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TORONTO WATER WORKS

REPORT

ON PROPOSED

i [«LftRG[M[IIT UNO IMPBOK[M[NTS

*• BY

E. H. KEATING

CIT\- ENGINEER

TORONTO :
The Carswell Co. Ltd., City Pbintuks, 22, 24 Anni.AiDF. Btrekt East.

30th October, 1893.

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REPORT ON PROPOSED NEW CONDUIT AND IMPROVEMENTS

IN SUPPLY.

' City Engineer's Office,

Toronto, June Uth, 1894.

To the Chairman and Memljers of the Committee on Works •

Gentlemen, — The following letter was received from the Committee on the
8th March last :

E. 11. Keating, Esq.,

City Engineer, Toronto,

Dear Sir, — At the meeting of the Committee yesterday the report presented
by you and the Medical Health Officer was under consideration. Several of the
member'^ of the Committee were strongly of the opinion that a cast iron G-ft. pipe
across the bay would answer all the purposes required for the obtaining of a pure
supply of water. The Committee desire that you will report :

1. On the cost of the 6-foot cast iron pipe from the Intake to the well.

2. On the cost of a 6-foot oast iron pipe from Hanlan's Crib to the well.

3. The cost of a G-foot steel pipe over the same sections.

4. The cost of the tunnel scheme as proposed, with an extension of pipe to
the intake.

Yours truly,

Arthur H. Clarke,

Secretary Committee on Works.

In crder that the matter may be clearly understood, I append hereto a copy
of the letter referred to, from the Medical Health Officer and myself, and in
compliance with the request of the Committee the estimates asked for are given
bulow. I may state that in preparing these estimates provision has been made
for the increased expenditure which will be necessary in order to meet the
requirements of the Harbour Board for anchorage, so that the conduit may safely
be emptied for the purpose of examination and for sufficient covering to avoid the
liability of the conduit being damaged by vessels. One item which will add very
largely to the cost of laying any new conduit across the harbour is that of rool:
excavation under water, of which it is estimated that there will be about 4,700
cubic yards. The following are the estimates for which the Ccnnmittee have
asked :

1. The estimated cost of a 6-foot cast iron pipe from a new intake to

the pumping well is $560,000 00

It. The esti nated cost of a 6-foot cast iron pipe from Hanlan's Crib

to the pumping well is 240,000 00

3. The estimated cost of a 6-foot steel pipe over the same sections is

as follows :

For 6-foot steel pipe from a new intake in the lake to the

pamping well 518,000 00

And from Hanlan's Crib to pumping well 237,000 00

4. The estimated cost of the tunnel scheme, as previously recom-

mended, with an extension of pipe to the new intake, is 525,000 00

1.23250

It must be clearly understood that any scheme involvinf^ a new conduit from
the pumping station to Hanlan's Point or Hanlan's Crib will be incomplete in
itself, and that further expenditures are necessary owing to the insufficient depth
at which the existing 5-foot steel pipe has been laid throuj^h "the cut" across
Toronto Island. The top of this pipe at one point lies at the level of low watei;
in the lake, and tor several hundreds of feet it is only six inches below the same
level. It will therefore be neen that nuless this defect is remedied, or some means
are adopted towards auf^mentin<^ the supply, the City is liable to be short of water
at times when Lake Ontario may approach its lowest level, or if the consumption
of water should increase. 'J'his pipe cannot now, while it is in use, be lowered
without running the risk of damaging it seriously, and as the whole wator supply
of the City is at present drawn through it, a break would result in the serious
contamination of the supply both by large quantities of sand and bay water. It
appears, therefore, almost superfluous to emphasize tlie importance of providing,
with the least possible delay, seme means not only of conveying the lake water'
securely and uncontaminated across Toronto harbor, but also of insuring a full
supply, which, under existing circumstances, cannot be relied upon at times when
the lake may happen to fall to a low level.

Respectfully submitted,

E. H. KE.VTING,

City Engineer.

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WATER WORKS IMPROVEMENT AND PROPOSED TUNNEL.

Referring to the communication irom the Committee of the IJtli luue
last, having reference to my letter to His Worship the Mayor Of the 'Uii .fuiio,
1895, action upon which was deferred in order that a report might be suijniitted
dealing with the whole matter, 1 have the honor to report as follows :

f'ioi»isf(l Tunnid mid Ni'ir Sti'd <Ai)idiiit. ' ^

The borings across the harbor having been completed, and all necessary
information with reforence to th-^ material to bo passed through having been
obtained, 1 have had the accompanying plan prepared showing the best
position for the tunnel, which would commence at a point on the VVater Works
property ai)ont t)0 feet south of the existing Pumpmg Station, wliere a lO-ft.
shaft would be sunk to a depth of 1;]8 feet 'S inches below zero level of the Lake.
The tunnel would then be constructed at a similar level in a southerly direction
und^r the harbor tor a distance of 5,S20 feet to a point near .Mugg's Landing,
Avhero the terminal or inlet shaft would be sunk, to whicli a new steel conihut
would be connected at a di-pth ol' about 12 feet below zero level.

It is propose<l to make the tunnel (i feet 6 inches in width by 6 feet G inches
in height, the cross-section resembling a horseshoe, as will be seen by reference
to the plan. It is also proposed to sink a shaft from the surface down to the
tunnel at a point in the Bay 3,lU0 feet from tjie Pumping Station shaft, or
nearly midway between the inlet or terminal shaft and the Pumping Station
shait, with the object of facilitating the work and shortening the time of
construction.

The result of the borings shows that shale rock will be struck at the
Pumping Station shaft at a depth of about 16 feet below the surface of the
ground, at a depth of 42 feet below zero level at the centre shaft, aud at a
depth of 65 feet below zero at the inlet shaft. The whole length of the tunnel
will be through shale rock, and it has been placed at such a depth as to avoid,
as far as possible, any water bearing seams which are found to exist in some
places at higher levels. All the water bearing seams crossed in ihe boring
operations were found to contain mineral water, showing that they have no
connection with the Bay.

The shafts wheri= they i)a8s through sand and for a short distance into the
rock are proposed to be constructed of cast iron or steel. Through the rock
they will be lined with brick and concrete, and the tunnel is projiosed to be
lined in the same manner. Sumps will also be provided at the bottom of each
Bhaft, so as tq admit of the tunnel being emptied at any time, and the drainage
of the tunnel is provided for by constructing a channel at a sufficient gradient
along the bottom, having a fall towards each shaft.

