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 6 
 
CANADIAN EMIGRATION. 
 
 From the Londonderry Sentinel of Thursday, Sept. 6, 1872. 
 
 In another column we pu)>lish a letter from the pen of 
 John H. O'Neill, Esq., Commissioner of Emigration for 
 Quehec. This gentleman has written much in the Irish 
 papers, and he has influenced, to a great extent, the direc- 
 tion of emigration from the British Isles. He has not 
 sought to promote emigration, but rather to direct to the 
 province of Quebec or Canada persons who have made up 
 their minds to leave home. We are not among those who 
 would encourage emigration. On the contrary, we would 
 check it were it in our power ; but the fact exists that a 
 certain number will emigrate, and we see no reason why 
 those who do so should not be induced to settle in Canada, 
 where labour is well rewarded and where the cost of 
 living is cheap. It is not alone the material condition of 
 Canada which makes it a desirable place for the emigrant ; 
 its healthy, moral condition is, perhaps, unsurpassed the 
 world over. Mr. O'Neill, in one of his letters, remarks 
 that — 
 
 " If information concerning the various fields of emigra- 
 tion were clearly put before the people^ many who now 
 emigrate would stay at home, because they found, on reflec- 
 tion, that, after all, the home field of exertion was the one 
 best adapted to them. There are many who go to the 
 wrong place now who would go to the right place then, 
 because they know they must not take their journey at 
 hazard, but must see the elements on which they are to 
 work out Bttccess before they start ; and, finally, there are 
 many who stay at home now who would then emigrate.because 
 the benefits of the new field of exertion would be more dis- 
 tinctly brought before them by the success of those who 
 have considerately and carefully entered on it." 
 
Many persons are beckoned by false lights to places not 
 Kuited for them. The man who emigrates with full know- 
 ledge both of the selected field and of its opportunities is 
 far more likely to succeed than he who is prompted by a 
 mere sentiment for roving or called away by interested 
 parties. As Mr. O'Neill very properly remarks, in a letter 
 on " Irish Emigration and Trade," which is replete with 
 wise suggestions, the intending emigrant must not suppose 
 •' that struggle, toil, and disappointed hope are the fixed 
 characteristics of one hemisphere, and success, wealth, 
 and happiness those of another." The new country is 
 merely " a field for exertion." This language is at once 
 wise and happy j for it tells the intending emigrant not to 
 calculate his gains and successes until he has looked sternly 
 at the elements from which they are to be obtained and his 
 own capacities to deal with them. In stating the great ad- 
 vantages of Quebec, he has used no exaggerated standard 
 of expression, nor sought to raise false hopes. And nothing 
 but his cautious and conscientious mode of treating the 
 question of emigration would have given his writing-i the 
 currency they have obtained or the influence they have 
 produced. Speaking of Quebec, he says— 
 
 "The Government of the province of Quebec, having 
 129,000,000 acres of land at its disposal, performed effec- 
 tively that one best service which a Government can per- 
 form for the land purchaspr— making an effective survey. 
 Having divided into farm lots 6,400,000 acres of land, it 
 next caused the greater part of this territory to be traversed 
 by great colonisation roads ; founded colonisation societies, 
 to promote emigration and to give tlssistance to the emi- 
 grant ; laid the basis of a wooden railway scheme, which 
 even in less than two years has done great things ; gave 
 two millions of acres to build a large arterial line of rail- 
 way, the North Shore ; spends thousands and thousands of 
 dollars upon education ; so thnt our system is unrivalled in 
 point of excellence and downright fair play. Well, believ- 
 ing that it was due to those who desireii a knowledge of our 
 country, and with a view to the opening of our incult lands, 
 the province of Quebec published a book on emigration. 
 What is written iu this book is guaranteed by the Govern- 
 ment of the province ; and, for the due execution of all 
 
