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 TORONTO WATER WORKS 
 
 REPORT 
 
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 ON PROPOSED 
 
 i [«LftRG[M[IIT UNO IMPBOK[M[NTS 
 
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 *• BY 
 
 E. H. KEATING 
 
 CIT\- ENGINEER 
 
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 TORONTO : 
 The Carswell Co. Ltd., City Pbintuks, 22, 24 Anni.AiDF. Btrekt East. 
 
 30th October, 1893. 
 
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REPORT ON PROPOSED NEW CONDUIT AND IMPROVEMENTS 
 
 IN SUPPLY. 
 
 T 
 
 ' City Engineer's Office, 
 
 Toronto, June Uth, 1894. 
 
 To the Chairman and Memljers of the Committee on Works • 
 
 Gentlemen, — The following letter was received from the Committee on the 
 8th March last : 
 
 E. 11. Keating, Esq., 
 
 City Engineer, Toronto, 
 
 Dear Sir, — At the meeting of the Committee yesterday the report presented 
 by you and the Medical Health Officer was under consideration. Several of the 
 member'^ of the Committee were strongly of the opinion that a cast iron G-ft. pipe 
 across the bay would answer all the purposes required for the obtaining of a pure 
 supply of water. The Committee desire that you will report : 
 
 1. On the cost of the 6-foot cast iron pipe from the Intake to the well. 
 
 2. On the cost of a 6-foot oast iron pipe from Hanlan's Crib to the well. 
 
 4 
 
 3. The cost of a G-foot steel pipe over the same sections. 
 
 4. The cost of the tunnel scheme as proposed, with an extension of pipe to 
 the intake. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 Arthur H. Clarke, 
 
 Secretary Committee on Works. 
 
 In crder that the matter may be clearly understood, I append hereto a copy 
 of the letter referred to, from the Medical Health Officer and myself, and in 
 compliance with the request of the Committee the estimates asked for are given 
 bulow. I may state that in preparing these estimates provision has been made 
 for the increased expenditure which will be necessary in order to meet the 
 requirements of the Harbour Board for anchorage, so that the conduit may safely 
 be emptied for the purpose of examination and for sufficient covering to avoid the 
 liability of the conduit being damaged by vessels. One item which will add very 
 largely to the cost of laying any new conduit across the harbour is that of rool: 
 excavation under water, of which it is estimated that there will be about 4,700 
 cubic yards. The following are the estimates for which the Ccnnmittee have 
 asked : 
 
 1. The estimated cost of a 6-foot cast iron pipe from a new intake to 
 
 the pumping well is $560,000 00 
 
 It. The esti nated cost of a 6-foot cast iron pipe from Hanlan's Crib 
 
 to the pumping well is 240,000 00 
 
 3. The estimated cost of a 6-foot steel pipe over the same sections is 
 
 as follows : 
 
 For 6-foot steel pipe from a new intake in the lake to the 
 
 pamping well 518,000 00 
 
 And from Hanlan's Crib to pumping well 237,000 00 
 
 4. The estimated cost of the tunnel scheme, as previously recom- 
 
 mended, with an extension of pipe to the new intake, is 525,000 00 
 
 1.23250 
 
It must be clearly understood that any scheme involvinf^ a new conduit from 
 the pumping station to Hanlan's Point or Hanlan's Crib will be incomplete in 
 itself, and that further expenditures are necessary owing to the insufficient depth 
 at which the existing 5-foot steel pipe has been laid throuj^h "the cut" across 
 Toronto Island. The top of this pipe at one point lies at the level of low watei; 
 in the lake, and tor several hundreds of feet it is only six inches below the same 
 level. It will therefore be neen that nuless this defect is remedied, or some means 
 are adopted towards auf^mentin<^ the supply, the City is liable to be short of water 
 at times when Lake Ontario may approach its lowest level, or if the consumption 
 of water should increase. 'J'his pipe cannot now, while it is in use, be lowered 
 without running the risk of damaging it seriously, and as the whole wator supply 
 of the City is at present drawn through it, a break would result in the serious 
 contamination of the supply both by large quantities of sand and bay water. It 
 appears, therefore, almost superfluous to emphasize tlie importance of providing, 
 with the least possible delay, seme means not only of conveying the lake water' 
 securely and uncontaminated across Toronto harbor, but also of insuring a full 
 supply, which, under existing circumstances, cannot be relied upon at times when 
 the lake may happen to fall to a low level. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 E. H. KE.VTING, 
 
 City Engineer. 
 
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3 
 
 WATER WORKS IMPROVEMENT AND PROPOSED TUNNEL. 
 
 Referring to the communication irom the Committee of the IJtli luue 
 last, having reference to my letter to His Worship the Mayor Of the 'Uii .fuiio, 
 1895, action upon which was deferred in order that a report might be suijniitted 
 dealing with the whole matter, 1 have the honor to report as follows : 
 
 f'ioi»isf(l Tunnid mid Ni'ir Sti'd <Ai)idiiit. ' ^ 
 
 The borings across the harbor having been completed, and all necessary 
 information with reforence to th-^ material to bo passed through having been 
 obtained, 1 have had the accompanying plan prepared showing the best 
 position for the tunnel, which would commence at a point on the VVater Works 
 property ai)ont t)0 feet south of the existing Pumpmg Station, wliere a lO-ft. 
 shaft would be sunk to a depth of 1;]8 feet 'S inches below zero level of the Lake. 
 The tunnel would then be constructed at a similar level in a southerly direction 
 und^r the harbor tor a distance of 5,S20 feet to a point near .Mugg's Landing, 
 Avhero the terminal or inlet shaft would be sunk, to whicli a new steel conihut 
 would be connected at a di-pth ol' about 12 feet below zero level. 
 
 It is propose<l to make the tunnel (i feet 6 inches in width by 6 feet G inches 
 in height, the cross-section resembling a horseshoe, as will be seen by reference 
 to the plan. It is also proposed to sink a shaft from the surface down to the 
 tunnel at a point in the Bay 3,lU0 feet from tjie Pumping Station shaft, or 
 nearly midway between the inlet or terminal shaft and the Pumping Station 
 shait, with the object of facilitating the work and shortening the time of 
 construction. 
 
 The result of the borings shows that shale rock will be struck at the 
 Pumping Station shaft at a depth of about 16 feet below the surface of the 
 ground, at a depth of 42 feet below zero level at the centre shaft, aud at a 
 depth of 65 feet below zero at the inlet shaft. The whole length of the tunnel 
 will be through shale rock, and it has been placed at such a depth as to avoid, 
 as far as possible, any water bearing seams which are found to exist in some 
 places at higher levels. All the water bearing seams crossed in ihe boring 
 operations were found to contain mineral water, showing that they have no 
 connection with the Bay. 
 
 The shafts wheri= they i)a8s through sand and for a short distance into the 
 rock are proposed to be constructed of cast iron or steel. Through the rock 
 they will be lined with brick and concrete, and the tunnel is projiosed to be 
 lined in the same manner. Sumps will also be provided at the bottom of each 
 Bhaft, so as tq admit of the tunnel being emptied at any time, and the drainage 
 of the tunnel is provided for by constructing a channel at a sufficient gradient 
 along the bottom, having a fall towards each shaft. 
 
 It is also proposed, in connection with this work, to lay an entirely new steel 
 conduit pipe, G feet in diameter, from the inlet shaft at Mugg's Landing to the 
 north end of the existing 6-ft. steel conduit at the bell-buoy crib, to which it will 
 be securely and tightly connected. The southern end of this conduit, from the. 
 
