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Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included In one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmte A des taux de rMuction difftrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul cliche, ii est fiim6 A partir de I'angle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas. en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 / :■ CC-.-~^ J ^^ /'/ t^^ y^ ^"1 EXTENDED N0T6S OF AN ADDRESS ON THE Geography of Manitoba ^. BY HUGH McKELLAR, Chief Clerk, Department of Agriculture and Immigration. PRICE, 26 CENTS. WINNIPEG, MAN. Hart & Macpherson, Booksei,i.ers. 1895. ( ■mr^'^: fl||:| 1% • 1, ■J-' % ■ T EXTENDED N0T6S or AN ADDRESS A 1^ f '^■iiF-^S'"' til: ON THK (jeography of Manitoba •? ••• . *, .■w-41. »." BY HUGH McKELLAR, Chief Clerk, Department of Agriculture and Immigration. PRICE, 25 CENTS. ft. WINNIPEG, MAN. H.VRT & MaCI'HKKSON, BOOKSErlace8 only partly explored districts. Explain what a municipality is, giving details of the one in which the pupils live, the names of the councillors and reeve. An interesting lesson or two can be given to advanced pupils touching on how the councillors are elected, and what their duties are, referring to taxes, roads, bridges, formation of school districts, &c. On a closer examination of the map, pupils will notice that the whole Province is divided into square blocks, and you are at one > into our system of survey, each block is six miles square. If possible, let pupils find out how thef e blocks can be located, and where the enumeration commences. Find the Principal Meridian and show the ranges east and west from the same, as shown by figures at the bottom and top of the map. There are 17 ranges to the east and 29 to the west. Then explain the township numeration. Tp. 1 is the first strip of blocks along the south ; Tp. 2 is the sec- ond row of blocks across the map from east to west. The townships are numbered from the bottom of the map to the top, as shown by the Roman numerals on the sides of tbQ ninp. Devote a leswoii to driU work, locatint^ towiiflbips and ranges ; tlins : Tp. 8, Run^c 5, West ; Tp. J}, R. 25, West ; Tp.' 15, Rango 18, WoHt ; Tp. 17, R. 7, West; or ask for lo- cation of Brandon, Emerson, Winnipeg, &c., by Township and Rimge. Tliis can be niado interesting, and it is of much value, for all our l\»st OfHces are located by Sec, T[). and Range. All our lands arc described as being in a certaiti township and Range. Now comes the detailed survey of each town- ship. The following diagrams explain themselves : — HIO Al RK8 Township Diagram. ...!.J t I ..L jL.l..J[jJL.[Ji..iJ A Township as Surveyed in Manitoba. The dark Hues show all lines marked on the ground, with position of posts. N.B. — Road allowances are 1 Chain 50 Links wide. In recent surveys they are 1 chain wide and only occur every second mile, running east and west. 4 ^^^%mm Pigj -%^ ^'3^ Q^arkr Stc/^nTosv SarUan/Po't' SU?nec^u)nJ iUtrnrr Mnuut^ (orv CorrecHorv frn^v.) :ll :i.{ M Fvg 3, showing fiosiMion/ of fiast-a on>Corrcc*^. ■1 S 9 tIKXJi ^XXJI'M ;4 Fi0JO ri0 11 Fig iz Fig 13 The above afford illustrations of the method of marking the posts. They should he carefully studii'd. drawn on hlac-khoard a!id slates, and wliere possible, the pupils should be taken to examine the posts and mounds for themselves, and the mark- ings in Roman Numerals on tlie eorner iiosts ex}>lained, so that, when necessary, the pupils could tell wliere they are by examining a corner post. d m^ M Each block as seen on the map called a township is sub- divided as on Plate 1 into 36 sections, each one mile sqnare. Calcuhitions can now be made by advanced pupils as to the total area of the Province, the area of our lakes, &c. BOUNDARIES. Article VII of the Treaty of Ghent, 1814, «;ives author- ity to the Commissioners appointed to locate the boundary between the United States and British Possessions, between Lake Huron and Lake Superior, and to the most North- Western point of the