IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) Hx)togra[diic Sdmoes CarpaBtJon 33 W«T MAM STRUT WIRSTRR.N.Y. 14510 ( 71* ) 973-4903 ,.« .V .V Up CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. ST CIHIVI/ICMH Collection de CmwAwi InMiniM for HMorinl MIcroraproduethMW / Insthut eamdlm d* mieroraiirodiietloiM htuoriqiMt l\ ;V » CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVI/ICMH Collection de CMwdlwi iMHtuM for HIMorical MleroraproducUoiw / Imtitirt cmwiNm d* mieroraproduetloiM hMoitaiuM Technical and Bibliographic NotM/Notat tachniquaa at bibliographlquaa ftS, The Instltuta haa attamptad to obtain tha baat original copy available for filming. Featurea of thia copy which may be bibilographicaily unique, which may altar any of the imagea in the reproduction, or which may aignificantiy change the uaual method of filming, are checked below. D D D J? □ Coloured mapa/ Cartea gtegraphi Coloured covera/ Couverture de couleur Covera damaged/ Couverture endommagAe Covera reatorad and/or laminated/ Couverture reataurAe et/ou peiliculAe Cover title miaaing/ La titre de couverture manque gtegraphiquea en couleur Bd Ink (I.e. other than blue Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bieue ou noire) I I Coloured Ink (I.e. other than blue or black)/ □ Coloured piatea and/or iiiuatrationa/ Pianchea et/ou iiiuatrationa en couleur 1^^ Bound with other material/ ^1^^ ReliA avac d'autraa documanta D D D Tight binding may cauae ahadowa or diatortion along interior margin/ La re liure aerrie peut cauaer de i'ombre ou de la diatortion la long da la marge intirieure Blank ieavea added during reetoration may appear within the taxt. Whenever poaaibia, theaa have been omitted from filming/ 11 ae paut qua certainea pagaa blanchaa ajoutiea lore d'une reatauration apparalaaent dana la taxte, maia, ioraqua cela Atalt poaalble, cee pagaa n'ont paa «t« fiimiae. Additional commanta:/ Commantairea aupplimantairaa: L'Inatitut a microf llmA le mailieur exempiaire qu'il lul a At4 poaaibia de ae procurer. Lea details de cet Axemplaira qui aont peut-Atre uniquee du point de vue bibliographlqua, qui peuvent modifier une Image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dana la mithoda normale de fiimage aont indlqute ci>deaaou8. I — I Coloured pagaa/ Pagee da couleur Pagaa damaged/ Pagaa endommagtea I — I Pagaa reatorad and/or laminated/ Pagee reatauriaa «t/ou peilicuMea Pa8<:^s diacolourad, atainad or foxed/ Pagea dAcoioriea, tachattea ou piqutea I I Pagea detached/ D Pagaa d*tach4ea Showthrouglv Tranaparence Quality of prir Quality inigala de I'lmpreaaion Includaa aupplamentary materii Comprand du matiriel auppl4mentaire Only edMon avallabia/ Seula MMon dlaponible |~n Showthrough/ r~n Quality of print variaa/ I I Includaa aupplamentary material/ I — I Only edMon avallabia/ Pagaa wholly or partially obaoured by errata alipa, daauaa, etc., have been refilmad to anaura the baat poaalble image/ Lea pagaa totalemant ou partfailament obacurdea par un faulHat d'errata. una pelure, etc., ont 4t4 fllmtea i nouvaau da fa^on A obtanir la mailleura image poaaibia. Thia item la filmed at tha reduction ratio checked below/ Ca document eat film* au taux da rMuction Indiqu* cl-daaaoua. 10X 14X 18X 22X 28X 30X m 12X 16X aox 24X 2tX 32X ijWMWM ilairo M details iquM du nt modif i«r xigar una da filmaga Tha copy filmad hara haa baan raproducad thanka to tha ganaroalty of: Library of Congraaa Photoduplication Sarvica Tha imagaa appaaring hara ara tha baat quality poaaibia conaidaring tha condition and lagibility of tha original copy and in kaaping with tha filming contract apaclficationa. L'axamplaira f ilmA f ut raproduit grflca A la gAn^roaitA da: Library of Congrass Photoduplication Sarvica Laa Imagaa auivantaa ont AtA raproduitaa avac la plua grand aoin, compta tanu da la condition at da la nattatA da l'axamplaira film*, at an conformity avac laa conditiona du contrat da filmaga. Id/ iquAaa d by arrata llmad to imant I, una palura, a fa^on A la. Original coplaa in printad papar covara ara filmad baginning with tha front covar and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or illuatratad impraa- aion, or tha back covar whan appropriata. All othar original coplaa ara flimad baginning on tha f irat paga wKh a printad or illuatratad Impraa- aion. and anding on tha lac t paga with a printad or illuatratad impraaaion. Tha laat racordad frama on aach microficha ahall contain tha aymbol -»^- (moaning "CON- TINUED"), or tha aymbol ▼ (moaning "END"), whichavar appliaa. Mapa, plataa, charta, ate., may ba filmad at diffarant raduction ratioa. ThMa too larga to ba antlraly ineludad in ona axpiMura ara filmad baginning in tha uppar iaft liand cornar, laft to right and top to bottom, aa many framaa aa raquirad. Tha following diagrama illuattata tha mathod: 1 2 3 Laa axamplairas criginaux dont la couvartura an papiar aat ImprimAa aont filmte an commandant par la pramiar plat at mn tarminant aoit par la darnlAra paga qui comporta una amprainta d'impraaaion ou d'iiluatration, aoit par la aacond plat, aalon la caa. Toua laa autraa axampialraa originaux aont filmte an commandant par la pramiAra paga qui comporta una amprainta d'impraaaion ou d'lliuatratlon at an tarminant par la darnlAra paga qsii comporta una talia amprainta. Un daa aymbolaa auivanta apparaltra aur la darnlAra imaga da chaqua microficha, aalon la caa: la aymbola — ► aignifia "A 8UIVRE", la aymbola Y aignifia "PIN". Laa cartaa, planchaa, tablaaux, ate, pauvant fttra filmte A daa taux da rMuctlon diff Aranta. Loraqua la documant aat trop grand pour Atra raproduit an un aaul clichA, 11 aat filmA A partir da I'angia aupAriaur gaucha, da gaucha A drolta, at da haut an baa, an pranant la nombra d'imagaa nAcaaaaira. Laa diagrammaa auivanta illuatrant la mAthoda. 1 2 3 4 5 6 iiliBliliiiMW er ch ng n- n; he cr I. isj )f •el iti it er ch n- n; he er I. is I )f 1 it 6iL WITHOUT VINEGAR, ^^■• lit •.■'II A«0 biGNITY WITHOUT PtUDE : OE, BRITISH, AMERIGAK AMD WEST'IJWIA IJ^^RESTS ' ' CONSIDERED. THE SECOND E^lflON. Wrra A PREFACJE. AND ADDITIONS. TogMef ttUh a CttJRT, iknUHg the Riie tmd Pi IViuii btiaeetLthe ^ CouHtriet, dY M ACALL MIdFORI), USQ: *r ■ ■«^ LONDON: . , IPRimiBD FdR W. J. AND J. RICHARDSON, GOlMlIU.i J, HARDING, •T. JAMSffMmiEET: AND fH^lAS D01|M>N, PHILADRLPHIA. ■../•i^: ^ .-■<^:- v% V>J i i ii t \ n »m I ■ I iH i i ^m iiPipw upij i 1 1 J I tfjf-." ', .»-» 9^ , "^ ''"'(^-f.? '^fr- ««?, >-f W/Fllm, Printer, (. '■*•. ,v -^m^mmmilflfflflfttllftllil^^ '' i M ' , I ' V 'f K. ' '»—■ ■»" ' "T- St"N M; f. « The title of Mr. Medford't pamphlet is by mnoh the wont thing we have found in it. The saying about the effH;ts of an ill name, applies to books as well aa other objects; and we fear, that thia tract will suflbc greatly from a drcumstance almost wholly irrevalent to its merits. It is in truth one of the most sensible political essays that have lately appealed, far exceed- ing any other which has been produced by the pitsait di£ference8, in the rare qualities of candour and im- partiality .-*£<^6tirgA Review for October 1B07." :*V;, *".,'^''' '■'■ ,;*■ ■■"^•'^&. :%'• •;,* ■— ■•*"*-'»'»»»»fi«®a SECOND EDITION Whbi* this short Pamphlet first appcwrcdi Idid not expect that it would ^ve^pe *|. so much discussion and anin^fcmon as have already taken placfc wiiH^ regard to j| 1 am, in consequence of soiiie ^, . aniMiyersions, induced on olS^ng %Se-^ (ibwlEdition to the publici td piefi^ ^ wii a few obsecrations. My claim i^f4nif»iSaiity in questions- the title, the arran|enietiU the want Of a concluding cha|^, and ■''■^'mmmmt^ti''**^''' V. .a 'h *» if above al), my Strictures on the West India lpvidence» given before aCoiSinitteeof the House of Commons, have given offence; and lasUyv it has been observed, that I did not begin l?^ stating in a tiifficiently dig. tinct manner, the nature of the differences between Great Bsitain and the United States of America. •.*, .. ^ As I am not tdtiacious of defending my own mode' of writing, and as my intention and wij[(h is to be UBderstood, and to throw light on the important subject on which I have addi'essed the public, I have attt^d- e# to those remarks ; but at the same thne *|hOp« I may be permitted, and 1 feci it due to myseH^ to rive my reaiions for the ^l^imer and form m which my sinKD work lirsta^peared. # My chim to impartiaHty is pnecisely what I harve represented it to Mi ties of friendship and connection witl^' both conn* triibs, and a conscious feelhug of a wish to l»6 Of service to boUi, lb th^se who say that such cdndltict is like serving two tnas* h ~..i;«kikti^Wua^uUC^i4Mi«i4^ ^ M > mm ... ^.^ .w J rfin ipf wMirt:! ''.* he West India iiimiittee of tbe {iven ofience; ved, that I did nifficiently dis- the differences id the United defending my ray intention and to throw ect on which I [ have att«94- i the same thne cT, afidlfbelit neasons for the my snifliD wor& ty if precisely to bis t ties of ith both coun^ gof a wisl| to ^hose who say rvitig two inas* tehi,' I answer, that if a desire to^be ioi^ partial deserves such an appellation, the world has hithejto been much mi9tak«^ httt to my way of thinking, the world bip not been mistaken. 1 know that many difficulties are in the way of true impartia- lity ; perhaps I have not a mind sufficient- ly enlarged to be so ; bat the thing is in itsdtf so estimable, that I ^eel some con^ lolation in an ardent desire to treat ih» subject in a fair unbiassed way. ^ The person who has with so little cere- mony accused me of serving two ijj^stirs, has she^n hi^ ignorance of oiie of ji)l^4v|| and H^ost essential ot ^noral priiicipiei.-^ In WINit does the innate idea of iutl^ origjiiale— but a love of impartialitiy>*J^ what toe«^,S)a»tice administered, U#^ by. an eJK^K^ «if the power of tlie ninw^ divegeiii^^ Mikity f If ihtei^t, pttfAon* and prej[^4»9«» IP? vail iff «rvemmmimmimm vi what right has he to claun attjNition, if j^u. ttltet, i passion, and 'prejudice, predomi^ nate in every breast ; if justice and impar< tlaKty are mere words of pietence, the man who says so, can scarcely expect much creciit for what he himself may advance f As tp the title, I own that it is i^uaiiitii but will any one siijr that it is not appli* cable and significant ? and I believe it has had a considerable effect in first drawio^; public attention to the work. . Ilbe use ^nd intention of a title to any |rork^ I understand to be, toindieatethe nature of its contents, and attract atten- tion; Apdlf that is done in a way tliatis n^lher indecorous nor improper, I kno^ Ii6t wha^ more can be desired : af \ have^ libi been mist^en ip iny tiUe, aqd it hfU| answered the pinrposfi, S ipust oipept to. |iieet with the language of vejuitioo. /rhp West India merchants, spi^ o( ^hose firiends do not lii^e m^ ari jt»|ce lip for the mortification of not -r tontion, if ^a^ ce, predomU ue and impar* nee, themaQ expect much y advance? t it is quaint,! is not appli- believe it has first drawioj; a title to any oinditatethe attract attei;. i wa^tiiatii opcr, I kno^ id: a^ j[hav^ le. aqdith^ i8t ei^pect 'iq. ation. ts, soip^ of r ai|;unent8; of iipt bei9|^ ■ ¥ ♦ able to antwlBr then, by applying to me haiih epithets, and saying I have been etU^ less, and not investigated their statementi : whether or noli they will congfatutale themselves on the result of my farther at- tention to their statements, the reader Will he able to judge when he has looked over my addition to the work.* I have remedied the want of a conclud- iog chapter, as I think it the duty of every writer to save his reader tfouW^ aamnch as is in his power. * Tliolt who ovil afftioit me, have gone io fill' tt to advert 10 my wcrtfi|th, bc«auito give jNm^ iip te ^tish efl^eers iirbeii ieniaad^ i^^-t^^ lfH)|(uage of^^t^ two coutttxies being the saipe, and dtlficultiei occurring, Ite^ M ti t% ipjsundcystanding ou tiie inypf, |Q that it bat hecom^necesuiy to i^aitlM||||i|^t and iay it asleep, in $uch a ^^#^^ again to 4sn4anger tlii^ peace of th^tVQ countries. ^. The couftant:c9pt^re of Aniei^ ships, 4^ fon^one^ t|« qifdfim of t^'to»h •unci), and in pm yfofi^ aikittt d^foed ai^ iU.Hnd«r»WI9<^ l^ay^ J^de, |ipt only ▼ith respct to the r^t of tjMingVi^ the j^lpnies of a country af waf , l^ut ^ rights §f ntsutrals -in |enei;alj ^n led to wrugj ii.ii|jii|uiaiuiiiiii. 1 1 - A 1 1 wpiiiMecl not ai^ear iki, :p .... *■ , . right of iia(iii< a certain le* refti8«|i^ give flikit. ^Bmaad* two countries ties occurring, ndUig on the leep. In 9u<^ a g^r thisjpeaqe merfcan ^hips^ loft^^lKJtish ai^itU dpEmd 9de, xipt only ^t)Qtth« rights I le4 fb fiiii«h ■>*■ « aisebiiteiitiiitwik ^fttibtiiesi i^ is a necmftty ^settHngthe busmeii eltlit^ by arms or arratYgf mentt ^ ^ KBefoifr Aniericn was ieparated fiitilh Britain, an act was passed natnraKsiiirg strangers afler a certain time of yesi general circum- stances, ^b number -of individuals have en- deavoured to augment the animo^tieshj exaggerated statements. I certaiolj nee4^jDQt jrdate the drcum« staniees of the recent afi^r betnreen the Xeopard and Chesapeak, which led to the imniidiate discussions. .1 have stated the general situation of the two cm^ntries^ and m^ view is to discuss the business ^m a matter of rights of expediency and practi- cability, li^eping always in view the ad^ vantage of an l^!licable arrangemfMi^ , J have nimi as % as I oan, removed the pbjections that were made Ixr the fiM e^dition, except with regard to ^reoapit tulation which will be found at the end, and to which 1 refer for my farther remaiiu op the evidence of the West India .mer- chants; a$ well as for a plan (havesiigr gestpd, b^ which British born anbjfects wBt be rali wit to the ( to' it poi ne; no ed ths nil at PC I. mm^mmmm' i f '*' ^^www*^mw mmi^ >|i^of grounds t of it. leral circum- iuals have en- iDimo^ities bj thedrcum* between the ich U4 to the kve staled the ouiitries, nod ms^oesii m a ;j and pmcti- view the ad^ aan, leme^cd telo'^ fir^t tbe recapi^ 1 at the? end, rther remapk* i India .nier- 1 {'haveisngr aubjecti wB( be unable t^,,^rocure false piipen of natu- ralization in America, and when fumbhed with true ones, will be no longer subject to suspicion, the^&by removing one of the great causes of misunderstanding between the two countries. One of the consequences of my attention to this subject, and my endeavour to t^iew it in evesy different iway, . is .th^t IJ^m made up, my mli^d comj^tely ^^^ ||a possibility of England an4i^^<^ '^^°S' iog their dtffefences in an amicable aian^ ner, If tl)ey^ will consult their interests, '^and not listen' tor the r^pre|piitation of int^festr. fd h»iivi^uals. I am even of the opinion that they cannot avoid seeing peace as their mutual interests, if the circumstances are attended to in a cool manner, as I have pot the smalfest doubt that it will bf. •— — ' iiupjjmiinji ii imHu / * tf i %-' at, I,. vbyagmiilwplnRitoyagMt^ ^t/-^ - ' %*- ♦ - .»«■ -:*^- ,« ':fy m-. **..-««a«?»*Kt*ft£^*^^^ mm\mmmm9m»mmm^i^fWiVWm ' '-" ^' 'i^ COKTENTO* mctrnVmiftUtk troid. 990,006. %;. .-^8^ ncnco»aa«a CHAP, t Tk« Neoenltjr of diKutiii§ tho ^Mtttoa «»vf l|b«||| , IW^G^Mtom of tho obj>pt .CHwpurifw oof am- —tikih Hitf tftooM Ti«w tt« Cue in« g^Mipl wi|| -^ Aot n|udiDg opilf pwlicalar wd neir iBlnrMti...« .... 1 • *• ' , ■ '• cflAP.a -..i-.a--*---' ThtM Qqw^Bi diaeaMed—Cltfteiuliip, N»Tig«tioB, Laws, and Colonial "Trade ; aad Obtemtiou upon ' the lacniM of tko Trade of Great BHiaia.... f The llii.f tateme^ of Oiii0^llm «n tlw Suftjeoli Md Obwrratidna bii t;if' 1^^ o^,|1^iiakat*»«>*»«C* ■MPMMwpiminHHMnmi mmmf % U«b caiaeueef|L diudTUitagflt .97 ipoMlfincoa- «7I TtUoM on th* s, iMidaPUa to tetters o( &, ^"■ ions $ai Litmhtt faa> ia Idand*, from thi Americtfn Colonies, n tba> Wiwt; Ipdietj >i|9d Stales, BriliiH tain J .^* * ■ # '*< XV Ai Aeo«nit) shewing the total Eiportt from Great Britab to the Wsst Indles.- Ab Account, shewing the Amount of Cotton fmported from the West Indies, the total Amount consumed, and the Countries from where It is reed? ed. An Aeeowt,, shewing the gtadual Rise of the BipdHt of the United States, and the Particnlars of the Amount from mch StetA. '> Obmrratlons on the Complaints of West India Ship Owwrs^ AconparatiTe View of the Finandal and Commercial 8k' taation of Great Britain, and ti|ie United Statea of Ama» ilea, *e. ftc. &c «MUtiVHiiHrNn«ilM .< 'J- lbpi.AKATmN OF tM mkm. ' ^1 •^ ?! The CBiliilljf fMtf^ between dt MttiiA tAuOa and Ik UiitodStatei^ b d««e upon a plui thai 1 bare Jiionl tp. proved for iu deamesi, and the fiKiUty with which the g«* MrAootline of thebiuioip it coapreheoded.* Except daring one yew, the haluuiee is gteatl j in favow of Britain; bat that Valence if not paid In moneys but in American produce tent to the continent of Europe, tlia value of which is paid to Eni^and. This Chart ahews the direct trade tMtween the two conniriesi en both iid«i, qaite OMaratdj, and ^res to demonstrate the importuiee of the 'Connection. And it is clear, that iv Amkbiga camh^t es. tOBf TO Vn COMTIMIMT OF KvnorS, SHB CAiniOT YAT Bxa nA&^MCB TO £noLAMO| Ann that COHSXaUSMTLT TBAT tRABX aniST CIASI. 4 ThMtCtniU flnt introdaoed bf Mr. klayfaii, afterfrwrdi Vf Mr- OORlvsilMcciq^iA FnuBce. 1 .*,; I: k # , ■~»iii«rMi#!!iiiitiiiiiii^^ [km. uidi and At hichtheie. tl J in f«Tow oxufi but in Eorope, the trt ahews th« i $iivh V^ irtMiceofthe CANHiT n> WOTYATHU IBMTtT TBAT Bnrwr^ Uy Mr- ifea^ymna ^e4St^Anafc on^^n^ ^mm.\ ««N«I km ^«Mbiu ««b«l OIL friTnovT VIS EG AH, ice. CHAP, t tMf bmi Keeenitjf of dittmtkig the queitUm m o lateral ton. —Ortatnenofthe olfjcct — Chttmittmeet new— . ach party $h0iiU view the ease m a general »aj^, not r • gardbig onfy partkufir and now int«rett$. i^ERHAPS no two countriei were ever better lituated for making each other rich and h..ppy than England and the United State* of America ; yet by some strange fatality they are on the eve of I a rapture, attended with circumstance* of acri* nmy that seldom accompany hostilitits even^ amongst nations most opposite in character ancl in interest. — Why is all this so ? That il an im- portant question.-oHow can the case be altered and animosities diminished? ' This is a more important question still, to which I propose to I call the attention of the public of both countries, after first itdverting to the existing circumstances, observing that those who have written on both lidcs of the questioa, have by their variety of op« .Bfl fifail MpmijWWWWWW I SW il W^ tB HW posite representations rendered the subject so con- fused, as to m^ke it difficult to form an opinion as to what is wise or just : immediate views and im- mediate interests seem to be the guide of those in whose hands is placed the destiny of mankind. What is wise and advantageous to be done ? What is it found equitable to do ? and what is practicable ? these are the great questions on every important occasion. When people are too much biassed by interest or inflamed by passion, they are incapable of making the enquiry, and when reason loses its eEFect an appeal is made to what the ancient Germans emphatically termed *' the Right of the Fist ;" but let us hope that on the present occasion two free and enlightened na- tions may settle their differences in a wiser way. Enough of blood, enough of slaughter's past. And Albion's sons shall have repose at last. Those writers who have with such labour and pains cited authorities, ancient and modern, for and against the Rights of Neutrals have been of little service to the cause—An appeal to the law of nations is not much better, but the law of na- ture scarcely ever will be appealed to ia vain. As to authorities, the present circumstances are 80 new, that the cases that have occurred do not now apply j and with regard to the law of na- tions I must be indulged i^ one observation. ' \^ the subject so con. |form an opinion as liate views and im- guide of those in |ny -of mankind. ;eous to be done ? do ? and what is questions on ever? ople are too much imed by passion, the enquiry, and appeal is made to iphatically termed let us hope that on id enlightened na- ;s in a wiser way. Iter's past, e at last. 1 such labour and : and modem, for trals have been of appeal to the law ut the law of na- led to in vain, circumstances are : occurred do not ' the law of na< observation. So long as a convention that is entered into tends to the mutual or ultimate advantage of the parties, they may all join cotdially in the measure, but the instant that the majority find a regula- tion injurious to them, however just it may Be, they will endeavour to get rid of it; and on the other hand an unjust regulation, if advantageous to the stronger party, assumes the appearance of law and right. Much has been said about the regulations adopted about fifty years ago, but at that time the trade of Europe was pretty equally divided, so were colonies and settlements both in the East and West Indies — America did not then exist as a nation. Now the case is quite altered ; the trade of Europe, and the territories in the East and West Indies, are chiefly monopolized by Britain; so that the regulations that agreed with the general interest during the seven years war, are not now equally beneficial to all nations ; the consequence of this is, that the regulations are in- voked by Britain, and exclaimed against'by all other nations ; to enter into arguments on that sub- ject, will scarcely therefore be of any great utility. — Interest is too much coqcemed in the business^ for justice to be taken as the guide. We must, then inquire into practicability, endeavouring, however, to be ruled by jtistice as much as possible, for, when that is neglected, new quar- rels are the certain consequence. »3 «UV?.M.