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NmIc ii Son i> 9Si airuuL INTRODUCTION TO THE SECOND EDITION. The author was induced to publish the first edition of the following tract, from having learnt the great disappointment, and consequent dis- tress, which many individuals, as well as familita, have suflfered, who have been induced to quit their native country, and repair to situations to which they had been deluded by the false and exaggerated descriptions of interested speculr.tors in land, and traders in emigration. The various accounts which have been received from the diflferent places which he mentions, have fuUy corroborated his former statement, particu- larly from the Cape of Good Hope, where many have perished from want, and others only preserved by public subs^.riptior t and the tempo- rary aid of Government ; but as these affliotinsj accounts have been long since before the public, together with tho^e relating to the establishment of Birbeck, in the interior of the United Staies of America, it is unneces- sary to repeat the particulars; and whilst the author's piedictions have been but too fatally verified in these regions, he has the satisfaction to know, that the favorable account he gave of the Island of Prince Edward, hai been fully corroborated by the progress it has since made, and the advan- tages and comforts which have resulted to those who have gone to that flourishing colony. Since the publication of the first edition of this tract, the author has again visited the island, and has been told by the principal and welMn- . . .. .._A Au-i u„ !.„.. .,<>... w.ii.^h Mn<)or.rftted the advantages Mid lormea iunauuanis, umi, nc uaa T^tj ...'»-.. ^ 4 qiialiti«'s of tlitt country, and he lias Itaii tlii> gralifirahoit to U'urn from those who had gone there in consequence of the information they had v*- ceived from his publication, that they had found the colony greatly io ex- ceed their expectations. When the writer was flrst acquainted with that island, the population did not exceed .5,000 inhuhitantsi; but by a late censuN, it was found to have increased to ,')t,000, and he can assert, without fear of contradiction, that there is not one industrious inhabitant that has settled (here, or one fa- mily, but has within a short time established thepiNelves in a comfortable situation; and he has not met with a single instance of dissatisfaction or repining at the change. This colony would have made still greater progress, but from anfortii- natc disputes between those intrusted with the government and the pro- prietors of lands and the inhabitants, which have continued with little inter- mission from the year 1780 to the recall c' the late Governor, which took place in the year 1824, when Colonel ReuJy was appointed. Mis Majesty's Government at the same time superseded the Judge of the Court of I^w, and Mr. Archibald, a gentleman of distinguished taknts, and eminently qualified for the situation, was appointed. The foundation of these disputes originated in the terms on which the lands were originally granted. The Island was first surveyed under the direction of government about the year 1766, and divided into lots, or townships, of 20,000 acres, which divisions we>-c granted to several noblemen and gentlemen upon condition of thc-ir peopleing each township with a certain number of set tiers within a given time, and also on payment of an annual ^quit rent to the crown. The intervention of the American war, and various other unavoidable circumstances, prevented the proprietors from fulfilling the terms of the grants, and the t; ds in consequence became virtually forfeited to the crown. Successive local Governors and their coadjutors, taking advan- tage of what they termed a delinquency on the part of the grantees, have made various attempts to avail themselves of these terms as a pretext for escheatiitg the lands, and have endeavo'ircd to excite the government at home to authorise them to carry them into effect. Whether these at> tempts of the local government were grounded on public principles or private interest, it is net the author's wish at this time to offer an opinion ; the circumstances were represented to Jiis Majesty's government, and the parties complained of have been removed. Amidst the conflicts which have taken place in the mean time on the island on this subject, the most disgraceful scenes of injustice and oppres- sion have been prKCtised, the relation of which would scarcely be credited the / by thu>e accuiitunifi) to the due and impitrtui admiiiistratioii of justice ill the courts oi law in this country- It is not ' ". intention of the author of this tract to enter intc a detail of the circumstances attending these proceedings ; fortunately for the pro- prietors and happily for the inhabitants, the evils under vrhich they suf- fered r J longer exist, and the principal causes wlich gave rise to then «:e removt'd. The news of the appointment of the present (governor was hailed with univena! joy throughout the island, and his arrival most enthusiastically greeted by tne inhabitants. It is scarcely necessary to observe, that the high respectability and talents o^ this distinguished officer, and a proper application of them in the due and impartial adm:;ii8tration of the govern- mcht since he assumed tl.c command, have fully justified the most san- guine expectations. The colony Is no less fortunate in the selection which His Majesty's government haa made in the pr*^ '•nt Chief Justice, who ranked so de- servedly high in the courts and legislature of t!.e neighbouring colony of H>:ilifay. Under this learned gentleman's administration, a respect for, and .1 just confidence in, the character of the court have been happily established, the good fruits of which are daily felt in the security now given to property; added to which, government has been induced to extend the time for peo- pleing the lands to a more ample period, and in this respect there are now not more than four or five townships, but on which the proprietors have completed the stipulated number of settlers. The arrears of quit rent have been remitted by government from time to time, and a proposition has been suggested to the laud- holders, to re- linquish a certain portion of the lands to government, in lieu of all future quit rent, it being intimated that it was in the contemplation of govern- ment to appropriate to this island a proportion of the emigration intended to be ser/ to the northern colonies. This matter at present remains undecided, and the proprietors are in- duced to trust, that as the quit rent has never been enforced in the neigh- bouring Colonies of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, to which the origi- nal grants were equally chargeable, and whose settlement, particularly the former, has been of much earlier dale, that the claim will be finally re- linquished ; the more so, as the agitation of the subject has always origi- nated with the local government, and been attended with the most injurious consequences to the colony. As Governor Ready has made him- self fully acquainted with every thing of consequence relating to the island, as well as the neighbouring colonies, the proprietors have the 6 fullest confidence in his judgement and integrity, as well a» his de.ire to promote the interest of the colony ; and therefore they cannot doubt but a final determination will take place, satisfactory to all parties, and as he enforcement of payment has been hitherto found impracticable, and the attempts that have been made have been attended with the most injurious consequence, that goiernmeiit will abandon it altogether. INFORMATION TO SUCH AS CONTEMPLATE EMIGRATION FROM THIS KINGDOM. As nuvnerous publications have of late issued from the press, containing many gross misrepresentations on the subject of emigration, I feel it in. cumbent on me, from the experience I have had, to offer some observa- tions on the different countries to which the people of this kingdom have been induced to turn their attention, in the hope of ameliorating their con- dition. The conclusion of a war, unexampled in this or any other country in its extent and expence, having caused a great alteration in the employment, habits, and views of mai.y. together with the great load of taxes with which they are burthened, have eventtially led them to consider if they are likely to benefit themselves by removing to another situation. Many, under these impressions, have embarked for the United States of America, buoyed up with the expectation that they were hastening to a land of plenty, freedom, and happiness, but, alas ! have been most fatally disappointed. Emigration, undertaken after due consideration and proper enquiry, has often been attended with