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This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document eat film* au taux da rMuctton indiqu* ci-deaaoua. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X y 12X ItX 20X MX 32X Th« copy film«d h«re hat bMn roproductd thanks to tha ganarosity of: Library, Qaologicil Survty of Canada L'axamplaira filmA fut raprodult grica A la gin4rosit4 a filmte A des taux da reduction diff4rents. Lorsqua le document est trop grand pour Atra reproduit en un seul ciich*. ii est f iimA A partir de I'angia supArieur gauche, de gauche d droite. et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'imagas nteaaaaira. Les diagrammes suivants iilustrent la mAthoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^ Ge( i 2.9 ^^1 NORTH AMERICAN Geology and Paleontology KOR THE USE OF" AMATEURS, STUDENTS, AND SCIENTISTS BY S. A. IVIILLBR f L > CINCINNATI, OHIO 1889 \ll Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1889, by S. A. MI1,I^:t;^";^^^X^^,';:^ represented by a deposit. A fault is a dis- "i'-frbed and thrown mtowaven. location of strata so that the continuity of the mass is destroyed by one side of the fracture being elevated higher than the other. A dyhi is a wall of rock between the two sides of a fault or fracture, interrupting the continuity of the beds on either side. Sometimes a dyke shows an overflow at the top. When strata terminate abruptly, they terminate in an escarpment. An outlier is a lone rock in place, or a hill detached by erosion from the surrounding mass of similar beds, of which it evidently once formed a part. § 4. The erosion of the earth never ceases. Decomposed and disintegrated substances are being constantly removed by rain and super- ficial waters to a lower level than they previously occupied. The erosion or denudation must be followed by the deposi- tion of the materials. The deposit at one place can only ^^^^^''^^^^PS^^ progress at the rate with which it is transported from another. All strata consist of transported matter, and, as y Lyell said, the evidence of the work of denudation is F'o. 4. strata inniined but •' conformable. Fault from/ to defective, because it is the tendency of every destroying 2and dyke m the fault. cause to obliterate ja great part the signs of its own agency. Stratified rocks, therefore, indicate or.ly part of the erosion which the earth's surface has undergone, Fio. 3. EHcarpment on the rlxht, ilehrtt representing the ■lope from the esoarpment. Outliers, lone rocks, or standing columns In the center and to the left of the illustration central figure Is a form sometimes called a cheese rock The I)ecau8e I again, ai forms till were forr .see any p M. are gener union wit siderable. of disinte^ and soils, of sand, di and someti Sand blow from the d the charac to the unal atmospherii winds, blov pile it in m upon the d( exposed to track at Ea several tons parts of the §6. \\ creases with enter the ra and so it wi burst from 1 by expansioi and freezing will, when I winds, transj are transport in the tempe bowlders are § 7. Th increases wit currents of t in colder latii rain. The n tlie disintegr agencies, doM the sea 6,36^ basin of the I of a foot thic DEFINITIONS AND LAWS OF GEOLOGY. becauBe the same materials in a m .Ititude of cascH have beeu broken up again and again, and restratified, presenting for our observation only the last of the many forms through which they have passed. The oldest rocks, lis well as the most recent, were formed from the waste of older rocks than themselves, therefore we can never see any part of the primitive earth or original solidiBed matter. ^ 5. The atmospheric forces, in activity and disturbing the surface of the earth, are generally combined with the a({ueous, as in frost ; or the chemical, as in the union with carbonic acid ; but the effects of air and wind are, by no means, incon- siderable. The surface of all exposed rocks and earthy materials bear the evidences of disintegration and denudation. The sun dries up the mud and cracks the earth and soils, while the winds sweep (he dust from roads and barren places. Grains of sand, driven by the wind, will groove and polish the hardest rocks and minerals, and sometimes fairly dissolve and curry away limestone and more friable substtinces. Sand blowing is used in the arts for etching hard materials. All soils have resulted from the disintegration of rocks, and when not transported, the quality depends upon the character of the parent rock immediately below ; and the penetration of the soil to the unaltered parent rock will reveal the different stages of the change effected by atmospheric agencies, aided more or less by the effects of frost and water. The winds, blowing inland from large bodies of water, carry sand from the beaches, aiid pile it in mounds and ridges, called sand-dunes ; and the same effects are produced upon the deserts, and to a greater or less extent wherever light or loose materials are exposed to its action. A wind-storm blew a standing locomotive off the railroad track at East St. Louis, and other storms have been known to move bodies weighing several tons. The geological effects of the wind therefore are conspicuous in some parts of the world, while in others they are so slight as to be quite overlooked. § 6. Water is an active solvent of rocky substances, and the solvent power in- creases with heat and pressure. It is also a powerful mechancial agent. It will enter the minute openings in the hardest rocks, freeze, and chip up minute scales ; and so it will enter larger cracks and orifices, freeze and break open large rocks, or burst from ledges immense masses. Ice, freezing at the margin cf lakes and ponds, by expansion, crowds the loose rocks on the shores in the form of ridges of bowlders, and freezing around the free rocks at the bottom in shallow water or near the shore, will, when broken up by partial thawing, and assisted by the force of waves and winds, transport such rocks to distant places. Mud, sand, gravel, and pieces of rock are transported down stream by all rivers, and the transportation is aided by the ice in the temperate and colder latitudes. On the shores of the St. Lawrence traAsported bowlders are found weighing many tons. § 7. The capacity of the atmosphere to take up aqueous vapor in suspension, increases with the temperature, and when saturated the least interference with the currents of the air will precipitate rain. Hence there is more rain in warmer than in colder latitudes. Clouds drifting against mountains and high lands will discharge rain. The rain falls upon the ground, disintegrates earthy substances, and transports the disintegrated materials resulting from its own action, and from atmospheric agencies, down the valleys to the ocean. It is said the Ganges annually carries to the sea 6,368,000,000 cubic feet of sediment, which, being spread over the whole basin of the river, comprehending 400,000 square miles, would make a layer 1-1751 of a foot thick. The Ganges, therefore, erodes its baain one foot in 1,751 years. I? I i i 8 DEFINITIONS AND LAWS OF GEOLOGY. The area of the MiosiRHippi basin is 1,244,000 nquare miles, and the annual discharge of sediment by the river is estimated at 7,471,411,200 cubic feet, an amount suffi- cient to cover the whole basin 1-4640 of a foot. Therefore the Mississippi River re- moves from its basin a thickness of one foot in 4,640 years. § 8. The greater number of valleys in North America have been carved out by the streams flowing in them at substantially the same rate of excavation that is now in progress. All the valleys in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, have been excavated by the slow process of the action of rain and the rivers. The Mississippi and all its tributaries have excavated their own valleys, with the exception of a few in the mountain regions. Not only have the valleys been thus excavated, but much of the intervening land has been denuded of many feet of surface rocks. While the beds of the older streams sink extremely hIow, if at all, the valleys are gradually widening by the wear and tear of rain and storm. This erosion has taken place since the close of Palseozoic time. The hills are usually terraced because the strata are of different degrees of hardness and durability, the softer and more easily disintegrated are gradually removed by atmospheric influences and the transporting power of rains and springs, leaving the harder and more solid standing out in more or less abrupt slopes and clifls. ^ 9. The lower limit of perpetual snow under the equator is 16,000 feet above the sea, in the Swiss Vlps, in latitude 46 N., it is 8,500 feet, and in the arctic and antarctic regions it reaches the level of the sea. The isothermal lines, around the earth, being affected by the distribution of the land and water surface and the ocean currents, do not follow the degrees of latitude ; therefore, in ages past, whbu the land and water occupied different areas, and the ocean currents moved in other routes, the isothermal lines were correspondingly changed. Above the line of perpetual snow there is an augmentf:ition from year to year, and below it, during the colder seasons, the sncw falls many feet in thickness. An equilibrium is preserved by the melting of the snow in sunshine, by occasional rains to which it is subjected, and by the natural tendency to creep down the mountain side by the force of its own gravity. This movement gives rise to glaciers, which follow the depressions or ravines on the sides of the mountains to a considerable distance below the perpetual line of snow. They move very slowly, but transport sand, gravel, and masses of rock, and smooth, polish, and groove their rocky channels, because fragments of rock get interposed between the glacier and the rocks of the valley. The stones carried along on the ice are called the "moraines" of the glacier. There is always one line of blocM on each side, these are called the "lateral moraines." Where there are confluent glaciers the lateral moraines of the tributary glacier are carried into the larger stream of ice, and are called " medial moraines." § 10. The effects of glaciers upon the face of the earth are not important, uot- withstanding so much has been said about them, and it is evident they have not been much more imposing in past geological ages than they are now. There are probably no evidences of glacial action upon the continent of North America where they do not now exist, except in a few places in the Rocky Mountain region, where they have departed on account of the drainage of adjacent lakes, and some indica- tions in the New England Mountains where they are unknown now, either because that region is somewhat depressed, or because the Arctic Current does not hug the shore as far south as it did in the Pliocene or Post-pliocene period. 81 where fi the earti; in with <] and let marine si rock. C winds. surface, r of the cm intervene l)ergs drif mouth of llojie, an( l)eiiring a known lai than glaci is inconsp §12. in chemici this mane storms an( terials at c where the never ceas realize the §13. and depree historical f past geolog neither per the surface experience( phenomena of sand an water, and that steam the layers o of temperat the first 2,( tiuuing inci rock, or at < of heat, nor earth, but, caverns neai causes whic §14. DEFINITIONS AND LAWS OF GEOLOGY. irge uffi- ■ re- out at is at«d II its the f the beds ining close erent I are rains brupt above ic and id the ocean B land outes, petual colder )y the nd by own jns or )etual jses of rock iarried le line re are to the t, uot- ve not re are where where indica- lecause ug the %\\. In high northern and southern latitudes glaciers descend into the sea, where fragments are broken off, which are called "icebergs." Icebergs liear all the earth and rocks they did when constituting part of a glacier, and they H(M)n fall in with ocean currrents, and are drifted great distances before they are dissolved, and let the "moraines" fall to the bottom uf the sea. In this manner the sub- iv)arine surface is strewn with foreign mud, sand, gravel, lM>wlder8, and fragments of rock. Coust-ice acts in the same nuinner when blown out into the sea by otf-Hhore winds. The ice sinks into the ocean eight times as deep as it projects alM)ve the surface, and when in shallow water it impinges upon the submarine bottom, the force of the current or the winds may cause it to polish or groove the rocks, if fragments intervene, in the same manner that glaciers will polish or groove their valleys. Ice- l)ergs drift from Haflliu's Buy to the latitude of the Azores, from Greenland to the mouth of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, from the antarctic regions to the Cape of Good Ho|)e, and also to Chili, in South America. Darwin saw one in the southern seas bearing a rock visible twelve feet above the surface, 1,400 miles distant from any known land. Icebergs have a transporting power more than a thousand-fold greater than glaciers, and an eroding power but little inferior, and yet the action of icel)erg8 is inconspicuous now, and has been, so far as we know, in all the ages gone by. . ^ 12. A large part of the rain sinks into the ground, tjikes up mineral matter in chemical solution, flows out in springs, and transports its load to the ocean. In this manner many caves and caverns are excavated. The waves protluced by storms and tides beat down the shores of large bodies of water, and deposit the ma- terials at other places. The ocean currents have a drifting and denuding action where the water is shallow. The wear and tear of the earth by the action*of 'vater never ceases, and the more we contemplate the subject, the better able we are to realize the magnitude of the never-ending destruction. § 13. The violence of earthquakes, and the fires of the volcanoes, the elevations and depressions of land with respect to the sea, seem to have operated within the historical period on as grand a scale as we are warranted in believing they did in past geological ages. Earthquakes and volcanic firos are intimately connected, and neither penetrate the earth to any great depth. E^ rthquakes have been felt upon the surface of the earth when miners, at a depth of 1,000 feet or more, have not experienced the sensation. The transmission of the vibration is more distinct, and phenomena more apparent where the strata are hard rocks than where they consist of sand and gravel, or softer material. All volcanoes are near large bodies of water, and observation has shown that water gains access to the volcanic foci, and that steam is a powerful agent in all eruptions. The pressure or force of gravity of the layers of the surface of the earth develops the latent heat, so there is an increase of temperature at the rate of about one degree for every sixty feet penetrated for the first 2,000 or 3,000 feet. The deeper borings have not shown the regular con- tinuing increase of the heat, nor is the increase uniform through diflerent kinds of rock, or at diflerent places. The better opinion seems to be that neither this increase of heat, nor the volcanic fires aflbrd any evidence of the internal fluidity of the earth, but, on the contrary, the eartb is probably solid, with exception of local caverns near the surface, and local masses of melted matter resulting from chemical causes which are in operation at no great depth. § 14. All are more or less familiar with the story of the buried cities of Hercu- 10 DEFINITIONS AND LAWS OF GEOLOGY. It 1^ iff laneura and Pompeii, and the great eruptions of VesuviuB. In 1669 a current of lava flowed from Etna, having a width of GOO y rJa, and a depth of 40 feet when it reached the sea at the distance of fifteen miles. In 1783 Skapter Jokul, in Iceland, sent forth two currents of lava in opposite directions, on'? of which extended fifty iniles, and the other forty-five. The extreme breadth of the one in Skapter valley was fifteen miles, and the other had a breadth of seven miles. The ordinary height of the current was 100 feet, but in narrow defiles it sometimes amounted to 600 feet. There is no evidence of a volcanic eruption on the continent of iNorth America in past geological ages that surpassed this in volume. About midnight, August 11, 1772, a luminous cloud appeared to envelop Papandayang, a volcano on the island of Java, and in a short time it actually fell in with a great noise. Immense quantities of volcanic substances were thrown out and distributed for many miles around. It ia estimated the mountain for fifteen miles in length and six in breadth was swallowed up in the earth by this commotion. Forty villages were ingulfed or destroyed, and 2,957 inhabitants perished. It seems in this instance the eruptions had formed a corresponding cavity beneath the surface, and when the weight above overcame the resistance, the volcano suddenly fell into the abyss beneath. A volcano forced its way from beneath the sea into the atmosphere off St. Michael's, Azores, in 1811. It was first seen above the sea on June 13th. Tht ap- pearances were exceedingly beautiful, the volcano shooting up columns of the blackest cinders to the height of between 700 and 800 feet above the surface of the water. When not ejecting ashes, an immense body of vapor or smoke revolved almost hori- zonta]ly*on the sea. The bursts were accompanied by explosions resembling a mixed discharge of cannon and musketry, and a great abundance of lightning. By the 4th of July an island was formed a mile in circumferenc ', and 300 feet high. In the center there was a crater full of hot water, which discharged itself through an opening facing St. Michael's. The island subsequently disappeared ^beneath the water. Twelve islands constitute the Hawaiian Group, four of these are mere barren rocks ; the remaining eight have an area of about 6,000 square miles. All of these islands are volcanic, and no other rocks than volcanic are found upon them save a few remnants of sea-beaches. They are all mountainous, and the deep sea surround- ings have shown the islands are only the summits of gigantic mountain masses. Mauna Kea, on Hawaii, is 13,900 feet above the sea, and MaunaLoa 13,700 feet. If the ocean were driven away, it is said these mountain peaks would stand 30,000 feet above the foot of the mountain range. On Hawaii the volcanic forces are still in opera- tion. On Maui they rested at a recent epoch, or within a few hundred years. On the other islands they have long been extinct, and the piles built up have been greatly eroded. On Hawaii theie are two grand foci of volcanic eruption where the fires are now raging, Mauna Loa and Kilauea. Mauna Loa is the largest vol- cano in the world, and none approach it ic the magnitude Jof its eruptions. A moderate eruption represents more material than Vesuvius has emitted since the days of Pompeii, and the flow of 1855 would have nearly buiit Vesuvius. On the whole, it appears there are as many active volcanoes, and some as vast and fright- ful in eruptivejpower as seem to have existed at any other single period in geolog- ical time. ing 4,61 oi Chil more. 1819 an about fil the deltt quakes i every ce are warr terventio the Balti coast of i area in G of Fundj feet of wi the New tion of sei elevations §17. accompan] rise or fall volcanic ai show the i present on they act b; to internal intermitter up until St earth, whe, forever. T heat contai sidered as 1 earth was t Geysei intermitten The analog erupting ho supposed to and by ita n plosive gas, out the colu is famished, dition of tl counted for, The me DEFINITIONS AND LAWS OF GEOLOGY. 11 t of nit md, fifty illey light feet, a in ^elop bU in tand les in Forty as in rface, 1 into ,ff St. ht ap- ackest water. It hori- raixed he 4th [n the h an th the barren these save a round- masses. If the above opera- . On been where est vol- A ice the On the fright- geolog- ^15. An earthquake in New Zealand in 1856 raised a tract of land compris- ing 4,600 square miles, from one to nine feet. In 1822, and again in 1835, the coast of Chili for several hundred miles vras elevated from one to three or four feet or more. The estimated area raised in 1822 amounted to 100,000 square miles. In 1810 an earthquake at Cutch, in the delta of the Indus, raised an extent of country about fifty miles long and sixteen miles wide, ten feet, while a considerable tract in the delta of the Indus sank down. Such are a few of the effects produced by earth- quakes in the present century ; they are similar to those which have occurred iu every century during the historical period, and are quite as extensive as any we are warranted in believing occurred in any of the earlier geological ages. § 16. It is said Urge tracts of land are elevated and depressed without tlie in- tervention of earthquakes. It is said there has been an elevation of land bordering the Baltic, during the historic period, of about three feet in a century. The whole coast of Scandinavia is said to be gradually rising at a very slow pace. A large area in Greenland is reported as slowly subsiding. At Fort Lawrence, in the Bay of Fundy, there is a pine and beach forest covered at high tide by about thirty feet of water. And it is claimed there is some evidence of subsidence on part of the New England Coast, where we havp the most indubitable evidence of an eleva- tion of several hundred feet since the beginning of the Post-pliocene period, but these elevations and depressions may have been accomrmied with earthquakes. § 17. Earthquakes and volcanoes have a common origin, the former always accompany the eruption of the latter, and it is not likely any great areas of land rise or fall without the intervention of the same energies. The proximate cause of volcanic and earthquake phenomena is not fully known, and it is much easier to show the improbability of the many theories offered for their explanation than to present one free from objections. Volcanoes are intermittent in their eruptions ; they act by spasms of activity, separated by intervals of repose. If they were vents to internal fluidity of the earth, the streams of flowing fire would be constant, not intermittent explosions. If they were vents to any great mass of melted matter pent up until strength enough were obtained to force a passage way to the surface of the earth, whea the vents would open the reservoirs would exhaust themselves and close forever. Volcanoes are not to be attributed to the remains or residue of enormous heat contained in the globe, at some remote period of its physical evolution, or con- sidered as lending any support to the nebular hypothesis, or the theory that the earth was at one time in a gaseous or fluid condition. Geyser (from the Icelandic word geym, to gush,) is a periodically '^ruptive or intermittent hot spring, from which the water is projected in a fountain-like column. The analogy between it and a volcano is so striking that it might be called a volcano erupting hot water instead of melted lava. In the case of a geyser, cold water is supposed to sink from the surface to heated rocks; it starts as a passive liquid, and by its molecular absorption of heat is converted in the depths into an elastic, ex- plosive gas, which ejects it through another orifice to the surface. The gas forces out the column of v/ater and escapes ; then quiet ensues until a new supply of water is fiirnished. This accounts for the intermitting flows. Grant the local heated con- dition of the rocks below, and all the phenomena of the geysers may be ac- counted for. The melted lavas of volcanoes bring up with them great quantities of the vapor am 9H 12 DEFINITIONS AND LAWS OF GEOLOGY. of iivater, having an enormous expansive power which is given off as steam at the moment of eruption. Lava is generally a sponge-like mass of myriads of visible ves- icles formed by the sudden exclusion of the water-vapor in the act of solidification. There is abundant evidence of the participation of water and its constituent gases in volcauic phenomena. From the proximity of volcanoes to o~ occurrence in the sea, it has been supposed their active state is p'-aduced by the percolation of sea- water to metallic bases of the earths, or alkalies, at various depths, which bases be- come inflamed and chemical action ensues, producing the eruption. The oxygen of the water is supposed to unite with khe metallic base, the hydrogen to unite with sulphur, forming sulphureted hydrogen gas, and witii the chlorine forming muriatic acid gas, etc. The gases evolved from volcanoes are muriatic acid gas, sulphur combined with oxygen or hydrogen, carbonic acid gas, nitrogen, and aqueous vapor. Electricity is a factor in all earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Its action is mani- fest in the atmospheric disturbances, in the undulatory movement on the surface of the earth, and in the speed with which the earthquake wave travels. An earthquake moves in the direction of the wave at a rate frequently exceeding fifty miles in a minute, and when the movement is communicated to the waters of the ocean, the waves follow at a pace hundreds of times slower. Suppose a powerful current of electricity near the surface of the earth, to be broken, and suddenly restored, the shock may be supposed to resemble that of an earthquake. Fusion might result in consequence of such restoration. The crystallization of stratified rocks might break such electrical currents, if any exist in the earth, or it might disturb the equanimity of the electricity if it exists in a passive state, ':o the same extent as if it were a broken and restored current. In other words, subterranean electric cur- rents, if once excited, may melt the rocks and produce the heat necessary, when as- sisted by the presence of a sufficient quantity of water, to produce volcanic eruptions. Such are some of the theories to account for the instigating or proximate causes of earthquakes and volcanoes. The mouth of a volcano is called a crater, though th(i pit on Kilauea has been called a caldera. If steam alone escapes through a vent, it is called &fumarole ; but if sulphurous vapors also escape, it is called a solfcUara, When hot springs deposit lime, it is called tufa; but if the deposit is silicious, it is called sinter or geyserite. Lava consists of silica, alumina, lime, magnesia, soda, potash, and iron oxide. If the silica is in excess, it is tradiyte, and belongs to what lithologists call the acidic group, from the large quantity of silicic acid it contains ; but if there is a large proportion of soda or potash and lime or magnesia, and not more than 50 per cent of silica, it 18 a basalt, and belongs to the basic group, from the larger quantity of alkaline and earthy bases it contiiins. Trachyte is a grayish igneous rock, of rough fracture owing to the grains of glassy feldspar which mainly constitute it. Basalt may be light-colored crystalline or granitoid, or dark colored, compact, massive, like dolerite; but in addition to labradorite and pyroxene, it contains chrysolite in disseminated grains. When lava becomes glassy, it is called obsidian. § 18. The most important change taking place upon the earth is in constant operation at the bed of the ocean. Near the shore it is a littoral deposit ; farther away it is a chalky deposit, consisting of foraminifera and shells, and in deeper water it is a red, silicious clay. The character of the deposit is dependent upon the depth of the ocean, except where washings from land affect it. The depth of the pure globiger depths 1 consists nioderat increases the chen of water The sira| of the d which ex tliey do iuduratio arenaceoi §19, modifyini changes, spot, for corals, is operation, past to de and to ele denude it §20. much of ^ a large ps time, been form of ri( existing in different d with the s great diver separately rocks. Cre hence, mar the strata i the animal tions of tyi approxiraat equal deptl water and : farther fror tinuous ove or limestont niony to pr been ascertj characterize order of suf DEFINITIONS AND LAWS OF GEOLOGY. 18 globigeriua ooze, or chalky deposit, is limited to about 2,250 fathoms, and at greater depths the deposit gradually passes into fine pure clay, and below 2,500 fathoms it consists almost wholly of a silicate of the red oxide of iron and alumina. At moderate depths sheila fall upon the bottom, in perfect condition; as the depth increases they become more and more brittle, and finally break up and disappear by the chemical action which aifects them, until, having passed through 2,500 fisithomg of water, nothing is left save an insoluble residue, which constitutes the red clay. The simple fact of the increasing depth of the ocean gives variety to the character of the deposits. But at the greatest depth to which the dredge has descended, which exceeds five miles, the silicious shells of Radiolarians exist as abundantly as they do in the shallower depths of the ocean. Such deposits, iu the process of induration, become stratified and laminated, and form calcareous, argillaceous, and arenaceous or silicious rocks. § 19. Animals, secreting carbonate of lime, have played an important part in modifying the surface of the earth. The coral-making polyp has wrought great changes, because the reef-forming genera continue the accumulation, on the same spot, for centuries, and the influence of the Bryozoa, which produce only delicate corals, is everywhere conspicuously engraved. There are other agents, inferior in operation, affecting the surface of the earth, and all combined have served in times past to deposit in water all the rocks constituting the continent of North America, and to elevate the land above the seas and lakes, after such deposition, and again to denude it and present it to us with its mountains and valleys as they now exist. § 20. Every part of the surface of the earth has been covered with water, and much of what is now dry land has been several times inundated ; and it is supposed a large part, if not the whole area covered by the oceans, has, at some period of time, been above the water line. The elevations and depressions have been in the form of ridges, with intervening basins, in diflferent ages of the world ; and basins, existing in the same age, have been filled with deposits of diflTerent kinds and in different degrees of rapidity, — some being filled with drifted materials, and others with the secretions of animal and vegetable organisms. Consequently there is a great diversity in the structure of the land of different continents, and tliey must be separately investigated. The most recent deposits may be made on the most ancient rocks. Cretaceous deposits may occu%upou the Silurian, or Jurassic on the Devonian ; hence, many difficulties are encountered in ascertaining the chronological order of the strata upon each continent; and this would be utterly impossible were it not for the animal and vegetable remains, which have followed the progress of time in evolu- tions of type and structure in different oceanic basins, so as \a furnish the means of approximately parallelizing the strata. Different kinds of rocks are forming at un- equal depths of the ocean, at the same time ; conglomerates and sandstones in shallow water and near the shores ; chalky, and slaty or shaly in deeper water, and silicious farther from land aud at still greater depths. Strata of the same kind are not con- tinuous over large areas; but change within short distances from sandstone to shale or limestone ; hence, it is never safe to trust to the character of the rock for the testi- mony to prove its age. We must go to the fossils for the evidence, because it has been ascertained that species did not generally live beyond a geological period, and characterized different Groups of rocka, aud thus become infallible guides to the order of superposition. No two periods are represented by like assemblages of fossil 14 DEFINITIONS AND LAWS OF GEOLOGY. i m 111 'I; forms, and this dissimilarity furnishes the facts upon which the Gr )ups of rocks are distinguished from each other. Comparison of the fossils shows a progression in development along an ascending scale toward the higher and more enduring plants and animals, and the extinction of lower or less highly organized forms. 4^ 21. Sanddone is a rock made of sand derived from a silicious rock. When pure it is used for making glass. Iron usually colors it red or yellowish, and often cements it into good buihling stone. When a little clay is intermixed it is called freestone, and if it contains gravel it is conglomerate, or if loosely cemented in the air and not under water a pudding-stone. When sandstone is subjected to heat and pressure it is metamorphosed and becomes quartzite. Shale is a soft, fine-grained, aluminous rock, in layers. If it is pure it is clay shale; if it contains sand it is sandy shale; if bituminous matter, bituminous shale. When the shale is hardened it becomes slate. Slate rocks among the metamorphic series are called schists. The clay slate used in North Carolina for making slate- pencils is called pyrophyllite. Lim&stone is ordinarily composed of lime and carbonic acid, with impurities of clay, sand, and iron. Hydraulic limestone contains clay and magnesia. Magnesian limestone is called dolomite, after Dolomieu, a mineralogist. Lithographic stone is a very even-grained, compact limestone, usually of buff or drab color. Chalk is a soft limestone, and marble is a hard crystalline limestone. Gypsum, alabaster, calcite, dogtooth spar and satin spar are names given to crystalline limestone. § 22. The general order of superposition of the rocks of North America has been ascertained, and they have been divided into Systems and Groups. Another division has been made, founded on the organisms that occur in the rocks, viz: Eozoic, Palseozoic, Mesozoic and Csenozoic. Some use the word Archaean instead of Eozoic. The Eozoic includes the Laurentian and Taconic Systems. The Palaeozoic includes the Lower Silurian, Upper Silurian, Devonian, Subcarboniferous and Car- boniferous Systems. The Mesozoic includes the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous Systems. The Csenozoic is synonymous with the Tertiary System. These Systems may be very closely parallelized with the strata of Europe and other parts of the world. The words "System*' and "formation" are in use with this nomenclature, as Devonian "System" or Devonian "formation," but more generally they are both omitted as unnecessary appendages to the namei of the divisions. The Taconic is introduced in many places with conglomerate layers resting un- conformably upon the Laurentian ; the Lower Silurian commences with the Potsdam sandstone, the Upper Silurian with the Medina sandstone, the Devonian with the Oriskauy sandstone, the Subcarboniferous with the Waverly sandstone, and the Coal Measures with the Carboniferous Conglomerate. Each of these great divisions commences with drifted materials, and important changes of the fauna. They are each capable of subdivision into Groups, and they are not only convenient in the discussion of the science, but they are, to a certain extent, founded in nature. § 23. For the purpose of more definite classification these larger divisions are subdivided. Each pubdivision is called a "Group," and it generally bears the name of the place where first studied and described ; as, the Potsdam Group, so named be- cause the strata were first studied and described at Potsdam, New York. This method is preferred to any ot5jer, because the geographical name, when combined with the word " Group," is sufilciently technical. It can not be used for any other purpose strata, i crates, geologic acters o simple I not in c To speal of its { characte §2^ paljBozoi cant of i different Scalent, tine, Un break, J noon, D Unfortui ture then use of coi extensive consequei suggested epoch, at cause exp palaeontoL When pn name for it at a p Groups hi Utica in or Hudsoi black s\aU though ca becki, Lepi plainly dis Utica had Cincinnati or both of the Utica §26. been name another lo( priority in defined so a DEFINITIONS AND LAWS OF GEOLOGY. 15 Ds are name ledbe- This bined other purpose ; it can never mislead as to the mineral structure or relative position of the strata, and it indicates the typical locality of the exposure. Sandstones, conglom- erates, limestones, and shales, occur in nearly every Group, and for this reason geological subdivisions can not be established upon the mineral or chemical char- acters of the rocks. The rocks which form these Groups are composed of a few simple minerals, which are repeated over and over again in the different layers, but not in chronological succession, nor in any other way indicative of age or position. To speak of a rock as a limestone, sandstone, shale, slate, or clay, conveys no idea of its geological age or place. It is merely the expression of a mineralogical character. § 24. Prof. Rogers conceived the idea of improving the nomenclature of the palteozoic rocks by dividing them into fifteen parts, and giving them names signifi- cant of their relative ages. This he did by using words suggesting metaphorically different parts of a day, as follows : Primal, Auroral, Matinal, Levant, Surgent, Scalent, Premeridian, Meridian, Post Meridian, Cadent, Vergent, Poiient, Vesper- tine, Umbral, and Serai, meaning respectively the formations of the Dawn, Day- break, Morning, Sunrise, Mounting Day, Climbing Day, Forenoon, Noon, After- noon, Declining Day, Descending Day, Sunset, Evening, Dusk, and Nightfall. Unfortunately for his attempt to substitute another for -the geographical nomencla- ture then quite well established and susceptible of indefinite expansion, without the use of conflicting terms or words that could mislead the student, there were several extensive Groups of rocks full of the remains of animal life, then unexplored, and consequently quite unknown to his system. For obvious reasons the nomenclature suggested by Mr. Rogers has not been adopted. § 2'^. The words series, strata, layer, deposit, zone, bed, horizon, period, age, epoch, at \ era are not technical names, but are used in geological descriptions, be- cause expressive and convenient. Each Group must, in all cases, depend upon the palseontological characters, and can never rest upon the structure of the rocks. When properly defined, it is established, and no one has a right to substitute another name for it, nor to propose a name, simply because of inability to properly distinguish it at a particular locality. For example, the Trenton, Utica, and Hudson River Groups had been long established, when some one, being unable to distinguish the Utica in the vicinity of Cincinnati, and not knowing whether the rocks are Trenton or Hudson River, proposed to call the exposure the " Cincinnati Group." The black slate, which characterizes the Utica in New York, does not exist at Cincianati, though calcareous slates and shales of the same ago do, and they contain Triartlirm beckiy Ijeptobolm lepis, and other characteristic fossils, while the Hudson River is plainly distinguishable above, and the Trenton as readily determined below. If the Utica had thinned out in its extension westward from New York before reaching Cincinnati, there would have iieen no excuse for calling the Trenton or Hudson River, or both of them together, by a new name, nor is there any excuse for so doing when the Utica is easily distinguished. § 26. Another kind of synonymy to be deplored exists where a Group has been named and thoroughly defined, and for some trivial reason, the geologists of another locality use another name for rocks of the same age without regard to priority in nomenclature. For example, the Calciferous Group was established and defined so as to include rocks other than Calciferous sandrock, and ten years after- 16 DEFINITIONS AND LAWS OF GEOLOGY. ward rocks of the same age on the Mississippi were called the " Lower Magnesian Limestone," and geologists of that locality persist in the use of the latter name, be- cause they say the word Calciferous is not admissible from the lithological character of the rock. It is to be regretted that the name Calciferous has come down to this generation as the name of a Group of rocks, but it is as well established as the name of any other Group, and like the word Tertiary, which has no application to the rocks to which it is applied, is fastened upon the science, and so interlocked with it that it can not be eradicated even were it desirable so to do. With how much less reason should we encourage the use of another i/iineralogical name, having more limited application, in its stead I § 27. The rule is, the law of priority should be rigorously enforced where a Group has been named, and the fossils have been so described and illustrated that it may be identified by a palaeontologist elsewhere than at the typical localit} . Syno- nymy is always the result of ignorance, and much of it has come from those whose work has been absolutely worthless. § 28. Experience has shown the impracticability of making lesser subdivisions for the purpose of geological nomenclature, than Groups, especially in the present state 01' the science, though it is eminently fit and proper to speak of the marl-beds or sandstone layers in any Group, or of the Olyptocrinm or Orthia beds at any locality. Minute aud careful definition and description of the characters of each and every part of a Group is one thing, and the suggestion of a geological subdivision, founded upon a marked peculiarity at one locality, which cm not be distinguished at another, is quite a different thing. It must not be supposed none of the Groups will be sub- divided, but proposing a name is not establishing a Group. The Cjal Measures ought to be divided into Groups because of the great thickness of the fossiliterous rocks, and a temporary division in some localities is indicated by the use of the words Upper, Middle, and Lower Coal Measures, but great palseontological information must be acquired before any practicable subdivision can be made. § 29. The stratigraphical division of ihe rocks of North America into Groups bearing geographical names, with an approximate thickness in ascending order, is as follows : Laurentian System, not divided into Groups, . i . f Lower Taconic, not divided into Groups, 40,000 feet. rt -g -j Georgia Group, including St. John Group, H (.Swanton Group,, q 3 ^ 5 CO Potsdam Group, Calciferous Group, Quebec Group (very doubtful), 6,000 feet? Ghazy Group Black River Group, Trenton Group, Utica Slate Group, Hudson River Group, Medina Group, Clinton Group, Niagara Group, Guelph Group, \ Onondaga Group, J • • • . Lower Helderberg Group, 25,000 (1 10,000 « 10,000 « 4,000 K 2,000 (( 1,000 i( 160 l( 1,100 l< 600 II 1,200 II 2,500 l( 500 II 800 II 1,200 II 2,000 II i e V Q Is a — CO I «» Q e li a*" CO « ••1 « 14 « II « Brought forward, 102,060 feet OriBkany Qroup 300 " ' Upper Helderberg Group 900 " Hamilton Group, 1,400 Portage Group, 1,400 Chemung Group, 3,000 Catflkill Group, 7,500 Waverly Group, 600 Burlington Group, 500 Keokuk Group, 200 Warsaw Groui) 100 St. Louis Group, 400 .Kaskaskia Group, 720 In Pennsylvania, where tlie Subcarboniferous can not be separated into Groups, there is a thickness of 5,000 feet, and I in Nova Scotia 6,000 feet. \ ( Carboniferous Conglomerate, or Millstone Grit, 6,000 " i \ Coal Measures 10,000 "j (.Permian Group, 1,000"" Triassic not divided into Groups 25.000 Jurassic not divided into Groups 10,000 Dakota Group, 1,000 Fort Benton Group, 900 Niobrara Group, 500 Fort Pierre Group, 1,200 Fox Hills Group, 4,000 .Fort Union or Laramie Group, 7,000 Eocene 15,000 Miocene 3,000 Pliocene, 3,000 " Post-pliocene 1,000 " Total 211,150 feet. r /e Sillery division. Serpentines, diorites, and slates sound like Upper Tacouic, and it may bo undiscovered faults have given rise to an erroneous determination of tiie order, and therefore the so-called LauKon and Sillery may lie l>elow the Levis; or it may bo an erroneous identification of the Lauzon and Sillery ; and yet the true solution may be found in the fact that all three divisions belong to the Upper Taconic, for the trilobites descrii)ed by Billings, from these rocks in Newfoundland, have a primordial or Taconic aspect. The author has never had an opportunity to examine the rocks of the Quebec Group, but an examination of the present state (if the learning respecting it, makes it very doubtful whether or not the name sbould be retained. If the Group lielongs to the Taconic System, as most of it undoubtedly does, possibly the name should be retained. If that part of it in the East from which Calciferous fossils have been obtained, constitutes all of it except that which belongs to the Taconic, then probably the name should be stricken from Lower Silurian nomenclature, and the part containing such fossils should be included in the Calciferous Group, in which event the Chazy Group would include some of tlie rocks referred to the Quebec in the Western mountains, and the rest would belong to the Upper Taconic. § 68. The Quebec Group has been recognized in the Wahsatch Range, in Utah, at Pogonip Mountain, Nevada, and other places in the Western mountain chains, where the Calciferous and Chazy have not been distinguished from it. In the Pog- onip mountain-beds the following species are said to pass from clearly distinguished beds of the Potsdam Group up three or four thousand feet into as certainly de- termined beds of the Quebec Group, viz.: Liriffidepia maera, L. minuta, L. manticula, Acrotreta gemma, Agnostus communis, A. bidem, A. neon, Crepicephahis haguei, and C. unistdcatua. § 69. In this Group we find the first illustration of an important branch of the animal kingdom reaching its highest stage of development, and subsequently de- clining, and finally becoming extinct. The first known Grraptoliteg appear in slates of the Upper Taconic System, and reach the climax of evolution in the Quebec Group, and become extinct in the Upper Silurian era. The development of these forms seems to have been wonderful. About thirty genera have been distinguished in America, and to these have been referred about 170 species. The Group is said to be connected specifically with higher Groups by Madurea ailantica and Asaphus canali^, that occur in the Chazy, and by Leptcena serieea, which is com- mon to all the Groups in some of its varietal forms as high as the Clinton. § 70. This Group is said to graduate up into the Chazy without lithological lines of separation, and without an abrupt break in the chain of fossils. Clear pas- sage-beds occur where the Groups are well developed, and even where therv^ is non- conformability some fossil species are said to be common to the two Groups. The geographical surface distribution is confined to limited areas east of the Appalachian System, and to small exposures among the Western chains; but it must represent a vast period of time, as evidenced by the great development and evolution of its animals, and by the erosion of the Calcifttricu^/'.vherecii'' 4oes not exist. ae CHA/A- Gh'OUP. § 71. Bitumen, or minora! pitch, iH a product reHultin^ from the distillation rf vegetable and animal matter within the earth. It hiiH a pitch-like odor, and burns with a bright flame without any anh, and varies from liquid naphtha to Holid a.u- phaltum. Naphtha iri a nearly colorless fluid, having a pungent smell, that issuo-i from the rocks in Persia. Its 8j)ecific gravity is about 7-10, and by exposure it loses its transparency and o tion of organic matter at ordinary temperatures, and is abundant in the palseozoic rocks from the Chazy to the Permian. A spring at Caledonia, Canada, issuing fi'oin the Trenton Group, evolves 300 cubic inches of carbureted hydrogen gaa per minute. It is saline water. Another discharges somewhat less, and another discharges large quantities of sulphureted hydrogen gas. This is not considered ,suri)rising when it is remembered the Chazy Group in the Ottawa Valley includes a considerable thickness of shales and argillaceous limestones, and the Quebec Group offers successions of limestones and shales, whose slow decomposition from infil- trating waters will furnish such gases. In higher strata, however, the carbureted hydrogen gas escapes in much greater quantities, as at the burning spring near Niagara Falls, and in the region of the oil-wells. Carbureted hydrogen gas is the well-known " fire-damp " of the coal-mines. It collects in ill-ventilated galleries of collieries, and when sufficiently mixed with the atmosphere, if it comes in contact iwitli an unprotected flame, it explodes with great violence. It exudes from all rocks charged with petroleum or naphtha, and was known and used for fuel before the Christian era on the Caspian Sea, where it is evidently inexhaustible. Petroleum [occurs in the cavities of fossils, Orthoceras sometimes holding serveral ounces of it, lat Pakenham and Lancaster, Canada. While both carbureted hydrogen and [petroleum occur in the rocks of the Quebec and all succeeding Groups, yet none [has been found of commercial value as low as the Trenton. The reasons are, ■absence of porous strata and cavities for its collection, and because the animal lauil vegetable matter was not collected in sufiicient quantity at any single locality. lit has been asserted the gas in Western Ohio and Northern Indiana is from thia iGroup, but the author thinks all the evidence is against such conclusion. 44 UTICA SLAIE GROUP. CHAPTER X. UTICA SLATE QROTJP. clmmcterisl from this ( e VI live larg giis has bee shales of th distilled the sliak'S of Cc \ § 87. This Group was named the Utica Slate from Utica, New York, and quite fully defined as a geological subdivision in 1842 by both Vanuxem and Emmons in their respective reports. It is in typical localities a dark-colored slate or shaly mass, highly charged with carbon, and agreeing in its composition witli the dark layers that separate the limestone strata in the Trenton Group. The surface exposure forms a belt resting upon the Trenton, extending from New Jersey across New York into Vermont, passing under Lake Champlain and entering Canadii. The greatest thickness in New York is about 600 feet, and in Vermont about 100 feet. It exposes considerable surface in Canada, never exceeding 500 feet in thickness, and extends from Lake Huron, where it thins out, to the eastern shores of the continent, appearing on the Saguenay, in Newfoundland, and the Island of | Anticosti. It is very fossiliferous, and everywhere characterized by the present'e of Triarthnis becki ; and in the vicinity of Ottawa Triarthus spinoaiis is abundant, and ^ the Scotch fossil, Siphonotreta scotica, occurs. It is often interstratified with thin bands of limestone. § 88. It is exposed in numerous places in the Appalachian System, and at- tains a thickness in Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania, of more than 1,000 feet. It thins out westerly, and loses its character as a black slate before reaching the Ohio River, where it is composed of blue calcareous shales and marls with inter- stratified thin limestones, apparently forming beds of passage from the Trenton to the Hudson River without any want of conformability. The change in its litho- logical characters would have prevented forever its identification in the banks of tlie Ohio, had it not been for the tell-tale fossils. The abundance of Triarthrua becE and Leptobolus lepia and associate fossils settled the question of its identity. It is unknown farther west, but exists in the Arctic regions as a more or less calcareous slate. The fossils of the greatest geographical distribution, and by which it niay| generally be recognized, are Triarthrua becki, Leptabolua lepia, Aaaphua canadensii,Wii appears in Lingula projne, and Oraptolithua quadrimucronatua. The rocks are composed in part^ "*'"') extendiu of mechanical sediment, derived from sources east of the Appalachian System, and not almost wholly of shells and the harder parts of animals, as the Trenton is below and the Hudson River above. It thins westerly, and as the mechanical sediment disappears the marine deposits form continuous passage beds from the Trenton to the Hudson River. The strongest reason for its retention as a geological subHabout 2,000 i division is found in the fauna with which it abounds; for at many localities, £• ^,9 § 91. Th Cincinnati, Ohio, and Jeflferson County, New York, it can only be separated froniMupon the olde the Hudson River Group by an arbitrary line; and at other localities, e.g., Deer-Mto find it alm^ field, New York, and in Kentucky, the Trenton Group is so blended with it tliatHit Is the equi the line of demarcation is wholly obscured. The Galena limestone of NortheriiHEngland and Illinois, Eastern Iowa, and South-western Wisconsin occupies substantially tlieBTrenton and j same geological position, though its affinities are more closely allied with the Treii-Hable depth, n ton, while the relations of this Group are nearer the Hudson River ; beside, noiieBthe sandstone of the characteristic fossils of this Group are found in the Galena, and none of tkland derived ft J5 89. 1 River in N( 1842. At 1 thick-bedded regular orde mentions, as Cone," whicl thickness in ^90. T Appalachian of 1,200 feet surface rock Ohio, to nes western part limestone, an^ Blue limesto consin, and n 240 feet. In the Great La ain ranges bo 1,100 feet, bt Great Lakes : HUDSON RIVER GROUP. 45 clmracteristic fossils of the Galena occur in this Group. A petroleum spring rises from this Group on the Grand Manitoulin Island, and saline springs at Varennes evolve large volumes of carbureted hydrogen gas. At one of these springs the {riis has been collected in a holder, and employed in lighting a house. The black sliiilos of this Group contain variable amounts of conibustible matter, and when (li.-iilled they give, beside inflammable gases, portions of oily matter, which in the uliiik's of Collingwood are equal to four or five per cent. CHAPTER XL HUDSON RIVJSR GROUP*. j^ 89. The Hudson River Group was named from an exposure near Hudson River in New York, and first defined in the geological report by Vanuxem in 1842. At the typical locality it consists of shales, shaly sandstones, slates, and thick-bedded grits, stratified and conformable, alternating many times without any regular order of alternation. It was called the Lorraine Shales by Emmons, who mentions, as occurring at one place in New York, that structure called " Cone within Cone," which is so common in the Devonian and later formations. Its maximum thickness in New York is about 800 feet. 4^ 90. The Group is largely exposed in Pennsylvania and other States in the Appalachian System, as far south as Tennessee, and has a thickness in some places of 1,200 feet. In the latter State it has been called the Nashville Group. It is the surface rock of many counties in Kentucky, extending from above Maysville on the Ohio, to near Louisville. In the south-eastern part of Indiana and the south- western part of Ohio, it consists of alternating layers of blue calcareous clay and limestone, and has a thickness of about 800 feet. It has been called in this section the Blue limestone. It occurs in the northern part of Illinois, southern part of Wis- consin, and north-eastern part of Iowa. Its thickness in these States does not exceed 240 feet. In the south-eastern part of Missouri its thickness is about 250 feet, and it appears in Texas and New Mexico. It has a wide geographical range in Can- ada, extending from the Island of Anticosti and the eastern border west, by way of the Great Lakes, to the Red River of the north, and again appearing in the mount- ain ranges bordering the Pacific. In the vicinity of Toronto its thickness is about 1,100 feet, but it is much thinner in its western extension, and in the region of the Great Lakes rarely exceeds 100 feet. Its greatest thickness in Eastern Canada is [about 2,000 feot. § 91. This Group is persistent anc' of almost universal distribution, except upon the older rocks that were dry land before its deposition. We would expect to find it almost anywhere on the continent by boring through more recent deposits. It is the equivalent, to some extent, of the Caradoc sandstone, or Bala Group, of [England and Wales, and is represented in different European exposures. Like the Trenton and all earlier Groups, it is a marine deposit made in water of consider- able depth, not a littoral or shore-line deposit as the Potsdam Group was, though the sandstone occurring in many of the northern exposures was evidently mechanical and derived from land at no great distance to the north. 46 HUDSON RIVER GROUP. ^ 92. The seaa swarmed with animal life and fucoidal organisms, and the rock.^ are composed almost wholly of their remains. It is literally a graveyard of inver- tebrate life. The Brachiopoda and Bryozoa reached in this age the stage of their greatest varietal development, and possibly the highest state of their existence. J^ 93. As the exposure in Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky is very large and qnit<; characteristic of it in other places, it may be fit and proper to further define it. To go from the Ohio River, at Cincinnati, west 51 miles to Osgood, Indiana, or north to Dayton, or north-east to Xenia, Ohio, one will pass across the upturned edges of this Group, and reach the Niagara, The rocks dip westerly and northerly at the rate of about ten feet in a mile. The hills at Cincinnati expose about 400 feet in thickness, constituting the lower half of the Group; and the upper half, or about 400 feet, occurs between the top of these hills and the bordering' Niagara Group, about 50 miles distant to the north and west. The area of its exposure in Ohio is all of Hamilton, Butler, Warren, Clermont, and Brown Counties, and part of eight counties that border upon these. The exposure in Indiana is about half as great, reaching as far north as Richmond, and border- ing the Ohio nearly half-way from Madison to Jeffersonville. The exposure in Kentucky is greater than in Ohio, for it surrounds the Trenton Group in that State. Throughout the whole area it is composed of alternate layers of calcareous clay and limestone of varying thickness. In some places calcareous clay is 6 or 8 feet thick, without a layer of stone. At other places one layer of stone, 4, 6, 8, or 10 inches in thickness, follows another, with intervening layers of calcareous clay of much less thickness, for 40 or 50 feet. It is rare to find a layer of lime- stone more than a foot in thickness. All the layers are broken into small, irregu- lar pieces of suitable size for cellar and other light stone-work, for which they are i| used. The blue calcareous clay exposed to the action of the weather for a few years loses its color and becomes of a dull gray hue. The sulphuret of iron occurs in the blue rocks, but instead of this we find iron oxide and sulphate of lime in the gray. The silicious matter prevails over the carbonate of lime in the layers of calcareous clay, while the carbonate of lime is much in excess of the silicious matter in the stone, due, in part at least, to the fact that the stones are a mass of more or less comminuted shells, corals, and crinoids. There is nothing in the general character and appearance of the rocks and calcareous clays to indicate the changes which th^ fossils undergo ; that is, the changes are not to be attributed to sur- rounding conditions without the aid of that law of animal evolution which the science of palaeontology teaches us has taken place in all past geologicaV ages. J5 94. Some fossils, as Calymene callicepluda, Asaphus megistiia, A. gigas, Beyrichia chambersi, LepUe)ia sericea, Bellerophon bilobatiis, Zygo8pira modeata, Strophomena alter- nata, and Orthis testudiiiaria, pass from the extreme lower part to the extreme upper part of the Group ; and all of them save Beyricfiia dianibersi are known from lower rocks, and Leptcena sericea occurs in higher ones. Streptorhynchits hallianum has a limited range in the lower part, S. planoconvexum and S. sinuatum a limited range below the middle of the Group, S. niUans and S. sulcatum in the middle of the upper half of the Group, and S. subtenium and S. filiteodum in the upper part. Lichowcri- nu8 crater if ormis, L. dyed, and L. pattersoni are confined to the lower half, and L. tuber- eulatus and L. affinis to the upper part. Aeidaspis crossotus occurs in the lower part, A. anchoralis and A. dncinnatimsis in the middle part, while A. oneaUi occurs in the HUDSON RIVER GROUP. 47 [upper part. RhynchoMlla rapas, R. denlala, StrepUiii^ma cornicuhtm, Favuttella Mel- llttln, Tetradium fibrcUnm, Ci/prieardites haynesi, etc., are confined to the upj)er part. ISiii'li are a few illustrations of the changing fauna at ditferent elevations. To IcoMipletely present the subject would require the enumeration of all the species. ICriiioids, as a rule, are limited i/ertically, and hence each species is sought in ita }|)iulifular range. Species having a wide geographical distribution, and olmracter- |i,jtic of the Group are Aulopora arachnoidea, Stomntopora inflata, Orthitt Occident- \aUi>, O. mbquculrata, 0. retrorsa, Pleriiiea demiaaa, P.insueta, Cyclonema biliv, and \Ghjiitocnnii» decadacti/lus. ^ 95. With this Group the Lower Silurian closes, because at its top we have Ithc greatest break stratigraphically and palajontologically that occurs from the base lif tlic Potsdam to the top of the Lower Helderberg, and because it approaches ^iiparor the line of division established by Murchison, between his Lower and Upper Silurian, than any other line, if, indeed, it is not identical with it. Wherever the Iiidson River has l)een examined on the continent, the superimposed rocks are |iiiiconformable with it, no passage-beds are found, and the palieontological break is linost complete. In the Western States the Niagara Group succeeds it, and rests jiiconformably upon it. In the P^astern States it is succeeded by the Medina and ['Hilton Groups before the Niagara is reached, but tne Medina rests unconformably lipon it. On the Island of Anticosti it has a thickness of 950 feet, and is followed jiy rooks apparently conformable with it, although there is an abrupt palseontolog- Iciil break. Of 121 species known to Prof. Billings from Anticosti, 80 disappear Lt once below the dividing line, and 41 only appear above it, where they are joined 45 species that are not found below. This palajontological break is less than it |.s at any other known place on the continent ; but it is so great as to show that [)rol)al)ly the strata are not strictly conformable. >J 96. There is an important period of time indicated by this want of conform* kbility and palajontological change. Vast ages must have intervened, which are not [eprosented by any known rocks on the continent. More than 400 genera have \ecn described as existing previous to this time, more than three-fourths of vliich had become extinct. Or, in other words, less than one-fourth of the genera liich had come into existence prior to the close of the Lower Silurian Age continued I liave an existence afterward. No evidence of the existence of land-plants has |ver been discovered in Lower Silurian rocks. We are convinced, however, that and liad existed above water for ages ; that it was necessarily refreshed by sun and lin, by warmth and air, and that it may have sustained some kind of land vegeta- |on. If the land vegetation did not possess hard parts capable of preservation, of jurse none will ever be found. Neither has any evidence of the existence of land fresh-water animals ofthis era ever been discovered. 48 UPPER SILURIAN— MEDINA GROUP. CHAPTER XII. UPPER SILURIAN. § 97. All the rocks of the Upper Silurian System are marine ; but laiidj plants, or such as may have existed in marshes, and received support from sunlightl and air, have been found within them. No remains of land or fresh-water aniniulsl or marine vertebrates, have been discovered in North America. There is no radical) difference in the general character of the Lower Silurian and Upper Silurian fossils, because vertebrates had not made their appearance, and the same orders of inverl tebrates were represented in each era; but the separation into two Systems is vtryl convenient, because both are introduced with sandstone Groups, and the Trentuiil in the Lower Silurian, and Niagara in the Upper Silurian, are alike extensive inl geographical distribution, and some analogy may be traced between the upperl Groups in each System, On the whole, the calling of one System Lower Silurian! and the other Upper Silurian, was a happy hit in nomenclature as well as correcl in science. M130INA QROUP. § 98. This Group took its name from Medina, New York. The rocks weni described by Vanuxem in 1842, under the names Oneida Conglomerate, Grajl Sandstone of Oswego, and Medina Sandstone. At the typical localities they arJ conglomerate, and gray and red sandstone. The conglomerate is hard and grittyj and composed of quartz pebbles and sand so firmly cemented as to be used i'urj millstones. The sandstone is argillaceous, thinly laminated, and of red, gray, andl mottled colors. Where it is not fragile, but firmly cemented, it makes a good buildiuJ stone, and has been largely used for paving streets, as it readily breaks into stoneJ of regulation size. The Gioup borders Lake Ontario on the south, and extends \l an east and west line of exposure about three-fourths the length of the State, audj entering Canada at the Niagara River, continues to Lake Huron. In Oneid and Oswego Counties the thickness is from 500 to 600 feet; at the west end c Lake Ontario 614 feet, and at Lake Huron 100 feet. It thins so rapidly that f'ewj if any, traces have been discovered wf;st of this lake, A small surface area in Nei Jersey has a thickness of 900 feet, and a larger one in Pennsylvania has a thickiiea of 2,500 feet. It occurs in patches among the broken ranges of the"Appalacliiai System in Maryland and other States, as far south as Tennessee ; but is unknowij in the Western States. § 99. The conglomerate is 500 feet thick in the Shawangunk Mountains, anl 700 feet in the Kittatinny Valley in Pennsylvania. It graduates into the gray sandf stone, and then into the red sandstone, so they can scarcely be distinguished excepi by color; and the gray sandstone in like manner graduates into the conglomerail by enlarging and increasing the number of its pebbles ; so there is \o reason, stratil graphical or palseontological, for subdividing the Group, as was done in early worl[ on the New York Survey. It always rests unconformably upon the Hudson Eivej Group, and bears the internal evidence of having been derived from land imniedi ately north and east, and of having been deposited in shallow water, subje CLINTON GROUP. 48 |to waves and currents which transported the materials only short distances. The jconglumerate indicates a shore-line and rapid deposition, and is almost uon-fossilifer- |ous, though a few fragments of fucoids and shells, generally too imperfect for ldcfii)ition, have been found in it. The sandstone, too, bears the evidence of having Ibet'ii deposited near the land in shallow water, not only in wave-lines, rill-marks laboiit shells, and ripple-marked slabs, but in mud-cracks produced by sun-drying. jln nil these respects it compares with the Potsdam, which separates the Taconic Ifroin the Lower Silurian. i^ 100. In the more argillaceous part of the sandstone, fossils are sometimes Ifairly well preserved. The characteristic fossils are Artlirophycus harlani, both genus lau'l species being confined to this Group, and having a wide distribution, and XjAwjitleUa euneata, a strongly marked species. Haline springs are common throughout Ithe whole extent of these rocks, and brine is universally found by boring. The Ibriiie is frequently impure from the presence of muriate of lime and iron. Carbu- reted hydrogen gas rises in many places on the Erie Canal east of Lockport, and at (iasport it was collected and used for illuminating purposes a half century ago. CHAPTER XIII. CLINTON QROUF*. § 101. This Group was named from the town of Clinton, in New York, and llefined by Vanuxem in 1842 ; and re-defined by Hall in 1843 in the Geological purvey of that State. The rocks have no uniformity in color or composition. At |the typical locality there is green and black-blue shale; green, gray, and red indstoue, often laminated ; calcareous sandstone and red fossiliferous iron ore beds ; Ht other places, it consists of shaly sandstones and shales of various colors, im|)ure limestones, conglomerates, and oolitic iron ore, with concretions. It occupies a narrow belt of country in New York, commencing near Canajoharie, and stretching fvestward south of Lake Ontario, resting on the Medina Group, with the greatest Ividth in Wayne County, and, entering Canada at Hamilton, extends west to Lake luron, appearing on Drummond, Manitouliu, Cockburn, and other islands, and probably enters the Peninsula of Michigan with a thickness of less than 50 feet, bd rapidly thins out. The maximum thickness in New York is about 400 feet. The two upper bands of limestone included by the New York geologists in the plinton Group, are now generally classed with the Niagara, as they possess no ibssils peculiar to the Clinton, and the shales which separate them thin out in their Extension into Canada. In its easterly extension from New York, outcrops occur ks far as Anticosti Island and Newfoundland. On Anticosti it is described as one [if the divisions of the Anticosti Group, which there includes the rocks from the [ii'lson River to the Niagara, and has a maximum thickness of about 500 feet. [t occurs in the Appalachian chain as far south as Georgia and Tennessee, and in fcrossiug Pennsylvania develops a thickness of more than 2,000 feet. The Group Ihins out before reaching the Western States, and is unknown except upon the ])orders of the Appalachian and Laurentian elevations. It appears to have resulted rom the mechanical deposition of materials derived from land lying north and east 60 NIAGARA GROUP. of it, and lo represent n bonler-lniul and ithallow water dcpuHit, that extended only a short distance from the primitive source of its materials. § 102. In Western New York the dividing line between the Medina and Clinton is sharply defined, and the materials of which each are cimiposed are (piiii' distinct; but in the central part they graduate into each other, the Clinton beiii),' largely composed of sandstone. There is strong resemblance between the marine vegetation which abounds in the two periods. Westerly the Clinton is nidic calcareous and more fossiliferous, antl graduates up into the Niagara in its litlm- logical and fossil characteristics. The Medina, Clinton, and Niagara are clearly defined in some localities; but in others the Medina graduates into the Clinton, and in others the Clinton blends with the Niagara. There is no want of conformability between them where best developed, and the lines of separation show only n changed condition or altered circumstances under which the deposition \va> continued from one Group to the other. Penlumervs nblongiis, Sphufera radiala, Meristella cyliiidrica, and Lingulella lamellata are among the species accredited both to the Clinton and Niagara, and which show the intimate relation between the Groups. The Clinton abounds in fucoids, tracks, and trails, the former being more abundnnt than in any earlier Group. The fossils having the greater distribution and being most characteristic are Ichnophyeua tridactylus, Graptolitlnis elintonensis, Helnpina fragilw, Aihyria naviforviis, Leptoccelia hevmpherica, Triplegia congesta, Oyclmiema eajicellatnm, and (Jornulitea diatatts. The iron ore beds are frequently thick enou;rli to be valuable, and are worked successfully. They are sometin^ " very fossiliferous, and the quantity of iron is decisive proof of the vegeta ■character of the fucoids of that age, and the absence of land-plants among .. ibssils is almost copclHsive against their existence at that period. CHAPTER XIV. NIAQARA GROUP*. § 103. This Group was named from its development at Niagara Falls, where the rock over which the water is precipitated belongs to it. It was defined bvj Vanuxem in 1842, and by Hall in 1843. It is the most persistent in its geographical] distributi(m of any Upper Silurian Group ; indeed, wherever the Upper-Silurian h found it is present, except with the exposed belts of the lower Groups, and iiotl unfrequently it constitutes the whole formation. It generally consists of limestonel and shales, but sometimes becomes arenaceous, argillaceous, or highly ferruginousl In New York it exposes an east and west belt almost the entire length of tliel State, a short distance south of Lake Ontario, with a maximum thickness of 80()l feet. Near Niagara Falls there are 165 feet of limestone (directly at the falls 8oI feet) overlying 80 feet of shale. In its western extension it crosses the Niagara Riverl into Canada, appears at Lake Huron, on Manitoulin and Druramond Islands, ocl cupies the southern part of the northern peninsula of Michigan, spreads over tliel south-eastern part of Wisconsin and the northern part of Illinois. Keeping soutll of the Lower Silurian area in the north-western part of Illinois, it enters Iowa liel low Dubuque, and presents a surface exposure 160 miles in length by 40 or 50 iil NIAGARA GNOUP. 