- Having lived for nearly as long a period in England, as I did in America, (my native cOun. j try) I feel a great attachment to both nations. I think I feel a tolerable degree of impartiality, and I- confess I am very desirous of preventing hostili. ties betwen two nations that may be so much bie. aefited by peace, and that certainly will be to much injured by war. But before I enter into particulars, I shall just state the consequences as they appear to be to me to each country. America is a new and rising country, its pro. gress, which is unprecedentedly rapid, may be retarded, but it cannot be stopped; therefore, whatever bad consequences may resttk, they will be but momentary. It is not so with Intain which is a country already risen so high, that the question is not to rise higher, but to remain as it is. Should hostilities with America prove seri* ously injurious to England, they may never be remedied; thus the case is of much more im* portance to Briuin, than it is to America. I mean not to say that America may not suffer most seveiely in the first instance, but the conse* quence»can only be momentary; whereas, with lespect to Britain, they may be auch as never to bedoneaway. WT** ' as long a period in ca, (my native coun. : to both nations. I : of impartiality, and »f preventing hostili. may be so much be. certainly will be so ; before I enter into te the consequences I »«ach country, ng country, its pro. «dly rapid, may be stopped; therefore, nay res«k, they will not so with Bntain «n so high, that the but to remain uit America prove sen. they may never be of much more im* it is to America, rica may not suffer ince, buttheconse. ary; whereas, with tt cuch as never to 'v^ CHAP. Three Questhtu^^rwed'^Citiienfh'p, Vmigntim^ Leas and Cobmal TVade, and OhteroatUm upon the Inertdte of the Trddt of Great-Biitain. The thtee gt^at questions to be discussed, are Citizenship, Colonial Laws, and General Navi- gation Law, or the Rights of Neultali. First, As to theif impof tancc, Wc sh?l! fiiid that it is greatly eXaggetated, but particularly that of Citizenship. Certainly tio act of one country can free a man from hU aMegiance to his Sore- rtlgn, but then it is to be considered " ii^hat . ' that allegiance ?" Allegiance in respect to obeying the laws is local as much as the payment of taxes, for a British subject does neither wheh he leavet his country, bttt while he remains in it he nmit do both. Not to carry anns against his So- rereign is the only Jragment 0/ allegUtnee that fnay be said to follow a man into another coun- tty, so that the question of Citizenship i» Tery easily determined. No law prevents a man from leaving hit coun* try ; and when a man enter* into a new country, that country m?iy naturalize him. If peace re* mains between the two nations, here the matte* it »4 7' at an end ; Biit if the person so emigrating enters into an army to fight against his original Sove- reign, if taken, he is liable to be treated as a re- bel ; but there is no right to demand hkn. The rights of the former Sovereign-only return when Ilia subject comes under his dominion*. If then there is no right to demand back Bri- tish subjects who have emigrated, it may be added, as a still more important argument, that even if the matter of right were different, what would be the mattet of policy ? Engl and certainly has not conceived the mad project of keeping people from leaving it by force ; but, if so, as few do emi- grate, preventing them would not be attei^ded with much advantage to the country, and if the number is but small* whatever the right may be, it is bod policy to engage; in a war that may be very aerious, to obtain so small an advantage. As to liie dignity of protecting rights, and the disgrace of yielding a point, and submitting to a:i injury, ^t may, in this case, be entirely done away by an arrangement entered into in a voluntary man- ner; proceeding upon the principle that allegiance i« locals and ceases with removal, for when a man ceases to be with a society, he ceases to derive any , * There b a Uw to prevent ardsti from being carried oat of die kiogdom, whio to far infringea on the BiU of Rights, as it •eporatea oaeporuon of *oci«ty from the other, witlioittasy Otbar itluutvliatarefoaiidedoapdk/. * ^ »vm i * <' ) t "t m r ' m'» inim i , i JW ' i. i wy » iyinHi.,jj ■ emigrating enters his original Sovc- treated as a re- [mand him. The |onIy return when linion*. . lemand back Bri- i, it may be added, ment, that even if It, what would be d certainly has not eping people from o, as few do emi- •t be attended with and if the number jht may be, it is that maybcveiy idvantage. As to !» and the disgrace :ting to a:i injury, y done away by a voluntary man- pie rfaat allegiance I, for when a man »se« to derive any n being ctrried oat of e BiU of Rights, as it ler, witiioittaByOdMr benefit from its laws, and is no longer any of its members. I know it may be said that the case of seamen is different from that of other men,* but whatever the point may be as to ri^fat, it is nothing as to importance. ^ Were it agreed that such men were to ht given up, of what value would.such an obligattom bet* The parade of the deserters at Norfbll: would not indeed have taken place^ but the mca would have gone up the country privately. The injury would have been the same, ihougb tliot there would have been no insult. As the mztta stands, the parading of the Mamen seems to hav9 been intended to produce some disturbance; but let this business end as it may, when £nglidt sailors wish to join Americans, and when diey have an opportunity to do it, the execution of their purpose will never be prevented by avj law that can be made to the contrar}'. So much then for the small interest EnglanJL has as a nation in the affair of citizenship* Let us now proceed to exaffiune intt^ the lawc respecting her colonial trade. The t^lonfal laws must in «11 cases depend on circumstances, not on what people appreheodl * At by, the law of the land, a joarneymaB must not lesre Us fflaser in die middle of a job. Thi> i^ a depriration uf Jiber^ aiisiag from aa 4i| of t|w mam himidf who undezteak^'dattiw 10 r to be rights, in the jargon of the dii)r, called the legal rights of the mother country, one of which is stated upon the general scale to be a monopoly of the trade of the colony. Nokt with the grtat- est deference to those high authorities who entertain a different opinion, I will maintain that the mother country has not an unlimited right to toonopolize the trade of a colony. If such unlimited right existed the mother country might starve b colony for want of pfo« fisions, and yet do so without injustice ; a thing contrary to the immutable law of God, as well as to those laws of man, which being implanted in the nature of things, do not admit of change. If then the mother country has not an unlimited Tight it must be a limited one, it is like the right of a parent over a child, to correct, but not to m.iinr, strangle, or destroy. A father cannot be ptk- nished for an assault, though he may have admi* nistered correction to a child, that had it not been his own would have made him liable to very high damages. In this case the law between the p9.rent and child is different from that be. tween other individuals, or from common law, buc if the parent starves or murderss his child, the pu- nishment is the same as if it were the child of another person. In this case the law between the p»r2nt and child is the same as between any other persons. , Thus it is with colonics in certain cases, anci "tfJ i w ' U 'li i > B P Il. il H I ... ■ "" ' ■I' ■P iMn i i > rr i m i nnim pi ii fy i. i *c day, calltti ihg ftry, one of which to be a monopoly our with the grtat- authorities who will maintain that unlimited right to ny. listed the mother for want of pfo- injustice ; a thirtg[ V of God, as well :h being implanted t admit of change, as not an unlimited is like the right of t, but not to m.iim, ler cannot be ptk. le may have admi. hat had it not been im liable to very li»e law between ent from that be. I common law, buc i his child, the pu- wrcre the child of the law between le a& between any eitain cases, and 11 to a certain extent the mother country has a right to regulate the trade of a colony, but in others it has not ; it is therefore a limited authority, lifct that of a parent.. This point being once established, no question is to be decided but upon the footing of rect* procal interest or particular circumstances, which must determine whether it is without or within the limits. We then have to enquire whether the subjecti in dispute are without or within the limit that bounds the right of the mother country. Zt i« from that, and that only the case of the right can be established. ' To have free liberty to exchange produce for produce is the chief part of what is wbhed fay the inhabitants of the islands and by the Ameri- cans, and thia certainly it is not within the power or authority of the mother country to prevent for, as the mother country cannot rob or starve the colony, «o ^kQwi8e it has no right to prevent it from trafficking to the best advantage, and sel- ling its produce as it pleases, only obtaining a preference for itself upon equal conditions. The mother country has the right of lading on duties, governing and legislating, buf; surely can have no right to prevent .a man who grows sugar on his estate from exchanging it for wheat, as he cannot always be sucking sugar, fand must have bread ; neither has it a right to oblige him to 19 - lend all his sugar to a London merchant, which he ..ells (by a candle's end) for an old song, in return sending over, at an enormous price, dresses for slaves, and the other European aiticles want- ed in a plantation. If this point were granted, perhaps the dispute would bb at an end ; for though there are other objects, they are of minor consequence; but as in other cases, we have taken into consideration the importance of the object demanded, as well as the justice of the demand, Itt us do so in the prc- lent instance. If Government would place the English West India islands and settlements under a just, but liberal regulation,, the Planters would be happy, the islands would become rich, and all the differ* ences with America would be at at end without altering her navigation laws, and West India es- tates would be doubled in value in a few years. Government must know the amount of revenue, it receives duty on West India produce. If every planter in the West Indies was obliged to take out a licence, or (in any other way more agreeable to himself) to pay a duty in the West In- dies upon the produce raised, so as to bring in the same revenue to Government as at pre- tent» it would give him an opportunity of telling or exchanging produce in the island, tor sending it to England if he found it lu& interest, which would break a combinatioil m,^0imM 3,narm\ mm merchant, which - an old song, in lous price, dresses ean ai tides want- ^rh^ps the dispute ;h there are other sequence ; but as into consideration tnanded, as well as i do so in the pre- the English West inder a just, but would be happy, and all the diflPer- at at end without Lnd West India es« e in a few years, imount of revenue, idia produce. If ies was obliged to y other way more aty in the West In- d, so as to bring :mtnent as at pre- n opportunity of lice in the island, 1 if he found it eak a combinatioil 13 in London, that is now labDuring to bring about a war with America, and ri queinj* the separation of the West Indii Islands, from the mother coun- ' try, merely because the Americans arc carrying on a considerable trade in West India produce, which they do not send to the West India mer- chants in London to sell, in order to avaid rui- nous charges. • Wa j there ever any thing more contrary to fair- ness and common sense, than that a Planter in the West Indies, who has sugar, and wants bread, meat, and the other necessaries of life for him- self and negroes, lihould not have a right of ex- changing his su^ar for them. He must be oblig- ed to send it to a London West India merchant to sell, in order to raise the money to pay for bread, &c. by drawing on the merchant, at a loss, who sells the sugar perhaps for half the price the poor Planter could hAve got in the West Indies? Any person wishing to see a curious official document on the subject of the West Indies, will do well to read the Report of the Committee on the Trade to the West India Colonies. I find in it the examination of a Mr. Henry Shirely, who I condude is a West India Planter; he appears to know what arran;^cmetits would benefit the Wxst Indies, and add- to the happiness of individuals. There seems to be so much candour and good sense- ■Jiiri.Miifliimi'iiiMii in bii answers, that I will annex part of his exa< mination; i (^uei^ioii— -Would the British Planter, in your opinion, be relieved to any, and what cx< tent, by being permitted to barter certain proportions of their coffee and sugar in pay- ment for American supplies equivalent to the cargoes imported ? Jiuvfir — They certainly would. The Americans would take some of" our worst sugars; it would greatly rcd,:,ce the exportation of mo- ney, and prevent tue ruinous consequences of giving bills of exchange, which, in these calamitous times are often dishonoured. QtuitiM — Would the British Planter's market for rum he injured by a monopoly of their sup- ply being granted to the British Norib Aine- ' rcau o'olonies. Jhswer~-lt would make the Planter still more dependant on the British merchants, who cannot be very indulgent in such times as these. They seem to pity our case, but they add to our miseries by always deriving a pro- fit from our distresses. Afier going through a pamphlet on the subject of the West India commerce, on the last page, (t6o) I find information which appears to be given with so much correctness, that I have Yy-'t^.^^'^'i mM ilgB txt 'miimmmUMm X part of his exa. Planter, in your ny, and what ex- to barter certain and sugar in pay- \ equivalent to tho . The Americans worst sugars; it xportation of mo- lous consequences ;, which, in theu dishonoured, lanter's market for »po]y of their sup- ritish Norih Aine- 'lanter still more \ merchants, who in such times as our case, but tb^y tys deriving a pro- »mphlet on the Dmmerce, on thei ion which appears tness, that I have 15 talen the liberty of annexing a copy of it.* The papt r t » wh ch 1 refer is .1 London West India mcrchan/s . ccount of xales of ten hhds. of eu^^ar ; I regret that the time the u^virs were ship- ped is npt mentioned, that I might have made a statement to tJiowr t the poor Planter had been permitted to exchange ihe »ugar for beef, how many barrets it would have produced, and how many poor negroes that beef wnuldhavefcd. When I look at the account of sales, and consider si- milar ones tstty packet carries to the West In- dies, and when I see thatthe fruits of the labourer, which were intended to cherish the hearts of the pour planters, have gone into the pockets of men enjoying all the luxuries in the world, I pnnot wi'^hold exclaiming— Oh I Providence, bow much longer will you permit your intenti- ons to be so perverted? — Well may the Planters be poor, and poor they will remain until they get rid of the blood-suckers who are drawing their existence from them. The Planter's situation at present is worse than that of the negro slaves they purchase from Africa « the latter is expected to work only with bis haQds, and for a certain num- ber of hours each day, but the former is obliged to woric body and mind, night and day, for his London masters, without giving satisfaction. His aituation is but little di£Ferent from poor <* See Appcndixt No. 1, wMMa«ttMvUii«£iiiMttMai ■/ 16 Mvngo, except Uut hi» Juii i» not black, when kc say*, • Detr heart, what a terrible life am I led I A dog hu a better that'i ihelter'd and fed. Nig' t and day 'li* the lame. My pain ii dere game : Me with to de Lord me wa« dead t The Americans already deal to a very large afiount with the English West Indies* for rum, and they sell much more than they arc allowed to return ; but if they were not shackled they would take the return in sugar instead of money, and every one would be gainer by this except the London merchant, his broker and auctioneer. In the fir.t place the merchants' consignment; would be diminished; in the next place the Planter being more at his ease, would not depend upon him, as he now generally does. The bro- Icr. auctioneer, and merchant, (that resp-:table ttiJ,) are then the persons for whom the negroes sweat, their masters run in debt, and we arc to CO to war. Let us consider this a little. •' Softly, softly, says a Custom-house officer, « hu Majesty's revenue, will be injured." I have no objection to going softly that 1 may go surely, but I will maintain that it would not injure the xevenuc. . , The same quantity of sugars being raiseo, they could still be subjected to. the same duties, • See Appendix, No. 8. t^UPi^lXtWWnVKUW^QlKNKM nil not black, whtn Ife tin I led I Ir'd and fed. deal to a very Targe (Vest Indies • for rum, un they are allowed te not shackled they [jar instead uf money, gainer by this except broker and auctioneer. :rchants' consignmenu n the next place the :ase, would not depend erally does. The bro' :hant, (that resp<":table for whom the negroes 1 debt, and we are to cr this a little. Custom>house officer, ill be injured." I have y that I may go surely, t would not injure the ' sugars being raised, ted t!» the same duties, ix»No.8. but laued in another way, for we are not to give up the right of taxing the commodity- so a« to make up to the revenue what it already pays. It is not altogether the money paid ; but, in a great degree, the manner of paying, that is the grievance, and this would form a proper subject for inquiry and regulation. The sugars and other produce would then cost miTch lens than at present in the first instance ; and, therefore, even those things which I havs Uated as losses, would be, in a great degree, coun- ter-balanced. Shall I add to all this that the natural disposi* tiun of the island) to coalesce with America, against Britain, would be diminished, and by that means an event that must some day take place, would be removed to a greater distance. On the whole the loss to Britain would be lit- tle, perhaps nothing, the advantages would pos- sibly be considerable : but, at all events, thia would be an absurd cause of a war, the first con- sequences of which, as will be seen hereafter, would be to starve the West India Islands, . I next come to the most important of all the questions, including the whole of the navigation laws as now interpreted, on