most beneficial consequences to those who have gone from where too great an accumulation of inhabitants has not afforded scope for the exercise of their industry in obtaining a maintenance, or where the trade of a country is not calculated to afford a small capitalist the means of employing it to advantage. Many under these circumstances have most fortunately for themselves and their families exchanged for the better ; and, for the guidance of such, I shall state some facts and make some remarks, which I trust will be sufficient to enable them to form a more correct opinion of what they may reasonably expect by a change, and guard them against being deluded to leave their native land by vague re- ports, or the false colouring of interested speculators. it is unnecessary for me to advert to what has been the policy of this country with respect to emigration, when government, so far from -iss- couraging it, have of late offered considerable advantages to induce people to go to Upper Canada. I shall make some brief remarks on the different countries to which »,.!nV.f,ra have resortfid. and to which others are now about to embark, for the information of those who may be disposed to seek for a better situation. Such as are in possession of the means of a comfortable sub- 8 Bistence here now. and enjoy tlie prospect of a competence for them- selves and famihes as Uiey advance in life, I would recommend to stay where they are ; such as have only a small capital, and who with every exertion they can make, find themselves incapable of procuring comforts for themselves and families at present, and have not a good prospect of bettering their situation in future, I should not hesitate in recommending to remove to some other place; but I must caution them not to be misled by an idea, that by removing to the western hemisphere, they can immediately acquire what they are so ardently in pursuit of; but this I can assure them, that in the colony I am about to describe, after a few yean exertion, and submitting to ihtse privations which every man who goes to an unsettled country must at first submit, they may not only enj»y the necessaries but the comforts of life, and realize what will keep them in a state of competent and independence at the decline of it. Those likewise who have only capital sufficient to pay their passage out, need never be at a loss for employment, provided they are capable and willing to work, as there is a great want of labourers ; and an indus- trious man, by working sometimes for others, and sometimes ii; clearing lands for himself, might in a few years acquire the means of maintenance on his own grounds. The respective advantages of the United States of America, the Cape of Good Hope, New South Wales, the Red River, and Upper Canada, have engaged the pens of many writers, and not a small part of their representation has been written by interested individuals, and many of them calculated to mislead the unwary ; but amongst all I have met with, little has been said of a colony with which I have been long acquainted, and whose qualities I am enabled to describe from personal observation and experience, the Island of Princr Edward. This colony affords a most advantageous opening for emigration, is situated in the centre of the British American Colonies, and I have heard it emphatically termed, a " Diamond in the centre of the British American Possessions:' There is, indeed, a short account of it in a very respectable publication, «« The European Magazine," for January, 1819, and as I en- tirely concur with the author of that narrative as far as it goes, I shall in- sert it in this tract, adding such other information as I think necessary ; but before I relate what I have further to say respecting that colony, I shall make some observations on others, beginning with the UNITED STATES. On the subject of that country it is not necessary to say much; it has been properly said, « the tide of emigration has turned;" the privatioiis, 9 for tliera- (1 to stay rith every comforts ospect of imending lot to be they can }ut this T fier a fevi man toho only enjcy ep them in \r passage ire capable [ an indus- V clearing tetiance on the Cape :r Canada* irt of their d many of met with, acquainted, rvation and ligrution, is have heard h American respectable nd as I en- , I shall in- : necessary ; it colony, I I uch ; it has privations, the distress, and misery, which our countrymen liiivo siiff,'rod in tint grossly-misre;)resentc(l region, hiive resounded from ail quarters, ami the numerous living witnesses that have been so forlunafe as to reach tlieir native country, whilst they detail their own hardships, beiir testimony of the number of their unfortunate countrymen who have perished under every afflicting circumstance of want, exhausted strength, and disease. Amongst the accounts the following have lately appeared in the public prints. From the Public Ledger, 1th Oct. 1819. " Distress in the United States.— It is estimated there are 20,000 persons daily seeking employment in Philadelphia, and nearly 10,000 wandering the streets daily, looking after it, and if we add too the women, the account cannot be less than 20,000." Public Ledger, 8th Oct. 1819. " Emigration to America.— A Waterfurd paper says. The ship Margaret, D. S. Ayden, of and from New Vork, bound to Liverpool, out twenty-two days, was boarded off Waterford Harbour, on Saturday, by the Caroline pilot boat. She had on board upwards of 100 passengers, some accounts say 180, the principal part of whom were persons who Avent out to America in the last spring, in hopes of bettering their condition, but who have been sadly disappointed in their expectations. They landed sixteen, who on Monday passed through this city ; they give a dreadful account, and represent emigrants from this country in a most deplorable state. Thousands are prevented from returning from the want of means to pay their passage ; fifty Carlisle weavers returned for want of work." Public Ledger, nth Oct. 1819- Extract of a letter from Liverpool, dated 9th Oct.— "The Betty, Capta'.n Wedgewood, arrived this day from Philadelphia with upwards of l60 men, women, and cnildren, emigrants. The tide of emigration has turned, an'l those poor creatures, who have been induced to leave their country, their homes, and their friends, by the flattering prospects held out to them of that land of plenty and freedom, the United States, are now happy if they can find the means of paying their passage to return to Old England.'* I could quote numberless instances of more distressing accounts, but the public are too well informed to make it necessary. The vision that once painted this countrv as a place of refuge to the in- dustrious and unfortunate has now passed away, and even Cobbett no longer advises his countrymen to visit it. The angel of destruction is now B 10 making an awful progress on its shores, with its attendant evils of fuligue. thirst, hunger, and disease, and thousands are now perishin, ""P' '^'J «"^ unknown in its most remote regions. The mind of human.ty revolts at th. recital and turns from the affecting scene with commiseration and regret. A visionary speculator has made a large purchase in the back country. more than 1000 miles from the sea coast, amongst bogs, swamps, and marshes, part of which he has dignified with the name of Pra.r.e. (a Frenchified word for meadow.) inviting settler, to resort to h.s standard where he has set himself down for a time surrounded with savages, and amid reptiles, the sting of torturing insects, and every species of vermm calculated to enhance the danger and add to the miseries of human bfe; and if by pufting his settlement in this country, he can delude others to follow and settle on his lands in those remote regions, whore they cannot have the means of returning. I have little doubt, if he survives the ,n- termittent agues and yellow fever with which the country .s constantly afflicted, he will leave them to deplore their wretched dest.ny. If that country (the lUenois) were possessed with all other advantages, the d.s- t.„ce from a market must render it a most unfit situation for the reward of industry. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. TheC.PE or Good Hope has attracted the notice of many, and it is said a very considerable embarkation is about to take place to that country; 1 confess myself no further acquainted with that colony than from report of or but must say, from such information as I have received fron. my well acquainted with its situation, soil, and productions, and whose veracity I can depend upon, I am afraid too sanguine expectations are '"irdepnident of the incursions of the Caflfres.I understand the seasons are verv precarious, and that a want of rain is often the occasion of much distreL. 