51 lirfadth. In WiHConsin, Illinois, and Iowa it iH principally a nia^^'ncHiun linietitone, .•^ninetinien too porous or friable for huildinj^ purpusvH, hut Muitablu for lime, an at ( liicago and Kacine; at other phu'CH having a good reputation for huildingH, as at Juliet. It HonietimeH occurs more or lesH Haturated with petroleum, as at C'hicago, where it indicates the presence of shales immediately below it, and in some locali- tii'H near its base it contains beds of hematite in small lenticular concretions, as at Iron Ridge, in Dodge County, Wisconsin. The maximum thickness in Illinois is 610 feet, in Wisconsin 800 feet, and in Illinois and lowa.HUO feet. It occurs in south- oiistern Canada, in New Brunswick, Newfoundland, and Anticosti, where its maxi- mum thickness is 800 feet. It occurs in nearly all the States to which the Appa- liicliian System extends. In crossing Pennsylvania, where it consists mostly of sliales, it has a maximum thickness of 1,600 feet. It occupies extensive areas in Tennessee and Alabama; and in the latter State that part of it which was originally a porous magnesian limestone, subsequently became infiltrated with iron in solu- timi, and now constitutes the celebrated fossiliferous iron ore of Alabama. It forma a sub-circular belt of exposures from 5 to 60 miles in width surrounding the great Lower Silurian area in the middle part of Kentucky, South-western Ohio, and South-eastern Indiana, where it consists of hard, blue and gray limestone, yellowish and whitish-yellow magnesian limestone, and shales, variously alternating and combin- ing, with a maximum thickness of about 600 feet. In some places near the base there is iron-stained chert. At Cedarville, near the top, the porous magnesian lime- stone is used for the manufacture of lime, and the harder limestone nt Dayton, St. I'uul, and other places is used for building and other economic purposes. It sur- ruunds the Lower Silurian and Tuconic uplift in the southern part of Missouri, and frequently occurs in the Rocky Mountain ranges. It outcrops far to the north, in the Arctic regions north of British America. Fossils have been described from its exposures on Beechy, Cornwallis, Griffiths, Seal, Napoleon, and Offley Islands, from Capes Hilgard, Hotham, Louis, and other points. It is substantially the e(|uivaleDt of the Wenlock in England, and has its representative in Scandinavia, Russia, Germany, and other European countries. Several species of fossils occur- ring in the upper part of the Group at Waldron, Indiana, are identical with those occurring at the equally celebrated locality on the Island of Gottland, in the Baltic Sea. It is so constantly present where the rocks from the Lower Silurian to the Devonian are exposed, that it is regarded as a universal Group underlying nearly all the more recent rocks on this continent. § 104. It is a deep-sea deposit, as distinguished from all mechanical, littoral, shore-line, and marsh deposits, and, like most other undisturbed marine sediments, is generally limestone. The ocean must have swarmed with invertebrate life dur- ing the entire age, as the rocks are almost wholly constituted of their harder parts. It is so thoroughly characterized by its fossils that a palteontologist has little diffi- I culty in recognizing it wherever it exists. It is in this Group the earliest land- plants occur — Pailophyton and Olyptodendron. The latter was founded upon an im- pression of uncertain value in a magnesian limestone. Psilophyton is supposed to have been a marsh-plant that drifted in the ocean and became imbedded in the mud, which preserved its characters. Psilophyton jniiiceps is the oldest fossil land- plaut in America. Fucoids are scarce; in striking contrast with their abundance I ia the Clinton. Sponges were more numerous than in any preceding age. Coral- 62 NIAGARA GROUP. reefs were formed, which may now be traced for many miles; single masses were several feet in diameter, and the beauty of their structure is not surpassed by any of the corals which bow abound in the ocean. Some of the species, too, were almost world-wide in their distribution, as Halyaites catenulatus, Heliolites pyriformis, and Favosites forbeai. It is famous, too, for its Echiuoderms. The Cystideans commenceil their existence in Taconic times, as evidenced by the plate called EocydUes, and reached the climax of their evolution and development in this Group, and almost suddenly disappeared from the face of the earth, a few small species only being found in the Lower Helderberg and Lower Devonian, where the entire order be- came extinct. Cystideans were marine animals, related to the Criuoidea. Some were sessile ; others possessed a column and roots, by which they attached to other objects ; and others were free, and possessed a flexible column tapering to a point, which could be used for attaching purposes. The head was globular, oval, pyii- form, conical, cylindrical, or of any other shape, but always covered with an exter- nal skeleton composed of polygonal calcareous plates, which are sometimes very richly ornamented. The fracture of the plates presents the same crystalline struc- ture as crinoidal plates do. In some species the number of plates and order of arrangement remained constant throughout the life of the animal, the size of tlie animal increasing by the growth of the original plates, which enlarged thr^ ughout, instead of by addition to the edgts. In other species the plates are not limited iu number, and have no order of arrangement; they increase in size, or new plates are introduced, so as to destroy uniformity in different specimens in the same species. In other species the dorsal side has a definite number of plates and regu- lar order of arrangement without any increase, while the ventral side has no order of arrangement of the plates, and they increase in number to cover the increased growth of the animal. There are usually two principal apertures, and often maiiv smaller ones through which the most important functions of the animal economy were exercised. One of thf^se is called the mouth, and is found on the side nearl the base or near the apex. It is a curious fact that so important an organ as tlie mouth occurs almost anywhere on the body of a Cystidean, but, of course, always occupying the same position in each species. Another aperture, called the ani' bulacral orifice, occurs near the center of the upper part of the body, and betweeal the bases of the arms, when the specids possessed such organs. The other aperture; are called calycine pores and pectinated rhombs. The calycine pores served in some manner to introduce water into the interior of the animal, but they bear little resemblance to each other in different species, and one can form no adequate ides of the system of circulation. Pectinated rhombs differ in number and position ii different species, and sometimes do not occur at all. Their function, too, is an abs( lute mystery, except they furnished another medium of comm.unication from tk exterior to the interior of the body. The Blastoidea commenced existence in tlii Group by the appearance of Stephanocrimis, and became extinct in Carbon if oroi times. The order Myelodactyloidea, another Echinoderm of ve/y uncertain afliiiityj seems to have been confined to this age. The development of the Criuoidaa w wonderful, no less than 15 genera making their first appearr.nce, eight of which ai unknov/n in later rocks. The Graptolitidse here became extinct. § 105. HohcystUes occurs in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, New York, and otli( States. Twenty-five species have been defined, and none are known from higlii or lower ro( h/ptocrinuii for the sam 0. hybrida, distribution, M06. In some par exudes from those rocks spring " on 1 rose from be its way in cc plication of which seldon and only obt Iipight of sev the shale, wl through 85 f< limestone at ' sian boring fsj from surface niercial impoi wiiich have p sea. There n substances in 4^ 107, Ti fined byLogai and having a larly distingu fossils closely It may have b north-western in Canada, but i-'ga Group, a few fossils four tlie Guelph. Igrwidia are fo dmtali^, Murchi \wides, and Dim u GUELPH GROUP. 53 or lower rocks, and it may therefore be considered a characteristic genus. Ewa- hiptocrinm has a wider geographical distribution, aud is more abundant, and f(ir the same reason may be called characteristic, (hthis elegauUda, 0. flabellnm, 0. hijbrida, Calijmen^ blumenbachi, and llkenua barriemh have almost world-wide distribution, and are characteristic of rocks of this age. ^ 106. The dolomites of this Group in Canada are more or less bituminous. In some parts of Western New York they contain so much solid bitumen that it exudes from the rocks when heated. The escape of carbureted hydrogen from these rocks is of common occurrence. Lyell described in 1841 a " burning jipring " on the river just above Niagara Falls, where the light hydro-carbon gas nise from beneath the water out of the limestone rock. The invisible gas makes its way in countless bubbles through the clear, transparent Avater, and on the ap- pliciition of a lighted candle it plays about with a lambent, flickering flame, which seldom touches the water, the gas being at first too pure to be inflammable, and only obtaining sufficient oxygen after mingling with the atmosphere at the licight of several inches above the surface of the river. This gas had its origin in the shale, which forms the lower part of the Falls, and has found its way up through 85 feet or more of quite compact limestone. Petroleum occurs in Niagara limestone at Chicago, which had its origin in some shaly strata beneath, but arte- sian boring failed to discover it in commercial quantities. Where gas or oil escapes from surface limestone there is little prospect of finding accumulations of com- mercial importance by artesian joring, because so much has escaped in the ages wliich have passed away since the elevation of the limestone above the water of the sea. There must be an impervious covering of clay or stone to retain such volatile substances in valuaole quantities. CHAPTER XV. QUELPH QROUF'. i^ 107, This Group was named from the town of Guelph in Canada, and de- I fined by Logan in 1863. It appears as a lenticular mass, resting upon the Niagara, and having a maximuiy thickness of 160 feet. It is a limestone dolomite, particu- larly distinguished for having no fossil Echiuoderms, while it is rich in other fossils closely allied to those in the Niagara, some of the species being identical, lit may have been a brackish water-deposit in an arm of the sea. It occurs in the I north-western part of Ohio with all the fossils and characteristics pertaining to it in Canada, but is unknown elsewhere. It is doubtless of the same age as the Onon- Idsj^a Group, and probably should not bear a distinct name, as among the very [few fossils found in the latter, Murchisonia boydi and Cyclonema sulcatum occur in Itiie Guelph. Megalomus canadensis, the most common species, and Trhnerdla maixdis are found in the Niagara. The characteristic fossils are Pentamems occi- Identalis, Murchisonia bivittala, M. longispira, Subulites ventricosiis, Pleurotomaiia solar- mides, and Dinobolus gaUensis. 64 ONONDAGA GROUP. CHAPTER XVI. ONONDAQA QROUP. § 108. This Group was iiamed the Ouondaga Salt Group, by the New York Geologists, from Onondaga County, New York, in 1839, and re-defined by Vanuxem in 1842, and by Hall in 1843. The Canadian Geologists very properly dropped the word "salt" from the name. It consists, on Oneida Creek and Cayuga Lake, in the lower part, of clayey deposits and red shale, showing green spots, followed by gypseous shales and impure limestones, which at the commencement alternate with the red shale, and this is followed by the gypseous deposit, which embraces the great lenticular masses quarried for plaster, and this by a magnesian rock having groups of needle-form cavities caused by the crystallization of sulphate of magnesia, and the upper member is the Waterlime. It rests upon the Niagara from the west- ern line of New York, east to the middle part of Herkimer County, where the Niagara thins out ; it then rests upon the Clinton until it disappears, and then upon older rocks until it reaches the Hudson River. It is therefore unconformable with the underlying rocks in middle and Eastern New York. The red shale loses its color west of the Genesee, becomes a bluish green, and gradually thins out, showing the unconformability in Western New York. The passage from the Niagara to the Ouondaga is abrupt, offering no gradation in character of products or in continua- tion of fossil species. The great mass of gypseous deposits consists of yellowish or drab, and brownish colored argillaceous, and calcareous shale and slate, or of hard and compact slate, which weathers as if hacked 1 7 an instrument. The dark color of the gypsum, and brownish color of other rocks, is due to carbonaceous matter. An important member is called the vermicular .iraerock, which is gray or blue, and perforated with holes and cells, once filled with soluble saline material, which subsequently dissolved, leaving the cavities, some of w ich are hopper-shaped, and were produced by common salt, as no other comr-on soluble mineral presents similar ones. The sulphate of magnesia cavities arc lined with carbon, showing the liquid that held the salt in solution, contained bituminous matter, the salt ejecting its particles in the act of assuming form, as occurs in the purification of acetic acid when obtained from the distillation of wood. This Group is celebrated for its salines, and formerly furnished nearly all the salt consumed in New Yort ; for this reason it has been called the Salina and Saliferous Group. Sulphate of Stron- tian and sulphurets of lead and zinc occur in small quantities. Sulphuric acid escapes with the water from the earth in many localities, giving rise to acid springs, and sometimes destroyin*' the water in wells for culinary purposes, as the sulphuric acid becomes strong e^i' igh to coagulate milk. § 109. The Group attains its greatest thickness at about 1,000 feet in Wayne County, and gradually diminishes westerly, so that on Grand River, Canada, it does not exceed 300 feet, which belongs chiefly to the upper portions, from tlie summit to a little below the gypsum-beds. The beds of gypsum are never contin- uous for long distances, but appear as detached j'enticular or dome-like masses ; the strata above them being arched over and often broken, while those below consti- tute an even, undisturbed floor. The Group is continued through Lake Huron to ONONDAGA GROUP. 55 the Straits of Mackinac, where it fonns tiie island and the points of the main land. The thickness on the peninsula of Michigan does not exceed 50 feet. It is luokeii up in a ridge extending west from the west end of Lake Erie near the j^diithern line of Michigan, where it is much thicker, and again at Put-in Bay Island, and at Sandusky and other places in Ottawa County, Ohio, and may 1)0 seen on the western and south-west anticlinals, which pass through Wood County, and as far south aa Delaware and Pike. The thickness in Ohio has not been accurately ascertained, but including the Waterlime, which is not sepa- rable, the thickness is several hundred feet. It has been identified in Missouri, varying from 10 to 75 feet in thickness. It does not occur in Wisconsin or Iowa, and is unknown south of Pennsylvania in the Appalachian system. The composition of the rocks indicates shallow water ; but as there is no conglomerate, it does not appear as a shore deposit. ^ 110. It is not very fossiliferous at any locality, and generally fossils are extremely rare. In addition to the two species mentioned as common to the lower ^art of it and the Guelph, Orthoceras mhlceve, Emmplmlus sulcaius, and Avicula tri- (fuetra were early described from Wayne County ; but the indistinct forms of Spiri- Jem, Atrypa, and Comtdites remain without specific names. § 111. The Waterlime takes its name from the earthy, drab-colored limestone used for making hydraulic cement, and is regarded by some as a distinct Group, while the Canadian Geologists regard it as the lower member of the Lower Helder- berg. It has its characteristic minerals and foasils ; but, following the New York Geologists, it is here treated as the upper member of the Onondaga. In New York and Pennsylvania its thickness is from 30 to 300 feet, and is well-defined and recog- nized by its mineral nature, its fossils and position. In Eastern New York a brownish limestone, often mottled, containing corals, fragments of crinoids, and small ChUhOceras forms the base of it. All the species of Pterygotus belong to the Waterlime, while Eurypterm remipeg and Pterinea rugom are characteristic of it in New York. The species which has the greatest geographical distribution in the Onondaga, is that peculiar form called Pleurodidyum problematicum. § 112. The whole Group contains more or less carbonaceous matter, and the ifuarries usually smell of petroleum, and the limestone generally gives up the odor when struck with a hammer. This Group is the source of a large part of the gas supplied by the gas-wells of Ohio and Indiana. It is the chief source of the salt manufactured in New York and in Michigan. On the St. Clair River, at Marine ("ity, rock-salt occurs in a mass, extending from 1,633 feet to 1,748 feet below the surface, which is mined by forcing fresh water down into it to take up the salt, and afterward pumping the brine and evaporating it. Thick masses of rock-salt have been formed at various other places in this Group within the salt districts of New York, Michigan, and Ontario. 66 LOWER HELDERKERG GROUP. CHAPTER XVII. f \ LOWER HELDERBERQ QROUF'. 4^ 113. Tins Group was named from the Helderberg Mountains, and defined by Hall in 1859, in the third volume of the Palaeontology of New York. The lower mem- ber is a thin-bedded, often thinly laminated, dark-blue limestone, resting on the Water- lime-beds called Tentaculite limestone. The second member is a thin limestone full of Stromalop'ata of this age occur in two or three small outliers in the great basin near Monu-eal, at the distance of 200 miles from the nearest exposure of the Group in New York. The most important of these is on the Island of St. Helen's, opposite Montreal. The Group, however, is quite largely developed in the Eastern Provinces, where it includes part of the Gaspe limestones. It is exposed on both, sides of the Hudson River, and forms the outlier known as Becrafts Mountain, and appears in Maine and New Hampshire. Its maximum thickness in New York is about 400 feet, and nearly as much in Maine, while at Gaspe it is 2,000 feet. It extends southwardly to Tennessee, having a thickness in Pennsylvania of 1,400 feet, in Virginia 1,000 feet, in New Jersey 150 feet, and in Tennessee 100 feet It has been identified at Cape Frazier in latitude 80°. 45 114. This is an important Group on the eastern part of the continent, but does not occur west of the Appalachian system, which is in striking contrast with the Onondaga, that spreads out westerly from New York instead of southerly. It abounds in limestone strata, and the evidences of marine life, the latter appar- ently succeeding that of the Niagara age, by gradual change and developmert Crinoids, Corals, Bryozoans, Brachiopods, Gasteropods, Lamellibranchs, and Crustaceans were abundant, but we have no evidence that a vertebrate land or fresh-water animal had yet made its appearance on this continent. The evidence of swamp or air vegetation is on the increase, and here we discover the genus Anmdaria, which subsequently became so abundant in the Coal Measures. The characteristic fossils are : Tentcumlites gyracanthtia, Spirifera macropleurh, S. vanuxemi, Ektonia aingularis, E. medialia, Pentamerus galeatus, P. pseudogaleatm, Strepi(yryhv- chvs radiatutn, StrophoneUa punctulifera, Meristella Icevis, Rhyndwnella semiplkatd , R. ventrkosa, Strophodonta variatriata, Avicula navifortnu, A. mantimila, Beyrichia granulata, and B. notata. ^ 115. Petroleum springs occur on the 8t. John's River and on Silver Brook, DEVONIAN SYSTEM. 57 in the Gaspe series, aud in cavities of an aniygdaloidal greenstone at Tar Point, which has hardened in some instances to the consistency of pitch, and from its peculiar odor the name Tar Point was given to the locality. The source of this oil !:> from the fossiliferous rocks or shales beneath, and exudes from an anticlinal. No good well has, however, been discovered by boring in these rocks. 4^ 116. With this Group the Upper Silurian closes, because we have another stratigraphical and palseontological chasm, and have arrived at the top of the System as established by Murchison. The absolute- want of conformability, with the overlying rocks, is everywhere apparent, and an age of time is therefore un- represented in the geological column. CHAPTER XVIII. DEVONIAN SYSTEIVI. 4^ 117. The Devonian was named in 1837, by Murchison, from Devonshire, in England. It has greater thickness, and is capable of more subdivisions based upon its fossils in this country than in any other part of the world. It is subdivided in ascending order as follows : Oriskany Group, Upper Helderberg Group, Hamilton Group, Portage Group, Chemung Group, and Catskill Group. § 118. It commences with a sandstone formation, after which it consists principally of limestone and shales. It is unconformable with the Upper Silurian at all places, except possibly Gaspe, Canada, where the sediment seems to have l)een regularly deposited from one age to the other. Its greatest development is in New York and Pennsylvania, where mechanical detritus accompanies the ma- rine deposits. During this era land-plants became abundant, and fish swarmed within the seas, while the Archipelago, which had exi ■id in the Silurian era, be- gan to assume somewhat the outlines of a continent, though by no means such as we now behold. Corals, Crinoids, Brachiopods, (iasteropods, Cephalopods, Lamel- librauchs, and Crustaceans were abundant, while Cystideans became extinct. It was a long and glorious era, marked by more progress in animal and vegetable organisms than characterized earlier ages. The plants increased in number of genera and species from the Lower to the Upper Devonian, until the flora pre- sented a strong resemblance to that of tlie Subcarbouiferous, especially in the prev- j alence of Gymnosperms and Cryptogams, thougli very few species are identical in jtlie two Systems. It is every wliere unconformable with the Subcarbouiferous. The masses and dykes of intrusive granite in Nova Scotia, which penetrate all the rocks older than the Subcarbouiferous, belong to the close of the Devonian. The carbonaceous shales of this System exceed in thickness those of any other System i)f rocks, and, as a result, they are the chief oil and gas producing rocks on the continent. Very valuable iron ores and manganese ores occur in this System in [(Hfterent States. In Virginia huge masses of manganese are found imbedded in Icxposed sandstone ledges, where the supply seems to be practically inexhaustible. 58 O RISK ANY GROUP. CHAPTER XIX. OieiSKANY OROUP. S 119. This Group was defined as the Oriskany sandstoue by Vanuxem, in 1889, and named from the white sandstone occurring at the Falls of the Oriskany, in Oneida County, N. Y., where it is about 20 feet in thickness. It forms a narrow belt of rough sandstone from the Hudson to Cayuga Lake, charged with ])eculiar fossils, and varying from a few inches to 30 feet in thickness. It stretches south in the Appalachian region through Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, and ha> a thickness in Pennsylvania of 300 feet. It appears in New Jersey with a thick- ness of 130 feet. In Maine there is a large exposure between Parlin Pond ami Aroostook, and it exists at Gaspe and in Nova Scotia. It is known in Canada at but few places, one of the principal exposures being at North Cayuga, and cover- ing only 230 acres. In Southern Illinois it is underlaid with silicious limestone, called the Clear Creek limestone, which constitutes incomplete passage-beds from the Upper Silurian. It is also known in Missouri. S 120. It appears as a belt deposited upon the shores of the islands which thou existed, and to mark their outlines in a greater or less degree. Like other arena- ceous deposits, it indicates the presence of land and shallow water. It abounds in the casts of Brachiopods and Gasteropods in New York, Maryland, and Virginia, and in some places Crinoids occur. The characteristic species are Spirifera arenom. S. uirt'da, S. pyxidata, Rensselaet'ia ovoides, OHim proxhmu^, 0. musculosa, Strophodonln magtmenira, S. magnifica, OyHina rostrata, Eatonia pecnliaris, Leptocceliafiabellites, and Platystpanlit, which is the latest known representative of that order, ex- cept Stroh'Uocydites calviid. ^ 121. The Brachiopods are Devonian in their character rather than Silurian, I and there is graduation to the succeeding rocks through the Cauda galli grit, which is a dark, gritty slate, bearing few fossils. The rocks are not such as to have pre- served land-plants very well ; but they should have preserved fish-teeth if any then existed, but no trace of them has been discovered. UPPER HELDERIiERG GROf'P. 59 CHAPTER XX. UPPER HBLDEKBERO GROUP. § 122. This Group was named from the Helderberg Mountains, where it was divided into the Cauda-galli grit, Schoharie grit, Onondaga limestone, and Coruif- crous limestone. The Corniferous limestone being .the only one which ha.s any great geographical distriljution, the Canadian Geologists in 1863 used "Cornif- erous formation " instead of Upper Helderberg ; but as Corniferous is a niineral- ogical word. Upper Helderberg is to be preferred. The ('auda-galli grit is a dark gritty slate covered with Taomu'u>^ cunfhi-gaUi, and graduates into the Schoharie grit, which is an arenaceous limestone weathering to a brownish color. These occur in the eastern counties of New York, Albany, Greene, and Schoharie, but soon thin out and are not found west as far as the center of the State. The scales and bony plates of fish are first found in the Schoharie grit. The Onondaga is a gray siil)crystalline, coralline limestone. It is followed by the Corniferous limestone, which bears dark-colored, cherty beds, that break with a horny fracture, which suggested the name Corniferous; but the cherty beds occur in various places in tliese two divisions, and there is no real line of separation between them. The cliert, or hornstone, is largely composed of microscopic, silicious forms of plants or protophytes, spicula; of sponges, fragments of the dental appp .itus of Gastero- |)(tds, and other organisms. The aggregate thickness of the '"roup in New York is about 300 feet. S 123. From New York the Group extends in a belt west across the penin- sula of Canada to Mackinac Island, where it is 250 feet thick, and from thence into Michigan where its thickness is 354 feet. It appears at Sandusky and North- western Ohio, at Columbus, and on the Ohio a few miles below the mouth of tiie Scioto, resting upon the Waterlime Group, which has great thickness in this Ktiite. It crosses into Northern Indiana, and striking south-westerly, crosses the Ohio River at Louisville. It appears in Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, and Tennessee, resting on the Oriskany, or the Waterlime, or the Niagara, and everywhere pre- serving the character of the great coral-reef period of the Devonian, but never exceeding a thickness of about 300 feet. In New Jersey, however, the Cauda- galli grit has a thickness of 400 feet, and the Corniferous limestone 500 feet, mak- ing a total thickness of 900 feet. It occurs in the western mountain ranges, and is one of the most persistent and generally distributed Groups. ^5 124. It is a marine limestone, distinguished for the remarkable abundance of corals, and coral reefs, the variety in form, number, and size of species, some specimens being several feet in diameter, and larger than any belonging to any earlier period. It is distinguished also for its fish remains, which consist of teeth, or the outer bony covering, sometimes so abundant as to constitute the major part of layers, 3 or 4 inches, or even more, in thickness. Some were very large and singularly constructed. The Macropetalichthys siillivanti had a head 15 inches in length composed of hard, bony plates, covered with a thick skin dotted with tubercles. Cephalopods are abundant and quite characteristic, and in a few places drifted land-plants have been found, but they are not of general occurrence. The 60 HAMILTON GROUP. most characteristic species among the invertebrates, and those by which the rock^ may be readily identified are Oyathophyllnm rugomim, Favosites goldfusai, Syriiigo'poni macluni, PhUllpmnirm venieuUi, NucleocrinuH vemeuili, Spirifera acumiiuita, S. gregaria, PentamentH knighti, P. aratus, Stnckkindinia eloiigata, Paracyclaa Occident- cUm, Conocardium inibtrigonale, Platycercu dumoeum, Tentaciditeg scalariformin, and DalmaniteK mknurm. In the vicinity of Davenport, Iowa, it furnishes an abundance of durable and massive building material and contains cavernous openings, us if worn out by the action of water, and filled up subsequently with material derived from higher rocks, and especially those of the Hamilton Group. The quarries at Columbus, Ohio, and North Vernon, Indiana, are in this Group. The strata in the vicinity of the Straits of Mackinac have been eroded and excavated so as to produce the Island of Mackinac, and large masses of tho materials have been transported and distributed over Southern Michigan and Ohio. S 125. The limestones of this Group in Canada are usually bituminous, and petroleum frequently fills the cells of corals and other fossils. The corals often prevail in distinct bands, some of which will be saturated with the oil, while others will not. Petroleum springs rise from this Group at Tilsonburg, and other places along an anticlinal which runs through the Western Peninsula. The oil being lighter than water, and permeating the strata, naturally rises to the highest part of the anticlinal between the impervious layers of rock, and escapes to the surface. In other localities the bitumen is solid, and takes the form of asphaltum or mineral pitch, as at Kincardine, where s'aty beds contain from 10 to 15 per cent of bitumen soluble in benzole. No good well, however, has been discovered in Canada by boring in these rocks, though it has been contended the oil at Enniskillen and on the Thames has its source here. Where the oil has been found in this Group, it has had its source in the Waterlime or in the shales below. CHAPTER XXI. ( .i HANIILTON QROUP. § 126. This Group was named from Hamilton, Madison County, New York, and defined by Vanuxem in 1842, though he did not include within it the Marcellus Shale, TuUy Limestone, and Genesee Skte. The divisions made for it in New York are Marcellus Shale, Ludlowville Shale, Encrinal Limestone, Moscow Shale, Tully Limestone, and Genesee Slate. The rocks are not susceptible of this division, except locally, and they all belong to a single Group. Tlie Marcellus Shaie was named from Marcellus, where it is an argillaceous slaty rock, bearing much carbonaceous matter, and sometimes small pieces of coal, and has a thickne.«s of about 200 feet. It contains layers of impure limestone, and abounds in fossil-s. In many places it contains so much bitumen as to give out flame when thrown into the fire, which led the early settlers to explore it throughout its whole extent for coal, only, of course, to sufller disappointment. It is not separable from the Ludlowville Shale by any well-defined characters. The Ludlowville Shales were named from the town of that name, and separated from the Moscow Shale by u layer of limestone 3 or 4 feet thick, called the Encrinal limestone; but such HAMILTON a/iOUP. 61 division is scarcely worthy of recoguition. The three have a thicitneHs varying iVom 300 to 900 feet, extend from Lake Erie to the Hudson, and ahound in forisils. The Tully limestone was named from TuUy, where it is burnt for lime, and liiis a thickness of 14 to 20 feet. The Geuesee slate, named from the o])eiiing of the gorge of the Genesee River at Mount Morris, where it is a black, argillaceous tis.sile mass, attains a thickness of 150 feet and closes the era of the Hamilton Group in New York. 45 127. The Group extends from the Hudson to Lake Erie, occupying a belt of variable width in the central part of the Htate, and attaining a maximum tliickness in the eastern part of 1,200 to 1,400 feet, and diminishing to about 300 ft'»!t in the western part. The valleys of Seneca and Cayuga Lakes are excavated for more than half their length in these rocks, and the banks and ravines atlord the best facilities for examination. It is an olive shale, with slates and sand- stones in the eastern, and calcareous shale and limestone in the western part of the State. The bedded rocks are remarkable for the abundance of ripple-marks, and wave-lines, and the shales abound in carbonaceous material, due to vegetation. Fucoids and marine plants are common, and coniferous trees and ferns grew to a good size, and drifted into the ocean, where they were imbedded and preserved, so as to show much of their form and structure. The New York subdivisions are lost iu the extension across the peninsula of Canada from Lake Erie to Lake Huron, und the Group becomes a limestone in Michigan. It occurs at only one place in Wisconsin, which consists of a strip about 10 miles long and 5 or H wide, near Milwaukee, where it is an impure limestone, quite fossiliferous, and largely mined for tiio manufacture of hydraulic cement. It occurs iu Ohio, resting on the Upper Helderberg as far south as Columbus, and the upper part of the limestone at the Fails of the Ohio, is referred to it. It occurs at Davenport and New Buffalo, in Iowa, and also in Illinois and Missouri. It appears among the western mountains, on the Mackenzie River, in Alaska, and iu the Arctic regions. It has greater thickness in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Virginia, and other States in the Appa- lachian chain, than it has in the West, and contains much more mechanical sedi- ment. In the East it is a mud rock supplied with drift materials and marine remains, while more westerly it is exclusively a marine calcareous rock. § 128. It is of H into Kentucky, and is Hoon broken up in the spurH of the mountain nmges. It cros«C8 Lake P^rie, and occupies a small part of the Canadian pcnin- sida, and enters the southern peninsula of Michigan, where Winchell called it llie Huron Group. Frt)m Michigan it (Tosses the north-western corner of Ohio, iind enters Indiana, forming a belt across that State by wx.y of Indianapolis, and, ri'uching the Ohio Hiver at New Albany, crosses into Kentucky, and extends far toward Tennessee. It was called the Black Shales in the Geological Survey of Ohio for 18.S8, and in that of Indiana for 18.'{!), and in later surveys of Kentucky, Indiana, and Tennessee. The thickness in Ohio is from 200 to 1,000 feet or more, in Indiana from 100 to 200, and in Tennessee from 10 to ITjO feet. It has never l)oen recognized west of these States, and is therefore classed as a Group belonging In the Appalachian mountain system. S 131. Fucoids, wave-lines, and ripple-marks are numerous, and occur throughout its distribution. The paucity of fossils in this Group, when compared with those above and below it, is one of its striking chanu'ters. Whole days may he spent in some parts of it without finding a shell, though fucoids are in the ijreatest abundance. Land-plants occur in profusion in New Brunswick, some of which are of gigantic si/e. Gnnvitites compbuuitUH, Paneiihi "iwcwmi, and Spirifern lifvU occur in New York and in Ohio, and may therefore be considored character- istic. Fish of large size, covered with thick heavy plates, and having jaws and teeth strong enough to crush a body the size of a man, occur in it. Ciadmliix, 11 ciiruivorous fish, became abundant in this period, and flourished until the Per- niiim. It was world-wide in its distribution, and its vertical range exceeds that (if any other genus of iishes. The (iroup seems to have been deposited in internal seas or arms of the ocean, and is the last Group of the Devonian System, having a large geographical distribution, for the Chemung and Cutskill are comparatively local in their extension. In Ohio there are large concretionary balls of impure limestone, some of them several feet in diameter, and it was in one of these the monster D'miehthi/x was discovered. J^ 132. The Group is distinguished as the great seat of petroleum, and is sup- posed to be the source from which the chief supply in this country is derived. In New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio the wells are bored through the overlying rucks until the Portage is reached, or the saturated sands that overlie it furnish the supply. Ten per cent of the shales is bituniiuous and carbonaceous matter. The sliiile yields oil by distillation, and gas and oil springs abound in its sandstones, and in those which overlie it. The great oil-sands in the oil regions of Pennsyl- vania belong t(» the Chemung, and have doubtless been fed as well from the shales of this Group as from th().se of tiie ('hemung, which furnish the same products. The gas at Fredonia, New York, in this Group, was used for lighting houses in 1820. Lyell described it in his travels in 1841, and it has been in constant use, with little variation in the supply, ever since. CHEMUNG GROUP. CHAPTER XXIII. I'- ll' CHtCMUNQ QKOUP. S 13.'{. Tfii« (iroup was named from the expoHure at the Chemung Upper Narrows, at Chemung;, New York, and defined by Vanuxem and Hall in 1842 and 184H. The Hhule and sandstone at Ithaca, having a thiekncsH at Hector'^ FallH of 400 feet, was called the Ithaca Group, but it is only part '»f the Chemung. The Chemung consists of a highly fossiliferous series of shales and thin-bedded sandstone)^ and impure limestones, and an infinite variety formed from admixture of these. Except in a few localities there is no marked line between it and the Portage below. The two are distinguished by their fossils. The .shales vary in ccdor from a deep black to olivo-green, with every grade of intermixture ; the sandstones are gray, olive, or green, anrily det'irmined at many other places, though it probably occurs in many other regions of the Appalachian system. The rocks which have been calletl Chemung in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Miss-.n-i, Iowa, and Michigan belong to the Waverly, except the thin, tapering belt in North-eastern Ohio, already mentioned. J^ 134. The alternations and interhiiuinationa of shii'js and sandstones show deposition under similar circumsta v.. to those under wliicli the Portage was di'- posited. J lie source of *he iiii'.Leriul;^ was to the east or south-east of New York, as evidenced by the thinning of ihe <'epc?i*.s and diminution of gundy stratii toward the west. The land-plants occur in Eastern New York, and disap])car westerly, proving the land existed in that directiil iiiid ^iiH protlucts are the nnnie in the Chemung an in the Portajro. The gaH aixl tlit> oil had the same orij,rin. They are hoth hyenrhoiiM. They were holh de- rived from vegetalde and animal orjj;aniHmH. Wherever Hhalex arc found eon- taininp cnrbonaoeoiiH matter, evidence of thewe produet« may he obtained. It is puMsible the j?a« \va» tirnt produced, and from it the petroleum Iuih been «lerived, iiiiikinp the latter a secondary prcMluct; but the evidence Hcemw to prove they were l)(>th formed at the same period of time, and durinjr the dccompoKition of the ()r;.mni»ms, and before the mud had indurated or hardened into rock. And the evidence also .seems to prove they were derived almost wholly i'rom marine plants, I'cir the shales bearing the greater number of fucoids are those t«) which we ascribe tlif greater supplies of hydrocarbons. The sandstones which overlie these shales art' porous and capable of holding from oncHMghth to one-tenth their bulk of pe- troleum, which is sufficient to account for the fl(»wing wells of Pennsylvania which nre bored until they penetrate the sandstone. Many of the wells jienetrate only till' (yhemung sandstone, though the oil is derived from the shales of the I'ortnge us well as from the Chemung. The supposed (connection of i)etroleum and gas with anticlinal axes, or synclinal ones, has not been verified by observation, nor supported with reason, neither are they dependent upon faults or crevices, and much less has the depth of the well any connection with the level of the sea. Weils are as valuable when bored below the sea level as they are when the proper rock is struck above that horizon. CHAPTER XXIV. CATSKILL GROUP". § 136. This Group was named by Emmons from the Catskill Mountains, and quite fully defined by Vanuxem in 1842. It consists of sandstones, shales, slates, conglomerates, and impure limestones. The prevailing color of the arenaceous portion is brick-red, though all of it is more or less colored with iron, and the shales are gray, olive-red, or green. It exists only in a few counties in South- eastern New York, in the Catskill Mountains, where it has a thickness of 3,000 feet, and dips rapidly toward Pennsylvania, where it reaches a thickness of 7,500 feet, and soon disappears. It does not extend west of the [Genesee Valley in New York, and is wholly unknown on any part of the continent west of that State. It is conformable with the Chemung, and is distinguished only by the change in lithology, and by the fossils. No Corals, Crinoids, Brachiopods, or Trilobites have I been described from it, and only a few Laraellibranchs. The land-plants are gen- erally very poorly preserved. The fish remains are relied upon to really prove I the rocks belong to the Devonian rather than to the Subcarboniferous age, and though these are rare and poorly preserved, they show it is the equivalent of the Old Red Sandstone of England, and therefore Devonian. In some places the sand is ce'^iented and forms a grindstone grit, and there are hard concretionary masses, land strata unequally hardened, that weather into picturesque rocks. The Group is 66 SUBCARBONIFEKOUS S^'STEM. almost wholly a mechanical deposit of very limited distribution and enormous thick- ness. There are -ipple-marks and other evidences of shallow water in different strata. The fossiirf characteristic of it are Aneitnites ohhmis, Amnvjenia cdxtskiUensis, HohpUjchiw^ anienroniix, H. faylori, and Diptei'iix t^hevwoodi. ^ 137. The tolal maximum thickness of the several Groups belonging to the Devonian as givei'. above is 14,500 feet, though no single section would furnish such a depth. Ihe greatest thickness is in Pennsylvania, and next in New York. The thickness at Gaspe, Canada, is 7,036 feet, and the divisions into Groups are not well defined. In the Western States several Groups are missing, and the thick- ness of the rest is only a few hundred feet. All the strata are marine ; no laud or fresh-water shells have been found within them, and the land-plants are fairly supposed to have drifted to the places where they occur. The Devonian is every- where unconformable with the superimposed Subcarboniferous, which always begins with a conglomerate or sandstone. The great reef-forming Corals so conspicuous in the Upper Helderberg and Hamilton, did not survive the era. Cystideans became ex- tinct. The family Spiriferidce, which commenced in the Upper Silurian, became most prosperous in this age, and lived until the Jurassic. The three most notable steps in the progress of development are found in the growth and abundance of land-plants, the appef ranee of insects, and in the introduction and diversity of fish. The Devonian fish beloug to ^he Selachians or cartilaginous fishes, the Ganoids, or fishes covered with plates or bony scales, and the Placoderms. There is nothing known in connection with plants or animals indicating the tem- perature of the sea, or climate on land, was diflTereut then from what it is now. CHAPTER XXV. STJBCARBONIKEROUS SYSTEIVl. § 138. This System was named and defined by David Dale Owen in 1838, in the Geological Survey of Indiana. He found it to consist of massive sandstones, limestones, and shales, lying between the Devonian and the Coal Measures, to be characterized by Pentremites and .^u.er peculiar fossils, and to be capable of sub- division into Groups. The name Subcarboniferous incicates its position is below the Coal Measures. In the great valley of the Mississippi it is divided, in ascending order, into Waverly, Builington, K^jokuk, Warsaw, St. Louis, and Kaskaskia Groups. These Groups have been fully defined in Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Ar- kansas, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee, andean be determined with more or less satisfaction beneath the Coal Measures in the four larger coal-basins, though not throughout their whole extent. For example, v.iiile the Groups are not dis- tinctly marked in Pennsylvania, they c«,n be readily determined on the oppo- site side of the basin in Kentucky and Tennessee. This is because the rocks con- sist largely of sandstones and shales in the east, which did not preserve well the fossils, while in the west they are prin^'ipally limestones, containing fossils in great profusion and perfection. In Peunsylvanit» the sandstones and shales have a thick- ness of 5,000 feet, which thin westerly and southerly, and gradually give way to limestones and deep marine deposits. SUBC/iRliONIFERO US SYSTEM. 67 i^ 139. In Nova Scotia the lower part is called Lower Coal Measures, and the upper part Lower CarbcMiif'erons Marine Formation, or more generally the whole is called Lower C'arbouiferous, even where its thickness is 6,000 feet. It consists of sandstones, shales, conglomerates, and limestones, with beds of gypsnm. The limestones bear Brachiopods specifically identical with those of corresj)()nding age ill the Illinois basin. In Pennsylvania and in Nova Scotia thin seams of coal occur in the strata, which is not th'^ case farther west. On Cape Breton the thick- ness is 4,600 feet. In the Rocky Mountain region there is a thickness of 4,000 to 7,000 feet o^ more, aiid the several Groups may be determined at different places. The System has been divided in the west into the Lodore Group, Tonto Group, Red Wall Group, Lower Aubrey Group, and Upper Aubrey Group. Prof. Daw- son found no palteontological or stratigraphical reason for regarding the Subcar- boniferous as a System distinct from the Carboniferous, but as it is generally capable of subdivision into Groups, is always unconformable with the Devonian, begins witii a sandstone, and is followed by a conglomerate or sandstone unc(mformable with it, there is good reason for retaining the name, though if the lines were not l)etter defined elsewhere than in Nova Scotia, we might join Prof. Dawson in dis- carding it. i^ 140. There are some fossils in this System almost world-wide in distribution, and belonging alike to all the Groups into which it has been subdivided; viz., Sjiinfera striata, Athyris larmlhm, A. planomkata, Orthis michelini, 0. remipinata, and Prodticttui semireticidattii^. There are some that occur in the rocks of this age in each of the Coal-basins on this continent ; as, Athyiis mibtilita and Productux vora. It is in thii Sytem at Hillsborough, New Brunswick, the bituminous mineral Al- hertite is so t'bundant. The rocks are thin-bedded shales, composed of fine, indurated clay, with much bituminous matter, and are full of fossil fishes in a good state of pres- ervation. The shales have been disturbed and contorted, and contain the vein of asphaltic mineral called Albertite. The theory of its creation is as follows : The argillaceous mud which formed the indurated shales, was charged with finely com- minuted vegetable matter, which in its decomposition furnished the petroleum that at some later age escaped into a vein or fissure in the rocks, and by losing its more volatile parts andjpartial oxidation , it hardened into the coaly or asphaltic substance. No extra heat for such transformation was necessarily required. Springs yielding petroleum flow from these rocks in various places. Peroxide of manganese, used in bleaching and in gas manufacture, occurs in limestone near the base of the System, and wad or black manganese ore is abundant at different places. Alum frequently occurs from the spontaneous weathering of pyritous shales, and is sometimes manufactured from them. Saline springs are not uncommon ; indeed, they are numerous from the commencement of the Upper Silurian rocks to the clo.se of this System, and occur occasi«>nally both above and below such range. The conglomerate on the Stewiacke, Musquodoboit, and St. Mary's llivers, is auriferous. It was formed from auriferous quartz-veins, derived from the Taconic System, and gold occurs in it exactly as in mocl<^rn 'turiferous gravels, being found in the lower part of the con- glomerate]^ and in the hollows and crevices of the underlying unconformable rocks. The rocks of the age of this System in Europe are commoidy known as the Mount- ain Limestope. 68 IV A VERL Y GROUP. CHAPTER XXVI. WAVERLY GROILJF' s 141. Thih Group -was named in 1838, by Mr. C. Briggs, an assistant geolo- gist on the Ohio Survey, from Waverly, Ohio, where it consists of a fine-grained sandstone, about 300 feet in thickness, superimposed upon a black argillaceous slate 200 or 300 feet thick, and is followed by from 40 to 80 feet of conglomerate. He iden- tified the rocks at Portsmouth, Pikelown, and Chillicothe. Mr. J. W. Foster, an- other assistant, followed them through Licking and Fairfield Counties. In 1839 David Dale Owen, after having examined the rocks in Ohio, found them in Indi- ana, Illinois, and Kentucky, and described the freestone knobs displayed back of New Albany as the Waverly Sandstone series, and referred them to the base of his Subcarboniferous System. Owen established this Group as a geological sub- division by a fair definition. Owen, Norwood, Pratten, and other Western geolo- gists recognized the Group from that time forward. In 1841 Hubbard recognized the (iroup in the geological survey of Michigan. Hall and some Eastern geologists erroneously asserted the rocks were of Devonian age. In 1861, Meek and AV^orthen, having ascertained, upon palicontological evidence, the limestones at Rockford, Indiana, at Choteau, Missouri, and at Kinderhook, in Pike County, Illinois, be- long to the base of the Subcarboniferous rocks, proposed to call them the Kinder- hook Group. They understood they were making a synonym, but supposed they were including less in their Group than is included in the Waverly. In the same year Alexander Winchell described the Marshall Group of Michigan, and afterward thoroughly defined it, and proved its identity with the Waverly Group, the Kin- derhook, the Yellow sandstone series of Iowa, and Choteau limestone. Vermicular sandstone and shale, and Lithographic limestone of Missouri. ,45 142. The Group in Ohio forms a belt from 10 to 20 miles in width, com- mencing near the mouth of the Scioto, and bearing north and north-east toward Cleveland, but widening as it approaches Lake Erie, until its width exceeds 40 miles. It rests upon the Portage Group, and has been called in its northern ex- tension the Cuyahoga shale, Berea Grit, Bedford and Cleveland Shales. It crosses the Ohio from the Scioto, and entering Kentucky is soon broken up among the mountain ranges. In Indiana it forms a belt extending from New Albany north, by way of Rockford, and south across the Ohio River, by way of Danville and Knob Lick, Kentucky. The fossiliferous, greenish, mottled limestone at Rockford, so famous for its Goniatites is at the base of the Group. The maximum thickness in Indiana is 500 feet, in Kentucky 200 feet. In Michigan, at Marshall, Hills- dale, and other places, it consists of reddish, yellowish, and greenish sandstones, having a thickness of 160 feet, and the Napoleon sandstone, 123 feet in thickness. It furnishes large quantities of salt and gypsum. The brine is obtained by boring and pumping, and very large salt-works are established on the Lower Saginaw River. Salt has been largely manufactured from brine obtained from the rocks in Ohio. The celebrated Ohio freestone, so much used for building purposes, is from this Group. § 143. In Missouri, the Lithographic limestone has a thickness of 55 feet ; i.s a fine-grained, compact limestone, breaking with a free, conchoidal fracture, and i.s BURLINGTON GROUP. 69 o>pecially characterized by PeulremHe* roemerl. The Vermicular saiuistone has a thickness of 75 feet, and is ramified with irregular perforations reser '^ling worm- burrows. The Choteau limestone has a thickness of 100 feet, and v xs named from C'hoteau Springs, in Cooper County. It has an extensive geographi al distribution. At Burlington, Iowa, the Group has a thickness of 77 feet, and onsists of shales ami sandstones, capped by a four-feet bed of oolitic rock. It thins northerly until it disappears. It has a thickness in Illinois of 200 feet, and at Kiiiderhook it con- sists of grit-stones, sandy and argillaceous shales, with thin beds of fine-grained and oolitic limestone. It has been identified in the Wahsatch Range, in Utah, and at iitlicr places; in the great West. i5 144. . The fauna, on the whole, has assumed a Carboniferous aspect, notice- iililc in the species which pass to higher Groups, and more strongly in the genera of tisli reiruuns. Fossils having a wide distribution and characteristic species are Pro- diirh'lln concent ricft, Prodnctvit coojterevMiH, Spirlfera caHcri, S. extenuuta, S. peni- I'uia^, Sunnfiofhijrix IkiIH, Afhi/ris hannibalenius tuberoxitx, Cyathaerinux nubfuniidux, PaUmnx comprexmx, Amplexus ffofji- lis, Productm vittatiix, Oiihix keokuh, Sfdrifera hcokuk, S. sidjorbicidarix, Platyarm] fismirellum, P. e(jt(ilaterale, and lAthophaga illitiohetm*. % 149. 1 more fully de iiiagnesian, ai iilile with the a member of been describee taiices from 1 Alton, Illinois County, Missc probably be n iiaving great c mum simplex, iiiiii, Productm non, R. mutate mblmvis, Notice Utmaria subglobi WA/^SAW GROUP— ST. LOUIS GROUP. 71 CHAPTER XXIX. W^ARSAW OROUF*. § 149. This Group was named from Warsaw, Illinois, by Hall, in 1856, and niore fully defined in 1858. At the typical locality, near Warsaw, it consists of niajfnesian, arenaceous, and shaly limestones, abounding in Bryozoa. It is conform- iihle with the Keokuk, only a few feet in thickness, and generally considered as ii member of the Keokuk. I have retained it, because so many small fossils have boon described from it, which have been the means of identifying it, at great dis- tances from the typical locality. It occurs below the limestone of the cliffs at Alton, Illinois; at Bloomington and Spergen Hill, Indiana; and in St. Genevieve County, Missouri, where it attains its maximum thickness of 100 feet. It should probably be regarded as a mere member of the Keokuk Group. Some of the fossils having great distribution, and therefore characteristic, are Endothyra baileyi, Dicho- criniut simplex, AUoprosallocrimis coniem, Baiocrinus ieosi^actylus, Pentremites konincka- am, Prod/mtm biseriatus, Spiriferina norwoodana, Athyris hirmta, Rhynchonella groave- noti, R. mutata, Terebratula iurgida, T. formosa, Cypricardinia indianerms, BelleropJion mblcevis, Naticopsis carleyana, Holopea proutana, Cyelonema leavenworthanum, Pleur- hmaria mbghbusa, and Spirorbin annuhtus. I : CHAPTER XXX. ST. LOUIS GROUF*. S 150. This Group was named and described by Dr. Shumard in the Geolog- ical Survey of Missouri, in 1855. In St. Louis County it is celebrated for its splendid quarries, and consists of hard crystalline limestone, sometimes cherty, with ihin layers of argillaceous shales, and has a maximum thickness of 250 feet. It forms bluffs below St. Louis as far as Carondelet, where it dips beneath the Missis- sippi, but soon rises again, and forms bluffs as far as the Meramec, some of which are 175 feet high. It is exposed in the western part of Illinois and eastern part of Missouri and Iowa, thinning out a short distance north of Keokuk. It forms a band of red clay, chert, and limestone bordering the Indiana coal-fields, and I cro. thoroughly disseminated through it. The fluor spar is used for the manufactinc of hydro-fluoric acid, and as a flux for smelting ores, where sulphuret of zinc is associated with galena. Lead occurs associated with diflerent minerals and in many Groups of rocks, but never appears to have had an igneous origin. 8154. K(!ntucky, ] In 1«56 Hal In 186« Pr tii(> name in 1X55; but ( ('liester usee lia.i priority ( ccous, and ct bedded sand* l),v a mass of Ciiester h 1! Tennessee 72 ihrmn a belt si and south-wei der of the Mil limestones an( )5 155. Tl Arntcrimut ulit (jmloni, P. su TalarocrinuH Ci S/i!rifera iitcrei KIMcfahile. KASKASKIA liROVP—CARBONIFEHOUS SYSTEM. 73 CHAPTER XXXI. KASKASKIA QROUP. J5 154. Dr. Geo. G. ani> B. F. Hhumahd were acquainted with this Group, in Kentucky, ludiantt, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas, in 1852, but did not nan^ it. In 1K56 Hall named it, from Kaskaskia, Illinois, and more fully defined it in 1858. In 186() Prof. Worthen called it the Chester Group, because he had proposed tlu; name in 1858, and had so informed Prof. Hall while acting as hia assistant in 1S55; but the latter published the information, and instead of using the name ('liester used Ka^kaskia. Chester is the shortest and bcs); name, but Kaskaskia l.as priority of publication. At the typical locality it consists of a compact, arena- ceous, and coarse-textured limestone, with shaly partings, in the lower part, heavy- Ijcdded sandstone and limestone, with shaly partings, in the central part, followed bv a mass of green shale, succeeded by heavy-bedded limestone. The thickness at ('liester is 198 feet, at Huntsville, Alabama, 635 feet, on the southern line of Tdiinessee 720 feet, at the northern line 400 feet, and in Indiana 300 feet. It forms a belt surrounding the Illinois and Indiana Coal-basin, exists upon the western and south-western border of the Appalachian Coal-basin, and upon the eastern bor- der of the Missouri and Arkansas Coal-basin. It consists everywhere of fossiliferous liniestones and sandstones, and is followed by rocks unconformable with it. 45 155. The fossils having the greatest distribution and most characteristic are Acntcnmuf t^lmnutrdi, Ayamizocrinwi conicus, Hydreiotwcrinm depressus, Pentremites (jtKloai, P. siUcatiis, P. cerv'utm, P. obesits, P. pyrijormm, Pterotocrinns copitoiw, Talarocrinus c^migeritH, Zeaerbma manifornm, Athyru Hublamellosa, A. Kubquadrata, Spirifera increbeHccm, Spinferhm i^pinom, Evamphalus planidorsatm, and TemnocheUm KlxvfahUe. CHAPTER XXXn. CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM. ^5 156. TiilH system is divided into the Carboniferous Conglomerate, Coal MeiiHures, and Permian Group. The Carboniferous Conglomerate rests uncou- forinably upon the Subcarboniferous rocks, and forms a belt around all the coal- basins. It is a massive sandstone or conglomerate, almost nonfossiliferous, except tlie occasional presence of Stigmaria, Ccdamites, and Lepixlndendron. In Indiana the tliickness is about 200 feet, in Illinois about 300 feet, in Kentucky 500 feet, in Ohio 200 feet, in Michigan 100 tt% in Pennsylvania 1,500 feet, in Virginia 1,000 feet, and in Nova Hcotia, where it is called the Millstone grit, 6,000 feet. The pebbles are well rounded, showing the fragments of rock were rolled for a long time on the beaches by the action of the winds and waves, before they were cemented into rock. A similar conglomerate separates the Subcarboniferous and Coal Measures in Europe, where it is called the Millstone Grit. It bears the marks everywhere of a shore-line deposit that surrounded the basins of internal seas. It does not underlie the whole of the Coal Measures — the central parts of the basins are free from it, as is shown by artesian boring. 74 COAL MEASURES. CHAPTER XXXIII. COAL MEASUR15S. J5 157. Tine name " ('oiil RFcasureH" oriffinated among the miners of Enghunl before (ieology became a s(ueiice. It is famli'arly UHcd in the earliest text-booii- on Geology, as a scientific term, which was understood without a definition. It i> applied to part of the Carboniferous System, and not to Cretaceous or Tertiarv Coal regions. The Coal Measures consist of beds of .sandstone, shale, slate, lime- stone, clay, and coal, which are variable in their geographical distribution. The area covered in North America is estimated at about 210,000 square miles, nearly all of which is included in five fields, four of which are in the United .States and orii; in Nova Scotia. Canada and Briti.sh America are destitute of this important deposit, as well as many States in the Union, among which are Maine, New Hampshire. Vermont, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, South Carolina, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. ^ 158. The Coal Measures of Novia Scotia rest upon Subcarboniferous rock,-, and are divided into the Millstone Grit, Middle Coal Formation, and Upper Coal Formation. A section of the Millstone Grit is as follows: 1. Reddish shales ami red and gray sandstones, having a thickness of 2,082 feet, containing no coal, and poor in fossils, except a few drifted trunks of trees. 2. Sandstones, red shales, and a few dark-colored shales, with nine small or rudimentary coal-beds, with a total thickness of .3,240 feet. The uuderclays abound in Sir/illaria, and soma strata are quite fossiliferous, containing plants, crustaceans, and fish. .3. Red and gray .sand- stones, red and chocolate shales, arenaceous conglomerates, and thin beds of con- cretionary limestones, having a thickness of 700 feet, making a total thickness of 6,000 feet. The Middle Coal Formation includes the productive coal-beds, and contains no marine limestones or conglomerates. It con,«iist.s of shales and sand- stones, and has a thickness of 4,000 feet. The Upper Coal Formation consults ul' shales, sandstones, conglomerates, limestone, and coal, and has a thickness of 3,000 feet. On Cape Breton, the last two divisions have a thickness of 10,000 feet, making the maximum thickness of the Measures, 10,000 feet. From Nova Scotia the Measures dip south-west, and reappear in the form of a subtriangular basin in New Brunswick. The area in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick is 18,000 .square miles. The coal is all bituminous. There are 72 seams and numerous dark bands containing more or less carbonaceous material. A coal-bed at Pictou is .37A feet thick, and another 22} feet. A large part of the coal-bnsin is beneath the waters of the Atlantic and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. § 159, The first coal-field in the United States is the Appalachian, which extends over important parts of Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama. Its length is 875 miles, and width from 'iO to 200 miles. The anthracite region is in the north-eastern part of Penn.sylvania, and does not cover 500 square miles. The coal-beds form synclinals, anticlinal:-, or stand highly tilted on their edges, but are never horizontal. All the other pait.s of this great area, estimated at 60,000 square miles, produce only bituminous coal, and the beds may be horizontal or possessed of a slight dip, to which all the strata COAL MEASURES. 75 iiio Hiibjectcd. The aj?gregate thickness of the coal-hedrt in tlie Pottsville district is 120 feet, iii tiie WilkeHi)arre district 0)2 feet, and in the Pittrthurj? district 25^ icet. The thickest vein at VVilkesharre is 2!>A feet, and at Pittsburg 8 feet. Tlie best seam in Ohio is from 6 to 12 feet in tliickness, and is called the Hocking Kiver Coal-bed. J^ 160. The second coal-field in importance covers nearly two-thirds of Illinois, llio western part of Indiana, and the western part of Kentucky, and has an area (it 47,000 square miles. The coal is bituminous, and the aggregate thickness of tlic coal-beds is about 40 feet. Indiana is celebrated for her block coal. There are ten seams of coal in a vortical thickness of 600 feet in Illinois, and six of them arc from 2 and one-half to 6 feet each in thickness. i^ 161. The third coal-field in importance is the larger one, and occupies parts of Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Arkansas, and Texas, aner acuta, I'nnipcch'n reflji iiiH, Mijal'ma xulxpiaiiratn, Hdlerophm varhonanw, Pffiirotomaria lab- iilata, P. Hpturntlata, }farrochUina (jraeilix, M, prhnUjtnia, M. fca/isojwvwM, M. vari- iiiita, NautUnii mmourieimn, PhilUpnia mmouru'nHiK, and P. Kangamonenifi*. CHAPTER XXXIV. F* E R IVl I A N Q W O LI H. § 168. This Group wus described by Murchison in 184r), in liiHsia md the Ural Mountains, and named from Perm, in Kussia. It was first ascertained in this country by Swallow in 1858, in Kansas, wliere it has a thickness of 320 feet. Norwood announced its existence in Illinois, and Shumard described it in the Guada- lu[)e Mountains nf New Mexico, w'.ere it consists of white limestone, bavin;.; a thickness of I.OOU feet. In Kansas it consists of magnesian limestone, marls, shales, conglomerates, and gypsum ; the magnesian character increases southerly to New Mej ico. Fossils are abundant on the Cottonwood, with sun-cracks and ripple marks, and sometimes small piles of fossils and fragments appear, as if washed together. It is conformable with the Coal Measures. In Pennsylvania the Upper Barren Meas- ures, having a thickness of 1,000 feet, are referred to it. It is claimed the reptilian re- miiins in Illinois and Texas have shown its existence in those States. It is always unconformable with the rocks above, in this country and elsewhere. Characteristic species are Peeudomoiwtis hatmi, Myalina permiana, Bakevellia parvn, Monotis ImUi, and Pleurophonts subcuneatits. § 169. This Group closes the Palseozoic series, to which this work is chiefly de- voted. All the Groups exist in New York and Pennsylvania, except the subdi- visions of the Subcarboniferous can not be distinguished, and the doubtful Quebec Group has no existence there. The maximum thickness in the.--c States is about 38,000 feet. Some of the Groups in the Lower Silurian have greater thickness in other States than they have in these two, and the Coal Measures are much thicker in Nova Scotia than they are in Pennsylvania. The whole Paljeoz' !<■ serie.« in the western ranges of mountains has an estimated thickness of about 40,0<>0 feet. 7« Th'/ASSrC SYSTEM. CHAPTER XXXV. TKIASSIC SVSTFiM. )^ 170. TiiK Mo.s()/.(»i(! em Ih divided into tiirce grcind age« — TriiiHwie, Juiu.~.^ic, and CrctnreouM. The iianu' Triaj-MJc was* applied to the rocks in Oemiany, in allii sion to a threefold 'division which they present in that country; hut no sucli division exists in America. Indeed, notwithstanding the vast thickn((ss of th< rocks, they have thus far batHed all attempts to divitle them int(» (ironps, and, on account of the similarity of the rocks with the Jurassic, and the barrenness of fos- sils in the eastern exposures, these Systems have not been satisfactorily defined ami separated. On the eastern part of the continent they till synclinal troughs, an hwlH of coul hihI \w\\* of pood arnll- I ici'oiiM iron ore are (iiHtril>iit(>i(|)>« of ('olHM|uid J^v, fi'on) Moohc Kiver to the niontii of North Kivcr, and on tliu ^.lUtii side of the Hay of Fundy. I'rinco KtlwardV iHhind, whicli .stretches for 125 iiiiieH \\\i)\\)i the nortlicrn couxt of Nova Scotia and New Hrnnswici^, consists of picks of tliis ape. >5 172. The red heds of the Triassic, consisting of «'very texture of sandstone itiiil all varieties of red, are distributed almost throughout th<> Uocky Mountain .■*\-;l(!in fnmi Mexico to the Arctic regions, c(»vering hundreds of thou.sands of s|iiare miles. Fossils have been collected and described from every territory and finm nc iiiy every mountain range throughout this vast extent of country. Over t\t('n.sivt areas of country the Triassic rocks arc more than a ndle in thickness, and hear internal evidence of having been de|)ositeths of the ocean witliout any mechanical .sediment. Not a single species of any organism found in niiks earlier or later than the Triassic have ever been found within it, and very few genera are (!ommon to it and rocks of earlier (tr more recent date. 5^173. In Colorado and lUah the lower part of the Tria.Msic has been called till- Shinarump Group, and the upper part the Vermilion ('liff Group. The rocks of the Shinarump are persistent in their characters for hundreds of nules, and the coloring is .strong and deep. They weather into striking architectural forms and terraced buttes. The rocks of tiie Vermilion Clitf Group are (colored a brilliant mi, ap]>roximating vermilion, or .sometimes inclining to orange, and constitute the great cliH-forming series of the West. The Grouj) consists of massive layers of lioiiiogeneous sandstone, from 100 to .'{00 feet in thickness, with shaly layers inter- vening; the shales disintegrate, and thereby the .sandrock is undermined and breaks iitl' vertically. This process, in time, has i)resented a series of perpendicular walla a. ill sloping taluses. In the West Humboldt Range of Mountains the lower part has lieeii called the Koipato Group. ''!• i .he upper part the Star Peak Group. The maxi- iiKiui thickness in this re-^io.) lias u en estimated at 16,000 feet. The fantastic cohimns in the " Gardei. .f the (»o*i ;" and in Pleasant Park, Colorado, have been weutliered out of the sai d»t,oi>/>s of '/'lis System. 80 JURASSIC SYSTEM. CHAPTER XXXVI. JURASSIC SYSTEM. S 174. The Jurassic System was named from the Jura Mountains, of Switzer- land. No Trujonia, Belemiiite)*, Ammonites, or specially characteristic fossils of tho Jurassic, have been found on the Atlantic side of the continent, notwithstandinLr the upper pait of the rocks described in the last chapter may be Jurassic. The . Jurassic fossils, however, occur in the Rocky Mountain Ranges from Mexico to the Arctic regions. The rocks exist in every State and Territory throughout that vast extent of country, varying in thickness from a few hundred feet to 10,000 feet. They follow the Triassic, and generally rest upon it. Fossils have been de- scribed from California, Arizonfi, New Mexico, Idaho, Colorado, Nevada, Montana' Dakota, British Columbia, Cook's Inlet, Alaska, Point Wilkie on Prince Patrick'^ Land, and the islands north of Grinnell Land. In some parts of its grand gen- graphical distribution it is composed of sandstones and clays, resembling, in appear- ance, the Triassic ; but in others it conrists of limestones, sandstones, shales, and clays, indicating shallow water, and bearing no resemblance to the Triassic^ The limestones are frequently fossiliferous, and show the progress animal life had made in the ocean, and vegetation had made on the land. Of 50 genera of vertebrates described from the Jurassic, none of them are Paheozoic, and only two have been doubtfully identified in the Cretaceous. Ammonitex, Ceratiten, and Belemnitea maritish Ai lock, or is ov American coi fairly presum iis present dii I'lit in the we J? 170. A and the great ton Group, J Dakota Grou with aiternati( ■silicified wood trees, with cas thickness in tl the San Juar Group of Alal contains beds < J^ 177. Th Misisouri, wher with seams of and other fossi § 178. Th consists of mar fish, and has a tion, but rarely {^ 179. Th( it consists of cla sulphuret of jr \ CRETACEOUS SYSTEM. 