Lake of the AYoods. The Commissioners, Messrs. Porter and Barcla}' surveyed the same in 1826, erecting a monument to murk the said North-West angle of the Lake of the Woods. In 1872-76, the boundarv between the British Possess- ions in North America and the United States was completed from the N.W. angle of the Lake of the Woods to the summit of the Rocky Mountains by the Boundary Commission. Article II of the Convention of the 20th October, 1818, under which the Boundary Commissions were constituted, is as follows : — " It is agreed that a line drawn from the most North- western point of the Lake of the Woods, along the 49th parallel of north latitude, or, if the said point shall not be in the 49th parallel of north latitude then, that a line drawn from the said point due north or south, as the case may be, until the said line shall intersect the said parallel of north latitude, and from the point of such intersection due west along and with the said parallel, shall be the line of demarca- tion between the territories of His Britannic Majesty, and those of the United States, and that the said line, shall form the southern boundar}- of the said territories of His Britannic Majesty, and the northern boundary of the territories of the United States from the Lake of the Woods to the Stony (Rocky) Mountains." The Boundary Commissioners found that the N.W. angle of the Lake of the Woods, as surveyed in 1826, was north of the 49th parallel of north latitude — see map — ard at once traced a meridian line southwards to the 49th parallel. This lesson will ensible any teacher to explain why the U.S. Territory juts northward to the N.W. angle of the Lake of the Woods and then [■ops P sub- qnnre. to the uthor- ndary tweeii N'orth- rveyed said ossess- ipleted ummit , 1818, ituted, North- le 49th ►t be in drawn lay be, north e west ^marca- ;y, and 11 form itannic of the Stony N.W. 6, was ) — ard a rail el. e U.S. inke of 9 The Boundaries of Manitoba defined by Act of Parlia- ment in 1881, are as follows : — "Commencing at the intersection of the International Boundary dividing Canada from the United States of America by the centre of the road allowance between the twenty-ninth and thirtieth ranges of townships lying west of the first prin- cipal meridian in the system of Dominion land surv^eys ; thence northerly, following up tlie said centre of the said road allowance as the same is or may hereafter be located, defining the said range line on the ground across towMiships one to forty-four, both inclusive, to the intersection of the said centre of the said road allowance l»y the centre of the road allowance on the twelfth base line in the said system of Dominion land surveys ; thence easterly along the said centre of the road allowance on the twelfth base line, following the same to its intersection l)y the easterly limit of the district of Keewatin, as defined by the Act thirty-ninth Victoria, Chapter twenty -one, that is to sa}^ to a point w^here the said centre of the road allowance on the twelfth base line would be intersected by a line drawn due iiorth from where the westerly boundary of the Province of Ontario intersects the aforesaid International Boundary line dividing Canada from the United States of America ; thence due south, following upon the said line to the International Boundary aforesaid, and thence westerly, following upon the said International Boundary line dividing Canada from tlie United States of America to the place of beginning." Note the "Jogs " of survey clearly seen on the western boundary of the Province. If the meridian lines were run due north, they would approach each other towards the north pole, on account of the spherical shape of the earth. The jogs are therefore made to correct the measurements. At each correction line townships again start with an exact measurement of six miles for the southern base. Between townships 2 aiid 3 is the first correction line ; between townships G and V is the second correction line, &c., &c. Notice