1 have certain information from a friend, on whose assertion I can place the utmost confidence, and who put into the Cape this year u, his vvay from Calcutta to England, that the country was then in a state of starvation, and he was oflfered for his whole cargo of rice 48s. per cwt which is only worth about 19s. in this country, and I am deeded y of opinion, that'the settlers at the Cape, should they even ^e -ces^^^^^^^^^^ the culture of the country, will find no adequate market for Us pro- ductioii.* • The deplorable accounts which have ^-n -eiv-l^^^ only be exceeded by those received from the unfortunate peop.e fatigue, itied and Its at the 1 regret. country, mps, and rairie, (a standard, ages, and f)f vermin man life j others to ey cannot s the in- constantly f. If that s, the dis- reward of d it is said, country ; I n report of eived from , and whose stations are I seasons are m of mucVi jertion I can year in his 1 a state of kSs. per cwt. decidedly of successful isi for its pro- ; quarter, can who were in- 1 I I 11 NKW HOLLAND. Nf.w Holland seems to have attracted the attention of many; I have perused a well-written book upon the subject of this colony by a Mr. Wentworth. The general account of the country is very interesting, but when we come to the more interesting point ^f inve^igation-what it pro- duces, or is likely to produce, and where the mc rket is to be found-I must confess there is little to encourage the adventurer to seek for prosperity or comfort in that colony. The materials of which their society is composed must render residence there very irksome} and the numbers which seek every opportunity of return to this country, after the term of their ba- nishment is ended, is but too plain an indication that they prefer seeknig a living in this country, with a ruined character, to remaining where such a blot would be no bar to their success. UPPER CANADA. The next I shall mention, which is nearer home, and a British settlement, is Upper Canada. To this place government some time since held out encouragement, and gave assistance to a great number, besides granting them lands gratis. It has lately been announced officially, that it is not the intention of government to give any further assistance. The soil of Upper Canada I apprehend to be very good, and that it will produce all the different kinds of grain and vegetables which grow in this country, though the climate is very unhealthy from the number of marshes, swamps, and other wet lands ; but far less so than in the burning regions of the interior of the United States, from which many have emigrated to Upper Canada, and are settled there : but its great distance from the sea is a very strong impediment, and shuts them out of the reach of a ready and advantageous market. RED RIVER. The Red River is a large district granted by government to the Earl of Selkirk. This nobleman has bestowed great expense, and undergone much fatigue, in his personal exertions to promote a settlement. I have heard its soil is good, and that its productions are much the same as Upper Canada, and the climate more healthy ; but it is still as inconvenient for a market as the latter. His lordship has been engaged in a most serious contest with the North.West Company j a set of people who carry on a great il duced to emigrate to South Aniei ica, where the greater part have perished, and the few who have returned, have landed in the most miserable state of po- verty and disease. 12 trade in colUMling skins. This contest it is feared has greatly retarded and injured his lordship's prospects. LOWER CANADA. LovvEK Canada lays much more convenient for the disposal of its produce; but. from the best information 1 can obtain, all the lands fit for settling are already granted, or occupied by the descendants of the Wench, who possessed the territory before its conquest. PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. Tke following account has appeared in the European Magazine for January, 1819. and as I can vouch for the impartiality of its statements, I shall give it verbatim from that publication. To the Editor of the European Magazine. Sir, 'l have read with no small degree of surprise, in the New Monthly Magazine, of September last, a most absurd account of Prince Edward iafd a; accW equally calculated to injure that colony as to m.se^^^ those who might be disposed to quit this country, buoyed up w.th false Topes Id golden dreams of living comfortably without labour, and ,,row. iiiff rich without industry. , . .• ^e The »la„d is certainly a mo.t cteirable plaee for some dcenpt.ons of Jp, , »bo, with U,e u.,.,o»t exertions, are ineapable of — """""S '"- SvL nd fliliesinthis eoun,ry> and »'■».;'•- '»''°"""» "J,!" l'^ tel part of their li.es. ha.e no prospect but of pnnng out .he,r latter da^ L poverty and wretchedness. People of this description, «ho are .nchned : ::L..». for a few years, may ac<,uire a ootnfortab e „.depen enc . ,„d a security from want when they are no longer able to work. But ,1 e, e pee. that " the poorest nunilies will sit down to a roast p,g w d ducks, and salmon, every day." or .hat the laller can be obtamed for a !"as.of rum,"-.bat •■ the land will produce wheat, barley, and potatoes l!t!Jle A oftne fanner,- a. set forth in the above-named pubhcat.o,.. their expectations will be most egresiously disappouitcd. I is hfficult to conceive what could induce any person to pnbl.h suc^> „ jlwe of iuconsistencies, contradictions, and absurdities, as are contan.ed '" rLTl^'y'llultrl^'and candid acco of some interesting parlicnlars of tht colony! for the n,fo,n,a.ion of such as fee, disposed to enngrate. I f 13 ilcd and il of its Is fit for French, iziiie, for ^meiits, I Monthly I Edward mislead ivith false iiid ,'^row- riptioHS of ling them- [jrd all the latter days re inclined ependence, •k. But if 1 pig, wild led for " a id potatoes^ amusement )ublication, lublibh such ■e contained Tparlicnlars to emigrate. that they may be better enabled to ju«lge of what they are to expect, wid provide for themselves accordingly. The Island of Prince Edward is situated in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, between the latitude 46 and 47, nearly the same latitude as the middle part of France, and between the longitude 62 and 64 ; that is to say, about 200 miles to the southward of England, and about 2500 miles to the west- ward. It is about 130 miles long, and at some places 30 miles broad, and contains 1,363,400 acres, very much intersected with navigable rivers and bays. The appearance of the country in the summer is beautifully picturesque. It is in general level, or in rising slopes 5 there are no mountains, nor any very high hills; but in the middle of the island, there are some nearly as high as the Sydenham hills. The uncleared part of the country is uni- formly covered with trees, consisting principally of Pine, Spruce, Hemlock- Pine, Beech, Birch, Maple, Poplar, and Oak ; of the latter there is no con- siderable quantity. The soil is of a reddish cast, a mixture of clay and sand, with scarcely any stones on the surface. It is very easily worked, and will produce every thing that grows in this country, and for the most part in a su- perior degree. The climate has very little resemblance to that of England ; during the continuance of summer, the weather is infinitely finer; in winter much colder, but in general clear and bracing. Those who have been long on the island complain of our winters, and say they feel a much more un- pleasant cold in our damp and wet seasons. I have heard some of them assert, that they have a sensation in this country, as if they were up to their necks in water; and during their residence here have been subjected to constant colds and coughs. The climate is very healthy, and emigrants from Europe lose nothing of their ruddy complexions ; most of the inhabitants have very large families of ehildren, who grow up healthy and strong, and become useful at a very early age. There is no epidemic disorder incident to the island : it forms in this respect, as in many others, a striking contrast to the United States. There is only one regularly-bred medical man on the island: the good wo- men of the neighbourhood perform the obstetric operations to each other, and with great success. Females appear to suffer much less in that trying situation than in Europe. I have seen a woman about her household busi- ness two days after lying-in. It is the custom to administer a glass of rum as soon as the lady is delivered, and I have never heard of its producing any bad effect; it is, indeed, the grand specific. At the time I was on the island, the measles made their appearance.