the one part and on the other* When all the powers of Europe had a pretty equal share of trade, as was the case till the be^ ginqing of the French Revolution, as the regu* c T -^"" H '• " 18 lations were mutually advantageous and disad- vantageous, it was not of very great importance what thovse regulations were. But now that England alone of the Belligerents, has ships, co- lonies and commerce, the justice of the regulati- ons, it must be allowed, becomes of more impor- taraee. ^ Those who seek innovations in Europe, arc greatly to be condemned for the contempt they < xpress for ancient laws and usages, but not less so they who are ready every moment to engage in war to preserve whatever they possess, without examining whether it is worth the contest. f When Government begins to put the West In- ^la possessions under a proper regulation.'and set- tle their diflFerence with America, the citizens of London must expect to be alar/ncd with an out- cry against Ministers, by the West India ship Ow^ners. It therefore gives me pleasure to say, that in no instance in^yiewin^ the Commerce of this country have I been so muclKurprised, as at the little comparative importance of the West India shipping* with the total ainount of the ship- ping of England. Of 21,700 ships, only 785 are employed in the West India trade, and in 1796, the number was only 692, and they are ge- nerally owned by those West India merchants who engross the West India trade; and if they were out of employ for two or three years it * See AppendiX) No. S. -V. i»M,nitiiHiiiMiWi8BtiiM>MMMii'illrthff*i'^riiltt 700 ships, only 785 India trade, and in ig2, and they are ge- est India merchants c trade ; and if they o or three years it NcS. ^9 would not be a real grievance, for the profit they have been making is excessive. When England went to war for Jenkins's cars*, it was in reality a small object, suppose ing the .story had been true, fur it cost above t«renty millions. She went afterwards to war to preserve Americat, as she called it, in order to • In the year 1739, just before war broke out with Spain, the party that wished foi war (that was the ministerial party), wishing to inflame the nation, hit upon the following expedient. A Cap- tain of a vessel named Jenkins had been stopped and searched at sea by a Spanish Captain, who finding nothing on board sent Jen- kins home. Jenkins complained of the hau!y;hty conduct of the Don, and a story was spread abroad that the t^paniaid had cut off his ears. To animate the paihament and the nation Jenkin* was examined at the bar ofthe House of Commons, his ears were covered with waxed silk close to his head, so that the corner of his wig when lifted up at the bar of the house excited strong feel- ings. * What did yon think,' said a member, < Captain Jenkins, when the proud Spaniard cut off your ears.' ' Why,' r; plied Jen- Vins, * when I found my ears were off I ^yave my soul to God) and left my revenge to my countty ?' The house was electrified in an instant, and the nation in a few days That very nijht an ad- iess passed praying the king to revenge the insuh by the declara- tion of a war with Spain. This only cost about tw^'nty millions, or 3000 1. a day interest ever since. A pretty p. ice for a pair of e^rs, even if they had been lost ! ^ f American War cost Debt Interest. » per cent. 6*/vt8,800l. l,'»39^4iOl. 4 »'i,750,OOOl. l,SI0/)00l. 5 17,«6y,9l»21. 896,6231. 115,267,9921. 5,012,3621. |m| Equal to about 1,3001. per hour ever since. B 2 iBMtiw a^a a. ' t'^ttwrta^Msygftftgiir 20 gain by trading with that country.— -the duty on a few chests of tea did the business. England lost the tea and the duty, but what was best of all, she lost America, she has since then gained by her trade vastly more than before. Britain then treated America as she does the West Indies now. Yet she gained by the change, even dearly as it cost her to part with it. — Thus it appears we have sometimes seen objects over valued-— The reinstating of the French nobility to their lands, and the reitoration of the house of Bmirbon, w«re thought indispensa- We about seven or eight years ago.— Now they are thought impossible, yet we have not despair- ed, though the tenth part of the derangements which h»v« now taken place are such as for- merly would have struck us with consternation. Having overvalued so many things, it is pos- sible that England may overvalue the navigation laws as she executes them. Let us examine whe- ther it is so or not. Did England ever find an enemy cease fi^ghting for want of what is termed contraband of war? why then make so many enemies in order to pre- vent contraband articles from being carried » Why be so rigid with Neutrals ? Has EngUnd forgot that the rigid conduct of the Hanseatic League at sea was the chief cause of the down- hll oi its power ? Has not England been the first nation to flou- xhh by freedom of commerce ia the interior of ^--■•^awK*!«ftaWIW!«i ■Jn i ww i Wftii xmih^ i u mi m im m ntry, — ^Thc duty on ■iness. England lost t was best of all, she then gained by her Britain then treated Indies now. Yet she early as it cost her to rs we have sometimes The reinstating of the s, and the reitoration c thought indispenu- lars ago.— Now they we have not despair. of the derangements ice are such as for- with consternation. lany things, it is poS' rvalue the navigation Let us examine whe- enemy cease Eghting contraband of war? :mies in order to pre- from being carried ' rals ? Has England ict of the Hanseatic cause of the down- le first cation to flou- ce in the interior of the country ? Is it not well known that her commercial prosperity is created by industry, cre- dit and confidence, and not supported by regu- lation or kept up by force ? How can it be sup- posed in a country, where the principles of po- litical economy sire so well understood as in Eng- land, that it will be ruined, unless it keeps up a rigorous police upon the ocean ? I have loqg thought that the Navigation Laws made for re- gulating the commerce of England with regard to British built and foreign ships, had been mis- taken for the general maritime law of nations as it is called, and that the just attachment to the one has been the cause of setting so great a value on the other. If the code contended for as begun to be aqted upon about the middle of the last century is so necessary for British prosperity, what did Britain do before that period? It may, however, be said, that the sea is the element of Britain, and that if ever she gives up the sovereignty her day is done. This requires a little consideration* Is that sovereignty such that it may not be given up, or at least modified, without a suspicion of fear ? Magnanimity is a word, as well as dignityi it is of^s high a sound and signification, and thece is great magnanimity in looking into such affairs with an intention to rectify what may be found be wrong or impolitic. c 3 ' . . M«ppi^«^tM9^«ltilU«lima - 22 It is alwaj'f a matter of great wisdom to con- sider, whether an object that excites envy is worth the danger with which envy is ' in mo.st cases attended. It is a mistake to think that the greatest dan^t-rs consist in making concessions. I do most readily grant, that if concessions arc not made with great pnidence, they are gene- rally construed to arise from fear; but that, so fat- from being a reason for never making conces- sion, is a reason why when such a thing comes in question it ought to be considered in what man- • ner it may be done so as to avoid the appearance of fear. It is far more easy to render a question obscure by quoting high authorities and making a display of learning, (by giving a list of books-at the bot- ' tom of a page), than it is in a short concise man- ner to diiicuss an important point ; but my aim is by no means to seek that sort of reputation, and it most certainly is one of my objects to avoid rendering the subject more confused, by appeal- ieg to cases that do not apply, or to authorities which will not be acknowledged. ^ Great as is my respect for those persons who at an early period promulgated a code of mari- ti .% 'g ij f* mnju rti any y*«>*wi»y» mmImmm ■iwwp» a' 'i ' "' " iii' , i « tmm/mmv^fffffi^^f^faff "fHlft >t!l"l'-\' at wisdom to con- Ixcites envy is worth la in mot cases to think that the aking concessions, t if concessions arc ice, they are gene- fear; but that, so ver making conces- ch a thing comes in dered in what man- ,^oid the appearance T a question obscure nd making a display |of books-at the bet- J short concise man- point ; but my aim rt of reputation, and ny objects to avoid infused, by appeals y, or to authorities }ed. , those persons who 5d a code of mari- ik of their ahifities, first pei%ohs who !• As 'I, howcvei", lodel of the Great 23 Michael*, (which cumbered Scotland to send^lo sea), or from the Henry Grace de Dieu, so the laws of the Isles of Rhodes and Oleron are not precisely suchr as I think would regulate my con* duct with other nations, were I in a situation that enabled me to treat of national interests. The fact is, and an undeniable one it certainly is, that the times and circumstances are new, and that however great a regard we may iiave for what has been done by those that came before us, we must accommodate ourselves to the circum- stances in which we are placed ; that is always necessary to success, not that it always insures it, but without it success is impossible. There is more danger from making concessi- ons in a piece-meal way, than by proceeding up« on, and promulgating one grand principle from which you will not recede. Give up what you think it reasonable, wise and just to yield, but no more ; after that be firm, but it is in vain to at- tempt to stand firm oti a rotten stage where the boards will moulder io dust udder your feek^ A declaration that you are ready to revise the law^ and willing to correct it, is all that is now necc arjp for all parties, aira it is not worth while to go U> war merely becautie you are in a hurry to frame a code to bp acted upon in time of peace. 1 Ylcir . the proH^ble diSerenqe betwe«i England and * An immenae veswl bailt in Fife !^a the dry laad^ ufA i)<^;^irar(U with great dificalty coDTeyi;d to the lea. 94 ' America as the more serious, because I do not be> lieve the two governments wish to go to war, and I have the same opinion about the most respecta- ble inhabitants of both countries. I view the ob< ject which they are differing about, as that of a party wall between two houses which it is the interest and wish of both to support, but an artful bricklayer getting into the confidence of one of the inhabitants, persuades him the wall is crooked and inclines on his side, and urges him to insist upon having the wall pulled down that he may get a profit by building it up again. America has certainly flourished very mucb, tnd she would have done so if there had not been a war in Europe, but there is no reason why if I am doing very well that I should he prevented from doing better. i am sorry to see so muzh acrimony in individuals on both sides : what can be the use of all the low scurrility which the English Pamphlets contain against the President of the United States of Ame> rica? — Neither should America encourage that acrimony against England, that may terminate hurtfiilly for 'both, particularly at a time when England is fighting to preserve what yet remains uninvaded of the libeities of the ancient world. If the Englbk writers could point out indivi- duals in America, who were deceiving the Presi* 4ent, (as the British Ministers arc deceived) by giving him false information, by representing that ; '«irgMi»a«Htwamnin ■'■',.'?• Veiri. 1775 i783 -eiS, 1J= VeiKli. 5183 Torn. 979,2(»2 933,785 team. 1775 17feO COMMERCE. Importi. Eipofts. 8}.'VS4'i af 17,420,309 CGS/ill 13,587,562 n With respect then to two questions, those of Ci- tizenship, and the Commerce of Colonies, I think they are clearly decided; but as to the third, pru- dence and expediency must be the guide, for the arting on a principle of what may be termed equality or reciprocity, is nonsensical. As a ge- neral rule applicable in^iarticuLr cases it may be very well, but before we speak of equality, or reci- procity, we mustknow whether circumstances make them possible. In the present instance of the Chesapeak, it is understood that the English Captain h?.d orders to act upon a . principle of equality, and to allow his ship to be searched, at the'satne time t^jat he insisted upon searching the American tor deserters. This was proper, un« iSoubtedlv. but where wa» the reciprocity ? ■.-'mm mm* » i m'4 m iiwm ■■ -f«« ^mtftmfi^tftti^mwmfirt^'i^'i'ry^ jng statements, reea- ning and cud of the Ton*. 933,785 ;e. Exports. -ff 17,120^09 15,387,562 n uestions, those of Ci- of Colonies, I think as to the third, pru- be the guide, for the hat may be termed nxensical. As a gc- :uLr cases it may be i of equality, ©r reci- rcircumstances make ent instance of the that the English ipon a . principle of p to be searched, at upon searching the is was proper, an. reciprocity ? 89 The j^nglish Captain knew there were some ofhij men in the other -s el, and he knew there were no American d^sirters in hi". ; the liberty to search him mii^ht either be t.ikon as a complimental fur- maltty, or as an insult, for in reality it meant no- thing. It brin>*s to my mind a mnt't-nian well known as an eccentric charattcr, who li.id liis. pocket picked of his h.inrlktr' hicf ia Bund-jtrcet. A passen;^er inlormed him of his los<:, and pointed out the ihiel. The enr.iged gentleman ran in an- in.stant, collared the thief, an-l seized his handker- chief, exclaiming — " You ♦.counlrel. I have ^ot your handkerchief, and you have mine, restore it to me this instant." This was .,n example of search for search, but then each per on acted from the conviction that the other had a haudker- chief. The English and Americans were not on equ il terms in the affair of the Che.s^ipeak, to which parti- cular affair >I do not allude for any other purpose tliantoshew.that ■* co with respect to neutrals in time of war, because the belligerent and the neutral are always under u\rQu\i. cir- cuMSTANCfcs — they never can be on an equally. Much has been satd to prove that a neuti'di has no right to derive gain or profit from the-misf^* tune of a neighbouring sm^e enga^trd in war, but ia my humble opioiun, thi» n the luost shallow of ■■-.wn'.sswiay '^^vmm^tKtm ^mm> www w f i i 1^ 28 •11 argumctut. The evil of the one and adv fitages of the oihcr, are circamstances not connected by any right whatever. If I break my leg, and iny neighbour next door who is a surgeon is paid for setting it, he gains by my misfortune. In like manner, when one man dies or fails in trade, another, or others, get his business. This is natu> ral, nay it is unavoidable; the business must b« done, and justice or right have no connection with the business. Even in the case of a colony belonging to a belligerent power, the case of a neutral trading with it must be a question to be discussed on lircwniiattces, not on general principles, unless the principle of free trade is admitted. If the mother country cannot do the business so well herself, she must give leave to some other to do it, or some otbrr must do it without leave. This, indeed, iii nothing more than extending the prin- ciple that applies to all sorts of commerce. £ng- lar d supplies America with her manufactures, be- cause she cannot supply herself, and England takes corn, cotton, &c. from America, because she cannot supply herself; thus, so sar from the de- ficiency of one not being an advantage to another, it is, on the contrary, the very cause of all com* mercial intercourse. As to the liberty of the seas, spoken of by the ruler of the French nation, it seems to be a sub- ject that he does not well understand ; for so long ai -. »■ II mmtmmtmmiMt one and adv fitages s not connected by :ak my leg, and my a surgeon is paid ny misfortune. In lies or fails in trade, iness. This is natu< he business must b« Lave no connection ony belonging to a >f a neutral trading to be discussed on •I principles, unless admitted. If the he buuness so well to some other to do without leave. This, I extending the prin> 3f commerce. £ng- icr manufactures, be- :rself, and England America, because she so sar from the de- idvantage to another, y cause of all com* 29 he is al war he can have nothing to complain ol. When the day comesthat hk is neutral and oppres- cd, when his ships, colonies, and commerce, be- come a prey to fiercebelligerents,thenhe may have . a right to speak in the tone of complaint ; or, whc» all the world becomes peaceable, he will have a riglit certainly to assist in Mttling any grneral code of maritime law that may be establwLol amongst nations. At presentihose who are rcutral, alone canhavf uTJght tocomplain for the injustice donefifit isa« injustice), for aeiiing a neutral conveying stores to an enemy can in no case be an injustice done to that enemy, whatever it may be with resptxf to the neutral. To the enemy the injury may be great, but injury und injustice are not necessarily connected ; as in time of war, to do an injury to an enemy, b the very essence and spirit of the contest. IS, spoken of by the t seems to be a sub- ;rstand ; for so long a& MfM Wi»- ■' n 30 en A p. ni. Of Ihe Mh'iMemrnh of Wriler* on the Subject of the Jfrporlof the WV»/ India CommUteet and of those ' c;Ao pretend to state Fads. When men are either much interested, or their passions infl.m.ccl,exaggcr.itionis always to be ex- pccted: and in the present case we have by no means been disappointed in that respect. Amongst those who have been examined as to the shipping, in order to determine its increase or decrease ; and those who have been examined rela- tive to the West India trade, we find rothingbut exaggeration. The misfortune is attributed to the system pursued with respect to America; but m its proper place I shall state another cause. The W€st India merchants make it appear that TO-ar costs more than it sells for. Yes, tiiat they do; and^hey are very accurate :— 20s. lod. per cwt. »nd 151. bringing over make the cost. About 33$. the selling price. They have not informed us from what large and liberal purse the money comes that supplies this d.ficiency. We see West India mercfiantsstilUivin^ like princes; but when they come before the Parliament they have got the . whining cant of beggar^.-Therc must be sofflc KTmmKt^mi'i^.'txmmmmi''- -'f>«*»iwr««««waai»«s«i'««(*!*- 31 III. tr» on the Subject of the Jammitteet and of Ihosr ich interested, or thtir ion is alwaj^s to be ex- case we have by no that respect, been examined as to ternune its increase or ,e been examined rela- :, we find rothingbut line is attributed to the t to America ; but in ; another cause. Its make it appear that i for. Yes, that they do; : — 20S. iod. per cwt. le the cost. About 33J. have not informed us purse the money comes r. We see West India (rinces ; but when ihey nt they have got the -There must be soaic mystery in all this ; neither the iron bricliT". "^^ any ot the wild beasts at the Tower, arc so cuiioui and inexplicable as lliis simple fact, coiToborutci must solemnly by men of honour and fortune. In the north bears live under the snow by suctc- mjr their paws ; toadi have lived for years sliut lip without li^ht or food ; and a tortoise has boi-ii known to hold a fast of an unusual Icti-tli ; but ihou;^h natural philosiphers consider sucii phi'- iiomena as wonderful, the bcarH, toads, «iu.l tortoises, ar? nothing to the West India mer- chants: the former exist on nothing, but they d<* not get iat. The West India merchant livt» oa I less than nothing, and gets very fat ! ! How can all this be ? the thing is not credible. It is not possible. . There must be a cause. No«r without positively asserting what the cause is, 1 think I have a shrewd guess. I Amongst the chief expences of the aoJ. loi, prime cost of sugars, arc loss upon bills of ex- change dra^^ii on England, enormously high price* paid for every thing supplied by the British mcc- cha«i,4^ the interest of all the money advanced, k iImnt items were taken otT, the sugar would Ux cofit near so much as it appears to dok I now. AgMa, as to the second sum of 15s., a great part of that consists in commission, profit, brokerage, and expense of selling ; so that, on the whole, I the su^ar that appears to cost 365, did not cost ia ii w 9wf\ . i w 9 m ' if» i rt ^ !