I 
 
 therein that refers to the intending emigrant, officials hnve 
 been appointed, who meet the emigrant upon his landing 
 at Quebeo, and in every parish throughout the length and 
 breadth of the province. And the same may be said of all 
 the provinces of the Dominion. And the Dominion Go- 
 vernment and tho various Provincial Governments, at an 
 immense cost, have an instructional orpanisation, whose 
 agents in England, Ireland, Scotland, Frarce, Belgium, 
 and other countries, are prepared and bound to fur- 
 nish books, pamphlets, &c., and to give information 
 to those who may address tbem on the sultject of 
 emigration. A system so arrangeii and guaranteed carries 
 with it, as it ought to do, a feeling of confidence and of se- 
 curity which throws into unfavourable oeutrast the emigra- 
 tion schemes of land-jobbers and speculators. Notwith- 
 standing the vastness of our land opexationa, there are no 
 questionable titles. The boundaries of the purchaser's 
 farm, when he buys from the Crown, are fixed ; and so are 
 the boundaries fixed of those to whom, tbeir means bein(» 
 limited, a free grant is given- The divisiens of the land 
 are accurately laid down, and tiae occupier is jsaved from a 
 world of anxiety and trouble., because he tnows that his 
 titles are sure and his rights secure. Those who settle in 
 <!!anada find their home in a climate whose excellence is 
 unsurpassed the world over, and there are few who have 
 €ver lived any time in the country but are willing to reside 
 in it as a fiaal home." 
 
 There <5an be no doubt that the Canadian system carries 
 with it a feeling of eonfldence, which can never be ac- 
 corded lo the .operations of mere laud-jobbers; and the 
 Government of Quebec was wise to keep tbose public lands 
 out of the hands of unscrupulous experimenters. After 
 frankly telling the intending emigrant that there 
 is little or no poetry about emigration, Mr. O'Neill 
 tells the agriculturist that he can get, on eight of the great 
 colonisation roada, a free grant of 100 acres for himself and 
 for every child aged eighteen and upwards ; and every per- 
 •eon who presents himself aged eighteen or upwards can 
 get the same. And those who prefer to purchase can buy 
 land for 20, 30, or 60 cents. Partially cleared farms of 
 IGO or 120 acres, with 20 acres cleared, can be readily pur- 
 •chased for about £125. Those who do not understand 
 
bush farming can, if they have a little capital, buy par- 
 tially cleared farms for delays of four Dr five years after 
 payment of first instalment,-tH;^ given for complete pay- /^ 
 ment. The mechanic and workman are reminded that the 
 shipping, the railways, the roads, the hedges, the canals, 
 and other Federal and local public works, the rapidly grow- 
 ing towns and cities, with their buildings, water pipes, gas- 
 works, and harbours, make of Canada a great field for 
 industrial enterprise. In such an active, progressiva com- 
 munity there is room, no doubt, for all who have fallen 
 behind in the race at home. One thing the emigrant 
 should not forget is the effect of climate upon the vital 
 principle of man and the vegetative princi^-le of the earth. 
 The fact that the people of Canada are the healthiest in 
 America, and have preserved iu tUeir intepiity the chief 
 characteristics of the vigorous people from wliich they are 
 descended, is the best proof that Quebec enjovs a healthy 
 climate. As Mr. O'Neill very justly says, " Let the emi- 
 grant, before he rushes to false couclusionH, first look 
 around him, and ask himself where are the chi. f seats of 
 agriculture, manufactures, and commerce, and he will 
 find activity in every branch only in the cooler regions of 
 the earth, and not in those climates which are too 
 enervating for the continuous labour necessary in great 
 industrial pursuits." This is so strictly true that we 
 cannot but beg of those of )ur fellow-countrymen who 
 will emigrate to remember it; for it is a sad history 
 that of a man who leaves home only to dron in a thorny 
 place. While Mr. O'Neill has clearly and candidly set forth 
 the advantages of Quebec, he has not sought to mislead or 
 encourage the false sentiment which makes so many be- 
 lieve that a removal must be for the better ; on the contrary, 
 he very frankly advises the intending emigrant " not tJ 
 calculate his gains and successes until he has looked sternly 
 at the elements from, which they are to be obtained and 
 his own capacities to deal with them." As far as he is 
 urgent he is borne out, for what he says is true, that obser- 
 vative capacities, which are here comparatively useless be- 
 
