north, while it is, however, by no means the utmost boundary. All the other streets and avenues are arranged on the rectangular method which is characteristic of most American cities. Front Street at present extends from Tecumseh Street in the west to the Don, where it resumes its old name of Palace Street. From the original maps of York, preserved in the Crown Lands Department, Toronto, we find that this street was originally named not Palace but King ; in fact for a long time these two streets formed but a single tract of clearing, over which the houses of the pioneer farmers and store-keepers were scattered without regard to any uniform plan. The present King was then called Duke Street. Front Street extends due east from Tecumseh almost to Yonge, when it trends north-east to the City Hall, thence extending straight east to the Don. The most remarkable objects on the western portion of this street are the old Parliament Buildings of Upper Canada. These occupy a space of ground originally known ao Simcoe Place, and so called after the founder of Toronto, long an open clearing, traversed by a stream called Russel Creek. As long ago as Mrs. Jamieson's time these buildings were considered a mark of the bad taste of Little York. Age has not lent them any dignity. They are built in the form of three parts of a square, and contain the Legislative Hall, several of the Departmental Offices, and the e.xcellent Parliament Library, which has on its shelves upwards of 18,000 volumes, and a better collection of newspapers relating to Ontario than the library of the Dominion Government at Ottawa. Walking eastward, we pass Bishop Strachan's " Palace," now used as a boarding-house, and the excellent collection of wild animals, dear to all our city children as the "Zoo," then the Queen's Hotel, the oldest first-class hostelry in Toronto ; then a series of stately blocks of stone- faced edifices, used exclusively in the wholesale trade. This part of Front Street represents the chief commercial aspect 01 Toronto. Here are the establishments of those wholesale dealers in dry goods, in groceries, in manu- factured boots and shoes, in stationery, school books, fancy ware, who supply the retail trade of the Province. As the street ascends northward to the view of the City Hall, it becomes less ambitious, and is chiefly given to the retail trade, and to hotel iccommodation for country farmers who drive into market. Another wholesale quarter is the < acious and handsome thoroughfare of Wellington Street, which extends from Clarence Square to Church Street. Clarence Square is a well-built quadrangle of red brick houses surrounding neatly-kept ornamental grounds, in the centre of which is a fountain, pleasant to look upon in the heat of a summer's day. On Wellington Street are the business establishments of several leading printers and publishers. North of Wellington Street, and parallel to it, extends from the western TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 41 limits of the city to the point where, taking a north-easterly direction, it joins Queen Street at the Kingston Road, King Street, the oldest, the most historic, the stateliest and most beautiful of Toronto's streets. Here, around the old Government buildings and Dr. Strachan's modest wooden Church of St. James, was built up the first attempt at a connected street ia Little York ; along this roadway seventy-one years ago flashed the musket fire of Dearborn's raiders ; in this broad street, opposite the market, William Lyon Mackenzie harangued the people, when he was denied the right to plesd their cause in the Assembly ; along this central highway marched the Volunteers of 1866, the present writer shouldering a rifle in their ranks, on the first threat of Fenian invasion. Look back to that eventful year, and how much poorer, how much more provincial, looked the main thoroughfare of Ontario's greatest city ? What a contrast to its metropolitan greatness of to-day ! As we view it from the west, Avhat a seemingly measureless perspective opens before us, dim and rich, measured from point to point by spires and cupolas ! On the south side are the handsome Parisian-looking buildings of Government House, whose beautiful grounds are, with much injustice and bad taste, closed against the public gaze by an unsightly wooden fence. Next, on the same side, is the Church of Scotland, known as St. Andrew's, a grey stone edifice, with battlemented towers, which make it look like a feudal fortress. Then, as York Street intersects, begins the most brilliant and long extended series of first-class stores of which Toronto can boast, her Palais Royal, her Regent Street. On the south side, the "dollar," or fashionable side, of King Street, continuously from York Street to the Market, are the spacious plate- glass windows, glitte^ring with jewelry, with gold and silver plate, with elaborate china and bric-a-brac, with sheen of satin-shining tissues for Toronto's brides in esse and brides in posse, with more sober-hued.but still beautiful and elaborate materials for the adornment of Toronto's golden youth. Here are restaurants, where men and ladies can dine in comfort, and as luxuriously as in any in New York or London, photographers, art warerooms. Is there any luxurious taste you desire to gratify, any dacorative art you would pursue ? In that case, O reader, " put money in thy purse, " (for that is an indispensable condition), and take a walk along th^ south side of King Street. The north side of King Street was for many years an undulating green field, an antiquated barn in the centre. It was used as an exercise ground by a troop of Volunteer Cavalry. In 1866, and for several years after, I can remember the venerable wooden hotel at the York Street corner. One of the most imposing of the carrefours (a French word which expresses what we have no word to denote, the rectangular conjunction of two great thoroughfares) in this the stateliest of Toronto's Streets, is that between King and Bay. Bay Street extends from Queen Street to the Bay, from which it takes its name. It was formerly known as Bear Street, from a celebrated hunt which took place along this clearing In Toronto's primitive days. Bruin having opened up the line of the future strct by taking that direction to gain the water. It is a broad and handsome thdoughfare. The Mail building on the northwest corner of Bay Street, is beyond question the finest newspaper D 42 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. ! 1 building in Canada. On the western side are still some wooden houses, relics of Toronto of Old, and the large brick building, now a planing mill, in which John Doel brewed much good ale, in which were also brewed most of the troubles of 1837. From the very earliest days of Muddy Little York, the south side of King, from Bay Street to-the Market, was the site of the most showy places of business resort in the town. There an Italian confectioner dispensed ice-cream to the officers of the Garrison, and to such ladies of fashion as gay Lady Sarah Maitland, or pretty Mrs. Annie Jamieson. The latter did not take kindly to Toronto ever since the moment when, on landing, she stepped ankle-deep into its mud, but even she acknowledged in her " Winter Studies and Summer Rambles," that " the chemist's shop " on this part of King Street was " worthy of Regent Street in its appearance." On this side, a little further back from the roadway, was the first Church used in Little York by the Wesleyan Methodists. It was a long low building of wood, runnmg north and south, and in dimensions forty by sixty feet. The building ceased to be used in 1833. It gave place afterwards to a theatre, the Royal, whose destruction by fire in the spring of 1881, was such a loss to the lovers of dramatic art. No Canadian city, not even excepting Montreal, possesses a nobler conjunc- tion of four great streets than that of the dcbouchetncnt of Yonge and King. There, as we learn from Dr. Scadding {Toronto of Old, p. gS) there was " for a consid- erable time but one solitary house, at the north-east angle, an English, one-story, respectable wooden structure, painted white, with paling in front, and large wil- low trees. It was the house of Mr. Dennis, formerly superintendent of the dock- yard at Kingston. He was one of the United Empire Loyalist refugees." Opposite, on the south-east corner, was the jail, " a squat, unpainted wooden building with hippel roof, concealed from persons passing on the street by a tall cedar stockade, such as those we see surrounding a Hudson Bay fort or a mili- tary wood yard." Further on, on the north side, east of Toronto Street, was Court House Square, where a more suitable Jail and Court House of red brick, faced with stone, were erected and opened with great pomp in July, 1824. Then the short but broad and stately cul de sac of Toronto Street extended to the beau- tiful new Post Office at its northern extremity, one of the architectural glories of Toronto. A short distance to the south of King Street is the ancient " Market Lane," which now commemorates the Governorship of Colborne. It is chiefly occupied by wholesale houses connected with the dry goods trade, and by restaurants. Here formerly stood the Masonic Hall, the first structure in Little York that was surmounted by a cupola. Here were held the meetings of the first Mechanics' Institute, and scientific lectures were delivered. At the north corner of the lane, at the Market Square, was Frank's hotel, in whose ball-room were given the first dramatic representations undertaken in York. There in 1827 was given the famous masked ball of Byron's friend, Mr. Gait, and the too-sprightly lady Mary Willis, whose misadventures during her residence in Toronto gave rise to the cause cclcbre of Willis v. Bernard. After passing Church Street are the Market TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 43 mili- and the Cathedral. King Street, though still as broad and as busy a thorough- fare, no longer spreads out its wares for the eyes of the world of fashion. Its hotels are substantial buildings where farmers eat their wholesome twenty-five cent dinners ; its stores exhibit furniture, old clothes, second-hand goods, till swerving northward it joins with Queen Street to form the Kingston Road. Next to King Street the most important in beauty and in commercial impor- tance is Yonge Street. This is the main artery of the city's commercial life ; with it all other transverse thoroughfares are connected east and west. By it all the traffic of the vast settled country to the north finds its way to Toronto markets. It extends from the very summit of the hill up whose sides Toronto has slowly climbed during the fifty years since she became a city, to the wharf where steamers land, and the railway which conveys Toronto's merchandise east and west to the Atlantic and Pacific. All day its sidewalks are thronged by visitors eagerly intent on business or pleasure ; by night, illuminated by the brilliance of electric light, the scene is hardly less animated. The busi- ness centre of Yonge Street is at its intersection with Queen ; on the west side from this point to the intersection of Gerrard are a series of fashionable stores in no respect inferior to the best of them in King Street, and this continues to be the appearance of the street until far above Carlton. It was at the latter point of Yonge Street that a slight skirmish took place between William Lyon Mackenzie's forces and a party of Loyalist volunteers raised by Sheriff Jarvis. Both sides ran away from each other : the best result that can be wished for when Cana- dians meet Canadians in civil war. Near the picturesque tower of what was formerly Yorkville, and is now St. Paul's Ward fire hall, Yonge Street is crossed by Bloor, till 1883 the northern limit of Toronto. This street, east of Yonge, is occupied with sumptuous private residences overlooking the beautiful ravine of Kosedale. Bloor Street bears the name of the keeper of a hotel on the market square, the original owner. Bloor ends at Parliament Street, a long and not very fashionable thoroughfare, the scene of many a sad procession to the St. James' Cemetery at its north-eastern side. It was named after the old Parliament Buildings to which it was an approach. For the same reason was the adjacent Berkeley Street so named, the London Berkeley Street being the main approach to the English Parliament House. Of all the avenues extending south from Bloor Street to the Bay, the noblest are Church, Jarvis, and Sherbourne Streets. Church Street is somewhat less aristocratic, but has all the advantage of the magnificent church buildings in its course, the noble Cathedral of St. Michael, and that handsome, though some- what incongruous congeries of Gothic details, the " Metropolitan." Jarvis and Sherbourne are lined on either side through most part of their extent by the mansions of the upper ten. Of a summer morning it is pleasant to saunter down one of these streets while the thick verdure of the chestnut trees is fresh with the life of June, and the pink and white bunches of blossom are as beautiful as any of the exotic flowers in the lawns and gardens of the houses. George street runs in the same direction but is of a less aristocratic character till it has passed 44 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. Wilton Avenue, when it catches the refined tone of the neighbourhood. East of Yonge Street the streets that go north and south do not extend the entire length to the Bay. Elizabeth Street is of unsavoury appearance and repute. Teraulay (nained after the Macaulay family, once leading men in Toronto) is little better in either respect. Centre Street is another slum, the three forming the Alsatia and St. Giles of Toronto. Still worse is that part of York Street north of King. It is a fine broad roadway, with one of the stateliest specimens of clas- sical architecture Canada can boast of, Osgoode Hall, at the north end and the Bay and Island seen at the south. It might be made one of the most beautiful of streets, but at present the eastern side is occupied by dingy and rotten wooden shanties, the dens of Jewish old clothes sellers and recipients of stolen goods. There old Fagin and Moll Flandcis have their lair ; thither, at forbidden hours, Dick Swiveller and Thomas Idle resort for a surreptitious dram. But it is reasonable to hope that in the matter of improving Toronto streets, " that which jcc have done is but the earnest of that which wc shall do." A similar slum was, till lately, University Street. It is, however, a most miserable row of shanties, quite unworthy of the beautiful avenue on which its mean frontage abuts. The avenue, extending from Queen Street to the Park, is, even to one who has seen the best park drives m Europe and America, from St. James' Park in London to the famous Cocoanut-Palm Avenue at Rio de Janeiro, one of the very finest m the world. In summer when the chestnuts are in blossom, a walk up this avenue is one of the pleasures which Toronto has to offer to her guests. The little bit of enclosure at the top, with its two Sebastopol cannons, ought to give place to something worthier of the place. It has a mean railing, a very unornamental fountain, and a paltry bit of rockery with a few cheap flowers. Queen street, along whose line we have been travelling, is the main artery next to King street, from east at the Kingston road westward to the Humber. It is a retail-business s:treet, the cheapest and busiest in Toronto. On its northern side as it goes westward, leaving the older portion of the city, is the handsome space occupied by the Metropolitan Church, beyond which are seen the massive roof of St. Michael's Cathedral, and its elaborately sculptured tower and spire. Crossing Yonge street at its busiest, Queen street stretches its lines of bustling stores westward ; it is crossed by the streets I have described, then by a more respectable class of streets, Simcoe, Beverley and Spadma. Simcoe (originally Graves) is worthily named after John Graves Simcoe, from whom the adjacent John street is also named. It extends from Caer Howell street (a memento of the Family Compact house of Powell) and Erskine Church, so unhappily burnt in the January of this year, to the Bay. John street, west of Simcoe, is William street, which formerly under another name had as unenviable notoriety as the present Elizabeth street, but the city authorities changed this twice, a process to which they seem to attach great vir- tue, as implying a kind of baptismal regeneration of disreputable streets. West of William is McCaul, reaching from the Bay to College Street and the new School of Science. Beyond this is John Street ; on the east side is the handsome Gothic TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 45 Church of St. George, the pulpit of which is filled by the Rev. Mr. Cayley. At the head of the street, surrounded by the most beautiful grounds in Toronto, is the Grange, formerly the homestead of the Boulton family, and the scene of many a festive gathering of the Family Compact chiefs, now the residence of Professor Goldwin Smith, whose presence in Toronto has done so much to influence public opinion, and to favour the growth of a healthy national literature. After passing Peter Street we reach the magnificent roadway of Spadina Avenue, whose broad thoroughfare, the widest in Toronto, extends from the rich and stately Gothic facade of Knox College at its head to the waters of the Bay. Sumptuous man- sions, chiefly of the new Queen Anne style, are rapidly arising along both sides ot the avenue. No doubt in the near future it will be the finest street in the city. The name is taken from that given by Dr. Baldwin to his homestead built on the hill north of Knox College. This noble avenue was laid out by Dr. Baldwin on his accession to the Russel property, of which it formed a part. The next most important avenue, though less imposing in the architecture of its street, is Bathurst, which reaches from the Old Fort on the Bay shore to the northern limits of the city. From this a number of new avenues and streets have extended within the last few years to Parkdale. These are still spreading in row after row of new houses towards Biockton, and north, towards Seaton village. Queen Street continues, its commercial aspects being much the same as have been noticed, past Trinity College and the Asylum to the main street of Parkdale, leaving which, it becomes a country road leading to the Humber. Other less important streets, parallel to Queen, are Adelaide, formerly named Newgate, from the prison being situated thereon, and Richmond ; Wilton Avenue should be visited as far as All Saints Church, after which it assumes a suburban character. Gerrard Street, which extends from Teraulay Street to Parliament, is a handsome street from Yonge to its eastern terminus. The general tendency of the city is to grow in a westerly and north-westedy direction ; its main streets are second to none in any American city for beauty of appearance, for commercial wealth, for salubrity of position, and Toronto may claim the title which Homer's poetry awarded to Troy of old, " the city of wide streets." lU '■ !ii Post Office. TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 47 i:f|^ Pudlic BuU5inQ$ of lE^oronto. ESIDES the ecclesiastical and educational edifices, which are described in the chapters treating on the Soul and Brains of our city, Toronto pos- sesses many public buildings of a high degree of architectural merit, and '^^ in every instance when this can be said, as in the case of the Post Office, the Custom House the new Yonge Street Arcade, the Public Library, and Osgoode Hall, the beauty of each building is much enhanced by its architectural surroundings, by freedom of approach, through wide and stately streets, which allow it to be seen in all the majesty of its fair proportions. Other public build- ings we have, it is true, such as the old Parliament House and the City Hall, which belong to an altogether past period of Toronto's history, and respecting which the edict of public opinion has already gone forth that they are to be replaced, and that speedily, by something worthy of the greatest city of Canada's most intellectual and progressive Province. The old Parliament buildings on Front Street, between Simcoe and John Streets, are elsewhere described, and it has been mentioned how their homely exterior, some forty years ago, gave occasion to Vice-Chancellor Jamieson's clever but flighty Irish wife to point one of her favourite sneers against Canada in gen- eral, and Toronto in particular. Anna Jamieson never forgave Muddy Little York for splashing her dainty bottincs and snow-white stockings on the first day of her arrival. But there is a more important reason than those concerned with architectural beauty for the demand for new Parliament buildings now entertained by the Government of Ontario. In that mouldering old pile, whose decayed timbers make it the merest fire trap, are stored not only the valuable library of the On- tario Legislature, which contains a collection of scarce tracts and old newspapers, the loss of which would be an irreparable calamity to future students of our country's history, but all the title deeds of land held from the Ciovernment in the Province of Ontario. That a safe receptacle should at once be provided for these is a matter ot the first importance to every landowner in Ontario, as the destruction of these all-important documents would destroy all evidence not only of ownership but of the limits and boundaries of each man's property. The Toronto General Post Office is, as regards beauty of architecture, similar and not second to Osgoode Hall. The first such post office building stood by the water-side close to the Merchants' Wharf. Most Toronto people remember what the writer can well recall (in 1865), the modest stone building with its two stone columns beside what is still known as the Old Post Office lane, and the recollection helps us to realize to some degree the measure of the city's advance I',i! Is?* ' i . 1 ;l • I! M I ill ■' 1;! »' nil 48 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. in opulence and architectural taste during the last twenty years. The old building referred to still stands on Toronto street. It was erected by Messrs. Cumberland & Storm, architects, of this city. The inner hall and sidewalk in front were paved with flagstones procured for the purpose from Ogdensburg. The new Post Office is a large and beautiful edifice towering above one of the best-built streets in the city, Toronto street, which intervenes between it and the handsomest part of King street. It is of three stories, faced with cut stone and elaborately ornamented in the Italian renaissance style as modified of late years by Baron Nausman at Paris' Thitherward at noon each week-day hurry the business men and their clerks, and so much is the commercial correspondence of Toronto increasing every year, that even the spacious accommodation supplied by its large hall is quite insuffi- cient for their requirements ! A side door at the western end of the building leads by a handsome staircase to the offices of the Post Office Inspector and his assistant, and other officials. The able and courteous post master is Mr. Thomas C. Patteson, the assistant post master Mr. John Carruthers, with a staff of fifty clerks. The mailing department is superintended by Mr. John Armstrong. Let- ters are delivered several times daily within the city limits. The money order department is open from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m.; the chief money clerk is Mr. T. Moer.sch- felder, with three assistants. The registered letter department is open at the same hours; it is superintended by Mr. W. MacPherson, with three assistant clerks. Of the city delivery department there are three clerks. The free delivery depart- ment is in charge of Mr. R. Hassard, as superintendent of letter-carriers, and employs sixty-six letter-carriers. The General Post Office has at present five branches : the east branch at 282 Queen street east ; the •=';t branch at corner of Queen and Bathurst Streets ; the north at corner of Yonge and Carleton Streets ; and at Parkdale, now incorporated with the city. OsGoonK Ham,, one of the handsomest of the public buildings of Canada, is the Westmmster Hall and "Four Courts" of Ontario, a palace of justice palatial enough to be a fitting abode for the unimpeached judicial character of the Toronto bench and bar. It stands on six acres of land given to the Toronto Law Society (incorporated as early as 1822) by Sir John Robinson, father of the present Lieu- tenant-Governor of Ontario, and himself one of the most illustrious among the many eminent judges whose portraits decorate its walls. It was he who suggested that the new buildings should be named after the first Chief Justice of English Canada, the Hon. William Osgoode, who held that high office at the time when Governor Simcoe constituted Toronto the capital of the new Province. The first buildings, an unpretending brick-built block, were erected under the direction of Dr. \Vm. Baldwin, the founder of the Spadina estate, who was at that time secre- tary of the Law Society. In 1857-60 the present edifice was erected, a handsome presentation of some of the best features of classical architecture, extending over three sides of a spacious square. The front with its arch of portal and window, its frieze and pediment, is of the Ionic Order, modified by some features of Italian renaissance. No building in Toronto has a finer natural situation, situated as it is on one of the chief city thoroughfares, close to our finest park avenue, and Custom House. TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 51 fronting the broad York Street approach to the Bay. The interior is still more striking. It is of Caen stone, the pacious colonades and open corridors are paved with tessalated stone work after the fashion of a Roman basilica (the basilica was the Roman " Palace of Justice," till, about the Emperor Justinian's time, the basilicas were changed into Christian Temples). Here are held the chief law courts and offices. A hanusome staircase leads through a central hall, the walls of which are adorned with many beautiful portraits, to the library, an imposing, oblong-shaped room of ample dimensions, containing a valuable collection of legal and historic literature. The Custom House is one of those among our public buildings which, like the General Post Office, illustrates most vividly the vast advance made by our city during the last ten years. In Toronto's first year as a city the spot on which it stands and the whole of Yonge Street from King Street to the Bay, were gardens, orchards and fields of several of the leading citizens. Chief Justice Scott, Justice Sherwood and Justice, afterwards Sir James, Macaulay. For many years the chief landing-place for merchants was at the southern extremity of Church Street, and the traffic from the northern part of Yonge Street was diverted in that direction, and the tract now under consideration was till comparatively recent times but little visited. The office of collecting and superintending the customs was long a sinecure with but little salary beyond the official fees which were too often collected with the tyrannical arbitraryness and favouritism characteristic of Family Compact days, A capital example of this I found in my research among old pamphlets in the Parliamentary library of our city. A poor American who had come to settle at Toronto had his boat and cargo confiscated by the then Collector, or rather his Deputy, without law or reason. Of course no one took notice of his complaint or grievance. Our present Custom House is most conveniently situated for all persons of commerce. It stands at the convergence of our chief business street with its goodly blocks of wholesale warehouses, and of Yonge Street, the main artery of the city traffic, just as it descends to meet the railways and the main wharf for steamers. Like the Post Office, it is built in a richly decorated form of Italian renaissance, and is faced with stone. The main hall, with a stairway of ample proportions, leads to the various suites of offices. The collector of customs is the Hon, James Patton, Q.C., LL.D. ; Mr. John Douglass is surveyor ; Thomas McLean, chief clerk; C. G. A. Patton, cashier; there is also a staff of over sixty- five other officials. As in the case of the Post Office, the architectural beauty of the Custom House is enhanced by its central and commanding situation. P i.s ^ palace not unworthy of the commercial interests of a great and progressive i^Kj . Government House and grounds are situated on the south side of King Street, immediately opposite Upper Canada College, and west of the new St. Andrew's Church, an architectural situation which cannot fail to impress favour- ably the cultured visitor to Toronto. Its Parisian and modern style of architec- ture, the warm red brick, facings of white stone and large luminous-looking win- dows contrasting with the mediaeval Gothic of St. Andrew's Church, and not less 52 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT, with the quaint Queen Anne appearance worn by Upper Canada College. Gov- ernment House is the residence of the Hon. Beverley Robinson, at present nest- ing in the last year of his term of office as Lieutenant-Governor. The gardens surrounding the house are among the most beautiful of Toronto, and complaint has often been made by the independent city journals that the people should not be allowed even to look upon the grounds which are supported out of the taxes which they pay. The apartments of Government House are well and elegantly proportioned, and if ever the conviction gains ground with the taxpayers of Ontario that a grievance which costs them ^50,000 a year had better be abolished, this sumptuous edifice, the people's property as it is, built and maintained by the taxpayer, would serve admirably for a State Hall or People's Palace. Still bet- ter, it might be converted into a public library and industrial museum, the grounds, now selfishly appropriated by smecure officialism, being utilized as a park free forever to all our citizens. Meanwhile the unsightly board fence, which spoils one of the finest views on King Street and shuts out a view of the gar- dens, ought to be removed. The Court House is situated on Adelaide and Court Streets. It belongs to that class of the Toronto public buildings which belong to the new age of our city, and as in the case of the Parliament House, it is generally felt that they must soon be replaced by something less unworthy of the capital of Ontario. The building was designed by F. W. Cumberland. Its Adelaide Street front is in the plainest Roman dome, it has a facade three stories high, with slightly pro- jecting centre, flanked by two wings. The front is faced with Ohio stone, the sides and main building are of exceedingly dingy white brick. In the interior are the offices of the Sheriff and Deputy Sheriff, the Division and County Court offices, the office of the County Treasurer, of the Clerk of the Peace, Warden, and Clerk of the County Council. A wide but very ill-kept stairway on each side leads to the Court of Assizors, the Recorder's, and Division Court, also the quarters assigned to the Cirand and Petit Juries. Had the County been willing tu do their part to keep both the exterior and interior of this Court House de- cently in repair the appearance of both would be at least respectable. The City of Toronto is not to blame. The Free Library of Toronto is opposite the Court House, a little further east, in an admirably chosen position, at the corner of Church and Adelaide Streets. It was, in former years, the Mechanics' Institute, but the committee of that mstitution gave up their building and valuable collection of books to the Free Library Board as soon as the by-law establishing a Public Library had passed by an almost unanimous vote of the citizens. The City H.\ll is situated on Front Street, corner of Jarvis Street, occu- pying the site of the original Town Hall of Little York. Here were stationed, in December, 1837, the two fieldpieces which, with one artilleryman, were the sole force retained by Sir Francis Bond Head for the defence of Toronto in a crisis of threatened insurrection. Here were stored the 10,000 stand of Government muskets with bayonets and ammunition which awaited the pleasure of ihe TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 53 insurgents to march into Toronto and setze them, the judicious Lieutenant-Gover- nor having sent away the Toronto garrison to Lower Canada. The present City Hall, like the Court House, is quite unworthy of such a city as Toronto, and no doubt will be replaced by a more ornamental structure very shortly. The exist- ing building is one of the ugliest in the city. It is of brick, with stone facings, and has a frontage of 140 feet A flight of steps in a portico ascends to the main entrance, within which are the corridors. The one on the right leads to the office of the Mayor, that on the left to the offices of the City Engineer, the Chamber- lain, the General Inspector of Licenses, and the Board of Works. Shaftesbury Hall and the premises of the Y. M. C. A. are situated at 30 Queen Street West, where there is also a free reading-room and bureau of en- quiry for all strangers in Toronto in-necd of employment. Much good is effected through the instrumentality of this Association in promoting the cause of Temper- Shaftesbukv Hall ance, and a manly and healthful form of religion. Here lectures and concerts of a high-class order are delivered through the winter. The hall is one of the finest in Toronto, and is furnished in admirable taste. The Drill Shed is situated on the west side of Jarvis street, between Front street and the Esplanade. It is one of the largest and most commodious in the HHHHH 54 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. U Dominion, and is the headquarters of the two "crack regiments" of Ontario, the Queen's Own and the Tenth Royal Grenadiers. The Toronto Prisons are the Central Prison, Industrial Refuge for Girls, the Mercer Reformatory for Women, and the Toronto Gaol. They are under the superintendence of Messrs. W. T. O'Reilly and Robert Christie, inspectors of prisons. The Centr.\l Prison is situated on the west side of Strachan Avenue, and is a gloomy pile of grey stone, whose high-walled precincts and grated windows pro- claim it to be one of those caravansaries of crime and misery which grow with the growth of our boasted civilization. The warden is Mr. James Massie ; the physician. Dr. W. T. Aikens ; the deputy-warden, Mr. M. Logan. Of a similar order of architecture is the Toronto Gaol, situated on a rising ground north of the extension of Gerrard Street beyond the Don. It is surrounded by v.'ell-kept garden grounds. The governor is Mr. John Green ; the deputy- governor, Mr. Peter Ewen; the attendant physician. Dr. T. H. Richardson. The prisons whose object are leather reformatory than penal, are the Mercer Reformatory and the Industrial Refuge. The latter is situated on the south side of King Street, near Dufferin Street ; it is intended for the industrial training and reformatory education of girls committed under the provincial laws of Ontario. Many who have been brought up in the idleness and vicious habits which are the certain factors of crime, are here given the habit and taste for honest work, and untaught the evil training of their youth. The superintendent is M :. W. T. O'Reilly ; Dr. John S. King is surgeon. The Mercer Reformatory is a handsome brick edifice of considerable size, and one of the most remarkable buildings in the extreme west of the city. It is situated en the west side of King street, near Dufferin street. In this institution girls and women sentenced directly to a term of residence therein by the police magistrate, or ordered to be transferred thither from the common gaols, are sub- jected to a reformatory training. In Toronto of late years, partly owing to the increase of drinking habiis, partly to the influx from London slums of English paupers of the lowest type, the number of girl outcasts is visibly greater than I have known it for twenty years past. Many of them are sent out by their parents to beg, or get drink-money by whatever means they can. For such girls a term in the Mercer is indeed a benefit. They are taught to work, they are visited by a number of benevolent ladies and regular friends, and those who seem at all desir- ous of permanent reformation are taken into domestic service, and in very many instances saved from the outcast life. Every Sunday the Mercer inmates are visited by Mr. William Rowland, so well known for his efforts in the causes of religion and philanthrophy, and have the benefit of a religious service and an addresss from that gentleman. The Toronto Water Works.— The supply of our city with pure water, was for many years a standing hygienic grievance. The water works used were at an insufficient elevation, and the supply was obtained from a part of the bay too liable to be contaminated by the city sewerage. The present water works are c H > V K K 2 o 1^ c TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 57 beautifully situated on the summit of the hill north of Toronto, where a miniature lake of nine acres, floored and walled with stone, serves as a reservoir. The grounds are beautifully kept, and overlook on one side the Mount Pleasant Ceme- tery and the park-like ravine which extends in this direction from Rosedale, in the other direction step after step of the city terrace descending to the Bay. No visitor to Toronto should omit visiting the water works. Equity Chambers, situated on the corner of Adelaide and Victoria Streets, is a neat red brick building, occupied principally by insurance offices, printing office, lawyers, estate agents, etc. ' - ■■'^^C- Equit\ Chambers. Exhibition Buildings. — These magnificent buildings were opened to the public by Lord Dufferin, late Governor-General of Canada, in September, 1878. The palace is built with solid brick foundations with sides and roof of glass and affords admirable accommodation for the advantageous exhibition of goods. The whole of the buildings on the grounds, including the Crystal Palace building, were built in the short period of ninety days, and the cost of the whole, up to the present time, is nearly $250,000. The grounds, occupying some sixty acres in extent, are the finest in the Dominion of Canada. They are most beautifully located on the shore of Lake Ontario, on the western outskirts of the city, and from them a splendid view of Toronto, with the surrounding country and the lake, can be obtained. They are easy of access and can be reached in a few minutes by the Grand Trunk Railway, Street Railway, and by a line of steamers which run to the exhibition wharf. Over 600,000 persons have been conveyed to the grounds by these means during the last four years without the slightest accident of any description. Arrangements have also been made by the Exhibi- tion Committee with the Customs Department for the admission of cattle and E 58 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. articles from foreign countries for exhibition free of duty on giving the customary bond. The following are the officers for 1884: President, John J. Withrow, Esq. ; Vice-presidents, W. F. McMaster, Esq., and Wm. Rennie, Esq. ; Trea- surer, Mr. James McGee; Manager and Secretary. Mr. H. J. Hill; Solicitor, Mr. W. G. McWilliams; Auditors, Messrs. Wm. Anderson, and W. F. Davison; Board of directors. Aid. Jas. Crocker, J. E. Mitchell, N. C. Love, J. Turner, and Messrs. J. J. Withrow, W. F. McMaster, A. Smith, W. Christie, W. Rennie, W, B. Hamilton, W. S. Lee, A. McGregor, Geo. Leslie, R. Davies, P. G. Close, J. McGee, D. C. Ridout, Geo. Booth, Jas. Fleming, and R. W. Elliott. Marshall's Buildings, on King Street West, a few doors east of Bay Street, were erected some four years ago by Mr. Robert Marshall, who occupies part of the ground floor for a lending library and book store. There are other stores occupied by different persons in oiher business, while the upper portion is rented for offices of various descriptions. Queen City Buildings, on Church Street, between Colborne and Front, are the headquarters of the Queen City, Hand-in-Hand, and other insurance companies. W. H. Howland & Co., commission merchants, have also their offices in this building. Among the most important public buildings of recent date must be classed the Arcade between Yonge and Victoria Streets. The front entrance is on the former street, to the beauty of which its imposing cut-stone facade with its wide archway and Egyptian pillars in bas-relief are a valuable addition. The spacious passage-way of the Arcade is furnished with stalls, glittering with all that is most attractive to pleasure-seekers. The Arcade will be to our city what the Burling- ton Arcade is to London, the Palais Royal to Paris, the haunt of fashionable loungers, the bazaar whence visitors to Toronto carry away some memento of their stay, a most commendable commercial speculation for whose success we must all wish. M 1 ! '' t ■■ > r 1 *-«- . TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 59 1E;fie ^rm$ of tf|« Cttg. THE RAILWAYS OF THE PAST AND PRESENT. % Jt .^i* N no direction has the enterprise of her citizens shown itself in a more la\'ish form than in the way in which railway building has been encouraged and fostered by the ratepayers of Toronto, and despite a little grumbling that is occasionally indulged in it is generally admitted that no other one thing has contributed so materially in building up the city. It has made it really the metropolis, the mother-city, the mart of Ontario. With these arms she is enabled to pluck the choicest fruits that the fair Province of which she is the centre affords. A study of the map will show how the whole railway system of the Provmce converges on this one favoured spot. Indeed, the figure it presents on a railway map reminds one of a Dlack-bodied spider with legs of very irregular formation and extent, spreading out into the adjacent country. A history of the city would not be complete without some account of these different lines of railway. The first shriek of a railway locomotive heard in Toronto proceeded from the throttle of an engine on the Norther.n Railway — which piece of machinery, dismantled and disused, is still to be seen in the Company's yard. The name of Mr. F. C. Capreol is inseparably associated with its inception. The Northern was chartered as the Toronto, Sarnia and Lake Huron in 1849. It next took the name of the Ontario, Simcoe and Huron, and in 1855, that of the Northern. In this year it was opened through from Toronto to Collingwood, The line remained in this condition until 1872, when it was extended from Collingwood to Meaford, thus giving it two ports on the Georgian Bay. In 1875 it was further extended through the Muskoka country as far as Huntsville. Still later the Company amalgamated with a line running from Port Dover to Collingwood. The Northern was Toronto's first railway, as has already been intimated. While it has contributed greatly to the development of the lumber interest of the section of country through which it runs, it has also done wonders in the way of settlement. Of course, this is to be expected of any railway piercing a country as yet unserved by such facilities. But in the cases, for instance, of the Gran'u Trunk and Great Western Railways, the portions of the Province contiguous to them along the great lakes were already served by sailing and steam vessels, that natural and comparatively inexpensive means of communication. ' The total cost of the construction of the road was ^8,867,108. The total earnings for the year ending June, 1882, were $1,362,387.46; the operating expenses were ^823,351.73, leaving net earnings 8539,035.73. The line received 1 r M 60 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. ' I! i\ • I'. aid from the Ontario Government to the extent of $196,188, and a subsidy from the municipalities of $631,980. The total number of miles managed by the Company is 377. The next railway to be built out of Toronto was the Great Western, a charter for which was granted March 29th, 1845. It was not until 1854, how- ever, that the line between Hamilton and Toronto was opened. The road was subsequently continued on to Sarnia, opening up a large part of the thriving peninsula of Western Ontario to the merchants of Hamilton and Toronto. Sub- sequent developments have shown that the latter profited most largely by the connection. The Great Western system, confined as it is to Western Ontario, is quite an extensive one now. Piece by piece the company acquired control over a net-work of railways therein. What is known as the main line extends from the Suspension Bridge to Windsor ; then there is the loop line from Glencoe to Fort Erie, the Toronto and Hamilton line, the Harrisburg and Guelph division, a short line from Harrisburg to Brantford, the Komoka and Sarnia line. These are the more important of the lines built by the Company. But besides these it has secured the ownership of a number of independent roads. These are, the Wellington, Grey and Bruce Railway, the Kincardine line, the Welland Railway, the London and Port Stanley Railway, the London, Huron and Bruce Railway, and the Brantford, Norfolk and Port Burwell Railway. A study of the map of Ontario will show that this system of railways traverses the Province pretty thoroughly. In all it comprises 824 miles of road. In August, 1882, this system of railways was amalgamated with that of the Grand Trunk — one of the greatest railway concerns on this continent. The Grand Trunk entered Toronto in the year 1856. It received its charter in 1851, and was opened through from Portland to Sarnia in 1858. By the purchase of the Chicago and Lake Huron Railway in 1882, the Company obtained control of a continuous line of railway from the Atlantic coast to Chicago. It is said, too, that it has still wider ambitions. The marked rivalry which plainly exists between it and the Canadian Pacific points to the fact that the railway spirits of the Grand Trunk entertain designs of a system of railways stretching from ocean to ocean. About the year 1868 an agitation was begun in favour of building lines of railway, not along the line of the lakes, but into the back country. The claim was that these would open up the country through which they passed. The projectors proposed to build them on the narrow-gauge system, and called upon the municipalities along the line to contribute, in the way of bonuses, to assist in the building of these roads. One of the projects was known as the Toronto, Grey and Bruce Railway, the other as the Toronto and Nii'Issing Railway. The former was to run from Toronto to Owen Sound, 122 miles, the other from the former point to Coboconk, 79 miles. Towards the former scheme the citizens of Toronto voted $250,000, and towards the latter $150,000. These railways have not, perhaps, answered all ^e ends for which they were built, nor fulfilled the prophecies of those enthusiasts who projected them. A good deal of grumbling TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 6l iidy from d by the STERN, a !54, how- road was thriving to. Sub- ly by the Ontario, d control 2 extends ine from 3urg and noka and "ompany. iependent incardine ! London, Burwell railways !s of road, lat of the nt. The r in 1851, rchase of ;d control t is said, nly exists spirits of "om ocean y lines of The claim sed. The lied upon D assist in Toronto, Railway. ther from le citizens ways have Ifilled the grumbling has been indulged in concerning the expenditure of such large sums of money in railways, which have not even succeeded in preserving their independence. Both lines are now virtually owned by the Grand Trunk, the Toronto and Nipissing having even lost its name, being merged in the Midland, and being known by that title. A good deal of popular favour was elicited in behalf of these roads when before the people, by the statements made that the penetration of these lines into the thickly-wooded back country would result in bringing down the price of fuel. This hope was realized to but a very slight extent; it was found that the narrow-gauge principle was a mistake ; that the roads did not pay ; and that, finally, they even lost their independence. For these reasons some said the money had been thrown away. But a more comprehensive view- will not come to this conclusion. Toronto has profited by these lines indirectly, and much of her wonderful progress is due to the largeness of spirit shown by her citizens in railway enterprise. The Credit Valley was also largely bonused by the city. In all $350,000 was granted, and after many vicissitudes the line was completed in 1881. It runs from Toronto to St. Thomas, and has proved to be a paying concern in spite of the gloomy prophecies of failure which the opponents of the scheme were free to make. It has opened up a fresh section of country, and is moreover a link in a chain of through communication which is probably destined to play a great part in the fierce railway war that looms up in the future. This reference naturally brings us to the Ontario and Quebec, a line which is in course of construction from Perth to Toronto. The line is practically com- pleted between those two points. It has been acquired by the Canadian Pacific Railway, who are also the owners of the Credit Valley. The Toronto Grey and Bruce has fallen into the hands of the same great corporation. The Grand Trunk owns all the other lines in the Province, with the exception of the Northern Railway, and the Hamilton and North-Western Railway, which is controlled by the Northern. The Canadian Pacific and the Grand Trunk, it will be seen, therefore, are the two colossal railway corporacijns of the country, and in their rivalry we may hope for efficient and cheap railway service. To sum up, it may be again said that its railways have done as much for Toronto as any one feature of its development. Large sums of money have been spent in this direction, but the passing years show that the expenditure was a wise one. Since the building of these various lines several of the largest manufacturing establishments in the country have come into the city, attracted here despite the bogey of high taxation, by the unrivalled facilities for the shipment and receipt of freight from all parts of the continent. In considering Toronto's means of communication with the outside world, her ship and steamship interests must not be forgotten. This, her earliest means of communication, is also her safeguard against the imposition of ruinous freightage. During the summer season she is in connection with all lake ports by sail and steam. 11 62 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. ^ l!^f|e fi^urt of tf|e Ciln. BENEVOLENT AND CHARITABLE ORGANIZATIONS, HOMES AND ASYLUMS. 'he good Samaritan is not without representation in the leading city of English Canada. Until recently pauperism has been little felt in this or any city of Ontario. Unlike the cities of the old world, city, town and village in our country, if they have not boasted the palaces of London, have at least been free from the squalor of the London slum. But during the last few years the well-meaning authorities in the mother country, backed by the interested representations of our emigrant agents, have been committing the very serious error of sweeping into Canadian emigration ships their surplus pauperism. The beggar and the tramp are becoming only too familiar to Toronto streets, the girl mendicant and the girl outcast are in our midst, and the question of organizing, or rather of controlling the regulation of our public charities, is only too pressing. Still, hitherto the benevolence of the Ontario metropolis has not been overtaxed or exhausted. The various churches, amid their endless difference of dogma and ceremonies, have each and all been true to that Christ-like charity which is best in the religious life of all. The august, historic Church of Rome, nowhere more august in her missions and martyrdoms in Canada, has here, as elsewhere in every Canadian city, by her care for teaching the ignorant, for healing the sick, for providing for the fatherless and the widow, followed in the footsteps of her patroness, the Mother of God. Of her many charitable institutions a detailed account will be given. Methodism, what Bystander has well termed the Established Church of Canada, has well carried out the teaching of its illustrious founder, John Wesley, the Loyala of British Protestantism. A special good work under- taken by this church has been the promotion of Temperance, and of interesting the young in Christian work. Of this an account will be found in the following pages, which we trust will interest our readers. The comparatively historic Church of England is also known by her good works. To the Presbyterian, the Baptist, and other denominations the same praise is due. The Toronto General Hospital is a magnificent range of buildings, of three stories high, constructed of white brick, with mansard roofs, and situated amid well-kept ornamented grounds, on the north side of Gerrard Street east, between Sackville and Sumach Streets. The site is singularly well chosen, from a hygienic point of view, its elevation being above eighty feet from the level of the Bay. The Hospital buildings occupying a space of four acres, being constructed in a rectangular shape, are a hundred and seventy feet by a hundred IVL TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 63 and twenty. In the basement are kitchens, sculleries, servants' quarters, and store-rooms ; a handsome stone staircase leads to the first floor, where there is a spacious entrance hall, twenty-two feet by twenty-three feet, on one side of which is the board-room, thirty-three feet by twenty-one feet ; on the opposite side of which are a suite of apartments for the purpose of receiving patients and accommodating the medical staff when engaged in examining patients, and in consultation. Beyond this a handsome corridor of the width of twelve feet extends the whole length of the building. In the centre are two large wards, intended to accommodate the more important surgical cases, and provided with bath-rooms, closets, and other necessary appurtenances. At the western end are the dispensary and offices for surgical apparatus, with the private apartments of the nurses and stewards. At the eastern end are the apartments occupied by the house surgeon, and the wards provided for those private patients, whose circum- stances' admit of their paying the very moderate sum charged for board and medical treatment. A stairway twenty-two feet wide leads to the second and third floors, in which are wards, the larger-sized of which are thirty-three feet by twenty-one feet, and are intended to accommodate twelve patients ; the smaller wards are made to contain eight beds. Each ward can, if necessary, be shut off from communication with the main building. Each floor also contains comfortable parlours for convalescent patients, as also bath-rooms, closets, and every hygienic convenience. Roomy balconies at the west side provide a promenade overlooking the gardens. The pathological museum is situated in the upper story of the central tower, being an apartment of twenty-four feet square, opening into a gallery twenty-four feet by a hundred and sixty, within the roof. The extensive reservoirs of water for the use of the building are situated at the upper part of the tower, at the front angles. The operating theatre, thirty-seven feet by forty-five, is in the centre of the hospital, and is reached by the main stairs. It is arranged in the usual semi-circular form, and is lighted from the roof. Beneath this is the mortuary. In every corridor are two hydrants, with hose, and every provision against fire. The architect has taken especial precautions to ensure ventilation, and the drawing away of foul air, by means of openings near the ceiling of each ward, with the flues by which the impure vapour is drawn away into the open air. The central tower is a hundred feet high, and visitors to Toronto would do well to avail themselves of the courtesy of the Superintendent, Dr. C. O'Reilly, and enjoy the magnificent view of the eastern part'bf the city and the valley of the Don, to be seen from its summit. The beautiful park-like grounds were laid out under the skilful superintendence of the late Mr. Mundie. Patients whose needs are bona fide are inspected daily by the City Officer of Health, Dr. Canniff, a gentleman whose professional skill is only equalled by his humanity and literary powers. Dr. Canniff is well-known as the author of a popular work on the Settlement of the Bay of Quinte. As we pass southward from Sumach Street, we reach, on Power Street, another charitable institution which may be well considered to rival the General Hospital. It is the House of Providence, supported by the munificence, so ii w i '.I i nj t s.<; ■ 64 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. well tested through all the centuries of Christian history, of the great Catholic Church of Rome. This extensive range of buildings is in the form of an irregular quadrangle, whose front is on Power Street, but is broken by several projec- tions. It is one of the most noteworthy of Toronto's edifices and presents an admirable specimen of that Parisian renaissance which, as we have elsewhere remarked, has been deservedly such a favourite with Toronto architects. The roof resembles that of the Tuilleries at Paris, being sharp but truncated, terminating in a crest-railing, with corner standard and gilded vanes. A characteristic feature is the full cluster of chimney stacks, small turret roofs and dormer gable. The front aspect is diversified and enriched by the quaint but graceful projecting groins and porches. The main entrance is in the centre of the Power Street fa9ade. An ample flight of stone steps, between massive parapets, leads to the main entrance hall, twenty-three feet by sixty-four, with an apside ending lighted by a triplet window. The apsidal form is continued throughout the three stories of the east end, and supplies a chancel to the chapel, situated immediately above the hall. On the left side of the hall a spacious arcade con- tains the great main staircase leading to the medical dispensary. A corridor, ' yorthy of Versailles or Windsor, divides the main building in the centre. The co.'ridor is two hundred feet long with a width of ten. Near the end of this are two other corridors, each- a hundred and ten feet long, which give access to the various apartments and offices. On the ground floor are two apartments for poor immig.-ants, and on the other side of the main hall a community room, twenty-five feet by eighteen, a waiting-room of the same dimensions, and two large wards, for th i accommodation of the orphans who are supported by the institution. On the »vings, on the same floor, are six large private wards for the sick. The ar- rangements on the next floor are identical with what has been described, the cliapel at the eastern end taking the place of the hall. Off the corridors, on each side of the chapel, are wards for the sick, and apartments for the aged and infirm. The beautiful chapel which is as it were a central feature of all Catholic chari- table institutions, is entered from an upper hall at the stair landing, from which it is partitioned by stone pillars and arches, filled in with an open fret-work screen. It is lighted by a handsome triplet window at the eastern end. The roof is of that open woodwork which is such a marked feature of English eccle- siastical architecture. It is of stained pine wood, and consists of principals with arched ribs, resting on stone corbels, braced purloins and rafters. The chapel extends in height through three stories of the main building. At the west end the corridors of each story open into the chapel so that the inmates of the wards can enjoy a participation in the services without descending the staircase. The furniture of the altar and of the east end are worthy of the august Church to whose worship and charitable work it is dedicated. The arrangements for warming the entire building are of the best kind, and there is also an open fire- place in each room. Apart from the main building there are a number of out- buildings in connection with this beneficent institution, such as a gymnasium, a lodge, and recreation ground for the children. The orphans cared for by this TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 65 munificent house of Christian charity are as healthy and cheerful-looking a set of children as the present writer has ever had the pleasure of inspecting. The House of Providence was built from designs by William Nay. The present super- intendent is the Reverend Mother de Chantel. The object of this institution is the relieving of the aged, the orphans, the sick and the destitute of both sexes without distinction of creed. No charitable institution of our city more deserves the aid and sympathy of all who desire the good of their fellow creatures. The Lunatic Asylum is one of those institutions which are supported by the wise charity of the Government of the leading province of Canada. It is maintained by a yearly grant from Parliament and a tax of one penny a pound on the rateable property of each municipality. This institution dates from 1841, and owes its inception to Dr. William Rees, its first medical superintendent. It was then located on Toronto Street, in the old gaol, which was given for the purpose when the new prison was built near Gooderham's distillery. It was soon removed to larger premises at the corner of Front and Bathurst Streets. Fifty acres of the valuable property known as Garrison Common were bestowed upon this institu- tion by the Government, and the present magnificent building, with its stately cupola, arose at the west end of Queen Street. The wards are spacious and airy ; every accommodation that kindness and skill can bestow is afforded to the afflicted inmates, for whose recreation a library and reading-room are pro- vided, and balls and concerts are given from time to time by the charitable of the city. The property of the Asylum is vested in the Crown. The appointment of superintendent and of matron is made by the Government of Ontario. For many years this asylum was under the superintendence of Dr. John Workman, a gentle- man well known for his most admirable essays on the subject of mental disease, published in the Canadian Monthly. The present superintendent is Dr. Daniel Clark; the assistant superintendent is Dr. H. C. Buchan ; the matron is Miss M. C. Parker ; the assistant matron is Miss C. Parker. It is now considered advis- able that what is called the Cottage System should be tried with the insane, and it is therefore contemplated to remove the inmates of the Asylum to some remote place in the country. A valuable and splendidly-built edifice will thus be left at the disposal of our Government for hospital or other charitable purposes. BuRNSiDE Lying-in Hospital, which dates as far back as 1848, is managed by a committee of ladies, who visit it daily. It is maintained by voluntary sub- scription, aided by a Government grant of #400 yearly. It is open at all hours, day and night, and receives medical supervision free of charge. The Hospital for Sick Children is a small and unpretending building at the top of Elizabeth Street abutting on College Avenue. The matron is Miss Sarah Fowler. Many charitable ladies make it a labour of love to visit the poor little inmates, and children are often gratified by being allowed to carry thither fruit, flowers, and illustrated papers, which give such pleasure to the boy and girl sufferers both in sickness and convalescence, a pleasure enhanced beyond all des- cription by the bright looks and pretty faces of their visitors. This institution needs all the help it can receive. Contributions of any kind will be gratefully 66 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. received, flowers, fruit, food supplies, or i"ustrated serials. I hope my words may plead in its behalf with the kind hearts of some of my readers. The Asylum for the Incurable is another beneficent temple of Christian charity which well dest;rves the sympathy and support which it so largely receives from the ladies of Toronto. Many of these make a regular practice of visiting, on so many days each week, the afflicted who are here cared for. The building is large and commodious, and is situated on Dunn Avenue, Parkdale, within easy reach of the Queen Street cars. The matron is Mrs. Andrew Craigie. The Dental College and Infirmary is situated on ig Richmond Street east, and gives gratuitous relief to that form of suffering which, according to De Quincey, would reach the extreme limit of human agony, but for two mitigating circumstances : firf 1, that no man dies of it ; second, that severe as ib the torture, it may cease at any moment. The staff of this College consists of Dr. J. B. Wil- mott and Dr. L. Teskey, principals, and Dr. A. C. McKinlay, demonstrator. The Girls' Home is situated at a healthy and architecturally commanding position on 189 Gerrard Street. It is a handsome building in a renaissance or adaptation of Tudor Gothic. This institution aims at the support and training of destitute little girls under fourteen years of age, also at the maintenance of destitute little boys under four years of age. The Girls' Home is visited and superintended by many charitable ladies of our city. The secretary is Miss Wardrope, and the matron Miss Roohlider. The Andrew Mercer Eye and Ear Infirmary is situated on the same street in its eastern continuance, between Sackville and Sumach Streets. It affords gratuitous relief to a great many distressing cases. The Boys' Home, on 281 George Street, supplies a refuge and industrial training to a number of destitute boys who have not been convicted of any offence against the law. The secretary is Mr. Taylor, the treasurer, Mr. Mac- Master, the matron, Mrs. Munro. It is contemplated to remove this charitable institution to a more desirable situation out of the city precincts. The little folks, for whom it is humanely provided, seem healthy and cheerful. The House of Industry supplies a similar refuge to those children of older growth who form the flotsam and jetsam of our city wreckage. As yet the applicants for this form of charitable provision have been few indeed, com- pared with the teeming population of paupers who torm the protoplasm of all that is wretched and much that is wicked in the life of English cities. It would pay us well to organize a system for sending back to England the dertitute and incapable hordes of outcasts, so selfishly foisted on our support. As yet the resources of the House of Industry have not been overtaxed, and the inmates report the dietary and general provisions for comfort to be indeed different from what the writer has witnessed in those grim bastiles in which British civilization immures those criminals who are guilty of the one unpardonable crime of poverty ! It is a matter of course that this favourable condition of things cannot continue if the London slums are allowed much longer to empty themselves into the streets of our city. The Chairman of this institution is Mr. J. Allan; the Deputy-Chairman, TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 67 Mr. N. C.Love; the Treasurer, Mr. J. Scott ; the Secretary, Mr. W. J. Macdonnell, and the .Superintendent, Mr. W. K. Nutt. The building, which is a white brick renditions, of Queen Anne architecture, is at the corner of Elm and Elizabeth Streets. The Infants' Home or Infirmary carries out, on a munificent scale, the teaching of the Gospel with regard to the care of the litteones, in health as well as in sickness. It is situated on St. Mary Street, between Yonge and Chapel Streets. It has the benefit of the patronage of the Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario, of Mrs. Robinson, of Sir W. P. Howland, one of the best known and longest tried of afiy Toronto philanthropists, and of his wife, Lady Howland, as also of the Hon. D. L. Macpherson, and Mrs. Macpherson. The officers of this institution are: the I^resident, Mrs. Ridout. 