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connecting crib on the Island to the bell-buoy crib, will replace the existing 
 6-ft. wooden conduit;, to which special attention has been previously drawn, and 
 for which an appropriation of $75,000 was recently asked. This portion of the 
 new intake pipe should be the first part of the work done, as it is necessary in 
 order to get rid of the sand which at present is causing so much inconvenience 
 and expense. It is proposed to lay the new steel conduit on a descending 
 gradient from the Lake shore to the inlet shaft, and at a sufficient depth to 
 provide for the dehvery of over 40,000,000 gallons of water at the Pumping 
 Station, the tunnel being designed to deliver about 75,000,000 gallons, with the 
 pumping wells drawn down to 9 feet. Provision will be made at the inlet shaft 
 for an additional 6-ft. steel pipe being connected therewith at any future time 
 when the demand for water may exceed the capacity of the proposed new steel 
 conduit. Provision will also be made for emptying and examining the new steel 
 conduit between the Lake shore and the inlet shaft. Southwardly fr^m the Lake 
 shore, it is not practicable to make this provision without going to very con- 
 siderable and unnecessary expense. It is intended that the new steel conduit 
 shall be covered and the filling carried up to the general level of the Island, so 
 as to prevent any possibility of its being damaged or of its rising when it may 
 be necessary to empty it for the purpose of examination. 
 
 It is also proposed to lay a new 5-ft. steel connecting pipe fiom the new 
 steel conduit, at a point near the inlet shaft to the existing 5-ft. steel conduit at 
 a point nearly opposite Heber's landing, the object being to enable the supply to 
 the City to be maintained through the existing conduits across the harbor at any 
 time when it may be deemed advisable to pump out or examine the tunnel. 
 
 The estimated coio of the whole of the above works, which include the 
 tunnel and shafts, the new 6-ft. steel conduit from the inlet shaft to the bell-buoy 
 crib, the necessary connections from the discharge shaft to the pumping wells, 
 the special 5-ft. connection between the new conduit and the present 5-ft. pipe , 
 the necessary valves, cribs and manholes and all other work in connection with 
 this undertaking, is $540,000, which is $15,000 above the original estimate, when 
 it was contemplated to construct the tunnel via Hanlan's Point. This difference 
 in cost is due chiefly to the increased length of the tunnel under the new schema 
 and the additional shaft in the Bay. 
 
 In preparing this estimate the prices paid for similar work in New York, 
 Chicago, Milwaukee and Rochester have been referred to, and it is thought that 
 ample allowance has been made to cover all contingencies. 
 
 E. H. KEATING, 
 September 6th, 1895. Citv Engineer. 
 
TORONTO WATER WORKS 
 
 REPORT 
 
 ON PROPOSED 
 
 ENURGEMENT AND IMPROVEMENTS 
 
 BY 
 
 E. H. KEATING 
 
 CITY ENGINEER 
 
 TORONTO : 
 
 The Carswell Co. Ltd., City Printers, 22,24 Adei-aide Street East. 
 
 30th October, 1893. 
 
CITY ENGINEER'S REPORT ON PROPOSED ENLARGEMENT AND 
 IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TORONTO WATER WORKS. 
 
 Cnt Engineer''! Office, 
 
 Toronto, October 30th, 1893. 
 
 To the Chairman and Members of the Committee on Work$ : 
 
 Gentlemen, — On the 30th January last, the Water Works Committee was 
 abolished, and the management of the works was transferred to this Department. 
 
 The Minute of Council bearing upon this subject contains, among other 
 things, the following iistructions, viz. : 
 
 " It is further recommended that the City Engineer be instructed to make a 
 thoroujjh inspection of the Water Works system and machinery, and report at 
 the earliest moment needed additions, alterations, etc., and the cost thereof, or 
 any portion thereof, as he may deem necessary, for the purpose of placing the 
 amount in the estimates for the year." 
 
 At the time these instructions were issued the affairs of the Water Works 
 Department were known to be in a bad condition. The conduit, which was 
 intended to convey the water from Lake Ontario to the Main Pumping Station, 
 had only a few weeks previously met with a disastrous accident. Long sections 
 had risen to the surface and broken in several places, while portions still 
 remained projecting above and embedded in the ice in Blockhouse Bay and 
 Toronto Harbor. The lake water being thus cut o£f, the entire water supply of 
 the city was being drawn directly from the sewage polluted harbor, and as a 
 natural consequence sickness was prevalent throughout the City, typhoid fever 
 threatened to become epidemic, and a general state of alarm and uneasiness 
 existed among the citizens. 
 
 Under these circumstances, I considered my first and most imperative duty 
 was to devote special attention to repairing and replacing the damaged conduit 
 and to search out the weakest and most dangerous points in the system, with the 
 view to effecting a remedy and restoring confidence in the safety of the water 
 supply for ordinary use, if possible. This, I think, has now been- partially 
 accomplished, and it is my only axcuse for the delay which has occurred in 
 presenting this report. 
 
 I have already made several reports and recommendation s, the carrying 
 into effect of which will be to increase the pumping capacity and to improve the 
 character of the works; but as most of these recommendations have already 
 been adopted and funds provided, it is unnecessary that I should refer to them 
 here. 
 
 I find, however, that the impression appears to be general among the alder- 
 men that I am expected to enquire into and report upon the whole question of 
 our future water supply. 
 
 The only instructions I have on this subject are contained in a resolution of 
 Council passed on the 13th February last, of which the following is a copy, viz.: 
 
" Ald.Davies moves that the City Engineer, while considering the question of 
 our future water supply, be instructed to report as to the advisability of securing 
 a pure supply of water by gravitation from Scarboro Heights, and also as to the 
 cost of removing the pumping plant to the lake front at that point, with the 
 necessary mains to connect with the present system." 
 
 The consideration of the question of the future water supply of the city 
 involves a study of the various projects which have at different times been 
 brought forward, each of which has its advocates and most of which have recently 
 been discussed to some extent either in the papers or at public meetings. 
 
 Two or three offers, I understand, have been made by different persons or 
 syndicates to supply water to the c.ty for a stipulated price per 1,000 gallons, 
 delivered either into the existing mains, at some df^fined point, or into Rose 
 Hill Reservoir, or a new reservoir to be hereafter constructed ; but I have no 
 positive or official knowhidge regarding the details of these proposals, as they 
 were not submitted to me. 
 
 I may, however, say with regard to all proposals of this kind, that in my 
 opinion, the public interests demand that the control of the entire water supply 
 of the city, in all its bearings and details, should be vested in, retained and 
 jealously guarded by the municipal authorities. 
 
 The following is a list of the various schemes proposed, so far as they have 
 come under my notice : 
 
 1. From Lake Ontario, in the vicinity of Scarboro. 
 
 2. From Lake Ontario, in the vicinity of Mimico. 
 
 3. From the Oak Ridge Lakes and the Rivers Don and Rouge (by gravity). 
 
 4. From Lake Simcoe. 
 
 5. From wells sunk in the gravel beds north of the city, 
 
 6. From springs and artesian wells in the Township of Erin. 
 
 7. From the vicinity of the present intake. 
 
 In order to dispose of the matter, as far as I am concerned, I propose briefly 
 to refer to each of these projects, which I will take seriatim : 
 
 I. — From Lake Ontario, in the Vicinity of Scarboro. 
 
 This scheme would involve laying at least one new large main about 
 CJ miles in length to connect with the existing system ; the construction of new 
 wharves and buildings at Scarboro ; moving the present high duty pumping 
 plant to that point, and probably the erection of an additional ten-million gallon 
 engine, besides involving a new and large intake pipe or conduit, which would 
 require to be over two miles in length, if it is desired to draw the water from the 
 same depth as at the present intake, which is seventy-five feet below the surface. 
 In preparing the estimates, however, I have provi(l jd for the intake to be placed 
 at a depth of only sixty feet, which would probably be sufiBcient. By this means 
 the lake conduit could be shortened to 9,000 feet. At present prices 91,000,000 
 is a moderate estimate for completing this scheme on the above basis, so as 
 simply to connect with the existing system and allowing for the new main to be 
 forty-two inches in diameter, which ia as small as it should be. 
 