the dotted line from the N. W. angle of the Lake of the Woods to Winnipeg. This is the old Dawson route, overland, travelled b}- Colonel AVolsley and his men to quell the Red River Rebellion. w 10 Another dotted line is seen from Gladstone to Fort Ellice and from RuHsell, north and east, by the Valley River to the Dauphin settlement. These are old trails followed by Hudson's Bay Co. traders. J'lIYSICAL FEATURES. Glance along the bottom of the map to range 4 west, and you will notice a continued line with a dotted line close to it, running in a north-westerly direction, follow it past Morden on to Miami and Rath well ; a break occurs here until you cross the Assiniboine. You find it again west of Portage la Prairie, running westerly to Arden and then north following the contour of the Riding and Duck Mountains, and still further north on the east of the Porcupine Hills. This is the west coast line of what was at one time a lake. Now look to the bottom of the map again in range 4 east, and you will lind similar lines running north until near St. Anne de Chene. This is the eastern shore of the same lake. Between these, occuping one half of Manitoba and in- cluding our present great lakes, was at one time the bed of one vast lake. Aij^assiz was the first on this continent to work out the tiieory of land ice as a great agent in the glacial period of changing the face of the country, and in honor of the great scientist, this old glacial lake has been designated Lake Agassiz. I'o-day we call all this basin or bottom of the great lake the "Red River Valley." To the west of the Red River VaMey the land rises gradually in some places, while in other places it rises very abruptly. The elevation from the Boundary north is called the Pembina Mountains. In the centre of the Province to the west is the Riding Mountains, and further north Duck Mountain and Porcupine Hills. On the southern boundary, ranges 18 to 2^], we have the Turtle Mountains, extending from six to ten miles into Manitoba. To the north-west of Turtle ^fountain there was another great glacial lake known as Lake Souris. This originally flowed into the Red River by way of Souris River to the elbow, thence by way of Lii ig's Valley, through Pelicat^. Lake and Rock Lake and down the valle}^ of the Pembina River. 11 Fort River ved by 4 west, e close it past •s here vest of I north n tains, ! Hills. like. ange 4 ■il near le same and in- bed of iient to glacial on or of ignated 1 of tlie id rises ;es very led the } to the Duck ^e have les into ere was . This liver to Pelicar. *embina To the east of the Red River Valley, there are no high ele- vations. The rise of land is called "The Ridge," and extends from the Boundary to Brokenhead and east of Lake Winni- peg. ELEVATIONS OF MOUNTAINS. Pembina Mountains. — The elevation of the ancient lake beach on the west may be given as 1,000 feet above the sea level. The eastern slope of the Pembina Mountains rises from 150 to 300 feet in two or three miles, and then the land continues to rise to range 20 where the altitude is 1,659 feet above the sea level ; it falls again as you go west to the Souris River. The elevations are seen on the map under the names of towim or stations on the railroads. Riding Mountains. — Ascending the Riding Mountain from the south you can scarcely notice the ascent ; but on the northern slope or to tlie east, the escarpment is very abrupt, in some places rising 1,000 feet in a few miles. The highest elevation is 2,000 feet above the sea. Duck Mountain is an irregular three cornered mountain with very al)rui>t sides, and having an elevation of from 2,000 to 2,500 feet above the sea. LAKES. By glancing at the map the lakes are noticed in the northern part of the Province and extending well down to the centre. The largest are Lake Winnipeg, with its long stretches and lake expansions to the soutli and east. Lake Manitoba, near the centre of the Province, and extending north and west, and Lake Winnipegosis, with its many bays and inlets. Smaller