81 CHAPTER XXXVII. CRETACEOUS SYSTEIvI. S 175. Thk name Cretaceous is from the Latin CVf^a, chalk, and was applied to the rocks in Europe long before its use as a geological tern>. The existence of the Cretaceous on this continent was first ascertained,' in 1827, by Morton and Van- iixem. The Cretaceous is ibund either exposed upon the surface, or covered by the Tertiary, forming a border of variable width on the Atlantic Coast, from New York to Florida. In like nipnner it occurs everywhere south of the 33d parallel, with the exception of limited areas in the mountain regions. It covers nearly all Mississippi, extends into Tennessee and Arkansas, and reaches Southern Illinois. West of the 97th Meridian, from the 33d parallel to the Arctic Ocean, the whole (ninitry is covered with this formation, with the exception of the areas in the mountain rcirions, exposing older rocks and inconsiderable extensions of land, where it has been swept away, and an area of sojiie magnitude north and west of Hudson's Bay. This iii- rliides, of course, the whole extent covered by tlie Tertiary and more recent deposits. It is found east of the 97th Meridian, extending into Iowa, Minnesota, and some parts of Hritish America. Or, approximately stated, the Cretaceous forms tlie surface- rock, or is overlaid with the Tertiary and recent strata over nearly half the No; th American continent, and from the extensive denudation it hsis suffered, we may fairly presume, at the commencement of the deposit, the land surface was not half its present dimension. In the east rnd south the formation is exclusively marine, i,ut in the west the marine is succeded by a brackish-water dej)osit. j^ 176. Meek and Hayden divided the marine Cretaceous of Kansas, Nebraiska, and the great West, in 1861, in ascending order, into the Dakota Group, Fort Ben- ton Group, Niobrara Group, Fort Pierre Group, and Fox Hills Group. The Dakota Group was named from Dakota County, where it consists of sandstones, with alternations of various colored clays, and beds, and seams of impure lignite, silicified wood, and great nambers of leaves of the higher types of dicotyledonous trees, with casts of Pharella dakotetim, Aximea siouxensui, and Cyrena areiiaria. The thickness in that locality is 400 feet, in North-western Colorado 600 feet, and in the 8an Juan region 1,000 feet. It is the supposed equivalent of the Eutaw Group of Alabama and Mississippi, which has a thickness of about 400 feet and contains beds of lignite. J^ 177. The Fort Benton Group was named from Fort Benton on the Upper Missouri, where it consists of dark-gray, laminated clays, sometimes alternating with seams of limestone. It abounds in Inoeeramus, Ammoniten, Scaphites, Nautilv^, and other fossils, and has a thickness of 800 feet. § 178. The Niobrara Group was named from Niobrara, in Nebraska, where it consists of marls and limestones, and abounds in Inoeeramus, Osti-eu, and remains of fish, and has a thickness of 200 feet. It has an extensive geographical distribu- tion, but rarely exceeds 500 feet in thickness. J^ 179. The Fort Pierre Group was named from Fort Pierre, in Dakota, where it consists of clays containing carbonaceous mater, seams of gypsum, and maases of sulphuret of iron, and abounds in the shells of Cephalopoda, Lamellibranchs, 82 CRETACEOUS SYSTEM. remains of fish and saurians, and has a thickness of 700 feet. In Northern Colorado it is 800 feet thick, and in Ahibania and Mississippi it is known as the Rotten limestone, and reaches a thickness of 1,200 feet. J5 180. The Fox Hills Group was named from Fox Hills, in Dakota, where it consists of gray, ferruginous, and yellowish sandstones, and arenaceous clays, abound ing with shells of Cephalopods, Lamellibranchs, Gasteropods, remains of fish and saurians, and has a thickness of 500 feet. East of the Colorado Range its thickne.«s is 1,500 feet, in the valley of Bitter Creek 3,000 feet, and in that of the North Platte 4,000 feet. It is the same as the Ripley Group of North Carolina, Alabprnii, and Mississippi, which has a thickness of about 400 feet. i^ 181. The thickness of the marine Cretaceous in New Jersey is about 70(i feet. It is valued in that State for its fertile marl, and beds of kaolin in its lower part. In Louisiana its thickness is more than 1,000 feet, in the Uintah Mountain region 7,000 feet, and in New Mexico and British America more than a mile at many places. The canon of San Carlos, on the Rio Grande, exposes a clear perpen- dicular height above the river level of 1,500 feet of Cretaceous strata. The Cre- taceous is the Coal-bearing formation at Vancouver's Island and other points on the Pacific Coast. i^ 182. There is in the West, superimposed upon the marine Cretaceous strata, rocks which were deposited in brackish water, and form transition-beds from the strictly marine condition of the Cretaceous to the epoch of numerous fresh-water lakes, which were scattered all over the country west of the Mississippi, and nortli in British America to the Arctic regions. These rocks were named in 1861, by Meek and Hayden, the Fort Union Group. They consist of beds of clay and sand. with numerous seams and local deposits of lignite and beds of coal. The passage from tlie marine to the bracki.sh-water deposits, and from the latter to the fresh- water deposits, is without abrupt change in the sediment, and with complete con- formability. There is no evidence of any important physical or climatic change, beyond the gradual filling up of the basins of the sea and the recession of the :;alt and brackish water, appearance of fresh-water lakes, and their gradual disappear- ance. The Fort Union Group has been called the Judith River Group, the Bitter Creek Group, the Bear River Group, the Laramie Group, and by divers other names. It has a thickness, in Bitter Creek Valley, Wyoming, of 6,000 feet, and in Bear River Valley, in Utah, of 7,000 feet. Its geographical distribution extends for a thousand miles in length, and a maximum width of 500 miles or moro, \ v '.\ a varying: thickness from 100 feet or less, to 7,000 feet or more. It abounds in p.ants beloiit;- ing to Eocene genera, which connect the Cretaceous and Tertiary flora by iusensibk' r1"grees, while the Dinosaurian remains demonstrate its Cretaceous age. 4^ 188. Before the discovery of this Grcp, absolute nonconformability was sup- posed to exist between Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks, and tliis is the case where marine Tertiary follows the marine Cretaceous, wherever known in the world. Hut here, wheio the raarine Cretaceous is as recent as elsewhere, and the continuance of the pericfl is 'dprosented by brackish-water deposits, and then fresh-water deposits in lakes cut off' from the ocean, the rocks are conformable, and the vegetable and animal kingdoms show the slow progress of advancing ages. About one-third of the genera of plants belonging to that period have become extinct, but the livin,!: plants, Corylus americana, C. rostrata, Davallia tenuifolla, and Onocka setisibilis, have TE R TIAK Y S YSTEM. 83 been identified from the Fort Union (Jroup, thus Hjjocifically uniting the ('retaccniiw I ni with the present time. It is possihh;, too much confidence in this iih-iitilitiidon inav lead to error, and hotter specimens may show specific distinctions ; hut it is an iiiiportant fact, they so closely resemble the living forms as to he mistaken for tlioin, and show how closely the living are connected with the ancient dead. Among the Cretaceous genera of invertebrates, about one-third survive ; tlirec j:(iiera of reptiles, Grocodilux, Trionyx, and Emyn survive ; but no genus of birds ur mammals has come down from that age to the present. There is no great break (11 chasm discoverable in vegetable or animal life in passing back to the Cretacc(tus era. No sudden physical change has taken place over wiiich some depctsit may nn'c furnish a connecting bridge. No evidence of any great climatic cihangc is i'liniished, either in the animal or vegetable world, but on every hand we arc en- (' uraged to look at uniformity in the organisms, subject only to a constant, almost imperceptible evolution. Seams of productive coal occur at different places In this (iron p. CHAPTER XXXVIII. feup- jcrr (if bsits [iml (if lave TERTIARY SYSTEM. S 1S4. The organic remains of the Tertiary are so completely blended with the living, that no Quaternary age or period can be distinguished. The words Primary and Secondary have become quite obsolete in Geology, while Tertiary is w) interwoven with the science as to be permanently fastened to the nomenclature, notwithstanding its definition, as the third age, has no application to the period to which it relates. The subdivision of the Tertiary, with reference to the survival of coiichological species into Eocene, Miocene, Pliocene, and Post-pliocene, brings us to the living species as gradually as the species change within any of the subdivisions of geological time, or within any division of the strata into Groups. The Tertiary rocks generally consist of marls, clays, sands, or other friable material, filling de- pressions in the underlying rocks, and, though widely distributed, seldom form haid, continuous strata. This condition of the rocks made it difficult to determine the or(k'r of superposition, until a comparison of the shells had been made with living siH'cies. This comparison led to the naming of the rocks containing about 3 or 4 per cent of living species, the Eocene, which signifies the dawn of the present state of things; those containing 15 to 20 per cent of living species, the Miocene, which im- plies less recent ; and those containing 90 to 95 per cent of living species, the Pliocene, which means more recent; and those having all the imbedded fossil shells identical with living )ecies, though containing extinct mammalian remains, Post- plioeene. Instead of determining the rocks by the per cent of living species, the con- trary course is now adopted, and the age is determined by the extinct species. Certain species are regarded as types of Eocene age, or Miocene, as the case may he, and from the presence of these the rocks are referred to the proper Group. Tills subdivision of the Tertiary, with reference to the survival of conchological species and the division into geographical Groups, have made a double system of nomenclature. 84 TilR TIAR Y S > STEM. % 185. The inariue Eoceue, coiiitnencing in New Jersey with a thickness of 37 feet, and exposing only a narrow surface area, crosses Maryland by way of Fort Washington ; \' irginia, by way of Fredericksburg, Richmond, and Petersburg ; North Carolina, l)y way of Newberu and Wilmington ; South Carolina, by way of Charleston and Shell Bluff, on the Savannah River; Georgia, by way of Milledge ville; Alabama, by way of Claiborne; ani)ny a narrow border at the east of these outcrops on the AtleiUic coast, ar 1 f, Aider border on til'' south i aiijacent coj el I mate and in Californi; evidence, so tin's continei ""», no m« Post-pliocent an iThi^rary deposits in ] 400 feet and tln'ikness rif called the Ni Group and tl 45 189. T by drirc, sand it is confined those of spec thickness is S tliickness may heeii formed, a thickness. Tl Iiavi' a thicknt able with the ' In South Can other mammal At some time ( of his work is t are associated v survived the d: § 190. Du Bay was subme I days occurring I too, are striated i fragments of roc I of Canada sout I was submerged, I are shown at ]\ I above the bay; J part of Canada. jspecies in the G jsurfiice of the ro Jthe St. Lawrenc JNew England St Ithey i'ppear jn n pr fresh-water fai bf the clays with TERTIARY SYSTEM. 86 tht' south adjoining tiie Gulf Coast. Fossil shells of species now living on the adjacent coast, abound at every point, and demonstrate beyond reasonable doubt the climate and the waters on the eastern and southern coast of the United States, and in California, were then the same that now prevail.-. There is no palseontological eviilence, so far known, that the Pliocene climate was different from the present on tliis continent, and as the outlines of the continent were then nearly as they are now, no material difference can be inferred. Tiie Pliocene graduates into the Fost-pliocene, so that separation of the strata frequently becomes impracticable, and an '.^rh'»'l'iers, that w 'lir"<'tioiis, and lieen made by oi S 193. Com ''•'1^ iire from 60 south over all the K^eor-irt, Alabarr P^exico, there is TERTIARY SYSTEM. B7 niont, and the triangular area of 9,000 square miles extending from there to the ()tttiwa Valley, the marine fossiliferous clays and sand occur at all elevations, as liii,'li as 600 feet. They form a coating for New Brunswick, and a continuous belt on tlie coast of Maine 150 feet above the ocean. The marine species in these clays iiii'l sand are such as live at moderate depths, or varying from the littoral zone to 2110 fathoms. The submergence must therefore have been much more than 600 fci't, because the shells and bones must have had some depth of water, as well as the clay, to protect them, in order to produce the fossilization, and they received a covering of drift materials sufficient to protect them from the ocean currents, which then swept over that region, and the disintegrating and denuding agencies wliifh have prevailed during the long train of centuries that have since elapsed. § 192. The fresh-water drift surrounds the great central lakes of the continent, spreads out over a large country in British America, and overspreads part of each of tlie States in the Valley of the Mississippi. This drift consists of clays, gravel, bowlders, and sand, containing no marine organisms, but bearing land vegetation which now flourishes in the same latitude, and fresli-water shells and the bones of ter- restrial animals of the Post-pliocene age. There are beaches surrounding the lakes which show the lakes have occupied much higher levels than they now do, and were stationary for a time at each of these beaches. The terraces and lake deposits of Hand and clay in Wisconsin show that Lake Superior stood 600 feet higher than it does now, at one time, in the Post-pliocene age, at which time it could have overflowed nearly the whole country south of it to the Gulf of Mexico. Tlicse terraces and lake deposits occur at different elevations surrounding Lakes Michigan, Huion, Erie, and Ontario, showing they were elevated as high as Lake Superior during this period. They have been noticed 750 feet higher than Lake Ontario. Here was then one grand central Post-pliocene lake, several times as large as all of them combined are now. Upon the shores of this lake angular rocks were rolled into bowlders and beaten down to gravel and sand, that formed beaches and terraces, which were subsequently swept south by the overflowing lake, and spread over Western Ohio, Western Kentucky, nearly all of Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, and Mississippi, and the eastern part of the States bordering the Mis- sissipi River on the west. Large bowlders are spread over these States south as I far iiM the Ohio River, though they gradually diminish in size in that direction, and soon the gravel disappears, and only the finer materials an spread over Mississippi and reach to the Gulf. Beneath these clays and sands, where the rocks were de- nuded of their subaerial debris, the surface is frequently .scratched and furrowed. iTIiis is especially the case where the higher lands were overflowed. The scratches and furrows appear to have been made by shore-ic^e on the margin of the lake or [lakes when occupying different elevations, and by ice carrying angular rocks and bowlders, that were driven against the shores or shallow places. They bear in all lirections, and frequently cross each other, which proves they could not have [been made by one body, or by any number of bodies moving in the same direction. ;? 193. Commencing in the lower tier of counties in New York, where the jliills iire from 600 to 800 feet above the level of the narrow valleys, and extending Isouth over all the highlands of Pennsylvania, VLrrinia. West Virginia, the Carolinas, lGeori.na, Alabama, Eastern Kentucky, and Tennessee, and soutfa to the Gulf of Me.\ic(), there is an absolutely drif'tless area, and tJae surface rocks are free from 88 TERTIARY SYSTEM. I'l scratches and furrows. It was dry land, and much of it high and mountainou.-, when the marine clays and sands were strewn over the territory adjacent to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the New England States, and dry land during the perio I of the drift of the central part of the continent, and for geological ages antecedent thereto. The precipitous ledges and profound valleys of denudation, the overhanj:- ing rocks and castellated outliers, furnish incontestable evidence of the ordinaiy eroding agencies through a period of time commencing anterior to the Tertiary epoch. There are extensive driftless areas in Eastern and Southern Ohio free from scratchss and furrows on the surface rocks, and from drift, sand, gravel, aiiil bowlders, and they are charatiterized by outliers, monument rocks, sharp ridges, and rugged scenery. The drift materials extend from the lakes to the sources of the rivers that flow into the Ohio, and over more or less of the land intervening betw(!'ii the head-waters ; but below this they occur only in the valleys of the larger rivers. Wherever the valley was large enough to carry ofl" the flow of water from the north, the adjacent land was not overflowed, and the height of the water in the valley is marked by river terraces. In Eastern Ohio, only those rivers having their sources in the central and northern part of the State have river terraces, as the Scioto, Hocking, and Muskingum, while the smaller tributaries, such as Raccoon, Shade, and little Muskingum, have not a vestige of drift, or scratch, or furrow, from their sources to the Ohio. The Ohio Kiver Valley was large enough to carry off the water that flowed across Ohio and Indiana, and hence no drift crossed the valley until it reached the western part of Kentucky. Throughout the drift area of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, it is common in excavations below the drift to And an ancient soil of vegetable mold resting upon stratified rocks in place. Beech, sycamore, hickory, and cedar have been found where they grew prior to the drift; but beneath the ancient soil no striated or furrowed rock has ever been discovered. ^ 194. There is a driftless area in the south-western part of Wisconsin, covering about 13,000 square miles, or nearly one-fciirth of the State, and which extends into Northern Illinois, North-eastern Iowa, and Eastern Minnesota. There is no drift, sand, clay, or gravel, and, as in all cases where these do not occur, there are no scratches or furrows on the surface of the rocks. This area was not overflowed hy the lake, and is a region of narrow, ramifying valleys, narrow, steep-sided, dividiug ridges, whose directions are toward every point of the compass, and whose perfectly coinciding horizontal strata prove conclusively their subaerial erosion. The ravines are all in direct proportion to the relative sizes of the streams in them. North and east of this driftless area, from 25 to 75 miles, there is a scantiness of drift iuiil numerous outliers, attesting the ordinary effects of erosion. The "Stand Rock," in the dells of the Wisconsin, the isolated ridges and peaks in the central part of the State, rising from 100 to 300 feet abruptly from the low grouud around them, and composed of horizontally stratified sandstone, or of sandstones capped with limestone, prove the regular erosion for ages, and are quite inconsistent with any single mechanical eroding power that must have operated upon the whole country alike. In Dakota County, Minnesota, there is an outlier of the St. Peter's sandstone known as '* Loiie Rock," whose summit is 100 feet higher than the surrounding country, aud I from which many other outliers are in view; and yet in the valleys the drift prevail? I and bowlders abound. In Wabasha County, the " Twin Mounds," and in Olmsted County the "Sugar Loaf Mound" and the "I the termination xVf*p, jV/e^, ort»i«fi;iM|)ermitte(] ; as, Sahx, S(iHclne(F,', BerberU, Berberieleai; Tamarix, Taimtmdnees, 2. When the genus from whence the name of the family i<4 derived has a name of inconvenient length, and there is not a tril)ul name in the tidiiily formed from the same generic name, the torminatiou ecB is admitted ; as, Dijh Ummrpeit, from Dipte^rocarpiis. 3. For some very large families universally known uiuler their exceptional names, the ancient designation is preserved ; as, Oruciferce, dompositai, and Qramhmr,. 4. An old generic name no longer preserving that rank, Ixit applied only to a section, or even a species, may be maintained as the base of a tiimily name ; as, Hippoeastaneo', from AeseiUibi hippoemkinuin. Botanical sub-families are formed from the name of one of the genera contained in them, with the termination em or ine(e, and also the names of tribes and sub- tribes which take the termination «k; as, Bo8€(r, from Bom. The names of zoological families are formed by adding the termination idee to the earliest known, or most characteristic genus contained in them; and of sub- families by adding the termination inv) Brachium. r = g: (ykmffffo) Glossa. 9 = d; (Sn/>dq) Dipsas. t = e; (daXioc;) Hyalea, not Hyalsea. c =: z; (Ct'Coyow) Zizyphus, Zizyphinus. V = e; (mtpijvr)) Pirena, not Pirina. tj final = a; (■recpTJvrj) Pirena, not Pirene. .\e = th; (tij.W,-) Tethys ; (eirtt;) Thetis. t = i; (/?aA£«5?) Balia, not Balea. X = c; (iTTitoxpijvrj) Hippocrena, not Hippochrenes X = 1; (yuUi':) Phyllis. A» ^= m; (M^Aa?) Melas. V := n; (nsipijvT^) Pirena. 9 = x; (Sivoi) Xenus, Xenophora. Of w = o; ( =:: pn; (HN^of) PsamtQUs. at =::; »; (kiUva'ii)^) Limneea, not Limnea. aj = au; (yXuux/t^) Olaucus. $1 ss; • e; {rtivut) Exotenobranchia. ti sr i; (X*"'^"^) Chilostoma, not Cbeilostoma. $0 s=z eii; {tZfXI^) Eurus. % "« =:., oe; (A(^, nixiw) Dioeca, not Dioica. ov final utn; (l^inntoy) Epbipptum, not Epbippion. //? ftottl .-IL uh; {^oixipaht^) Euomphalus, not Euompbalos. 00 .-z.. u; (kllUTljfltOv) Luterium, not Lotoriuni. rr = "k; C ayyaiitia) Angaria. rx :=: nch; (&YXw.rT6/m) Anchistoma, not Angistoma. r» :=; nc; (XyxttTTfiov) Ancistrodon, not Agkistiodon. V = rh; Cria) Rhea. « = h; (^tf)nala) Herman, not Ermwa. It foUowH therefore, that Buihcireplm must, according to the laws of etymology, be spelt Bytfudrepfm ; Xenophaitia, instead of Zenophada; Pceocephah, instead of Poio- tephala. In Latinizing modern tvords where the rules of classic usage do not apply, the etymology must lie preserved, even though it includes letters and combinations unknown in Latin; thus, wooduardi, instead of wdvardi; knighti, instead of cnichti; bvllocki, instead of btdlocci; eecheehoUn, instead of essoki; nebrmkensis, instead of nehraicenm. But words of barbarous origin should be rendered as cl&ssical in appearance as is consistent *"il!i the preservation of their original sound; as, toccus, instead of tockvn ; anmre, instead of anmree ; argunda, instead of aryoondat. In Latinizing proper names and converting them into specific ones, they assume a distinctive character, which they did not before possess. The rule is to use the termination us, genitive i, when the name ends with a consonant ; as, Miller, tniUm. But when it ends in a vowel, im, genitive ii; as, Moore, nworii. This rule is often violated, but it would be much better strictly to adhere to it. PRIORITY. It is of the highest importance that we retain the first defined and illustrated names of genera and species. The British Association said : " It being admitted on all hands that words are only the conventional signs of ideas, it is evident that language can only attain its end efifectually by being per- manently established and generally recognized. This consideration ought, it would seem, to have checked those who are continually attempting to subvert the established language of Zoology, by substituting terms of their own coinage. But, forgetting the true value of language, they persist in confounding the name of a species or NO ME NC LA TURE. 93 group with its definition ; and because the former always falls short of the fullness of expression found in the latter, they cancel it without hesitation, and introduce some new term which appears to them more characteristic, but which is utterly unknown to the science, and is therefore devoid of all authority. If those persons were to object to such names of men as Long, Little, Armstrong, Oolightly, etc. , in cases where they fail to apply to the individuals who bear them, or should complain of the names of Qough, Lmerence, or Harvey, that they were devoid of meaning, and should hence propose to change them for more characteristic appellations, they would not act more unphilosophically or inconsiderately than they do in the case before us; for, in truth, it matters not, in the least, by what conventional sound we agree to designate an individual object, provided the sign to be employed be .stamped with such an authority as wiU suffice to make it pass current. Now, in Zoology, no one person can subsequently claim an authority equal to that possessed by the person who is the first to define a new genus or describe a new species; and lience it is that the name originally given, even though it may be inferior in point of elegance or expressiveness to those subsequently proposed, ought as a general principle to be permanently retained. To this consideration we ought to add, the injustice 'of erasing the name originally selected by the person to whose luoors we owe our first knowledge of the object ; and we should reflect how much the per- mission of such a practice opens a door to obscure pretenders for dragging them- selves into notice at the expense of original observers." " The name originally given by the founder of a group, or the describer of a species, should be permanently retained to the exclusion of all subsequent synonyms." " As the number of known species which form the ground-work of zoological science is always increasing, and our knowledge of their structure becomes more complete, fresh generalizations continually occur to the naturalist, and the number of genera and other groups requiring appellations is ever becoming more extensive. It thus becomes necessary to subdivide the contents of old groups, and to make their definitions continually more restricted. In carrying out this process, it is an act of justice to the original author that his generic name should never be lost sight of, and it is no less essential to the welfare of the science, that all which is sound in its nomenclature should remain unaltered amid the additions which are continually being made to it." " A generic name, when once established, should never be canceled in any subsequent, subdivision of the group, but retained in a restricted sense for one of the constituent portions." " When a genus is subdivided into other genera, the original name should be retained for that portion of it which exhibits in the greatest degree its essential char- acters as at first defined. Authors frequently indicate this by selecting some one species as a fixed point of reference, which they term the 'type of the genus.' When they omit doing so, it may still in many cases be correctly inferred that the iird species mentioned on their list, if found accurately to agree with their definition, was regarded by them as the ty^^. A specific name or its synonyms will also often serve to point out the particular species, which by implication must be regarded as tho original type of a genus. In such cases we are justified in restoring the name of the old genus to its typical signification, even when later authors have done otherwise." . ; 94 NOME NC LA TURE. "The generic name should always be retained for that portion of the original genus which was considered typical by the author, " '• Example. — The genus Picumnm was established by Temminck, and included two groups, one with four toee, the other with three, the /ormer of which was regarded by the author as typical. Swainson, however, in raising these groups at a later period to the rank of genera, gave a new name, AstJienurus, to the foriner group, and re- tained Pioumnus for the latlei'. In this case we have no choice but to restore the name Picumnm Tem., to its correct sense, canceling the name Agthenunis Sw., and imposing a new name on the three-toed group wb'^ch Swainson had called Piiiumnus." " When no type is indicated, then the original name is to be kept for that subsequent subdivision whicli first received it." "When the evidence as to the original type of a genus is not perfectly clear and indisputable, then the person who first subdivides the genus may affix the orig- inal name to any portion of it at his discretion, and no later author has a right to transfer that name to any part of the original genus." " When an author infringes the law of priority by giving a new name to a genus, which has already been properly defined and named, the only penally which can bf! attached to this act of negligence or injustice, is to expel the name so in- troduced from the pale of science." " When two authors define and name the same genus, both making it exactly of the same extent, the later name should be canceled in toto, and not retained in a modified sense." . "No special rule is required for the cases in which the later of two generic names is so defined as to be less extensive in signification than the earlier ; for if the later includes the type of the earlier genus, it would be canceled b" the opera- tion of the rule that the generic name should always be retained for that portion of the original genus which was considered typical by the author." "If the later name be so defined as to be equal in extent to two or more previously published genera, it must be canceled, in toto," **L genus compounded of two or more previously proposed genera, whose characters are now deemed insufilicient, should reUin the name of one of them. If these original generic names differ in date, the oldest one should be the one adopted." The committee on zoological nomenclature, appointed by the American Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Science, said : "A change in the diagnostic characters, or a revision which carries with it the exclusion of certain elements of a group, or the inclusion of new elements, does not authorize the change of the name or names of a group." " When a group or genus is divided into two or more groups, the original name must be preserved and given to one of the principal divisions. The division including the typical species of the primitive genus, if any type had been specified, or the oldest, best known, or most characteristic of the species originally included when the primitive genus was first described by its author, is the portion for which the original name is to be preserved. If there is no section specially so dis- tinguished, that which retains the larger number of species should retain the old name, but the latter can not be applied to a restricted group containing none of the NOMENCLA TURE. 95 speciea referred to the primitive group by its author at the time when it was de- scribed, or when he enumerated the species contained in it." The rule that a subsequent author can not revise a genus and substitute as its type a species different from that relied upon by the founder of the genus seems to be well battled in England and America. The instances of strictly adhering to it under circumstances where it would have seemed to accommodate the author to violate it, are numerous. For instance. Professor Hall, mistaking the type of the genus Reltia, proposed and defined the genus Rhyncho^pira ; afterward ascertain- ing that Bhymhosjnra was a synonym for Betzia, he abandoned it and proposed Rhynchotreta for the form which he had originally mistaken for Retzia. Had it not been for this rule he might have abandoned Retzia evtuc as the type of his genus Rhynclwspira, and substituted Rhynchonella cuneata, which became the type of Rhynchotreta. If you can substitute another than the original species as the type of a genus, I can substitute another, and so we destroy aWJucity in the type and desig- nated characters, throw the science into confusion, and seriously impair the value and reliability of generic characters. When an author has specified no type, the first species defined is to be taken as the type, or if the genus is to be divided, no type having yet been selected, a species may be chosen from among those originally specified as belonging to the genus, due regard being paid to the necessity of retaining as many of the original species as possible in the division which is to retain the old name. In dividing a genus of which th'^re are already synonyms, if the synonyms are typified by the same species or gronp of species selected as types of the primitive genus, they should not be again used. When, however, the so-called synonyms are founded on species belonging to different sections of the genus, although the names may have been considered coextensive in their application, and the genus is to be divided accordingly, the so-called synonyms becomf; the proper designations for which other names can not be applied. In case of the consolidation of two or more groups of the same nature, the oldest name must be retained for the whole. If both, or all, are of the same date, the reviser may select the one to be retained. If a name be so defined as to be equal in extent to two or more previously described, it must be canceled. When it is necessary to divide a species, the form which received the old specific name must retain it. A generic name must have a single meaning, and therefore two genera can not bear the same name, even though belonging to distinct subkingdoms. Afc. TO PUBLICATION. Publication consists of the insertion of a distinct exposition of essential char- acters in a printed book which is kept for sale, or which has been generally dis- tributed among those conversant with the subject. Where figures are necessary to au understanding of the character of the organism, they must accompany the defi- nition or it will be invalid. The tendency of the science of palaeontology is to de- mand in all cases both definition and illustration before the publication is to be recognized. There are many species whose characters are so complicated and parts so minute, that an exposition of the essential ones, so tbey may be understood by those conversant with the fossils in the class, can only be made by illustration 96 NOME NC LA TURE. accompanied by proper definition ; the science therefore demands the rule shall be coextensive with its necessities, and good authors refuse to recognize names unless the publication is such that their meaning may be readily comprehended. A communication in a public assembly or learned society, or the reading of a paper containing new names at such meeting, printing of the names in a catalogue, labeling the fossils in a collection, printing the names and description in a news- paper, either one or all these attempts to introduce the names, does not constitute a publication within the rule, and hence give the names no place in science. Nor does the printing of the names with brief definitions in an obscure pamphlet, or even in the Journal of a learned society, where the definition will not enable an or- dinary palaeontologist to identify or distinguish the species at another locality than the typical one, give them any right to claim recognition. Occasional pamphlets independently issued, and insufficiently advertised and distributed, or very small editions that can not reach the students of the science generally, are not piiblica- tioii9 within the rule. The date borne by a publication will be presumed to be accurate, though this presumption is only prima facie, and may always be contested, and the true date shown, from which time alone do names have any validity. A species is not to be considered as named unless both generic and specific names are simultaneously applied to it. Where a genus or species is announced in a publication, and subsequently de- scribed in another publication, the latter only is entitled to recognition. It is es- sential in establishing a genus that some species be referred to it. NAMES TO BE REJECTED, CHANGED, OR MODIFIED. A generic name should be rejected when it has been previously applied to an- other valid genus of organisms, even if it has received general currency. It should also be rejected when it expresses a positively false character in the genua, and is therefore liable to propagate error, and especially is this the case where the defini- tion is so erroneous as not to entitle it to recognition ; but where the name has re- ceived general circulation, and the error is not such as to seriously mislead, the name is retained ; as, Athyria and Atrypa. So a specific name should be rejected when it is already applied to another species or subdivision in the same genus, or when a geographical name of a country entirely removed from the habitat of the species is used. A name should be rejected when it is formed of two words belonging to dif ferent languages, as en put before a Latin name, sub before a Greek name, aides, opsis suffixed to a Latin name : or when it is identical if properly spelled, accord- ing to its true derivation, with a prior valid name, as PUdydoma of Conrad, being preoccupied, can not be retained simply because he misspelled it PMyodcmva. A name should alvays be rejected when it outrages decency. It is inelegant and tautological to derive a generic name from the specific name of its typical species. For example, Omms pyrrhocorax, Linn., was afterward ad- vanced to a genus under the name of Pyrrhocorax. The name therefore became Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax. The rule is now to reject all such generic numee, except those which, from long usage, have imbedded themselves into science; none of which, however, can claim a place in palaeontology. NOMENCLA TURE. 97 ViThen a species is transferred from one genus to another in which there is a species of the same name, the older specific name is retained, and the oldest tenable synonym is adopted for the other form, if there be one; and if not, a new specific name is proposed. But if the form bearing the prior specific name is transferred to another genus, the original specific name of the later species must be restored, and the new specific name must fall into synonymy. This is the necessary result of the law of priority. When a name is published, the author has no more control over it than any other one. He has the same rights, no more and no less, than other naturalists. SELECTION OP NAMES AND MODIFICATION. The best names are derived from Latin and Greek, and express some distin- guishing characteristic of the object to which they are applied. In palaeontology it is more consistent with practice and uniformity to derive the generic names from Greek and the specific names from Latin ; and if the name as proposed exliibits a faulty construction, any naturalist is authorized to correct it. When a wrong gen- der Is given to a species by its termination, not agreeing with a genus, it is the duty of a naturalist to correct it. When a name derived from s person has not been written according to the real orthography of his name, it may be changed, provided it does not involve the first syllable and thereby disturb the arrangement of indices, tables, catalogues, and dictionaries, in alphabetical order, or interfere with long-established usage. The botanical congress at London, in 1866, refused to change the name Oinchoiia, named after the Countess Chincon, because of established usage. In 1866 Hall described Glyptocrinus nealli in honor of O'Neal! ; but the name must stand as described, not only because its change would interfere with indices, tables, catalogues, and dic- tionaries, but Hall had the right to construct the specific name nealli as he did, and the fixity of nomenclature will not allow another to change it. Scalaria tuHmii, named after Miss Turton, may be changed to S. turtonce; and Viviparua being incon- sistent with itself may be changed to Vivipara, because the change is in the end of the name to conform to the rules of grammar. Names of persons are Latinized and not adopted in Greek form, but where en is prefixed or oidea or opsia suffixed, one may not be authorized to change it, be- cause the name is not of Latin origin, though it is in very bad taste. Buffoonery has no pLace in science; hence Latin puns on names, as faba after Mr. Bean, should be rejected in all cases as a poor joke. The name of a person must have the termination Latinized, but the specific name can not be composed of the Christian and surname, because it would not be binom'-al, and can not be made to conform to the rules. Geographical names are eminently fit and suitable when they indicate the locality from which the type was collected. Barbarous names are not in good taste in Palaeontology, though they liave been defended in other departments of Natural History. Names expressive of trades and professions are not in good taste. Mythological and historical names are generally in bad taste for specific names, though they have been largely used ; but mythological names for genera have usually been defended. The right to use both is conceded. Names expressive of something else than a character of the fossil, as eeiitennialU for a HyoliHiea are in \Qry bad ta^te, and sometimes even absurd. Com- 98 NOME NC LA TURE. w parative names are often appropriate ; but those expressive of size, as m(xadvMi»^ minnr, and minimm, are too frequently rendered inaccurate by after discoveries, and are therefore objectionable. Both generic and specific names derived from persons engaged in paheontological pursuits are very appropriate. Names of harsh and inelegant pronunciation ought to be avoided, as also words of too great length or having more than five syllables. Generic names may be compounded from other genera to express the position of the genus as intermediate to or allied with two other genera, care being taken not to adopt such as are of too great length, and not to corrupt them in trying to render them shorter. Aviculapeder. and AvlciibjOinna are examples of the appropriate use of compound words, notwithstanding their length, while TeUiiiomya is more fanciful than real, and yet not to be discarded. In compounding words all the radical or essential parts of the constituent mem- bers must be retained, and no change made except in the variable terminations. Words coined at random, or without any derivation or meaning, will not be recognized. The names of genera are in all cases essentially substantive, and hence ad- jective terms can not be employed for them without doing violence to grammar ; for instance, Anomalaides proposed as a generic name must be disregarded. The same may be said of names in the genitive case, which are wholly inadmissible, without reformation. FORMATION OF NAMES. The generic name always begins with a capital letter, the specific name with a small initial letter, even when derived from person or place. The generic name is a noun, while the specific qame has the force of an adjective. The specific name is in no instance a proper noun, but all species are equal, and should therefore be written alike. It is a violation of a plain rule of grammar to write a specific name with a capital letter ; beside, there is an advantage in obeying the rule, for by so do- ing the eye at a glance distinguishes specific from generic names. The generic name retains the gender which belongs to it in the language from which it is taken. Where no change is made in the termination of the last word in a generic name, the gender of that word determines the gender of the genus. Thus ceruit, norui, Htoma, and desma are in the Greek of the neuter gender, and con- sequently all genera ending with these words, such as Orthoceras, Loxonema, Phrag- mosloma, Lyrodesmu, are neuter. In defining a new genus the etymology should be given, and a species should be selected as the type. There is no excuse for neglecting these rules, except that the author is incapable of giving the etymology of his proposed generic name, and is not suflUcicntly confident of his definition to dare venture to rely upon one of his species as the type. When a generic name is derived from the name of a person, it is stripped of all titles and preliminary particles, reduced to the genitive case, and the letter a is appended, thus taking on a feminine form. The following examples illustrate the »nethod, viz.: Names, Brun, Bruni, Bruno, Brunus, Bruna, Brune, Bruuy. Generic form, B '".nia, Bruniia, Brunoia, Brunusia, Brunsea, Brunia, Brunyia. Y nt the end of a word of one syllable is treated as a consonant, as Quoy, Quoyia ; Gay, Gayia ; and mute e final becomes i, or is dropped entirely, as Perouse, Perousia. A OMENCLA TURE. 99 Every specific name agrees in gender with the geuus to which it belongs, and if an adjective, its termination must show it. If the specific name is a substantive, the termination is not necessarily changed. The rule is not to change the ending of a common noun or mythological name, but to make an adjective, and the namb of a person or place, indicate the gender of the genus to which it belongs. The following rules govern the use of these terminations : — ali». This Latin termination, implying resemblance, is seldom used, except in words already compounded in Greek and Latin ; and when otherwise, it must be annexed to the stem of the word, as redUateralis, qiuidrUateralis. — anua. This Latin termination implies resemblance or association, and may be added to proper names, personal or local ; though in science its use is almost confined to the former. If the word ih capable of taking a classic form, the ter- mination should be simply annexed to the stem as lAiinieiis, linnamuis; Lesquer- eiix (lescuria), lescurianits; in couformity with classic usage; pagiis, paganns; Clau- diiiii, daudianiig; Neapdia, neiipolUanus. In other cases, the addition of this terniina- tion must follow the same rule as those for ensis, as America, ainericanus; Qeinitz, geinitmnns; Meek, vneehmua ; Erie, ervium; JUdy (ia), italianua. — attia. This Latin termination strictly implies the possession of the thing to the name of which it is added. It is therefore affixed to the stem of common names only; as, coda, eostcUm; galea, gahidus ; fornix, foi^icatiia ; »inu», sinuatits ; stria, stria- tits; lobm, lobatiu; rostrum, rostratue. It is worthy of remark here that this termina- tion sometimes loses its at, to shorten the word. The practice is not commendable from a linguistic stand-point, but some of the terms so made have become fixed in the nomenclature ; as, Orthis hUdba. —formis. This Latin termination implies resemblance of shape, and should be confined to Latin words, to the stem of which it is joined by the connecting vowel i; as, latema, Uttemi/ormia ; piatiUum, pistiUiformia. In forming terms, such as the first given above from Latin words ending in a, the error of using a; as the con- necting vowel should be avoided ; being inconsistent with classic usage, as well as more awkward and lengthy, thus we have from terra, terricola ; gemma, gemmifer ; squama, aqitximiger ; tuba, tidnfannis; etc. — ensia. This is a Latin termination, expressive of locality, and can not there- fore be correctly employed, except as an affix to the name of a place. This rule has been traversed in few real, but in many apparent instances. Ling-jla morsenaia is an illustration of the former. In accordance with law, this has been changed to L. morsii, being given in honor of Mr. Morse. Zygospira ciMinnatiemia, Pupa vermilion- ensis, Cardium napoleonenae, Atliyria hannibalenaia are apparent exceptions ; but these terms are formed from words which, though originally personal or trivial, have now become local names, and consequently no valid objection can be raised against them. It) using this termination the following rules have been generally followed : 1st. If the name of the place ends in a consonant, the termination is annexed to the word ; as, Clinton clintonenais. 2d. If the name ends in a or e, these letters are dropped, and the termination then annexed ; as, Canada, canadensis ; Minnesota, min- net^otensis ; Iowa, ioivenais ; Indiana, indianensis ; Lasalle, laaaHensis ; Erie, eriensis. 3(1. If the name ends in i, o, or u, that vowel is retained ; as, Mississippi, mississippi- eii4.^ ; Missouri, missouriensis ; Chicago, chicagoetisis ; Colorado, eoloradoensis ; Chouteau, dioateauensis. 4th. If the name ends in y, that letter becomes i upon the addition 100 NOMENCLA TURK. of the termination ; as, KerUudcy, ketUuekimgU ; Alleghany, alleghaniensie ; in accord- ance with claasic usage, as Sicily, sieilieima. — i. The terminination i is to be considered a mere indication of the Latin genitive case, and custom rather than correctness has, in some sense, legalized its addition to any name. In practice, however, it is almost restricted to proper names. Thus we have knighti, littoni, flemingi, ivesi. — tciM. This Greek termiuaticn implies resemblance, and may be added to common names under the same rules as those given for — enm, except that, in form- ing the word, a vowel is suppressed if it would precede the termination ; thus. Mace- don, nuicedonieuB ; Italy [ia), italiciu. It is little used, except as an affix to the name of a river or country ; as, euphraticm, anglicua, or in such words as eUiplieua. — eua. This Latin termination has been occasionally employed ; but as it implies " made of," it is evidently seldom, if ever, admissible in palteontology. The term eboraceiis, from dHyraeum, the Latin name for York, is a misnomer and should have been eboraeenst's. — inut. This termination is applied to both common and proper names. Latin usage restricted its application more t'lan moiern scientific practice has done, and applied it mainly to proper names, local terms, and living beings; as, caninu8, alpinm ; but did not sanction such words us rugatinus, sulcatinus, seccdinm, taxinm, and velutinv^. The termination is used subject to the same laws as — ensia. — ilea. This termination expresses the fossil nature of the specimen. It is a contraction of the Greek word lithos, a stone. In most instances it coalesces with the last vowel of the root. This and long usage in many words, such as Ammoni- ites, Beleninites, Pyrites, have completely established the long i, while the gender is determined by that of the Greek word to be masculine. All specific terms iu the genus must, therefore, be of this gender. — oidea. This Greek termination, signifying " like," should ba added only to the stems of words of Greek origin. No connecting vowel is necessary. Thus we have dactylos, daetyloidea ; di»co8, discoidea. The Latin form — oideua obeys the same laws, except the Greek termination is alike in all genders, while the Latin is in- flected as Latin adjectives of simil termination. Qmipound terma. In forming compound terms care should be taken to con- nect them rightly. If an adjective of three terminations, or a noun of the sec- ond Latin declension, composes the first part of the word, either i or o may be employed as a connecting vowel, the choice being largely determined by the ear. Thus aulcomarginattts is better than aulcimarffinatua, and craaaicaulia than craeaocardu. If the adjective has but one or two terminations, or the noun be of the first, third, or fourth Latin declension, the connecting vowel i should always be employed ; as, tenuialriatua, pinniformia, ilicifoliua, retiformia, cornifer. The connecting vowel o is admissible by Greek usage in all declensions ; as, Utodendron, Oydoeoncha, 8yringo- dendron, Alethopteria, Diclyonema, Didyopteria, except that where the first part of the word is an adjective ending in — ya, it is <>horter, and at the same time consonant with classic usage to employ no connecting vowel at all; thus, pachyderma, euryieinea, Platyatoma, etc., are better thsnx pachyoderma, euryoteinea, Plaiyoatoma, etc. By th world. Bi added the v nil which ill and the "A ThePo EquisetacesB, railed Sargas the leathery casts, showin readily disin the sand, so exposed to a isms for mon gelatinous mi the living Fu repiesentativ( The foss Families. Ti Asterophycus phycus, Choi cophycus, Dy Liorophycus, Taomirus, Tri The Fur riage). They as to escape di in other cases Pahuozoic rod zoniorpha to it The vascu iferous era, thj NORTH AMERICAN PALEOZOIC FOSSILS. ■M040«- By the little words plants and animals we include all the organisms in the world. But science, demanding technical words and controlling characteristics, has iidded the word " Kingdom" to these common names; and hence all organisms and 111! which have existed in the past are divided between the "Vegetable Kingdom" iiiul the "Animal Kingdom." VEGETABLE KINGDOM. The Palaeozoic Fossil plants are divided into seven classes ; viz., Fucoides, Fungi, Iviuisetacese, Filicacere, Lycopodiacete, Cordaiteie, and Conifene. The Fucoides are also cftlled Sargassites and Thalassophites. They are supposed to have some affinity with the leathery marine vegetation called Fucus or the Sargassum. The fossils are merely easts, showing, as a rule, no structure whatever. Lesquereux says marine vegetation readily disintegrates and passes into a gelatinous, half-fluid matter, which penetrates the sand, so that the lowest strata of the great heaps thrown up by the waves and exposed to atmospheric action, do not generally preserve traces of their organ- isms for more than a year. The fossil forms may have been harder, and contained less gelatinous matter in their cells, and probably had only a remote resemblance to the living Fucus or Sargassum, though there can be no reasonable doubt they are representatives of extinct marine cryptogamous plants. The fossils referred to this Class have never been distributed into Orders and Families. The genera are as follows: Archjeophyton, Arthraria, Arthrophycus, Asterophycus, Astropolithon (Graptolite?), Blastophycus, Bythotrephis, Calarao- phyeus, Chondrites, Conostichus, Cruziana, Dactylophycus, Dendrophycus, Dis- cophycus, Dystactophycus, Eophyton, Heliophycus, Hippodophycus, Ichnophycus, Lierophycus, Palseophycus, Phytopsis, Protostigraa, Rusophycus, Spheuothallus, Tuoinirus, Trichophycus. The Fungi are cellular cryptogamus plants (kruptos, hidden; gamoa, mar- riage). They are flowerless plants, in which the fructifying organs are so minute as to escape detection without a microscope. The spores are sometimes naked, and in other cases inclosed in a theca. The evidence of the existence of this Class in Palaiozoic rocks is extremely meager, though Lesquereux refers a species of Rhi- zoniorpha to it. The vascular cryptogamous plants flourished to such an extent in the Carbon- iferous era, that it has been called the " Age of Acrogens," and the " Age of Coal- 8 101 102 VEGETABLE KING DO Af. plants." The ClaBsen and Ordeni have been named an Latin adjectives in th<- feminine plural, to agree with plantec (plants), which is said to be always un- derstood. Thus from Equisetum, by prolonging the termination into aeea, wt> have Equisetaceoo ; from Filices, Filicacew, etc. The Equisetacea> are either cellular or vascular flowerless plants, producing: ipores instead of seeds. The Paleozoic fossils are all referred to one Order, the Calamaritc. The genera are as follows : Anarthrocanna, Annularia, Arthrostigma, Asterophyllites, Bechera, Bomia, Calamites, Calamodendron, Calamostachys, Equi- setites, Macrostachya, Neniatophyllum, Sphenophyllum, Volkmannia. The Filicaceie, or ferns, are too common among existing plants to have escaped the notice of any one. The Palaeozoic ferns are divided into Orders as follows : 1. Order, NEUROPTERiDEii<:. Cyclopteris, Dictyopteris, Lesleya, Neuropteris, Odontopteris. UNCERTAIN RELATION TO THE ORDER. Baiera, Cardiopteris, Danaiites, Idiophyllum, Megalopteris, Neriopteris, Orthogoni- opteris, Tteniopteris. 2. Order Alethopteride^. Alethopteris, Callipteridium, Callipteris, Lescuropteris, Protoblechnum. 3. Order, PsEuooPEcopTERiDEi^. Pseudopecopteris. 4. Order, PECopTERiDEii?. Beinertia, Cymoglossa, Lonchopteris, Oligocarpia, Pecopteris, PhyllopteriB. 5. Order, SPHENOPTERioEi^. Eremopteris, Hymenophyllites, Sphenopteris. 6. Order, Adiantites. Aneimites, Archfleopteris, Triphyllopteris. ferns OF uncertain affinity. Asteropteris, Crematopteris, Pachypteria, Rhacophyllum. separate fructification of ferns. Sorocladus. RACHIS OF ferns. Rhachiopteris. RHIZOMA OF FERNS. Stigmarioides. STEMS OR TRUNKS OF FERNS. Caulopteris, Megaphytura, Psaronius, Stemmatopteria. The l)0g8, or a few spc and o[)en I'ine," an < 'iirlwnife i>r more ir <»f Carbon •'Th« .•sometimes row, linea midrib. ' ^"rms, whi of the part tially from been estab "The or ovate spi base of leav< the outside ( small ones ( distinct only lizing pollen uliir seeds, i The clai Acnnthophyt Knorria, Le] lum, Lepido angites, 8por Diilymophyllu Stigmaria, 8y The Cordj »'b' by fragme aid flowers. ' intermediate b( VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 103 The existiDg Lyco|)odiaceti.> inhabit the deep shade nf the fureste, the surface of bogs, ur the slupeH of mouatains, wiierc there is a high degree of humidity, except a few species, which have the power of closing the leaves under the heat of the suo and o|)ening them to receive the rain or fog. Some of them, like the "Ground Pine," are evergreens, and none of them grow l)eyond a few feet in length. Many CarltoniferouB plants of this Class, however, were grand and stately trees, two feet or more in diameter, and fifty feet or more in length. Lesquereux says, in speaking (if Carboniferous plants : "The leaves of the Lycopodiaceoo are generally in a spiral order, modifled sometimes in their relative disposition, even in the same species. They are nar- row, linear-lanceolate, of various length, according to species, all with a strong midrib. Their point of attachment upon the stems is marked by scars of divert forms, which greatly vary in size, according to the age of the fragments, or rather of the part of the tree from which the fragments of bark are derived. It is essen- tially from the characters of these leaf-scars that species of the Lepidodendno have been established." " The fructifications, rarely found attached to their support, are in cylindrical ur ovate spikes, sessile or pedicellate, composed of sporanges attached to the anterior base of leaves or blades of various forms, which, curved upward and imbricated, cover the outside of the cones. The sporanges contain organisms of two kinds, either very »riiall ones (microspores), which are like powder, or agglutinated globules of matter, distinct only with microscopes of great power. They may represent the male ferti- lising pollen. Or, and more generally, they contain macrospores, large, tiue glob- ular seeds, angular on one side, and rounded on the other." The class may be divided into three orders, as follows : 1. Order, Lepidodendre^:. Acanthophyton (?), Cyclostigraa, Dechenia, Diplostegium, Glyptodendron, Halonia, Knorria, Lepidocystis, Lepidodendron, Lepidop. 'oeum, Lepidophloios, Lepidophyl- luin, Lepidostrobus, Leptophlwum, Lycopodites, Plumalina, Psilophyton, Spor- angites, Sporocystis, Ulodendron. 2. Order, T^:NioPHvi,LEi«.* Tseuiophyllura. 3. Order, Sigillari^:. Didymophyllum, Pinnularia, Sigillaria, Sigillarioides, Sigillariostrobus, Spirangiura, Stigmaria, Syringodendron. 4. Order, NoEOGERATHiiii. Noeggerathia, Whittleseya. The Cordaitese, an extinct class, are represented in the Coal Measures, gener- ally by fragments of ribbon-like leaves, and most rarely by stems bearing leaves and flowers. They belong to the Gyranosperras, and occupy a position somewhat intermediate between the Koeggerathise and Coniferie. The genera are as follows : 104 PLANTS. [ACA. — ALE. ANA.— AI Antholithes, Aaterocarpus, Cardiocarpoc, Carpr ithes, Cordaianthus, Cordaicarpus, Cordaistrobna, Cordaites, Desmiophyllum, Dicranophylluin, Lepidoxylon, Rhab- docarpus, Trigonocarpum. FRUIT OF UNCERTAIN AFFINITY. Gulielmites. The Coniferse are exogenous evertreen trees and shrubs, witN branching trunks containing a resinous juice. They have a strobile cone or solitary seed. Three Palaeozoic genera have been referred to the Coniferae : viz., Dadoxylon, Saportiua, and Walchia, but there must be doubt about the reference of Dadoxylon to this Class. WOOD OF UNCERTAIN AFFINITY. Celluloxylon, Nematoxylon, Ormoxylon, Prototaxites, Sternbergia, Syringoxylon. AcANTnoPiiYTON, DawsoD, 1862, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 18. p. 324. [Ety. akarUha, thorn ; phyton., plant.] Cylindrical branches, ramifying in alternate man- ner, striated, with scattered tubercles, on which are borne short spines. Type A. spinosum. spinosum, Dawson, 1862, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 18. p. 324, Chemung Gr. Alethoptkris, Sternberg, 1825, Vers. Darst. Flora der Vorwclt. p. 21. [Ety. alethos, true ; pterin, fern.] Fronds polypinnate ; pinnules coriaceous, simple, mostly en- tire, enlarged at the base, counate or free, borders reflexed ; midrib distinct, immersed into the epidermis, marked by a groove on the upper surface; prominent on the lower ; lateral veins simple or forking once, open, often in right angle to the rachis; iructitications marginal. Type A. lonchitica. acuta, see Pecopteris acuta. ambigua, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 182, Coal Meas. aquilina, Schlotheim, 1820, (Filicites aquilinus,) Petrefaktenkunde, p. 405, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 181 , Coal Meas. bunburyi, Andrews, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 421, Coal Meas. coxana, Lesquereux, 1861, Geo. Sur. Ky., vol. 4, p 433, Coal. Meas. crassa. Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 748, Coal Meas. crenutata, Brongniart, as identified by Lesquereux, in Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, f). 439, is Psendopecopteris subcrenu- ata. cristata, see Pecopteris cristata. discrepans, Dawson, 1862, Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 18, p. 222, Devonian. dittam, Lesquereux, 1858, Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 865, is a variety of A. lon- chitica. tmarginata, see Pecopteris emarginata. erosa, see Pecopteris erosa. evansi, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 834, Coal Meas. falcata, Lesquereux, 1870, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 396, Coal Meas. gibsoni, Lesquereux. 1880, Coal Flora (if Pa., p. 183, Coal Meas. grandifolia, Newberry, 1873, Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 384, Coal Meas. grandis, Dawson, 1863, Can. Nat. & Geol., vol. 8, and Acad. Geol. p. 484, Coal Meas. hxilli, see Pecopteris halli. helense, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa. p. 179, Coal Meas. heterophylla, Lindley & Hutton, 183o, (Pecopteris heterophylla,) Foss. Flora, vol. 1, '». 113, Coal Meas. holdeni, see Protoblechnum holdeni. hymenophyllouks, see Psetidopecopteris hymenophylloi- des. inflata, see Callip- teridium infla- tum. ingens, Dawson, 868, Acad. Geol. p. 653, Devo- nian. Isevis, Lesquereux, 1858, Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 865, Coal Meas. lanceolata, see Pe- copteris lanceo- lata. lonchitica, Schlo- theim, 1820, (Fi- licites lonchiti- cus,) Naclitrage zur Petrefakten- kunde, p. 411, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 177, Coal Meas longifolia, see Pe- copteris longi- folia. macrophylla, see Danpeites Macrophyllus mamtlioms, see Callipteridium massillo' neum. Fig. 6.— Aletliopteris louchiticu. maxim p. 42 mazona nana murical uervoaa, obscura, vol. lugos oiveni, s> pectina 111., V pennsyl Sur. I perleyi, Devor pluckenei eneti. preciom, pteroidea, robusta, Pa., p. rugom, st serlii, Br Hist. , Flora ( serrula, si serrulata, sheaferi, s solida, set spinulosa, losa. stellata, se txniopteroi oides. urophylltJ urophy Meas. Virginians or Up. ( Permiai Anarthkoc; Voy. [ canna, more or ribs flat of formi perryana, Soc. vol. Dev. an Catskill AXEtMITKS, I Soc. vol. a genus, or attac flabellate closely r( acadicus, I Soc, vol. Low. Coa bockshii, j bockshii, Fobs, pla Can. p. 4( obtusus, Le obtusa,) ' and Foss, of Can., ANA.— ANN.] PLANTS. 10( Sur. Geo. 554, pluck- maxima, Andrews, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 421, Coal Meas. mazmiana, see Pseudopecopteris mazo- nana. muricata, see Pseudopecopteris muricata. nervosa, see Pseudopecopteris nervosa. obscura, I^squekeux, 1858, Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 8(55, syn. for Callipteridium lugosum. ou'eni, see Callipteridium oweni. peotinata, Lesquereux, ISfifi, Geo. 111., vol. 2, p. 469, Coai Meas. pennsylvanica, Lesquereux, 1858, Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 864, Coal Meas. perleyi, Hart, 1868, Acad. Geol. p. Devonian. pluckeneli, see Pseudopecopteris eneti. preciota, see Pecopteris preciosa. pteroides, see Pecopteris pteroides. robusta, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 835, Coal Meas. rugosa, see Callipteridium rugosum. serlii, Brongniart, 1828, (Pecopteris serlii,) Hist. d. Veg. Foss. p. 292, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 176, Coal Meas. serrula, see Pecopteris serrula. serrulata, see Pecopteris serrulata. sheaferi, see Pseudopecopteri" sheaferi. solida, see Pecopteris solida. gpinulosa, see Pseudopecopteris spinu- losa. stellata, see Pecopteris stellata. tsenumteroides, see Pecopteris tseniopter- oides. urophylla, Brongniart, 1828, urophylla,) Hist. d. Veg. Meas. virginiana, Fontaine & White, 1880, Perm. or Up. Carb. Flora, p. 88, Coal Meas. or Permian. Anarthkocanna, Goeppert, 1845, in Tchih. Voy. [Ety. an, without ; arthron joint ; canna, a plant.] Cylindrical stems, more or less swelling at the nodes, with ribs flattened and continuous instead of forming joints as in Calamites. perryana, Dawson, 1863, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. vol. 1<*. p. 461, and Foss. plants of Dev. and Up. Sil. formations, p. 27, Catskill Gr. Aneimites, Dawson, 1861, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. vol. 17, p. 5. [Ety. from Aneimia, a genus.] Pinnules clustered, petiolate or attached by a narrow base, with flabellate venation. Type A. acadicus, closely related to Cyclopteris. acadicus, Dawson, 1861, Quar, Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 17, p. 5, and vol. 21, p. 153, Low. Coal Meas. bockshii, Goeppert, 1836, ( Adiantites bockshii,) Syst. Filic. Foss. p. 384, and Foss. plants of Dev. and Up. Sil. of Can. p. 46, Chemung Gr. obtusus, Lesquereux, 1858, (Noeggerathia obtusa,) Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 854, and Foss. plants of Dev. and Up. Sil. of Can., p. 46, Catskill Gr. validus, Dawson, 1862, (Cyclopteris valida,) Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 18, p. 319, and Fobs, plants of Dev. and Lp. Sil. of Can., p. 46, Hajpo. Gr. (Pecopteris Foss. Coal Fio. (I.— Aneimltea obtUHUs. Annv^aria, Sternberg, 1820, Essai d'un ex- posi'' Geognostico-botanique d. 1. Flore, du monde priinitif. 2d Cahier, p. 36. [Ety. anmUiis, a ring.] Stem articulate, striate, with a strong diaphragm trav- ersing it at the articulations ; branches opposite, nearly in right angles from the articulations; leaves verticillate, lanceolate, spathulate, or Ungulate, abruptly or gradually acuminate, or obtuse, even emarginate at the apex; fructifications in long cylindrical spikes, with close articulations, and narrowly lanceolate bracts, bearing round spor- anges in the axils of the leaves, oi double, oval ones, pedicellate and at- tached in the middle of the internodes. Type A. spinulosa. This name is preoc- cupied in the subkingdom MoUusca, and Wood in 1860 proposed to substi- tute Trochophyllum; but Trochophyllum was preoccupied for a genus of corals in 1851, by PMwards and Haine. acuminata, see Sporangites a''nminatus. antiqua, Dawson, 1861, Can. Nat. and Geol. vol. 6, p. 170,' Devonian. calamitoidea, Schimper, 1869, Pal. Veget., vol. 1, p. 349, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 48, Coal Meas. clavata, Lesquereux, 1880, (Trochophyl- lum clavatum,) Coal Flora of Pa., p. 65, Coal Meas. cuspidata, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 725, Subcarboniferous. dawsoni, Schimper, 1869, Palteontologie Vegetale, vol. 1, p. 350, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 51, Devonian. Proposed for Asteropnyllites latifolius, of Dawson, because that name was preoccupied ; but I have retained Asteropliyllites latifolius because it is doubtful whether it is an Annularis. 106 PLANTS. [ant. — ARC. emerHoni, l/cmiueruux, 18H0, Coal Flora of Pa , i», fiO, Coal MoHH, fertillH. Htwrnb,, 1«24, Vorn, Darst. Flora ih'X vorw<'lt, p, 31, Coal Mobh. inflata, \A>M\nvrM\x, 1N70, (j«o. Knr. 111., vol. t, i>. 423, Coal McaH. laxa, DawHoii, IK7I, Fohh, I'lantH Canada, p. Id, Duvotiian, loiiKlfollH, HrotiKniart, 1K28, Prodrome Hint. V(% Fohh., u. WS, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 45, (/'oai MoaH. Diiniita, Rroiigitiart, 1H2R, I'rodr. Hint. V('K. Fohh., p. !'».'», and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 40, Coal Mchh. radiata, HronKnlart, 1822, CIbhh. d. Ve({. Fohh,, •», '.Vi in Muh. d. IIlHt. Nat., vol. 8, pl. ['A, 11^. 7, and Coal Flora of Pa., p, r>(), Hul><;on«lom(trat«. romin^Hri, iHiHcpikrcMix, 1877, Trans. Am. I'hll. Ho(!„ p. KMI, J/)W. Meld. dr. sjihenophylloidHH, Zenker, 1833. ((Jaliiim splifnopliyl- loiuuH,) in Leonli. v. Kronn'n Jahrb., p. 308, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 48, Coal MeaH. tul)er(;ulata, Hternbcrg, 1823, (Hruokmanniatuberculata) VerH. Darnt. Flor, d, Vor- wult. FaHC. 4, n. 2)>, and Coral Flora of Pa., p. 723, Coal M(!aB. Antiioutiikk, Bronjrniart, 1822, Mem. dn Mhh. d'Hiut. Nat., vol. 8, p. 203. [Ety. nritlios, flower ; lithtM, Htone.] Hupt)0Hed to be tlie (lowerH of Ccrdaitc'H or otber trees. The ebaraeterH are not very definite. Type A. llliacea. devonictis, Dawson, 1808, AeaI'hvton, Britton, 1888, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. vol. 4, p. 123. [Ety. archaios, ancient ; phytm, pl .nt.J Founded upon blnck films of grapbite in crystalline lim(!Htone. Type A. newberryanum. Probably a Graptolite. newberryanum, Britton, 1888, Ann. N. Y, Acad, Sci. vol. 4, p. 123, Taconic. Ahcii.koi'vkkis, Dawson, 1803, Can. Nat. vol. 8, anu Fo8H. ^plants of Dev. and Tip. Sil. Can. pp. 48, 98. [Ety. archaios, an- cient; pterin, fern.] Frond bipinnate: pinnules obovate, inequilateral, narrow- ing to the base and decurrent on the 1>artial petioles, the main petiole often laving accessory pinnules, at tlie bases of the pinnee. Veins spreading from the base, curved or straight, dividing' dichotomously into fine veinlets ; fertile pinnae bearing groups of oval spore- cases instead of pinnules. Type A. hibernica. acddica, see Aneimites acadicus. nlUgfianiemis, syn, for A. rogersi. hockschiana, see Aneimites bockschii. oiowni, see Cyclopteris browni. denticulata, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 774, Subcarboniferous. gaspensis, Dawsoi., 1881, Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 10, p. 8, Devonian, hnllana, Goeppert, 1852, (Cyclopteris ha liana,) Di'3 tossil Flora des Uebergangsgebirges, p. 145. Proposed as a sub- stitute for Sphenopteris laxa, which latter name was preoccupied in that genus; but when refer- red to this genus, laxa must be restored. hartti, Dawson, 1803, iPala?opteri8hartti,)Can. lat, vol. 8, and Acad. Geol,, p. 485, Coal Meas. hibernica, Forbes, 1852, (Cyclopteris hibernica,) Proc. Brit, Ass'n, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 305, Chemung Gr. jacksoni, Dawson, 1801, (Cycloi)teris jacksoni,) Can, Nat. and Geo., vol, 0, p, 173, Catskill Gr. laxa, Hall, 1843, (Sphenopteris laxa,) Geo. liep, 4tli Dist. N. Y,, p. 275, Chemung Gr, Tills species has also been namecl A. hallana. macilenta, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Floni of Pa., p. 775, Catskill Gr. minor, Lesquereux, 1858, (Noeggerathia minor,) Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 854, Catskill Gr. obliqua, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., lip, 300, 774, Catskill Gr. obtum, see Aneimites obtusus. rogersi, Dawson, 1803, (Cyclopteris rog- Fig. 9. Arcliiuopleris hibernica. ART. — AST.] PLANTS. lOT ersi,) Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 19, p. 463, and Coal Flora of Pa., pp. 307, 776, Catskill Gr. splienophyllifolia LeHquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 775. Catskill Gr. Htricta, Andrews, 1875, Ohio Pal. vol. 2, p. 418, Coal Meas. Arutophyciis, Miller and Dyer, 1878, Cont. to Pal. ITo. 2, p. 3. Probably inor- ganic, and, if fucoidal, too ir- regular and too little known to be retained as a genus. ramomm, Miller and Dyer, 1878, Cont. to Pal. No. 2, p. 4. Hud. Riv. Gr. Prob- ably inorganic. ramomm var germanum, Miller and Dyer, 1878, Cont. to Pal. No. 2, p. 4, Hud. Riv. Gr. Probably inorganic. Arthraria, Billings, 1874, Pal. Foss., vol. 2, p. 66. [Ety. arthron, a joint.] Cylindrical stems with an expansion at each end in the form of a dumb-bell. Type A. antiquata. antiquata, Billings, 18 74, Pal. Foss., vol. 2, p. 66, Upper Taconic. biclavata, S. A. Miller, 1875, Cin. Quar. Jour. Sci., vol. 2, p. 354, Hud. Riv. Gr. Arthrophycus, Hall, 1852, Pal. X. Y., vol. 2, p. 4. [Ety. arthron, joint; phykos, sea- plant.] Sinaple or branching, rounded or subangular, flexuous, transversely ridged or furrowed. Type A. harl.ani. uK^ Fig. 10.— Archpjopt'-^rls strlcta. Via. 11. Arthraria antiquata. Fio. 12.