119 Wellington Street West; the Vice-Presidents, Mrs. Featherstone Osier, 35 Avenue Street ; Mrs. Granthan, 94 Shuter Street ; Miss N. F. Scoble, 29 Bloor Street ; and the Treasurer of the building Fund, Lady Howland, whose residence is Shrewsbury Lodge, on Simcoe Street. The Mana- gers are : Mrs. Bendelari, 262 Wellington Street West ; Mrs. Edgar, 113 ISloor Street West ; Mrs. Ellis, 106 St. Vincent Street ; Mrs. R. Gooderham, 195 Sher- bourne Street; Miss Gregg, Queen's Park; Mrs. Thomas Hodgins, 29 Bloor Street West; Mrs. Harrison, 141 Simcoe Street; Mrs. A. MacLean Howard, 194 Carlton Street; Mrs. Langlois, 474 King Street West; Miss Mucklebury, 244 Simcoe Street ; Mrs. E. Langlois, 338 Spadina Avenue; Mrs. J. P. Dumoulin, 93 /Vdelaide Street East; Mrs. E. A. Meredith, Rosedale; Mrs. Nordheimer, (Menditt; Mrs. Macpherson, Chestnut Park; Mrs. Manton, 14 Clarence Square; Mrs. E. B. Osier, Cragdale, Roseville ; Mrs. C. Parson, 16 Grenville Street; Mrs. Roger, Deer Park; Mrs. Ridout, 119 Wellington Street West ; Miss Scoville, 29 Bloor Street East ; Mrs. Walter Townsend, 13 Avenue Street ; Mrs. Palmer, 557 Yonge Street ; Mrs. Ramsay Wright, St. George Street ; Mrs. Wilkes, 14 Bloor Street East; Mrs. J. W. Young, 82 Gloucester Street. The Medical Board of the Infants' Home consists of: J. N. Burns, M.D., Consulting Physician, 7 Col- lege Avenue; A. A. McDonald, M.D., 202 Simcoe Street; R. A. Payr, M.D., 225 Gerrard Street East; Geo. B. Smith, M.D., 5 Wilton Avenue; Bertram Spencer, M.D., M.R.C.S., 8 Bloor Street. The Advisory Board of this charity consists of the following members: Hon, Sam. Blake, Thos. Hodgins, Q.C., J. D. Edgar, Esq., Solicitor. Lady Superintendent and Correspondent, Miss Gwyn ; Matron and Head Nurse, Mrs. White. For the most unhealthy of their sex, those who so truly merit the name of imfortunate, there are two asylums, each named after the Saint whom the charity f the Christ reclaimed from being the typical sinner of her class. That which owes its origin to Protestant charity is situated on McMurrich Street, at the corner of Belmont, in St. Paul's Ward. The Matron is Mrs. Elizabeth Spence. The Catholic Magdalen Asylum is at Parkdale, on 14 West Lodge Avenue, and is under the s'nervision of the Reverend Mother Mary Schwtmolle as Superioress. The Ni wsbovs' Home, 42 Frederick Street, is an admirable example of that unpauperizing form of charity which not only provides for present destitution. IT 68 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. but teaches self-reliance and self-help for the future. It is conducted by the following honoured names : — Hon. G. \V. Allan, Chair.nan ; Daniel Wilson, LL.D., and President of University College, Vice-President ; William Oldright, M.D., Medical Officer; D. Wiggins, Treasurer; W. B. Simpson, Secretary; Alfred Chapman, Superintendent; Mrs. Chapman, Matron. The Toronto news- boy, like the London City Arab, or the Parisian gamin, belongs to a distinctive class. Many sins have been laid to his door, but, at least, he deserves the credit of courage, industry, and often of a good deal of rough kindliness towards the members of his own caste. I am indebted to the Hon. Samuel Blake for the anecdote on which the following poem is based, and which I venture to submit to the reader. It was published in the Toronto Telegram : — THE TORONTO NEWSBOY. The poor little newsboy that jostles The parsons parading the street. Is not one of your sucking Apostles, No Saints in his class will you meet. II. No Sunday School crowd does he follow, And he hasn't been taught, you may bet, To se6k to complacently swallow All the texts and the tarts he can get. III. He is honest ; his wits are the brightest. And his prompt thrust of repartee strikes ; But his language is not the politest ; He can swear pretty hard if he iikcs. IV, Yet a warm heart is his. I remember Now, selling her papers, a child On King Street, one night in December, When the bleak blast from Bav Street blew wild. V. Some lost little waif she resembled. Her bundle of papers unsold ; Till one newsboy, who saw how she trembled, " See, boys ! " he said, " Sissie is cold ! " VI. They clubbed all their coppers toc^^ther, They bought every paper she had. And they wrapped her up warm from the weather. And sent her home hearty and glad. TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 69 to VII. Though scarcely thought worthy to jostle Your parsons parading the street ; * Though by no means a sucking Apostle, A Man in each newsboy you'll meet ! The Catholic Church, with the judicious charity for which it has been lamous for eighteen centuries of beneficence, has established on go Jarvis Street the Notre Dame Institlte, which provides gratuitously, or at a small cost, lodging for young ladies employed in the city without homes of their own. The Reverend Mother Mary Anselm is Superior. The St. Nicholas Home is a similar institute for the benefit of young boys, who are lodged, boarded and provided for in every way at a nomina' -/am per week. Every care is taken of their industrial training, every effort is made to encourage habits of honest industry. This Home is under the charge >f Sister Louisa as Lady Superior. The S.mall-pox Hospital at Riverside, in the eastern precincts of the city, gives ample accommodation to cases of this dread disease. Mr. W. Courtney is caretaker. The Toronto Dispensary is supported by the private subscriptions of the benevolent, aided by a small grant from the city in order to secure a free supply of medicine to the necessitous. It is open daily, free of charge, from i2 to 2 p.m. The medical ste *f consists of: Drs. Riordan, Barnes, MacNab, Ross, Smith, Spencer, McPhedran, Lesslie, and WillcOck. In reviewing the subject of our city charities, it would be indeed unjust to pass by the organization of charitable effort for which Toronto is mainly indebted to Professor Goldwin Smith. A number of ladies and others have undertaken to vis^t and report upon all cases of destitution within the city limits, so that all persons to whose charity an appeal is made can, by referring to the lady in charge 01 the district in question, obtain an absolutely trustworthy report of the claims of the applicant. Nor would it be just to omit meiition of the good done in ways that have no record by the various churches of Toronto. Each and all of them, widely as they differ on those questions of dogma which constitute religious dissension, agree in those works of practical charity which constitute the essence of religion as distinguished from theology. Nor is the exercise of charity, if charity be still regarded as a sweeter word than " altruism," confined to members of the Christian Church. The Free Thought or Secular Society has in many instances con- tributed generously to the relief of members who needed sympathy or aid. ;i I 70 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. '^f\t: Min5 of tf|« CitQ. THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE, THE LIBRARIES, ETC. Ijfr^VER since its foundation by John Graves Simcoe, in 1794, Toronto has held ji/ the foremost place not only in English Canada, but in all British America, including the old French provinces, as the centre of improvement. In Toronto while journalism in every other part of Canada was yet in its non- age appeared in 1824, the first representative of the modern newspaper, William Lyon Mackenzie's Colonial Advocate, ^oon to be followed as the champion of reli- gious as well as civil freedom, by Egerton Ryerson's Christian Guardian. That bitter enemy of all things Canadian, and more especially of this Little York, where mud had too often soiled her boots, Anna Jamieson, owns that Toronto was in her day {1836) well supplied with books, and could boast an intellectual society. In Toronto the earliest effort at dramatic representation was successfully carried out in the ballroom of Frank's Hotel, a white-painted frame building on the north- east corner of Market Lane (now Colborne Street) abutting on the Market Square. At the same time an attempt was made to establish a scientific and literary society, at a time when nothing of the kind had entered the thoughts of any citizen of any other part of English or French Canada. On that same Market Street stood the Masonic Hall, a very different building from the stately structure which in the centre of Toronto Street has been reared by the brethren of the Square and Compass. It was a frame building of two stories, but was notable as being the first in Little York, which could boast the proud distinction of a " coopola." When Mr. Moses Fish (all piscicultural honours to his memory!) and other lovers of science, organized a scientific lecture. Dr. Scadding {Toronto of Old, p. 109) tells us that he remembers hearing Mr. John Fenton read a paper on the manufacture of steel, using ciagrams in illustration, one of th^.m showing a magnified edge of a well-set ra:or, the serrations all sloping in one direction, by which it might be seen that unless a man in shaving imparted to the instrument in his hand a carefully studied movement, he was likely to fret into a scrape." (Dr. Scadding is responsible for this reprehensible pun). This historian of Toronto of Old has done well to place on record these first begin- nings of scientific study in our city. They are not less important than the accounts he has given us of the rude wooden church which has grown into a stately cathedral, or the few log-built stores which have developed into a world- reaching commerce, for in them was the promise of a scientific development which we are only beginning to see fulfilling its beneficent work. TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 71 The Canadian Institute occupies one of the most palace-like buildings in the city, situated on the north side of Richmond Street east, immediately in the rear of St. James' Square. This edifice is of three stories, is constructed of red brick with white stone facings, and is in the Parisian renaissance style of archi- tecture. It contains several lecture rooms, a comfortably furnished reading- room for the members, and a handsome library well supplied with scientific works. This serves as a meeting place for the opening and other re-unions of the Institute. The Canadian Institute ranks high above all the Mechanics' Institutes and other literary or scientific societies of Canada, where, with the exception of the Quebec Historical Society, it has no peer. All the most distinguished names in science and literature of which English Canada can boast are enrolled on its list of members, and the opening address of Mr. Buchan, president for the present year (an exhaustive and felicitously worded essay on "The Influences of Climate on Races"), is a fair sample of its contributions to scientific literature. The Insti- tute took its rise in 1849, as a society to be composed of civil engineers, land sur- veyors, architects, and men of distinguished attainments in science or the arts. It contemplated the formation of a library of scientific works with special relation to the geology of Upper Canada, the collection of charts, maps and records of surveys, and the establishment of a museum for Canadian models, geological specimens, and antiquities. Its first meeting was held on June 20th, 1849. An Act of incorporation was obtained on November 4th, 1851, and the distinguished geologist. Sir William Logan, was elected the first president. We find the' object of the Canadian Institute thus stated in the first sentence of the regulations : " The Canadian Institute has been established by Royal Charter for the purpose of promoting the physical sciences, for encouraging and advancing the industrial arts and manufactures, for effecting the formation of a provincial museum, and for the purpose of facilitating the acquirement and the dissemination of know- ledge connected with the surveying, engineering, and architectural professions." The members of the Institute are elected by ballot, each pays a fee of #4 yearly. The meetings are held every Saturday during the season, the public being admit- ted but not allowed to vote or join in deb.'te. A Journal of Proceedings is issued by the Institute which exchanges witl ihe journals of most of the leading scientific societies in America and Europe. Toronto is well supplied with libraries, better than any other city in Canada, although Quebec possesses a library with more complete collections of patristic and other theological literature, and the tax-payers of the Dominion maintain a numerically larger assortment of books at Ottawa, which is after all only an immense circulating library of novels, French and English, for the benefit of members of Parliament and the Civil Service, in a city where every second citizen is a Civil servant. First in importance comes the Ontario Parliament Library. This ir^ held in precarious tenure of its existence in that ancient fire- trap already descr;bed in our account of the old Parliament Buildings on Front Street. The library room is spacious, handsome, and well furnished. It contains \ ^f 72 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 18,000 volumes, and a large collection of scare political and historical treaties, most valuable to the student of our country's history, and of which the present writer has made considerable use in preparing the present and other works treating on Canadian history. The collection of old newspapers is a far better one than that attached to the Ottawa Parliament Library, where French historic and antiquarian interests reign supreme, and matters relating to the councils of English-speaking Canada are held of little account. As an instance of this, when visiting the Ottawa library, in July, 1883, in order to make certain historic researches, I asked for a copy of William Lyon Mackenzie's Constitution. Not a single number of it was to be found. It is, of course, very different in the Toronto Parliamentary Library, and the librarian, Mr. W. Houston, a worthy successor to the previous librarians, Messrs. Watson and Inglis, is remarkable for his courteous zeal in assisting in their historic and political researches, not only members of the House, but all the bond fide Men of Letters who are permitted to use the library by the courtesy of the Ontario Government. It is to be hoped that Mr. Mowat, who has in many ways shown that he is not indifferent to the cause of Canadian Letters, will procure such additional grants to this library as may provide for the better classification of the valuable old newspapers now huddled together in an attic, and for the purchase, while pur- chase is still possible, of a complete set of the various old newspapers which supply a material otherwise unattainable for the student of our national history. It were much to be wished that the Ontario Government would appoint a com- petent person to act as historiographer, to collect these, and other important series of historical information throughout the Province. The expense would be slight, the public benefit great. The Library of Osgoode Hall (already described) contains 20,000 volumes, most of them on legal subjects, but many of historic interest. The librarian is Mr. J. H. Esten. The University Librakv is one of the handsomest rooms in that magnificent institution. It has been the work mainly of Dr. McCaul, late President, and a ripe classical scholar, and of Dr. Daniel Wilson, the well-known writer on anthropology. As a matter of course, it reflects to a large degree the special studies of this distinguished scholar, but contains, in addition, a fine collection of historical, philosophical and scientific works. By the courtesy of the librarian, Mr. W. N. Vandersmissen, the use of the library is granted to graduates of other Universities, especially to those engaged in literature as a profession. The Toronto Free Library is situated in the handsome building, of which a description has already been given, at the corner of Adelaide and Church Streets. It represents an older institution, the Mechanics' Institute, which wisely and gracefully merged itself in the new Public Library. The latter is still an experiment of which, from the violent opposition manifested against it by an influential section of the city authorities, and the lamentable dissensions among the Library Board, it is at present impossible to predict the success which i:> so earnestly to be wished for. The library was opened with appropriate ceremo.iies a treaties, e present 3r works ar better historic uncils of of this, historic ion. Not nt in the a worthy markable rches, not who are ment. It he is not nal grants uable old .vhile pur- ers which al history, int a corn- important 3 would be 3 volumes, ibrarian is lagnificent ent, and a writer on :he special collection : librarian, es of other , of which d Church ich wisely is still an it by an »ns among hich if, so eremonies • . : IJI, TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 75 ■:M on the 6th March, 1884. The librarian is Mr. John Bain, Junior ; the secretary Mr. John Davy. Of the Northern branch of the Public Library, Mr. Samuel Thompson is librarian ; of the Western branch, located in St. Andrew's Hall, the librarian is Miss O'Dowd. - The Y. M. C. A. have a small, but well-chosen, library of some 1,500 volumes. The librarian is Mr. W. A. Douglass. The Libr.'\rv of Tri.mty College is a good collection of patriotic and " Anglo-Catholic " literature. Of private libraries, the largest are those of Mr. Homer Dixon, and of Professor Goldwin Smith. The latter distinguished gentleman has been in the habit of lending books otherwise unattainable, to the literary students of his acquaintance. Besides the-c, the chief public libraries of Toronto, there is the Normal School library, an institution, as at present conducted, of very doubtful utility. The position of librarian, the sinecure, as it might, perhaps, be termed, is held by Mr. William Lemon. It contains some 5,000 volumes, which ought either to be given to the Parliament, or the Free Library, or utilized for some special purpose, under the direction of a competent expert. In an attic in the Normal School buildings are a number of most valuable political and historical pamphlets, which are now allowed to moulder away hidden from the light of day. The red tape officialism of the Education Department, with dog in the manger churlish- ness, refuses access to these documents, even to well- '.mown literary students. 76 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. Wi\^ Brain$ ol Wovonio. I lii THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS — THE UNIVERSITY — UPPER CANADA COL- LEGE, KNOX, ST. MICHAEL'S AND TRINITY COLLEGES. NLIKE the capital of the older Province of French Canada, the metrop- olis of English-speaking Canada has from the first been remarkable as an educational centre. Among the earliest Acts of the Parliament of Upper Canada was one providing for the maintenance of a Public School in each District of the Province. That of the Home District was situated at the south-east angle of the intersection of George with King Street; it was a low stone building, which, Dr. Scadding says, resembled a root-house, and was after- wards covered with clapboards. The teacher was the Reverend Okill Stuart, who was for many years, and till within our own memory, Archdeacon of the Anglican Church in Kingston. The school opened on the first of June, 1807, and among the list of the pupils occur the familiar names of John Ridout, George J. Boulton, Allan McNab, William Jarvis, William Cawthra, and many others well known in the annals of Toronto. Co-education seems to have been per- mitted, as the list includes the names of several young ladies, afterwards destined to play a leading part in the society of the city. A large building for district school purposes was subsequently erected in a lot of six acres, immediately north of the St. James' Church plot, on the site of the present Cathedral. It was presided over for many years by Dr. Stuart's then able and famous successor, Dr. John Strachan. For a long time, and within living memory, that six-acre field, now so closely built over, was the play-ground, carpeted with abundant white clover, where Robert Baldwin, Beverley Robinson, and others of distin- guished name, engaged in the boyish games which prefigured the contests of ma- turer life. Dr. Strachan had a strength of character which gave him a martial ascendency over his boys, and in many cases lasted all through life. At the south-east corner of the six-acre lot half an acre had been apportioned to the "Central School," conducted on what was known as the " Bell and Lancaster " System, which served the purpose of a Public School for primary education. The master was Mr. Appleton, afterwards Mr. Spragge, a ripe scholar, who had been educated in England. His son, Mr. John Godfrey Spragge, became Chan- cellor of Ontario. A private school was also kept for some time by Dr. William Baldwin, the founder of Spadina. A further provision for the higher education of Toronto was made in 1829 by Sir John Colborne, then Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada, by the' foundation of Upper Canada, or, as it was at first styled. Minor College. Sir John was of opinion that the Province was not as yet I.,,. Lirr:" iiriir iii',,' v ''••' m li' u\ •■)' lih" A COL- :s. metrop- kable as iment of c School ed at the as a low ifas after- 11 Stuart, on of the I Soy, and t, George ly others jeen per- destined r district ely north It was iuccessor, ; six-acre abundant of distin- its of ma- a martial At the gd to the incaster " ducation. who had me Chan- . William education Governor is at first not as yet MiL (.'■''■'''■' .'■'.''. .!:i4!l ,,1 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 79 ripe for the establishment of a University, for which a charter had been obtained. This Lieutenant-Governor, previous to his term of office in Canada, had been Governor of Guernsey, and of the Channel Islands, where he had founded, or r.ithiT remodelled, a similar college. Minor College was built on a lot of ground on the north side of King Street, opposite Government House, and named Kussel Place. It was opened in January, 1830, under the masters "appointed at Oxford " by the Vice-Chancellor. The Principal was the Rev, J. H. Norris, D.D., late Fellow of Clare Hall, Cambridge; the Vice-Principal was the Rev. J. Phillips, D.D., of Queen's College, Cambridge. The Upper Canada College was, for many years, of the greatest benefit to the city and the Province, and most of our distinguished public men were educated there. Now that our numerous Collegiate Institutes afford every facility for a first-class secondary education, it is thought by many that Upper Canada College has survived its usefulness, and that if the wealthier classes in our city desire a College for the exclusive use of youth who do not consider the Collegiate Institute sufficiently " high-toned," they ought to support such college themselves. But a certain amount of conservatism is natural and wholesome in dealing with an institution that has done such good service in the past, and perhaps the Collegiate Institutes may be none the worse for its competition. The existing Public School system is the work of one man of good sense and force of character, the late Rev. Egerton Ryerson, who, in the period between 1844 and 187G, modelled, remodelled, and established it on its present firmly established basis. Dr. Ryerson travelled extensively, at the Government expense, both in the United States, in England, and in Europe, in order to study the educational methods of the various countries which he visited. The result was an eclectic system, the main features of which are its general machinery, borrowed from that of the school laws of the Middle United States ; the system of school support by a uniform tax on property, borrowed from the New England States ; the Normal and Model Schools, taken from the Prussian methods ; and the original School Text-books, adopted from the series then in use in the National Schools of Ireland, these latter being acceptable to both Protestants and Catholics. The Public Schools of Toronto at present number twenty-two. They are built in a uniform style of architecture, on modifications of Italian renaissance, and have lofty class-rooms, wide corridors, and ample accommodation for play grounds. The most prominent of these edifices are the Ryerson School, at the junc- ture of St. Patrick and Hackney, Mr. Samuel MacAllister, principal ; John Street school, Mr. J. Campbell, principal ; Bathurst Street school, Mr. R. McCausland, principal; Victoria Street school, Mr. Robt. W.Doane, principal. Of the efficiency of the Public Schools of Toronto, the writer can speak from personal experience.* * I desire to record especially my sense of gratitude for the excellence of the intellectual and moral training given to my children at the John Street School, under Mr. Campbell, and I have reason to believe that a character of the same high tone may be given to most, if not all, of our City Public Schools. r ii 80 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. The official Board of the Toronto Public Schools consists of Messrs. W. C. Wilkinson, secretary; W. B. McMurrich, solicitor; R. F. Fitzgerald, auditor, and James L. Hughes, inspector. The latter gentleman, during his term of office, has much promoted not merely the efficiency, but what is as important for the happiness of the little ones, the enjoyableness of our school training. He has intnniuced several modifications of the German kindergarten system, and has established a regular method of drawing lessons of the greatest importance both as affording a harmless and graceful amusement, and as eliciting any latent artistic taste. Of course a public school cannot attempt to be a school for art, uut the school drawing lesson is at least an excellent training for eye and hand in many callings where the power to devise and draw is valuable. It also gives a means of discovering latent artistic taste which may be elsewhere educated. The singing lesson also is of no small hygienic use and does much to promote kindly feeling: and the best sort of esprit dc corps. The number of children attending the Public Schools of Toronto in 1882, was 9,784; in 1883 it has risen to 15,250. The teachers number 1,993. The Separate Schools number eleven, besides which are the De La Salle Institute, the St. Mary's Institute, and the St. Michael's School, conducted by the Christian Brothers ; and the Lorette Abbey on Wellington Place, a Seminary for the higher education of young ladies ; the Lorette Convent, corner of Bond Street and Wilton Avenue, separately for boys and girls ; St. Alphonso's School, Richmond Street and Jarvis; St. Basil's School, St. Vincent corner of Breadalbane ; St. Charles' School, Yonge Street, St. Paul's Ward ; St. Francis Xavier, on Bond Street. The Sisters of St. Joseph also conduct St. Joseph's Academy, corner of St. Alban and St. Joseph Streets; and St. Mary's Academy of the Immaculate Conception on Bathurst Street. The Inspector of Separate Schools is Mr. T. F. White. The average salaries of public school teachers in Toronto is, of male teachers, 5720, of female teacliers, $324. It is much to be desired, in the truest interest of our citizens, that this shall be very considerably raised. It is impossible to over-state the damaging effect of a penny-wise and pound- foolish policy on our otherwise excellent educational system. It is a truism, but a truism which (to borrow Sydney Smith's phrase) seems to require a surgical operation to get it inside the heads of our municipal authorities, and of the rate- payers who elect them, that it is impossible to get the maximum of results from the minimum of pay. The Teaching profession must fall in public estimatipn as it falls in its own self-respect, and this loss to the community by the deterio- ration of an educational system is beyond measure greater than the trifling expenditure needed in order to make the position of a public school teacher a coveted prize, certain to be awarded only to absolutely the best candidates the country can produce. It would be well, perhaps, if, as in many parts ol the United States, the title of " Professor" were given to the public school teacher. Such matters may appear trifling, but in reality they do affect the teacher's social position, which it is the interest of all of us should be raised as high as possible, so as to increase as much as may be, the moral leverage of the teacher on the pupil. TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 8i This book aims at being altogether non-v jlitical, but in the interest of fair play I cannot but allude, in treating of this .subject, to the great advance and beneficent legislation by which the public school system has been built up under the late Minister of Education, the Hon. Adam Crooks. This gentleman has been cut down while in the prime of his official career, by one of those forms of cerebral disease to which brain-workers are so unhappily liable. The present writer cannot but remember with gratitude his uniform kindness and courtesy, and readiness to receive suggestions from any quarter whatsoever. I was for some months editor of the Canada School yournal, and had frequent occasion to consult Mr. Crooks, with whose kindly disposition, and singleminded devotion to the educational interests of the country, I was deeply impressed. Now, when my language cannot be suspected of adulation towards one stricken down by a malady hopeless and pitiless as death itself, I wish to place on record my impression of the late Minister as an educational reformer and administrator. 1 would add that, in my opinion, which is here offered in all humility, the country owes much to the Canada School yournal for its thoroughly independent advocacy of the interests of the Teaching Profession, for its thorough-going criticism of our educational system, and its very ably-written educational articles. While I was editor I know that the proprietor sustained me in taking an entirely independent attitude towards the Educational Department, and towards the University authorities. The same attitude was taken by Mr. William Houston, who, for a much longer period, and with far more experienced hands, presided over this journal. There can be no doubt of the fact that the efficiency of the Education Department has been greatly advanced since it has been under the charge of a Minister responsible to Parliament. Dr. Ryerson was a dictator at a period when dictatorship was needed, but Responsible Government is now the order of the day in every department of the public service. The existing public schools are the Dufferin, the Ryerson, the Wellesley, Phoebe Street, John Street, Park, Winchester, Victoria, Niagara, Louisa, Parliament, George, Church, Elizabeth, Brant, Bathurst, Hope, Palace, York, Borden, Givins, Leslieville, Boys' Home, Girls' Home, Orphans' Home, Centre Street. In all of them there is evidence of over-crowding. The writer is informed by the (Mty School Inspector thnt, on account of the great number of pupils in each class-room, the teachers have not fair play in their endeavour to teach and discipline their classes, and that on account of the want of accom- modation, it is impossible for them to enforce the law as to compulsory education. It seems a cruel wrong to our citizens that six millions of property, mostly that of the class of wealthy non-producers, should be exempt from the taxation which is equitably shared among all the classes of producers. Were the comfortable incomes and non-rent-paying and luxurious residences of the city clergy compelled to share the burden which is borne by every producer, by the journalist, the physician, and the mechanic, new school accommodation could be soon enough provided without in any way over-taxing the resources of the city. It is pleasant to set ^' t the last several reports of the active and vigilant gentleman who fills the ii ^nt post of Inspector of Public Schools in Toronto, 82 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. show a marked improvement in the punctuality of the pupils at our city Public Schools. An important branch of our city educational system has been the establish- ment of night schools, a born to many desirous of self-improvement, who are employed at business during the daj^. This is due, like many other improve- ments i;: our school system, to Mr. James Hughes, P.S.I. The attention of educationists has been called by Mr. Hugnes to the import- ance of adopting some of rhe main features of the Kindergarten (children's garden) system established in Germany by Fraibel. The object of this illustrious educationist and true friend to all the little ones is thus stated in his own words: " The objects of the Kindergarten are to take the oversight of children before they are ready for school life, to exert an influence over their whole being in correspondence with its nature; to strengthen their bodily poweis; to exercise their senses ; to employ t^^e awakening mind ; to make them thoroughly acquainted with the world of nature and of man ; to guide their heart and soul in a right direction, and to lead them to the Origin of all life, and to union with Him." In concluding this notice of our Toronto educational system, it is but just to point to the good work done by the Ontario Government in selecting for the position of Minister of Education the best man available, and in standing by him firmly in spite of the constant fault-finding of partisan sore-heads and party newspapers. The present Minister of Education is a practical teacher, a thorough business man, and possessed of the requisite firmness for his difficult position. There is one point in which a reform is desirable. While the country has been ringing with the clamours of the Opposition press, who thought they had discovered a practicable mare's-nest in the text-book question, everybody has been silent on the fi.r more important question of the constitution of the examining body, whose duty it has been — a most important and responsible duty — to deter- mine who is ,ind who is not competent to be a Public School teacher. Hitherto this duty has devolved on a committee of sub-examiners, the composition of which, under the latter years of Mr. Crooks' administration, was most unsatis- factory. Lawyers, clerks, friends of officials in the Department, all kinds of incompetent men were appointed ; competent men who did not happen to have friends at court were excluded. As a consequence, the Province was flooded with a class of teachers whom it would have been wiser to divert to some other branch of industry. It is to be hoped that the Hon. G. W. Ross vvill carry out a radical change in this respect. Collegiate Institute. — On the establishment of Upper Canada College the District Grammar School was removed from its original site to the line of Nelson Street, the remainder of the six-acre school-plot being handed over to Upper Canada College. After many vicissitudes the present Collegiate Institute was established in a comi odious and handsome building in 315 Jarvis Street. The rector is Mr. Archibald MacMurchy. He is assisted by the following staff: Meso.s. S. Hughes, English ; W.G.Crawford, B.A., Cla-ssics ; F. F. Manley, M.A., Mathematics; Geo. Acheson, B.A., Science and English; G. E. Shaw, M.A., Modern Languages ; Peter McEachrf.n and William Grant, English and j! c X m n > V. > n o r r m c TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 85 Mathematics; Miss Charlotte E. Thi.mpson, Miss Helen MacMurchy, English; and Richard Baigent, Drawing Master. The High Schools and Collegiate Institutes are the representatives and suc- cessors of the old county grammar schools, of one of which, the once famous and still efficient Niagara Grammar School, the present writer was for some time principal. Our Toronto Collegiate Institute is, to an extent which I have thus peculiar facilities for appreciating, as great an advance on .the old grammar school, as that was on the excellent but in some respects unsatisfactory schools of Little York, whose pedagogues were John StracRan and the progenitor of the Baldwin family. Ever since the amendment of the law in 1876 the high schools he shown more satisfactory results. Our regulations as to the public schools am at keeping them within the elementary line, and special subjects are less and less taught therein. Hence an increased vitality has been given to the hi6;h schools of late years, but more especially from the pc-mnnency of the me.ns they can rely upon for support. The Collegiate Institute of Toronto, as tested by the m. reliable of tests, practical results, is in the first rank of vJntario's High Schools and Collegiate Institutes. It has to contend against what no other Collegiate Institute in the Province has to contend against, the competition of a rival institution in its own city. Not only is this the case, but the Upper Canada College flouts the Collegiate Institute with the pretence of a superiority of c is - among the pupils, a pretence which maybe a very good reason for the pretenders of " upper tendom " supporting the Upper Canada College out of their own pockets, and not out of those of the Ontario taxpayer, but is both an insult and an injury to the Collegiate Institute, which alone represents the true secon- dary education of the Province. In spite of being thus handicapped by a rival supported against the people's interest bV the people's money, the Collegiate Institute is doing good work under its able and indefatigable principal. As a graduate in first classical honours of the University of Dublin, the present writer may be permitted to express an opinion as to the classical training given by our Toronto Collegiate Institute. He believes that it may challenge comparison with any of the many e.xcellent institutions of the kind throughout the Province, institutions which he has always considered it a privilege to be permitted to visit and inspect. As to any difference of social tone affecting the Collegiate Institute, no one who has seen the gentlemanly lads and refined lady-like girl pupils can allow the thought to enter his mind that the Upper Canada College has any right whatever to its tacitly-urged claim of superiority. In 1881 a suggestion was made by the writer in the Canada School Johr'iil that Upper Canada College, might with advantage be utilized as a ladies' college, a suggestion which was afterwards put forward in the influential pages of liy- standey. The injustice of Upper Canada College being maintained at the expense of the " raw democracy" as a hot-house for fastening on our school system an alien and noxious growth of shoddy aristocracy, is felt among the teaching profes- sion, has been most vigorously denounced by the Caiutda Sc/tool yuitr al and by the independent press, but it is still maintained by the inveterate conservatism of the Education Department. It is not too much to say that tl)e Toronto Col- 86 TORONTO; PAST AM) PRESENT. legiate Institute can never have fa^r play till Upper Canada College is dislodged from buildings which ought to belong to the public school secondary education department, and thrown on the support of those who think their children too "high-toned" to associate with the pupils of the Collegiate Institute, of whose efficiency all sensible men in Toronto are so justly proud. The Normal School. — Toronto is the seat of the central portion of the edu- cational system of the Province. The Normal School is intended for the more efficient preparation of teachers. For this we are indebted to the wisdom and energy of the late Egerton Ryerson. The Normal School was held in the Govern- ment buildings, but in consequence of the transfer of the seat of Government from Montreal to Toronto in 1S49, the school was transferred tn the Temperance Hall, Temperance Street, where it remained until April, 1852, when the new buildings were opened. It is now permanently settled in the new Education Department buildings, at the corner of Gould and Victoria Streets, which also give a home to the Ontario School of Art and the Model School. The new buildings are an ornament to the city, they are surrounded by spacious grounds well furnished with lawn and g.^rden, a favourite resort for our citizens during the summer. The buildings are triced with stone and are of the classical order of architecture. They contain a museum with an excellent collection of specimens of Assyrian and Egyptian art, and a statue gallery with casts of the best antique sculptures. There are several rooms full of copies of Italian and other masters. These are for the most part poor, and it is to be regretted that copies which so imperfectly represent the grace and richness of colour of great paintings should be constantly before the eyes of our art students. The principal of the Normal School is the Rev.W. H. Davies, D.D.; the mathematical master is Mr. James Carlyle, M.D., a nephew of the great writer of that name; the science master, Mr. Thomas Kirkland, M.A.; the teacher of book-keeping and writing, Mr. S. Clare; Mess.rs. S. H. Preston, vocal music; R. Lewis, Elocution ; C. R. Dearnally, gymnastics; S. P. May, Clerk of Normal School. The Toronto Model School is held in the same buikhng. It, as well as the Normal School, is supported by a Government grant, and as in the Normal School the teachers are instructed in the principles of education, and the best theoretical methods of cummunicating knowledge, so in the Model School they have an opportunity of giving practical effect to their instructions, by acting as teachers to the various classes of the Model School, under the direction of teachers thoroughly acquainted with the subject. The head master of the boys' school is Mr. C. Clarkson ; John L. Davidson, first assistant; S. M. Dorland, second assistant: Peter N. Davy, third assistant; Mrs. M. Cullen, mistress of girls' school ; Miss Kate F. Hagarty, first assistant ; Miss M. Meehan, second assistar.t ; Miss Julia Nesserllay, third assistant. The staft' of the Normal School supply instruction in writing, drawing, music, calisthenics. During the academic year of the Normal School there are two sessions for the training of second class teachers. The first begins about the 15th of September, the second about the 5th of February. Thl Ont.\rio School of Art is a most meritorius institution, and one TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 89 likely to do great service to the public, in view of the growth of late years of an artistic spirit in Toronto, and of the effort now being made, under the direction of the present Public School Inspector, to cultivate a taste for art among the pupils in the Public Schools. Its headquarters are in the Education Depart- ment buildings. Church Street entrance. The chairman is the Hon. G. W. Allan ; E. B. Shuttleworth is secretary, and S. P. May, M.D., superintendent. The Provinci.\l University crowns our educational institutions. It supplies the highest form of mental training, to which the poorest boy in the Province may, if he has industry and ability, make his way through the Public School and Colle- giate Institute. The University buildings, the architectural glory of Canada, being second in beauty only to the Parliament buildings at Ottawa, are nobly situated in the Queen's Park. They are a sort of modernized version of Norman architecture, and are constructed of a kind of grey free-stone. The tower is magnificent, and no visitor to Toronto should miss viewing the panorama of city and lake which is to be seen from its summit. The entrance hall and grand stair- case are of beautiful proportions. There is a museum and an excellent library, to share the benefits of which the courtesy of the learned librarian, Mr. Wm. Henrj^ Vandersmissen, admits all Toronto visitors who are professionally interested in literature and classical lore. The present buildings date from 1851, but the University itself was a project cherished by the ever-to-be-honoured founder of Toronto, Governor John Graves Simcoe, who talked the matter over with no less a scientist than Sir Joseph Banks, president of the Royal Society in London. In 1827, mainly by the energy of S. Strachan, afterwards bishop of the Episcopalian (Church in Toronto, the University of King's College was established. But it was so constituted as to be altogether in the hands of the Church of England, and this gave great offence throughout the Province, and was one of the causes which produced the insurrection of 1837. The grievance was finally removed and a non-sectarian University established. Its constitution as a University for the purpose of examining and giving degrees, with a college for purposes of tuition, was at length settled in 1853; it prospered for many years under the able presi- dency of Dr. Macaul, of Trinity College, Dublin ; the present president is Dr. Daniel Wilson, who is also professor of history and English literature. Dr. Wil- son has attained European fame as the author of "Prehistoric Man" and other works, and has been all through life an advanced thinker on educational subjects. The chancellor of the University is the Hon. Edward Blake, the vice-chancellor is Mr. W. Mulock, M.A. The Senate is in part elected by convocation, in part it consists of officials and representatives of affiliated institutions, in part of members appointed by the Lieutenant-Governor. Besides the Provincial University, denominational education is well repre- sented in Toronto. Hopes have been from time to time entertained of the vari- ous churches consenting to some measure of university consolidation, which, by associating the colleges in one central university, might effect considerable economy in educati(jnal machinery. At present, however, there does not seem much prosjx-'ct of this, and perhaps the influence of competition may be wholesome. I I" 90 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. ^M vr University College was never in a more flourishing condition than at present, and owes much to the wisdom with which the Hon. Adam Crooks, before the unhappy breakdown of his health, discharged the duties of Minister of Edu- cation in filling up vacant positions in the college staff. It was he who appointed Professor Wilson as President. Equally successful has been his appointment of Mr, M. Hutton, B.A., to the chair of classics. That University College may continue to hold, as it now holds, the leading position among Canadian colleges, must be the wish of every well-wisher of Toronto. Upper Canada College is a palace-like building on King Street, opposite Government House, to which it affords no unfit compliment. It is built of red brick, with stone facings, and is in the Queen Anne style of architecture, now so much in vogue. The circumstances attending on its foundation have been des- cribed. The present staff consists of the Lieutenant-Governor of the Province, and the principal ; Messrs. W. Wedd, M.A., first classical master; Jas. Brown, M.A., mathematical master ; John Maitland, M.A., second classical master and resident master in College boarding-house; Funner Freund, German master; G. D. Sparling, B.A., assistant mathematical master; W. S. Jackson, A. Scott, B.A., G. Gordon, B.A., and H. Brock, assistant English masters; Thos. Ben- gough, teacher of stenography ; Sergeant Pair, drill master; J. C. Berkeley Smith, bursar ; Dr. M. Barrett, medical attendant. The Bishop Strachan School — a flourishing private school for the educa- tion of young ladies — was founded in 1868, and named after the late Bishop Strachan. It is conducted in accordance with the methods of the Anglican Church, and has found much favour with citizens of that denomination. The educational training is understood to be of a very superior kind, and the moral discipline is carefully attended to. The President is the Right Rev. Dr. Sweatman, bishop of the Anglican Church in Toronto, the Principal is Miss Grier, daughter of the late Rev. Mr. Grier, rector of the Anglican Church in Belleville, and one of the most respected of the pioneer clergy of Upper Canada. The school buildings and recreation grounds are pleasantly situated on College Avenue. The University of Trinity College owes its origin to the untiring energy and self-sacrifice of the first Church of England bishop in Toronto. To Dr. Strachan had been due in no slight degree the inception of King's College, To- ronto. It was not unnatural, considering Dr. Strachan's strong prejudice in favour of a State Church, a prejudice, be it remembered, which was shared by all the Family Compact and by every Governor of Upper Canada till the advent of Lord Durham and Liberalism, that the good bishop should have wished to make the Upper Canada University a close corporation in the hands of the Church of England clergy, just as the Old Country Universities were, without exception, in his day. But the attempt to impose a State Church on "raw demo- cratic Canada" proved to be impossible. It caused a rebellion which aroused the attention of English Liberalism, now rising into power as the Victorian era ad- vanced, to the grievances of Canada, and the denominational character of King's O n o r r w n 'If ,', li'iJiir ufflaiulN i4iL:i T^ TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 93 College disappeared with the Clergy Reserves and the appointment of State Church bishops by Royal Letters Patent. But the doughty prelate would not acknow- ledge defeat. On February 7th, 1850, he addressed a pastoral to the clergy and laity of his diocese, in which he said : " On the ist day of January, 1850, the destruction of King's College as a Christian institution was accomplished. De- prived of her university, what is the church to do ? " The Bishop then pointed out at some length the duty of the Church in this emergency. He recommended the clergy and laity to petition the Queen for the restoration of the University, and failing in that, to make a general appeal to the Church in Britain and Ire- land for aid to supply such an institution as that of which they had been deprived. "The spirit of the Church has already begun to move. Eight thousand pounds will be secured to the University before this meets the public eye, and 1 have good reason to believe that an equal amount is already set apart in Eng- land ; moreover, we shall have £\,ioo per annum from the venerable Society for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts, till it can be relieved by the proceeds of our own endowment, and we shall have our theological library restored. I shall have completed my seventy-second year before I reach London, of which more than fifty years have been spent in Upper Canada, and one of my chief objects during all that time was to bring King's College into active operation, and now, after more than six years of increasing prosperity, to see it destroyed by stolid ignorance and presumption, and the voice of prayer and praise van- ished from its halls, is a calamity not easy to bear." Then the worthy Bishop, conscientiously sincere from his point of view, left for England in April, 1850, and returned in November of the same year, having obtained liberal assistance. The times were most favourable, the principal High Church reaction was entirely in accordance with the Toronto bishop's dislike to a " Godless Uni- versity." The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel gave ;f 2,000, and seven acres and a-half within the precincts of Toronto, which afterwards realized ^9,000. The Society for Promoting Christian Knowledore gave ;f 3,000 ; the University of Oxford gave ;^5oo besides a liberal supply of books for the library, including a complete set of Dr. Pusey's works, contributed by that noteworthy divine. Private subscriptions amounted to £ji^,ooo. Rev. Mr. McMurray soon afterwards went on a collecting tour in England and collected large amounts. He told the present writer of his having met the poet Keble at breakfast, during his visit to Oxford. After breakfast the saintly author of the " Christian Year " took Mr. McMurray apart and with characteristic modesty asked his acceptance of three hundred pounds towards the new church university Under such auspices was founded the University of Trinity College. In the summer of 1850 a medical faculty was organized in connection with the College, consisting of Doctors Hodder, Bowell, Hallowell, Badgeley, Melville and Bethune. In 1852 a Royal Charter was granted to Trinity College awarding it the pri- vilege of conferring degrees, and every other function of a university. The first Chancellor was the Hon. Sir John Beverley Robinson, Bart. Many distinguished men have held professorships in Trinity College, including the late Provost Whittaker, a learned theologian of the old High Church type ; the late Professor IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) fe :/. :/. 1.0 I.I 1.25 1^ 132 I! 2.5 t^ 2.0 M. ill 1.6 Vl '- '^ /« '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAir. STRECT WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 (716) 873-4503 V iV ^^ \\ lV ^^ \. '^(^ ^ # --y ^ t/. f I' i I i 94 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. Amberry, an acccomplished Classic, and the Rev. G. Irving, Professor of Mathe- matics, afterwards Principal of Bishop's College School, Lennoxville. Trinity College buildings are a handsome range of two stories, in the Tudor style of Gothic with ornamental pinnacles, and tower and cupola over the principal en- trance. The ground on which it is built, on the north side of Lot Street (Queen) east of the ravine, was known in early times as Gore Vale, in honour of Lieu' tenant-Governor (iore. Through the grounds of Trinitv College meanders a brooklet in which the enthusiastic fancy of Dr. Scadding foresaw the Cephisus of a future Toronto Academy. On this spot old maps of Toronto indicate a block house for the defence of thn western approach to Little York. Trinity College is entirely a Church of England institution, as all professors and officials must be members of that denomination. The corporation consists mainly of the bishops of the Anglican Church in Ofitario and their nominees. Under Provost VVhittaker the turn of Trinity College training was supposed to incline strongly to High Churchism ; under the present regime the spirit of the institution is gen- erally understood to be more liberal The Provost is the Rev. Samuel J. Boddy, M.A. ; the Professor of Mathematics, Rev. Professor Jones, M.A. ; the Professor of Classics, Rev. A. Boys, M.A. ; of Divinity (second), G. A. T. Schneider, M.A. ; of Moral Philosophy, Rev. W. Clark, M.A. ; Lecturer in Science, T. H. Smith, M.A. ; Modern Languages, J. C. Dunlop; Profesor of Music, G, W. Strathy, Mus. Bac. Knox College was founded in 1843, and is a handsome Gothic building occu- pying a most commanding po, .tion at the head of the noble avenue of Spadina, Part of this edifice was formerly known as Elmsley Villa (named after Chief Justice Elmsley), the residence of Captain J. S. Macaulay, and used as Govern- ment House in the time of Lord Elgin. It owes its origin to the formation of the Canadian branch of the Free Church of Scotland which followed the dis- ruption of the National Kirk, in 1843. Among other distinguished men in the professional staff of this college have been the Revs. Michael Willis, D.D., Robt. Burns, D.D., and G. Paxton Young. The present staff consits of Rev. W. Caven, D.D., Professor of Exegetical Theology and Principal; W.Gregg, D.D., Pro- fessor of Apologetics and Church History ; Rev. W. McLaren, Chair of System- atic Theology; Rev. J. W. Proudfoot, D.D., Lecturer on Homiletic and Pas- toral Theology ; W. Mortimer Clark, Chairman of the Board of Management ; Rev. W. Reid, D.D., Secretary and Treasurer. MacMaster Hall, the College of the Baptist denomination, is hardly inferior, in the beauty of its architecture, to either Trinity or J't<>^H^' TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 107 H.R.H. Prince Leopold of England; General Sherman, of the United States Army ; Jefferson Davis, President of the Southern Confederacy ; besides dozens of foreign dignitaries of lesser light. On the east side of the hotel building is a beautiful garden, which in summer is made doubly attractive by the silvery spray of playing fountains and the fragrance of many flowers. The hotel and gardens are situated on Front Street, directly opposite Lome Street, which leads direct to the water's edge. From the cupola on the top of the house a magnificent view of the city to the rear, to the east and to the west can be obtained, while stretching away to the south, almost at the very feet of the guest, can be seen the broad expanse of old Lake Ontario and the blue waters of Toronto Bay, with its hun- •mrti.siiitN fcC'tlift. Queen's Hotel. McGaw & WiNNETT, Proprietors. dreds of craft flitting in and out all along the city front. It will now be quite in order to mention something about the gentlemen who have made the Queen's Hotel famous. On the first day of May, 1874, Messrs. McGaw & Winnett assumed the joint proprietorship of the house, and the patronage which it enjoyed under the enterprising and painsta'.dng management of the late Capt. Dick, from whom they took the establishment, wr • rapidly doubled. Thorough hotel men themselves, McGaw & Winn itt associated with their efforts a thorough, painstaking, efficient staff of assistP.n'.s in every department. The cuisine has io8 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. never been excelled for excellence and seasonableness. The personnelle of a hotel staff is probably the only guarantee a guest has that his wants will be care- fully attended to. In the hands of McGaw & Winnett the visitor can confide himself with the greatest degree of security, and having once registered at the Queen's, he is sure to come again when he visits Toronto. Not a little of the hotel's patronage is from private families and ladies, and also with this class of guests McGaw & Winnett never fail to please. These gentlemen are also pro- prietors of the Queen's Royal Hotel at Niagara, and possess a large interest in * the Tecumseh House at London, Ontario. The Queen's Royal is noted for its famous summer-night hops, which are patronized by the leading society people of Hamilton, Toronto, and other cities in Canada, while the quota of American participants is very large. The Rossin House was built about twenty-five years ago and was, and always has been, considered one of the finest hotels in the country, the name of which has become familiar to pleasure and business travellers from every land and clime. Though many believed, at the time of its erection, that its magnifi- cent proportions and elegant equipment were far in advance of the requirement of the location, time has shown that its projectors built even wiser than they anticipated, for after a number of years of successful operation, this famous old hostelry, entirely remodelled, stands to-day equal to any house in Canada, and with its present outfit and management it is better prepared now than ever to accord the most elegant and bountiful hospitality to its visitors. It has passed under different control during its long career, but never was more thoroughly and satisfactorily directed than now. The cultivation of the resources of the surrounding country, and the construction of railroad communication with all sections of America, from seaboard to seaboard, place all the sources of table comforts and luxuries in ready contribution to its menu, while the skill and care with which the cuisine is directed, and the^ tasteful manner in which its viands are set forth, render the meals at the Rossin of a most appetizing and enjoyable character. The location of the house is the most central of any hotel in the city ; street cars pass its doors for all parts of the city every few minutes ; it is the easiest of access from all depots, places of amusement and business thoroughfares. Having been built in the days of honest and substantial workmanship, its massive and imposing appearance does not belie the solidity of its construction. It is provided with every convenience, such as elevators, spacious rotunda, roomy corridors, broad staircases, light, pleasant dining rooms, inviting balconies, etc. There are 200 well ventilated rooms, and the house is prepared to comfortably accommodate 300 guests. Railroad, telegraph and telephone offices are in the building, and the headquarters of the Canadian Pacific R. R., the Credit Valley, the Toronto, Grey and Bruce, and the Ontario and Quebec R. R., are nearly opposite. In fact all the central and leading features and conveniences of city life and business may be said to cluster around it. Mark H. Irish, Proprietor. RossiN House. H. J. Nolan, Chief Clerk, p ii TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. Ill The building is so constructed, arranged and guarded as to practically render it fire-proof, and is so amply provided with fire extinguishers and other precau- tions, that it is almost impossible to conceive of a fire in the house, and quite impossible to imagine any harm resulting therefrom, the proprietor having had fire escapes placed in every room of the house. The proprietor, Mr. Mark H. Irish, and his chief clerk, Mr. H. J. Nolan, are the best known and most popular hotel men in Canada. The exceptional ability and experience thus combined in the direction of its affairs, contain advantages that explain why all the great attractions of the Rossin can be furnished to its guests at the most reasonable rate. They also ensure the continuance of that polite and prompt attention to all the wants of its patrons that has been a marked feature of this hotel. The American. — Standing diagonally across from Toronto's handsome custom- house is the American Hotel, on the north-east corner of Yonge and Front Streets. The American is situated in what it may be permissible to call the heart of the wholesale trade of the city. Just down Yonge Street one block, many of the superb steamers which ply on the waters of Lake Ontario and Toronto Bay land. It is here that Niagara boats arrive and depart twice a day. They reach their wharf often loaded down with Amer- ican tourists, who have just got to step across the dock to the palatial mail steamer that is to carry them down the great St. Lawrence and the Rapids. The proximity of the American to this centre of summer travel has made it very popular with tourists. Associated with William Mackie, for a number of years its proprietor, was his son, James H. Mackie, a well-known hotel man, formerly of New York and New Orleans. Last winder Mr. Mackie the elder turned the house over to Mackie the younger, and since the transfer it has met with unqualified success. Mr. Mackie the elder found enough to do to look after his fine hotel in Port Hope, the St. Lawrence Hall, which he has conducted with gratifying results for the past sixteen years. The Mackies are a great hotel family. The American is a popular resort for the theatrical profession, and all through the dramatic season you can see half a dozen or more of familiar stage faces around its lobbies. One of the things, beyond all others, that has made the American a hotel worthy of patronage has been its cuisine. This department ranks as the very best. American Hotel. 112 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. The Continental. — Within the shadow of the Ontario Parliament buildings is the Continental Hotel, a neat, compact pile of red brick. Simcoe Street runs along its front, while Wellington Street flanks its north side. Less than three minutes' walk from our great Union Station takes the traveller to this cozy, neat, well-kept hostelry, and if other hotels have certain classes who patronize them, the Continental is not without its favourites either. Men of letters, editors and • newspaper reporters — and they ai*e generally a critical clique — have learned to look upon the Continental as their haven of happiness and their mead of home comforts. During the session of Parliament the house is very popular with the members, and a goodly proportion of the eighty -eight members have learned that J. O'Hara understands how to run a hotel. One of the principal advantages of the Continental is that, while it is centrally located, it is very quiet, and as such has been largely patronized by private families. One block north of the house is the beautiful St. Andrew's Church, on one side, and Government House, with its acres of lawn, flowers and shade trees, on the other. Looking out from the win- dows on either the side or end to the street, the view is attractive, especially in summer. Albion Hotel. — Without exception, we believe, this house is the best one- dollar per day hotel in America. The proprietor, Mr. J. Holderness, has, during the past year, spent some 9io,ooo in fitting it up, there being electric bells in all rooms, with baths on the different floors, while the dining room, which is very large, together with the reception rOom, are lighted by the electric light. The hotel is situated right in the hear* of the business centre of the city, on the east side of Market Square, being a few yards from the City Hall, Mayor's Office, City Treasury and Waterworks Departments, also in close proximity to the retail establishments and of Petley & Petley's great silk and clothing house. The Shakespeare Hotel is a handsome red brick structure situated on the north-east corner of King and York Streets, and directly opposite the Hossin House. It was built by its present proprietor, Mr. John O'Grady, who thoroughly understands his business. His many patrons, which include all classes of per- sons, seem to feel at home at the genial John's. Revere House, a cosy little hotel, kept by Mr. J. P. Riley, is situated at the south-west corner of York and King Streets, and is known throughout the whole of America as a comfortable home and family hotel. There are two elegant bil- liard parlors in this house, each of which contains the best tables manufactured by the firm of S. -May & Co. Richardson House, corner df Brock and King Streets, S. Richardson, pro. prietor. For persons having business in the west end of the city there is no better place than the above hotel to make their headquarters. The rates are, we believe, >i per day. TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. "3 St. James' Hotel is on York Street, nearly opposite the Union Station. For the travelling public, and persons wishing to catch early trains, this hotel offers exceptional advantages. Imperial Hotel is the name of a new house just fitted up on Jarvis Street, a few doors north of King Street. Mr. J. Maloney, the proprietor, is very popular with the travelling public. Rates, one dollar per day. The Hotel Hanlan. — In speaking of the American Hotel, it was stated in another part of this book that the Mackies were a great hotel family. So they are. Last fall when the champion oarsman of the world, Edward Hanlan, decided to visit a part of the world (Australia) where his prowess was only known as a matter of history and record, he and James H. Mackie put their heads together and, as a result of the cohesion, it was arranged that Mr. Mackie was to run the Hotel Hanlan, owned by the champion, for a term of years. Tliis is Mr. Mackie's first season over at the Island, which he has fittingly named the " Coney Island of Canada." The success which he is meeting with in his new venture the Hotel Hanlan. thousands of visitors to that part of the Island can testify to. The table d'hStc and restaurant are well known to the citizens of Toronto, and the enjoyment of a nice dinner in the cool of the evening at the Hotel Hanlan, nas come to be known as one of Toronto's luxuries. Four lines of ferries land you right at the door of the house, and extensive and perfectly-arranged public baths have just been erected near by. This will greatly enhance the attractiveness of the resort, and, what with the pavillion or summer opera house that Mr. Mackie has lately built, there can be little to wish for in the way of pleasure and comfort that cannot be found at Mr. Mackie's hotel over the Bay. w 114 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. There are a number of other hotels in the city, prominent among which are the Walker House, York Street ; the Russell House, Yonge Street ; Thomas' European Hotel, King Street west ; the Colman House, King Street West ; the City Hotel, Simcoe Street, besides about one hundred of lesser note. The Restaurants of Toronto are quite numerous, but there are not many worthy of particular mention. As a rule they furnish good food at reasonable prices, and are well kept and situate in all parts of the city. Of some of the noteworthy restaurants brief sketches are given. The Hub. — No establishment in the city is more appropriately named than the Hub. The ancient saying that all roads lead to Rome can be truly applied in the present case, with the substitution: "All roads load to the Hub." This tasty little house has a great deal to recommend it to the public and to visitors. The restaurant itself and lunch counters are maintained with a scrupulous care, and the bill of fare is always selected from the best the market affords. The Hub is noted for its numerous military gatherings. Here the various companies of our crack military regiments have dined together repeatedly ever since it passed into the hands of its present proprietor, Mr. William R. Bingham. Mr. Bingham, although a young inan, has had a qualifying experience in his business, being trained, as it were, from childhood to his calling. It is no wonder then that when he assumed the ownership of the Hub we find him fitting up his house in a manner that cannot be ei; lalled in the Province. The two bars of the Hub are marvels of uniqueness. The bark-covered bodega fronting on Colborne Street has nothing in the Dominion to divide honours with. Fitted up at a great expense, the ceilings and walls with r,-^ re barks, a beautiful aquarium to match them, the choice liquors of the house, drawn from casks of wood arranged along the back of the bar, this sombre-tinted apartment is in itself well worthy of a visit. The other bar, while its appointments are of a more conventional pattern, is nevertheless quite attractive and of ample proportions. Something about the situation of the house will now be in order. The Hub is nestled in Leader Lane, at the corner of Colborne Street. Exchange Alley, an outlet from the wholesale district, brings yon up to the Colborne Street door, while Colborne Street itself ramifies to both Yonge and Church Streets. The Hub is patronized by the best class of people in the city. Bankers, brokers, merchants, sporting men, not forgetting the military, flock thither at their respective lunch hours, and grow fat and good-natured on Bingham's excellent dinners and fme wines. The Hub has always had the reputation of keeping nothing but efficient attendants around it, and those who patronize it during any of their visits to Toronto will heartily attest to the correctness of this statement. If that little cafe is not the " Hub of the Universe," it is certainly the " Hub of this civilized city." Jewell & Clow's is a very popular dining-room situated in the wholesale district on Colborne Street, a few doors west of Church Street. Mr. Jewell will be remembered as having kept, for a series of years, some of the best restaurants TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. "5 Toronto ever had. always patronized by the most prominent business men. The present establishment has, from the time when it was opened, met with that success which Messrs. Jewell & Clows reputation and experience guaranteed it. Other restaurants worthy of mention are those of S. Staneland, King Street west ; the Headquarters Restaurant, 48 King Street east ; Thomas' Chop House, King Street, opposite Jordan Street. There are also large coffee-houses, mag- nificently furnished and intended as adjuncts to the temperance cause, giving harmless drinks and light lunches. These are under the patronage of the best people in Toronto and were started primarily with philanthropic views, but have gratified their projectors with notable financial success also. The chief of these are the St. Lawrence Coffee House, King Street east, next to the St. James' Cathedral, and Shaftesbury Coffee House, under Shaftesbury Hall, Queen Street west, corner of James Street. ii6 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. Soddt %Ut in ^Toronto. SOCIETY, THE DRAMA, MUSICAL SOCIETIES, THE VARIOUS CLUBS. 