lakes in the Province are Dauphin, Rock Lake, Pelican, Whitewater, Swan, Shoal and St. Mar- tins. The District on the east of the map tinted pink and extending eastward to include range 9 and even ranges 6, 7 and 8 in some parts, is a rough broken country, full of bogs and rocks and partially covered with forests of small trees. The whole of the land east of Lake Winnipeg is somewhat similar. It is generally unfit for settlement. The tamarac and jack pine firewood brought into Winnipeg by the C.P.R. from the east is cut along the line of railroad from Selkirk to Rennie. Much valuable timber is found lying inland from the shores of Lake Winnipeg. 12 In the Red River Valley, west of Red River is opett pruiiie ; bluffs und belts of timber tire however, found north of M<>rden extending through to Carman and on to Portage la Prairie. From the rise of the Pembii.a Mountains west- ward t() the Pembina River and extending northward is a park-like district of rolling prairies, having clum[»8 and bluffs of trees and in some parts belts of timber for miles, and having large tracts of open prairie between them. kTontli of the Pembina River and extending west to the bounds of the Province, south of the Souris, and then north- wards to the Assiniboine, is almost open prairie, undulating and well drained by ravines, having only a few trees on the banks of the rivers. The slope of the Riding Mountain from the south is dotted with timber, which becomes thi(»ker and heavier as you go north until the whole of the mountain is covered with a thick growth, principally poplar and spruce. Standing on the Duck Mountains or on the high north- eastern point of the Riding Mountain, you are over 1,000 feet above the plair.s to the east. Imagine that you have a glass sufiiciently powerful to see away to Lake Winnipeg, and you have a most picturesque view of lakes, lagoons, open prairies, rivers and bluffs of timber interspersed in endless variety. WATER SHEDS AND WATER SYSTEM OF MANITOBA. The water sheds and water system of Manitoba are very simple. Take a few elevations, as shown on the map : — Ilarrowby, in Russell Municipality. . . .loGT ft. Brandon"^ . . .1169 '^ Melita, in Arthur Municipality 1886 '• Emerson 768 '• Winnipeg 73^5 *• Lake Dauphin 810 '' Lake Manitoba 782 '' Lake St. Alartin 787 '^ Lake Winnipeg 682 " And it will readily be seen that the rivers of Manitoba natu- rally How to Lake Winnipeg. 18 opeit north Di'tage vvost- l is u bluffs ^, und to the north- lating Dii the nth is ^'ier as overed iiofth- 1,000 have a mipeg, s, open endless re very )a natu- The historic Rrd Riveh, risini,^ in Nfinnosota, runs north, entorinties into Lake Winnipeii-. It is the lari!;ost river in the Provineo, is navii>al)lo to tlu^ Kinted States boundarv and far south into Miiniesota. The St. Andrew's Rapids, in time of low water, is the only obstacle to rei;iilar steand^oat trafKe from Lake Winni- peg to the States. This river gives its name to the district through wliich it runs — '' The Red River Valley." As the land is very flat, or level, there are no steep banks, sinii)ly a channel cut throuii'h tiie soil. J)urine: hiu'h water, once a year, when snow and ice melt, the channel tills and occasion- ally overflows for miles over the [)rairies. The channel is from 100 to 150 vards wide, and althoui>:h the fall from Km- erson to Winnipeg is only ^55 feet, the current with such a volume of water is quite strong. The AssiNiBoiNE, with its tributaries, drains all the wes- tern and south-cential parts of the Province. It rises in Saskatchewan, runs south and east through Assiniboia, and enters Manitoba in township 26. It runs south, skirting the western boundarv within the Province for over 80 miles, and then trends more to the east, until, in township JO, it turns almost duo east. After leavin / Brandon, it makes j) ^reat bend to the soutii, down to townshij) 7, but again trends to the north, emptying into the Red River at Winni[tog. It is called a navigable stream. Boats, in early days, have gone to Fort Ellice, but the tortuous nature of the channel from Brandon to Winnipeg, renders navigation virtuall\' impractic- able. All the streams on the southern slope of the Riding Mountains now into the Assiiiii)oine. These are the Shell, Bird Tail, Arrow and Little Saskatchewan Rivers. The Qu'Ap- j>elle ilows into it from the west at Fort Ellice, while the Souris, with its tri])utnries, draining the south-western part of the Province, joins the Assiniboine in Tj). 