THE OANACIAN MBTSOROLOaiCAL SXRVICB. 
 
 Mat-sorologloal observations ware oonmenced at the Toronto 
 Magnetic ObsoTvntory in 1841 and have been carried on ever sinoe 
 without a fcre«A. « ' 
 
 Prior to the ant'.ann of 1869 however there were but few Met- 
 eorological Observers in the Dominion of Canada and there was an 
 absence of that imity of action by which the scanty naterials t»Mt 
 4A4=««*»*, could be combined as to yield satisfactory res^atB, Being 
 dissatisfied with a state of affairs bc discreditable to the Meteor- 
 ology of Canada and resolving that it should continue no longer 
 Professor O.T.Kingston the Director of the Toronto Magnetic Obser- 
 vatory addressed himself by letter and in person to those actually 
 engaged in Meteorologlcsal observations and also to others in various 
 parts of the countrj' requesting their co-operation and offering to 
 make arrangements whereby all observations might be carried on in 
 accordance with instrtictions issued by himself and jritght be reported 
 to him at Toronto regularly from laonth to month. The result was a 
 steady in'irea^e in the nmber of observers and in the exactneso and 
 regularity of the observations. 
 
 From October 1869 to the Spring of 1871 the Meteoro- 
 logical work Of Canada wna carried on by an organization that was 
 0triotly voluntary. No emouluments whatever were attatched to the 
 services of the observers and the instrjonents were either private 
 property or were provided on loan from th. Toronto Observatory from 
 Which establishment fo«as ^ registration were also ^.rnished . .he 
 work Of organising „,w stations and of cluing returns were perfona- 
 -d gratuitously by Professor Kingston and his assistants. 
 
 in the spring of ia7i,the Dominion Oover^aent recognlned 
 
way for ostabUshlns a eystwn of stonn olgnala, Barly .-In lava arrange- 
 ments were made for thfl telegraphing t^rl-dally reports from eever-a 
 stations in th^ Region of the areat Lakes to Toronto and these were 
 forwarded to the ohlef Signal Offioer at 7'afi]iington,D,c. who in re- 
 turn supplied Professor Kingston with reports from 15 stations in 
 the united states. In July 1872 the annual grant wa^ inoreased to 
 110,000 and a steady inorease was made during the next four years in 
 the number of reporting stations and the equipment of stonu signal 
 masts. 
 
 . Up to the autumn of 1876 the Canadian Service relied on the 
 oourtesy of the united States Seryioe for stoim warnings which were 
 forwarded witJi reg^^laiMty from Washington, whenever any serious dis- 
 turbance was indicated by the Weather Chart. In 5jeptenher of that 
 year.however,wamings were issued to Canadian ports without waiting 
 for notification from the United states and in October reg^ar dally 
 foreeasts were issued at 10,a.m.for the next 24 hours, r 
 
 There are now in the Dominion 5S3 Meteorological stations using 
 instrtoents which have been supplied by the aove™n..nt. The Observers 
 at 245 of these stations take the observations voluntarll!' nending 
 regular monthly returns to the Central Office and to these persons is 
 due the hearty thanks of the Service. At 41 stations lying chiefly 
 in the far northern Territories of Canada and at light houses in the 
 Gnlf Of St. Lawrence , small gratuities are allowed observers. At 38 k 
 stations distributed at nearly equal intervals throughout the Dominion 
 three or more observations are taken dally and as the obs^^-vers are 
 paid salarles,promptnea8 and careful attention to duty is insisted 
 upon. From 36 of these stations, two reports are dally telegraphed 
 to Toronto to be used in the preparation of the daily weather chart. 
 
 The telegraphic reports comprise the barcBieter readintia reduced 
 to sea level,the readings of the wet and dry thennom»ters,the direction 
 and velocity of the wind and state of the weather,the precipitation( if 
 )any,and with the morning report the minimum temperature of t};e pre- 
 