— Arthrophycus harlaui. liarlani, Conrad, 1838, (Fucoides harlani,) Ann. Rep. N. Y., p. 113, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 6, Medina sandstone. montalto, Simpson, 1888, Diet. Foss., found in Pa. Medina (?) Gr. Arthrostigma, Dawson, 1871, Foss. Plants Canada, p. 41. [Ety. arthron, joint; ttigma, a dot or puncture.] Stems elongated, cylindrical, bifurcating, and ?iving off lateral branches ; irregularly urrowed longitudinally, with circular leaf scars arranged in whorls, and bear- ing linear rigid leaves with circular i^ases, structure apparently cellular, with a slender vascular axis. Type A. gracile. gracile, Dawson, 1871, Foss. Plants Can., p. 41, Devonian. Artisia, Sternberg, syn. for Sternbergia. transversa, see Sternbergia transversa. Asolanits, Wood, 1860, syn. for Sigillaria. camptotxnia, syn. for Sigillaria monostigma. mnne^hkus, a doubtful species of Sigil- laria. omithicnoides.aee Sigillaria ornithicnoideB. Aitplenites, Gceppert, 1836, Systema Filicum Fossilium. [Ety. Asplmium, a genus of ferns.] elegant, see Eremopteris elegans. ruber, Lesquereux, 1858, Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 864, Coal Meas. This species does not seem to be recognized by Lesquereux in his later work. AsTEKOCARPus, Goeppert, 1836, Syst. Fil. Foss., p. 188. [Ety. aster, star ; karpos, fruit.] Fructification on lanceolate pin- nules, marked by large star-like sori. Type A. sternbergi. granuis, Lesquereux, 1870, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 469, Coal Meas. sternbergi, Goeppert, 1836, Syst. Filic. Foss., p. 188, Coal Meas. Fio. 13.— AsterophycuB Simplex. AsTEROPHYCUS, Lesqucreux, 1876, 7th Ann. Rep. Geol. Sur. Ind., p. 139. [Ety. aster, star; phykos, a sea-weed.] Stem short, cylindrical ; frond expanded and divided star-like from the top of the central axis ; segments flattened or in- flated. Type A. coxi. coxi, Lesquereux, 1876, 7th Ann. Rep. Geol. Sur. Ind., p. 139, Low. and Up. Coal Meas. simplex, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 13, Coal Meas. AsTEROPHYLLiTES. Brougnlart, 1822, Mem. du Mus. t. 8, p, 203. [Ety. aster, star ; 108 PLANTS. [AST.— BEC. BEL— BYT. phyllon, leaf ; lUhoii, stone.] Stems artic- ulate ; branches opposite ; central axis hollow or solid; leaves verticillate, free to the base, linear, acuminate, simple nerved ; fructifications in elong- ated ears, bearing round sporanges in the axils of the leaves. Type A. equisetiformis. acicularis, Dawson. 1862, Quar. Jour. Geol. Soc, vol. 18, p. 310, Devonian. anthracinus, Heer, 1877, Fl. Foss. Helv., vol. 4, p. 50, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 36, Coal Meas. apertva, see Macrostachya aperta. brardi, Brongniart, 1828, Prodr. Hist, Veg. Foss., p. 159, Coal Meas. crassicaulis, Leequereux, 1858, Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 861, Coal Meas. eurtus, see Becliera curta. equisetiformis, Schlotheim, 1804, (Casuar- inites equisetiformis,) Beitrag Zur. Flora der Vorwelt, tab. 1, fig. 1, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 35, Coal Meas. erectifolius, Andrews, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 425, Coal Meas. fasciculatus, Lcsquereux. 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 41, Coal Meas. Fio. 14.— Asterpbyllites foJlosus. foliosus, Lindley & Hutton, 1833, Foss. Flora, vol. 1, p. 77, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 38, Coal Meas. gracilis, Lesquereux, 1860, Geo. Sur. Ark., vol. 2, p. 310, Coal Meas. grandis, see Bechera grandis. Janceolalvs, see Macrostachya lanceolata. latifolius, Dawson, 1862, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 18, p. 311, Devonian. The same form was called by Schimper Annu- laria dawsoni. laxus, Dawson, 1868, Acad. Geol., p. 539, Devonian, lentus, Dawson, 1871, Foss. Plants Can., p. 29, Devonian, longifolius, Sternberg, 1823, (Bruckman- nia longifolia,) Vers. Darst. Flora der Vorwelt fasc. 4, p. 58, Coal Meas. minutus, Andrews, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 424, Coal Meas. ovalit, see Calamostachys ovaliq. parvuluB, Dawson, 1861, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 6, p. 168, and Acad. Geol. p. 539, Chemung Gr. radialus, see Annularia radiata. rieidus, Sternberg, 1824, (Bruckmannia rig- ida,) V^ers. Darst. Flor. derVorwelt, p. 29, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 37, Coal Meas. scutigerus, Dawson, 1862, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 18, p. 311, Devonian. stachioides. Wood , 1860, (Lepidostro- bus stachioides,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., vol 12, p. 240, Coal Meas. sublaivis, Lesque- reux, 1858, Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 851, Coal Meas. trinervis, Dawson, 1863, Can. Nat., vol. 8, and Acad. Geol. p. 479, Coal Meas. tuberculalus, s^e An- nularia tubercu- lata. ASTERO PTEBIS, D a W ■ son, 1881, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 37, p. 299. [Ety. otter, star ; pteris, fern.] Stems of ferns having the axial portion com- posed of vertical radiating plates of „ .... scalariform tissue *^^° ^^IdndT** imbedded in pa- renchyma, and having the outer cylin- der composed of elongated cells trav- ersed by leaf-bundles similar to those of Zygopteris. Type A. novoboracensis. no voboracensis, Dawson, 1881, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 37, p. 299, Portage Gr. AsTROpoLiTHON, Dawson, 1888, Geo. Hist. Plants, p. 31. A peculiar imprecslon, supposed by Prof. Dawson to be I'u- coidal. Judging from the illustration, I would refer it to the Graptolida. Type A. hindii. hindii, Dawson, 1888, Geo. Hist, plants, p. 31, Up. Taconic. Baieba, Fr. Braun, 1840, Die Petrefakten d. Naturalien Samnil. [Ety. proper name.] Leaves p e t i o 1 a t e, flabelliform, dicho- tomous, many parted ; nerves in each lacinia, sev- eral, dichotonious, and proceeding parallel with eacli other; leaf sub- stance leathery. Type B. tseniata. virginiana, Fontaine & White, 1880, Perm or Up. Carb. Flora, p. 103, Coal Meas. or Permian. Fio. 16.— Baiera virgiutana. BEL— BVT.] PLANTS. 109 I'll- Bechera, Sternberg, 1824, Vers. Darst. Flora der Vorwelt, p. 30. [Ety. proper name.] Like Asteroph}rllite8 iti its verticillate leaves, but distinguished bv its tumid joints and deeply and widely furrowed stems. Type B. grandis. grandis, Sternberg, 1824, Vers. Darst. Flora der Vorwelt, fasc. 4, p. 30, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 41. Coal Meas. tenuis, Bunbury, 1846, Am. Jour. Sci., 2d series, vol. 2, p. 232, Coal Meas. Beinertia, GcBppert, 1836, Syst. Filic. Foss. p. 273. [Ety. proper name.] Distin- guished from Pecopteris by the treble flexuous nerves; sometimes anastomos- ing, and may have its actual represen- tative in the Gvmnogramme. Type B. gymnogrammofdes. gcepperti, Dawson, 1863, Can. Nat., vol. 8, and Acad. Geol. p. 485, Coal Meas. Bergeria marginala, see Lepidodendron mar- ginatum. Bergenia rhombica, see Lepidodendron rhomhicum. Blastophycus, Miller & Dyer, 1878, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 24. [Ety. blaslos, bud ; phukos, sea-weed.] Plant bilobate with a button-like protuberance at the junction. Type B. diadematum. diadematum, Miller & Dyer, 1878, Jour. Cin. i'^-hj* '^^Ku'Tiu ^^' Nat. Hist., vol. \X/'^K^Pl 1' P- 2-l» Utica Slate \ SwQK^ Gr. Ij^E'^r 'IH^ BoRNiA, F. A. Roemer, 1854, Pala?ontograi)h f: Fig. 17. Blastophycus diadematum. ica, vol. 3. [Ety. proper name.] Stems cylindrical, articulate and furrowed as in Calamites; articula- tions scarcely con- tracted ; ribs cut square or obtuse at the articulations.con- tinuous, not alternat- ing, thinly striate; cortical cylinder thick; leaves verticillate, free, linear- lanceolate. Type B. radiata. inornata, Dawson, 1862, (Calamites inor- natus,) Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 18, p. 310, Genessee Slate, radiata, Brongniart, 1828, (Calamites ru- diatus,) Hist. d. Veg. Foss., p. 122, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 30, Subconglomerate. FiO). 18.— Bornlti transttiouls. transitionis, Gceppert, 1852, (Calamites transitionis,) Foss. Fl. d. Uebergsg., p. 116, and Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 18, p. 309, Ham. Gr. Bolhrodendron punctatum, see Ulodendron punctatura. Brachyphyllum oblusum, see Lepidocystis ob- tusus. Bruckmannia longifolia, see Asterophyllites lotigifolius. rigida, see Asterophyllites rigidus. tuberciilnta, see Annularia 1 iherculata. Bythotuephis, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 8. [Ety. buthos, depth of the sea; tre- p/toc, to grow.] Stems subcylindrical or compressed ; branches numerous, divari- cating, sometimes leaf-like. Type B. antiquata. antiquata. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y.,vol. 1, p. 8, Calcif. Gr. asteroides. Fitch, 1849, Trans, Ag. Soc, and P^ramons Am. Geol., p. 101, Ui)per Taconic. cajspitosa, Hall, 1850, 3d Rep. N. Y. St., Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 178, Trenton Gr. flexuosa, Emmons, 1844, (Fucoides flexu- osa,) Taconic system, p. 69, Upper Taconic. Fig. 19.— Bythotrephis riunulosa, showing the ends, and bmnclics as they appear on a nodule. gracilis, Hall, 1843, Geo. Rep., 4th Dist., N. Y., p. 69, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 62, Trenton to Clinton Gr. gracilis var. crassa. Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 19, Clinton Gr. gracilis var. intermedia. Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 19, Trenton to Clin- ton Gr. granti, Dawson, 1888, Geo. Hist, of Plants, p. .37, Clinton Gr. gregaria, Ringueberg, 1888, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil,, p. 131, Niagara Gr. irapudica. Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 20, Clinton Gr. lesquereuxi, Grote & Pitt, 1876, Bull. Buff. Soc Nat. Hist.,vol. 3, p. 88,WaterlimeGr. palmata. Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 20, Clinton Gr. Ir no PLANTS. [CAI<. ramoaa. Hall, 1862, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 21, Clinton Gr. ramulosa, 8. A. Miller, 1874, Cin. Quar. Jour. Sci., vol.1, p. 235, Utica Slate Gr. rigida, Kmmons, 1844, (Fncoides rigi- du8,) Taconic System, p. 69, Upper Taconic. subnodosa, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 262, Hud. Riv. Gr. Hucculens, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 62, Trenton Gr. tennifi, Hall, 1852. Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 18, Trenton Gr. The Trenton form of B. gracilis. Calamites, Guettard, 1751, Mem. Ac. Sci., Paris. [Ety. calamus, a reed,] Plants arborescent ; trunks cylindrical, articu- late ; articulations variable in distance, rapidly closer toward the narrowed ob- conical base; surface narrowly ribbed Iength>tise; ribs equal, simple, parallel, contracted or rounded at the articula- tions ; branches nearly at right angles, verticillate like the leaves, which are lanooiate, acuminate, simple nerved. Typ'3 C. suckovi. approximatus, Sternberg, 1820, Essai d'un expos^ Geognostico-botanique d. 1. Fl. d. Monde primitif 2d Oahier, p. 3, and Coal Flora of Pa. p. 26, Goal Meas. bietriatus, Lesquereux, 1858, Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 850, Coal Meas. This name was preoccupied by Sternberg. canniformis, Schlotheim, 1820, Petrefac- tenkunde, p. 398, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 24, Coal Meas. cisti, Brongniart, 1828, Hist. d. Veg. Foss. ^129, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 27, Coal eas. cruciatus, Brongniart, 1828, Hist. d. Veg. Fosa. t. 1. p. 128, Coal Meas. disjunctus, Lesquereux, 1858, Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 850, Goal Meas. dubius, Artis, 1825, Antedil. Phytology, SI. 13, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 27, Coal [eas. gigas, Brongniart, 1828, Hist. d. Veg. Foss., 1, p. 136, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 25, Coal Meas. gracilis, Lesquereux, 1861, Geo. Sur. Ky., vol. 4, p. 436, Coal Meas. inornatus, see Bom la inornata. major, Weiss, 1872, Fossil Flora d. jung- sten Steinkolen formation, p. 119, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 21, Coal Meas. nodosus, Sternberg, 1820, Essai d'un Exp. Geog.-Botan. d. 1. Fl. d. Monde prim- itif 2d Cahier, p. 36, Coal Meas. nova-scoticuB, Dawson, 1863, Can. Nat. & Geol., vol. 8, and Acad. Geol. p. 479, Coal Meas. pachyderma. Brongniart, 1828, Hist. d. Veg. Foss., 1, p. 132, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 28, Coal Meas. radiatus, see Bornia radiata. ramifer, Stur, 1875, Culm Flora d. Mah- risch-Schlesischen Dachschiefers, p. 82, and Coal Flora of Pa., pp. 23, 703, Coal Meas. Fio. 20.~CalamlteH Suckovi. d. Veg. Foss. Geol. p. 194. 1 p. Coal ramosus, Artis, 1825, Antedil. Phytology, pi. 2, and Coal Flora of Pa., pp. 22, 702, Coal Meas. suckovi, Brong- niart,1828,Hi8t. (1. Veg. Foss., t. 1, p. 124, and CoalFlor.ofPa., p.20,Coal Meas. transitionis, see Bornia transi- tioni.i. undulatus,Brong- niart, 18 2 8, Hist. d. Veg. Foss. 1. p. 127, Coal Meas. voltzi, Brongni- art, 1828, Hist. 135, and Acad. Meas. Calamocladus, Schimper. 1869, Pal. Veget, vol. 1, p. 423. Not clearly distinguished from Asterophyllites and founded upon A. longifolius as the type, and incluaing A. equisetiformis, A. foliotut, A. rigidm, and Bechera grandi». Calamodendron, Brongniart, 1828, Hist. d. Veg. Foss. vol. l,p. 133. [Ety. co/awiws, reed ; dendron tree.] Central cylinder stria' e lengthwise and articulate, sur- rounded by a thick, woody cylinder or bark, with outside surface smooth. The structure is allied to Sigillaria, but the appearance is like Calamites. Type C. approximPvtr.ni. antiquum, D-^wson, 1871, Foss. Plants Canada, p. 24. Devonian, approximatum, Brongniart, 1828, Hist. d. Veg. Foss., vol. 1, p. 133, Coal Meas. obscurum. Dawson, 1863, Can. Nat., vol. 8, and Acad. Geol. p. 476, Coal Meas. tenuistnatum, Dawson, 1871, For . Plants Canada, p. 25, Devonian. Calamophycus, Lesquereux, 1877; Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, p. 165. [Ety. cal- amus, reed ; phukos, sea-plant.] Fronds simple, elongated, gradually tapering to a point; cavity divided by trans- verse membranes, either passing through the whole diameter, or connected in the middle to vertical subdivisions. Type C. septum, septum, Lesquereux, 1877, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. p. 165, Low. Held. Gr. Calamostachys, Schimper, 1869, Traite de Paleontologie Vegetale, vol. 1, p. 328. [Ety. calamus, reed ; slachys, plant.] Spikes doubtfully considered as fructi- fications of Asterophyllites. Type C. typicus. brevifolius, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 718, Coal Meas. lanceolatuB, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 715, Subconglomerate. FiQ. 21— Cala- raodendron approxi- matum. CAL.— C..R.] PLANTAt:. Ill ovalis, LeBouerenx, 1858, (Asterophyllites ovalis), Ueo. of Pa., p. 851, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 717, Coal Meas. prselongiis, see Volkmannia pnclontta. Callii'teridium, WeisB, 1872, Fohh. Flora d. jungsten Steinkohlen formation. [Ety. from the genus Callipterw,] Fronds large, polypinnate; pinnnlea attached to the racliis by the whole base, often decurrent, and the lower descending to the main rachis, connate or disjointed at the base ; primary nerve strong, dis- solved below the apex; lateral veins oblique, curved in passing to the bor- ders, dichotomou!>, the basilar attached to tlie rachis. Type C. snllivanti. aldrichi, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 171, Coal Meas. dournaisi, Brongniart, 1828, (Pecopteris dournaisii). Hist. d. Veg. Fosa., p. 282, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 747, Coal Meas. dawsonanum, Fontaine & White, 1880, Perm, or Up. Carb. Flora., p. 56, Coal Meas. or Permian. grandifolium, Fontaine & "White, 1880, Perm, or Up. Carb. Flora., p. 58, Coal Meas. or Permian. FiQ. 22.— Callipteridlam sullivaiitl. grandini, Brongniart, 1828, (Pecopteris grandini,) Hist. d. Veg. Foss., p. 286, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 748, Coal Meas. inHatum, Lesquereux, 1870, (Alethopteris infiata,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 393, Coal Meas. iniBquale, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 168, Coal Meas. mansfieldi, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 166, Coal Meas. massilloneum, Lesquereux, 1866, (Aleth- opteris massillionis,) Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 438, Low. Coal Meas. membranaceum, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 172, Coal Meas. neuropteroides, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 166, Coal Meas. oblongifolium, Fontaine & White, 1880, Perm, or Up. Carb. Flora, p. 56, Coal Meas. or Permian, odontopteroides, Fontaine & White, 1880, Perm, or Up. Carb. Flora, p. 59, Coal Meas. or Permian. oweni, Lesquereux, 1860, (Alethopteris oweni,) Geo. Rep. of Arkansas, .ol. 2, p. 309, Coal Meas. pardeei, Lesquereux, 1880, Coul Flora of Pa., p. 169, Coal Meas. rigidum, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 746, Coal Meas. rugosum, Lesquereux, 1858, (Alethopteris rugosa,) Catal. Potts. AsH'n, p. 11, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 109, Coal Meas. sinuatum, Brongniart, 1828, (Pecopteris sinuata,) Hist. d. Veg. Foss., n. 296, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 745, Coal Meas. sullivauti, Lesquereux, 1854, (Call! pterin sullivanti,) Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., vr\ 6, p. 423, and Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 866, Coal Meas. unitum, Fontaine & White, 1880, Perm, or Up. Carb. Flora, p. (>0, Coal Meas. Callipteris, Brongniart, 1828, Hist. d. Veg. Foss., p. 249. [Ety. kallot, beau*'fuT; pteris, fern.] Fronds polypinnate ; pin- nules sessile and sometimes occurring on the principal rachis, thick ; paren- chyma dense, nerves immersed, show- ing creases in the leaf-substance, simple or forking once. Type C. coiiferta. conferta, Sternberg, 1824, (Sphenopteris conferta,) Vers. Darst. Flor. d. Vorwelt and Pt-rm. or Up. Carb. Flora of Pa., p. 54, Coal Meas. or Permian. mllivanti, sea Callipteridium sullivanti. CARDiocARroN, Brongniart, 1828, Prodr. Hist. Veg. Foss., p. 87. [Ety. kardia, heart ; kai-pos, fruit.] Seeds of various forms, composed of a compressed, gen- erally cordiform or oval nucleus, sur- rounded by a flattened, fibrous border, or a membranaceous wing. Type C. majum. affine, Lesquereux;, 1860, Geo. of Ark., vol. 2, p. 311, Coal Maas. annulare, Sternberg, 1824, (Carpolithes annuUris,) Vers. Darst. Flor. d. Vorwelt and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 814, Subcon- glomerate. annulatum, Newberry, 1873, Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 374, Coal Meas. apiculatum, Goeppert & Berger, 1848, De fructibus et seminibus, p. 23, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 671, Subconglomerate. baileyi, Dawson, 1868, Acad. Geol., p. 554, Devonian. bicornutum, Lesquereux, 1870, (Ptilocar- pus bicornutns,) Geo. Sur. III., vol. 4, p. 443, Coal Meas. bicuspidatum, Sternberg, 1820, (Carpo- lithes bicuspidatus, ) Ilora der Vorwelt, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 573, Coal Meas. bisectum, Dawson, 1863, Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 8, and Acad. Geol., p. 491, Coal Meas. drculare, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 812, Coal Meas. conglobatum, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 810, Coal Meas. congruens. Grand Eury, 1877, Floie Car- bonifere, p. 236, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 573. Coal Meas. 112 PLANTS. [car. cornutum, Dawson, 1H((2, (juar. Jour. Ge(». Soc, vol. 18, p. H24, Devonian, crampi, Hartt, 1868, Acad. Qeol., p. 554, Devonian, crasaum, LcHquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 812, Coal Mean, dilatatiim, LeHquerenx, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. H()6, 8ubcarboniferouH. diminutivum, Leequereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 570, Coal Meas. diplotesta, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 812, Coal Meas. divergens, LfHquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Ph., p. 811, Coal Meas. ellinticuin, Stt^rnberff, 1820, (Carpolithes ellipticuH,) Flor. 3. Vorw., p. 40, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 814, Coal Meas. elongatum, Newberry, 1873, Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. .324, Coal Meas. fasciculatnni, LeHqiiereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 570, Coal Meas. fluitans, Dawson, 18(>3,Can. Nat.andGeol., vol. 8, and Acad. Geol., p. 491 , Coal Meas. harveyi, Lesquerenx, 1884, 13th Rep. Ind. Geol., p. 102, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 808, Coal Meas. ingens, Lesquereux, 1860, Geo. of Ark., vol. 2, p. ;U1, Coal Meas. late-alatum, Lesquereux, 1880, Cbal Flora of Pa., p. 568, Coal Meas. latior, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Meas. of Pa., p. 811, Coal Meas. latum, Newberry, 1873, Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 372, Coal Meas. lescurianum, n. sp. Co^l Meas. Proposec' instead of C. ovale Lesquereux, in Coal Flora of Pa., p. 810, which name was preoccupied. longicoUis, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 808, Coal Meas. mamiUalum,see lihabdocarpus mamillatus. marginatum, Artis, 1828, Antedil. Phytol., pi. 22, Coal Meas. minus, Newberry, 1873, Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 372, Coal Meas. newberryi, Andrews, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 425, Coal Meas. obliquum, Dawson, 1862, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 18, p. .324, Devonian, orbiculare, Newberry, 1853, Ann. of Sci., vol. 1, p. 374, Coal Meas. ovale, Dawson, 1871, Foss. Plants Can., p. 60, Devonian, ova^e, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 810, Coal Meas. The name was pre- occupied. See C. lescurianum. ovatuni, Grand 'Eury, 1877, Flore Car- bonifere, p. 236, Coal Meas. pachytesta, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 565, Coal Meas. patens, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 807, Coal Meas. plicatum, Lesquereux, 1858, Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 876, Coal Meas. punctatum, Goeppert, 1836, Syst. Filic. Fobs., p. 24, ancl Coal Flora of Pa., 597, Coal Meas. pusillum, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 815, Coal Meas. Fio. 23.— Cnrdiocarpon Hatnarlforine. regulare, Sternberg, 1820, (CaipolitlifH regularis,) Flor. d. Vorw., and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 572, Coal Meas. retusum, Sternberg, 1820, (CarpolithcH retusus,) Flora der Vorwelt, and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 374, Coal Mchh. samariforme, Newberrv, /^''^•'■^P'\ 1873, Ohio A:':'/:f'!^\ Pal., vol. 1, /V.-.7^;i:v • p. 375, Coal Meas. simplex, Les- q u e r e u X, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., &569, Coal eas. speciosus, Lea- q u ereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 807, Coal Meas. tenellum, Dawson, 1873, Rep. Foss. Plants, p. 28, Subcarboniferous. trevortoni, Lesquereux, 1858, Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 876, Coal Meas. zonulatum, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 568, Coal Meas. Cakdiopteris, Schimper, 1869, Traito de Paleontologie Vegetale, vol. 1, p. 457. [Ety. kardia, heart ; pttritj fern.] Leaves simple, pinnate; stipe striated, rounded, base spoon-like, dilated; pinnep per- pendicular, opposite close, imbricated, cordato-ovate, leathery, margins re- flexed ; primary nerves numerous, equal, dichotomous. Type C. poly- morpha. eriana, Dawson, 1881, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 37, p. 305, Devonian. Carpolithes. Schlotheim, 1820, Petrefactcn- kunde. [Ety. karpos, fruit; lilhos, stone] Seeds of uncertain relation not refera- ble by their characters to other genera. acuuninatus, Sternberg, 1821, Flor. d. Vorw. and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 596, Coal Meas. bicarpus, Fontaine & White, 1880, Perm, or Up. Carb. Flora, p. 98, Coal Meas. or Permian. bicuspidalus, see Cardiocarpon bicuspi- datum. bifidus, Lesquerenx, 1858, Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 877, Coal. Meas. bullatus, see Lepidocystis bullatus. butleranus, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., I). 824, Coal Meas. cerasiformis, Sternberg, Flor. d. Vorw., vol. 2, p. 208, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 824, Coal Meas. cistula, Lesquereux, 1866, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 461, Coal Meas. clavatm, see Rhabdocarpus clavatus. compactus, Dawson, 1871, Foss. Plants Cana-5a, p. 63, De'.onian. conicus, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 824, Coal Meas. corticosus, Lesquereux, 1870, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 462, Coal Meas. CAS.— CHI.,] PLANTS. 113 diinunctui, JjeHquereux, 1858, Geo. Siir. Pa., vol. 2, p. 877, syn. for Trigonocar- pon daweeii. faflciculatuB, Lesquereux, i9f*6, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 457, Coal Meas. 'ragarioides, Newberry, 1873, Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. :{70, Coal Meas. granulariR, Sternberg, 1820, Flora der Vorwelt, and Coal Flora of Pa. p. 825, Coal MeaH. jae^onfnn'fl.seeRhabdocarpuBJackaonensiH. latior, Lenquerenx, 188-1, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 820, Coal MeaH. lunatus, Dawson, 1863, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 19, p. 464, Devonian. marginalu.8, Fontaine & White, 1880, Perm, or Up. Carb. Flora, p. 98. The name was preoccupied by Artis in 1825. '^'.e C. whitianus. minimus, Sternberg, 1820, Flora der Vor- welt and Goal Flora of Pa., p. 825, Coal Meas. muUislriatus, see Khabdocarpus multi- striatus. perpuBillus, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 825, Coal Meas. persicaria, Lesquereux, 1870, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 4, p. 462, Coal Meas. platimarginatus, see Khabdocarpus plati- marginatus. retmus, see Cardiocarpon retusum. siliqua, Dawson, 1863, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. li>, p. 465, Devonian. spicatus, Dawson, 1863, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 19, p. 461, Devonian. transsectus, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 826, Coal Meas. trilocularw, see Tngonocarpon triloculare. umbonatus, St.»nberg, 1820, Vers. Darst. Flora der Vorwelt, Coal Meas. venoms, see Rhabdocarijus venosus. vesicularU, see Lepidocystis vesicularis. whitianus n. sp. Coal Meas. or Perm. Proposed instead of C.marginatus, Fon- taine & White, 1880, in Perm, or Up. Carb. Flora, p. 98, which name was preoccupied. Casuarinitea equitetiformw, see Asterophyllites equisetiformis. Caulerpitfs, Brongniart, 1828, Prodr. d. Hist, d. Veg. Foss., p. 21. [Ely. katilos, stem ; erpo, creep.] Stem simple or ra- mose, covered with short branches, in form of leaves doubled or imbricated. Type C. lycopodioides. margtnatm, see Taonurus marginatus. Caulopteris, Lindley & Hutton, 1833, Foss. Flora, vol. 1, p. 121. [Ety. kaulos, stem; ptem, a fern.] Scars with the inside disk either marked by linear bands, re- mains of vessels passing from the trunk to the base of the rachis, or covered by impressions of rootlets obliterating its shape, or merely ovate or elliptical, without traces of horsesboe-shaped vascular lines. These lines mav have been, in some cases, effaced by abrasion of the surface or covered by rootlets. Type C. primaeva. FfQ. 24.— Cnulopteris prtmteva. acanthopbora, Lesqiiereux, 1870, Geo. Sur. 111., vol.4, p. 458, Coal Meas. It may be a Bvnonym for l)lo(), and Coal Flora of Pa., \y Pia. 27.— OordalteA costatus. coin I Phil. Woe, p. p. 534, Coal Mean. coBtatiis, Leaquereux, 1H7H, Proc Am. Phil. Soc, p. 323, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 640, Coal Meas. crasHinerviB, Fontaine & White, 1880, Perm, or Up. Carb. Flora, 07, Coal leas. or Perm, craasuf), lieaque- reux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 530, Coal Meas. diversifolius, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal riora of Pa., p. 535, Coal Meas. Proposed instead of C. auKUstifolius Lesquereux, which was preoccupied, flexuosus, Dawson, 1K63, Quar Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 19, p. 462, Catskill Ur. gracilis, Lesquereux, 1878, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, p. 322, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 539, Coal Meas. grandifoilus, liesquereux, 1878, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, p. 318. and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 530, Coal Meas. lacoei, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 535, Coal Meas. lingulatus, Grand 'Eury., 1877, Flore Car- bonifere, p. 218, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 533, Coal Meas. mansfieldi, Lepquereux, 1878, Proc Am. Phil. Soc, p. 321, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 537, Coal Meas. radiatus, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 540, Coal Meas. robbi, Dawson, 1861, Can. Nat, vol. 6, p. 8, Ham. Gr. serpens, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 324, Coal Meas. simplex, Dawson, 1863, Can. Nat., vol. 8, and Acad. Geol., p. 490, Coal Meas. validus, Lesquereux, 1878, Proc Am. Phil. Soc, p. 317, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 523, Coal Meas. Crematopteris, Schimper, 1869, Trait6 de Paleontologie Vegetale, vol. 1, p. 596. [Ety. \rematoi, hanging; ptem, fern.] Rachis thick ; pinnules sessile, ovate- oblong, contracted at the base, and sub- auriculate. Type C. typica. pennsylvanica, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 307, Coal Meas. Crcziana, D'Orbigny, 1842, Voy. dans I'Amer. Merid. t. 3, pt. 2, p. 30. [Ety. E roper name.] A transversely wrin- led fucoid, much like Rusophycus. Type C. rugosa. linnarsoni, White, 1874, Rep. Invert. Fobs., p. 5, and Geo. Sur. W. 100th Merid., vol. 4, p. 32, Upper Taconic rustica, White, 1874, Rep. Invert. Fosa., p. 5, and Geo. Sur. W. 100th Merid., vol. 4, p. 32, Up. Taconic similis, BlIlingH, 1874, Pul. Fobs., vol. 2, p. 68, Up. Taconic Cyclohtbrib, Brongnlart, 1828, Prodr. Hist. Veg. FoHP., p. 51. [Ely. Au/fcfo«, circle ; {>ten», fern.] Leatlets orbicular or reni- orm, large, veins numerous, and not positively referable to other genera. Type C. orbicularis. acadn'a, see Aneimites acadicuB. alleghauitmh, Meek, 1876, Desc. Fobb. Plants Va. Syn. for Archteopteria rogerai. antlqua, Dawson, 1863, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 8, and Acad. Geol., p. 481, Coal Meas. bockghii, see Aneimites bockshii. brvwni, see Rhacophyllum browni. crispa. Germ. & Kaulf, 1831, (Filicites crisDus,) Nova. Acta. Acad., vol. 16, p. 229, Coal Meas. elegans, Lesquereux, 1858, Uost. Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, p. 416, and Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 856, Coal Meas. S. Fio. 28.— CyclopterlMelegaiiB. fimhriata, see Neuropteris limbriata. flabellata, Brongniart, 1828, Prodr. Hist. Veg. Fobs., p. 52, Coal Meas. germari, see Neuropteris germari. hatlana, see Archseopteris hallana. hispida, Dawson, 1863, Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 8, and J cad. Geol., p. 481, Coal Meas. hirsuta, Lesquereux, 1858, Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 856, Coal Meas. incerta, Dawson, 1862, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 18, p. 320, Ham. Gr. jacksoni, see Archseopteris jacksoni. ladniata, see Neuropteris laciniata. lescuriana, see Tripliyllopteris lescuriana. oblata, Lindley & Hutton, 1837, Fobs. Flora, vol. 3, pi. 217, Coal Meas. obliqua, Brongniart, 1828, Prodr. Hist. Veg. Fobs., p. 52, Coal Meas. orbicularis, Brongniart, 1828, Prodr. Hist. Veg. Fobs., p. 52, Coal Meas. problematica, Dawson, 1871, Foss. Plants Dev. and Up. Sil., p. 47, Devonian. rogersi, see Arcbseopteris rogersi. trichomanoides, see Neuropteris tricho- manoides. undans, Lesquereux, 1868, Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 855, Coal Meas. 116 PLANTS. [CYC. UKt. valida, hoo AneimiteH vaUdtiH. v»ria, UHWflon, !««'_', (|ii«r. Jour. Geo. 8oc., vol. 18, p. :Ul>, Devonian. virginUma, see pHeudopecopteris virgJn- iana. wiUoni, WomI, 1S60, I'roc. Acad. Nat. Bi'l, p. 51t), ('Oal Meaa. Cyclohtkima, Huughton, IHOO, Ann. and Mfl({. Nat. HiHt., .3d Her., vol. 6, p. 444. [Ety. kukloH, circle; Migma, a dot or puncture.] SteinH arborcHcent, surface tuber(Uilate,ruK08elen(;:tliwiBe; tubercles in regular Bi>iral order, small, subglo- bose, more generally conical, acute, topped with a vascular terminal and prominent point, or more rarely flat- tened at the top into small, round areoles, with the vascular point in the middle ; decorticated surface smooth or obscurely striate lenathwise by the series of tubercles, which are oval, ele- vated or prominent, and gradually ef- faced downward or decurring, pr»»8erv- Ing the imprenmons of the central vas- cular scars. Type C kiltorkense. afUne, Dawson, 1881, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 37, p. 301, Chemung Gr. densifolium, Dawson, 1871, Fose. Plants Can., p. 43 Devonian, kiltorkense, Haughton, 1860, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., vol. 5, p. 444, Subcarboniferous. Oymoolohha, Schimper, 1869, Traits de Paleontologle Vegetaie, vol. 1, p. 553. [Ety. kumo, wavy ; glotm, tongue,] Frond pinnate, or bipinnate ; piiinie oblong, sessile, alternate, margin lobed; nerves simple or branching, reaching the margin and leaving triangular spaces without nerves. Type C. goepper- tana. breviloba, Fontaine & White, 1880, Perm, and Up. Carb. Flora, p. 86, Coal Meas. or Permian, formosa, Fcmtaine & White, 1880, Perm, and Up. Carb. Flora, p. 86, Coal Meas. or Permian, lobata, Fontaine & White, 1880, Perm, and Up. Carb. Flora, p. 87, Coal Meas. or Permian. obtusifolia, Fontaine & White, 1880, Perm, and Up. Carb. Flora, p. 85, Coal Meas. or Permian. Dactylophycus, Miller & Dyer, 1878, Cont. to Pal., No. 2, p. 1. [Ety. dactylos, finger ; phukoa, sea-plant.] Stem divided at one or both ends into three or more short subequal branches, and closely related to Ichnophycus. Type D. tri- digitatum. quadripartitum, Miller & Dyer, 1878, Cont. to Pal., No. 2, p. 2, Utica Slate Gr. tridigitatum, Miller & Dyer,1878, Cont. to Pal., No. 2, p. 1, Utica Slate Gr. Fro. 29.- Dactylo- pliycua triaiKl- tatuir. FiH. ao. — Diuloxj - lull. (I, burk ; b, woody /. o II e o r tlbur (|) leu re II' ( whii-li were attaclxxl leavfB, prob- ably joylindrical. Ty|)»« D. »-u|)liorblo- hlen. Htriittu, LeHqtiflrpiix, 1H80, Coal Flora of Pa., |>. 431, Coal M(>aH. pKNDKOPIIYrtlH, L«8(|tiur(>ux, 18H4, Coal Flora of Pa., vol. W, p. (IW». [Kty. dm- dron, tree ; phnko», Ht'a-weeKiilarlv brancliinK and widely 8|>ri>adinK from tiit' bane of tlu! rhizoma ; rliizomu cylindrifal, Hiinple, long and tbick; fron, Devonian. I)K,s.MioPHVi.iiiTM, Lesnuereux, I8S0, Coal Flora of Pa., p. oM, [Ety. deimo$, band ; phyllon, leaf.] Sterna alender ; leaves narrow, aublinear, gradually en- larged from tbe baae, single and aparae or joined 3 or 4 togetber and faacicu- late at tbe base; surface of stem and leaves irregularly ribbed lengtbwise by prominent large bundles of nerves buried under tbe epidermis, whicb is tbick, irregularly granuloae, by aplit- ting of tbe coaly layer. Type D. gracile. gracile, Leaquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 657, Coal Meaa. Dic'RANOPHYLLUM, Grand 'Eury, 1877, Flore Carbonifere, pi. 30. [Ety. dikranoi, two- pointed ; phyllon, leaf.] Stems slender, leaves narrow, linear, aubcoriaceous, of various lengtb, forking, or dividing in filaments in tbe upper part, marked witb a few tbick primary nerves, and intermediate nervilles, more or less im- mersed into the epidermis. dichotomum, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 553, Coal Meas. dimorphum, Leaquereux, 1878, Proc. Am. Pbil. Soc, p. 329, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 554, Coal Meas. Diclnolites, see Dictyopbyton in the class Protozoa. becH see Dictyopbyton becki. DicrvopTERis, Gutbier, 1835, Verst. Zwick. Schwarzk, p. 63. [Etv. diclyon, net; pteris, fern.] Frond bipinnate; pin- nules cordate, truncate or rounded at the base, sessile or short pedicelled, oblong, obtuse or lanceolate, entire; veins flexuous, connected by flexures and intersections, forming a mote or less distinct and close reticulation of polygonal mesbes. Type D. brong- niarti. cordata, Roemer, in Pflanzen d. prod. Steinkohlengeb. am Harz und Pieaberg in Palseontographica, vol. 9, p. 186, an- sifolius. Fueoides, Brongniart, 1822, in Mem. d. Hist. Coal Coal Am. (■AI,. — HRI,.] PLANTS, 119 Nat. and Hist. d. Veg. Fobs., 1. 1., p. 50. It was used to compreliend the Sargas- nites or Thalassophytes, and hence is of more than generic value. aJleghaniensis, see Arthrophycus harlani. iinriiormk. Hall, 1843. Not organic. bilobatn*, see Rusophycus bilobatum. caudugalli, see Taonurus caudagalli. demiaaa, Conrad probably phytopsis tubu- losa. detUatus, Brongniart probably Diplograp- tus pristiniformis. fiViciformis, see Blmcophyllum filiciforme. Itexuosm, see Bythotrephis flexuosa. (jrneilis, see Bythotrephis gracilis. (jraphica. Not defined so as to be deter- mined. hnrlani, see Arthrophycus harlani. heterophyllus, Hall. Not defined so as to bp determined. retort, see Taonurus retortus. rigidvx, see Bythotrephis rigida. .sfca/inttg, Hall syn. lor Dipiograptus sim- plex. germ, Brongniart, see Graptolithus bryo- noides. dmplex, see Dipiograptus simplex. velum, see Taonurus velum. verticalis, see Scolithus verticalis. Galium spliencyphyUoidst, see Annularia sphenophylloides. Gi.YPTODENDRON, Claypole, 1878, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 15, p. 302. [Ety. glyptos sculptured ; dendron, tree.] Stem thick, covered with rhomboidal areoies, the lower portious of which are depressed. Type G. eatonense. Via. 37.— Olyptodemlron eatonense. eatonense, Claypole, 1878, Am. Jour. Sci. iuul Arts, 3d. ser., vol. 15, p. 302, Niag- ara Gr. Goniopteris newbenyana, see Pecopteris nev- berryana. oblonga, see Pecopteris oblonga. Oordia marina, see Palauochorda marina. Gri.iKLMiTKS, Geinitz, 1868, Leithpfianzen d. Uothleig. u. d. Zechstein, Sachsen, p. 19. [Ety. from the genus Gulie'ima.] A kind of fruit, of uncertain affinity, oihicularis, Fontaine & White,' 1880, Perm, and Up. Carb. Flora, p. 99, Coal Meas. or Permian. I«'rniianu8, Geinitz, 1858, Leithpfianzen (1. Kothleig. u. d. Zechstein, Sachsen, p. 19, Permian. Halonia, Lindley & Hutton, 1835, Foss. Flora, vol. 2, p. 11. [Ety. from its close affinity with Hahnia.'] Stems of me- dium size, dlchotomous; cortex tuber- culate; spaces intermediate to the tu- bercles marked with rhomboidal scars; decorticated stirface, covered with pnnc- tiform round or oval papilla}, obtuse or perforated in the center, placed in spiral order. Type H. tortuosa. fiexuosa, Goldenberg, 1855, (^Ulodendron flexuosum,) Flora Sarrtepontana fossilis, vol. 1, pi. 2, fig. 10, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 416, Coal Meas. mansfield i. Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 414, Coal Meas. ])ulchena, !.«»• q u e r e u x, 18G0, Geo. Sur. Ark., vol. 2, p. 311, Coal Meas. secreta, Lcs- q u e r e u X, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., D. 417, Coal Meas. tortuosa, Lind- ley & Hut- h\ ''* .— Hellophycus wtelllforsiie. Heliopiivcus, Miller & Dyer, 1878, Cont. to Pal. No. 2, p. 2. [Ety. Mio», the sun ; 120 PLANTS. [hir KNo. {thukot, m>a-plnnl,] Htnr-Iike frond, iavin(rflv4th R«p. N. Y. Ht, MuH. Nat, HiHt., p. L'OIJ, [ICty. hipniuloii, horwefoot; phukos, sea- plant.] Founded upon cavities in Hand- Htone, tiaving a form Himiiur to tliat whirh a tmtty hall will aHHiime, when ymtmiil between thumb and finger, leaving a rounded rim on three HideH of the j)orange6 by a rhomboidul small Bhield ; cpnres, triquetre on one side, half globular on the other, like those of the Lycopods, homomorphous or dimor- p}ious. Type L. ornatus. acuminatus, Lesquereuz, 1868, (Lepido- ))hylluni acuminatum,) Geo. Pa., vol.2, p. 875, Coal Meas. aUlrichi, Lesipiereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 441, Coal Meas. butleri, Lfsquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 840. Coal Meas. connivens, Lesquereux, 1870, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 4, p. 442, Coal Meas. foliaceus, Lesquereux, 1870, (Lepidophyl- lum foliaceum,) Geo. Sur. III., vol. 4, p. 444, Coal Meas. globosus, Dawi^on, 1861, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 6, p. 174, Devonian. goldenbergi, Schimper, 1872, Trait(; de Paleontologie Vegetale, vol. 2, p. 61, Coal Mens. hastatus, Lesquereux, 1858, gjepidophyllum hastatum,) eo. Sur. Pa., vol.2, p. 876, Coal Meas. incertus, Lesquereux, 1 880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 442, Coal Meas. lacoei, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 439, Coal Meas. lanceolatus, Brongniart, 1828, 'Lepi- dophyllum lanceolatum,) Prodr. d. Hist. d. Veg. Foss., p. 87, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 436, Coal Meas. lancifolius, Leequereux, 1870, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 442, Coal Meas. latus, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 841, Coal Meas. longifolius, Dawson, 1863, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 8, and Acad. Geol. p. 489, Coal Meas. mant-fieldi, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 444, Coal Meas. mirabilis, Newberry, 1873, (Polysporia mirabilis,) Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 362, Low- Coal Meas. oblongifolius, Lesquereux, 1870, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 441, Coal Meas. Fig. 40. LepldoHlro- BP 811 husnastatus. Fio. 47.— Lepldosti'obus oruatUM. Cone y^ size. ornatus, Parkinson, 1811, Organic Re- mainn, vol. 1, pi. 9, fig. 1, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 440, Coal Meas. ovatifolius, Lesquereux, 1870, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 441, Coal Meas. pinaster, Lindley & Hutton, 1837, Foss. Flora, vol. 3, p. 129, Coal Meas. prselongus, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 433, Coal Meas. princeps, Lesquereux, 1866, Geo. Siu. 111., vol. 2. p. 455, Coal Meas. quadratUB, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 441, Coal Meas. richardsoui, Dawson, 1861, Can. Nat. ami Geo., vol. 6, p. 174, Devonian. salisburyi, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 44.'}, Coal Meas. spectabilis, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of I*a., p. 435, Coal Meas. squamosus, Dawson, 1863, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 8, and Acad. Geol., p. 489, Coal Meas. 8tachioide8, see 4sterophyllites stachioides. trigonolepis, Bunbury, 1847, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 3, p. 432, Coal Meas. truncatus, Lesquereux, 1870, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 442, Coal Meas. variabilis, Lindley & Hutton, 1833, Foss. Flora, vol. 1, p. 31, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 434, Coal Meas. Lepidoxylon, Lesquereux, 1878, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, p. 334, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 567. [Ety. lepis, scale ; .vyhn, wood.] Stems large,tapering to a point ; bark thin, covered with leafy scales; leaves variable, sublinear, narrowed or enlarged to the point of attachment, forking upward in two or more laci- nia; ; nervation distinct with the glHss; primary nerves parallel, buried in the epidermis, inflated or half round ; inter- mediate veinlets thin, visible on the decorticated face. Type L. anomaluiu. anomalum, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 567, Coal meas. LeptophlO'Ium, DawROu, 1862, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 18, p. 316. [Ety. lepioK, slender ; phlow, the bark of a tree.] Stem covered with continuous rhombic areoles, each with a single small scar a little above its center, and above this a very slight furrow ; decorticated stems, with spiral punctiform scars in slight depressions; turk thin, pith cylinder very large, with transverse markings of the character of Sternbergia. Type L. rhombicum. rhombicum, Dawson, 1862, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 18, p. 316, Devonian. Lescuropteris, Schimper, 1869, Palseontolo- gie Vegetale, vol. 1, p. 465. [Ety. proper name ; pteris, a fern.] Fronds large, bi Fio. 48.— Leseuropterls adiantites. tripinnate ; rachis broad ; foliate ; pin- n«e pinnatifid, close, oblique ; divisions ovate, acute, inclined outside, connate I.K3.- LYC] PLANTAR. 126 to the middle, decurrent to the racbis , f)rimary nerve thin, dichotomous ; ower pairs of lateral veins emerging from the rachis, the other alternately from the midrib, forking twice, the upper forking once or simple. Type L. raooril. adiantites, Lesquereux, 1854, (Neurop- teris adiHntites,) Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. fi, p. 419, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 163, Coal Meas. moorii, Lesquereux, 1858, (^Neuropteris moori,) Geo. Sur. Pa., vol 2, p. 8t)0, Coal Meas. Lksi.eya, Lepquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 142. [Ety. proper name.] Pin- nie simple, very entire, sublanceolate, gradually narrowing toward the base, traversed by a thick cost^i effaced un- der the apex; veins oblique, curved, equal, repeatedly dichotomous. Type L. grandis. grandis, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 143, Coal Meas. microphylla, Ijesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 831, Coal Meas. Fio. 49.— Licrophycus ottawense. LicROPHYcus, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 99. [Ety. l\kro», a fan; phykos, sea-weed.] Composed of numerous, elongated, subcylindrical stems, radiat- ing from a common root, and remain- ing single, or branching at an acute angle. Type L. ottawense. flabellum. Miller & Dyer, 1878, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 25, Hud. Riv. Gr. formosum, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 72, Hud. Riv. Gr. hiltonense, Billings, 1S()2, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 101, Black Riv. and Trenton Gr. hudsonicum, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 101, Hud. Riv. Gr minor, Billings, 1862, Pal. Fosh., vol. 1, p. 100, Trenton Gr. ottawense, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. . 1, p. 99, Trenton Gr. robustum, Billings, 1866, Catal. 8il. Foss. Antic, p. 72, Hud. Riv. Gr. vagans, Billings, 1866. Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 72, Hud. Riv. Gr. Lithodichion becki, Conrad. Not properly defined ; but see Dictyophyton becki. LoNtHOPTKRis, Broneniart, 1828, Prodr. Hist. Veg. Foss., p. 59. [Ety. lonrhe, spear; pterin, fern.] Pinnate or bipinnate; pinnules contiguous at the base, nearly at right angles to petiole, oblong-eloii- f;ate, obtuse, middle-sized veins reticu- ated with finer ones. Type L. bricei. tenuis, Dawson, 1863, Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 8, and Acad. Geol., p. 483, Coal Meas. Lycopodiolithes elegant, see Lepidoden- dron elegans. Lycopodites, Brongniart, 1822, Mem. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat. de Paris, and Ly- copodiolithis of Schlotheim and Sternberg. [Ety. from Lycopodium, the club moss.] Plants herbaceous; leaves of the same or of two differ- ent forms upon the same branches, distichous or in spiral order; fruc- tifications in small cylindrical spikes. Type L. pinniformis. annulariifolins, Lesquereux, 1870, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 426, Coal Meas. arborescens, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal * Flora of Pa., p. 778, Coal Meas. # asterophvllitifolius. Lesquereux, 1866, <}eo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 447, Coal Meas. cavifolius, Lesquereux, 1861, Geo. Sur. Ky., vol. 4, p. 437, Coal Meas. comosus, Dawson, 1863, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 19, p. 462, Devo- nian, flexifolius, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 779, Coal Meas. lacoei, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 780, Coal Meas. matthewi, Dawson, 1861, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 6, p. 171, and Acad. Geol., p. 540, De- vonian, meeki, Lesquereux, 1870, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 4, p. 426, Coal Meas. ortoni, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 357, Coal Meas. penduluB, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 357, Coal Meas. Fig. 50.— Lyco- podites mat- thewi ; a, briinch lUKl leaves: b,r,d leaves. ^• S' 6^ a;. #»-• • ;• p/o, 126 Pl.ANTAi. MAC- Ml,(.. pluiaula, see Plutnalina pltitnula. richardsoni, Dawaon, 18f/3, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 19, p. 461, Devonian. Hiinplex, Leaquereux. 1H84, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 779, Coal Moas. BtrictuH, Leequereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 3()0, Coal Meas. uncinatUB, LeHquereux, 1860, (>Selaginitt>H unc' latus,) Geo. Sur. HI., vol. 2, p. 440, Coal Meas. vannxemi, Dawson, 1862, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 18, p. 314, Syn. for Plumalina plumulu. Macrostachya, Schimper, 1869, Traitfe de PaU'ontologie Ve>tetale, vol. 1, p. 332. IEty. makroa, long; »lachys, a plant.] 'lants arborescent, articulate ; articula- tions close ; cortex thin, smooth or striate; impressions of the internal sur- face plano-coHtate ; furrows narrow, al- ternating at tliH articulations ; leaves appressed, linear, cariuate or marked with a medial nerve, acuminate, finely truncate; leaf scars marked upon the articulations by transversely oval rings, like the links of a chain ; scars of branches verticillate, large, round, um- bonate, witli a stigmarioid central mam- illa; Hpikes very large, cylindrical; bracts lanceolate, costate in tiie middle, imbricate, scarcely longer than the in- ternodes. Type M. infundibuliformis. aperta, Lesquereux, 1858, (Asterophyllites apftus,) Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 852, Coal Meas. communis, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 828, Coal Meas. infundibuliformis, Brongniart, 1828, (Kquisetum infundibuliforme,) Hist. Veg. Foss., t. 1, p. 119, Coal Meas. lancuolata, Lesquereux, 1858, (Astero- phyllites lanceolatus,) Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 852, Coal Meas. minor, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 829, Coal Meas. Meoaloptisris, Dawson, 1871, Foss. Plants Dev. and Up., Sil. Formations, p. 51. [Ety. megale, great ; pteris, fern.] Fronds very large, pinnate, ultimate pinnae oblique, subhnear or lanceolate, entire, the lower side broadly decurrent on the rachis, which thus becomes alate, the uijper narrowed in a curve, confluent ; midrib thick, canaliculate on the upper surface, half cylindrical on the lower, gradually narrowed, but distinct to the apex of the leaves; veins open, emerg- ing from the rachis in a more open angle of divergence, curving upward in reaching the borders, close dichotomous. Type M. dawsoni. abbreviata, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 151, Coal Meas. dawsoni, Hartt, 1868, (Neuropteris daw- soni,) Acad. Geol., p. 550, Devonian. dentata, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 833, Goal Meas. fasciculata, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 150, Coal Meas. bartti, Andrews, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. .-, p. 416, Coal Meas. lata, Anarews, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 417, Coal Meas. marginata, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 152, Coal Meas. minima, Andrews, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. :', p. 416, Coal Meas. ovata, Andrewp, 1876, Ohio Pal., vol, j, p. 417, Coal Meas. rectinervis, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 744, Coal Meas. serrata, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 834, Coal Meas. Fig. 51.— MeKalopteris south welll, southwelli, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 148, Coal Meas. Megaphyton, Artis, 1828, Antedil. Phytol., p. 20. [Ety. megas, great; phyton, a plant.] Scars large, round-quadrate in outline, mostly contiguous, placed in opposite biserial rows; internal disks convex, with central or vascular im- pressions in the form of a horseshoe, or a medial band dividing the disks into two lobes, joined in the middle. Type M. frondosum. goldenbergi, Weiss, 1860, Zeitsch d, deutsch Geo. Ge- sellsh. XII, p. 510, Coal Meas. grandeurvi, Lesque- reux, '1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 350, Coal Meas. humile, Dawson, 1863, Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 8, and Acad. Geol. p. 486, Coal ^,®*8.- ^ FiQ. 52.— Megaphy- maclayi, Lesquereux, ton pi-otuberans. 1866, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 458, Coal Meas. magnificum, Dawson, 1863, Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 8, and Acad. Geol., p. 486, Coal Meas. :^: -^ NHM.— NEU.] PLANTS. 127 protuberans, Leaquereux, 1866, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 468, KaHkaakia Or. Nematophycus, Carruthers, 1872, Month. Micro. Jour. Syn. for Prototaxites. logani, see Prototaxites logani. Nkmatophyllum, Fontaine & White, 1880, Perm, or Up. Carb. Flora, p. 35. [Ety. nema, thread; phyllon, leaf.] Stem cov- ered with a thick, very finely Htriate epidermis, internodes remote, HWoUen ; leaves verticillate, numerous, very long and thread-like, of equal width through- out, finely striate, without nerves, united at the base in a narrow annular band. Type N. aogustum. angustum, Fontaine & White, 1880, Perm, or Up. Carb. Flora, p. 35, Coal Meas. or Permian. Nkmatoxylon, Dawson, 1863, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 19, p. 466. [Kty. nema, a thread; xyhn, wood.] Carruthers, Penhallow, and others say this genus belongs to the Alga>, and is a syn. for NematophycuB. Fragments of wood, with a smooth bark and a tissue wholly composed of elongated cy'lndrical cells, with irregular pores or markings ; no pith, medullary rays or rings of growth. Type N, crassum. crassum, Dawson, 1863, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 19, p. 466, Devonian, tenue, Dawson, 1863, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 19, p. 467, Devonian. Nephropieris, Brongniart, 1828, Tab. des gener. elegans, see Cyclopteris ele- gans. fimbriata, see Neuropteris fimbriata. germari, see Cyclopteris ger- mari. /i»r«ippert, 1836, (Adiantites ger- mari,) Svstema Filicum Fossilium, p. 218, and 'Coal Flora of Pa., p. 113, Coal Meas. gibbosH, L5>fs()uereux, 1868, Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 858, Coal Meas. gi^ntea, St*'rnbeiv, 1825, Vers. Darst. Flora der Vorwelt, p. 16, Coal Meas. granger!, Brongniart, 1828, Hiet. Veg. Fobs., p. 237, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 105, Coal Meas. griiBthi, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 737, Coal Meas. heterophylla, Brongniart, 1822, (Filicites heterophylla) Mem. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat. de Paris, t. 8, p. 203, Coal Meas. Fig. 54.— Neu •opterls liirsuta. hirsute, Lesquereux, 1854, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, p. 417, and CorI Flora of Pa., p.'88, Coal Meas. inflata, Lesquereux, 1866, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 431, Coal Meas. ingens, Lindley «& Hutton, 1833, Foss. Flora, vol. 2., p. 29, Coal Meas. lacerata, syn. for Neuropteris flmbriata. laciniata, Lesquereux, 1868, (Cyclopteris laciniata,) Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 856, Coal Meas. loshi, Brongniart, 1828, Hist. d. Veg. Foss., p. 242, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 98, Coal Meas. microphylla, Brongniart, 1828, Hist. Veg. Fobs., p. 245, Coal Meas. minor, Lesquereux, 1868, Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 859, Coal Meas. miBBouriensis, Lesquereux, 1880, Coul Flora of Pa., p. 104, Coal Meas. moori, Hee Lescuropteris moorii. oblongifolia, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 732, Coal Meas. obscura, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 108. Coal Meas. odontopteroides, Fontaine & White, 18S(), Perm, or Up. Carb. Flora, p. 50, Coul Meas. or Permian, pacliyderma, Lesquereux, 1806, Geo. Hnr. 111., vol. 2, p. 430, Coal Meas. perelesans, Dawson, 1863, Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 8, and Acad. Geol., p. 482, Coal Meas. platynervis, Fontaine & White, 18m(), Perm, or Up. Carb. Flora, pi. 8, fig. :', Coal Meas. or Permian, plicata, Sternberg, 1828, Vers. Darst. Flora der Vorwelt, p. 74, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 96, Coal Meas. polymorplia, Dawson, 1862, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 18, p. 320, Devonian, rarinervis, Bunbury, 1847, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc., vol. 3, p. 425, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 109, Coal Meas. reniformis, Bronitniart, 1828, (Cyclopteris reniformis,) Hist. d. Veg. Fobs., p. 21(), and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 77, Coal Meap. retorquata, Dawson, 1871, Foss. Plants Canada, p. 50, Devonian, rogersi, Lesquereux, 1858, Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 856, Coal Meas. rotundifolia, Brongniart, 1828, Hist. Veg. Foss, p. 238, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 97, Coal Meas. selwyni, Dawson, 1871, Foss. Tlants Canada, p. 50, Devonian, serrulata, Dawson, 1862, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 18, p. 320, Devonian, smilacifolia, Sternberg, 1824, Vers. Darst. Flora der Vorwelt, vol. 2, p. 29, Coal Meas. smiths!, Lesquereux, 1876, Geo. Rep. of Alabama, p. 76, and Conl Flora of Pa., p. 106, Coal Meas. soreti, Brongniart, 1828, Prodr. Hist. Veg. Fobs., p. 53, and Hist. d. Veg. Foss., 1. 1, p. 244, Coal Meas. specma, Lesquereux syn. for N. rogersi. subfalcata, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 102, Coal Meas. tenuifolia, Sternberg, 1825, Vers. Darst. Flora der Vorwelt, p. 17, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 100, Coal Meas. tenuinervis, see Odontopteris tenuinervis. trichomanoides, Brongniart, 1828, (Cyclop- ' teris trichomanoides,) Hist. d. Veg. Fobs., p. 217, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 79, Coal Meas. nndans, Lesquereux, 1854, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, p. 418, and Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 859, Coal Meas. verbenifolia, Lesquereux, 1866, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 431, Coal Meae. MKO.] PLASTY. 129 vermiciilaris, l^squereux, 18((1, Geo. 8ur. Ky., vol. 4, p. 434, ('oal MesH. villiersi, Broiigniart, 1N2S, Prodr. Hist. Vt'g. FoHH, p. 53, Coal Meas. .\K. FoHH., p. 256, and ('«ml Flora o( Ph., p. 1H(I, Conl MeaH. Hplionnpte roiileH , L«H(|uereux,loSO, Coal Flora of Pa., p. i:i(). Coal M* aH. H(|iiamo8H, lieH<|ue- retix, 1854, ItoHt. Jour. Nat. HIhI.. vol. U, p. 410, and Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 'J, p. 860, Conl Mean. H(]iiiimom, Dawson, 1881, (iuar. Jour. Geo. Soc. fjond., vol. 37, p. 306, Devonian. The name was pre- occupied. See O. dawBonana. Bubcrenulata, Lesiiuereux, 1880, Co&l Flora of Pa., p. 137, Coal Meas. Bubcuneata, Bunbury, 1847, Quar. Geo. Jour., vol. 3, p. 427, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 134, Coal Meas. tenuinerviB, Lescjuereux, 1858, (Neurop- teris tenuinerviH,) (Jeo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 859j Coal Meas. wortheni, Lesquereux, 1866, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 432, Coal Meas. Oliuocarpia, Goenpert, 1841-48, DieGattun- gen der fossilen Pflanzen, p. 3. [Etjj. oHgos, few ; karpos, fruit.] Fronds bi- pinnateortripinnatifid ; primary pinnee oblons-lanceolate ; secondary divisions, open, linear, pinnately divided in oblong or half round lobes or leaflets, connate at the base, crenulate ; primary and secondary veins nearly of the same size, thin but distinct ; lateral veins curved to the borders, simple or forked. Type O gutbieri. alabameusis, Lesquereux, 1875, Geo. Rep. Ala., p. 76, and Coal i'jora of Pa., p. 266, Coal Meas. flagellaris, Lesquereux, 1858, (Sphenop- teris flagellaris,) Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 862, CohI Meas. gutbieri, Gceppert, 1841-48, Die Gattungen der fossilen Ftlanzen, p. 3, Coal Meas. Ormoxylon, Dawson, 1871, Foes. Plants Can- ada, p. 14. [Ety. ormog, a chain, a cord ; xylon, wood.] Woody stems, with cells of the character of those of Dadoxylon, very thick walled, with thrte rows of hexagonal areoles, having oval pores and medullary rays of one row of cells. Pith cavity composed of a series of spherical chambers, separated by thick, transverse cellular partitions. Type O. erianum. erianum, Dawson, 1871, Foss. Plants Can- ada, p. 14, Portage Gr. Oktiiooonioitkrih, An> the rachis; medial nerve thick, ascend- ing to the apex ; nervules line uinl numerous, uniform, at right angle l<> the midrib, docurring to it at the point of attachment forking once near tlic base. Type (*. clara. clara, Andrews, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 419, (!oal Meas. gilherti, Andrews, 1S75, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 420, Coal M. an. Pachyphyllnm, LeH«|U('- reux, 185H, (ieo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2. [Kty. pachys, thick ; phylton, a leaf.] This name was preoccupied in the class Polypi. See Khacophvllum. affine, see Khacophyllum afllne. fimbriatum, see Khaco- phyllum timbriatum. hirsntum, see Khaco- phyllum hirsutum. laceratum, see Khaco- phyllum laceratum. lactuca, see Khaco- phyllum lactuca. Pachypteris, Brongniart, 1828, Prodr. Hist. Veg. Foss., p. 49. [Ety. pachys, thirk ; pteria, fern.] Frond pinnate or bipin- nate, bearing opposite coriaceous pin- nules, with a medial nerve or without nervation, narrowed toward the base, not joined to the rachis. Type P. Ian- ceolata. gracillima, Lestiuereux, 1870, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 419, Coal Meas. PalvEophycus, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 7. [Ety. palaioB, ancient ; phykos, sea- weed.] Stems simple or dichotomous, branches cylindrical or slightly flat- tened, obtuse, surface smooth or dotted. Type P. tubulare. articulatum, Winchell, 1864, Am. Jonr. Sci. and Arts, 2d series, vol. 37, p. 2;>1, Potsdam Gr. . beauharnoisense, Billings, 1862, Pal. '<''| Fobs., vol. 1, p. 98, Oalcif. Gr. beverleyense, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1. p. 97, Potsdam Gr. coDgregatum, Billings, 1861, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 3, Potsdam Gr. divaricatum, Lesquereux, 1876, 7th Ann. Rep. Geol. Sur. Ind., p. 138, Coal Meas. , fuuiculus, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. '* 1, p. 98, Calcif. Gr. Via. 68. OrthoKODlopterls Clara, part of a pinnule. Hi I'Vl, PKC] PI.AST.K. 131 i;rucil«, L«Hi|ii«rciix, lH7t(, 7th Ami. \W\^, Geol. >Sur. Iml., p. i:t7, Conl Mohh. ^ incipieiiH, HilliiiKH, IHOI, Pal. ^^ KoHH., vol. 1, p. 2, 1'otmluiniir. ^M informc, Wiiichell, 1N04, Am. ■H Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. 37, ^!^ !>. L'.'IL', I'otmlaiu Gr. ^^ ^ irrvK»lare, Hull, 1S47, PhI. ^kM N. Y., vol. 1, |>. 8, Caldf. (ir. ^^m milleri, LuB(|uereux, 187(1, 7tli ^V Ann. Rep. (iool. Siir. liid,, j.^, ^1, p. 13H, CohI MiMiH. i'ltiii'ophy. obHciiruui, BilliiiKa, 1862, Pal. iiisKiiiclfe. FoH!i.,vol. l,p. (W, Trt'iitoiiGr. ocridentale, WliitHeld, 1877, Hep. Pal. Black HillH, p. 7, and (iuol. lllatk HIUh, p. .{32, Potsdam Or. phiinoBum. Whitfleld, 1878, Ann. Kep. Geo. Sur. WIh., p. 50, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 160, Potsdam Gr. ru>rosnm, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. U3, Trenton Gr. Himplex, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. «3, Trenton Gr. striatum, Hall, 1862, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 22, Clinton (ir. tortuosum, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. U, Medina sandstone. tulmlare. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, i^. 7, Calcif. Gr. virntatum. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. I, p. 203, Hud. Uiv. Gr. palitopteris, Schimper, being preoccupied by Geinitz, see Archa'opteriH. iicadica, see Aneimites acadicus. hartii, see Archwopteris liarti. Pitliroxyris, Brongniart, 1828, Prodr. d. Hist, d. Veg. Foss., p. 137. [P.tj|. palaios, an- cient; xyria, olant.] An inflorescence. Type P. regularis. The fossils which have been referred to tliis genus in the American palirozoic rocks are now re- ferred to Spirangium. (ippetidiculata, see Spirangium appendicu- tatum. corruaata, see Spirangium corrugatum. prendeli, see Spirangium prendeli. Paluiitntes oculatus, H«e Sigillaria oculata. vmjgerathi, see Trigonocarpum na>gge- rathi. Pecoptkris, Brongniart, 1822, Class d. Veg. Foss. in Mem. du Mus. d'Hist. Mat. d. Paris, torn. 8, p. 203. [Ely. peko, corah; pteris, fern.] Fronds, bi, tripinnate ; pinnae long, pinnatiiid ; pinnules ad- hering to the rachis by the whole base, often more or less deeply connate, not decurring; borders generally contigu- ous, or nearly so ; secondary veins de- rived from the medial nerve of the pinnules, simple, bi or trifurcate. Type, P. longifolia is the first species men- tioned in the Prodr. d. Hist. d. Veg. Foss., and the first mentioned in the Coal Flora of Pa. is P. unita, while P. penniformis is a representative species. abbreviata, Brongniart, 1628, Hist. d. Veg. Foss., p. 337, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 248, Coal Meas. acuta, Brongniart, 1828, Hist. d. Veg. FoHH., p. ;t.5(>, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 241, Colli Meas. iv(|ualiH, Brongniart, 1828, Prodr. d. Hist. d. N'eg. FoHK., p. 58, Coal Meat*. nidlii, we Sphenopteris alata. iilnlo, .S-liininer. im\), Pal. Veg., t. 1, p. 531, Hyn. ror pHeudopecopteris »lecur- rens angUKiipinna, Fontaine i^c White, IN80, Perm, or l-p C'arb. Flora, p. 7(1, Coal Mens, or Permian. angUHtisMinia, Sternberg, 1820, Vers. Darnt. Flor. d. Vorw., p. 18, and Coal Flora of Pa., |). 257, Coal Meas. (ujuilitia, see Aletliopteris aquilina. arborescens, Schlotheim, 1820, (Filicites arboreHieiiH,) Petrefaktenkunde, p. 404, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 230, Coal Meas. arguta, Siornberg, 1820, Vers. Darst. Flor. d. Vorw., i>. 15), and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 227, Coal Meas. aspera, Brongniart. 1828, Hist. d. Veg. Foss., p. 339, and Coal Flora of I'a., p. 242, Coal Meas. aspidioides, Brongniart, 1828, Hist.d. Veg. Foss., p. 311, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 750, Coal Meas. asplenioides, Fontaine «S: White, 1H80, Perm, or Up. Carb. Flora, p. 72, Coal Meas. or Permian, bucklandi, Brongniart, 1828, Hist. d. Veg. Foss., p. 319, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 244, Coal Meas. cullom, see Pseudopecopteris calloMa. candoUana, lirongniart, 1828, Hist. d. Veir. Foss, p. 305, Coal Flora of Pa. p. 243, Coal Meas. carri, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 758, Coal Meas. chicrvphylloides, see Sphenopteris chtero- phylloides. cisti, Brongniart, 1828, Hist. d. Veg. Foss., p. 330, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 243, Coal MeaH. clarki, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 2H1, Coal Meas. clintoni, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 251, Coal Meas. concinna, Lesquereux, 1854, Bost. Jour. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, p. 424, and Ge»>. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 867, Coal Meas. But the name was preoccupied by Presl in 18.33. crenuluta, Brongniart, not American. The form sometimes referred to it is Pseudo- pecopteris subcrenulata. cristata, Gntbier, 1843, Gaea von Sa»;h- sen, p. 80, and Coal Flor. of Pa., p. 2.56, Coal IMeas. cristata, see Sphenopteris cristata. cyathea, Schlotheim, 1820, (Filicitts cya- theus,) Petrefaktenkunde, p. 403, Coal Meas. decurrens, see Pseudopecopteris decurrens. decurrens, Diiwson, 1862. The name be- ing preoccupied, it was changed to P. discrepans. 132 PLANTS. [I'KC. I'HY.] denHifolia, DawHOii. 1874, Fos8. Plants of Canada, p. 5(>, Devonian, dentaca, Brongniart, 1828, Hist. d. Veg. Fobs., p. 346, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 240, Coal Meas. distans, Lesquereux, 1854, Bost. Jour. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, j). 423, and Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 8()6, CDal Meas. The name was preoccupied by Rost in 1839. dournawi, see Caliipteridinm dournaisi. dubia, Sternberg, 1820, T'ent. Flor. Pri- mord, p. 19, and Gutbier in Gaea von Sachsen, Coal Meas. elegans, G(L>ppprt, 183(5, (Polypodites ele- gans,) Syst. Filic. F(j.ss., p. 344, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 228, Coal Meas. elliptica, Bunburv, 1846, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 2, p. 82, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 245, Coal Meas. elltptica, Fontaine & White. 1880, (Goni- opteris elliptica,) Perm, or Up. Carb. Flora, p. 83, Coal Meas. or Permian. The name was preoccupied, emarginata, Ooeppert, 1836, (Diplazites emarginatus,) Svst. Fillc. Foss., p. 274, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 225, Coal Meas. erosa, vlutbier, 1843, Gaja. von Sachsen, p. 81, a.id Coal Flora of Pa., p. 255, Coal Meas. flavicam, PresI, 1833, in Sternberg, Vers. Darst. Flor. d. Vorw., vol. 2, p. 127. Probably not American, georgiana, Lesqiereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 759, Coal Meas. germari, Weiss, 1869, (Cyatheites ger- mari,) Foss. F'lora d. Jungsten Steink. l"'orm., Up. Coal Meas. or Permian, germari var. crassinervis, Fontaine & White, 1880, Perm, or Up Carb. Flora, p. 70, Coal Meas. or Permian, germari var. cuspidata, Fontaine & White, 1880, Perm, or Up. Carb. Flora, p. 70, Coal Meas. or Permian, goniopleroides, Fontaine & White, 1880, Perm, or Up, Carb. Flora, p. 80, Coal Meas. or Permian, halli, Lesquereux, 1870, (Alethopteris halli,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 394, Coal Meas. heerana, Fontaine & White, 1880, Perm. • or Up. Carb. Flora, p. 77, Coal Meas. or Permian, bemiteloides, Brongniart, 1828, Hist. d. V^eg. Foss., p. 314, Coal Meas. heterophylla, see Alethopteris heterophylla. imbricata, Fontaine & White, 1880, Perm. or iJi). Carb. Flora, p. 72, Coal Meas. or Permian, inclinata, Fontaine & White, 1880, Perm. or Up. Carb. Flora, p. 80, Coal Meas. or Permian, incompleta, Lesquereux, 1868, Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 868, Coal Meas. ingens, Dawson, 1862, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, Lond., vol. 18, p. 322, Devonian, lanceolata, Lesquereux, 1870, (Alethop- teris lanceolata,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 398, Coal Meas. lanceolata, Fontaine & White, 1880, Perm. or Up. Carb. Flora, p. 79, Coal Meas. i • Permian. The name was preoccupied; beside, it is probably a syn. for I'. unita. latifolia, Fontaine & White, 1880, Perm. or Up. Carb. Flora, p. 79, Coal Meas. or Permian, lepidoracliis, Brongniart, 1828, Hist. d. Veg. Foss., p. 313, Coal Meas. lescuriana, n. sp. Coal Meas. Proposed instead of P. obsoleta, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 758, which name was preoccupied, longifolia, Brongniart, 1828, Hist. d. Ve^. FosH. p. 273, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 226, Coal Meas. loschi, Brongniart, 1828, Hist. d. Vejr. Foss. p. 355, Coal Meas. lyratifolia, Gceppert, 1841, (Sphenopteris lyratifolia,) Die Gattungen d. Foss. Pflanzeu, p. 7i, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 259, Coal Meas. mantelli, Brongniart, 1828, Prodr. d. Hist. d. Veg. Foss., p. 57, Coal Meas. marginata, see Alethopteris marginata. merianopteroides, Fontaine & White, 1880, Perm, or Up. Carb. Flora, p. 78, Coal Meas. or Permian, microphylla, Brongniart, 1828, Hist. d. Veg. Foss. p. 340, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 263, Coal Meas. milleri, Harlan, 1835, Trans. Geo. Soc. Pa., Coal Mea". miltoni, Artis, 1825, (Filicites miltoni,) Anted. Phytol. pi. 4, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 247, Coal Meas. muricata, see Pseudopecopteris muricata. murrayana, Brongniart, as identified by Lesquereux in Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 443, see Sphenopteris pseudo-mur- rayana. nervosa, see Pseudopecopteris nervosa, newberryana, Fontaine & White, 1880, (Goniopteris newberryana,) Pei'm. or Up. Carb. Flora, p. 84, Coal Meas. or Permian. newberryi, see Pseudopecopteris newberryi. nodosa, Gceppert, 1836, (Aspidites no- dosus,) Systema Filicum Fossilium, p. 372, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 233, Coal Meas. notata, Lesquereux, 1854, Bost. Jour. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, p. 424, and Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 866, Coal Mens. oblonga, Fontaine & White, 1880, Perm. or Up. Carb. Flora, p. 83, Coal. Miias. ,,or Permian, obsoleta, Harlan, 1835, Trans. Geo. Soc. Pa., Coal Meas. obsokta, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 758. The name was preoccu- pied. See P. lescuriana. oreopteroidea, Schlotheim> 1820, (Fili- cites oreopteridius,) Petrefaktenkunde, p. 407, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 238, Coal Meas. ornata, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 760, Coal Meas. "" OlrSC^r- | luian. pachypteroides, Fontaine i^i White, 1880, ; Perm, or Up. Carb. I'Mora, p. 76, Coal ; Meas. or Permian. ' |)enniformiH, Brongniart, 1822, (Filicites | pennteformis,) Class des Veg. Foss., in Mem. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat. de Paris, toni. 8, p. 203, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 2:59, Coal Meas. platynervis, Fontaine k White, 1880, Perm, or Up. Carb. Flora, p. 73, Coal Meas. or Permian, platyrachis, Brongniart, 1828, Hist. d. N'eg. Foss. p. 312, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 232, Coal Meas. ])lackeiieti, see Pseudoj ecopteris pluck- cneti. pluniosa, Artis, 1825, (Filicites pliimosus,) Anted. Phytol., pi. 17, Coal Meas. polyniorpha, Brongniart, 1828, Prodr. d. Hist. d. Veg, Foss., p. 56, Coal Meas. preciosa, Hartt, 18()8, Acad. Geol., p. 553, Devonian, pteroides, Schlotheini, 1820, (Filicites pteridiuG,) Petrefaktenkunde, p. 406, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 249, Coal Meas. pnxilla, see Pseudopecopteris pusilla. qiuidratifolia, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 234, Coal Meas. rarinervis, Fontaine & White, 1880, Perm, or Up. Carb. B^lora, p. 71, Coal Meas. or Permian, rigida, Dawson, 1863, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 8, and Acad. Geol., p. 485, Coal Meas. robusta, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 229, Coal Meas. rotundifolia, Fontaine & White, 1880, Perm, or Up. Carb. Flora, p. 73, Coal Meas. or Permian, rotundiloba, Fontaine & White, 1880, Perm, or Up. Carb. Flora, p. 74, Coal Meas. or Permian, schimperuna, Fontaine & White, 1880, Perm, or tip. Carb. Flora, p. 75, Coal Meas. or Permian, schimperi, Ijesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 835, Coal Meas. serlii, see Alethopteris serlii. serpillifolia, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 237, Coal Meas. serrula, Lesquereux, 1858, (Alethopteris serrula,) Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 865, Coal Meas. sorrulata. Hart, 1868, Acad. Geol., p. 553, Devonian. aheaferi, see Pseudopecopteris sheaferi. dlli'mani, see Pseudopecopteris sillimani. sinuata, see Callipteridium sinuatum. soHda, Lesquereux, 1870, (Alethopteris solida,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 397, Coal Meas. squamosa, Lesquereux, 1870, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 4. p. 400, Coal Meas. ?^ stellata, Lescpiereux, IHGti, (Aletlioi>teri8 Htellatu,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 440, Low. Coal Meas. strong!, Lesquereux, 1870, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 399, Coal Meas. subfalcuta, Fontaine t*t White, 1880, Perm, or Up. Carb. Flora, j). 70, Coal Meas. or Permian. ^^ ta^niopteroidcH, Bnnbury, 1847, ^^ iinar. Jour, Geo. Soc, vol. ^i^-t, 3, p. 42H, Coal Mfus. , tenuinervlH, Fontaine iSi White, )^W 1880, Perm, or Up. Carb. ^^V , Flora, p. 77, Coal Meas. or ;^ IVrmian. )'^\ tenuis, Brongniart, 1828, Prodr. v^i^^ d. Hist. d. Veg. Foss., p. 57, Coal Meas. unita, Brongniart, 1828, Hist. d. V«!g. Foss., p. 342, Coal Meas. urophyllii, see Alethopteris urophyila. vellutina, Ijcsquereux, 1854, BoHt. Jour. Soc. Nat. Hist, vol. 6, p. 423, and (Jeo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 86(), Coal Meas. venulosa, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 230, Coal Meas. vestita, Lesijuereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 252, Coal Via. fio. Meas. I'econterls villosa," Brongniart, 1828, Hist. """''• d. Veg. Foss., p. 316, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 253, Coal Meas. Pnvi-LOPTEKis, Brongniart, 1849, Table d. Gen. d. Veget. Foss., pp. 22, 103. [Ety. phyllon, leaf; pterin, fern.] Pinnate, pinnules ob- long or lance- olate, point- ed, attached by the mid- dle of the base; midrib strong, ex- tending to the point, giv- ing off ob- lique nerves, which have obliquely pinnate nervules not anasto- mosing. Type P. phillipsi. antiqua, Dawson, 1863, Can. Nat., vol. 8, and Acad. Geol., p. 484, Coal Meas. Physophyom, Schimper, 1869. Syn. for Taonurus. marginatug, Seo Taonurus marginatus. PhytolUhus, Martin, 1809, Petrificata Der- biensia. [Ety. phyton, plant; litho», stone.] Applied indiscriminately to fossil wood. canc^Uattitt, syn. for Lepidodendron can- cel latum. notatus, see Sigillaria notata. letMllatm, see Sigillaria tessellata. transversus, see Sternbergia transversa. Kio. m.— Phyllopterl.. iiiitiqua. 10 184 PLANTS. [PHV.— PRO. Phytoi'mih, Hall, 1847, I'al. N. Y,, vol. 1, p. .'{H, [Kty. phyUm, plant; opm, rvBem- blance.J SteiriH cylindrical or Hiibcylind rical, Htruiglit or flex- \un\H, erect or () r o c u m b e n t , ) r a n c b e (1 ; brancb«M diverg- ing and ananto- Via. (t2.~l'liyto|mlM tUhlllHMIt. moHing; Htruc- tiire cellular, conHinting up- narently of tlun laminw, witb tranHveree divis- ionH, or baving a reticulated Htruc- ture. TbisHtruc- ture iH too ob- Hcure for satis- factory deter- mination. Tyfte I', tubulosa. cellulosa, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. HO, Jiirdseye Or. tubulosa. Half, 1847, I'al. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 38, Birdseye (»r. ViNNiii.ARiA, liindley & Hutlon, 1835, Fobs. Flora, vol. 2, p. 81. [Ety. pinna, a featber.] Roots or rootletB divided in fllamonts of variable lengtb and thick- ness, and generally nossessing few definable cbaracters. Type P. capil- lacea. calamitarum, I^squereux, 1858, Geo. Sur. I'a., vol. 2, p. 878, Coal Meas. canillacea, Lindley & Hutton, 1835, Fobs. Flora, vol. 2, p. 81, Coal MeaB. confervoldcB, Lesqnereux. J 868, Geo. Sur. J'a., vol, 2, i». 878, Coal Meas. crassa, Dawson, 18(13, Can. Nat., vol. 8, and Aca. 480, Coal Meas. dispalans, Dawson, 1802, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 18, p. 312, Devonian, elongata, DawBon, 1871, Fobb. Plants Can., p. 33, Devonian, flcoides, Lesquereux, 1868, Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 878, Coal Meas. boriisontalis, LeFqucreux, 1868, Geo. Sur. Pa., vol, 2, J). 878, Coal Meaa. nodosa, Dawson, 1871. Fosb. Plants Can., p. 33. Jtcvoniun. palmatlfida, Lesquereux, 1860, (Rbizo- litlics palnialiilduH,) Geo. Sur. Ark., vol, 2, p. 313, (v'oal Meas. pinnata, LoHquerenx,, 1S58, Geo. Sur. Pa., vol, 2, p. H/8, (;oal Meas, \>'ia. (Kl.-- I'liintiliirlii nitnoMlHNlina. ramosissima, Dawson, 1863, Can. Nat., vol. 8, and Acad. Geol, p. 480, Coal Mean. Plumauna, Hall, 1858, Can. Nat. and Geo.. vol. 3, p. 175. [Ety. pluma, a small featber.J Himple fronds, with linear pinnules diverging, from each side, in the same plane, and more or less ascend- ing. ItisH peculiar plant, described, originally, asa Grap- tolite, to which opin- ion Prof. Hall still adheres. On the other band, Prof. Dawson claims the characters prove it is a vegetable, and in this he is sup- ported by the fact that all Graptolites had become extinct, as shown by their absence in several pj^ ^ groups of rocks be- p,„^^„„^' ,„^^ri:. fore the appearance of this form. Type P. plumaria. densa. Hall, 1879, 30th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., pi. 1, fig. 6, Ham. Or. gracilis, Shumard, 1855, (Filicites gracilis,) Geo. Rep. Mo., p. 208, Waverly Gr. in Lithographic limestone, linearis, Lesquereux, 1880, (Trochoplivl- lum lineare,) Coal Flora of Pa., p. (';4, Waverly Gr. plumaria, Hall, 1843, (Filicites?) Geo. Rep. p. 273, and 4th Dist. N. Y., Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. ;;, p. 175, Chi- mung Gr. plumula, Daw- son, 18 7;!, ( LycopoditcB 61 u m u 1 a , i ep. Foss. plants Low. C a T' l> , iin (i M i • ' c. ' *") n (' Gri: sv -4, Subcai'ionif- erous. Polyporites, Lind- ley & Hut- ton, is;}!!, Fosb. Flora, vol. 1, p. 181. Th's genus was founded upon a fish- scale, and the form referred to it in Geo, Sur. Pa., vdl. 2, p. 847, is quite a dif- ferent tbiii^'. Polynporia, Newberry, syn. for Lepidostrobun. mirahilis, see Lepidostrobus mirabilis. pROTOBLECHNUM, Lesquereux, 1880, dial Flora of Pa., p. 188. [Ety. proto», first;, Fig. (16. Protoblechniini holdenl. I'KO. — HSK.] PLANTS. 135 Blechnum, a genus.] Fronds large, pin- nate ; rachis thick, scaly toward the base ; pinnae long, narrow linear-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, enlarged at base on the lower side to a decurring auricle, generally free ; raedial nerve percurrent ; lateral veins open, curving to the bor- ders, forking twice. Type P. holdeni. holdeni, Andrews, 1875, (Alethopteris holdeni,) Ohio Pal., vol. 2, 420, Coal .Meas. I'ltoTosTiGMA, Lesquereux. 1877, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, p. 169. L-^ty- protos, first; siligma, a brand or dot.] Stems with I rhomboidal scars as in Sigillaria, but ' without vascular scars in the middle, i Not a land-plant, but a f ucoid. Type P. j sigillarioides. ! sigiflarioides, Lesquereux, 1877, Proc. Am. i Phil. Soc, p. 169, Hud. Riv. Gr, I'kototaxites Dawson, 1859, Quar. Jour., : Geo. Soc, vol. 15, p. 484. [Ety. protos, ! first ; taxm, yew-tree ; so named from i the spirally marked cells character- istic of the genus Taxite».'\ Woody and branching trunks, with concentric rings of. growth and medullary rays; cells of pleurenchyma not in regular lines, cylindrical, thick-walled, with a double series of spiral fibers ; discs or bordered pores few, circular and indistinct. The specimens found are usually silicified, with the bark in a coaly state. Type P. logani. logani, Dawson, 1859, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 15, p. 484, Devonian. This is the oldest known exogenous tree in America, according to Dawson, but Carruthers says it is a huge sea-weed and has named it Nematophycus logani. PsAKONius, Gotta, 1832, Dendrol in Be- ziehung, p. 27. [Ety. pmros, speckled.] Stems of tree-ferns, covered below by adventive roots, increasing by their superposition the conical base of the trunks ; cortex thick, parenchymatous ; woody cylinder, subdivided into branches oomjjosed of fascicles of ves- sels either half cylindrical or diversely plicate, immersed in cellular medullar tissue. Type P. helmintholithus. erianus, Dawson, 1871, Foss. Plants Can., p. 58, Ham. Gr. textilis, Dawson, 1871, Foss. Plants Can., p. 59, Ham. Gr. PsEUDOPEcoPTEBis, Le.squereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 189. [Ety. p»eudo, false; Pecopteria, a genus.] Primary rachis forking near the base in diverg- ing branches of equal size, or divari- cate and dichotomous; branches poly- pinnate, ultimate divisions sometimes forked ; pinnules connate or separated to the base, of various shape, oblong-ob- tuse or ovate-lanceolate, oblique or in right angle, decurring to the rachis and bordering it by a narrow wing ; lateral veins oblique, generally forking once, thu lowest pair twice. Type P. mazonana. abbreviata, Lesquereux, 1854, (Spheiiop- teris abbreviata,) Bost. Jour. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, p. 419, and Geo. Sur. Pa., voi. 2, p. 861, Coal Meas. acuta, Brongniart, 1828, (Sphenopteris acuta,) Hist. d. Veg. Foss., p. 207, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 215, Coal Meas. anceps, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 207, Coal Meas. andrseana, Koehl, 1868, (Sphenopteris un- drseana,) Fossile Flora der Steinkohlen formation Westphalens, p. 62, and (Joal Flora of Pa., p. 754, Coal Meas. callosa, Lesquereux, 186(), (Pecopteris callosa,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 442, Low. Coal Meas. cordato-ovata. Weiss, 1869, (Neuropteris cordato-ovata,) F'oss. Flor. d. jungst. Steink. form., p. 28, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 205, Coal Mead. decipiens, Lesquereux, 1854, (Sphenop- teris decipiens,) Bost. Jour. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, p. 420, and Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 862, Coal Meas. decurrens, Lesquereux, 1854, (Pecopteris decurrens,) ^ost. Jour. Soc. Nat. Hist, vol. 6, p. 424, and Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 867, Coal Meas. denudata, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 212, Coal Meas. dimorpha, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 201, Coal Meas. glandulosa, Lesquereux, 1854, (Sphenop- teris glandulosa,) Bost. Jour. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, p. 420, and Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 862, Coal Meas. hispida, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 755, Coal Meas. hymenophylloides, Lesquereux, 1870, (Alethopteris hymenophylloides,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 393, Coal Meas. irregularis, Sternberg, 1833, (Sphenop- teris irregularis, ) Vers. Geog. Darst. Flor. d. Vorw., vol. 2, p. 68, Coal Meas. latifolia, Brongniart, 1828, (Sphenopteris latifolia,) Hist. d. Veg. Foss., p. 205, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 215, Coal Meas. macilenta, Lindley & Hut- ton, 1835, Foss. Flora, vol. 2, pi. 151, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 219, Coal Meas. mazonana, Lesquereux, 1870, (Alethopteris maz- onana,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 391, Low. Coal Meas. muricata, Brongniart, 1828, (Pecopteris muricata,) Hist. d. Veg. Foss., p. 352, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 203, Coal Meas. nervosa, Brongniart, 1828, Pseudopccop- (Pecopteris nervosa,) Hist, teris mazo- d. Veg. Fobs., p. 297, and '""'*■ Coal Flora of Pa., p. 197, Coal Meas. newberryi, Lesquereux, 1854, (Sphenop- {ejjs newberryi,) Bost. Jour. Soc. Nat. FlO. 66. 136 PLANT.E. [I'SI.— RHA. RHA.] Hist., vol. 6, p. 420, and (Jeo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 862, Coal Meas. nnmmularia, Giitbier, 1842, Abdrucke u. Verst. d. Zwick. Schwarzk. u. Seiner. Umgebungen, p. 43, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 752, Coal Meas. obtusiloba, Brongniart, 1828, (Sphenop- teris obtusiloba,) Hist. d. Veg. Fobs., p. 204, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 753, Coal Meas. pluckeneti, Scblotheini, 1820, (Vilicites pluckeneti,) Petrefaktenkunde, p. 410, and Coal Meas. polyphylla. Flora of Pa & ., p. 199, Coal Hutton, 1835, Soc, vol. 18, p, see 315, Devonian. Dendrograptus groMillimumf limus. princepB, Dawson, J.869, Quar. Jour, Lindley (Splienopteris polyphylla,) Fohs. Flora, vol. 2, pi. 147, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 218, Coal Meas. pnsilia, Les(iuereux, isr)4, ( Pecopteris pu- silla,) BoHt. .lour. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, p. 424, and Geo. .Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 8GH, Coal Meas. sheiiferi, Les(iucreux, 1858, (I'ecopteris sheaferi,) Catal. Potts. Ass'n, p. 11. and j Coal Flora of Pa„ p. 194, Coal Meas. j siiiimani, Brongniart, 1828, (Pecopteris i siiliniani,) Hist. d. Veg. Fobs., p. 353, | and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 206, Coal Meas. spec'iosa, Lestjuereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 216, Coal Meas. spinulosa, Lesquereux, 1870, (Alethop- teris spinulosa,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. "J, p. 396, Coal Meas, subcrenulata, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 193, Coal Meas. subnervosa, Roenaer, V. A., 1860, Paleon- tographica, vol. 9, p. 192, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 198, Coal Meas. trifoliata, Artis, 1825, (Filicitestrifoliatus,) Anted. Phytol., pi. 2, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 217, Coal Meas. virginiana, Meek, 1875, (Cyclopteris vir- giniana,) Bull. I'hil. Soc. of Washington, p. 18, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 217, Waverly Gr. PsiLoi'HYTON, Dawson, 1859, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 15, p. 478. [Ety. psilon, smooth ; phyton, stem.] Stems dicho- tomous ; young branches carinate; rhizomes cylindrical, villous or scaly; marked with round scars, points of at- tachment of cylindrical rootlets; leaves in spiral order, small or rudimenti y, acicular, squarrose, open ; fructifications in small, naked sporanges, spindle- shaped or clavate, axillary, or in pairs at the extremity of the branches. Type P. princeps. cornutum, Lesciuereux, 1877, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, p. 165, Low. Held. Gr. elegans, Dawson, 1862, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 18, p. 315, Devonian. glabrum, Dawson, 1862, Quar. Jour. Geo. gracil- Geo. Soc, vol. 15, p. 479, Uppor Silurian and Devonian. This is the oldest known plant in America. It is supposed to have grown in a marsh. Kuj. ()7 — I'Nllophytoii iiriiiuepH. prince])8 var. ornatum, Dawson, 1871, Foss. Plants, p. 38, Devonian. robnstium, Dawson, 1859, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 15, J). 479, Devonian. PtilocarpuK, Lesquereux, 1870, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 4, p. 493, Syn. for Cardiocarpon. bicornutns, see Cardiocarpon bicornutum. Ptilopliyton, Dawson, 1878, Scottish Devonian Plants in Can. Nat., vol. 8. This is founded upon Lycopodites vanuxemi as the type, which is the same as Pln- malina pluinula, and falls therefore a.s a synonym. gracile, see Plumalina gracilis. linenre, Le8(|uereux, see Plumalinalinearis. plumula, see Lycopodites plumula. vanuxemi, syn. for Plumalina plumula. Rhabdocarpuh, Gteppert & Berger, 1848, De Fruct. et Sem., p. 20. [Kty. rhabdo:^, stria ; karpos, fruit.] Seeds ovate or oblong, costate or striate, acute or acu- minate, surrounded by a putamen some- times deficient. Type R. tunicatus. abnormalis, Lesfjuereux, 1884, Coal Floia of Pa., p. 818, Coal Meas. acuminatus, Newberry, 1873, Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 378, Coal jileas. amygdalitormis, Gteppert it Berger, 1848, de Fruct et Sem., p. 21, Coal Meas. apiculatus, Newberry, 1873, Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 377, Coal' Meas. arcuatus, Lesque- reux, 1861, Geo. Sur. Ky., vol. 4, p. 434, Coal Meas. beinertianus, Ga'j)- pert & Berger, 1848, De Fruct. et. Semin., p. 20, and Coal Flora of Pa., ■p. 844, Coal Meas. bockshianus, Go;p- pert & Berger, 1848, De Fruct. et Semin. p. 21, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 844, Coal Meas. Fig. 08.— Khabdocaipiis carinatus, New- carlnatus. berry, 1873, Ohio F'al., vol. 1, p. 37(1. Coal Meas. clavatUH, Sternberg, 1820, (Carpolithes clavatus,) Vers. Darst. F'lora der Voi- RHA.] PLANTS. 137 of Sci., vol. 1, vol. 1, p. 37G, welt, and (Joal Flora of Pa., p. 581, Coal Mens, rornutus, LcHciuereux, IHHO, ('oal Flora of Pa., p. 583, Coal Meas. costatuH, Newberrv, 1873, Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 378, Coal' Meas., syn. ? for R. u(!umitiatus. danai, Foster, 1854, Ann p. 129, and Ohio Pul. Coal Mens. emarginatus, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 818, Coal Meas. howardi, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 575, Coal Meas. inflatus, Les(|uereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 815, Coal Meas. insignis, Dawson, 18()3, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 8, and Acad. Geol., p. 478, Coal Meas. insignis, I^esquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 575. The name being preoccu- pied, it hpa been called R. iescurianus. jacksonensis, Lesquereux, 1866, (Carpo- lithes jacksonens' ,,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 461, Low. Coal Meas. lievis, Newberry, 1873, Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. .377, Coal Meas. laticostatus, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 815, Coal Meas. lescurianus, 8. A. Miller, 1883, 2d. Ed. Am. Pal. Foss., p. 256, Coal Meas. l*ro- posed instead of B. insipm, Lesquereux, which was preoccupied, mammillatus, Lestiuereux, 1870, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 461 , ( 'oal Mesis. minutus, Lesquereux, 1860, Geo. Sur! Ark., vol. 2, p. 313, Coal Meas. multistriatus, PresI, 1833, (Curpolithes mnltistiiatus,) in Sternberg's Flor. d. Vorw., vol. 2, p. 208, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 578, Coal Meas. oblongus, Fontaine »S: White, 1880, Perm. or Up. Carb. Flora, p. 98, Coal Meas. or Permian. I)achytf8ta, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 816, Coal Meas. platiraarginatns, Lestjuereux, 1860, (Car- polithes platimarginatus,) Geo. Sur. Ark., vol. 2, p. 312, Low. Coal Meas. subglobosus, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora ol Pa., p. 817, Coal Meas. tenux, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa. p, 818, Coal Meas. venmus, Sternberg, as identified by Les- quereux, 1858, Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 870, Coal Metis. Not noticed in Coal Flora of Pa., and probably not Amer- ican. RiiACHioPTERis, Dawson, 1862, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 18, p. 323. [Ety. raehis, a. stalk ; pteris, fern.l Detached leaf-stalks of ferns ; stipes half an inch wide or less; unevenly striate, giving oflF op- f>oBite branches, which are abruptly >roken off at short distances from the stijpe. Type R. pinnata. affinis, Lesquereux, 1870, (Stigmarioides affinis.) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 455, Coal. Meas. cyclopteroides, Dawson, 1862, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 18, p. 323, Catskill Gr. gigantea, Dawson, 1871, Foss. Plants Can., p. 57, Ham. Gr. palmatH, Daw...)n, 1871, Foss. Plants of Canada, p. 57, Ham. (rr. pinnata, Dawson, 1862, (.^uar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 18, i». 323, Catskill Gr. punctata, Dawson, 1S62, (iuar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 18, p. 323, Catskill (Jr. selago, Lesquereux, 1870, (Stigmarioides selago,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. -1, p. 456, Coal Meas. S(|uamosa, Lescpiereux, 18H4, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 8.38, Coil Meas. striata, Dawson, 1862, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. IS, p. 323, Chemung Gr. tenuistriata, Dawson, 1862, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 18, p. 323, Ham. Gr. liHAtJopiiYi.LUM, Schimper, 1869, Palicontol- ogie Vegetale, vol. 1, ]». 684. [Ety. rakos, rugged; phyflon, leai.] Fronds either Habelliform, many times subdivided or pinnate, irregularly pinnatiQd, bipin- natifid ; rachis flat, often much dilated, scarcely thicker than the foliaceous lam- ina, which is very variable in the size and the mode of its divisions; vel>.y- phyllum fimbriatum,) Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 863, Coal Meas. Habellatum, Sternberg, 1833, (Aphlebia flabellata,) Flor. d. Vorw., vol. 2, p. 112, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 311, Coal Mem. 138 PLANTS. [rhi.'-sch. fucoideum, Lesquereux, 1880, Coiil Flora of I'a., p. 325, Coal Meas. ' liamuloBum, LeHciueivnx, 1880, (.'oal Flora ot Pa., p. 321, Coal Mfas. liirBiitiini, Lenquerenx, 1H5H, (Pachyphyl- ium liirsutuni,) (reo. Sur. I'a., vol. 2, p. 8(13, Coal Meas. inflatuin, Lesfiuureux, 1870, (tlymeno- phyllites inflatus,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 414, Coal MeaH. irregulare, Germar, 1844, ( Aphlebia irreg- ularis,) Verst. d. Steink. v. Wettin u. Lobejun, p. 57, and ("oal Flora of Pa., p. 326, Coal Mea3. laceratum, Lesijuereux, 1858, (Pacliyphyl- lum laceratum,) Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, {). 863, Coal Meas. laciniatum, Fontaine it Wliite, 1880, Perm. or Up. Carb. Flora, p. 04, Coal Meas. or Permian. Fio. 6».— Uliacophyllum lactucii. lactuca, Sternberg, 1833, (Schizopteris lac- tuca,) Flor. d. Vorw. vol. 2, p. 112, and Coal F'lora of Pa., p. 3! 5, Coal Meas. membranacenm, lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 312, Coal Meas. moUe, Lesquereux, 1870, (Hymenopbyl- lites mollis,) Geo. Sur. III., vol. 4, p. 418, Coal Meas. scolopendrites, Lesquereux, 1858, (Scolo- pendrites dentatus,) Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 808, Coal Meas. spinosum, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 320, CJoal Meas. strongi, Lesquereux, 1870, (Hymenophyl- lites strongi,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 417, Coal Meas. tlialliforme, Lesquereux, 1870, i Hymen- ophyllites thalliformis,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 417, Coal Meas. trichoideum, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 322, Coal Meas. truncatuin, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 311, Coal Meas. Bhizolifhes, F. Braun, 1847, in Flora, etc. [Ety. rhiza, root ; tilhos, stone.] valmatifidm, see Pinnularia palmatifidus. Shizomopteris, Schimper, 1869, Traitf? de Pal6ontologie Vegetale, vol. 1, p. 699. [Sig. the rliizomas of ferns.] This genus, ."R the name indicates, comprehends the rhizomas of ferns. Type, K. lycopo- dioides. Some of the species of Lyco- dites as L. uncinatua nave been re ferred to it. riiii/OMORPHA, Roth, as identified by Les- quereux, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 3. [Kty. rhiza, root ; morpha, form.] Fungoius filaments of hard substance, disposed it! branches abnormally divided, and often anastomosing; generally living under the decaying bark of trees. sigiilarijB, Lesquereux, 1877, Proc. Am. Piiil. Soc, p. 174, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 3, Coal Meas. Rotularia longifolia, see Sphenophyllum lon- gifolium. RusopiiYcus. Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 23. [Ety. rusos, rugose ; phykos, sen- plant.] Simple or branched stems, transversely wrinkled, and often pos- sessing a central longitudinal depres- sion. Type R. clavatum. asperum. Miller & Dyer, 1878, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1., p. 25, Ttica Slate. bilobatum.Vanuxem, 1842, (Fucoides bi- lobatus, ) Geo. Rep. N. Y., p. 79, Hud. Riv. and Clinton, Gr. clavatum, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 23, Clinton Gr. grenvillense, Bil- lings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 101, Chazy Gr. pudicnm, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 24, Hud. Riv. and Clinton Gr. subangulatum, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 23, Clin- ton Gr. Sagenaria veltheimiona, see Lepidodendron veltheiraianum. Sapoht.ka, Fontaine & White, 1880, Perm, or Up. Carb. Flora, p. 99. [Ety. proper name.] Leaves simple, subreniforra, Habeliate or suborbicular, cuneate, bor- dered at the base with a woody rim, terminal margin incised ; petiole long, slender, and grooved on the upper sur- face ; nerves parting flabellately from the summit of the petiole and the woody basal margin, all passing into the laminte ; leaf substance thin. Type S. grandifolia. grandifolia, Fontaine & White, 1880, Perm, or Up. Carb. Flora, p. 101, Coal Meas. or Permian. salisburioides, Fontaine & White, 1880, Perm, or Up. Carb. Flora, p. 102, Coal Meas. or Permian. Schizopteris, Brongniart, 1828, Prodr. d. Hist. d. Veg. Foss., p. 63. [Ety. gchizo. I cleave; pteris, fern.] Frond laciniate. Kio. 70.— Kusophyciis bllobatum. scH.— sir..] PLANTS. 139 or cut in linear erect or curved divis- ions, sometimes enlarged at the top, miirked witii thin parallel veins without branching, beinsr split in fascicles with the divisions. Type S. anomaia. adnnscens, see Rliacophyllum adnascens. lacluca, see Rliacophyllum lactuca. Schutzia, Gceppert, 1848, Permian Flora, p. 161. [Ety. proper name.] Stems either single or branching, bearing on short alternate pedicels small cones or stro- biles of an ovate, truncate form, a com- pound of imbricate, broadly linear pointed scales, united at the base. Type B. anomaia. bracteata, see Cordaianthus bracteatus. SroUipendrites, Lesquereux, 1858, Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 868. This name is aban- doned. denfatus, see Rliacophyllum scolopen- d rites. Selaginites Brongniart, 1828,Prodr. d. Hist. d. Veg. Foss., p. 84. Stems dichotomous; leaves small, numerous, imbricated, sometimes enlarged at the base, scarcely leaving any visible scars. Type S. patens. The genus is regarded as synonymous with Lycopodites. cavifoliuH, see Lycopodites cavifolius. rragmg, Lesquereux, 1866, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 446, syn. for Lycopodites cav- ifolius. formoK>i.t, Dawson, 1861, Can. Nat., vol. 6, p. 176. Not a plant, but a fragment of a crustacean. uncinatm, see Lycopodites uncinatus. SioiLLARiA, Brongniart, 1822, Class, des Veg. Foss. in Mem. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat. de Paris, torn. 8, p. 203. [Ety. sigillum, a seal ; fron" the seal-like scars of fallen leaves stamped upon the bark.] Trunks large, simple or dichotomous near the apex, marked by leaf-scars in vertical series, separated by furrows or placed in spiral order, either contiguous or more or less distant, very variable in size and shape, round, oval, truncate, or emargi- nate, hexagonal, transversely rhom- boidal, with three vascular scars, one simple, medial, punctiform, the two others lateral of semi-lunar or linear shape. Leaves linear, long, triplicate, carinate, or plane, with a distinct medial nerve. Type S. punctata. acuminata, Newberry, 1874, Proc. Cleve- land Acad. Sci., p. 164, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 496, Coal Meas. alternans, Sternberg, 1833, Flor. der Vorw., vol. 2, p. 50, Coal Meas. alveolaris, Sternberg, 1820, (Lepidoden- dron alveolare,) Essai d'un expose Gecgnostico-botanique de la Flore du monde primitif, Ist Cahier, p. 25, Coal Meas. angusta, Brongniart, 1828, Hist. d. Veg. Fobs.; Coal Meas. approximata, Fontaine & White, 1880, Perm, or Up. Carb. Flora, p. 96, Coal Meas. Fio. 71.-~SlglUaritt brardl. attenuata, I.ie8quereux, 1858, Catal. Potts. Foss., p. 17, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 488, Coal Meas. biercei, syn. for 8. ichthyolepis. brardi, Brongniart, 1822, Cliiss. des Veg. Foss. tab. 1, fig. 5, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 477, Coal Meas. bretonensis, Dawson, 1865, Quar. Jour. Geo. Hoc, vol. 20, p. 148, and Acad. Geol., p. 475, Coal Meas. brochanti, Brongniart, 1828, Hist. d. Veg. Foss., p. 442, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 842, Coal Meas. brongniarti, Gei- nitz, 1855, Die Verst. d. Steink. form. Sachsen, p. 47, Coal Meas. browni, Dawson, 1861, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 17, and Acad. Geol., p. 180, Coal Meas. catenoides, Daw- son, 1865, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. vol. 20, p. 147, and Acad. Geo\., p. 474, Coal Mean, catennlata, Lindley & Hutton, 1831, Foss. Flora, vol.1, p. 163, Coal Meas. chemungensis, see Lepidodendron che- mungense. cisti, see Caulopteris cisti. corrugata, Lesquereux, 1861, Geo. Sur. Ky., vol. 4, p. 437: redefined 1870, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 445. Coal Meas. cortei, Brongniart, 1828, Prodr. d. Hist. d. Veg. Foss., p. 64, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 495, Coal Meas. cuspidata, Brongniart, 1828, Prodr. d. Hist, d Veg. Foss., p. 65, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 486, Coal Meas. cymatoides, Wood, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 12, p. 520, Coal Meas. defrancii, Brongniart, 1828, Prodr. d. Hist. d. Veg. Foss., p. 66, Coal Meas. dentata, Newberry, 1874, Proc. Cleveland Acad. Sci., p. 165, Coal Meas. dilatata, licsijuereux, 1858, Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 871, Coal Meas. discoidea, Lesquereux, 1858, Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 873, Coal Meas. dournaisi, Brongniart, 1828, Hi.st. d. Veg. Fobs., p. 441, Coal Meas. dubia, Lesquereux, 1858, Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 872, syn. for S. cortei. elegans, Sternberg, 1826, (Favularia ele- gans,) Tent. flor. primord., p. 14, Coal Meas. elliptica, Brongniart, 1828, Hist. d. Veg. Foss., p. 447, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 494, Coal Meas elongata, Brongniart, 1822, Ann. des Sci. Nat., tom. 4, p. 23, Coal Meas. eminens, Dawson, 1863, Can. Nat., vol. 8, and Acad. Geol. p. 475, Coal Meas. . a. 140 PLANTS. [SI. Abpu, Lepquereux, 1858, Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 871, Coul Mf(i8. flcxiiOHii, Lindley & Hutton, 1837, Fobs. Flora, vol. .S, p. 147, Coal Meaa. grandeuryi, LeH(iuert'Ux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 705, Coal Meas. hexaftona, Sclilotheitn, 1820, (Palmacites liexagonuH,) Petrefaktenkunde, p. 394, and Coal Flora of Pa., j>. 483, Coal Meas. iclithyolei)iH, Sternberg,', 1833, Flora d. Vorw., vol. 2, p. 38, and Coal I'loru of Pa., p. 482, Coal Mt-as. intermedia, Uronjjniart, 1828, Iliet. d. Veg. FoH8., p. 474, Coal Meas. knorri, Brongniait, 1H28, Prodr. d. Hist. d. Veg. l"o88., J). 65, Coal Mea8. lacoei, LfS(|uereux. 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 49!>, Coal Meas. Isuvigata, Brongniart, 1828, Prodr. d. Hist. d. Veg. Fo88., p. 64, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 500, Coal Meas. leioderma, Brongniart, 1828, Hist. d. Veg. F'oss., p. 422, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 476, Coal Mejw. lepidodendrifolia, Brongniart, 1828, Prodr, d. Hist. d. Veg. Foss., p. 426, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 477, Coal Meas. leptoderina, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 489, Coal Meas. lescurii, Scliimper, 1869, Trait, de Paleon- tologie Vegetale, vol. 2, p. 85, Coal Meas. leveretti, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 800, Coal Meas. lorenzi, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 473, Coal Meas. lorwayana, Dawson, 1873, Rep. on Fobs. Plants, p. 43, Subcarboniferous. mammillaris, Brongniart, 1828, Hist. d. Veg. Fobs., p. 451, and Coal Flora of Pa.; p. 483, Coal Meas. marginata, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 498, Coal Meas. marineria, Hildreth, 1837, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. 31, p. 30, Low. Coal Meas. massiliunsis, Lesquereux, 1870, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 4, p. 446, Coal Meas. menardi, Brongniart. 18?8, Hist. d. Veg. Foss., p. 430, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 479, Coal Meas. monostigma, Lesquereux, 1866, Geo. Sur. ID., vol. 2, p. 449, Coal Meaa. notata, Steinhaur, 1818, (Phytolithus no- tatus,) Trans. Am. Phil. Assoc, vol. 1, p. 294, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 486, Coal Meas. obliqua, Brongniart, 1828, Hist. Veg. Foss., g. 429, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 470, oal Meius. obovata, Lesquereux, 1858, Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 872, Coal Meaa. oculata, Schlotheiw, 1820, (Palmacites oculatus,) Petrefaktenkunde, p. 394, Goal Meas. orbicularis, Brongniart, 1828^, Prodr. d. Hist. d. Veg. Foss., p. 65, Coal Meas. organum, Sternberg, 1820, (Syringoden- dron organum,) Flor. der Vorw., p. 23, and Lindley & Hutton, 1831, Foss. Flora, Vol. 1, p. 199, Coal Meas. ornitliicnoides, Wood, 1860, Proc. Acml. Nat. Sci., vol. 12, p. 238, and Trails. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 13, p. ;W8, Coul Meas. ovaliB, Lehquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 495, ("oal Mens. oueni, pee Didymopliyllum oweni. pachyderma, see Syringodendron pachy- derma. palpebra, Dawson, 1H(»2, Quar. Jour. (Wd. Soc, vol. 18, p. 307, and Acad. Geol. p. 53(), Devonian, perplexa, Wood, 18(56, Proc. Acad. Niit. Sci. Pliil. vol. 12. p. 237, Coal Meas. pittBtonana, Le8(|uereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 493, Coal Meas. planicoBta, Davson, 1K63, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 8, and Acad. Geol., p. 474, Coal Meas. polita, Lesquereux, 1858, Geo. Snr. Pa , vol. 2, p. 872, Coal Meas. pulchra, Newberry, 1874, Proc. Clevelaiiil Acad. Sci. p. 165, Coal Meas. pyriformis, Brongniart, 1828, Prodr. d. Hist. d. Veg. F'oss., p. 65, and Coal Floia of Pa., p. 799, Coal Meas. reniformis, Brongniart, 1822, Ann. des Sci. Nut., t. 4, p. 32, at,! Coal Flora of Pa., p. 501, Coal Meas. reticulata, Lesquereux, 1860, Geo. Sur. Ark., vol. 2, p. 310, Coal Meas. rugosa, Brongniart, 1828, Prodr. Hist. Veg. F'oss., p. ^, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 497, Coal Meas. saulli, Brongniart, 1828, Hist. Veg. Fohs,, vol. 1, p. 456, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 842, Coal Meas. schimperi, Lesquereux, 1858, Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 871, Coal Meas. schlotheimana, Brongniart. 1828, Hist. Veg. Fobs., p. 469, Coal Meas. Amer- ican Sp. (?) suulpta, Lesquereux, 1858, Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 871, Coal Meas. Syn. lor 8. obliqua? scutelluta, Brongniart, 1822, Class, des Veg. F'oss., tab. 1, fig. 4, Coal Meas. semina, Lesquereux, 1870, Geo. Sur. I)!., vol. 4. p. 463, Coal Meas. serlii, Brongniart, 1828, Hist. d. Veg. F'oss., p. 433, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 480, Cral Meas. siilimani, Brongniart, 1828, Hist. Veg. F'oss., p. 459, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 493, Coal Meas. simplicitas, Vanuxem, 1843, Geo. Rep. 3d Dist. N. Y., p. 190, Catskill Gr. aolanus, Wood, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Coal Meas. [Solanua in text ; soknotus on plate; sokna in Trans. Am. Pbil. Soc, vol. 13.] spinulosa, Germ., 1844, Vers. v. Wettin, etc., p. 58, Coal Meas. stellata, Lesquereux, 1858, Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 871, Coal Meas. striata, Dawson, 1863, Can. Nat. and Geo!., vol. 8, and Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 15, p. 147, Coal Meas. sydenensis, Dawson, 1863, Can. Nat. and SK'. -SPH.] PLANTS, 141 Geol., vol. 8, and Acad. Geol., p. 475, Coal Meas. tcHsellata, Steinhaur, 1818, (Phytolithus tessellatiia, ) TranH. Am. Phil. Assoc, vol. 1, p. 295, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 4K1, ('oal Meas. vanuxemi, Goeppert, 1852, Die fossile Flora des UeberKangsgRbirgeH, p. 540, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 506, ('oal Meas. enosa, Brongniart, 1S28, Hist. d. Veg. Fobs., p. 424, and Coal Flora of Pa., j). K42, ('oal Meas. volfzi, Brongniart, 1828, Prodr. d. Hist. d. Veg. Foss., p. (i5, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 492, Coal Meas. wiiliamsi, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 488, Coal Meas. yardleyi, Lesquerenx, 1858, Catal. Potts. Foss., p. 17, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 491, Coal Meas. Sit.iLi.AHioiDKs, Lesquereux, 1870, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 449. [Kty. from its re- semblance to the genus miliaria.'] Fragments of roots bearing stigmariod leaves attached to sigiliarioid rhom- boidal scars. Type S. rudicans. ladicans, Lesquereux, 1870, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 449, Coal Meas. itdlaris, see Stigmaria stellaris. SioiLLARiosTROuus, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 794. [Ety. the genus, Sigillaria ; strobus, cone.] Sporanges at- tached in horizontal rows to a vertical axis, supported by persistent sporangi- ophores, with lanceolate scales, turned up and imbricate. Type S. laurencianus. laurencianuB, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 794, Coal Meas. Sokmula, Wood, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 12, p. 238. [Ety. golen, a channel ; oulos, entire.] Probably a decorticated Syringodendron. Type S. psiloplil(i>us. psilophloeus, Wood, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 238, Coal Meas. SoKOCLADUs, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 327. [Ety. sows, a heap : one of the fruit dots on the back of the frond ; klado, I break in pieces.] A name proposed for fruiting fragments not well understood. Type S. stellatus. Fig. 7'.i.— SorocladuB asteroideH. asteroides, Lesquereux, 1870, (Staphylop- teriff asteroides,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 406, Coal Meas. ophiogloHsoides, Lesquereux, 1880, CohI Flora of Pa., p. 329, Coal Mohh. sagittatus, Lesquereux, 1870, (Stuphylop- teris srgittatus,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 407, Coal Meas. stellatus, Lesquereux, 1860, (Staphylop- teris Htellata,) Geo. Sur. Ark., vol. 2, p. 309, Coal MeaH. wurtheni, Lesquereux, 1870, (Staphylop- teris wortheni,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 405, Coal Meas. SriiKNoiMivLMiM, Brougniart, 182H, Prodr. <1. Hist. Veg. Foss., p. 08. [Kty. uphen, a wedge ; phyllon, a leaf.] It wbh called S/theiiophylUte» by Brongniart in 1822. Plant herbaceous; stems articulate, in- flated at the articulations, piniiately, bi- pinnately divided; leaves verticillate, sessile, wedge-form, with lateral bor- ders entire, crennlate, dentate, or lacln- iate-lobate at the upper margin ; me- dial nerve none ; veins straight di- chotomous; fructitirations in cylindrical spikes, with brtcts curved upward in a sharp flexure from near the base; sporanges globular in the axils of the bracts. Type S. schlotheimi. angustifolium, Germar, 1844, Verst. d. Steink. v. Wett., u. Lobejiin, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 726, Coal Meas. antiquum, Dawson, 18(n, Can. Nat., vol. 6, p. 170, Devonian. bifurcatum, I^esiiuereux, 1860, Geo. Sur. Ark., vol. 2. p. 309, Coal Meas. brevifoHum, Newberry, not defined. cornutum, Le8({uereux, 1870, Geo. Sur. III., vol, 4, p. 421, Coal MeaP. densifoliatum, Fontaine & White, 1880, Perm, or Up. Carb. Flora, p. 37, Coal Meas. or Permian. 8yn. (?) for S. angustifolium. emarginatum, Brongniart, 1828 Prodr. d. Hist. Veg. Fobs., p. (i8, and Coal Flora of I 'a., p. 53, Coal Meas. eroBum, Lindley & Hutton, 1833, Foss. Flora, vol. 1, p. 43, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 55. Coal Meas. filiculme, lesquereux, 1858, Geo. Rep. Pa., vol. 2, p. 853, Coal Meaa. fontainianum, S. A. Miller, 188.S, 2d. Ed. Am. Pal. Fobs., p. 258, Up. Coal Meas. Proposed instead of 8. latifolium, in Perm, or Up. Carb. Flora, p. 36, which was preoccupied. latifolium. Wood, 1866, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., vol. 13, p. ;W7, Coal Meas. latifolium, Fontaine & White, 1880. The name was preoccupied. See S. fontain- ianum. longifolium, Germar, 1831, (Rotularia longilolia,) Isis, p. 426, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 53, Coal Meas. oblongifolium, Germar, 1844, Verst. d. Steink. v. Wett., u. Lobejiin, p. 12. and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 57, Coal Meas. primxvum, I^ieequereux, 1877, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., p. 167, Hud. Riy. Gr. I think this is not a plant. t ' • i 142 PLANTS. [si II. Kia. 78. Bpheiiopliyllura Nchlotlielinl. Haxifragifolium, Sternberg, 1825, (Rotu- laria saxifragifolia,) Vers. Darst. Flora der Vorwelt, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 726, (Joal MeaH. schlotheimi, Brongniart, 1828, Trodr. Hist. Veg. Foss., p. 68, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 52, Coal Meaa. tenerrimum, Stur, 1877, Culm. Flora, p. 108, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 728, Coal Meas. trifoliatum, Lesquereux, 1858, (lieo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, I). 853, Coal Meas. BiMiBNoi'TERia, Brongniart, 1822, Mem. du Mils. d'Hist. Mat. de I'aris, torn. 8, p. 20;{. [Ety. wphen, wedge; Tplerii^ fern.] Fronds bi, tri, polypinnate ; divisions open or in right angles; pinnules nar- rowed at base, often decurring or cunei- form, pinnately lobed ; lobes rarely entire, crenulate, dentate, or laciniate ; primary nerve slender, alternately dichotomous, simple, branches entering the bas3 of each lobe to pass by branchlets into the subdivisions of the lamina. Type S. elegans. abbreviata, see Pseudopecopteris abbrevi- ata. acrocarpa, Fontaine it White, 1880, Perm, or Up. Carb. Flora, p. 40, Coal Meas. or Permian. (tcuta, See Pseudopecopteris acuta, adiantoides, Lindley & Hutton, 1835, Foss. Flora, vol. 2, p. 91, Coal Meas. alata, Brongniart, 1828, (Pecopteris alata,) Hist. d. Veg. Foss., p. 361, Coal Meas. (Uabamensis, see Oligocarpia alabamen- sis. artemesuefolia see Eromopteris arteme- siifolia. auriculata, Fontaine & White, ^880, Perm, or Up. Carb. Flora, p. 42, Coal Meas. or Permian, ballantini, Andrews, 1875, (Hymenophyl- lites ballantini,) Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 422, Coal Meas. brittsi, Lesqu*«reux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 277. Coal Meas. canadensis, Dawson, 1863, Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 8, and Acad. Geol. p. 243, Coal Meas. chx'rophylloides, Brongniart, 182P (Pe- copteris chserophylloides,) Hist. d. Veg. Foss., p. 357, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 270, Coal Meas. communis, I^esquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 762, Coal Meas. coriacea, Fontaine & White, 1880, Perm, or Up. Carb. Flora, p. 41, Coal Meas. or Permian, crenata, Lindley & Hutton, 1835, Foss. Flora, vol. 2, pi. C, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 835, Coal Meas. cristata, Brongniart, 1828, (Pecopteris cristata,) Hist. d. Veg. Foss., p. 356, and Coal Flora of l»a., p. 273, (;.,al Meas. davallana, Gojpnert, 1841, Gatt. d. V: ■■<■,. Pflanzcn, Coal Meas. decipiens, see PsPudopecopteriH decijiii ns. delicatuln, see Hymenopliyllites deliia- tuliiH. dentata, Fontaine it Whit**, 18H0, P.rm or Up. (!arb. Flora, p. 42, Coal Meas. or Permian. dilnlata, as identified bsr Lesquereux. Syn. for Prfeudopecopteris decipien^ dissecta, Brongniart, 1828, Hint. . 201. iliid. Kiv. pendiculatum, i-psquereux, INTO, (Palie- oxyris appendieulata.) Geo. 8ur. III., vol. 4. p. 4(55. Coal Meas. corrugatuin, l.^squereux, lS70,{l'ali«'Oxyri8 corrujjata,) Geo. Sur. III., vol. 4, p. 466, Coal Meas. intermedium, !.,e8quereux, ISHO, Coal Fioia of Pa., p. 521, Coal iMeas. multipll'>atum, LeHijuereux. IhkO, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 520, Coal Meas. prendeli, Kescjuereux. 1H70. Geo. Sur. III., vol. 4, p. 464, Coal Meas. Spirophyton, Hall, 1H63, l«lh Rep. N. Y. St. Mu8. Nat. Hist. p. 7H. [Ety. upeira, a coil; /thyUm, a plant.] Syn. tot Tao- nurus. cauda-galli, see Taonarus caudagalli. crassutn, see Taonurus crassus. typm, see Taonurus typus. velum, see Taonurus velum. Sporangitks, Dawson, 1H63, (^an. Nat. and Geol., vol. H, and Proc. Geo. Soo. Lond., vol. 15, p. 164. [Sig. seed-vessel.] Spores and spore-cases of Lepidoden- dron, Catamites, and similar plants, which can not be otherwise referred. Ty])e S. papillatus. acuminatus, Dawson, 1861, (Annularia acuminata,) Can. Nut., vol. 6, and Acad. Geol., p. 540, Portage Gr. bilobatus, Dawson, 1883, Proc. Am. Ass. Ad. Sci., vol. 32, p. 260, Maruellus Shale. glaber, Dawson, 1863, Can. Nat, vol. 8, and Acad. Geol., p. 491, Coal Meas. huronensis, Dawson, 1871, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, p. 257, Ham. Gr. papillatus, Dawson, 1863, Can. Nat., vol. 8, and Acad. Geol., p. 491, Coal Meas. Km 7ii HporiiiiKl' |IH|lilllltll Si-oRocYHTiH, T.«m|uer«ux, 1880, ("oal Kl na of Pa., p. 45K. [Kty. uporoH, Hf.,|; kiiMijt, bladder, j Aijtdom- ^ erations of in aero- Hphort'H Krou|>ed togetiier or cohering or agglutinate by tlie borders, more gen- erally without caseK, and therefore of uncertain reference. TypeS. plaiiUH. planus, Let«|uereux, 18H0, Coal Floi di I'a., I). 458, Coal Meas. Staphitloplerix, IH.IH, Presl, in iSteriih. \ . r>, Darst. Flora der Vorwelt. [Kiv. Hlafih;,!, , bunch of grapes; pteriK, fern."! Not m American palieozoic genus. (taleroidfH, see Soroi^ladus asteroiden. sagitlatu, see Norocladus sagiltatus. slellalit, see Sorocladus stellatus. wnrtheni, see Sorocladus wortheni. Stemmatoi'tkiiim, Corda, 1845, Beitnige /m Flora der Vorwelt, p. 7<». [Ktv. «/r/„. matu», a wreath; ;>^er*n, fern.] 'rniiiks erect, cylindrical ; scars large, diHciforni, ovhI, round, or ovate, not contigunus, disposed in quinciMiciul or npiral oxlrr: outside borders or rings Hat; inttiiial disk formed by impressions of fasticlts of vascular tissues, shaped like a horsi'- shoe, the horns curving inward in thi' upper part of the scars, eittn-r sliort ami hookecl, or descending below the niidiile of the scars, and there united. Type S. peltigera. ancepi<, Lecquei 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 838, Ci as. angustata, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Mora of Pa., p. 339, Coal Meas. cyclostigma, Les<(uerenx, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa , p. 341, Coal Meas. emarginata, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 337, Coal Meas. gigantea, Lesiiuereux, 1858, (Cauloptcris gigantea,) Geo. of Pa., vol. 2, ji. mt, Coal Meas. hirsuta, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 337, Coal Meas. insignis, Lesquereux, 1870, (Caulopteris insignis,) Geo. Sur. III., vol. 4, p. 459, Coal Meas. microstigma, Les- quereux, 1S84, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 838, Coal Meas. mimica, Les([iie- reux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 341, Coal Meas. polita, Les«)ue- reux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., |). 342, Coal Meas. punctata, Les- quereux, 1S58, (Caulopteris punctata,) Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. 869, Coal Meas. scbimperi, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal I'lora of Pa., p. 338, Coal Meas. Fig. 77.— Bternmatopterls mlinica, leaf Hear. fyn* ST I ST I. Pl.ANT.K \\:^ >. |iiuiii(ma, L»*H<|iH'rt>nx, IHSO, Coal KlorH of Ph., p. :{;«), CohI Mcun. witrtliiMii, L«'H(|u»renx, iHtKi, iCiuiloptt'riH wortht'iii,) (i«u. Snr. III., vr»l. '.', p. 45y, Coal MfiiH. II iiNiiKKtiiA, ArtJH, IH'jr), Antexyli)n, Si^illiiriu, hikI citli«>r plaiitH UHiiallv pri-Nt>rvc. 13. (!oal Meas. minnfi. Lesqiicrenx. 1.m.").s. (i,.o. Sur. Pri., vol. 2, p. s71, Coal Meas. minutissinia. Dawson, isTl, Foms. Plants Can., p. 2."!, Devonian, perlata. Dawson, ls71, Foss. Plants Can- ada, ]>age 22, Devonian, pusilla, Dawson, 18(>3, t^unr. Jour. (Jteo. Soc, vol. 19, p. 4()(l, Devonian, radicans, Lesquereux, iK^.s. Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. 2, p. H70. Coal Meas. stellaris, Lesquereux, 1870, (Sigillarioides stellaris,) Geo. Sur. III., vol. 4. p. 450, Coal Meas. umbonata, Ties(|uereux, ISiYs, (ieo. Sur. ]'a., vol. 2, p. 870, Coal Meas. Kio. 711.— Htigiiiarlii llcoideH, '4 dtuni. Stkj.makioidks, Lesquereux, 1S70, (ieo. Sur. III., vol. 4, p. 452. [Ety. from its re- semblance to SUgmario.j Fragments of rhizomas, with surface marked by small round impressions, irregularly disposed and without central vascular points, base of detached radicles or fila- ments. Type S. eveni. affinls, see Kachiopteris afhnis. eveni, Lesquereux, 1806, (Stigmaria eveni,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 448, Coal Meas. linearis, Lesquereux, 1870, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 4, p. 465, Coal Meas. rugosus, Lesquereux, 1870, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 470, Coal Meas. 8elago see Kachiopteris selago. 146 PLANTjE. [STR.— T ^o. truncatas, Lesquereux, 1870, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 453, Coal Meaa. tiiberosus, Let^quereux, 1870, Geo. Sur. 111., vo!. 4, p. 45.3, Coal Meas. villofiUH, I^pquereux. 1870, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 464, Coal Meas. Slrohilng caryophyllus, Hildreth, 1837, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. 31, p. 32, Coal Meas. Possibly a Stigmaria. Syringodenukon, Sternberg, 1820, Essai d'un expose Geognostico-botanique de la Flore du monde priinitif, Ist Cahier, p. 26. [Ety. syrinx, a pipe; dendron tree.] Cortex costate ; vascular scars united in one ; resembles decorticated stems of Sigillaria. Type S. pes capreoli. bistriatum. Wood, 18G0, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 12, p. 521, Coal Meas. brongniarti, Geinitz, 1855,(Sigillariabrong- niarti,) Verst. d. Steink form, in Sach- sen, p. 47, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 504, Coal Meas. cyclostigma, Brongniart, 1828, Hist. d. Veg. Foss., p. 480, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 505, Coal Meaa. gracile, Dawson, 1862, Quur. Jour. Geo. Soc vol. 18, p. 308, Waverly Gr. kirtlandium, Hildreth, 1837, Am. Jour. Sci. & Arts, vol. 31, p. 29, Coal Meas. raagnificum. Wood, 1866, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 13, p. 362, Coal Meas. organum, see Sigillaria organum. pachyderma, Brongniart, 1828, (Sigillaria pachyderma,) Prodr. d. Hist. d. Veg. Foss., p. 65, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 503, Coal Meas. pescapreoli, Sternberg, 1820, Essai d'un expo86 Geognostico-botanique de la Flore du monde primitif, 1st Cahier, p. 20, Coal Meps. porteri, lesquereux, 1870. Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 448, Coal Meas. Syringoxylon, Dawson, 1862, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 18, p. 305. [Ety. syrinx, a pipe; xylon, wood.] Woody tissue close, thick-walled; ducts many times the diameter of the wood-cells, thin walled, with transverse pores in several series ; niedullary rays of two of more series of muriform cells ; growth rings, distinct. Type S. mirabile. mirabile, Dawson, 1862, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 18, p. 305, Ham. Gr. Tjkniophyllum, Lesquereux, 1878, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, p. 330. [Ety. tainia, ribbon; phyllon, leaf.] Stems large, Iv^aves crowded, fistular, flat by com- pression, thick, exactly linear, decurring at the base; surface smooth, opaque, or sliining. Type T. deourrens. br«^vifolinm, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 788, Coal Meas. contextuni, Lesquereux, 1878, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, p. 332, Coal Meas. decurrens, Lesquereux, 1878, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, p. 331, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 464, Coal Meas. deflexum, Lesquereux, 1878, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, p. 331, Coal Meas. TiBNioPTERis, Brongniart, 128, Prodr. list. d. Veg. Foss., p. 61. [Ety. ««/,., v, ribbon; pterin, fern.] Fronso, Perm, or Up. Caib. Flora, p. 91, <'oal Meas. or Permian. smithi, Lesquereux, 1875, Geo. Rep. Ala. . 73, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 153, ( oal "eas. Sie FiQ. 80.— TeeniopterU smltbi. truncata, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 743, Coal Meas. Taonurus, Fisher-Ooster, 1868, Foss. Fiipoi- den d. Schweizer A I pen, p. 41. [Ety. toon, peacock ; oura, tail.] Frond mem- branaceous, derived from utrieules at- tached to a lateral or central axis. erected or twfsted in spiral, flattened in various ways, ribbed ; ribs or striae curved, scythe-shaped, converging to the borders, which are either free, naked or attached on one side or all around to the axis or its branches. Type T. caudagalli. Kui. 81.— Taonwi'us ciiudiigalli. archimedes, Ringueberg, 1884, (Spiropliy- ton archimedes,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 144, Medina Gr. caudagalli, Vanuxem, 1842, (Fucoidef TBI.] PLANTS. 147 candagnlli,) Geo. Rep. 3d Dist. N. Y., [>. 128, Devonian, letti, Lfpquert'ux, 1870, (Chondrit»» colletti,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 379, Coal Meas. crassns, HmI!, 1863, (Spirophyton eras- sum,) 16 Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 83, Waverly Gr. inarginatus, Lesquereux, 1866, (Cauler- pitesmarginatus,) Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 13, p. 314, oubcarb. retortus, Vanuxem, 1842, (Retort fucoid,) Geo. Rep. 3d Dist., N. Y., p. 176, PortajJH Gr. typus, Hall, 18t)3, (Spirophyton typus,) 16 Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 80, Ham. or Chemung; Gr, vel.im, Vanuxem, 1842, (Fucoides velum,) Geo. Rep. 3d Dist. N. Y., p. 176, Ham. Gr. Triciiomanites, Ga'ppert, 1836, Syst. Filic. Fobs. [Ety. from the plant I'richo- manes.'] This genus is only known in America by fragments of slender pin- nules attached to long petioles, which are of m1 MciiH. Tri I'll YiJ.oi>TBi(iH, Hchimper, 1H74, Traits de l'aW-onU>logie Vegittale, vol. 2, p. 40. [I'',ty. iria, thr«M; phyllon, a leaf; pterw, a fern.] Lower itinniileH Huboppooite, tripartite or trifoliiitu, upper ones sim- pl)', all tiiirrowud or (contracted to a flat, HJlKlitly decurrinK pedicel ; veins all e({iial, Hiniplu or dichotomoiiH, di- _yerKinK fan-like. Type T. lesciiriana. cheathami. Lea- (|uereux, 1S84, i;Uh Kep. (ieo, Sur, Ind., p. 70, Coal MeaH. _ , , _,„, „ leHciiriana, .Meek, ^^^^'j^/clwA **"■'" lescuri- «^/Sd\(l/>^ ana.) Bull. I'hil. Hoc. WhhIi., j>. IH, and Coal Flora of I'a,, p. 21(7, Coal Meas. Tr ochojihyll n m, Wood, IHOO, I'roKNDKoN, Rhode, 1N2H, HeitriiKe /.. Ptianz. d. Vorwelt. [Kty. «/«, wood; dendron, tree.] Arborescent; ran^ly branching; bearing in two opposite rows round or oval scars, im- I)ressionHof the )nHe of Mtrob- ilcM, marked with c(mcen- trical scales and a (!('iitriil niaiii- milla; leaves short lan(!('o- late, leaf scars disposed in spi- ral, small, rhom- boidal or sub- rhomhoidal; fructifications in long, (tylin- drical strobiles. Type U. majus. com in utatum, Schimner, 1N74, Pal. V(!g., vol. 2, p. 40, Coal Meas. ellipticum, Hternberg, Flora der Vorwelt, Coal Flora of Pn,, p A\ VAV/A\7A\7\l Flo. H6.— Ulodeiidron elongatiiiii. 18H8, vol. 2, p. 405, Coal Vers. Darst. l«fl, and MeaR elongatum, Lesquereux, 1870, Geo. Snr 111., vol. 4, p. 437, Coal Meas. jlexuomm, see Halonia flexuosa. lindleyanum, Presl, 1833, in Sternberg, Vers. Darst. Flora der Vor- welt, p. 18.5, Coal Mees. majum, Rhode, 1823, Beitr. z. Pflanz. d. Vorw., pi. '-^f flg. 1, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 401, Coal Meas. minus, Lindley & Hut- ton, 1831, Fobs. Flora, vol. 1, p. 6, Coal Meas. punctatum, Lindley ik Hutton, 1833, (Bothro- dendron punctatum,) Foss. Flora, vol. 2, p. 80, and Coal Flora of Pa., p. 405, Coal Meas. /oi.KHANNiA, Sternberg, 1823, Tent. Fl Primord.,p. [Ety. pro))?!- name.] Stems striated, artic- ulated, and the inflorescence spiked. Close- ly related to Asterophylli- tes. Ty|)e \'. polystachya. crassa, Lesqiu'- reux, 18S4, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 719, Coal Meas. fertilis, v ..equereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., »> .'20, Coal Meas. Fig. 80.— Vol i<- maunia fertilis. If. :iO. <7.— Walclila plnnl- forinlM. -Wblttleseya elegaiiM. prselonga, Lesquereux, 1880, (Calainos- tachys pnelongus,) Coal Flora of i'a., p. 69, Coal Meas. WAL. — WHIT.] PROTOZOA. 149 Walchia, Sternberg, 1825, Vers. Darst. Flora der Vorwelt, p. 22. [Ety, proper name.] Arborescent, like Araucaria; branches with feathery foliage; strob- iles oblong, cylindrical, or elongated, with ovate scales, sharp or lanceolate ; seed minute, ovate. Type W. pinni- forrais. gracilis, Dawson, 1863, (Araucarites gra- cilis,) Can. Nat., vol. 8, and Acad. Geol. E. 474, Coal Meas. usta, Dawson, 1871, Rep. on Prince Ed- ward leland, p. 43, Coal Meas. Whittlbsbya, Newberry, 1874, Proc. Cleve- land Acad. Sci., p. 43. [Ety. proper name.] Frond simple or pinnate, nerves fasciculate, confluent to the base, not dichotomous. Type W. elegans. elegans, Newberry, 1874, Proc. Cleveland Acad. Sci., p. 43, Coal Meas. integrifolia, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora, of Pa., p. 524, Coal Meas. microphvlla, Lesquereux, 1884, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 843, Coal Meas. undulata, Lesquereux, 1880, Coal Flora of Pa., p. 525, Coal Meas. .•e4e>- Animal Kingdom. The Animal Kingdom is divided into seven Subkingdoms, viz. : Protozoa or Protista, Coelenterata, Echinoderraata, MoUuscoidea, Mollusca, Articulata, and Vertebrata. SUBKINGDOM PROTOZOA. (protos, first; zoon, animal). The Palteozuic Protozoa are included in two Classes, viz. : Rhizopoda and Porifera. CLASS RHIZOPODA (riza, root ; pons, foot). The Rhizopoda are the simplest and lowest forms of animal life. They are generally microscopic, though some of them are more or less conspicuous to the naked eye. They abound in fresh-water ponds, where each consists of a shapeless mass, constantly changing its form, and shooting out and withdrawing finger-like processes, but visible only under the magnifying power of a microscope. They occur in marshes, ponds, lakes, and seas, and wherever dampness exists, from the greatest depths to the snow-line of the mountains. The greater portion are marine, and have tiny shells that enter into the composition of the ocean mud, and abound in tbe sands of every ocean shore. The simplest kinds are not provided with a shell or investing membrane, but consist of a fluid, viscid, albuminoid jelly, having an extensile and contractile power, which is regarded as the elementary basis of organic bodies in general. This jelly is called protoplasm (protos, first ; plasso, I mold), and resembles in motive power the flesh of higher animals, from which character it is called sarcode (sarx, flesh; eidos, form). The protoplasm has no fixed organs of any kind, internal or external. Dr. Carpenter, speaking of the Rhizopoda, says: " If the views which I have expressed as to the nature and relations of their living substance be correct, that substance does not present any such differentiation as is necessary to constitute what is commonly understood as ' organization ' even 11 150 PROTOZOA. of the lowest degree and simplest kind ; so that the physiologist has here a case in which those vital operations which he is accustomed to see carried on by an elalm- rate apparatus are performed without any special instruments whatever — a little particle of apparently homogeneous jelly changing itself into a greater variety of form than the fabled Proteus, laying hold of its food without members, swallowing it without a mouth, digesting it without a stomach, appropriating its nutritious material without absorbent vessels or a circulating system, moving from place to place without muscles, feeling (if it has any power to do so) without nerves, prop- agating itself without genital apparatus ; and not only this, but in many instances forming shelly coverings of a symmetry and complexity not surpassed by those of any testaceous animals." The fresh-water, shapeless, gelatinous mass is called the Amofiba, and it shows a voracious disposition by seizing upon minute substances and appropriating tliom to the nutrition of its own jelly. This it does by surrounding and inclosing the food supply, which is retained until it is dissolved or the desired part appropriated. The lowest Order of Rhizopoda has received the name of Monera (mwiems, simple), of which Prof. Haeckel says: " In a state of reSt most Monera appear as small globules of slime, invisible, or barely visible, tu the naked eye, and at most about the size of a pin-head. When the Moner moves, there are produced on the surface of the little slime-ball finger- like processes or very fine radiating threads, the so-called false feet, or pseudopods. The latter are simple continuous processes of the structureless, albumen-like mass of which the body consists. We are unable to perceive difiTerent parts in it, and we can obtain direct proof of the absolute simplicity of the semi-fluid mass of albu- men ; for, with the aid of the microscope, we can follow the Moner as it receives its nourishment. When minute bodies suitable for food, as, for instance, small particles of decayed organic bodies or microscopic plants and infusoria, accidentally come into contact with the Moner, they remain hanging to the sticky surface of the semi-fluid mass of slime, and here produce an irritation, which is followed by a strong aflllux from the slimy mass of the body, and they become finally completely '^closed by it, or they are drawn into the body of the Moner by displacement of the sev- eral albuminous particles, and there digested, being absorbed by simple diffusion (endosmosis). "Just as simple as is the nourishment is, the mode of reproduction of these primitive beings, which one can not positively call animal or plant. All Monera propagate themselves only in an asexual inanner by self-division. When su.-h a speck — for example, a Protamoeba or a Protogenes — has attained a certain size by the assimilation of foreign albuminous matter, it falls into two pieces; there is formed a constriction around the middle, which finally leads to the separation of the two halves. Each half becomes rounded, and then appears as an independent individual, which commences anew the simple play of the vital phenomena of nu- trition and propagation. In other Monera (Vampyrella) the body, in the process of propagation, instead of two, falls into four equal parts ; and in others again {Protmuynas, Protomyxa, Myxastrum), at once into a large number of small globules of slime, each of which again, by simple growth, becomes like the parent body." The marine Rhizopoda are usually furnished with a horny shell, and live, singly or socially, in shells having a series of chambers. The Sub-class Monothalamia PROTOZOA. lU ('>iono8, one; ihalamos, chamber), includes those Rhizopoda which are inclosed in a single shell, and have a minute opening for the extrusion of the filamentous pro- cfsses by which motion is effected. The Sub-class Polythalamia includes those hav- ing calcareous shells, consisting of a series of distinct chambers, which sometimes communicate with each other, and at other times appear to be completely closed up. Each chamber is supposed to contain an independent animal, though the indi- viilual animals may be so connected, through the openings communicating between the cells, as to constitute a common mass. In some genera each chamber presents only a single external opening, but in most genera the substance of the shell is pierced by minute pores, like a sieve, through which delicate filaments are pro- truded. The Order Radiolaria (radiolus, a litle ray,) includes many beautiful forms, liv- in<; and swimming in vast multitudes near the surface of the oceuJ. Most of them have a complex silicious skeleton of great beauty of form and symmetry, and after death the skeletons sink to the bottom of the ocean, where they often furnish the chief part of the mud. On the island of Barbadoes, Tertiary strata 1,100 feet in thickness, consisting of marls, tripoli, and ferruginous sandstone, are largely com- posted of the iilicious skeletons of Badiolaria. The ]Nicobar Islands of the Indian Archipelago, consisting of clays, marls, and arenaceous marls, to the extent of 2,000 feet in thickness of Tertiary age, are largely composed of the remains of this Order. The Order Foraminifera (foramen, an aperture ; fero, I bear,) includes all the families of Palaeozoic Rhizopoda noticed in this work. They are marine shell- bearing animals, living at the bottom of oceans and seas, attached, free, or pelagic, and swimming on the surface of the water, from whence their dead shells form an incessant rain to the bottom of the ocean. They are generally microscopic, though a few are several inches in diameter. Some extinct genera are much larger than any of lue living forms. Prof. Leidy obtained 18,700 shells of a single species of Noiiionina from an ounce of mud scraped from tV " surface, between tides, at At- lantic City. In another sample, from Cape May, he obtained 38,400 shells ; and in an ounce from the bathing beach at Newport, Rhode Island, he estimated there were 280,000 shells of several genera and species. The sediment of the Atlantic Ocean is so largely constituted of one kind of foraminiferous shell, that it is gener- ally called Globigerina ooze. Common chalk is almost wholly composed of the shells of Foraminifera. The building stone of the city of Paris is almost wholly made of the shells of Foraminifera belonging to the Sub-order Miliola. The Num- mulite limestone of different countries is composed of foraminiferous shells, and so is the Fusulina limestone of Carboniferous age. The microscopic genera and species of the Palaeozoic rocks have not been much studied. The classification of the Pa- leozoic Foraminifera, so far as they have been investigated, is as follows: Family C alcisph^rid^e. — Calcisphsera. Family EozooNiDiE. — Eozoon. Family Fusulinid^. — Fusulina, Loftusia, Moellerina. Family Globioerinid^. — Calcarina. Family LiTUOLiDiE. — Endothyra, Nodosinella, Yalvulina. Family Affinity, uncertain. — Rhabdaria. 152 PROTOZOA. CLASS PORIFERA {poros, canal; phero, I bear). The Porifera include the Sponges, and are not to be regarded as any moro highly organized than the lihizopoda. A sponge consists of a congeries of huriiy filaments, interlaced in every direction so as to form an intricate network of inti r- communicating cells. Imbedded in these filaments, in the majority of sponges, arc a number of minute need'.e-shaped, or forked, or radiated silicious, or calcareouii particles of various forms, called spiculte. The spiculsB may be acicular and poinud at both ends, or have a small knob at one end, while the opposite end is pointc formed of small, regular, star-shaptd spicules, connected by their rayu; canals running from the center to tin; surface crossed by concentric cansiN. Type A. prsemorsa. bursa. Hall, 1876, 28th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 105, Niagara Gr. Christiana, Meek & Worthen, 1868, Gen. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 344, Niagara Gr. imbricato-articulata, Roemer, 1848, (Sipli- onia imbricato-articulatn,) Leonh. and Bronn's Jahrb., p. 685, and Sil. Fauna d. West Tenn., p. 12, Niagara Gr. inciso-lobata, Roemer, 1848, (Spongia in- ciso-lobata,) Leonh. and Bronn's Jahrb., p. 685, and Sil. Fauna d. West Tenn., p. 11, Niagara Gr. inomata, Hall, 1863, 16th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 70, syn. for Hindia fibrosa, parvula, Billings, 1861, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 20, Trenton Gr. perryi, Billings, 1861, Geo. Vermont, p. 957, Black Riv. Gr. preemorsa, Goldfuss, 1826, (Siphonia pw- morsa,) Petref. Germ., p. 17, and Sil. Fauna, d. West Tenn., p. 8, Niagara (ir. Fig. 91.— Astylospongla prseraorsa. Vert'cnl section, showing cup. stellatim-sulcata, Roemer, 1848, (Spongia stellatira-sulcata,) Leonh. and Bronn's Jahrb., p. 686, and Sil. Fauna West Tenn., p. 11, Niagara Gr. AuLocopiNA, Billings, 1875, Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 7, p. 230. [Ety. aulokopeo, cut into pipes.] Elongate, ovate, or pyriform ; upper face concave, with an osculum in the center, from which ridges radiate over the surface and de- scend to the base ; the osculum is the opening of a central cavity, from which smaller branching canals radiate. Type A. granti. granti, Billings, 1875, Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 7, p. 231, Niagara Gr. Batospongia, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8. p. 246. [Ety. batos, prickly bush; sponpta, sponge.] Subhemisplier- ical or subglobose, consisting of small, inosculating, subcylindrical or flattened n Fig. 92.— Brae UEA— CAt.] PROTOZOA. 155 branches, which arise from a reticulated base ; base covered with a dermal layer, which exhibits on its inner side a net- work of substellate or irregularly branched spicule fiber ; spicules acerate, bifid, trifld, or four-rayed. Type B. spicata. spicata, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, |), 246, Coal Meas. lisATRicBA, Billings, 1875, liep. of Progr. Geo. Sur. Can., p. 343. [Ety. proper name.] This genus was supposed by Hyatt (Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 1865,) to belong to the class Cephalopoda, and he proposed a new order for the genus, to-wit: Ceriolites, from kerion, a honey-comb ; litho», a stone ; and a family Ceriolidse. They are, however, Type 1857, Rep. of Progr. p. 344, Trenton and 1857, Rep. of Progr. 344, Trenton Gr. long, cylindrical spongeoid bodies B. nodulosa. IZ- nodulosa, Billings, Geo. Sur. Can., Hud. Riv. Gr. 2,3, undulata, Billings, Geo. Sur. Can., p, BEiiEUNospoNoiA, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo, Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 248. [Ety. belemnos, a dart; spongia, sponge.] Composed of elongate acerate spicules, which radiate upward and outward from a pointed base ; spicules large, and joined to each other by short processes. Type B. fas- cicularis. fascicularis, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 248, Burfjngton Gr. Blumenbachium, Konig, 1820, Icones fossiles, sectiles. meniscus, see Astrseospongia meniscus. Bkachiosponqia, Marsh, 1867, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 2d ser., vol. 44, p. 88. [Ety. brachium, arm ; spongia, sponge.] A short vase or hollow central nucleus, throwing out large, hollow arms, which are closed at the distal extremities ; skeleton comparatively thin and bear- ing a network of spicules ; all observed specimens are silicious, and outer sur- face therefore destroyed. Type B. digitata. Fio. 92.— Brachlospongla digitata. Jidlani.,si.?'.v- ing large gastral cavity. digitata, Owen, 1867, (Scyphia digitata,) Geo. of Ky., vol. 2, p. Ill, Trenton Gr. hoveyi, Marsh, 1874, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., p. 344, syn. for B. digitata, but founded on a specimen having twelve arms. lycmi, Marsh, 1867, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 2d ser., vol. 44, p. 88, syn. for B. digitata, but founded on a specimen having eleven arms. roemerana, Marsh, 18, with a deep sulcus down the middle uf each side, bringing i icules and bundles of acicular rods. Type C. gloriosa. gloriosa. Hall, 1hs4. ;«th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. IliHt , p. 47!t, Keokuk Gr. mohri. Hall, 1H84, 3r)th Kep. N. Y. St. MuH. Nat. HiMt., p. 47il, Keokuk, (Jr. Cnemldiitm, (ioidfuss, 18l'({, I'etref. (Jerm., p. 15. [Ety. kuemidoH, armor for the legs, asort of hoot.] Type C. lainelloHum. trent07}nini», see I'alieospongia trentonensis. Cii:nostuom.\, Winchell, 1807. Proc. Am. Ahh. Ad. Sci., p. Ul, [Ety. koinoi*, shiired in common; »liom. Nat. Hist., p. 470, Chemung Gr. tenne. Hall, 1884, 36th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 474, Waverly Gr. tuberosum, Conrad, 1H42, (Hydnoci'ias tuberosum,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., vol. 8, p. 267, Chemung Gr. DicTYoHTROMA, Nicholsou, 1S75, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 254. [Ety. dictyon, net; stroma, layer,] Allied to Stromatopora, but the upper surface of each lamina is devel- oped into conical points, which sup- port the lamina above instead of pil- lars. The lamina} have horizontal canals, uwd are prob- ably minately per- forat.e. T j' p e I>. undulatuuj. reticulatum, Spencer, ^,{:,;[;;„'\V-,X^;;,, 1884, Bull. Mus. Univ. St. Mo., p. 51, Niagara Gr, undulatum, Nicholson, 1875, Ohio I'al., vol. 2, p. 254, Niagara Gr. FKi. loa. ItyHtaotospongia insolens. Dystactospoxgia, S. a. Miller, 1882, .Tour. Cin. Roc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. V2. [Ety. dy^iaktos, hard to arrange ; spomjia, •c RCT.