— Rum was liberally administered in spile of every caution that I gave thcui* I 14 ,„.l nnifonulv «.ll. .ucc«s. Out ol.. leart . hundred people, youug .»d : „ h.d-,hemc»le. ■„ the ueighbourhood »herc I »a. „ot uue d,ed I; did any of them .cem to .utTer an, bad effeet. from the d»ea^, or th,. "^olll^rr::!:::!; ^ver. H U t., „o me.n, ,uch a. to .. put a pen^od ,„ „„,.do„r labour r winter is the season in »hich the inhabitants employ .hem«>l.es in cutting down timber. While the snow is on 11^ ground .s th 1st eligible time for drawing I. out of the woods to the .,des of nan- gable rivers: where it is. in the spring, put into the water to be -"^a 'o "^ depat of su^h merchants as are in the habit of taking ,t ,n payment from '^^"'r^lso the season in which the farmer, get their timber for fencing th^ n,d. and for repairing their farms. The severity of the w.n.er ge- narl commences about the Wth of December, and the r.ver. are m Ifyears frozen over about Christmas, fre<,uent snow-showers occur from December to March. When the first snow falls, the roads are difficult to pa.,, but they shZ become beaten, and there is nearly as much traveilmg u, he wint^^ a,°n the summer , and though there are frequent thaws durn,g th.s ,ea«,n 1 tl e lat™ par of March, there is very seldom any material breaU.ng r^o^L icetLt. ---^-rcrain^r r::: : "e CLir::r:rir2i:r:rwhL commences t. .ter end of April, but more frequently in May „„^j „„ if,,. Winter wheat has not yet had a fa.r '"»! ."■''« « » , ,„„w falls in quantities to cover the ground before «« ""'^ „hich is most commonly the case.) it would -'J ^ "^^'':',;; Vhen Z ::r; hi!:' :,:;::" ir^iut'er wheat wouM be fou„d . more profit. t hterrcrts^oTsummer wheat equal to those of any part of the ,/ .K h.rlev is excellent, and oats much superior to any other of Z'h :»!■;!:* the p<:t: ^nd turmp, cunot be exceeded any where i anT ad beans are quite as good as any 1 have ever »e,^ Cabbage Hand parsnips, are produced a. good a. any in England ; ,u fact, .1. .he produce of English gardens will tluive equa ,y we 1. Vorv seldom is manure made use of for raising cor^ n s J f ^r^ltillandabound with .e.-weed, and i„ some parts ,t hes ro.tmg ,n ■":;;:cr^rm;g is camed » ... ..«veu,y „,anncr ; and .t is not t.:! ;ii 15 uiig aud iiic died, , or this a period s employ ;rouud is of navi- ted to the ent from ir fencing viuter ge- ;rs are in ers occur but they the winter ihis season I breaking out which ces of the the latter but if the rost sets in, in the pre- isk. When cultivating nore profit- part of the ly other of any where j Cabbage, ', in fact, all I many parts 8 rotting in and it is not tt • f uncommon to see grass growing up amongst the corn •, almost in equal ^'"croralier crop of wheat is reared upon the same spot without manure. I am of opinion, that if the s«me mode of agriculture was practised as .n this country, the crops would be fully equal. The natural grass of the country consists of what is called by the na- turalists. " Poa Pratensis." or what I believe is commonly called smooth- stalked meadow grass, and white clover-, these are the only spec.es of na- tural grass 1 have seen on the island growing in any considerable quant te, except on the marshes, and on sand-hills, which border on most of the harbours on the north side; the latter produce a high strong grass m.xed with a kind of pea or vetch, and which makes excellent hay. and .s of great use to new settlers to feed their cattle during the winter, before ihey can clear sufficient land to produce corn and potatoes, and upland ^Tt's the practice with some farmers to sow what is called Timothy grass, which affords a larger crop than the natural grass, and remains many years in the -round. 1 have frequently met with that species of red clover called cow-grls. in small patches, growing naturally, and have no doubt but it would answer well if sown with corn. I have never seen any trial made of the common red clover, but have no doubt that it would suit the soil. The climate is particularly favourable to sheep ; I never heard that any d.e of the rot. or any disease common to sheep in this country: they are small but of excellent flavour: the common size is about 60lbs. the carcase. The cattle are smaller than in England, but larger than the Scotch or Welch breed : the common size of xeu is from six to nine hundred pounds, besides the offal. They are remarkably tractable at the plough, and drawing timber out of the woods, and are by no means « scarce." as represented in the narrative of the New Monthly Magazine of September, in which, in another part, it is asserted. "Newfoundland is entirely supplied with live stock from Prince Edward Islnnd." Though Newfoundland is not " entirely supplied with live stock" from thence, a great number of cargoes are annually sent there, and many cargoes of potatoes and turnips. The price of sheep is from t5s. to 20s. each ; cows from 51. to 61. ; oxen from 91. to 121. each ; wheat from 6s. to 7s. per bushel ; barley 3s. 6d. to 4s. ; oats 2s. to 2s. 6d. i potatoes Is. 6d. to 2s. ; geese 2s. 6d. each, and fowls from gd. to Is. , i f Ko The settler has at first many inconveniences to encounter, winch must be • Since the above was written, trials have been made of red clover, which has been found to grow as well as in any part ot Lngianu. 10 ,„r o».,. i., .11 new ccmtrio,; l-.t l.o l.«. « <-r.»iuty. .l,»t hy per.evcm .. ,r, „ot Wl or.„«e.,. A S00.1 -oil. sn,»M re,„ 1 ■,» Uxc, ^except . n , , ,. of... ,«- l.u"Jrc.l «cr«lo the crow,.,) .r. nrcu,„.t.n™. »1.k1, I IceJe. ; ...a.l,e,ei. no con,,.,, 1 l.avc eve, .«e,,. w^r. .u .,lv ,„t.™ exi.t >„ an equal degree to l'ri„ce K.lwanl Uland. fliMC T;:^:^:^'". a large extent of „„at . c„Nc. Fro.„,,a.,d. .,t,,..« „„ tl e Me. of navigable river,, and in port. o„ .l.e «.a.coa.t. S,.nng of 1 ale abnndan. .,,.1 of CKCcHct .,„a,ity. Tl,c c,i,„ate i. ,„o., ...a hy. TZ,e i. a con.tant co,nmu,.ieatio„ will, the ncijhbounng; coast o. No. Scota N::tu„.wi,:.. and Newf„„„.Ua„,. ■, and fre.nent oppor- t'^^: ie!: .;nding or rece g ace, fro,n Great Bri.a n , a ,., goc twice i„ each of tl,e .nmn>cr monti,.. a„d on,e a ,„o„lh .n the »,„tcrlo vZu-Z^ Uy pacUet to England. There i, no .ucl, place a. the to,vn of '♦ Breton" on the Continent. , The r vera abound with tront. eel». mackarel. flouuder,. oj er. nd loba^raa, d .ome aalnton, and the coaat with cod-tiah a„d l,err,ng« ■„ Ire t abundance. The latter, aoon after the ice breaU. away ,„ the »pr,ng. ™hi,r he harbour the north aide of the ..land iu immense ahoala, *t »by heinhabi.auuins,„.l. nets with very little trouble. a„d as ITti cheap (not beiug aubject to duty) nroat familie. barre up a quant.ty : IcaaLLi nae. The lobsters are in great abundance...^ very Urge and fi„e lu Europe this kind of shell-fish ,s only taken on the sea-coast L ». Priuce Edward Island tliey are taken in the r,vers and ' :::3r"whe~re"on a k.nd of seaweed, called by the i.,a,,de™ el -grass, a, d a person by wading into the water half-leg deep, m,gh. <^ I abnah" baake. in half an hour. Many schooner, are annually laden w.lh ovsters for Quebec and Newfoundland. ?h" plenty of fish, and the ease with which it is procured, ,» of grea .,s■ .isl„ce'to the iuhabit.„ts, and i„ particdar to new settlers, befo,c they have time to raise food from the produce of the land. Hares and partridges are ple.ity. and are f. ee for any person to kdl , a„d i, "blaring aid autuu,., great plenty of wild geese. dncks.a„d other water '°The advantage of being situated on the sea-coast must be obvious, whc. con.pI"d with the mise^ble situation of those who have been deluded Hut heir native country for the interior of the United State,-, wh.eh every person must be convinced of. who will take the trouble to read a pubUertion by Mr.Feron. printed for Longman and Co. Paternoster-row. ^t ".!!.„!, was sent to the States by a party of hia friends, the repre- se„t°aHvesof thirty-uine families, who very wisely determined to se„a , person on whose report they could depend to exam.ne the country, and collect such information as would enable then to form a correct op,n,o». I 17 ieverance except i\ 3S which III, where d. There J, situated Springs of it healthy, 5 coast of int oppor- post goes I winter to tlie town J ers "nd lierriiigii ii> the spring, use slioalst )le, aud as a quantity •y large and le sea-coast I rivers and he islanders ►, might fill I laden with i of great as- befoio they to kill ; and 1 other water )vious, when been deluded ;tates-, which »le to read a ;ernoster-row. ds, the repre- ed to send a country, aud rrect opinion, Moro they left their native land, of how far they were likely to better themselves. It is a candid and dispassionate description of the country ""Many w"l have emigrated to the American States, "f^er enduring the utmost fatigue, hardships, and privations, in the distant back s^OeuienU. have perished, and many others that have survived, after exhausfng le.