/ 
 
 -oeedAng IJ? hours, and with the evening report the luaxlmuin^of the e^y 
 
 «43UuMU)(|. Almost Invariably all reports from the stationa 
 between Lake 'Mperlor an<l Cape Breton are received in the Central Of- 
 -floe by 8,30 a.n.and p.m., and are then forwarded without delay to 
 the United states Weather Bureau at Washington 
 
 from whloh place aoir.e 60 United States stations are in return jent to 
 Toronto together with the Canadian reports f 'om Maiiitoha westward to 
 Srltlsh Columbia whloh are turned over to the United states Bureau 
 at St. Paul, Minnesota, All reports are us\ially received shortly after 
 9,30 and the work:' ig chart is ready for the forecasting official by 
 9,45 and by 10 o'clock the ieobea-s have been drawn and some of the 
 forecasts telegraphed to their destination. The bulletin issued at 
 night comprieeg a short synopsis of the weather during the past day 
 and a general description of the exlatirc i:;ctcciclc£;lcal conditions? 
 then a list of the highest and lowest temperatures reported f^oia about 
 a dozen stations, followed by the forecasts for the various districts 
 lying between Manitoba and the Maritime Provinces. These forecasts 
 are for the 34 hours beginning the following 8 a.m.unless it be express 
 -ly stated that they cover a longer period. The same evening the 
 Telegraph Company sends the bulletin to all points wto»e are published 
 ^morning newspapea^ In which it is printed, generally at the head of 
 the column or local news and then in the morning on the opening of th« 
 various telegraph offlawa throughout the Dominion the first message 
 which goes over the wires is the daily forecast which is posted up 
 in a conaplclous pl^ce in every telegraph office,. Up to the summer 
 of 1894 the forecast based on the 8 a.m. chart was practically the 
 only one issued, but since that time a second forecast covering the 
 mirrent and foilowl.ag day has been issivd at 10 a.n»;thl8 is sent to 
 nearly All ports both on the Great Lakes and on the Seaboard and It 
 al£5 appears in most of the afternoon papers published in the Dominion. 
 
 There are in the Dominion 75 stations at which cautionar'/ and 
 Btonn signals are displayed, on the Lakes, In the Maritime Prb- 
 vinoea,and 3 In British Columbia. The signals used are drums and oones 
 the cone alone being hoisted when but a moderate gale Is expected, 
 
and >)Oth drum and oone tosethor when it is thought that the stona 
 will be heavy; the apex of the cone doimwarda indioatea noxitherly 
 and easterly direot ions, and upwards noartherly and westerly. 
 
 Bach rooming some 86 oopiea of the weather chart are roade 
 by means of a duplloating inaohine,t}ie Mimeograpli,and supplied to 
 the Toronto newspapers, to the Board of Trnde,ar.d to such biislneos 
 people who will engage to post them where they will be seen by the 
 publio. 
 
 Arrangeraants have also been made with the G.H.W, Telegraph 
 Company whereby a more comprehensive wwathaj* bulletin than is 
 Issued to the majo^l^y of plaoos should be published aaoh fore- 
 noon simultaneously at Quebeo, Montreal, Ottawa, Hamilton and London, 
 containing the same inforraation as had for some tine previotisly 
 been published in Toronto, St. John and Halifax. Tlxts bulletin in my 
 opinion fills all aottial requirements as regards supplying suoh 
 meteorological infoimation as is possible in the peesent state of 
 the science of Meteorology. 
 
 As raganda the \isefulnes9 of the Service , first in importance 
 are the warnings issued to Lake and Ocean Shipping of the approach 
 of gales. Thin worX is considered of great value at all fishing 
 point8,so much so that few fisheimen will now take the risk of 
 going to sea when the signals are displayed ,nlthotigh when the 
 Service was first started the mariner thought himself the best m 
 weather prophet lontll he learnt otherwise from experience, 
 
 the long period forecasts covering two or three days and 
 
 next 
 given gratis to all who asK for them, are perliapa th^most useful 
 
 branch of the Service. Shippers of perishable goods, wines, ales 
 &c. ,are constant enquirers as are also large slaughter and packing 
 houses. 
 
 The bi~daily forecasts issued at 10 a.m.and/^ p^m.aivl 
 publigh«5d in all the newspapers as well as at all Tele^'raph Offices 
 froo Manitoba to the Maritime Provinces »ire a very Inportant branch 
 
of the wor?c of the f;ervloe. The prominent plaoa In tho newspapara 
 aTlott.6.i to the forecasts gpeaXa of th« aste<«n In whloh they eura 
 held. 
 
 All reillways In Canada, also saveral City street-linen ara 
 warned of approaohlng snowstonris Hnd high wlnda.thase warnings also 
 seein to be much eqte'^ed. During the winter months the Toronto Straat 
 Railway Oo» , talaphona. nightly' ibui to the ohanoes of snow. 
 
 Durins \'.h« lonstruotlon of wharves anrt. braakwatara and 
 the towlns of barges &o. ,frorft port to port the Sarvloa is fra- 
 -yuently aske-l for spealal forecasta. /i!iiA«L/^.,*^^^^^^?^*^^^^•*^ 
 
 $ :-,-.ii" 
 
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