'HE society of Toronto, even from the first settlement of Governor Simcoe's dozen houses, was never other than metropolitan. It had no shoddy stage to pass through. It had no pioneer period, no slow growth upward, as in United States cities, which begin by being villages with the social status of a community of farmers, then towns with store-keepers, then cities with a society of shoddy wealth, which slowly assimilates the refinements of culture. But Little York, although it consisted but of a cluster of log-houses, whose " mud " clings to its memory, was from the first the abode of the most cultured and aristocratic society of the new Province. It was, from its first rude begin- nings, distinctly metropolitan. The leaders of its society were fine ladies and distinguished gentlemen, whom Governor Simcoe's wife could make welcome at her log-built Government House, " Castle Frank," and whom an exiled noble of one of the noblest houses of France could regard as socially his equals. The same state of things continued, and for the same reason, under the Family Com- pact ; and with the multiplication of social complexities consequent on the growth of the Province, lent its force to the social status even of the agitators for reform. As time went by, and the population became more and more that of a thriving town, the amenities of social intercourse became more extended. We read in Dr. Scadding's book of a "celebrated ball given oy Mr. Gait, Commissioner of the Canada Land Company, and Lady Mary Willis" in 1827. Lady Mary wore the, in some respects, appropriate costume of Marie Stuart; appropriate, since Lady Mary, as was proved in the English divorce courts, had also her Rizzio. The clerical taste still in vogue, from the French revolutionary craze for antique names, is shown to have influenced early Torontonians, for we find Dr. W. Baldwin as " a Roman senator," and his sons as Castar and Pollox; the grave Colonel Givins "was an Indian chief, and danced a war-dance ; " Judge Willis was the century-old Lady Desmond. What a merry old town must this Toronto have been sixty years ago, and how much fun and animal spirits had the old boys of that day ! One would have liked to see the learned Judge in petticoats, and to have stood by as good Colonel Givens danced his war -dance ! The Drama began its career early in the capital of English Canada ; in this respect a characteristic contrast to its first beginnings (which indeed never went beyond the embryo stage) of the Drama in New France, where it was for a time a toy in the hands of ecclesiastics to amuse their Indian converts with repre- sentations of a pagan Indian being dragged to perdition by stage-demons. In TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 117 our city, when only the village of Muddy Little York, the modern drama began at a frame house (elsewhere described) belonging to Mr. Frank, at the corner of Market Lane (now Colborne Street) and the Market Square. There, in a low- ceilinged room, intended as a ball-room (such dancing-rooms were a common appurtenance of English Canada), such dramas as were popular at that day, like Johnnie Bailie's " Miller and his Men " — poor things enough, and long since banished from the boards, were represented before an audience as aristocratic and and cultured as any which to-day lounges in the luxurious orchestra-chairs of the Grand Opera House. The stage and its appliancci were of the simplest and humblest kind. The orchestra was generally limr.ed to the one-eyed fiddler, Maxwell. Since those early days many efforts were made to organize a dramatic corps in Toronto, in most cases on the part of amateurs. Of these the most successful was the Amateur Di;amatic Club, which gave performances in the year 1859 at the Apollo Theatre, King Street west, where now stands Brown's livery stable. This theatre, before passing into the hands of amateurs, was under the manage- ment of Denman Thompson, P. Redmond and Cool Burgess; the principal members of the amateurs were Mr. R. B. Butland, C. A. Scadding, Harry Collins, E. Gegg, McGilvery, Ross, A. Buchanan, Frank Harris, W. McCleary, J. Alexander, Luke Martin and McKee Rankin, the latter two being now pro- fessionals. Their next hall was at the corner of Bay and Adelaide Streets, where many a pleasant evening was spent by the above company and their many friends. The Grand Opera House was erected in 1872 by a joint stock company, in order to serve as a first-class theatre under the management of Mrs. Morrison. The new manageress had good taste and was not lacking in judgment as to mat- ters theatrical, but she was also in a social position whose duties took off her attention from that close devotion to the' duties of manager which is essential to success. As a result, in 1876 the theatre was sold by auction and purchased by its present proprietor, Mr. Alexander Manning, who engaged Mr. A. Pitou, of New York, to manage it for him. Mr. Pitou proved a painstaking man- ager, but, by a disaster which, to bor- row Dr. Johnson's words on the death of Garrick, "eclipsed the gayety " of English Canada, the theatre was de- stroyed by fire on November 29th, 1879. On December gth, 1879, the work of rebuilding began, and was carried on with so much spirit that in fifty-one working days the present structure was erected, and was opened on February Grand Opera House. gth, 1880, by the late Miss Adelaide mmm ii8 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. Neilson and coin|>any, who chose for their opening piece Shakespeare's comedy of "As You Like It," with the following cast of characters : — Rosalind, Miss Neilson; Orlando, Mr. Edward Compton ; Jacques, Mr. H. A. Weaver ; Banished Duke, Mr. F. W. Sanger; Adam, Mr. John Swinburne; Amiens, Mr. M. L. Leffingwell; Duke Frederick, Mr. H. A. Weaver, Jr.; Le Beau, Mr.W. A. Eytinge; Touchstone, Mr. Chas. H. Bradshaw; Charles, Mr. Edwin Cleary; Oliver, Mr. L. F. Rand; Corin, Mr. W. G. Reynier ; Sylvius, Mr. J. H. Miller ; William, Mr. Edwin Cleary ; Jacques de Bois, Mr. Eytinge ; Celia, Miss Nellie Morant ; Phcebe, Miss Kittie Baker ; Audrey, Mrs. F. A. Tannehill. Stage manager, Mr. Edwin Cleary. The programme on that occasion was printed upon blue silk and given to all oi the ladies in the audience. Perhaps no actress has been more appreciated, more honoured in this city than Miss Neilson. When the news of her untimely death reached us, the present writer composed, as a mark of warm and appreciative sympathy with her genius and admiration of her youthful beauty, the following verses, which were published in the Canadian Monthly Review of the month succeeding her lamented death : — ODE IN MEMORY OF ADELAIDE NEILSON. 'Ave ct Vale.' Ah ! lost star of the stage, into the night, sunk where no eye shall see ! Past that gate of the grave, the darkness of death husheth and hideth thee ; Thou whom all of the gods graced with their gifts, bidding each charm be thine. Aphrodite in form, voiced like a muse, filled as with fire divine. Shall we see not again, hear thee no more, never beholding now Those fair tresses of gold, never again, crowning the queen-like brow ; Shall no Juliet now speak with her lips, win with the charm she wore ? Shall not Rosalind's voice wake into life, passion and pathos more ? Farewell, thou whom we loved, true is the word, that which the Seers have sung, Be not envious at death, they whom the gods grace with their love die young ; So pass, star of the stage, into the night, there, where for all who dwell It is well, we are sure, therefore, for thee, sure it is also well. On this occasion of re-opening the Grand Opera House an ode written by Mr. A. Dixon, of Ottawa, was recited. The Neilson Company was under the management of Mr. Max Strakosch. This revival of the Toronto drama began a career of success for " the Grand " which has ever since been uninterrupted. Since the accession to office of the present manager, Mr. Sheppard, this theatre has afforded the Toronto public the opportunity of enjoying the intellectual benefit of witnessing every great actor and actress known to the modern stage. At how great expense this has had to be effected, and what judgment was needed in order to judiciously select the best while avoiding the mistake of bringing forward pretenders and ephemeral celebrities, only those versed in the annals of theatrical disaster can estimate. The least that can be said of Mr. Shep- pard's management at 'the Grand" is that it has been spirited. During his supervision have appeared Miss Neilson, the late Mr. Sothern, Mrs. Rousby, Genevieve Ward, Mapleson's Italian Opera Company, Sara Bernhardt, Mrs. TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 119 Langtry, Mary Anderson, Dion Boucicault, Lawrence Barrett, Henry Irving and Company, Tom Keene, Modjeska, and a number of lesser dramatic stars The above list, defe tive as it may be, is quite enough to establish the claim of the Grand Opera House, under its present management, to rank with the leading theatres of the world. As a building the Grand Opera House ranks with some of the best in Toronto. It is of four stories, situated on the south side of Adelaide Street, near Yonge Street. It is a handsome rendering of florid Parisian renaissance, the ground floor of which is rented for stores and a beautiful saloon, kept by D. Smalt The apartments not connected with the' theatre are utilized as ofiices. The interior of the theatre is large and so arranged as to prevent unhealthy crowding. There are ample means of exit. The stage boxes and walls and galleries are hand- somely decorated in gilt and colours. The drop scene, painted by Mr. Piggott, represents the Temple of Jupiter, at Athens. The Royal Opera House was built on the site occupied by the first Metho- dist Church in Toronto (a wooden building), south of King Street, near York Street. It was managed by Mr. Connors, during the last years of its existence, with much taste and acceptability to the Toronto public. It shared the fate of so many Toronto theatres, being burned down in the spring of 1883, and has not, as yet, been rebuilt. The Old Queen's Theatre, at the rear of King Street west, near York Street, was, at a date previous to the opening of the Grand Opera House, a highly respectable theatre. . There the renowned Tom King played to fashionable To- ronto, " under the distinguished patronage of Lord Dufferin." But there was (to room, at least in the central part of the city, for a third house of dramatic performance. The Queen's Theatre, or as it was re-named the Lyceum Theatre, became a low-class variety show, of which it can only be said that the audience was more debased than the stage performers. It was burned down in 1883, The Pavilion Music Hall is one of the chief ornaments of the north-eastern part of the city, and is situated at the western side of the beautiful Horticultural Gardens, elsewhere described in this work. It is built in the Crystal Palace style, three stories high, mainly consisting of iron and glass, with a wooden sub- structure. In this building are held during the summer, and frequently during the winter season also, concerts and dramatic performances. In the summer evening no more delightful Palace of Pleasure could be wished for than this, with its ample galleries, and surrounding pleasure grounds. But for the want of adequate stage accommodation the Pavilion migh be considered a rival to the Grand. It cannot be denied that the Toronto people are what Dr. Johnson called *' clubable." A considerable number of these pleasant social institutions exist in our city, of which the limits at our disposal permit us to give little more than a wmmmm '4 120 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. bare catalogue. The clubs that most nearly represent the ideas attached to the name in English society are the National, the Toronto, and the Albany. The United Empire Club would, perhaps, 'lad the well-intended designs of its founders been carried out, have realized that ideal more perfectly than any of the now exist- ing clubs, at least for gentlemen of one political party. The situation of the U. E. Club buildings was on the finest part of King Street, and here might have been established the " Carleton Club," of Toronto, a legitimate and honourably recognized centre of its party's organization, only for the bad management which led toits abandonment in 1883. The expensively made " U. E. C," furniture now iurnishes half the second-hand shops in Toronto. The Albany Club, which is understood to be strongly and exclusively Con- servative in its tendencies, is held at 75 Bay Street, Mr. Samuel Beatty being chairman ; T. W. Jones, secretary-treasurer. < The Toronto Club has its headquarters at 79 York Street, near the Rossin House. It has the repute of being a high-toned and somewhat exclusive society. Mr. L. Ogden is secretary-treasurei , and Mr. H. Gray is steward. The National Club occupies a fine house on 98 Bay Street (west side, near King). The premises comprise a handsome library, reception rooms, smoking and dining rooms. The general tone of this club is Liberal. Lieut-Colonel G. T. Denison is piesident ; Messrs. George Murray and W. W. Copp, vice- presidents ; F. F. Manley, secretary-treasurer ; G. Budman, steward. In no part of the world where the English language is spoken and English traditions of manly sport are preserved, are associations for athletic and sporting purposes more in vogue than in Toronto, This will be made clear by an enumer- ation of those at present flourishing in our city. The Argonaut Rowing Club well represents the city which has produced the champion oarsman of the world, Edward Hanlan. It has premises at the foot of York Street. The deft use of oar and paddle has been, from prehistoric times, the charactertistic of those earlier tribes of savage humanity to whom the lakes and rivers were the only highway. From the first visit of the hero-founders of French Canada, those founders threw themselves into the spirit of this pre- eminently Indian art; as in the case of Virgil's Trojan hero of Cape Palinism, the oar as well as the military trumpet might have been carved on the tombs of Jaques de Cartier and Samuel de Champlain. The same may be said of To- ronto's heroic founder, John Graves Simcoe. It is well, therefore, that an exer- cise so identified with the history of the country should not be allowed to fall into desuetude. Nor is it less desirable to encourage in every possible way those manly sports which develop the muscular strength of our youth, which is, after all, the motive industrial power and the defence of our country. Of theArgo- TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 121 naut Rowing club the president is Mr. Henry O'Brien; the first vice-president, Mr. C. P. Ryerson ; Mr. G. W. Yarker, second vice-president ; Messrs. Oliver Morphy and Captain C. C. McCaul, secretary-treasurers. The Tv ..oNTO Rowing Club is another association connected with aquatic sports, and is understood to be a most thriving institution, as would naturally be expected in the city of Hanlan. Not only the professional oarsmen, of whom Toronto has produced not a few shining examples besides the world-famed champion, but a great many of our young men display a skill in propelling their graceful racing shell with all the rapid grace of a fish darting through the water. On summer afternoons our Bay may be seen covered with gay-coloured boats, each with its bouquet of Toronto fair ones — " Youth at the prow and Pleasure at the helm." The Toronto Rowing Club has its offices on the Esplanade, foot of York Street. The president is Mr. A. R. Boswell ; Mr. L. J. Cosgrove first vice- prcbident ; Mr. R. W. Gouinlock, second vice-president ; Mr. A. Carmichael, treasurer ; Mr. W. A. Littlejohn, secretary. The b.wsiDE Rowing Club is another meritorous institution, well patronized by the jciincssc dorec of Toronto. Its premises are situated at the foot of Church Street. The president is Mr. W, Warwick ; Mr. John Newhall is secretary- treasurer. The Royal Canadian Yacht Club has its own club-house on the Island, and has the repute of being one of the most " high-toned " among Toronto clubs. The commodore of the Yacht Club is Mr. A. R. Bosweil ; the rear-commodore, J. Weir Anderson; the vice-commodore, Mr. John Leys. Lieut. -Col. H. J. Grasett is secretary-treasurer. From the earliest times our city's spacious harbour has made yachting and boating a favourite amusement with its inhabitants, and the waters of its Bay have mirrored craft of every description, from the birch canoe, which long lingered in use, and is still a prominent feature in old pictures of Toronto, to the taut-rigged modern yacht and luxuriously equipped lake steamer. The ancient Scottish pastime of curling has been successfully imported into Canada from the land o' cakes. Curling is to Scotland what cricket is to Merrie England. It is a healthy, invigorating game, peculiarly suited to countries which are sure every winter to provide the unbroken, level surface of ice necessary for its pursuit. Toronto has six curling clubs, all in excellent working order. The Caledonia Curling Club has its headquarters at the Mutual Street Rink. The president is James Ross, M.D.; the vice-president, Mr. A. McGregor; the secretary-treasurer, Mr. D. Mcintosh. I 122 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. The Caledonian Curling Club has its premises on Mutual Street, between Shuter Street and Wiltoft Avenue. The president is Mr. W. D. Mcintosh ; the vice-president, Mr. W. Christie; Mr. William Rennie is secretary-treasurer. The Granite Curling Club, 471 Church Street, has for president Mr. W. G. P. Cassels; Mr. Robert Jaffray is vice-president; Mr. W. Badenach is secretary-treasurer. The Moss Park Curling Club, offices on Shuter Siieet, has for president, Dr. J.C. Clapp; for vice-president, Mr. Edward Gulley; for secretary-treasurer, Mr. James Lumbers. The Parkdale Curling Club has for manager Mr. Thos. Patterson. The Royal Caledonian Curling Club, or at least its Ontario branch, is established at 122 Bay Street; the president is James Ross, M.D.; Mr. J. O. Reward is first vice-president; Mr. James Watson is second vice-president; Mr. J. I. Russell is secretary-treasurer. The manly sport of baseball has, in one shape or another, been a favourite with our ancestors in the old country, more especially in Scotland. It has be- come a national pastime with the youth of English Canada. The Collegiate Institute Baseball Club worthily represents the ath- letic training by which that admirably-conducted institution educates muscle as well as mind. The club h^s for officers Mr. Archibald McMurchy, president; Mr. P. McEachren, vice-president; Mr. S. Martin, captain; Mr. H. C. Boultbee, secretary-treasurer. The Toronto Baseball Club meets at 100 King Street West. Wilson is secretary-treasurer. Mr. Robert The English historic national game of cricket has established itself on a firm footing among the Toronto youth, and matches are played during the season on our cricket-ground, which we have heard experienced cricketers declare would not disgrace Lord's. Cricket has the disadvantage of being a far more elaborate game than any of the others in use among our young people, as it requires an almost professional training. Toronto has two cricket clubs. The East Toronto Cricket Club has headquarters at 272 Sherbourne Street. The president is Mr. H. B. Cocken ; Mr. H. J. Wright is secretary- treasurer. The Toronto Cricket Club has its office at 23 Henry Street. Mr. R. B. Blake is secretary-treasurer. ! I I I 1 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 123 The Athen^um Club of Toronto was organized in September, 1883. The amount of paid-up capital is stated at $3,000. It meets in the Public Library building on Church Street. Mr. James Mason is president ; Mr. Charles Pearson vice-president ; Mr. J. Littlejohn is secretary-treasurer. The directors are Messrs. J. P. Edward, D. J. Hill, R. F. Lord, W. A. Littlejohn, James Mason, G. T. Mathews. J. W. O'Hara, H. A. Rose, Charles Pearson. The Toronto Chess Club takes the lead of all Canadian associations for the promotion of this time-honoured and intellectual recreation. The meetings are held in the Public Library Building. The president is Mr. John L. Blaikie ; the vice-president, Mr. A. C. Myers ; the secretary, Mr. A. W. Phillips. The Toronto Draught Club cultivates a sister game to chess, but o:.e of still greater antiquity, as it is mentioned in the oldest Sanscrit epics of Hindostan. It meets at the Mutual Street Rink. The president is Mr. John Campbell, Mr. John Drynan is vice-president, Mr. A. B, Flint is secretary -treasurer. The Toronto Gun Club meets at 120 King Street East. Its officers are Mr. Robert Wilson, president; Mr. Samuel Danby, vice-president; Mr. G. Pearsal, secretary ; Mr. W. Bugg, steward. The Toronto L.wvn Tennis Club sustains Toronto's repute in a game so universally fashionable of late years, both in England and France. Its meetings are held at 140 Front Street. Mr. A. C. Gait is secretary-treasurer. * The Toronto Snow Shoe Club meets at the Public Library buildings, Mr. John McLaren being secretary-treasurer. The Toronto Swimming Club meets at 12 Adelaide Street East. Mr. Erastus Wiman is hon. president, Mr. J. B. Boustead is president, Messrs. R. W. Elliot and A. F. Pirie, vice-presidents; Mr. J. L. Rawbone, captain; Mr. D. M. F. Smith, secretary-treasurer ; Mr. W. D. Andrews, manager. The Wanderers constitute a second Bicycle Club. They meet at their rooms, corner of King and Jarvis Streets; Lieut. -Colonel Otter, president; Mr. P. D. Rowe, vice-president; Mr. T. H. Robinson, captain; Mr. G. E. Cooper, lieutenant; Mr. A. Daniel, treasurer; Mr. G. H. Orr, secretary. The Toronto Lacrosse Club. — This club was organized in 1866 by the Mas- sey brothers, and may be safely said to be the pioneers of the game in Ontario. During the first few years of its existence, the club practised upon the Queen's Park, their match games, to which admission was charged, being played on the old Toronto Cricket Grounds. They subsequently acquired a right to practise on the cricket grounds, and continued to do so until 1873, when they leased and 124 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. fitted np at a great expense what are now known as the Toronto Lacrosse Grounds, at the corner of Jarvis and Wellesley Streets. Last year some of the prominent members of the club organized a company, under the name of the "Toronto Athletic Grounds Company," and bought a large lot in Rosedale, which has since been fitted up with buildings, cinder track, etc., making it second to no ground in the world for athletic purposes. These grounds were opened in Otober of last year by a general athletic meeting ; a match between the Torontos and Sham- rocks, bicycle and flat races, being the principal events. The career of the Toronto Lacrosse Club, although not always uniformily successful, has been one of steady progress. From a very humble place in the game, they have risen to be one of its chief exponents, having beaten the most celebrated clubs in Canada and held at various times the championship of the world, an honour they continue to hold at the present time. During the season the members of the club practise every morning and evening, their match games usually being played Saturday afternoons. The officers are John Massey, presi- dent ; Fred. H. Garvin, secretary ; Ross Mackenzie, treasurer ; R. B. Hamilton, field captain. The National Amateur Lacrosse Association of Canada. — This organi- zation, which is composer! of lacrosse clubs throughout all parts of Canada, has also its headquarters in Toronto, which may now be fairly said to be the centre of the game. The National Association was founded on July ist, 1867, the Natal day of the Dominion of Canada, and has ever since exercised a great influence on the game, not only in Canada, but in every country where lacrosse is played. All changes in the laws of the game are made by this association at its annual meetings in April, and which are composed of delegates from all the principal clubs in Canada. In addition to making the laws governing the game, the National Associrtion regulates the lacrosse championship of the world, as well as several local and intermediate championships, and settles all disputes among the clubs comprising its membership. This work is done by the executive officers, viz., a president, two vice-presidents, a secretary-treasurer and ten members of the council. The active officers at present are W. K. McNaught, president, and Dan. A. Rose, secretary-treasurer. The Toronto Fencing Club. — Early in the summer of 1883 a small company of gentlemen, who were in the habit of meeting together in private for friendly bouts with the foil, decided to carry into eff'ect the unanimous resolution to form a Fencing Club. New York, New Orleans, and many other American cities have their Fencing Clubs, and why not Toronto, which takes a leading place in the athletic arena ? Accordingly a round of the city was made in search of a suitable and convenient room. This was shortly found in the top flat of the building on the south-west corner of Church and King Streets, being a spacious, well-lighted and well-ventilated apartment, with lofty ceiling — the very conditions desirable for the exercise of fencing. This flat was at once secured. The aid of a car- TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. t25 the ible on ited ible :ar- penter was invoked; a generous space allotted for dressing-rooms; racks for receiving the foils, masks, etc., were affixed to the walls; a hurried business meeting was held, and "The^Toronto Fencing Club," with a membership of six, was duly organized. The promoters at first found — as was not unexpected — the work of enlisting new members a rather slow process. When, however, the season for boating, lacrosse, cricket, and other out-door sports had passed, the additions to the roll were encouragingly numerous. Young men, who had not handled a foil since their college days, rallied at the old familiar cries of " Parry Tierce ! " " Parry Carte ! " and many others, to whose ears these were mysterious words, soon learned to wield the flexible blade. At the present writing there are eighty members in good standing, an announcement which will afford the reader an excellent idea of the rise and progress of the Club. In order to meet various tastes and inclinations, it was deemed advisable and proper to introduce boxing, single-stick, Indian flubs, dumb-bells, chest-expand- ers, etc. , and no better evidence is needed that the two first-named are popular with the members than the effective array of gloves, sticks, and masks which adorns the walls and pillars of the n. But the revival of fencing, the primary object of the Club, is being attended by an unlooked-for measure of success. The art has received, and is still receiving, such an impetus from the efforts put forth by its devotees in Toronto, that ere long it will rank in importance with the standard sports of the city, and indeed of the Dominion. We append, as being pertinent to the subject in hand, the following excerpt from the Encyclopcedia Britannica : " The practice of the foil is here considered as applied to the most laudable purposes, namely, the enjoyment of salutary recreation and the acquisition of a graceful and unconstrained deportment. The beneficial effects of moderate fencing to persons of weak constitution, or of studious or sedentary habits, have been attested by medical practitioners of the first eminence." From Mr. Roland [Theory and Practice of Fencing) we also quote: "Perhaps there is no exercise whatever more calculated for these pur- poses (developing and cultivating bodily strength and activity) than fencmg. riding, walking, sparring, wrestling, running, and pitching the bar are all of them certainly highly beneficial ; but beyond all question, there is no single exercise which combines so many advantages as fencing. By it the muscles of every part of the body are brought into play ; it expands the chest and occasions an equal distribution of the blood and other circulating fluids through the whole system. More than one case has fallen under the author's own observation in which affections of the lungs and a tendency to consumption have been entirely removed by occasional practice with the foil." It might be added, in conclusion, that testimony of the same character as Mr. Roland's can be given by more than one member of the Toronto Fencing Club. The Toronto Hunt Club. — This has long been one of the prominent and popular institutions of Toronto, comprising among its members some of its best 126 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. citizens. Its progress has been marked by a steady and rapid increase in the demand for well-bred saddle horses, and in this way it has very materially helped on in the promotion of the horse-breeding interest throughout the Province. It was established twenty-one years ago, (in 1863) with Mr. John Hendrie, now of Hamilton, as Master of the Hounds. At that time the pack consisted in all of five Welsh Harriers that had been imported by Mr. iEmilius Irving, Q.C. John Halligan was then kennelman, and he has occupied the position with thorough satisfaction to the Club ever since. Mr. Hendrie was succeeded by Colonel Jennings, of the 13th Hussars, and he by Mr. William Copeland. The next Master of the Hounds was the late Mr- J, G. Worts, who for many years had the satisfaction of seeing the Club attain to a very flourishing condition under his administration. Mr. A. Smith, an accomplished horseman, and president of the Ontario Veterinary College, is the present Master of the Hounds, and is giving thorough satisfaction. Mr. M. A. Thomas, another excellent horseman, was for a long time Huntsman, but the post is now occupied by Veterinary Surgeon Campbell. The Club now numbers about seventy members, and hunts with not less than twenty couples of excellent, well-bred fox-hounds. The Ontario Jockey Club. — In 1881 it was found that horse-racing had fallen to such a low ebb in Canada that some radical reforms became absolutely necessary to its existence. Taking this view of the case, Mr. T. C. Patteson, Colonel Gzowski, the Messrs. Hendrie, of Hamilton, Dr. Smith, and many other leading horsemen throughout the country, conceived the idea of forming the Ontario Jockey Club, with the view of placing horse-racing on a proper footing. Mr. Patteson was particularly active in the promotion of the undertaking, and the result has been so far most satisfactory. The institution is now in aflourish- mg condition, and the good effects of its prosperity have been seen in a great increase in the number of race-horses imported into the country for racing and breeding purposes, and the attendance of many people at races who in times past would not be seen on a race-course. Indeed, no one can attend one of the race- meetings of the Ontario Jockey Club without being impressed with the idea that horse-racing has advanced greatly in public estimation within the past few years. The meetings of the Club are held at Woodbine Park, an admirable and well- appointed track, and, so far, the races have been characterized with the utmost fairness, and some excellent spori has been witnessed at every meeting. The Topr)NTo Canoe Club was organized in January, 1881, by Messrs. Bridpr- i, . ' r>, Nicholson, Leigh, Stinson, Neilson, Arnold, and others. At the *'■ - . J rft.;.M^' con. ■i. :\r,r . Ill iK' ■ ."■ • • Ds were held on the Bay, and Mr. Tyson visited the meet of the Amtficau Can e Association at Lake George. In 1882 a number of first- class canoes we-e purchased by the older members, and the club was strengthened 'r. Bridgman was elected commodore, Mr. Nicholson vice- ..f- Tyson secretary. TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 127 by the election of new members. In August, 1882, four members visited Lake George, one of them, Mr. M. F. Johnston, winning a paddling race and a flag for ability in aquatic sports. The season just passed has been very successful. A number of sailing and paddling races were held on the Bay, and in August some eight or ten members visited Stony Lake, near Lakefield, Ontario, where the annual meet of the A. C. A. was held. In the races the T. C. C. were very successful, thre«i of the members winning flags and others getting good places. At the annual meeting for 1884, held on the 4th March, the following officers were elected: Commodore, Hugh Neilson; vice-commodore, J. T. R. Stinson; librarian, F. M. Nicholson; secretary-treasurer, Robert Tyson. The club has not yet succeeded in securing a club-house, but an effort will be made this season to supply the want. Members, about fifteen; canoes, fifteen; uniform, grey shirt, knickerbockers, and straw hat. About a dozen members will be present at the meet of the A. C. A. at Grind- stone Island, near Gananoque, next August. 128 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 1 1E;fl^ Secret ant otfier SotUtles of lE^oronto* ll^ROM the earliest days, when Little York began to emerge out of its native mud, there existed in our midst those admirable organizations by which the strong and well-to-do are banded together to assist their weaker brothers, and to stretch out the right hand of fraternity to the newly- arrived immigrant, helpless amid strange surroundings, and depressed by recent memories of the Motherland which he has left behind him. In the beneficent character of their work, in all probability, lies the main reason for the obligation of secrecy enforced among the Masons, Oddfellows, and other societies of like nature. They have a good work to carry out, the very nature of which renders it necessary for its effective performance that the proceedings should be guarded by being screened from public scrutiny. It is well for society that there should be places to which the omnipotent newspaper reporter can never penetrate. As may be expected, from the aristocratic and military character of the early settlers of Little York, the venerable and aristocratic order of Free Masons was the first to gain a footing in the new capital of Upper Canada. The Masonic Halls of Toronto— Just sixty-one years ago St. Andrew's Lodge, No. i6, met in a large room in an inn kept by a Mr. Jordan, on King Street East, near Berkeley Street, on the north side of King. The exact spot on which the building stood is not known, but it is possible that it may have been in one of the buildings at present standing on King Street, as above mentioned. This is all that is known definitely of the first Masonic Hall. Prior to 1822, Rawdon Lodge, the pioneer of Craft Masonry, afterwards merged into St. Andrew's, met m a room supposed to be located below George Street. This was before 1820, when the city had but a single thousand in population. Rawdon Lodge worked from 1793 to 1800 under a military warrant, and probably met at the Old Fort, but in 1800 they surrendered that warrant and received another from the Grand Lodge of England, and held their meetings in a building which stood on Toronto Street, where the Union Loan and Saving Society offices now stand. At the time of the rebellion in 1837, the Lodge and its records were removed to a brother's house out on Yonge Street, some miles from the city. There is a missing link in this connection with reference to the place where the Lodge next met; however, when St. George's Lodge, merged in 1825 into St. Andrew's Lodge, which was the successor of Rawdon, the meetings were held in a frame building that stood in Market Lane, now Colborne Street, in the rear of Milburn, Bentley & Go's, warehouse. It was occupied as a school-room, a public hall, and also as a church. In those days the Masonic Halls were not used, as now, excluf-ively for the purpose of Masonry. In 1843, the lodge-room was removed TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 129 to Turton's Buildings, King Street West, afterwards known as as Lamb's Hotel. The site is now occupied by J. McCausland. In 1848 another removal was made to the upper story of Beard's Hotel, (Milburn, Bentley & Co.) on the north-east corner of Church and Colborne Streets. In 1854 another move was made. This time to the third floor of the present St. Lawrence Buildings. Prior to this date, in 1845, the King Solomon's Lodge was formed, and met for some years in a large room in the Tyrone Inn, 119 Queen Street West, near York Street, now occupied by the Messrs. Fogler Bros, as a jewelry store. This house was kept by John Trueman. The Lodge met in April, 1847, the rooms having been fitted up for the accommodation of the brethren. About 1850 the King Solomon's Lodge moved to a hall leased by Ionic Lodge, on King Street, over Dixon's hardware store, now an insurance office, and met here for two years, when the Odd Fellows' Hall, on the corner of Church and Court Streets, was leased. In 1853 a proposition was made by King Solomon's Lodge to lease jointly with St. Andrew's the Odd Fellows' lodge-room; but the arrangements fell through, and King Solomon's leased the Odd Fellows' Hall till August, 1853, when they moved to the large hall over the Western Assurance Building, now the Canada Mutual Telegraph Company, on the corner of Church and Colborne Streets. In 1857, Bro. Abram Nordheimer offered to devote the upper part of what is known as the Canada Permanent Buildings, on Toronto Street, for the purposes of a Masonic Hall, and on the 13th of April, 1858, possession was taken by the Craft. In this Hall nine of the city Lodges, one Chapter and one Knight Templar Preceptory meet. The Hall itself is the finest in the Dominion. The building itself is an imposing structure of Ohio freestone and iron, 102 feet front by 75 feet in depth. The lower story, or ground floor, is occupied by the Canada Permanent Building Society, and by insurance and brokers' ofiices ; the second and third floors are used by lawyers as offices. The third story is the Masonic Hall. The entry to what is known as the Blue or Craft Hall, is on the left side of the building. Ascending a stair- case which leads from the third floor, one finds himself in a small ante-room, ten by twelve, which opens into a preparation room, ten by twelve, and into two reception rooms, one twenty by ten and a larger one forty by twenty. These rooms are handsomely fitted up with all modern conveniences, and are very cosy and comfortable. From the first ante-room you also enter the main door of the great hall, where the largest meetings of the Craft that have ever been held in Canada have been assembled. The hall is of magnificent dimensions. It is about fifty feet in depth and about forty in width, and is lofty in proportion. The furnishings of the room are of the best description. The floor is covered with a Brussels carpet of Masonic design, the only one of the kind in the country, the furniture is principally of walnut, the chairs on the east, west and south, and the lounges, or side seats, are all of appropriate design. The covering of the furniture is blue. When the King Solomon's Lodge left its hall on Church and Colborne Streets, their very handsome oak furniture was added to that already in the large room we are now in. The King Solomon's room had been furnished in oak and blue, and, although different in colour and design, it har- I30 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 'if! i ;>K ! I i4 ' ; ■^i' monizes very well with the walnut furniture in use in the blue-room. The east and south ends of the hall are draped with heavy blue rep curtains, and the raised platforms at the east, west and south are covered with blue carpet. The walls are decorated with fine life-size portraits of M. W. Bros. Wilson, Weller, Stevenson, Simpson, Kerr, Seymour, Harington, Henderson, Moffatt, and Daniel Spry, and one of T. B. Harris, a former Grand Secretary of Grand Lodge. The following Lodges meet in the Masonic Hall : — Doric, Ionic, Kin^, Solomon's, Rehoboam, St. Andrew's, Stevenson, St. John's, Wilson, and Zetland. These Lodges are under the Grand Lodge of Canada, and are all united in a co-partnership known as "The Masonic Hall Trust," and to this Board each of the lodges sends two representatives. The Board is presided over by K. W. Bro. J. Ross Robertson, who for the past three years has skilfully managed the affairs of the Trust, and at whose suggestion the many valuable improvements in the suite of rooms used by the craft have been made. Leaving the Blue Hall brings us to the north portion of the building on this floor, where the Knights Templar room is situated. The room is about thirty-five feet long and twenty wide, and the fittings are most elaborate. The stalls of the Templars, the drapings and canopy in the east, the carpeting and the frescoes on the ceiling are unequalled in the Dominion ; indeed, there are few handsomer rooms m America. In this room Geoffrey de St. Aldemar Preceptory of Knights Templar meet, and also the Royal Arch Chapter of St. Andrew and St. John. Adjacent to this room is a commodious refreshment room for the use of the bodies occupying the Blue and Templar Halls. The next hall of importance is the Victoria Street Hall, in Victoria Chambers, near Adelaide. The hall is in the third floor of the building. The main hall is twenty-five by forty-five, with a refreshment room eighteen by twenty-five, and three ante-rooms twelve by fourteen each. The hall is well furnished, and is used by the King Solomon Chapter, G. R. C. Orient Chapter, G. R. C. Odo de St. Amand Preceptory of Knights Templar, and Adoniram Council of Royal and Select Masters in Cryptic Masonry. The Con- clave of the Masonic Order of Rome and Constantine, and a Lodge of Royal Ark Mariners also meet here. This Hall is leased by King Solomon's Chapter, and is governed by a board of trustees, consisting of M. W. Bros. Spry. R. W. Bro. J. Ross Robertson, and Thomas Sargant. One of the prettiest Halls in Toronto is that of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, on King. Street, No. 119, over Coleman's. The room is used by the Lodge of Perfection and Rose Croix Chapter. Its fittings and furnishings are all of special design, and cost some thousands of dollars. The walls and ceilings are in fresco, and the carpets and draperies are artistic in pattern. In the East end of the city, at Riverside, east of the railway crossing, is Orient Masonic Hall, occupied by Orient Lodge No. 339, G. R. C. In the North part of Toronto, in St. Paul's Ward, Ashlar Lodge meets. This hall is situated nearly opposite the old town-hall, in Yorkville, or, as it is now known, St. Paul's Ward. The hall is one of the most con- venient in the city. It is neatly furnished, and is perfect in every respect. St. Paul's Chapter, No. 65, G R.C., Chapter also meet here. In the West end we Masonic Hall. ' 1 1 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 133 have Occident Hall, on the corner of Queen and Bathurst Streets. This hall was built specially in the interests of Masonry. The Blue Room in which Occident and St, George's Lodges meet is about fifty by thirty, and is unique in its design of furniture. Everything is handsome and in good taste. The Chapter room is one of the most comfortable m Toronto, and the refreshment and ante- rooms are all in harmony and have appropriate furnishing. Occident Royal Arch Chapter meets in this hall. At Parkdale there is another hall, in which Alpha Lodge meet and Parkdale Chapter. The room is commodious and well furnished. A new hall is now being built on Queen Street, Parkdale, to the west of the present hall, and when finished the Lodge and Chapter will move into it. There are about 2,000 affiliated Masons in Toronto, and it is said about the same number unaffiliated. The Grand Lodge of Can.^da.— M.W,, Bro. Daniel Spry, Barrie, M.VV. Grand Master ; R.W. Bro. Hugh Murray, Hamilton, Deputy Grand Master ; R.W. Bro. J. J. Mason, Hamilton, Grand Secretary; R.W. Bro. J. G. Burns, Toronto, District Deputy Grand Master for Toronto District. LODGES IN TORONTO. St. Andrew's Lodge, No. 16.— W. Bro. John Kent, W.M. ; Bro. R. W. Doan, Sec. Meets Masonic Hall, Toronto Street, second Tuesday. King Solomon's Lodge, No. 22.— W. Bro. P. J. Slatter, W.M. ; Bro. Alf. Minister, Sec. Meets Masonic Hall, Toronto Street, second Thursday. Ionic Lodge, No. 25. — W. Bro. J. R. Roaf, W.M. ; Bro. F. M. Morson, Sec. Meets Masonic Hall, Toronto Street, first Tuesday. Rehoboam Lodge, No. 65.— W. Bro. D. H. Watt, W.M.; W. Fitzgerald, Sec. Meets Masonic Hall, Toronto Street, first Thursday. St. John Lodge, No. 75. — W. Bro. R. J. Hovenden, W.M. ; Bro. Henry Brown, Sec. Meets Masonic Hall, first Monday. Wilson Lodge, No. 86. — W. Bro. Joseph Clare, W.M. ; Geo. Clark, Sec. Meets in Masonic Hall, Toronto Street, third Tuesday. Stevenson Lodge, No, 218. — W. Bro. John Patton, W.M. ; Bro. S. J. Sharp, Sec. Meets Masonic Hall, Toronto Street, second Monday. Ashlar Lodge, No. 229. — W. Bro. J. H. Burns, W.M. ; Bro. A. D. Ponton, Sec. Meets in Masonic Hall, Yorkville (St. Paul's Ward), fourth Tuesday. Doric Lodge No. 316.— W. Bro. John Ritchie, Jr., W.M. ; Bro. W. A. Med- land, Sec. Meets Masonic Hall, Toronto Street, third Wednesday. Zetland Lodge, No. 326. — W. Bro. Wm. McDonald, W.M. ; Bro. J. A. Carlaw, Sec. Meets fourth Friday, Masonic Hall, Toronto Street. nr 134 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. Orient Lodge, Riverside, No. 339. — W. Bro. Ira Bates, W.M.; Bro. F. H. Anderson, Sec. Meets Masonic Hall, Riverside (St. Matthew's Ward), first Friday. Occident Lodge, No. 346.— W. Brc. S. B, Pollard, W.M., M,D ; Bro. M. J. Meyerfey, Sec. Meets Occident Masonic Hall, Queen and Bathurst, first Wed- nesday. St. George's Lodge, No. 367. — W. Bro. F. Donovan, W.M. ; Bro. Wm. J. Guy, Sec. Meets Occident Hall, Queen and Bathurst Streets, first Friday. Alpha Lodge, No. 384.~W. Bro. Geo. G. Rowe, M.D., W.M. ; Bro. W. P. Atkinson, Sec. Meets at Masonic Hall, Parkdale, first Thursday. The above lodges are all under the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Canada. CAPITULAR MASONRY. Grand Chapter of R. A. Masons of Canada. — Meets at Toronto, i8th July, 1884. M.E. Comp, H. Macpherson, Owen Sound, Grand Z. ; R. E. Comp. F. Gallow, Toronto, G.S., Toronto District ; R.E. Comp. David McLellan, Hamil- ton, Grand Scribe E. St. Andrew's and St. John's R. A. C, No. 4. — Ex. Comp. Seymour Porter, Z. ; R. F. Smytbe, Scribe E. Meets Masonic Hall, Toronto Street, third Friday. King Solomon R. A. C, No. 8.— V.E. Comp. P. J. Slatter, Z. ; Geo. Clark, S.E. Meets in Victoria Hall, Victoria Street, first Wednesday. St. Paul's R. A. C, No. 65.— E. Comp. W. S. Jackson, Z.; F. F. Manley, S.E., 3 Huntley. Meets in Masonic Hall, Yorkville, (St. Paul's Ward,) second Wednesday. Occident R. A. C, No. 77. — Ex. Comp. John A. Wills, Z. ; J. W. Hickson, S.E. Meets Occident Masonic Hall, Queen Street West, fourth Monday. Orient R. A. C, No. 79.— Ex. Comp. Andrew Park, Z, ; M, Gibbs, S.E. Meets fourth Thursday, Victoria Hall, Victoria Street. x^arkdale R. a. <" U. D. — Ex. Comp. John Inglis, Z. ; J. Main, S.E. Meets Masonic Hall, Parka: .i, second Thursday. The above chapters are all under the jurisdiction of the Grand Chapter of Canada. CRYPTIC MASONRY. Royal and Select Masters of Canada. — Meets at Toronto, 19th July, 1884. M. II'. Comp. J. Ross Robertson, Toronto, Grand Master; M. 111. Comp. J. G. Burns, Toronto, Grand Recorder ; M. Ill, Comp, D. McLellan, Hamilton, Grand Treasurer. TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 135 t^frd Thurray '"' ""' ^''^^ ^" "^'^'""^ ^'^««' ^^«°"- ««"• KNICiHTS TEMPLAR. Kt n''' T ""t '^^""^^'^.-G^^^^^^v dk St. Aldemar Preceptorv. No. 2. E. Sir Kt.N. T Lyon. Eminent Preceptor; Sir Kt. John Hetherington Registrar Meets in Toronto Street Masonic Hall, second Friday. Registrar. tor ''s^K?w^"'» ^;^^r°'^' N°- ^7-Sir Kt. J. Douglas. Eminent Precep- Ihir'd Fridly Registrar. Meets in Victoria Street Masonic Hall. MACLEOD Moore Lodge Roval Ark MAR.NERs.-Meets quarterly in Masonic Hall. Victoria Street. W. Bro. G. J. Bennett. Noah ; W. Bro. N. t' Lyon, s" nn.^T -^T Conclave, Red Cross of Rome and CoNSTANT.NE.-Meets r s!::y" rrLyorLr::: "^^" "• '^^ "• " ^ "-^"- "--- ^ TORONTO STREET HALL. MASONIC TRUST. OFFICERS OF THE Trust.-R. W. Bro. J. Ross Robertson, president : R. W Bro. Thomas Sargant. treasurer ; W. Bro. H. M. Graham, secretary. St. Andrew's. No. 16.-R. W. Bro. W. C. Wilkinson. Bro. W. McMurrich. King Solomons. No 22.-V. W. Bro. W. S. Lee. W. Bro. W. H. VValkem. Ionic. No. 25.-W. Bro. W. Roaf. W. Bro. Dr. Temple. Rehoboam. No. 65.-W. Bro. Andrew Park. W. Bro. A. W. Carkeek. St. John's. No. 75. _W. Bro. Boddy. W. Bro. Moerschfelder. Wilson. No. 86._V. W. Bro. R. T. Coady. R. W. Bro. Thomas Sargant. Stevenson No. 218.-W. Bro. John Patton. Bro. Thomas Graham. Doric. No. 3i6.-Bro. J. B. Johnson. W. Bro. John A. Cowan. Zetland, No. 326.-R. W. J. Ross Robertson. W Bro. H. M. Graham. VICTORIA STREET HALL, MASONIC TRUST. OFFICERS OF THE Tri;st.-R. W. Bro. J. Ross Robertson, president; R. W Bro. Thomas Sargant, Secretary-Treasurer. The Trust meet on the first Monday in each month. fr , I 136 TfiRONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. ANCIENT AND ACCEPTED SCOTTISH RITE. Toronto Lodge of Perfection. — 111. Bro. T. F. Blackwood, 32°, T.P.G.M.; Bro. A. W. Croil, ^8^ secretary. Meets third Monday, in Hall, 119 King Street West. Toronto Sovereign Chapter Rose Croix, 18°. — 111. Bro. F. J. Menet, 32°, M.P.S. ; Sov. P. George C. Patterson, 18°, Registrar. Meets third Monday, in Hall, 119 King Street West. The A. and A. Rite organizations in Toronto are under the Supreme Council, having (irand East at Montreal. I. O. O. F. Grand Lodge of Ontario. — William Macdiarmid, Grand Master, Lucan ; .\. L. Morden, Deputy Grand Master, Napanee ; N. Martin, Grand Warden, Chatham; J. B. King, Grand Secretary, 42 King Street East, Toronto; William Badenach, Grand Treasurer, 42 King Street East, Toronto; James Woodyatt, Grand Representative, Brantford ; Col. T. Campbell, Grand Representative, London; J. R. Reid, Grand Marshal, Brockville ; J.J. Manning, Grand Con- ductor, Brampton ; J. W. Burriss, Grand Guardian, London ; J. F. O'Neil, Grand Herald, Point Edward ; T. W. Joliffe, Grand Chaplain, Toronto. The next ses- sion of the Grand Lodge will be held at Toronto, on the second Wednesday of August, 1884. The following lodges meet in the hall at the corner of Yonge and .\lbert Streets :— Albert Lodge, No. 194, meets every Friday. Canada Lodge meets every Friday. Covenant Lodge, No. 52, meets every Tuesday . W. H. Pearce, secretary. Laurel Lodge, No. no, meets every Monday. Metropolitan Degree Lodge, No. 3, meets on the third Tuesday of each month. Queen City of Ontario Lodge, No. 66, meets every Monday. Rehoboth Encampment, No. 8, meets on the third Thursday of each month. Board and General Relief Committee meets on the first Thursday of each month. Toronto Encampment, No. 50, meets on the second and fourth Thursday of each month. Toronto Lodge, No. 52, meets every Wednesday. TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 137 I. O. O. F. MANCHESTER UNITY. Royal Metropolitan Lodge, No. 6534.— S.J. Wade, P.P.G,M.,G.M.; V. P. Humphrey, N.G.; W. F. Clarke, V.G.; Owen Mead, P.G.R., secretsry ; R, Meldrum, treasurer ; James Harris, financial secretary. Meets every alternate Wednesday, 7.30 p.m.. Temperance Hall, Temperance Street. h month, h month. irsday of FORESTRY. ANCIENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. Subsidiary High Court for Canada. — George Grove, D.C.R., York District, 18 Vanauley Street. Court Hope of Canada, No. 5604. — Meets alternate Mondays in Oddfellows' hall, corner Yonge and Alice Streets. T, W. Purkis, secretary, 330^ Wilton Avenue ; P. O. box 159. Court Robin Hood, No. 5693, — Meets alternate Thursdays in Temperance Hall, Brock Street. W. D. Davidge, secretary, 35 Leonard Avenue ; P. O. box 2627. Court Cosmopolitan, No. 5687. — Meets alternate Wednesdays in Temper- ance Hall, Temperance Street. J. Donovan, secretary, 77 Foxley Street. Court Yorkville, No. 5775. — Meets in Temperance Hall, Davenport Road, on alternate Tuesdays. R. Woodcock, secretary, iii Sherbourne Street. Court Star of the East, No. 5883. — Meets in Foresters' Hall, corner King- ston Road, on alternate Mondays. A. Mclntyre, secretary, 11 Regent Street. Court Star of the West, No. 6896. — Meets in Week's Hall every alternate Friday. C. T. Chalk, secretary; P. O. box 354, Parkdale. Court Brunswick, No. 7043. — Meets alternate Thursdays, in Foresters' Hall, Brunswick Avenue. Wm. Saulter, secret.iry, 165 Brunswick Avenue. Court Harmony, No. 7045. — Meets in Winchester Hall, alternate Tuesdays. H. E. Griffiths, secretary, 81 Scollard Street. Toronto Juvenile Court. — Meets third Friday of each month, in Temper- ance Hall, Temperance Street. R. Howson, secretary, 38 Henderson Avenue. Yorkville Juvenile Court. — Meets every alternate Tuesday, in Temperance Hall, Davenport Road. R. Woodcock, secretary, 11 1 Sherbourne Street. CANADIAN ORDER OF FORESTERS. Court Rose of Toronto, No. 18. — R. Baker, D.D., H.C.R., 35 King Street East; D. Davis, C.R.; S. Somerville, V.C.R.; Henry Norris, treasurer; W. K 138 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. Roberts, R.S.; G. Barrett, F. S. ; J. S. Diamond, M.D., surgeon. Meets in the Philharmonic Hall, Adelaide Street East, first and third Wednesdays in the month. Court Queen City, No. 8i.— Thomas Tracy, C.R., Wm. Frost, V.C.R.; R. Baker, R.S.; C. J. Barnes, F.S. ; James Hawkins, treasurer; Dr. Wagner, surgeon. Meets fourth Friday in the month, at Temperance Hall, Temperance Street. KNIGHTS OP PYTHIAS. Grand Lodgi' of Ontario. — Jesse Chapman, Hamilton, P.G.C.; George H. Leslie, Windsor, G.C.; D. J. Pearce, Hamilton, G.V.C.; W. J. Vale, Hamilton, G.P.; Jas. Smith, London, G.M. of E. ; George H. Mitchell, Toronto, G.K. of R. and S.; S. E. Hall, Toronto, G.M. of A.; James McDonald, Toronto, G.LG.; T. J. Fitzgerald, London, G.O.G. ; J. S. King, M.D., and George H. Mitchell, supreme representatives. The next meeting will be held in Windsor, on the second Tuesday in June, 1884. Toronto Knights of Pythias Hall, 5 Albert Street. Mystic, No. i. — Meets every Tuesday evening, 5 Albert Street. C.C; George Y. Timms, K.R.S. H. Kerrison, IVANHOE, No. 4. — Meets every Wednesday evening. William Miles, C.C; R. Young, K.R.S. Ontario Board of Control, Endowment Rank. — Dr. J. S. King, president; G. H. Mitchell, secretary-treasurer. ANCIENT ORDER OF UNITED WORKMEN. Grand Lodge of Canada. — G. W. Badgerow, P.G.M.W. ; J. R. Miller, G.M.W., Goderich ; E. W. Carder, G. Recorder, St. Thomas; T. C. Irving, D.D.G.M., Toronto District and counties of York and Peel. Capitol Lodge, No. 50. — A. W. McLachlan, P.M.W. ; D. Tennant, foreman ; A. Delaporte, overseer; Thomas Mitchell, recorder; J. B. Nixon, financier; John A. Wells, receiver ; John A. Law, guide ; J. Reynolds, L watchman ; James Mossman, O.W. Meets second and fourth Tuesday, 8 p.m., at Chapter Hall, 9 Victoria Street. Toronto Lodge, No. 51.— P. G. Routh, P.M.W,; R. B. Milburn, M.W.; Robert Charlton, recorder. Meets first and third Tuesday in each month, at Occident Hall, at 8 p.m. Excelsior Lodge, No. 52. — S. G. Allen, P.M.W.; Wm. Simpson, M.W.; John Munn, recorder. Meets first and third Monday in each month, at 8 p.m., at hall, ID Adelaide Street East. TORONTO: FAST AND PRESENT. 139 Granite Lodge, No. 53. — George Wright, P.M.W. ; George Waltz, recorder. •Meets first and third Tuesday in each month, at 10 Adelaide Street East. York Lodge, No. 5. — R. H. Ramsay, P.M.W. ; Joseph Harton, M.W. ; H. M. Wilkinson, recorder; J. Young, financier; H. J. Cox, guide; H. Norwich, LW.W. ; J. McCallum, O.W. Meets second and fourth Tuesday in each month, at hall, 633 Yonge Street. Parkdale Lodge, No. 58.— S. Culbridge, P.M.W. ; T. P. Worth, F. ; G, Menzies, O.; W. Dawson, R. ; Wm. Burgess, F.; A. E. Black, recorder; J. B. Nixon, financier. Meets first and third Wednesday in each month, at Weeks Hall, Parkdale, 8 p.m. Crystal Lodge, No. 181. — F. G. Inwood, P.M.W.; J. K. Leslie, M.W.; John Jones, recorder. Meets every alternate Monday, at Winchester Hall, Parliament Street. Select Knmghts of A. O. U. W. — Toronto Legion, No. 6 — W. J. Graham, S. Comm. ; H. M. Wilkinson, recorder. Meets second Friday in each month, at hall, 9 Victoria Street. Parkdale Legion, No. 7. — T. W. Booth, S. Comm. ; A. E. Black, recorder. Meets every second and fourth Wednesday in each month, at Weeks' Hall, Parkdale. ORANGE ORDERS. District Orange Lodge of Centre Toronto. — John Graham, W.M. ; W. I. Wilson, D.M.; Thomas Walker, treasurer; D. A. McCuaig, secretary. Meets at Orange Hall, Yonge Street opposite Albert, second Tuesday in each quarter, 8 p.m. District Orange Lodge of East Toronto. — Wm. Elliott, W.M.; John Seccombe, D.M.; Alfred Medcalf, treasurer; James Greer, secretary. Meets second Tuesday in each quarter, Orange Hall, corner King and Sherbourne Streets, 8 p.m. District Orange Lodge of West Toronto. — Wm. Benson, W.M.; James A. Boyd, D.D.M.; F. Brown, chaplain; D. N. Black, treasurer; Thomas Croft, secretary. Meets at Occident Hall, corner Queen and Bathurst Streets, second Tuesday in each quarter, 8 p.m. MUSICAL. Toronto Choral Society. — Under the patronage of the Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario. Edward Fisher, conductor ; S. B. Brush, president ; E. A. Scadding, first vice-president ; Auguste Bolte, second vice-president ; E. A. Toshack, treas- urer ; Wm. Selby, secretary; D. S. Barclay, librarian. Meets at 8 p.m. on Monday evening, at Temperance Hall, Temperance Street. 140 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. Toronto Philharmonic Society. — Hall, 12 Adelaide Street East; F. H. Tor- rington, conductor ; S. Nordheimer, president ; J. B. Boustead and H. E. Clarke vice-presidents; Ph. Jacobi, treasurer; Thos. E. Aikenhead, secretary. St. Basil's College Brass Band. — Prof. Murray, principal. Massey Manufacturing Company Brass Band.— Wm. Kelly, principal. Riverside Brass Band. — H. Tye, principal. ;' ''■ I I: TEMPERANCE. Church of England Temperance Society of the Diocese of Toronto. — Synod Office, Merchants' Bank Buildings, Wellington Street West — The Right Rev. A. Sweattnan, D.D., p-esident; A H. Campbell, vice-president; George Mercer, secretary-treasurer. P. C^ bo\ ''"4. Independent Order of Good Templars. — Grand Lodge of Ontario — J. H. Flagg, G.W.; C. T. Mitchell; T vV Casey, G.W.S., Napanee. Toronto District Lodge — F. S. Spei l,, ciiv deputy ; John Morrison, D. C. Templar; W. Woodhouse, D. secretary. Meets third Saturday of each month, at Wolseley Temperance Hall, Gerrard Street corner Yonge. Toronto Degree Lodge — W. Woodhouse, D.T. Meets the first Saturday of each month, in Wolseley Temperance Hall, Gerrard Street corner Yonge. Subordinate Lodges. — Albion Lodge— Meets every Tuesday at 8 p.m., in Wolseley Temperance Hall, Gerrard Street corner Yonge. Alex. R. Scobie, L.D., 51 Jarvis Street. Dominion Lodge — Meets every Wednesday at 8 p.m., in Wolseley Temperance Hall, Gerrard Street corner Yonge. Wm. Barnes, L.D., 106 Elizabeth Street. Excelsior Lodge, No. 65o^Meets every Thursday evening at Temperance Hall, Davenport Road. James Jordan, L.D., 116 King Street West. Hope of Parkdale Lodge — Meets every Monday at 8 p.m., at Masonic Hall, Parkdale. Wm. Stewart, L.D., Parkdale. St. John's Lodge, No. 58 — Meets every Friday at 8 p.m., in Oddfellows' Hall, Alice Street corner Yonge. George Spence, L.D., 241 Parliament Street. Toronto Lodge, No. 827 — Meets every Monday at 8 p.m., corner Yonge and Albert Streets. Toronto Union Lodge, No. 6or — Meets every Thursday at 8 p.m., in hall corner Louisa and Yonge Streets. J. Henderson, L.D., 90 Richmond Street East. Unity Lodge, No. 640 — Meets every Friday at 8 p.m., in hall corner Elm and University Streets. W. Woodhouse, L.D. TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 141 St. John's yuvenile Lodge, No. i — Meets every Friday at 7 p.m., in Oddfellows' Hall, Alice Street corner Yonge. Mrs. Smellie, superintendent. Toronto yuvenile Lodge — Meets every Monday at 7 p.m., in hall corner Yonge and Albert. Miss Etta Spence, superintendent. SoN3 OF Temperance. — Grand Division — John McMillan, Toronto, G.W.P. ; Rev. E. R. Yonge, Bowmanville, G.W.A.; Thomas Webster, Paris, G.S.; David Millar, Toronto, G.T.; W. H. Porter, M.A., St. Catharines, G.C.; W. T. Smith. Toronto, G.C ; Edward Phoenix, Greenbank, G.C. Subordinate Divisions. — Coldstream Division — Meets every Wednesday evening in their hall, corner Brock and Richmond Streets. George Miller, secretary. Crystal Fountain Division — Meets every Friday at 8 p.m., in the Temperance Hall, Gerrard Street corner Yonge. Ontario Division — Meets every Monday at 8 p.m., in the Temperance Hall, Gerrard Street corner Yonge. Victoria Division — Meets every Wednesday at 8 p.m., at Temperance Hall, Davenport Road. Father Matthew Temperance League. — St. John's Hall, Bond Street near Queen. Matthew O'Connor, president; Daniel Harnett, vice-president ; James Callaghan, secretary-treasurer. RovAL Templars of Temperance. — Pioneer Council, No. i — James Hughes, S.C. ; John Dunlop, secretary. Meet every Monday at 8 p.m., corner Brock and Little Richmond Streets. Society for the Suppression and Prevention of Intemperance. — Rev. D. J. Macdonnell, president; Rev. John Burton, secretary. The West End Christian Temperance Society. — Occident Hall, Queen Street West. A. Farley, president; W. Manus and F. Ward, vice-presidents; W. Bird, chaplain; T. Jollifle, treasurer; George Ward, secretary; F. Burt, assistant-secretary. Toronto Temperance Reformation Society — Instituted 1851 — W. War- dell, president; A. Bell, treasurer; J. B. Marshall, secretary. Christian Temperance Mission. — Rev. H. D. Powis, president ; S. H. Blake, vice-president; W. H. Howland, second vice-president; Rev. John Smith, third vice-president; E. M. Morphy, treasurer; James Thompson, secretary. 142 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. iginality which deserve all praise. The Rev. J C. Antliff is pastor. The services are held at II a.m. and 7 p.m. This edifice is worthy of remark from the crigmality and grace with which it treats a style of Gothic — that of the round and Norman period, which is essentially heavy, sombre, and barbaric. Mr. Storm has intro- duced with effect the " round," or " St. Catharine's wheel," or " rose " window. But a captious critic might object that the rose window is never seen in churches of older date than the crusaders. However that may be, the window in quarters harmonizes well with the elaborately decorated front of the Carlton Street Church. The Spadina Avenue Church is situated at ihe junction of that street with College Street, and is a handsome edifice in " first pointed," or Early English Gothic, most comfortably provided with elegantly -covered pews, a choir for the singers, and a beautifully formed pulpit. The pastor is the Rev. J. H. Loche. Services are held every Sunday at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. The Bathurst Street Church is at the corner of Lennox and Bathurst Streets. The pastor is the Rev. R. W. Book. The services are held at 11 a.m. and 8 p.m The Berkeley Street Church is at the east end of King Street, corner of Berkeley Street. The pastor is the Rev. Isaac Jovell. The services are held at II a.m and 7 p.m. The Bloor Street Church is a handsom.e white brick edifice in tnat Canadianized form of Early English Gothic, which, as we have so often observed is such a favourite with Toronto architects. It is one of the largest churches in the city. The pastor is the Rev. George Cochrane, D.D. The services are held weekly at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. The British Methodist Church is situated on 94 Chestnut Street. The pastor is the Rev. G. W. Broun. The services are held each Sabbath at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. r 164 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. The Don Mills Methodist Church provides for the spiritual needs of an increasing population at the beautifully situated suburb of Todmorden. The Rev. J. Stillwe'l is pastor. Services are held every Sunday at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. The Dundas Street M(;thodist Church is situated at the corner of Orrington Avenue. The pastor is the Rev. C. M. Mclntyre. Services are held at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. The Gerrard Street Methodist Church is situated at the corner of River Street at the east end of the city. The Rev. James Matheson is { astor. Services are held weekly at ii a.m. and 7 p.m. Hi !l \' The King Street East Methodist Church is situated at the corner of Bright Street. The pastor is the Rev. J. Bedford. The Sunday services are held at II a.m. and 7 p.m. The Markham Street Methodist Church is situated at the north-westerly suburb known as Seaton Village, where a continually growing population and the ever-advancing intrenchments of the builder, indicate the advance of Toronto towards the terrace of hills described a century ago by the Irish bard Thomas Moore. The pastor of the Markham Street Church is the Rev. J. H. Barkwell. The services are held weekly at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. The Parliament Street Church is situated at the corner of Oak and Parliament Streets, in the oldest and still most densely populated part of our city. The pastor in charge is the Rev. J. Simins. The services are held at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. The Queen Street (opposite Manning) Avenue Methodist Church has for pastor the Rev. T. W. Joliffe. The services are held on Sundays at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. The Park'jale Methodist Church s situated on Queen Street, and is a pretty building, adorning the beautiful suburb where it is situated with a hand- some rendering of Gothic art. The pastor is the Rev. E. Clement, the services are held on Sundays at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. The Queen Street Methodist Church, between Peter Street and Spa- dina Avenue, is a handsome building of the usual brick of Toronto. The archi- tecture is Gothic. The pastor is the Rev. J. W. Jeffrey. The services are held weekly at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. The Richmond Street Methodist Church has for pastor the Rev. J. CuUen. The services are held at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. TORONTO : P^ST AND PRESENT. 165 The Wood Green Methodist Church is situated 145 on the Kingston Road, on the corner of Strange Avenue. The pastor is the Rev. W. F. Blackstock. The services are held weekly at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. The Davenport Ro\d Methodist Church is on the juncture of that road with Yonge Street. The pastor is the Rev. C. O. Johnson. The services are held at n a.m. and 7 p.m. The M.arlborough Avenue Methodist Church is situated on the corner of Yonge Street and Marlborough Avenue. The Rev. R. Burns is pastor. The services are held at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. Such and so ample is the provision made by the Methodist Church for the spiritual needs of Toronto^ There is no doubt in the mind of the writer that Toronto Methodism owes a deep debt to the energy, good sense, and spiritual magnetism of two men above all others in that communion, Egerton Ryerson and Morley Punshon. The PRESBVTERiAN Church also ranks high among the pioneers of the Chris- tian Church organization in Toronto, Canrda's church centre. Many of the earliest military settlers and of the subsequent immigrants to Toronto were of Scotch nationality aiid devoted adherents of the National Church. Although deprived of all public ministration of their Church, the Scotch emigrant settler had still his Bible, his habit of devotion, and that love for keeping holy the Sabbath Day, which more than in any other city on the American continent is the jealously-guarded characteristic of the Toronto of to-day. In many a log- built hut on a Yonge Street clearing, or beside the marshy reaches of the Don, the Sabbath stillness succeeded the weekly hurry of the brief and busy summer, the girls and boys stood silent and reverent by the open door while their father read chapter after chapter from the Book of Books. But it was long a difficult matter to secure a church organization. The Anglican Church was dominant; the Scotch settlers were poor. A I'r'^sbyterian minister, clad in very rusty black, called on Dr. John Strachan li 1., after the latter had renounced John Knox and the Westminster Confession for the " Kist o' Whustles " and Episco- palian prosperity. " Kh, mon," said the rector of St. James' to his old friend, "but your coat is verra thread-bare!" "Yes, mon, but it has never been turned," was the severe reply. The first Presbyterian ministers in English Canada were like those of Metliodism, itinerant, with no settled station even for regular recourse of visit. Among the earliest of them was the Rev. Robert McDowell, who was sent by the .