8, Range 16. The Pemrtxa River : — Several small streams rise in the Turtle ALonntains, and flowing eastward meet the over flow from Pelican Lake and past, on through Lakes Lome and Louise to Rock Lake. The Badger, which has been joined by Long River, flows into 14 Rock Lake from the Soiith-West. The Penihina River pi'oper HowH from the east end of Rock Lake. Its course is easily followed north and east to Swan Lake, thence south and east, leaving the J^rovince in range west. It con- tinues eastward through Dakota and enn)tie8 into the Red River at IVMuhina, just south of the Bounihiry. From tlie east, lowing into the Red River, arc the Roseau and Rat Rivers. The Brokenhead and Winnipeg Rivers tiow into Lake Winnipeg from the east. One water system remains, that in connection witli Lakes Dauphin, Winnipegosis and Manitoba. The high elevations of Riding and Duck Mountains make a water shed, rivers flowing to the south or to the north and east. Into Lake Dauphin flow the Ochre, Vermillion, Wilson and Valley rivers. Lake Dauphin empties northward through Alossy River (not shown on the map) into Lake Winnipegosis. Between Duck Mountains and the Porcupine Hills, in a rich valley, are the Swan and Woody rivers, How^- ing into Swan Lake, thence into Dawson Bay, part of Lake Winnipegosis. Lake Winnipegosis empties by the northern branch of the AVater lien River, into an expanse called the Water lien Lake, thence through the southern branch of the Water Hen River into Lake Manitoba. The southern, and by far the greater part of Lake Manitoba, flows northward through the narrows, meeting the waters from the north and flow eastward through Fairford River into St. Martin Lake, thence by the Little Saskatch- ewan into Lake Winnipeg. A small sluggish stream culled the Icelandic River, often mentioned in connection with the Icelandic settlement on its banks, flows into Lake Winnipeg from the west. NOTES. (a) Glance at the Winnipeg River. It receives its waters from the Lake of the Woods and English River. Flowing through a rugged rocky district it has a channel in many places of solid rock. It carries an immense volume of sparkling, pure, soft water. Mark the bend that approaches nearest to Winnipeg, there are many rapids between that bend and the mouth of the river at Lake Winnipeg. It is mooted 15 River ourHG is i south It con- to the lire the innipeg e water iuphiii, iintuins to the Wilson thward 3 Lake rcupine 8, fiow- )f Lake inch of er lien er Hen ' Lake ing the 'airford skatch- ^tdled ith the nnipeg waters lowing I many me of •oaches it bend nooted that tlie water K»ip[>ly for Winnipeg may at some future time be brought from sdiuc jtoiiit on the bend of this river. The n[t[K'r pjirt of J^iiki' Winiiipcgosis (not shown on the map) is only soparatod lioni Cedar Lake, through which the waters of tiie great Saskatchewan How, by a luirrow neck of land, some six miles wide. All the waters ol" M.uiitoba unite in Lake Winnipeg with those of the Saskatciiewan, and How out throui»:h the Nelson River to Xelson J5av on the Hudson Bay. (b) As the immense fields of ice of the glacial period ^•raduallv melted on the south, the waters, forced to tind a way of escape, cut into the soil, forming the channel of the Assiniboine, a natural de[»rcssion between what is now called the Ridini^ Mountains and the elevated land south and west of Brandon. Torrents of water must have rushed down the Assiniboine, as well as its braiuthes, the Shell River, the Bird Tail and the Little Saskatchewan, the i)anks of which