^ mtle property, have been glad to get to the back -"lements of Ca^^ad. At this time, whilst the deluded subject, of these realms are ^ou^^^^^^*^ United States, many even of native America are emigrating to the ^^J^^^ British Settlements. The horrid account, that have been «««J« P"^' ^ ofthesutferingsof those who h«ve arrived in America, .re shocking ' Whillt'numbers fall sacrifices to fatigue, to want, and to the clirv.te.and others are lingering out Iheir miserable lives in the ba^'*/^'^""*;^' the British Settlements atford an opening to industrious people in Wealthy « tuationsouthesea.coast;a«dI donot know any situation '"^'^ « '8«ble than that of PhinceEdwaro Island, where English laws and Eng h custom, prevail ; where new comers are treated with hospitality, and such as are industrious cannot fail of doing well. The price of lands depend much on the situation. It .. usual for each • TakP a small snrcimenof the manner in which travellers are entertamed on the'roVdof thi:';rnd":f plenty and hospitality as i^'-^-ll^-St^-top of ""« At five o'clock in the evenin, " .ays the naiTator " I ^^;'>«y '^« .t^P.^n L^^ersfF^«„Tain"IrisT„^::rS"o^hLt.^ Ssh; all the emigrants I have conversed with complam of the enormous ''''uTo^^nn^es are the only habitations for many miles ; they are forced of .et th«ir foot 01. it." I earnestly recommend he pe™.alot this pohUcatlon to all those who contemplate emigration to the United blates. 18 «.t»!cr to take one or two hunaml acre, on tl.« border- of the «ea.ro«.t. What ii called "front-Iand," on iiavigablo rivem, in small qnantit.es sella for (in prime »itnation») from one to two guineas per acre, freehold ; or on lease, to occupy the land three or four years for nothing, and progressively increasing from three ,H-nce. to two shillings p.T acre. ,.er annum ; land, two or three miles from the coast, or in larger quantities, .ell much cheaper. • r- * -j- The most advantageous situations, are those on the North and East s.de of the island, on account of the number of fish whi.h frequent that coast, and which are a great nw»istance to new comers. Bedeque. which is situated on the south side, and so ...uch recommended by the writer alluded to. is one of the wors« .h,a^>on« on ♦!..• island for a new settler, as it is distant from the fisheries. The quality of the land, at Bedeque are by no means superior to the other parts of the island. It would probably be taking up too much of your valuable pages to enter more on the subject at present; but if the additional information I can give is desirable, I will continue it in your next number. I„ the mean time, for the better information of those who wish to be ac quainted with the geography of Prinoe Ud^arc Island. I refer them to « map of that oolony. published by Laurie and Whittle, f »«^*-«f ^ ' "";^, . subjoin the names of the principal proprietors of lands res,de„t m h.. country, from whom such as are desirous of purchasing or getting further information may. I have no doubt, obtain what might be depended upon ;- The Right Honourable the Earl of Selkirk. Sir James and Robert Montgomery. Esq. sons to Ihe late Chief Barou of Scotland. Edinburgh. Lawrenv:e Sullivan, Esq. Hill street. Berkeley-square. John Hill, Esq. merchant, London. The above gentlemen were the committee of proprietors for occasionally corresponding with gover,.me..t. and arranging the public concerns of the island.* u .i, <•«, The month of March or April is the best time of the year to embark for that colony, as at these seasons easterly winds mostly prevail, and the parage i. frequently made in three weeks or a month. VessHs sail from Tondon. Liverpool. Bristol, Hull, Dublin, Waterford, and many other port, in England. Ireland, and Scotland. The passage in the steerage .. from five to eight pounds; or, finding themselves in provisions, from three to four pounds. £1 * Lord Selkiik is since deceased ; ^^-J^^l^mU.'"^^^^^^^ ded in Loudon, is removed to Scotland ; and Mr. HiU is removea 1» •rontt. (, setls or on iiively iintim -, much at side t coant, mended and for e lands ■ ngP8 to lation I t) be ac- em to a r ; and 1 in this g further upon :— Barou of :asionally ncerns of mbark for , and the sail from any other iteerage is From three Tabni passengers from ten to Hftoen poun. s children under soven years of age, half-price. The House of Assembly is returned in the same manner as our Membe m of Parliament. Every householder has a vote. The Constitution is the same as thnt of the mother country. Bills must pass through the House of Assembly and Legislative Council ; and must have the assent of the Governor before they can pass into a law. The legal proceedings arc the same us in England : the Governor is Chancellor} the .Tudgc of the Court of Law is appointed by the government at home. An appeal luys from the Court of Law to the Governor and Council •, and from them, for sums of £300 and upwards, to the Privy Council in England. There is only a tax of ten pence per gallon on rum.* The number of Indian families does not exceed mu- hundred; they are of the tribe of Mickmacs, and were converted to the Roman Catholic, religion when the French were mi possession of the islanl j they have built themselves a very decent chapel, and are a quiet harmless people. Their principal residence is on Lenox Island, in Richmond Bay, on the north side, where some of them raise corn and potatoes. They maintain them- telves in the spring, summer, and autumn, principally by fishing and shoot- ing wild fowl, which they sell to the inhabitants at a very low price ; and in the winter by cutting timber and fire-wood for the inhabitants. Char- lotte Town is principally supplied with fire-wood cut by them. To this account I can add with truth that this island is not subject to fogs which infest Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the surrounding country ; a foggy day being looked on as a btrange phenome- non in Prince Edward Uland. I would particularly advise every person who intends to embark for Prince Edward Island, or any other country, io be very careful to apply to some respectable ship-broker or ship-owner ; as, if he engages his pas- sage with people of this description, he will have a security for a proper supply of provisions, as the accounts of the suflferings of unfortunate emi- grants who have gone out in American ships, are most distressing. The law has provided for a due supply of provisions and water, as will appear by the following extract from the act of 67 Geo. III. cap. 10, by which it is enacted, " that every ship or vessel carrying passengers from the United Kingdom to certain of his Majesty's colonies in North America, shall carry no more passengers than one adult person, or three children, to every ton 10 then re- Er.uiouth. • Since the first edition of this tract, some additional duty has been laid on spirits, and some triiliDg duty on wine and tea. 20 and half bu. th.n ; au-i thut every ship shall bo luru.hed at the time of her departure .ith twelve weeUs' provision, and good «nd «-;^ ^^J; ;^«^; cient to allow each passenger five pints per day, (exclusive of the crew,) and such a supply of provisions as will afford an allowance for every pa • senger (exclusive of the crew) during the period of twelve weeks, of one pound of bread or biscuit, one pound ofbeefor three ^-rtep o a pou»d of pork, per day ; and also two pounds of flour, or three pounds ot oatmeal, rice.or barley, and half a pound of butter, weeK^ ; -e allowance to com- „,euce on the day the vessel puts to sea, and the maste., or other persons having charge of the vessel to which the passengers have recourse in failure of not duly serving the quantity of provisions above-mentioned, shall forfeit ^10 for every day he omits the same." j ^ , , ^ The principal ports to which vessels trade at Prince Edward Island are Charlotte Town, the seat of government, in the south-east part of tne inland: MvRRV Harbovr and Three Rivers, on the east side; Richmond Bay and Holland Harbour, or Cascumi>ec. on the north s,c3i uud Bf.de«ue on the south side. Charlotte Town is the only place on the island that can be deemed a town. There is a spacious English church, a methodist meeting, and a Roman Catholic chapel, though yet it can boast but few dwelling house. I cannot state the precise number, but conceive they do not much exceed three hundred. The Governor, and officers necessary for a company of regulars, and a few artillerymen, (which is all there are in the colony,) re- side in the barracks. The rest of the houses are principally inhabited by the officers of government and those connected with them, and by merchants and store-keepers. There are several tolerable taverns and public-hou^s. at which the charges are far more reasonable than in tin. country. The harbour is a very excellent one for vessels of any burthen; but it i. very inconvenient for the fisheries, and I do not consider it a good situation for trade. . - i ' r „ Murray Harbovr. on the east, is a good harbour for vessels of a moderate draught of water. The only business carried on there .s by Messrs. Lemuel and Arthnas Cambridge, one of whom resides at Bristol, and the other at Charlotte Town ; they have a saw-mill and a gnst-m.ll, and their principal busu.ess lays in the timber trade, which they have earned on to a considerable extent. A great number of people from Guernsey went there .ome years since, and I am told are well settled, thriving, and sa- tisfied with their situation. I believe most of the front land thereabout, is occupied. , , i. i Three Rivers is a very fine harbour, and will admit vessels of large draught* of water. The chief person carrying on bnsmess there^is Mr. Andnw McDonald, who is also engaged in the trade of timber. The ad.