-Vlbany Classiis of the Dutch Reformed Church. He visited Toronto, but the chief scene of his labours are among the early U. C. L. settlers around the Bay of Ouinte. The first Presbyterian minister who was permanently sett'ed in Toronto was the Rev. James Harris, a native of Ireland, whence he cam>_ in 1820. But already before this the Presbyterians of York and its vicinity had been organized into a congregation by the Rev. VV. Jenkins, a r 1 i . i 1 66 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. Scotchman by birth, but sent as a missionary from the United States. When Mr. Harris came as settled minister, a place of worship was built in 182 1 on the site now occupied by Knox Church. The ground was deeded to the church as a free gift by that promoter of all good work in our city, among whose patron saints he deserves to be classed by having a church called after his name, that incor- ruptible patriot and generous Christian, Jesse Ketchum, for who.se head the Family Compact offered their vile blood-money, and whose death they would so gladly have added to the judicial murders of Samuel Lount and Peter Mathews. In 1822 the congregation was further organized by the addition by common consent of a definite constitution. Mr. Hams, by his excellent teaching and example, gained the general affection of all residents in Toronto, and did much to build up the congregation. This Church was connected not with the estab- blished Church of Scotland, but with a body known as the United Synod of Upper Canada. [The causes of divergence were explained to the writer by the kindness of the Kev. Mr. Inglis, but not being a Scotchman, he confesses his incapacity to understand them. J A meeting was held in 1830 by those who fa- voured the establishment of a congregation in communion with the Scottish National Church, Mr. (now Sir Francis) Hincks being in the chair, and William Lyon Mackenzie acting as secretary. The result was the erection of (Old) St. Andrew's Church, which was first used for worship on June 19th, 1831, but fifty years later was demolished to make way for the block till lately occupied by the Grip Publishing Company on the corner of Church and Adelaide Streets. At the opening service of this church the 79th regiment of Scotch Highlanders attended in their picturesque national uniform. The church was a large, plainly-built brick edifice, painted outside in imitation of stone, and contained sitting room for over a thousand persons. This congregation was the first among Canadian Presbyterians to take the liberal and progressive stop of adopting the use of instrumeni^' music. The first clergyman of the new chuich was the Rev. W. Rintoul, \vlio had formerlj iiad charge of a Presbyterian congregation at Mary- port in England. After a few years he left Toronto for a clerical charge at Streetsville. He was subsequently Professor of Hebrew in Knox College in this city. He was succeeded by the Kev. W. J. Leach, and after his withdrawal, by the Rev. Dr. Barclay. The next incumbent of this church was the present popu- lar and eloquent Dr. D. J. Macdonnell, after whose removal to the pastorate of the magnificent castle-church on Simcoe Street a portion of the congregation continued to worship in the Adelaide Street ('hurch under the ministry of Rev, G. M. Milligan, formerly of Detroit. Pastor and con-jregation have retained the title "Old St. Andrew's" for their sumptuous new church on Carleton Street. \h St. Anokew's Church is one of the most beautiful buildings in this or any other city on the continent of America. It is built of grey freestone, and is in a very much modern version of the old round-arched architecture which the Nor- mans adopted from the Byzantines. St. Andrew's resembles a feudal castle rather than a modern church, and could be easily maintained at point of the 1 1; rJ i ■ :1 ^ ! H !■ TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 169 sword by its eloquent and liberal-minded pastor, the Rev. D. J. Macdonnell, against his especial foes, the advocates of eternal pain as a remedy for finite transgression. Our book is enriched with a picture of this beautiful building. No visitor to Toronto should neglect paying a visit on Sunday at 11 a.m. or at 7 p.m. to this beautiful church. The Rev. Mr. Macdonnell- is considered one of the most gifted pulpit orators of our city. The singing and the general tone of the services are as good as anything of the kind in Toronto. The position of St. Andrew's Church is, with the exception of that of St. James' Cathedral, on King Street, and the magnificent quadrangle occupied by the Metropolitan Church on St. James' Square, the finest in the city. It is in close contrast with two fine buildings of markedly opposite styles of architecture, the French renaissance of the " Governn nt House," and the quaint ()ueen Anne style of the Upper Can- ada College. The St. Andrew's Church, like St. James" Cathedral, forms one of the chief architectural ornaments of our city's chief street. This Church is an elaborate presentation of the massive Norman architecture which, introduced by the English barons who possessed the lowland counties during the period of English suzerainty, is seen so commonly in Scottish Churches and castles of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The richness of the elaborately wreathed and sculptured mouldings over the main entrance, and the interlacing mullions of the window tracery, are worthy of special remark. The stone used in the con- struction of this beautiful Church is mainly Georgetown rubblestone, with facings of Ohio stone, in contrast with which is the occasional introduction of the reddish brown freestone found in the neighbourhood of Queenston Heights. The colour of the stone work will be improved and harmonized by the mellowing influence of time. At the main entrance are handsome columns of finely polished red granite, smooth and glittering as a mirror. These are from the coast of the Bay of Fundy, and they are surmounted by capitals whose exquisite carving reminds one of Scott's description of Melrose: The slender shafts of shapely stone. By foliaged tracery combined ; Thou would'st have thought some fairy hand, Twixt poplars straight the ozier wand. In many a freakish knot had twined ; Then framed a spell when the work was done, And changed the willow wreath to stone. The main fa9ade is on King Street ; it is unbroken by any projection, but is relieved by three large semiciri,ular arches, richly ornamented by chevrons and other characteristic mouldings The Simcoe Street facade is not inferior to that on King Street ; it is relieved by the noble towers of the church, thirty-one feet square at the base, and rising to the height of one hundred and sixteen feet. At the south end of the New St. Andrew's Church are situated the school, lecture, and other rooms, and beyond them, immediately fronting the Govern- ment House, is the handsome building which more resembles a mansion than a manse. The cost of this church, with the buildings belonging to it, was $85,000. M 170 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 1 I Another one, although in a very different style of Gothic architecture, that of "Old St. Andrews" (the only Saint admissible in Scottish hagiology) is one of the most remarkable edifices in Carlton Street. This, which is one of the most beautiful of Toronto Churches, is situated at the south-east corner of Carlton and Jarvis Street, thus having the benefit of an unrivalled approach at the conver- gent ) of two of the city's finest avenues. It is built of a reddish-grey freestone with dressings ui Ohio stone, and is in the fourteenth century, or second-pointed Gothic, of which it is one of the most perfect examples we possess, though treated with an absence of pretty ornamental detail, which is in keeping with the austere simplicity of the faith which it symbolizes. Last year considerable addition was made, including the completion of the tower and the two spires. The doors and the windows of this Church, with their Ohio stone facings, are examples of Gothic architecture at its best. The interior is worthy of the beautiful exterior. Rev. G. M. Milligan is pastor. Services are held every Sunday at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. Not the less beautiful is the handsome Gothic Church at 48 Gerrard Street East. The City of Toronto contains no more perfect, because no more severe St. James Square Church. and chaste, rendering of the marvellous architecture, which alone has been historically identified with the life of Christianity. TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 171 Le has been Chalmers' Church is situated at Brockton, the pastor being the Rev. J. Mutch. The services are held at 11 a.m. and 6:30 p.m. The Carlton Street Church is as yet a tentative effort, supported by a few earnest Christian friends. The pastor is the Rev. A. Wilson. The services are held at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. The Central Presbyterian Church is one of the handsomest in Toronto. It is built in a modernized form of Gothic, and stands on St. Vincent Street, corner of Grosvenor Street. This church has all the advantage of a good and central situation, and attracts a large clicntcllc. The pastor is the Rev. P. McF. McLeod. The services are held every Sabbath at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. The Charles Street Presbyterian Church, near Yonge Street, has Sunday services at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. The College Street Presbyterian Church is situated on the corner of Bethany Street. The pastor is the Rev. Alexander Gilray. The services are held every Sabbath at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. Cook's Church is situated on Queen Street, corner of Mutual. The Rev J. Kirkpatrick is pastor. This church, which was also known as the F"rec Pres- byterian Church, was erected in 1857-58, from the designs of William Thomas & Co., and was dedicated for divine worship on July 25, 1858. It is an unpre- tending but neat and substantial edifice, the material being white brick, and the style that variety of renaissance architecture which is known as Lombardian. The ornamentation of the front facade is of brickwork, with a projecting corbel to all the eaves and gables. The frontage extends 55 feet ; the entire length of the building being no feet. The front is arranged in three divisions, with pro- jecting entrance porch and towers on each angle. Each of these towers is 15 feet square, and no feet high. There is sitting accommodation for fully 1,000 people. A comfortable basement accommodates the large Sunday-.school of the church. The weekly services are held at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. Cook's Mission is an offshoot of this Church, and is carried on in a small Mission Church on the west side of Elizabeth, and north of Queen Street. Deer Park Mission is, as yet, a tentative effort, at that outlying village north of the city on Yonge Street. Denison Avenue Church is situated at the corner of Wolseley Street. The Rev. R. Wallace is pastor. The services are held at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. The East Presbyterian Church is on King Street, corner of Sackville, and accommodates a large congregation. The pastor is the Rev. J. M. Cameron. The services are held at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. 172 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. Erskine Church on Caer Howel Street (the name is a reminiscence of Judge Powel, one of the old Family Compact magnates, the name Powel being a cor- ruption of Ap Howel, " Ap " being the Welsh equivalent for the Scotch " Mac," the Irish " O," and the Norman " Fitz "), at the head of Simcoe Street, was con- sumed by fire, an agency by which Toronto churches are so often doomed to suffer martyrdom, early in 1884. It was a goodly building of white brick, although the interior, as far as the woodwork extended, has been gutted, the handsome tower and walls are unimpaired, and the congregation, aided, no doubt, by the sym- pathy of other Christian people, will without delay repair the loss to the city and the church. The pastor is the Rev. John Smith; the services are held at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. This church, like most of those in the city, is in the lancet-window, simple early English style. Knox Church is situated in the most central part of the city, on Queen Street near Yonge. The congregation is one of the largest in the city, and one of the most respectable, and readiest to support all good works. The Rev. }. M. Parsons is pastor. The services are held at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. This church was the result of the disruption which rent asunder the Scottish Kirk in 1844. In consequence of dissentions, arising out of which an arrangement was made by which the Rev. Mr. Harris retired on an annuity, a call was addressed to the Rev. Dr. Burns, of Paisley, Scotland, For eleven years this gentleman dis- charged the duties of pastor of Knox Church with general acceptance ; he was then appointed professor of Church History in Knox College, a position which he filled with honour till his death, in 1869. In 1847 Knox Church was destroyed by fire, after which the congregation erected the present handsome church. The Rev. Alexander Topp was appointed pastor of Knox Church in 1858. Close to Knox Church is a very handsome Sunday school house, used also for lectures, socials, and church meetings. It was erected by the congregation at a cost of ^16,000. The Leslieville Church is a handsome, though unpretending, building on the Kingston Road continuation of King Street, at the corner of Carlaw Avenue. The pastor is the Rev, W. Frizzell. The services are held every Sunday at ir a.m. and 7 p.m. The Parkdale Church is one of the most ornamental buildings in that pleasant suburb. The Rev. W. A. Hunter is the pastor. Services every Sunday at II a.m. and 7 p.m. The Queen Street West Church has for pastor the Rev. R. Wallace; the services are at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. •Mttl.? !i J^.^Jr-' Knox Church. '^^L.o-s/f/ryJ^ TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 175 The Congregational Church, from its republican organization and its full tolerance of congregational and individual liberty, as distinguished from ecclesiastical domination, has obtained a full hold on the people of Toronto. Bond Street Church is a building which may be described as being con- structed after the methods of " Toronto Ciothic" in architecture, and in the interior, an ingenious combination of a theatre and a church. It is, perhaps, the least beautiful building in the city with the possible exception of the City Hall, the Dental College, and the octagonal building on Albert Street occupied by that earnest and estimable body, the Plymouth Brethren. The late rector of this Church, Mr. Handford, was a man whose misadventures gave rise to some scandal and much bitter feeling; he was, however, a born orator, a preacher such as Toronto has never known, with the exception of the late Rev. Morley Punshon; a man quite above the vulgarity of preaching in favour of Gipsy sorceresses, quack pill-mongers, the worn-out Anglo-Israel craze, and all the catalogue of quack doctrines by which vulgar charlatans endear themselves to the vulgar. The present pastor of this Church is the Rev. Joseph Wild. The Hazelton Avenue Church is situated at the corner of Scollard Street, The pastor is the Rev. John Salmon; the services are at 11 a.m. and at 7 p.m. The Zion Church occupies one of the most advantageous positions in To- ronto, the northern side of College Avenue, near to Yonge Street. It is a red brick building in conventional Gothic. The pastor is the Rev. H. D. Powis; the services are at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. The Northern Church is between Alexander and Wood Streets, pastor is the Rev. J. Burton. The The Parkdale Congregational Church has for pastor the Rev. C. Duff. The services are held weekly, at 11 a.m. and at 7 p.m. The Spadina Avenue Congregational Church is a modest edifice, one of those which will no doubt be reconstructed, or disappear from Toronto's finest avenue, Spadina. The style is a meagre version, much of the lake steam-boat pattern, of lancet-windowed Gothic. The Bible Christian Church, belonging to a body which might almost be classed as an adjunct of Methodism, since neither in doctrine nor discipline does there seem to be any serious difference between these two branches of the Chris- tian Church, is represented in our city by fair congregations. The Agnes Street Church, at the corner of Terauley, has for pastor the Rev. Edward Roberts. The services are at 11 a m. and 7 p.m. J 1 176 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 13 m The Brock Street Church, at the corner of Liitle Richmond, is a building much in need of repair, but one in which the present writer believes that much earnest Christian work is done. He is acquainted with young women residing at the west end of our city, orphans, unbefriended, living on their daily labour, who have been much helped by the teaching given held in this little ch<>pel. The services are held every Sabbath at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. The Louisa Street Church is situated at the corner of James Street. The Rev. W. M. Joliffe is pastor, and services are held at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. The energetic Baptist Church which began in blood and fire, and Anabaptist civil war at Munster in Gcnuany, has now settled down into one of the most earnest and practically pious of Protestant Churciics, differing from others only on a point of theo'ogical bath-room etiquette, owns several of the l!nest of Toronto churches. Of a truth, the fanatical assertors of Christian simplicity, have assumed much of the magnificence of historic Christianity. The chief Baptist basilica is situated on the junction of Jarvis and Gerrard. It is a handsome Gothic building, with an auditorium suited to its creedal requirements; though by no means faithful to the traditions of ecclesiastical architecture, it is not the least noteworthy ornament of our city. The pastor is the Rev. D. B. Thomas. The services are at i"^ a.m. and 7 p.m. The Ale.xander Street Baptist Church is situated on Alexander Street, between Church and Yonge Streets. The pastor in charge is the Rev. J . Dono- van. The Sunday services are at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. The Beverley Street Baptist Church is a brick building, in Toronto brick- work Goihi>\ on the corner of Sullivan Street. The Rev. J. E. Trotter is pastor. Sund'<_^ service is at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. The College Street Baptist Church is situated on the corner of Lippincot Street. The pastor is the Rev. Robert Holmes. The services are at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. The Dovercourt Road Church i;-; a small but energetic missionary eftbrt, which is steadily making its way, and with the western advance of our city will, no doubt in a few years, be replaced by an ampler place of worship. The church is situated at the corner of Dovercourt Road and .\rgyle Street. The pastor is the Rev. E. M. C. Bothwell. The hours of Sunday ser-, ice ;ire at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. The Parliament Street Church is a small, but well-rendered Gothic Duilding, with a handsome wheel window. The pastor of this church is the Rev Charles A, Cook. The services are bold at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. i "if m m i '4 JaUVIS STKKKT li.M'TIST CllLKCH. i m m TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 179 The Eastern Avenue Mission is an offshoot of the Parliament Street church, The services are held every Sunday at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. The Lewis Street Church is situated on the Kingston Road. The Rev. J. Robinson is pastor. The services are held at 11 am. and 7 p.m. The Vjctoria Street Church is at the corner of Queen Street. The pastor is the Rev. A. Moore. Services are held on Sundays at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. The Wellesley Street Mission is in connection with the Alexander Street ' urch, to whose pastor and congregation it owes its support. It is located on ihe corner of Rose Avenue and Wellesley Street. Services are held at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. Thi: Vorkville Baptist Church is situated on Yonge Street, at the corner of Da enport Road and Belmont. The Rev. Tolment Harris is pastor. Sunday services are held at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. Si.ioh are the most influential of the Toronto Churches. But there are also ome o!iiers which are not without an influential and cultured following. \viMi the churches of Toronto may most appropriately be classed the Upper Canada Bible Society, and the Upper Canada Religious Tract Society. The Upper Canada Bible Society was organized in 1829, for the circulation of the Bible without any note or comment, and seeks to advance that purpose by maintaining in Toronto, at its office, 102 Yonge Street, a depot trom which all the Auxiliary Bible Societies in the Province are supplied with the Sacred Book at the lowest prices possible. The officers for the present year are Hon. George \V. Allan, D.C.L., president ; Hon. Wm McMaster, treasurer; J. G. Hodgins and Rev. J. M. Cameron, honorary secretaries; Mr. Robert Baldwin, permanent secretary ; Mr. Warring Kennedy, Minute secretary ; Rev. J. Manley, permanent agent ; Mr. John Young, depositary. The following is the statement of the last report of the Parent Society with regard to Toronto : — "The severe winter, marked, as it was, by an unusually heavy fall of snow, greatly hi'- dered the colportage work of this .Vuxiliary, and it is therefore not to be wondered at that the issues show a decrease when compared with those of the previous year. The total is 29,765 as against 31,887 in 1881 ; the decrease is mainly in portions, so that taking into account the fact of the great difficiuues of colport by Mr. Rost, the well-known pub- lisher and philanthropist. This church is of white brick audits length is eighty- five feet by fifty feet wide : in shape it is a parallelogram, including the body of the church and the vestibule. The cost of erecting it was if 10,000. The style of this church is a handsome, though not over-ornamented, version of the fourteenth century Gothic ; there is sitting acBBaHKtdation ior over five hundred persons. In December, 1865, this church was set am »re by the malice of an incendiary and : n TORONTO; PAST AND PRESENT. 183 was much damaged, though fortunately not destroyed. It was re-built as soon as possible, and the interior will compare favourably for comfort and for beauty of decoration with any church in the city. The inside walls were painted to resemble cut stars, the ceiling being divided into frescoed pannels. The basement contains a well-furnished Sunday School, and lecture room and a most comfortable vestry and library. The congregation, though not large, is highly cultured, and show a good example of hospitable tolerance of opinions widely different from their own. Of this the writer has had a pleasant experi- ence, having at the invitation of the Rev. H. Bygrave and Mr. Rose, delivered an address on the History of Religious Persecution, in their lecture room, in the summer of 1882. Unitarianism may be said to have been the earliest form of Protestantism and of revolt agamst the primitive historic Catholic Church. The teaching of Arius, though suppressed by councils, and repeatedly delivered over to the secular sword, survived in wave after wave of rationalistic heresy. At the Reformation it broke out anew under Lelius and Faustus Socinus, and the great philosopher Servetus was burned alive at Geneva by John Calvin, for teach- ing Unitarian opinions. It has had other martyrs in England. In literature and science it claims the names of Milton, Newton, Priestly, Barnes the commen- tator on Scripture, and James Martineau. In America the Unitarians boast of Channing, Emerson, and many others. The members of this church in Toronto seem to advocate the more conservative side of Unitarianism. Much good work is effected by promoting the Temperance cause, and in the endeavour to reclaim and assist fallen women. The pastor is the Rev. Hilary Bygrave, formerly a much-esteemed Congregational minister at Belvidere, Kent, England. Two Christadelphi.w services are held in Toronto, one at the Temperance Hall, Temperance Street, Alexander Gemmell presiding, service at 6:30 p.m.. and the other at 16 Alice Street, Mr. Thomas Gruitt presiding; services 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. The New Jerus.'VLEM sect, so strange in its mysticism, founded by that ex- traordmary latter-day prophet and profound thinker, the good old Baron lUumi- natus of Sweden, has a church on the north side of Kim Street, and has adherents among the most cultured classes of the city. The pastor is the Rev. Eugene Daniels. Of the Society of Fkienus in Toronto it cannot be said, in Charles Lamb's phrase that " the goodly sect art dwindling, dwindling." They have a neat meeting house on the west side of I'cnihroke Street, where the present writer has heard excellent discourses, and gazt ' with admiration not unmingled with aston- ishment, on young ladies attired in fashionable summer dresses, silk jackets, artificial-flower bonnets, six-button gloves, and all the wares of Vanity Fair. 11 i 11 IH: • ill \mi. TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. On Yonge Street, corner of Bloor, a service is held by the Rev. W. Brookman at II a.m. and 7 p.m. This gentleman seceded from Methodism some time ago on the " eternal torture " question. Not to be forgotten among the constituent forces of " the soul of the city " are the barracks of the Salvation Army, situated in the rear of Queen Street, near the western branch of the Public Library. The Army premises consist of a large rough-cast building containing an immense hall which, every Sunday evening,- is crowded to repletion with those whom no other organization in the Christian Church has seemed able or willing to gather in. Bang! whang! bang I goes the wretched band, the tawdry banners flaunt, the ignoble finery of a parody on military parade defiles through Queen Street. One feels inclined, as he sees those unintellectual faces, those lugubrious looking women, those hysterical girls, that congeries of possibly reclaimed hoodlum, harlot, and humbug, to quote poor Alexander Smith's too soon forgotten verses : " In the street the tide of being, how it surges, how it rolls ! God ! what base, ignoble faces ! God ! what bodies wanting souls." There is no doubt, however, that the Salvation Army people have, what in the detestable newspaper slang of the day is called "the courage of their opinions." They believe and feel and practise more intently than most of the frequenters of the Sunday bonnet-show in the fashionable churches. They believe in a real con- crete devil and fight him in his own haunts. 1 hey succeed in exorcising him from many a home, from many heart. As their leader, General Booth, puts the ques- tion, " The only point is Will It Last ? I say it will. Satan says it will not." Alas I on this point we feel inclined to take issue against the Salvation Army's General, and with the less respectable but more experienced commander. Mean- while the grand Virgilian goal is reached. Est quedain prodire terms si non datur ultra. Something is gained ; some lives are reclaimed, if it be but for a time, from the devil's service of drink, lust and profanity ; for a time, if it be but for a time, the old myth of the reformed Magdalen is realized and the fallen image of God is lifted from the gutter. Nor should this account of the Soul of Toronto omit notice of several modest, but still most influential, organizations of religious work, such as the meeting of the Christian Brethren (better known as the " Plymouth Brethren"); that of the Temperance Christians, who meet at Macmillan's Hall, corner of Gerrard Street and Yonge ; the Disciples of Jesus, whose meeting place is at Little Richmond and Brock ; the Bible Class conducted by Mr. W. Rowland. All these organizations are utterly unecclesiastical, being either conducted by laymen, or ignoring alto- gether the ideas of any ecclesiastical caste whatever. " Brethrenism " is well represented in Toronto, the meetings being held in the old octagonal meeting-house on Albert Street, near Yonge. Their system is Low-church Protestantism pushed relentlessly to its logical consequences, no ministry, no Sabbath, no sacraments, no prayer. TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 185 Dkman ne ago y " are :t, near St of a Sunday 1 in the ! bang! parody he sees :al girls, ote poor at in the pinions." enters of real con- him from the ques- vill not." n Army's Mean- ime, from )r a time, of God is i\ modest, leeting of Ihat of the ird Street Imond and lanizations |)ring alto- is well ^ing-house ^m pushed kcraments. 'El\ti IITonQue of tf|e Citg* BOOK.S AND PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS, NEWSPAPERS OF THE PAST AND PRESENT. ^I^HE fourth estate in Canada dates from the Conquest. Under the old French M regime, which had lasted for well-nigh two hundred years, there was no news- J' paper, no education but that which the Jesuit chose to give to the peasant or '^ the convert, and no public opinion among the submissive subjects of the absolute monarchy of France. It is remarkable that a newspaper was first started, not among the large French population, but among the few British residents, who in the whole colony did not number, all-told, five hundred souls. The Quebec Gazette was published in 1764 by Messrs. Brown & Gilmour, formerly a firm in Philadelphia, with a subscription list of only 150 names. In the opening editorial the proprietors undertook to pay special attention "to the refined amusements of literature and the pleasant vein of well-pointed wit, interspersed with chosen pieces of curious essays, extracted from the most cele- brated authors." This sheet is justly described by M. Bourinot in his excellent work on the Intellectual Development 0/ Canada, as a "mere bald summary of news, without comment on political events." The first ne\,spaper in English Canada, the Upper Canada Gazette or the American Oracle, a folio of fifteen by nine and a-half inches of strong, coarse paper, was published at Newark (Niagara) by Lewis Roy, on the i8th of April, 1793, and was removed to Toronto on that settlement being chosen by Governor Simcoe as the capital of the English province in 1794. It v as succeeded at Niagara by the Constellation, the imposing-stone of which was a.. ; ily in use up to 1870, when the venerable Niagara Mail, so long edited by the veteran literateur of Niagara, Mr. W. Kirby, ceased publication. The Gazette and O.acle continued a precarious existence in " Muddy Little York," neither paper containing more than a summary of European news, four months old, and of New York and Boston intelligence, about equally stale. The paper on which these interesting items were issued to the settlers on the margin of the Don, was of varigated colour, moi-e often blue than white, the latter complexion of paper being scarce. The title American Oracle was dropped when Dr. Home became the publisher. The paper was the abject organ of officialism, so much so, that its publisher incurred the wrath of the party of progress to such a degree that William Lyon Mackenzie, during the abortive insurrection of December, 1837, committed the mistake, an act unlike N wm i86 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. himself and disgraceful to his cause, of ordering Home's house on Yonge Street to be set on fire. Home became the publisher of the Gazette in 1817. The next Upper Canada journal was the Upper Canada Guardian or Free- man's JouKNAi., edited and published by Joseph Wilcox, one of the first representa- tives of the faint dawn of Liberalism in Elnglish Canada. As a matter of course, the Family Compact Government, in those days at the zenith of its power, found no difficulty in ruining newspaper and editor. Wilcox was tried for alleged libel, was committed to prison, and, disgusted with the ingratitude of the English colony, joined the military service of the United States Republic, in which he attained the rank of colonel. He died a soldier's death in battle during the war of 181 2. In 1820 the Obskrvkr was published at Toronto. It was an ultra Tory and Family Compact organ, and contained little attempt at editorial comment on its scanty supply of news, domestic or foreign. Of this, as of other old-time Toronto journals, specimens may be seen at the parliament library, Toronto. In 1S25 Francis Collins once more tried the hazardous experiment of establish- ing a journal, which risked a mild criticism of the powers that were. The Cana- dian Freeman attempted the role of representing a class which had yet to learn to consider themselves "free." Collins had been employed as a compositor in Dr. Home's office, and, on the latter giving up the publication of the Gazette, applied for the position of editor, but was informed that " the office would be given to none but a gentleman." In the matter of news the Canadian Freeman can scarcely be said to have been an improvement on the old Gazette ; the editorials were eqaally jejune and meagre, but they breathe a freer air and give voice in some measure to the rising spirit of opposition to the Clergy Reserves and other iniquities of the ruling caste ; their defects in matter and manner show, however, the spirit of the modern newspaper was yet to come in Little York. It came with the publication of the Colonial Advocate in November, 1824, by William Lyon Mackenzie. That celebrated man, from the first, exerted, through his newspaper, a power hitherto unknown to Canadian journalism. The marked individuality of a strong character made itself felt in every issue of his news- paper. Keen but moderately worded criticism began to vivisect every act of the Family Compact Government, The people of Upper Canada, more especially in Toronto, the centre of commerce and intellect, had learned by this time to dis- trust and detest a system of rule saturated with favouritism and fraud. The Toronto public were prepared for the modern newspaper ; the farmers up Yonge Street and throughout York county, already the leading settlement of Upper Canada, were prepared to support a vigorous criticism of recognized abuses. But, in those days, everything was against the success of a newspaper, especially one of Opposition politics. The expense of postage was such as to destroy any chance of circulation beyond the city limits through which the paper could be distributed by hand. The country postmasters were not paid any salary for distributing newspapers in their district, it being part of the policy of the Family Compact Government to discourage, systematically, the political enlightenment diffused by the press. The Advocate, as has been narrated in the chapter of this TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 187 work containing the history of Toronto, was the next step in agitation of the Liberal cause to the vigorous but badly carried out attack on the Family Com- pact by the unfortunate Robert Gourlay. The Advocntc had better temper, better taste, and a more reasonable platform, still there hardly existed in Toronto, certainly not in the other settlements of Upper Canada, a constituency capable of supporting it. The paper would have fallen through and William Lyon Mac- kenzie have been only known to fame as a pioneer drug-store keeper and book- seller, but for the folly of some of the " gilded youth " of Little York, whose parents or patrons the Advocate had assailed, and who forgot the shrewd words of the French philosopher, " never wish harm to your enemies; they will be sure to harm themselves far worse than you can possibly wish them." A mob of well- dressed scions of the ruling class of Little York, encouraged by the presence of two Judges, wrecked the office of the Advocate and threw the types and printing machinery into the Bay. But this act of violence had overstepped the limit of public forbearance. A prosecution was entered against some of the leading members of the Toronto aristocracy and, despite the efforts of the Family Com- pact advocate, Mr. Macauley, to condone the case, resulted in damages to the amount of /^6oo being awarded to Mackenzie. Thus reinforced, the Advocate became a power in the land, and its editor was returned to Parliament as the representative of York county, the recognized leader of Upper Canadian Lib- eralism. In 1833 appeared the Patriot, edited by Mr. Dalton, but taking a political tone strangely at variance with its name. At the same time appeared the Loyalist and the Courier, Family Compact organs, edited by Mr. Fothergill and Mr. (}us- sett. Fothergill subsequently quarrelled with the ruling powers, was supported by Mackenzie, became popular, and was for many years the Police Magistrate of Toronto. Mr. Dalton carried servility to the existing Government and to British connection to a limit unreached by any other Canadian writer, the exis- tence of so slavish a sheet as the mis-named Patriot goes far to explain, if not to justify, the excesses of Mackenzie's newspaper. Anna Jameson, author of the Legends of the Madonna, and wife of a sometime Vice-Chancellor of Upper Canada, has put it on record that in 1836 there were forty newspapers published in the linglish Province ; of these, three were " re- ligious," two representing the dominant Christian agencies of our country, as it has well been called the Established Church of Upper Canada, the Methodist Church of Ryerson and Cage. These two were the historic Christian Guardian and the Wesleyan Advocate. The Christian Guardian had from the first the powerful back of one of the ablest ministers and most vigorous statesmen which the Tory emigration of 1784 had given to English Canada. Of Egerton Ryerson's early writings in the Guar- dian, as ardent in defence of civil liberty as of the cause of religion, we may well use Wordsworth's noble words : " Claims of other worlds inspirited The star of Liberty to rise." IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^^ ^/ y.^ l/.A 1.0 I.I 1.8 1-25 1.4 III 1.6 6" ► Photographic Sciences Corporation ^ #> V :\ \ V 6^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-430S ^t^*^ ^\^ ►" ..^ A A y (* i88 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. II The Wesleyan Advocate was far less ably edited and soon ceased to exist. The Church represented the first feeble beginnings of a separate form of the High Church disease which has in our days so strangely fastened on what was once the healthy Protestant Church of Cranmer and Latimer, of Jeremy Taylor and Joseph Butler. All that can be said in its favour is that it was perhaps less narrowly sectarian than the present Evangelical Churchman, and less obtru- sively anti-Protestant than the Puseyite Dominion Churchman. Mrs Jameson, always hostile to Toianto, makes out a bad case against our papers. She asserts, no doubt with truth, that their tone was provincial, acrid and narrow, yet her good sense cannot but admit that they did good in educating the minds of the provincials " in the absence of books." As to the latter, I find in the catalogue published in 1834 by Messrs. Lesslie (two of the firm are still livint,; in Toronto) a list of works including more solid and readable literature than seems lu find favour at the present day with the purveyors of the vapid novels which find favour in the sight of the " Free Library " Committee, as nutriment for the public mind. Mrs. Jameson states that in her time (1836) the number of ne' 'spapers circulated in Upper Canada and paying postage was, of provincial papers, 178,065, of United States and other foreign papers, 149,502. In 1838 the Colonist (for the first two numbers entitled the Scotsman) was issued at Toronto by Mr. Hugh Scobie, and took a leading position as the orpan of the Family Compact. To its columns the Rev. John Strachan contributed many vigorous articles. About 1840 a new departure in journalism was taken by the Toronto Exam- iner, a journal which took the side of Reform with all the courage of its opinions, but without the tendency to extremism which from the first characterised the newspaper utterances of Mackenzie. It was edited by Francis Hincks, son of a celebrated scholar and leading churchman in the north of Ireland, now one of the most respected of Canada's veteran statesmen. The Examiner was speedily disposed of by Sir Francis Hincks — we designate him by the title by which he is known to Canadian history — in favour of Mr. James Lesslie, by whom, and by one of Toronto's ablest literary men, Mr. Charles Lindsey, it was for some time edited. But the highest form of journalism was yet to come in English Canada. In 1844 a young Scotchman visited our province as the representative of a Presby- terian newspaper in New York. He found a cHcntcllc in Toronto sufficient to support a denominational newspaper, the Banner, an organ of the extreme lejt of Scotch Presbyterianism. From the Banner, able, outspoken, and within its narrow and sectarian limits, liberal, was born the Globe. It need not be said to any one who knows Toronto, or for that matter, Canada, that the soul of the Globe from the first was George Brown. The present writer when on his first arrival in Toronto in 1865, he was introduced to Mr. Brown, was struck, above all else, by the lovable and winning expression of his face. He seemed one whose nature it was not only to hate all things mean and evil, but to love all things " lovely and of good report." Mr. Brown became from the first a power TORONTO: PAST AXD PRESENT. 189 ida. In Presby- icient to Icjt of ithin its be said tl of the his first c, above ned one love all a power not hitherto known to the journalism of Upper Canada. His paper became the organ and soul of his party. English Canadian Liberalism had no existence out- side the columns of the Globe. We shall presently give a more detailed account of this most noteworthy of Canadian newspapers. In 1848 another historic name in Upper Canadian politics, that of William Macdougall, was associated with the issue of the Canada Farmer, which soon afterwards was amalgamated with the Globe. The first Bovs' Paper published in Canada was issued at Upper Canada College in October of 1857. It was published by J. Ross Robertson, the present proprietor of the Evening Telegram, of this city. The paper was the size of an ordinary sheet of letter-paper, four pages, two columns to the page, set in long primer type, and issued monthly, for fifty cents a year. The type was set up by Mr. Robertson in a small room in his father's house on John Street. The paper as originally issued was called the College Times. In its first issue it criticized editorially the action of the Senate and College authorities in staking out for sale in building-lots the King Street front of the present play-ground. The agitation thus raised had the effect of saving the grounds, but the proprietor of the paper was threatened with expulsion if he continued the name College T'""-'^- It was afterwards, in the next issue, changed to the Monthly Times, and in a few months to the Boys' Times, which name it continued to bear till the fall of 1859, when it ceased publication. Mr. Robertson left Upper Canada College in this year and went to the Model Grammar School and started a paper called Young Canada. It was a larger and better printed sheet than the old Boys' Times, and better written. Mr. W. 13. Scarth, Mr. O. Mercer .\dam, and other gentlemen con- tributed to its columns. After leaving the Model Grammar School, Mr. Robert- son continued the Young Canada under the title Young Canada Sporting Life, a large portion of the paper being devoted to sports and pastimes. The paper ran for three years as the Sporting Life, and was the first paper of the kind in Canada. The Grumbler, a paper similar to Grip, had been published in 1858-59 by Mr. Erastus Wiman, and was edited by the late Mr. W. J. Rattray and others of a literary turn of mind. The paper was successful, and passed into the hands of Mr. Robertson in 1863, and was published by him for two years in the office on the corner of King and Toronto Streets, over Gzowski & Buchan's. It was discontinued in 1864. About the years 1859-60 the Poker, a comic paper, edited by the late Chief-Justice Robert A. Harrison, was published, and ran for eii^hteen months. It was a rival to the Grumbler, but the latter with W. J. Rattray, James McCarroll, the inimitable writer of "The Terry Finnegan letters to D'.Vrcy McGee," Clarke Tyner, and other writers, was always the popular paper. At a later period William Halley started the Pick and James McCarroll issued another rival to the Grumbler called the Latchkey. The Grumbler, however, outlived all its competitors, and was given ur on r.ccount of its proprietor going on the Globe as city editor. Early in 1849 a paper called the Daily Teleolaph was started by Jacques igo TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. & Co. It was a daily paper, a sheet a little over foolscap in size, and devoted to news and advertisements. A copy dated July 6, 1849, and numbered 56 is in possession of the writer. It had a short-lived existence, and stopped in Septem- ber, 1849. In May of 1866 the Daily Tei-Egraph was started by Robertson & Cook. The office was in the old Globe buildings, where Graham, the barber, now has his shop. The composing-room was in the Victoria Hall, Melinda Street. The office was afterwards moved to the east side of YongeStreet, now occupied as a gun-shop, one door north of Ridout's corner. For two years the paper was issued in the evening only, and on the removal to Hay Street, in the large building now occupied by Mr. McGinn, the paper was issued as a morning and evening journal. There were at that time thiee daily newspapers, the Globe, Leader, and Telegraph. The Globe and Telegraph had the largest patronage and the Telegraph had the largest job-office in the city. In 1872 the Telegraph' was discontinued, and its lists were sold to the Mail. The Mail was at that time organized as a stock com- pany, and notwithstanding the large amount of money sunk in the enterprise was unsuccessful. Some years ago the concern was taken hold of by Mr. John Riordan, the land on the north-west corner of King cind Bay Streets purchased, and the magnificent pile of buildings, one of the finest on the continent, was erected by Mr. Riordan for the Mail Company. In 18S3 the old College Times of Robertson's time was re-issued by a number of youths at the College, and is, we believe, still issued periodically during the session of the College. . ThE Globe. — If there is one institution of Toronto which is better known outside the Ixjrdcrs of Canada than any other it is The Globe. This able and vigorous journal is ten years younger than the city itself. It came into existence in this manner: In about 1840, Mr. Peter Brown, a Scottish Journalist living in New York, had established the British Chroiiiele, intended to be for the Scotch- men on this continent what the Albion was to the English. Of this paper George Hrown, son of Toter, was the publisher and business manager. George's duties brought him to Canada, and at the same time the vigorous writing of his father in the Chronicle, in favour of the Free Kirk — the Disruption was just then tearing the vitals of I'resbytenanism — attracted much attention here. George Brown saw that there was a field in Canada, and, in the spring of 1843, he moved here with the intention of publishing a paper on his own account. The paper soon appeared. It was the lianner, a weekly, devoted mainly to the Free Church, but also entering strongly into politics. In a few months the Banner, with its limited field , was found totally inadetjuate to occupy the tremendous energies of its editor and in about a year, on March 5, 1844, The Globe took its place. The Globe was first established as a weekly. From the daie of its establishment till the present time its history has been one of uninterrupted progress and development. In two years it became a semi-weekly ; three years after that, it grew into a tri-weekly with a weekly edition. In 1853 it blossomed into a daily — at first of four pages. TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. igi six columns each ; then of seven columns, then of eight, then of nine and ten col- umns, finally taking its present form of eight pages of six columns each — exactly double its first size as a daily — in April, 1880. Singularly enough, this, *he greatest step in the history of The Globe, involving, as it did, the adoption of per- fecting web presses, stereotyping, and all which that implies, was not actually carried into effect, though, ot course, long before arranged for, until its founder had been laid on his death-bed by a pistol shot discharged by a drunken em- ployee. To this employee, one George Bennett, a fireman in the engine-room, Mr. Brown had been more than kind, but repeated offences on Bennett's part had rendered his discharge necessary for the safety of others. Bennett took umbrage at his dismissal, and entering the ofhce in a semi-intoxicated condition on the i5th of March, 1880, shot Mr. Brown, The wound was the merest of scratches, but it proved fatal. Mr. Brown died after six weeks of intense suffering, and his murderer was soon afterwards hanged. The Globe has for many years past been the head of Canadian journals in point of circulation, advertising patronage and political and social influence. Its circu- lation is, Daily, 24,000 ; Weekly, about twice that number In proportion to the size of the city in which it is published, and taking into account the total popula- tion of Canada, The Globe has, by all odds, the largest relative circulation enjoyed by iny newspaper in the world. It is acknowledged to be par excellence the best advertising medium in the Dominion, with few equals on the American continent. Its office is at 26 and 28 King Street East, in a building which was partly paid for with money subscribed by the Reform party of Canada as a testimonial of the importance of George Brown's services to the country. The Globe is, and has been for several years past, the property of " The Globe Printing Company, " a joint stock company incorporated under a Dominion charter. The Globe is, and always has been, advanced Liberal in politics. During its existence it has had but three chief editors : Mr. George Brown ; his brother^ Mr. J. Gordon Brown, who from the very first took a leading part in conducting the journal, was managing editor for many years, and succeeded on the death of Cieorge Brown to the chief editorship, which he held till Deceml)er, 1882 ; and Mr. John Cameron, tho present chief editor and general manager, who was founder of the Li)ndon Advertiser, and its chief editor before he was called to his present position. The Secretary-Treasurer of the Company is Mr. C. W. Taylor. It need hardly be said that Mr. Taylor's marked ability and energy find ample room for employment in the great and growing business of the leading journal of the Can- adian Dominion. The Mail was started in 1872 as a three cent morning newspaper devoted to the interests of the Conservative jiarty, at that time without a newspaper equal to the task of coping with the chief organ of the Liberals. A joint stock company, with a paid-up capital of 9ioo,ooo, fathered the new venture. Mr. T. C. I'atteson, "W^ 192 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. Ml formerly an Ontario Government official, and now postmaster at Toronto, as- sumed control of the journal. From the outset he followed an editorial Ime of action which is usually term- ed " vigorous," in the absence ot a more expressive term. Attacks on prominent politi- cal opponents soon secured for the newly launched organ all the evanescent popularity or notoriety which an accumu- lation of libel suits could win for it. The financial outlook for the Mail was at this junc- ture not strikingly encourag- ing. The constant drain which an excess of expendi- ture over receipts entails, quickly exhausted the original capital. After encountering a variety of fortuitous circum- stances the infant journal be- came the property of its man- ager, Mr. Patteson. This gentleman is credited with having spent a large sum nn an endeavour to galvanize the Mail into sound financial health. But the fates were adverse. After a protracted struggle against overwhelming financial difficulties Mr. Tatteson succumbed to the inevitable. The Mail went under the sheriff's hammer in 1877, and was pur- chased by Mr. John Riordan, of St. Catherines, to whom the concern was heavily indebted for the white paper consumed in publication. The Mail Printing Com- pany was incorporated shortly afterwards, Mr. Christopher W. Bunting, an old Globe employee, being appointed Managing Director. To give their new pos- session " a local habitation and a name " the Company erected, at an estimated cost of ftioo.ooo, the Mail building, on the north-west corner of King and Bay Streets. This structure is built of red brick, has an imposing appearance, and is probably one of the most completely equipped newspaper buildings on the continent. Since the Mail passed under the control of the company it has been free from the financial disabilities which beset its tender infancy. The first editor's successor, Mr. Martin J. Griffin, has followed, and indeed surpassed Mr. Patteson in the vigour of attacks upon opponents. The management have made a special effort to outstrip all rivals in the matter of cable news, and by securing The Mail 1'kinting House. TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 193 a Canadian monopoly of the New York Hernld cablegrams have gained an ad- vantage. The sporting department is a special feature which gives the journal the support of a large constituency of young Canadians. Typographically the Mail is equal to any of its competitors, and reflects credit on those in charge of the mechanical department. The organ has a fair advertising patronage. Its cir- culation is estimated at between 14,000 and 16,000 and the paper is reported to be making money. Having given an account of the two great party newspapers, which may be said to belong to the entire Dominion of Canada rather than to Toronto, we proceed to describe the other newspapers, periodical and serial, whose numbers and popularity are such an evidence of the intellectual growth of our city. First we naturally look to the Toronto evening papers. The Evening Telegram, the pioneer of the independent press in Canada, is par excellence, the family newspaper of the city. When the day's toil is over, when the bread winners of the household, father, mother and girls have been emancipated by the welcome six o'clock bell, when the supper has been partaken of, what is more welcome than the old familiar Telegram ? The long monopoly of the expensive and somewhat cumbrous party papers was broken by the establishment, and thoroughly successful management, of a live city newspap jr at the price of one cent. No more long sermon-like editorials, but leading articles, a series of five or six in each column, on the leading topics of the day, political, social and literary, Irish, humorous, and from a common- sense, independent stand point. Ever since then the Telegram has been an institution in Toronto read by every one from the fashionable belle in her bou- doir to Biddy in il;e basement ! The Telegram is well fitted to be the family newspaper, />ar excellence, of Toronto. The publisher and proprietor of the Telegram is Mr. J. Ross Robertson. The Evening Telegram was first issued in the spring of 1876— April 17. Dur- ing the first year it was a two cent paper with a limited circulation. In 1877 a was changed into a one cent paper with five editions daily. The office at that time was on Yonge Street, near King, No. 57. In 1881 the handsome pile of building on the south-west corner of King and Bay Streets, opposite the Mail, was erectt'd for Mr. Robertson, and the Telegram was moved into »t. The office is one of the best equipped newspaper offices m the city. The fittings in the publication office are in the highest style of art and are in mahogany, hungarian ash, and cherry. The counter is the most expensive in the city and the entire decorations are of the most artistic design and finish. The press room con- tains| a Scott web perfecting press, which runs off 30,000 an hour, and all the modern appliances for printing are to be found in the building. The second floor is devoted to the stereotyping and book publishing departments, the third floor to editors and reporters. The rooms on this floor are handsomely furnished and comprise a library, editor's room, proof reader's room, lavatories, etc. The top storey of the building is the composing room. The floors are connected by 194 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. II.-..: an elevator which runs from the press room to the composing room. The Tele- gram has a circulation of about 15,500 daily, and is the only exclusively evening paper in the city. The success of the Telegram has been phenomenal. It is claimed, and we believe justly, that it has been a paying concern since the day it was first issued. The circulation, which in the end of 1876 was i.yoo daily, rose to 7,600 daily in 1879, and in January of 1884 was nearly 16,000. On special occasions it has been notably ahead of its competitors in the matter of news. In municipal matters the Telegram has always maintained the lead, and has been the means of saving the citizens large sums of money by a sharp look into all the schemes and contracts coming before the civic government. The Telegram has the monoply of the "three liners," as the small advertisements are called, and everybody who has anything to advertise in the "want" or "for sale ' line, invariably goes to this paper. The Rural Canadian is published monthly by the proprietor, C. IJlackett Robinson, at his premises, 5 Jordan Street. The yearly subscription is ii. The Rural Canadian under its present editor is one of the brightest and most read- able of (.'anadian newspapers. It does not by any means confine itself to its special class of topics, on which, however, it furnishes its readers with the best and latest information. Thk Evening Canaoian was got up by a joint-stock company in 1883, and was supposed at first to be a daily edition of Mr. I'at. lioyle's Hiberno- nationalist, Catholic Irish Canadian. Hut under the temporary editorship of one of our most distinguished historians, the Evening Canadian took a broader platform and advocated, in no uncertain strain, Canadian Independence. It was afterwards edited, with much ability, by Mr. Clarke, but the competition of the World, Telegram and News was too great for the new venture, and the proprietors wisely resolved to discontinue it on the dawn of the first of April, 18S4. Ahiit ad Phires ! The Evening Canadian has joined the great journalistic majority, who sing in other worlds the hymn * Brief life was there our portion ! The Evening News was established in May, 18S1. It was published in the Mail building, and was generally regarded as the evening edition of the great Tory organ. Hy .some caprice of the proprietors, the paper on which it was printed was of a pink colour, perhaps from a wish to secure by a miserable pun that in one sense, at least, the paper should he read ! It cannot be said that the News during its first year was a success, but on February 7th, 1883, Mr. Edmund E. Sheppard accepted the editorship of the Neics, which thenceforward began a new and much more vigorous career. A very marked change took place at this time in the political attitude of this paper : from being under a sufficiently thin disguise an evening echo of the Morning Mail, it began to develop an indepen- The Telegram Printing House. nr TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 197 dent, not to say audacious, advocacy of Canadian Nationality. It soon was understood that a new departure was contemplated : Mr. E. A. Sheppard was given the opportunity of purchasing the News within a year. That gentleman's experiences with the paper, into which he had put new life and energy, were so favourable that he was encouraged to purchase it, and to expend a large capita! in opening the present office on Yonge Street, and issue a morning as well as an evening edition. It is well known that the News, under its new management, has secured the services of some of. the fore- most journalists and literary men of Toronto. Not the least attractive feature in the News Office is the talent shown in the crayon cartoons which are displayed from time to time from the windows. The proprietor of the News has shown special tact in procuring the services of an artist to whose skill in cartoon-drawing Canada knows only one rival. The editorials of the News, ever since Mr. Sheppard's accession to the proprietor- ship of the paper, have been remarkable for pith and point ; they have taken a wide range of all public questions, extending their criticism beyond the narrow bounds of party. As a vehicle for news this paper has shown itself second to none in the city. On Mr. Sheppard completing his arrange- ments for purchasing the News in Novem- ber, 1883, the office of the paper was removed from the Mail building to the office on Yonge Street. Mr. Sheppard has led a chequered and adventurous life, which, as often happens, has left its impress in vigour and originality on his writings. Educated as a boy at an Ontario grammar-school, he passed some time in a college in the Southern States, and graduated at a Virginia university. Having engaged in school-teaching and journalism, he next undertook the somewhat difficult duties of cattle agent in Texas, a position which brought him, more frequently and more closely than to most men would seem desirable, into contact with the Texas cow- boys, a rough and untameable class of savages, who know no law but the passion of the moment, and can only be managed by a man who combines great tact with a fearlessness of danger equal to their own. In politics Mr. Sheppard supports the cause of Canadian Independence. News Office. 198 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. The World was established in the February of 1880, by Messrs. Maclean & Horton, as an evening paper in competition with the Telegram. S(M)n afterwards Mr. Hlue, an experienced and accomplished journalist joined the enterprise. In December, 1880, the paper was put into the hands of a joint sKxrk company. In October, 1881, Messrs. Morton and Blue having withdrawn, the control of the paper was placed in the hands of the Messrs. Maclean. During the period pre- ceding the last Dominion, and the late Ontario, election the Work*. coniaincA most impt)rtant letters from the pen of K. W. Thipps, which, besidc!i exercising a paramount political influence, conduced much at the time to the sale and popularity of the paper. Having been, from the beginning, an occasional con- tributor of I'ers de society and other trifles to its columns, I have taken special interest in the fortunes of this plucky and public-spirited newspaper. P'rom the first, some of the ablest of Toronto journalists contributed to its columns and from day to day, in ceaseless profusion, lyric poems, sometimes witty, some- times pathetic, appeared in its columns from such gifted singers as John Frazer, jr., Norman liethune, A. Gordon, R. K. Kernighan, Tom Boylan. H. K. Cocken, and others. As has been elsewhere pointed out, Toronto journalism is remark- able for the excellence and exuberant spontanicty of a species of newspaper poetry which is very often superior in timbre and structural perfection, certainly in vital motif to the poetry found in the more pretentious serials. The World's editorials have, from the first, been characterized by a tone of manly common sense and by a vigorous asserting, in season and oi^t of season, through evil report and good report, of the once discountenanced, bu* now rapidly growing spirit of Canadian nationality. If we gain (and we surely shall) an independent existence as the Republic of Canada, no slight debt of gratitude will be due to the young men who, under every discouragement, and years spent in the bitterness of patient battle, have sustained their paper till, in spite of ever- increasing money diflficulties, it became a power. This was made easier from the fact that not only were all the young men of the Maclean family experienced writers and reporters, but their father, Mr. John Maclean, had long been known as one of the ablest journalists in Canada, being especially strong on those ques- tions of political economy, such as banking, the currency, the doctrine of chances as applied to commerce, subjects on which this gentleman has lately contributed some able articles to the World. Many of the best journalists of Canada have been for a time on the staff of the World. The general tone of the pajier, under all changes in the personnel of its staff, has continued the same, a common sense and straightforward advocacy of Canadian Nationalism, opposition to all shams, inock ecclesiastical titles, mimicries of royalty in the Rideau Hall court at Ottawa. Soon after its establishment the World was made a morning paper, published at one cent, and very speedily secured the ear of the city. The office was removed to the ground floor of a house on King Street West, near Yonge, whence it was finally changed to its present handsome premises, at 18 King Street E?.Rt. This paper has achieved a deserved reputation not only in Toronto but throughout the Province of Ontario for its verve, pluck, vigour, and incisive editorials. The TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 199 vers de sociiti, signed by "The Khan " (Mr. Kernighan), have, especially of late weeks, deservedly attracted the attention of all lovers of good poetry in Toronto. On the morning of April 14th the World suspended publication. The cause of this was Bot any falling off in its excellence as a new..paper, but a sudden pressure of money difficulties, which brought on a crisis not to be overcome. The World died at Easter, the season of resurrection, which it is devoutly to he hoped may take place in the case of this spirited and clever but too short-lived paper. Truth. — Among the weekly papers i.ssued in Toronto few are more popular or have a larger circulation than Truth. Taking the place, in 1881, of an old established paper, originally published at Hamilton, The New Dotninion, Truth has been from the very first an unqualified success, and now fairly takes its place as the leading family paper of the Dominion. -F, rting as a large eight page sheet, it has from time to time changed its form, ur.i! at the present writing it consists of twenty-eight large pages, with a probability of a still further enlarge- ment. It is carefully edited, thoroughly indi nnden'. pure in tune, and is an active worker in the Temperance cause, beii ,, the official tugan of the Grand Lodgo I.O.G.T. Its editorials on current events ar characteristic, pithy an 1 pointctl, its selections are carrfully made, and ailmirably suited to thu family circles, its siiort and serial stories are of the bc^t chu>s, and its musical selections, which are a feature of the paper, are made with a due ?cf;ard to the popular taste. The aim of the publisher, Mr. S. Frank Wilson, has all along L 'D to give the public a magazine that would take the place of the wretched so-called literary sheets published in the States, and with which the Dominion is unfortunately overrun. In this he has been very successful, and that the public recognize and appreciate his efforts to supply a pure family magazine is evident from th(! rapid and unparalleled increase in the circulation of the paper, which is now over 20,000, and still increasing. Not only is it to be found in all the Provinces in the Dominion, but all over the States its subscribers are scattered. The sub- scription price is only 82.00 a year, which is a very low figure when the amount of reading matter contained in each number is considered. Its various depart- ments : The Ladies' Department, Temperance Department, Health Department, Music and the Drama, are all looked after by those who have made the particular department their study. The office of publication is temporarily at 120 Bay St., and 33 and 35 Adelaide St. West, but arrangements are in progress for the erection of new premises, rendered necessary by the large and rapid increase in the business. The Christiam Guardian anh Evangelical Witness is published by the present proprietors, the Methodist Book and Publishing House, at 80 King Street East. The yearly subscription is 92.00. The Christian Guardian is one of the oldest of Toronto newspapapers. It was issued in 1824, under the editorship of Egerton Ryerson, and was from the first a vigorous advocate of civil as well as religious liberty. 