— RTH.] PROTOZOA. 159 Bpon({(^l Maflnive, hemiHphprical, at- tached with a Htron(( radiutinK framtt- work. Strufturo vumcular. Typo I), innolenn. InHoleiiH, 8. A. Milh-r, 18K2, Jour. Chi. Hoc. Nat. HlRf., vol. 5, p. 43, HiuJ. Uiv. Ctr. minimu, IMricli, I8H1», Am. (iool., vol. 3, p. L'A HikI. Riv. (Jr. minor, lllricli ^ lOverett, (in preBH,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 1278, Trenton Or. rudis, Ulrich >k Kvfn-tt, (in prt'HH,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 279, Trenton Or. KcTKNODiCTYA, Hall, I8H4, \\hi\\ Hep. N. Y. St. MuH. Nat. IliHt., p. 4WI. [VAy.ekleme, Htretched out; dictuon, net.] A reticu- late frond irreculariy expanded or ex- planate; reticiiiation irregular preuent- ing radiating and concentric Btriic. Type E. implexa. burlingtonensis, Hall, 1SH4, ;t5th Rep. N. Y. St. MuB. Nttt. HiHt., p. 47(5, Waverly Gr. excentrica, Hall, 1884, .35th Rep. N. Y. St. Mu8. Nat. Hist., p. 47fi, Keokult Gr. exitansa. Hall, 1884, :»th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 475, Waverlv Gr. implexa. Hall, 1884, 35th Rep. f^. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 475, Waverly Gr. KoRiospoNfiiA, Ulrich & Everett, (in press,) Geo. Sur. III., vol. 8, p. 271. [Ety. edrion, a seat ; spongia, sponge.] Mass- ive, lobate, attached by a broad base; sides irregularly dented ; radiating canals, connected bv tortuous, vertical ones; minute canals formed by spic- ules ; sides covered with a dermal layer. Type E. baBalis. basalis, Ulrich & Everett, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 272, Trenton Gr. Enoothyba, Phillips, 1845, Proc. Geol. and Poly tech. Soc. \V. Ridinjt Yorks., vol. 2, p. 279. [Ety. endos, within ; thura, door.] Free, spiral, rotaliform, segments nu- merous, texture subarenaceous, imper- forate, aperture simple. Type E. bow- mani. baileyi. Hall, 1858, (Rotaliabaileyi,) Trans. Alb. Ins., vol. 4, p. 34, and 1882, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 42, Warsaw Gr. EosPONQiA, Billings, 1861, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 18. [Ety. eos, dawn ; spongia, sponge.] Subglobular, pyriform or sul)hemiHpherical, not free, {)ore8 radiating irregularly rom the central axis ; cup of variable depth. Type E. roemeri. roemeri, Billings, 1861, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 19, Chazy Gr. varians, Billings, 1861, Pal. Foss, vol. 1, p. 19, Chazy Gr. EozooN, Dawson, 1865, Can. Nat. and Geo., 2d ser., vol. 2, p. 54. [Ety. eog, dawn ; zoon. animal.] Massive, in large sessile patciies or irregular cylinders, growing at the surface, by the addition of suc- FlO. 103. Eiidotliyra balleyl, luagiilfled. ct'ssive lauilnie, internally, the cham- bersarctlattent-d, irregular, with numer- ouH rounded cxteuHionN, and separated by walls of variable thickneHH, pene- trated by Heptal ori6cea irregularly disposed; thicker parts of the walls with flue branching tubuli ; the ap- pearance to the naked eye is Bome- tliing like Stromatopora. Type E. canadense. canadense, Dawson, 1H(15, Can. Nat. and (4eo., 2d ser., vol. 2, p. 54, I^aurentian. The most ancient organism. FiQ. UH.— Bzoon caiiHiiuUHe. Ethmoi'hvllitm, Meek, 1868, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 2d ser., vol. 46, n. 62. [Ety. elhmos, sieve ; phyllon, plant.] Body simple, elongate, turbinate, cup-shaped, clavate or cylindro-conical, curved or straight, corrugated, lobed, or ribbed, penetrated by round or oval pores, in vertical or horizontal rows; vertical septa numerous, originating at the outer wall, and extending to the inner one, poriferous; inner wall with or without vesicular tissue, extending into the central cup ; series of septa and walls sometimes repeated ; spiculi« branching. Type E. whitneyi. gracile, Meek, syn. for E. whitneyi. Fkj. 10"> — Etliinophylluin profunduin. Lonttltu- dlniil and transverse seutloii of a friigincnt. minganense, Billings, 1859, (Petraia min- ganensis,) Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 4, g. 346, and Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 354. alciferous Gr. Hinde, in 1889, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, p. 142, proposeV. l*ern;ian Gr. gracilis, Meek, 1864, .Pal. of Calitornia, vol. 1, p. 4, Coal Moas. hyperborea, Salter. 1855, Belcher's Lapt Arctic Voyage, vol. 2, p. 380, Carbonif- erous. robusta, Meek, 1864, Pal. California, vol. 1, p. 3, Coal Meas. ventricosa. Meek & Hayden, 1864, Pal Upper Mo., p. 14, Ooal Meas. Heterosi'ongia, Uirich, 1889, Am. Geol., vol. 3, p. 239. [Ety. heteros irresfular; spongia, sponge.] Sublobate, com- pressed branches, covered with m./Uths of tortuous canals ; skeleton composed of loosely interwoven spicule fibers. Type H. subramusa. aspera, Uirich, 1889, Am. Geol., vol. 3, p. 241, Hud. Riv. Gr. knctti, Uirich, 1889, Am. Geol., vol. 3, p. 241, Hud. Riv. Gr. subramosa, Ulric! , 1889, Am. Geol., vol 3, p. 240, Hud. l.'iv. Gr. HiNDiA, Duncan, 1079, Ann. and Mag. Nat Hist., 5tli ser., vol. 4, p. 91. [Ety proper name.] Free, spheroidal, witii- out involniion of texture ; small cen tral space occuj led by spicules whidi form a series of bifurcating, lontr, straight canals, that open at the surface ; spicules more or less in shape of n stemmed tripod, with four limbs, and swollen or fringed at the ends. Type H. fibrosa. This may be a synonym for Microspongia ; but as the latter is calcareous, and the spicules have not been determined, both generic names are retained. fibrosa. Roemer,l 860, (Calamopora fibrosa, i Sil. Fauna W. Tenn., p. 20, Niagara Gr. inajqualis, Uirich & Everett, (in press,) Geo. Sur. III., vol., 8, p. 275, Tren ton Gr. xpheriodalin, Duncan, 1879, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 5th ser., vol. 4, p. 91, syn. for H. ribrosa. parva, 8( e Microspongia parva. Hystrisp'ingia, Uirich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. HI., vol. 8, p. 245. [Ety. hyslrix, porcupine ; spongia, sponge.] Subglob- ular or ovoid ; spicules arranged radiately from the base, most of them biacerate and taper each way to pointed ends, some trifid at one end, and others four- rayed. Type H. carbonaria. carbonaria, Uirich, (in iiress,) Geo. Sur. III., vol. 8, p. 245, Coal Meas. Ischadites tessellatiis, see ReceptacuUtes tes- sellatus. Lasiocladia, Hinde, 1884. [Ety. lasios, shaggy ; klados, twig.] Skeleton composed of elongate, slender, straight, acerate spicules, pointed at both ends. Tyi»e L. compressa. hindii, Uirich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. III., vol. 8, p. 249, Keokuk Gr. Lefidolite.' uirich, 1879, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. liist., vol. 2, p. 20. [Ety. lepis, scale; lHhos, stone.] Subspiierical or subcylindrical bodies, hollow within and consisting of exteriorly imbrica- ting scales. Type L. dickbauti. The name was preoccupied in mineralogy. dickhauti, Uirich, 1879, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2. p. 21, Hud. Riv. Gr. elongalw:, Uirich, 1879, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vil. 2, p. 22, Hud. Riv. Gr. This is noi, distinct from L. dick- hauti. LErTOMiTus, Walcott, 1886, B-jlI. TT. S. Geo. Sur. No. 30, p. 89. [Ety. leptos, fini-; mitoa, thread.] Elongate bodies, formed of fine, thread-like, longitudinal lines, apparently imbedded in a delicate membrane, slowly expanding from a narrow base. Type L. zitteli. zitteli, Walcott, 1886, Bull. U. S. Geo. Sur. No. 30, p. 89, Georgia Gr. r.BP.— PAi,.J PROTOZOA. 161 Tieptopterion, Ulricli, 1889, Am. Geol., vol. 3, S, 2:59. [Ety. le/ito», thin ; poler ion, cap.] bconical, annulated free sponge; wall thin, outer surface reticulated. Type L. mammiferum. Not well defiued. mammifernm, Ulricli, 1889, Am. Geol., vol. 3, p. 2-'59, Hud. Kiv. Gr. r.r«irTtsiA, Carpt-nter & Brady, 1869, Trans. Roy. Soc, p. 742. [Ely. proper name.] Small foraminifer, witli oval or ellip- tical test, consisting, i)rimarily, of a continuous laraina coiled upon itself, with interspa^iee divided into chambers. Type L. peri'.iea. Columbiana, DawsouT' 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 35 p. 74, Coal Meas. uunuliUsf daclyloidex, see Cerionites dac- tyloidee. I.YRODiCTYA, Hall, 1.S84, 35th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., i). 400. [Ety. lyra, lyre; dictnon, nei.'\ Cyathiform, reticu- late fronds composed of stellate spic- ules, with broad, strong, longitudinal bands of acicular spicules, showing an alternating bifurcation. Type L. ro- mingeri. lomingeri. Hall. 1884, 35th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 476, Keokuk Gr. Mkgastkoma, Dawson, 1883, Report on Red- path Mus. No. 2, p. 12. [Ety. megas, great; stroma, layer.] Somewhat like Stromatopora ; layers consisting of two membranes, beset with spicules, point- in'< inwards like two brushes facing each of her; membriines porous or reticulate. Type M. larainosum. laa'iiiosum, Dawson, 1883, Rep. on Red- path Mus. No. 2, p. 12, Subcarboniferous. MiCROSi'ONOiA, Miller & Dyer, 1878, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 37. [Ety. micros, small ; spongia, sponge.] Free, no epitheca; compact, without large openings; structure radiate. Type M. gregaria. gregaria, Miller & Dyer, 1878, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 37, Hud. Riv. Gr. parva, Ulrich. 1889, (Hindia parva,) Am. Geol., vol.3, p. 244, Trenton Gr. M(ELLERiNA, Ulricli, 1886, Cont. to Am. Pal., p. 34. [Ety. proper name.] Con- sisting of two suborbicular, thin-walled chambers, outer one with spiral ridges, inner one smooth ; at the ends of the outer chamber there is a round open- ing, surrounded by an elevated border, where the ridges terminate. Type M. greenei. greenei, Ulr'^ti, 1886, Cont. Am. Pal, p. 36, Up. Held. Gr. NoDosiNKLLA, Brady, 1876, Monograph Carb. and Perm. Foraminifera, p. 1U2. [Ety. noduB, knot; ellm, diminutive.] Free, straight, or arcuate, not spiral ; constricted at intervals, test imperfo- Fio. I08.-Mlcro- spongia gregar)R. rate, texture finely arenaceous, aper- ture simple or compound. Type N. digitata. prifcilla, Dawson, 1H08, (Dentalina priscilla, ) Acadian Geology, p. 285, Carboniferous. Nulliiiortt, Lamarck, ISOl, S\Hlt''me des Aiiiiu. sans Vert. [Ety. nnl- liis, no; poroH, poiv.J Not American Paljc ozoic. fobiexla, White, 18(12, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hift, vol. 9. p. 33, Burlington Gr. Orbicalileit f reliculatu, see Receptaculites re- ticulatUH. Pal.eacis, Edwnrdrt vt Fm. lou.-N.xio Tj :_ _ loi-n ti: i xT„i K lie la pr hCiUii. Haime, 1800, Hist. Nat. jj.iiumi kI/.o an.i des Coralliaires, vol. 3, enlurgecl. p. 171. [Ety. palaivs, ancient; «/.•/», barb.] Skeleton cuneate or turbinate, adherent, cups 1 to 12, cell-like, margins crenulate, separated by depressions; substance pierced by microscopic tubuli. Typo P. cunei- formis. compressus, Afcek \ Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 43, Hud. Riv. Gr. tuberosa, Beecher, 1889, (Strobilospongia tuberosa,) Mem. Pea. Mus., vol. 2, p. 28, Trenton Gr. FifJ. 118.— Pftttersonl.' Jimcills. Fragment of upper surface. Phkagmodictya, Hall, 1884, 35th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 466. [Ety. phragmos, a partition ; dictuon, a net ] Cylindrical or cup-shaped fronds, with a concave diaphragm near the broadly expanded base. Substance composed of a reticulate tissue of six and three rayed spicules and long cylindrical rods. Type P. catilliformis. catilliformis, Whitfield, 1881, (Dictyophy- ton catilliformis,) Bull. No. 1, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 18, Keokuk Gr. liiieata. Hall, 1884, 'Mh Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., i> 178, Keokuk Gr. patelliformis, Hall, 1884, 35th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 478, Keokuk Gr. Physospongia, Hall, 1884, Abstr. 35th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 467. [Ety. phym, bladder ; spongia, sponge.] Frond cylindrical, expanding from the base; surface divided into from 8 to 24 longi- tudinal areas by bands of tubular spicules, and into regular quadrules by concentric bands of spicules; surface buUate ; spicules anchor-shaped. In- ttrzonate tissue finely reticulated. Type P. dawsoni. alternata, Hall, 1884, 35th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist, p. 481, Keokuk Gr. coUetti, Hall, 1884, 35th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 480, Keokuk Gr. dawsoni, Whitfield, 18fl, (TTphantsenia dawsoni,) Bull. No. 1, Am. mus. Nat. Hist., p. 16, Ke'okuk Gr. Protocyathus, Ford, 1878, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 16, p. 124, syn. for Ethmophyllum. Protosponcma, Salter, - MM, (iuar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 20, p. 2'-i. [Ety. proto», first ; spongia, sponge.l Skeleton loose, retic- ulate formed o cruciform spiculte in one plane. Ty ,e ?. fenestrata. fenestrata, S Iter, 1S64, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. ^0, p. 238, and Mon. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 11, Up. Taconic. rants, see Ethmophyllum rarum. Rauffella, Ulrich, 1889, Am. Geol., vol. 3, p. 235. [Ety. proper name.] Hollow cylindrical stems or radially arranged leaves; wall thin, composed of two layers of spicule tissue, inner one por- ous, outer one composed of large spic- ules appearing as threads interwoven. Type R. filosa. fllosa, Ulrich, 1889, Am Geol., vol. 3, p. 237, Trenton Gr. palmipes, Ulrich, 1889, Am. Geol., vol. 3, p. 238, Trenton Gr. RECKPTACULITK.S, DcFrance, 1827, Diet. Sci. Nat., tome 45, p. 5. [Ety. receptamlurn, receptacle ; lithos, stone.] Subglobular, discoid, or infundibuliform ; composed of cylindrical columns, connected at their' upper and lower ends by trans- verse stolons. Type R. neptunei. arcticus, Etheridge, 1878, Quar. .Tour. Geo. Soc, vol. 34, p. 576, Lower Silurian. bursiformis. Hall, 1883, Rep. St. Geol., pi. 23, fig. 12-14, Schoharie Grit. calciferus, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 351, Calcif. Gr. canadensis, Billings, 1863, (Ischadites can- adensis,) Geo. of Can., p. 309, Anticosti Gr. circularis, Emmons, 1856, Am, Geol,, p, 230, Hud. Riv, Gr. daclyloides, see Gerionites dactyloides. devonicus, Whitfield, 1882, Ann. N, Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 198, Up. Held. Gr. eatoni, Hall, 1863, 16th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus, Nat, Hist., p. 68-226, Schoharie Grit. elegantulus, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, I). 360, Calcif. Gr, ellipticus, Walcott, 1885, Monog. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p, 67, Chazy Gr. elongatus, Walcott, 1885, Monog. U, S, Geo Sur., vol. 8, p. 66, Chazy Gr. formosus, Meek & Worthen, 1870, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 23, and Geo. Sur, 111,, vol. 6, p. 500, Niagara Gr. fungosus, Hall, 1861, Geo. Rep. Wis., p. 15, Galena Gr. globularis. Hall, 1861, Supp. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 16, and Geo. Sur. HI., vol. 3, p. 301, Galena Gr. hemisphericus. Hall, 1861, Geo. Rep. Wis., &16, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 269, iagara Gr. infundibuliformis, Eaton, 1832, (Coscln- opora infundibuliformis,) Geo. Text Book, p. 44, Low. Held. Gr. 97- l, .357, Calciferous Gr, furcata, Billings, 1865, Pal, Foss,, voi. I. p. .358, Calciferous (Jr. Rhomhodktvox, Whitfield, 1886, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 347, [Kty. rlwmboK, rhomb; diclyon, net.] Glolm- lar, discoid, or cyathiform, composed of two or more sets of rods crossing esu h other at various angles, but not diviil- ing, and leaving rhombic spaces filU'il with another substance. Type R. rcni- forme. discum, Whitfield, 1886, BuU. Am. Miis. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 348, Utica Slate. reniforme, Whitfield, 1886, Bull. Am. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 347, Utica Slate. reniforme var. rhombiforme, Whitfield, 1886, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 348, Utica Slate. Rotalia, Lamarck, 1804, Ann. Mus. [Ety. rota, wheel.] Not Palaeozoic. bailfyi, see Endothyra baileyi. Saccammina, Sars, 1868, Vidensk-Selsk. Forhandl., p. 248. [Ety. diminutive of mkkos, a bag.] Not American l'al;i- ozoic. erinna, Dawson, 1881, Can. Nat., vol. 10, syn . for Calcispbaera robusta. Saccosi'ongia, Ulnch, 1879, Am. Geo., vol. 34, p. 242. [Ety. sakkos, bag; spongia, sponge.] Subcylindrical, witti a central cloacal cavity extending through it ; walls porous, traversed with tortuous branching canals intercommunicating with each other. Type S. rndis. danvillensis, Ulrich, 1889, Am. Geol., vol. 3, p. 243, Trenton Gr. rudis, Ulrich, 1889, Am. Geol., vol. 3. p. 242, Trenton frr. Sqfphia, Oken, 1815. Not American Palie- ozoic. digitata, see Bracliiospongia digitata. stellala, Troost, 1840, not properly defined. SeknoidfS, Owen, 1852, syn. for Recepta- culites. iowensis, see Receptaculites iowensis. Siphonia, Parkinson, 1820, Organ. Rem. Not American PaliBOzoic. cratfra, see Paheomanon cratera. imhricato-articnlala, see Astylospongia iin- briciito-articulata. prxmorm, see Astylospongia pr8emor.sa. Sphenopteriiim, Meek Si Worthen, 1860, By n. for Palaacis. compressmii, see Palieacis compressus. cuiiedtam, .see P.ilieacis euneiformis. enoniir, see Paheacis enormis. enorme car. depressum, see Palaeacis enor mis var. depressus. obtiisiim, see Paljcacis obtusus. SPO. — STR.] PROTOZOA. 166 Kia. 122. — Strephoclietus rlchmondenuls, Hliowiiig several HpeciiiieiiH on u slab. Spongia, Linnaeus. Not American Palse- ozoic. inciso-lobata, see Astylospon g i a incisolobata. stellatim-sti Icata, see Astylospon- gia stellatim- sulcata. Strepmochetus, Seeiy, 1885,Ain. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 30, p. 355. [Ety. strepho, I twine; ochetos, canal] A free cal- careous sponge, showing concentric layers composed of minute twining canals. Type S. ocel- latus. atratus, Seely, 1885, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. 32, p. 32, Black Riv. Gr. brainerdi, Seely, 1885, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 32, p. 32, Chazy Gr. ocellatus, Seely, 1885, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. 30, p. 357, Chazy Gr. lichmondensis, S. A. Miller, 1882, (Stromatocerium rich- moudense,) Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 41, Hud. Riv. Gr. Streptosolen, Ulrich & Everett, (in press, ) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 273. [Ety. streptos, twisted ; solen, a channel.] Obconical, pedunculate ; central oscula having thin walled tubes ex- tending to the base; oscula surrounded with radiating canals, between which there are vertical ones. Type S. obconicus. obconicus, Ulrich & Everett, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 274, Trenton Gr. Strkptospongia, Ulrich, 1889, Am. Geo., vol. 3, p. 244. [Ety. streploa, twisted ; spongia, sponge.] Massive, composed of inter- twining vertical lamellre, separated by tortuous linear interspaces. Type S. labyrinthica. Poorly defined, labyrmthica, Ulrich, 1889, Am. Geo., vol. 3, p. 244, Hud. Riv. Gr. Slrobitospongia, Beecher, 1880, Mem. Pea. Mus., vol. 2, p. 14, syn. for Pattersonia. aurita, see Pattersonia aurita. tnherosa, see Pattersonia tuberosa. StnoMATOCERiuM, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 48. [Ety. stroma, layer; kerion, lioney-comb.] Hemispherical, com- posed of numerous concentric vesicular layers, more or less wrinkled, without the pores that characterize Stromato- ])ora. Type S. rugosum. ric.hmandense, see Strephochetus richmon- densis. rugosum. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 1!^, Birdseye and Black Riv. Gr Stromatopora, Goldfuss, 1820, Petref.C Jerm., p. 22. [Ety. stroma, stratum; poros, pore.] Dimorphous masses or extended sheets composed of delicate calcareous lainina>,in successive layer8,8eparated by minute, vertical pillars, dividing the in- terval into minute subquadrangular cav- ities; the whole is perforated by canals irregularly disposed and possessed of exhalant apertures. Type S. concentrica. cteapitosa, Winchell, 1866, Rep. Low. Penin. Mich., p. 91, Ham. Gr. compacta, Billings, 1862, Pal. Fobs., vol. 1, S. 55, Black Riv. Gr. There is some oubt about the reference of this species to this genus. Possibly it is a bryozoan. concentrica, Goldfuss, 1826, Germ. Petref., Fig. 123.— Stromatocerium rugosum. p. 22, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 136, Ni- agara Gr. constellata, see Ccenostroma constellatum. erratica. Hall, 1873, 23d Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist , p. 226, Up. Held. Gr. e X p a n s a , Hall & Whi tfield, 1873, 23d Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 226,Che- mung Gr. g r a n u 1 a ta, Nicholson, 1873, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th ser., vol. 12, p. ^ 92, Cornif- (..^^ l24.-8tromatopor» lnuun. erous Gr, hindii, Nicholson, 1874, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th ser., vol. 13, and Pal. Prov. of Ont., p. 13, Niagara Gr. ^^' 112 166 PROTOZOA, [STR.— ItPH. tncru8aiilliuKru)>tUH pulchor. AfANTiitidHAi'Ti's, Spencer, 1878, Can. Nat, vol.8,p.40L'. [Ety. akan- tha, spine ; graph 0, I write.] Slirub-like ; one side B )) i n o u H . Stronger and more bushy tlian D e li .1 r o - g rap t u 8 . Type A. granti. granti, Spen- cer, 1878, fan. Nat.vol. 8, i». 4K\ and Bull. No. 1, Mus. Univ., St. Mo., p. 31, Niagara Gr. pulclier, Spencer, 1884, Bull. No. 1, Mus. Univ. St. Mo., p. 32, Niagara Gr. AcBRVULAKiA, Schweigger, 1H20, Handb. der Naturg., p. 41 s. [Kty. acenvx. a heap; considered as a body.] ( ipound, massive, cells presenting two .eparated walls, as in Aulophyilum; septa well developed between tlie walls, but much less in the central area; no columella; tabulse little de- veloped; in- creasing by gemmation. Type A. bal- tica. adjunctiva, White, 1880, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 2, p. 255, and Cont. to Pal. No. 6, p. 120, Carbonif- erous. clintonensis, Nicholson, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 227, Niagara Gr. Fig. 129.— AcervularlH cliiitoueusls. FiQ. 130.— Acervularla davidsoni. davidsoni, Edwards & Haime, 1851, Pol. Fobs. d. Terr. Pal., p. 418, Up. Held, and Ham. Gr. inequaiis, Hall & Whitfield, 1x73, 2:id 1{(|, N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 23:!, Ch. mung Gr. pentagona, Goldfuss, 1826, (Cyathopli\l !um j)entagonuni,) Petref. (lerm., p. cii. Devonian. profunda, Hall, 185H, Geo. Sur. Iowa, p., 477, Ham. Gr. AcROPiiYi.Li M, Thomson <*!: Nicholson, 1870, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 4th sir , vol. 17, p. 455. [Ktv. itlcron, Huniiuit ; phylhii, leaf.] Coralliim isimple, !ni- binate, or suu-cylindrical, straight, nr curved; septa numerous, well-dcvd- oped, coalescing, and curving as tin y reach the tiibulte, forming promi- nent, tortuous ridges on the cen- ii' tral, elevated p, and l-i)W. Field. Gl fol., pi. j:!, llir. Iti, and Pal. N. Y., vol. MfusHl. «■ jTd It/, doeCal- lopora ex- 8Ul. flKherl, see Pncliypora IIhcIutI. &'>ndoii'"i,m'e I'acliypora frondosa. goldfiiflsi, Hil- lings, 18()0, Can, Jour., vol. 5, p. •J55, Ham. Gr. granulosus, J a ni e 8 , 1875, Ca- tal. Cin. F!)HS., p. 'J. Not def'iiUMl po as to bo recognized. hemixphniniH, D'Orbi^ny, 1850, I'rodr. d. PuKioiit., t. 1, p. 4!>. Not df fined so as to be recojjnized. irregularis, Whitfield, IMT.s, Ann. Rep. (Jeo. Sur. Wis., p. 72, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 251. Hud. Kiv. Gr. labechi, Kdwurds i*t Hainie, 1851, Pol. Foss. d. Terr. Pal., p. 257, Anticosti Gr. fO- labioHus, Billings, 185i), Can. Jour., vol. 4, p. 114, Up. Held. (Jr. megastoma, Wincliell, 1866, Rep. Low. Penin. Mich., p. 8. N. Y. St. MuH. Nat. Hist., p. 229, Chemung Gr. fl, roeineri, Billings, 18(50, Can. Jour., vol. 5, p. 255, Ham. Gr. selwyni, Nich. ison, 1874, Geo. Mag. n. s., vol. 1, p. 15, Up. Held. Gr. tl. squamosus, Billing.s, 1860, Car. Jour., vol. 5, p. 257, Up. Held. Gr strigillatus, Winchell, S866, Rep. Low. Peninsula Mich., p. 89, Ham. Gr. aubramosus, Rominger, 1876, Foss. Cor- als, p. 415, Plam. Gr. undosus, S. A. Miller, 188:5, Am. Pal. Foss., 2d ed., p. 262, Niagara Gr. Proposed for the species described by Rominger in 1876, in Foss. Corals, p. 40, under the preoccupied name of A. niagarensis. valloriini. Meek, ISH8, Tranw. Chi. Acad. Sci., p. MO, Devonian. ,\MiM.EXti8, .'^Dwerhy. ill, .Mineral (Vmrh- ology, vol. 1, \> l()5. [I')ty. ii'iiple.nu, encircling.] Rosend)leH Zii|ihrentiH, ex- cept the sfpta il" not c I'lid to the center, they leave the upper surface of the tabulii' exposed in that i>art; septal fossula hi>:ldy dcvoloyicd in the upper portion of the corulluni , tabuUe well developed; surface usually constricted. Type A. coral loidea, annulatus, Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Rt!p. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 80, and (ico. Wis., vol. 4, p. :n4, Niaf.'ara Gr, cingulalu'^, Hillings, 1862, Pal, Foss,, vol. i" J ■ I, n, lot). Mid, Sil. coralloides, Howerby, 1814, Min. Conch., Vf)l. 1, p, 165, Warsaw Gr. exilis, iJillings, 1875, Can, Nat. and Geol,, f^' vol, 7, n, 232, L p. Held, Or. fieldeni, Ktheridge. IS78, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 34, \). 5H!». NiatriraGr, fenestratus, Whitfield, \x^H, Ann. Rep. Geo, Sur, Wis,, p, 80, and litio. Wis,, vol. 4, p. 278, Niagara Gr. fratfilis. White & St. John 18(18, Trans. Chi. Acad. Sci., p. 110, Ke-.kuk Gr. hamiltonia), Hall, 1876, Illust. f>ev. Foss,, pi. 19, Ha-n. Gr. intermittens, Hall, 1876, Illust. Dev. Foss., pi. 32, Ham. Gr. junctus, Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Niagara and lip. Held. Groups, p. 11, and 35th Rep. N. Y. St. M u 8 . Nat. Hist., p. 415, Niagara Gr. laxatus, Billings, ff^ ;?) Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. (?) p. (?) Up. Held. Gr. mirabilis, Bil- ^(J. lings, 18 75, Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 7, f). 232, Coal Mens. ph ragmoceras, Salter, 1852, (Calophyll um phntgmoceras) Fio. I.W.— Amplexus yandelU Sutherland's Jour., vol. 2, p. ccxxx, Niagara Gr. ." shumardi, Edwards \>. Held. (irH., p. 11, and .%th Rep. N. Y. Ht. MuH. Nat. Hist., p. 415, Niag- ara Gr. yandelli, Kdwards iVt Hainie, 1851, Pol. FoHH. d. Terr, Pal., j). 344. Up. Held. Gr. zaplirentiformiH, White, 1876, Gec». of Uinta MoiintainH, p. 107, and Cont. to Pal. No. «, p. 120, Low. Aubrey Gr. Anihoi'iiym.um, KdwardH «i Hainie, 1851, Pol. Fobs. d. Terr. Pal., p. 351. [Kty. tiniHOH, unequal ; phyllun, leaf.] Distin- guinhed from Zaphrentis by the great de- velopment of tbree primary septa, one of which faci'H the septal fosHtila; thix fos- sulu extends to the center of the visceral chamber, and there ceases to bo dis- tinct from the bottom of the calycle. Ty|)e A. agassizi. agassi/j, Kdwurds & Haime, 1851, Pol. FosH. d. Terr. Pal., p. 351, Low. Helil. Gr. bilamellatiim, Hall, 1882, Fosh. Corals Niagara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 9, and 36th Hep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 413, Niagara Gr. trifurcatum. Hall, 1882, Fobs. Corals Niagara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 9, and 12th Rep. Ind. Geol. it Nat. Hist., p. 273, Niagara Gr. unilargum, Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Niagara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 8, and 12th Rep. Ind. Geol. ik Nat. Hist., p. 272, Niagara Gr. Anthophyllum, Schweigger, 1820, Haiidb. der, Naturg., p. 417, Not a Palffiozoic genus. denticulatum, Goldfuss, 182fi, Petref. Germ., p. 46, Niagara Gr. Not determined. expansum, Owen, 1840, Rep. on Mineral Lands, p. 69. Not defined so as to be recognized. Abaciinophyllum, Dana, 1848, Zoophytes U. S. Expl. Exped., vol. 8, p. 360. [Ety. arachnf, spider ; phyllon, leaf.] Massive, encrusting, having obtusely defined polygonal scars, with a depressed, flat- tened center, in which the septa meet ; septa thin, perforated ; buds marginal, structure vesicular, arranged in trans- verse undulations, corresponding to the form of the cells; no defining walls to the center or between the stars ; center marked by a few vertical striae, resulting from the twisted edges of the septa. Type A. baltica. (Acervularia baltica of authors.) richardsoni, Salter, 1852, Sutherland's Jour., vol. 2., p. ccxxxii. Up. Sil. Astrsea, Lamarck, 1816, Hist. Nat. d. Anim. sans Vert., vol. 2, p. 257. Not a Palaeozoic genus. aigaa, see PhiTlii)Bastrea gigas. hennahi, see Smithia bennahi. helianthoidef, see Heliophyllum balli. mammillaris, see Strombodes mammillaris. Fig. 134.- A U 1 8 o - phyll uin u n 1 1 a r - gum. mammi7/anV,HeeLithofitr<)(ion mHniniillaii' nigom, see Cyathophylluni iiiKOMuni. temlhita, Trooflt. Not delini'fl. AsTU/Eoi'HVLi.iTM, Nicliolson A llin center, forming a columella; coHti'l radii prolonged over the Huccessive (■> othecal Hoors ; tabuliv rudimentary .; Hl)8ent (?i. Type .\. gracile. Fio. I;t5.— AHlrH'ophylluni ki'im^'IPi Ki'oatlj on litrKeil, showliiK (^ullceH, cuntlueiit mural ex- paimlons, und costal radii gracile, Nicholson & Hinde, 1874, Can. Jour., vol. 14, p. 153 and Pal. Ontario, p. 57, Niagara Gr. Astrocerium, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. l', p. 120. [Ety. aster, star; kerion, honey- comb.] It was supposed to be distin- guished from Favosites by the presence of twelve or more slender spinifonn rays, but it is a synonym. Type A. venustum. comtrictum, see Favosites constrictus. paranticnm, see Favosites parasiticus. pyrifoi-me, see Favosites pyriformis. vtnualum, see Favosites venustus. AuLACOpiivLi.uM, Edwards & Haime, 1850, Brit. Foss. Corals, p. Ixvii. [Ety. anion, furrow ; phyllon, leaf.] Resembles Hal- lia, though the septal fossula is not re- placed by a primary septum, but forms a narrow groove at the bottom win-re the adjoining septa meet. Type .\. sulcatum. bilaterale. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Niagara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 25, and 3otii Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist, p. 420, Up. Held. Gr. convergens. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Ni- agara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 22, and 12tli Rep. Ind. Geo., p. 281, Up. Held. Gr. cruciforme. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Ni- agara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 24, and 12th Rep. Ind. Geo., p. 283, Up. Held. Gr. pinnatum. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Ni- agara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 23, and 12th Rep. Ind. Geo., p. 284, Up. Held. (ir. poculum. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Niagara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 25 and 12th Rep. Tnd. Geo., p. 283, Up. Held, Gr. < r M'l,. AXO.] aTiLENTERATA. 178 |irnriptum, Hall, 1881;, Fohh. Corah \i- adiirn ami Up. Held. OrH., p. 24, and 12tli U(>p. Iiui. (ien., p. 28(), Up. Held. Or. prateriforiiu', ilall, IMH2, Fuhh. CoralH Ni- a^ara and Up. Ilidd. GrN., p. 211, and r.'th Itep, Ind.Uea.,p.2H2, Up. MeM.Or. hio. l.'ttl— Aulacophylluin prliicopN. princeps, Hall, 1882, Fobs. CoralR Niagara and Up. Held Grs., p. 23, and 12tli Rep. Ind. Gt'o., p. 281, Up. Held. Gr. reflexum, Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Niagara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 24, and 12th Rep. Ind. Goo., n. 284, Up. Held. Gr. sulcatum, D'Orbigny, 1850, (Caninia sul- cata,) Prodr. «1. Pal. 1. 1, p. 105, and 12th Rep. Ind. Geo., p. 270, ^ . i^eld. Gr. tripinnatum. Hall, l.iij;;, I o; agara and Up. Teld. Grrs. , 12th Rep. Ind. (». D.,p 2' U Corals Ni- >. 25, and Hold. Gr. Corals Ni- ]). 25, and Up. Held. trlHculcatum, Ha'l, V"^l. Ffv agara au^l Ur? lield. • 12th Rep li..:. (J''.-., p. Gr. AuLOPHYLLUM, Edwards <.< Haime, 1850, Brit. FosB. Corals, p. Ixx. [Ety. au/o8, pipe; phyllon, leaf.] Corallum simple; septa well-developed; mural invest- i^ents double, the interior dividing the visceral chamber into two parts — one central and columnar, the other exter- nal and annular; no columella; tabulte not well developed. Type A. proliferum. richardsoni, Meek, 1868, Trans. Chi. Acad. Sci., p. 81, Devonian. Ai:lopoha, Goldfuss, 1826, Petref. Germ., p. 82. [Ety. aulas, pipe; poros, pore.] Creeping, increasing by latero-basat gemmation; corallites pvriform, truui- pet-shaped, the cavity of each comaiu- nicating with the one from which it springs; no pores; septa absent or ru- dimentary. Type A. serpens. anne.tanH, Clarke, IMH."), Bull, 16. U. S. (Jeo. Hiir., p. 6H, (f('n«-w>(> Hlialen. aperta, Winclipll, IWMl, Hep. I.ow. Penin. Mifli., j>. 91, Ham. (ir. arachnoitlea, Hall, IN47, Pal. N. Y.,vol. I, p. 7*1, Trenton and Hud. Riv. (ir. catimltnuiit, see Hederella canar. corniilites, Hall, 188:!, Rep. St. (Jeo., pi. 2. tigs. 21 and 22, Low. Held. (ir. Cdvnuta, see Roniingeria cornuta. cydopiira, VVinclieil, 18(16. Rep. Low. Pe- nin. Midi., p. U2, Ham. (ir. elongiita. Hall, 1H87, I'ai. N. Y.. vol. 6., )>. .J, Low. Held. (ir. erecta, Rominger, 187<), Foss. Corals, p. 88, Ham. (ir. lilij'ormiit, see Hederella flliformis. "ioweiiHis, Hall i*t Whittield. 187:'., 2:kl Rt-p. N. Y. St. MuH. Nat. Hist, \>. 235, (.'he- rn ung Gr. preoius. Hall, 1876, 28th Rep. N. Y., St. Mns. Nat. Hist., p. 107, Niagara Gr. repens, Walcli, et Knorr, 1775, (Millepo- rites repens,) Samnilung von Merkw., vol. :i, p. 17!», and Sil. Fauna W. Tenn., p. 28, Niairara (ir. saxivada, Hall !>. niagarensis, Spencer, 1878, Can. Nat., vol. 8, and Bull. No. 1, Mus. Univ. St. Mo., p. 21, Niagara Gr. salteri, Hal!, 1865, Can. Org. Rom. Decade 2, p. 135, (Quebec (Jr., or Up. Tacouie. Calophyllum, Dana, 1846, Am. Jour. Sci., p. 18.'j, syn. for Amplexus- phragmocerag, see Amplexus phragmo- ceras. Calyitooraptus, Spencer, 1878, Can. Nat., vol. 8, p. 459. [Ety. kalyptos, (tovered ; grapho, I write.] Cyathiform, bifurcat- ing branches, not connecting laterally; resembles Dic'yonema. Type C. cyatii- iformis. Via. U.').— Calyptograptus cyutliifornil.s. cyathiformis, Spencer, 1878, Can. Nat., vol. 'S, p. 459, Niagara Gr. Bubretiformis, Sptncer, 1878, Can, Nat. vol. 8, p. 460, Niagara Gr. 176 CCELENTERA TA. [cam.— CHE. OAMi'oi'HVM.irM, Fklwards <;(llnin. N ii w I n K Miiiooth (reli- Inil tiiliiilii!. Kio. 117.— Oatnpopliylluiii toniuium. Mulcala, D'Orbignv, 1850, Prodr. d. Pal^ont., t. 1, p. 10r>. Not defined so as to be re(!ogniy.ed. Fia. 14N.— (^limpDphylluin tonjulum. TraiiMV(!rMi! Nectloii. Cannafoka, Hall, 1862, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 43. [Kty. kanrui, rood; jwros, pore.] MasHtvu, tubular, united externally by tabula:; distinguished from Syrintro pora, by the regular transverse externul tabuiffi and by the internal structure m the corallites. Type C. junciformiH. annulata, Nicholson it Hinde, 1874, Can Jour., p. 1.54, and Pal. Prov. of Ontarid. p. 68, Niagara Qr. junciform-s, Hall, 1862, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 43, Clinton Gr. Carj/op/jj/iWw, Lamarck, 1816. Not Palseozoii . cornicnla, see Zaphrentis cornicula. gigantea, see Zaphrentis gigantea. pubnonea,Bee Zaphrentis piilmoi!ea. Cateniporn, Lamarck, 1816, syn. for Halysitts mkfielini, Castlenau, syn. for Halysiti - cate.iulatus. Chetktes, Fischer, 1«37, Oryct. dii Goiiv. MoHCou, p. 159. [Kty. chaite, haii. 1 Corallnm conglomerate; corallites vi 1 y long, basalliform ; calyces polygonal, tahuliP not connected or on the same plane in different corallites; walls amalgamated, imperforate ; growth fis- siparous. Type C. radians. ubruptm, see Moiiotrypella abrupta. jequidistans, Hall, 1881, Bryozoans Up. Held Gr., p. 4, Up. Held. Gr. ap/n-oximdliin, Nicholson, syn. for Mon- tic'ilipora dalii. arbiiHcnlus, see Monotrypella arbuscula. ardiiUS, Haughton, 1857, Jour. Roy. Duli. Soc, vol. 1, Silurian. attritiix, Nicholson, svn. for Dekayia aspera. barrandii, see Monticulipora barrandii. briarenx, see Monotrypella briareus. calkulii, see Aspidopora caliculus. carbonarius, Woithen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 526, Coal Meas. cincinnatiensis, see Monticulipora cincin- natiensis. clathratulns, James & Nicholson, syn. f^r Monticulipora pavonia. clavacoideus, see Leptopora clavacoidei\ collieulatus. Hall, 1883, Rep. St. Geo., pi. 8, fig. 1-4, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p 11, Low. Held. Gr. colnmnaris, see Tetradium columnare. compressiis, see Peronopora compressa. consimilis, see Monotry 3lla consiinilis. corticans, Nicholson, 1 ■' • for Spatiopora tuiierculata. cortirosa, see Trematopora corticosa. crassus, Lonsdale, 1845, (Stenoporaorassa,) Rubs, and Ural Mts., vol. 1, p. 631, Coal Meas. crebrirama. Hall, 1881, Bryozoans Up. Held. Gr., p. 4, Up. Held. Gr. dafei, see Monticulipora dalii. decipiens, see Monticulipora decipiene. delicalulm, see Monticulipora delicatula. dwcfyideus, see Amplexopora discoidea. egenus. Hall, 1881, Bryozoans Up. Held. Gr., p. 4, Up. Held. Gr. elegans, see Dis* otrypa elegans. exilis, Dawson, 1868, Acad. Geo., j). 287, (Stenopora exil's,) Subcarb. expnnitujt, Ringueborg, 1886, Bull. Buf. Soo. Nat. Sci., vol. 5, p. 20. Not properly de- fined. CHO.] CCELENTERA TA. 177 fibrosus eee Monticulipora fibrosa. flliasa, see Monticulipora tiliasa. Jietcfirri, Edwards & Haime, as identified in Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 197, is Monticu- lipora 111 rich i. frondosus, see Monticulipora frondosa. fruticosus, Hall, 187(i, lilust. Foss., pi. 38, Ham. Gr. fruticosus, Hall, 1883, see Monotrypella arbuscula. furcatus. Hall, 1876, lUust. Devon, Foss., \)\. 37, Ham. Gr. fusiformis, Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Rep. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 70, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 248, Hud. Riv. Gr. Not a Clietetes; probably a Bryozoan. (jraciUs, see Batostomella gracilis. granuli/erus, see Homotryjiella granu- lifera. hamiltonensis, Winchell, 1866, Rep. Low. Penin. Mich., p. 89, Ham. Gr. hetderbergife, see Ptychonema helderber- gise. huiiiilis. Hall, 1876, Illust. Devon. Foss., pi. 37, Up. Held. Gr. internascens. Hall, 1881, Bryozoans Up. Held. Gr., p, 4, Up. Held. Gr. irregularit, see Monticulipora irregularis. jamesi, see Batostoma jamesi. lyroperdon, see Monticulipora lycoper- iloii. tiiackrothi, Geinitz, 1846, (Calamopora niackrothi,) Grund, p. 586, Permian, American (?) vuimmulatus, see Monticulipora mam- uiata. inicroscopica, Winchell, 1866^ Rep. Low. Penin. Mich., p. 90, Ham. Gr. milieporaceus, Edwards & Haime, 1851, Mon. d. Pol. Foss. d. Terr. Pal., p. 272, Coal Meas. moniliformis, see Monticulipora monili- formis, monticulatus. Hall, 1883, Rep. St. Geo., pi. 8, fig. 5-7, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 12, Low. Held. Gr. muscatinensis. White, 1876, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 27, Devonian. newberryi, see Prasopora newberryi. nodalosus, see Callopora nodulosa. oneuUi, see Callopora onealli. orloni, see Atactoporella ortoni. pavonia, see Ptilodictya pavonia. petechialis, see Petigopora petechialis. petropolitanus, Pander, 1830, Russ. reiche, p. 105. Not an American species. pulchellus, Efiwards & Haime, as identi- fied in Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 195, is Mon- ticulipora andrewsi. quadrangularis, see Paleschara quadran- gularis. (juadratus, see Monotrypella quadrata. lamosug, see Monticulipora ramosa. rhomhicus, Nicholson, syn. for Monotry- pella quadrata. nigosus, see Monticulipora rugosa. rugoms, Edwards & Haime, is a variety of Monticulipora ramosa. mgillarioides, see Callopora sigillarioides. Fig. 149— Chetetes iuml0(;rai'tis, Geinitz, 1852, (Cladograp- sus,j Verst. (Jrauw. Sachs, and Em- mons, Am. Geo., p. 107. [Ety. kladoif, twig; grapho, I write.] Serrations, or cells, arranged on the outer sides of branching stipes; no axis, dissimilaris, Emmons, 1856, Am. Geo., p. 107, Upper 'iHconic. insequalis, Kmmons, 1856, Am. Geo., p. 107, Upp'^r Taconic. Oladopora, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 137. [Ety. kladotf, twig; poros, pore.] Ramose or reticulate; branches cylin- drical or compressed ; terminations terete ; corallites radiating from the axis, and opening upon the surface in rounded or subangular expanded mou'hs; tabulre and septal crests usu- ally obsolete, sometimes present ; coral- lites connected by mural pores. Type 0. seriata. alpenensis, Rominger, 1876, Foss. Corals, p. 51, Ham. Gr. aspera, Rominger, 1876, Foss. Corals, p. 56, Up. Held. Gr. cuL'spitosa, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 188, Niagara Gr. canadensis, Rominger, 1876, Foss. Corals, p. 49, syn. for Pacliypora frondosa. cervicc^rnis, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 139, Niagara Gr. dichotoma. Hall, 1858, Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 478, Ham. Gr. expatiata, Rominger, 1876, Foss. Corals, p. 57, Up. Held. Gr. fibrosa, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 139, Niagara Gr. imbricata, Rominger, 1876, Foss. Corals, p. 56, Up. Held. Gr. ^ If", labiosa, Billings, 1859, Can. Jour., vol. 4, • p. 138, Up. Held. Gr. laqneata, Rominger, 1876, Foss. Corals, p. 46, Niagara Gr, lichenoides, Winchell & Marcy, 1865, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 84, Ni- agara Gr. lichenoides, Rominger, 1876, see C. win- chellana. macrophora, Hall, 1«52, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, ]). 140, Niagara Gr. Fig. 152.— t;iado- pora reticulata. magna. Hall & Whitfield, 1873, 23d R< p. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 230, Up. Held. Gr. multipora. Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. j, p. 140, Niagara Gr. palmata. Hall, 1H73, 23d Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 231, Up. Held. Gr. pinguis, Rominger, 1876. Foss. Corals, p. 53, Up. Held. Gr. prolitica. Hall it Whit- field, 1873, 23d Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 230, Up. Held. Gr. pulchra, Rominger, 1876, Foss. Corals, p 54, Up. Held. Gr. reticulata, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 141, Niagara Gr. rimosa, Rominger, 1876, Foss. Corals, i). 53, Up. Held. Gr. robusta, Rominger, 1876, Foss. Corals, p. 55, Up. Held, and Ham. Gr. sarmeniosa. Hall, 1876, Desc. Ne"' Spec. Foss., p. 3, and 11th Geo. Snr. Ind., p. 230, Niagara Gr. seriata. Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 137, Niagara Gr. turgida, Rominger, 1876, Foss. Corals, p. 49, XJp. Held. Gr. verticillata, Winchell & Marcy, 1865, Bust. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. l,p. 84, Niagara (Jr. winchellana, S. A. Miller, 1883, 2d Ed. Am. Pal. Foss., p. 265, Up. Held. Gr. Proi)Osed for the species described by Rominger under the preoccupied name of C. lichenoides, in Foss. Corals, p. 47. Climacograptus, Hall, 1805, Can. Org. Rem. Decade 2, p. 111. [Ety. klimaj; lad- der ; grapho, I write] Simple stipes, with sub- parallel margins, having a ranga of cells on each side ; axis subquadrate ; aper- tures transversely oval or subquadrate ; denticles on the upper side of the aper- tures. Type C. bicorniii. antennarius, Hall, ISti:), (Graptolithus antenna- rius,) Geo. of Can., p. 9.'w, and Can. Org. Rhui. De- cade 2, p. 112, Quebec Gr, bicornis. Hall, 1847, (Grap- tolithus bicornis,) I'al. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 268, Hud. Riv. Gr. TTTTionBi, Walcott, 1886, Bid!. U. S. Geo. Hm\ No. 30, p. 93, Upper Tarrmu'. parvM, tl. i 1805, CiU!. Org. Rem. Decade 2, p. 57, Hud. Riv. lit. Not defined, typicalis, H" l, Ic ', Can. Org. Rem. De- cade 2, p. 61. Fud. Riv. Gr. (l.ISIOPHVI.I.l vol. 8, p. leaf.] S Pio. 153.— cn- macoK r ap- tU8 bicoruls. K I /^/^^ ^V '^m Kic. 154.— disk ger Pol. Fosi Held. Gi gabbi, Mec 1, p. 8, C oneidaen.te, pluridiale, Ont., p. '. tumulus, Arctic V Cloxograptu Nat. Hist twig; gn numerou cylindrici small del 0. rigidu fiexilis, Ha Geo. Sur Rem. Dec rigidus, H idus,) G Can. Ori Quebec G CtKMTEs, Eicl vol. 1, p. aether.] or ramose ci.i.— COI,.] CCELENTERATA. 179 (iisioPHYi-Mrxi, Dana, 1848, Kxplor. Exped., vol. 8, p. 861. [Kty. klimn, tent ; phyllon, leaf.] Simple, branched or aggregate, with verti- cal radiatinc; lamellffi or septa ; cen- tral area vo- sicnlar and form ing a conical boss or colu- mella, exte- r i o r to which the vesicular p 1 ates in- cline out- ward and upward ; cal- vcle deep. '1' y p e C . danianum. austini, Salter, 1852, (Stre- phodes atis- tini,) Suth- e r 1 a n d ' 8 Jour., vol. 2, p. C C X XX , Devonian. roniger u m , Kominger , 187G, (Za- p h r e n t i 8 conigera , ) Foss.Corals, p. 40, Up. Held. Gr. danianum, Edwards & Haime,1854, p. 412, Low. -Cll.slopliylluin coiii- Terr. Pal. .)e- Pol. Fobs, d, Held. Gr. gabbi, Meek, 1804, Pal. California, vol. 1, p. 8, Carboniferous. oneiilaevxe, see Acrophyllum onoidaense. l)luridiale, Nicholson, 1874, Pal. Prov. Ont., p. 21, Up. Held. Gr. tumulus, Salter, 1856, Belcher's Last Arctic Voyage, vol. 2, p. 383, Carb. Clonograptus, Hall, 1873, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, 4th ser., vol, 13. [Ety. klon, twig; grapho, I write.] Composed of numerous slender, regular branching, cylindrical stipes ; cells small, forming small denticulations on one side. Type C rigidus. flexilis, Hall, 1858, (Graptolithus ttexilis,) Geo. Sur. Can., p. 119, and Can. Org. Hem. Decade 2, p. 103, Quebec Gr. rigi(lus. Hall, 1857, (Graptolithus rig- idus,) Geo. Sur. Can., p. 121, and Can. Org. Rem. Decade 2, p. 105, (iuebec Gr. CiKMTEs, Eichwald, 1821), Zoologia specialis, vol. 1, p. 18(). [Ety. koinos, living to- gether.] Corallum incrusting, massive, or ramose; corallites vertical or oblique to the surface, remote, imbedded in a coenenchyma ; calices irregular, promi- nent, triangular, quincuncially ar- ranged ; lower margin most prominent ; interstices increasing by age, and reduc- ing the cavity of the cell-tubes; no septa; taubulte distinct; mural pores large and few. Type C. clathrata. crassus, Rominger, 1876, (Limaria crassa,) Foss. Corals, p. 45, Niagara Gr. falcatus, Piout, 1859, (Lmiaria falcata,) Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 445, U|). Held. , Niagara Gr. l^nnUtnTCoI.EOI'HVI.HM, Hall, 1 8«3, VM\ Rep. (lOO. Sur. Ind., p. ol/. [Ety. koleoK, sheath ; pfn/llod, leaf.] Corallum sim|)le ; .suhstaiK." composed of closely arranged, iiivaj^nated tab- uUe, more or lean oblique to the axis; rays obscure ; calices oblique. Type C. r o m - ingeri. pvriforme. Hall, "1883, 12th Kep. Geo. Sur. Ind., p.318,Up.Held. Gr. romingeri, Hall, 1883, 12th Hep. Geo. Sur. Ind., p. 317, Up. Held. Gr. COLUMN'ARIA, Gold- fuss, 18 2 6, Germ. Petref., p. 72. [Ety. col u m n a r i a « , formed of col- umns] Aggre- gate, corallites polygonal, longitudinally sulcated, b u t •■eadily separa- ble ; no niural pores ; tabulse n u m e r o u s ; septa r u d i - mentary; in- crease by fis- sion. Type C. alveolata. alveolata, Goldfuss, 1826, Germ. Petref., p. 72, and Pal. N. ¥., vol. 1, p. 47, Black Riv. Gr. Fig. 15t).— ("oleopliylUiin romingeri. 180 CCELENTERATA. [coi.. -CV\. &i-. blainvilli, Billings, 1858, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 3, anii Kep. of P. ogr. Geo. Sur. Can., p. 166. Hud. Riv. Gr. 6/' 6^: 6f- JO. Fio. 157.— Columiiarla alveolnta. carterenis, Safford, 1869, Geo. of Tenn., p. 285, Trenton Gr. divergens, Troost, 1840, 5th Geo. Rep. Tenn., p. 72, Devonian, erratica, Billings, 1858, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 3, and Rep. of Progr. Geo. Sur. Can., p. 167, Trenton Gr. goldfussi, Billings, 1858, Can. Nat, and Geo., vol. 3, and Rep. of Progr. Geo. Sur. Can., p. 166, Hud. Riv. Gr. hillif Nicholson, 1879, Tabulate coralu, syn. for C. alveolata. herzeri, Rominger, 1876, syn. for Favi.stella stellata. incerta, Billings, 1859, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 4, p. 128, Chazy Gr. inffiqualis, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 223, Coralline limestone. intermedia, Eaton, 1832, Geo. Text-book, p. 41. Not recognized. mammiUaris, Castelnau. Not recognized. muUiradiata, Castelnau, 1843, Syst. Sil., p. 44. Not recognized. Probably same as Favistella stellata. parva, Billings, 1859, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 4, p. 428, Chazy Gr. rigida, Billings, 1858, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 3, and Rep. of Progr. Geo. Sur. C -in., p. 167, Hud. Riv. Gr. sutherladdi, Salter, 1852, Sutherland's Jour., vol. 2, p. ccxxxii, Devonian. troosti, Castelnau, 1843, Syst. Sil., p. 44, syn. for Lonsdaleia papillata. Columnopora, Nicholson, 1874, London Geo. Mag. N. S., vol. 1, p. 253, and Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 186, syn. for Calaposcia. cribriformis, see Calapoecia cribriformis. CoMBOPHYLLUM, Edwards & Haime, 1850, Brit. Foss. Corals, p. Ixvii. [Ety. kom- bo8, strip of cloth ; phyllon, leaf.] Coral- lum, in form like Cycloiites; single septal fossula; sept* exsert and regu- larly radiate. Type C. osismorum. multiradiatum, Meek, 1868, Trans. Chi. Acad. Sci., p. 84, Devonian. Conophyllum, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, syn. for Chonophyllum. niagarense, see Chonophyllum niagarense. Conaiellaria, Dana, 1848, syn. for Stellipora. coniil''Uata, syn. for Stellipora antheloideii. JUch , see Stellipora fischeri. Jtorit . see Stellipora florida. polybtoiiii'lla, see Stellipora polystomella. CRASPEnoHHVM.UM, Dybowski, 1873, 1!. - schreibung neuen aus Nordamerikii, Htanimenden, Devonischen art y a deep depression or septal fossula. Tyjie C. cornu. columeilata. Hall, 1882, Fots. Corals Ni- agara and Up. Held. Gr., and 35th Rep N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 415, Niag- ara Gr. cynodon, Raflnesque & Clifford, 1S20, (Turbinolia cynodon,) Monog. d. Tui- binolides in Ann. d. Phys. d. Brux., t. 5, p. 234, Waverly Gr. distorta, Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 526, Coal Meas. herzeri. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Niagara and Up. Held. Gr., p. 11, and i-'th Rep. Ind. Geo., p. 275, Niagara Gr. profunda, Edwards & Haime, 1851, I'ol. Foss. d. Terr. Pal., p. 323, Carbon- iferous. Fig. 15!<. ciespitosui p. 60, V (ialyculare Lands, ] canalicula Niagara 35th Rei Up. Hel- ceratites, G uoalitum, p. 108, t cohterens. ;vA.] CCELENTERATA. 181 prolifera, see Lophophylluin proliferura wisconsmensiB, Fig. 159. Cyatliaxonla lierzerl WhitHeld, 1878, Ann. Geo. Siir. Wis., . 79, and Geo. ur. Wis., vol. 4, p. 277, Niag- ara Gr. C Y ATHO PII Y LI.UM, Gol.ifuss, 18 26, I'etref. Germ., p. 54. [Kty. kualho», cup ; r>ftj//io«,leaf.] Simple or com- posite; no costu'i septa extending to the center and twisting together, givingtheappear- ance of a colu- mella; tahulte only in the cen- ter of the vis- ceral chamber, the outer area being filled with vesicular dissepiments; exterior wall provided with an epitheca. Type 0. csespitosum. ag'ilomeratum, Castelnau, 1848. Not rec- (>gnized. ammoids, Castlenau, 1843. Not recog- nized. \ll, anticostiense, Billings, 1802, Pal. Foss., ' vol. 1, p. 109, Anticosti Gr., Div. 4. arborswem, Castelnau, 1843, Syst. Sil., p. 48. Not recognized, arcticum, Meek, 1868, Trans. Chi. Acad. Sci., p. 79, Devonian, articulatum, Wahlenberg, (Madreporites articulatus,) Nov. Act. Upsal., vol. 8, p. 97, Up. Sil. arctifossa. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Ni- agara, and Up. Held. Gr., p. 40, and 12th Rep. Ind. Geo., p. 297, Up. Held Gr. alias, Castelnau, 1843, Syst. Sil., p. 47. Not recognized, billingsi, Dawson, 1868, Acad. Geol., p. 287. Subcarboniferous. buUatum, Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Niagara and Up. Held. Grs,, p. 41, and 35th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 445, Up. Held. Gr. buUulatum, Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Niagara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 12, and 35th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 412, Niagara Gr. cjEspitosum, Goldfiiss, 1826, Petref. Germ., p. 60, Up. Held. Gr. calyculare, Owen, 1840, Rcj). on Mineral Lands, p. 69, Devonian, canaliculatum. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Niagara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 39, and 35th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 443, Up. Held. Gr. c^atitea, Goldfuss. Not American, coalitura, Rominger, 1876, Foss. Corals. p. 108, Up. Held. Gr. coliserens. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Ni- b. triiiiK- c. vertical agara and Up. Held (trs., p. 41, and .15th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p 445, Up. Held. (ir. conatum, Hall, 187 6, I Must. Dev. Foss., pi. 31, Ham. Gr. concen tr icuni. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Niagara and Up. Held. Gr., p. 42, and 12th Rep. Geo. Sur. Ind.,p.316, Up. Held. Gr. conicum, C a s tel- nan, 1843, Syst. Sil., p. 48. Not recognized, c o r i n t h i u m, Owen, 18 40, I-'io- "W.-CyiUhopliyihim Ren on Minn «-'"'«l>itosuin. - *- rvep. ou i«»nii- verse section Lands, p. ()9, section. Devonian, cristatum, Rominger, 1876, Foss. Corals, p. i()8. Ham. Gr. depresHum, Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Niagara and Up. Held. Gr., p. 40, and 12th Rep. Ind. Geol., p. 298. Up. Held. Gr. dianthus, Goldfuss, 1820, Germ. Petref., p. 54, Onondaga Gr. dilalatam, Castelnau, 1843, Syst. Sil., p. 48. Not recognized. distinctum, Castelnau, 1843, Syst. Sil., p. 49. Not recognized. d'orbignyi, Castelnau, 1843, Syst. Sil., p. 49. Not recognized, eriphyle, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. Ill, Anticosti Gr., Div. 4. euryone, Billings, 1862, Pal. Fo.ss., vol. 1, p. 110, Anticosti Gr., Div. 4. excentricum, (ioldfuss. Not American, exfoliatum. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Ni- agara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 39, and 35tl> Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 443, Up. Held. Gr. flexuosurd, Owen, syn torquium. galerum. Hall, 1876, lUust. Dev pi. ri2, n»,m. Gr. geniculntum, Rominger, 1876, Foss. Corals, p. 103, Ham. (ir. gigas, Yandell i*i Shumard, syn. for Za- phrentis gigantea. goldfuss!, Castelnan, 1843, Syst. Sil., p. 47. Not recognized. goliath, Castelnau, 1843, Syst. Sil., p. 47. Not recognized. grurile, Traost, 5th Rep. Tenn., Sirfjcarb. Not recognized, gradatum. Hall, 1876, Illust. Dev. Foss., pi. 31, Ham. (ir. htfluinthoides, (joldfnss, .see Heliophvllum halli. boughtoni, Rominger, 1876, Foss. Corals, p. 104. Ham. Gr. miposituii!, Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Ni- agara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 40, and for Campophyllum Foss., 75. 7^' 13 182 CCELENTERATA. [CYA.— CYC. 442, rn. Held. (Jr. jiivcne, K<)iiiiii)|;er, 187(), Fobs. Cornls, p. 12tl> Rep. Geo. Sur. Ind., p. 299, Up. Held Gr. r/-, interruiitiiiii, BillingH, 1862, Pal. Fosh., ' vol. 1, p. 10!t, Mid. Hll. intertriiim, Hull. 18H4, 35th Hep. N. Y. St. MuB. Nat. HiHt, p. 4Hi, Niagara (Jr. inteivt'Hi(Mila, Hall, 1SH2, Fosh. Corals Niaijara and Up. Held, (irs., p. 38, and 35lli Kep. N. Y. St. Mns. Nat. HiHt., p, ^ kV 101, Uj). Held. (Jr. ieseuri, Kdwarda k Haiine, 1851, Pol. Fosh. d. Terr. Pal., p. 371, Onon- da)j;a Gr. michelini, Cantelnaii, 1843, SyHt. Sil., p. 48. Nf)t recognized, nanum, Hall, 1876, Illuat. Dev. Foss., pi. 22, Ham. Gr. nep'iH, Hall, 187(1, lllust. Dev. Foas, pi. 22, Ham. (Jr. nevadense. Meek, 1877, V. S. (ieo. Siir. 40tli Parallel, vol. 4, ji. (50, Carboniferous. X4, nympliale, Billings, 18U2, Pal. Foss., vol. ' 1, p. Ill, Mid. Sil. palmeri, Meek, 1877, U. S. Geo. Snr. 40th Parallel, vol. 4, p. 33, Devonian, palum. Hall, 1876, lllust. Dev. Foss., pi. 31, Ham. (ir. panicuni, Winchell, 1866, Rep. Low Penin. Mich., p. 90, Ham. Gr. partitum, AVinchell, 1866, Rep. Low. Penin. Mich., p. 90, Ham. Gr. paslthea, Billings, 1862, Pal. Fobs., vol. 1, p. 112, Mid. Sil. pelagieuni, Billings, 18()2, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 108. Anticosti Gr., Div. 2. pennanti, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 107, Mid. Sil. perfoHSulatum, Hall, 1882, Foss. ConJs, Niagara and Up. Held. Gr., j). 42 and 35th Kep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 446, Up. Held. Gr. perlamellosnni, Hall, 1876, lllust. Devon. FoHS., pi. 39, Up. Held. (ir. perplicatnni. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Ni- agara and Uj). Ht^ld (irs., p. 42, and 35th Kep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 447, Up. Held. Gr. picthorni, Salter, 1852, (Strephodes pic- thorni,) Sutherland's .lour., vol. 2, p. ^Juciyi^ <^<-^ ' ccxxx, U t jvon ian. pHcaUiliim, Castelnau, 1843, Syst. Sil., p. 48. Not recognized. plimluvi, (ioldfuss, 1826, derm. Petref. Not American. profundarn, see Streptelasma profundum. pmfiilnluin, Conrad, 1848. Not |)roperly defined. qvadrignninnm, Goldfuss. Not American, radicula, Kominger, 1S76, Foss. Corals, p. 109, Niagara Gr. rohustum. Hall, 1876, lllust. Devon. Foss., pi. 22, Ham. (Jr. rooui^tum, Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Niagara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 43, Up. Held. (ir. The name was preoccupied. rollivi, Castelnau, 1843, Syst. Sil., p. 49. Not recogi.I-»-d. 7?' rugosum, Hall, 1843, (Aatrea rugoBa,) (icd. Sur.4th Dist. N. Y.,p. 159, Up. Held. Gr. scalenum. Hall, 1882, Fobs. Cor- als Niagara and Up. Held, (irs., p. 42, and 35th Rep. N. Y. St. MiiH. Nat. Hint., p.44(),Up.Held. Gr. scyphuH, Romin- ger, 1876, Foss. Corals, |). 103, Ham. Gr. septatum. Hall, 1882, Fosh. Cor- als Niagara and Up. Held, (irs p^^, loi.-CyaMiopl.ylluiM p. 41, and .Mh ruKOHum. Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 445, Up. Held, (ir, ghmiinrdi, see Amplexus shumardi. solitarium, Billings, 186(5, Catal. Sil. V .s.s. fO\ Antic, p. 93, Clinton and Niagara Gr.^. driatiiluiii, Castelnau, Syst. Sil., p. 48. Not recognized. Bubca'Spitosum, Meek, 1872, 6th Kep. My: Hayden's Geo. Sur. Terr., p. 470, and ■ U. 8. (ieo. 40 Parallel, vol. 4, p. 60, Sul)- carhoniferoua. torqniniii, see Campophyllum torqniuni. turhinalum, Goldfuss. Not American. imdulutum et midliplicatum, Owen, 1840, Rep. on Min. Lands. Not Innomial. validum, Hall, 187(5, lllust. Devon. Foss.. pi. 39, Up. Held. Gr. vanuxemi. Hall, 1859, figured without specific name in 1843, Geo. Rep. 4tli Dist. N. Y., Tab. 49, fig. 3, 3a, Ham. (ir. vermiculare, Owen, syn. for Campophyl- lum torquiura. vesiculatum. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Ni- agara and Up. Held. (Jrs., p. 41, ami 12th Geo. Sur. Ind., p. 297, Up. Held. (ir. vesleulosi(m,fitie Cystiphyllum vesiculosuiii. vicintim, Castelnau, 1843, Syst. Sil., p. 48. Not recognized. wahlenbergi, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 108, Anticosti (ir., Div. 3. zenkeri, Billings, 1860, Can. Jour., vol. o, p. 262, Up. Held. (Jr. Cyatiiopora iowensis, Owen, see StriiitojiDr.i iowensis. There is no genus Cyatlm- pora, and if Dr. Owen did not inteiul lo refer his species to Cyathophora, then he failed to establish a genus, by neglecting to define it. Cyclograptls. Spencer, 1884, Bull. No. 1, Muf. Univ. St. Mo., p. 42. [Kty. kuklos, disk; grapho, I write.] A circular disk, Fio.l(i2. -Cycle with Btipea radiating frnin uraptus rota- the radicle to the margin dentatuH. and in a free manner he- yond. Type C. rotadentatus. rotadentatus, Spencer, 1884, Bull. No. 1, Mua. Univ. St. Mo., p. 42, Niagara 'Jr. C VC— CY8.] CiELKNTERATA. 188 Ihiii lOUt 4th (ir. 'vl- Ni- iml 48. ■ol. ■■), Itli- teiul hora, s, bv it. cor, [Kty- 0, 1 disk, fniin [irgiu T he- ;o. 1, •a lir. CiicloliteH, Lamarck, 1801, Syst. Anim. HanH Vt'it., p. 1509. Not a Paliiiozoio Kt'ims. rolidoideit, see PaliiJocyoliiH rotuloides. (YSTirnoHOMTKH. Recently proposed jfonus but the referenco mifllaid. [Kty. kuMls, a small cavity; plioros, bearing; Hthon, stone.] Coralli in compound, formed of siiperimpo.sed .eries of cnp.s, which in vertical Hectionw appear as layers of un- equal, vesicuhjse plates, reseiiibling Cys- tiphyllum; layers radiated, mar^jins of cells broad, expanded, and confluent. Type C. major. Proposed instead of Vesicularia, Rominger, wliich was pre- occupied. major, Kominijer, 187(), (Vesicularia ma- jor,) Foss. Corals, j). 135, Niagara Cir. minor, Komin>ier, 187G, (Ve»icuiaria minor,) Foss. Corals, p. 1I)(>, Niagara Or. variolosus, Rominger, 187(),( Vesicularia va- riolosa,) Foss. Corals, j). !!?(), Niagara Gr. Oystipiiyli.um, Lonsdale, 183!J, Murch. Sil. Syst., p. 691. [Ety. kuatis, cavity; phyl- louy leaf.] Simple, turbinate, or cylin- drical, rarely aggregate ; interior lilled with vesicular tissue ; septa rudiment- ary or absent. Type C. siluriense. Ifi. aggregatum, Billings, 1859, Can. Jour., vol. 3, p. 136, Ham. Gr. ainericanum, Edwards iS: Haime. 1851, Pol. Foss. d. Terr. Pal., p. 464, Ham. Gr. americanura var. arcticum. Meek, 1868, Trans. Chi. Acad. Sci., p. 80, Ham. Gr. bifurcatum, Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Ni- agara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 55, and 35th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 459, Up. Held. Gr. t)ipartitum, Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Ni- agara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 55, and 35th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 459, Uj). Held. Gr. conifo'lis, Hall, 1876, lllust. Dev. Foss., 1>I. aQ, Ham. Gr. corrugatum, Hall, 187(), lllust. Devon. Fcss., pi. 29, Ham. Gr. ciateriforme. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Ni- agara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 57, and 3.-)th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 461, Up. Held. Gr. cylindricum, Lonsdale. Not American, friiticosum, Nicholson, 1875, Geo. Mag., vol. 2, X. S., p. 32, Corniferous Gr. '^ grande, Billings, 1859, Can. Jour., vol. 4, p. 138, Corniferous Gr. graiiilineatum. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Niagara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 14, and 12th Rep. Ind. (leo. p. 274, Niagara Gr. 'f- hnronense, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 92, Clinton and Niagara Grs. infuudihulum, Hall. 1882, Foss. Corals Niagara and Up. Held, (irs., p. 58, and 35th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 462, Up. Held. Gr. lati radius. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Ni- agara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 57, and 12th Rep. Geo. Sur. Ind., p. 304, Up. Held. Gr. ["' maritimum, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 112, Mid. Sil Fig. 103. — Cyntlphylluiii ohloeiiHe. mundulum. Hall iVc Whitfield, 1H73, 23d Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist , p. 234, Chemung (Jr. muricatum. Hall, 1882 Foss. Corals, Ni- agara and I'p. Held. Grs.. p. W, and 3.-»th Uep- N- Y. St. Mu.^. Nat. Hist., p. 460, Up. Held. «ir. nanum, Hail, 1H82, Foss. Corals .Niagara and Up. Held. Gr.M., p. .")6, and 35th Rej). N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. lILst., p. 460, Up. Held. (Jr. obli nosa, Ul- rich, 1883, .lour. Cin. Soc. Nat. llisi , vol. 6, p. ir)4. Hud. Hiv. (ir. paupera, Ulrich, 1K83, Jour. Cin. Soc. Niit. Hist., vol. 6, p. 153, Hud. Riv. Gr. pelliculafa, Ulrich, 1883, Jour. Ciii. .^m Nat. Hist., vol. 6, p. 150, Hud. Hiv. (Ii trc'ntonensis, Ulricli, 1883, Jour. ('in. .^ik, Nat. Hist., vol. rimor( Soc. ( laniosu! Univ. MJmplex relate simplex, Univ. |)reoc( Xl>IMOHUf Univ. striatus, cade 2 tenuirati and r Slate. Di:.\i)Hoi>oi p. 187 pore.] delicat( tant, ai tuse m Type I alternanH p. 64, J neglecta, 63, U]). ornata, set proboscid als, p. 6 reticulata, p. 65, II Uichograptm DlCRANOUR^ Rem., £ two po lower p cells on bifurcati outer sic ramosus tiivaricatui divaricat Hud. Ri furcatus, oatus,) I Slate. Fio. 166. — Dendro graptus hailauus. Kio. 167.-Dicr ramosi net; nema of flabelli sions, con branches, I'KN. inn.] CiELENTEh'AT.l. 186 pnuKraciliH, Hpeiuer, 1884, Bull. No. 1, Mum. I'niv. St. Mti., p. 1!>, NiH^tim (Ir. priniordiuliH, Mattlu'w, 1885, TrauH. Roy. Soc. Can., p. :n, St. .lolin Or. iaino8iiH, S|H'ii('fr, 1SS4, Hull. No. 1, Mu8. Univ. St. Mo., p. 17, Niagara tir. Hirnpk'x, Walcott, 187!), Utica Slate and related fornitvtions, p. 20, Utica Slate. ximpli-.r, SpenctT, 1SH4, Bull. No. !, MuH. Univ. St. Mo., p. 17. TUe naiiic was preoceupied. See D. dubiUH. spinosuH, Spencer, 1884, Bull. No. l,Mu8. Univ. St. Mo., p. Ut, Niagara Gr. striatuH, Hall, 1865, Can. Org. Hem., De- cade 2, p. 129. Quebec Gr. tenuiramoHUH, Walcott, 1879, Utica Slate and related formations, p. 21, Utica Slate. Dkndroi'oba, Michelin, 1840, loon. Zoopli., p. 187. [Ety. dendron, tree; jioros, pore.] Coralluin arborescent, with very delicate, smooth branches; calices dis- tant, and surrounded by a narrow, ob- tuse margin; septa small, but distinct. Type D. explicita. alternanw, Kominger, 187(), Foss. Corals, p. 64, Ham. Gr. neglecta, liominger, 1876, Foss. Corals, p. 6.% Up. Held. Gr. omata, see Trachypora ornata. proboscidialis, Rominger, 1876, Foss. Cor- als, p. 65, Ham. Gr. reticulata, Rominger, 1876, Foss. Corals, p. 65, Ham. Gr. Dichograptus, syn. for Grai)tolithu8. DicuANouRAi'TUS, Hall, 1865, Can. Org. Rem., Decade 2, p. 46. [Ety. dikranos, two pointed ; grapho, I write.] The lower part of the stipe has a row of cells on each side, but above, the stipe bifurcates, and has cells only on the outer side of each bifurcation. Type D. ramosus. (livaricatus. Hall, 1859, (Graptolithus (livaricatus,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 513, Hud. Riv. Gr, furcatus, Hall, 1847, ((iraptolithuH fur- catus,; Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 273, Utica Slate. ramosus, Hall, 1847, (Grapto- lithus ramo- sus,) Pal. N.Y., vol. 1, p. 270, Utica Slate, sextans. Hall, 1847, (Grapto- lithus fc3xtan8,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 273, Utica Slate. DiCTYONBMA, Hall, 1852, Pal. N.Y'., vol. 2, p. 174. [Ety. dictyon, net; nema, thread.] Fronds consisting of flabelliform or funnel-shaped expan- sions, composed of slender, radiating branches, which frequently bifurcate Kio 167.— DIcrauograptuH ramosus. j as they recede from the bane; branches I unilcil laterally by truiiHverse fiirtHcpl- I nit'iits; exterior striated; interior sur- face celluliferouH or serrate. Type D. I retiforme. I expauHuni, Spencer, 1884, Bull. No. i, ' Mus. I'^niv. St. M(i., p. 25, Niagara Qr. fcncHtratuiii, Hall, I8,")l, in Foster and Whitney H Rep. on I/ikc .Superior Land DiHt., p.* 223, Up. Held. (ir. gracile, Hall, 1852, I'al. .N. Y., vol. 2, p. 175, Niagara (Jr. grande, Nicholson, 1873, Ann. Mug. Nat. Hist., 4th Her., vol. 12, Queltcc Gr. irreguiare, ilall, 186'), Can. Org. Rem., ~ ■ \1). lall, cade 2, i . 138. Quebec (ti neenah, liall, 1861, (ieo. Rep. Wis., p. 17, Trenton (ir. I)ergracile, Hall & Whitfield, 1872, 24fh Uep. N. Y. St. Mas. Nat. Hist., p. 181, and Acad. Geo., p. 563, Niagara Gr. qua Irangulare, Hall, 1865, Can. Org. Rem., Di'cade 2, p. 13S, Qii'-hec Gr. <'„\^!MME'ii''l!a:ilr{;i laTTAiilWiMM Decade 2, n. 136, tiuebcc (ir. murrayi, Hall, 18((5, Can. Org. Rem., De- Fia. 108.— Dictyoneina retiforme. retiforme. Hall, 1843, (Gorgonia reti- formis,) Geo. Rep. 4th Dist. N. Y., p. 115, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 174, Ni- agara Gr. robustum. Hall, 1865, Can. Org. Rem., Decade 2, p. 137, Quebec Gr. splendens. Billing^, 1874, Pal. Foss., vol. 2, p. 12, Gaape limestone No. 1, Up. Sil. tenellum, Spencer, 1878, Can. Nat., vol. 8, and Bull. No. 1, Mus. Univ. St. Mo., p. 26, Niagara Gr. websteri, Dawson, 1860, Can. Nat. a.^d Geo., vol. 5, and Acad. Geo., p. 563, Niagara Gr. DiDYMOGRAPTtJS, McCoy, 1851, Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 3-9. [Ety. didymos, double; grapho, I write.] Consisting of forked stipes, straight or curved; one cellu- liferous side. Type D. oiurchisoni. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) J/. # ,^ A 1.0 1.1 liilM 12.5 li* iiii 12.2 Hi 14.0 IL25 Uiu 1I& 1 ^ «// ^1 V ■'I FhotogFaphic Sdmces Corporalioii 29 WIST MAIN STRliT \MIUTIR,N.Y. UStO (71«) 173-4503 '^ ■ ■ ^ '> r ^ 186 CCELENJERATA. [nip. % caduceu8, Salter, 1853, (Graptolithns caduceus,) Quar. Jour. Geo. ooc, vol. 9, p. 87, Quebec Or. Fxo. 169.— Dldymogrtiptus geiniiius. geminus, Hisinger, 1840, (Prionotus gemi- nu8,) Leth Suecia, Supp. 2, p. 5, pi. as, Quebec Or. Dii'HYPHYLi,UM, Lonsdale, 1845, Russ. and Ural Mts., vol. 1, p. 624. [Ety. diphyia, division; phyllon, leaf.] Coraliurn sim- ple, composite, increasing by lateral gemmation ; corallites tall, cylindrical, connected by epithecal or radiciform expansions, with each other; central area occupied by tabulae; circumscribed by an inner wall ; exterior vesicular zone occupied by septa, which are con- fined between the outer and inner mural investment; no columella. Type D. conicum. adnatum, Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Nif'gara and Up. Held Grs., p. 54, and 12th Rep. Geo. Sur. Ind., p. 303, Up. Held. Gr. apertum, Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Niagara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 54, and 12th Rep. Geo. Sur. Ind., p. 303, Up. Held. Gr. archiaci, see Crepidophyllum archiaci. arundinaceum, Billings, 1859, Can. Jour., vol. 4, p. 134, Corniferuus limestone. breve. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Niagara and Up. Held. Grs., p, 55, and 35th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 459, Up. Held. Gr. csespitosum. Hall, 1852, (Diplophyllum csespitosum,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 116, Niagara Gr. coralliferum, Hall, 1852, (Diplophyllum corallifernm,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 322, Coralline limestone. cylindraceum. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Niagara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 54, and 35th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 458, Up. Held. Gr. fasciculum. Meek, 1877, U. S. Geo. Sur. 40th Parallel, vol. 4, p. 29, Devonian. gigas, Rominger, 1876, Foss. Corals, p. 125, Niagara Gr. gracile, McCoy, 1854, Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 88, Up. Held Gr. huronicum, Rominger, 1876, Foss. Corals, p. 121, Niagara Gr. rectiseptatum, Rominger, 1876, Foss. Corals, p. 124, Ham. Gr. rugosum, Edwards & Haime, 1851, (Eri- dophyllum rugosum,) Pol. Foss. des Terr. Pal,, p. 424, Niagara Gr. eimcoense, Billings, 1859, (Eridophyllum simcoense,) Can. Jour., vol. 4, p. 131, Up. Held. Gr. Btramineum, Billings, 1859, Can. Jour., vol. 4, p. 135, Corniferous Gr. strictum, Edwards & Haime, 1851, (Eri- dophyllum strictum,) Poll. Foss. des Terr. Pal., p. 424, Up. Held. Gr. tumidulum, Hall, 1882, Fogy. Corals Ni- agara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 55, and 12th Rep. Geo. Sur. Ind., p. 303, U].. Held. Gr. FiQ. 170.— Diphyphyllum stramiiieum. vennori, Billings, 1865, (Eridophyllum vennori,) Can. Nat. and Geo., 2d ser., vol. 2, p. 431, Clinton Gr. verneuilanum, PMwards & Haime, 1850, (Eridophyllum verneuilanum,) Brit. Foss. Corals, p. Ixxi, and Pol. Foss. des Terr. Pal., p. 424, Up. Held Gr. DiPLOQRAiTUS, McCoy, 1854, (Diplograpsns,) Brit. Pal. Rocks, p. 3. [Ety. diploos, duplex; grapho, I write.) Stipes simple, flattened, or quadrangular ; cellules, in single series, on t'lt two sides of a double central axis; cellules oblique, opening toward the apex , cell denticles prominent, often mucronute. Type D. foliaceus. amplexicaulis. Hall, 1847, (Graptolitlius amplexicaulis,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 79, Trenton Gr. angustifolius. Hall, 1859, (Graptolitlius angustifolius,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 615, Hud. Riv. Gr. oiliatus, Emmons, 1856, Am. Geo., p. 105, \Jy. Taconic. dissimilaris, Emmons, 1856, Am. Geo., p. 105, Up. Taconic. foliaceous, (?) Murch, 1839, (Graptclites foliaceus.) Murch. Sil. Syst., p. W'5, Hud. Riv. Gr. FlO. 171. Diplo- iiriiptus folium. DIP.— FAV.] CCELENTERATA. 187 FlO. 171. n 1 p i<>- uniptus folium. folioauB, Emmons, 1856, Am. Geo., p. 105, Up. Taconio. folium, Hisinger, 1837, (Prionotns folium.) Leth. Suec, p. 113, Hud. Riv. Gr. hudeonicus, Nicholson, 1875, Pal. Proc. Ont., p. 38, Hud. Riv. Gr. hypniformis, Whit*^, 1874, (Grap- tolithus hypniformis,) Rep. In- vert. Fobs., p. 12, and Geo. Sur. W. 100th Mer., vol. 4, p. 63, Trenton Gr. inutilis. Hall, 1865, Can. Org. Rem., De- cade 2, p. Ill, Quebec Gr. laciniatus, Emmons, 1856, Am. Geo., p. 236, Up. Taconic. marcidus, Hall, 1859,- (Graptolithus mpr- cidus,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 514, Hud. Riv. Gr. mucronaius. Hall, 1847, (Graptolithus mucronatus,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 263, Hud. Riv. Gr. obliquus, Emmons, 1856, Am. Geo., p. 106, Up. Taconic. peosta. Hall, 1861, (Graptolithus peosta,) Geo. Rep. Wis., p. 17, Trenton Gr. pristiniformis. Hall, 1858, (Graptolithus pristiniformis,) Geo. Sur. Can., p. 133, and Can. Org. Rem., Decade 2, p. 110, Quebec Gr. pristis, (?) Hisinger, 1837, (Prionotus pristis,) Leth Suec, p. 114, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 265, Hud. Piv. Gr. putillus, Hall, 1865, Can. Org. Rem., De- cade 2, p. 44, Hud. Riv. (Jr. rugosus, Emmons, 1856, Am. (ieo., p. 105, Up. Taconic. rectangularis, McCoy, 1851, Brit. Pal. Rocks, p. 3, Low Sil. secalinns, Hall, 1847, (Fucoidessecalinus,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 267, syn. for D. simplex. simplex, Emmons, 1844, (Fucoides sim- plex,) Taconic system, p. 27, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 267, Up. Taconic. spinulosus. Hall, 1859, (Graptolithus spinuloBus,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 517, Hud. Riv. Gr. whitfieldi, Hall, 1859, (Graptolithus whit- fieldi,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 516, Hud. Riv. Cir. Diplophyllum, Hall, 1852, Pal, N. Y., vol. 2, p. 115, syn. for Diphyphyllum. cKupitomm, see Diphyphyllum csespitosum. coralliferum, see Diphyphyllum coral- liferum. DiPLOTRYPA, Nicholson, 1879, Pal. Tab. Corals, p. 292. [Ety. diploos, double; trypa, hole.] Oorallites of two kinds, the larger thin walled, polygonal, tabulae remote; often aggr<>gated in clusters, (monticules); smallAr coral- lites an{. 