It is also proposed, in connection with this work, to lay an entirely new steel
conduit pipe, G feet in diameter, from the inlet shaft at Mugg's Landing to the
north end of the existing 6-ft. steel conduit at the bell-buoy crib, to which it will
be securely and tightly connected. The southern end of this conduit, from the.

connecting crib on the Island to the bell-buoy crib, will replace the existing
6-ft. wooden conduit;, to which special attention has been previously drawn, and
for which an appropriation of $75,000 was recently asked. This portion of the
new intake pipe should be the first part of the work done, as it is necessary in
order to get rid of the sand which at present is causing so much inconvenience
and expense. It is proposed to lay the new steel conduit on a descending
gradient from the Lake shore to the inlet shaft, and at a sufficient depth to
provide for the dehvery of over 40,000,000 gallons of water at the Pumping
Station, the tunnel being designed to deliver about 75,000,000 gallons, with the
pumping wells drawn down to 9 feet. Provision will be made at the inlet shaft
for an additional 6-ft. steel pipe being connected therewith at any future time
when the demand for water may exceed the capacity of the proposed new steel
conduit. Provision will also be made for emptying and examining the new steel
conduit between the Lake shore and the inlet shaft. Southwardly fr^m the Lake
shore, it is not practicable to make this provision without going to very con-
siderable and unnecessary expense. It is intended that the new steel conduit
shall be covered and the filling carried up to the general level of the Island, so
as to prevent any possibility of its being damaged or of its rising when it may
be necessary to empty it for the purpose of examination.

It is also proposed to lay a new 5-ft. steel connecting pipe fiom the new
steel conduit, at a point near the inlet shaft to the existing 5-ft. steel conduit at
a point nearly opposite Heber's landing, the object being to enable the supply to
the City to be maintained through the existing conduits across the harbor at any
time when it may be deemed advisable to pump out or examine the tunnel.

The estimated coio of the whole of the above works, which include the
tunnel and shafts, the new 6-ft. steel conduit from the inlet shaft to the bell-buoy
crib, the necessary connections from the discharge shaft to the pumping wells,
the special 5-ft. connection between the new conduit and the present 5-ft. pipe ,
the necessary valves, cribs and manholes and all other work in connection with
this undertaking, is $540,000, which is $15,000 above the original estimate, when
it was contemplated to construct the tunnel via Hanlan's Point. This difference
in cost is due chiefly to the increased length of the tunnel under the new schema
and the additional shaft in the Bay.

In preparing this estimate the prices paid for similar work in New York,
Chicago, Milwaukee and Rochester have been referred to, and it is thought that
ample allowance has been made to cover all contingencies.

E. H. KEATING,
September 6th, 1895. Citv Engineer.

TORONTO WATER WORKS

REPORT

ON PROPOSED

ENURGEMENT AND IMPROVEMENTS

E. H. KEATING

CITY ENGINEER

TORONTO :

The Carswell Co. Ltd., City Printers, 22,24 Adei-aide Street East.

30th October, 1893.

CITY ENGINEER'S REPORT ON PROPOSED ENLARGEMENT AND
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TORONTO WATER WORKS.

Cnt Engineer''! Office,

Toronto, October 30th, 1893.

To the Chairman and Members of the Committee on Work$ :

Gentlemen, — On the 30th January last, the Water Works Committee was
abolished, and the management of the works was transferred to this Department.

The Minute of Council bearing upon this subject contains, among other
things, the following iistructions, viz. :

" It is further recommended that the City Engineer be instructed to make a
thoroujjh inspection of the Water Works system and machinery, and report at
the earliest moment needed additions, alterations, etc., and the cost thereof, or
any portion thereof, as he may deem necessary, for the purpose of placing the
amount in the estimates for the year."

At the time these instructions were issued the affairs of the Water Works
Department were known to be in a bad condition. The conduit, which was
intended to convey the water from Lake Ontario to the Main Pumping Station,
had only a few weeks previously met with a disastrous accident. Long sections
had risen to the surface and broken in several places, while portions still
remained projecting above and embedded in the ice in Blockhouse Bay and
Toronto Harbor. The lake water being thus cut o£f, the entire water supply of
the city was being drawn directly from the sewage polluted harbor, and as a
natural consequence sickness was prevalent throughout the City, typhoid fever
threatened to become epidemic, and a general state of alarm and uneasiness
existed among the citizens.

Under these circumstances, I considered my first and most imperative duty
was to devote special attention to repairing and replacing the damaged conduit
and to search out the weakest and most dangerous points in the system, with the
view to effecting a remedy and restoring confidence in the safety of the water
supply for ordinary use, if possible. This, I think, has now been- partially
accomplished, and it is my only axcuse for the delay which has occurred in
presenting this report.

I have already made several reports and recommendation s, the carrying
into effect of which will be to increase the pumping capacity and to improve the
character of the works; but as most of these recommendations have already
been adopted and funds provided, it is unnecessary that I should refer to them
here.

I find, however, that the impression appears to be general among the alder-
men that I am expected to enquire into and report upon the whole question of
our future water supply.

The only instructions I have on this subject are contained in a resolution of
Council passed on the 13th February last, of which the following is a copy, viz.:

" Ald.Davies moves that the City Engineer, while considering the question of
our future water supply, be instructed to report as to the advisability of securing
a pure supply of water by gravitation from Scarboro Heights, and also as to the
cost of removing the pumping plant to the lake front at that point, with the
necessary mains to connect with the present system."

The consideration of the question of the future water supply of the city
involves a study of the various projects which have at different times been
brought forward, each of which has its advocates and most of which have recently
been discussed to some extent either in the papers or at public meetings.

Two or three offers, I understand, have been made by different persons or
syndicates to supply water to the c.ty for a stipulated price per 1,000 gallons,
delivered either into the existing mains, at some df^fined point, or into Rose
Hill Reservoir, or a new reservoir to be hereafter constructed ; but I have no
positive or official knowhidge regarding the details of these proposals, as they
were not submitted to me.

I may, however, say with regard to all proposals of this kind, that in my
opinion, the public interests demand that the control of the entire water supply
of the city, in all its bearings and details, should be vested in, retained and
jealously guarded by the municipal authorities.

The following is a list of the various schemes proposed, so far as they have
come under my notice :

1. From Lake Ontario, in the vicinity of Scarboro.

2. From Lake Ontario, in the vicinity of Mimico.

3. From the Oak Ridge Lakes and the Rivers Don and Rouge (by gravity).

4. From Lake Simcoe.

5. From wells sunk in the gravel beds north of the city,

6. From springs and artesian wells in the Township of Erin.

7. From the vicinity of the present intake.

In order to dispose of the matter, as far as I am concerned, I propose briefly
to refer to each of these projects, which I will take seriatim :

I. — From Lake Ontario, in the Vicinity of Scarboro.

This scheme would involve laying at least one new large main about
CJ miles in length to connect with the existing system ; the construction of new
wharves and buildings at Scarboro ; moving the present high duty pumping
plant to that point, and probably the erection of an additional ten-million gallon
engine, besides involving a new and large intake pipe or conduit, which would
require to be over two miles in length, if it is desired to draw the water from the
same depth as at the present intake, which is seventy-five feet below the surface.
In preparing the estimates, however, I have provi(l jd for the intake to be placed
at a depth of only sixty feet, which would probably be sufiBcient. By this means
the lake conduit could be shortened to 9,000 feet. At present prices 91,000,000
is a moderate estimate for completing this scheme on the above basis, so as
simply to connect with the existing system and allowing for the new main to be
forty-two inches in diameter, which ia as small as it should be.