200 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. .. ,'' The Canada Presbyterian ranks high among the religious newspapers of Toronto ; it is noted for its breadth of view, its literary ability and comprehensive yet fair-dealing criticisms of all theological questions of the day. The Presby- terian is published by C. Blackett Robinson, at his pn mises 5 Jordan Street. The cost of yearly subscription is $2. This paper was for some time edited by the Rev. Wm Inglis, lately librarian to the Ontario Parliament; his successor, Rev. George Simpson, carries on ihe editorial work with equal vigour and equal love of fair play. The Dominion Churchman is a fairly-written and not often intemperate advo- cate of the moderate High-churchism, which seems the dominant influence in the Canadian branch of the English church. The Dominion Churchman is the legiti- mate successor of several other church newspapers, ip whose columns appeared some articles which would have done credit to any secular newspaper ; the Church Herald, (edited with much success by the Rev. Mr. Stinson) the Canadian Churchman, which was published at Kingston, by Mr. John Parnel, and the still better-known Church. With them may be named the Church Chimes, of which the present writer was editor during the brief month of its existence as a Toronto journal. The Dominion Churchman is published by the proprietor, Mr, Frank Wootten, at 30 Adelaide Street East. The yearly subscription is $2.00. The Canadian Baptist is a weekly paper, published in the interests of the influential denomination of Baptists, by the Standard Publishing Company, who are its proprietors, at their premises, 117 Yonge Street. Although strictly denominational in its general character, the teaching of the Canadian Baptist is broadly Christian in its tone, advocates, with no faltering voice, all social and temperance reforms, and deserves to be classed among the powers that work for good in Canada. The Canadian Baptist also maintains a high literary standard, its articles being always well-written, and often forcible. The Irish Canadian is issued by the proprietors, the Toronto Printing Com- pany, at 16 King Street east. The yearly subscription is one dollar. This paper has for many years been the faithful and able advocate of the interests of the Irish element in Canada. It has contained some prose and verse which rank with the very best published in Canada. Although conducted by Catholics, the Irish Canadian has ever been essentially unsectarian, and has even opposed the leading inthorities of the Catholic Church in its determined advocacy of the Irish national cause. The Tribune is published by the proprietors, the Tribune Publishing Company, at their premises, 13 Adelaide Street East. The yearly subscription is $1.50. The Tribune is Catholic and Irish Nationalist, and is a vigorous and outspoken organ of its party. TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 20 1 ipers of jhensive Presby- I Street, dited by iccessor, nd equal ate advo- ice in the the legiti- appeared le Church Canadian 1 the still of which a Toronto VIr. Frank sts of the pany, who [h strictly n Baptist social and It work for standard, [ting Com- "his paper ;sts of the Ihich rank Iholics, the jposed the \)i the Irish IPublishing kbscription rorous and The Week, one of the latest ventures in high-class Canadian journalism, is steadily and surely making a place for itself as an exponent and reflector of pub- lic opinion. The general favour with which it has been received and the atten- tion it has obtained from the contemporary press are evidences that it is doing the special work for which it was established. It made its first appearance on the 6th of December, 1883. The idea of founding a thoroughly independent journal, with no party or p>ersonal ends to serve, and where the f;eest expression of opinion would be afforded to all competent correspondents, originated with Professor Goldwin Smith and Mr. C. Blackett Robinson, the publisher. As independent and cultured thought advances in Canada — and its advance is cer- tain—the Week may confidently expect a growing appreciation. It deals with literature, politics, the fine arts, and all questions of general interest. Though first of all Canadian, it does not profess to cultivate a spirit of narrow isolation ; it belongs to the republic of letters. Its principal contributor is Goldwin Smith, who, under the widely known nom de pi nine " A Bystander," discourses interest- ingly on current events. A. number of the best Canadian writers contribute to its columns. It is under the able editorial management of Mr. W. Philip Robin- son. The office of publication is at 5 Jordan Street, Toronto. The Monetary Times and Trade Review is the financial organ of Canada. It is published weekly by the proprietor, Mr. E. Trout, at 66 Church Street. The yearly subscription is ^2. This singularly able paper does not confine itself to questions of finance and political economy, but contains articles of rare merit on literary and political questions. Whatever Canadian writer is fortunate enough to secure a review in the Monetary Times is sure of a just and apprecia- tive treatment. The Evangelical Churchman is a weekly paper, published at 23 and 25 Wellington Street West. The yearly subscription is #2.00 The managing editor is Mr. Edgar \. Wills. The Evangelical Churchman represents that large dement ot " Low-church " Protestantism which, as a matter of fact, includes well-nigh all the lay element of the Anglican Church in Canada. It is a. well- conducted journal, free from anvthing like intemper.ite partisanship, and is a most valuable influence for good in the church which it represents. The Canadian Sportsman and Live Stock Journal is published by the proprietor, Mr. E. King Dodds, at 96 King Street West. 1 he annual subscription is ^4.00. The Canadian Sportsman is a bright and lively paper, the Bell's Life of Canada, with some features of interest which its English prototype is far from possessing. The Canadian Farmer is published at 86 King Street West ; its editor is W. I'emberton Page. It is a weekly paper, and the yearly subscription is #2.00. .\s the name implies, this paper is devoted to agricultural interests, o 1^ 202 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. ; !i M! The Sentinel is published weekly by its proprietor, Mr. C. F. Clarke. This journal is the recognized organ of the Loyal Orange Body, and has ever been conducted in a temperate and good humoured spirit. The yearly subscription is92. The Parkdale News is published by the proprietors, Messrs. T. Edwards & Company. The yearly subscription is $i. The Parkdale News is the successor, under the same editor, of the well known Yorkville News. It is a live paper, and often contains some very well written editorials and jeiis d' esprit. The Cawada Citizen and Temperance Herald is, as its title implies, the organ of the advanced prohibitionist and suffrage reform party in Canada. It is published at 8 King Street East. The yearly subscription is $i. The Toronto Advertiser is published by the proprietors, Messrs. E. Devine and Company, at 50 Adelaide Street West. The Ladies' Journal, published by Mr. S. Frank Wilson, is the only purely fashion monthly issued in the Dominion, and has obtained, during its brief existence, a circulation which is little short of marvellous ; its bona fide subscription list now being over 42,000 a month, which is constantly on the increase. It is a paper published entirely in the interests of the ladies; consists of twenty pages, and contains all that is new and interesting in the fashion world, with illustrations and descriptive letter-press of the latest things in fashion, household recipes, domestic matters, short and serial stories of a high order, a musical selection, and readings for the young, and much more that is interesting, chiefly to the ladies, but cannot fail to attract the attention of the general reader. It is well- edited, neatly printed, and is published at the ridiculously low subscription price of fifty cents a year, being the cheapest, as it certainly is the best, publication of the kind now issued in tiie Dominion. ' m Grip is the Canadian representative of Punch, Galignanl, the Monde Comiqiie. It is published by the proprietors, the Grip I'ublishing Company, at their premises, 2G-28 Front Street. This plucky and impartial cartoon paper had its inception in the Pacific Scandal year, when it floated into fame by a happy knack of catching the humorous aspects of Canadian politicians, with a specially feli- citous presentation of the well known features, half lugubrious, half comic, of Sir John, then undergoing due penance for his misdeeds. Grip has for years been the chief exponent of Canadian literary talent. It has given us some poems, satires and tales such as any country might be proud of. The clever editor deserves credit for achieving the difficult task o*^ .so conducting a comic paper as never to trench on objectionable ground. With all Grip's love of fun it has never stooped to carrion. J: TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 203 The Canadian Short Horn Herd Book is the organ of the Agricultural and Arts Association, by whom it is published at their premises, No. 5, Agricultural Hall, corner of Queen and Yonge Streets. The yearly subscription is •2.50. This able organ of the agricultural interests of Ontario has assumed increased importance in view of the extensive cattle trade which has grown up with England, and the rest of Europe, and of the unlimited export of grain from the North-Western prairies, which, in the near future, must make Canada the granary of England. This paper is of the utmost value to the farmer, and follows at no long interval, the successful course of the English Field. The Canada Educational Monthly was established in January, 1880, under the editorship of G. Mercer Adam, by a joint-stock company, of which Mr. Samuel McAllister was treasurer. It is published by the Educationah Monthly Publishing Company, at 5 Jordan Street, the yearly subscription being $1.50. From its first inception, the Educational Monthly has taken high rank as a school journal, addres- sing itself to a superior class among our teachers, and giving special attention to the High School and Collegiate Institute interests. Mr. G. Mercer Adam's work in promoting the interests of the once-despised and downtrodden literature of Canada, has been elsewhere spoken of; here it suftices to say that the fact of his being editor of the Educational Monthly, ensures the supply of a series of contri- butions of the very highest merit from such writers as Dr. Scadding, Mr. Hunter. Mr. G, Shaw and Mr. G. Acheson, and many others of our best writers on educa- tional matters. This valuable serial has received high commendation from the leading educational authorities, both here and in the United States and in Eng- land. It fills the position of an independent critic oit the measures adopted bv the Education department, and, while adopting a tone of unvaried courtesy to- wards the Minister of Education, has contributed not a little to the efficiency of our Public School system by denouncing in firm but measured language such abuses as the book depository (which lately died, not by any means in the odour of sancitity), and the iniquitous system of appointing incompetent persons to serve on the committee of sub-examiners, which certain departmental wire-pullers were allowed to carry on during the time when increasing mental weakness prevented the late Minister of Education from exercising proper supervision over his depart- mont. More important still, and this justifies my placing before my readers this lengthened notice of the Educational Monthly, this serial maintains a sound nationalist and Canadian tone. It is impossible to over-estimate the importance to our national life, of a magazine appealing, as the Educational Monthly does appeal, to one of the most influential classes in the community, that class by which the minds of the next generation are being trained, and upholding with firm hand the standard of nationality and independence. 1 have before me the latest issue (at time of writing) of the Educational Monthly ; it is a fair average specimen of the issue of this magazine, with which I have been familiar since its inception ; the first article is on "School Readers," by J. H. Smith, Public School inspector, Wentworth, Ontario. This is an exhaustive essay on the "Reader" question, I'' 204 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. and a justly severe criticism on the kind of books hitherto authorized, for political purposes, by the Education department. The next article is an essay on ''Ele- mentary Training in our Schools," by Miss M. A. Robinson, from which I am jjlad to quote the following thoughtful and suggestive words : — " During the pupils' early years, the aim of the teacher should be simply to awaken a desire for know- ledge, and show them how to acquire it, not to cram them with facts, as is too often the case, treating the mind as a remembering, and not as a thinking sub- stance. It is not the number of facts read or expounded, or even remembered, but the power to apprehend these facts and their various relations, which consti- tutes the ideal of true teaching. We should aim to secure to our pupils as much mental training as possible, so that having aroused their activity of thought, hav- ing led them to the source of knowledge, they may drink therefrom, and that they may feel that to their own exertions will be mainly due their increasing knowledge. And those pupils who, on account of pove^ty or other misfortune, are obliged to leave school at an early date, will have received a stimulus sufificient to excite them to further study, to self-improvement and to love knowledge for its own sake. " To this succeeds a lively "Letter from a Canadian Student Abroad," giving an amusing and pleasantly-gossiping account of the schools and libraries of Paris and some of the German University towns. The next article is by Mr. George .\cheson, M.A., of Toronto, on the "Life and Work of Darwin," which gives, in a clear and readable form, an account of the life and work of the world's greatest naturalist. Mr. .\cheson's essay on this subject is in interest, both of manner and matter, superior to most articles which have appeared on the same subject in serials of much more ambitious pretentions. The concluding article is a selection from an essay issued by the Hureau of Education at Washington. To the editorial articles of this number of the Educational Monthly, succeed a carefully chosen selection of examination papers, after which comes a criticism of contem- porary literature, chiefly on educational subjects. There is a somewhat pessi- nistic notice of the report of the Minister of Education for 1883, followed by book notices, more or less comprehensive. Then come editorial notes on the opinions expressed as to the value of classical training, by Professor Goldwin Smith (of which great writer the Educational Monthly has from the first been an enthusiastic supporter), on the "Reader" question (that mare's-nest which has been used by interested parties to withdraw public attention from the iniquitous management, hitherto practised in the department of the sub-examiners' committee); of Matthew .Vrnold's visit and teaching; of art education, and the relation between the teach- ing profession and the newspaper press. Still further on in this well-provided serial, are several pages of educational intelligence. Mr. George Mercer .\dam resigned the editorship of this flourishing magazine in the summer of 1883, when he left Toronto to undertake the publishing business in New York. It has been most successfully conducted since then by the present editor, Mr. G. H. Robinson, late Principal of the Whitby Collegiate Institute. The following passage, taken from the article on " School Readers," which opens the February number of the Educational Monthly, will commend itself to all friends of education who are also i m TORONTO: PAST ASD PRESENT. 205 friends of Canada: — "The sentiments expressed throughout the different selec- tions, should breathe a spirit of pure morality, give noble views of life, and call into action the higher faculties of our nature. In short, they should instil into the mind of every child that " Life has import more inspiring Than the fancies of their youth. It has hopes as high as heaven. It has labour, it has truth. " It has wrongs that may be righted. Noble deeds that may be done. Its great battles are unfought. Its great triumphs are unw^n." Nor is this all. They should be distinctively Canadian in sentiment. Our neigh- bours across the line are wiser in this respect than we, for they have given to all their text-books a tone peculiarly American. Let us fallow their example and have our books really and truly Canadian. When I say Canadian, I do not mean that a lesson here and there is to be dovetailed into the books to give them a semb- lance of being Canadian. Neither do I believe that Indian legends, stories of military heroes who have died on Canadian soil, nor even sketches of battles that have been fought, are sufficient to entitle them to be called Canadian. Surely the 476,000 boys and girls in our Public Schools should learn something more about their native land than the simple fact that our country was at one time the theatre of war between the English and the French, and at another between the English and the American^ Something more is required. What shall it be ? Have we not almost illimitable forests? Are not our mines practically exhaust- less ? Is not our soil as fertile as any in the world ? And our climate, has it any superior ? Do not our waters abound in fish and our forests with game ? Is not the scenery of the St. Lawrence, the Muskoka region and the upper lakes as fine as any in the world ? Have we not municipal and educational institutions that compare favourably with those of older countries ? to say nothing of our mauu- factures, commerce and the various industries scattered throughout the different provinces. And yet, if we turn over the pages of our authorized reading books, do we find any of these subjects presented with a fair degree of fulness ? Are they not more conspicuous by their absence than by their presence ? The great majority of our children finish their education in our Public Schools, and I can see no reason why they should not be taught more concerning our own country, its resources and capabilities than has yet been done. I have unbounded faith in its future, but I cannot help feeling that the publishers and editors of our school books have overlooked many things that are of very great value to us as Cana- dians. There is certainly room for improvement in this direction." The Canada School Journal is a publication in which, from the fact that for some time (1880-1881) he was its editor, the present writer takes peculiar interest. This publication is not, as some have mistakenly supposed, in any i .r. 206 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. sense an official organ of the Education department. But in treating of matters connected with the department, it has always taken the conservative side and maintained a calmer and less antagonistic tone than that too often adopted by its rival, the Educational Monthly. This serial is published monthly, at their spacious and magnificently-furnished premises on Front Street, by the proprietors, W. J. Gage & Company. The cost of subscription is ^i per annum. The School yournal may be regarded as the legitimate successor of Dr. Ryerson's Gazette, but it is a great advance on that dry, and often jejune, yet on the whole most useful, publication. The general tone of the School Journal is decidedly liberal; it does not meddle with party politics, but confines itself strictly to educational issues. It advocates the full extension of all educational privileges to women, and, as no one has better reason to know than the present writer, its editor has been more than once exposed to the vituperative would-be dictation of old fogeyism in high places. An educational dignitary connected with the Uni- versity several years ago made a raid on the editorial sanctum, and in a temper, not rendered more sweet by an accidental fall, which brought his venerable nose into rude collision with the ice on the sidewalk, expres.sed his abhorrence of the editor's advocacy of co-education. Since then, pulilic opinion on the s ibject has made considerable advance, and the School yournal has enjoyed the advantage of being edited by one of Toronto's most experienced journalists and tried advo- cate of social reform, Mr. William Houston. The School yournal may be re- garded as the special champion of the Public School teachers of this Province, of whose interests it has been since its inception the fearless and single-minded champion. The New England Quaker poet, John Greenleaf Whittier, in a letter addressed to the writer in 1S82, expressed his opinion that the School Journal is one of the brightest educational papers he had seen. To the columns of this journal a number of very valuable essays have been from time to time contributed by one of our most distinguished educationists, Dr. Maclellan, High School In- spector. He has also furnished to each number an outline and abstract of the contents of the leading serials of the month in England and America. It need not be said how useful this must be to teachers. The Canadian Journal of Science, Litepature and History is beyond comparison the most important scientific serial published in Canada ; it is in fact the official organ of the centre of scientific and philosophic culture in this country. It is edited by a committee of its proprietors, the Canadian Institute. The yearly subscription to city members is $4.00, to country members $3.00. The Canadian yournal of Science, Literature and History presents its readers with the crenie dc la cremc of thi papers read before the Institute. It is well that there should be some vehicle of publication for learned essays, which have but too little interest for the unlearned public, who are apt to be shamelessly indifferent to such subjects as the nervous system of the catfish, or the love affairs of the common flea. The coming number of The Canadian yournal of Science, Literature and History will contain several essays of more than ordinary TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 207 interest, among others a paper on the " Influence of Climate upon Race," by Mr. Buchan, the accomplished President of the Institute. Those who, with Mr. Matthew Arnold, cherish the faith that literary culture is an educational factor of equal value with scientific training, will regret that this admirable publication does not show more favour to such essays on literature, pure and simple, as may be read before the Institute. The Canadian yotirnal of Science, Literature and History exchanges with all similar organs of scientific societies throughout the world. The Canadian Scholars' Quarterly is a meritorious serial, full of good religious reading for the little ones. It is published by the Methodist Book Company, who are also the proprietors. Home and School, a religious and scholastic paper, is issued semi-monthly by the Methodist Book Publishing Company. The Canada Lancet is Canada's chief organ of the medical profession, both as regards physics and surgery. The yearly subscription is ^j. The Lancet is published by John Fulton, M.D., 11 Colborne Street. Dr. Zimmerman, a Toronto practitioner, and son of the late celebrated railway king, who perished in the disastrous railway accident at Dundas, for some time acted as editor. The Lancet is contributed to by the leading medical men of the Province, accounts of difficult and interesting cases and successful operations being con- stantly put on record in its columns. The Canadian Pharmaceutical Journal is the leading organ of the drug houses in Canada. It is published by the proprietor, E. B. Shuttleworth, at 5j Front Street. The yearly subscription is f 1.50. The Canada Law Journal is another paper devoted to the interests of a special profession, that of law. It is published semi-monthly by C. Blackett Robinson, 5 Jordan Street. The cost of subscription is 85 a year. Although, as has been said, devoted to the interests of a special profession, the Law yotirnal often gives attention to questions such, for example, as international copyright, which are of general interest to the community, and deals with them in a trenchant and thoughtful style. The Canadian Conveyancer is a strictly professional organ, similar to the Canada Law Journal. It is published by John Rordans, the proprietor, at 88 King Street East. The subscription price is ^2.00 per annum. The Ontario Law List is issued every three months, by the proprietor, Mr John Rordans, at his premises, 88 King Street East. The annual subscription is $1. TWW 208 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. The Ontario Gazette is published weekly by the Grip Publishing Company, at their premises, 26-28 Front Street. The annual subscription is ^4. The Mercantile Text and Legal Record is published at 13 Wellington Street east by the proprietor, Mr. W. C. Matthews. The Art Journal, published by George Virtue, who is the proprietor, is a most meritorious organ of the growing sentiment of artistic taste. It has given to its patrons some most admirable engravings, and deserves the support of all who are interested in the progress in Canada of artistic culture. The Canadian Manufacturer is published semi-weekly by the proprietors, the Canadian Manufacturer Publishing Company. The annual subscription to the Canadian Manufacturer is 82.00. It is issued every Friday. The managing editor is Mr. Frederic Nicholls. The office is at the Public Library Buildings. The Commercial Traveller and Mercantile Journal is published at 20 Wellington Street East, at a subscription of ^i.oo per annum. It is a brisk business paper. The Colonizkr is a monthly paper, the organ of the Toronto Colonization Society, by whom it is issued, at a subscription of 50 cents yearly, from the office, 114 King Street West. The Dominion \»echanical and Milling News is published by the propri- etors, the Beaver Publishing Company, at 31 King Street West. The annual subscription is $1.00. This useful paper corresponds to the Scientific American in the States, and is a record of all progress in mechanical art and machinery. The Cosmopolitan Shorthand Writer is published at 29 King Street West, by the proprietor, Mr. Thomas Bengough, at a subscription of fti.oo per annum. Mr. Bengough has long been known as the pioneer advocate of shorthand and spelling reform. His paper is the representative organ of the shorthand interest in Canada. The Canadian Independent is published monthly by its proprietors, The Congregational Publishing Company, at the office of C. Blackett Robinson, 5 Jordan Street. The yearly subscription is $1.00. It consists of well-written editorials, Sunday school matter, and interesting and instructive stories for young folks. Like the Presbyterian, the Canadian Independent sets a good example, and one that is only too much needed, to the religious press of Canada, by the studied moderation and broad Christian charity of its editorials The Canadian Methodist Magazine is a monthly serial, published at a yearly subscription of $2.00, by the proprietors. The office is at the Methodist TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 209 Book and Publishing House, 78 King Street East. The editor of this ably- conducted serial is the Rev. Mr. Withrow, well known as the historian of Canada, and the author of a very pleasing book of travels in Europe. The Sunday School Banner is a paper of the same class as the Sunbeam; it is of larger size, and is published by the Methodist Book and Publishing Com- pany. The yearly subscription is 65 cents. This paper is largely circulated through the Sabbath Schools of Ontario. The Bible Society Reader is published monthly for 20 cents per annum, at 23 and 25 Wellington Street West. It is the organ of the Bible Society in Canada, and is ably conducted by Mr. Robert Baldwin, son of the famous Reform statesman. The Sabbath School Presbyterian is as its name implies, a Sunday school paper, an excellent specimen of its class. It is published by its proprietor, Mr. C. Blackett Robinson, at his premises, 5 Jordan Street. The Golden Hours for the Young: a children's paper similar to Early Days. It is published, at a subscription cost of twenty-five cents per annum, by the proprietor, Mr. C. Blackett Robinson, at 5 Jordan Street. Early Days is published by the proprietor, C. Blackett Robinson, in bi- monthly issue, at a yearly subscription of 25 cents. It is, as its name implies, a Sunday school paper, and is one of the most excellent of its class. The Berean Leaves is a religious leaflet devoted to exegetical study of Scripture. It is owned and published by the Methodist Book and Publishing House, 80 King Street East. The Budget is a monthly organ of social reform, temperance, and religion. The yearly subscription is %i. It is published by the proprietor, W. B. Camp- bell, at 29 Wellington Street East. The Sunbeam is published semi-monthly by its proprietors, the Methodist Book and Publishing Company. The Sunbeam is an excellent children's paper, and well merits the large support it receives. Pleasant Hours, published by the Methodist Book and Publishing House, is all that its name implies. The Quarterly Review Series is also published by the Methodist Book and Publishing Company, 80 King Street east. The Athen.«um is published by Thomas Bengough, at 29 King Street West, monthly, at the price of 25 cents per annum. w ii j ?4 2IO TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. ^utfiord In Toronto* WHO THEY ARE AND WHAT THEY HAVE WRITTEN. HP2 first serial magazine published in Upper Canada, was the Canadian Magazine, edited by Mr. Sibbald and issued at Toronto in 1833. It con- tained good, original articles, some tolerable veYse, and a few selections from the English literature of the modern phase then beginning to struggle into existence. Several other more or less able attempts were made to establish a permanent literary review in the capital of Upper Canada, but the first which seemed to promise success was the Bclford's Magazine, published on York Street by the Belford firm, and edited with much ability by Mr. Stewart, smce known to fame as the author of " The Administration of the Earl of Dufferin." A review of a national character had already been established, to which the contributions of Bystander had drawn public interest, and before long the two serials were amal- gamated under the name of The Canadian Monthly. This publication was for many years, and till its demise in 1882, edited with much self-?acrificing care by Mr. G. Mercer Adam, a gentleman whose services to Canadian literature (as well by his own contributions as by his editorial work) it is difficult, even for one who, like the present writer, has had an intimate knowledge of the circumstances, to estimate too highly. With scant appreciation and no reward, Mr. Adam laboured for years to keep life in the Canadian Monthly, whose publishers showed little inclination to second his efforts by any expenditure of money in canvassing for, or in other ways promoting, the success of the serial which they owned. In how many cases, known to the writer, has Mr. Adam written long letters of encourage- ment and counsel to literary aspirants ? To this may be mainly traced the development of literary culture, which in so many channels has of late years made itself felt in Toronto. To the columns of the Canadian Monthly the best writers and the highest names in Canadian literature have been contributors. Owing to the course pursued by the publishers, the contributions were unpaid for, and it is a remarkable proof of Mr. G. Mercer Adam's personal influence among literary men, that contributions of such high merit should have poured in and over so long a period. When the inevitable end came, it was not due to any exhaustion of the literary material, which was never more vig_;rous and abundant than in the latest issues of the Monthly. Literature pure and simple, as distinguished from journalism proper, had a slow growth, as was natural in a city whose wealth and prosperity is of such recent date. We do not count as Toronto writers foreign sojourners such as Mr. Jitll TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. an Gait and Mrs. Jamieson. Both of these lively writers disliked Canada, and more particularly honoured with their dis-esteem Toronto and its people. But we do claim as Canadians, as citizens of our city, those writers, like William Lyon Mackenzie, Sir Francis Hincks, and the late Professor, his brother. Pro- fessor Daniel Wilson, and many others who have fixed their permanent abode in Toronto, and have made Qpr interests theii own. As yet the best writers among our Toronto litterateurs have chiefly given their attention to history and biography. This is but natural in the case of a city which, like ours, has a recent past but unbounded prospects of aggrandisement in the future. It is but natural to ma' e the most of what past history we possess, and to gather up while there -"re yet a few survivors of the generation which gave the pioneer days of Toronto services, such waifs and strays of early history as can be brought together. Such is the object of this book, in which the writer can at least claim to have brought together much that he has gathered from lips still living, which soon, very soon, must be silent. The most successful historical writer Toronto has produced, for though a native of England he may be regarded as an adopted son of Canada, is Mr. John Charles Dent. His Canadian Portrait Gallery is a valuable repertoire of Canadian biography, written in a lucid and easy style, not devoid of humour. A more ambitious work is The Last Forty Years in Canada, an admirable and exhaustive book, and one that must be classed in the first rank of Canadian literature. Toronto has lately lost two of her best historic writers, Mr. Rattray, author of " The Scot in British North America," and Mr. Nicholas Flood Davin. THe death of Mr. Rattray deprived our liter- ature of a painstaking and reliable historian. Mr. Davin's withdrawal to Regina, in the North-West, is a still greater loss. His " Irishman in Canada " is a most brilliant book, full of eloquent passages, and one that would do credit to any literature. Dr. Caniff's " History of the Settlement of the Bay of Quinte ' is a charming book, most valuable to the student of our history, from the graphic fidelity of its description of the pioneer settlement of Upper Canada. The late Egerton Ryerson's " United Empire Loyalists," published last year, in two volumes, can not, by a fair criticism, be estimated as worthy the un- doubted abilities of the author. The greater part of the first volume is taken up with a quite unnecessary telling over again the oft-told story ol the war of Ameri-' can Independence. As to the U. E. Loyalists, Ryerson tells us nothing that we have not already read in Colonel Sabine's excellent " Loyalists of the American Revolution." As was natural from the conservatism of the later years of the chief superin- tendent, the politcal tone is that of the pamphlets which lauded and vindicated Metcalfe's tyranny ; British connection is to Canadians all in all ; the victorious armies of the Great Republic are " Rebels " ; still there is much interesting matter, more especially in several private memoirs, especially one by the late admirable Bishop Richardson, and a most graphically written account of pioneer life at Point Ryerse by Mrs. Amelia Harris, daughter of Colonel Ryerse, and afterwards If 212 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. w I' the Mrs. Harris whom Ermatingcr, in his life of Colonel Talbot, describes us the belle of the Talbot settlement. In the department of political biography which is so nearly allied to history, the leading Toronto author has been Mr. Charles Lindsey, whose graphic and accurate " Life of William Lyon Mackenzie " has become a classic in our litera- ture. Our readers will be glad to know that Mr. Undsey is about to publish a new edition of the life of Mackenzie. No doubt this accomplished author will add much new material to that he has given us in the first edition. The late Hev. Dr. Egerton Kyerson's " Story of My Life," was published by a Toronto firm last year. It is a most interesting narrative as far as it goes, but it passes over, with brief allusions, much that the reader would wish more fully treated. It is a pity that the publishers did not choose a more competent editor than Dr. Hodgins', whose vanity has led him to print a/ac simile autograph letter of Dr. Kyerson's in which the latter remarks that the only work on Cana- dian history in the British Museum Library was Dr. Hodgins' " School History of Canada." The work in question is a long forgotten brochure, full of adulation of great personages, and now only to be found among the refuse of our second- hand bookstores. Uyerson was probably laughing at his satellite's literary pre- tensions. Another complaint we prefer against this book is the exceeding badness of the paper, print, binding and illustrations. These can only be described as shock- ingly bad. Dr. Kyerson's part of the book is, with all deductions, very interest- ing, and is full of valuable materials for history. I cannot but be of opinion that Dr. Hodgins over-rates the services of the subject ot his biography in lauding the collection of works of art at the Normal School. The collection of paintings, indeed, is due to Dr. Kyerson, but the real credit of all that makes the Normal School museum, is due to Dr. May, who has brought together, at great pains, a most important collection of fine engravings, historically arranged. Dr. May has caused many other improvements in the museum in question and is at present about to publish a catalogue of the works of art, which will be of the greatest value. Of a very different calibre is Dr. Scadding's "Toronto of Old," a work which may be read with pleasure even by those not interested in the antiqua- rianism of our city. In the next edition it would improve the value of the work if the index were greatly enlarged, and the modern names in all cases appended in brackets, to such now unfamiliar names as Newgate Street, Caroline Street, Nelson Street, Hospital Street. Mr. John George Bourinot, clerk of the Ottawa Parliament, has published, at the house of Messrs. Hunter, Kose & Co., a most entertaining and valuable work on the "Intellectual Development of the Canadian Public." Mr. Bourinot's admirable work was first published in the columns of the Canadian Monthly. The Keminiscences of a Canadian Pioneer, by Mr. Samuel Thompson, has been published within the last month by Messrs. Hunter, Rose & Co. A considerable part of the work also appeared in the latest issues of the Canadian TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 213 Monthly. Mr. Thompson's book belongs to that most useful class, to which Dr. fcadding has so largely contributed. This otherwise useful book is marred by over-much laudation of the Family Compact and their Conservative successors; it gives a vivid but too partisan account of the events of December, 18J7. Mr. Collins has published (Hunter, Rose & Co., i88j), a " Life of Sir John Macdonald," which is characterized by great vigour and an unetjual but graphic and often eloquent style. Though to a certain extent, as is the bounden duty of a biographer, a hero-vvorshipiK-r, Mr. Collins is evidently no party writer, and very frequently manifests his enthusiasm for the cause of Canadian nationality as opposed to a present system of party government. Mr. Collins has a most graphic power of word painting. I feel regret that the limits of this work do not allow me, as I have done in the History of Canadian Liberalism, to place before my readers several specimens of Mr. Collins' vivid pictures of some of the most memorable scenes in Canada's political history. The Life and Times of the Hon. Oeorge Brown (Toronto, 1883), by the Hon. Alexander Mackenzie, is an ably-written but unequal work, with many a trenchant sentence, and evidently a full appreciation of the great qualities of his heroic character. The work was written, I believe, during a period of illness, and bears the marks of haste; it gives a faithful presentation of (leorge Brown as far as it goes, but much more elaborate work is needed in order to transmit to posterity anything like a life-like picture of one of Toronto's most remarkable citizens. Professor D. Wilson's " Pre-historic Man " belongs not only to Toronto, but to the English-speaking world, indeed to the still wider world of science. On the subject of Constitutional Law the late Mr. Watson has left two valuable works in defence of the Provincial rights of Ontario. His " Powers of Canadian Parliaments " is eloquently written ; Mr. Watson was also a valuable contributor to the Canadian Monthly. Dr. White and Mr. Brereton are authors of a work on "Canadian Ento- mology," to which reference has already been made. It is the best and com- pletest work on Canadian Natural History. Dr. White is also a contributor to the Scientist. Dr. Withrow has published a history of Canada, which, though the author modestly disclaims the merit of any great amount of original research, is one of the most readable hand-books of our country's history. It has also the advan- tage of being copiously illustrated. A useful summary of Canadian history has been compiled by Mr. J. C. Boyd, B.'A., and published by Mr. J. Campbell, of Toronto. Dr. Hodgins stands god- father to another compilation, history it cannot be called, of which it may be said that it represents every vice possible to a work of the kind ; bad writing, bad print, bad illustrations ; and that it is saturated with snobbishness from cover to cover. Although not published in Toronto, it would be unjust, in treating of our his- torical literature, to forget Macmillan's admirable book on the history of Canada. 214 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. i ik I ' ; r t This writer laboured undei every disadvantage, but his work is of more original mould and permanent value than any other we possess. Among descriptive writers who have treated of our Canadian scenery, the chief (it need not be said) is Dr. G. Grant, beloved and respected principal of the University of Queen's College, Kingston, whose "From Ocean to Ocean" has long attained first rank among the classics of our Canadian literature. To him must be attributed the undeniable success of the splendid work on Canadian scenery, known as "Picturesque Canada." The artistic work of this elaborately illustrated book has been conducted under the personal superin- tendence of Mr. O'Brien, president ot the Toronto Academy, and one of Canada's leading artists. The literary portion of "Picturesque Canada" has been carried on by Mr. G. Mercer Adam, Mr. Hunter, Mr. G. Mackenzie, Miss Machar, Miss Louisa Murray and also by the present writer, who owes to the duty of preparing material for the various articles which he afterwards wrote for Picturesque Canada, many a delightful tour, the expenses of which were liberally paid by Mr. Belden, publisher of Picturesque Canada. Among my contributions was the article on the Upper Ottawa, on Lumbering, on Western Ontario, and on the Lovvcr Ottawa, which by some st"ange error has been attributed to a Mr. Rogers in the table of contents. Mr. Rogers never wrote a line nor contributed an idea to the article in question, which was altogether my own original work. Mr. Charles Lindsey, City Registrar of Toronto, has been already mentioned in this chapter as author of the most complete and picturesque record of a very remarkable career; Mr. Lindsey has also written a pamphlet on the Clergy Reserves question, now an extinct issue, although the grasping spirit of ecclesi- asticism still shows its cloven hoof in Canadian politics by the iniquitous effort of rich preachers to escape taxation. Mr. Lindsey's pamphlet gives an exhaustive treatment of the history of the subject, and must be considered of great value both to the student of Canadian history and to the politician or journalist who does battle against the spectre, not yet fully exorcised, of Dominie Strachan's would-be State Church. Mr. Lindsey has done good service by appending to his pamphlet Dr. Rolph's able and exceedingly eloquent speech on the Clergy Reserves question, a speech which deserves to rank as a classic in Canadian oratory. Mr. Lindsey's latest book is entitled "Rome in Canada." It is by no means, as might be inferred from the title, a theological book, and does not present a single straw to the hair-splitter of doctrinal controversy. What it aims at is to show Uw. great amount of influence exerted, and the enormous quantity of untaxed propertj possessed, by the Catholic Church m this country. But it is written in a most courteous and temperate spirit, and could give c.Tence to no one but an irrecon- cilable ultramontane. The argument against "the ultramontane struggle for supremacy over the civil authority " is, in fact, a valuable n/or/Zon argument against the claims of other churches than that of Rome to force upon our school system the book which, in all ages, has been misused to envenom the swords of controversy, to promote sectarian and sentimentalist legislation, to abbreviate and embitter the workers' one weekly holiday, to cheat the State and the tax- TbRONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 215 payer by relieving from its share of taxation the fat purse of the preaching non producer. Of this book Professor Goldwin Smith has said, in a late issue oi the " Bystander," that it " is the most elaborate study of the subject " — high praise, lue recipient of which may feel that he is laudatus a laudato. Mr. Collins has, during the present Easter season, resurrected the memory of the late Governor-General of Rideau Hall and the adjacent premises. The sub- ject is not an interesting one, but the brilliant and trenchant style of which Mr. Collins is master, and the genuinely liberal spirit in which he writes make the book one which it is impossible not to like. In the spirit of the text " Friend, go up higher," we would say to this author, gifted with so much verve, so much humour, so much power of putting life into his utterance of love and hatred, that we earnestly hope he may be given grace to choose more material topics than th, is author of a very admir- able biographical essay on the life of the late Mrs. Tait, wife of the late Arch- bishop of Canterbury. Among specialist work a high place must be given to the treatise on Cavalry, by Colonel Denison, police magistrate of Toronto, an exhaustive essay on this branch of military science. It obtained the high honour of a prize offered by the Emperor of Russia for a treatise on this subject. 2l6 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. ?rii Dr. Workman has published several valuable monographs, exhibiting much research, and a graceful literary style, on questions connected with the medical treatment of the insane. Toronto can boast a goodly number of not unworthy votaries of Apollo, whose "verses have appeared from time to time in Mr. G. Mercer Adam's Canadian Montldv and more recently in the city papers. Many a lyric has apppeared in these papers of merit equal, if not superior, to most lyrics in the English and American serials. "Esperance" (a young lad^, resident in Yorkville), has written several poems, notably one in the Canadian Monthly for July, 1880, the r-qual of which, on its own narrow ground, I do not know in English poetry. I need but mention the names of Kate Seymour Maclean (author of the "Coming of the Princess," Toronto, 1881), and Charles Roberts, author of "Orion and other poems," for some time resident in Toronto as editor of'a weekly journal, in which lately appeared his most beautiful elegiacal poem, "Cumberland Revisited." A marked feature of Toronto poetical literature is the continual appearance in the city daily papers of such verses, displaying a marked amount of ability, often mere fugitive verse, whose point turns simply and solely on some ephemeral sensation, but always vigorous, fresh, and readable. Among the writers of this fuillcton poetry are prominent John Eraser, Jr., R. Kernighan, Norman Bethune, Tom Boylan, A. Cocken, Thomas Cribbs, formerly of Grip, and, in former days, George Brooks, now editor of the clever Winnipeg Si/tings. Mr. John Eraser's fame as a writer of good vers dc socictJ, is by no means limited to Toronto, or even Canada. He is a regular contributor to The Century, in whose columns he lately published a charming ballad, " Kneading the Dough," which has since, as I learn, been set to music by an American composer. The same may be said of Mr. Roberts, who has long been a favoured contributor to Scribner, The Century, The Continent, and other leading serials of cosmopolitan rank. High in rank among Toronto poets is Mr. J. W. Bengough, the clever and genial editor of everyone's favourite, Grip. Some of Mr. Bengough's comic poems are admir- able, his occasional serious poems are good, and he particularly shines in the line of writing elegies on departed statesmen, especially on the Reform side, some of which are so good as to make even strong Con.servatives hope that an opportun- ity of exercising his powers in praise of their own leaders may be of early occur- rence. Mr. R. W. Phipps, till his appointment to the Ontario Civil Service with- drew him from the ranks of political satirists, wrote some excellent satirical verse. In the 'Varsity, best of Canadian university serials, some admirable trans- lations from the German have appeared from the pen of Mr. Vandersmisgen ; also some exceedingly good renderings or rather modernizations of sundry odes of Horace. Among our fnilleton versifiers, who are also journalists of the higher type, p«'e Mr. Gray, now of the Neze>s, and Mr. Phillips Thompson, known to fame as the redoubtable "Jimuel Briggs," of our celebrated Canadian University of Coboconk. Some very good religious verse has appeared in the Christian Guar- dian, the Canada Presbyterian, and the Evangelical Churchman. 4 Blue-books are, as a rule, by no means an interesting variety of literature, -I TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 217 but the Ontario Government, as carried on by the Hon. Oliver Mowat, has succeeded in securing for the public service, in the important department of Forestry, a writer of rare ability and industry, Mr. R. W. Phipps, whose lately- published "Report" reads like a sylvan idyl. Such an independent appoint- ment of one of our leading literary men, who was not by any means a prominent partisan, still less a wire-puller or ward-politician, is most creditable to the On- tario Government. Mr. R. W. Phipps' report has been unanimously praised by the press of both political parties, the Conservative journals, to their great credit be it spoken, being among the first to acknowledge the merits of a work written by an official appointed by a Liberal Government. O si sic omnia dixisscnt ! Mr. Mowat has shown, by this appointment, that he possesses at least one of the qualities of a great statesman, the faculty of choosing the fittest man for a diffi- cult position. Mr. Phipps' report on Forestry has attracted much notice in Eng- land and other foreigi; countries. He has been invited, this month (April, 1884), to attend the congress on forestry, to be held at Washington, under the auspices of the United States Government. High praise ought also to be given to the reports compiled by Mr. Blue, of the Ontario Civil Service. In poetry Toronto has of late years shown an mcreased productiveness. The charming " Coming of the Princess," by Kate Seymour Maclean, contains poetry which would make its mark in any country. " Carissima " has published a volume of sweet and pathetic verse, and Henry Chandler, of New Brunswick, is author of more than' one lyric which will live in Canada's literary record. Most worthy of mention among Toronto authors are the writers of those interminable volumes so eagerly read by the many, for the day, so eagerly studied by the few, when e.xhumed from their sepulture on the shelves of some public library, in order to gather up their record and its comment on the historic past. On one side of the political chart, the great gulph fixed between paradise and hades (which of the political sides is hades and which is paradise this non-politi- cal history averreth not), are the editors of, the Mail. Of them, Mr. Bunting is what newspaper men call an "all-round man," gifted with abundant common sense, and a clear, forcible way of putting things. Mr. Griffin is among the most prominent of Toronto editors. He has been awarded deserved praise by Mr. J. Collins ("Life of Sir John Macdonald ") for his verses, an extract from which, sparkling with genial humour, is quoted in Mr. Collins' classic page. But his greatest power is as a writer of editorials, when his command of language, and trenchant style, can make " the worse appear the better reason ;" and persuade the reader, for the moment, that the most bare-faced bribery is a political virtue. On the other side of the political chart is Mr. Cameron, a cautious, reliable, carefully-reasoning writer, whom, from his steadfast advocacy of the cause of religion and morality, the godless newspaper men of this city have dubbed " the Deacon." Mr. A. Pardoe is to the Globe what Mr. Griffin is to the great Opposi- tion journal. He is a brilliant writer, keen, incisive, unsparing, a true friend, and not a bitter enemy. The Rev. Mr. Inglis tempers the somewhat acrid tendencies of journalistic politics by a large infusion of the milk of ministerial I m 218 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. mildness. Still his pen, too, has point and edge, and on occasion he proves him- self what old Dr. Johnston said he loved, " a good hater." Mr. William Houston was in former days pre-eminent among the editors of the Globe. He has now turned his sword into a pruning hook, and his extreme politics for the peaceful ways of a librarian. Mr. Alex. Pirie, of the Telegram, has been connected with this highly suc- cessful journal since its inception. His happy style of vernacular editorials is characterized by a peculiar neatness and pithiness, always to the point, always catching as it flies the topic of the hour. Of course it would be absurd to class among Canadian authors the one great English writer who has for some years made his home in Toronto. Yet any notice of Toronto authorship would be incomplete without a reference to the benefit which so many have derived from the acquaintanceship, and also from the spirit of fellowship and sympathy with which the Bystander regards all genuine literary effort. On his first arrival in Toronto, and for years afterwards, this gentleman was made the object of a truculent attack, persistently kept up on all occasions. But that the press and the men of letters of the city did not sympa- thise with these attacks was most conclusively shown at a farewell dinner given to Mr. Goldwin Smith, in the fall of 1881, and by the large and enthusiastic attendance thereat. The present writer had the pleasure of being a guest on that occasion and of hearing Mr. Goldwin Smith's speech on journalism and its duties. Thi.« speech was afterwards published in the Canadian Monthly Review. I TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 219 him- Wh^ JFinanttal Institutions. BANKS, BANKERS, TRUST AND LOAN COMPANIES. 'ORONTO banking business is perhaps the strongest support of the mer- ^ 1 cantile and manufacturing interests of the city, and working in alHance ^iJI with those interests in all their legitimate phases, each appreciably in. fluences and partakes of the tone and methods of the others. Hence the banks of the city, like her business enterprises, are noted for their sound, con- servative management command the entire confidence of business men and capitalists, and hold high rank among the financial institutions of the country. Their capital, though not as large as that of some other financial centres, is not cramped in consequence, the line of deposits being always remarkably heavy, owing to the public confidence in their soundness and reliability. Besideo, it is sufficiently elastic to accommodate itself to the needs of commercial and indus- trial progress, and the fact that it exhibits at this time a larger aggregate than e%'er before is significant of the material growth of the city. It is largely due to the support given by the banks to well-founded and substantial lines of business that there are so few failures in Toronto compared with other large cities. The liability on bank stocks is limited to double the amount of the subscribed capital ; on all other stocks the liability of shareholders is strictly limited to the subscribed capital. In making note and comment on the special features of banking in Toronto which have given our banking system peculiar strength, reliability and high standing in the financial circles of the country, a sound, conservative principle prevails throughout the management of all our monetary institutions and governs all their operations. It is to such methods that the legitimate business interests look for their healthiest and most reliable support, for it is through such methods only that the banks can exert a wholesome influence upon the. business system of the city. .Vs a notable illustration of this healthy style of financiering, we cite The Federal IBank, which, although comparatively young, is thoroughly imbued with the true principles of sound, conservative banking, and under busi- ness influences of the highest character — influences that constitute the strongest possible guarantee of a permanent and progressive success. This bank commenced business in August, 1874, and has now a capital of ^3,000,000 with a rest fund of $1,500,000. The list of stockholders embrace the names of a large number of well known business men, and the officers and direc- 220 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. tors are prominent in business and financial circles, and successful in the manage- ment of extensive enterprises. The following is a list of the present directors : S. Nordheiiner, president; J. S. Playfair, vice-president ; H. S. Strathy, general manager; Edward Gurney, Jr., Wm. Galbraith, B. Cronyn, John Kerr, and G. W. Torrance. This is one of the strongest combinations of business talent and experience and financial strength that could be formed, all the members of the board being leading representatives of the lines of business in which they are engaged, and of such high standing in the community as to command the entire confidence of all circles in their ability and integrity. Their character and con- nections draw a valuable list of customers to the counter of the bank, and give it an assured rank and influence in the financial institutions of the country. The policy of the bank, under its present management, though very conserva- tive is reasonably liberal to the business interests, extending substantial aid and support to all legitimate enterprise, and encouraging and promoting sound and desirable progress in commerce and manufactures. Its usefulness is thus com- mensurate with its success, and the growth of its business is a measurably ap- proximate indication of the material growth of the city. Operating under these conditions the Federal Bank promises to be an active and leading factor in the prosperity of Toronto. f The Standard Bank. — This bank is an influential member of the financial system of the country, and has been a strong support to the business interests of the city, taking an active part in promoting all substantial enterprise, and mak- ing a prominent figure in the material progress of this section. Its capital is $2,000,000, and its officers for the present year are W. J. Cowan, president ; John Burns, vice-president ; J. L. Brodie, cashier ; W. F. Allen, F. Wyld, R. C. Jamie- son, Dr. G. D. Morton and A. T. Wood, directors. The Canadian Bank of Commerce, 59 Yonge Street, is a representative of the solid, financial institutions of the city, and the wise and liberal policy it has pursued toward the business interest has given it a high place in the confidence and esteem of the people, and brought to its counters a substantial and valuable class of patrons. It has a paid up capital of $6,000,000 and a rest fund of 11,900,000, with the following successful business men in the management ; — Hon. Wm. Mc- Master, president; Wm. Elliot, vice-president ; W. N. Anderson, general man- ager; J.C. Kemp, assistant manager; JohnWaldie, Hon. S. C. Wood,T. S. Stay- .or, George Taylor, Jas. Strathren, directors. These well-known names are -afficient to account for the judicious conservatism that characterizes its opera- v'Dns, and for the powerful influence it exerts in the support and promotion of ommercial and industrial enterprises. All the officers take an active part in the management of its affairs, which are well directed and prosperous. The Imperial Bank, Wellington Street East, has a capital of $1,500,000 and a management whose standing and experience at once give it a high rank among TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 221 the monetary institutions of the country, and draw to its counters leading busi- ness men and others, who participate in the entire confidence felt by the public at large. Its policy towards all the substantial business interests of the city is liberal and encouraging, and it gives judicial and valuable support to all lines of commercial and industrial enterprises. The officers and directors include some of the most enterprising and successful men in the community. H. S. Rowland, president; Thos. R. Merritt, vice-president; D. R. Wilkie, cashier; Hon. J. R. Benson, John Fisken,Wm. Ramsay, P. Hughes and T. Wadsworth, directors. Ontario Bank, Scott and Wellington Streets. This bank, with a capital of $1,500,000 and a rest fund of 1^335,000, by its able management and progressive methods, proved to be one of the powerful factors in the financial system of the country, and a strong support to all valuable business interests in the city and province. The bank issues notes, receives deposits, negotiates loans, makes col- lections, discounts commercial paper, deals in foreign and domestic exchange, and conducts the general lines of business transacted by banking institutions. The directors of the company are all well known as able and successful financiers. Sir W. P. Howland, president; Donald Mackay, vice-president; C. Holland, general manager; A. M. Smith, G. M. Rose, Hon. C. F. Fraser, G. R. R. Cock- burn, and R. R. Burgess, directors. Bank of Toronto. — A consolidation of historic names connected with the business and financial annals of Toronto is represented in this bank, and its man- agement embraces as much financiering, mercantile and industrial element as any other city bank, if not more. The home of the bank is a landmark that time and change have not affected, and its solid walls are not more staunch than the cor- poration that inhabits them. The directors of this bank are men of experience and success in financial lines— men of mark and distinction in their respective vocations, whose names are passports to the confidence of the public. The officers are George Gooderham, president; W. H. Beatty, vice-president ; Henry Cawthra, Alex. T. Fulton, Henry Covert, W. R. Wadsworth and W. G. Gooder- ham, directors ; D. Coulson, cashier. The capital of the bank is $2,000,000, with a rest fund of $1,900,000. The policy of the bank is such that it has been a lead- ing factor in the material prosperity of the city. It has rendered liberal aid and encouragement to all legitimate business enterprise, and has been potential in the promotion of the interest of the city as a centre of trade and industry. It has extended a wholesome and stimulating influence in business circles, and has drawn to its counters a long and valuable list of customers. Dominion Bank, corner of King and Yonge Streets. The history of this bank is a record of continued and unbroken success that closely identifies it with the advance of the city in commerce and manufactures, a large portion jf which, since its organization, is creditable to the liberal assistance it has extended to the busi- ness community. Its capital is $1,500,000, with a rest fund of $850,000. The 222 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. bank transacts all business pertaining to legitimate banking operations, receives deposits, discounts commercial paper, makes collections, issues letters of credit, etc. Its correspondents at the principal monetary centres are of the highest standing, and it has responsible connections at all desirable collection points. The directors are gentlemen whose names at once command the entire confi- dence of the business community, and are as follows : — James Austin, president ; Hon. Frank Smith, vice-president; R. H. Bethune, cashier; J. Crowther, E. B. Osier, W. D, Mathews, Jas. Scott and E. Leadley. Besides those mentioned above, the following banks have branches in this city : — Bank of Montreal, corner of Front and Yonge Streets, opposite the Custom House. Subscribed capital, $12,000,000 ; rest fund of $5,750,000. G. W. Yarker, manager. Molson's Bank, King Street West, opposite Marshall's Buildings, has a subscribed capital of $2,000,000, with a rest fund of $500,000. L. H. Robertson, manager. i^ : \ Quebec Bank, which is the oldest bank in the Dominion, having been incor- porated by Royal charter, A.D. 1818, has an authorized capital of $3,000,000. Its offices in this city are situated on the corner of Church and Front Streets, in the same building as the Toronto Bank. Mr. J. Walker is the manager. Bank of British North America, whose head offices are in London, Eng- land, has a capital of ;f 1,000,000 sterling. Their offices in this city are at the corner of Yonge and Wellington Streets. Mr. Wm. Grindley, manager. Merchants' Bank, offices Wellington Street West, opposite Jordan Street. Subscribed capital, $5,798,330, with a rest fund of $1,150,000. Wm. Cooke, manager. The Toronto General Trusts Company is the only institution of the kind in Canada, and since its opening it has steadily grown in public favour. The company has been incorporated under special charter by the Statute of Ontario, 35 Vic. cap. S3, to undertake and execute trusts of every description to which it may be appointed, such as executor, administrator, guardian, receiver, etc., to invest money, collect interest, dividends, mortgages, bonds, bills, notes, deben- tures and securities for money or for the purpose of issuing or countersigning certificates of stock, bonds, or other obligations of indebtedness of any railway, municipal, or other corporation, and to receive and manage any sinking fund therefor. This company relieves all persons in Canada from any hesitation in declining for the future to act as trustee or executor, and from the unpleasantness of soliciting any friend to undertake similar responsibility on their account. 1 i TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. -i3 The company is authorized under its charter to act as trustee and executor, and is subject to the direct inspection of the courts as to the management of all estates entrusted to it, while its charges are regulated by the courts. The High Court of Justice for Ontario has already in many cases appointed this company as trustee and guardian for children, and receiver and manager of estates. The company, considering the great increase in the wealth of the community, and and the constant accumulation in private hands of bonds, debentures, and other valuable securities and documents, have fitted up in its offices the largest and most secure fire and burglar proof vaults in Canada for the safe lodgment and care of such property. The list of directors embraces some of the best known and most substantial names in the Dominion, and the charter renders them personally liable to an amount equal to their stock. The simple mention of the management is sufficient to command the entire confidence of business men and citizens of all classes. Hon. Edward Blake, Q.C., M.P., president; E. A. Mere-, dith, Esq., LL.D., vice-president; directors — Hon. Wm. McMaster, senator; B. Homer Dixon, Esq.; /Emilius Irving, Esq., Q.C.; Geo. A. Cox, Esq.; Hon. Alex, Morris, M.P.P. ; William Elliot, Esq.; James Maclennan, Esq., Q.C.; J. K. Kerr, Esq., Q.C. The following directors, along with the president and vice-president, are the Executive Committee: William Gooderham, Esq.; J. G. Scott, Esq., Q.C; James J. Foy, Esq.; A. B. Lee, Esq.; J. Sutherland Stayner, Esq.; W. B. Scarth, Esq.; Robert Jaffray, Esq. J. D. Edgar, solicitor; bankers, Canadian Bank of Commerce; J. W. Langmuir, manager. C.