= T Ol d tl t e t 21 " ^# jacent lanOs belong to different proprietors, and I believe are thinly peopled. The place called George Town in the map, is a settlement where there are only two or three houses. Richmond Bay is of considerable extent, and has water for a vessel drawing about seventeen feet. The currents there run very rapid, and there is sometimes a very rough sea in it. The shallow water round the bay extends a good distance off, and there is no steep place to land or embark, which renders it very inconvenient for boats and shipping. This bay is very favourably situated for the fishery, and in the spring of the year is visited by immense shoals of herrings. An island at the entrance of the bay, called Fishery Island, belonging to Mr. Hill, is a most convenient place for carrying on the cod and herring fishery. The lands round the bay belong to various proprietors, and much of the front lands are occupied 5 bHt there is a large river called Ellis Biver on the banks of which there are many situations still vacant. Upon Ihe place marked Prince Town in the chart, there is not more ihan a few houses, which are at a great distance from each other. There are likewise a number of houses scattered about in the neighbourhood, and a very spacious Presbyterian church stands near about in the centre of thera. Holland Bav, or Cascumpec, is a very safe and eligible harbour for vessels drawing seventeen feet of water. They can lay to load and un- load alongside a point of land in the harbour, at which there is four fathoms of water, with as much convenience as laying at a quay, or in the London Docks. This harbour is excellently calculated for trade in the very centre of the fisheries ; and, like Richmond Bay, is in the spring visited by prodigious shoals of herrings, which are taken with little trou- ble or expence. Some part of the front lands are occupied, but there are very large tracts on the banks of three navigable rivers, one of which runs through the centre of the lands. There is a saw-mill and a grist-mill here, and the country surrounding this harbour has a far greater quantity of marketable timber than any other part of the island, which is a great advantage to the settlers, who in the winter time cut it down and deliver it in payment for such supplies as they have received from the proprietor's stores, and in dis- charge of their rent. • Goods are imported ditect from England, and credit is given to such as are industrious, till by their crops and cutting timber they can pay for the same. There is likewise a cod-fishery carried on at this place, which will, in process of time, be extensive. There are several other harbours on the north sidt, though none of them have sufficient depth «f m.,a*^- a» »Ko D.^iranfp fnv nnv hilt small vesscls. St. Pctcr's, Of Savsge 22 Harbour; Traidey, or Bedford Bay; Rustico, or HarrU Bay; New Lon- don, or Greuville Bay ; on each of those harbours there is miah unoccu- pied land to dispose of. The principal proprietor at St. Peter's is a Mr, Worrel, a member of the House of Council. At Rustico, the prin- cipal proprietor is a Mr. Hodges of Chepstow, who has an agent, Mr. Richard Rollings, residing at the settlement. He has a saw-mill, and car- ties on a cod-fishery. At New London «he principal proprietor is Law- rence Sullivan, Esq. Hill-street, Berkeley-square. There is a saw-mill at this port belonging to Mr. Cambridge. The adjacent country to Richmond Bay consists of several lots of land belonging chiefly to Lawrence Sullivan, Esq. Sir James and Robert Montgomery, Esq. sons of the late Chief Baron of Scotland, and Captain Seymour of the Navy. At Prince Town in this Bay, resides Charles Stewart, Esq. a magistrate and colonel of the militia ; he was formerly a member of the House of Council, in which he has resigned his seat, and has been succeeded by his son, Mr. Dougald Stewart. The Colonel is a most worthy and re- spectable man, and always ready to give information and advice, and his information may be relied on ; he is famed for hospitality, and always ready to give assistance to any that he finds deserving it. Of Holland Harbour, Mr. Hillis the sole proprietor, also of the whole of the surrounding lands; he has an agent who receives in payment of rent the produce of their farms, or timber cut down in the winter. This and most other parts of the island are plentifully supplied with springs of excellent water, and an ample supply of well-water may be at- tained by digging from six to eight feet deep. At Bedeque, the principal person is a Mr. Cowphell, who has carried on a successful trade in timber. I know of no agent situated there for letting the lands, and apprehend the greater part of the best situations are already occupied. Having inserted from that very respectable publication, the European Magazine, most particulars necessary to be known respecting the general qualities of the island, which are very correctly stated, as well as the names of the most respectable proprietors, and as it is not my intention to write for any but such as intend to emigrate there, 1 shall now add some advice to the information already given. To such as cannot resign for a time their joint of meat or beef-steak every day, with white bread and butter, and the social intercourse of a circle of friends and acquaintances, together with what is denominated English comforts, I would recommend them to stay at home. In a new country they must, for a period, endure privations before they can acquire them ; but such as will make up their minds (in the absence of all the luxuries and superfluities of the table) to put up vvith fr-quent diuuei^ of 23 fish and potatoes, witli brown bread, and live in a house Mrithout plais- tered walls, or papered rooms, where society a resent is thinly scattered, and who are determined to exert themselves for a few years, supported by the consoling assurance of future comfort and independence. Prince Edward Island offers every thing that such a person can reasonably wish for or hope to receive. Persons who can defray the expense of their passage, and take about £50 with them, may get on rapidly, and, if prudent, soon realize an inde- pendence. Those who have nothing more than barely enough to transport them to the island, must, at the commencement of their career, apply a portion of their work for maintenance by working for others, and if they settle where the proprietor has an agent and an establishment, they will receive as- sistance by having a house built for temporary accommodation, and a few acres of land cleared for immediate cultivation. There are some spots of land that have been cleared to the extent o. ten or twenty acres, which, by paying an assessed price, a new settler may obtain i but, in general, the country is covered with wood, and one who t^kes land of this description has to build, or get built, a log-housc, which consists of the trunks of pine and spruce trees placed one above the other, and dove-tailed at the end which forms the walls; the size of these houses are commonly from eighteen to twenty feet long, and about fourteen feet square ; a large fire- place is made at one end, much like a country fire-place in this kingdom ; it is built of stone and clay, and the chimney of the same materials. The inside is partitioned oflffor bed-places according to the size of the family. The logs forming the walls are sometimes hewn square, but more frequently left round, and the chinks filled up with clay, which is always at hand, and they are rendered dry, comfortable, and warm. A house built in thi^ manner costs from eight to ten pounds ; but it is much the custom for those already settled to assist a new comer with volunteer labour, and it not unfrequently