^m ' ~ ^^ 32 reality above 265. ; and the West India merchant, who seems to get fat upon a loss of 3s. per cwt., is in reality getting fat on a profit of 6 or 75. per ■ This calculation may not be very accurate : but ,he matter certainly is only to be e^tplamed ■„ that »ay i and it is fit that it should be known, for at present the public is deceived. The sugars are represented as lying on hand, ,0 the ruin and destruction of the merchants ; y«, in the We.t India docks there were* but 31,000 Bosshead,, which, at 35 --*.«"f '""'''';' sumof6;5.ooo; »-»"-. «1"^' " *'"; tunes ot Le single individuals ~»«">'d «" ' trade , and not mo« than used .0 be advanced m bettertimesbeforethehondingsystemwasadopt. To be able .0 comprehend the whole of the «- aggerations in the Examination of the d.lft e^^ intlemen concerned in the West Indra trade n the Appendix wUl be found some specimens of .t; tut it is not only necessary to give a speamen, tut to make some observations. So long as the Committee of the House of Commons attends merely to a sort of routine, .ad m».t the sam.^ questions to different geMto« widiout adverting .0 the new questions that may arise from their «.swers. the informanon will be to little purpose. • ^tietiiDelh. ..[<« rf *• W.« Wa 0-wW '" ■m um f . i .m ' P'iW Vest India mercliaiit, loss of 3s. per cwt-, )rofit of 6 or 7$. per >e very accurate : but to be explained in ihould be known, for ivcd. d as lying on hand, the merchants ; yet, lere were* but 31,000 each, makes only the not equal to the for- luals concerned in the sed to be advanced in ng system was adopted, the whole of the ex- ation of the different 5 West India trade, in d some specimens of it; ry to give a specimen, ons- ittee of the House of o a sort ofroutine»and to difTerent gentlemen new questions that may xe information will be to le Weit Iwfia ComnutKe w» It is very evident, from the precise nature of the answers given, thit the minds of the informants had been made up, and that too, with a most asto- nishing degree of accuracy. 80S. iod. says Mr. Andrew Wedderbum, is the first cost of 1 cwt. of sugar in Jamaica.— Indeed ! ! If the President of the Board of Agriculture had been asked if he, amongst the hundreds of volumes written on that iubject, had pretended to calculate the first* >8t of a bushel of wheat, would he have pretended to state it to a penny ? No, he would have said, in no particular case cou^ it be accurately ascertain, ed, though i* may within about as. or 35. a bushel, b«t then that would be to little purpose, for time and place make perpetual differences. That is to lay, the case is different in two contiguous fields, and in the same^ field in two different years ; and even when the crops are got in and finished* w« cannot be accurate in one single instance. Perhaps it may be said this is true ; but then til* sugar crops in Jamaica are more certain, the mtdc more regular, and the surveyors better calculators than English farmers or gentlemen. This, how^ ever, is nOt quite the case. ,, The sugar crops are the most uncjertain possi- ble Janiaica property is proverbially h^ardous. In England the produce of land majr 1^ uncertain, yet the chief expense of raising com i» quite certain. The rent of land is fixed, the wages of labour (I mean in any one i»ftanc«), ani I 34 the expense of keeping horses and maintairiing servants may be very nearly estimated; yet, with all this, the farmer can niake no very accu- rate estimate. lu Jamaica every expense is uncertain: th« prica of provisions and of every sort of stock, the weather and the produce ; yet the result was given with accuracy. Again, would it not have been naturail and ne- cessary to know how the losing business was carried on; to know ot what items this accurate calculation consisted ; and^to add other qaestions that might have arisen from those answers. Thea perhaps the true state of things n^ght have been known. As it is, I do maintain that we are mis' *•«, and that 20s. lod. is not the cost price, but is a soi of average taken, at which pUmters could afford to sell for ready money on the spot, with a wason- able profit, after having paid exorbitant ptices for slaves, as well as of all sorts of materials imported from Europe. Other inconsistences occur that should not have been looked over. Ten per cent, is represented as a fair profit ; and it is said that 10,000/. will be caiHtal sufficient to grow annually 200 hogsheads of sugar, tliat is, at the rate of 50/. capital for each hogshead pro- duced. We are informed in a pamphlet^ written (it is said) by a man of great informatipn, that the capiul employed in the West India trade is a«> i frffltea.waSiSA«»i3a«3k3ifJim«u4S!aae™-^^ and nuintaitling timated ; yet, with i no very accu- is uncertain: tbt y sort of stock, the he result was givea en naturad and ne- sing business was items this accurate kdd other question)) se answers. Thea ;s nvigjit have been that we are mis1<>a. It price, but is a soi Iters could afford tc lot, with » xeason- xorbitant ptices for materials imported r that should not, as a fair profit ; and caiutal sufficient to of sugar, that is, at :ach hogdiead pro* a pamphlet, written nfomutipn, that the ; India trade is i*0' iniiiiohs ; if so, the gain must be in ordinary timeS 10 millions a year. Unfortunately it so happen* that the whole West Iridia produce from British islands has seldom amounted to so much. Such contradictory statements, and such'afFecta- tion of accuracy, when there is not even a fail* attempt to it, are disgustirgj and I point them out merely to shew how the public is deceived j and how tht business is misreprtsented. BefOK any step is taken to relieve the West India merchants, it is to be hoped that pains will be taken to ascertain the real state of the case* and that the ex part6 evidence of the London merchants will not be relied upon. If true relief is intended, let it be, by allowing the planters to purchase every necessary at the theap^ market, and pay for it in tuch produce* without restriction, as th«gr find the most advan^^ Ugeousj it is by that means, and that only, that British colonies can grow sugars equally cheap with those of other nations. But this is not the aim of the West India merchantsj though they make bU their complaints as if they were natural griev* antes, and important for the nation to remedy, I have never beert informed that Providence has not bee^ eqUally bountiful in its favours to the English West India islands as to the other islands; that they are not equally well situated tor cunmerccj and that their inhabitants are lu^l 86 equally 8o!H5r, honest, and industrious; then why ahoiil4 not their sugars be equally chea]^ with those of the other islands ? If I should appear to wish to he severe on the V^est India merchants. 1 shaU answer, no. 1 have no such desire: but I >ave a very A^ciicd w„h to be true, and to select troth from th*: evidence before roe. . , * u- i. » When I find two nations, for both »f which I liave. A sincere regard, about to be involved in a ▼ery serious war, hy the misrepresentations of in- dividuals, I must speak out.;, nay more, when thost Tcry individuals will themselves be amongst the first sufferers, 1 think any thingthat appear* severs in my remarks will assiMoe another aspect. Let those gentlemen to whose stotemeHts I al. lude. answer my questions, explain what appeals to be contradictory, and I am satisfied* wniMiati WMMMMMMMMMMii industrious ; then equally chea]^ with to be severe on the answer, no* I haye very dcciiedwiih h from th«js eyidence for both »f which I to be involved in a epresentations of in* uy more, when those vcs be amongst the igthat appears seven Bother aspect, rhose sUtennqfits I al* explain what s^pcaxs m sa t is fied . a CHAP. IV. Creai inertaie of the Trait of England and AnwrkM teith the We$t Indies rinee the French RvootuUon-^ The nature of the Went India Trade exphmedf and it» am$equemce$ €xammed. One drcunuCance not the least curious in the present state of things, and which more than any other is the cause of the war with which we are threatened, is, that the tnle causes of the situatiou of trade, as it relates to'Briuia, to America, and the West India inlands, is not taken into cmiside* ration. The last three years of the last century, and the two first of this, were those at which the trade of Britain, A circumstanvces in it$ ide which America car* ice, appears to aa^onish and to be tbe envy of 3^ not a few, I shall endeavoar to explain how she carries on tbis vast trade, and show the result. As so many unfair and illiberal observations have been mide against her commerce, 1 beg to refer to a Table* which I have annexed, to shew that her vast trade is not that of a moment, or from one place, but scattered along a vast ocean of fifteen hundred miles, and consists of the produce of cotintries hundreds and hundreds of miles from that occafo ; that her trade has risen in a regular way, and that the exports from each port along this vast country will foe found to correspond with the produce of each state, its inhabitants and loc. advantages. Previous to the Revcrfution, the exports of West India produce to France, Holland, .S^pain, and Eng- land,wasabout fourteen million five hundred thou- sand pounds, that oi England about four millions. In consequence of the Revolution, upwards of ten millions of West India produce 3rearly, which belonged to France, Holland, and Spain, en- tirely changed its destination ; and its masters, (to whom it ]*rodttc«d a handsome income,) aro now, perhaps, wanting bread, and know no tuore about their estates thain if they never belonged to them. It is natural that we should, therefore, be anxicr i to know what has bebome of the pro- duce, and through what channel it find* it» ^•^X to market. * See Appssdis. Ko. 4. ' •■-■■ - a'- ■"-■" ■•-. ■ " ■-'i''P>I-;<-''"^''-*W. 40 . Some yean after the Revolution we find the Imports of Gieat Britain from the West Indies in. creased from three millions to upwards of mne. and we find America exporting to Europe upward, pf seven millions. Thus England and America have nearly the whole benefit of this vast and valuable trade. What other neutrals may have had, 1 donot think worth considering, for it would only be as a drop in a bucket of water. ' In order to account for the share which Amena has of this trade, it is requisite that I should first speak of the importation of British manufac tures into America. In the year 1789 they a- mounted to two millions five hundred thousand pounds, now they amount to upwards of nmc millions, and she consumes rather above six mil- lions, and exports above two millions. As England imported nine miUions. ^nd Amc rica exported seven millions more than their con- sumption, the quantity raised must be greyer «„c! the Revolution. ™s ha. certainly b^ the case in the English islan4». »o as to make ti^ total produce equal to about sixteen mU- ':^e.timatingthe total produce of theWe.I- ^es. therefore, at sixteen millions. I suppose A English islands and setUemeiits produce sixmU ^^^Having endeavoured to explaia what is the J flution we find the the West Indies in. [upwards of nine, and [to Europe upwards ica have nearly the i valuable trade, ^e had, I do not think lid only be as a drop share which Ameria [uisite that I should •n of British manufac* le year 1789 they a^ iye hundred thousand : to upwards of nine rather above six mil- millions. le millions, jind Amc- 1 more than their con« lised must be greater lis has certainly been lan<|s, so as to make ;o about sixteen mil- odure of the West In- lillions, I suppose the lents produce six mil- ...... ^, explain what is the 41 •mftunt of the produce of the Islands and settle- ments, it is requisite to consider what are the proba> ble returns which America makes for her share qf this trade. I find by official documents published by par- liament, that notwithstanding all the restrictions which exist between the English Islands and Ame- rica, the Islands receive yearly from America, in flour, meal, Indian corn, beef, port, fish, pine-boards, shingles, staves and timber, to an amount, which agreeable to the price they pay for them in the West Indies (as stated to the West India Committee,) exceeds one million sterling. The same Islands receive in addition provid- ons from England yearly, to an amount above five hundred thousand pounds. If then the Eng- lish Islands, as I conceive producing six millionf require 1,500,000/. of provisions; the Ishndi and settlements which produce eleven millioni will require above three millions, I therefore be« lieve that America pays for her West India pro« duce in this way : Provisions and articles the growth of £, America - • - 9,000,90^ British noanufactures exported from Anierica ... a/xAOOO Luxuries from the Continent of Europe which have been imported into America - • . 70O»OO9t East India goods ^ - - • • 300,000 Profit to America, or the difFcretice between the articles grown, and • when manufactured, the price of tbegocdit imported and sold, &e, 1,000,000 £.7,000,000 Supposing the exchange complete, and the West India produce delivered in America; I say that America has been fair and honourable in her transactions with England : «he takes her manufac tares and exchanges them for West India produce ; then why, in the name of all that is equitable, should &he not have an equally fair opportunity of dis- posi*ng of that produce ? England is the country to which America would gather tend this produce, not on account of her paving been the mother country, but from con- venience, A nian of business would rather transact affairs either in writing or speakitig with one whose language he understands, than with another : but the duties, taxes, commission, Sec. are so high in English ports that they ruin, every American chat sends West India produce to them ; this is daily proved by ships which are intended to be loaded with British manufactures, first going to Amsterdam and delivering a cargo of sugar and coffee, and then coming to Engand for her m^QU* lectures to carry back. 300,000 rerenctt [n, and (rice of id, &c. 1,000,000 £7.000,000 .complete, and the d in America ; I say d honourable in her le takes her manufac West India produce ; at is equitable, should ■ opportunity of dis^ vhich America would t on account of her ntry, but from con- vQuld rather transact )king with one whose n with another : but 1, ^c. are so high uin. every American ice to them ; this is are intended to be tures, first going to cargo of sugar and igand for her in^iiiu- 41 The rcasqn why America >» able to under ell England in West India produce in foreign coun- tries, is clearly owing to- the English expencea. One instance of the enormous expence which the planter* have to pay, wai cleariy proved to the West India committee by a document handed them by Mr. Maryatt, of which the following is » copy. FREIGHTS. foKiioN Colon I II. West Iwliei to Uni* ted Sta^e, per cwt. i'.O 8 Uoited Sutci to JJoflaad 4 6 BtlTIIH COLONIB*. WetthdiMitoLoQ- doD, per cwt. £.0 10 London to Ton-' niagenand HoJ- . IaDd,45 guilders > 4 per ton, or per cwt. ^.0 14 The American makes two voyages which uken together double the length for ys. 6d. per cwt. for which tlic English charge iQi. even making an allowance for the difference of war ; conceiving then that for every article that the West Indi- ans draw from England they pay in a similar way, it is conclusive that the West India planters must be poor, and the Americans grow rich. As it is impossil)le for America to ^ild her West India produce tQ England, she is obliged to look out for another market, atid the business is gene- rally done ai follows i A merchant in America n iotvM a connection with a merchant in London, who inform* him of the names of his correspondent! in Holland, France, Spain, Russia, Hamburg, Ac. advising him that if he will make a •hipmeat of West India produce, and send the ahip to his correspondent in either place, he mayi upon tending him bills of lading of the property, and orders to insure the sum, draw bills upon him for one half, or three fourths of the value, and when he supposes the ship arrived, 4i'^w for the remainder. Althottgh the whole amount of property sent in this way to Europe is very {](reat, I am now speakin|| of West India produce only and consi' der the amount 7,000,000/. I will in the first instance make a statement, supposing this trade was allowed without inter, ruption. ^ The merchant in London having received ad- vice of the shipment of the property, and ordei-j to insure, does it with London underwriters. Jnaiirance upon 7,000,000/. America to a market in Europe at a low a- verage, of 4 guineas per cent. £.iBj,co^ The merchant who transacts the bu* i aness gets i per cent. . 35tO0O Covcnuncnt fimr policy stamps {per cent. - - »7»6<''* The English nwBufiictttrers adl nerchant in London, of his correspondent! , RuMia, Hamburg, if he will make a 'oduce, and send the either place, he may. ding of the property, im, draw bills upon irthsof the value, and arrived, 4^9^ for the unt of property sent ery (i^reat, I am now 4uce only and consi< ice make a statement, llowed without inter- n having received ad- property, and ordev; ion underwriters. '. America ; a low a- cent. £.%iifttOb ts the bu* npsl per 17,5* irers sell «,ooo,ooo more of their goods than they would otherwise sell, upon which I calculate the nation re- ceives a5 per cent, profit, /•.«39.5«> The result of this concern being closed, I «««»- mate that America gets in the first instance by the transaction with the West Indies, 1,000.000 and 500,000 upon the European ,.art of the trans- action : that Great Britain gets 839.500'- V "' Her manufiwAurers sell for two milli< ns more ^ooda than they would otherwue do. Brit.s^ ^o^ facturers receive payment Tor 7,000,000/. of i\m 9,000.000/. imported by America from Engbmc, and America by carrying on thetr.de, p-ttrent* 1 aoo,ooo imiocent individuals from starring. ' All the writers against the trade have been vejT fortunate in their plans to get possession of the produce, but none of them have the humanity to Suggest any mode ol «ipplying the productive Xrer. with the necessaries of life ; yet this » the trade which England and America arc to go to war about ! I •, • ^, u.. 1 will now explain her - this trade is, or ha. been carried on. to show w . any man under tb. psetent rcgulatiool may e»pect. -<»-» THWWBtWi'^ ' 46 A iup^Osed Transaction. London, Jan. H, 1803. Ugnra. Wcll-wiflier»» Erothiin. and Co. Merchants, Phila. elphiai Sear Sirs, HAVING ah opportunity o( knowing Qa rttalt of the Satinet Coundil, in which it was last night determined t6 rescind their last order in Council respecting Aroerica^i carrying West India produce, which order will appear in the Gazette on Satur- day, as the fcstictioni intended are so few, I think theeonunerce pejfectly safe. By the last advices I had fi-oni my friends, Messrl. Varispan- gel and Ck>. Amsterdam, as per price current annexed, I wcJd «trr>ngly advise your immediately purchawag for thirty thousand pounds of Havannah sugar, for thirty thousand pounds of Musco< tado.and for forty thousand pouodsof coi!ee,and shipping it to my fiiends Messrs. Vanspan^l and Co Amsterdam, and upon receipt of . your Letter, with adtice for Insurance and fiills of Lading, you nay draw upon me for three fburthi the amounu I bave so high an opinion of such a speculation, and of its, ansvirering, that if the articles are not highe. than they were in your price, current^ 4th Jan. 1802, 1 will be half concerned with you in the specul^on. I am. Sir, your very humble tenraot, MOSES ATTENTIVE- P. S. You must make your purchases immediately, for after the Order in Council appears on Saturday, every person wU know of it, and be sending out similar orders and advice. LoMooNi Makci 4, lto3« Messrs. Wellwishers, Bi^others, and Co. Merchants, Philadelphia. Gentlemen, I HAD the pleasure of writing you 4i tbci f ithluttarjh 1803. 