37, Up.Held. and Ham. (ir. conicus. Hall, 1874, 26th Rep. N. Y. Si Mus. Nat. Hist, p. 112, and Pal. N. Y.. vol. 6, p. 9, Low. Held. Gr. constrictus. Hall, 1852, (Astrocerium con- strictum,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 123, Ni- agara Gr. cristatus, Edwards & Haime, 1851, Pol. Foss. 'Terr. Paleeoz., p. 242, Niagara r«'Occupied. »!Oth]andicus. Lamarck, 1816, Hist. An. sans Vert., vol. 2, p. 206, Up. Held, and I Ham. Grs. j hamillonensui, Rominger, I 1876, Fobs. Corals, syn. ; for F. dumosus. j hamiltoniic. Hall, 1876, j Illust. Uev. Foss., pi. 34, Ham. Gn helderbergiic. Hall, 1874, 26th R"p. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. Ill, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 8, Low. Held. (Jr. heliolitiformis, Rominger, 1862, (Calamopora helio- litiformis,) Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 34, 2d series, p. 397, Devoi^ian. hemisphericHS, Troost, 1840, (Calamopora hemispherica,) otli Geo. Rep. Tenn., p. 72, Up. Held. Gr. Same as Emmonsia hemispherica. iiemisphericuB var. distortus, Hall, 1876, Illust. Dev. Foss., pi. 5, Up. Held. Gr. hemispbericus var. rectus. Hall, i376, Illust. Dev. Foss., pi. 2C, Up. Held. Gr. hisingeri, Edwards & Haime, 1851, Pol. Foss. des Terr. Palseoz., p. 240, Ni- agara Gr. hispidus, Rominger, 1876, Foss. Corals, p. 23, Niagara Gr. iiifundibuliformw, as identified by D'Arch- iac & Verneuil. Not American. intertextus, Rominger, 1876, Foss. Corals, p. 38, Ham. Gr. invaginatus, Nicholson, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 232, Corniferous (ir. limitaris, Rominger, 1876, Foss. Corals, p. 36, Corniferous Gr. lycoperdon, see Monticulipora lycoperdon. mminniUaris, Castelnau, 1843. Not recog- nized. mancus, Winchell, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 112, Kinderhook Gr. maxiuius, Troost, 1840, (Calamopora max- ima,) 5th Rep. Geo. Tenn., p. 73, De- vonian. minimus. Hall, 1874, 26th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 113, Low. Held. Gr. niagarensis, Hall, 1862, Pal. N. Y., vol.2, p. 125, Niagara Gr. niagarerwg var spinigenis, see F. spmigerus. nitellus, Winchell, 1866, Rep. Low. Pen. Mich., p. 89. Ham. Gr. obliquus, Rominger, 1876, Foss. Corals, p. 24, Niagara Gr. occidene, Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Rep. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 78, and (Jeo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 313, Niagara Gr. paragUicus, Hall, 1852, (>strocerium para- siticum,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 122, Ni- agara Gr. This name was preoccupied by Phillips in his Geol. of Yorkshire. placenta, Rominger, 1876, Foss. Corals, p. 34, Ham. Gr. pleurodictyoides, Nicholson, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 23!, Corniferous Gr. polymorphus, Goldfuss, 1826, Germ. Petref., p. 79, Corniferous Gr. pr lificas, Billings, 1865, Can. Nat. and Geol , 2d ser., vol. 2, p. 429, Hud. Riv. Gr. proximus. Hall, 188,3, Rep. St. Geol., pi. 7, fitf. 13-15, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 10, Low. Held. Gr. pyriformis. Hall, 1852, (Astrocerium pvri- forrae,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 123, Ni- agara Gr. radiatus, Rominger, 1876, Foss. Corals, p. 33, Ham. Gr. radiciformis, Rominger, 1876, Foss. Cor- als, p. 34, Devonian. reticulatus, DeBlainville, 1840, (Alveolites reticulatus,) Diet., vol. 60, p. 869 Ni- agara Gr. sphericus. Hall, 1874,(ChetetPS sphericus,) 26th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. Ill, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 9, Low. Held. Gr. spinigerus. Hall, 1876, (F. niagarensis var. spinigerus,) 28th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 108, Niagara Gr. spongilla, Rominger, 1876, Foss. . 128, and Can. Org. Rem. Decade 2, p. 74, Quebec (Jr. Icevis, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y.. vol. 1, p. 274, Utica Slate. logani, 1 858, Geo.8ur.Can., p. 115, and Can. Org. Rem., Decade 2, p. 100, Quebec (Jr. vtarcidus, see Diplograptus marcidus. m ilesi, Hull, 1 861, (Jeo. Sur. Vermont, vol. 1. p. 372, Quebec (Jr. mucronatus, see Diploerraptus murronatns. multifasciatus. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 508, and Can. Org. Rem., Decade 2, p. 10, Hiid. Riv. (Jr. nitidus. Hall, 1858, (Jeo. Sur. Can., p. U'it, and Can. Org. Rem., Decade 2, p. (.<), Quebec Gr. octobrachiatus, Hall, 1858, Geo. Sur. Can., p. 122, and Can. Org. Rem., Decade 2, p. 96, CJuebec Gr. octonarius. Hall, 1858, (Jeo. Sur. Can., p. 124, and Can. Org. Rem., Decade 2, p. 95, Quebec (ir. patulus. Hall, 1858, Geo. Sur. Can., p. V.)\, and Can. Org. Rem., Decade 2, p. 71, Quebec Gr. pennatulus. Hall, 1865, Can. Org. Rem., Decade 2, p. 82, Quebec Gr. peosta, see Diplograptus peosta. prUtis, see Diplograptus pristis. putillus, see Diplograptus putillus. prwtiniformis, see Diplograptus prist ini- forniis. quadribrachiatus, Hall, 1858, Geo. Sur. Can., p. 125, and Can. Org. Rem., De- cade 2, p. 91, Quebec Gr. quadrimucronatus, Hall, 1866, Can. Org. Rem., Decade 2, p. 144, Utica Slate. ramosus, see Dicranograptus ramosus. ramulus. Hall, 1866, Can. Org. Kem., Decade 2, p. 108, Quebec Gr. ramulus, White. The name was preoc- cupied. See G. whitianus. richardsoni. Hall, 1865, Can. Org. Rem,, Decade 2, p. 107, Quebec Gr. rigidus, see Clonograptus rigidus. scalaris, Linnaeus, as identified by Hall in Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 271, Utica Slate. FAD. — HEt.] CCELENTARATA. 191 tecalinus, see DiploKraptus secalinus. serratuluB, Hall, 1847. Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 274, Utica Slate. Sagittarius, Linneeus, 17U7, Syst. Nat., as identified by Hall in Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 272, Utica Slate. sextans, see Dicranograptus sextans. similis, Hall, 1865, Can. Org. Rem., Dec- ade 2, p. 78, Quebec Gr. spinnlosus, see Diplograptus spinulosus. snbtenuis. Hall, 1877, Am. Pal. Foss., p. 244, Hud. Kiv. Gr. tentaculatm, see Reliograptus tentacu- latus. tenuis, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 272. The name was preoccupied by Portlock in 1843. See G. subtenuis. reiwsuK, see Retiolites venosus. iih'dfleldi, see Diplograptus whitfieldi. whitianus, S. A. Miller, 1883, Am. Pal. Foss., p. 269, Hud. Riv. Gr. Proposed instead of G. ramulus. White, 1874, which was preoccupied. See Geo. Sur. W. 100th Mer., vol. 4, p. 62. Hadrophyllum, Edwards & Haime, 1850, Brit. Foss. Corals, p. Ixvii. [Ety. hadros, mighty ; phyllon, leaf.] Coral- I'lm short; calicle super- ficial ; one very large septal fossula and three small ones representing a cross ; radiate arrangement of the septa somewhat irregular. Type H. orbignyi. glans. White, 1862, (Zaphren- tis glans,) Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, p. 32, and Cont. to Pal., No. 8, p. 156, Bur- lington Gr. orbignyi, Edwards & Haime, 1850, Brit. Foss. Corals, p. Ixvii, Up. Held Gr. Uaimeophyllum, Billings, 1859, Can. Jour., vol. 4, p. 139, syn. for Chonosteg- ites. ordinatum, see Chonostegites ordinatus. Halma, Edwards & Haime, 1851, Mon. d. Pol. Foss. d. Terr. Pal., p. 353. [Ety. proper naqae.] Oorallum tall, turbinate ; septa extending to the cen- ter; one large septum occupying the place of the septal fossula, and the neighboring septa directed toward it, so as to assume a pinnate arrangement; no columella. Type H. insignis. divergens. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Ni- agara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 8, and 35th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 412, Niagara Gr. divisa. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Niagara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 8, and 36th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 412, Ni- agara Gr. insignis, Edwards . 53, and 35th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 457, Up. Held. Gr. cayugaense, Billings, 1869, Can. Jour., vol. 4, p. 124, Up. Held. Gr. colbornense, Nicholson, 1876, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 7, p. 143, Up. Held. Gr. colligatum, Billings, 1859, Can. Jour., vol. 4, p. 126, Up. Held. Gr. compoctum. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Ni- agara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 48, and 121h Rep. Ind. Geo., p. 308, Up. Held. Gr. confluens. Hall, 1876, Illust. Dev. Fo.sh., pi. 26 and 27, Ham. Gr. degener, Hall, 1876, Illust. Dev. Fobs., pi. 25, Ham. Gr. dentatum. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Niagara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 48, and 35th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 452, Up. Held. Gr. denticulatum. Hall, 1882, Foss. Cora's Ni- agara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 52, and 12th Rep. Ind. Geo., p. 313, Up. Held. Gr. dentilineatum. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Niagara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 13, and 35th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 417, Niagara Gr. distans. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Niagara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 60, and 12th Rep. Ind. Geo., p. 308, Up. Held. Gr. eriense, Billings, 1869, Can. Jour., vol. 4, p. 124, Corniferous Gr. exiguum, Billings, 1860, Can. Jour., vol. 5, p. 261, Corniferous Gr. fasciculatum. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Ni- agara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 48, and 35th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 452, Up. Held. Gr. iccundum. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Ni- agara and Up. Held. Grs , p. 49, and 12th Rep. Geo. Ind., p. 309, Up. Held Gr. fissuratum. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Ni- agara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 53, and 36th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 457, Up. Held. Gr. gemmatum. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Ni- agara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 49, and 12th Rep. Geo. Ind., p. 310, Up. Held Gr. gemmiferum. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Ni- agara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 13, and 35th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 417, Niagara Gr. iik'n, JIKT.-INO.] CCELENTERATA. 198 halli, Edwards <& Ilaime, isno, Brit. Fobs. CoralH, {). 285, Huni. Or. lialll var. obconi- cuin, Hall, 187tt, IlluHt. Dev. Fu88., pi. 25, Ham. (ir. halli var. re- ficxum. Hall, 187», II lust. D«v. FosH., pi. 23, Ham. l'. ii \ arlmscnln, Ulrich, 187it, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. HiHt., vol. 2, p. 28, Ilnd. Kiv. (ir, bellns, HhII A Whitfield, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, 1 1. 122, Xiagara < ir. cerviforniB, Spt'iuter, 1HH4, Bull. No. 1, MuH. Tinv. St. Mo., p. .'{7, Niagara (Ir. iliffuHUS, Speiicttr, 1884, Bull. No. 1, Muh. Univ. St. Mo., p. H(>, Niagara (Jr. divariratufl. Hall, 1870, DeHC. Nnvv sp. Fobs., p. 2, and lltli Ui'j). (ieo. Iiid,, j). 22."), Niagara (ir. phycoidfH, Spt'iicer, 1884, Bull. No. 1. Mus. ITiiiv. St. Mo., p. jIh, Niattara (ir. plumnloBUB, Hall, 18r)l, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 176, Niagara (ir. probluiiiatiiMifl, Spencer, 1878, Can. Nat., vol. 8, and Bull. No. 1, Muh. Univ. St. Mo., p. 30, Niagara (ir. ramuloBUB, Spencer, 1884, Bull. No. 1, Mub. Univ. St. Mo., ]». I{8, Ningara Gr. walkeri, Sjiencer, 1884, Bull No. 1, Mus. T^nlv. St. Mo., p. 35, Niagara (ir. Lamellopora, Owen, 1840, Hep. or Minn, Lands, p. 70. Verly poorly defined, but a syn. for Stromatapora. infundihularia, Owen, 1840, Ren. on Miiiu. Landn, p. 70. A species of Stromata- I)ora, poorly defined. LEPToi'ORA,Winchell, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 2. [Ety. leptoa, shallow ; poro*, cell.] Discoidal, cells shallow ; walls vertically striated ; interior vesic- ular; cups elevated in the center, and (lisplaving radial septa. Type H. typus. typus, Winchell, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 3, Marshall (ir. winchelli, White, 1879, Bull. U. S. Tmt., vol. 5, p. 211, and Cont. to Pal. No. 6, J). 121, Carboniferous. LimaHu, Steininger, 1834, Bull. Soc. Geo, France, voL 1, p. 339. The name was precjcupied by Link in 1807, and by Rafinesque in 1815. See Coenites. crasm, see Coenites crassus. fakata, see Coenites falcatus. fnitirosa, see Ca-nites fruticosus. laminata, see Co'uites laminatus. ramulom, see Ctunites ramuloHUS. Li.NDSTROMiA, Nichol.son it Thompson, 1877, Proc. Rov. Soc. Edinb.,vol.'9, p. 149. [Ety. proper name.] Type L. columnari». columnaris, Nicholson & Thompson, 1877, Proc. lioy. Soc. Edinb.jvol. 9, p. 149, Devonian. Linipora rotunda, Troost, not defined. LiTHosTKOTioN, Lhwyd, 1869,Lithophyl.Bri- tann. Ichnograpbia, Epistola5,tab. xxiii. tEty. lithos, stone ; strotUm, little rafter.] 5o allum composite, astreiform ; cor- allites loosely approximated, and circu- Fio. 184. — Lithostro tiou basaltlfori.vie. LItlioHiroiiciii eiinmlenMo. lar or intimately united, and polygoiiu; septa numerous; calices unH(iiial ; Htriii ture as in Clisiophyllnm. Tyjii* I. basaltiforme. californienHc, Meek, 1804, Pal. California vol. l,p. 6. Carb. canadenHC, Castel- nau, 1943, (.\xi- n u r a caniiden- Hi8,)SyHt. Sil., p. 49, St. Louis Gr. harmoditt'8, E d - wards «t llainie, 185 1 , Mon. d. Pol. FoHH.d.Terr. Pal., I). 440, Car- boniforoiis. juncfum. Fleming, 1828, (Caryo- pliyllii-a juncea,) Brit. Anini., p. 509, Snbcarb. j..,q mammillnre, Castel- nau, 1843, (Aa- trea mammillaris,) Syst. Sil., p. 50, syn. for L. canadense. microstvlum. White, 1880, 12th Rep. C.S. Geo. Sur. Terr., p. 158, Kinderhook (ir Waverly Gr. (© pictoense, Billings, 1868, Acad, (ico., i>. 285, Carb. proliferum. Hall. 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, n 068, St. Louis (if. ^ stokesi. Edwards i*c Ilaime, 1851, Mon. d, Pol. Fobs. d. Terr., Pal., p. 440, Car- boniferous, whitneyi. Meek, 1875, Wheeler's Sur. W. 100 Mer., vol. 4, p. 103 Coal Meas. LoNSDALiA, McCoy, 1849, Ann. & Mag. Nat. IIi8t.2d8er., vol. 3, p. 10. [Ety. pfopor name.] Corallum aggregate; corallites circular, not laterally united; septa and tabulic numerous; visceral chamber sep- arated into two zones, the outer one composed of curved vesic ular plali's extendiiif; upward ami outward; walls ru- gose an d striated ; i e- producticin by circnlar germs aris- ing from till' outer zone. Type L. du- plicata. p a p i 1 1 a t a , Fischer, papillatuin,) 155, Carbon! f- Fia. 180.— Lonsclttliu florlfor- mls, typical of ilie genus. 1837, (Cyathophyllum Oryct. de Moscou., p. erous. American. (?) LoPHOPHYLLUM, Edwards & Haime, 18")0, Brit. Fobs. Corals, p. Ixvi. [Ety. /o^i/tos, ridge; phyllon, leal.] Corallum resem- bling Zaphrentis, excepting that a cres- LI'N.— MKC] CCELENTERATA, 105 Nat. )f()]K'r alliies ta ami er stp- one )He(i i)f ve>i('- ilali's lini; I aiul a I'd ; ru - a n J d ; le- ction rculav aiis- 111 till' ZdllC. .. (hi- centifurtn coUimclln occu|)ieH tlio t'ontor of tlie calice, and is in continuity liy one of its cikIh with a small Hcptnin placed in tliu middle of tlin septal foHHiila, and by tliu other end with the oppoHite primary sept um. Type L. konincki. cnlctvla, Hee Zaphrentis calceola. expansum, White, 1870, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 27. and Cont. to. Pal., No. (J. p. 157, Keokuk (Ir. prill iferum, McChes- ney, IHtiO, (Cj^atliax- onia pro- li fera, ) New Pal. F088., p. \J 75, and Pal. E. Neb., p. 144, if Coal Mean. I.UNATii'oiiA, VVinchell, 18(50, Rep. Low. Peuin. Mich. p. 89. [Kty. lunntus, cres- cent-formed ; poros, pore.] Massive or with corallites consolidated ; corallites ioiiK, curving outward from an imagin- ary axis; walls double; tabuln- present ; no' mural fiores. Type L. michiganensis. nii(!higanen.si8, Wincliell, 1800, Rep. Low. Penin. Mich., p. 89, Ham. Gr. Lyki.i.ia, Edwards & Haime, 1851, Mon. Pol. Foss. Terr. Pal., p. 220 [Ety. proper name.] Corallum maHsive ; corallites cylindrical ; walls thick, costulated, free toward their terminations, and united by vesicular c»enenchy ma ; nepta 12 ; tabula; irregular. Type L. americana. Mc«iilO({nii)tuH welclii. C'ylliulrlcal pint Uei»reHsed, HhowlnK cells. of (he l)oly Fio. 1S7.-1.0- plioptiylluin 1111. plioptiylli in'olirorui Fig. 188.— Lyellla americanu, americana, Edwards & Haime, 18il, Mon. Pol. Foss. Terr. Pal., p. 226, Up. Held. Gr. deeipiens, Rominger, 1870, Foss. Corals, p. 17, Niagara Gr. glabra, Owen, 1840, (Sarcinula glabra,) Rep. on Minn. Lands, p. 70, Niagara Gr. I papillata, Rominger, p. 16, Ni- agara Gr. parvitu ba, Rominger, 1876, Pal. Foss. Cor- als, p. 17, Niagara Gr. Madrepora rep e n s, T r o o 8 t . Not satis- factorily defined. Mkgalookai'- Tus, S. A. Miller, 1874, Cin. Quar.Jour. Sci., vol. 1, p. 3 4 3. [l''ty. me- gale, large ; grapho, I write.] Very lar^e cylind n- cal, bear- ing fronds with spi- nous pro- cesses,and covered with cellu- lar open- ^ ings. Type Fio. IM.-MegaloKmptuswelchl. M. welclu. Frond, sliowing cells and spl- Welchi,S. "O'W proces^se8. A. Miller, 1874, Cin. Quar. Jour. Sci., vol. 1, p. 343, Hud. Riv. Gr. 106 CUiLENTEKAIA. [mic. MON. Mu'iiRiJNiA, DeKoninck, 1N42, DeHcritlcH Anlm. FoHB. Beljr., p. 29. [Kty. projier name.] ('orallum foiiipoBtte, forming heminpheriral, (IcpresHod, or pyrKorm iiiiiMHeH of prifimHtic ur Huhcyliiidri- (uil coriilliteH; mural poreM; tabulw ; tiil>i>H iiaving Htriif or ridges; epitheca con- ft'iitrically wrinkled, with root-like pro- lonxHtionH. Type )I. favoua. FlQ. 102.— MictiellnlH ra)(eiieui. Pio. 191.— M<'Kiilt"'* welohl. Kioiiil, sliow- ccIlM iiiid ttpliiouMproceHHeH. fonvexn, D'OrbiKiiy, 1850, Prodr. de J'aR- ont.,t. 1, p. 107, Onondaga i.nd Cornif- erouB Gtb. dividiia. Hall, 1870, IlluHt. Dev. Fo88., pi. 18, Mum. Gr. eugeneio, White, 1884, latli, Rpp. Geo. Ind., p. 119, Cuul Meas. expausa. White, 1880, 12tli Kep. U. 8. Geo. Sur. Terr., p. 158, Waverly Gr. favositoidea, Billings, 18.')8, Rep. of Progr. Can. (ieo. Sur., p. 175, Up. Held. Gr. insignia, Rominger, 1876, Fobs. Corals, 6 75, Up. Held, and am. Gr. intermittens, Billings, 1859, Can. Nat. and Geo. Sur., vol. 4, p. 113, Cornifer- ous Gr. lenticularis. Hall, 1874,26th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 113, Low. Held. placenta. White, 1880, 12th Rep. U.S. Geo. Sur. Terr., p,^ ,„3„ p. 157, Waverly Gr. Mio u e 1 1 n i a stvlopora, Eaton, 1832, ouKeneie. An- (Astrea stylopora ) Geo ?„Vi.' ^v''ln■i; Text book, p. 40, and im-ger coml- must. Dev. Foss., pi. 18, ities. Ham. Gr. trochisciM, Rominger, 1876, Pal. Fobs., p. 76,Byn. for Pleurodictyum americanuin. MicRocvcLUB, Meek & Worthen, 1808, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 420. [Ety. mikros, small; kuMos, circle.] Corallum free or with a minute central point of attach- ment, discoidal; no columella; calice shallow, with a single fossula; septa short, radiating regularly, or those nearest the fossette converging a little Kl«. lOI.-.Miii cyclUH iIIm'Ii^ toward ilH Hides; epitheca well di velopetl. Typo M. discuB. dlRcuB, Meek it Wortiien, 1808, Gi'o. Siir. III., vol. 3, p. 420, Hani. Gr. MiUepora repent, see Alveo- liteH repenH. MoNoditAPTiN, K in m o n 8 , 1850, (MonograpHiiH,! Am. Geo., p. 100. [Kty. tiiotio», one ; graplio, I write.] Serrations (confined to one edirc of theBtipc; axis none. Type M. dc gans. eonvolutUH var. coppingeri, Ktheridi.'!'. 1878, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 34, p. 577, Silurian. elegans, Emmons, 1856, Am. Geo., p. luii, Up. Taconic. rectUB, Emmons, 1850, Am. Geo., p. Hit, Up. Taconic. MoNOTRVPA, Nicholson, 1879, Pal. Tab. Cor- als, p. 320. [Ety. moiioH, one; Inijin, hole.] Coralfites of two kinds; the larger aggregated into clusters (inonti- culeB); the smaller occupying the space between the monticult-s; both lai>.'er and smaller thin-walled, polygonal tih- ulse remote. Type M. undulata. Tliis was proposed as a "ubgenus for iMniiti- culipora; upon microscopial examiiiu- tion and upon such a state of facts. 1 prefer, at present, to leave the sptiMe.s under the genus Monticulipora. (?)spinulo8a. Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. I, p. 67, Low. Held. Gr. MoNOTBYi'ELLA, UIHch, 1882, Jour. Cin..Si)e. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, p. 153. [.Ety. niuiin- trypa; and iW««, diminutive.] Kanio.se, smooth or tuberculated, cells of one kind only ; walls thin, in the axial re- gion, and thicker toward the periphery; diaphragms straight; no spinifonu tubuli. Type M. tequalis. abrupta. Hail, 1879, (Chetetes abrupiu.s' 32(1 Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 148, Low. Held. Gr. iequalis, Ulrich, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nni. Hist., vol. 5, p. 247, Hud. Riv. Gr. arbuscula. Hail, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, \>. 12, Low. Held. Gr. briareus, Nicholson, 1875, (Chetete.s hii- areu8,)Oldo Pal., vol. :', S. 202, U tint late, consimi lis*, Hall, 1«7(), (Chetetes consimih.s i 28lh Kep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 110, Niagara Gr. densa, Hall, 1874, (Trem- atopora densa,) 26th Rep. N. Y. -St. MuB. Nat. Hist., p. 105, Low. Held. Gr. Fio. 195.— Monotrypellu qaad- rutit, natural size and mag- nified. /U MON.] L(K I. ENTER AT A. 197 qiiadrata, Kominger, 1866, (CheteteH quad- ratiiH,} Proc. Acad. Nat. 8cl. Phil., p. 8, and Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 201, under the name of Chetetes rhombiciis. Hud. Rlv. Or. Htihqiiadrata, Ulrich, 1H82, Jour. ('in. 8oc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, j). 241», Hud. Ulv. Gr. .MoNTicuMi'oBA, D'Orbijiny, 1860, Prwir. de Pah'ont., t. 1, p. 25. [Etv. vionticulus, hillucl( ; noroB, pore.] ('orallum of every form and shape; corallites usually of two kinds, one minute ; tabulie numer- ous; walls separable, thickened toward the mouths of the tubes; corallites often aggregated, upon the surface, in numerous monticules; no septa; no mural pores; increase by gemmution. Tiindstrom, Ulrich, and others, clans this Kenus with the Bryozoa, while Nichol- son, Edwards i^ Haime,and others, class it with the Polypi, where it seems to belong. Tvpe M. maminulata. adherens, Billings, 1859, (Stenojjora ad- herens,) Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 4, p. 427, Chazy Gr. andrewsi, Nicholson, 1881, Struct, and Affln. of Montic, p. 128, Hud. Riv. Gr. Ulrich refers it to Callopora. harrandi, Nicholson, 1874, (Chetetes bar- randi,) Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. ISO, and Pal. of Ontario, p 60, Ham. Gr. bullmsa, Billings, 1805, (Stenopora bul- bosa,) Can. Nat. and Geo., 2d ser., vol. 2, p. 429, Mid. Sil. calceolus. Miller & Dyer, 1878, Jour. Oin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 20, Hud. liiv. Gr. cincinnatiensis, James, 1875, (Chetetes cincinnatiensis,) Int. Catal. Cin. Foss., fe2, and Nicholson, Struct, and Aflin. ontic.,p. 226, Hud. Riv. Gr. compressa, Ulrich, 1882, (Peronopora com- pressa) Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. r>, p. 244, Hud. Riv. Gr. consimilis, Ulrich, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 238, Hud. Riv. Gr. dalii, Edwards & Haime, 1851, (Chetetes dalii,) Pol. Foss. d. Terr. Pal., p. 266, Hud. Riv. Gr. Ulrich refers it to Cal- lopora. dawBoni, Nicholson, 1881, Struct, and Aifin. Montic, p. 141, Hud. Riv. Or. decipiens, Rominger, 1866, (Chetetes de- cipiens,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 3, Hud. Riv. Gr. delicatula, Nichol- son, 1874, (Che- tetes delicatulus) Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 30, and Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 199, Hud. Riv. Gr. Probably a Bryozoum and not a Mouticuli- pora. dychei, James, 1883, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, p. 235, Hud. Riv. Gr. Fiu. 190.— Montloullpora delicatula. fibrosa, Goldfuss. 1826, (Calamiipora fibrosa,) Germ. Petref., p. 82, Hud. Riv. and Clinton Grs. tiliasa, D'Orbignv, 18.')0, Prodr. d. Pal., t. 1, p. 25, and Edwanis i, ]). 235, Niagara Gr. Pachyphyllum, Edwards & Haime, 1850, Brit. Foss. Corals, p. Ixviii. [Ety. pachys, thick; phyIlon,leat.'] ConsMuni, composite, increasing by lateral gem- mation ; corallites united by the de- velopment of the costse and exotheca ; tabulie abundant. Type P. bouchardi. Fig Om- phyma tur- bl jlnata. PAC. — PHI.] CCELENTERATA. 199 Bolitarium, Hall & Whitfield, 1S73, 23d Rep. N. Y. St. Mu8. Nat. Hist., p. 232, Chemung 6r. Fig. 201.— Pachyphyllum woodraani. woodmani, White, 1870, (Smithia wood- mani,) Geo. Sur. Iowa. vol. 1, p. 188, Chemung Gr. Pachypoba, Lindstrom, 1873, OfverBi"ht af K. Vetensk Akad. Forhandl., p. 14. [Ety. pachys, thick ; poros, pore.] Den- droid or frondescent; corallitcs polygonal or subcylindric ■ walls thickened toward their mouths, by con- centric layers of sclerenchyma ; calices annular, oblique, or semilunar; septa obsolete or mere spiniform projections ; tabulae complete, remote ; mural pores few, irregular, and often large. Type P. lamelhcornis. fischeri, Billings, 1860,( Alveolites fischeri,) Can. Jour. n. s., vol. 5, p. 256, Up. Held. Gr. frondosa, Nicholson, 187 4, (Alveolites frondosus,) Geo. Mag., vol. 1, p. 15, and Rep. Pal. On- tario, p. 57, Ham. Gr. ornata, Rorainger, 1876, (Dendropora Fosa. Ham. Pa I Kio. 202.— Pachypora frondosa. ornata, ) Pal Corals, p. 62, Gr. ;eocyci,U8, Edwards it Haime, 1849, Comptufe renduH, t. 29, p. 71. [Ety. palaios, ancient; AuWo«, circle.] Coral- lum circular ; fos- sula deep, broad, circular; septa thick, not numerous or cemented together. Type P. porpita. kirbyi. Meek, 1868, Trans. Chi. Sei., p. 85, Devonian, rotuloides. Hall, 1852, (Cyclolites rotu- loides,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 42, Clin- ton Gr. PALiEOPHYLLUM, lings, 1858, Rep. of Prog. Geo. Sur. Can., p. 168. [Ety palaios, ancient ; phyllon, leaf.] Fascicu . Fro. 203.— Palfeocyclus B 1 1- rotuloides. late or aj^regate ; corallites surrounded by a thi(^ wall ; septa extending the whole length ; tabulicabsentorrudimdn- twy ; increase by lateral budding. Dis- tinguished from Streptelasma by form- ing aggregate masses. Type P. rugo- sum. SC'.J'- FiG. 204.— PalcBophyllum divarlcani*. divaricans, Nicholson, 1875, Pal. Ohio, vol. 2, p. 220, Hud. Riv. Gr. rugosum, Billings, 1858, Rep. of Progr. Can. Geo. Sur., p. 168, Trenton Gr. P j]ieotrochis, Emmons, 1856, Geo, Rep. Midland counties of North Carolina. Two species were mentioned, P. major and P. minor, both of which are sup- posed to be concretions, and therefore inorganic. Peronopor\ Nicholson, syn. for Monti- culipora. Petraia, Munster, 1839, Tieitrage zur Petre- faktenkunde, vol. 1, p. 42. [Ety. petraios, that grows among rocks.] Simple, turbinate ; septa of one or two sizes, the larger extending from the walls to the center, where they are more or less twisted ; no tabulae or ';on- necting vesicular plates. Type P. decussata. Streptelasma is by some re- garded as a synonym, by others as a subgenus, and by others as cjuite dis- tinct. The forms in this country which have been referred to Petraia are all, probably, Streptelasma, and for that, reason I liave so referred them. angulata, see Streptelasma angulatum. aperta, see Streptelasma ai>ertum. fanningana, see Streptelasma fannin- ganum. forresten, Honeyman, 1868, Acadian Geology, p. 594. A catalogue name. latuscula, see Streptelasma latuscula. logani, see Streptelasma logani. yninganensii, see Arohieocyathus min- ganensis. oUawemis, see Streptelasma ottawense. pukhella, see Streptelasma pulchellum. pygmxa, see Streptelasma pygmseum. rmtica, see Streptelasma rusticnm. selecta, see Streptelasma selectum. waynenm, see Streptelasma wayneuse. PiiiLLiPSASTRBA, D'Orbigny, 1849, Note Sur. des Polypiers Fossiles, p. 12. [Ety. proper name ; mter, star.] Composite, resembling Strombodes, but differing in the septa of neighboring corallites ^^ > V •, *^-^ ' 200 CCELRNTERATA. [I'HY. — POR. being confluent, and consequently the calices are not definitely circum- Bcribed; no exterior walls; interior mural investment well characterized ; center of tabula) presenting a columel- lar tubercle. Type P. hennahi. affinis, Billings, 1874, Pal. Foss., vol. 2, p. 11, Gaspe limestone No. 8, Devonian. gigas, Owen, 1840, (Astru'a gigas,) Rep. on Mineral lands, p. 70, Devonian. hennahi, Lonsdale, 1840, (Astrsea hen- nahi,) Geo. Trans., vol. 5, p. 697, Devonian. johanni. Hall & Whitfield, 1873, (Smithia johanni,) 23d,Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist,, p. 234, Chemung Gr. mammillaris, see Strombodes maminillariB. multiradiata. Hall & Whitfield, 1873, (Smithia multiradiata,) 23d Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 234, Chemung Gr. Fig. 205.— PhllUpsastrea verueuli. verneuli. Edwards & Haime, 1851, Poly- piers Foss. des Terr. Pal., p. 447, Ham. Gr. verrilli, Meek, 1868, (Smithia verrilli,) Trans. Chi. Acad. Sci., p. 83, Devonian. yandelli, Rominger, 1876, Foss. Corals, p. 130, Up. Held. Gr. Not well defined. Phvllograitus, Hall, 1858, Rep. of Progr. Can. Geo. Sur. p. 135. [Ety. phyllon, leaf; grapho, I write.] Frond consisting of sim- !>le or compound folii- orm stipes, which are celluliferous on ihe two opposite sides, the mar- gins having a mucronate extension from each cellule ; su]}ported on a slender radicle, or com- bined in groups. Type P. typus. angustiiolius. Hall, 1858, Rep. of Progr. Can. Geo. Sur., p. 139, and Dec. 2. Org. Rem., p. 126, Que- bec Gr. anna, Hall, 1865, Can. Org. Rem., Decade 2, p. 124, Quebec Gr. dubius, Spencer, 1 884, Bull. No. 1, Mus. Univ. St. Mo., p. 15, Niagara Gr. illicifolius, Hall, 1858, Rep. of Progr. Can. Geo. Sur., p. 139, and Dec. 2, Org. Rem., Fio.206.— Phyllo- graptus typuB. p. 121, Quebec Gr. loringi, White, 1874, Rep. Invertebratf Foss., p. 9, and Geo. Sur. W. lOOtli Mer., vol. 4, p. 51, Quebec Gr. rimi'is, Hall, 181J. Can. Nat. and (leo., vol., 4, syn. for Graptolithns bigs- byi. typus, Hall, 1868, Rep. of Progr. Can. Geo. Sur., p. 137, and Dec. 2, Org. Rem., p. 118, Quebec Gr. Plasm* ••oRA, SIdwards & Haime, 184it, Comptes rend., t. 29, p. 262. [Ety. olaama, cp.st; poros, pore.J Free, sui)- hemispherlc; basal epitheca, con- centrically folded ; cali- cea im- mersed; septa rudi- me n t a r y ; tabulPD hor- i z on t a 1 ; walls thin ; coenenchy- ma com- posed of vertical radiate la- minie uni- t e d by smaller horizontal plates. Type P. pe- tal if ormis. follis. Ed- wards & Haime 1851, Mon Pol. Foss. de Terr. Pal., p. 220, Ni- agara Gr. Pleurodictydm, Goldfuss, 1826, Petref. Germ,, vol. 1, p. 209. [Ety pleura, side; didynn, net. Corallum discoidal, upper suriace con\rex; corallites divergiii<; from the center of the base, polygonal or subcylindrical ; walls thick; mural pores irregular ; tabulae not numerous, but sometimes inosculating ; septa rudi- mentary, in the form of marginal ridges. There is usually a vermiform body at the central part of the base. Type P. proh- lematicum. americanum, Roemer, 1876, LethiB Pahe- ozoica, pi. 33, figs. 2a and 2b. Ham. Gr. problem a t i c u ni , GoldfusB, ISL't;, Petref. Germ . , vol. 1, p. 11. i, Onondaga Gr. Polydilasma, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, syn. for Zaphrentis. turbinatum, see Zaphrentis tnr- binata. Ponies, Lamarck, 1816, Hist, des Anim. s-aiis Vert., t. 2, p. 267. Not an Amerieaii Pala!ozoic genus. Fig. 207. — Plasmopora follis. ) Natural size, aud magnlfled. Fig. 208.— Pleumdlctyum problematicura. [Jiider Hide, stiowlng serpula like body. PRA.— PTV.] CCELENTERATA. 201 aftrtei/wmii, Owen, 1840, Rep. on Min- eral lands, Devonian. This may be the F>ame species subsequently described as Pdi;hyphyilum woodmani. Pliriformw, as identified by d'Arctiiac & Verneuil, not American. veiwtus, see Protarea vetusta. Pkasopora, Nicholson & Etheridge, 1877, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 4tli ser., vol. 20, p. 382 [Ety. prason, sea-plant ; poro», pore.] Corallum compound, concavo- convex or hemispheric ; corallites radi- ating from a wrinkled basal epitheca; larger and smaller corallites interniin- gled throughout the colony ; no monti- cules ; corallites thin-walled, prismatic ; large ones with an exterior /.one of vesicular tabultc surrounding a vacant central tube, which may be crossed by an occ'jisional tabula ; smaller ones ar- ranged in a zone around the larger ones, and crofded by numerous, close-set, com- plete, horizontal tabulae. Type P. gravte. afhnis, Foord, 1883, Cont. to MicropaUeon- tology, p. 12, Trenton Gr. conoidea, Ulrich, 1886, 14th Rep. Geo. Sur. Minn., p. 87, Trenton Gr. contigua, Ulrich, 1886 , 14th Rep. Geo. Sur. Minn., p. 87, Trenton Gr. iiewberryi, Nicholson, 1875, (Chetetes newberryi,) Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 212, Hud. Riv. Gr. nodosa, Ulrich, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat, Hist., vol. 5, p. 245, Hud. Riv. Gr, oeulata, Foord, 1883, Cont. to Micro- palH'ontology, p. 11, Trenton Gr. selwyni, Nicholson, 1881, (Monticulipora selwyni,) Struct, and Affin. of Montic, p. 206, Trenton Gr. sflwyni var. hospitulis, Nicholson, 1881, (Monticulipora selwyni var. hospitalis,) Struct, and Affin. of Montic, p. 206, Hud. Riv. Gr. simulatrix, Ulrich, 1886, 14th Rep. Geo. Sur. Minn,, p. 85, Trenton Gr. PrionotUB, Nilsson, 1835, Leth. Suec. folium, see Diplograptus folium. priatis, see Diplograptus pristis. Protarba, Edwards & Haime, 1851, Pol. Fobs, des Terr. Pp.1., p. 208. [Ety. Fig. 209.— PrQtarea vetusta, on Strophomena alternata. protos, first; aram, porous.] Thin, in- crusting; calices equal, hexagonal, shallow ; septa 12, extending but slightly into the visceral chamber ; walls thick. Type P. vetusta. vetusta. Hall, 1847, (Porites vetustus,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 71, Trenton & Hud. Riv. Grs. verneuili, Edwards i<: Huime, 1851, Pol. Fos9. des Terr. Pal., p. 209, Silu- rian. (?) Protooraitis, Matthew, 1885, Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., p. 31. [Ety. prolog, first; griipho, I write.] Stipes thin, Hat, elongate, dichotomously branched ; having a central axis, and being alate on each side ; pores arranged along the axis of the stipe ; axis and margin of the stipe connected by delicate nerv- ules. Type P. alatus. alatus, Matthew, 1885, Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., p. 3i-, St. John Gr. Ptilookaptus, Hall, 1865, Can. Org. Rem,, Decade 2, p. 139. (Ety. ptilm, feather ; grapho, I write.] Plant-like, rooted, simple or branching ; branches plumose, pinnules iilternate on opposite siiles; celluliferous on one face only ; branches cylindrical or flattened. Type P. plu- raosus. foliaceus, Spencer, 1878, Can. Nat., vol. 8, and Bull. No. 1, Mus. Univ. St. Mo., p. 41, Niagara Gr. geinitzanus. Hall, 1865, Can. Org. Rem., De- p^o. 2l0.--PtnoKiap- cade 2, p. 140, Quebec tus follitceux. Gr. plumosiis. Hall, 1805, Can. Org. Rem., De- cade ?., p. 140, Quebec Gr. PrvtHONEMA, Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. xiv. [Ety. ptyche, wrinkle ; nema, thread.] Massive or ramose, composed of thin-walled, strongly corrugated cells, which are apparently without dia- phragms. Type P. tabulatum. helderbergiii', Hall, 1874, (Chetetes helder- bergise,) 26th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist, p. 110, Low. Held. Gr. tabulatum, Hall, 1876, (Chetetes tabula- tum,) lUus. Dev. Foss., pi. 37, and figs. 16-19, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 14, Up. Held. Gr. PrvrroPHYM.UM, Lonsdale, 1839, Sil. Syst., p. 691, and E. & H. Brit. Foss. Corals, p. Ixix. [Ety. ptyche, ridge, phyllon, leaf.] Corallum simple, having infun- dibuliform tabultc superposed and in- vaginated ; septastrongly twisted toward the center of the tabula> so as to con- stitute a spurious columella. Type P. stokesi. canadense, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 107, Mid. Sil. Anticosti Gr., Division 4. floriforme. Hall, 1082, Foss. Corals Ni- affara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 5, and :i5th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 409, Niagara . N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 409, Ni agara Gr. fanningana, Saiford, 1869, (Petraia fiin- ningana,) (leo. Tenn., p. 320, Low. Held. Ur. fossula. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Niai;ai;i and Up. Held, (rrs., p. 19, and 35th Kt'p, N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 423, In. Held. dr. inflatum, Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Niagara and Up. Held.lJrs, p. 18, and 12th Rep. Geo. Ind., p. 276, Up. Held. (rr. involutum, Ilall, 1882, Foss. Corals Ni- agara and Up. Held. i{.s., p, 20, and 35th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 424, Up. Held. Gr. lamellatum. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Ni- agara and Up Held, (irs., p. 17, and 35th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist, p. 421, Up. Held. Gr. laterarium. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Ni- agara and Up. Held, (ifs., p. 18, and 3.')tli Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 4J2, Corniferouc limestone. latuscula, Billings, 1862, (Petraia latu.^- oula,1 Pal., Foss., vol. 1, p. 104, Mid. Sil. Anticosti, Div. 4. limitare. Hall. 1882, Foss. Corals Niagara and Up. Held, (irrs., p. 5, end 35th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Tlist., p. 409, Ni- agara Gr. logani, Nicholson, 1875. (Petraia logani,) Can. Nat., vol. 7, p. 143, Up. Held. Gr. mammiferum. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Niagara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 21, and 35th Rep. N. Y. St. Mns. Nat. Hist., p. 426, Up. Held. Gr. minimum, Hall, 1876, 28th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 106, syn. for Dun- canella borealis. multilamellosum. Hall, 1847, Pal, N. Y., vol. 1, ]). 70, Trenton (ir. ottawensis, liillings, 1865, (Petraia otta- wensis.) Can. Nat. and Geo., 2d ser., vol. 2, Trenton Gr. papillatum, Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Ni- agara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 21, and 12th Rep. Geo. Ind., p. 276, I'l). Held. Gr. parvulum. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y,, vol. 1, p. 71, Trenton Gr. patulum, Rominger, 1876, Foss. Corals, p. 143, Niagara Gr. profundum, Conrad, 1843, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Phil., p. 335, (Oyathophyllnm profundum,) and Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 49, Birdseye, Black Riv. and Trenton (irs. pulchellum, Billings, 1865, (Petraia pui- chella,) Can. Nat. and (]reo.,2d ser., vol. 2, p. 424, Mid. Sil. pygmaeum, Billings, 1862, (Petraia pyg- maja,) Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 103, Mid. Sil. Anticosti, Div. 4. radicans. Hall, 1876, 28th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 106, Niagara Gr. STR. — SVH.] CCELENTERATA. 205 Fio. 22(t. Htrep- tclasma rectum. rectum, Hall, 1843, (Strombodes rectus,) , (ieo. Rep. 4th Dist. N. Y., j). 200, ai.tl [ Illust. Dev. Fobs., pi. 19, j Ham. (ir. ruatioum, Billings, 1858, | (Petraia rustica,) Rep. of Frogr. ( Jeo. Sur. Can., p. 168, HikI. Riv. (tr. > selectnm, Billings, 1865, : (Petruia selecta,) Can. Nat. and Cieo., 2d ser., vol. 2, p. 429, Mid. Sil. simjilex, Hull, 1882, Fof>s. Corals Niagara and Up. Held, (irs., p. 18, and 12th Rep. Geo. Ind., p. 277, Up. Held. Gr. spongiaxis, Rominger, 1876, Fops. Corals, p. 144, Niagara Gr. j strictum, Hall, 1874, 26th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 114, Low. Held. Gr. tenue, Hall, 1882, Fobs. Corali Niagara and Up. Held, (irs., p. 17. and 12th Rep. Geo. Ind., p. 278, Up. Held. (ir. ungula, Hall, 1876, Illust. Dev. Foss., pi. 19, Ham. Gr. waynensis, SaflFord, 1869, (Petraia way- nensis,) Geo. of Tenn., p. 314, Low. Held. Gr. Striatopoka, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 156. [Ety. striatus, striated ; porot, pore.l Ramose; corallites thick-walled, angular, conical ; cells opening upon the surface in expanded, angular, cu|)- like depressions, which are longitudi- nally striated, and between the stria? the bands may bear spinules ; tabulae and mural pores common. Type S. flexuosa. carbonaria, White, 1862, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, Burlington Gr. cavernosa, Rominger, 1876, Foss. Corals, p. 60, Corniferus Gr. flexuosa, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 156, Niagara Gr. formosa, Billings, 186(), Can. Jonr., vol. 5, p. 254, Up. Held. Gr. huronensis, Rominger, 1876, Foss. Corals, p. 58, Niagara Gr. iowensis, Owen, 1840, (Cyathoporaiowen- sis,) Rep. on Min. Lands of Iowa, etc., p. 69, Ham. Gr. issa. Hall, 1874, 26th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 114, Low. Held. Gr. limbata. Eaton, 1832, (Madreporalimbala,) Geo. Text Book, p. 30, and Illust* Dev. Foss., pi. 33, Ham. Gr. linmcana, Billings, 1860. Can. Jour., vol. 5, p. 253, Ham. Gr. misoouriensis, Meek & Worthen, 1868, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 369, Low. Held. Gr. . Fig. 221.-8irl- rugom, Hall, 1858, Geo. of aioporu lln- lowa, p. 479, syn. for S. najana. iowensis. Strombodes, Schweigger, 1820, Handb. der Naturg.,p. 418. [Ety. strombos, twisting.] Composite, increasing by calicular i;era- mation ; corallites coustitutfcil prin- cipally bv a series of superposed, in- vaginated, infundibuliform tabulic, united by adoending trabicultv, so as to form a columnar mass ; calices pen- tagonal, well circumscribed, and com- pletely covered with the septal radii ; outer walls not well developed, and inner mural investnienc rudimentary. Type S. pentagonuH. alpenemis, Rominger, 1876, Foss. Corals, p. 133, Ham. Gr. Is this a syn. for S. mammillaris? diffluens, Edwards & Haime, 1851, Pol. Fos. des Terr. Pal., p. 431, AuticostiGr. di»torlus. Hall, 1843, Geo. Rep. 4th Dist. N. Y., p. 20i>, Ham. Gr. Too imper- fectly described for recognition. Prob- ably a Ileliophyllum. eximius, Billings, 1866, Catal, S'l. Foss. Antic, p. 93, Clinton and Niagara Grs. gracilis, Billings 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 113, Mid. Sil. Imianthoides, (?) Heliophyllum halli. mammillaris, Owen, 1840, (Astrea mam- millaris,) Rep. on Min. Lands, p. 70, and Rominger, in Pal. Foss., p. 133, Ni- agara Gr. Fig. 222— Miroiubodes pentagonuH. pentagonus, Goldfuss, 1826, Germ. Petref. p. 62, Niagara Gr. pygmsuus, Rominger, 1876, Foss. Corals, p. 132, Niagara Gr. (?) rectu», see Streptelasma rectum. separatus, Ulrich, 1886, Cont. to Am. Pal., p. 32, Niagara Gr. simplex, see Zaphrentis simplex. striatus, D'Orbigny, 1850, Prodr. de Paleont., p. 48 Niagara Gr. Stylastrea, Lonsdale, 1845, Geo. and Pal. of Russia, and Ural Mts., p. 621. [Ety. 8/j/'f>8, pillar ; a*ter, star.] Composite, large; corallites prismatic; easily sepa- rable; walls thick, striated longitudi- nally, and wrinkled transversely ; within the walls there is a narrow, vesicular, perithecal zone, and within it alamellif- erous area; septa numerous, not reach- ing the center ; tabulic abundant. Type 5. inconferta. anna, Whitfield, 1882. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sol., vol. 2, p. 199, Up. Held. Gr. SvRiNGOLiTES, Hiude, 1879, Geo. Mag., vol. 6, p. 244. [Ety. syrinx, pipe; iithoSf stone.] Composite, large with basal epitbeca; corallites polygonal, thin- i v"i 1 ( 206 CCELENTERATA. [9YR.— TIT. TH \.— VKR. walled, with mural pores, and a cylin- drical tube in the center of each coral- lite. Tvpe S. huroneuBis. buronensfa. Hinde, 1879, Geo. Mag., vol. 6, p. 246. Niagara Or. Sybingopora, Goldfuss, 1826, Germ. Petref., p. 76. [Ety. syrinx, pipe ; poro», pore.] Oorallum aggregating, at first creeping after the manner of Aulopora, then sending up numerous vertical, cylin- drical corrallites, usually flexuous, sub- parallel, and connected laterally by more or less transverse processes; septa rudimentary; tabuliu close set, infundibuliform ; epitheca well de- veloped. Type S. reticulata. alectiformis, Winchell, 1866, Kep. Low. Penin. Mich., p. 00, Ham. Gr. annulata, Hominger, 1876, Fobs. Corals, p. 81, Niagara Gr. aulopora, Salter, 1855, Belcher's Last of the Arctic Voyages, vol. 2, p. 385, Car- boniferous. cleviana, Edwards & Haime, 1851, Pol. Fobs. d. Terr, Pal., p. 295, Cornifer- oufl Gr. compacta, Billings, 1858, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 3, p. 422, Up. Sil. crassata, Winchell, 1866, Rep. Low. Penin. Mich., p. 90, Ham. Gr. dalmani, Billings, 1858, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 3, p. 423, Up, Sil. • debills, Billings, 1858, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 3, p. 423, Up. Sil. eiegans, Billings, 1858, Can, Nat. and Geo., vol, 3, p, 425, Corniferous Gr. fenes'rata, Winciiell, 186(5. Rep, Low. Penin Mich., p. 90, Ham. Gr. fibrata, Rominger, 1876, Foss. Corals, p. 82, Niagara Gr. harveyi, White, 1862, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, p. 32, Waverly or Kinder- hook Gr. Z hisingeri, Billings, 1859, Can. Nat. and Gee, vol. 4, p. 116, Corniferous Gr. infvndibulum, see Cystostylus infundi- bulum. intermedia, Nicholson, 1874, Rep. Pal. Prov. Ont. Can., p. 126, Ham. Gr. laxata, Billings, 1859, Can. Jour., vol. 4, p. 118, Corniferous Gr. maclurii, Billings, 1860, Can. Jour., vol, 5, p, 258, Cor- niferous Gr. multattenuata, McChesney, 1860, New Pal, Fobs,, p, 75, and Pal, E. Neb., p. 144, multicaulis. Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 119, Niagara Gr. nobilis, Billings, 1859, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 4, p. 118. Up. Held, Gr. parallela, Etheridge, 1878, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 34, p. 583, Up. Sil. perelegans, Billings, 1859, Can. Jour., vol. 4, p. 117, Up. Held. Gr. retiformis, Billings, 1858, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 3, p. 424, Up. Sil. Fig. 228.— Syringopora maclurii. reticulata, Goldfuss, 1826, Petref. Germ,, p. 76, Devonian, tabulata, Edwards & Haime, 1861, I'ol. Foss. des Terr. Pal., p. 288, Up. Held. (ir. tenella, Rominger, 18/6, Foss. Corals, |). 81, Niagara Gr. tubiporoides, Yandell i<: Shumard, 1K47, Cont. to Geo. of Ky., p. 8, Curniferous ( ir. tubiporoides, Billings, see S. maclurii. verneuli, Edwards & Haime, 1N.')|, Polyp. Foss. de Terr. Pal., p. 289, ("..r- niferous Gr. verticillata, GoldfuBS, 1826, Petref. Germ., p. 76, Niagara Gr. Tetradium, Dana, 1848, Wilkes. Expl. Exped. Zooph., vol. 8, p. 701. [Ktv. telra, four.^ Aggregate, massive, Riit). hemispheric ; corallites long, prismatic, inclose contact; septa few, not reacliing the center of the visceral chamber (typically four) ; tabulte numernus, com]n. d. Pol. Fobs. d. Terr. Pal., p. 328, I',,, Held. Gr. chesterensis, Worthen, (in press,) (ieo.Siir. 111., vol. 8. p. 73, Kuskaskia Gr. cinctosa, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. \'\m. Antic, p. 92, Clinton and Niagaru Urg. cingulosa, Billings, 1874, Pal. 1*o8b., vol. 2, p. 10, Gaspe limestone No. 8, Devonian. clappi, syn. for Z. gigantea. clitfordana, Edwards & Haime, 1851, Mon. d. Pol. Fobs. d. Terr. Pal., p. 329, biiib- carboniferous. coUetti, Hall, 1882^ Foss. Corals Niagara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 28, and IJth Rep. Geo. Ind., p. 316, Up. Held. Gr. complanata. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Ni- agara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 26, and 35th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Kfat. Hist., p. 430, Up. Held. Gr. compressa, M. Edwards, 1860, Hist. d. Corallaires, t. 3, Warsaw Or. compreMa, see Z. davisana. concava. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Niagara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 35, and iL'th Rep. Geo. Ind., p. 291, Up. Held. (ir. conigera, see Clisiopbyllum conigeruiii. constricta. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Ni- agara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 33, and 35th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 437, Up. Held. Gr. contorta, Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Niagara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 37, and .'ioth Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 441, Up. Held. Gr. convoluta, Hall, 1882, Fobs. Corals Ni- agara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 37, and 12th Rep. Geo. Ind. p. 294, Tp. Held. Gr. cornicula, Lesueur, 1820, (Caryopliyllia cornicula,) Mem. du Mus., vol. (i, p. 297, Up. Held. Gr. corrugata. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Ni- agara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 27, and 36th Rep. N. Y, St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 431, Schoharie Gr. corticata, Billings, 1874, Pal. Fobs., vol. 2, p. 9, Low. Devonian. cristulata, Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Ni- agara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 10, and 35th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 414, Niagara Gr. cruciformis. Hall, 1883, 12th Rep. (ieo. Ind., p. 315, Up. Held. Gr. curvata. Hall, 1882, Fobs. Corals Niagara and Up. Held. Gra., p. 35, and 35th Rep. N; Y. St. Mub. Nat. Hist., p. 439, Up. Held Gr. cyatniformis, Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Niagara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 27, and 12th Rep. Geo. Ind., p. 290, Up. Held. Gr. cylindraceas, Worthen, (in press,) (Tec. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 78, Kaskaskia Cir. cystica, Winchell, 1866, Rep. Low. Penin. Mich., p. 90, Ham. Gr. dalei, Edwards <& Haime, 1851 , Mod. d. Pol. Foss. d. Terr. Pal., p. 329, Warsaw Or /.AI-] C(ELBNTERATA. 209 rlavlaana, n. sp. Up. Held. Crr. Propo§ed insteaci of Z. comprcB8a of liominKer, 187«l, Fobs. CoralH, p. 151, pi. 63, wlHch was preoccupied. (lefortniH, Hall, 1883, 12tli Rep. (ieo. Ind., p. 290, Up. Held. (rr. denticulata, Eichwald, 1857. Probably not American. (ieflori, fMwards & Haiine, 1851, Mon. d. Pol. Fobs. d. Terr. Pal., p. 333, Low. Held. ithophvlhim angtiHtatuni. incondita, Billings, 1874, Pal. Foss., vol. 2, p. 7, Devonian. invenusta, Billings, 1875, Can. Nat. vol. 7, p. 233, Up. Held. Gr. irregularis, Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Ni- agara and U)). Held. Grs., p. 34, and 35th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 43H, Up. Held. Gr. knappi. Hall. 1882,_Foaa. Corals Niagara d U >p. IS Up. Held. Gr. an( Ip. Held. Grs., p. 34, and S-lth Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 438, lunoeolata, Worthen, (in press,) Geo. Sur. III., vol. 8, n. 76, Warsaw (ir. latisinuR, Hall, 1H82, Fota. Corals Niagara and Up. Held. Gra., p. 10, and 35th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hiat., p. 414, Niagara (ir. macfarlani, Meek, 18()8, Trnns. CLi. Acad. Sci., p. 83, Devonian. marcoui, Edwards & Haime, 1851, Mon. d. Pol. Foss. d. Terr. Pal., p. 337, Ni- agra Gr. minas, Dawson, 1868, Acad. Geo., p. 286. Snbcarboniferous. multilamella. Hall, 1852, Stans. Ex. to Gt. Salt Lake, p. 408, Coal Meas. multilamellata, Nicholson, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 236. The name was preoc- cupied, and the definition is very im- perfect. nitida. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Niagara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 31, and 12tli Rep. Geo. Ind., p. 288, Up. Held Gr. nodylosa, Rominger, 1876, Foss. Corals, p.<448, Corniferous Gr. ofneyenais, Etheridge, 1878, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 34, p. 588, Up. Sil. ovalis. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Niagara and Up. Held, (irs., p. 29, and 12th Rep. Geo. Ind., p. 294, Up. Held. Gr. ovibus, Salter, 1855, Belcher's Last of the Arctic Voyages, vol. 2, p. 382, Car- boniferous. parasitica, Worthen, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 79, Kinderhook Gr. patens, Billings, 1865, Can. Nat. and Geo. 2d. aer., vol. 2, p. 430, Mid. Sil. pellaensis, Worthen, (in press,) Geo. Sur. III., vol. 8, p. 74, St. Louis Gr. planima. Hall, 1882, Foss. Corals Niagara and Up. Held. Grj., p. 29, and l2th Rep. Geo. Ind., p. 292, Up. Held. Gr. ponderosa, Hall, 1882, Fosa. Corals Ni- agara and Up. Held. Grs., p. 27, and 12th Rep. Geo. Ind., p. 288, Up. Held. Gr. r?7 210 CCEI.ENTERATA. l/w. preMuhi, Hall, 18H2, Koh. Coralfl Niaaara and Up. Held. OrH., n. 10, and Ssth K«I>. N. Y. Ut. Mua. Nat. Hiat., p. 414, Niagara Or. profunda, Hull, 1HH2, Kom. CorBlaNiuars uud Up. H«ld. Urs., p. 81, and I2th Rep. ")th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 442, Up. Held. Gr. Fio. 230.— Zaphrentls worthenl. wortheni, Nicholson, 1875, Ohio Pal., v( 2. p. 235, l^orniferus Gr. HCHINODKKMATA. 211 SUBKINGDOM ECHINODERMATA. This Subkingdnm is represented, in the Palteozoic rocks, bv the C^lnsses Crinoidea, Stellerida, and Echinida. The word "Crinoidea" was first used in 1821, by J. 8. Miller, who pub- lished a book entitled " A Natural History of the Crinoidea." He used it as a family name, but Inter investigations raised it to the rank of a Class. The Palteozoic Orders, into which the Class is divided, are Paleeocrinoidea, Blastoidea, Cystoidea, Lichenocrinoidea, Agelacrinoidea, Cyclocystoidea and Myelodactyloidea. The Htellerida are represented by the Orders Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea, and the Echinida by the Order Perischoechinida. The fossils consist of plates, variously arranged and connected, all of which are composed of peculiar crystalline lime. The principal parts of the Palieocrinoidea are the calyx or body, arras, pinnules, column, and base or root. The Agelacrinoidea aii)i Lichenocrinoidea were attached, by one side, to some foreign substance. The Cyclocystoidea were free or attached in like manner. Whether the Myelodacty- loidea were free or attached to other bodies is unknown. Some of the Cystoidea were sessile, others possessed columns tapering to a point, and others had bases or roots for attachment. The Blastoidea possessed columns, but whether or not any of them attached by bases or roots is unknown. All Palteocrinoidea had columns, but some did not have bases or roots. The Orders bearing pinnules are the Blastoidea, Palieocrinoidea, and part of the Cystoidea. Prof. Wachsmuth has claimed the construction of the vault affords good characters for the separation of the Palieocrinoidea into families, and has dis- tinguished three plans upon which the summit is constructed, viz.: 1. The summit composed of a more or less pliable, sometimes perhaps squamous integument, yielding to motion, in the body anj} arms. 2. The summit composed of solid plates, with a porous ventral sac, located posteriorly, on the disk, and closed at the top. Anal opening rarely observed, but, probably, lateral. 3. The summit composed of heavy immovable plates, closely joining and form- ing a dome arching the entire oral side. Anal opening directly through the wall of the dome or at the extremity of a tube, the so-called proboscis. Without underestimating his work, a single illustration will show that families cau not always be distinguished by the construction of the vault ; for in the family Heterocrinidie, there is no resemblance between the vaults of Ectenocrinus, Heterocrinus, locrinus, and Ohiocrinus. Ectenocrinus has no tube or proboscis, Ohiocrinus has a large spiral tube, and locrinus has a long cylindrical one, extending beyond the ends of the arms and flowing pinnules. We believe the separation of the Palieocrinoidea into families must be based upon the construction of the calyr and vault, but chiefly upon the form'jr. Prob- ably no &mily should be made to include genera, some of which have subradials 212 KCHINODERMA TA. and others do not. It is therefore of the first importance to ascertain whether^the crinoid has one or two circles of plates below the radials. Those having only one circle havi: been called monocyclic, and those having two circles dicyclic. The circle at the base is composed of what we call the " basal plates," and the second circle, whenever it has an existence, is composed of '■ subradial plates." In this we follow Billings, Meek, Agassiz, and most other standard authors. Carpenter and'Wachs- muth call the "subradials" the " basals" in all cases where they occur, and tlie lower plates "underbasals ;" but where there are no "subradials," they follow the well-established nomenclature in calling the first circle of plates " basals." The presence or absence of regular interradials, it seems, should always be re- garded as of family importance. The number of basal plates should also be regarded as of family importance. If not in all cases, then in connection with the general structure of the calyx and vault the families will be sufficiently well-defined. Those characters upon wliicli genera are founded, when combined, in certain associations will form families; aud under this head several important families have been created. Generic characters, as a matter of course, are to a certain extent included in the family characters ; but the form and construction of the column is of generic importance. The general form of the calyx and vault, and the number of primary radials, and the construction of the azygous area, are always of generic importance. Beside, certain combinations and associations of what are usually regarded as specific characters have been made the basis for establishing genera. Wachsmuth, speaking from experience, saya in young crinoids the basals are the most perfectly developed parts; they attain nearly their full size in young in- dividuals, greater in proportion than the subradials and radials, which are com- paratively early developed, and at a time when the interradial and anal plates have scarcely made their appearance. The latter develop the slowest, and in some genera increase continually, both in size and number, during the growth of the individual. Abnormal growths, or sudden modifications of specific characters, almost always take place in thr, interradial and azygous areas, the azygous rays and dome. His experience is corroborated by others, and the author never saw a small specimen that did not have its basals or first circle of plates as distinctly marked as they occur in large specinfens of the same species. The columns of crinoids very frequently show injuries received by the animal ir its life-time. The column is sometimes much swollen on one side and depressed on the other; sometimes a parasite that attached to the column is found imbedded or enveloped in the crinoid column. The animal could also repair its arms and other parts of its body by secretions of lime in the same way. Some of the Cystoidea may be arranged into families, upon characters similar to those upon which families are founded in the Palaeocrinoidea ; but, generally, this is not the case. Some of the Cystoidea possessed an arabulacral op' ing and two other orifices, the purposes of which may not be fully understood ; in others, the two openings referred to are absent. In addition to these, many bear openings called "pectinated rhombs," and all have pores passing through the plates. These pores passed to organs called " hydrospires," which were largely developed within the calyx of the Cystoidea and Blastoidea. The commi'.nication, through the test, with the outside water is supposed to show the hydrospires belonged to the respira- ECHINODRRMA TA. 218 tdiy system. The number and position of the larger orifices and the pectinated rhombs constitute the principal basis for family classification- The Blastoidea have orifices at the summit of the calyx which are important in classification. Some have fissures at the summit, others have slits along each side of the ambulacra, and others have five pairs surrounding an oral center. These openings connect with hydro- spires situated beneath the ambulacra. These orifices are of family importance, and some have regarded the number of hydrospires as of generic importance. In the nomenclature of the Blastoidea the calyx consists of the basals, radials or forked plates, and orals or deltoid plates. Tiie suture between the basals and radials is the basi-radial suture. The ridge at the median line of an oral is an oral or iuterradial ridge. In the forked plates the lower pari; is the body of th? radial, and the two prongs are the limbs. Between the limbs is the radial sinus, which is occupied by the ambulacrum, consisting of a lancet-piece, which is excavated length- wise by the food-groove or ambulacrum, and against it rest side plates or pore pieces, marked by pinnule pits or sockets., and there are also side plates. Beneath the ambulacra there are interradial systems of lamellar tubes or hydrospires. The open- ings of these tubes on the ventral surface of the calyx, as in Codaster, are called hyiE. — Coronocrinus, Cytocrinus. Family Edriocrinid^. — Edriocrinus. Family EucALYPTOCRiftiDiE. — Eucalyptocrinus. Family GASTEROcoMiDiE. — Myrtillocrinus. Family GAUROCRiNiDiE. — Gaurocrinus, Betiocrinus, Rbaphanocrinus, Thysa- nocrinus. Family GLYPTASTERiDiK. — Glyptaster, Lampterocriiius. ECHINODERMA TA. 215 Family GLYPXOCRiNiDyf:. — Archseocrinus, CoinpE>ocrinu8, Glyptocrinus, Pycno- crinus, Sohizocrinue. Family HAPLOCRiNiDi«. — Coccocrinus, Haplocrions. Family Heterocrinid;!':. — Ectenocrinus, Heterocrinur, locrinus, Ohiocrinus. Family Hybocrinid.'k, — Anomalocrinus, Hybocrinus. Family Ichthyocrinid^. — Cleiocrinus, Ichthyocrinus, Lecanocrious, Mespilo- crinus, Nipterocrinus, Onychocrinus, Taxocrinus. Family MELOCRiNiD^t:. — Allocriuus, Dolatocrinus, Macrostylocrinus, Maria- crinus, Technocrinus. Family PisocRiNiDiE. — Pisocrinus. Family Plat YCRiNiD^:. — Cordy locrinus, Eucladocrinus, Marsupiocrinus, Platy- crinus. Family PoTERIOCRINID;^:. — Bursacrinus, Cceliocrinus, Dendrocrinus, Graphio- crinus, Homocrinus, Hydreionocriuus, Merocrinus, Ottawacrinus, Poter- iocrinus, Stemmatocricus, Zeacrinus. Family Rhodocrinid;e. — Goniasteroidocrinus, Hadrocrinus, Lyriocrinus, Rhodocrinus. Family SynbathocriniDvE. — Synbathocrinue. Family TAXOCRiNiDiK. — Cupulocrinus, Forbesiocrinus, Taxocriuus. Family XENOCRiNiDiE. — Xenocrinus. Family affinity uncertain. — Brachiocrinus, Closterocrinus, Cystocrinus. Order Cystoidea. Family AMYGOALOCYSTiDiE. — Ainygdalocystites, Palseocystites. Family Anomalocystidje. — Anomalocystites. Family C ARYOCRiNiDiE. — Caryocrinus. Family CoMAROCYSTiDiE. — Comarocystites. Family Echinooystid^. — Echinooystites. Family EocYSTiDiE. — Eocystitea. Family Gomphocystid^. — Gomphocystites, Hemicosmites. Family HoLOCYSxiDiE. — AUocystites, Crinocystites, Holocystites. Family HYBOCYSTiDiE. — Hybocystites. Family LEPADOCRiNiDiE. — Apiocystites, Callocystites, Glyptocystites, Lepado- crinuB, Pleurocyatites, Sphaerocystites, Strobilocystites. Family Platycystid^. — Platycyatites. Family uncertain. — Heterocystites, Lysocystites, Malocystites, Porocrinus. I I Order Blastoidea. Family BLASTOioocRiNiDiE. — Blastoidocrinus. Family Codasterid^e. — Codaster, Heteroschisma. Family CoDONiTiOiE. — Codonites. Family Eleutherocrinid^. — Eleutherocrinus. Family GRANATOCRiNiDiE. — Granatocrinus, Schizoblastus. Family NucLEOCRiNiOiE. — Nucleocrinus. Family Pentremitid;e. — Pentremites, Pentremitidea. Family STEPHANOCRiNiDiE, — Stephanocrinus. Family Troostocrinid^. — Troostocrinus, Tricoelocrinus. 216 ECHINODERMA TA. ACK.— Vi T. Order Agelacrinoidea. Family AoELAC^uiNTDii':. — Agelacrinus, Echinodiucus, Edrioatiter, LepidodiRcn/i. Family Hemicystida:. — Heraicystites. Order Mvelodactyloidea. Family Myklopactylid.v,. — Myelodactylus. Ori>er Cyclocystoidea. Family Cyclo(-yst, see Eretmocrinus clio. clivnsiM, see Teleiocrinus clivosus. clwlia, see Eretmocrinus clcclia. tlypealus, Bee Batocrinus clypeatus. cimcavtis, see Dorycrinus concavus. concinnus, see Steganocrinus concinnns. coper, see PhysetocrinuB copei. corbulis, see EretmocTinus corbulis. coreyi, Lyon & Casseday, 1859, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arta, 2d ser,, vol. 29, p. 78, Keokuk Gr. corniculum. Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 566, Burlington Gr. Wachsmuth says it is a syn. for Agaricocrinua brevis. comigerus, Hall, see Dorycrinus cor- ni^erus. comigerm, Lyon & Casseday, see Gen- neeocrinus cornigerus. *l comulm, Troost, 18^, Catal. Not]defined. \ QO \ Via. 231.— Acrocrinut worttieni ; diagram. coronatus, see Eretmocrinus coronatus. dalyanus, S. A. Miller, 1881, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist, vol. 4, p. 309, Bur- lington Gr. daphne, Hall, 1864, 17th Rep. N. Y. St, Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 52, and Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 162, Waverly Gr. decomig, see Dorycrinus decornis, delicalm, Meek & Worthen ; the young of Teleiocrinus umbrosus. desideratusj Hall, syn. for Dorycrinus missouriensis, discoidem, see Batocrinus discoideus. divaricatus, Hall, syn for Dorycrinua cor- nigerus. divergent, see Amphoracrinua divergena. doilecadactylus, see Batocrinua dode- cadactylua. 218 FCHINODERMA TA. [act. dortf, see Batocrinus doris. erodtts, see Teleiocrinus erodus. eryx, Hal!, 1861, Desc. New Crinoidea, p. 12, Burlington 6r. eueharis, see Gennseocrinua eucbaris. evami, see Megistocrinus evanei. excerptus, Hall, 1861, Desc. New Cri- Fobs., p. 24, and Trans. Obi. Acad. Sci., p. 17, Burlington Qr. icosidaclylm, see Batocrinus icosidactylus, indianenaia, see Batocrinus indianensis. inflalug, see Ampboracrinus inflatus. infrequens. Hall, 1861, Desc. New f'ri- noidea, p. 14, Burlington 6r. noidea, p. 3, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 341, Burling- ton Gr. fibula, Troost. 1860, Gatal. Not defined. fitcellm, see Agarico- crinus fisoellus. fosteri, McCbesney, 1860, Desc. New Pal. Fobs., p. 19, and Trans. Gbi. Acad. Sci., p. 14, Burling- ton Gr. formomt, see Batocri- nus formoBus. gemmifortnis, see Eret- mocrinuB gemmiformis. gibbosus, Troost, 1850. Not defined. glans, Hall, 1860, Sup. to Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 16, Burlington Gr. glyptiis, see Strotocrinus glyptus. ^Idi, see Dorycrinus gouldi. eri, see Batocrinus hageri. heliee, see Agaricocrinus belice. helice var. em, see Agaricocrinus eris. humhddti, Troost. Not defined, burdanus, McOhesney, 1860, New Pal. Fig. 282— Actlnoorlnus arnoldi. inomatua, see Batocri- nus inornatup. inseulptm, see Teleio- crinus insculptus. irregularia, see batocri- nus irregularia. jugosus, Hall, 1860, Supp. Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 49, Keokuk Gr. kentuckienais, Sbumard, eyn. for Gennseocrinua comiRerus. konincki, see Eretmocrinus konincki. lagena. Hall, 1861, Desc. New Crino- idea, p. 13, Burlington Gr. laguncuiua, see Batocrinus lagunculua. laura, see Batocrinus laura. Itpidua, see Batocrinus lepidus. leucoaia, see Eretmocrinus leucosia. limabracbiatus, Hall, 1861, Desc. New Crinoidea, p. 2, and Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., p. 268, Burlington Gr. liratua, see Teleiocrinus liratus. lobatus. Hall, 1860, Supp. Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 51, Keokuk Gr. locellus. Hall, 1861, Desc. New Crinoidea, p. 15, Burlington Gr. Imtgiroatria, see Batocrinus longirostriei. longus. Meek & Worthen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 156, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 345, Burlington Gr. lowii, Hall, 1858, Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 611, Keokuk Gr. lucina, Hall, 1861, Desc. New Crinoidea, p. 11, Burlington Gr. matuta, see Eretmocrinus matuta. Atr.] ECHINODERMA TA. 2191 maixAa var. attentiatut, see Eretmocrinus attenuatus. meeki, ree Macrostylocrinua meeki. minor, Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 573, Burlingiton 6r. )nmimpjpieru.i», see Doryoriuus misissip- piensis. mmissippiengis var. spiniger, see Dorycrimis mississippiensis var. spiniger. miatouriensia, see Dorycrinus missouriensis. moniliformis, Miller, cited b}' Troost. Not American. mortoni, Troost, 1860. Not defined, multibrachiatus. Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 580, Burlington Gr. luultibracliiatus var. echinatus. Hall, 1861, Desc. New Crinoidea, p. 10, Warsaw Gr. multicomis, see Gentrocrint s multicornis. iiiuntlulm, see Batocrinus mundulus. inultiradiatus, Shiimard, 1857, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., p. 75, and Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 579, Burlington Gr. nai*hvUlse, see Batocrinus nashvillae. nashviihe var. 8ubtraclus, see Batocrinus nashvillse var. subtractus. novobrachiatus, Wachsmutli & Springer, (ill press,) Geo. Sur. III., vol. 8, p. 165, Kinderhook Gr. nyitm, see Gennaeocriuus nyssa. oblatug, see Batocrinus oblatus. obpyramidalis, see Melocrinus obpyr- amidalis. oUa, McCoy, 1849. Not American. olliruhis, syn. for Megistocrinus whitii. opusculutn. Hall, 1861, Boat. Jour. Nat. Hist., p. 264, Burlington Gr. ornatissimus, W a c h s- muth & Springer, (in press), Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 163, Kinder- hook Gr. omatus, see Physetocrinus ornatuB. ovatus. Hall, 1861, Desc. New Crinoidea, p. 19, , Burlington Gr. Iiapillalu«, see Batocrinus papillatus. imrvuK, see Dorycrinus parvus. pcndenn, see Dorycrinus pendens, penicillus. Meek & Worthen, 1869, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 155, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 342, Burlington Gr. pentagonus, see Steganocrinus pentagonus. j>enta»pinu», see Centrocrinus pentaspinus. pernodosus, Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 608, Keokuk Gr. perumhrogm, see Strotocrinus perumbrosus. pintillifonniii, see Batocrinus pistilliformis. l)Mtillm, see Batocrinus pistilius. planobasalis, see Amphoracrinus piano- basalis. planodisms, see Batocrinus planodiscus. plumom«, Hall, 1843, Geo. Rep. 4th Dist. N. Y., p. 72, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 180. Glicnon Gr. Not an Actinocrinus, and the fragments too poor for deter- mination. pmillum, see Gennseocrinus pocillum. Fig 233. — Aoll nocrlnus orna' tlssimuR. polydactytus, see Mariacrinus polydactylus. prxcurmr, see Dorycrinus precursor. proboscidialis. Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 584, Burlington Gr. pyriformis, see Batocrinus pyriformis. pyriformis, var, rudis. Meek & Worthen, see Bato- crinus pistilliformis. pyramidatus, see Agarico- crinus pyramidatus. quadrispinug, see Ampho- racrinus quadrispinus. quaternarius. Half, 1860, Fic.23ll^AcHno- Supp. Geo. Rep. Iowa, crinus probos- p. 22, Burlington Gr. cldlaiSs. quaternarius var. spiniferus. Hall, 1861, Desc. New Crinoidea, p. 11, Burling- ton Gr. quinquelobrm, see Dorycrinus quinque- loDUS. ramuloms, see Eretmocrinus ramulosus. regalig, see Strotocrinus regalis. remibiachiatus, see Eretmocrinus remibra- chiatus. reliculatus, see Physetocrinus reticulatus. rolundus, see Batocrinus rotundus. rudia, see Teleiocrinus rudis. ruslicm, Hall, 1861, Desc. New Crinoidea, p. 2, syn. for A. scitulus. Fio. 23.5.— Actinocrinus scitulus. Diagram x2. scitulus, Meek & Worthen, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 386, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 202, Burlington Gr. sculptuH, see Steganocrinus sculptus. securis. Hall, 1861, Desc. New Crinoidea, p. 14, Burlington Gr. semiradiatus, see Saccocrinus semiradiatus. Henarius, see Physetocrinus senarius. sexarmatus. Hall, 1860, Supp. Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 21, Burlington Gr. sUlimani, Meek & Worthen, syn. for A. scitulus. siinilia, see Batocrinus similis. sinuosus, see Batocrinus sinuosus. spfciosm. Meek & Worthen, syn. for Stro- tocrinus regalia. xpinobrtichiatvSfBee Amphoracrinus spino- brachiatus. 