\NADA Permanent Loan and Savings Companv, office 14 Toronto Street; subscribed capital ^3,000,000, paid-up capital ^2,200,000. Joseph D. Kidout, president ; E. Hooper, vice-president ; J. Herbert Mason, manager ; E. Hooper; S. Nordheimer, F. A. Ball, Joseph Robinson, A. M. Smith, James Worts, B. H. Dixon, Wm. Gooderham, directors. Western Canada Loan and Savings Company, office 20 Church Street ; subscribed capital $2,000,000, paid-up capital fti, 200.000. Hon. George W. .Vllan, Senator, president ; George Gooderham, Esq., vice-president ; Hon. D. L. Macpherson, Samuel Piatt, Thomas H. Lee, George W. Lewis, Alfred Gooderham, directors; Walter S. Lee, manager. Union Loan and Savings Company, office 28 Toronto Street ; subscribed capital $600,000, paid-up capital #571,345. Arthur Harvey, president ; Edward Galley, vice-president ; W. C. Beddome, secretary. i Canada Land and Credit Company, office 23 Toronto Street ; subscribed capital 11,500,000, paid-up capital #663, 990. John Lang Blaikie, president ; John Macdonald, vice-president; James Campbell, John Dunlop, Edward Bull, M.D. , Thomas Lailey, John B. Osborne, John S. Playfair, John Y. Reid, Hon. James Young, M.P.P., Daniel Wilson, LL.D., W. A. Parlane, directors. ^l ;>miclly and successfully applied to fire underwriting, and the prosperous career it has enjoyed since its incorporation, with its present healthy condition >i(u' gratifying prospects, satisfactorily demonstrate the correctness of that opinion. The economy of this method has been proven in actual practice, and has built up, under intelligent and experienced directors, a large and increasing membership in this company. The Hand-in- Hand has ever since its organization been under a management strong in underwriting experience, ability, and enterprise. It is composed of W. H. Howland, president; Wm. Thompson, Vice-President; Hugh Scott, secretary and manager ; with Scott and Walmsley, underwriters. These names are suffi- cient to command the entire confidence of the community in any enterprise with which they are connected. The offices of the company are in the Queen City Buildings, 24 and 26 Church Street. TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 227 Queen City Fire Insurance Company. — This HourishinR company was or- >,'anizecl in 1871 and commenced business on ist of July, of the same year. Its lioard of directors are Mr. W. H. Howland, president; Jas. Austin, vice-presi- dent ; Jas, MacLennan, v C, John. McNabb, Hu^h Scott, manafjinj,' directors, and Thos. Walmsley, secretary. Hy conservative management the com- pany has establisned itself on a sub- stantial basis, and now occupies a front place among local institutions of a similar character, conducting a careful and safe insurance business that is yearly receiving accessions by the addition of sound risks. So successful were its operations that in 1877, only six years after the company's inception, its directors were enabled to erect, from theearn- ings of the institution, the handsome structure that adorns lower Church Street, between Colborne and Wel- lington Streets. As will be seen from the adjoining illustration, the building possesses no small amount of architectural beauty. It is de- signed in the renaissance style, and is substantially built of Georgetown and Ohio stone and Italian marble, the three being so blended as to im- part to the building a striking and unique front. A parallel and fluted belt course separates the ground from the first story and the key- stones of the windows and entrance door are ornamented with life-like portraits of the directors and man- agers, excellently carved in stone by a German artist of undoubted taste and talent. When the building v/as opened a local newspaper published what was intended to be a terribly sarcastic article on the "vanity" of the managers of the company in thus personally identifying themselves with the edifice as they had already so successfully done Queen City Insurance Building. ( , ! 11 r. i; Tr'^-^ 228 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. with the institution. But the would-be sarcasm fell far short of its purpose and only raised a public laugh at the paper's expense. The building stands as a monument to the success of the company's operations, and cannot be other than a source of pride and satisfaction to every well-wishing inhabitant of this, the Queen City of the West. With a thoughtfulness that did them credit the directors, instead of celebrat- ing the opening of their handsome new premises with a champagne dinner, very generously appropriated a sum of money for the relief of the poor at the ensuing Christmas. The money was placed at the disposal of a committee of ladies, con- sisting of Lady Howland, president; Miss Macdonald, Mrs. James Austin, Mrs. John MacNab, Mrs. James Maclennan, Mrs. W, Thomson, Mrs. Hugh Scott, Mrs. W. H. Howland, Mrs. John Roaf and Miss EJliot secretary. These ladies worked for a month beforehand compiling a list of families who were in need of charity. The distribution took place at the company's building on Church Street, upwards of 1,500 families, or, at the least calculation, 7,000 individuals, being relieved. An idea of the extent of this charitable act may be had when it is stated that the committee gave away 8,000 pounds of beef, 4,000 loaves of bread, and 530 pounds of tea, all the provisions being of the best quality. Many a table that would otherwise have been bare and unmviting was thus supplied with an ample Christmas spread, and many a person still looks back with thankful memory to the noble and generous opening of the Queen City In- surance Company's building.. This kindly work is a unique feature in the his- tory of business institutions in Toronto, and should be recorded to the credit of the company and the ladies who so successfully carried it through. li n ij Western Assurance Company, incorporated 1851, has a subscribed capital of $800,000, with a rest fund of $700,000, do a fire and marine insurance business, and has thus far succeeded beyond the most sanguine expectations of its pro- moters. The handsomely fitted office of the Company is situated at tiie corner of Wellington and Scott Streets. The present officers of the Company are A. M. Smith, president; Charles Magrath, vice-president; John Fisken, A. M. Smith, G. A. Cox, Robert Beatty, William Gooderham and J. J. Kenny, directors; with J. J. Kenny managing director. It will be seen that all the directors are sub- st . ^ial busmess men of the very highest standing in the community, and the lar^e and profitable business done shows they are possessed of unusual executive ability. Indentified as they are with the business interest of the city, they have faithfu"y laboured to secure for it the inestimable advantage of safe insurance at low premium rates. This is one of the most distinctive features of Toronto insurance companies, and in none is it more prominently apparent than in the Western, whose vigilance in protecting the interests of its stockholders by care in the selection of risks and the good judgment exercised in investments are only equalled by its promptness and liberality in settling the claims of policy holders. TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 229 Confederation Life Association Company — incorporated by special Acts of Parliament with a guarantee capital of ^1,000,000; head office, 15 Toronto Street. Hon. Sir W. P. Howland, C.B., K.C.M.G... president; Hon. Wm. McMaster and Wm. Elliott, vice-presidents; John Macdonald, managing director. This com- pany counts among its 'nsureu a large number of our prominent business men, who have investigated its history and methods, and recognize in it that element of stability that is such an attractive feature to the seeker for insurance. To the prudent and sound management of the company, its careful allocation of risks, its wise investment of funds, and the reputation it has gained, to make as little trouble and delay in the settlement of claims as is consistent with justice to the surviving policy-holders, may be attributed a large part of its wonderful growth and prosperity. British America Assurance Company was incorporated by Act of Parlia- ment of Upper Canada, in February, A.D. 1833, William IV., chap. 18, under the name of the British America Fire and Life Assurance Company. The Corporators were: William Maxwell, James Meyers, John G. Culverwell, David Browne, Richard Northcote, Richard Crispin, William Ware, Alexander Dixon, Thomas Wallis, Richard H. Gates, William Stennett, Alexander Erskine, Geo. Munroe, William Proudfoot, James King, Alexander Wood, The Hon. and Right Rev. John Strachan, Fir.st Lord Bishop of Toronto, Thos. Mercer Jones, James Cull, The Hon. Mr. Justice Sullivan, A. W. Hart, Messrs. Gamble and Birchall, The Hon. Mr. Justice Hagerman, William B. Jarvis, Sheriff of York, The Hon. John Rolph, R. A. Parker, Samuel P. Jarvis, Watkins and Harris, R. C. Ferris, S. Washburn, John Ross, J. Baby, J. M. Strange, John Kitson, S. Cockburn, S. P. Hard, J. G. Chewitt, B. W. Bonnycastle, G. W. Houghton, Thomas Bell, M. McNamara, James Such, George A. Barber, John H. Dunn, Alexander Hamilton, Peter Diehl, John Bishop, Sr., The Hon. Henry J. Boulton, C. J. Baldwin, and the Hon. John Elmsley. The late Honourable William Allan was appointed Governor at the organization of the Company. In October 1842, the Company was authorized by the Legislature of Canada to extend its operations to Inland Marine Insurance, and by an Act in .-Vugust 1851, its powers were further extended to include Ocean Marine Insurance. By 16 Vic, chap. 68, the name of the Company was changed to its present name. On the death of Mr. Allan in 1856, the late Mr. George Percival Ridout was appointed Governor. He dis- charged its duties until his death in June 1873, when Mr. Peter Paterson was elected. The present officers of the Company are : Mr. John Morrison, Governor, H. R. Forbes, Deputy-Governor, Sila? P. Wood, Secretary, John T. Reid, Manager. 230 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. Prominent Ulltol^saU BTtrms. DRY GOODS, MILLINERY, LACES, CARPETS, BOOKS, ETC. HE interesting features of Toronto, as shown in other chapters of this book, and many that are necessarily left unmentioned, are due chiefly to the liberality and culture of the business men, from whom is obtained the money required to carry to completion all material improvement. It is true that many professional men give money to aid great works, but it will be found, if traced back sufficiently, that this money was earned by them directly or indirectly from business men. This fact alone would justify sketches of cor- porations and individuals who have acquired success in the honourable manage- ment of their various pursuits, bat to this can be added the statement that many of the most interesting features of the city are its wholesale firms. If we think of the wares of the merchants, and also of the productive and commercial agen- cies employed to place them at the disposal of the people, we certainly will grant that the warehouses of a great city are among the most suggestive subjects for reflection. In a book of this class, making no claim to be a " city directory," there is but little space in which to notice the many wholesale houses, and this space must be given only to those of a prominent character, or of great public interest. It is particularly appropriate to begin our sketches with that of a house uniting specially noteworthy architectural features. We refer to John Macdonald & Co. — Though so essentially and vitally democratic, thi.; is truly an age of kings. VVe hear constantly of money kings, railway kings, land kings, cotton kings and many other varieties of monarch, the claim to the royal title being not any blue-blood heredity, but in general, simply that triumph of well-directed personal industry which is within the reach of every man on this free American continent, however humble or obscure, who proves himself able and worthy to achieve it. This glorious Dominion can boast of a few such kings, and among them there is one gentleman who has fairly earned the title to rank as the Canadian dry goods king. This gentleman is Mr. John Macdonald, the founder of the great dry goods house of John Macdonald & Co., of Toronto and Manchester. He owes it to his own high business (jualities — among which regard may be had to his sterling character as well as to his shrewdness and enterprise — ^that, through a long vista of commercial failures, he can look back upon a career of unbroken success, and to-day he finds himself at the head of the greatest dry goods house in Canada, and one not unworthy to rank with similar establish- ments of London, New York, or Chicago. Mr. Macdonald's success is just an example of the possibilities that are open to any young man in ('anada whose chief capital consists of brains, self-reliance, energy, and above all, integrity. '5 , i- ^'i m ^1 If •"'? f rstif John Macdonald & Co.'s Warehouse (Front Street View). f!^ t(.ii ii TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 233 Last fall a substantial and commodious addition was made to the establish- ment. The original warehouse itself was one of the largest, if not the largest, of its kind in the city of Toronto, but by its new addition it has been exactly duplicated, and now it stands far up in its supremacy. The interior is a veri- table museum of modern curiosities, reminding the visitor of some of the great ' civil service stores of London, or the magazines of the Palais du Louvre in Paris, where almost everything that one can wish for, to clothe or adorn the person or home, is at command. These fine warehouses extend from Wellington to Front Street, running almost parallel, with handsome fronts on each street. That facing on Wellington Street is in Ohio sand stone, and that facing Front Street in Ohio stone and Oswego brown stone. The frontage of the building on each street is about one hundred feet. The windows are large, numerous and tastefully ornamented, those on the first floor being filled with plate glass. The interior of the building is divided into six floors, each having two immense warerooms, separated by a solid wall about four feet thick and heavy iron doors. The ceil- ings are lofty and are supported by iron pillars. The flooring throughout is maple, and the window and door frames, staircases, etc., are white oak. Two staircases, one in the old and one in the new portion of the building, communi- cate with each floor. In addition to this each portion is supplied with elevators, there being the option of four. The passenger elevators are very handsome, and are constructed so as to be perfectly safe in case of accident to the cables. A correct idea of the extent of these palatial warehouses may be obtained when it is stated that the total flooring of the six flats consists of about 75,000 superficial feet, or nearly two acres. Beginning at the basement you find the enter- ing and shipping rooms. A large force of men are receiving and despatch- ing goods on these floors. Going upstairs by the eastern stairway you find your- self in the Canadian woollen department, where can always be seen a splendid representation of one of the native industries of the Dominion, in the shape of every pattern and quality of tweed. Many of the finer goods are not much be- hind the Scotch or English goods in either pattern or texture. The business offices of the firm, which were formerly in the old building, now extend across the northerly end of this room. In the warehouse adjoining — that is the western v,arehouse — is the staple department. The stock here is always large, and very completely assorted. Ascending to the second floor, on the west side, is the stuff" room, which is a repository for all sorts of beautiful articles for the adornment and comfort of the person, of both the female and male — chiefly, of course, the former. Passing through one of the heavy doorways to the adjoining warerooms to the east, you are precipitated into a foreign land, for this department is con- fined to foreign goods solely. At the southern end of this wareroom, which is in the new building, and divided from it by an ornamental glass partition, is Mr. Macdonald's private office. A peep into it will at once convey the idea that the head of this great firm does not accept that old-fashioned, worn-out, commercial creed that a man can attend to his business better by making his surroundings as unattractive and comfortless as possible. The whole of the next floor, in both » I Hi s I r: M 234 TORONTO : FAST AND PRESENT. buildings, is devoted to the mantle department, which has, perhaps, more attrac- tions for the ladies than any other in the building. The next floor, the fourth, is the fancy goods department. On this floor also is the haberdashery depart- ment. Ascending one more flight of stairs the visitor is brought to the top flat, and you find yourself in the great carp'it emporium. When this floor is reached you consider that you occupy a very exalted position, and if you do not, all you have to do is to ascend the winding staircase to the roof, where a splendid view of our magnificent city and harbour can be obtained ; and you are impressed with the fact that as this immense building overtops so many of its neighbours, so the great dry goods house of John Macdonald & Co. overtops every other business of its kind in the country. Visitors to Toronto will find John Mac- donald & Co.'s very easy of access. Follow down Leader Lane and Exchange Alley fron-' King S''iL>?t and you are at its doors. Scott Street runs along its western end, u.lle i in line with the streets leading from the boats and rail- road trains. D. McCalt, & ' V — T' i 'ea of this work is not to inflict upon its readers a string of fulsome putis of the different business establishments in the city, but merely to let the reader, who is not al- ready acquainted with the true greatness of Toronto as a business centre, know something about it, and to introduce him, or her, to the leading houses of the city. Any one passing along the thorough- fare named after the great Duke of Wel- lington, between Yonge and Scott Streets, cannot fail to notice Nos. 12 and 14, for here is situated the extensive millinery establishment of D. McCall & Co. This firm have justly earned for themselves the honour of ranking among the first millinery houses of the Dominion. Their fall and spring openings, ever since the formation of the house, have been attend- ed by more buyers than any other similar establishment in the city. The firm is composed of practical men, and, as an outcome, they reap practical results. Mr. D. McCall, the head of the business, is a gentleman of many years' experience. The volume of the firm's operations keeps pace with the growth of the city, the Province of Ontario, and the Do- minion. It is needless to say that everything that is known, abroad or at D. McCall's Wholesale House. TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 235 re attrac- le fourth, y depart- ; top flat, s reached )t, all you ndid view impressed jighbours, 'cry other [ohn Mac- Exchange 5 along its 3 and rail- s readers a le city, but o is not al- ia greatness ntre, know [■oduce him, f the city, thorough- ike of Wel- ott Streets, and 14, for e millinery k Co. This themselves ig the first lion. Their since the )een attend- ther similar The firm is and, as an •esults. Mr. business, is experience, operations of the city, nd the Do- jroad or at home, in their line of business, is handled by D. McCall & Co. The richest marts of the world have been ransacked to supply the splendidly assorted stock carried by the firm. A walk through their warerooms will dazzle you with variety, and surprise you both at the costliness and the cheapness of the goods displayed. This may sound rather paradoxical, but a good house, such as the one under notice, must be ready, both with the merchandise of Berlin, Paris, London and New York, and the more homely manufactures of less celebrated places. They must also have on hand the rich plumes of the rare birds of South America and Africa, andthe modest ribband of the work-a-day world. In fact the universe is the market of an enterprising establishment like that of Messrs. D. McCall & Co. The best test of success in any line of commerce is to hold one's own in the midst of keen competition. This the firm at 12 and 14 Wellington Street has done ever since its inception. The wholesale millinery business of Toronto has always been represented to its fullest scope ; and by commendable and shrewd attention, this great house has kept at the front. The firm is composed of D. McCall and William Blackley. White, Joselin & Co. — Boswell, quoting a few lines from a prolific poet, once said to Dr. Johnson, " But you must allow they are good." " Yes," said the gruff old doctor, "any man who writes so much must sometimes write well." As it is with the man of many stanzas so it must be with the business house that deals in everything. It must perforce sometimes have something good to sell. But with a firm that makes a specialty of any one line it is a different thing. It must keep the best articles to maintain its reputation and even to command any trade. People must learn that because so and so make a specialty of certain goods they are able not only to sell a better class but also at more reasonable figures. A man of letters who devotes himself to one study will know more about his par- ticular hobby than any man of general knowledge, who, aiming to perfect himself in all things, succeeds in thoroughly acquainting himself with none. It is the same in trade. A firm devoting itself to one line must needs know more of that line, and nderstand its requirements better, than a house that dabbles in everything from a common pin to a drawing-room set, or a wisp of straw to a roll of Brus- sels carpet. Messrs. White, Joselin & Co. deal exclusively in lace goods, and in their line are the mcst enterprising and among the heaviest dealers in all Canada. Estab- lished in 1879, the firm from year to year has gone on increasing in prosperity and popularity until now it has attained the prominence of a model wholesale house — a house known far and wide for its liberal dealings and enterprising spirit. Its warerooms are stocked from floor to ceiling with lace goods of every description. Without taking a walk through the establishment it is impossible to imagine the infinite variety required to compose the stock of a firm like that of Messrs. White, Joselin & Co Even in the lace curtains alone there are thou- sands of designs in all grades of quality. Some are plain and some are of such fine texture that you almost wonder how they hold together, but they are so delicately il 1 236 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. woven that in strength and durability they will far outlast the coarser but more substantial looking material, thert- dre many other articles in lace;_for household adornment ; but it is in personal wear that the most remarkable variety comes in. Then you begin to recognize the intricate machinery or the dexterous fingers that must have been at work in turning out such elegant and beautiful goods. Time was when the importation into England of these pretty and becoming things was prohibited. That was four hundred years ago, but when one looks at the artistic excellence of the lace shown by Messrs. White, Joselin & Co. one not only wonders at the barbarity of the days of Edward V. and his murderous and mis- shapen uncle Richard III, but hopes, out of sheer pity for their want of taste, that the designs were less lovely. Mr. White, who has had 30 years' experience in the lace trade, was the origin- ator of the firm now located at 7 Wellington Street West. He afterwards joined with him Messrs. E. J. and C. Joselin, and the trade name of the house was changed to White, Joselin & Co., consiting of Edward O. White, Edwin Joselin and Charles Joselin. That the firm may long enjoy their present distinction every one dealing with them will most heartily wish. The Toronto News Company. — "Reading maketh a full man," so says Lord Bacon. There can be no repson for doubting his lordship's statement, but there are two kinds of fulness, a b^-d and a good kind. A child fills itself with sweets and other rich food which turns nauseous on its stomach. That is not a healthy kind of fulness. A wise man fills himself with wholesome plain food. That is a healthy kind of fulness. So it is with reading. We can fill ourselves with trash and derive nothing but harm from it, or we can fill ourselves with the knowledge of wise men, and ourselves become wise. People little imagine to what extent vendors of literature administer to one of those two results. If they steadfastly determine to sell nothing but what is good, then the demand for what is bad must perforce die of starvation. Years ago there used to be tons of dime novels sold, but Mr. A. S. Irving, managing director of the Toronto News Co., assures us that, in spite of newspaper stories, all that is changed, that the cheap price of novels has driven " Dare-Devil Dick," "The Prairie Scout," "Dick Turpin," and their companions almost out of the market. This has been brought about principally by the Toronto News Co. and other large wholesale book establishments, discouraging the sale of the corrupting stuff and encouraging in its place the better class of light literature. The Toronto News Company was started about ten years ago. Up to that time Mr. Irving had successfully carried on the wholesale news business in con- nection with a large retail business on King Street west. But Mr. Irving is a man of progressive ideas and of most decided administrative ability. He recog- nized that a decade ago things were unsatisfactory. He, therefore, conceived the idea of establishing one large distributing depot on the plan of the American News Co., in New York, and W. H. Smith & Son, in London, England. The scheme worked well. Little difficulty was experienced in consolidating other 1 1 ■' I $ I ti-- Sri 0A ■■'I The Toronto News Company's Warehouse. 1 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 239 interests along with Mr. Irving's and the thing was done. The Toronto News Co. was founded and from the moment of its birth made rapid advancement, until to-day its machinery for supplying the large trade of the province is unri- valled in Ca..ada and unexcelled in the whole world. Twenty years since, the wholesale news business was in a wretchedly crude state. It was broken up into half-a-dozen pieces, each of which was so small that exorbitant prices had to be charged. The consequence was the public suffered. Now the situation is changed. The margin on each article is almost infinitesimally small, but the aggregate of a large business brings it up to a paying basis, and both the public and the news dealers gain by having one distributing point instead of many. The Toronto News Co., however, has three branches, one at Clifton, another at Montreal and a third in London, England. These aid more in gathering sup- plies than in shipping goods. All consignments coming from the States are passed at Clifton, an arrangement that greatly facilitates their reception here. When first formed, the Toronto News Company was located on Jordan Street, but the development of its trade required more commodious premises, and a few years ago a removal was made to 42 Yonge Street, where, in a four-story ware- house, it at present thrives and prospers. The building is arranged in the most systematic manner. It is divided into four departments, one on each floor, with a basement for heavy stock, an elevator and tubes rendering communication between each floor expeditious and easy. It must always be borne in mind that the news and periodical business is unlike any other branch of trade. The aR-ticles are so light and so numerous that their distribution requires a deal of arranging before being brought into a state of perfection. Mr. Irving, however, is such a master of detail that he has been able to render the establishment a model one, throughout which everything works with the noiselessness of clock- work, and without the bustle and excitement that formerly characterized this trade. It has been said that there are four floors, or departments. We will take a walk through them. The ground floor is confined exclusively to stationery, in which the company do a very large business, being special agents for certain lines, including Carter's famous inks, and keeping a very complete stock of all. As you enter from the street you find the manager's offices on your right hand, with the large stock laid out on your left and in the body of the room. In the rear is the city delivery department, where Toronto dealers ereive their sup- plies, and samples are shown. On the second floor are book", ^ ...rTiCs, and Christ- mas cards, birthday cards, Easter cards, valentines, etc., in great profusion. Until enquiry is made, the outside public could scarcely imagine the immense sale there is for all 'kinds of cards, not playing, but picture. Mr. Irving states that the business is enormous, and every year is increasing. The News Company is an exclusive agent for Prang's famous cards and chromos, and has considerable difficulty in meeting the demand at certain seasons of the year for these treasures of art and design. The company is also agent for all the leading American and English publishers, so that it will be understood their stock of books is an 240 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. extensive one. In games the house handles all the Requirements for lacrosse, baseball, cricket, and everything else except row-boats and yachts, which are a little too cumbersome. The third floor is devoted to the numerous cheap libraries which have sprung into existence in recent years, including Robertson's publications (a home industry), the Family, Franklin Square, Humboldt, Mr roe's, Lovell's, Routledge's, Standard, Seaside, and others almost too numerc to mention. Here, also, is stored what appear inexhaustible supplies of five- cent music, mainly the company's own publications, a new piece being issued each week. And now we come to the fourth floor, where the principal part of the work is done. A stranger seeing the packing and shipping department at the top of the building would be disposed to think things were upside down, but so much inter- ruption from customers was experienced on the ground floor that it was found necessary to facilitate matters by doing the sorting out and packing up-stairs and forwarding down by means of the elevator. Here there is utter absence of con- fusion. Each of the several hundred customers has a box i 1 v,^<'''.h his supplies are deposited previous to shipping. These boxes are ranged in tiers on each side of the long room, the receptacles for the country dealers being on one side, and for the city dealers on the other. In the centre, underneath a long table, on which the packing is done, are a number of boxes devoted to the larger dealer From this floor are shipped thousands of publications daily, including Engl Canadian and American weeklies, monthlies, quarterlies, half-yearlies, etc. So»... conje in sheet form and others in book. Although the United States is so much nearer, the manager states that the trade is almost evenly divided between that country and England, the business with each being very great and increasing in proportion every year. Mr. Irving, it should be mentioned, is ably assisted in carrying on this large establishment by Mr. J. A. Taylor, assistant manager, who has been associated with Mr. Irving for a number of years, and Ml-. A. M. Irving as cashier. Pi I TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 241 acrosse, Itch are s cheap lertson's t, Mr iimerc of five- g issued > work is jp of the ch inter- as found tairs and e of con- supplies each side side, and table, on r dealer ; Engl tc. Son. 3 so much ween that reasing in issisted in ager, who M. Irving Mllitars and I9^lens!tie d^tQanlxationd of THE VOLUNTEER REGIMENTS, POLICE, AND FIRE BRIGADES. HE volunteer militia of Toronto has, from the earliest times of our city's existence as Little York, held a high place among the most efficient of the far-famed and well-tried militia organizations of Canada. In the war of 1812 good service was done by the Toronto militia, and the last words of General Brock, as he fell in the fight at Queenston Heights, were " Forward, brave York Volunteers ! " In 1838, during the raids of American filibusters, one of the most efficient corps was that raised : York, which, being known as the Queen's regiment, may be regarded as the progenitor of the present Queen's Own. The military dep6ts of Toronto are the New and Old Forts and the drill-shed- The New Fort is at the foot of Strachan Avenue, and is furnished with artillery sufficient to command Toronto Bay. The Old Fort is at the foot of Bathurst Street; its earthworks and defences are in a condition of decay, as are the palisades and moat. It contains a number of guns commanding the lake- approach to the city. The drill-shed and armoury is at the east side of West Market Street. Mr. J. Quinn is caretaker. The Toronto staff consists of Lieutenant-Colonel R. B. Denison, deputy adjutant-general ; Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Wilson, brigade major ; and Lieu- tenant-Colonel W. N. Alger, district paymaster and store-keeper. The Queen's Own is one of the most famous of Canadian volunteer regi- ments. It has always been maintained in a condition of the highest efficiency, and has included in its ranks the finest and most patriotic of Toronto's youth. The writer well remembers the enthusiasm with which the men of the Queen's Own turned out for active service, he having had the honour of serving in the ranks, in the spring of 1866, when the Fenian raid was threatened. He recalls the long, pleasant marches on the suburban roads, the return march along the Queen Street College Avenue, the public inspection in the drill-shed, and the lunch of bread and cheese, beer, pipes and tobacco, so liberally provided in those days for the citizen soldiers by the municipal authorities. My company was Number One, commanded by Captain Brown. I left for the eastern townships before the Fenian raid took place, but joined the Sherbrooke Battalion of Rifles, in which I rose to the rank of lieutenant. M ■>■ 1 m in HI ' hi 242 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. At Ridgeway the Queen's Own distinguished themselves by cool intrepidity ; Number One company occupied the rear, the post of honour during the retreat, which followed on that unfortunate order to " form to receive cavalry " into which " someone had blundered." As at present constituted, the Queen's Own is officered as follows : W. D. Otter, lieutenant-colonel; A. A. Miller, D. H. Allan, majors; R. B. Hamilton, Thomas Brown, W. C. Hodgins, H. E. Kersteman, B. Jennings, R. Wilkinson, Kenneth C. Miller, H. M. Pellat, Villiers Sankey, J. A. Murray, W. A. Medland, captains; James C. McGee, W. C. Macdonald, P. D. Hughes, W. Z. Mutton, J. B. Thompson, G. Acheson, H. V. Greene, C. C. Bennett, P. L. Mason, Henry Broach, lieutenants; R. S. Cassels, C. F. Gunther, A. T. Scott, A. B. Lee, A. H. Cheeseborough, T. H. Walsh, F. C. Campbell, 2nd lieutenants ; Major A. G. Lee, paymaster ; Captain J. M. Delamere, adjutant ; F. W. Strange, J. W. Leslie, surgeons ; P. Cunningham, sergeant-major. The Tenth Royal Grenadiers, more especially since its recent rr construc- tion, is also one of Canada's finest militia regiments. It is officered as follows : H. J. Grasett, lieutenant-colonel, G. D. Dawson, A. B. Harrison, majors; F. A. Caston, J. Bruce. J. Mason, J. W. Anderson, J. H, Patterson, P. B. Bale, cap- tains; V. M. Howard, R. G. Trotter, C. L. Leipli, A. Irving, A. C. Symonds, lieutenants; N. Kingsmill, paymaster; G. S. Se'.han, quartermaster; Capt. F. F. Manley adjutant; J. H. McCoHum, M.D., surgeon; J. Quinn, sergeant-major. The Governor»General's Body Guard is a small but select force whose gay scarlet uniforms form a brilliant feature on all occasions of government cere- monials. The commander is Lieutenant-Colonel G. T. Denison ; F. C. Denison and Orlando Dunn, majors ; C. K. Denison and E. H. T. Howard, captains ; John H. Kane and John H. Merritt, lieutenints ; John Sloan, quartermaster. The School of Infantry forms a permanent corps. Lieutenant-Colonel Otter is commandant ; Major H. Smith, captain; J. W. Lees and R. L. Wad- man, lieutenants. The Toronto Field Battery is officered by Major John Gray ; Lieutenant J. P. Beatty ; Dr. A. A. Macdonald, surgeon ; Andrew Smith, V.S., veterinary surgeon. Of the Toronto Garrison Artillery Captain Donald Gibson is com- mandant. The Yorkville Militia Company is known as letter H in the roll call of the i2th Batallion ol the York Rangers, a corps whom the title of Rangers recalls General Simcoe's celebrated regiment, many of whom settled about Yorkville and Toronto. The Yorkville company is officered as follows : Captain G. H. C. TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 243 Brooke, Lieutenant T. T. Symons ; 2nd lieutenant, John Lanskail. Head- quarters and aiiioury, St. Paul's Hall : caretaker, John Tuner. )n is com- The Ontario Rifle Association also has its headquarters in Toronto, and consists of the following staff .—Colonel Walker, London, Ont., president ; Lieu- tenant-Colonel Gibson, M.P.P., Hamilton, Ont. ; Lieutenant-Colonel Kerr, Kingston ; Lieutenant-Colonel Macpherson, Ottawa, vice-president ; Lieutenant- Colonel W. D. Otter, secretary ; Lieutenrnt-Colonel W. N. Alger, treasurer. Toronto has three excellent military bands, whose " sonorous metal blowing martial sounds" so often gives pleasure to our citizens: — The Governor- General's Body Guard, Robert Pirie, bandmaster ; The Queen's Own Rifles Brass Band, John Bayley, bandmaster ; The Tenth Royal Grenadiers, F. Toulmin, bandmaster. The Police Department of Toronto has been organized on a military basis, with regular drill and instructions in the use of fire-arms ever since the time of the late Captain Prince, Chief of Police in Toronto. The Head Office of the DepartmeiiL is at 10 Court Street, The Commissioners are Colonel G. T- Denison, chairman, Judge McDougall and the Mayor. The Police Magistrate is Colonel G. T. Denison. The Chief of Police is Major Frank C. Draper ; the Deputy-Chief, John Macpherson. The Clerk of the Police Court is Mr. J. T. Nudel ; the Assistant-Clerk, Mr. N. J. Meyerfey. Police Station No. i (the headquarters of the force) is at the Court Street Office, Inspector W. C. Stuart ; Police Station No. 2 is on Agnes Street, near Yonge, Inspector William Ward ; Police Station No. 3 is at St. Andrew's Market, on Little Richmond Street, opposite Esther Street, Inspector R. Leith ; Police Station No. 4 is on Wilton Avenue, near Parliament Street, Inspector David Archibald. The detective department consists of John Newhall, chief; detectives John Hodgins, John Reid, Stuart Burnes, Edward Brown, Henry Reburn, Philip Sheahan ; janitor, James Woods, The Toronto Police have the reputation o^ being a most efficient and zealous force ; they have to carry out duties severe, and often dangerous, and are on duty for long hours in the arctic winter or tropical summer, at very insufficient pay. The police of our city deserve the sympathy and support of all good citizens. The Police Commissioners issued the following manifesto : "The citizens of Toronto are particularly requestec' to report any crimes or offences which they know to have been committed in the city, immediately at the nearest station, that a detective may be telegraphed for, and it is partinilarly desirable that no steps be taken to detect thieves or ruffians until the matter has been placed in the hands of the detectives. Detectives and policemen are always on duty, night and day, at headquarters, and can be obtained in case of necessity." The city police force was originally under the directions of the municipal authorities, but the inefficiency and jobbery, which, as a matter of course. 244 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. resulted from that arrangement, caused the Ontario Government to intervene, by passing a law which put the police supervision in the hands of Police Commis- sioners. Ever since this arrangement has been carried into effect the city pDlice of Toronto has greatly improved in efficiency, the constables are as fine and well-drilled a set of men as are found in any Canadian city, and the amount of service bravely and honestly rendered is appreciably great. It is a matter of congratulation to property-holders of this city that Mr. Meredith, M.P.P., for London, Ont., and leader of the Conservative Opposition, was defeated in his effort to bring back the former vicious system by appointing, as additional police commissioners, ten of the city aldermen. During 1883 there were, in the city police, no dismissals, three resignations, and one death, that of first-class P. C. Worth. Sixteen new constables were appointed, two were promoted to the rank of sergeant, making an increase of 10 men and two sergeants to the strength of the force. This was made necessary by the annexation to the city of Yorkville, now St. Paul's Ward, in which there is a station and a sub-division formed with nine men and two sergeants attached to it. I see by the Report for 1883, issued by Deputy-Chief McPherson (an able document, simply and modestly worded), that the conduct of the force during last year has been e.\ceptionally good, and that fewer constables were brought before the Hoard of Commissioners for misconduct or neglect of duty than in any previous year. Deputy-Chief McPherson adds " The city, during the year, was comparatively free from disorder or crime of a serious nature, and in most cases the arrest of the criminals was made by police in uniform or by detectives. The most notable case was the murder of Maroney, on York Street, on the night of the Seventh of August, by Charles Andrews, who was at once arrested by P. C. Alfred Cuddy, a quiet, unassuming young constable, for which praiseworthy conduct he was deservedly promoted to the position of first-class constable." Another most important defensive semi-military organization is that which fights, often at imminent risk to life and limb, against fire, the great foe of Cana- dian cities in this wood-abounding country. Toronto has been visited by several great fires, the first and most severe of which, in 1847, destroyed a large portion of King Street, with the newly rebuilt church oi St. James. The firemen from the stations always turn out with the utmost alacrity, their splendid horses gal- loping along the streets ; but there seems to be some defect at present in the method of obtaining adequate water-supply for the hose; it is to be hoped that this may soon be remedied. The fire-alarm stations are as follows: — Engine house No. I, corner of Bay and Temperance Streets; Charles Smedley, foreman. Hook and ladder, engine house No. 2, corner of Richmond and Portland Streets; A. Charleton and Joseph Davis, foremen. Engine house No. 3, near corner of Yonge and Grenville Streets ; Samuel Townley, foreman. Engine house No. 4, corner Berkeley and Duke Streets; John C. Noble, foreman. Hook and ladder and hose station No. 5, Court Street ; Thomas Reid and William Villiers, foremen. Hose station No. 6, Queen Street, west of John ; Frank Forsyth, foreman. Hose TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 245 station No. 7, Wilton Avenue, east of Parliament Street ; James Thompson, fore- man. Hose station No. 8, corner of College Street and Bellevue Avenue ; Frank Smith, foreman. Hose station No. g, corner of Queen and Dundas Streets; Henry Leach, foreman. Hook and ladder and hose station No. 10, Yorkville Avenue, near Yonge, St. Paul's Ward ; John Robinson and R. J. McGowan, fore- men. Keys are left with the occupants of buildings in the vicinity of each fire- alarm box. The members of the police force are also provided with keys. The following course should be followed when a fire is observed : — Go to the box, open the door and pull the hook down as far as it will go, firmly and without jerking; then let it slide back, when the alarm will be immediately heard from the small bell within, and will be followed by that upon the tower bell. ■fl i 246 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. Wf\t^ |^u($^ of tf|e Cltg. TORONTO FROM A HYGIENIC POINT OF VIEW, ETC. 'he foundation of Toronto as the capital of English-speaking Canada in 1794, was by no means resolved on from hygienic considerations. From that point of view the old French fort of Rouille, which was near the mouth of the Humber, had a more salubrious, as well as a more pleasant, situation. But Governor Simcoe chose the head of the Bay, close to the number- less swamps and estuaries of the Don mouth, for purely military reasons. The «arly years of York were a constant struggle with malarial disease. But as the population increased, and from the time when our city proudly discarded the foreign name, which Family Compact flunkeyism had borrowed from the title of Mrs. Clark's ducal protector, and assumed her true native-born name of Toronto, the hygienic condition steadily improved. Swamps were drained and became first meadows, then the sites of city streets ; ravines, such as those which once made impassable chasms on Yonge and Queen Streets, were bridged over and filled up. The city, as if by a hygienic instinct, began to move away from the fetid Don banks to the north and west. Ever since this began to be the case, the natural advantages of Toronto came into play, the malarial diseases became less frequent, and the Queen City of Ontario became, what statistics prove it to be now, the healthiest on the American continent, both for permanent residents and for visitors in search of a health resort. These natural hygienic advantages are, first, the gently graduated slope from the summit of Toronto Hill, at Mount Pleasant, extending upwards of 150 feet, to the Bay; next, the various creeks, which may be utilized for cloacal purposes ; besides these, the genial and healthy climate so far south of Ottawa, Quebec and Montreal. With these qo-operates the genial influence of the vicinity of a vast body of water, which no doubt exerts much effect in equalizing the mperature. The mean temperature of our six summer months, beginning with April, is four and a-half degrees below the average tevi.perature of the Toronto parallel of latitude. The greatest summer heat rarely exceeds eighty-two degrees (the average heat on the east coast of Africa, as registered by me during four years' service as assistant-surgeon in the Royal Navy, was eighty-six degrees). The extremest cold of winter has rarely been known to descend over twenty-five degrees below zero. The Toronto atmos- phere is clear, pure, and abounding in ozone; it is alike free from the sultry heat, which makes New York in July a sunstroke-trap, and from the blizzards and dry, but abundant descents below zero, of the North-West. After the hottest summer-day a cool breeze sets in from the lake and from the northern hills ; the TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 247 throngs of young people gather to promenade the streets and gardens after the labours of the day, the parks and avenues are vocal with song-birds, and the incandescent fire-flies remind one of the hymn "Who are these like stars appearing?" The City Health Officer is Dr. Canniflf, a most efficient and painstaking occupant of a difficult position. This gentleman's name has been mentioned else- where in this book as one of our best historical writers. It is only very recently that a medical man was appointed to discharge the duty of examining the appli- cants for admission to the General Hospital. Before this change was effected, the patients were examined by the Mayor, who, no doubt, as we must judge from the high character of the distinguished gentlemen who have filled that position, have, in the main, discharged the important duty entrusted to them with sound judgment. Still that duty is far better discharged by a professional expert. Dr. Canniff attends daily at the office of the medical health officer, and examines the numerous applicants for admission to the General Hospital. It is understood that, although not officially recognized, the recommendation of any leading medical man will secure Dr. Canniff 's favourable attention to a case. Any reader of our city papers, in which the number of applicants and the number of admis- sions to the hospital, which Dr. Canniff has been able to grant each forenoon, must see how much the difficulty of this difficult duty has been increased by the rapid influx of English and Irish pauperism, which has come upon us during the last ten years. Several constables from the city police force have, during the last year, been detached by the police authorities, in order to aid in carrying out the health officer's efforts, at collecting hygienic statistics, and enforcing measures of sani- tary precaution and improvement. Dr. Canniff's Sanitary Report, under date of January 28th, 1884, makes the following statements : — " It will be observed that the reports show a large number of premises without drainage, and no inconsiderable number with defective drain.'^ge. I have reason to believe that these numbers do not fully show the extent to which the want of proper drainage imperils the citizens. The importance of having adequate drainage leads me to respectfuly urge upon your committee the necessity of taking early steps to secure a full and free outflow from every district and yard in the city. The want of drainage, there is the best reason to believe, has been, and continues to be, the cause or promoter of certain diseases, while giving in- tensity to many ailments due to other causes. Until sewers are constructed on all the streets or lanes, so that private drains may be conveniently connected wiih them, there will remain portions of the city without this requisite for the sanitary welfare of the people. It is to be feared that not a few of the places reported to be drained have only box or wooden drains, or perhaps only what is i:alled natural drainage. " The subject of water supply for domestic purposes is also of great import- ance in a sanitary point of view. While the number of services for supply of city :M m 1 1 1 * 3^(1 jlliil M inn T r: 248 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. water is rapidly increasing, there are a good many who have only well or cistern water for family use. The table shows upwards of 500 cases in which neither city well nor cistern water is available, but there is a much larger number where the inmates of dwellings have only cistern water, which is unfit for consumption. With regard to the large number of wells still remainining, a considerable portion are not in use for household purposes, or are only used occasionally— a custom to be condemned, inasmuch as well water only now and then drawn is by no means 30 pure as that in daily use. A well not in use, or rarely used, must be considered a foul well, and should be filled in with clean earth. In fact, as I have had occasion to say before in reports to His Worship the Mayor, I believe the time has arrived when every well in the built-up portions of the city ought to be closed. The soil has become so fouled and. overlaid by filth and water from dwellings and various establishments, and by excrement from man and beast in the course of years, that it is next to impossible for a well sunk in the earth to contain pure water. Although the source of supply may be a spring un- defiled, which is not likely, yet with every falling rain, and in the spring from the melting snow, there will be washed into the well from the surface a quan- tity of filth quite sufficient to contaminate the water ; and, moreover, unless the wall of the well be water-tight, there will be frequent additions by soakage. A well thus contaminated may have water seemingly pure when regarded by the unaided senses ; but the test of the analyst will disclose an evil which may be a fruitful cause of disease. The danger from using such water will be greater after a rainfall, or in the summer when the water is low and the filth lying at the bottom is more easily stirred up. But I have not mentioned the worst cause of well-pollution. In these cases, especially when the privies are not drained and the house slops are habitually thrown into them, the time will not be long before the fluid from the privies will find its way into the wells. Doubtless it is in this way many cases of typhoid and other low fevers arise. " Before leaving this subject I must inform your committee that a considerable number of cases were reported in which tenants of houses were obliged to use water, for domestic purposes, obviously foul, or seek it from a neighbour. It is respectfully submitted that, in the interests of the poorer classes, who are likely to be more suceptible to low forms of disease, the civic law should be sufficiently explicit to secure a prompt remedy for such an evil. Another fact must be stated, namely : a certain number of property owners, it was reported, had converted the discarded well into a privy. This idea of storing away the most dangerous kind of health-destroying material, one might suppose would not be entertained by any sane person." It will be noticed by the scientific reader that while, as has been already observed, the increase of population and the general progress of the city tend to remove sources of malarial disease and to facilitate drainage, yet the massing of a vast number of human beings over a limited space, the unhealthy exhalations from stables and factories, tend to promote the spread of other and perhaps more for- midable diseases. TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 249 ■ cistern I neither it where imption. 3 portion ustom to is by no must be fact, as I I believe ity ought nd water man and ,nk in the pring un- ing from ; a quan- Linless the ikage. A ed by the may be a pater after ing at the it cause of ained and )ng before is in this [isiderable ed to use t)ur. It is are likely ufiiciently be stated, converted dangerous ntertained 3n already ity tend to assing of a tions from more for- In view of the continual influx during the summer months of fashionable and opulent refugees from the sun-struck cities of the United States, it is with pleasure we read the following high commendation of the hygienic and sanitary regulations at the leading Toronto hotels and other premises: — "It requires to be stated as a gratifying fact that there are places — hotels, factories and private premises — the reports of which show little or nothing to be desired in the way of sanitation. I have reason to believe that the work of the inspectors has created an earnest desire on the part of many citizens to give proper heed to this most important matter. It is true there are some who believe that the demand for sanitary reform is uncalled for. I have been met, and the inspectors were often met, with the statement that, as in the past, the public had got along with such an order of things, there could be no reason why a change or more particular care should be required. But it ought to be sufficient, in reply, to remind the dissentient that Toronto is only fifty years old, that it is only within the last twenty years that the city has assumed anything like the proportions of a metropolis. The circumstances of living which may be harmless in a rural district when applied to a town or city become altogether harmful. The question of the utility of sanitary observances needs not to be determined on scientific grounds only. There are abundant statistics to show that proper attention to sanitary matters has materially reduced the rate of mortality. And this is not all. By the application of sanitary laws there will be a great saving to the public in preserving the health, giving comfort, saving expenses incident to sickness; and, by keeping the bread-winner in health, saving the family from want, or perhaps from becoming a public burden, or its members from lapsing into a life of intemperance and crime. The medical practitioners of Toronto fifty years ago have mostly passed away to that land where "physicians are in vain !" Among the most noteworthy were Dr. William Baldwin, of Spadina, and Drs. Morrison and Rolph, both of whom were concerned in the abortive effort at fighting for Canadian Independence in 1837. Dr. Baldwin and Dr. Rolph were men of much ability outside of their profession. When the cloud was about to burst, on December 5th, the Family Compact leaders had a special desire to secure Rolph, whose eloquent attacks inspired them with the kind of hatred which led the infamous Fulvia to thrust her needle through the tongue of the dead Cicero. Had he been caught in his flight, his doom would have been swift and sure; he walked westward through Queen Street, every now and then visiting a patient. Before him rode a trusty friend axid pupil, with the doctor's best horse ready for instant flight. But a company of volunteer militia came up, full of loyal valour against unarmed patriots. Dr. Rolph was arrested. Fortunately he had with him a letter from a well-known loyalist, whose sister Dr. Rolph was entreated to attend, some distance. That letter saved this brilliant and versatile statesman's neck from the noose. He was allowed to pass on his way unchallenged. The student who aided his escape on that momentous occasion, still lives in practice in Toronto, and is, like the Thane of Cawdor, "a prosperous gentleman." u 250 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. Wf\t^ Bone$ of Ih^ dt|9. THE OLD BURIAL PLACES, ST. JAMES' CEMETERY, NECROPOLIS, MOUNT PLEASANT, ETC. ft>W7 HELLEY is reported to have said of the beautiful English burying ground at Rome, when nigh the pyramid of Caius Sextus, where his own ashes were fated soon afterwards to repose : " it might make one almost in love with death to be buried here ! " The same might truly be said of our Toronto "City of the Dead," the Necropolis on the north-eastern summit of the city terrace, overlooking the lake. The Necropolis owes its origin to private effort ; it was set apart for its mournful but pious purpose about 1850 by several leading citizens of Toronto. It extends over fifteen acres of slightly undulating ground, and extends between Sumach Street and the west bank of the River Don. In the centre is a solidly constructed vault where the bodies of the deceased may be deposited when the frozen earth has hardened herself against the dead as well as the living. The grounds of this City of the Dead are tastefully laid out and well kept in order. A lovelier spot could scarce have been selected. To the east it overlooks the beautiful wood and river scenery of the Don valley ; southward the City of the Silent overlooks the noise and traffic, the busy persistence of those intent on business or pleasure in the City of the Living. There rest the remains of the generation of Toronto's leading citizens. There, " After life's fitful fever, sleeping well," are laid, in peace at last, after so many struggles, the remains of honest, gifted, chivalrous, William Lyon Mackenzie, the Cato of Canada, whom baser men strove to represent as a Catholic. Over his grave, as yet, is no monument. Only the Canadian Republic of the Future, of which he was the prophet and precursor, is worthy to build it. Here, too, rest the bodies of Samuel Lount, member of the Assembly, and of Peter Matthews, both Colonels in Mackenzie's force, both the victims of Family Compact hatred. In this busy city, beneath their nameless graves, and cease- lessly passing to and fro, one restless tide of life, heedless of the patriot dead to whose courage — rashness some may call it — we owe the liberties we enjoy to-day. Some expression of the thoughts that strike a visitor, not without sympathy for T TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 251 the sorrows of h\ iman life, are endeavoured to be put into words in the follow- 1 ing poem : I. Bright and sunny sank a Sabbath evening, like a gorgeous dream, Sank upon the quiet churchyard, sank upon the merry stream. On the city of the Living, in the silver distance seen. On the city of the Silent, lying round me, soft and green ; From the lustre of the woodlands, from the silver-gleaming waves. Golden sunshine is reflected far upon the quiet graves. II. There, in calm of Sabbath evening walked a stricken Man of Prayer, Like a blessing fell the sunshine on his sorrow-thinned gray hair ; Wife and children, all had left him in life's twilight-hour alone. Late in life each loved home-blessing, one by one, from him had flown. And that Sabbath eve in sadness walked he by the river side, Soothed by the familiar murmur of its ceaseless-flowing tide. He had heard it oft in gladness blend with household sounds of joy. With a wife's sweet hymns soft chanted — with glad laugh of girl and boy. He had heard it, too, grief-stricken, pacing with uncovered head. As above each dear one's cofiin rose those Words of Comfort dread, And its quiet tones had mingled with the service for the dead. III. Heavenward point the city steeples, rising upwards white and stern. As a prophet's upraised finger that should teach thee where to turn. And the tombstones, each white-gleaming, facing eastward, wait from far For the signal for their opening, rising of the Morning Star. IV. Hear the stream ! for it is telling of a mother's blighted joy, 'Neath yon tiny, daisied dwelling, lay his little gold-haired boy — Bright blue eyes and forehead waxen, strangely still at Death's command ! And at either side reposing, languidly, a tiny hand — For an angel's beckoning figure at the dawning of the day In its rainbow dreams appearing, lured its little soul away. But he bore that heavy sorrow, laid his boy beneath the sod. And he left the sombre churchyard, sighing " 'Tis the will of God !" Hear the stream ! for it is telling of a summer girlhood flown. Where the violet-tufts are swelling 'neath the cross by yonder stone. Lay his little sunny daughter, cold as the enclosing clay. Merry voice of laughing music with old summers past away. There she lay, her bright eyes faded, bright blue eyes and lashes long. There she lay, her pale lips parted as tho' breaking into song. But he bore that stroke of anguish, laid her there beneath the sod. And he left the lonely churchyard groaning, " 'Tis the will of God." VI. Hear the stream ! for it is telling of a woe beyond relief, 'Neath that grave, 'gainst Hope rebelling, lies the partner of his grief; Still those sods fresh-heaped scarce cover the new planted cypress shoot. And the rose tree trailed above her, scarce as yet has struck its root. 252 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. if p: '* vi^ All that gave its zest to living, that imparted hope to prayer, That now made past joy deep sorrow, she, his life of life, lay there ; But he bowed beneath that sorrow, as he laid her 'neath the sod. And he could not then sincerely say " It is the will of God !" » VII. For more strong than faith is feeling— and upon the funeral day. As he looked upon the coffin and the shroud-encompassed -.lay ; He could not repress the question — in dark-questioning d spair, That such blow should strike his servant, could the will of God be there ? Underneath such heavy trial could the sufferer's faith endure ? God hath taken his one lamb from him, David's rich man from the poor ! But a change has since come o'er him, softly breaking through despair. As within the quiet church he read the solemn Sabbath prayer. VIII. Did her spirit hover near him as he read, with faltering tongue, In the sunshine from the oriel, gliding towards him bright and young ; In the full peal of the anthem seemed it that he heard her voice, "We shall soon meet and forever, weep not, dear one, but rejoice." Was it fancy ? There are moments when we, too, perchance have known ; Whisperings that seemed to tell us we were, somehow, not alone I And a presence once familiar, seemed our inmost soul to thrill. But we called and no voice answered ; but we listened — all was still. Is there hope of such re-union ? Who such hope would quite forego ? Shall it be, or shall it be not ? the Unknown alone can know. In the Toronto Necropolis are interred the remains taken from the old burial- place known as Potter's Field, which has long since been withdrawn from use by the change consequent on the growth of Yorkville. A further removal, and a very considerable enlargement of the area to be devoted to the purposes of sepulture, must be near at hand. But the old necropolitan tradition might be most grace- fully and profitably kept up by the erection of monuments, which, under the cir- cumstances, should be something more than mere cenotaphs, in memory of Toronto's leading citizens, who have here found that temporary resting-place which is all that earth can afford to either the living or the dead. St. James' Cemetery is of far larger size, as it occupies a space of sixty-five acres, beautifully laid out and kept in the most perfect order. The architect, by whose good taste the landscape-gardening of this garden of graves was so taste- fully effected, was Mr. J. G. Howard. There are many elaborately-carved and sumptuous marble monuments, but I cannot say, with truth, that any of the modern sepulchral monuments compare, in simple grace and naturalness, with those of pagan Greece or Rome, or even of Egypt, and, to go lower still in mortuary art, of the mediaeval church, with its altar-tombs, sepulchral brasses, and, best of all, the simple cross of stone, metal, or wood. In the centre of St. James' Cemetery is a beautiful Gothic chapel, in the florid decorated style of the thirteenth cen- tury ; a chaster and simpler form of architecture would surely have been more appropriate. In this church, now used as a mortuary chapel, Mr. Boddy once TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 253 ministered. The place was thought unhealthy, and congregation and pastor removed to St. Peter's Church on Carlton Street. St. James' Cemetery has afforded a last resting-place to many of Toronto's most estimable citizens. There are laid, and few genuine Liberals will refuse to join in the prayer " May they rest in peace," the leaders of the Family Compact, Chief-Justice Powel, Chief-Justice Morrison. There, struck down in the midst of a struggle conducted with all the energy of one of the noblest natures ever known to our city, are laid the remains of the Hon. John Hillyard Cameron. He was the victim of his own imprudence in bathing in the cold waters of a lake after a night's hard work in the Orillia law court. He died in October, 1876, and his funeral was one of the largest known in Toronto. The Old Military Burying-ground, west of Bathurst Street, is situated on the land reserved for the use of the garrison stationed in the Old Fort. Here are laid the remains of many a gallant soldier of the 40th, 41st, 60th, 79th, 42nd, 15th, 32nd and ist regiments of the British army. Here rest those who fell in the disastrous defeat sustained by the British arms when, in 1813, the United States raiders captured Little York. Many of these were, in the haste and Con- fusion caused by the defeat, buried where they fell, near the verge of the lake- shore, but, as in process of time the water began to encroach on the bank, so much so that human bodies were observed to project from the crumbling wall of the lake-shore as the waves washed it away, it is satisfactory to know from the Colonist that, at least in one instance, the remains of one of these gallant men were moved to the garrison graveyard, where they were interred with full military honours. It is to be hoped that measures may be promptly taken to secure from desecration a burial-place which contains not only the bones of brave English soldiers, but also of cur own Canadian volunteers, many of whom have found their last resting-place in this beautiful spot between the restless city and the quiet lake. Mount Pleasant. — The large cemetery of Mount Pleasant is situated at the summit of the hill above Toronto in the vicinity of the village bearing the same name. It covers 15 acres of undulating ground very tastefully laid out. A good view of this handsome property can be had from the park-like grounds of the waterworks, v.'hich are situated close beside it. Near the main entrance is a plot of ground of considerable extent, purchased at his own expense by Mr. J. Ross Robertson, as a place of sepulture for any member of the Masonic order who may die without adequate means for expenses of interment. The Catholic Church owns a burial ground in this neighbourhood. It is kept in good order but is already fully occupied by graves, and requires enlarge- ment. : I 254 TOFONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. HE city of Toronto, ever since 1834, has been governed by three aldermen from each ward and a mayor elected by the people. Until the present semi-centennial year it has been divided into ten wards, each of which has been represented by three aldermen. The wards and their boundaries are as follows : — St. Andrew's Ward is bounded on the west sidq by the western city limits; on the east side, by the west side of Yonge Street ; on the south side, by the north side of King Street ; on the north side, by the south side of Queen Street. St. David's Ward is bounded on the west side by the east side of Ontario Street ; on the east side, by the River Don ; on the south side, by the north side of King Street; on the north side, by the northern city limits. St, George's Ward is bounded on the west side by the northern city limits; on the east side, by the west side of Yonge Street ; on the south side, by Toronto harbour ; on the north side, by the south side of King Street. « St. James' Ward is bounded on the west side by the east side of Yonge Street; on the east side, by the west side of Jarvis Street; on the south side, by the north side of King Street ; on the north side, by the northern city limits. St. John's Ward is bounded on the west side by the east side of College Avenue ; on the east side, by the west side of Yonge Street ; on the south side, by the north side of Queen Street; on the north side, by the northern city limits. St. Lawrence Ward is bounded on the west side by the east side of ^onge Street; on the east side, by the eastern city limits; on the south sifl* ronto harbour ; on the north side, by the south side of King Street. St. Patrick's Ward is bounded on the west side by the east si of Batb'irst Street ; on the east side, by the west side of College Avenue ; on the soutl side, by the north side of Queen Street ; on the north side, by the northern city iimits. St. Paul's Ward is bounded on the west side by the western city limits ; on the east side by the west side of Sherbourne Street ; on the south side by the north side of Bloor Street ; on the north side by the northern city limits. TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT, 355 St. Stephen's Ward is bounded on the west side by the western city limits; on the east side by the west side of Bathurst Street ; on the south side by the north side of Queen Street ; on the north side by the northern city limits. St. Thomas' Ward is bounded on the west side by the east side of Jarvis Street ; on the east side by the west side of Ontario Street ; on the south side by the north side of King Street ; on the north side by the north side of King Street. Since January 1884, two new wards have been added to the city, by the annexation of the suburbs of Riverside and Brockton. The former of these is now St. Matthew's Ward : its boundaries are on the south the Kingston Road ; on the north the old Don and Danforth Road ; on the east the Greenwood Line ; on the west the River Don. St. Mark's Ward, formerly the Village of Brockton, consists of that part of the western suburb not included in the Village of Parkdale, extending as far west as High Park. The Municipal Government of Toronto is carried on by the aldermen acting as a committee under the Mayor ; but there are a number of other committees who manage the several departments of the city government. The aldermen of Toronto serve without any money compensation. In former years gross corruption prevailed in these committees, but of late years, and especially since the municipal election of January, 1884, a healthy change for the better was made in the personnel of the city government. I find it stated in the "Hand- book of Toronto," an ably written, and, as far as I can judge, fairly-judging work, which dates from 1858, that " while the perfection of the municipal system of government is one of the most striking and important features of our constitution, it is very evident that its paramount features have not yet been recognized, for nothing strikes the stranger more than the total inaptitude of many of the mem- bers of the Council for the transaction of the business brought before them." A historian who endeavours to exercise his profession with scrupulous regard to facts, will feel that such language could not justly be used with regard to the municipal government of Toronto of to-day. It is, indeed, much to be desired that a more spirited policy should be pursued in promoting the improvement of the island and the city parks. As a rule, and in a general statement, _ it may fairly be said that a great advance in point of energy and morals has been made in our city government during the last several years. The City Council consists of the following members : Arthur R. Boswell, Esq., Mayor ; Messieurs. Adamson, Allen, Barton, Blevins, Brandon, Carlyle, Crocker, Davies, Defoe, Denison, Chas. L., Denison, Fred. C, Farley, Harvie, Hastings, Hunter, Irwin, Lobb, Love, Maughan, McConnell, Millichamp, Mitchell, Moore, Pape, Piper, Shaw, Sheppard, Smith, Steiner, Turner, Verral, Walker, Wood. 256 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. The salaries of the City Officials are as follows : The Mayor (A. R. Boswell) f 2,000 City Clerk (R. Roddy) 2,000 City Treasurer (B. Harman) 3.500 City Engineer (Charles Sproit) 2,800 . City Solicitor (W. G. McW-lliams) 2,000 City Commissioner (T. R. Coatsworth) 2,500 Medical Health Officer (Dr. Canniff) 1,500 i TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 257 Wh^ Mubuvhs of t(|e Citg. 