1 am truly aorry to inform yon that yesterdayi at a ClUMtt Insactiori. [ndoh. Jam. 14, ISOS. knchdngtheirtittltofflie Ight dete/mined t6 reicind Americavj! carrying West nil the Gazette on Satur. cvr, I think tbe coinoerce friends, Mtwn. Vanspan. current annexed, 1 wcJd lawag for thirty thousand louund pounds of Mutco< offee,and tbippiog it to my iterdain,and upon receipt of and Bills of Liding, yoi eamoonu I have so high F iu answering, that if die in your price, current^ 4th Ji you in the speculation, ▼ery humble senraot, )SES ATIENTIVEI. es immediately, for after irday, erery person will rders and advice. DON, Marcm 4^ ItoS* yoa Oi tiic f 4thJaittarjh yesterday, at a CiUm» 47 Council, it was determined to rescind tbe former order in Gounc^ respecting Americans cairying West India produce, and to be more strict, they have deteimined to bring in all Americans with sugar and coffee. I hope this will be in time to prevent your making the shipment I pointed out to you. I am afraid we shall be niined if you have. Waiting the event, I am, Sir, Your very humble servant, MOSES ATTENTIVE* On the ist of April the follewitig letter is re- ceived : pHiiADEtPHiA, 7th of third Month, 1807-^ MoJes Attentive, London. Respected Friend, We yesterday received thy letter of the 14th of th* first month, and we feel pleased that thy govrmment have re- laxed their unfriendly measures towards us. Feeling confident that the sugar and coifee will answer, vfe have lost no time in making the purchases and hiring the fbl* lowing three ships : The William Penn, Obadiah Underdone, Master. Father and Son, Jesse Shatterwood. Six Sisters, Zachariah Anxious. We ftust we shall be able to send them all to sea this w«ek< We inclose their bill of lading and invoice, amoonting to oAe hundred and eight thousand pounds. Thee will be pafticolar to insure immediately, William Penn, 40/XXV.; Father and Son, 35,000/.; Six Sisters, S3,0Q0/. Wc have availed ourselves of thy permisuon to draw for the proportion as under ; and beg to let thee know that wo coDsidav' thee one half concerned. Wishing the diips well with thy friends. We are yours assuredly, WELLWISHERS, BROTHERS, AND C0« mm iii.Hlli.nil^H^lWi 'J.fi. 4o p. S. W- hope thee wiH alway* K-ar «• in mind, and let tl know part of thy early information. BtlU i^ under: Dated 7th of the third month, in fatonr of Caleb Jonei, of liveipool, Owen Thompson, Leeda, Solomon Chergrown, Glaagow, Jesae Wishwell, Bristol, Ezekel Nogood, London, Wm. Cruikahanks, Mancheater, so,ooor. 25,000/. 10,000/. 15,000/. 100/. 100/. Mr. Moses Attentive accordingly insures his three ships, and in ahout a week, gets up, goes to Lloyd's, waits with great impatience until Mr. Pompous struts in with a list of the arrivals of the morning to put on the book ; and the first ship lie enters is the WUliam Pcnn, from Phiiadelphi* to Amsteniam taken by a British ship, and car. ried into Bermuda. Mr. Attentive scratches his head, goes home and finds the following letter : BBftMtiDA, 90dt Mvcb, 180S. lir. Mows Attest* Sm, I AM aony to inform yen, that OB my toy«ge fioa niikdelphia to Amiterdam, in Long. 68. Lat. S*. I Wl m with the EagfiAfHgate John BnU, Captaia TalwB, whouW «ie the following qnestiona. « What ahipia that?" WilUamFeuk « Where from?* ^ JPUladelllM' .^ ■ <#i»*tr*fKi?fc'?^ I K^ar tti in mindi and let n er: , in fkToor of iverpooU 90,000£ Leeds, iBfiOOl. im, Gla«gow» IO.O00/. ristol. 15,000/. ^ndon» 100/. , ManchettcTf 100/. icordingly insures hii week, gets up, goes to impatience until Mr. list of the arrivals of book i and the first ship snn, from Philadelphii British ship, and car- s his head, goes homo ter: iKMVDA, SOth Mvdh» 180S. m yoo, that OB my foysge fro» Long. 68. Lau W. I fcU m lU, CaptaiaTakMll»whoHlKd «« Where bound ? Amiterdam. •« What have you got on board f* Sugar and cofiee. «* Did you say lugar and coffee ?* Ye». « Back your main top-sails, receive on board a lieu* tenant and ten men, and bear away for Bermuda." After a yery unpleasant voyage, we arrived here yesterday. Your obedient Servant, OBEDIAH UNDERDONE. N. B. Pray immediately send me a letter of credit, to prose* cute my suit, for I have no money, and the Proctors will not go on without having it ; tho' the judges do not sit for six months, and there are twenty-five other American ships sent in before me, whose causes come on before mine. I am sorry to say our friend, Messrs. WcUwishers, Brothers andCo.'s ship St. Tarn- many from Batavia to Philadelphia is one of the number. The next day Mr. Attentive goes to Lloyd's and finds the Father-and-son captured by the Liort British frigate, and carried into Halifax, and the Six Sisters captured and carried into Cork bylthe justice English frigate. The bills being near due, Mr. Attentive speaks to the underwriters, who tell him, " we did not «• know this was fehemy's property that you was •• insuring, and we have nothing to do with it. If " the propeity had not bten Enemy's it would " not have been captured by the English frigates, •« and we are surprised, Mr. Attentive, you would " insure. Spanish property." 50 All the property being lockeiS up, Mr. Atten- tive fails: when the- bills return to the manufac- turers Mr. Thompson, »nd Mr. Jones, they fa.!, the other bill holders curse the Americans for be- ing such rogues as to draw bills without eflFects, and tRe vtmt of the bills are sent back to recover of Messrs. Wellwishers, Brothers, and Co. and as the damages in America upon all bills that go back i» 20 per eent, they fail also. In'about » vo years after the judges find oUt this property is not ene- my's, »i>d give it up } but the law expences are s6 great that they take aWay about 154. in the pound, so that the concern is cleared by the credi- tors getting a dividend of ^s. To ecmpleie the accoftnt of the inteJ-cottTie with the Wedl IftdieSi 1 eoticeire it requisite to speak of the only part unexplained, and to quote a writer of ^ Pamphlet called ConwstonJ to AmerUa, &c, who o]|»ervea " an infinite delicacy affected on one side, and infinite delicacies affected on the other, in settling the quantum to be imposed; the negotiators on the part of America contending, that they could not in conscience charge more thah one per cent* and the negociators on the part of Great Britain, ur^ng them to charge tw(^ per cent." Vs the particulars of that megotiatiou have not transpired, it woujd require more than as-, sertion to make me believe that either ot the four gentl«ncn, Lord Aukland, Lord Holland, Mr. Munroe, or Mr. Pinkey. who, I cousider to be men ''"M&jM ill iup, Mr. Atten- i to the manafac- . Jones, they fa'l j Americans for bc- ritkout eflFccts, and liack to recover of and Co. and as 11 bills that go back n"about ♦ vo years jroperty is not ene- law expences are about 15*. in the learedby thccredi- ihe inteJrcoorie with requisite to speaV of id to quote a writer ms to America, &c, elicacy affected on :ies affected on the I to be imposed; the mcrica contenffing, ice cliargc more thai* iters on the part of CO charge tw<^ per hat BegotiatioA have aire mote than, as-, at either of thie four Lord Holland, Mr. I consider to be men 51 of as high honour, as this or any country ever produced, would communicate the subject of their private interview to any rnan upon earth. The regulation which I allude to is one of the causes of American ships being frequent- ly captured England insists that American ships shall unload their cargoes from the West Indies in America, before they proceed to Europe, This is so ridiculous that I will explain it. A merchant in Philadelphia conceiving that ho can make a good voyage to St. Domingo, goes and purchases perhaps 2,000 barrels of flour, i,ouo barrels of beef and pork, one thousand poundsvalue of English goods, fivehundred pounds of French wine, apd five hundred pounds of Iftr dia goods ; freights a ihip, and gives his Captain directions to go to St. Domingo, and exchmgc the cargo for as much sugar and coffee as he can get. Before his ship returns the merchant receive* a letter fro\n his friend in London, saying, that su«Tar anil coffee answer very well in Amste/daicnt Then it is but natural to suppose, that w lien the Captain returns from St. £)omingo, th*^ Phi- ladelphia merchant should have the liberty of sendingbis ship off instantly to a good market, as dispatch is the life of business ; but " no", says Great Britain, " you shall take that ship into dock, employ a number of hands, to unload the ship, carry all the sugar and coffee into a warehouse, £ 2 I '62 J ««« a. wu have done carrying it. then and as soon a^ >i'u i-v , „„j tmi» >,.r.Mi a vl brniu ^i b;»:k again, and put .f" la .0 and«s«nd ,11 th. deU,U other, cian.., -"* '° ,,,i„„„ould certainly be co.». „.s. »uch a «R"1»»» ,.„.„;„, ,„a foolish •'^'°""°";h,''rwa.;.»cn,ptca by one nation should wear the king's hvery while they were Thich .SHlritish 'cabinet ha, acted cither w. Ilv wrong, or from . spWt of oppress,.., ih Urn not attempt toestin-ateer^sans. togtm want^f ca« " <* P"P«-»f°"f ™; The lews of the lower class. 1 believe, have .»^i:^.hrowingapiec.ofporUn..a«^^^^ Lethey begin to cdculaU ,.m«h.ng as foHo».. ■iy^ » »^'i r fpy^— iw*i carrying it, then :1a. again, and put sail for the destined rup posed to be mer. 1 the details, other* d certainly be consi- rail) ical and foolish rrpted by one nation er. The Americans »adge of disgrace, and idded that the Porters iry while they were 5C backwards and for- posed to attribute it 3usiness, for there has edge any instance, in has acted either wil- spirit of oppression, to estimate errors aris- f proper information. class, I believe, have :e of pork into a caskof t out they say itis flesh, nisters had the power of EC into silver or gold, , the Americans would fi comes out less, I be* :e something as follows. 53 Upon every West India ship with &ugar and coQ'ee unloaded, there is a loss from breakage, pil- ferage, charges of unlading, and re-lading about ten per cent, and supposing the amount to be half their exportation, the amount will stand thus :-^ Upon 3,500,0001. at ten per cent. — 350,000!. loss to the United States for the British Minister's ignorance or want of attention. I speak of the natuie of American West India trade with confidence, because I have been en- gaged in that trade. I have for years shipped to Amejtica goods, the manufacture of Great-Britain, to the amount of one hundred thousand pounds per year, collected from almost every manufac- turing town, and have known what part of the goods ivas intended for the West India market, and so did the manufacturers as well as myself. That instances of de<;eption and cover have been disco- vered, I have no doubt ; but will any man tell me that because a few men in his Majesty's domi- nions do acts for which they are hanged, that the whole of his Majesty's subjects should be con- demned to the same punishment. Why Great Britain should be so particular in wishing to restrict the American West India trade appears more unaccountable, as there is no voyage, however contrary to that principle, that by paying the fees of the office in London for a licence (which costs twenty guipeas] may not be obtained* 54 1st. T'lc Isabella, Green, an American, last year got a licence to go from London to Portu- gal, and Raenos Ayres. 2d. The John, Paris, an American ship, has this year got a British licence to go from London to Portugal, and Lima. To enumerate all the unaccountable voyages which the British Government allow, would fill more pages than 1 intend my Pamphlet to con- tain. Justice and the laws of nations arc not consulted in thi^se f ansactions. As precedents are stated to be fouiid in Gro, tius, &c. againft all the voyages which neutrals undertake, I should like to know whether the foU lowing voyages were underfaken in their days, what they would have said, v i what would be Sir William Scott's decision upon a voyage which I will state, and similar voyages are as notorious as shameful. CASE, Gnat Bri"»o apd Spain arc gt war, Amenca is at war with Spain but at peace with England. Ooe of the American ships of war beir i off V^.*, Cruz learns that there is an Engli»h frigate at Vera Cruz receiving thousands and thousands of dollars pn board from the royjil Jnipi. The American conceiving she must be a Spanisb frigate in disguise, waits foi; her coming out, 9^d captures ^*r, an4t number of Ameri. jf private merchants, lifcra ; in &ct, | con* s destroyed; hv,^ io i^ although it ia ao wc c«aminiB what it ith England, w^e ^nd No. 5. 59 tliat comrrerce would be very much reduced, fo? a grc.it part would tall a prey to British cruizeis. At present (or in time of peate) there arc an- nually Amer r.n «hip carrying from England tor about nine milliuns, from t!if East Indies for about two millions, from the We>t Indies for half a million ; although Amcrtcu wouM not enjoy the benefits of that trailc, she would not lose^the cap tal, or but a itmall part of it ; and in rhe same way her exports would be much less ; for those sliips whi^h arc employed'to bring cot- ton, tobacco. Sec. to Eiigland, produc< to the West Indies, and dollars to t'. e Ea^t, would not have an opportunit>^' ot j^oing to sc;i, owing to the ports where all this trade was carried on bcin^ enemy's ports ; this would prevent speculators, if they were disposed, sending their ships to sea. I think it proper to notice one advantage which I have heard mentioned by persons in England, that America would derive from a war ; the same thing has been mentioned in congress, viz. that of not paying the English debts. To show how little those persons are acquainted with circumstances in pro- posing ao unjust a measure, the fact is that there i$ no time when America is carrying on her usual cort» merce with Europe, if a balance was drawn, but what there would be more property in England belonging to America, than is due to England from the Americans. The exports of cotton, tobacco, &c. to Engljand »nd ol the West India 'wW ^'^ l» i WW P» W. 'W W ' J>.'H !I « ! ■ "<■ ■ n W Iff ■WJ » >PF produce to Europe, which generally comes into the handset English merchants, is much greater than the exports of England to America. I cal- cujate nine millions sent to Europe, and drawn for thus ; two millions at two months, two millions at six months, and f^ve millions in fourteen months; so that if America was ever to do so unjust an act, if Great Britain retaliated by an order to prevent the merchants paying away the money in their hands, snd from paying the bills accepted, there would be a gain to England. The American navy cannot be able to protect her coast and trade for many years. The British navy alone costs four times as much as all the revenue of America, therefore the undertaking will be attended with a very uncertain success «n the part of America. As to the advantages, Ihcy roay.be ranked under the following he4d$. Conquest of Canada. Privateers. » The tree trade, of the English West Indies. Preventing the English fishing on the bank , of Newfour'^land. The capture oi Canada is certain, whenever the Americans please to take it. It is contrary to the nature of things that England could prevent that, but I do not think it would be an advantage lo Ameiica; they have barren land enough, and, like Scotchmen, always go tathc south j and there always has appeared to me a kind of attraction '."«■. 'generally comes into laijts, is much greater to America. I cal- £urope, and drawn It two months, two |iid five millions in America was ever to •eat Britain retaliated lerchants paying away nd from paying the e a gain to England, lot be able to protect years. The British 5 as much as all the fore the undertaking ery uncertain success As to the advantages, the following he4d5. English West Indies. 1 fishing on the bank is certain, whenever '' k. It is contrary to igland could prevent puld be an advantage m land enough, and, the south ; and there a kind of attraction 61 about the Spanish mines. If a war takes p^acp, th« Americans nay indeed take posse sion of Canada*, to prevent the English from having any port on the continent for ships to water at. The Cana- dians do not love the Americans, neither do they like the English much better, yet my mind is made up that America can take Canada when she pleases. I do not like to speak positively withoat having solid grounds : in consequence 1 applied to a gentleman on whom I could depend, who has perfectly satisfied my mind. I have annexed in the Appendix the force which three of the United States can furnish and which may be collected in one point in the State of Vermont in one month, at a distance of not more than 300 miles from Quebec. My idea Was that the arm^ could march from Vermont with as much ease to Quebec as it could from London to Liverpool, and I asked a gentleman who had travelled the road the question, and his answer was " that they could not do it quite so fast, as the road was not so gojd." But as three States can furnish the army I have mentioned, and there are thirteen other States that would be ready to send their proportion of men if requisite, I do not tliink it worth while to make another observation on the subject. Perhaps Quebec might hold out for a time, but of what use would it be if the Americans had pos- • See Appendi.v, No. 6. w '^»«'«^ 62 session of the country, except the cxpence to Great Britain. It is by privateering that Americi will do the greatest injury toGreat Britain. From the numbef of ships which she will have ready to fit out, I con- ceive it will be almost impossible to caffy oh any trade to the West Indies, but such as would be at- tended with ruin to all parties. In the American war, West India Premiums got up from 5 guineas to 23 guineas, in the summer, and the underwri- ters were ruined. At present I do not sup- pose if a war breaks out that 40 guineas would pay from Jamaica. In the early part of the Ame. rican war, they had not France and Spain to send their prizes to or run for safety, now if a war breaks out they know the course which the West India fleets take going out, and would run directly for France or Spain, so as to fall in with them. From the circumstance of the winds the privateer would make a passage from America to France in 20 or 25 days, that would take West India ships from forty to fifty days going the Opposite course, so that the chante of taking a good many must be very great. In returning from Europe, know- ing also nearly the course the trade takes, they could I'kcwise fall in with them, but then they would n^rt have an equal advantage, owing to the English ships having a fair wind to Europe, but . still they would have a great chance of taking a :pt the cxpcnce to mericA will do the From the numbei- ;ady to fit out, I con- iblc to carry oh any uch as would be at- In the American ot up from 5 guineas and the underwri. ent I do not sup- t 40 guineas would riy part of the Ame. ce and Spain to send ^ now if a war breaks 'lich the West India uld run directly for fall in with them. ■ winds the privateer Lmerica to France in ke West India shipi the Opposite course, good many must be oni Europe, know- e trade takes, they em, but then they mtage, owing to the ind to Europe, but chance of taking a 63: number; as large fleets are generally very long in making their voyages. If tw<:lve guineas is a fair premium to the Leeward West Indies^ thirty gaineai would not be so in an American war. _^ When the Americans know there is a valuable fleet coming from Jamaica, or the West InditeSf I conceive they would fit out twenty or thirtjr privateers as a joint stcx:k, and send them tO' cruize after or watt for the fleet, and send one, two, or three of them to decoy the frigates, while the remainder would take a riumber c^ the ships. Tf^o years after the American war commenced the following statement was given in a report or- dered to be made to the House of Lords, design- ed to satiny the nation that England was gaining by the war, in capturing more ships from America than she captured. The amount stood thus : The English had captured from America 904 ships. The Americans bacl captured from the English 733 thips. The number of American privi^teers was 17^* which carried 2,556 guns, and i .,000 nien ; of these 34 were captured. As Great Britain had at thai time 6,300 ships, and she has at present s ,;2.3 ships, supposing the American privateers io have only increased in the same proportion as the English ships hruve done i (but 1 calttulate they would a vast deaS i;-^-4 64 „,orc in the same time) the loss of British ship, would be 2, 5C0 ships. Not knowing how many ships America has at present. 