 ^ 
 
•4r 
 
 cause they are enjoyed iu common with thousands of others, 
 often lead to their possessor ohtaininR great wealth in a 
 country where competitionwBot so overworked. That JMr. 
 O'Neill represents the Government of a great province one 
 has only to examine the laws relating to education in 
 Quebec and the school system, so deservedly eulogised by 
 Lord Lisgar in one of his acta as Governor of the Dominion, 
 rihese words, we believe, ware spoken by the Minister of 
 V^u cation as best expressin g the Quebec system. rtrTtll^ 
 province tlie most perfecfTa Tr play exlfltfe, and, as s tated in 
 Uie pamphlet on Quebec, all parties " ag ree to disagree/^' 
 The harmony that~iHits in Quebec between all tlio reli- 
 gious bodies exists nowhere else so perfectly in Canada or 
 in America, and speaks volumes for the enlightenment r f 
 the province. All over Camula the best feelings exist, but 
 in Quebec there appears to us in education to be downright 
 fair play. One cannot but be amazed at the progress of 
 Canada when one remembers that in 1863, as appears by 
 the statistics, the bank capital was only 20,800,000 dollars. 
 From 1863 to 1871 it only increased 0,200,000 dollars • 
 while in one year, from 1871 to 1872, it increased 
 10,000,000 dollars. This extraordinary evidence of 
 the increased demand for capital is further in- 
 creasing. In the same period deposits have grown 
 from fifty-two to sixty-two millions. This increase of 
 10,000,000 doUars in deposits, with a like increase in paid- 
 up capital, represents a Tist enlargement of the resources 
 of the country. The remarkable increase of discounts, 
 which to-day are 40,000,000 dollars in excess of what they 
 were in 1870, is what may well bo called surprising'. 
 While these figures exhibit a great expansion of trade, it is 
 well- to remember that the Canadian debt has not increased 
 since confederation by an amount equal to 2,000,000 dollars . 
 and that, owing to the financial operations of Sir Francis 
 Hincks, an Irishman, we believe, there is a yearly saving 
 of 600,000 dollars. Neither should it be forgotten that 
 the net surplus upon the Canadian balance-sheet for the 
 last financial year is 3,712,479 dollars. The progress of 
 
6 
 
 Canada sinco its coufoderation has been remarkablo, aud 
 the solidity of her institutious are wonderful. Quebec ia 
 the great central province of the Dominion and does over 
 51 per cent, of the trade of Canada. But Quebec is not so 
 remarkable for this as for her municipal and education 
 systems, and systems of colonisation and emigration. In 
 that province society seems settled and institutions solid, 
 and any man who reads the pamphlet on Quebec, or 
 may have followed Mr. O'Neill'e letters, cannot fail to 
 discern a marvellous completeness about the institu- 
 tions of that province— first settled by the blue blood 
 of France under the monarchy. The information given 
 of Quebec, indeed of Canada, by Mr. O'Neill, and the 
 candid manner in which he has spoken, will not only 
 have the efifect of turning to Quebec many who will emi- 
 grate, but, by calling attention to the solidity of Cana- 
 <iian institutions and the development of her industries 
 and general expansion of her trade, he will inspire 
 confidence in the credit of that great and rising country, 
 which was so little known outside the circle of emigrants 
 until his letters showed ua a complete and prosperous 
 country. Letters have appeared on Canada, but they were 
 rather of a sort to exhibit a country requiring only the 
 articulation of bone and muscle. Mr. O'Neill has shown 
 «8 a country cast in the mould of a high civilization, and 
 blessed with institutions as free and as fair as exist in any- 
 country under the sun. 
 
 EMIGBATION TO CANADA. 
 
 TO THK EDITOR OOP THE SENTINEL. 
 
 Sir— With your permission, I shaU, through your 
 •columns, say a few words on the subject of Irish emigra- 
 tion. Conscious of the great benefit which must accrue to 
 "Canada from emigration, I frankly admit that I am 
 desirous of seeing planted in Quebec a good class of settlers. 
 IK IS because of the high value placed on emigration that 
 the Government of Quebec adopted measures for the pro- 
 tection of the settlers who come amongst us, and afford 
 
 ■4 
 
rrS« n ^'^^^'y . ?. P«"o°« desirous of settling in our 
 province. Over six million acres of land have beensurvev^ 
 and divided into lots fit for settlement. Nearly half of tSs 
 