' If a hundred million gallon reservoir at Soarboro is to be added — as ap- 
 parently required under Aid. Davies' resolution — in order "to obtain a supply by 
 gravity from that point," the above estimate would have to be very largely increased. 
 The amount of this increase I am not at present in a position to state, because I 
 am not in possession of sufiScient information regarding the topography of the 
 country, the most suitable site for the reservoir, and the character of the sub-soil, 
 to warrant my making any estimate. It was my intention to have these matters 
 thoroughly looked into, but the appropriation at my disposal was not sufficient 
 to cover the cost of the investigations necessary. I may say, however, that 
 Messrs- Hering & Gray, who in 1889 investigated and reported upon a scheme 
 for obtaining the water supply from the vicinity of Victoria Park, estimated 
 the cost of a 100-million gallon reservoir on Wells' Hill (with the necessary 
 connections) at $305,000, and it is not likely that a similar reservoir at Scarboro 
 would cost less. 
 
 Under existing conditions I do not think it advisable to draw the water 
 supply of the City from the vicinity of Scarboro or Victoria Park for the following 
 chief reasons, viz. : 
 
 1. The exposed position and unsuitable character of the shore for the 
 establishment of a pumping station and wharves. 
 
 2. The great length to which it would be necessary to lay the suction pipe or 
 condnit in the lake, in order to reach a suitable depth. 
 
 3. The turbid character of the water in the spring, which is reported on good 
 authority to extend southwardly into the lake two miles. 
 
 4. The risk ar.d uncertainty of being able to construct a tight reservoir, 
 within a reasonable cost, in the sandy and gravelly soil on the heights in that 
 vicinity, in the event of such a reservoir being needed. 
 
 I might also remark that this scheme, if adopted, would not be likely to 
 prove satisfactory unless a new reservoir, having a capacity of at least one hundred 
 million gallons, is constructed at Wells' Hill, or somewhere in that neighborhood, 
 and that there does not at present seem to be any great advantage to be gained by 
 pumping the water into a reservoir at Scarboro. 
 
 II. — From Lake Ontario, in the Vicinitv of Mimico. 
 
 I am not a .vare of this scheme ever having been thoroughly investigated and 
 recommended by any water works engineer. 
 
 My inveskiigations have been confined to a partial inspection of the shore and 
 lake in the early spring and a drive over the country along or near the probable 
 route of the rising main. 
 
 The prospect did not appear sufficiently inviting to justify much further 
 attention to this project. The water for a long distance from the shore (probably 
 from two to three miles) appeared to be riled and dirty. From this I should 
 infer that the shallow water extends out quite as far, if not further, than off 
 Scarboro, and that the lake conduit would consequently have to be a very long 
 J • The length of main required would be considerably greater than the main 
 lom Scarboro ; a new and large reservoir at or about Weils' Hill would also be 
 needed, and the required crossing at the Hiver Humber would be likely to prove 
 a costly feature. 
 
6 
 
 While I have made no estimate of the coats of this scheme, I think ' probable 
 that it would largely exceed the Scarboro project, and that it is less favorable in 
 other respects. I therefore do not advise its 'doption. 
 
 Ill, — From the Oak Bidoe Lakes axd the Rivers Don and Rouge 
 
 (dy Gravity). 
 
 This project was reported upon in 1887 by Messrs. McAlpine & Tully, who 
 strongly advocated its adoption. 
 
 In a comparison of costs with pumping water from Lake Ontario, they show 
 an enormous annual saving in its favor. 
 
 Taking daily supplies of twelve, twenty, thirty and fifty millions of gallons as 
 bases for their calculations, they give the following results : 
 
 Daily Supply. 
 
 Total Cost of 
 Works. 
 
 Annual Cost 
 (by Gravity). 
 
 Annua! Cost 
 (by Pumping). 
 
 Annual Saving 
 
 Efifected by 
 
 Adoption of 
 
 Gravity Scheme. 
 
 Gallons. 
 12,0()0,000 
 
 310,102 
 
 $ 
 32,404 
 
 83,120 
 
 50,716 
 
 20,000,000 
 
 490,700 
 
 44,628 
 
 161,787 
 
 117,159 
 
 30,000,000 
 
 873,000 
 
 65,012 
 
 227,320 
 
 162,308 
 
 50,000,000 
 
 1,380,330 
 
 95,218 
 
 376.387 
 
 281,174 
 
 With regard to these figures T have only to say that in my opinion they will 
 uot stand close scrutiny. The cost of construction of the gravity works appears 
 to have been underestimated, while the cost of pumping, under ordinary condi- 
 tions, has clearly been overstated. Persons desirous of enquiring more fully into 
 these matters are referred to the report itself and to the appendix attached to this 
 report. 
 
 The report states that " when the demand for water shall have reached 
 thirty millions of gallons a day, the annual saving by the gravity plan would be 
 9162,308, and for fifty millions, $281, 174, sufficient in each case to repay the whole 
 cost of the gravity works in less than six years." 
 
 The concluding paragraph is, however, the most important one to be found in 
 the whole report. It is as follows : 
 
 "In conclusion, we have to state that our preliminary examinations have 
 shown that an abundant supply of pure and wholesome water for any possible 
 future demand can be obtained from the districts herein described ; that it can 
 be delivered at the same or considerably greater elevation than the Rosehill 
 Reservoir, at a cost, the annual interest of which, including the expense of 
 management and renewals, wil? be so much less than the expense of furnishing 
 an equal quantity by pumping, that the saving in considerably less than tea 
 years will be equal tc the whole cost of the proposed gravity works. " 
 
After a careful perusal of the report and a partial inspection of the district 
 under consideration, I rogret that I feel compelled to differ and entirely dissent 
 from the views, estimates and conclusions arrived at by the engineers who pre- 
 pared the report. 
 
 Chemical analyses and ordinary observation show that the water supply 
 from a large part of the district is impure and unfit for domestic consumption, 
 and in my opinion it cannot be purified and utilized without entailing enormous 
 and unjustifiable expense, far beyond the estimates. I do not believe that the 
 scheme, if carried into effecv, would prove satisfactory, and I advise its 
 rejection. 
 
 IV. — From Lake Simcoe. 
 
 This scheme having been pretty thoroughly looked into in past years and 
 specially reported upon by Messrs. Hering & Gray in 1889, and by a Committee 
 of the City Council in 1891, I did not feel myself justified in incurring any expense 
 in undertaking further detailed investigations. I have, therefore, %fter examinmg 
 the different reports, confined myself to a visit to the locality, a sail over a portion 
 of the lake and a cursory examination of the points from which it has been 
 proposed to draw the supply. 
 
 Messrs. Hering & Gray estimated the cost of the completed scheme to ue 
 " at least $7,711,32.5," exclusive of land damages. What the additional costs of 
 these damages would be is an unknown quantity. 
 
 There are many advocates for this project, some of whom, I believe, claim 
 that the cost has been greatly overestimated, and that there are ways and means 
 by which the estimates may be reduced. I have not attempted to examine 
 critically into these differences, not only because such an examination would 
 involve an expenditure which I had no means of meeting, but because the 
 engineers who made the surveys and estimates are competent experts in whom 
 every confidence can be placed. 
 
 Without going further into the matter, it is sufficient to know that the pipe 
 line is about forty-six miles in length, and that ten miles of tunnelling are 
 required, in order to conclude that the cost must necessarily be enormous, and 
 that, even supposing the estimates can be largely reduced the project, for the 
 present and under existing circumstances, is impraciicable. 
 