'he pleasant village, or rather town, of Parkdale, has long been all but identical with the city, from which it is separated by Dufferin Street, immediately west of the Exhibition Grounds. Th^re is no doubt wha* ever, that Parkdale, Lkg Yorkville and the other suburbs, will soon be absorbed in the municipality of Toronto. Meanwhile it is one of the pleasantest of our suburbs, and furnishes an easily available health resort in summer to those whose business duties do not allow them to remove to any great distance from the city. There is a continuous line of houses and stores from the centre of Toronto, at the corner of Queen and Yonge Streets, along Queen Street to the main street of Parkdale. This street is furnished with stores and hotels on a scale equal to that of the best streets in the city. Radiating from this in all directions, north and south, are avenues, which are rapidly "being filled up with handsome private residences and villas. The great North-West Telegraph Company have an clfice at 54 Queen Street, Mr. G. A. Devlin being agent. It is in contempla- tion to build a bridge over the railway lines on Queen Street. The want of such a provision for public safety has led to many accidents, and has hitherto depreci- ated the value of Parkdale real estate as parents are unwilling to expose their children to such a very serious risk, otherwise the Parkdale neighbourhood is one of the healthiest and pleasantest for summer residence in the vicinity of Toronto. The Methodist Church at Parkdale is situated on Queen Street, the pastor is the Rev. L. Clement. Services are held at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. ; Sunday School at 3 p.m. The Congregational Church at Parkdale has as pastor the Rev. Charles Duff. Services at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. The Rev. W. A. Hunter is pastor of the Parkdale Prasbyterian Church. The services of this church are held at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m ; Sabbath School at 3 p.m. The Anglican denomination is represented in this village by the pretty little Church of St. Mark's, on Cowan Avenue. The Rev. Charles L. Ingles is pastor. Services are held at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. ; Sunday School at 3 p.m. There is a Free Library at Parkdale with a stock of 500 volumes. M :. J. A. Wismer is librarian. The Municipal body of Parkdale consists of the following membdrs : — Mr. William Hamilton, Reeve; Mr. W. P. Atkinson, Deputy-Reeve; Messrs. George Booth, J. A. Thompson, and W. C. Bedtiome, Councillors. Parkdale has already a representative newspaper, the Parkdale Nczvs, ably edited by an experienced journalist, Mr. Thomas Edwards. 258 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. Seaton Viixage is situated north of Bloor Street, about midway between Yorkville and Brockton. It occupies a district extending to the base of the hill terrace, vi hich forms the natural boundary of Toronto to the north, and no doubt represents the prospective advance, whose outworks are already begun, of the city, along College Street and Bloor Street, and by the avenues leading northward. Seaton Village has two Churches: the Canada Methodist Church, oh the corner of Bloor and Markham Streets, the pastor of which is the Rev. J. H. Barkwell, B.A., vhe services are held at ii a.m. and 7 p m. And St. Thomas' Anglican Church, on the corner of Huron Street snd Sussex Avenue. The pastor is the Rev. James H. McCollum. Nothing is more certain than the extension in the near future of the city in this direction, and the consequent rise in value of real estate, now so cheaply obtainable. Brockton is an older village than Parkdale, being situated on Dundas Street, the main thoroughfare in days before railroads were thought of, from Toronto westward. It is about three miles and a half from the City Hall. The property on which this village is built belonged originally to Colonel Givins and Colonel Denison. The present representative of the latter family has a residence a little north of the village. In days within living memory Brockton was a favourite stopping place for the long trains of teams on their way to and from Hamilton, and the old red brick hotel, still a popular bourne for city driving parties, has witnessed many a convivial meeting in days that were somehow merrier than the present day. Brockton is pleasantly and healthily situated. The street cars extend to it. There are two Churches: a Catholic Church, dedicated to St, Helen, the mother of Constantino the Great, the Rev. J.J. McCann is pastor. Services are held at 10:30 a.m. and 7 p.m. Chalmers' Church (Presbyterian) in this village, has as pastor the Rev. J. Matel. Services are held at ir a.m and 7 p.m. Since v.riting the abcve Brockton has been annexed to Toronto, and there can be no doubt that tho city, in its westward advance, will form an important business centre at this rdvantageously-situated district. The following account of the new ward nam^d after St. Mark is taken from the Toronto World of April ist, 1884: — " The features of .he gathering of the city fathers last night were : the intro- duction of the representatives of the new ward of St. Mark's (»»f^ Brockton), and a lively talk about the hose contract. The members' seats at the two tables were pretty well crowded together to admit the three new seats. When Mayor Boswell took the chair the following members were present; Aldermen Denison, Farley, Blevins, Crocker, Adamson, Davies, Walker, Allen, Defoe, Shaw, Pape, Barton, Brandon, Hunter, Verral, Maughan, Hastings, Lobb Smith, Carlyle, Love, Steiner, Millichamp and Turner. "Communications as follows were read and referred to the various com. mittees: From Harbourmaster Baldwin, asking that the harbour board be 'Ii r between of the hill 3 no doubt un, of the orthward. ;h, on the Rev. J. H. , Thomas' rhe pastor the city in o cheaply ias Street, 1 Toronto e property id Colonel ice a little L favourite Hamilton, )arties, has ;r than the street cars ted to St, is pastor, yterian) in it II a.m and there important ig account World of the intro- kton), and ables were or Boswell )n, Farley, e, Barton, yle. Love, ious com. board be TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 259 represented on the Esplanade committee; from County Registrar Ridout, claim- ing ^2,000 as compensation for loss of fees consequent upon the annexation of Brockton and Riverside to the city; from R. H. R. Munes, urging the council to request the extension of the street car system up Bathurst Street, north of Queen, without delay; from Miss S. James, demanding damages for injuries by a fall in Parliament Street ; from Rev. R. Wallace, asking relief of a portion of the local improvement rates on his lot at High Street and Spadina Avenue; fror^ the medical health officer, reporting that for the past two weeks he had received fifty-eight applications for hospital relief and granted twenty-six ; from the city solicitor, giving it as his opinion that the council had the right to appoint audi- tors of the public school board accounts. " Petitions were read for common sewers in Hatton, Robert and Arthur Streets; from E. A. Macdonald and seventy-seven St. Matthew's Ward residents, praying for the abolition of the Kingston Road toll-gate. Three petitions favour- ing the erection of a fire-hall in Rose Avenue were tabled. " Mayor Boswell reviewed at length the legislation recently granted the city of Toronto by the Legislature. He then read a certificate from the clerk of the late village of Brockton, that Dr. McConnell, Michael Woods and Charles L. Denison were duly elected for the new ward of St. Mark's. Alderman Crocker introduced Aldermen McConnell and Denison (Alderman Woods being unavoid- ably absent) to the council, who subscribed to the oath of office. Mayor Boswell welcomed them, and the new members thanked his worship and the council for their reception." The Municipal body of Brockton consists of John McConnell, M.D., Reeve ; Messrs. Michael Wood, John Prankish, Frank Morrow, and Henry Sheppard, Councillors. Brockton is a rapidly improving neighbourhood, and is fast assuming the appearance of a town, or rather of an outlying part of the city. As we pursue our course along Dundas Street in a north-westerly direction we cross the Humber. The bridge at this point was occupied and held by William Lyon Mackenzie, in December, 1837. I have heard from Mr. Joseph Lesslie how the Militia, on their voi '^e from Hamilton, were afraid to land near the Humber for this reason, i assing the Humber, we come to the Village of Lambton, seven and a half miles from the City Hall. The Credit Valley Railway passes by this village. A mile and a half from Lambton is the Village of Carleton, on the Northern Railway. The hamlet of Davenport is half a mile east of Carleton. The Davenport Road runs from Davenport to Yorkville. It is remarkable for its tortuous and irregular course, and is the seat of a new settlement, chiefly devised by Mr. McKenzie, of the Trust and Loan Company, Victoria Street. This road, as it inclines northward past the homesteads of Colonel Denison and Mr. McKenzie, of the Victoria Street Loan Company, affords a beautiful view of the villas and ^rounds ranged along the slopes and surnmlts of the hills, whence the site of Toronto slopes southward to the Bay. Davenport was originally the home of Colonel Davenport, of the 45th regiment in the English army, who built a pictr-esque villa in this suburb of Toronto. : 260 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. Here, too, in a commanding situation on the hill terrace overlooking the Spadina Avenue quarter of the city, is Spadina House, built by Doctor William Baldwin, father of the Reform Statesman, the Hon. Robert Baldwin. All this estate was originally a very large one/«ind extended as far as the eye can see, from the hill- top to the lake; it belonged to that " helluo agrorum," that "glutton of land- grabbing," the Hon. Peter Russel, sometime President of the Council, and on the departure of good John Graves Simcoe, ex-officio his successor as Lieutenant- Governor of Upper Canada. Unlike his highminded predecessor, Peter Russel was notoriously given to enriching himself at the expense of the province and the people. He was the first and one of the most audacious of the brood of land-grabbers with whom, especially in the North-West, this country is still afflicted. When he died without issue, his estate passed to his sister, by whom it was bequeathed to Dr. Vv lliam Baldwin, then a poor schoolmaster, who was thus exalted to the position of a great land-owner, and built this Spadina House as a homestead, with an entailed property, which he intended should form a sort of hereditary aristocracy ^n the house of Baldwin. Curiously enough, his son Robert was the statesman who carried through the legislature a measure for the abolition of primogeniture. YoRKViLLE is a pojiular place of residence for those of the citizens of Toronto who desire a somewhat cheaper place of abode than can easily be obtained in the older portion of the city. Every morning the street cars which run from York- ville town hall down to King Street are crowded with business men, merchants, clerks, employees of all kinds. Raised on the crest of a hill overlooking the bay, Yorkville is a healthy as well as an economical location ; its quiet streets and well-shaded avenues afford a pleasant relief after the heat and dust of the city streets in summer. There are two public schools, one of which is a model school. The churches are : one belonging to the Anglican denomination, one Congrega- tional, one Baptist, two Canada Methodist, one Primitive Methodist. Mr. Severn's brewery occupies the site of the old brewery of Mr. Bloor, and has a high char- acter in our city for the superiority of the malt liquor brewed therein. Severn's brewery occupies a picturesque situation overlooking the ravine, which is contin- uous with that of Rosedale, and at whose foot flows the same creek. The buildings of this brewery are the same occupied by the brewery of Mr. Bloor the tavern- keeper, whose name is borne by the handsome street which, till the annexation of Yorkville as St. Paul's ward in Toronto, used to form the northern boundary line of the city. The Yorkville waterworks, constructed at an expense of between ^65,000 and ^75,000, proved a total failure, both the quantity and quality of the water were condemned by public opinion, which was forcibly expressed in the columns of the Yorkville Nc7vs, now the Parkdalc News, edited by Mr. T. Edwards, of Park- dale. The badness of the water supply at last caused so much d.jterioration in the value of Yorkville property that the annexation movement, long resisted by the village municipal officers, gained strength and was carried by a unanimous TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 261 vote in 1883. Yorkville is now St. Paul's Ward, and enjoys the advantages of city water supply and police protection. The new ward is bounded on the west side by the western city limits, on the east side by Sherbourne Street, on the south by Bloor Street, and on the north by the northern city limits. RosEDALE is a beautifully situated suburb, of quite recent formation, on the far side of the picturesque ravine immediately north of the eastern part of Bloor Street. It takes its pretty title so well accordant with the abundant rose-growth in the gardens of its numerous mansions and villas, from the name given to the homestead of the aristocratic family of Jarvis. This gentleman, iu conjunction with Mr. Bloor, bought the property on which Yorkville is built, and designed its first projection. The name of Rosedale was originally intended for Yorkville. Bloor Street was then known as the First Concession Road-line, afterwards as St. Paul's, and as the Sydenham Road. This suburb is bounded on the west by Rosedale Avenue, on the south and east by the ravine, and the north by the northern city limits. Its principal street is arranged in the form of a square, the south side of which is the ravine. Two magnificent bridges at either extremity of this part of Rosedale span the ravine. The shelving sides of this ravine slope gently to the clear waters of the creek, which flow eastward to join the Don ; they are clad with cedars, pine, oak, maple and aspen, the relics of the original forest, which have fortunately been preserved at this picturesc^ue spot from the difficulties of approach, and from the fact of the property being held so long in the hands of the Jarvis family. A turnstile gateway on the north end of the first Rosedale bridge admits to the beautiful glen, whose banks, rich with the loveliest verdure of spring, seem For talking age and whispering lovers made. Among the woods that skirt the sides of the ravine wild flowers grow in primitive abundance, many varieties being found there which have been long extinct in other precincts of the city. There, in the early month of summer, may be seen happy groups of children playing, gathering flowers, and weaving "knight's collars" of dandelion-stocks and daisy chains. Beautiful, as still remain the Rosedale ravine, it is but too evident that sure, and not slow, destruction of all that is most beautiful in this miniature forest-glen is imminent if the residents of Rosedale do not secure the attention of city authorities to the pressing need of appointing a caretaker, and adopting measures for tree conservature and replanting. A little expenditure of care and money would save this raost charming adjunct of the Rosedale suburb from becoming, as, if neglected, it certainly will become, and that very soon, a dingy and treeless abyss. The Ontario Government has most wisely adopted earnest and effectual measures for having the attention of every one interested in the conservature of house or land property in the city and the Province to the paramount importance of retaining and improving what remains to us of forest. Much has been done ; 262 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. I P ft but, in order to ensure practical results, it remains desirable that, in the near future, a corps of forestry officials be appointed, to serve under the supervision of the Chief of the Forestry Department, and that the maintaining intact and properly fenced of a certain amount of forest land be made incumbent on all land-owners by legislative enactment. Rosedale Houst the Jarvis homestead, which gave its name to this favourite suburb, notwithstanding its difficult approach, was the scene of many a festive gathering of the chiefs and ladies of the Family Compact, a political and social clique, whose public measures and management of the land question most Toronto men of all parties now agree in condemning, but who were in society the most polished and cultured of their day. Near this was the pretty rural villa of another leading man in the Family Compact party, the upright and much-esteemed Judge Draper. It was named Hazelden ; one of the most characteristic of England's country-side names, " the den or glen of hazels," recalling the pleasant times of southern England, where amid the thick growth of hawthorns, with their scarlet berries, are intermixed the clustering bunches of green hazel-nuts, a temptation and prize to many a truant school-boy. The name Hazelden is also borne by a picturesque village inCarleton County, a few miles west of Ottawa, which was for four years the present writer's home, and is remembered by him with much pleasure and affection. Mount Pleasant is a village north of the Yonge Street bridge, over the ravine. The latter spot was long known as the Blue Hill, from the bluish-grey colour of the strata of clay on the summit of either side. This clay is found all through this section of the northern suburb ; it belongs to the " drift and boul- der " formation and affords excellent material for manufacturing the white brick, which the increasing [ lod taste of our city architects is employing in preference to red brick. Apropos of this, it may be well to mention that Oscar Wilde, the aesthete, whose influence on public taste has been so undeniably beneficial, when visiting Toronto, expressed a decided preference for white brick as a build- ing material. Mount Pleasant answers to its name — a favourite one with English suburbs of the Georgian epoch — by the quiet, rural beauty of its scenery and surroundings. Here is the Mount Pleasant cemetery, elsewhere described in detail. Close by are the city water works, of which also a description is given in another chapter, and the beautiful ravine of Deer Park, to the desirability of improving which, public attention has been successfully directed by Mr. Scott, a lumber merchant of Yonge Street and owner of a mansion and of property in the neighbourhood. Mount Pleasant has two hotels, the bourne of many a merry sleigh-drive or summer expedition for the young folks of Toronto. About a mile from this is the site of Montgomery's Hotel, where Mackenzie's insurgent force held their headquarters in December, 1837. All vestige of the old hotel (else- where represented in our pages by an engraving taken from a drawing made soon after the battle of December the 7th, 1837) has long disappeared,, but To- ronto residents recollect, long after the hotel had been burned by order of Sir ^11 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 263 the near pervision itact and nt on all favourite a festive ind social tion most in society 16 Family k'as named imes, "the ind, where rmixed the ay a truant inCarleton ent writer's e, over the bluish-grey is found all [t and boul- vhite brick, preference Wilde, the beneficial, as a build- ■ith English icenery and escribed in on is given irability of Mr. Scott, property in ny a merry bout a mile irgent force hotel (else- Iwing made |d,. but To- Irder of Sir Francis Head, two blackened gate posts, the last mementos of the fight and its result. Here too, on the west side of Yonge Street, long remained a building, once used as a school house, whose sides had been badly damaged by cannon shot from the two field pieces with which the Loyalist assailants were armed, so much to their advantage in attacking a force far inferior in numbers and arms. Our picture, above referred to, gives a correct representation of this part of Yonge street as it was in 1837. On the east side was a clearing with a snake fence ; on the west side a grove of pines, in which William Lyon Mackenzie's force made their last stand against superior numbers. " The Island " deserves to be reckoned in the very first rank of the suburbs of our city. The great advantages which it affords are, it is true, only beginning to be recognized. The establishment of a magnificent public bath by Mr. Erastus Wiman, the erection of a Health Home for sick children by the generous benevo- lence of Mr. John Ross Robertson, the building of Churches, and the deter- mination to enforce Temperance, so markedly shown during the summer of 1883, the multiplication of handsome private residences, the preparation for setting aside and beautitying, in every possible way, a People's Park, all are indications that Toronto is at last beginning to appreciate aright the manifold capabilities for beauty and healthfulness of her outlying bulwark against the Lake Ontario storms. It may be ruly said that Toronto owes her very existence to the impression made on Governor Simcoe's mind during his first visit to the harbour, by the facility for defensive works provided by what is now the Island. The Island was then, and for some time afterwards, a peninsula ; it is most probably an alluvial formation of sand washed down by the mighty river which once occupied the place of the humble and prosaic Don. It was projected by the force of the Don current into the lake ; but Toronto Bay was kept open to Lake Ontario by what was then another great river, occupying the valley of the Humber, With this the force of the lake tides co-operated, so that at length the sandy peninsula communicating with the main land was swept away. But it is still in living memory that carriages used to be driven from the main land to the " Peninsula," which, m these days, is now more celebrated as a health resort. Ague and malarial fever were very prevalent amid the residents of York ; the drainage of the pioneer settlement was very imperfect, and the site of the town a swamp vocal with bull frogs. Under these circumstances it was common during the summer season to visit " the Peninsula " and enjoy the cool lake breezes blowing over the fine pebbly sand. In later years, as the city grew wealthier and more populous, the Island became not only a sanitarium, but a popular place of summer residence ; neat cottages, bungalow-like Bohemian dwellings of all shapes and dimensions, and comfortable aristocratic villas lined the shore facing lake and bay. Edward Hanlan's popularity which naturally arose in the city to which he added the distinction of having produced the champion oarsman of the world, drew custom to thi^ comfortable and even luxurious hotel which he built at the western part 264 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. of the Island fronting the city. Who in Toronto is not familiar with the busy bustling scene of the steamer's arrival, the large-sized vessel freighted with its well accommodated crowd of pleasure-seekers, the tiny half-decked steamer, no bigger than a man-of-war's launch, also with its load of passengers, who seem fearless as the vessel rolls and dips almost to the water's edge ? As they near th.j landing Hanlan's Hotel looms before them, a large irregular but not unpic- turesque pile of wooden buildings. At the landing is another crowd of holiday- makers waiting to inspect the new arrivals. On the sands are bare-legged lads and lassies digging with wooden spades, building sand castles, and wading in the shallow water. Under the trees and on the hotel porticos are bevies of young ladies, glorious in summer bonnets and holiday costumes. The place is evidently to Toronto what Coney Island is to New York. THE SUMMER PARADISES OF TORONTO. — THE ISLAND. We have gone through " I love " in all moods and all tenses, Yet the false, foolish phrase, it still charms us to hear ; We're not tired of the pleasures that Hanlan dispenses At " The Point " with its programme — boats, bathing, and beer. From the wharf, as we move, how the steamer is dashiug Through the calm of the lustrous, clear, mirroring lake ! See the diamond spray from the paddle-wheel splashing; See what glory of emeralds gleams in her wake. How they crowd, how they crush, as the pier we move on to. Sure, the city's " gilt youth " looks its gayest to-day, The light, brown-haired, laughing girl-face of Toronto, The lithe manly forms of the boys of the Bay. And the light canoe sweeps around lakelet and inlet, Each boy-captain king of his watery realm ! As he goes glad at heart with his girl for a pilot, And Youth at the prow is, and Pleasure at helm ! And the children ! each type of imp, sea-nymph, and fairy. Bare legs in fresh water, bare heads in fresh air — ^ Give them pop-corn in handfuls, of bnns be not chary. Make each little face bright with all joy it can share. Do we meet in the crowd — poet, publisher, printer, Fellow-workmen who toil for the bookselling tribe ? Ho ! bartender ! quick ! of the beer be no stinter, > To each other's good health which in turn we imbibe. But the city, far west in the sun-setting glory, The signal for homeward returning presents ; Of our trip to the island this tells you the story, Where to go and return only costs one ten cents. Since 1880, the Island has grown more and more popular, more and more a pleasure-resort and summer suburb of the city. Numerous handsome villas have TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 265 sprung up within the last four years, whence in summer nights may be heard the gay tinkle of innumerable pianos, and the still more musical laughter of Toronto's belles. A great step in advance for the Island thus set in. A few years before, there had been a great deal of rowdyism ; not only on weekdays, but on Sundays, the bars and groceries were crowded by the lowest class of roughs ; near these haunts it was not safe for a lady to venture. Several of the worst outrages in the criminal records of Toronto were committed some years ago by parties of men and women pulling over from Toronto in boats well furnished with liquor. As usual, in cases of necessary reform, it took years of silent indignation on the part of the respectable public to call into action a municipal body deaf to reason and blind to duty. At length a year ago some improvement being effected in the personnel of the City Council of Toronto, a by-law was passed withdrawing all liquor licenses from the Island. This movement was much accelerated by the erection at the east end of the Island of the extensive baths, built as a means of city sanitation by the munifi- cence of Mr. Erastus Wiman. It was felt that the ladies who would be sure to congregate in and around the swimming baths ought to be protected from the drunken roughs. The Wiman Baths are one of the main attractions of the Island, and draw to its shores in the swimming season many a hundred of Toronto's fair visitors and yet fairer daughters. The baths provide accommo- dation for from 200 to 300 bathers. There arrayed in blue and red serge bath suits, the athletic youth of Toronto takes his bold " header " into the depths — there in lovely and close fitting array, more becoming than any ball dress, the maids of our city disport in the shallows, and under careful guidance venture in the rudiments of swimming. There, after the bath these maids may be seen reclining, book in hand, on strand or green sward, or chatting to girl friend or boy comrade as they " sun their wave-tossed hair." Another set of baths is about to be erected at the west end of the Island by a joint stock company. This will relieve the pressure on the Wiman Baths, as also afford accommodation to the rapidly increasing population of the western part of Toronto. In length, the Island extends about four miles from east to west, in width it varies from being a narrow spot of sand to about a mile wide. It would be well if the entire southern aspect of the Island were protected from the lake storms by a roughly constructed stone breakwater, as during the late autumn, sturms have occurred which have threatened much destruction of property, and might €ven, if not guarded against, materially injure this beautiful adjunct to Toronto. We have compared the Island to the New York summer resort of Coney Island. The parallel will soon be completed by the construction of a street railway, and a roadway to connect the Island with the mainland. When this is done, the street cars will run the entire length of the Island, from the east end to Hanlan's Point. The City authorities, at length alive to the duty so long neglected by their . il; ^' 266 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. predecessors, of doing something to make the city attractive to summer guests, are about to construct a people's park on the Island. When this is tastefully laid out and furnished with shade trees and flowers, a double or treble row of pines or other uniform trees mixed with birch and aspen, and here and there a clump of poplars should be planted on the southern side as a protection against storms that at times threaten to sweep the fine villas and wooden shanties of the Island into the Bay. A good large hotel is much needed which would afford a health resort at reasonable, yet profitable rates, to that great majority of our citizens who would gladly give their families the benefit of a few weeks in the summer holidays, but who cannot afford the enormous prices charged by those who possess the present hotel monopoly. The plan of good food at cheap prices in the Temperance Coffee Houses, already tried with undeniable success, and the greatest benefit to the young men and young ladies of Toronto, might surely be tried in the matter of cheap yet remunerative hotel accommodation. We commend it to the notice of Mr. W. P. Howland and other philanthropic business men who have given to the city the Temperance Coffee Houses. Mean- time another suggestion might be offered to these gentlemen, the advisability of opening a branch Coffee House on the Island during the summer months, either in the vicinity of the Wiman Baths or at Hanlan's Point. If a convenient building were erected, and formed with covered balconies and roof awnings, there can be no doubt that it would be largely patronized. Any account of our Island would be indeed incomplete without a description of the beautiful convalescent hospital for children, the entire expenses of building which rind of bringing it to its present state of completion, has been borne by Mr. John Ross Robertson, proprietor of the Toronto Evening Telegram, who attached to his generous bounty the following condition : — " The Lakeside Home, as well as the Hospital for Sick Children, shall be opened without any charge to the children of Freemasons. Such brethren, members of the Grand Lodge of Canada of Ancient Free and Accepted Masons, have been named as those who have the privilege of presentation. Such applicant must have the endorsement of one of the following : — Messrs. Daniel Spry ; J. A. Henderson, Kingston ; George Birrel, London; J. J. Mason, Hamilton; David McLellan, Hamilton; J. G. Brown, Toronto, and William J. Hambly, of Toronto." The contract for the building was carried on under the supervision of Messrs. J. J, Withrow, and Mark Hall, the architect, both of whom gave their services free of charge. In order to form anything like an appreciative estimate of the great benefit conferred on the little ones of our city by Mr. John Rc~>s Robertson's princely munificence it is necessary that we should review the circ ii.. ♦ances under which the gift was made. In another part of this book an account was given of the hospital for sick chil- dren, established by an association of kind-hearted Christian people, some years ago, in a house at the north-east end of Elizabeth Street. It must be premised that this institution is carried on upon the principle of a " Work of Faith," that TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 267 r guests, tastefully le row of 1 there a m against ies of the 1 afford a ty of our ks in the , by those eap prices ; success, ito, might modation. lanthropic IS. Mean- sability of iths, either convenient f awnings, iescription of building I borne by gram, who side Home, any charge and Lodge ( those who )rsement of )n ; George ton; J. G. 1 of Messrs. sir services reat benefit I's princely nder which or sick chil- some years DC premised aith," that is, no canvass was made for subscriptions, but prayer was offered daily that God would send means for their daily sustenance. This plan has been tried success- fully by Brother Miiller, at Bristol ; by Dr. Bernardi's Homes for outcast boys, in England and in Scotland ; long before their day by those monastic orders of the mediaeval Church who forbade mendicancy, and existed on the spontaneous offer- ings of the charitable. These and all other appeals to the mercy of the Most Merciful are founded on the promise, than which the Gospel itself contains none that is more consoling and august: that whatever is asked in Faith shall be given, and wherever prayer is offered, there Our Father will pour large gifts of His daily benediction on the souls of the two or three that call upon Him ! The Report of the Children's Hospital, for 1882, expressed an earnest desire to establish a convalescent hospital on the Island, " where the little ones, so long prisoners to their rooms and beds, could lie on the broad verandah, breathing the delightful breezes of our lakes, watching the boats go by, while we watched the long vanished roses returning to their cheeks." I have taken this extract from the Report for 1883, of the Hospital for Sick Children, a most interesting and touching pamphlet, exceedingly well written, albeit in a simple, unornamen- tal style that goes straight to the heart. This report should be sent to every citizen's home where there are little children. Were this done I believe few could resist the appeal. All through the Spring the little ones had been anxiously looking forward to " going to the Island," and the report before us tells a most pathetic story of a child who, during the last month of a fatal disease, was soothed by talking of what he would do " when we get to the Island." It was not " little Archie's " lot to see that promised land, but three days after the annual meeting a gen- tleman (Mr. John Ross Robertson) called, offering to erect the proposed conva- lascent hospital at his own sole expense, if the city would only grant a lot for the purpose. The secretary at once consulted the city authorities, who most willingly consented, and consulting in this the wishes of the trustees and com- mittee of the children's hospital, set apart lot No. 68, on the extreme south- western end of the Island. The secretary had wise reasons in making this selection of a site ; they are thus stated in the report already quoted from : "This lot was chosen for several reasons; its perfect isolation from all resi- dences, so that our little sick folks might not be a trial to any one, and that from the fact that we would be far enough away from the wharves to be perfectly quiet. " God opened the hearts of every one ; the plans of the building were given by the architect, Mr. Mark Hall, who also overlooked the whole work ; and Mr. John J. Withrow gave his valuable services until the work was completed, sending in, as a donation, a large refrigerator which proved a great boon during the warm weather. The contractors did their work faithfully, giving us a good sub- stantial building for the money. " When all was ready for our little ones to be taken over. Captain Turner, of the Island ferries, came, saying that he wished to take the little ones over as his I 5;M if' 268 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. share, and, also, that he would take them and their attendants back and forth all the summer, free of charge." Thus does one act of benevolence draw forth another, and thus did Mr. J. R. Robertson's great goodness in erecting the convalescent hospital, entirely at his own charge, stimulate the charity of all who had :t in their power to aid. Although no one would wish in the least to diminish the claim on the gratitude of the community to which Mr. Robertson is entitled, that gentleman would be the first to say that this credit deserves to be shared with that due to the beneficent spirit of the Masonic Order, whose services to mankind, and whose benefactions to the sick and suffering, have been rn record through so many centuries, and are believed to stretch back to the temple builders of pre- historic times ! It is a happy feature of our American civilization, that in so many instances men, who have made large fortunes in business, use a portion of their wealth in great works of beneficence, so extensive, in many cases, as to be beyond the reach of the charities supported by the contributions of those who are less wealthy. Of the Lakeside Home, erected by Mr. Robertson, under the circumstances which have been set before the reader, we furnish an engraving. The following description of the building is an abstract from the report of 1883; — "The Lakeside Home for little children, the Convalescent Home in connec- tion with the Hospital for Sick Children, occupies a site on the west point of Toronto Island, nearly one hundred yards north-west of the lighthouse, and the same distance from the south shore of the Island. The building is twenty minutei' walk from the dock at Hanlan's Point, and the plot of ground, on which it is built, was leased by the corporation of the city of Toronto, as the deed states, 'so that a Convalescent Home for Sick Children shall be erected thereon in connection with the Hospital for Sick Children.' " The Lakeside Home is very prettily situated, just on the spot where the little sick ones can have all the advantage of the invigorating and health-giving breezes of Lake Ontario. The building, as will be seen by the engraving, is of very attractive appearance. It is constructed of wood, and built in that light and airy style which architects consider best suited to places designed for summer residences. It has two storeys, and each floor has a space of 1,800 square feet. It is lighted throughout with large windows, and a broad stairway leads from the eastern hall to the second story. On the ground floor is a large dining-room, pantry, kitchen, boardroom, and two large apartments for the use of the matron. On the second floor there is a large hall, on either side of which is a large ward for the use of the boys and girls, respectively. Opening from these wards is a small room, which is occupied by children in advanced stages of disease. At the east end of the hal! is a commodious bath-room, which is fitted up with the most improved appliances. The interior of the building has been finished in Canadian pine, and every provision has been made for the comfort of the inmates. A broad and shady verandah runs round the west and south sides of the building. This is two storeys in height, and is reached by wide doors which open from the Boys' Ward. There the little invalids are placed during a portion of each fine day, forth all another, valescent tiad It in inish the tied, that ired with mankind, irough so rs of pre- hat in so portion of i, as to be those who nmstances I following in connec- ;t point of se, and the y minutei' lit is built, ;s, ' so that ;onnection e little sick breezes of • attractive airy style residences, t is lighted astern hall y, kitchen, the second r the use of mall room, east end of t improved n pine, and broad and ig. This is n the Boys' h fine day. TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 271 and on the hottest day they receive the full benefit of the cool breezes which blow in from the broad expanse of Lake Ontario. A laundry and a wash-house have been erected at the east end of the building, and an ample supply of pure water is brought from the lake by means of a windmill on the lake shore. The entire expense of building the Home and bringing it to its present state of completion, has been borne by Mr. J. Ross Robertson, of the Toronto Evening Telegram. The following letter from the Secretary to Mr. D. Spry, states the reason upon which Mr. J. Ross Robertson gave the ^2,000 for the Lakeside Home : "Daniel ^..ry, Esq., "Grand Master, Grand Lodge of Canada, Barrie, Ont. "Toronto, June 25//;, 1883. " Dear Sir, — As you are probably aware, Mr. J. R. Robertson has, at a cost of $2,oao, erected a building on the Island as a Convalescent Home for the little ones in the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto; it is called the Lakeside Home for Little Children. One of the conditions upon which the grant has been made is that the door of this institution, as well as that of the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, shall always be open to the children of the Masonic frater- nity. It becomes my pleasing duty to convey a notification to this effect to you as Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Canada, supplemented with a request that presentation for admission must be accompanied by the recommendation of at least one of the following members of the craft." [The names of these gentle- men have been already mentioned in this chapter.] "Will you be good enough to formally convey to me your acquiescence in this proposal, which I am sure will meet with your full approbation, as well as that of the craft generally. I am sure that you, as the chief officer of the craft, will fully appreciate the generous donation, and hope with us that it will be the means of lightening the burden of many a little one, upon whom the hand of sickness has been laid. " Yours truly, "L. M. M." The following letter was addressed to the secretary by Mr. J. Ross Robertson under date of July the 3rd, 1883: — " Dear Madam, — I beg to enclose my cheque for the balance of my donation, two thousand dollars, for the erection of a building on the Island for convalescent children of the Hospital for Sick Children of Toronto; the building to be called the Lakeside Home for Little Children. The conditions attached to the gift are that the sick children of Freemasons, on being properly recommended by any one of the following: Messrs. Daniel Spry, of Barrie; J. k. Henderson, of King- ston; George Birrell, of London; J. J. Mason, of Hamilton; J. G. Burns, of To- ronto; David McLellan, of Hamilton; and W. J. Hambly, of Toronto, should be admitted to the Lakeside Home on the Island, or the Hospital for Sick Children, t5 * 272 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. Toronto, free of charge. Of course, it is understood that the rules laid down for the admittance of children must be complied with. " Yours truly, "J. K. R." The following letter referring to the donation was addressed to the secretary by Mr. D. Spry, of Barrie, Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Canada, the date is July 4th, 1S83 : — " Dear Madam, — I am in receipt of your letter of the 25th ultimo, informing me of the generous donation of |2,ooo, made by Mr. J. R. R. toward the erection of a building as a Convalescent Home in connection with the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, aiid stating that one of the conditions upon which the grant has been made is that children of members of the Masonic Fraternity shall be admitted on tne recommendation of at least one of the number of the brethren named, including myself. I cheerfully accept the trust my esteemed friend desires me to occupy, and, should occasion offer, will avail mvself of the oppor- tunities offered. As I ;'m aware you are a daughter of a Freemason who was loved and respected for his generosity and kind regard for all who required his aid, I should look with favour towards an institution with which the Craft is now to some extent identilied, and shall have no hesitation in recommending children for admission to the Hospital Xur.sery that among the generous ladies who are engaged in this good work, at least one has been taught the true principles of Freemasonry. Very faithfully yours, D.wiEi. Si'KV, Grand Mastir. If much tliat is painful mingles with ihc pleasure with which we see the loving care bestowed on the little sufferers in the Hospital for Sick Children in the city, the ileasure is unalloyed as we watch those in process of recovery ■ receive an equally loving care in the pleasant Island Home provided by the gen- erous sympathy of one citizen of Toronto. There, may be seen the pale f.ice beginning to brigh j; , as a kind nurse sitting on the bed, tells the story to which the returning vital energies enable the little convalescent to listen with pleasure. Nor is the pleasure a solitary one ; she is surrounded by a crowd of other conva- lescent midgets, who listen with eager eyes, the other little girls now- sufficiently recovered to walk about the sands and verandahs, ;he little boy who wears a surgical appliance for the cure of spinal inflamr.;ation, all listen — all drink m tlu; health-bearing breeze from the lake to the south. Verily, then, to use the language of the oldest religious poetry, "the Sun of Righteousness hath risen with healing in his wings." As this book has already secured a large circulation in Toronto, I will risk enlarging this chapter beyond my usual limits by quoting from the Report a description of the scene which took place when the children were at length able to avail themselves 01' the beautiful home provided for them by Mr. J. Ross down for R. R." secretary .nada, the )rmingme ;rection of il for Sick the grant y shall be e brethren led friend :he oppor- n who was ;quired his raft is now \adies who •inciples of ; Master. we see the V Children ■ recovery by the gen- pale face y to which h pleasure. ther conva- sufficiently lo wears a —all drink , to use thi.> hath risen I will risk u- Report a length able dr. J, Ross TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. ^75 ( Robertson. I wish that whoever reads this book should feel his sympathies appealed to by reading the account of this scene in the simple and touching words of the writer of the Report, which I feel are far more impressive than any- thing I could possibly say : " The day at last came, July 5th. The members of the Queen's Own ambu- lance corps, under Sergeant McMinn, had kindly consented to carry our little ones for us ; and great was the excitement as three strong men made " the three- handed seat " and took the first little one down to the vans at the door. One by one the little folk were placed, some on soft quilts on the straw at the bottom of the vans, and some sitting up under the care of the nurses or ladies on duty, or held up by the strong arms of the volunteers. "A strange procession we made, as slowly and carefully we drove along, arriv- ing at York Street wharf, where our mattrasses, etc., had preceded us, and were being transferred to the barge kindly loaned by Harry Hodson for the purpose. Many were the sad faces and many strongmen wept as one by one our little ones were once more lifted by the volunteers and placed upon the mattras.ses on the deck of the ' Luella,' which was waiting for us. The little fellow who had on a dress for the first time since January, when he entered, was full of anxiety lest 'going through the lake will wet my new dress.' This had troubled him all the way down in the van, and now when he was laid on the mattrass quite dry and safe his little mind was at rest. The boat having been reserved for us, no other passengers werq taken on board ; and silently we moved off to the lake side of the island, on a smooth .sea with a warm breeze blowing. "When we arrived at Captain Murray's Wharf, which was also placed at our service, and is about a quarter of a mile from the Lakeside Home, the three stretcfiers were prepared, and those best able to be moved were carried up first, some two at a time, others, as Mabel, Tommy and our poor little Jamie, sepa- rately. They were received at the Home by Miss Roger*?, the nurses, and a party of Islanders, who had refreshments of milk, bread and fresh strawberries awaiting them. Poor little Mabel, though fastened in a box made for the purpn«i was as merry as a bird, and delighted with the idea of being lifted by the soldiers, but as much disappointed to find th^m without their uniforms, as she was at his worship the Mayor appearing without a gold band on his hat when he \ isited the hospital some time previous. Her idea of the Mayor had bern received from pictures of Dick Whittmgton in his official robes, and I fear oar worthy chief magistrate suffered in her estimation by the comparison. Tommy too, when laid upon his bed, carefully exrunined his dress, and, finding it quite dry, requested it to be taken off, folded up and put away 'till the soldiers come again.' This was done, and his berries and milk consumed, he fell fast asleep." On these events this pious and kind hearted follower in the footsteps of the Friend of little children, makes tne following characteristic comment: — Now look back and see God s hand. The two vans and the cab sent gratuitously by Mr. Doane, of Yonge Street, the boat placed at our disposal to start immediately on our arrival; the barge lent by Hart\ Hodson, in which our baggage was con- 276 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. .!' i) veyed ; the invaluable help of the ambulance corps, to whose tender handling we owe it that not one of the little folks was at all the worse for the moving; and the aid of the many young laides, who had everything ready for them as they were carried in ! Not only had a large sum been given us toward our Home, but the children had been taken from door to door free. A lady had volunteered to act as matron for the summer; and faithfully did she fulfil the various duties devolv- ing upon her, doing all as to the Lord, and declining thanks from anyone. It was enough for her that she might work for Him. "We had taken one nurse from the Home for Sick Children and engaged another. These, with the Home for Sick Children housemaid as cook, and the lady volunteers, constituted our staff. The latter were to remain on duty two weeks, giving place to two more at the end of that time. This plan proved most successful, two being on duty each fortnight all the summer. Many who came over, fearful lest they should not succeed, remained with us, glad to have been with us. Their duties were to keep the children out of doors as much as possible, never allowing them to be alone one moment ; to take out in a boat any who could go, and to wheel those who could not, in the carriages brought over for the pur- pose, either up the sidewalk, or to the water's edge to see the waves roll in ; gathering wild flowers, saells and luck-stones, for and with them ; in short to do anything to make their stay in thv? Lakeside Home as happy as possible, ever turning their minds to the Giver of all good, who sent all this for their happiness and use. When those who could walk were taken out the first day, and told that God had planted all these flowers (chiefly clover-blossom, marguerites and sand" vines) for them that they might gather all they chose, little aprons and hands were very soon full, and the lady who was with them was decorated with blossoms as lovely as any hot house flower to these little ones, who at best only saw cut flowers; then, quick as thought, leave was begged to carry off their treasures, some to Mabel, Tommy, Jamie and others, who could not get about; and the delight of these floxv-er-bedecked, bed-ridden little patients can only be imagined, not described." Thus flows the simple music of this most touching idyl of Christian Charity ! How beautiful the picture it presents! The strong arms of the citizen soldiers lifting the littlt convalescents, the young lady volunteer nurses, the happy arrival, with its beatitjc vision of strawl>erries and cream ! The writer will rejoice in the labour this book has cost him during several months, should the extracts above given be the means of ti .iching the hearts of any of his readers with a desire to help in this good work (^ur account of tht Islarsi would be incomplete without record of the fact that its residents have for some time enjoyed the benefit of a regular Sunday service, first set on foot, I belie\-e, by Rev. Mr. Kainsford, then of St. Jamies Church. Toronto, now of New York. This good work has eventuated in the building of a church, which, though named after the Scottish St. Andrew, will be most strictly Epi-scopalian. The . _ - for a simple and unpretending Gothic building of wood. Its location wil ;'< the east end of the Island. landling we ng; and the .s they were me, but the eered to act ities devolv- one. It was nd engaged lok, and the )n duty two Droved most Y who came ) have been as possible, y who could for the pur- ves roll in ; I short to do ossible, ever ir happiness nd told that es and sand" 3 and hands ith blossoms Dnly saw cut ir treasures, lut ; and the be imagined, ian Charity ! izen soldiers appy arrival, ■ejoice in the tracts above h a desire to the fact that iday service, mes Church, building of .i most strictly c building of \(M' Messrs. Petley & Petley's Warehouse, King Street. TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 279 Wf\t Marts ol tf|« Cits* WHERE THE PEOPLE DO THEIR TRADING. 'his work would scarcely be complete without a notice of the leading centres of trade in Toronto. The city can be justly proud of the enter- prise of its merchants, for few places of its size can boast of more handsome and better stocked stores. Following are brief sketches of the more prominent houses doing business with the public. Petley & Petley. — No history of our city would be complete without a reference to this popular firm. If you would describe anything properly you must describe its features. The features of a city are its business men and their warehouses. We might have fine public buildings, fine churches, fine parks, and even fine hotels, but if we hadn't live, enterprising merchants, our city would be a mere show place, a place where people of leisure would come and spend their idle hours in a fleeting round of gaiety and then pass away. It is not the city that makes the man, but the man that makes the city. Men like Messrs. Petley & Petley, energetic and pushing, do not hide their light under a bushel, but give it the greatest freedom in the glare of the day, with the result that they attract custom from all over the country, and for the matter of that, from outside the country ; for there's many a visitor from the broad domain across the lakes and rivrrs that hem Canada in who lingers in the well- stocked rooms of this extensive ^ . se and carries off large purchases of wearing apparel, etc. It has been said Messrs. Petley &. Petley do not hide their light under a bushel. There lies the open sesame to success. If you have goods to sell the public must be informed of it before it will buy This is a truth that has been recognized from the time that trading commenced, from the time that men commenced to exchange what they might happen to have a superfluity of. In these days printing-ink does everything that is necessary. All that he has to do is to imagine quaint devices that will catch the eye, and pen words that will command the attention when the eye is caught. No two men in Toronto know so well the value, and act so thoroughly upon their knowledge, of advertising, as Messrs. Petley & Petley, doing business at 128 and 132 King Street East ooposite the market-place 28o TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. When Messrs. Petley & Petley acquired the business from Messrs. Hughes Bros., a few years ago, it was already in a large way of trade, but since their succession it has made tremendously rapid strides. The building itself has been enlarged until now it has a depth of 130 feet with a frontage of 55 feet, and is four stories high. On the ground floor elegantly-arranged and capacious shop- windows, with beautiful plate-glass fronts, bid the intending purchaser to enter one of the best laid out establishments in the country. It is needless to say the clerks are obliging and attentive. No business can be successful unless they are. Consequently, the visitor is met on entering by a man of good address, who conducts him or her either to the right or to the left, as it may be required to go. On the right are displayed splendid stocks of dry-goods, silks, and millinery of every grade of richness and of every extent in value. On the left is the largest and best exhibition of ready-made clothing in all Canada, There are men's clothes in profusion, and of boys' suits no less than two thousand are ready to hand. All are well and strongly made, and of good material. In fact, the Interior View of Petley & Petlev's (Ground Floor). Messrs. Petley & Petley pride themselves on the quality of the goods they carry, and the workmanship, as they say everything is of the better class. In the rear of the ground floor, on the right, is one of the handsomest mantle and millinery show-rooms on the continent, and on the left is the order-tailoring department, from which customers are sent forth as well and fashionably dressed — and at a fraction of the cost — as they would be from the famous establishment of Poole in Savile Row, or from any other London tailor's. The clothes are fashioned to the person in the latest possible style, and are artistically made of the best Scotch, English, or Canadian material. What more could the heart of man desire, or the love of woman design ? The second floor is devoted to carpets, of which the firm are extensive im- porters. Here is to be seen in abundance all the finest goods of foreign or domestic manufacture. Here is a substantial, strong and pretty carpet, and there is the result of the industry of England, comprising every variety and including separately Brussels, Axminster, Kidderminster, Wilton and the luxuri- ,. Hughes ince their has been et, and is ous shop- ;r to enter to say the 3 they are. Iress, who ired to go. lillinery of ;he largest are men's e ready to 1 fact, the they carry, In the rear millinery epartment, and at a nt of Poole fashioned of the best irt of man tensive im- foreign or :arpet, and ariety and the luxuri- TOKONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 281 ous Aubusson, in all the most modern styles and patterns. On the third floor are the wookrooms, where the busy fingers of girls and men are kept busily employed all day long. One thing in particular characterizes the establishment all through, and attracts the notice of the visitor, and that is the neat and convenient manner in which the immense stock is arranged. In the ordered clothing department the cheapest or the best suit, and of any size, can be reached without a moment's delay and without any great exertion. So it is in the carpet room, and, in short, everywhere about the place. The large business goes on with the regularity and ease of clockwork. No wonder that each year, each month, almost each day, sees an increasing business done. Enterprise and industry like Messrs. Fetley & Petley's never fail to receive their reward. Harry A. Collins, 95 Yonge Street. — Among the many house furnishing emporiums of this city, there in none which stands more prominently before the public than that of H. A. Collins. Situated in a central position and upon one of the leading thoroughfares, the natural outcome is of course the daily throng- ing by our best citizens. It is not our intention to say one word that cannot be fully met by actual investigation, and we, therefore, leave our readers in the pleasant position of judging for themselves, the best method, certainly, in all cases. One of the principal, if not the most important, features is the method on which the genial head of the establishment conducts his business. The mode of " quick sales and small profits" is rigidly enforced, thereby saving what is commonly called the carrying over of one season's goods to another. On the request being made for an examination of the stock a courteous assent was given, and under the personal care of Mr. C. we enjoyed and feasted our vision upon one of the finest and most complete assortments to be found in any section of this Province, c< mprising the following beautiful lines, which form but a small per- centage of the thousand and one articles kept in stock, such as stoves, ranges, furnaces, children's perambulators, orass chandeliers, library lamps, hall lamps, brass fenders, brass fire arms, brass sconces, placques, etc. Full lines of plated ware, table and pocket cutlery, velocipedes, bicycles, tricycles, water filters, refrigerators, baths, bird cages, jelly moulds, children's furniture, woodenware, tinware, etc., etc. 'Ihe above, as we have already intimated, are placed before the purchasing public at figures that make competition impossible, and are im- ported from the leading markets of the old and new world. Mr. Collins has been for many years before the public and needs no special introduction at our hands. His business connection in the city is not of yesterday, but dates back many years with some of the leading houses, his growing popularity enabling him to launch upon the commercial sea a successful venture that older heads have failed to imitate. It would be a work of supererogation on our part to enter into a minute and detailed account of the impressions created by a visit to the above mammoth establishment. We have satisfied ourselves with a brief and incomplete account, for which we claim not only the indulgence of our ^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // ■/"-^'^.. 1.0 ^ ^ I.I 132 m 25. |||M [|2£ 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 •4 6" — ► Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. USSO (716) 872-4503 i _^% »fA k 382 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. deservedly popular young merchant but of the community at large as well. Mr. Collins makes no distinction in the treatment of his patrons, the purses of the prince and the pauper are alike considered. We commend to those who are contemplating the pleasure of house-furnishing to pay a visit to this establish- ment, and ascertain prices, before purchasing elsewhere. Mr. Collins, with his many assistants, are ever ready to extend a cordial reception to all patrons and friends, and we bespeak for him a hearty recognition, of which he is deserving. The establishment is on Yonge Street, near King, the many lines of street rail- way rendering it easily accessible from any quarter of the city and its suburbs. Dorenwend's. — There is a certain amount of vanity that is centred in the heart of every humar: bein „ and in this particular age when appearance is the first consideration, it is scarcely to be wondered at that the adornment of the head becomes almost the first consideration. Nothing tends to destroy the harmony of the fashion of the times more completely than to see a well dressed lady or gentleman with her or his head illy adorned. From the days of mother Eve to the present decade, man's ingenuity has been taxed to its fullest in reaching the high art of perfection in this respect. And to no one more freely belongs the honour of success than to Mr. A. Dorenwend, proprietor of the Paris Hair Works. In his particular business, Mr. Dorenwend, is essentially the Worth of Canada. By universal accord the ladies of this and the other Provinces recognize the fact that Mr. D. is unapproachable for the beauty and skill he displays in manufacturing his beautiful and beauty- adding Waves, in all the latest designs, Wigs, Toupees, &c. His establishment has become a veritable paradise for those whose lack of capillary adornment renders a wig necessary, in fact these gentlemen who are com- pelled to wear them become at once the envy of their sex and the admiration of the ladies. Had Mr. Dorenwend lived in the days of the prophet Elisha, the cry of " Go up thou bald head " would never have been handed down to posterity. To those who anti- cipate purchasing, or having their hair made up, we advise a visit to this establishment, feeling assured that in every instance satisfaction will not only be guaranteed but given. The establishment is located at 105 Yonge Street, between King and Adelaide Streets. Mr. Dorenwend is also the manufacturer of Perfumery, Hair-wa<^hes, Hair Dye, Restoratives and other washes, so indispensable to the feminine sex. A special preparation of Mr, Dorenwend's is one in which he guarantees the removal of all su(>erfluous hair from ladies' faces. A. Dorenwend's. TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 283 veil. Mr. ses of the le who are establish- j, with his ttrons and deserving, street rail- suburbs. tred in the •ance is the nent of the [1. Nothing hion of the iressed lady rned. From cade, man's reaching the id to no one than to Mr. r Works. In s essentially rd the ladies the fact that and skill he and beauty- gs, Toupees, ible paradise nent renders ho are com- mvy of their Had Mr. phet Elisha, d never have ■se who anti- made up, we ing assured given. The aide Streets. 