 •l*",*ru''*''"'^*'y «°°*1 oolonination roads; and alonj 
 eight of the ^eat colonisation roads free grants are S 
 to settlers of limited means. To aid and assist coloSsts 
 colonisation societies have been formed, which are sub 
 sidised by he Government. A colonisation railway Scheme 
 has been inaugurated, which is doiog good work aTd 
 
 ^?nMn'' J**"' ^'''*^? '"^* «' ^«°«y are voted by ParUa: 
 ment to aid m opening the country and in furtherance of 
 colonisation. You will understand why we want settles 
 
 territory of 129 millions of acres. We trive tnenf inA^■,n^ 
 
 price of Crown lands ranges from twenty to thirty and 
 sixty cents per acre. This value in money barely covers 
 the cost of surveying, and is adequate to £ving theland 
 away m the bush form without ^oads. There can be no 
 vitiations with us. for titles to land are guaranteed by the 
 
 doJrr''^*' , ^tl^ '^^'^^^ *« ^* i« picturesquely called! 
 does not exist ; the man who takes a lot of land and 
 complies with the conditions of settlement need have no 
 fears because he holds from the Crown. So weU gulrded 
 18 the settler that, under and by virtue of the "Homestead 
 
 b^i T^^^ '' ''^^^*^ ^°' ^i« maintenance, and the S 
 of the things required for the working of the farm for the 
 IZIT T^^i occupancy of his laid, are exempWrom 
 Beizure and sae by virtue of a writ of execution emanahW 
 from any court in the province. The law in this rl^3nT 
 
 SouTartL'^^"^*'.*-^^* if grantsprote'cLn to the'sTt 
 without at the same time destroying his credit. These I 
 
 think you wi 1 admit to be great'inducements held out to 
 intending emigrants. 
 
 Now, sir, the chances of success in Quebec are neither 
 narrow nor critical-active, enterprising men. whose 
 activity and enterprise are somewhat out of pkoe here 
 where competition is too great, with us find themselves [n 
 their proper sphere. A willing arm and a stout heart are a5 
 that are required in the settler. There are. of course ex 
 ceptional and peculiar opportunities, as they are terredTn 
 Canada; but I assure you that there is no position there of 
 the sinecure character, or suited for the indolent Feeb?e 
 bemgs and men of docile natures, brought upandpam! 
 pered by affectionate relatives, run greater chames of qu^t 
 
8 
 
 ImppincflH by remaininR nraoiiR thoir friondH tl.an they do 
 of uiakuiK Rreat fortiuujg iu any otnigration field under tlie 
 Bnn. I Bay this the more strikinRly to call voar attention 
 to the fact that the snme qualities which ensure BuoooflH 
 here euHure fluocegs elsewhere-energy and great activity 
 But competition in bo oTer.w,)rked hero that an industrious 
 man may find himself unable to make headway. Such a 
 luauH very energy may drive him to think of trvinff 
 Canada, say, as a fieU for exertion. An emigrant of this 
 olHRH cannot fail of Hucoefls, and yhy ? Simply because he 
 reasons on the matter, he is not beckoned to this or that 
 spot, he emigrates because he finds in emigration what 
 IS most advantageous for his future prospects. 
 And, sir, believe me, whether in Ireland or else- 
 where, the arenas in which men rise to prosperity 
 or eminence are those selected by themselves— not 
 those to which they are called by interested parties. I know 
 how very much opposed to emigration are the leading men 
 of this country, and I believe were the whole question of 
 emigration properly ventilated many who now leave Ireland 
 would romain at home. But there will always be found 
 men here who, after reflection, will seek out new fields for 
 enterprise They will do this as men follow different 
 trades. These men should be properly guided, and the les- 
 sons told for their benefit will enlighten others who rush 
 away, in many instances having no definite views. I state 
 the .idyantages which Canada holds out to the settler, and 
 honestly I invite the man who believes he could do better 
 in a i;ew field than at home hero to try Canada. It is a 
 young and rising country, and its present agricultural, 
 manufacturing, and commercial status shows that it is in- 
 habited by men who have not led idle Hves or indulged in 
 false dreams. Those who intend to migrate may apply to 
 i«e, and I shall be happy to give them all the information 
 m my power.— Yours truly, 
 
 John H. O'Neill, 
 Commissioner of Emigration for Quebec. 
 
 Shelbourne Hotel, Dublin, September 3d, 187:>.