' If a hundred million gallon reservoir at Soarboro is to be added — as ap-
parently required under Aid. Davies' resolution — in order "to obtain a supply by
gravity from that point," the above estimate would have to be very largely increased.
The amount of this increase I am not at present in a position to state, because I
am not in possession of sufiScient information regarding the topography of the
country, the most suitable site for the reservoir, and the character of the sub-soil,
to warrant my making any estimate. It was my intention to have these matters
thoroughly looked into, but the appropriation at my disposal was not sufficient
to cover the cost of the investigations necessary. I may say, however, that
Messrs- Hering & Gray, who in 1889 investigated and reported upon a scheme
for obtaining the water supply from the vicinity of Victoria Park, estimated
the cost of a 100-million gallon reservoir on Wells' Hill (with the necessary
connections) at $305,000, and it is not likely that a similar reservoir at Scarboro
would cost less.

Under existing conditions I do not think it advisable to draw the water
supply of the City from the vicinity of Scarboro or Victoria Park for the following
chief reasons, viz. :

1. The exposed position and unsuitable character of the shore for the
establishment of a pumping station and wharves.

2. The great length to which it would be necessary to lay the suction pipe or
condnit in the lake, in order to reach a suitable depth.

3. The turbid character of the water in the spring, which is reported on good
authority to extend southwardly into the lake two miles.

4. The risk ar.d uncertainty of being able to construct a tight reservoir,
within a reasonable cost, in the sandy and gravelly soil on the heights in that
vicinity, in the event of such a reservoir being needed.

I might also remark that this scheme, if adopted, would not be likely to
prove satisfactory unless a new reservoir, having a capacity of at least one hundred
million gallons, is constructed at Wells' Hill, or somewhere in that neighborhood,
and that there does not at present seem to be any great advantage to be gained by
pumping the water into a reservoir at Scarboro.

II. — From Lake Ontario, in the Vicinitv of Mimico.

I am not a .vare of this scheme ever having been thoroughly investigated and
recommended by any water works engineer.

My inveskiigations have been confined to a partial inspection of the shore and
lake in the early spring and a drive over the country along or near the probable
route of the rising main.

The prospect did not appear sufficiently inviting to justify much further
attention to this project. The water for a long distance from the shore (probably
from two to three miles) appeared to be riled and dirty. From this I should
infer that the shallow water extends out quite as far, if not further, than off
Scarboro, and that the lake conduit would consequently have to be a very long
J • The length of main required would be considerably greater than the main
lom Scarboro ; a new and large reservoir at or about Weils' Hill would also be
needed, and the required crossing at the Hiver Humber would be likely to prove
a costly feature.

While I have made no estimate of the coats of this scheme, I think ' probable
that it would largely exceed the Scarboro project, and that it is less favorable in
other respects. I therefore do not advise its 'doption.

Ill, — From the Oak Bidoe Lakes axd the Rivers Don and Rouge

(dy Gravity).

This project was reported upon in 1887 by Messrs. McAlpine & Tully, who
strongly advocated its adoption.

In a comparison of costs with pumping water from Lake Ontario, they show
an enormous annual saving in its favor.

Taking daily supplies of twelve, twenty, thirty and fifty millions of gallons as
bases for their calculations, they give the following results :

Daily Supply.

Total Cost of
Works.

Annual Cost
(by Gravity).

Annua! Cost
(by Pumping).

Annual Saving

Efifected by

Adoption of

Gravity Scheme.

Gallons.
12,0()0,000

310,102

$
32,404

83,120

50,716

20,000,000

490,700

44,628

161,787

117,159

30,000,000

873,000

65,012

227,320

162,308

50,000,000

1,380,330

95,218

376.387

281,174

With regard to these figures T have only to say that in my opinion they will
uot stand close scrutiny. The cost of construction of the gravity works appears
to have been underestimated, while the cost of pumping, under ordinary condi-
tions, has clearly been overstated. Persons desirous of enquiring more fully into
these matters are referred to the report itself and to the appendix attached to this
report.

The report states that " when the demand for water shall have reached
thirty millions of gallons a day, the annual saving by the gravity plan would be
9162,308, and for fifty millions, $281, 174, sufficient in each case to repay the whole
cost of the gravity works in less than six years."

The concluding paragraph is, however, the most important one to be found in
the whole report. It is as follows :

"In conclusion, we have to state that our preliminary examinations have
shown that an abundant supply of pure and wholesome water for any possible
future demand can be obtained from the districts herein described ; that it can
be delivered at the same or considerably greater elevation than the Rosehill
Reservoir, at a cost, the annual interest of which, including the expense of
management and renewals, wil? be so much less than the expense of furnishing
an equal quantity by pumping, that the saving in considerably less than tea
years will be equal tc the whole cost of the proposed gravity works. "

After a careful perusal of the report and a partial inspection of the district
under consideration, I rogret that I feel compelled to differ and entirely dissent
from the views, estimates and conclusions arrived at by the engineers who pre-
pared the report.

Chemical analyses and ordinary observation show that the water supply
from a large part of the district is impure and unfit for domestic consumption,
and in my opinion it cannot be purified and utilized without entailing enormous
and unjustifiable expense, far beyond the estimates. I do not believe that the
scheme, if carried into effecv, would prove satisfactory, and I advise its
rejection.

IV. — From Lake Simcoe.

This scheme having been pretty thoroughly looked into in past years and
specially reported upon by Messrs. Hering & Gray in 1889, and by a Committee
of the City Council in 1891, I did not feel myself justified in incurring any expense
in undertaking further detailed investigations. I have, therefore, %fter examinmg
the different reports, confined myself to a visit to the locality, a sail over a portion
of the lake and a cursory examination of the points from which it has been
proposed to draw the supply.

Messrs. Hering & Gray estimated the cost of the completed scheme to ue
" at least $7,711,32.5," exclusive of land damages. What the additional costs of
these damages would be is an unknown quantity.

There are many advocates for this project, some of whom, I believe, claim
that the cost has been greatly overestimated, and that there are ways and means
by which the estimates may be reduced. I have not attempted to examine
critically into these differences, not only because such an examination would
involve an expenditure which I had no means of meeting, but because the
engineers who made the surveys and estimates are competent experts in whom
every confidence can be placed.