happens that a house is run up for his use in a few days. The next step is to clear the land, as it is termed, and it is very common to get some volunteer assistance in this likewise. The mode is to cut down the trees to about two feet from the ground, lop oflf the limbs, and cut the trunk into lengths of about fourteen feet, and pile them ready for burning, after which they make " a burn." as they term it. An expert axe-man will cut about an acre per week, lopping the limbs and piling them for burning, as before mentioned ; there is scarce any underwood. The common price for this operation is from twenty to twenty-one shillings per acre. The next operation is to burn the limbs and trunks over the -^„j,„ th"» rlpi«-"'« .vJiiph iunplinrati^s the soil, and makes it fit for culti- 24 vation. The stumps remain, and with a »mall plough the surface is •tirred; it is then cropped with potatoes or corn, or both. The top soil, from the falling and rotting of the leaves on the siirface, consists of very good vegetable mould, and the burning has the same effect as a long exposure to the sun, and it will by this means produce excellent crops. At first it will appear singular to an European farmer to begin plough- ing and han-owing between stumps of trees, but when he finds how easiiy this is performed (the trees growing some distance asunder), and when he has had a view of the crops so produced, he will be well satisfied with this rough commencement. After a few years the roots rot sufficiently to be easily removed, and in the mean time the industrious settler goes on to clear more land, that is to say, cut down trees and burn for a further extension. I consider that five acres so cleared will produce plenty of corn and potatoes to feed a tolerable family, and with the quantity of fish which is at hand, and taken with little trouble, if they can in the beginning put up with this kind of food, they will at once be secured from want. A portion of the settler's time, who has no capital, must necessarily, as before-mentioned, be applied to working for others, in order to provide himself with tea, sugar, rum, and other articles he cannot possibly have by him ; but this must depend on his fixing on a situation where fish is to be taken in the vicinity, and where there is a store kept belonging to a proprietor likely to give him encouragement, which he cannot fail of receiving if he is patient and industrious. Before his rents become payable, he may, by industry, not only realize a sum to pay, but acquire the comforts of good living } he will moreover enjoy the satisfaction of seeing the value of his lands yearly increasing, as he cuts down the trees and extends his clearance ; and he will be secure from want when by increa&e of years his strength fails. These operations, to men bred to farming in England, where he has been accustomed to a clear tillh and level surface, will appear awkward at first sight, perhaps more so to one brought up in the business of agriculture alone, and who knows little of the use of the hatchet ; but a short practice, animated by the cheering consideration that they are working for their own benefit, and securing for themselves and families a future independence, soon reconciles them to every difficulty attendant on the practice of American cultivation. In fact, this is not only the case with husbandmen, but with labourers and mechanics, who never knew any means of raising meat but by paying for it at the butcher's stall, or of bread than from the weekly demands of the baker ; but the majority of those who are now settled in Prince Edtoard Island upon cultivated lands, never handled a spade, or held a plough, till 25 necessity or choice impelled lliein to do so. One of (lie most necessary ac- complishments is the exercise of the axe, at ^vhich tlie c olonists are uncom- monly dexterous, and I have seen people from England, Scotland, and Ire- land, who, in the course of a few months, have become very expert, not only in cutting down trees, hut lopping and squaring them after, in the winter time; and, in settlements where there is timber fit for exporta- tion, to cut it and deliver it to the proprietor, who will accept it in pay- ment for rent or goods. It is a most beneficial employment. Another consideration ueserviiig tJie attention of an emigrant, is to settle where he can have an opportunity of cutting some grass for liay, to supply a cow or two in the beginning, or any other cattle he might have, till he can raise upland grass for their support, Holland Bay is protected from the sea by a very extensive range of sand hills, and which is covered with long coarse grass, intermixed with a kind of wild pea or tare ; this makes very good fodder for the winter, and the proprietor per- mits his tenants to cut a portion, taking half the hay for permitting them to do so. It has been too much a practice for settlers, instead of raising hay on their own farms, to depend too long on this source of supply. Ill fact, I have observed in this colony so general a want of emulation, that by far the greater number continue satisfied with their original log- house, and after clearing a suflficient quantity of land to suppl them with food, and purchase the commonest necessaries of life, with a plentiful stock of rum and tobacco, (to the use of which the majority are much addicted,) they make no more improvement, spending much of their time in fishing, fowling, and other amusements, and what they call frolicking. This latter fun is greatly practised by those settlers who arc the descendants of the French, and who were the inhabitants of the island before it was occu- pied by the English. Great part of the inhabitants of Bedford Bay, Rus- tico, and Holland Bay, consist of this description of people, who, when their corn is in the ground in a quantity equal to their annual supply, visit each other at the most distant settlements, and lose more time ia enjoyment than the most affluent people in this country consume in their pleasures ; and it is common to see those who have been settled twenty years, still remain in their original log habitation, and without having cleared more land than they might have done in as many weeks, and on which they practise the most miserable node of agriculture, raising crop after crop on the same spot, of the same kind of grain, without a particle of manure. Such is the force of habit, and particularly where there is a want of example to excite emulation. This is the more culpable, as there is no want of a market. Prince Edward Island is most fortunately situated in that respect. Newfoundland, which now consists of 40,000 resident in- habitants, (indepeudant of the great number carried there from England 26 and Ireland, ^^ho are only employed in the fisheries during the summer months, and return to Europe in the fall,) produces no .:oru or caJtle. nor any other production but a few potatoes, carrots, and other vegetables. Bread, flour, beef, pork, and peas, are carried there from England an.l Ireland i and, in some years, when these articles arc scarce from accident or short importation, permission is given to import from the United States. All these articles may be raised at a cheaper rate by far at Prince Edward Island, and transported thereat a much less expense, the distance from Neivfoundland being not more than three or four days' sail. There is now scarce a single district in the island without a grist mill; the farmers are never at a loss to sell their corn, and by a little more industry on the part of the inhabitants, flour and biscuit for the supply of Newfoundland will soon bean article of export as well as beef and pork, live cattle, turnips, and potatoes; a considerable quantity of the last three articles are annually sent to Newfoundland, and in a short time a trade will be opened from this colony to the British West India Islands, who are in want of all kinds of produce which this island is calculated to produce for their supply. What more can an industrious man require than fertile lands, situated in the vicinity of trade and navigation, at a rent little more than nonunal, free from taxes, and a healthy clmiate. The best criterion of the latter is the large families of chddreu who grow up healthy and strong, and at a very early age are an assistance instead of burthen to their parents. It is a very common thing to see families of ten and twelve children, and grandsires, many nri. one hundred years old. and some exceeding it, stout and healthy. Yet I have heard some complain of tlu high rent, but it has been such as have occupied their farms ten or twenty years, many of whom have not in cultivation more than five or six acres, spending but a small portion of their time in labour, and the remainder in idleness, if not profligacy. Let me advise the emigrant to be cautious, and not for the sake of what is called cheap land, to settle himself in a situation at a distance from the place calculated for trade, the difference between a shilling per acre and two shillings should not be regarded in comparison with a more eligible station, where he is to spend his life, and his posterity perhaps after him. The neighbourhood of the fisheries is most desirable, as it not only affords immediate sustenance for a new comer, but as population increases, will be the means of extensive commerce, and the consumption of the produce of the farms; a striking proof of the situation of this island being one of the best stations for the fishing- i^, >hat it not uufrequently happens that forty or fifty schoou. .