 I should, perhaps, add that the chemical analysis of Lake Simcoe water 
 shows it to be greatly inferior to that of Lake Ontario, so that, even assuming 
 that an economical scheme for bringing Lake Simcoe water to the City could be 
 devised, it would still be inadvisable to adopt it when a better and purer supply 
 lies at our doors. 
 
 V. — From Weixs Sunk in the Gravel Beds North of the City. 
 
 I understand that there are two rival companies interested in this project, 
 but as their proposals are not in my possession I am unable to refer to them. I 
 may, however, say that I visited North Toronto in company with some of the 
 projectors in April last, with a view to gaining some knowledge of this source of 
 supply. 
 
8 
 
 I was shown the North Toronto pumping station, and an excavation in the 
 gravel about a quarter of a mile distant therefrom, from which a small stream of 
 water was flowing. 
 
 The North Toronto pumping station is supplied from a well adjoining, about 
 18 feet in diameter and 24 feet in depth, the normal depth of water in the well 
 being about eight feet. The total daily consumpt'on was stated by the engiiieer 
 in charge to be about 8,000 gallons. This quantity of water is raised in abou 
 two and a half-hours, and lowers the water in the well abo^t four feet. 
 
 There is no other water visible except what I have mentioned above. The 
 theory of the promoters is that there is an immense underground flow from Lake 
 Simcoe through the gravelly subsoil, and that it can be advantageously tapped 
 by means of driven wells in the vicinity referred to, and thence drawn off by 
 gravity to the City after being raised by pumps to the surface. 
 
 I am not in a position to deny tho existence of the underground river, but 
 considering the expense that would be involved in making satisfactory tests, the 
 uncertainty as to the supply in any large quantity holding out, and the extreme 
 improbability of being able to obtain anything approaching the required quan- 
 tity of water from this source, coupled with the fact that it would still require to 
 be pumped, I think I am justified in concluding that the outlook does not seem 
 sufficiently encouraging to warrant further consideration of this project. 
 
 Since writing the above, I have ascertained that there is now very little 
 water in the well referred to, and that it can be pumped dry in about ten 
 minutes. 
 
 VI. — From Sprikos and Artesian Wells in the Township of Erin. 
 
 This locality was visited early in April. Its height above Lake Ontario is 
 about 1,000 feet, and its distance from the centre of the city in a direct line i^ 
 about 36 miles. Three or four flowing springs of exceptionally clear and spark" 
 ling water were pointed out. It was subsequently learned that this water is as 
 exceptionally hard as it is bright. Mr. Vanderlip, who first called attention to 
 this source of supply, also pointed out the locality of a bore-hole in the same vicin- 
 ity, which had been sunk in prospecting for oil some years previously. He 
 stated that no oil was discovered, but that at a depth of 80 or 90 feet the boring 
 tool suddenly dropped about eight feet, and that water immediately rushed to 
 the surface. The bore-hole is not now accessible, as it has long since been filled 
 in and ploughed over, and nothing is to be seen except a puddle of water in a field 
 to mark the spot. 
 
 The prospects of obtaining a considerable quantity of water from this locality 
 appear greatly better than at North Toronto, but if it should prove to be as hard 
 as that flowing from the springs in the same locality (which seems probable) it 
 would be unfit for general use. 
 
 Under such circumstances, and considering the enormous expense which 
 would have to be incurred in bringing the water so great a distance, I fear the 
 project cannot be seriously entertained. 
 
 VII. — From the Vicinity or the Present Intake. 
 
 After looking into all the possible sources of supply — so far as they are known 
 to me — the conclusion I have reached is that Lake Ontario can be relied upon 
 
^ 
 
 to furnish better water than can bo obtained from any other quarter within reach, 
 and that it is the proper reservoir from which to draw the Bnpply. 
 
 I am also of opinion that the position of the present intake was wisely 
 selected, and that the fnture water supply can be obtained from the same vicinity, 
 not only to best advantage, but that the difficultieB and expense which would 
 be mvolved in making any radical change ari so gre»t that it would be unwise to 
 go elsewhere. 
 
 The question of the disposal of City sewage naturally presents itrrelf in con- 
 nection with any scheme for drawing the water supply from Lake Ontario. 
 
 While it cannot be denied that all f«3cal matters ought properly to be 
 returned to the earth from which they have their origin, and that, theoretically, 
 it is wrong in principle and dangerous to discharge sewage into the same body 
 of water from which water Hiay be drawn for domestic use, yet it is well, and in 
 fact we are forced to look at this question from a practical standpoint. 
 
 This leads to the enquiry as to how far and to what extent injurious effects 
 are to be feared from a continuance of the practice, assuming of course that 
 ordinary safeguards are adopted. 
 
 If we take a hasty glance at our own case as it has existed ever since the 
 foundation of the City, we find that Toronto, up to the present time, has continued 
 to pour its crude sewage into the bay in front of its own doors, and for a long 
 period pumped its drinkin;; water directly from the same bay. We find to-day 
 that the bulk of the sewage of 200,000 people is discharged into the same water 
 from which the domestic supply is drawn, and within a radius of three miles from 
 the Water Works intake, and yet chemical and bacteriological tests show that the 
 water at the intake is practically pure and wholesome. The health of the City 
 also corroborates the correctness of these tests. 
 
 If we look a little further, the case appears still more striking when we 
 consider the millions of human beings residing on the shores of the great lakes 
 and on the rivers emptying therein, all of whom pour their sewage and waute pro- 
 ducts into the same waters, which receive also the drainage from hundreds of 
 thousands of acres of cultivated lands with all the accompanying impurities from 
 freshly manured fields, barn yards, privies and millions of cattle. 
 
 The inference to be drawn is that all such foul matters, within certain 
 limitations, decompose and undergo a process of self-purification after being dis- 
 charged into a large body of fresh water, and that beyond a certain distance from 
 the point of pollution, no injurious effects are to be traced or feared. What that 
 precise distance is has never been definitely or satisfactorily determined so as to 
 admit of direct calculation or the application of any standard rule. Each separate 
 case requires special investigation and careful study, as local conditions must of 
 necessity be considered. 
 
 Among the most recent investigations on this subject with which I am 
 acquainted are those which were carried on in the town of Zurich, in Switzer- 
 land, containing, with its suburbs, about 100,000 inhabitants. The average 
 delivery of sewage from the town is stated to be 4,400,000 gallons, and the 
 maxinuim 11,000,000 gallons per day. This sewage is discharged into the Kiver 
 Limmet, which is about 98 feet in width and OJ feet in depth, with an average 
 
10 
 
 daily flow of about 2,000,000,000 gallons, and a mean velocity of about foni miles 
 per hour. The conclusions arrived at i>» this casf^ were as follows : 
 
 "1. " That 96 per cent, of the precipitation takes place within 0.3 mile below 
 the sewage outfall. 
 
 2. " That within six miles of the sewage outfall the number of bacteria falls 
 to the number immediately above that point. 
 
 3. " That the greater ihe volume and velocity of the river, the slower is the 
 rate of self-puriiioation. 
 
 4. " That so far as concerns the sewage, the rate of self-purification is not 
 influenced by meterological changes. 
 
 5. " That under the conditions described, and provided there are no inter- 
 mediate sources of pollution, a river such as the Limmet, flowing at the mean 
 velocity of about four miles per hour, will purify itself within a distance of about 
 sixteen miles from the point of pollution." 
 
 I have dwelt rather fully upon this subject, in order to show that providing 
 the city sewage is discharged into the lake at a suflicient distance from the 
 Water Works intake, no injurious effects need be anticipated. What the safe 
 distance is remains a matter for further investigation, and it is a question which 
 must before long receive attention if the city continues to increase in population, 
 as it undoubtedly will. 
 