Without going further into the matter, it is sufficient to know that the pipe
line is about forty-six miles in length, and that ten miles of tunnelling are
required, in order to conclude that the cost must necessarily be enormous, and
that, even supposing the estimates can be largely reduced the project, for the
present and under existing circumstances, is impraciicable.

I should, perhaps, add that the chemical analysis of Lake Simcoe water
shows it to be greatly inferior to that of Lake Ontario, so that, even assuming
that an economical scheme for bringing Lake Simcoe water to the City could be
devised, it would still be inadvisable to adopt it when a better and purer supply
lies at our doors.

V. — From Weixs Sunk in the Gravel Beds North of the City.

I understand that there are two rival companies interested in this project,
but as their proposals are not in my possession I am unable to refer to them. I
may, however, say that I visited North Toronto in company with some of the
projectors in April last, with a view to gaining some knowledge of this source of
supply.

I was shown the North Toronto pumping station, and an excavation in the
gravel about a quarter of a mile distant therefrom, from which a small stream of
water was flowing.

The North Toronto pumping station is supplied from a well adjoining, about
18 feet in diameter and 24 feet in depth, the normal depth of water in the well
being about eight feet. The total daily consumpt'on was stated by the engiiieer
in charge to be about 8,000 gallons. This quantity of water is raised in abou
two and a half-hours, and lowers the water in the well abo^t four feet.

There is no other water visible except what I have mentioned above. The
theory of the promoters is that there is an immense underground flow from Lake
Simcoe through the gravelly subsoil, and that it can be advantageously tapped
by means of driven wells in the vicinity referred to, and thence drawn off by
gravity to the City after being raised by pumps to the surface.

I am not in a position to deny tho existence of the underground river, but
considering the expense that would be involved in making satisfactory tests, the
uncertainty as to the supply in any large quantity holding out, and the extreme
improbability of being able to obtain anything approaching the required quan-
tity of water from this source, coupled with the fact that it would still require to
be pumped, I think I am justified in concluding that the outlook does not seem
sufficiently encouraging to warrant further consideration of this project.

Since writing the above, I have ascertained that there is now very little
water in the well referred to, and that it can be pumped dry in about ten
minutes.

VI. — From Sprikos and Artesian Wells in the Township of Erin.

This locality was visited early in April. Its height above Lake Ontario is
about 1,000 feet, and its distance from the centre of the city in a direct line i^
about 36 miles. Three or four flowing springs of exceptionally clear and spark"
ling water were pointed out. It was subsequently learned that this water is as
exceptionally hard as it is bright. Mr. Vanderlip, who first called attention to
this source of supply, also pointed out the locality of a bore-hole in the same vicin-
ity, which had been sunk in prospecting for oil some years previously. He
stated that no oil was discovered, but that at a depth of 80 or 90 feet the boring
tool suddenly dropped about eight feet, and that water immediately rushed to
the surface. The bore-hole is not now accessible, as it has long since been filled
in and ploughed over, and nothing is to be seen except a puddle of water in a field
to mark the spot.

The prospects of obtaining a considerable quantity of water from this locality
appear greatly better than at North Toronto, but if it should prove to be as hard
as that flowing from the springs in the same locality (which seems probable) it
would be unfit for general use.

Under such circumstances, and considering the enormous expense which
would have to be incurred in bringing the water so great a distance, I fear the
project cannot be seriously entertained.

VII. — From the Vicinity or the Present Intake.

After looking into all the possible sources of supply — so far as they are known
to me — the conclusion I have reached is that Lake Ontario can be relied upon

to furnish better water than can bo obtained from any other quarter within reach,
and that it is the proper reservoir from which to draw the Bnpply.

I am also of opinion that the position of the present intake was wisely
selected, and that the fnture water supply can be obtained from the same vicinity,
not only to best advantage, but that the difficultieB and expense which would
be mvolved in making any radical change ari so gre»t that it would be unwise to
go elsewhere.

The question of the disposal of City sewage naturally presents itrrelf in con-
nection with any scheme for drawing the water supply from Lake Ontario.

While it cannot be denied that all f«3cal matters ought properly to be
returned to the earth from which they have their origin, and that, theoretically,
it is wrong in principle and dangerous to discharge sewage into the same body
of water from which water Hiay be drawn for domestic use, yet it is well, and in
fact we are forced to look at this question from a practical standpoint.

This leads to the enquiry as to how far and to what extent injurious effects
are to be feared from a continuance of the practice, assuming of course that
ordinary safeguards are adopted.

If we take a hasty glance at our own case as it has existed ever since the
foundation of the City, we find that Toronto, up to the present time, has continued
to pour its crude sewage into the bay in front of its own doors, and for a long
period pumped its drinkin;; water directly from the same bay. We find to-day
that the bulk of the sewage of 200,000 people is discharged into the same water
from which the domestic supply is drawn, and within a radius of three miles from
the Water Works intake, and yet chemical and bacteriological tests show that the
water at the intake is practically pure and wholesome. The health of the City
also corroborates the correctness of these tests.

If we look a little further, the case appears still more striking when we
consider the millions of human beings residing on the shores of the great lakes
and on the rivers emptying therein, all of whom pour their sewage and waute pro-
ducts into the same waters, which receive also the drainage from hundreds of
thousands of acres of cultivated lands with all the accompanying impurities from
freshly manured fields, barn yards, privies and millions of cattle.

The inference to be drawn is that all such foul matters, within certain
limitations, decompose and undergo a process of self-purification after being dis-
charged into a large body of fresh water, and that beyond a certain distance from
the point of pollution, no injurious effects are to be traced or feared. What that
precise distance is has never been definitely or satisfactorily determined so as to
admit of direct calculation or the application of any standard rule. Each separate
case requires special investigation and careful study, as local conditions must of
necessity be considered.

Among the most recent investigations on this subject with which I am
acquainted are those which were carried on in the town of Zurich, in Switzer-
land, containing, with its suburbs, about 100,000 inhabitants. The average
delivery of sewage from the town is stated to be 4,400,000 gallons, and the
maxinuim 11,000,000 gallons per day. This sewage is discharged into the Kiver
Limmet, which is about 98 feet in width and OJ feet in depth, with an average

daily flow of about 2,000,000,000 gallons, and a mean velocity of about foni miles
per hour. The conclusions arrived at i>» this casf^ were as follows :

"1. " That 96 per cent, of the precipitation takes place within 0.3 mile below
the sewage outfall.

2. " That within six miles of the sewage outfall the number of bacteria falls
to the number immediately above that point.

3. " That the greater ihe volume and velocity of the river, the slower is the
rate of self-puriiioation.

4. " That so far as concerns the sewage, the rate of self-purification is not
influenced by meterological changes.