are alike high and strewn with boulders. The soil, mould and shale having been chiselled out and washed away by the force of the rushing waters, were carried down and (hijtosited as silt in Lake Agassiz, forming [»art of the rit-h alluvial loam, so well known in the Red River Vwlley. The clay tlirown out of sewers 10 feet dee|) in Winnipeg to-dav, when left to dry, can be separated with a talde knife into layers like the leaves of a book, showing that it was formed by continuous layers of sediment, washed down ages ago. The Valley of the Pembina River had its origin in a similar manner, being the outlet of Lake Souris, as already explained. The valleys of the AVilson and Valley Rivers were formed at a later date, as the ice lields receded northwards. CLL\fxVTE. The climate of Manitoba, given brieHy as follows, may lead to many interesting discussions : — A sharp, frosty winter, with thermometer dropping, at rare times, to 40 degrees be- low zero, with no thaAV from the 1st November to the begin- ning of ^Farch. The sun's rays then gradually melts the snow, which had fallen to the depth of 18 inches, and by the 1st of April, all the snow is gone. April and May — Spring weather, dry for seeding. June — The rainy month, suppos- ed to rain nearly every day in the month ; enormous growth of vegetation. July — Showers; great growth continues. IP. August— Riponiiiu oi' liarvcst. Sojttember — Harvest; no more rain for tlie season. Ootoher — Froats at niglit, gradually hardening, tnitil the frost hound fetters are onee more upon us, by the 1st November. Now, although true tor some seasons as a whole, and ap- plieable to many parts of the season eaeh year, yet it is gener- ally admitted, that any one, and even all the eonditions may be ehanged. We have had a thaw in January, rain in Feb- ruju'y, snow in April and May, no rain in .June, continued wet weather in September, even until the snow-fall in No- vemb(H'. However, the fact remains, that we have clear, cold weather in winter, with a very dry bracing atmosphere, that our spring time in April and May is delightful, that June and .Jul}- give us our summer rains, our pastures and hay, and the promise of our great crops, that August and September see our bay and harv^est safely gathered into stacks, and October prepares us for winter. The influence of the broken land and forest to the east of the Red River, the great extent of lake surface all surrounded by belts of timber in the north, as well as the bluft's and belts of timber in the central parts of the Province, and especially on the mountain elevations, have a most beneficial effect on the rain fall. It is only the south- western part, the part most removed from forest and lake influences, that in some seasons sufters from the hot winds that swee}) northward from the great desert of Nebraska and the Dakotas. The Lake Dauphin district east of the Riding Mountains and nestled in between the high elevations of Riding and Duck Mountains is influenced by the vast expanse of shallow lakes to the east which are warmed by the sun's rays in the day time, throwing ott'much heat at night, thus keeping the temperature more even. It is also protected by the Moun- tains breaking the cold winds from the west. THE SOIL. The soil of Manitoba in the Red River Valley is a rich black loam, varying from 3 to 10 feet deep, very rich in nitrogen, phosphates and potash, the elements necessary for plant food. This soil as already explained has been formed by deposits washed down from higher elevations, while the R es b( or 17 Rod River Valley wuh all a Lako or Inland Sea. On the escarpments ot' the Mountain elevations are t'ojind nunierous honlders; ravines leadinj^ down to valleys, are in most plaeoH, t'nll^ of stones. The hlack soil on the npland varies from one to five feet deep. In some places gravel ridges are found and shale crops out on the l)anks of many ravines. In the soutli-west of the Province west of Souris, we find a light sandy loam, which continues to get lighter