1 cannot make the same calculation, but supposing it in the same proportion the two countries will do the individuals much injury; for although Lord North thought, that because England had captured more ships from America than she captured, Englarld was carrymg on a profitable war, I do not think any sh.p.o;vners or underwriters would agree with him. A« to the privateering system, it is that m which the Americans may probably succeed the best It will be some diminution of the losses m trade that 1 have explained, but it wUl be incon. ^iderablcif covipared with the advantages arising from usual mercantile transactions. What the course is which Americamust pursue with respect to the West Indies wil' require the utmost consideration to determine ; tor I consider her more interested in the welfare of them than Great Britain, before long they must;^m th course of things, belong to America, and England will be much richer without them. Ifawarshouldnottakeplace.ifGreatBntam was at once to give up all the island, and setU - ^entsto Americaandpay ^^^^f^^'^ what they h.vc advanced, sle.wo.d be a much richer nation than she is at pm§at -, for I con- ,J -...I.-., loss of British ^hip;^ ihips America has at ame calculation, but proportion, the two tduals much injury; lO ught, that because c ships from America d was carrying on a hink any ship-o;vners e witK him. system, it is that in probably succeed the inution of the losses la I, but it will ht incon- the advantages arising isactions. [i America mast pursue Indies wi)' require the termine; tor I consider welfare of them than »ng they must, in the America, and England ut them. : place, if Great Britain the islands and settle- the Engli.Nh metiCbantJ sLewQa.d be a much at present ; for I con- ^5 ceive ttial iti the placie of abouti ^,0)00,060/., which AmeHca, and the West Indies, noiir iake of her manufactui^es, they would take 20,ooo,Oi>o7., an^ in the course of ten years 3o,ooo,oof>^ In the course cf twenty years more Gr6at BrUain coul^ not manufacture enough. If all the ports in his Majesty's dominions were thrown opcn» and all extravagant duties taken off, the merchants might reduce their charges and commission, and they would have the whole exports of America and the West Indies come to their ports. But to return to that subject vv'hich is very diffe- rent, and stares us in the face, and which k grieves me to express I fear is almost certain — a war with America.— <-If America attempts to capture the West India Islands, and does not suoMed, thf negroes will roost iprcibably revolt, and, lake St, Domingo, will^ for a number of years, be a loss in the place of a benefit to either England or Americ;.. Although I see little to mevent Ame- rica, in , the fitst instance frona taking Jamaica, which contains only about 30,000 wjbite inhabi- tants, and the distance, from many parts of Ame- rica is less tlian two hundred 'niles, from whence troops would be cmbaiked to prevent their suc- ceeding, it would therefore b( difficult ^ yet still the danger of the negroes rebelling is ^reat, and if they were In a state of revolt, w^bere would the advantage be to America . —As a master, if suc;- ces^ful, America would gnin nothing by a re- volttd i.land.-If unsuccessful. America wouM be an enemy i W this Utter evil wUl be avoided if America does ttot attempt to take the uland.- America has nothing to do W nMtotit ahar. ul o/pfavUions go imi of htr forts for eighteen months, and the West India islands wdl declare themselves independent; Great Britam cannot supply them if the war continues m Europe. 600,000 mhabitants will not starve. Of this number there are 500.000 slaves, whom no change couM>lace in a worse situation than they are: therefore they would be glad to try the expen- mcnt of a changp. ^ Advantage* and disadvantages to EngJ^ind. The disadvantaget in to case greatly pre- ponderate* ther^ore I shall examine them fira. •Kiey may be divided a» follow : Dangers of starving the West India Islands, of losing the West India Islands, of losing Canada, ^f^jffisring by privateers, of suffering by want of torn, of suffering by want of cotton, of the toss t« British mattufacturers. bn the other i&de. the advantages to England /tonsiderihg the >rc:ent crisis, when, being .but out from the continent of Europe and^m ,hips; considetea as belli^rcnts. and those Amciica as neutralf are : ..^i-y-l. '^S^S&^ ' "■«i ' ' ' '.IWWtV, »I KWim» i ' •"•••WflBCW^" lI, America would levil will be avoided to tale the island but ntt io ta a har» \r forts for eighteen |a islands will declare reat Britain cannot >ntinu,es in Europe. )t starve. Of this ives, whom no change luation than they are : ad to try the experi- ntages to England. this case greatly pre* ill examine them firtf. How: West India Islands, ^est India Islands. !a, privateers, want of C6m. want of cotton, ritish mahttfacturen. jidvaatages to Engiand, rists, when^ being shut 3f Europe and all its igerents, and those of ^7 Destroying American trade with India. Preventtog Americans from becomin:^ ge- neral carriers for all Europe. preventing English capital from going over tQ America. Either stppping all commercial inter* ^urse and commercial enterprise, or participating in it at heretofore. Such are the only views on the part of Bri- tain that can in any way support the idea of an American war being bene- ficial. Were I to espouse the caui» of eirh<^ nation, X should be deceiving bothf though I know well th I may be liable to be thought by each to favoUr the pretensions, the views, or the pros- pects Of the other j and however far I may be mis- taken in my opinions, I fe^l it as a duty imposed upon me to speak freely, and I ho^ with impar- tiality. "^' -*^^^ As to the danger of starving tha^ West India Islands, I do consider it as von^rigteat. Britaiu evorttueetk veoi* 1^790 has s(i»rcel|r boia i^ lo supply its hoeM «Ma»usi^tton is tbe-meoessaricti^ ii& ; this it a iMt well lumm fipMB the quanfeitiea ai corn it has been underthe n^oemty of im{K«fi- ing. From n^ of the European nationt no imp- plies are to be expected; and therefore the 01^ means of supplying the Weiit Indi* lidands will, 9* ■ - m^mti ' ivm m$m m % in case oi war, either be from their own^rodacc or from Canada. . , Supposing Canada was to remain ii^ the pes- session of Great Britain, she does not produce sufficient. As I consider the Report just pub- lished by the West India Committee as a kind of alarm bell to the nation of an American war be- ing approaching, 1 have made an extract from it ort the subject of Canada; and shall after that add afbw <>bsenrationson the sulyect of Jrovmons. Extr^rtt from the Report firom llM»^ommittc« I on the Trade with the West India Grfbnics. Q0E8t!OM to M*. IM6U1. '^""'^ |i *e case of the suspensioo of i^^h^Wttt- W«ivc thw wowldU m^ans 9f ol^i^^^^phe %;;^«iem»s V% to resulj t^fi^ 3ri«A co- lomes fcom the interruption of that mtercoarse ? •* ilou^ amd saieA prnviiions can certtfriy be 'j«m*rf*o«iGr«i« Biit«i|r|«dl«l«id.«*ocptu»g ^ioW «ttaordin«ry «;-., g»d ««« Uie Brmsh Coloiiiaa i«^ Nwh^i«iil7 of fi^ ffiieir owii, proJncc remain ii) the pos. ic does not produce le Report just pub- immittee as a kind of an American war be- ide an extract rrotn it id shall, after that add bject of provisions. from ltl«'Committef West India CiribAies. i. In6l1i3. nsioQ of |,4if(;i?t irtec* lericaii Stajtei, . do yoa neans of pbyu^tii^g ^he suit to the 3ritfih CO- i of that iatercoarse 7" man* can certainly be fiullrelMidr«jaaeptiog ■id kom the British I, in iiificient quantity libMs ; fish can he mA m^ the Bsjr of H . ■• - -- u of the tapplj of &b and flour which could be obtained froni the Bri- tish North American colonies ?" " Vcif, I can ; there have been exported from Canada .aboi\t |o,ooo barrels of flour, and 80,000 bu«hel^.o( wheat in one year." " You have already stated, that, with due «n^ couraj^ment, the British North American colo- nies would be able to supply the West I^ndia co^ lonies with lumber, provisions, and aH ottier ar^. tides of necessity. Supposing an immediate sus£^ pentiou of direct intercourse with America to take place, could not all the articles above>mei:^|. tioned be procured from Great Britain, or som^ other maHtet, so as to supply the West India co- lonies, till tlje' effect of tliat encouragement coulcl operate.?** " Flotir, salted provisions, and fish, cap be supplied from. Great Britain and ][refan4t and from the Buiiisli colonies mKorth .'ImeVica, tO any extent which niay be rcc^uired." QuEsiriOM to Mr. loii.K. ,h •* Are not other markets, besides tht Wciilr^^ markets, supplied with flour, corn, and|mn(^r, from panada?" " Very considerable suppti<6^, | know, hiive been drirlved Iroiu Canada to Portu- gal, and" I pmUltie ^Spaivf, chie% oTl^iSsSI'aii Indian corn, 'and trtihWinatket also;** On tilts I fflmst observe that Canada prti«luces and exports 30,000 barrels of flour, and 80,000 bushels of corn : Hthidii kom circumitfincct thiC B**" •mMfimmm 10 50tr«ttmt8 ©ccur in trade, is generally lent to Tor. tugal and Sp»j«; but the British Bhherici, and other Briti-h »cttlement« in Nofrth America con- aumc 40,oco, which they import trom the United Sutei of America ; therefore, »o far firom Great Briuin being able * » calculate upon any mppliej JTom Canada, in a of an American war, even if Canada remain* in ler postesMon, the mutt calcu- late upon lupplying her British American »ettlc. mento with about 10,000 barrel* from home. From 1779 to 17814 there waa auch a deficiency & crop* in Canada, that the exportation of com was prohibited, and they received supplies from Other quartert* Such a case may occur again. Having in two of thr strongest way^ possible fhewn that no supply of grain can \^ expected ^om Canada : first, because it is nol probable England will retain that country ; and secondly, if she had it, that country docs not always pro- duce sufficient for the wants of the British settle- yncnts of North America. I will endeavour to show what the wants uf £ngUad may be if she goes to lyajr with Americ?. Sifkxn Appendix to a pamphlet called ** Concessions to America/' I ' .": find it stated, that Great Britain impocted from ail ports^ from tst Oct. ,t8oo, to ist ct i8o| 1,491,59* iy Parlia- the £ng- Bioupht ovtr lish Islands received fron» Ame- rica, in Hour, com, Ac. a quan- tity, which is stated in the An- ti jacobin Review yearly equal N«rfoon>aritU. equal Co - Qtiarltrt. 300,oo« ts.ooo Of .heconntriesf«nn^vhich t^e-c .uppUit. w^^^ .A if she aow to war with Amenca, ! Had; very in^.Ug™. «n«. on.h. ™b^ o, .h.crop.01 tbi.»-n.ry. n«l«..b.f< lo«.«| °':rwtr.« bad ooiyun good .«p.;;»y.."; If Gt»t Briuin «»med that qowmty. n^ II \,mi ^^ 600,000 «*»• die had not the V. «« "»"• ^»" " ' > 4 •""■W" * bitaat* Ip nipplyi what will be her situation should those Mipplici be cut off ? my object is to prevent harm, therefore I wilLndt comiftue the subject: every one will underntMud lo what I allude, but I cannot help obMsrving (hat I am sur. prised to see «latctn«ttts on the subject made pub- lic ithat had better be concealed. With resp«ct*to the West lodia isluid^ pro. ducing the provisions and other artiolea sufficient for their existence, that-is entirely out of the quei. tkni' Tfaey never yet could do to, and therefore their ddiiig so noMf is impossible. Under such circumstances, how is it to be ex- |ieo«Mli^l the West India ishinds are to be sop- plied iHcfa list neceasaries of life, not to ipeahof tbOs« things that are fequired'for carrying on their Plantations ? I oonfws I see no way by which the IVVest India islands canbe^ppHed, or«|irfve(it«d iroin revhlt, ^th«i nutural ^onaequence of uruit ^ the means of existence), but from Amenea. i'^'irheiroiWidriitte in«oil«!enfam:co^theMrc^litdi4 TTaiiters; th^t loss>of eariMial, and mi» ilA # eotti* jOBiaA' p^ht «t)f-vieir^ alt^nol^ the oitl^y^^HMe- «4t(ctlt!estiirite a^pf#h«fitl«d ; tl^aile§rqe|fallow«% the^MMplepf libse of^SK)-Doalin|^ aiid»pf^«<^ by absoliiie^ «%iii, nds are to be inp> e, not to tpeakof r carr)«ing on their way by which the lied, oru^*^')> IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) > ^ 1.0 ■i£12.8 !1? 184 2.2 1.1 IIS 14.0 l£& I Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAM STiHT VVIISTIt,N.Y. l4StO (716)t72-4S03 ^^ tai^g the usual conun^i-cial jrelations amongst inap1kin4. i * %|^e ^i^ericiins canb^ ^fmd atUfSt ptnadawith su(bf»i|QevOHs forces, that Britaii) certainly couM mal^C no, rff^ti^al ,f esistaii^^, ^thrr^f^^ in cafe of war» ibc^event of ,w.bi(;4 I *)?e^J«^. the sqiapitipn^of Cana^iis p'^fspf the mo^,{i|r5ib:Jt^)e.€oiise<|iiences. Ti^; Qlher, ponsideratipi^ ^ jBritish trade st^ffer^ ing from |iriv«tiaers, is-one of ||Cftt importance, |3| PQt only wp^Id tl^e Americans Qt put priv^teen ■WfWWppw i l HHMiy.H i il,.in. ' 74 from all their own ports, but from every port in Europe. The West India trade would then be hampered ; and even such c*" the Americans as had an intention clandestinely to supply the Islands would find it unprofitable on account of the pri- vateers which would swarm in every quarter, and would ttot cease their ravages till there was no. thing mofe left to destroy. In this war of the ex. termination of fair commerce no doubt the Ame- rican tr^de would be ruined. America has aU ready done without foreign trade, and can do so again, which i& not the case with the British em- pire, where the national expenccs arc mounted so high tliat the taxes coul4 not be made productive without foreign trade. It is not so in America : th^re the people would only have to suffer wme privations in point of luxuries, and to turn to manufactures with more attention, and there would be an end of the evil. The situation of that country is not raised to any artificial height, as Britain is, and its p^»rmanent prosperity, tho* * it may be 'interruptt 'nnOt be destroyed by any external ciicumsv-.i,ces. The privateering ' waifere would thw be much juore injurious to ^ Britain than io the United Stales of America. In regart^ to want of a supply of com in case ' of war, this i. only an eventual evil, depending on ihft seasons and crops in England j but though it isorily eventual, the miseries that would ensue • if England should have sBott ci-ops, as it had a fl^vr%i '^ ^'^t^rctfinatm om every port in tde would then be Americans as had lupply the Islands Iccount of the pri> [every quarter, and till there was no* his war of the ex • o doubt the Ame* America has al<. ide, and can do so ith the British em. ce5 are mounted so )C made productive lot so in America : lave to suffer some les, and to turn to ention, and there The situation of ny artificial height, nt prosperity, the' >t be destroyed by The privateering ,Qiore injurious to les of America. Ay of com in case a] evil, depending gland i but though i that would ensue crops, as tt had a n few years ago, are beyond all calculation : and in the circumstances I have stated, no supply could be obtained from any country. The bare possi- bility of such a situation of things is itself a suf* ficient cause for deliberation before a war is un« dertaken, with the only country now left from which Britain can obtain supplies. The United States, it will be seen from the Notip, in the Appendix *, supply Britain with nearly one half of the raw materials of cottont which is now the most extensive and profitable branch of English manufactures. This will, in the event of war, be cut o£F from Britain ; but here I must allow that disadvantages are already so accumulated, that those that come latest cease tpbe felt. If England loses all her commerce she will not want much cotton as a raw material ;^ If is only th$n on the supposition that English manufactures will suffer almost total destruction from othipr causes that this circumstance is to be undervalued. If England should go to war If ith America, and be at peace with other nations, so that its trade went on, it would be found impos* sible, for some } ears at Ijcaiit, to find materials to supply the manufacture of cotton without the aid of the United States. This is one of the evils re- sulting from an American war of which the Bri- tish public is the least aware ; and perhaps it is * Sec Appendix, No. 8. ^' WIW W ^^KP'MPW not sufficiently appreciated by the Brisish mi- Ulster. "^ In the course of the wonderful events which have taken place, few are more surprising than, that not seventeen years ago Ld. Grenville and Mr. Jay should be engaged making a treaty, in which it was stipulated by Ld. Grenville, and agreed to by Mr. Jay, that no cotton should he in^^ted from America ; and yet that at this time the greatest of ill things to prevent a war should be-^-having the certainty of receipt of cotton from America. Of 61,000,000 lbs. which Great Britain con- sumes, she receives 31,000,000 from America, 10,000,000 from Portugal; and I do not think she can calculate Upon any more than 16,000,060 lb. without America; and a| the quantity she now manufactures employs abottt five hundred thousand persons, upwards of two hundred thou- sand hands must be turned out of eniploy unless iiiey have cotton from America, ''if this want of the raw material of cotton is an injury to British manufactures, that is little ex- pected, that of the Io$sof the American market (m manufactured goods is the one that is the most Ijenerally understood. The stagnation of manu- ^ctures during the American war is yet weil re- membered ; and the extent of that tnarket for Bri- ^ tish goods is well khbwn ; so that there is" no ne- cessity to dwell much on this danger, a$ it will not be denied and is alr(Uidy fully foreseen. •"^lUTSf^fWjlWp^'' the Brisish mi- rful events which [e surpming than, Grenville and Mr. a treaty, in which ille, and agreed to ^d he im^fiorted frm t time the greatest should be-:— having on from America. eat Britain con- DO from America, 1 1 do not think she an 16,000,060 lb. quantify she now It 6ve hundred two hundred thou- t of employ unless a. srial of cofton is an s, that is little ex- ; American market }ne that is the most agnation of manu- war is yet weH re- hat market for 3ri- that there is' no ne- anger, as it will not bresecn. "fi Such then are the numerous evils with which England is threatened by a war with America ; let us now take a view of the advanta|;es she may ex- pect. That she will nearly destroy the American trade in every quarter for a time is probable : but it will be oi|ly during hostilities; and as to cap- tures, we may set them dow^ at par, as a great many will be made by both nations. The greatest, and perhaps the only real advan- tage that England has to expect from such a wat;, is that of preventing the Americans from becom- ing general earners, and monopolizing all the trade of the world, by being the only Neutral na- tion, which it is likely to be.