 At the present time the water supply is drawn from Lake Ontario, at the 
 bell-buoy crib, at a depth of twenty-one feet below zero level of the lake ; the 
 renovation of the 6-ft. steel pipe extension to a depth of seventy-five feet not 
 being yet quite completed. The water flows through 2,357 feet of wooden con- 
 duit six feet in internal diameter to the shore crib on Toronto Island. Thence 
 the water is conducted through a 5-ft. steel conduit to Hanlan's crib, a distance 
 of 6,027 feet, and thence through a double line of pipes across the harbor, a 
 distance of about 4,600 feet, to the Pumping Station, one pipe being of steel 
 four feet in diameter, and the other cast iron, three feet in diameter. 
 
 The 6-ft. wooden conduit is partially filled with sand, but whether the sand 
 finds its way through defective joints in this wooden conduit or not is at present 
 uncertain. It is a diiflcult matter to determine beyond doubt what is the actual 
 condition of this conduit, as the water supply cannot be shut ofl for a sufficient 
 length of time to admit of examination. 
 
 The 5-ft. steel pipe also contains sand in some places, and it has, unfortu- 
 nately, been laid so irregularly and at so high a level that it cannot be relied upon 
 to furnish all the water required in the City at times when the lake may fall 
 more than one foot below zero level, which sometimes happens. 
 
 The 4-ft. steel pipe across the harbor cannot safely be relied upon, owing to 
 to its liability to damage by reason of its shallowness in some places, and also by 
 reason of its exposed position in the bott m of the harbor across the ship 
 channel, where it lies unprotected. 
 
 Minutes of Proceedings of the Institute of Civil Engineers, Vol. CXI. 
 
11 
 
 The 3-ft. cast iron pipe across the harbor is believed to be in perfeco condition,, 
 but it is too small of itself to deliver all the water required in case uf damage to 
 the 4-ft. pipe. 
 
 Under these circuraBtances it becomes necessary to devise means whereby 
 these defects may be overcome and tlie required water supply delivered at the 
 Pumping Station with reasonable assurance that it will not suddenly be cut off, 
 diminished or polluted, by reason of the lake falling to a low level or from accidents 
 which are liable to happen at any moment. 
 
 Different methods have been proposed with the view to remedying these 
 defects and lessening the risks, cither partially or wholly, and others have 
 suggested themselves after a study of the questions involved. 
 
 The following is a list of all these proposals and suggestions : 
 
 1. A new steel conduit across the Harbor. 
 
 2. A tunnel under the Harbor and Island and into the lake to a new inlet. 
 
 3. Pipes laid in a tunnel under the Harbor. 
 
 4. An auxiliiiry pumping station on the Island and forcing the water through 
 the present conduits across the harbor to the pump- well. 
 
 6. Transferring the Main Pumping Station to the Island, and pumping the 
 water through either the present conduits or through new pipes laid across the 
 harbor. 
 
 6. The same as the above, only that the force main or mains should be 
 carried across the western entrance to the harbor on a bridge. 
 
 7. A tunnel under the harbor and a new conduit across the Island. 
 
 I will briefly refer to each of these projects in the order in which they are 
 given : 
 
 (1) A new steel conduit across the harbor would be largely open to the same 
 objections as apply to the existing pipe, and does not wholly meet the case. 
 
 (2) A tunnel uuder the harbor and Island, carried out into the lake to a 
 new inlet in deep water, would undoubtedly be an effective remedy, if practic- 
 able ; but before any opinion could be formed on this subject, a complete set of 
 borings would have to be made, and the investigations would prove tedious and 
 expensive. The project would also be a very costly one, and need scarcely be 
 considered when the same objects can be attained for far less money, as it is 
 unnecessary to tunnel under the Island and risky to attempt tunnelling out into 
 the lake anywhere in the vicinity of Toronto Island. 
 
 (3) Piper, laid in a tunnel under the harbor would also be an effective 
 remedy, so far as danger from pollution by bay water is concerned, but the plan 
 would prove an exceedingly expensive one, and does not meet all the requirements 
 of the case. 
 
 (4) The idea of providing an auxiliary pumping plant on the Island was, I 
 anderstand, first proposed in 1887 by Eliaa Sogers, Esq. , who was then an Alder- 
 
12 
 
 pian. The soheiro was it vef^tigated, ropoitcd upon and recommended by 
 Messrs. Geo. G. Robb and John OaU in the jame year, the sole objecc, apparently. 
 bein({ to provide pome "temporary expedient" for increasing the water supply 
 " until such time as a general and permanent system may 'oo devised and carried 
 out." The plan contemplated the erection of a tank or stand pipo at he Island 
 crib and raising the water by means of a centrifugal pump, sn a.^ to create " an 
 artificial head" of about twenty feet above the level of the lake at that point, 
 with a view to forcing 22,000,000 gallons of water into the pump- well through tha 
 old wooden 4-ft. pipe in Blockhouse Bay and the 3-ft. iron pipe in the harbor, us 
 these pipes were found to be inadequate. The estimated cost was stated to be 
 ^29,000 ; but the cost of operation is not given. 
 
 At the time the above report was made, the present 5-ft. and 4-ft. steel 
 pipes from the Island crib to the City had not been laid, so that the necessity 
 for such an auxiliary pumping plant for the purpose of increasing the supply no 
 longer exists. 
 
 The scheme has, however, recently been revived, with the view not to 
 increasing the delivery of the pipes, but to prevent the influx of polluted bay 
 water in case of the pipes being leaky. 
 
 In regard to this scheme, I may say in the tiret place that the estimates of 
 
 'Vl tnx) ' t8 87 would be quite inadequate to cover the cost of the enlarged pumping plant 
 
 which would ^pl be needed, if a sufficient and constant head is always to be 
 
 maintained to force the whole water supply through the existing conduits under 
 
 pressure, and the annual cost of maintenance would be very considerable. 
 
 In the second place, a complicated state i affairs would be set up which 
 might at any moment lead to disastrous results by the Hooding of the engine 
 houses at the Main Pumping Station. This is a danger which does not appear to 
 have been considered in the original scheme, and to obviate which would involve 
 considerable additional expense. 
 
 In the third place, I may say that the principle is wrong, and if carried out 
 H would not, in my opinion, prove benelicial or satisfactory. Should leaks at 
 any time be found to exist in the conduit through which the water was being 
 forced, it ^vould result in the waste of large quantities of fuel in pumping lake 
 water in co the bay and harbor. Common prudence and economy would require 
 that the leaks should be found and stopped with the least practicable delay, so 
 that after this remedy (which is necessary in any case) had been applied, there 
 would be no further use for the auxiliary pumping station. The proposah 
 therefore, appears to me to be an absurd one. 
 
 (5) The scheme of transferring the Main Pumping Station to Toronto Island 
 and pumping the supply through either the present conduits or through new 
 pipes to be laid across the harbor, is open to the grave objection that in the 
 event of serious leakage, a break, or accident to the force main under water, the 
 entire water supply to the City might be suddenly cut off, and considerable time 
 would necessarily be consumed in aijcortaining exactly where the defects existed 
 and in effecting repairs. This sole object'.pn is too serious to warrant the adoption 
 o( any such schenie. 
 
13 
 
 (6) Tbe alternative project of placinj^ the Main rumping Station on the 
 Island and carryinj,' duplicate force mains across the wcntern entrance on a 
 bridge, at or near the Queen's wharf, miglit be seriously considered if the con- 
 struction of a bridge of moderate height across the ship channel would ho 
 allowed. Such a bridge would undoubtedly be of very great service to the 
 residents and to visitors of the Island, in addition to its affording the moans of 
 supporting the force mains and of rendering them easily accessible at all times. 
 The centre span of the bridge would require to be about 400 feet in length across 
 the channel, with long approaches both north and south. 
 