18, Hair Dye, A special emoval of all Harry Webb. — No person who has attended any of the many social events df the Queen City of the West is unfamiliar with the face of Harry Webb, prob- ably the best known ot Toronto's caterers. Mr. Webb's face is not his only recommendation, nor is it alone by this means that he is remembered. Those who have partaken of his cooling ices in the heat of summer and his tasty winter spreads will not easily forget him. At private parties, balls, receptions, conversaziones and every class of soc.al gatherings Harry Webb plays one of the most important {larts. It is only by long experience and unstinted efforts that a man, no matter what his calling may be, eventually finds himself at the top of the tree, and enjoys the happy satisfaction of knowing that there is much truth in the saying that perse- verance brings its reward. With no class of the festive community is Mr. Webb more popular than with the matrimonially inclined. Hundreds and hundreds of bridal Cakes, with their manifold associations of happiness, have been put through their mysterious process in Webb's ample bake-shop. Many a pleasant dream has found its origin over a piece of Harry Webb's famous wedding cake. Situated on the gentle slope of Yonge Street, and facing the avenue leading to the Queen's Park and its educational institutions, is Mr. Webb's bake shop and ice cream parlours, among the finest in the city In this well-equipped establishment the confectioner's art has been reduced to its finest phase, and what the subject of this sketch does not know about turning out toothsome morsels is probably not worth knowing. If any of the young folks in this beautiful city of ours contemplate joining hearts and hands, they could not do better than leave their order with Mr. Webb for the bridal cake. This invitation is likewise extended to those who have friends that are-similarly inclined. It would be an event worthy of the man if one of our composers would dedi- cate one of his efforts to Harry, and entitle it " Webb's Wedding March." He has attended so, many of the fashionable weddings of i>e day in his "official " capacity that he knows all about it. If someone does not take the hint, the author of this volume will do it himself, Mr. Webb's reputation is not by any means a local one. His patrons are numbered in various portions of Ontario and his orders from the outside are of everyday occurrence. It is one of the most frequent duties of the local reporters of Toronto, in recording a social gathering or reception, to wind up his article with the announcement that Harry Webb was the caterer and that he gave gen- eral satisfaction, At the reception given by His Worship Mayor Boswell in the City Hall, on March 6th last, the real date of the anniversary of the incorpor- ation of the city of Torcnto, and at which nearly all the leading citizens, with their lady friends, attended, Mr. Webb was honoured with the task of providing the refreshments. Those who attended the f He can tes'.ify to ihe rechcrcU hiW of fare presented on that occasion by Mr. Webb and his corps of efficient assistants. There is nothing in the line of sweetmeats, ornamental conijctionery and bev- erages that cannot be found at 447 Yonge Street. Don't forget this. iV. 284 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. John Kay's Carpet House, 34 King Street West. — There are few mercantile houses in Ontario better Icnown to the general public than John Kay's carpet ._ emporium. For years it has occupied the en- viable position as leader among a host of simi- lar establishments, and this fact is due wholly to the class of goods carried. There is no busi- ness which requires the exercise of taste and judgment to a greater extent than this particu- lar one. In all households, whether of the noble or peasant, the first consideration in adornment is the carpet. It requires not only a peculiar tact in selecting, as to wear, but as to the effect produced by light and shade, and to other considerations in producing harmony in keeping with surrounding objects. It is a fact that a mere assertion will verify that the leading carpet manufacturers of both hemis- pheres are . laid under contribution semi-an- nually to supply the various tastes and wants of the public in this particular. It must not be forgotten in connection with the carpet depart- ment that a full and complete line of window- curtains, cornices, and all the necessaries are kept, from the common shade to the most costly material in lace, silk, rep, damask, and velvet,' rich not only in the material, but elaborate in design and makes. The different grades of carpets carried by Mr. Kay are so numerous that space will not permit our enumerating; suffice it to say, that from the commonest ingrain to the most costly tapestry, Brussels, Axminster, and Turkish are kept in stock, from which the most confirmed aesthete can possibly find no difficulty in selecting. This well- known house occupies a central position, being situated on King Street West, a few doors from the corner of Bay Street. Glover Harrison, China Hall. — An important influence on the china pnd glassware trade of Toronto, and one that has been felt specially in the improve- ment of the character of the goods to suit the improved conditions of population, wealth, and culture, has been steadily exerted for nearly a quarter of a century by the above house, which has contributed largely to the cultivation of a higher taste in ceramics, and to the development of home talent in that line. The house was founded in 1864 by Mr. Glover Harrison, and is located at 49 King Street East, where it occupies an elegant four-story stone front building. It is the most extensive importing house in its line in the city, bringing on fre- quent and large consignments of French, English, and German china ; French, Kay's Carpet House. TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 285 mercantile y's carjxSt led the en- )st of simi- iue wholly is no busi- : taste and his particu- her of the leration in es not only rear, but as shade, and ng harmony cts. It is a rify that the both hemis- on semi-an- is and wants t must not be arpet depart- e of window- cessaries are e most costly , and velvet, elaborate in at grades of t permit our le most costly im which the ;. This well- Itreet West, a Ithe china and the improve- }f population, of a century an of a higher e. . located at 49 ront building, fringing on fre- lina; French, Bohemian, and Belgian glassware ; French, English, German, Italian, Japanese, and Chinese art pottery, bric-a-brac, and fancy goods of every description. Full lines of the best English and American table ware, chamber sets, silver plated ware, and selected English and American cutlery are also handled. The im- ported goods are brought direct from the most noted manufacturers of Europe, and include a great variety of decorative articles of Sevres, Dresden, Berlin. Worcester, Mintons, Derby, etc., with a brilliant assortment of ornamented Bohemian glassware and cut-glass table ware. The display of French, English, and German decorated china is always of the most attractive character. Among the specialties of the house are dinner sets and table glassware, imported and domestic. An immense stock is kept on hand, in too great a variety to be enumerated. Mr. Harrison visits Europe every year to select supplies, and inspect the novelties in the market, and his experience and taste are well illus- trated in the elegant assortment with which his store is crowded, and which compel the acknowledgment from his many customers that it is one of the best selected stocks, in Canada. He has an unrivalled collection of Japanese and Chinese goods, and a choice line of Majolica, with an artistic selection of plaques and painting on porcelain. In fact, there is scarcely anything that is useful or ornamental in any kind of glass or any description of ceramics that is not to be found in the stock of this house ; and its arrangements are such that it commands exceptional terms, and can afford to sell goods to customers at the most attrac- tive prices. The house has been one of the leading contributions to the com- mercial progress of the city, and its large and increasing business constitutes a prominent feature of the general trade. No house in the city enjoys in a higher degree the confidence of its customers, and none is more reliable and responsible in every respect. Miller & Richard. — There is none of the industries of the nineteenth century that has progressed more rapidly than printing. The word industry as applied to printing is probably out of place here, for some philosopher has put on historical record that it is " the art preservative of all arts," and it is reason- able to presume that that philosopher knew what he was talking about. As an art it should be discussed. There is no firm doing business in Canada that has done more to elevate this art to its present high state of perfection than the celebrated type-founding house of Miller & Richard, of Scotland, with their branch at No. 16 Jordan Street, Toronto. To Mr. R. L. Patterson, the genial manager of the Canadian branch, is due in a great measure this satisfactory progress in the art of printing. From slovenly and ill-arranged sheets the daily and weekly newspapers of the Dominion have their place amongst the neatest on the North American continent. The papers of Toronto are good samples of this, and there is probably not one of the whole number that has not been " dressed " by Mr. Patterson at this establishment. Then there is the superb job work and fine letter-press for which the city is justly famous. The majority of the hand- some designs of type to be found among them were procured at Miller & Richard's. i|fc|-irni.-,,ffiifiiT--r 286 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. Good judgment as to the wants of his patrons, old and new, has made Mr. Patterson a credit to his profession, and ensured him a measure of prosperity that will increase with the advance and enlightenment of the age. And there is no known factor that does more for this desirable progress than the " art preservative " spoken about above. mil Kent Bros., Watch-makers and Jewellers, 168 Yonge Street. — This establishment is not only a splendid monument to the intelligent enterprise of its management, but it is on? of those houses whose great and honourable success reflects lustre upon the name of the city. It is leader in its line, and holds a com- manding position among the mercantile in- stitutions of the country. Dealing with the loveliest forms of artistic production, it has contributed largely to the elevation of the standard of taste and culture among the people, and its own progress has kept it in the lead of the general advance, at every step satisfying the more critical demands of the improved conditions it was prominently in- strumental in creating. The firm consists of Andrew Kent and Ben- jamin Kent, and was established in the year 1867. The enterprise and experience of the proprietors made it a success from the start. In the year 1881 they erected the handsome and imposing structure which they at present occupy, one of the finest in the city, where their business has grown to such a magni- tude as gives it a powerful influence m the support and promotion of the city's pros- perity. The business includes the manufacture of watches, gold and silver-ware, in which the house has an extensive trade and a reputa- tion second to that of no other similar con- cern in the country. Also diamond setting, for which the firm is equally well and widely noted, and its productions in that line are universally acknowledged to be unri- valled in design and workmanship. The firm also deals extensively, in electro silver-plated table-ware, American and foreign watches from the best and reliable makers, bronzes, clocks, jewellery, chains and elegant Bijouterie of every descrip- tion — in fact everything that a jewellery-store needs. The department allotted to diamonds and precious stones displays the genius and skill of the jeweller in their highest development. The gems are purchased Kent Bros. TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 287 made Mr. prosperity id there is the " art JET. — This prise of its ale success olds a com- rcantile in- ng with the :tion, it has tion of the among the IS kept it in It every step lands of the minently in- entandBen- 1 in the year •ience of the )m the start, e handsome ey at present city, where ich a magni- lence in the city's pros- inufacture of in which the ,nd a reputa- similar con- lond setting, 1 and widely d to be unri- ily^in electro and reliable very descrip- ys the genius re purchased in Europe, being carefully selected for their flawless beauty and perfect shape, the mounting and ^setting being done by the hrm. In the spacious store-rooms, on a level with the street, which are /airly ablate with the magnificent exhibition of beautiful goods, is one of the finest collections of bronzes, gold and silver ornaments, watches, clocks, modern novelties side by side with the rarest works of art hundreds of years old, elegant ceramic-ware, fine clock-cases, etc. The manufacturing departments are equipped with the most approved devices to aid in the delicate processes, which include engine-turning, etching and enamel- Messrs. Kent Bros. (Ground Floor). ing. The firm is able to produce work fully equal to the best imported goods in watches or jewellery. The house, as well its goods, is a favourite with its many customers on account of its honourable methods and conscientious regard for the interest of its patrons, every repsesentation being scrupulously exact, and the great resources of the immense concern enabling it to offer a wider and better range of selection and more advantageous terms than any other house less thoroughly equipped. Kent a88 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. Bros.' name is inseparably connected with the history of the jewellery trade of Toronto, in which they have been a prominent figure for the last sixteen years, and their pride in the colossal enterprise they have established is shared by the community, among whose industrial and mercantile interests it wields so potent and valuable an influence. Some ten years ago, in the ambitious city of Hamilton, there was established what is known as the Auxiliary Publishing Company, the pioneers in Canada, of auxiliary printed papers. Those at all familiar with journalism are aware of the nature of the business. The Company print the general literary matter for a number of country papers, supplying each publisher with his paper, and sending him his whole edition already half printed. A limited space in these columns is reserved, which is devoted to advertisements running through the whole list of papers. Complete fyles of all papers, for three months, are kept for inspection, so as to afford every proof to advertisers that their advertisements have been faithfully inserted. The list is at all times subject to changes, but the changes so far have been in favour of the advertiser, as in. all new papers added advertise- ments then under contract are inserted free of extra charge. The business developed under great difficulties, and in spite of prejudices, till in 1878 it had increased to such an extent that it was deemed advisable to move to Toronto, where better mechanical facilities, better railway facilities and better literary advantages, would enable the Company to turn out a larger number of papers in improved style, to give quicker despatch to any part of the Dominion, and to select to better advantage the latest general news and the best class of literary matter. The move was made, and proved to be well advised, for since its establishment in Toronto the Company has nearly quadrupled the papers on its list, and continues to receive steady accessions. The papers printed by the Company include most of the soundest and most enterprising journals in the Dominion. The circulation of the papers range from 500 to 20,000 each per week, and the total circulation averages over 120,000 per week. Being local papers, they are the best read each in their own districts ; and in all cases their circulation is well divided between the towns in which they are published, the neighbouring towns and villages and the farmers of the sur- rounding districts ; and the Auxiliary Publishing Co.'s list thus forms a medium for advertising unequalled in Canada. So great has been the increase in the business done that arrangements are now in progress for the erection of a new building, designed especially with a view to the requirements of the business, and where with better mechanical facilities, more room and an increased number of employees, the business may naturally be expected to make still greater strides in the future -than it has in the past. Meantime the proprietor, Mr. S. Frank Wilson, occupies temporary offices at 120 Bay Street, the mechanical work-being mcecuted at 33 and 35 Adelaide Street West. ry trade of teen years, ired by the Is so potent established Canada, of ware of the atter for a ind sending columns is vhole list of inspection, have been changes so 1 advertise- ijudices, till ble to move I and better [er number ! Dominion, est class of id, for since e papers on 3t and most i range from 120,000 per m districts ; 1 which they of the sur- is a medium ease in the ion of a new usiness, and 1 number of sater strides Ir. S. Frank 1 work-being m i 1 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. agi at o H o < (X4 < 0. o O H H I/) Of O U z o s o a: O -u X H The Crompton Corset Co. — Few people in Toronto are really aware of the extent of the city's industries. They know that we have factories with large workshops, and that is all. Of the amount of capital required, and the labour employed, to run these institutions they apparently know little or care less. But it is the manufacturing establishments of the country that make it. Agriculture does a very large share, but a purely pastoral, or wheat-growing country would make a very poor figure among the nations, of the world. No, it is the manufac- tories which build up city and country, and of these Toronto has a very fair share. Among the largest is the Crompton Corset Factory. Few people coming up York Street from the Union Station would suspect that the unpretentious building at No. 78 of that street was the hive of industry that it is, that it employed 350 young women and girls, and a number of men, and that it turned out 8,400, or 700 doz. corsets a week, besides immense numbers oi hoopskirts and bustles. Yet the unpretentious building does all this. Its exterior may be plain, but once past the portals of the office and you begin to realize the magnitude of the business ; not from any undue bustle or stir, but from the gigantic stock of long, narrow boxes, all containing corsets awaiting shipment. The Crompton Corset Company was first started in 1876, It was the first establishment in Canada to manufacture corsets on a large scale. There are now several smaller factories, but not one with any prospect of reaching the mammoth proportion of the Crompton, which occupies two extensive buildings, one in the front 27 by 90 feet, and the other in the rear 45 by 95 feet, each with four flats and a basement, and not a corner to spare anywhere. In the basement is located the pressing machines, the engine, furnace, and the apparatus that gives motive power all the year round, and supplies steam heating in the winter. On the floors the manufacturing and storing are done. The making of the corset is really a very interesting study, and well worthy an inspection. Before the little thing that so materially aids in giving our women the beautiful figure that so many of them have can be perfected, it has to go through fourteen different processes, commencing with the cutting, which is done on tables seventy-five feet long, on which is laid the material forty-eight fold thick, that forms the staple of the article. On these folds are placed the patterns^ and the cutting is done by men with implements of as keen temper as the razor, and far more durable. Those pieces having been cut are passed on to the stitching room, and from thence through the different departments until the corset is turned out complete. One of the most interesting features is the moulding, which is done on a number of iron shapes, heated by steam, to which the corset is firmly attached and held until it turns out just as offered for sale, .\nother process worth noting is the embroidery. The designs all emanate from the brain of one man, who works with a delicate little machine of French make, on the the model somewhat of the sewing machine, but, of course, of far more intricate and delicate workmanship. It is really remarkable the deftness and ability with which this man works, to say nothing of his apparently illimitable power of 292 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. invention. It is only lera remarkable, however, to watch the rapidity with which the young ladies follow the patterns when given to them. The Crompton Company make fifteen different styles of corsets, in sizes varying from that necessary for a child of tender years to that required by the matron with a tendency to embonpoiHt. In none of these corsets is whalebone — as a matter of fact that has gone out of date— or any other bone used, but a substance called coraline is substituted. This is made on the premises, and. has the advantage over all manner of bone or horn in the fact that it is both flest dcscriptio: . The vast quantity of toilet soaps already packed in pretty boxes is of thr strophes that have been addressed to the universal soother and great aid to philosophical reflection. To say that you don't know Mr. McConnell, the gentleman whose enterprise has made the extensive establishment at 46 and 48 King Street east, and old Post Office Lane is indeed to argue yourself unknown. It is only fourteen yep.:a since Mr. McConnell first started in the Headquarters on old Post Office Lane. He was already well known from his connection with our most fashionable hotels, and it was not long before his general habits brought him into social prominence, and made his place the resort of all the best men of the city. To-day he undoubt- edly does the largest business in his line not only in Toronto but probably in all Canada. The reason of this is not alone that his friends are glad never to miss an opportunity to rally around him, but that he keeps the best brands of every- thing, of brandies, wines, whiskeys, cordials, and cigars. For nearly a dozen years Mr. McConnell's business was confined to a house whose only entrance was from Post Office Lane. His custom had long outgrown the accommodation of the place, but he v.-as loth to change the old familiar place. It was not, therefore, until a couple or three years ago that he determined to secure a lease of the premises in his rear and open out to the main street. Simultaneously with doing this he went into the wholesale as well as the retail trade. He became the special agent for George Goulet & Co., of Rheims, whose champagnes have a world-wide celebrity, and are at this moment the favourite beverage in the courts and the fashionable world of Europe, and nearly all over this continent. The peculiarity of those wines is that they are made of the finest black grapes that can be secured, mainly of the famous growths of 1874 and 1880. Mr. McConnell also makes a specialty of ports and sherries, which he imports direct from Spain and Portugal. He carries a large stock of brandies, clarets, and Rhine wines, and in short, you can obtain at his establishment in the shape of liquor anything you may wish, from a case of Goulet, Piper Heidsec, Mumm & Co., or a hogshead of port, down to the tiniest glass of the refreshing lager or a sip of maraschino, and all of the very finest quality. But it is in cigars that Mr. McConnell is strongest. It Is his proud boast that he carries positively the largest stock of cigars out of bond in the Dominion, and one of the largest either in or out of bond. He has stored away nearly a million of the best produce of Cuba, moat of which were imported direct from the cele- brated houses of F. Menendez y Hermanos, Havana, and Bock y Ca., of the same place. Do you want a high-priced Belinda Imperial, a choice Partaga, a beautifully flavoured Golden Eagle, or a moderately priced Concha, you can get them all at Mr. McConnell's, 46 and 48 King Street East, and Old Post Office Lane, either singly or in quantities. If he is not there himself to bid you welcome — r.nd he usually is — you will find ai; army oi live and obliging assistants who will wait on you with the grace, but without 'he affectation, of courtiers. I i 296 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. Samuel May & Co., Billiard Table Manufacturers —When Beau Brummel was asked whom he would sooner be, himself or the Prince Regent, he drew himself to his full height and replied " Myself. There have already been several Georges, but there will never be but one Brummel." It is the same with the firm of Samuel May & Co,, there may be several billiard manufacturers, although in face of such competition they would have a hard time to exist, but it is doubt- ful if Toronto will ever know a more thoroughly enterprising and go-a-head firm than that whose headquarters run from 8i to 89 Adelaide Street West. Billiards has been rightlv described as " The game of kings and the king of games." It is undoubtedly the best of them all, either indoor or outdoor. Without violent exertion, it affords healthful exercise, relaxation and the greatest measure of enjoyment. It trains the eye, steadies the nerves, and brings every muscle of the body into play. To those facts the most eminent physicians the world has ever known have given their endorsation. Sir Astley Cooper, Abernethy, and Pro- fessor Richardson have each declared that a billiard table is the most valuable piece of furniture a gentleman can have in his house. It will not only help to develope body and mind, but in the family circle will have a refining influence over the male portion, and will, almost more than anything else, encourage the appreciation of home. All these things being true, it is strange that by high taxes and restrictive laws, our various legislative bodies should endeavour to dis- courage the game. With equal justice and reason they might tax chess, checkers, or dominoes. It is only a score of years ago or so that Mr. Samuel May started the founda- tion of the business that has now grown into such mammoth proportions. When he entered the field the few tables in the country were all imported, mostly from the United States, but some from the antiquated factories of Great Britain. Mr. May saw his opportunity and seized it. From small beginnings he has justly come to be considered one of our merchant princes. His establishment is the only one of the kind in the Dominion. With branches at 526 Craig Street, Mon- treal, and 50 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, its headquarters cover no less than 32,000 feet of floor space at 81, 83, 85, 87 and 89 Adelaide Street West, Toronto. The factory forms three sides of a square with frontage of 131 feet, flanked with buildings four and five stories high, one of which was only built last fall. Each floor is devoted to a different department, such as modelling, turning, cabinet working, drilling, preparing the slate beds, fitting, finishing, varnishing, stocking and shipping. Sixty feet on the front of the second floor is used as offices and for show purposes. Here are elegant samples of the tables made, and around its walls are handsome walnut cases, containing specimens of other stock, such as the most beautiful ivory balls, perfectly-made cues, highly ornamented brackets, and in short, every possible requisite for furnishing the most elaborate and luxurious billiard parlour. Mr. May is the inventor of what is known as the steel combination cushion. It is protected by two letters patent, one bearing date October ig, 1880, and the other August 14, 1883. The superiority claimed for this cushion is conceded by 1 ; au Brummel ent, he drew been several ime with the ers, although t It is doubt- )-a-head firm it. Billiards ames." It is thout violent t measure of muscle of the orld has ever thy, and Pro- most valuable t only help to ning influence jncourage the ; that by high leavour to dis- hess, checkers, ;d the founda- rtions. When i, mostly from Britain. Mr. he has justly ishment is the g Street, Mon- no less than Vest, Toronto, t, flanked with ist fall. Each irning, cabinet ihing, stocking offices and for .nd around its ck, such as the brackets, and and luxurious ation cushion. 1880, and the 5 conceded by TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 399 billiard experts all over the world. The cushion from end to end provides the same uniform elasticity, an evenness of speed and accuracy being secured by an ingenious and scientific combination of pure elastic rubber and the finest spring steel. What is the greatest characteristic of this invention, however, is the fact that it is not subject to climatic influences, a feature the importance of which in a country like Canada cannot be exaggerated. Every one knows the misery of playing on a dull, dead cushion ; but let it be hot, cold, damp or dry, with the steel combination cushion there is no danger of such torture. It is needless to say that the securing of such a valuable patent has led to a large extension of the business, and to obtaining control of the whole trade of the North-West and the Maritime Provinces. Every requisite for the game is manufactured on the premises. The most modern machinery is used in each department, an eighty horse-power engine with double boilers furnishing the motive power. Besides billiard-supplies the firm manufacture lignum vitas balls of all sizes for bowling alleys, and always keep a large stock on hand. Edward McKeown, Dry Goods, ;ioo well known through- out the Dominion of Canada to need any undue commendation at our hands. Their vast and ever constantly growing trade is the best evidence, of their popu- larity. Cox & Co. — There is nothing in this world so sensitive as the money and, stock markets. It requires the greatest care to avoid the breakers. In short, when a man dabbles in stocks, he is as much in need of a pilot as a ship entering a narrow and rocky channel. Messrs. Cox and Co are the pilots through whose meahs many ah unwise speculator has been saved from ruin, and guided safely to a harbour of safety; ' There is probably not a better known firm on Toronto Street than the one TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 3OX outh, east ral growth of Toronto as a great a personal tion. The ;n satisfac- is a man of ce in these I wholesale )n the con- finer trade heir exten- :e in every ilies of the that of any under < le or the out- ry country ixtiles. One :s, casually The num- s velvet in ner grades, o. have no f the above tments are mce attract )f the most e, none but iscriminat- m through- our hands, their popu- money and. In short, ip entering )Ugh whose Eld safely to in the one under notice. Efforts have frequently been made to catch them tripping, but without success. Disappoinnted parties have even gone to law, but only to their own discomfiture. Messrs. Cox and Co. know their business, and they do it in spite of everything' and everybody. They know all the sinuous ways of the Stock Board, and use their knowledge for the benefit of their clients. Like other people, sometimes they get hit, but they conduct their affairs oh such sound prin- ciples, and with such shrewd common sense that the blow never seriously inter- feres with the regular course of their transactions. Mr. E. S. Cox represents the firm on 'Change. Early and late, he is all activity and bustle. Never a point misses him. He can tell you in a moment whether a stock is going up or down. With him it is a science. He can just as surely feel the pulse of the market as a doctor can that of his patient. Many of his brother members wonder at his suc- cess, but they are forced to recognize it, and are often glad to seek his counsel. It can scarcely be surprising, then, that, with such a clear, active head to guide it, the firm should be adding every day to its clientele. Theiw is no firm in the stock or money markets to which Messrs. Cox & Co., 26 Toronto Street, are strange. They buy and sell on commission, for cash or on margin, all securities dealt in on the Toronto, Montreal, and New York Stock Exchanges, and execute orders on the Chicago Board of Trade. They also transact any financial business that may be required, such as negotiating loans, drafts, exchange, etc. They have in the rear of their office big blackboards, on which are noted all changes in the price of grain, provisions, and stocks, either at Chicago, New York, or London, the instant they are announced on the endless roll of the ticker, with which the office is provided, and which is in direct com- munication with the places named. The firm executes extensive commissions for customers in all parts of the country. In fact, their transactions are by no means confined t > Canada, they having correspondents in several of the large cities, both in Europe and America. It will, therefore, be understood that they are well up to the times. That the facilities with which the enterprise of Messrs. Cox & Co. has sur- rounded them is thoroughly appreciated is proved by the continual increase in their business. Every day they are entrusted with orders to an extraordinary amount, and no straight-out customer ever had cause to regret confidence placed in them. As long as the world shall last there will be buying and selling of stocks, and just so long will it be absolute folly for people to conduct such transactions for themselves. It wopld, in fact, be as bad as every man trying to be his own doctor. The only way to do such things is to entrust them to a safe and reliable firm, like Messrs Cox & Co., and religiously follow their counsel. Mr. E. S. Cox, it might be mentioned, is not only the active represe native of this firm, but his indomitable energy is compelled to seek outlets in other chan- nels. One of these is the Toronto Electric Light Co., of whose board he is the live and ever ready president. He also finds time, in the whirl and worry of everyday life, to give some attention to athletic sp>orts, all branches of which — but especially our national game, lacrosse— have in him a staunch and liberal friend. 302 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. h •^.:"^',.^V.a:..A| Hart & Company, Publishers, Booksellers, and Stationers. — This is one of the principal firms of booksellers, publishers, general and manufacturing stationers in Toronto. Their extensive premises at 31 and 33 King Street West, occupy a prominent position in the very centre of the business part of the City. They have a front- age of 30 feet, opening out to 40 feet in the rear by about 100 feet deep. Their building cannot fail to attract the attention of the visitor by the handsome and massive appearance of their large double win- dows and fine entrance. Inside, the store is very conveniently arranged, the fittings being of modern design. The wood work is of Canadian white pine relieved with cherry ; on the right, as you enter, stands a fine glass case of unique design, contain- ing bibles, prayer-books, church services, poets' and standard books in fine bindings ; further on, on the same side, is the miscellaneous stock of books general literature, juvenile and educational books. On the opposite side, in front, is the fine stationery, engraving and embossing department, and further on the commercial stationery and blank book de- partment. In this department are to be found the many special blank books for which this firm are famous, such as the printed blank books for the various courts, the " Graves' printed Indexes," Sprague's patent cheque books, &c. In rear of this is the large room specially devoted to their municipal and blank form department, an important branch of the firm's busi- ness. In connection with ^his department. Hart & Company's name is known from one end of the province to the other. Hart & Company are the manufacturers of the celebrated Globe Letter-filing Cabinets and letter files ; a large number of hands are employed in their manu- facture. The cabinets are made of solid black walnut, and in addition to their usefulness and convenience they are a very handsome piece of office furniture. The cabinets are made to hold from 6 to 60 files or drawers, all fitted with the ingenious indexes of this system. Every large business should have one ; they save time and expense ; a letter among 10,000 can be as easily found in this system as one in a 100 under the old way. Hart & Company also manufacture a num- ber of other important articles for office use. Among their many other departments. Hart & Company have a well organized periodical and subscription department under careful supervisioA. They have agents in all the large cities in Great Britain, United States and in Europe, and supply all the British, American and foreign periodicals at the lowest rates Under their methods a comparatively short time is required to procure any book .1 I V -- 5^'.: Hart & Company. is one of facturing set West, centre of i a front- e rear by lot fail to landsome uble win- e is very f modern 'hite pine 3U enter, contain- !s, poets ler on, on of books t al books. ;ationery, d further book de- found the firm are s for the [ndexes," 1 rear of to their m's busi- is known tter-iiling jir manu- 1 to their Furniture, with the >ne; they is system re a num- >rganized hey have rope, and est rates, any book TORONTO . PAST AND PRESENT. 305 C/5 =a or periodical. In this connection they have a very complete order department. Orders are sent by every foreign mail, and books and other articles can be pro- cured with more than the usual dispatch. In all departments great care is exercised to have the best and latest goods in the various lines. Hart & Company have a wide reputation for their enterprise, activity, and quality of their goods. Catalogues and lists are frequently being printed. Their new illustrated list of miscellaneous stationery is very complett Queen Street West, will be promptly answered, and estimates cheerfully furnished on application. 3o8 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. W. & D. DiNBEN, cor. of Yonge and King Streets, is one of those firms that is indispensable in every large city. People desire changes, every now and then, in what they wear ; and, consequently there must be experts who understand what will satisfy the public taste at each turn. Necessarily some firms cater exclusively for buyers of cheap goods ; and there are others whose patrons demand the best quality, the most exquisite taste, or both combined. Among the latter class of firms can justly be ranked W. & D. Dineen, who for nearly a quarter of a century have done a great work in bringing before the people of Toronto, all that the most cul- tured taste or most competent judges could wish for in Hats, Furs and all articles belonging to a stock of this kind. Mr. W. Dineen has had a constant experience of over 20 years in this trade, and his fuliy deserved success bears witness that this experience has been put to good use. The stock comprises not only the best wares manufactured in this country but also those of foreign countries; the selections being made by personal visits of Mr. Dineen. A specialty is made in gratifying the desires of everyone, and all styles, shapes or qualities of Hats and Furs are made to order if not on hand. Messrs. Dineen have occupied the same building, which is a model of neatness, ^ince they began business, and their cus- tomers include many of the wealthiest and most fashionable families of Toronto and neighbouring towns, also the students of the University, and other institu- tions of learning, with which Toronto so happily abounds. The stock of Fura kept here includes every variety in use in Canada, from the popular Fur-lined coats, so extensively worn of late years, and other fur cofits and caps for gentlemen, to the rich seal skin ulsters for ladies in great variety, and other articles made from material even more precious. Their stock of Robes is always kept complete and up to the usual standard. The firm greatly augmented their accommodations last year by occupying the whole of the upper part of the three next stores on Yonge Street, fitting them up handsomely, and meeting the continual enlargement of their business with more roomy and ample accomodations. Here may be found every variety of ladies' and gentlemen's furs, etc., English, American or Canadian, the best of goods set forth in the most attractive and convenient manner and in a light and cheery room, so that an inspection of the stock will well repay even a purposeless and casual visit. Most of the best trade of the city centres here, and always meets with a satisfactory reception and sufficient variety. J. L. Bird, West End Hardware Store. — Success, to a very large extent, in any branch of induFtry, depends^ to a great degree, upon intelligent proficiency, which involves a thorough practical knowledge ot all minute details embraced therein. Combining these characteristics in such an eminent degree, and trans- acting a very extensive trade, not only in the west end of the city, but with many of the principal builders in other parts, the annual aggregate of which is a signifi- cant item in the general total of our commerce, the subject of this sketch is entitled to a place upon these pages. The goods sold by this house are varied m number and reliable in quality, such as paint, oils, varnishes, locks, hinges, nails— in fact, all kinds of builders' hardware, as well as a complete stock of table TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 309 cutlery, nickel-plated goods, electrical and mechanical bells. An extensive stock- is carried at all times, embracing a fine assortment of all lines, and no similar house in the west end has a higher or wider reputation for keeping the very best goods of the kind. Mr. Bird conducts his business in a spirit of liberal and honourable enterprise, giving his customers the benefit of the advantage possessed by him in respect to prices. No business man in the city deserves or enjoys a larger degree of the confidence of those for whom he caters. Hocks, hinges, (stock of table Lyon & Alexander, Importers and Manufacturers of Photo Goods, Mould- ings, Mirrors, etc. — Photography, whether it is considered as a pursuit or an art, presents features of astonishing importance. It is estimated that not less than fifty millions of dollars are paid annually by the people of this continent for photographic pictures, and in addition to the numerous persons who are thus employed directly as artists, the various processes have called into existence many trades that give support to thousands. If this description be correct or sufficiently extensive, the importing and manu- facturing of these goods becomes of the first importance, and forms one of the most conspicuous features in the trade of the country. An interview with Messrs. Lyon and Alexander, who are the only representative importers and manufac- turers of these goods in Ontario, have developed many prominent features of this tade not hitherto very generally known. They are sole agents in Canada for the celebrated Dallmeyer lens, the most famous and only lens in the market that can successfully take a picture of any object or scene when in motion. To excel in this most graceful of all scientific arts, you must use one of these great lenses. While they come a little higher in price, they are by far the cheapest in the end, as they produce so much superior work. Aii Irinds of amateur outfits are also handled. Every conceivable line of these goods for the amateur can be had of this firm at the lowest possible price. Ifi mouldings, mirrors, chromos, frames, etc., their stock is the largest in this Province. All kinds, classes, styles and varieties of photographic fancy goods are whole- saled. Complete outfits, and to any extent, for country photographers, can be furnished by Messrs. Lyon & Alexander. The building which is occupied by them at Nos. no, 112, 114 Bay street, is 60 x 175 feet, four floors. All goods are purchased in bulk, and therefore they can furnish any of their stock in like manner. Their new price list, which is about to be issued, should be in the hands of every dealer in these goods from Halifax to British Columbia. It will contain prices which will interest the trade. The reputation of this firm, and of the goods they manufacture and deal in, has been brought about by the high quality of the output. The business has gradually and surely grown to its present commanding position solely by following those principles of fair dealing and giving value for money which are the sure fore- runners of success. Not only to gain custom, but to hold it in all instances, has been the watchword of the business policy of this house. Send for new price list. li 310 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. Messrs. Kennedy & Fortier. — Among our most enterprising business men of this City may be mentioned the young but progressive firm of Messrs. Kennedy and Fortier, of 186 Young Street, whose establishment is known to the public as the Grand Central Depot, dealers in boots and shoes. Carrying, as they do, one of the largest and best assorted stocks of any house in a like trade, they are enabled to meet the wants of every individual desiring goods in their line. The premises are large, commodious, and arranged in su '" a manner that the eye takes in almost at a glance the general taste displayed and the completeness of arrange- ments. Not satisfied, however, with a retail trade, these gentlemen soine time since embarked in the manufacture of the Patent Paragon Shoe with wooden soles and elastic shanks, designed expressly to take the place of stogas, so much worn by labouring men and school boys. It must be apparent at a glance that the indestructability of the Paragon is an assured fact, combined with ease and comfort to the wearer. The day of worn-out soles and toes must soon be a thing of the past, and Messrs. Kennedy & Fortier must in this respect be classed among the benefactors of the age. With energy, close application, and a thorough knowledge of their business, an industry that had for its nucleus but z small start and prejudices to overcome, is destined at no very distant period to be an important factor in the manufacturing interest of the Province of Ontario, in fact the Dominion of Canada. It is to such men of enterprise as the above that the prosperity of a nation is due, and we feel assured that they are bound to succeed, possessing as they do, all the requirements that make success a foregone con- clusion. We predict a large and growing trade in the Paragon, which is freely covered by Royal Letters Patent both in this and all foreign countries. Messrs. Kennedy and Fortier are the exclusive manufacturers, and the public will do well to remember this fact. Of course they deal in other grades but make a specialty of the comfortable fitting and everlasting non-wearing-out Paragon boot for men and boys. Their factory is on No. 29 Adelaide Street, where a number of skilled hands are employed, with the most improved machinery turning out ca.ses of this novelty every week to keep pace with the demand from all sections of the country. Do not forget that their retail palace Boot and Shoe House, known as the Grand Central Depot is 186 Yonge street, four doors north of Queen. The firm is com- posed of T. Kennedy, Jr., H. C. Fortier, and W. H. Best. G. P. Sharpe, Toronto Steam Laundry. — One of the most annoying incidents of every day life is to be found in the imperfect manner in which the laundries do their work. Among the scores of such industries scattered in our midst the term first-class can only be applied to a very few, and among those that of G. P. Sharpe takes front rank. The pioneer laundry of Toronto, it has by a careful attention to every detail secured for itself a name second to none on this contin- ent. That this fact is beyond all contention is freely borne out by the immense patronage it enjoys. The chemicals which enter largely into the cleaning processes are entirely eschewed, and muscular power substituted, thus insuring not only cleaner work but the satisfaction of knowing our garments will not be TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 3" lusiness men srs. Kennedy the public as ey do, one of f are enabled rhe premises eye takes in ,s of arrange- en soine time with wooden )gas, so much at a glance ned with ease lUst soon be a ect be classed nd a thorough t z small start^ iod to be an >ntario, in fact ibove that the nd to succeed, foregone con- vhich is freely tries. Messrs. lie will do well ike a specialty 1 boot for men nber of skilled at cases of this of the country. 1 as the Grand le firm is com- )ying incidents the laundries our midst the e that of G. P. s by a careful on this contin- y the immense the cleaning , thus insuring nts will not be worn out in the second or third washing. The old axiom, " a word to the wise," should be borne in mind in selecting an establishment where first class work is guaranteed, and at prices no higher than similar institutions, where the only distinguishing features to be found are first class prices, without the satisfaction of first class work. Mr. Sharpe's laundry is on Wellington Street West. All work sent for and delivered at the shortest possible notice. F. Diver & Co. — In the present age when electrotypes, stereotypes, etc., play such an important part in every printing and newspaper office throughout the world, it is necessary that the work should be entrusted to thorough and competent hands. We know of none better qualified in this art than the above named firm whose excellency of work in every detail has earned frr them a national reputation. The best proof of the fact is evidenced by the large and ever increasing patronage they receive daily from the leading printing and publishing houses of Ontario. Their work is artistically gotten up, and all tninutice thoroughly brought out into bold relief equalling in every essential the finest engravings. Messrs. Diver and Co. are fully determined to admit of no rivalry in their business and employ none but the most experienced craftsmen in their establishment. Living essentially in an age of shams there are naturally imita- tions, still the high perfection which the above firm have obtained, places them beyond the necessity of making this fact apparent. To those who require any work done in their line we would advise a visit to Messrs. Diver & Cos'., feeling assured that in every case satisfaction will be guaranteed. Their charges are moderate and work first-class, a fact that will admit of no controversy or argu- ment. John Young, Undertaker. — It is the common lot of all humanity to die, and such being the fact, it behoves the living to lay at rest beneath the sod the mortal remains of loved ones. The duty though sad, is one that should receive our utmost care and solicitude, and only be entrusted to hands that will perform the duty in a manner that will bring no reproach, or after regrets. Mr. John Young, the well known Undertaker of this City, needs no special commendation at our hands, his reputation is not of a transitory nature but is established beyond the possibility of doubt or cavil. Mr. Young is the only Undertaker in Toronto who has made a successful study of the Embalming process, having graduated with honors at one of the first Colleges on the Continent. While observing every necessary essential his prices are not higher than other establishments of their kind, and his work cannot be rivalled or approached. A large and complete assortment of burial caskets are kept constantly on hand, also at all grades of prices. We recommend him as being worthy of patronage in the future as in the past, assuring those who may desire Mr. Young's services, that it will be to their interest to consult with him before going elsewhere. His premises are situated on 347 Yonge Street, where he and a thorough and competent stafif of assistants may always be found. 312 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. A. H. Dixon and Son's Catarrh Cure. — Science, with her multitude of isms, had, until within the past decade, failed to discover, not only the cause of catarrh, but a remedy that would alleviate or effect a cure. To Messrs. A. H. DixOn and Son must be awarded the wreath of bay for a discovery that roots out of exist- ence this curse upon our Western country. Their catarrhal cure is not a nostrum compounded of nameless drugs, but a remedy secured after years of patient study and labour. He, it is said, is the greatest philanthrophist who performs the greatest good to the greatest number, and if this be an infallible axiom, the name of the above gentlemen must endure for ages. It is not our intention to write a homily upon the dreaded disease commonly known as catarrh ; its presence is felt in almost every household of this country, and needs no special mention. As a foe, it is insidious and stealthy, developing into later stages of consumption until death releases its victim. Thousandsofsufferers have tried with beneficial results, Messrs. Dixon & Son's remedy, and many to-day, from its faithful use, are re- stored to health and vigour. What the Rev. E. B. Stevenson, B.A., a clergyman of the London Conference of the Methodist Church of Canada, has to say in regard to A. H. Dixon & Son's new treatment for catarrh : — Oakland, Ontario, Canada, March 17, 1883. Messrs. A. H. Dixon & Son, Toronto. Dear Sirs : — Yours of the 13th instant to hand. It seems almost too good to be true that I am cured of catarrh, but I know that I am. I have had no return of the disease, and never felt better in my life. I have tried so many things for catarrh, suffered so much and for so many years that it is hard for me to realize that I am really better. I consider that mine was a very bad case ; it was aggravated and chronic, involving the throat as well as the nasal passages, and I thought I would require the three treatments, but feel fully cured by the two sent me and I am thankful that I was ever induced to send to you. You are at liberty to use this letter stating that I have been cured at two treat- ments, and I shall gladly recommend your remedy to some of my friends who are ' sufferers. Yours with many thanks, Rev. E. B. Stevenson. The remedy has cured cases of forty years' standing at one application ; it is easily applied, it is used only once in twelve days, and its application, which is done at home, does not interfere with business or ordinary duties. Orders for the United States are sent from their laboratory at Buffalo, N. Y., thereby saving duties. A descriptive pamphlet, treating on the new method of curing catarrh, is sent to all applicants on receipt of stamp to pay postage. Address A. H. Dixon & Son, 305 King Street, West, Toronto, Canada. . INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. EVENSON. American Hotel Death of Col. Moody . Custom House Crompton Corset Co. Exhibition Buildings . Education Department Equity Chambers Hotel Hanlan . . ' Interior View Petley & Petley Interior View Kent Bros. . Jarvis Street Baptist Church Jaffray & Ryan . Knox College Kent Bros. Jewelry Store . Kay's Carpet House Knox Church . , . , Lakeside Home Masonic Hall . May, Samuel, & Co. Mail Printing House McMaster Hall . McDonald & Co. McCall & Co. News Office Petley & Petley . Post Office . . . . . , Public Library . , Queen's Hotel . . . . Queen City Buildings . Rossin House . . . . Russell Abbey Scene in the Lake Side Home St. Andrew's Church . St. James' Church . St. James' Square Church . Shaftesbury Hall PAGC. Ill 27 49 290 55 n 57 "3 280 287 177 305 91 286 284 172 269 131 296 192 95 231 234 197 278 46 73 107 227 log 13 273 167 133 170 53 mmmmimmm 314 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. PAGE. The First Church in Toronto 149 Toronto News Company 237 Telegram Printing House 195 Trinity College ............ 87 Toronto Harbour in 1834 8 University College 99 Upper Canada College 83 i! INDEX TO TEXT. Assessment and Population of Toronto, ^31-33- Anderson, Capt., 29. Advocate, Colonial, 23, 186-7. Asylum, Magdalen, 67. Armstrong, 48. Asylum, Lunatic, 65. Asylum for Incurables, 66. Arcade, 58. Aikens, Dr. W. T., 54. Allan, J., 66. Abbey, Lorette, 80. A. O. U. W., 138-139. Army, Salvation, 184. Advocate, 188. Adam, G. Mercer, 203-210. Auxilliary Pub. Co., 288. Authors of Toronto, 210-218. Aldermen of Toronto, 255. Arteries of Toronto, 39-45. Baldwin, Robt., 26. Brock, Wm., 26. Bid well, Marshall S., 24. Brockton, 258. Bones of the City, 250-253. Body Guard, Gov.-General's, 242. British American Assurance Co., 229. Bible Society, Upper Canada, 179-80. Bible Class of W. H. Rowland, 184 Banner, 188. Bunting, C. W., 192. Bourinot, J. G., 212. Belden Bros., 214. Boyd, J. C, 213. Brooks, Geo., 216. Brains of the City, 76-96, Bengough, J. W., 216. Blake, Hon. E., 89. Boys, Rev. A., 94. Bystander, 62. Bain, Jas., Jr., 75. Boswell, A. R., 121. Board of Trade, 146. Buchan, Dr. H. C, 65 Burns, Rev. Dr. 94. Burroughs, W. J., 307. Body, Rev, S., 94. Bible Christian Churches, 175-176 : Agnes Street, 175. Brock Street, 176. Louisa Street, 176. Baptist Churches, 176-179: Jarvis Street, 176. Alexander Street, 176. Beverley Street, 176. College Street, 176. Dover Court Road, 176. Parliament Street, 176. Eastern Avenue Mission, 179. Lewis Street, Kingston Road, 179. Victoria Street, 179. Yorkville, 179. Banks, 219-222. Federal, 219. Standard 220. Commerce, 220. Imperial, 220. Ontario, 221. Toronto, 221. Dominion, 221. Montreal, 222. Molsons, 222. Quebec, 222. British North American, 222. Merchants, 222. Cannifif, Dr., 63, 211. Castle Frank, ir. Clarke, Dr. D., 65. Capreol, F. C, 59. Christie, Robt., 54. Cawthra, Wm., 76. College, Upper Canada, 76-79, 90. Collins, Harry A., 281. Copland Brewing Co, 305. Convent, Loretto, 80. Crooks, Hon. Adam, 81. Carlyle, Dr. Jas., 86. College, King's, 89. College, Trinity. Caven, Rev. Dr. W., 94. College, Knox, 94. Coffee House, Temperance, 115. Club, Toronto, 120. Club, U. E., 120. mmmmm 316 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. Club, Albany, 120. Corn Exchange, 146. Constellation, Niagara, 185, Collins, Francis, 186. College Times, 189. Cooper, D. F., 294. Cox & Co., 301. Colonist, 188. Churchman, Dominion, 200. Cameron, John, 191, 217. Canada School Journal, 205-6. Collins, Joseph E., 213-215. Canada, Picturesque, 214. Confederation Life Association, 229. Crompton Corset Co., 291. City Health Officer, 247. Catholic Burying Ground, 253. City Hall, 26. Carlton Street, 29. Colborne, Sir John, 24, 76. Campbell, Sir Wm., 22. Captureof Toronto, in 1813, 17. Court House, 52. Carruthers, Jno., 48. City Hall, 52. Custom House, 51. Campbell, J., 79. Club, National 120. Clubs of all kinds, 121-127. Christadelphian Church, 183. Church, Catholic Apostolic, 180. Congregational Churches, 175 : Bond Street, 175. Hazleton, Avenue, 175. Zion, 175. Northern, 175. Parkdale, 175. Spadina Avenue, 175. Doel, Jno., 24-5. Dorenwend, A., 282. Dearborn, Gen., 17. Drill Shed, 53. Denis, Wm., 42. Dental College, 66. Dispensary, Toronto, 69, Doane, Robt. W., 79. Dixon, A. H.. 312. Dixon, Homer, 75. Davies, Rev. W. H., 86. Drama in Old Toronto, 116. Denison, Lieut. -Col., 120, 215. Disciples of Jesus, 184. Davin, Nicholas Flood, 211. Dent, John Charles, 211. Devlin, G. A., 257. Draper, Judge, 262. Educational Monthly, 203-205. Equity Chambers, 57. Esplanade, 40. Exhibition Buildings, 57. Ester, J. H., 72. Evangelical Churchman, 201. Episcopalian Churches, 147-157: All Saints, 152. Ascension, 152. Christ, 152. Grace, 152, 155. Holy Trinity, 155. Redeemer, 152. St, Ann's, 155. St. Barnabas', 155. St. Bartholomew's, 156. St. George's, 156. St. James, 147-152. St. John's (Norway), 156. St. John the Evangelist, 156. St. Luke's, 156. St. Mark's, 156. St. Matthew's, 156. St. Paul's, 157. St. Peter's, 157. St. Philip's, 157. St. Stephen's, 157. St. Thomas', 157. Trinity, 157. Fenian Invasion, 30. Family Compact, 18-23, Fort, Old. 16. Fish, Moses, 70. Fenton, John, 70. Forestry Report, 101. Forestry, 137-138. Freeman, Canadian, 186. Farmer, Canada, 189. Frazer, Jno. Jr., 216. Fire Department, 244. Field Battery, 242. Flora and Fauna, 35-38. Gourlay, Robt., 10, 20. Givins, Col., 16. Government House, 51. Gore Vale, 94. Grenadiers, 242. Grier, Miss, 90. Gregg, Rev. Dr. W,, 94. Grounds, Normal School, 102. INDEX TO TEXT. 317 Gardens, Horticultural, loi. Gardens, Kew, 103. Gazette, Upper Canada, 185. Gazette, Quebec, 185. Guardian, Christian, 187. Guardian, Upper Canada, 186. Grumbler, 189. Globe, 188-191. Griffin, Martin J., 192. Grip, 202. Grant, Rev. Principal G., 214. Garrison Artillery, 242. Hagerman, 19. Hall, McMaster, 94. Harrison, Glover, 284. Hart & Co., 302 Hamilton, Wm., 257. Hand-in-Hand Mutual Ins. Co., 226. Hanlan, Edward, 120. Harris, Wm., 211. Head, Sir F. Bond, 25. Heart of the City, 62-69. Hebrew Church, 182. Hodgins, Dr., 212. Home, Dr., 29. Howland, W. H., 54. Howard, J. G., 252. Houston, W., 72-81, 218. Hughes, J. L., 80. Hughes, S., 82. Hutton, Prof.. 90. Humber River, 9. Hincks, Prof., 35. Hincks, Sir Francis, 211. Hospital, Burnside, 65. Hospital for Sick Children, 65. Hospital, General, 62. Hospital, Small-Pox, 69. Home for News Boys, 67. Home for Girls, 66. Home for Boys, 66. Home for Infants, 67. Home, Lakeside, 268. House of Providence, 63-65. Hotels and Restaurants, 105-115. Albion, 112. American, iii. Continental, 112. Frank, 70. Hanlan, 113. Imperial, 113. Queen's, 106. Revere. 112. . Richardson, 112. Hotels and Restaurants. Rossin House, 108. St. James, 113. Shakespeare, 112. Hub Restaurant, 114, Institute, Canadian, 71. Industry, House of, 66. Institute, De Lasalle, 80. Institute, Collegiate, 82. Institute St. Mary, 80. Inglis, Rev. W , 217. Insurance Offices, 226-229. Island, 263. arvis. Sheriff, 29. amieson, Mrs., 40. ones. Rev. Prof., 94. ewell & Clow, 114. arvis Family, 261. affary & Ryan, 305. King, Dr. John S., 54. Kay, John, 284. Kirkland, T., 86. Kent Bros., 286. Knights of Pythias, 138. Ketchum, Jesse, 24-25. Laut, Jas., 293. Lount, Samuel, 29-30. Leslie, Jas., 23. Leslie, Jos., 23. Liancourt, Due de, lo. Loyalists, U. E,, 15-18. Logan, M., 54. Lungs of the City, 97-104. Library, Free, 52, 72. Library, University, 72. Library, Ont. Parliament, 71-2. Library, Osgoode Hall, 72. Library, Trinity College, 75. Library, Y. M. C. A., 75. Library, Normal School, 75. Lewis, R., 86, Lindsay, Chas., 212-214. Loan and Savings Companys, 223-224. Love, N. C, 67. Lutheran Church, 182. Lyon & Alexander, 309. Marshall, Robt., 58. Marshall's Building, 58. May, Dr. S. P., 86, 89. May, S., & Co.. 296. 3i8 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. Mathews, Peter, 30. Maitland, Sir Peregrine, 18. Massie, James, 54. Masonic, 128-136. MacMurchy, A., 82, Maitland, Sarah, i8. Mayors of Toronto, 34. Mackenzie, Wm. Lyon, 23-25. Morrison, Dr., 24. Moody, Col., 29. Marts of the City, 279. Macdonald, John, 230-4. Maclean, Kate Seymour, 216. Mail, 191-3. Markets of Toronto, 142-145. Market, St. Lawrence, 142 5. Hay, 145. " St. Andrew's, 145. St. Patrick's, 145. Wellington Cattle, 145. " Wood, 145. Military and Defensive Organiza- tions, 241-245. Military Bands, 243. Mississaga, 9. Mind of the City, 70-75. Monument, Geo. Brown, 103. Monument, Volunteers, 103. Miller & Richard, 285. Montgomery, Jno., ig. Monetary Times, 201. Mount Pleasant Cemetery, 253. Mount Pleasant, 262. Mulock, Wm., 8g. Municipal Government, 254. -Vlurray, W. A., 300. Merritt, E,, 306-307. Methodist Churches, 159-165: Bathurst Street, 163. Berkeley Street, 163. Bloor Street, 163. Carlton Street, 163. Chestnut Street, 163. Davenport Road, 165. Dundas Street, 164. Elm Street, 162. Gerrard Street, 164. King Street, East, 164. Markham, 164. Marlborough, Avenue, 165. Metropolitan, 161-2. Parkdale, 164. Parliament Street, 164. Queen Street, East, 164. Queen Street, West, 164. Methodist Churches. • Richmond Street, 164. Sherbourne Street, 162, Spadina Avenue, 163. Todmordon, 164. Woodgreen, 165. McAllister, S., 79. McCall & Co., 234-5. McCaul, Dr., 72, 89. McConnell, M., 294. McKeown, Ed., 299. McKenzie, Hon. A., 213. McLaren, Rev. W., 94. McMaster, Hon. Wm., 94. McMurrich, W. B., 80. McMurray, Rev. W., 93. McNabb, Sir Allan, 2>j. Necropolis Burying Ground, 250. Newark, 9, News, Daily, 194-5. Newspapers, etc., 185-218. New Jerusalem Church, 183. Neilson, Adelaide, 118. North West Fur Co., 20. O'Reilly, T. D., 54. O'Dowd, Miss, 75. Osgoode Hall, 48. .Opera House, Royal, 119. Opera House, Grand, 117. Orange Lodge, 139. Odd Fellows, 136-137. Observer, 186. Officials of Toronto, 256. Old Military Burying Ground, 253. , Parks, 97. Park, Chestnut, 102 " High, 102. " Island, 103. " Ketchum, 103. " Lome, loi. " Moss, 103. " Queen's, 98. " Riverside, 103. " Victoria, 102. " Woodbine, 102. Parkdale, 257. Pardoe, A., 217. Parliament Street, 16. Paxton, Hon. Jas., 51. Pavilion, Horticultural Gardens, 119. Patteson, T. C, 48. INDEX TO TEXT. 319 Pellatt, H. S., 146. Punshon, Rev. Morley, 165. Public Buildings, 47-61. Post Office, 47. Proudfoot, Rev. J. W., 94. Prisons and Reformatory, 54-57. Phipps, R. W., 101-4, 216. Powell, Aid. John, 29. Price, Harvey, 24. Perry, Peter, 21. Powell, 19, Parliament Buildings, 16. Pike, Gen., 17. Prominent Wholesale Firms, 230-240. Patriot 187. Pirie, Alexander, 218. Plymouth Brethren, 184. Police Department, 243. Pulse of the City, 246-249. Presbyterian, Canada, 200. Presbyterian Churches, 165-172 ; Carlton Street, 171. Central, 171. Chalmers, 171. Charles Street, 171. College Street, 171. Cooke's, 171. Deer Park Mission, 171. Denison Avenue, 171. East, 171. Erskine, 172. St. lames' Square 170. Knox Church, 172. Leslieville, 172. Old St. Andrew's, 170. Parkdale, 172. Queen Street, West, 172. St. Andrew's, 166-9. Queen's Rangers, 9, 11. Queen's Own, 30, 241. Queen City Buildings, 58. Queen City Insurance Co., 227. Rattray, J., 211. Railways, 59-61. Railway, Canada Pacific, 61. Credit Valley, 61. " Grand Trunk, 61. " Great Western, 60. •' Northern, 59. " Ontario and Quebec, 61. Reformed Episcopal Church, 182. Reformatory, Andrew Mercer, 66. Rifle Association, 243. Ridout, Jno,, 76. Riots, Montreal, 30. Robinson, Sir John Beverley, 16, 18, 48. Rodger, McClay & Co., 292. Robertson, J. Ross, 189, 193, 267. Roberts, Chas. G. D., 2i5. Rolph, Dr., 23. Rosedale, 261. Russell, Hon. Peter, 12, 260. Ryerson, Rev. E., 79. Rome, Church of, 62. Roman Catholic Churches, 157-159: St. Basil's, 159. St. Helen's, 159. St. Joseph's, 159. St. Mary's, 159. St. Michael's, 157-8. St. Paul's, 158. St. Patrick's, 159. St. Peter, 159. St. Vincent, 159. Scadding, Rev. Dr., 24, 212. Semple, Murder of, 20. Smith, Prof, Goldwin, 23, 69. Selkirk, Earl, 20. Simcoe, Lieut. -Gov. John Graves, 9, 11, 260. Simcoe, Lake, 9. Strachan, Rev. Dr., 10, 17, 22, 93. State Church, 11. Schools, Public, in 1816, 18. Streets in Toronto, 39-45. Greene, Jno., 54. Sherwood, Justice, 51. Shaftesbury Hall, 53. Spadina Estate, 48. Scott, Chief Justice, 51, St. Nicholas Home, 69. Society, Secular, 69. Spragge, Chancellor, 76. Salaries of Public School Teachers, 80. Schools, Public, 81. Schools, Separate, 80. School Journal, 81. School, Model, 86. School, Normal, 86. Shaw, G. E., 82. School, Bishop Strachan, go. School of Art, 86-89. Sweatman, Rev. Bishop, 90. Social Life in Toronto, 116-127. Society in Toronto, 116. Societies, Temperance, 140-141. Societies, Musical, 139-140. 320 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. Secret Societies, 128. Stock Exchange, 146. Society of Friends, 183. Soul of the City, 147-184. Sheppard, E. E. 197. Savings Banks, 225. School of Infantry, 242. Seaton Village, 258. Suburbs of the City, 257-276. Spry, D., 266. St. James Cemetery, 253. Trees and Flowers of Toronto, 36. Thorpe, Judge, 19. Talbert, £,19. Talbot, Hon. Col. Thos , 9. Thompson, S., 75. Theatre, Old Queen's, 119. Telegram, 193-4. Telegraph, Daily, 189-90. Truth, 199. The Financial Institutions, 219-225. Taylor, C. W., 191. Thompson, Phillips, 216. Tongue of the City, 185-209. Thompson, S., 212. Toronto News Co., 236-240, Toronto of the Past, 8-34, Trust Company, 223. University, Provincial, 89. Unitarian Church, 182. Upper Canada Tract Society, 180. Vandersmissen, W. N., 72, 89. Walker, R., & Son. 307. Whigs in England, 25. Whiskey Drinking, 16. Windmill, Ancient, 12. Waterworks, 54. Willis, Lady Mary, 42. Withrow, John J., 58, 266. Wilson, Dr. Daniel, 72, 89, 213. Wilkinson, W. C, 80. White, T. F., 80. Wedd, W., 90, Whittaker, Late Prof. 93. Willis, Rev. M., 94. Wilcox, Wm., 186. Week, 201. Webb, Harry, 283. World, 198. Watson, J., 213. Workman Dr., 216. Withrow, Dr., 213. ( White, Dr., 213. Western Assurance Co., 228. Wiman, Eraslus, 265. White, Foster & Co., 235-6. Young, Hon. Jas , 215. Young, Rev. G. P., 94. Young, John, 311. York, IVluddy Little, 10. Yorkville, 260. Yorkville Militia Company, 242. Zoo, 40. Zoology of Toronto, 36-38. I I , 213- 28. 6. y, 242. 3.