5. " That under the conditions described, and provided there are no inter-
mediate sources of pollution, a river such as the Limmet, flowing at the mean
velocity of about four miles per hour, will purify itself within a distance of about
sixteen miles from the point of pollution."

I have dwelt rather fully upon this subject, in order to show that providing
the city sewage is discharged into the lake at a suflicient distance from the
Water Works intake, no injurious effects need be anticipated. What the safe
distance is remains a matter for further investigation, and it is a question which
must before long receive attention if the city continues to increase in population,
as it undoubtedly will.

At the present time the water supply is drawn from Lake Ontario, at the
bell-buoy crib, at a depth of twenty-one feet below zero level of the lake ; the
renovation of the 6-ft. steel pipe extension to a depth of seventy-five feet not
being yet quite completed. The water flows through 2,357 feet of wooden con-
duit six feet in internal diameter to the shore crib on Toronto Island. Thence
the water is conducted through a 5-ft. steel conduit to Hanlan's crib, a distance
of 6,027 feet, and thence through a double line of pipes across the harbor, a
distance of about 4,600 feet, to the Pumping Station, one pipe being of steel
four feet in diameter, and the other cast iron, three feet in diameter.

The 6-ft. wooden conduit is partially filled with sand, but whether the sand
finds its way through defective joints in this wooden conduit or not is at present
uncertain. It is a diiflcult matter to determine beyond doubt what is the actual
condition of this conduit, as the water supply cannot be shut ofl for a sufficient
length of time to admit of examination.

The 5-ft. steel pipe also contains sand in some places, and it has, unfortu-
nately, been laid so irregularly and at so high a level that it cannot be relied upon
to furnish all the water required in the City at times when the lake may fall
more than one foot below zero level, which sometimes happens.

The 4-ft. steel pipe across the harbor cannot safely be relied upon, owing to
to its liability to damage by reason of its shallowness in some places, and also by
reason of its exposed position in the bott m of the harbor across the ship
channel, where it lies unprotected.

Minutes of Proceedings of the Institute of Civil Engineers, Vol. CXI.

The 3-ft. cast iron pipe across the harbor is believed to be in perfeco condition,,
but it is too small of itself to deliver all the water required in case uf damage to
the 4-ft. pipe.

Under these circuraBtances it becomes necessary to devise means whereby
these defects may be overcome and tlie required water supply delivered at the
Pumping Station with reasonable assurance that it will not suddenly be cut off,
diminished or polluted, by reason of the lake falling to a low level or from accidents
which are liable to happen at any moment.

Different methods have been proposed with the view to remedying these
defects and lessening the risks, cither partially or wholly, and others have
suggested themselves after a study of the questions involved.

The following is a list of all these proposals and suggestions :

1. A new steel conduit across the Harbor.

2. A tunnel under the Harbor and Island and into the lake to a new inlet.

3. Pipes laid in a tunnel under the Harbor.

4. An auxiliiiry pumping station on the Island and forcing the water through
the present conduits across the harbor to the pump- well.

6. Transferring the Main Pumping Station to the Island, and pumping the
water through either the present conduits or through new pipes laid across the
harbor.

6. The same as the above, only that the force main or mains should be
carried across the western entrance to the harbor on a bridge.

7. A tunnel under the harbor and a new conduit across the Island.

I will briefly refer to each of these projects in the order in which they are
given :

(1) A new steel conduit across the harbor would be largely open to the same
objections as apply to the existing pipe, and does not wholly meet the case.

(2) A tunnel uuder the harbor and Island, carried out into the lake to a
new inlet in deep water, would undoubtedly be an effective remedy, if practic-
able ; but before any opinion could be formed on this subject, a complete set of
borings would have to be made, and the investigations would prove tedious and
expensive. The project would also be a very costly one, and need scarcely be
considered when the same objects can be attained for far less money, as it is
unnecessary to tunnel under the Island and risky to attempt tunnelling out into
the lake anywhere in the vicinity of Toronto Island.

(3) Piper, laid in a tunnel under the harbor would also be an effective
remedy, so far as danger from pollution by bay water is concerned, but the plan
would prove an exceedingly expensive one, and does not meet all the requirements
of the case.

(4) The idea of providing an auxiliary pumping plant on the Island was, I
anderstand, first proposed in 1887 by Eliaa Sogers, Esq. , who was then an Alder-

pian. The soheiro was it vef^tigated, ropoitcd upon and recommended by
Messrs. Geo. G. Robb and John OaU in the jame year, the sole objecc, apparently.
bein({ to provide pome "temporary expedient" for increasing the water supply
" until such time as a general and permanent system may 'oo devised and carried
out." The plan contemplated the erection of a tank or stand pipo at he Island
crib and raising the water by means of a centrifugal pump, sn a.^ to create " an
artificial head" of about twenty feet above the level of the lake at that point,
with a view to forcing 22,000,000 gallons of water into the pump- well through tha
old wooden 4-ft. pipe in Blockhouse Bay and the 3-ft. iron pipe in the harbor, us
these pipes were found to be inadequate. The estimated cost was stated to be
^29,000 ; but the cost of operation is not given.

At the time the above report was made, the present 5-ft. and 4-ft. steel
pipes from the Island crib to the City had not been laid, so that the necessity
for such an auxiliary pumping plant for the purpose of increasing the supply no
longer exists.

The scheme has, however, recently been revived, with the view not to
increasing the delivery of the pipes, but to prevent the influx of polluted bay
water in case of the pipes being leaky.

In regard to this scheme, I may say in the tiret place that the estimates of

'Vl tnx) ' t8 87 would be quite inadequate to cover the cost of the enlarged pumping plant

which would ^pl be needed, if a sufficient and constant head is always to be

maintained to force the whole water supply through the existing conduits under

pressure, and the annual cost of maintenance would be very considerable.

In the second place, a complicated state i affairs would be set up which
might at any moment lead to disastrous results by the Hooding of the engine
houses at the Main Pumping Station. This is a danger which does not appear to
have been considered in the original scheme, and to obviate which would involve
considerable additional expense.

In the third place, I may say that the principle is wrong, and if carried out
H would not, in my opinion, prove benelicial or satisfactory. Should leaks at
any time be found to exist in the conduit through which the water was being
forced, it ^vould result in the waste of large quantities of fuel in pumping lake
water in co the bay and harbor. Common prudence and economy would require
that the leaks should be found and stopped with the least practicable delay, so
that after this remedy (which is necessary in any case) had been applied, there
would be no further use for the auxiliary pumping station. The proposah
therefore, appears to me to be an absurd one.