>, which come all the way from the Uniiko States, ore seen at anchor fish in? off IIom.ani, II AUBotR and the north part of the iHlaud. 27 I huvf been iiuluccd to write this hasty sketch from seeing bo much in the public prints lately on the subject of emigration, and as the season is now fast approacliiiig for those who mean to remove, to make arrangements and enter into engagements, I have devoted a few hours from important concerns to the task, and though I am conscious it is de^titute of thnt ar- rangement which should be observed by an author who writes for public inspection, my only object has been to give correct information, par- ticularly with respect to Prince Edward Island. I can with confidence assert that every thinf^ I have stated respecting that colony is strictly true, ard I have not asserted a single article but what I can vouch for from my own personal experience. I shall conclude by stating, that there were several farming men went from Yorkshire to the island about three years ago, and having remained there a sufficient time to satisfy themselves of the advantages of the country, they returned to Eugland for their wives and families, which thev too!' out with them, accompanied by sixty of their acquaintance, who embarked from Hull, all of whom are comfortably settled and higldy satisfied with the change they have made. SAILING DIRECTIONS FUR THE COAST AND HARBOURS OF TIIK ISLAND OF PRINCE EDWARD. — i-^^'^^*- THE ISLAND OF PRINCE EDWARD is clear of fogs, though the surrounding coasts of Nova Scotia. Cape B.eton, and New Brunswick, are frequently covered with it; there is a striking contrast between it and the latter, and the first appearance is like a large forest rising out of the sea, and is a beautiful object; ii. a nearer view the Red Chflfs appear. >vh-.ch surround great part of the coast, they are not high; the lands, except ^here farms are cleared, are covered with lofty trees, and the range of Band hills which border a considerable part of the north side are covered with long grass and wild peas. Vessels coming from the eastward bound to Thref, Hivers or Murray Harbour, must avoid coming too near the East Point, at which is a ndge of sunken rocks, running off about a mile; the ground is clear between the East-Point and the Wood Islands, and there .s three fathoms water all the way near the shore and good anchoring. c ♦ f Vessels bound to Charlotte Town, on passing through the btra.ts ot Northumberland, must be careful to avoid the Indian Rocks, which are covered at high water, and in the night it will be advisable to keep on the Nova Scotia side, near the Island of Pictou. CARDIGAN BAY. or the THREE RIVERS, lies between B.oughton Island and Panmnre Island ; it is the common entrance ot three n vers, namely. Cardigan River. Brudnell River, and Montague R.ver; in the former there are from seven to three fathoms of water, and ni the others from fonv in Hvn. In those many lar^e ships have laden timber. There is anchorage without in Cardigan Bay. where a pilot may be obtained. 29 MURRAY HARBOUR la close to the iiorth-west point ofBear Cape^ the entrance ia narrow and shoal, difficult of access, and not having more than twelve feet of water ; but small ships have frequently loaded there. HILLSBOROUGH BAY and CHARLOTTE -TOWN HARBOUR. The bay and entrance of the harbour is correctly laid down in the chart published by Mr. Laurie. After passing the fort a quarter of a mile up, towards the entrance of York River, as there is a shoal of ground runs some distance off the opposite shore, anchor otf the town in six or eight fathoms of water. BEDEQUE BAY, which lies between Cape Egmont and Charlton Point, has good anchoring ground in from six to eight fathoms. The har- bour will admit ships of 400 tons burthen. The above account of Three Rivers, Murray Harbour, and Bedeque, is copied from Sailing Directions published by Mr. Holme Laurie, the author not having surveyed these three ports. Ships going through the Straits of Northumberland, bound to Holland Harbour, or any port on the north side, must be careful to give the North Cape of the Island a good birth, as the sunken rucks run off full two miles ; all the rest of the coast of the norUi side of the island ia perfectly clear of foul ground till within a quarter of a mile of the shore, and there is good anchorage, as near the shore is three fathoms of water. The only harbours on the north side of the island for ships of large burthen are Holland Harbour and Richmond Bay, and off both these harbours the sandvcll on them i and the lourse in auA out IN weM ami east ; a vessel ancho .g off the bar, will have a pilot come off. There are two entrances iwto the bay, between which is Fishery Island. The eastern entrance is the only channel by which a vessel of any burthen can enter, the western channel being very .hallow and in- tricatc. , ^. , .1 a Vessels usually complue their loading about a mile inside Fishery Island, but a consifl^rable current runs there, and rafts of timber frequently break adrift in blowing weather, and on the ebb tide are carried to sea, and fre- quently a great part lost. The anchorage is good, and vessels lay in per- feet safety. HOLLAND HARBOUR, or CASCUMPEC, is the westernmost har- bour on the north side ; the sands form a bar as at Richmond Bay, and run off about a mile and a half. The harbour is easily known by the sand-hills which run along the coast : about half-way between the entrance of Rich- mond Bay and Holland Harbour is a sand-hill, much higher than the rest, near Conway inlet. Holland Bay may be known by its being at the west end of all the range of sand-hills. Tlivre is good anchorage close to the bar, in from tivc to eight fathoms. There is eighteen feet of water on the bar, and it is not difficult for a stranger to run in with u ship not draw- ing more than twelve feet of water, there being two leading maiks, painted white, bearing W. by N. by compass-, a vessel of this draught, keeping the two marks in one. with a leading wind, might run in with perfect safety • but as these marks will carry a vessel over the south tail of the northern «and, vessels drawing more than twelve feet should not venture without a pilot. There is a buoy on the end of the south sand; between that and the tail of North Shoal is eighteen feet of water. Vessels entering the port, drawing more than twelve feet of water, should not bring the marks in one, till they are within this buoy. The soundings off the har- bour arc regular, and the ground clear. Ships coming to anchor off the bar will have a pilot come off. There is shallow water between the outer harbour and the inner har- bour, on which is about fourteen feet of water in common tides; ve» sels generally load to thirteen feet in the inner harbour, and complete their cargoes in the outer ; in the former they lay along side a wharf at Hill's Town in four fathoms water, where they lay without any current as 11, a dock • in the outer harbour the tide runs strong at spring lules, but the ^val.r is smooth, the sea bHng broke off by the bar. The currents round the island are very irregular, frequently running many days along the North Coast from East to West, and at other times from West to Tast. Tl if tides almoin the north side poiis ai*- u rf=3iilar, f xr«>pt at -pring- 31 tide, tomefimft flowing for forty-eiglit hours, and at ntlirr times not three: 111 coinmoii tidcN the water sfldoiii rises more th;iu two fret; and tides (t strung winds from th ird I eastward) not more than five feet. Holland Harbour is the must convenient part in the island for loading timber, where there is a very large quantity, also a saw-mill for rutting plank and board. There is a complete and very arourate chart of the island, upon a large scale, published by Mr. Richard Holme Laurie, Chart-seller to the Ad- miralty, No. 53, Fleet Street. The variation of the compass, after passing ^^ ^ Breton to the westward, and about Prince Island, is eighteen degrees \/c ;. FINIS.