 The Harbor Commissioners have been communicated with on the subject. 
 They will not sanction a pier in the centre of the channel, and they require clear 
 head-room above the water level of 150 feet. This latter requirement renders 
 the scheme impracticable, not only on account of the enormous expense of the 
 structure that would be required, but also on account of the excessively heavy 
 gradients that would be involved, which would render the bridge unserviceable 
 for trafiQc. 
 
 (7) A tunnel under the harbor, coupled with a new conduit across Toronto 
 Island and into the lake to a new intake, appears to mo to be the best solution of 
 the problem. It is also one of the cheapest and safesi plans of any so far proposedi 
 ind I recommend its adoption. In my opinion it is unsafe to rely upon the exist- 
 ing conduits, for reasons which I have already explained, and I advise that no 
 time be lost in starting tfie worlrs, the construction of which will probably take 
 two years. 
 
 Borings have been made at the Water Works wharf and at Haulan's Point, 
 for the purpose of ascertaining the nature of the material to be encountered. 
 Shale rook was found at a depth of 13 feet below lake level (zero) at the pumping 
 station, and at 55^ feet in depth at Hanlan's Point. The rock generally is tirm 
 and solid, but is of such a nature that the tunnel would require to be lined through- 
 out its whole length, which is a little over a mile. A few small water-bearing 
 seams were encountered in boring through the upper layers of the rock, and more 
 borings are required before the courses of these seams can be traced with any cer- 
 tainty and the best level for the tunnel determined. If, however, it is kept down 
 about 130 feet below the surface uf the harbor, the borings so far taken indicate 
 that no water will be encountered at that depth to hinder the vigorous prosecution 
 of the work. 
 
 My estimate of the works which are necessary in order to complete this pro- 
 ject in n proper manner is as follows (exclusive of land du lages) : 
 
 Tunnel, fi-ft. 6-in. in internal diameter, 5,500 feet in length, lined with 
 
 brickwork, including necessary shaft at each end $230,000 00 
 
 Screen chamber, valve house and connections at Main Pumping 
 
 Station aO.OOU 00 
 
 New 6-tt. steel pipe, UOO feet in length, connecting existing 5-ft. pipe 
 in Blockhouse Bay with southern end of tunnel, including specials 
 and couneotious l'J,000 00 
 
14 
 
 New 6-ft. steel pipe, 2,400 feet in length (to replace existing wooden 
 pipe), between shore crib and bell-bouy crib, including connections 
 
 and anchorage '60,000 00 
 
 Valve house and settling cliamber at sontli end of tunnel 18,000 00 
 
 New 6-ft. steel conduit, 7,000 feet in length, across Toronto Island 
 from south end of tunnel and into Lake Ontario, including new 
 intake, valve house and settling chamber 168,000 00 
 
 9525,000 00 
 
 In this estimate the tunnel is designed of ample capacity to deliver at the 
 Pumping Station 75,000,000 gallons per day, so that no enlargement or duplica- 
 tion will be necessary until the City has trebled its present population. Pro- 
 vision is also made for a duplicate 6-ft. steel conduit across the Island in order 
 to avoid any tearing down or expensive alterations when such an addition 
 becomes necessary. 
 
 In addition to the project I have recommended and outlined above, further 
 works are required in connection with the system of distribution. 
 
 I have already recommended that a new 24-in. main should be laid along 
 Front Street, from Simcoe to Sherbourne Street, for the double purpose of 
 relieving the pumps and force mains to some extent and of affording better 
 protection against fire in the heart of the City than can now be obtained. I beg 
 to renew this recommendation. 
 
 I also recommend that a new 36-in. force main be laid from the intersection of 
 Bathurst and College Streets, up Bathurst Street, along Dupont, McPherson and 
 Yonge Streets, and thence into Rose Hill Reservoir, as shown on the accompany- 
 ing plan. The object of this additional main is that it will not only greatly 
 improve the system for fire protection and general service, but that it will be a 
 safeguard against accidents at the Main Pumping Station and will lessen the I'sk 
 of breaka^'c i\nd damage to the existing force mains, especially to those on Front 
 Street and across the railway properties. It will also afford the means of main- 
 taining the best possible pressure on the mains at times when it may be necessary 
 to stop all pumping operations which sometimes cannot be avoided. 
 
 I also recommend that the 30-in. main on Wellington Street be extended east- 
 wardly from John Street to Simcoe Street, for the purpose of improving the 
 circulation and rendering the system more complete and secure against 
 accidents. 
 
 I also recommend that a new 12-in. main be laid on Avenue Boad, from 
 Davenport Road to Bloor Street, for the purpose of improving the supply in the 
 high service district. 
 
 The following is the estimate of the entire works herein recommended : 
 
 '' ThiH expenditure may possiblv bo saved for a time, if, on further investigation, the 
 existing 6-ft. wooden conduit should be found suitable to be retained. 
 
16 
 
 Total cost of tunnel sclieino aH outlined above 9625,000 
 
 16,000 ft. of 8C-in. force main, from intersection of Bathurst and College 
 
 Htreeta to Rose Hill Renervoir, including valvoR and Hpecials, etc. . Idn.SOO 
 
 1,000 ft. of 30-in. pipe on Wallington Htreet, from John to Simcoo Htroot, 
 
 including valves, etc 8,00<» 
 
 24-in. main on Front Street, from Rimcoe to Slierbourne Street, includ- 
 ing valvei) and apecialH, etc 86,000 
 
 12-in. main on Avenue Road, from Davenport Road to Bloor Street . . . 6,600 
 
 Total »710,000 
 
 In addition to the above there are minor improvementR and alterations which 
 will be required from time to time, but they are not deemed of sufficient import- 
 ance to call for special reference in this report. I may, however, say that the 
 district on the east side of the River Don, lying to the north of Ocrrard Street, 
 will before very long require attention. It lies at a high elevation, and is supplied 
 off the low service system, which is scarcely adequate, untlor existing arrange- 
 ments, to afford an effective fire protection service. 
 
 Attached hereto is a map showing in outline the improvements I have pro- 
 posed and reoommendeH, and also an appendix giving the cost of pumping under 
 varying conditions, ana other information of interest. 
 
 I have the honor to be. Gentlemen, 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 E. H. KEATING, 
 
 City Engineer, 
 
16 
 
 APPRNDIX. 
 {For rrplanntnrij notes nee pnge 21.) 
 
 ScHRnDIiE No. I. 
 
 First Cast of Conttruction of Condititu, Pnmping Emiinen, etc. (exclunve of dittrihi- 
 lion), Toronto irnti-r Worku, (nut Aniiiinl Charqes thereon, ng at Slut December, 
 1892. 
 
 Work. 
 
 Cost. 
 
 Interest 
 Annually. 
 
 Sinking F'd 
 ixsr annum. 
 
 Total 
 annual ch'ge. 
 
 Works under commiflaion, 
 including wooden and iron 
 conduit8,Nos. 1 A 2 pump- 
 in({ on^inoH and buildings, 
 filtering basin and all 
 work l)etween connecting 
 crib and engine house 
 
 Wooden intake pipe in lake. 
 
 No. 3 engine and appurten- 
 ances (including ro-build- 
 int* 
 
 » 0. 
 
 500,802 27 
 46,344 38 
 
 124,295 70 
 
 06,839 24 
 189,085 71 
 
 » c. 
 
 30,408 13 
 2,317 21 
 
 4,971 82 
 
 2,339 36 
 6,617 99 
 
 » c. 
 
 6,410 49 
 697 54 
 
 2,216 20 
 
 1,294 76 
 3,602 84 
 
 » c. 
 