(5) The scheme of transferring the Main Pumping Station to Toronto Island
and pumping the supply through either the present conduits or through new
pipes to be laid across the harbor, is open to the grave objection that in the
event of serious leakage, a break, or accident to the force main under water, the
entire water supply to the City might be suddenly cut off, and considerable time
would necessarily be consumed in aijcortaining exactly where the defects existed
and in effecting repairs. This sole object'.pn is too serious to warrant the adoption
o( any such schenie.

(6) Tbe alternative project of placinj^ the Main rumping Station on the
Island and carryinj,' duplicate force mains across the wcntern entrance on a
bridge, at or near the Queen's wharf, miglit be seriously considered if the con-
struction of a bridge of moderate height across the ship channel would ho
allowed. Such a bridge would undoubtedly be of very great service to the
residents and to visitors of the Island, in addition to its affording the moans of
supporting the force mains and of rendering them easily accessible at all times.
The centre span of the bridge would require to be about 400 feet in length across
the channel, with long approaches both north and south.

The Harbor Commissioners have been communicated with on the subject.
They will not sanction a pier in the centre of the channel, and they require clear
head-room above the water level of 150 feet. This latter requirement renders
the scheme impracticable, not only on account of the enormous expense of the
structure that would be required, but also on account of the excessively heavy
gradients that would be involved, which would render the bridge unserviceable
for trafiQc.

(7) A tunnel under the harbor, coupled with a new conduit across Toronto
Island and into the lake to a new intake, appears to mo to be the best solution of
the problem. It is also one of the cheapest and safesi plans of any so far proposedi
ind I recommend its adoption. In my opinion it is unsafe to rely upon the exist-
ing conduits, for reasons which I have already explained, and I advise that no
time be lost in starting tfie worlrs, the construction of which will probably take
two years.

Borings have been made at the Water Works wharf and at Haulan's Point,
for the purpose of ascertaining the nature of the material to be encountered.
Shale rook was found at a depth of 13 feet below lake level (zero) at the pumping
station, and at 55^ feet in depth at Hanlan's Point. The rock generally is tirm
and solid, but is of such a nature that the tunnel would require to be lined through-
out its whole length, which is a little over a mile. A few small water-bearing
seams were encountered in boring through the upper layers of the rock, and more
borings are required before the courses of these seams can be traced with any cer-
tainty and the best level for the tunnel determined. If, however, it is kept down
about 130 feet below the surface uf the harbor, the borings so far taken indicate
that no water will be encountered at that depth to hinder the vigorous prosecution
of the work.

My estimate of the works which are necessary in order to complete this pro-
ject in n proper manner is as follows (exclusive of land du lages) :

Tunnel, fi-ft. 6-in. in internal diameter, 5,500 feet in length, lined with

brickwork, including necessary shaft at each end $230,000 00

Screen chamber, valve house and connections at Main Pumping

Station aO.OOU 00

New 6-tt. steel pipe, UOO feet in length, connecting existing 5-ft. pipe
in Blockhouse Bay with southern end of tunnel, including specials
and couneotious l'J,000 00

New 6-ft. steel pipe, 2,400 feet in length (to replace existing wooden
pipe), between shore crib and bell-bouy crib, including connections

and anchorage '60,000 00

Valve house and settling cliamber at sontli end of tunnel 18,000 00

New 6-ft. steel conduit, 7,000 feet in length, across Toronto Island
from south end of tunnel and into Lake Ontario, including new
intake, valve house and settling chamber 168,000 00

9525,000 00

In this estimate the tunnel is designed of ample capacity to deliver at the
Pumping Station 75,000,000 gallons per day, so that no enlargement or duplica-
tion will be necessary until the City has trebled its present population. Pro-
vision is also made for a duplicate 6-ft. steel conduit across the Island in order
to avoid any tearing down or expensive alterations when such an addition
becomes necessary.

In addition to the project I have recommended and outlined above, further
works are required in connection with the system of distribution.

I have already recommended that a new 24-in. main should be laid along
Front Street, from Simcoe to Sherbourne Street, for the double purpose of
relieving the pumps and force mains to some extent and of affording better
protection against fire in the heart of the City than can now be obtained. I beg
to renew this recommendation.

I also recommend that a new 36-in. force main be laid from the intersection of
Bathurst and College Streets, up Bathurst Street, along Dupont, McPherson and
Yonge Streets, and thence into Rose Hill Reservoir, as shown on the accompany-
ing plan. The object of this additional main is that it will not only greatly
improve the system for fire protection and general service, but that it will be a
safeguard against accidents at the Main Pumping Station and will lessen the I'sk
of breaka^'c i\nd damage to the existing force mains, especially to those on Front
Street and across the railway properties. It will also afford the means of main-
taining the best possible pressure on the mains at times when it may be necessary
to stop all pumping operations which sometimes cannot be avoided.

I also recommend that the 30-in. main on Wellington Street be extended east-
wardly from John Street to Simcoe Street, for the purpose of improving the
circulation and rendering the system more complete and secure against
accidents.

I also recommend that a new 12-in. main be laid on Avenue Boad, from
Davenport Road to Bloor Street, for the purpose of improving the supply in the
high service district.

The following is the estimate of the entire works herein recommended :

'' ThiH expenditure may possiblv bo saved for a time, if, on further investigation, the
existing 6-ft. wooden conduit should be found suitable to be retained.

Total cost of tunnel sclieino aH outlined above 9625,000

16,000 ft. of 8C-in. force main, from intersection of Bathurst and College

Htreeta to Rose Hill Renervoir, including valvoR and Hpecials, etc. . Idn.SOO

1,000 ft. of 30-in. pipe on Wallington Htreet, from John to Simcoo Htroot,

including valves, etc 8,00<»

24-in. main on Front Street, from Rimcoe to Slierbourne Street, includ-
ing valvei) and apecialH, etc 86,000

12-in. main on Avenue Road, from Davenport Road to Bloor Street . . . 6,600

Total »710,000

In addition to the above there are minor improvementR and alterations which
will be required from time to time, but they are not deemed of sufficient import-
ance to call for special reference in this report. I may, however, say that the
district on the east side of the River Don, lying to the north of Ocrrard Street,
will before very long require attention. It lies at a high elevation, and is supplied
off the low service system, which is scarcely adequate, untlor existing arrange-
ments, to afford an effective fire protection service.

Attached hereto is a map showing in outline the improvements I have pro-
posed and reoommendeH, and also an appendix giving the cost of pumping under
varying conditions, ana other information of interest.

I have the honor to be. Gentlemen,

Your obedient servant,

E. H. KEATING,

City Engineer,

APPRNDIX.
{For rrplanntnrij notes nee pnge 21.)

ScHRnDIiE No. I.

First Cast of Conttruction of Condititu, Pnmping Emiinen, etc. (exclunve of dittrihi-
lion), Toronto irnti-r Worku, (nut Aniiiinl Charqes thereon, ng at Slut December,
1892.