-— This I cannot tomider'liut as a great advantage to Britain ; for certainly if America alone continues at pe^ce, America alone will monopolise nearly all the trade of the world. In the event of America getting all the trade, British capital would to a certainty be transferred to that country in great quantities ; this is another evil th^t will be prevented by going to war : akli it certainly a^so is great ; but when that is saidl, there is nothing more to add on the snbjiect df advantages. The case of Britain seems only to derive pallia- tion from the desperate circumstances in which she is involved ; it is to prevent worse, not to obtain a better situation, that Britain alone can gc to war !t t mpi iii m. i i mmfKi^ % M with America; tnd in making that attempt we hive seen the dangers to which she is liable on every side; therefore, before the attempt is made, very serious reflections on the consequences are "Thav^I* referred to every p.t1 isf the trade of Great Britain, to satisfy myielf ot the,real cause 6f the difference with America, to see where die is injured by the Trade, to America ; 1 must say, if ever there was a natidn that should be contented and happy, the inhabitants of Great Britain should be ; for, after one of the most se- vere struggles for every thing that is dear to them. 1 find ships, commerce, and manufactures, flou. rishing and increased upon an average, since th? Revblution. in a way that no man would beirevf, unless he examined into facts. Having spoken freely. I wish it to be under- stood, that I am not influenced by party or mte- rest, or a desire to injure any set of men; far from it: but I consider the present crisis of so much importance to the two nations, that I have been induced to examine into facts, and, as far as possible, to lend my aid, in preventing a war. the fonKcjuenccs of which will be $0 very disastrous. --....^« that attempt. Kre she is liable on [attempt is made, :onsequcnces are of the trade of of the,real cause Ca, |o see where America ; I must n that should be iibitants of Great le of the most se- lat is dear to them, anufactures, flou- average, since th^ nan would belKve, ish it to be under- 1 by party or inte- |r set of men; far )resent crisis of so itions, that I have cts, and, as far as evening a war, the so very disastrous. 79 CHAP. VI. General Deductiontt Ob»ert talons , and Proposals, fn consequence of the foregoing Inquiry^ Having endeavoured, to the best of my power, to show what the consequences to each na- tion will be from entering into war at this period, it remains for me to endeavour to take a general view, and see how the matter will stand upon the whole. One striking feature of difference characterises the difficulties of the two nations. America will suffer : but at the worst her suffierings can be but temporary. — Britain will suffer, but the conse- quences will not be temporary, and perhaps will not even admit of any remedy on her part ; there- fore the considerations are vastly more serious and important. There is no doubt that Britain is placed in ii very disagreeable and difficult situation by being shut out nearly from the commerce of Europe, and America remaining the only Neutral nation; but it was not America that occasioned this circum- stance ; and if war is engaged in between the two countries, it ©ever will be supposed on account of any real disagreement, but because it was •'*■ 'Mimmmmmis^s 80 thought to be convenient for Britain to prevent America, as the only Ncutr;)!, from enjoying the advantages that must of a necessary cowcquence fall to her. V^ill it be believed that Britain, with hands so full, would engage in war on so frivolous a pre- text, and that in a precipitate manner ? when taken at the very worst, it is a subject for negotiation, not a cause for immediate hostility. No, if Bri- tain urges on the war, it will be considered as from some other motive than that of determining the Right of Search for Seamen, a right which, as has been shewn, cannot be supported ; and if it could be supported is scarcely worth suppoirting at any great expence, and by no means at tiie ex- pence of a war. If Britain urges on the war, it will be con- eluded that she does so because it is her interest, or that she conceives it to be so. My biisinesi has therefote been to inquire into the real balance of advantages and disadvantages j and I have no hesitation in saying, that I think it fairly con- eluded that the disadvantages will greatly pre- ponderate. With regard to America, 1 by no means think it her interest to force on hostilities; she has al- ready gained immensely by her neutrality, andii now on the point of gaining more thin ever; it would therefore be the height of madness to stop so advantageous a career by any rash act that Britain to prevent I, from enjoying the pessary consequence tain, with hands so so frivolous a pre- nanner ? wh«n taken ject for negotiation, tility. No, if firi- II be considered ai that of determining men, a right which, supported; and if it \y worth suppoirting no meana at the ex- irar, it will be con- use it is her interest, je so. My btisineu into the real balance ages J and I have no think it fairly con- es will greatly pre- [by no means think >stilities; ifaefaasal- ler neutrality, and ii more than ever; it t of madness to stop ' any rash act that 9i might deprive her of the advantages of that neu- trality. It may be said in answer to all this, even after conceding the circumstance of the wisdom and of the risk attending a rupture, that thefe is a Point of Honour to be determined, that is more impor. tant than any point of interest ; in so far as the character of a nation is not to be put in the ba- lance with any difficulties she may encounter, or any advantages she may forego. — I am ready to allow this : but I am not equally ready to allow that this is one of those cases where the charac* ter of either nation must necessarily be involved. At any rate, listening to argument, and negotiilting before blood is shed, can never implicate national character : which, if it is implicated, must rather be by haughty and hasty resolutions, not listen- ing to reason, but following the dictates of passion and pride under the idea of dignity. Britain has at this moment every thing at stake that can be dear to a nation. She cannot increas* the stake, but she may increase the risk, which is the same thing ; and therefore, as the play it already too deep, it is by no means wise or ad* viseable. America is now clear of all risks and in a most flourishing way ; let her not barter peace and the advantages it is accompanied with; let her not put a stop tO so prosperous a career until she at least finds it unavoidable to do otherwise. Now I have viewed the immediate or near con^ msmm 82 sfC|Ucncei of war to both countries, let us next make some inquiry into the more remote conse- quences both of peace and war.-^Should Britain sink in the contest she now maintains with Euro- pcj^n powers^ let it not be thought that that would be a matter of triumph for America; no, the world would be again plunged in despotism, and darkness would soon follow. — The age of com- merce would be over, for despots do not ad- mit uf its flourishing under their hands. — Would this be any advantage to America, even if she could stand aloof from the danger ? Certainly not. But again, could America stand aloof ? No. Al- though extensive, and probably about to become key might flourish so mderstanding ; yet the be. All facts are ex> purpose, or suppress^ me statement is taken, e taken, they lead to is no forming an opi. : which persons woul(l iia Merchants, EC Causes, m an idea of the ques< the West India mer- West Indies are irre- : that they never could belligerant ship with- ontend for preventing t is impossible to un- ntlemen, yet they pro- if they knew how to , what is .0 pp learnt lination founded ifpon nent, which arj^uroeBt 85 stands upon a very curious foundation. Partly what is termed the Rule of 1756. adopted when all the Belligerents ware nearly under the same cir- cumstances with respect to colonies, a rule which fell at the end of the seven years war, and which has never since been completely acted up to, or acknowledged : in addition to this are some for- mer decisions for precedent, and a side squint at what is supposed to be the law of nations . Out of all these has been formed what is termed a case of right, in virtue of which every honest fair trader, coming with a neutral ship from a West India Island with its produce, will be captured ; but every captain who gets false papers fabricated, and throws away a great deal of money in order to de- ceive, will escape. No great light then will be thrown upon the subject, from the determination of the Prize Courts, nor by the evidence of the West India merchants. Let us see whether the writers on those subjects are much better guides. If we follow some of them, such as War in Disguise, we must con- sider England as an ill used and ruined nation, unless the neutrjij trade is abolished.— We are alamped to find a poor shoemaker the reputed owner of 150 vessels^ that are all we suppose en- • If the ftct ii M stated, that there ia « poor Crispin who hae been the owner of a number of veweU, I haw no doubt hie ifa- jesty's levenuea, ^ British manufacturers, and West India mer- chants, tn M nusb iodtbted to bin as to any sul^ect in )m. gaged in twining England; yet still thij writer doeii ndt prove that neutrah do any thing more than evade absurd regulations, so that we do not find any right to stop their trade, nor any means, though England has certainly contintoed to put them to very great expence, in order to give &lse appearances to transactions; Another Pamphlet coming from high authority ifi America, argues quite the contrary in sense, and is extremely learned and scrupulously exact in quoting all that has been said by various writers on one side the quesrion ; but as what has been said by the most profound writers applies not to the present case, all th« learning is of little use, if it were not that it proved that there are very com. plete libraries of books on such subjects in Amc. Distracted and unable to determine either what is fair or what is advantageous, both parties are apt ' M««ty-. dominkm., for the trade that kind of ve.^1. hire b.« «nSK.d in. has been carrying from Engjiih poru Bmuh «ao«. facti^s. sugar and coffee direct to France, and bring back corn ormoney by meansofBiUsofLadingand clearance, dated Embden, ^ich were manufactured in London, afld the nature of thetrade IheyWere carrying on wa. ^. wen known td the Cuitoltt Ha«K •ficerawwher^theCuwomHouiettaod.. Whh .11 ihe elegance •f the pamphlet to which I refer ; I cannot help obaerving that .fc - wading it I fancy 1 see a gentlenw. of the Chaiicff, fc-r. Witfc h.. fcar «id wig on Cl-ng*, eodenw^iring to find o« the •«€«»• of Sebttfi«eM of a Jew broker, M Mose. Hk^m mffijtnt ^ .fjace in the Chancery €«wt, «KpM>«tii)|; vpWHftltyi , w ,««« > i' J ! Bi) ■■ »*« ■ » ■ ; '-' ■■ ;'yB WfW!n- ■ ^ ,a^r^l^wti»t0fi.^r^- '~' ' i et still thift writer iny thing more than hat we do not €nd nor any means, r contintied to put n order to give fidse from high tuthoritjr Mtrary in sense, and upalously exatt in >y various writers on what has been said applies not to tht is of little use, if it there are very com. ich subjects in Amc* determine either what 8, both parties are apt utt kind of vesieb hiTC been £nglilh porta Briuth maau. 'ranee, and bring back corn ind clearances dated Embden, , and the nature of the trade mown td the Cuttom Hook caadi. WhhBllriMekgaticc cannot help obaerving that id • of the Chaacwy ^* *>* •"• ing to find o«t the iKfrt* of Moaet MbMi Mfplytng >»> to follow the natural bias of their tempers, and vote for war, rather than wade through such a «:enc 6f contradictory evidence and assertion: it is therefore necessary to consider the matter m a general way. and review eviidehce against evi- dence, and set oflF argument against argument , the result then will be something like reason and common sense, but as the great portion of readers haveitot an opportunity 6f doing this themsfelveit, I have endeavoured to View ^t mm on every side, and to lay the result before t^ of the nations to mjure e^ .to^^y wr«.g motive, on «>« P«'»^^, / J. ^ ^^^^ commerce government, but w^ .«^ ^ _ havinu opened m America, aini*.ui ,. V,.„». ^iXveataUHmcinallwayMnd^taP^ h«. endeavouring to ffli««P««nt. Oftmslhav. jTy^ been seiliible. but I had no top. ^ ZCt&^i to Ae Public unta after the West f !r^rt was sent me. and tbe inteiition ap- ';^'r;trglTh«ug;ti..duty».e.de.vou. „y sutement. with respect to the ^^, West India MenAant. have given F"' '"T^ I must digress a Uttle. in order to^*w thaMh"* pl^s«.s who.af. so much ofended «. no. » a •,,»(*«W«ilacl»"eKl«^ • ' ■ t » "^^fffrly^—^ skaati^Q W maintain what they hkvt asiertcd, or to reooncile it with other existing facts. Afxording to the statement* made l^y the mer- .dhants, the Wfrt India produce coits mo^e than the price it sells for by about ao per c^nt. yet many of, the Planters who sustain this loss, are known to be insolvent as to capital, yet alEuent in revenue; or at least there are numerous glaring insUnces of men, who have no capital^ living as if they were rich on 'the produce of West India estates. 1 4© not mean to say that the profits have not greatly decreased, neith^ do I rnepn to say that they ar«^tiot below what they ought to be; but I mean td.jMsert and maintain, that the raising and importing of West India pro4uce is still at- tended with gain, and that , in the sums charged by Merchants aa bqng the first enpence of the pioduc^, there is i profit comprehended su^cient to enable them still to ca^ op tho business ;mtb advanuge. The West India irad^ was, some time 4go^ one of thie most gainful that can easily be conicciv!»li but at that time the produce did not •qaai the ' consumption, most articles therefore ^lold at i^t Dr. Adam Smith terms a monojpoly price. Now the case is quite different, and as the quantity produced exceeds thi demand and consumption, it sells at less than the &ir price; to attribute this reduction of value» ho^evefr ..*!{. m ii n i i i | i Hia ' »'i" i i i JM '' n, i iiii wi^ '' M i' i" - have asserted, or g facts. nade hy the mer- costs mbjre than 80 per cent, yet ain this toss, are 'pitalf yet affluent numerous glaring capttalr living as ;e of West India ;e profits have not mefgk to say that ought to be; but , that the raising iroduce is still at- I the si:mis charged St expence. of the rehended suiQcient L the buaness,witli tdp was, some time that can easily be e produce did not t articles therefore terms a monojpoly : different, and as s thi demand and hantbe 6iir price; f value^ faoireverr eithet to Wgbd^«. m any *<««>«°* °^ **' "** ture, is to proeid on a wrong principle. The British Planters raise sugar, &c. as cheap as ,ny other Planters, but they pay Aor^^fcr freight and commission, and they «ven are charj^* per ccntage on the duiy to Covemrtent; whidi pet Wiitage is never dadudted, even wheii 6n expor- tation the Government of thi country gives a arairback equal to the 4uty. . . i^ The Government has been very attentive to a„^ interests of the Proprietc^s *>^;^^ em^, and tb ttie encouragfement cltUit iratfe, Aniongst other tbihg.. the bonding ^^^^ , duceisag«at advafitage, and V^^^J^ of coital as f6r^<5rly. This was^^ddlt, g^- mL, and wiH; on the part of^vernment, and it might at least be ekpectedi Aat the N^- chant who ii not how oblig«il.|a a^ance the du- Hes the mom<^tthe carg6 ^^^^^^^M . it «d^ «>ld. thit is tosay.iJtily gtvcs it with oA« b«id,;o receive with theotber at the »^°»°«^ inigbt have omitte<^his commissipujBi^far |rII 'J I , H I H ' "" 1 . 1 ■ •laiiiian mill iinii' of the Planter* with Govcrnmef^t,.e*act8 a profit that he no longer has even the dudow qf a right tpeiijpy. omctiincs jit jiyery fhoit notice to p?^y iq,ooq1. for duties, it was no mor^ thai» reasonable to allow him a jconunission in addition to legal interest; such a commission was then a fair remuneration for J^eepiag money ready to make such an advance; h^inoYr kf Wnnot be so called uppn, and the JjBgi?laturew<^uld act well in order to relieve the )pia|iter, if it compelled tjie Merchaiit to abandou po unfair a claim. 1 hope at all events that it will bie considered, that this un&ir cpmmission of ,g per cent, on a duty of a/s.'percwt. is just equal to the fractional ipd. which Mr. Andrew Ayedd^rhun^ so accu- rately stated, as the excess, of the jprim^ ?o?t 4 |he ojrt. jp^pre than the pound sterlipg.t • I wQoU •dviiie Mri Weddeitarn, and the other gentlemen ^ «ye e^ddice to the committee, and who expect Gownroeijt to^VQ IlichreHef to^PUnteni to refer to the proceediiigiln ftOlmtai pa a ngw bill iotraduccd on 14th March IIW, ptf' titrfyfy P^ ijif fUD^oqitt sales of lO^bhds. nugar, to ihew tha enor> ^liMia (i|r|^ ^f ^ Lbndon merchittta at lliiit tune, and to comr fm it with oae of ^*lrt, a copy they will find in my Appendia^i and itllct inth fhaf #b«d gra«« their appUcatioa inuat ap^ patit tl^ ^tgiii t^ grant relief themselVib. t Au Mr.W«dderi»m waa so aBWialc, I wiA h* wojdd e«. dain or render intelUgible to mil tf«i charge of 888L a year (thi«« i)t, exacts a profit laludow qf a right te to receive sugari d upon aometimes •,ooq1. for duties, to allow him a gal interest; such remuneration. for such an advance ; led uppn, and the rder to relieve the erchant to abandoa will lie considered, >^. 8 percent, on a [ual to the fractional ;4d^rbunf ao accu- the prim^ ?Oft q( sterlipg.t and the other geqtlemeq 1 who expea GorerniQeQt fer to the proceedingila m 14th Ma^ 1740^ par* • sugar, toihewtheenoiw I at.Akt tifluy, $ad tocomr trill find in my Appendiif ' qiplicatioii imut amiesi^ t. «ie, Iwishh^woddeiB- -geofa88Lsyeaf(thi«e 99 I^t US just examine the result and nature of this practice of taking a commission of 3 per cent, on the duties paid to Government as it was, and as it is now. Formerly A. B. a Merchant, received notice that a ship had arrived in port with sugars, the duties pn which would amount to 9000I. and what to sfve the demurrage the cargo must be landed and the duty paid in three days. Those sugars might, on an average, tfemain on hand six months, so that what wi^h the sudden and uncertain call for the money, and the still more uncertain moment at which an advantageous saloi could bjB made, a commisfo«5l«ie ia the perioo to who» he applied tochwtiie me, for ipttop-l^erof Junel. 1805, I 4nd Mr. Corbet ^«y., « th«>i»on^bl,epicWr« ^rhich the people of the WeM Indiei aiv,qf»l»eir,Mtu«ioo; their .Uve^ armed ; thcirjiantatton. and .agar work, at a stand; their property pexuhing^ thejr ex^. augmented to a degree i«v« before knoiroi their "^"^"vmrnFT- he does not even him merely a no- ei, hofiever, his ic made » real «d* of mcrlsailtUe ge« very para6ns who ' losing-'money by grow. ntive to the con. India Merchlmts, exert tbenMclves and America, hy peafTQ at fN-e^udi- of this G«^ntry. ieilds of V hinn who e of engaging iti a ment the ptice of ishing to acnre two isfimate blood «nd :cuscr dqes^^beiAer ay of reckoning for :obbcfi Weekly foUti, i bnt h? h;»| >ceii rery applied to cha»ttic mef ind Mr. Cobbet uyi, iple of thie Nf^ett Indiei med : their plantations >pcrry pezisfiiog ; their ;r before knoirni their 98 I am called ttpK'n in very rude language, by the advocate of Mr. Andrew Wedderburn, to take the pains to comprehend his accurate state- ments of the expence of % West India Plantation, ' ' ' tovrnt in a state of leige ; their honiei in confniion ) theit families in a constant state of alarm ; all this let them thank theniKlves for ; let them tliank the West India Merchants and Planters, who, for their own selfish purposes, have cunstantlj sapparted, and are still supporting, even notvt eren under all the facts that have come to light ; under all these circum* stances thejr are supporting the Pitts and Dundases, the Can* nings and the Addington** the Jenkinsons and \ix Castle, reaghs." ** And again I siy, that the crtiwo West Indians must excuse us, the people of England, if we remain heart-whol^ notwithstanding the oalamities brought on them by tbe Piiist and Dundases, and Cannings, and Addtngtons, and Hawlces. buries, and Castlereaghs. One good turn deserves another. The West India Merchaivts and Planters have been, for twenty years past, giring llieir voicts against us | wc will do nothing mgaimt them, we will defend them if we «an j but if we cannof Jielp smiling at the same time, it is hoped they will excuse us, and at any rate, let their fate be what it will, they cannot expect us to go into nOuming for. them." x'Upon only taking this .glance at thesubject) does notthft reader perceive the posssbility of the West India Merchants changing their tone, a little while hence, an4 thinking Na^. poleon "a mif^'^T go^ *<*>^ ^^ ^ maivl" This is the great da;:, r. Oh^y let Jamaica fill into th^ hands of Nap;), leon, let a free intercourse be^ opened with Americ«» let other rebiutions be adopted, and we shall soon see what sfhff Wesf India Merchants and Planters are n>ade of; we aball soon see to the bottom of the souls of thosej who have supported the Pitts and Dttitdases." m w »iii m^mmrfmf^mm' #f d6 bat itni, t» he uyi, iny dull brtiH ii une'iaal tti the tMk. The tentimony of the Merchanti, fven if right, bas a double bearing whfn well considered ; for if the Planters now labour under great difficulties, how much more will they not be increased, when they have no provisions from the Continent of America? Perhaps it is to avoid this natural question, Mr. Andrew Wedderburri gives in his stat n-ntj as if the negroes on his Estate resembkt*. .