until the horders of the Province are reached. This is the northern extension of the great Desert of America. PRODUCTS. Original : Furs of Wild Animals : — BuftVdo, Bear, Moose, Elk, Wolf, Lynx, Fox, Beaver, Otter, Mink, Muskrat. Present : Wheat, Oats, Barley, Vegetahles. Small Fruits. Horses, Cattle, Sheep, Hogs, Poultry, Dairy Pro- ducts, Fish, also the furs of all the wild animals except the Buffalo. Glance with me once more at the map in township 1, Ranges 23 and 24, you see the small hlocks colored black. These represent sections where coal has heen found. Settlers in sinking wells for water struck the coal seams. Settlers in the vicintiy obtain coal here for their own use. The Coal Mines proper are further west, located at the second crossing of the Souris. The railroad is built thereto, and the coal is put on board cars at the mouth of the shaft and carried to all parts of the Province. The shores of Lake Winnipeg abound \vith iron ore. Salt Springs are abundant on the shores of Lake Winnipegosis. Exports : Wheat, Beef Cattle, Hogs, Butter, Cheese, Furs and Fish. Imports : Agricultural Machinery, Wagons, Binding Twine, Coal Oil, Hardware, Dry Goods, Boots and Shoes, Groceries, Medicines, Dry and Green Fruits, etc., etc. RAILROADS. That part of the Province already settled is well supplied with railroads, having four separate Railway Corporations. The Canadian Pacific Railroad, C.P.R. The Manitoba an«l Northern Pacific, M. & N. P. The Manitoba and North Western, M. & N. W. The Great Korth West Central, G. N. W. C. 18 The Main Lino of* fli«' (M\R. tMiforinii* tlio Province from the OHHt in towiuliip 10, can 1)0 t'ollowod on tho map to EaBt Selkirk, thence down to AVinnipon" and away west to Portagi! la l^rairio, lirandon, \'irden, loavini;- the Province went of KIkhorn, in .townnliip P2. A Branch Line runn from Winnipea to Morden, Manitou, Pilot Mound, Crystal City, Killarney, Boissevain, Deloraine, on to Napinka. '^riio (ilcnl)oro Bi'anch I'unn Houth-west from Winnipeg to (^arman, thence to dilenboro and on to Souris. A nhort hraiuth runs from Winnipeg north to West Selkirk. Another short branch to Stonewall. A branch runs from Brandon to Souris, N^apinka, Melita and westward to tln^ Coal Mines at Estevan, in Assiniboia. Another short branch line runs from Souris to Reston, in the l'i[)awa, Minnedosa, Binscarth, &c., leaving tho I'rovince west of Ilarrowby in townhip 2L A short branch runs from M'unedosa to Rapid City, operated V)y the M. k N. W., which is called the Saskatc.iewan and AVestorn Railroad. Tho G. N. W. C. runs from Chater, six miles east of Brandon, Northward to Rapid City and thence west to Arrowton. Tho total mileage in tho Province is 1,48;") miles. The towns on those linos of railway can bo learned from the ma[). Yes! they should be learnetl and the junctions of the different roads specially noted. Thus : — AVhat Junction at Morris ? AVhat at Portage la Prairie ? At Souris ? It is of far more importance to the youth of Manitoba to know tho railway junctions, the municipalities and the tovvus in our own Province than to know the volcanoes of Central America, or the towns on the Danube. Glancing at the towns along tho railroads, the figures inside the circle in- dicate how many elevators for grain storage are located at that point. 19 ice from map to west to 'rovince lie ruiiH (1 River. Winni- South- Cryatal I. 'iiiiiipeg o West , Melita ^inil)oia. 1, ill the iotitli at liver to 'tago la 18 111 a Mscarth, iliil) 21. pei-ated an and east of west to ) miles. h1 from tions of unction itoba to nd the noes of K'iiig at ircle in- ated at CITTKS AND TOWNS. Winnipeg, the capital of the Province, is situated at the confluence of the Assiniboine aiul Red Rivers, on the site of Old Fort (larry. it has a poi»ulation of :!;"), 000. It is the seat of the Local (loveriinient of the I'rovinc*', and of the Provincial courts. It is the commercial, hanking, legal and educational centre of the Province. Its princi|»al huihlings ar. the Government