 36,818 62 
 3,014 75 
 
 7,188 02 
 
 3,034 12 
 10,280 83 
 
 High level station (including 
 new engines and buildings 
 and connections) 
 
 New steel conduits and lake 
 intake extension 
 
 
 Total (gross) 
 
 933,367 29 
 125,915 02 
 
 46,054 51 
 7,554 90 
 
 14,281 83 
 1,592 68 
 
 60,930 34 
 9,147 58 
 
 Less cost of filtering basin 
 and wooden conduit (both 
 abandoned) 
 
 
 Total cost of works in use 
 at end of 1892 
 
 807,452 27 
 101,874 82 
 
 39,099 01 
 0,112 48 
 
 12,089 15 
 1,288 00 
 
 51,788 70 
 7,401 08 
 
 Deduct depreciation of en- 
 gines Nos. 1 and 2 
 
 Deduct difference between 
 cost of No. 3 engine and 
 her value as compared 
 with No. 4 engine 
 
 705,577 45 
 42,738 89 
 
 32,987 13 
 1,709 55 
 
 11,400 55 
 702 03 
 
 44,387 68 
 2.471 58 
 
 Deduct 10 pc. on remainder 
 of plant for depreciation.. 
 
 062,838 56 
 64,928 17 
 
 31,277 58 
 2,609 53 
 
 10,638 52 
 
 877 95 
 
 41,915 10 
 3,487 48 
 
 Estimated present value . . 
 
 597,910 39 
 
 28,608 05 
 
 9,760 57 
 
 38,428 02 
 
17 
 
 Schedule No 2. 
 
 EntimateH Value of Conduits and Pumping Plant when L/og. 4 and 5 Engines are com- 
 pleted, and when tiru additional High Duty Engines are provided to replace Kos. 1 
 and 2, and also providing for increasing Conduit capacity for future needs. 
 
 Work. 
 
 Value. 
 
 c. 
 
 Estimated present value, asj 
 
 per Schedule No. 1 j 597,910 39 
 
 •Estimated coat of Nos. 4 
 
 and 5 engines, connections 
 
 and buildings, etc .1 200,000 00 
 
 Total..'... 797,910 39 
 
 Add cost of Nos. G and 7 
 engines, of like capacity 
 as 4 and 5 
 
 Add estimated cost for in- 
 creasing conduit capacity 
 
 200,000 GO 
 
 Interest on |Rinking F'd ' Total 
 Value. i fordo. annual ch'ge. 
 
 997,910 39 
 
 for future needs 
 Total. 
 
 525,000 00 
 
 1,522,910 39 
 
 9 c 
 28,008 05 
 
 7,000 00 
 
 3."), GOB 05 
 
 7,000 00 
 
 42,G68 05 
 
 18,375 00 
 
 61,043 05 
 
 y c. 
 
 9,7fi0 57 
 
 13,034 83 
 
 3,^74 26 
 
 17,509 09 
 
 10,169 94 
 
 27,679 03 
 
 » c. 
 
 38,428 G2 
 
 3,874 26! 10,874 26 
 
 49,302 88 
 
 10,874 26 
 
 60,177 14 
 
 28,544 94 
 
 88,722 08 
 
 'These engines were pa'.d for out of current revenue, and not from debentures. 
 
Schedule No. 3. 
 
 Expenditure on Account of Pumping Stations, giving average I'ost of pumping 1,000 
 gallon* of vater for the year 1892. 
 
 Main Pumping Station (fuel, wages and general main- 
 tenance) $103,202 91 
 
 Higii Level Station (fuel, wages and general main- .... 
 
 tenance) 10,167 69 
 
 >113.370 60 
 
 Gal'ons, 
 
 Quantity of water pumped (after allowing for slip) 7,001,674,226 
 
 re-pumped at High Level Station 1,340,209,130 
 
 Cost on above basis of pumping per 1,000 gallons for both Stations . . 1.619c. 
 
 •• •• " at Main Pumping Station.. 1.474c. 
 
 " " " at High Level Station 0.758c« 
 
 Interest and sinking fund paid in 1892, as per Schedule No. 1 $60,936 34 
 
 Rate of do. per 1,000 gallons pumped 0.870c. 
 
 Cost of pumping per 1,000 gallons 1.619c. 
 
 " interest and sinking fund per 1,000 gallons .870c. 
 
 Total cost of pumping 2.498c. 
 
 Interest and sinking fund, if works that have been 
 
 abandoned are deducted $51,788 76 
 
 Making cost of pumping 1.619c. 
 
 " interest and sinking fund .739c. 
 
 Total cost per 1,000 gallons 2.358c. 
 
 If further allowance is made for depreciated value of plant, the inter- 
 est and sinking fund would be $38,428 62 
 
 Making the cost of pumping per 1,000 gallons .*> 1.619c. 
 
 Cost of interest and sinking fund per 1,000 gallons .548c. 
 
 Total cost of pumping per 1,000 gallons 2.167c. 
 
 -f '•.•'■. 
 
19 
 
 SctaSDULE No. 4. 
 
 Estimated Cost of pumping when Noi. i and 5 High Duty Engines are completed. 
 
 Capacity of enginea 7,154,000,000 gallons net. 
 
 Average of No. 4, sinoe being pat in commission. . . .441 gallons per pound of coal, 
 
 Coal reqaired C.lllsVinj. @ *4.50 »36,500 00 
 
 Labor 20,567 75 
 
 Repairs, lubricants, etc 10,000 00 
 
 $67,067 75 
 
 Interest and sinking fund on value of plant (Schedule No . 2) 49,302 88 
 
 »116,370 63 
 
 Cost of fuel per 1,000 gallons .510c. 
 
 " labor, etc .427c. 
 
 " interest and sinking fund .689c. 
 
 Total cost per 1,000 gallons 1.626. 
 
 Schedule No. 5. 
 
 Estimated cost oj pumping when consumption shall have reached 40,000,000 gallons per 
 day and pumping capacity )uu been increased by tlie addition of two new high duty 
 engi)ies (6 and 7), and also including cost of increasing conduit capacity for futut^ 
 needs. 
 
 Capacity of engines, 14,308,000^000 gallons net (average of No. 4 forming basis 
 of calculation for coal). 
 
 Coal required, 16.222 tons, at »4.50 «73,00O 00 
 
 Labor 41,135 50 
 
 Repairs, lubricants, etc 20,000 00 
 
 »134,135 50 
 Interest and Sinking Fund, as per Schedule 2 60,177 14 
 
 Total annual charge »194,312 64 
 
 If provision is made for additional conduit, to increase daily capacity for 
 future needs, the cost will be : 
 
 Coal, labor, repairs, etc., as ibove 9134,135 50 
 
 Interest and Sinking Fund, as above $60,177 14 
 
 " » on $.525,000. as per Schedule 
 
 • ' No.2 28,544 94 
 
 88,722 OB 
 
 Totalcost 8222,857 58 
 
 Cost per 1,000 gallons for labor 0.610c. 
 
 " •« fuel 0.427 
 
 " •' interest and sinking fund 0.620 . 
 
 1^ . 
 
 Total estimated cost per 1,000 gallons 1.557c. 
 
20 
 
 Schedule No. 6. 
 
 Comparison of the actual payments which the City icould have to make if one of the 
 proposed ofers to supply theCity with watet at Si, pet 1,000 gallons is accepted, 
 and the estimated cost of pumping the same water, based upon the actual record of 
 No. 4 engine : ' ' 
 
 By Pumping— , . , 
 
 20,000,000 gallons daily = 7,154,000,000 yearly, after allowing for slip : 
 
 Cost of pumping, as per Schedule No. 4 $67,067 75 
 
 Interest and sinking fund upon total debt of works. . 9266,000 00 
 " " •" cost of Engines -Nos. 4 
 and 5 • 10,«74 26 
 
 236,fi74 26 
 
 Maintenance of other branches of Department 80,000 00 
 
 $383,942 01 
 By Private Supply — 
 
 7,154,000,000 gallons at 3c „ . . . $214,620 00 
 
 Interest and sinking fund on debenture debt 226,000 00 
 
 Cost of maintenance of remaining branches 80,000 00 
 
 .■ ■ 520,620 00 
 
 Difference in favour of pumping $136,677 99 
 
 Cost per 1,000 gallons by private supply 7.277c, 
 
 " " pumping 5.366 ,v •'. 
 