-ds, and lived almost without food. The whole of the provisions for the 344 Ne- groes on the estate of Westmoreland averaged g9s. a head per year; of which «o 3d. was for herrings, only 8s. for fresh beef, and 58. for grain, cheese, and porter ! ! I d . not mean to say, thft Mr. Wedderburn'j ne^iocs were starved, for 1 have a better opinion of his humanity and good sense than to'believc that ; but I do think, that by some chance or other he has presented confused accounts. I have little doubt, but there are articles, charged to the debit cf the yearly produce, which should have been added to the value of the estate ; his negroes certainly cannot eat iron," copper, and lead ; flierefore, if bef ^ ihr.m articles were sent, which in three years -.1 ' .065 1. ' -state was worth a certain 5a.»i, it muit have been worth I briiii ii one^iual to tianti, fven if right, 1 considered ; for if er great difficulties, be increased, when 1 the Continent of s natural quest! la, res in his stat n-nts e resemblrr ^-Is, 1. ns for the 344 Nc- itnioreland averaged hich «o 3d. was for I beef, and 5s. for ; Mr. Wedderburn's tave a better opinion ense than to-*believe »ome chance or other :ounts. there are articles, :arly produce, which le value of the estate ; eat iron, copper, and ,9$ articles were sent, ' ' .065 1. ' -state nuit have been worth M much more, as the valuf of the old iron, cop- per, &c. I beg leavcliere to thank his bu;y 'peddling, friend, for putting it into my thickhead to i«K.k over the testimony once more, far I hope to pre- vent a war with America from being begu on t!^e Tedit of men, who tell us, that they an ^. i u African black on a less quantity of gram, fhaa would be required to nourish a commoa ^jiigeon *. ' I declare to my shame and mortification, that /cannot comprehend such statements, and there art others of the same kind ; as for instance, on tha estate of Hanover for 151 negroes, the grain wm valued at «5 1. f about 4s. 4d. a year fof each roan, being not quite one penny per week, which ^t the Jamaica prices of flour, would scarcely b« a mouthful ; nay, even if by grain was meant oati, and the whol? made into Cr(^^dy, it would pot dof, • I would recommend those who delight in luch ttories, to read that part of Bafon Munchaiisen's Travels, where he wai employed to feed the Grand Seignor's bees. t Croady ii a dish in Scotland made of oatmeal and Adam 'a wine; — Sometimea called Croudy-Moody— Mr. Weddetb«m bai only to look at the fqllowiog Scots aong to be uttafied that lam correct. — What aili ye at my dad, qvoth the, My Minny or my Auntie, Wi' CnuJ^Maudj they fed mCf |!W.-f«W««e'-«"" t'A ri M -^ ;«« that British Ministers would attettip* «• :r^^.y .« .0 r.i« .bar ux« U .uch^thaU "t^n whe« an Americ. .hip arrive. *- HrWest Indie, before proper person, .peed „pp„ by both Governments. ^ Great Britain carries on a trade wim i « h. licence-why should not America ? It „i„gO by licence y ^ ^ ^^ e^ainly cann^ be n^t f^ ^ ^ ^._^ ^ •°r :fd »c ud nLrals, if .-ch a principle peace, and excmo .^^^^ ^_^^ wund contends, that neutral. A.11 no« «W ^? trade in time of war that they had no. m tl of peace, or supply her en«me^ «** '-"•"-"^'t'lt^r-^^TLlrad! U> carry on the same tra ^^ are granted licences to go to St. Dorfmgo, . • Extract from the Coi,k»». Dec !♦, l«OT. ' «i. the Shipping ^'^^;f^ziT^^o:^^^ Hayti. Is it not rather exttWdiiiatyw* would attetiipt to lericikii Government ixes is such, that I irepreisented. An i made that will :hange df papers at m ship arrives from [>per persons agreed trade with St. Do- lid not America ? It >r one country to go le had not in time of i ; if such a principle ild go to induce one nother, to exclude the rom beneficial trades, iitrals shall not tnjoy that they had not in her enemies with the and yet she is willing e herself. The trade with the Emperor of I point ; English ships to St. Donlingo,* and rii, Dec. 14, 180T. Mt every night, we lee tW- dt at the Custom-HAiue for linary tlut lusb tn ii 101 bring home sugar, and that sugar is sold to go to France or Holland, and the only complaint that is heard in England against the trade is, that the enemy will not take a sufficient quantity of suga;, and at the same time Sir William Scott is con- demning American cargoes going to the samo market. " The British orders in council for capturing neutrals may be assimilated to Mr. Burke's de-, scription of the Abbe Seieyes' constitution : — " Some of the constitutions, with the top of tj^c pattern at the bottom, and some with th^ bottom at the top ; some plain, some flowered ; some distinguished for their simplicity, others for their complexity." The writer of '• War in Disguise," from having ' access,^ as he acknowledges, to the Admiralty Papers, is enabled to blaze forth to the world a few cases of improper conduct on the part of neutrals; but he has not had the candour to tell us how many thousand cases he has looked over to find them out ; he does not inform the world, that trade should have been carried on for these fifteen montlUf withoat a single stipulation having been agreed upon. •« We understand that the project of .. Treaty of Ami%f, Coa»ieroe» and Alliance between England and Hayti b kiu. ally before Government ; the necessity of such a treaty will easily be felt, when ir is considered, that at the end of thi*. year there wiUbe at Hayti nearly SOOO British subjects, aat half a aulUflo property." ii jMiufmmft )W JV ! " 'w m for the last ten y«J«r* the nantber of Atnerican .bibs captured, tni stht «i by ilriti^ crui«r^ airerage about • ten a #««*. whh "'go«» v**"**! from five to forty thoiwand pound* t^ that there are at no time lew than from two to three millions of American property perishing on board Ame- rican ships in British ports, waiting the decision Of British Judges ; the bills dra^n for their car. ooes arc returning to America with damages, the owners ruined, and their families starving; and that oq^ half of the money which those belonging to th* British Admiralty Court receive for ch.rg.,s on American ships unjustly taken; would more than pay for all the caf«s they have ever found not correct. Those^are facts which the* writer • Specimen cf the capture, of American ships, ia onewesk. on Uoyd's bpoka. See Bell's Paper of Npv. 15, 1 807. Carpenter, Capt. Meyer. Sicily to Marsemes. carried into JolUna. Capt.ColUn.. ditto ^ «rt«. Tfce Belle Air, Capt. Glen, Alg8»»ra» to M«9»if«, ditto. TheFideUty, Capt. Dunn, Po«s»iOHthtoTric*t, ditto. Rdward. Capt. MilUn, St. Domingo, detained and sent into Jai^aica. iiBthet.»iu ««» ^. ^ T": T^mpennce, Capt. •.rto.gh., Ffcfladelphi. t«Ton«n|eB, ietsined and. sent iBt»Dart«outh. , ' . „i I Venelia, Capt. Ba»den, Jvrvamk ' W Maryland, dettjne* | 4Jni tent iato Halifax. . ^^ i ; . EW»», Capt. Dodd, Aiaefitt, dettfaod and aoit jnw Ptom- 1 "^Kit'ty, Capt* Mathewa, New.V<^A» detaiaedat Plyiaooth. ^ inib«r of American by British cruisers, rith cargoes valued pounds t that there wO to three iniUions Ing On board Aine-> waiting the decision drawn for their car- a with damages, the nilies starving; and hich those belonging rt receive for ch»rg«;s taken; would more hey have «ver found ;ts which th^ writer merican ships, ia one week. erQfNpv.'l5,iro7. to MarseiMes, carried into ditto ^it*<»' gesirai to Messini, dattp.- tt8»»o«thtoT«c»t, ditto, nmingo, detained and lent ^ ditt»» AHMtelphia wTonmntni 1. ■ ' I uiah ' to NUrSrlund, detained detained and •enf Into FOttt. I Y<^ik»deta«ica«tn»nK)Ptli. does not state in his Pamphlet sent forth to en- courage every British naval officer to send in every neutral he meets with; knowing, that justly or unjustly sent in, those about the Admi- ralty Court must benefit before they are liberated. Just as the overseers of the parishes ^n England frequently expend three times as much mo;aiey to remove a pauper to his own parish, as would main- tain the unfortunate object where he was. Besides the ruin of thousands in America by the indiscriminate captures^made by Great Bri- tain, there is one consequence arises from them which I should thhik would be an eternal dis- grace to Great Britain, if British Ministers were ac- quainted with the fact, and which every man ac- quainted with Foreign .Trade knows; of this the Author of War in Disguise gives a proof in page 831: that is, the indiscriminate tireaking the seals anxi Ifeaving for public inspection every letter found on board of American ships ; a more dis- graceful thing was never practised before by' any nation. Thus sentiments in the most sacred manner committed to paper, are laid open to every Proctor. The commerce between this country and Ame- rica is now so considevable, that there are few ships sail from America for the Noith of Europe, tblit the merchants in America do not prevail, upon the Captains to take a bag of. letters for Engla^, % 104 and to give them to any fishing boat or other vessel they may meet with in the English Channel, with directions to put them into the first post-office they land at. When those ships are met with by a Briti£,h ship of war, if there is any sugar or coffee on board, the ship is immediately taken possession of, all the letters seized, and indiscri- minately sent up to Doctors' Commons, and every one opened— if one letter does not, tii, next is supposed to contain the secrets of the con- traband sugar and coffee on board ! When we hear of a Messenger on the Conti- nent being robbed, in order to get at the secrets of Governnient*, it is viewed as a horrid thing, but when we know similar things done daily at Doc- tors' Commons, we think but little of it. I will maintain that therq is no trade or xom- merce on this side of the Cape of G cod Hope, which the Americans can engage in, or carry on, that does not more or less benefit Great Britain, and in no case is the disadvantage equal to the advan- * Extract from Bell*-. Weekly Messenger, of November U, 1807. ' " Some dispatches of a singular and highly important na. tare, were lately found on board an American »hip (the Ca- roline), detained and brought into Vlymouth by an English privateer. The Caroline was bound from New York to Cherburgh, and the disiwtches were from the French Minister in the United States to Talleyrand. They are in the possei- sioh of Government, and are said to have communicated some circumstances of high importance." *■ 1: M t or other vessel i Channel, with first post-office s are met with i is any sugar or mediately taken :d, and indiscri< Commons, and r does not, tii. icrets of the con- d! er on the Conti. t at the secrets of lorrid thing, hut ne daily at Doc- tie of it. trade or xom- ood Hope, which jr carry on, that reat Britain, and ual to the advan- senger, of November highly important na. merican ship (the Ca. mouth by an English from New York to m the French Minister hey are in the possei- ve communicated some tages. As to this, or that, being aYi infringement of the Navigation Laws, it is all folly, the com- merce of Great Britain never flourished so much as a few years before the last peace, and then her Navigation Laws were entirely suspended. That CANT ABOUV THE NAVIGATION LaWS BEING VIO- LATED began with Charles fhe Second's Act pre- venting any goods being carried to America, without being first landed in England, and has been constantly made use of since by igndrant or interested men, in opposition to fact. The total extjort then was three millions, and since the Navigation Laws have been violated and the loss of America, England has exported forty millions, and America half as much. I have endeavoured in my observations to strike at the difference between the West India Planter and the West India Merchant; the first requires the fostering hand of Government to pro- tect, the other requires laws to prevent oppression. The Planters are obliged to send the produce of their labour to England to sell, but there is no law to oblige the Merchants to do the Planters jus- tice in the sale of it, or in sending them supplies. The quantity wt^ich the English islands pro- duce is very great, and would be surprising, did I not know that Englishmen will do wonders, if they are encouraged. 02 -m w mw I * r. 106 • ff ;The produce- of the Island of Jamaica, at a very low rate, is worth about four million pounds sterling; I mean at prices at which hundrcv^;} would be glad to farm the whole Island, and take the articles away from the Uland. Knowing this fact, 1 was surprised how the Planters could be poor, until I examined, and* found that full one-third of their total produce that was sent to English Merchants went into the pockets of those Mer< chants. The fact will appear, by referring to the Appendix on Shipping, to the trial at Guildhall on 27th October 1807, of a West India House against the Dock Company For the sum made by what they charged the Planters above what they paid rent for the warehouse, and by Calculating 3 per cent, upon the duties upon the sugar im< ported, (230,000 hhds. at 27 per cwt.) amounted to about i20,oool. sterling: there are a few more articles, which I could add, but I have no doubt but what I have added sufficient to be pleasing to the West India Merchants. Those gentlemen may rail, but they must rail ' the seal from off the bond,' before their state- , ments will be attended to by the British Legisla- ture, and they may thank themselves for my ob- servations; I never should have made them had it not been for their indecent attack upon the American character and commerce. There is of Jamaica, at a ur million pounds h hundred:) would land, and take the Knowing this fact, ers could be poor, that full one-third as sent to English kets of those Mer. by referring to the le trial at Guildhall West India House For the sum made Iters above what they and by Calculating upon the sugar ini< \ per cwt.) amounted there are a few more but I have no doubt ient to be pleasing to 1, but they must rail J,* before their state- y the British Legisla- hemselves for my ob- Id have made them ecent attack upon the commerce. There is 107 an old adage, that a man who keeps a china-&bop shall not throw stones at his neighbours. There remains but one task for me to perform, that is, to endeavour to point out a way by which the questions that are agitated between Britain and America may be rendered still less impor- tant. The question of citizenship at the end of five years, 1 am informed will not be ceded by Ame- rica, and the giving it up can scarcely be insisted upon by Britain, when the two Acts passed in 1740, relative to foreign seamen serving on board the fleet, and to naturalizing strangers in Ame- rica, arc fully considered*. Thus then the Americans but continue the law that was made while they were under the domi- nion of Great Britain, with no alternative as to • The 13 George II. c. 3. and 18 George II. c. 7. the first to encourage foreign seamen to enter into the British navy, by declaring that all foreigners, who serve on boacd British ships, either of war, merchant ship, or privateers, for two years, shall in all respects be deemed natural born subjects. The second, to encourage foreigners to emigrate and settle in his Majesty's colonies in America, decjares that, from the first day of June, 1740, all persons born oot of the allegi- ance of his Majesty, who shall have resided, or shall here- after reside, for the space of seven years or more, in any of his Majesty's colonics in America, and shall not have been absent from thence above two nonths at any onrf time, and shall take chc usual oaths of fidelity, Aall be the same as natunii born lubjectt. '^'**'<'«* TO MilBy '' ' "^ -.■■Mimii. i '.rnwiw ^- ^i; IMt, 108 its principle, and with only the substitution of five years in place of Beven. I would then propose, that as this right can- not well be attacked by Britain, and will not be yielded by America ; that as the only grievance in this affair arises from the real or supposed granting of false papers; that on the arrival of every British subject in America, he should have a right to demand a certificate of his arrival, from the British Consul or Agent at the nearest place, and from that date the authenticity of citizenship could, at any future time, be ascer: «med. While this would remove the possibility of any fraud in future,' it would have the important effect of doing away all suspicion, and must be gratifying to both nations on that account. The same rights of course would be enjoyed by an American arrivi.ij; in England, and though he might seldom have occasion to use them, yet it would' be essential that such rights should exist reciprocally. How far the same system might or might not be adapted with regard to preventing ships from having the trouble of loading and un- loading, or having recourse to fictitious papers, I ' am not yet prepared to say ; but I have little doubt, that with some; further consideration a hie- iHoi may be pointed out by which that important object may be accomplished^ If my arguments are not absolutely conclusive, I hopc.at least that I have brought forward suf- 109 e substitution of IS this right can- and will not be ic only grievance real or supposed an the arrival of , he should have his arrival, from the nearest place, :ity of citizenship :er;i.*ned. pjsiiibdity of any ve the important on, and must be It account, rould be enjoyed ;land, and though to use them, yet rights should exist e system might or ird to preventing '[ loading and un- ictitious papers, I but I have little )nsideration a hie- ich that important ficient matter to induce the British Covennent to revise ^hc information it has received, and to make both nations reflect on the advantages they are about to quit, in order to settle a point that may be amicably adjusted. I CAnnot conclude without. most sincerely re- gretting, that there was not a mercantile character added by each nation, to assist in tlic arrange- ments. I make this observation w ithi)ut intending any reflection upon those who have been employ- ed ; for perhaps lour men fitter to neoutuite could not have been appointed ; but there is a total dif- tcrence in the character of Statesmen, Lawyers, and Merchants. There is a natura! suspicion in the two former, that there is not in the latter; Merchants will always agree to take one, and one each, while two remains ; and if there is an odd one, they will always agree to divide it, which I think it is unfortunate has not been ,„,! of c.ule tn- mulM, M jol. ewh, 5.400I. building., ic. 7,000!. land io,iocl. . ^ , j P..»cuUr. of the Exp.nce.of M Esttte In W«tmotel.«d, J.mmc de- 11v«*d'in by Mr. A. Wcdderbum, with 344 neS'°«». »"'» »» ''^»^ "^ cMtle, for thcyeMi8c6. StoTtt/ur England. 1. u Lime • • S<»i) and CandiM • ' i CMiiiburfih.. check, and negro clothing . 33* , Medicine «nd wine for do. 39 Iron ware, copper, and lead . • iSS Stationaiy.coidagc, paint, &c. . • • '' Oiain, cheew, and porter 86 . rirebrlcWi • • 4» Wood, hoops, and ca«k« 90 x^ertingi • • *59 Charge, theieon J $7 CnaU and charge. . 103 Salt . . • " hi.h pioviiion • 9* Jamnica Exptnin. I. .. d. Salarie. to white people, andcnmmisMon *«* Stock booght . . 708 Negro labour . *73 Repair, to mill- work, &c. 5*9 Nfedical attendance 86 Taxe* J'* Fre»hbeef . • »30 Warfage . • «35 Lumber for building, catki, &c. . 881 o J.749 '■*- APPENDIX .»■ * COMMITTEE, IN. age 100 hhdo. of lu^r. !e of 40,0001. tteiling. 1. will be ir.wo} i«o . building*, ate. 7,oool. morelmd, J»m«ict, de- jroc», and »lj lii-td of intra Exptnctt, 1. ». d. (►hit* people, mis»ion 616 ht . . 7°9 ur . 17} T,ill.woik,&c. 5*9 o tendance 86 J6« » ... . 130 o o 135 ° fur building, 881 o J.749 Appendix y