Buildings, C\)urt House, City Hall, Post OfHce, Manitoba Hotel, General Hospital, Deaf and Dumb Institute, wholesale houses, (rhurches, colleges and schools, with manv tine business blocks, as well as manv beautiful private residences. It has an tiflicient electric strciet car ser- vice, water works, electric and gas lights and telej)hone ser- vice. St. Boniface, on the east side of the Red River, opposite Winnipeg, has a population of 2000. It has always retained its French element in supremacy, It has a fine Hospital, College, Academy, Convents. Brandon, 133 miles west of Winnipeg, on the main line of the C. P. R., has a population of 6000. It is situated on the south side of the Assiniboine, beautifully located on the 8lo[)ing bank. It is noted for its elevators and mills, its water works, line streets, town hall and jiost otKce. To the north- east across the Assiniboine is the Brandon Asylum, and to the north-west the Government Exj)eriinental ?\iriii. Portage la Prairie, 56 Jiiles west of Winnipeg, has a population of 3500. Its public buildings are the Home for Incurables, its mills and elevators. It is the market place for the immense wheat crops that grow and ri[)eii on the Portage Plains. Morden, a bus}' little town on the Pembina branch of the C. P. R., has a hospital, registry office and a number of elevators. INHABITANTS. A description of the early settb>rs, the Hudson Bay Traders and iho present inhabitants verges so closely on his- tory that we shall only touch upon these very interesting points. The original inhabitants were Indians, over 10,000 are still resident in Manitoba. They have reserves in difterent 20 pnrtrt of tlu' Pri)viii('(\ and nrc liin'«lly ever soon <»fl tlicir reserves. The |»riiui|>al reserves ari' loeuteil on tlie map witli tlie letters |_ J^, These reserves liave heen set apart nii(h'r several TreaticH hy the Doiiiiiiioii ( loveriiiiieiit. Indian Inspector K. MeC'oIl, of ^Vinnipel,^ visits eaeli reserve at h-ast (meo a year, and not only distrihntes food, elotliinn". tools, si-ed i^rain, jiotatoes, ite., hut eneonra^es them to undertake the eultivu- tion of land for their own henelit. Tlic Hudson Bay (%)mpany'H Traders next claim onr attention. Some of these married tlie mitivo Indian women. Their descendants are now with us o-enerally known as Half- Breeds. In many instanees after contimied intermarriage with white settlers and with tlie inllueneo of civilization, schools, etc., tlie distinguishing characteristics are no longer noticeahle. Some of our best citizens, energetic, successful men and women have traces of Indian blood in their veins. Shortly after Manitoba became one of the JMovinues of the Dominion, we have the rufF tlicir lie iiia[) Hcvoral i('«'t(»r K. a year, I ^n-ain, cultiva- lirn our women. IS Ifalf- larriago li/atioi), > lojiger ecc'sstul voinH. incoH of ^iiio-lisli, linavian rmI and Ithon^h of the iioland ; I Lake ; Scan- rofters, lumber ;imated . The towns of the sons of ihcries. 3 facts inter- )ns are ;ing of / ^THi^Jti. >- ■ra^.--AV^-a ,gft.^ y,-f» •«^Js;-»^i^«f. «?.«..* ^; «:;*": * I I ' i • I _ I i / li I'apndttun* Pt. / I Q, "•"> L jL L L y I I I I I ' I *'"? N^{('"*'i''~~T' L-_-4 ^. I I r-f- ^-^w^y,^ :-K H-t^ ttr:: 1 / — 1 '" * ' (l^o niitnberB rtad North from InUrnatlonal Boiintiari/ ^1' .^ n«mO«M «fi(/ f(U( finrf iV**( 0/ Ptiiicipiil Mtrianm, 'P 5 to 30 SCALE, 12 Hiiis 1 Inch, ri_ : ■I. T:lVlil;it 111 N-: i.^\ v.,, .'rCi/ ■ „, 1^ Jrii'irmf, J, ,1 J7T-.: fitrk.- ' .t.-^I^Al' ll-ili.l.r 11.1 1. 1'. .71'. /.W fc: i1 ifilln.k.ij|l7i' ?^v,.. ^^ :?'!s:: ^E! H - ^li" • — r- .A>:^ XVI XV ' \ -^f..! L- — 4--- ! c... LSs', — ^-v»- -ri 1-" — hv pi-:^^^ IX VII VI .4- I 4.J 4-- UNITED STATES .__^-. Ill N N ■•-V-""t"-"^-t 1 ' 4 V -^ V. — ' ^'~i r\ / — •'' y-k m ''V AS ""••*'" / .■r /< *•; JaHjII. |P<, ' — I'.r ifi^ „_.nfl^ I 'J- r- THE STOVEL COMPANY, PRINTERS. WINNIPEG, MAN. ' I Hart & MacPherson, Booksellers and • Stationers • College and School Text Books a Specialty. 364 Main St., WINNIPEG, MAN. ,?«• .y4-