Work.

Cost.

Interest
Annually.

Sinking F'd
ixsr annum.

Total
annual ch'ge.

Works under commiflaion,
including wooden and iron
conduit8,Nos. 1 A 2 pump-
in({ on^inoH and buildings,
filtering basin and all
work l)etween connecting
crib and engine house

Wooden intake pipe in lake.

No. 3 engine and appurten-
ances (including ro-build-
int*

» 0.

500,802 27
46,344 38

124,295 70

06,839 24
189,085 71

» c.

30,408 13
2,317 21

4,971 82

2,339 36
6,617 99

» c.

6,410 49
697 54

2,216 20

1,294 76
3,602 84

» c.

36,818 62
3,014 75

7,188 02

3,034 12
10,280 83

High level station (including
new engines and buildings
and connections)

New steel conduits and lake
intake extension

Total (gross)

933,367 29
125,915 02

46,054 51
7,554 90

14,281 83
1,592 68

60,930 34
9,147 58

Less cost of filtering basin
and wooden conduit (both
abandoned)

Total cost of works in use
at end of 1892

807,452 27
101,874 82

39,099 01
0,112 48

12,089 15
1,288 00

51,788 70
7,401 08

Deduct depreciation of en-
gines Nos. 1 and 2

Deduct difference between
cost of No. 3 engine and
her value as compared
with No. 4 engine

705,577 45
42,738 89

32,987 13
1,709 55

11,400 55
702 03

44,387 68
2.471 58

Deduct 10 pc. on remainder
of plant for depreciation..

062,838 56
64,928 17

31,277 58
2,609 53

10,638 52

877 95

41,915 10
3,487 48

Estimated present value . .

597,910 39

28,608 05

9,760 57

38,428 02

Schedule No 2.

EntimateH Value of Conduits and Pumping Plant when L/og. 4 and 5 Engines are com-
pleted, and when tiru additional High Duty Engines are provided to replace Kos. 1
and 2, and also providing for increasing Conduit capacity for future needs.

Work.

Value.

Estimated present value, asj

per Schedule No. 1 j 597,910 39

•Estimated coat of Nos. 4

and 5 engines, connections

and buildings, etc .1 200,000 00

Total..'... 797,910 39

Add cost of Nos. G and 7
engines, of like capacity
as 4 and 5

Add estimated cost for in-
creasing conduit capacity

200,000 GO

Interest on |Rinking F'd ' Total
Value. i fordo. annual ch'ge.

997,910 39

for future needs
Total.

525,000 00

1,522,910 39

9 c
28,008 05

7,000 00

3."), GOB 05

7,000 00

42,G68 05

18,375 00

61,043 05

y c.

9,7fi0 57

13,034 83

3,^74 26

17,509 09

10,169 94

27,679 03

» c.

38,428 G2

3,874 26! 10,874 26

49,302 88

10,874 26

60,177 14

28,544 94

88,722 08

'These engines were pa'.d for out of current revenue, and not from debentures.

Schedule No. 3.

Expenditure on Account of Pumping Stations, giving average I'ost of pumping 1,000
gallon* of vater for the year 1892.

Main Pumping Station (fuel, wages and general main-
tenance) $103,202 91

Higii Level Station (fuel, wages and general main- ....

tenance) 10,167 69

>113.370 60

Gal'ons,

Quantity of water pumped (after allowing for slip) 7,001,674,226

re-pumped at High Level Station 1,340,209,130

Cost on above basis of pumping per 1,000 gallons for both Stations . . 1.619c.

•• •• " at Main Pumping Station.. 1.474c.

" " " at High Level Station 0.758c«

Interest and sinking fund paid in 1892, as per Schedule No. 1 $60,936 34

Rate of do. per 1,000 gallons pumped 0.870c.

Cost of pumping per 1,000 gallons 1.619c.

" interest and sinking fund per 1,000 gallons .870c.

Total cost of pumping 2.498c.

Interest and sinking fund, if works that have been

abandoned are deducted $51,788 76

Making cost of pumping 1.619c.

" interest and sinking fund .739c.

Total cost per 1,000 gallons 2.358c.

If further allowance is made for depreciated value of plant, the inter-
est and sinking fund would be $38,428 62

Making the cost of pumping per 1,000 gallons .*> 1.619c.

Cost of interest and sinking fund per 1,000 gallons .548c.

Total cost of pumping per 1,000 gallons 2.167c.

-f '•.•'■.

SctaSDULE No. 4.

Estimated Cost of pumping when Noi. i and 5 High Duty Engines are completed.

Capacity of enginea 7,154,000,000 gallons net.

Average of No. 4, sinoe being pat in commission. . . .441 gallons per pound of coal,

Coal reqaired C.lllsVinj. @ *4.50 »36,500 00

Labor 20,567 75

Repairs, lubricants, etc 10,000 00

$67,067 75

Interest and sinking fund on value of plant (Schedule No . 2) 49,302 88

»116,370 63

Cost of fuel per 1,000 gallons .510c.

" labor, etc .427c.

" interest and sinking fund .689c.

Total cost per 1,000 gallons 1.626.

Schedule No. 5.

Estimated cost oj pumping when consumption shall have reached 40,000,000 gallons per
day and pumping capacity )uu been increased by tlie addition of two new high duty
engi)ies (6 and 7), and also including cost of increasing conduit capacity for futut^
needs.

Capacity of engines, 14,308,000^000 gallons net (average of No. 4 forming basis
of calculation for coal).

Coal required, 16.222 tons, at »4.50 «73,00O 00

Labor 41,135 50

Repairs, lubricants, etc 20,000 00

»134,135 50
Interest and Sinking Fund, as per Schedule 2 60,177 14

Total annual charge »194,312 64

If provision is made for additional conduit, to increase daily capacity for
future needs, the cost will be :

Coal, labor, repairs, etc., as ibove 9134,135 50

Interest and Sinking Fund, as above $60,177 14

" » on $.525,000. as per Schedule

• ' No.2 28,544 94

88,722 OB

Totalcost 8222,857 58

Cost per 1,000 gallons for labor 0.610c.

" •« fuel 0.427

" •' interest and sinking fund 0.620 .

1^ .

Total estimated cost per 1,000 gallons 1.557c.

Schedule No. 6.