 Differen je in favor of pumping .... w ... .' 1.911c. per 1,000 gals. 
 
 In other words : ., . .. ' ■ 
 
 Estimated revenue from water works 1893 $440,000 00 
 
 Cost if water supplied by private company 520,620 00 
 
 To be raised by taxation or by increased water rates 80,620 00 
 
Schedule No. 7. 
 
 Comparison of relative cost of water by pumping and private supply when consumption 
 .shall have reached 40,000,000 gallons per day and high duty pumping plant is 
 provided as per Schedule No. 5. 
 
 By Pamping — 
 
 Cost of pamping as per Schedule No. 5 $134,135 00 
 
 Interest and sinking fund on tptial debt ............ 226,000 00 
 
 Maintenance of remainder of works 80,(K)0 00 
 
 Interest and sinking fund on engines 4, 5, 6 and 7. . 21,748 52 
 
 461,884 02 
 
 By Private Supply — 
 
 . 14,308,000,000 gallons at 8c 429,240 00 
 
 Interest and sinking fund on debt 226,000 00 
 
 Maintenance of remaining branches 80,000 00 
 
 735,240 00 
 
 Annual difference in favor of pumping $2"< 3,355 98 
 
 If a provision is made for additional conduit capacity to provide for future 
 needs the cost will be : 
 
 By Pumping— 
 
 Annual cost as above $461,884 02 
 
 >• of additional interest and sinking fund, 
 
 as per Schedule No. 2 28,544 94 
 
 $490,428 96 
 
 By Private Supply-^ 
 
 Annual cost as above . . . .......••. 735,240 00 
 
 Excess of cost by private suppJy $244,811 04 
 
22 
 
 Schedule No. 8. 
 
 Comparative ttatement shotoing tlie acttial cott of the City's teater lupply for 1892, and 
 what it would have been had the City been supplied for that year by private parties 
 at 3c. per thousand gallons. 
 
 Actual cost by Pumping— 
 
 Cost of fael, labor and general maintenance of the 
 
 main pumping station $103,202 91 
 
 Ditto high level station 10,167 69 
 
 »113,370 60 
 
 Maintenance of ler branches of Department .... 66,845 19 
 
 Interest and sinking fund upon total debenture 
 
 debt for water works purposes 222,626 00 
 
 »402,841 79 
 
 Cost by Private Supply— 
 
 7,001,674,226 gallons at 3c. per 1.000 $210,050 22 
 
 Maintenance of branches of department other than 
 
 main and high level stations 66,845 19 
 
 Interest and sinking fund on total debeuture debt for 
 
 water works purposes 222,626 00 
 
 499,521 41 
 
 Excess of cost by private supply at 3c. per 1,000 gallons. ^96,679 6 g 
 
 Revenue and Expenditure : s... . ■-.. .. ... 
 
 Revenue from water works for 1892 $449,252 78 
 
 Cost by pumping as above , 402,841 79 
 
 Surplus of revenue over expenditure $46,410 99 
 
 By Private Supply the result would have been : 
 
 Revenue for the year $449,252 78 
 
 Cost of water as above 499,521 41 
 
 Deficit, which would have been met by increased taxation or by 
 increased water rates $50,268 53 
 
 In the calculations for Schedules 6, 7 and 8 the cost of remodelling the present 
 system in order to distribute the water from the north instead of from the south 
 has not been taken into account. 
 
Explanatory Notes. 
 
 Schedule No. 1 refers to the actual cost of the pumping plant, including the 
 wharves, engine houses, pumping engines, and all plant south of the engine 
 house, also the high level pumping station. The gross cost comprises the amount 
 paid for the construction of these works (as per annual reports of the Commis- 
 sioners and Water Works Department), the annual charge for interest and sink- 
 ing fund thereon being also shown. The first deduction made from this amount 
 is the cost of the filtering basin on the Island, and the four-foot wooden conduit 
 between Hanlan's Point and the connecting crib on the Island, both of which 
 have been abandoned. The result is the cost of the works actually in use on 31st 
 December, 1892, and the annual charges thereon. Deductions are then made for 
 depreciation of Nos. 1, 2 and 3 engines, being the difference between the actual 
 cost thereof, as included in the gross cost, and their present value. This whs 
 arrived at as follows : No. 1 is valued at $7,000, being the amount the original 
 builders of this engine offered to allow for the engine and boilers as part payment 
 for another engine. The values of Nos. 2 and 3 are based upon their capacity 
 and guaranteed duty as compared with No. 4 engine, which cost 934,408. 
 
 A deduction of 10 per cent, is next made for depreciation of the remainder 
 of the plant. This is, I think, a small percentage for plant that has been in use 
 on an average upwards of ten years. 
 
 Schedule No. 2 shows the various additions to be made to the total value of 
 plant, as per No. 1, for new engines, also probable extensions required in the near 
 future. .. :..c. ; ;■ . - .« . . 
 
 Scbedule No. 3 gives the actual cost of pumping per 1,000 gallons with low 
 duty engines, 1892 ; and Schedules Nos. 4 and 5 the cost of pumping 20 and 40 million 
 gallons per day respectively with high duty engines of the same type as No. 4 — 
 the calculations being based upon the actual record of that engine for the eight 
 months during which it has been in service— the annual charge for interest and 
 sinking fund on cost of additional plant being also included. No. 3 Schedule is 
 given for information and comparison, but cannot fairly be taken as a basis of 
 calculation for the future, the record being made by low duty engines, which were 
 also badly in need of repair. 
 
 Schedules Nos. 6, 7 and 8 are comparative, showing the relative cost between 
 a water supply obtained by pumping and that purchased from private parties at 
 3 cents per 1,000 gallons, the first two schedules being calculated for a daily 
 supply of 20 and 40 million gallons respectively. Schedule No. 8 shows what the 
 City would have had to pay in 1892 for the water actually provided had it been 
 supplied by a company at three cents per thousand gallons, and also gives the 
 actual cost by the present system. From this statement it appears that had the 
 water been supplied by private parties at the rate above named, instead of the 
 current revenue being suf&cient to meet the working expenses and give a surplus 
 of 149,000, as was the case, there would have been a deficit of 950,000 on water 
 works account, which would have had to be met by increased taxation or by an 
 increase in the water rates. 
 
a* 
 
 In Schedules Noa. 4, 5, G and 7 no allowance has been made for repuraping 
 to the high level district, as the proportion of the total quantity which would 
 require to be repnmped is unknown. In 1892, however, the cost of the high level 
 station was less than one-tenth of that of the main station, and the quantity of 
 water repumped was less than one-fifth of the total supply. 
 
 Taking the relative cost of repumping at the high level station as one-tenth 
 that at the main station, the cost per thousand gallons in Nos. 4 and £ would be 
 increased by 0.0937 cents. A like amount should also be added to the cost per 
 thousand gallons by pumping in Schedules Nos. 6 and 7. 
 
 In calculating the annual cost of water by private supply for Schedules Nos. 
 6, 7 and 8 the large expense which would necessarily be incurred in remodelling 
 the distribution owing to the alteration in the method of supply has not been 
 taken into consideration. 
 
 Chas. a. Matthews, 
 
 Secretary Water Works Department. 
 
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