Comparison of the actual payments which the City icould have to make if one of the
proposed ofers to supply theCity with watet at Si, pet 1,000 gallons is accepted,
and the estimated cost of pumping the same water, based upon the actual record of
No. 4 engine : ' '

By Pumping— , . ,

20,000,000 gallons daily = 7,154,000,000 yearly, after allowing for slip :

Cost of pumping, as per Schedule No. 4 $67,067 75

Interest and sinking fund upon total debt of works. . 9266,000 00
" " •" cost of Engines -Nos. 4
and 5 • 10,«74 26

236,fi74 26

Maintenance of other branches of Department 80,000 00

$383,942 01
By Private Supply —

7,154,000,000 gallons at 3c „ . . . $214,620 00

Interest and sinking fund on debenture debt 226,000 00

Cost of maintenance of remaining branches 80,000 00

.■ ■ 520,620 00

Difference in favour of pumping $136,677 99

Cost per 1,000 gallons by private supply 7.277c,

" " pumping 5.366 ,v •'.

Differen je in favor of pumping .... w ... .' 1.911c. per 1,000 gals.

In other words : ., . .. ' ■

Estimated revenue from water works 1893 $440,000 00

Cost if water supplied by private company 520,620 00

To be raised by taxation or by increased water rates 80,620 00

Schedule No. 7.

Comparison of relative cost of water by pumping and private supply when consumption
.shall have reached 40,000,000 gallons per day and high duty pumping plant is
provided as per Schedule No. 5.

By Pamping —

Cost of pamping as per Schedule No. 5 $134,135 00

Interest and sinking fund on tptial debt ............ 226,000 00

Maintenance of remainder of works 80,(K)0 00

Interest and sinking fund on engines 4, 5, 6 and 7. . 21,748 52

461,884 02

By Private Supply —

. 14,308,000,000 gallons at 8c 429,240 00

Interest and sinking fund on debt 226,000 00

Maintenance of remaining branches 80,000 00

735,240 00

Annual difference in favor of pumping $2"< 3,355 98

If a provision is made for additional conduit capacity to provide for future
needs the cost will be :

By Pumping—

Annual cost as above $461,884 02

>• of additional interest and sinking fund,

as per Schedule No. 2 28,544 94

$490,428 96

By Private Supply-^

Annual cost as above . . . .......••. 735,240 00

Excess of cost by private suppJy $244,811 04

Schedule No. 8.

Comparative ttatement shotoing tlie acttial cott of the City's teater lupply for 1892, and
what it would have been had the City been supplied for that year by private parties
at 3c. per thousand gallons.

Actual cost by Pumping—

Cost of fael, labor and general maintenance of the

main pumping station $103,202 91

Ditto high level station 10,167 69

»113,370 60

Maintenance of ler branches of Department .... 66,845 19

Interest and sinking fund upon total debenture

debt for water works purposes 222,626 00

»402,841 79

Cost by Private Supply—

7,001,674,226 gallons at 3c. per 1.000 $210,050 22

Maintenance of branches of department other than

main and high level stations 66,845 19

Interest and sinking fund on total debeuture debt for

water works purposes 222,626 00

499,521 41

Excess of cost by private supply at 3c. per 1,000 gallons. ^96,679 6 g

Revenue and Expenditure : s... . ■-.. .. ...

Revenue from water works for 1892 $449,252 78

Cost by pumping as above , 402,841 79

Surplus of revenue over expenditure $46,410 99

By Private Supply the result would have been :

Revenue for the year $449,252 78

Cost of water as above 499,521 41

Deficit, which would have been met by increased taxation or by
increased water rates $50,268 53

In the calculations for Schedules 6, 7 and 8 the cost of remodelling the present
system in order to distribute the water from the north instead of from the south
has not been taken into account.

Explanatory Notes.

Schedule No. 1 refers to the actual cost of the pumping plant, including the
wharves, engine houses, pumping engines, and all plant south of the engine
house, also the high level pumping station. The gross cost comprises the amount
paid for the construction of these works (as per annual reports of the Commis-
sioners and Water Works Department), the annual charge for interest and sink-
ing fund thereon being also shown. The first deduction made from this amount
is the cost of the filtering basin on the Island, and the four-foot wooden conduit
between Hanlan's Point and the connecting crib on the Island, both of which
have been abandoned. The result is the cost of the works actually in use on 31st
December, 1892, and the annual charges thereon. Deductions are then made for
depreciation of Nos. 1, 2 and 3 engines, being the difference between the actual
cost thereof, as included in the gross cost, and their present value. This whs
arrived at as follows : No. 1 is valued at $7,000, being the amount the original
builders of this engine offered to allow for the engine and boilers as part payment
for another engine. The values of Nos. 2 and 3 are based upon their capacity
and guaranteed duty as compared with No. 4 engine, which cost 934,408.

A deduction of 10 per cent, is next made for depreciation of the remainder
of the plant. This is, I think, a small percentage for plant that has been in use
on an average upwards of ten years.

Schedule No. 2 shows the various additions to be made to the total value of
plant, as per No. 1, for new engines, also probable extensions required in the near
future. .. :..c. ; ;■ . - .« . .

Scbedule No. 3 gives the actual cost of pumping per 1,000 gallons with low
duty engines, 1892 ; and Schedules Nos. 4 and 5 the cost of pumping 20 and 40 million
gallons per day respectively with high duty engines of the same type as No. 4 —
the calculations being based upon the actual record of that engine for the eight
months during which it has been in service— the annual charge for interest and
sinking fund on cost of additional plant being also included. No. 3 Schedule is
given for information and comparison, but cannot fairly be taken as a basis of
calculation for the future, the record being made by low duty engines, which were
also badly in need of repair.

Schedules Nos. 6, 7 and 8 are comparative, showing the relative cost between
a water supply obtained by pumping and that purchased from private parties at
3 cents per 1,000 gallons, the first two schedules being calculated for a daily
supply of 20 and 40 million gallons respectively. Schedule No. 8 shows what the
City would have had to pay in 1892 for the water actually provided had it been
supplied by a company at three cents per thousand gallons, and also gives the
actual cost by the present system. From this statement it appears that had the
water been supplied by private parties at the rate above named, instead of the
current revenue being suf&cient to meet the working expenses and give a surplus
of 149,000, as was the case, there would have been a deficit of 950,000 on water
works account, which would have had to be met by increased taxation or by an
increase in the water rates.

In Schedules Noa. 4, 5, G and 7 no allowance has been made for repuraping
to the high level district, as the proportion of the total quantity which would
require to be repnmped is unknown. In 1892, however, the cost of the high level
station was less than one-tenth of that of the main station, and the quantity of
water repumped was less than one-fifth of the total supply.

Taking the relative cost of repumping at the high level station as one-tenth
that at the main station, the cost per thousand gallons in Nos. 4 and £ would be
increased by 0.0937 cents. A like amount should also be added to the cost per
thousand gallons by pumping in Schedules Nos. 6 and 7.

In calculating the annual cost of water by private supply for Schedules Nos.
6, 7 and 8 the large expense which would necessarily be incurred in remodelling
the distribution owing to the alteration in the method of supply has not been
taken into consideration.

Chas. a. Matthews,

Secretary Water Works Department.