220 ECHINODERMA TA. [A '•A. apinotentaculuB, Hall, 1860, Supp. Geo. Kep. Iowa, p. 86, Burlington Gr. tpinulomiH, see Dorycrinus epinnloBUH. Hteropes, see Batocrinus steropes. Huhaculmtua, see Dorycrinus subaculeatus, xubatjualis, see Batocrinus subsequalis. mbturbinalus, see Dorycrinus subturbi- natus. tubumhroms, Hall, syn. for Teleiocrinus liratus. mbventricomi*, see Physetocrinus subven- tricosus. mperlalus, see Mcgistocrinus superlatus. nymmetrieui, see Dorycrinus symmetricus. tenuidiscus, Hall, 1861, Desc. New Crin- oidea, p. 14, Burlington Gr. UnuirudiatuH, Hall, 1847, see Palseocystites tenuiradiatufl. tenuiradidhis, Hall, 1861, see Teleiocrinus tenuiradiatus. tenuiseulptUH, McChesney, 1860, Desc. New Pal. Fobs., p. 15, and Trans. Chi. Acad. Sci., pi. 5, lig. 11, Burlington Gr. thalia, Hall, 1861, Desc. New Oinoidea, p. 18, Burlington Gr. themis. Hall, 1861, Desc. New Crinoidea, p. 11, Burlington Gr. tbetis. Hall, 1861, Desc. New Crinoidea, p. 11, Burlington Gr. thorn. Hall, syn. for A. reticulatus. tUolm, syn. for A. glans. tricvmw, see Dorycrinus tricornls. trhiodnn, see Dorycrinus trinodus. tiiibinatus, see Batocrinus turbinatus. turbinatus var. elegans, see Batocrinus tur- binatus var. elegans. umbrosiis, see Teleiocrinus umbrosus. uniearioatus. Hall, 1860, Supp. to Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 48, Keokuk Gr. unicornis, see Dorycrinus unicornis. uniapinm, see Dorycrinus unispinus. tuna, Troost, 1850' Not defined. urniformig, McChesney, 1860, New Pal. Foss., p. 23, syn. for Eretmocrinus konincki. validiiK, Meek «Sc Worthen, 1860, syn. for Steganocrinus concinnus. verUricoms, see Physetocrinus ventrlcosus. ventricoma var. cancellatug, see Physetocri- nus ventrlcosus var. caucellatus. rientricostis var. intemoduH, see Physetocri- nus ventrlcosus var. internodus. vemeuili, see Melocrlnus verneuili. verneuilianus, see Eretmocrinus verneu- ilanus. verrucosus, Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 578, Burlington Gr. viaticus. White, 1874, Rep. Invert. Fobs., p. 16, and Geo. Sur. W. 100th Merid., vol. 4, p. 82, Subcarboniferous. vimiaalis, see Amphoracrinus viminalis. wachsmutki. White, 1862, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, p. 17, syn. for A. scitulus. vHichfmuthi, White, 1880, see Batocrinus wachstnuthi. whUfieldi, see Saccocrinus wbitfieldi. whitii, see Megistocrinus whitii. yandelli, see Batocrinus yandelli. Agaricocrinits, Troost, 1860, Catal. in I'nx . Am. Ass'n, and Hali in 3d of lar);i> nodose plates and smaller convex oms, the central plate being the largest in the body; basals 3, small; primary radials 3x5; secondary radiais 1 or 2x10, which are succeeded by short* r arm-plates; regular interradials 3 ; a/y- gouB plates 4 to 7j or more : aperture, at the upper part, directed laterally ; ariiiH long, constructed of two rows of platcH bearing pinnule ; columns round. Type A. americanus. americanuB, Roemer, 1854, (Amphorucri- nuB americanus,) Bronn's Leth. Geo^'.. vol. 2, p. 250, and Geo. Sur. Iowa, ii. 617, Keokuk Gr. bellitrema. Hall, 1861, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., p. 281, Burlington Gr. Wadis- muth says it is a syn. for A. ornotrema. brevis. Hall, 1858, (Actinocrinus breviH,i Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 567, Burlingi;on Gr. bullatus. Hall, 1858, Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 562, Burlington (Jr. Wachsmuth says it is a syn. for A. americanus. convexus, Hall, 1860, (A. pentagonus var. convexns,) Supp. to (ieo. Sur. Iowa, [>. 58, Burlington Gr. Pig. 2.%.— Agarlcocrlnus crawuH, azyKOUH view of calyx. corrugatus. Hall, 1861, Desc. New Spec Criu., p. 4, and Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., p. 283, Burlington Gr. Wachsmuth says it is a syn. for A. pyramidatus founded upon a mature specimen, crassus, Wether- by, 1881, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist, vol. 4, p. 178, Keokuk Gr. elegans, Wether- by, 1881, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 179, Keokuk (Jr. Fig- 237.— AgarlcocrlnuN ol- eris. Hall, 1864, egans. view of the vault (Actinocrinus helice var eris,) 17th Rep. N. Y. St. MuB. Nat. Hist., p. ')3, A(.A.— AOE.] ECHINODERMA TA. 221 Kill. 28H,— AgnrlcncriiiUM ••leKans, ImHul view. and Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 164, Wa- verly Gr. excavatufl, Hall, 1861, (Actinocri- nua cxcavatus,) Deac. New Spec. Crin., p. 3, and Boat. Jour. Nat. Hist., p. 282, Bur- I i n g t o n G r. Wachamuth aays it la a ayn. for A, americantiB. fiacellus. Hall, 1661, ( Aclinocriimafia- cellua,) Deac. New Spec. Crin., p. 2, and Boat. Jour. Nat. Hiat., p. 272, Burlington Gr. ^eometricus. Hall, 1860, Supp. to Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 56, Burlington Gr. ^racilia. Meek «& Worthen, 1861, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 1.S6, Burling- ton Gr. helice. Hall, 1S64, (Ac- tinocrinua helice, ) 17th Rep. N. Y. St. Mua. Nat. Hiat., p. 53, and Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 163, Wa- verly Gr. inflatua. Hall, 1861, Deac. New Criniodea, p. 4, and Boat. Jour. Nat. Hiat., p. 284, Burlington Gr. inucudamai, Worthen, (in preaa,) Geo. Sur. III., vol. 8, p. 94, Keokuk Gr, nodosua, 'Meek & VVorthvn, 1869, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 167, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 387, Burlington Gr. Wachamuth saya it ia a ayn. for A. americanus. noduloaua, Worthen, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. H, n. 94, Keokuk Gr. ornotrema. Hall, 1861, Desc. New Crin- oidea, p. 3, Burlington Gr. pentagonua. Hall, 1860, Supp. Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 57, Burlington Gr. pmtagonm var. convexuH, aee A. convexus. planoconvexua. Hall, 1861, Desc. New Crinoidea, p. 3, and Boat. Jour. Nat. Hiat., p. 280, Burlington Gr. pyramidatua. Hall, 1858, (Actinocrinns pyramidatua,) Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 565, Burlington Gr. springeri, White, 1882, llth Rep. Geo. and Nat. Hiat. Indiana, p. 363, Keo- kuk Gr. stellatua. Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 564, Burlington Gr. tuberosus, Troost, 1850, Catal. Hall. 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 617, ayn. for A. americanus. whitfieldi. Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 621, Keokuk Gr. wortheni. Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 619, Keokuk Gr. Fig. 289— AKwrlco- crinutt helice. Sur. Sur. AoASHizoc-RiNiTS, TrooBt, 1850 Maa., Shu- mard, 1853, Marcy'a Rep. Red Riv., and Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 684. [Etv. proper name ; knnon, lily.] Calyx conical or Hemielliptical;notoruamental; baaals 5, usually anchyloaed, very ainall inner cavity; aubrHclials 5, thick, usually anchylosed; radials 2x5; arms 10; azygoua plates 3 or 4; column evi- denced bv a small cylindrical tube ex- tending from a minute cicatrix at the center of the basals to the interior of the cup. Type A. dactyliformia. carbonarius, Worthen, 1873, Geo. 111., vol. 6, p. 566. Up. Ccal Meaa. cheaterensis, Worthen, 1873, Geo. III., vol. 5, p. 558, Kaskaakia Gr. conicus, Owen & Shumard, 1851, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci, Phil., 2d. aer., vol. 2, p. 93. and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 5, p. 557, KuuKaakia Gr. constrictns, Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 687, Kaakaakia Gr. ddcty 1 i f o r m i a , Trooat, 18 5 0, deacribed by Shumard, 1853, Marcy'a Rep. Red. Riv., p. 199, Kaakaakia Gr. gibboeus. Hall, 1858, Geo. Rf'p. Iowa, f), 686, Kaakaakia Gr. globoaus, Worth- en, 187.3, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 557, Kaskas- kia Gr. gracilis, Trooat, 1850. Not cle- aned. hemispheric us, Worthen, 1882, Bull. No. 1, III. St. Mua. Nat. Hiat., p. 37, and Geo. Sur. 111., y°'" , ^» , ^^ J^^' Fig. 240. — AgiisKlzocrlnuB Kaskaakia Gr, dactyiirunnitt. occide n talia, Owen & Shumard, 1852, (Poteriocrinua occidentalis,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., vol. 2, p. 92, Kaskaskia Gr. papillatus, Worthen, 1882, Bull. No. 1, III. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 36, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol, 7, p. 315, Kaakaakia Gr. pentagonua, Worthen, 1873, (Jeo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 556, Kaakaakia Gr. tumidua, Owen & Shumard, 1852, (Poteri- ocrinua tumiduB,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., vol. 2, p. 90, Kaskaskia Gr. Agelacrinus, Vanuxem, 1842, (Agelacri- nitea,) Geo. Rep. 3d Dist. N. Y., p. 158. [Ely, agele, herd ; krinon, lily.] A thin, circular, parasitic disk ; upper face more or lesa convex, aud composed of thin imbricating platea; ambulfcra conaist- 222 ECHINODHRMA TA. [AI.,., Fio. 241— Agelacrl- nuHcincliiiiatien- hIs. ing of B double aeries of alternatiDg plates, forming convex ridges, consti- tuting purt of tlie upper face, and bear- ing two or more rows of ambulacral pores ; ovarian or anal aperture is situ- ated within the azygous interambula- cral area, surrounded by cuneiform f)lateB. Type A. hamiltonensis. lingsi. Chapman, 1860, Can. Jour., vol. 5, p. 358, Trenton Gr, cincinnatiensis, Roemer, 1851, Verh. Naturh, Rhein. Wfstph., vol. 8, p. :S72, and Ohio Pal. vol. 1, p. h\ Hud. Riv. Gr. dicksoni, Billings, 1857, Rep. of Progr. Geo, Sur. Can., p. 294, uud Cun. Org. Rem., Dec. ade3,p.84,TrentonGr. hamiltonensis, Vanuxem, 1842, Geo. Rep. 3(1 Dist. N. Y., p. 168, Ham. Gr. holbrookl, James, 1887, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 10, p. 25. Hud. Riv. Gr. kaBkaskienais, see Euhinodiscus kacikaski- ensis. pileus, Hall, 1866, Adv. sheets, 24th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 214, and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 66, Hud. Riv. Gr. septembrachiatus. Miller & Dver, 1878, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 27, Hud Riv. Gr. squamosus, Meek & Worthen, 1868, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 367, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 5, p. 573, Keokuk r oblong oval, angular and covered liy four series of platen; lirst series han I plates' second Hcries T); third scries '< or 6; fourth series 5 or more; arms 4, recumbent and tilling shallow grcovtH at the angles of the body , column rii|i- idly tapering; ovarian aperture near the summit, on the anterior side; all the plates bearing calycine pores; a pectinated rhomb upon each side in the 3d and 4th series, and one on the anterior side in the 2d series, but tlicpc may be variable. Type A. pentreinit- oides. canadensis, Billings, ISOO, Catal. Sil. V»hh. Antic, p. 90, Niagara Gr. elegans. Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 243, Niagara (ir. huronensis, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Foss. .\ntic, p. 91, Niugara (ir. imago. Hall, 1867, 20th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 35H, Niagara (ir. tecumseth. Billing, 186(1, Catal. Sil. Fuss. Antic, p. 91, Niagara (ir. Akaciinocrinus, Meek & Worthen, 18(iti, (jeo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 177. [Kty. arachne, spider; krinoii, lily.] Calyx small, resembling Cyathocrinus, but more depressed ; basals 5 ; subradiulH 5; radials :>x5; arms long, robust, spreading, furrow deep; no pinnules; azygous plate supporting a lateral tube ; column round. Type A. bulbosus. bulbosus. Hall. 1860, (Ovathoorinus bulb- osus,) 15th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 123, Up. Held. Gr. extensus, Wachsmuth & Springer, 187{>. Revis. Palieocrinoidea, p. 93, Ham. (ir. knappi, Wachsmuth & Springer, 1879, Revis. Palseocrinoldea, p. 93, Ham. (ir. pisiformis, Roemer, 1860, (Poteriocrinus pisifor- mis,) Sil. Fauna W. Tenn., p. 54, Niagara (ir. Wachsmuth says it is a LecanocrinuB. AKCHiKOciDAKis, McCoy, 1844, Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 173. [Ety. archaioK, ancient; ridnri)', turban.] Spherical; ambulacra narrow, each composed of two ranges of plates, with two pores in each plate ; interani- bulacrai plates large, thin, each with a large, perforated, central tubercle, sur- rounded, at its base, by a suiooth r'wii, and rounded, at the base, for the artic- ^ Fig. 248. Arachnocrlnii.'< pisiformis. ARC. asp] ECHINODERMA TA. 'itlh Kio. iWS. — ArohiBocl- (IiU'Ih IIKHflHizi, HllOW- liiKftpineH. ulatinn of a primary apine, and the whole aurroiinded bv Hinaller tuberclea for the articulation of aecondary aninea; luoiith Hurroiinded by numerona imbri- cutiiiK piateH ; jawa strong with meaial Huture; priinarv apinea larKu, variously ornamented, 'fype A. urii. | Hculeata, Nhumard, 1858, Trans. St. Louia Acad. Hci., vol. I, p. 223. Permian (ir. | agusaizi, Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iow% p. , m%, Burlington Gr. ! biangulata, Hhumnrd, ' 1858, Trana. Ht. ! Louia Acad. Hci., I vol. 1, p. 224, Coal cratis, White, 1876, (leol. of Uinta Mountaina, p. 109, and Cont. to Pal., No. 6, p. 130, Lower Aubrey (Jr. dininni, White, 1880, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mua., vol. 2, p. 260, and Cont. to Pal., No. 0, J). 131, Up. Coal Me.<»B. *>dKaren8iB, Wprthen & Miller, 1S83, Geo. S'ir. 111., vol. 7, p. 337, Up. Coal Meaa. gracilis, Newberry, 1861, Ives Col. Ex. Ex., p. 117, Up. Carb. illinoisenais, Worthen & Miller, 1883, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 338, St. Louis Gr. keokuk, Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 699, Keokuk Gr. iongispina, Newberry, 1861, Ives Col. Ex. Ex., p. 116, Up. Carb. megastylus, Shumard, 1858, Trans. St. Louia Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 225, Up. Coal Meaa. mucronata. Meek & Worthen, 1860, Proc. Acud. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 395, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 295, Kaskaskia Gr. newberryi, Hambach, 1884, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 4, p. 548, Kaa- kaskia Gr. norwoodi, Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 701, Kaskaskia Gr. ornata, Newberry, 1861, Ives Col. Ex. Ex., p. 116, Up. Carb. shumardana. Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 699, Warsaw Gr. spinoclavata, Worthen & Miller, 1883, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 337, Coal Meas. triplex. White, 1882, Rep. Garb. Invert. Foss. New Mex., p. xxii. Coal Meas. triserrata, Meek, 1872, Pal. E. Neb., p. 151, Up. Coal Meas. trudiferii. White, 1874, Rep. Invert. Fobs., p. 17, and Geo. Sur. W. 100th Mer., vol. 4, p. 104, Carb. verneuiliana, Swallow, 1858, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci. This name was pre- occupid by King. The species is A. aculeata. wortheni. Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 700, St. Louis Gr. Ari'IIKockinuh, Wachamntli iV Npringer, 1S81, Pror. Acad. Nat. Sci. and Rev. I'alii'ocrinoidea, p. 189. [Ety. iirrhninD, ani-ient; kriuim, lily.] UaHuls .'>; sub- radinlH5; primary radnila :r. Pio. 2.50.— Archa'ocrlnuH Hculptun. BculptUH, iS. A. Miller, 1K82, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 83 and 117, Trenton rimary radials 3x5, the lower one arge, the others Hmall; an azygoua in- terradial as large as the primary radiala rests upon the basals, and is followed by numerous small plates; regular in- terradials small; arms 10, bearing pin- nules; column round. Type A. ithacensis. carpenteri, Hinde, 1885, (Hystricrinus carpenter!,) Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., p. 162, Ham. Gr. Probably a syn. for A. punctobrachiata. ithacensis, Williams, 1883, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, p. 83, Ham. Gr. punctobrachiata, Williamw, 1883, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, p. 83, Ham. Gr. Abpidocrinus, Hall, 1859. Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 122. [Ety. atpk, shield ; krinon, lily.] Calyx broadly circular, de- pressed, hemispheric or scutelliiorm ; upper margin plain or plicate ex- teriorly ; articulating edges irregular ; point for attachment of column small. Type A. scutelliformis. 226 ECHINODERMATA. [AST.— HA h calloflUH, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 123, Low. Held. Gr. digitatua, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 123, Low. Held. Gr. BCutelliformiB, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 122, Low. Held. Gr. AtUriat, I^marck, 1815, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert. Not Palteozoic. anthonyi, see Palceaster jamesi. aniiqua, see Palseaster ?ntiqua. antiguata, see Palieaster antiquata. matntina, see Palseaster matutina. Asterocrinus, Lyon, 1857, (^eo. Sur. Kv., vol. 3. This name was preoccupied oy Munster. See Pterotocrinus. capilalis, see Pterotocrinus capitalis. coranarius, see Pterotocrinus coronarius. Astrios, Troost, 1850, Catalogue. Not de- fined. tenneg^ex, Troost, 1850. Not defined. CJ^ Fio. 251.— Bp.rycrinus wachsrauttii. Diagram Attrocrinites, Conrad in Catalogue Ann. Geo. Rep., 1840-'41. This nanie was pro- posed, but not defined ; moreover it was preoccupied. pachydadylns, see Mariacrinus pachydac- tylus. Asiylocrimis, Roemer, ^854, Leth. Geo., p. 229, syn. fof* Agassizocrinus. Isevis, syn. for Agassizocrinus dactyli- formis. Ataxocrinns, Lyon, 1869, syn. for Ano- malocrinus. caponiformig, see Anomalocrinus caponi- iormis. Atekoq^stiks, E:".ng8, 1858, Can. Org. Rem., Decade 3, p. 72, ayn. for Anomalocys- tites. huxleyi, see Anomalocystites huxleyi. Atelestocrinus, Wachsmuth & Springer, 1880, Rev. Pal., pt. 3, p. 221. [Ety. a/t2e«fo8, incomplete ; Arinon, lily.] Calyx elongate, bell-shaped, sides concave, restricted along the suture between basala and subradials; basalsS; suh- radials 5; long, narrow, irregular; :; hexagonal, 2 heptagonal; .izygous radial, non-arm bearing, the other four supporting each from 2 to 5 brachials ; the eight arms give off branching arm- lets ; azygous plate large, resting upon two subradials; column pentangular Type A. delicatus. delica^us, Wachsmuth & Springer, 1880, Rev. Pal., pt. 3, p. 223, Burlington Gr. robustuB, Wachsmuth & Springer, 1886, Rev. Pal., pt. 3, p. 223, Burlington or base of Keokuk Gr. Balanocrirms, Troost, 1850. This name was preoccupied. See Lampterocrinus. inflatus, see Lampterocrinus infiatus. Bakycrinus, Wachsmuth, 1868, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 338. [Ety. barns, heavy; krinon, lily.] Distinguished from Cyathocrinus by be- ing more robust, having thicker E>lates, and a shal- ower cup ; there are usually two azy- gous plates, while in Cyathocrinus there is never more than one; there are never more than two brachials, and these are shorterand wider than in Cyathocri- nus; the arms are shorter, heavier, and have narrower grooves; tL 3 column is stouter; subpen- tagonal and longi- tudinally five partite, with a highly or- ganized central ca- nal. Tj'pe B. an- gulatus. angulatus, Meek Si Worthen, 1860, (Cyathocrinus angu- latus,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 391, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 234, Keokuk Gr. bullatus. Hall, 1858, (Cyathocrinus bul- Itttus,) Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 624, Ke- okuk Gr. cornutuB, Owen & Shumard, 1850, (Cy- athocrinus cornutus,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 2. p. 63, and Geo. Sur. Wis., Iowa, and Minn., p. 591, Pirling- ton Gr. crassibrachiatUB, Hall, 1860, (Cyathocrinus nrassibrachiatus,) Sup. to Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 60, Keokuk Gr. geometricus. Meek & Worthen, 1873, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 486, Keokuk Gr. herculeus. Meek & Worthen, 1868, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 341, and Geo. Sur. Ill,, vol. 5, p. 485, Keokuk Gr. hoveyi. Hall, 1861, (Cyathocrinus hoveyi,) Desc. New Crin., p. 5, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 486, Keokuk Gr. HAT.] ECHINODERMA TA. Til kelloggi, White, 1S62, (CyathocrinuB kel- loKgi,) Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist, p. 8, Kfokuk Gr. magister. Hall, 1858, (Cyathocrinus magister,) Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 628, Keokuk Gr. magnificus. Meek & Worthen, 1868, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 340, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 5, p. 483, Keokuk Gr. manimatus, Worthen, 1873, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 486, Keokuk Gr. pentagonus, Worthen, 1873, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 487, Keokuk Gr. protuherans. Hall, 1858, (CyathocrinuB protuberans,) Geo. Sar. Iowa, p. 626, Keokuk Gr. Waclismuth says it is a syn. for B. bnllatus. rbombiferus, Owen & Sbunaard, 1850, (Poteriocrinus rhombiferus,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'hil., 2d ser., vol. 2, and Geo. Wis., Iowa, and Minn., p. 595, Burlington Gr. Bculptilis, Hall, 1860, (Cyathocrinus sculptilis,) Supp. Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 59, Burlington Gr. solidus, Hall, 1861, (Cyathocrinus solidus,) Desc. New Crin., p. 5, and Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, p. 293, Burlington Gr. spectabilis. Meek & Worthen, 1869, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 530, St. Louis Gr. spurius, Hall, 1858, (Cyathocrinus spu- rius,) Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 625, Ke- okuk Gr. stellatus. Hall, 1858, (Cyathocrinus stel- latus,) Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 623, Ke- okuk Gr. striatuB, Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 515, Keokuk Gr. thomae, Hall, 1860,(Cyathocrinusthomae,) Supp. Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 61, Warsaw Gr. tumidus. Hall, 1858, (Cyathocrinus tumi- dus,) Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 624, Keokuk Gr. wachsmuthi, Me"ik & Worthen, 1861, (Cyathocrinus wachsmuthi.) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 136, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 482, Burlington Gr. Batocrisds, Casseday, 1854, Deutsche Zeitschi , d. Geol. Gesellsch, vol. 6, p. 237, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 150. [Ety. haU)», prickly bush ; hrimrn, lily. J Calyx biturbinate or globose; basals 3; pri- mary radials 3x5; secondary radials 2x10; tertiary radials 2 x 2 x 10 ; regular interradials 1 to 5; azygous plates 6 to 12 or more ; tertiary radials meet so as to cut off the connection of the inter- radials with the dome plates; vaultele- vated ; tube or proboscis nearly cen- tral ; arms 18 to 26 or 36 to 40 ; pinnules ; column round, distinguished from Ac- tinocrinus by the quadrangular second radial instead of nexagonal; by the number of plates in the interradial areas; by the number of secondary radials ; and by having a double series of plates in each arm from the begin- ning. Type B. icosidactylus. sequalis. Hall, 1858, (Actinocrinussequalis,) Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 592, Burling- ton Gr. sequibrachiatus, McChesney, 1860, (Acti- nocrinus tequibrachiatus,) New Pal. Fobs., p. 25, and Trans. Chi. Acad. Sci., p. 18, Burlington Gr. aequibrachiatn/i, var, alatus, Hall, 1861, (Ac- tinocrinus eequibrachiatus var. alatun,) Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, p. 263. Wachsmuth says it is a syn. for B. icquibrachiatus. andrewsanuB, McChesney, 1859, (Actino- crinus andrewsanus,) New Pal. Foss., 6, 27, and Trans. Chi. Acad. Sci., p. 20, urlington Gr. aateriscus. Meek & Worthen, 1860, (Acti- nocrinus asteriscus,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 385, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 207, Burlington Gr. biturbinatus. Hall, 1858, (Actinocrinus biturbinatus,) Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 616, Keokuk Gr. calyculus, Hall, 1860, (Actinocrinus, caly- culus,) Supp. Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 55, Warsaw Gr. calyculus var. hardinensis. Meek & Worth- en, 1866, (Actinocrinus caylculus var. hardinensis,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 253, Warsaw Gr. caroli. Hall, 1860, (Actinocrinus caroli,) Supp. Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 54, War- saw Gr. cassedayanus, Meek & Worthen, 1868, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 353, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 370, Burling- ton Gr. christyi, Shumard, 1855, (ActinocrinuB christyi,) Geo. Sur. Mo., p. 191, Burling- ton Gr. clavigerus, Hall, 1860, fActinocrinus clavigerus,) Supp. Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 44, Burlington Gr. Wachsmuth says it is a syn. for B. similis. clypeatus. Hall, 1860, (Actinoorinus ciy- peatus,) Supp. Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 12, and Geo, Sur. Ill, vol. 2, p. 150, Bur- lin{E;ton Gr. discoideus. Hall, 1858, (Actinocrinus dis- coideus,) Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 594, Bur- lington Gr. dod ecadactylus. Meek & Worthen, 1861, (Actino- crinus dodecadac- tylus,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 13, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 205, Burlington Gr. doris, Hall, 18 61, (Actinocrinus doris,) Desc. New Crinoidea, p. 15, Burlington Gr. Wachsmuth eays it is a syn. for B. tnqualis. euconus. Meek & Worthen, 1860, (Allo- Srosallocrinus euconus,) Proc. Acad, at. Sci. Phil., p. 164, Warsaw Gr. m ->' o ^ Fig. 252. — ButocrlnuR dodecudactylus. Dia- gram. 228 ECHINODERMA TA. [bat. formoBUs, Hall, 1860, (Actinocrinus for- ITI08US,) Supp. to Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 30, Burlington (ir. Wachsmutli says it is a syn.for B. discoideus. hageri, McChesney, 1860, (ActinocrinuH hageri,) New Pal. Foss., p. 28, and Trans. Chi. Acad. Sci., p. 21, Burling- ton Gr. icosidactj^lus, Casseday, 1854, (Actino- crinus icosidactylus,) Zeitsch. Deutsch. Geol. Gesellscli, vol. 6, p. 238, War- saw Gr. indianensis, Casseday & Lyon, 1859, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 2d ser., vol. 29, p. 75, Keokuk Gr. inornutus. Hall, 1860, (Actinocrinus inor- natus,) Supp. to Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 34, Burlington Gr. Waclismuth says it ia a syn. for B. clypeatus. irregularis, Cassedav, 1854, Zeitsch. Deutsch. Geol. Geseli., vol. 6. p. 238, Warsaw Gr. lagunculus. Hall, 1860, (Actinocrinus lagunculus,) Supp. to Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 41, Warsaw Gr. laura. Hall, 1861, (Actinocrinus laura,) Desc. New Crinoidea, p. 15, Burling- ton Gr. lepidus. Hall, 1860, (Actinocrinus lepidus,) Supp. to Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 32, Bur- lington Gr. longirostris. Hall, longiroBtris,) Geo. Burlington Gr. lovii, Wachsmuth Proc. Acad. Nat. ington Gr. 1858, Sur. (Actinocrinus Iowa, p. 589, & Springer, Sci., p. .342, 1881, Burl- FiG, 253.— Batocriuus muc- brldti. macbridii, Wachsmuth & Sprinirer, ^in press,) Geo. Sur II!., vol. 8, p. 172, Kinderhook Gr. montgomer yensis, Worthen, 1884, Bull. No. 2, 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 35, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 83, Keokuk Gr. mundulus, Hall, 1860, (Actinocri- nus mun- , Iowa, p. 39, dulus,) Supp. to Geo. Sur, Warsaw Gr. nashvillae, Troost, Hall, 1858, (Actino- crinus nashvillse,) Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 609, Keokuk Gr. nashvillae var. subtractus, White, 1863, (Actinocrinus nashvillae var. subtrac- tus,) Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, p. 16, Keokuk Gr. neglectus, see Eretmocrinus neglectus. oblatuB, Hall, 1860, (Actinocrinus oblatus,) Supp. to Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 38, Burling- ton Gr. Wachsmuth says it is a syn. for B. rotundus. papillatus. Hall, 1860, (Actinocrinus |>ti- pillatus,) Supp. to Gf»o. Sur. Iowa, \>. 29, Burlington Gr. Wachsmuth says it is a syn. for B. clypeatus. pistilliforiuis. Meek & Worthen, IHii'i, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 153, and Geo Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 151 Waverly or Kinderhook Gr. pistillum. Meek & Worthen, 1865, (Acti- nocrinus pistillus,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 152, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 472, Burlington Gr. planodiscus. Hall, 1860, (Actinocrinus planodiscus,) Supp. to Geo. Sur. Iowa. p. 45, Warsaw Gr. pyriformis, Shuraard, 1855, (Actinocrinnn pyriformis,) Geo. Sur. Mo., p. 192, Bur- lington Gr. quasillus, Meek & Worthen, 1869, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 352, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol, 5. p. 369, Burlinj;- ton Gr. rotundus, Yandell & Sbu- mard, 1855, (Actinocrinus rotundus,) Geo. Sur. Mo., p. 191, Burlington Gr. similis. Hall, 1860, (Actino- crinus similis,) Snpp. to Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 40, _ „,, „ Keokuk Gr. *^ ^'.?inu«~otun: sinuosus. Hall, 1860, (Acti- dus. nocrinus sinuosus,) Supp. to Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 26 Burling- ton Gr. steropes. Hall, 1860, (Actinocrinus ster- opes,) Supp. to Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 43, Keokuk Gr. subaequalis, McChesney, 1860, (Actino- crinus subsequalis,) New Pal. Foss., p. 17, and Trans. Chi. Acad. Sci., p. 13, Burlington Gr. Wachsmuth says it is a syn. for B. discoideus. subconicus, Worthen, 1884, Bull. No. L', 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p, 26, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 84, Keokuk Gr. trochiscus. Meek & Worthen \^(\8, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. " "i md Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 37 1\ i j;!ington Gr. turbinatus Hall, 1858, (Actinovvinus tur- binatus,) Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 58'/, Bur- lington Gr. turbinatus var. elegans, (Actinocrinus turbinatus var elegans,) Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 588, Burlington Gr. unionensis, Worthen, (in press,) (ieo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 84, St. Louis Gr. wachsmuthi. White, 1880, (Actinocrinus wachsmuth!,) 12th Rep. U. S. Geo. Sur. Terr., p. 162, and 2d Rep. Ind. Geo. Sur.. p. 510KfcnkukGr. whitii, Wachsmuth & Springer, ISSl, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., p. 343, Keokuk Gr. yandelli, Shumard, 1857, (Actinocrinus yandelli,) Trans. St. Louis Acad. He!.. vol. 1, p. 76, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 341, Keokuk Gr. BV I,.— CAC] ECHINODERMA TA. 229 Bi LEMNOCRINU8, White, 1862, Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat.Hi8t., vol. 9, p. 14. i [Ety. helemwrn, dart, javelin ; krvnon, lily.] Basals 5, large, long, . narrow and of irregular shape; radials5; arms ; 10, with one or two i syzygies in each joint ; ! ftinuules long, arm- I ike, and bifurcating; ; azygous plate rests be- ! tw€ 1 radials, and upon one of the basals, i and supports a large | ventral sac composed ! of numerous hexago- I nal plates; column | pentagonal, with or ' without lateral cirrhi. Type B. typus. flonfer, Wachsmuth & : Springer, 1877, Am. i Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 13, p. 256, Burlington Gr. i pourtalesi, Wachsmuth & Springer, 1877, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 13, p. 258, Burlington Gr. typus. White, 1862, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, p. 14, Burlington Gr. whitii Meek «& Worthen, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat.' Sci. Phil., p. 251, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 3, p. 463, Burlington Gr. ifAi Fio. 255.— Belem- nocrinus typus. Fro. 256.— Belemiioor Inns whttil. Diagram z 2. Blastotdocrinus, Billings, 1859, Can. Orst. ,Rem., Decade 4, p. 18. [Ety. hlastoH, a bud ; eidos, form j krinon, lily.] The general form is like a Pentremites; basals do not rest upon the top of the column, but have their inner edges turned upward, and the.column passes on into the visceral cavity ; the deltoids occupy the whole space between the pseudambulacra ; the oriticv's unknown; column round. Type B. carcharidens. carr haridens, B i 1 1 - ings, 1859, Geo. Sur. of Can., Dec- ade 4, p. 18, Chazy Gr. BRACiiiocRisrs, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 118. [Ety. brachium, an arm ; krinon, lily.] Founded upon Fio. 257.— Blastoldocrl- arms rounded at "i" carcharidens. d, ,1 , uelloiu plates ex- the ba.se, com- tending the whole posed of single ar- length of the pseud- ticulating plates »»nbalacra. having thickened, node-like joints, and bearing pinnules. Type B. nodosarius. nodosarius, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 118, Low. Held. Gr. BuHSACRiNUs, Meek & Worthen, 1861, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 136. [Ety. bursa, purse ; krmon, lily.] Calyx some- what like Graphiocrinus, but arms widely different; basals 5; subradials 5 ; radials 2x5; regular interradials 0; azygous interradial 1 ; arms wide, flat, jointing below, in compact series, and bifurcating above. Type B. wach- smuthi. confirraatus, White, 1862, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, p. 11, Burlington Gr. wachsmuthi. Meek & Worthen, 1861, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 137, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 3, p. 479, Burlington Gr. .t Fio. 258— Bursaorinns wachsmuthi. Diagram. OacabocriniM, Troost, 1850. Never scribed. The fossils referred to it long to Dolatocrinus. 16 de- be- 230 ECHINODERMA TA, [CAI,.— CAh. CcdathocHnm, Hall, 1861. The name was preoccupied by Von Meyer in 1848. See Telt iociinuR. Calceocrinus, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. So2, and 13tli Rep. N. Y. St. Mns. Nat. Hist., p. 122. [Kty. calceds, shoe; krinon, lily.] Base, a cinjile subtrian- ?;ular or semioval plate, composed of our ancbylosed piects, wiili cicatrix, for columnar attachment at lower an- gle; bodv, above the base, consihting of 5 or 7 plates, of which two are nmcli the larger; a central, elongated plate separates the two large lateral radial plates, and bears an arm ; lateral radial Elates, each, support brachials that ear bifurcating arms; azygcius side arched and compostd of 4 or more plates, after which a free arm arises. Type C. clirysalis. artiiuiosus, Billings, 1859, (Heterocrinus articulosus,) Can. Org. Rem., Decade 4, p. 51, Trenton Gr. barrandii, Walcott, 1883, 35th Rep. N, Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 212, Trenton Gr. barriiti, see Deltacrinu^ barrisi. bradleyij see Deltacriiius bradleyi. chrvsalis. Hall, 1860, (Cheirocrinus chrys- alis,) 13th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 123, Niagara Gr. clarut, see Deltacrinus clams. dactplus, see Deltacrinus dactylus. furcillatus, Billings, 1887, Trans. Ottawa Fi» Id Nat. Club, vol. 3, p. 51 , Trenton Gr. inaiquaMs, Billings, 1859, (Heterocrinus insequalis,) Can. Org. Rem., Decade 4, p. 51, Trenton Gr. lamellosus. Hall, 1860, (Cheirocrinus la- mellosus,) 13th Rep, N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 123, Burlington Gr. Not well defined. nodosuf, see Dtltacrinus nodosus. perplexus, Shnmard, 1866, (Cheirocrinus peiplexus,) Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 358, Keolaik Gr. punctatu.", Ulrich, 1886, (Cremacrinus punctatus,) 14th Rep. Geo. Sur. Minn., p. 107, Trenton Gr. radicula, Riiigueber»r, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hibt., vol. 5, p. 120, Niagara Gr. robustuB, Worthen, (in press,) Geo. Sur. III., vol. 8, p. 92, K. okuk Gr. rugosus, Billings, 1887, Trans. Ot- tawa Field Nat. Club, vol. 3, p. 53, Trenton Gr. stigmalus, see Delta- crinus stigmatus. tunicatuB, Hall, 1860, (Cheirocri- mus tunicatus,) 13th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 124, Keokuk Gr. ventricosus, Hall, 1860, (Cheirocrinus ventricMsus,) 13ih Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hibt, p. 123, Burlington Gr. Fio. 259.— Cnlceccrlnus ruguBUS. wachgmuthi, see Deltpcrinus Wflchsmuthi. Callocystites, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., \<,\. 2, p. 238. [Ety.ita//o«, beau- tiiul ; kH4i», bladder.] Ovoid ; let series of ]>lateB 4; 2d seiies 8; 3d series j abiiut the same nund)er;l small plates at the. apex; arms ncunibent, rebting in a small hhallow groove ; pectinated rhombs in three pairs ; oral, ovarian and anal apertures. Type C. jewetti. jj,,„ .jflo_c.,|- jewetti, HaU, 1852, Pal. N. Y. i oc vMiii.s vol. 2, p. 230, Niagara ( Jr. Jewetti. tripeclinatus, Ringueberg, 1886, Bull. Biif. Soc. Nat. Sci., vol. 5, p. 12, Niajiaia (Ir. Camahochinus, Hall, 1879, 28ih R»p. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 205. [Kty knmara, arching chambers; kriiwn. lily.] Body large, uuhymnietrical, cn- ternally lobed, chambered witliin and bearing no arms; wail of the dome composed of two layers, the in- folding of the inner one forniinjr the partition' dividing the chambers; Bubcircular area in the basal portidii composed of spreading, radiciform, lii- furcating rays, compoi-ed of plates ic- sembiing thot-e of a crinoid column, and connected by im^ularpolygonal plates; ambulucral opt nings between bifurca- tions near the outer rim of the area; column cylindrical, internal canal fivt- rayeu. Type C. stellalus. clarki, H.dl, 1879, 28th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 209. Low. Held. dr. saffordi. Hall, 1879, 28ih Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 208, Low. Held. (ir. Btellatus, Hall, 1879, 28ih Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 207, Low. Held. (ir. Cawpanulitts, Trooht, 1850. Not defined. tefsellalus, Troost, 1850. Not defined. Canistrocrinm, Wachi-muth & Sprinj.'er, 1885, Palajocrinidee, vol. I, pt. ."», p. !t4. Founded upon Glyptocrinusiichardsoni and G. patiersoni, two widely difl'i rent specit s. The >:eneric characlers are not satisfactorily pointed out. Carabocriniis, Billings, 1867, Rep. of Progr. Geo. Sur. C0, (ChiMrocriniiH dac- tyhiH,) i;{th Kep. N. Y. Sf. Muh. Nat. rtist., p. 123, nurlinKton Or. nodoHUH, Hall, lH(iO, (Clicirocrinus 110- dosns,) lath Rep. N. Y. St. Muh. Nat. HiHt., p. 124, Keokuk Or. stigmatuH, Hall, \m\\, (Cliei- rooriiuis HtiKinaMiH,)Tranf), 4, p. 225 tucrlnusHtlK- inul us. Dor- Hal view of calyx 011- 1 a r KoO 2 dlaiii. Alb. Inst., vol Niaftara . 193. [Ety. dendron, tree; krinon, ily.] Calyx oboonuidal; baaaIsS; sub- radialH 5; radials 1x5, and an ad- v'litional one caused by a division of the plate on the left side of the large azy- gous one ; reg- ular interradi- als 0; flzygouB interradial 1 ; large and long proboscis or ventral sac rises from the azygous inter- radial ; arms long, branch- ing; ambula- cral furrow deep ; pinnules wanting ; column round or pentagonal ; without base or roots for attachment. Type D. longidactylus. acutidactylus, Billings, 1857, Rep. of Progr. Geo. Sur. Can., p. 266, and Can. Org. Rem., Decade 4, p. 37, Trenton Gr. ancilla. Hall, 1879, Desc. New Spec. Foss., p. 9, and 11th Rep. Geo. and Nat. Hist. Indiana, p. 271, Niagara Gr. alternatus, Hall, 1847, (Poteriocrinus al- ternatus,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 83, Tren- ton Gr. angtdatus, see Palseocrinus angulatus. angustatus. Meek & Worthen, 1870, (Ho- mocrinus angustatus,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 30, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 6, p. 492, Hud. Riv. (ir. Fia. 282— Dendrocrlnus, Diagram. cadiiceuH, Hull, ISftO, 24tli Uen. N. Y. ^t, Muh. Nat, limt., p. 20M, llud. Riv. Or cuHii, Meek, 1871, Aiu. .four.Sri. and Aiis, :;d H«'r., vol. 2. p. 20.'), and Oliio I'.il. vol. 1, p. 28, Hud. Riv. Or. cineinnaliensiH, Meek, 1872, Proc. Arid. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. .312, and Ohio I'mI., vol. 1, p. 20, Hud. Hiv. Or. conjugHiiH, BillinKR, 18.")7, Rep. r( Pnirr. Geo. Sur. ('an., p. 2(i8, and Can, (tru. Rein., Decade 4, p. 41, Trenton (ir. celHUK, RingueberK, 1888, 1'roc. Acad. .Nat Sci. Phil., p. 132, Niagara (ir. ciirliiK, HPe MerocrinuH curtUH. cylin(iri(;UH, BillingH, 185t>, Can. ()r^. Rem., Decade 4, j). 44, Trenton (ir. dyeri, Meek, 1872, Proc. A(;ad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 310, and Ohio, Pal., vol. I, p 24, Hud. Riv. (ir. erraticUN, S. A. Miller, 1881, Jour, ('in Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 31(), Ilu.j, Riv. (ir. graciliH, Hall, 1847,(PoteriocrinuB gracilis, 1 Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 84, Trenton (ir. gregarius, Billings, 1857, Rep. of I'tkht. Geo. Sur. Can., p. 265, and Can. Or^^. Rem., Decade 4, p. 30, Trenton (ir. humiliH, BillingH, 1857, Rep. of I*ni>,'r. Geo. Sur. Can., p. 2(J5, and Can. Ore. Rem., Decade 4, p. 39, Trenton (ir. jewetti, Billines, 1859, Can. Orj' Rem., Decade 43, Trenton ' latibrachiatus, Bill- ings, 1857, Rep. Prog. Can. (ieo. Sur., n. 270, and Can. (Jrg. Rem., Decade 4, p. 39, Hud. Riv. Gr. longidactvlus. Hall, 1852, f>al. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 193, Ni- agara Gr. modeiliis, Safford. Not defined, navigiolum, S. A. Miller, 1880, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 235, Uiina Slate (Jr. nucleus, Hee Cyathocrinus nucleus. Fig. 28.3.— Uendro- crlnuB Jewel tj. Fio. 281.— Dendrocrluus oswegoensls. Dlagmra. oswegoensis. Meek & Worthen, 1868, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 3, p. 333, Hud. Riv. Or. I>11 .] ECHINODERMA T.t. 230 liolyilHctyluf*, Sliiiniiiril, IH')7, (Homo- criniiH polyiluctyliiH, ) TntiiH. Kr. I. on in Aciul. Sci., vol. 1, p. 7S, itixl (JJiio I'lil., vol. 1. p. L'2, Mud. Uiv. Ur. I>()htiH('i(iiatnH, HillinjfH, !H.")7, \{^'\^. of 1*11 igr, Dan. (.i»'o. Sur., p. 207, and Can. Orjr. Rem,, Dfcadu 4, p. IW, Tion- ton . 19, Burlington Gr. cnmus, see Pterotocrinus crassns. dicliotomus, Hall, 1860, Supp. to Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 85, Warsaw Gr. elegam, Casseday& Lyon, see Talarocrinus elegans. expansus. Meek & Worthen, 1868. The name was preoccupied by DeKoninck & LeHon, but the name is probably a synonym for D. polydactylus. fiens, Casseday & Lyon, 1860, Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sci., vol. 5, p. 24, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 502, Keokuk Gr. inornatuH, WaciiMtniith tV Springer, (in prcMH,^ <,r, _ Dioho- en, 1.S09, Proc. Acad. crliiiiHiiioriuiiuii. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 69, and (ieo. Sur. III., vol. 5, p. 440, Burl- ington Gr. liratus. Hall, 1861. Desc. New Crinoidea, p. 5, and Jour. Bost. Nat. Mist., vol. 7, p. 290, Burlington (ir. ornatus, Wachsmuth & Springer, 1881, Proc. Acnd. Nat. Sci. Phil, and Hevis. Palii'ocrin., p. 84, Keokuk, (ir. This name was proposed insteud of D. sculp- tus, Casseday A Lyon, because tlie latter was preoccupied, ovatus, Owen & Shumard, 18.')0, .lour. Acad. Nat. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 2, p. 61, and Geo. Sur. Iowa, Wis., and Minn., p. 590, Burlington (ir. , pisum. Meek & Worthen, 1869, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 69, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. .'>, p. 441, Burlington Gr. plicatus, Hall, 1861, Desc. New Crinoidea, p. 4, and Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Mist., vol. 7, p. 288, Burlington (ir. pocillum. Hall, 1861, Desc. New Crinoidea, p. 5, and Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Mist., vol. 7, p. 291, Burlington Gr. polydactylus, Casseday & Lyon, 1860, Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sci., vol. 5, p. 20, Keokuk Gr. proluberans. Hall, see Pterotocrinus pro- tuberans. scitulus. Hall, 1861, Desc. New Oinoidea, p. 4, and Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, p. 289, Burlington Gr. sculptus, Casseday & Lyon, 1860, Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sci., vol. 5, p. 25. The name was preoccupied by DeKo- ninck & LeHon in 1853. See 1). or- natus. sexlobatus, see Talarocrinus sexlobatus. simplex, Shumard, 1857, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., p. 74, and Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. (J54, Warsaw Gr. striatus, Owen & Shumard, 1850, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 2, and Geo. Sur. Iowa, Wis., and Minn., p. 590, Burlington (ir. tymmetricus, see Talarocrinus symmet- ricus. 240 ECHINODERMA TA. [DIC. — IKiK, DuityocrinuB, Conrad, 1841, (Dictuocrinites,) Ann. Rep. N. Y. and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 135, syn. for ReceptacuUtes. squamifer, Hall, see Receptaculites squam- ifer. DoLATOCRiNDS, Lyon, 1857, Geo. Sur. Ky., vol. 3, p. 482. [Ety. dolatua, hewn or tooled; krinon, lily.] Body subsphe- roidal ; calyx basin-shaped ; vault hem- ispherical, depressed in the interradial areas ; basals anch^losed and probably numbering 5; radiala 3x5; secondary radials 2x10; sometimes tertiary radials 2 x 20 ; arms 20 to 40, bifurcat- ing and bearing pinnules ; interradials 5 or more, the first one large ; aperture sub- central; column round. Type D. lacus. canadensis, Whiteaves, 1887, Cont. to Can. Pal. vol. 1, p. 99, Ham. Gr. glyptus. Hall., 1862, (Cacabocrinus glyp- tus,) 16th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 140, Ham. Gr. Pig. 286.— Dolatocriuus Fio. 287.— Dolatoerinns lacus. Side view. lacus. Ventral view. glyptus var. intermedins, Hall, 1862, (Ca- cabocrinus glvptus var. intermedins,) 15t'i Rep. N. Y.St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 141, Ham. Gr. lacus, Lyon, 1857, Geo. Sur. Ky., vol. 3, p. 482, Up. Held. Gr. lamelloBus, Hall, 1862, (Cacabocrinus lamello- sus,) 15th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 141, Up. Held. Gr. liratus. Hall, 1862, (Caca? bocrinus liratus,) 15th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 139, Ham. Gr. Hiatus var. multilira. Hall, 1862, (Cacabocrinus li- ratus var. multilira,) 15th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist , p. 139, Ham. Gr. marshi, Lyon, 1869, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 13, p. 461, Up. Held. Gr. ornatus, Meek, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 57, Up. Held. Gr. speciosuB, Hall, 1862, (Cacabocrinus speci- osus,) 15th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 137, Up. Held. Gr. triadactylus, Barris, 1885, Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., vol. 4, p. 100, Ham. Gr. troosti, Hall, 1862, (Cacabocrinus, troosti,) 15th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 138, Ham. Gr. Fig. 288.— Dola- tocrtnas lacus. Diagram of a ray. Donacicrinilea, Troost. Not defined. simplex, Troost. Not defined. DoRYCKiNUs, Roemer, 1854, Archiv. f. Naiur- gesch Jahrg. 19, p. 207. [Ety. dury, spear; krinon, lily.] Body turbinate or subglobose, truncate at the base, as to make it pentaIobi;te ; dome convex and usually bearing from 1 to 6 spinos; basals 3 ; primary radials 3x5; second- ary radials 2x2; or where there are tertiary radials, there are only 1 x 2 secondaries; arms 24 to 40; interradials 2 or 3, in two series ; azygous area very different from the interradial areas, and having several more plates and an aperture near the top directed laterally ; readily distiaguished from Batocrinus and Eretmocrinus by the lobed form of the body", by the azygous area and lateral opening, and by the shortness of the arms. Type D. missie.sippi- ensis. canaliculatus. Meek & Worthen, 1,S69, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 166, and (ieo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 381, Burlington Gr. concavus. Meek & Worthen, 1861, Or (Actinocrinus con- y-^Y)r ^O cavus,) Proc. Acad. ^ N/,i>^,r^' Nat " ' "' " 131 111. Low. Burlington Gr 'US,) Proc. Acad. „ ^^^/<::iC)i'^ ,-' t. Sci. Phil., P.9300Q3^'^" , and (ieo. Sur. ^ nx^f^r'^' , vol. 2, p. 215, V0'i^A^ corniopriis Hall IS.'iR ^"^'*- 2«9.-l)orycriiuis cornigeru8,riaii,iooi5, concavus. Dlacram (Actinocrinus cor- nigerus,) Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 576, Bur- lington Gr. gouldi, Hall, 1858, (Actinocrinus gouldi,) Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 613, Keokuk (ir. Fig. 290.— Dorytrlnus liniiia- turus. Posterior unci mite- rlor views. immaturus, Wachsmuth & Springer, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. i75, Waverly or Kinderhook Gr. kelloggi, Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111. vol. 6, p. 513, Keokuk Gr. BCH.] ECHINODERMA TA. 241 lineatus, S. A. Miller, 1881, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 310, Burling- ton Gr. inississinpiensis, Roemer, 1853, Archiv. fur Nat. Jahr. 19, p. 207, Keo- kuk Gr. niississippiensis, v«r. spiniger, Hall, 1860, Supp. to Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 53, Keo- kuk Gr. inissouriensis, Shumard, 1858, (Actinocri- nus missourienBis,) Geo. Rep. Mo., p. 190, Burlington Gr. parvibasis, Wachsnauth & Springer, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 177, Kin- derhook (Jr. Fig. 291.— Dorycrlnus parvlbiisis. Anterior, pos- terior, and ventral views. parvus, Shumard, 18o.,-, (Actinocrinus par- vus,) Geo. Sur. Mo., p. 193, Upper Bur- lington Gr. pendens, Hall, 1860, (Actinocrinus pen- denp.) Supp. to Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 31, Burlington Gr. prsecursor, Hall, 1862, (Actinocrinus prre- cursor,) 15th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 131, Ham. Gr. quinquelobus, Hall, 1860, (Actinocrinus quinquelobus,) Supp. to Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 15, Burlington Gr. Fig. 292.— Dorycrlnus radlatus. Posterior and anterior \iews. quinquelobus var. intermedins, Meek «fe Worthen, 1868, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 346, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 385, Burlington Gr. radiatus, Wachsmuth & Springer, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 176, Kin- derhook Gr. roemeri, Meek & Worthen, 1868, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 346, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 383, Burling- ton Gr. spinulosus, Hall, 1860, (Actinocrinus spinulosus,) Supp. Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 52, Keokuk Gr. subaculeatus, Hall, 1858,( Actinocrinus sub- aculeatus,) (ieo. Rep. Iowa, p. 570, Burl- ington Gr. A subturbina- R; '293.— l)or}9, (Heterocrinus canaden sis,) Can. Org. Rem.," Decade 4, p. 48, Tren- ton Gr grandis. Meek, 1873, (Hetero- crinus sim- Slex var. gran- is,) Pal. Ohio, vol. 1, pi. 1, Fig. 296 '^ O &0 % M)S> . -Ectenocrin us fig. 7, Hud. simplex. Dlugraiu. Riv. Gr. simplex. Hall, 1847, (Heterocrinus sim- plex,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 280, Trenton and Hud. Riv. Gr. Edrioastkr, Billings, 1858, Can. Org. Rem., Decade 3, p. 82. [Ety. edrion, seat; aster, star.] A substitute for Cyclabier, proposed in 1857, the latter name hav- ing been preoccupied. Body sessile, discoid ; plates numerous, irregular, polygonal; arabulacral grooves 5, tapering, composed of two series of oblong ossic" . with four rows of ambulacral ^o js in each ; mouth large, formed of live oral and five in- ternal ossicles. Type E. bigsbyi. bigsbyi, Billings, 1857, (Cyclasterbigsby!,) Rep. of Progr. Geo. Sur. Can., p. 293, and Can. Org. Rem., Decade 3, p. 82, Trenton Gr. Edkiociunus, HhII, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3. p. 119. [Ety. edrimi, seat; krinon, lily.] Body obconic; base solid, without column ; radials 5, resting, in depres- sions, in the base ; azygous plates 2, one large, resting in a basal depres- sion, the other smaller and succeedin<; the first; arms composed of trans^ verselv linear plates and bifurcatin;.'. Type E. pocilliformis. pocilliformis. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., v ,1 3, p. 121, Low. Held. Gr. pyriformis, Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y St. Mus. Nat. Hisf., p. 88, Up. Held. (It. sacculus, Hull, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, |.. 143, Oriskany sandstone. Elxacrinus, Roemer, 1852, syn. for Nuclcd- crinus. kirkwoodemU, see Nucleocrinuskirkwoud- ensis. verneuUi, see Nucleocrinus verneuili. Elkutiierocrinus, Shumard & YandtH 185(5, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., -, ol. ,s. p. 73. [Ety. ehutheros, free ; krhum, lily.] Calyx subelliptical, resembling Nucleocrinus in form but depressed on the azygous side ; trunca ed at tin- summit and bulged on one side ; sub- triangular at the base and prolon<.'od on one of its sides ; basals 3, one siiiall, two irregular and much elongated ; radials 1 x5, four-forked, occupying nearly the length of the calyx. One short and not forked ; interradiaU 1x5; pseudambulacral areas 5, four linear, extending nearly the entire length of the calyx, one short, subtri- angular, situated on the summit plane; apertures 8 (? ). Type E. capsedayi. cassedayi, Shumard & Yandell, 1850, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliil., vol. 8, p, 74, Up. Held. Gr. whitfieldi. Hall, 1862, 15th Rej). N. Y, St. Mus. Nat. Hist., App. C, p. 123, Ham. ( \\\ EociD^Ris, Desor, 1858, Synopsis des Kclii- ri ^ s Fossiies. [Ety. eo», ilawn ; cilnris, la. oan.] Plates hexagonal ; one Ur^ic t\ bercle on each plate, sinuolh at tlie base and perforated at the summit; distinguished from Archseocidaris by the absence of a second ring. Type E. drydenensis, Vanuxem, 1842, (Ecbinus drydenensis,) Geo. Rep. 3d Dist. N. Y., p. 184, and 20Mi Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 343, Chemung (ir. hallanus, Geinitz, 1866, Carb. und Dyas. in Neb., p. 61, and Pal. E. Neb.^ p. 152, Up. Coal Meas. sqvamosus, see Lepidocidaris squaniosus. EocvsTiTKS, Billings, 1868, Acad. Geo!., p. 64.3. [Ety. eos, dawn; kustw, bladder.] Plates numerous, varying in size, form, and ornamentation, usually radiately sculptured. Tvpe E. primrevus. longulactvlus, Walcott, 1886, Bull. U. S. Geo. Sur., No. 30, p. 94, U|»per Taconic. prim8ev\5s, Bdlings, 1868, Acad. Geol. p. 643, Up. Taconic, St. John's Gr. ERKT.MOCR1NU8, Lyou & Cassedav, 1859, Am. Jour. Sci. aiid Arts, vol. 28. p. 241. [Ety. ereltnof, oar ; krinon, lily.] Body Fig. 2il7. Eooy.stltes prlmrevus bitur- KRI— BUC] ECHINODERMA TA. 248 binate or eubglobose, vault exceeding the calyx in size; basals 3, forming a wide rim; primary radials 3x5; arm openings 12 to 22; arms simple or com- pound, long, flattened in the upper portions; iuterradials 1 to 3; azygous interradials, 8 or more ; tube or pro- boscis excentric and extending beyond the infolding arms; column round. Type E. magniflcu!). fldultus, Waciismuth & Springer, 1881, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 349, Keokuk Gr. attenuatus, Hall, 1861, (Actinocrinus ma- tnta var. attenuatus,) Desc. New Crin., p. 14, Burlington Gr. calyculoides, Hall, 1860, (Actinocrinus calyi'uloides,) Supp. to Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 17, Burlington Gr. rarica, Hall, 1861, (Actinocrinus carica,) Desc. New Grin., p. 10, Burlington Gr. olio, Hall, 1861, (Actinocrinus dlo,) Desc. New Crinoidea, p. 1, and Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, p. 262, Burling- ton Gr. cloelia. Hall, 1861, (Actinocrinus clojlia,) Dt-sc. New Crinoidea, p. 1, and Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, p. 266, Burling- ton Gr. corbulis. Hall, 1861, (Actinocrinus coi- bulis,) Desc. New Crin., p. 1, and Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, p. 265, Burling- ton Gr. coronatus, Hall, 1860, (Actinocrinus coro- natus,) Sopp. Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 28, Burlington Gr. gemmiformis. Hall, 1860, (Actinocrinus gemmiformis,) Supp. Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 23, Burlington Gr. intermedins, Wachsmuth & Springer, 1S81, Proc. Acad. Nat. Soi., p. 348, Keokuk Gr. iconincki, Shumard, 1855, ( A «^ t i n o c r i n u 8 kon- incki,) Geo. Sur. Mo., p. 194, Bnriinaton Gr. leucosia. Hall, 1861, (Ac- tinocrinus leucowia,) Desc. New Crin., p. 1, and Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, p. 261, Burlington Gr. maghiticus, Lyon & Cas- sedav, 1859, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. 28. p. 241, Keokuk Gr. ir.atuta, HhII, 1861, ( Actinocrintis matuta,) Desc. New Crinoidea, p. 14, Burling- ton Gr. matiUa var. attenuata, see E. attenuatus. nt'^lectus. Meek & "Wortl.en, 1869, (Bato- crinus neglectus,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 355, and Gpo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 377, Budington Gr. originarius, Wachsmuth & Springer, 1881, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 348, Keokuk Gr. ramulosus, Hall, 1858, (Actinocrinus ram- ulosns,) Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 616, Keo- kuk Gr. FlQ. 29K. Eretiiiocrlnns kontncki. remibrachiatus. Hall, 1861, (Actinocrinus remibrachiatus,) Desc. New Crinoidea, p. 11, Burlington Gr. varsouviensis, Worthen, 1882. Bull. No. 1, 111. St. Mus. Nat. HiHt., i>. 30, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 306, Warsaw Gr. verneuilanup, Shumard, 1855, (Actinocrinus ver- neui!ianu8.) Geo. Sur. Kk*. m Mo., p. 193, Burlington ,^'-^ruu;tVr. Gr. Erisocrinus, Meek & Worthen, 1865, Am. Jour. Sii. and Arts, vol. 89, p. 174. [Ety. erin, contention ; krinon, lily.] Calyx saucer-shaped; basalH 5, small; subradiala 5, large; radiaKs 2x5, large; no interradials; airis 10; column round. Type E. tvpus. antiquus, Metk & Worthen. 1869, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 71, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 5, p. 447, Burlington Gr. cogiialufi, Wachs- muth & Springer, 1887, Note to p. 255, Revis. Palseo- crinoidea, syn. for E. ))lanus. conrtidens. Meek & Worthen, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 150, and (Jeo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 318, Up. Coal Mtas. inflexus, Geinitz, 1866, (Cyatho- crinus inflexus,) Carb. und Dyas, in Neb., p. 62, and White's Cont. to Pal., No. 6, p. 128, Coal. Meas. nebraskensis, Meek & Worthen, 1S65, Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 89, p. 174, Up. Coal Meas. Regardfd a vaiiety ol E. tvpuy. planus, White, ]88(», Proc. U. S. 'Nat. Mus., vol. 2, p. 257, and Cont. to Pal., No. 6, p. 127, Coal Meas. Fig. 3(10. — Krlsocrlinis coiioideiis. Hide view, naiurxl size ; b, Uiti- grani,2 dluin. Fia. IjOl.— EriKocriuns typiis. Two hide views, bueuil view, and lup view uf culyx. typus. Meek «& Worthen, 1865, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. 89, p. 174, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 319, Up. Coal Meas. tubnciilatua, see Eupachycrinus tubercu- latuB. whitii. Meek & Worthen, 1869, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 72, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 448, Burlington Gr. EucALYPTOCRiNus, GoldfuBS, 1826, Petref. Germ., p. 212. [Ety. eu, well; kulyplos, covered ; krinon, lily.] Body turbinate ? 244 ECHINODERMA TA. [EUC— BtG. or bowl-shaped from base to arms, and with arms and interbrachial plates subovate or subelHptical ; basals 4, concealed in basal cavity and developed in the interior; primary radials 3x5, the first large ; secondary radials 2 x 10 ; interradials 3, one very large ; arms 20, composed of a double series of plates, which fill the interbrachial spaces ; in- terbrachial plates solid, extending from the interradial plates as high as the arms reach, and uniting at the summit ; proboscis or tube extending to the top, and sometimes far beyond ; column round ; attaching by branching roots. Type E. rosaceus. armom», see Siphonocrinus armosus. crelatus, Hall, 1843, (Hypanthocrinites cfBlatus,) Geo. Rep, 4tl) Dist. N. Y., p 113, and 28th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hiat., p. 142, Niagara Gr. chicajroensis, Winchell & Marcy, 1865, Mem. Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist., p. 90, Ni- agara Gr. contcua, Troost. Not defiued. constrictup. Hall, 1879, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 10 (Abstract, p. 10), and 11th Rep. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Ind., p. 273, Ni- agar Gr. cornu s, Hall, 1864, 20th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 363, Niag- ara Gr. cornutus var. excavatus, Hall, 1864, 20th R«p. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 364, Niagara Gr. Fio. 302.— Eucalyptocrlnus crassus. crassus. Hall, 186.3, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 197, and 28th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 141, Niagara Gr. decorus, Phillips, 1839, (Hypanthocri- nites decorus,) Murch. Sil. Syst., p. 672, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 207, Ni- agara Gr. depressus, S. A. Miller, 1880, Jour. Oin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 232, Ni- agara Or. egani, S. A. Miller, 1880, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 140, Niagara Gr. extenms, Troost. Not defined. gibboms, Troost. Not defined. goldfunsi, Troost. Not defined. inconspectus, Ringueberg, 1884, Proc. Atjui. Nat. Sci., p. 148. Not properly defin'il. lavis, Troost. Not defined. magnus, Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 501, Niagara Gr. TMshvillx, Troost. Not defined. obconicus, Hall, 1864, 20th Rep. N. Y, St. Mus. Nat. Hist, p. 365, Niag- ara Gr. ornatus, Hall, 1861, Rep. of Progr. (ito. Sur. of Wis., p. 20, Niagara Gr. ovalis, Troost. as figured by Hall, 1876, 28th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 143, Niagara Gr. papulosus, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 211, Niagara Gr. phillipsi, Troost. Not defined. proboscidalis, S. A. Miller, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 224, Ni- agara Gr. ramifer, Roemer, 1860, Sil. Fauna West Teun., p. 51, Niagara Gr. rotundus, S. A. Miller, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 82, Niag- ara Gr. splendidus, Troost, Oatal. Hall & Whit- field, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 128, Ni- agara Gr. iennesseese, Troost. Not defined. tuberculatus. Miller & Dyer, 1878, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 36, Ni- agara Gr. turbinatus, S. A. Miller, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, p. 82, Niagara Gr. ,, „^ „ K ^^ CL A » OCR I N U S, ^ '- uTtU ^ -uffi:^-'- Meek, 1871, U.S. Geo. Sur. Terr., p. 373. [Kty. eu, very ; kfados, branch ; krinon, lify.^ Calvx like Platycrinus^ and distinguished by having the radial series extended in the form of tubular free rays, which bear arms, alternately, on either side, throughout their length; arms com- posed of a double series of Interlock- ing plates. Type E. montanensis. millebrachiatus, Wachsmuth & Springer, 1878, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 245, Burlington and Keokuk Gr. montanensis, Meek, 1871, Hayden's Rep. U. S. Geo. Sur. Ter., p. 373, Subcar- boniferoua. pleuroviminus. White, 1862, (Platycri- nua pleuroviminus,) Proc. Boat. Hov.. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, p. 17, Up. Burling- ton Gr. EiTQASTER, Hall, 1868, 20th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist,, p. 332. [Ety. euge, pre-eminent, remarkable^ aster, star.] A central, alated disk, with five long, slender flexuous rays; disk composed on the ventral side of small polygonal EUP-] ECHINODERMAIA. 245 111, •b Kep. Jubcar- atycri- Soc. urling- Y. St. star.] J long, posed ygonal plates; ravs consisting of a double series of alternating, subquadrate, am- bulacral ossicles, with curved ambula- cral plates ; oral plates 10 ; pores large, two rows in each ray; adarabulacral and disk-plates spine-bearing. Type E. logani. concinnus, Rin^ueberg, 1886, Bull. Buff. See. Nat. Sci., vol. 5, p. 8, Niag- ara Gr. logani. Hall, 1868, 20th Rep. N. Y St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 333, Ham. Gr. Eui'ACHYCKiNus, MeeK & Worthem, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 159. [Ety. «w, very ; pachys, thick ; Tcrinon, lily.] Calyx saucer or bowl shaped ; plates heavy, tumid ; sutures strongly . defined ; basals 5 ; subradials 5 ; ra- dials 2x5, and sometimes there are third radials in some of the rays ; the second radials are often spine- bearing ; azygous interradials 3 ; arms 5 or 10, composed of a double series of plates, bearing pinnules ; column round. Type E. quatuordecembrach- alis. aeperatus, Worthen, 1882, Bull. No. 1, III. St, Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 34, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 311, Kas- kaskia Gr. bassetti, Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 628, Coal Meas. boydi. Meek & Worthen, 1870, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 30, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 554, Kas- kaskia Gr. craigi, Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. III., vol. G, p. 527, Coal Meas. crassus, Meek & Worthen, 1870, ^Cyatho- crinns crassus,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 392, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 314, Low. Coal Meas. Fio. 304.— Eupachycrlnutt crassus. Diagram. fayettensis, Worthen, 1873, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 565, Up. Coal Meas. formosus, Worthen, 1873, (Zeacrinus formosus,) Geo. Sur. Ill,, vol. 5, p, 549, Kaskaskia Gr. gerinanus, S A. Miller, 1879, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 40, Kaskas- kia Gr. gracilis, Wetherby, 1880, (Cromyocrinus gracilis,) Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 248, Kaskaskia Gr. hemisphericus, Shumard, 1858, (Poterio- crinus hemisphericus,) Trans. St. Louis, Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 221, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 561, Coal Meas. 09QO Fio. 305.— Eupachycrinus saiigamonensls. Diagram. raonroensis, Worthen, 1882, Bull. No. 1, St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 30, Kaskas- kia Gr. orbicularis. Hall, 1861, (Scaphiocrinus or- bicularis,) Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., p. 311, Keokuk Gr. per'ilobus. Hall, 1858, (Cyathocrinus pc.talobus,) Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 687, Kaskaskia Gr. platybasis. White, 1876, Geo. Uinta Mountains, p. 108, and Cont. to Pal., No. 6, p. 124, Low. Aubrey Gr. quatuordecembrachialis, Lyon, 1857, (Graphiocrinus quatuordecembrachi- alis,) Geo. Sur. Ky., vol. 3, p. 477, Kas- kaskia Gr. • sanctiludovici, Worthen, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 98, St. Louis Gr. sangamonensis. Meek & Worthen, 1861, (Cyathocrinus sangamonensis,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. .392, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 310, Up. Coal Meas. spartarius, S. A. Miller, 1879, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 38, Kaskas- kia Gr. Bubtumidus, Worthen, 1867, (Zeacrinus subtumidus,) Geo. Sur. III., vol. 5, p. 548, Kaskaskia Gr. tuberculatus. Meek & Worthen, 18()r), (Erisocrinus tuberculatus,) Proc. Acail. Nat. Sd. Phil., p. 150, and Geo. Stir. III., vol. 2, p. 319, Coal Meas. verrucosus. White & St. John, 1869, Trans. Chi. Acad. Sci., p. 117, Coal Meas. 17 246 ECHINODERMA TA. [kus.— C, \r i EuspiROCRiNus, Angelin, iS78, Iconogr. Cri- noid Suec, p. 24. [Ety. euspeirea, AV i n d i n g ; krinon, '.ily.] Calyx cyathi- form ; basals 5; sub- r a d i a 1 s 5, large ; radials 1x5, wider than high, excavated for the attachment of the arms; azygous area wide, plates large ; ventral tube composed of large plates ; vault covered with 'arge plates ; arms bifurcate. Type E. spiralis, obconicus, W. R, Billings, 1885, Ottawa Field Nat. Wifff? muHibrachiatus, see Taxocrinus imil- tibrachiatus. norwoodi, see Onychocrinus norwoodi. nuntiua, see Taxocrinus nuntius. parvus, Wetherby, 1879, Jour. Cin. Soc Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 138, Kaskaskia (ir! Fio. 306. — Eusplro crlnus obconicus. Club, vol. 2, p. ton Gr. 248, Tren- oo o cr^o Calyx Fia. S07.— Kuspirocrlnus obconicus. Diagram. FoRBBSOCBiNUS, DeKoninck & LeHon, 1854, Resch. Crin. Carb. Belg., p. 118. [Ety, f)roper name; krinon, lily.] arge, plates heavy ; basals 3 ; sub- radials 5; primary radials 3 or 4x5; secondary radials 2 to 4 X 10 ; tertiary radials 2 to 4 x 20 ; arms 50 to 60, long and sometimes dividing ; regular interradials 10 to 20 or more ; azygous interradi- als numerous; interaxillaries 10 to 20 or more. Type F. nobilis. agasBizi, Hall, 1858 and 1860, Geo. Sur. of Iowa, p. 631; Burling- ton Gr. agassizi var. giganteus, Meek & Worthen, 1861, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. p. 131, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 495, Burling- ton Gr. _ j^ atteriformiB, see OnycbocrinuB as SouctTOQ^^'^^j^At^'^ teriformis. J^'^ cestriensis, Hall , 1860, Supp. to Geo. ^^^W Iowa, p. 68, Kaskaskia Gr. communi*, see Taxocrinus com munis. jiiddingi, see Taxocrinus giddingi. juvenis, see Taxocrinus juvenis. keUoggi, see Taxocrinus kelloggi. lobatua, see Taxocrinus lobatus. lobatm var. tardw, see Taxocrinus lobatua var. tardus. meeki, see Taxocrinus meeki. monroentis, see Onychocrinus monroensis FiQ. 308.— Forbesocrlnus worthenl. pratteni, see Melocrinus pratteni. ramulosus, Lyon & Casseday, see Ony- chocrinus ramulosus. ramulosus, Hall, see Taxocrinus ramulosus. saffordi, see Taxocrinus safTordi. semiovatus, see Taxocrinus semiovatus. «/iWTwar, eiilarKeineutof base of arms. i Fio. 322.— Three views of Ullbertsocrinus cal- ciiratus, to sliow the genus Is dlstiiiot from Uonlasteroidocrlnus. obovatus, Meek & Worthen, 1869, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., p. 76, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 391, Burlington Gr. papillatus, Hall, 1860, (Trematocrinus papillatus,) Supp. to Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 76, Burlington Gr. reticulatus, Hall, 1861, (Trematocrinus reticulatus,) Desc. New Crinoidea, p. 9, and Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. vol. 7, p. 325, Burlington Gr. robustus. Hall, 1860, (Trematocrinus r'l- bustUB,) Supp. to Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 77, Keokuk Gr. spinigerus. Hall, 1862, (Trematocrinus spinigerus,) 16th Hep. N. Y. St. Mus Nat. Hist., p. 128, Ham. Gr. tenuiradiatus. Meek A Worthen, 1809, Pr(i( Acad, Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 76, and Hen. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 389, Burlington Gr. tuberculosus. Hall, 1860, (Tremutd crinuH tuberculosus,) Supp. to Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 75, Burling- ton Gr. tuheroBus, Lyon & Casseday, 18J9, Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 28, 2d ser., p. 233, Kaskaskia Gr. typuB, Hill, 1860, (Trematocrinus typus,) it^ inp. to Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 73, Burlington Gr. Gbanatocbinus, Troost, 1850, Cat. Foss. in Am. Jour. Sci., vol. H. p. 420, and described by Hall, 1802, 15th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus Nat. Hist., p. 146. [Ety. gran- atos, granular; krinon, lily.] <'a- lyx suhglobose oval or elliptic; the proportions of the plate.s giving a very different outline to the calyx from that of a Pen- tremites ; summit depressed con- vex ; base flattened or conca\ i' ; ambulacral areas like those in Pentremites, but narrower, and extending nearly or quite the entire length ; basals 3, sunken so as not to be visible in a side view ; radials and deltoids similar to those of Pentremites and proportionally as variable ; slender, thread-like arms, ur pinnules, as in Pentremites; ambulacra and lancet-plates in narrow sinuses; anal opening as in Pentremites ; central oi)en- ing and spiracles often closed by small plates; ten narrow hydrospiral canals open extt i nally by either five or ten aper- tures. Type G. norwoodi. eidariformu, Troost. Not defined, cornutus. Meek & Worthen, 1861, (Pen- tremites cornutus,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 141, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 276, St. Louis Gr. curtus, Shuraard, 1855, (Pentremites cur- tus,) Geo. Rep. Mo., p. 187, War- saw Gr. glaber. Meek & Worthen, 1869, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 91, and Geo Sur. Ill, vol. 5, p. 537, St. Louis Gr. granulatUB, Roemer, 1852, (Pentatremat- iteB granulatus,) Monog. Blast, p. 43, Warsaw Gr. granulosus. Meek & Worthen, 1865, I'ror. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 166, and (ien. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 508, Keokuk Gr. leda, Hall, 1862, (Pentremites leda,) i">tli Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. Ui), Ham. Gr. vault: side of r.RA.] ECHINODERMA TA. 251 lotoblastus, White, 1874, Rep. Invert. F08B., p. 15, and (teo. Sur. W. 100th Mer., vol. 4, p. 80, Subcarh. Fio. m8 — OriinatocrlmiH inelo. melo, Owen it SImmard, 1860, (Pentre- miteH rat'lo,) Jciur, Acad. Nat. Soi. Pliil., 2d ser., vol. 2, p. 65, Burlington Gr. Ktberidge & Carpenter made this species the type of a new genus, Cryp- tobliistus, and referred to the same genus G. pisum. The generic charac- ters, however, are not apparent. melo var. projectus, see Granatocrinus i)ro- jectus. inelonoides, see Schizoblastus melonoides. inissouriensis, Shumard, 1860, Trans. St. LouiKAcad.Sci., vol.2, p 375,WaverlyGr. neglectus, Meek & Worthen, 1809, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. flO, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 5, p. 471, Burlington (ir. norwoodi, Owen & Shuniard, 1850, (Pen- tremites norwoodi,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 2d ser., vol. 2, p. 04, Burling- ton Gr. pisum. Meek & Worthen, 1869, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 89, and (Jeo. Sur. III., vol. 5, p. 470, Burling, ton Gr. projectus. Meek & Worthen, 1801, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 42, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 496, Burlington Gr. roemeri, Shutnard, 1855, (Pentremites roe- meri,) Gto. Rep. Mo., p. 186,Waverly Gr. Myi, see Schizoblastus sayi. shumardi. Meek & Worthen, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 2.'>7, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. ;?, u. 498, Burlington Gr. Graphiockinuh, DeKoninck & LeHon, 1853, Rech. Grin. Carb. Belg., p. 115. [Ety. graphion, writing instrument; krinon, lily.] The authors described this genus as having only basals and radials, but as re-defined, by Wachs- muth, there are five basals concealed by the column ; snl)radia1s 5 ; radials 1x5, upper margins straight ; brachials 1x5; sutures gaping ; arm.s 10, long, heavy, short joints, parallel sutures ; pinnules long; azygous interradial 1, small, but extending above the radials ; strong ventral sac or proboscis. Type G. encrinoides. carbonarius. Meek & Worthen, 1861, (Sca- phiocrinus carbonarius.) Proc. Acad. FiQ. 824.— Qruimtocrliius projectus. Diagram. Nat. Sci III., vol. 6, 1). dactylus. Hall, Supp. to Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 80, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 569, St. Louis (ir. longicirrifer, Wachs- mutb & Springer, (in press,) Geo, Sur., III., vol. 8, p. 193,KinderhookGr. macadamsi, Worthen, 1873, (Scaphio- crinus macadamsi,) (Jeo. Sur. III., vol. 5, p.495, Keokuk Gr. quatuordecembrachialia, see Eupachycrinus decembraciualis. rudis, Meek & Wor- then, 1869, (Scaphi- ocrinus rudis,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 39, qnd Phil., p. 140, and Geo. 562, Goal Meas. 1860, Sur. Fio. .')2.^.— Uraphloorl- mis luiiglclrrKer. Geo. Sur. III., vol. Fio. 328. -Gra- ph iocrlnus rudla. 5, p. 412, Burlington Gr. simplex. Hall, 1858, (Sca- phiorTiiMis simplex,) Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 551, Burlington Gr. spinobrachiatus, Hall, 1861, ( Scaphiocrinus s p i n - brachiatus,) New Pal. Grin., p. 8, and Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., p. 306, Burlington Gr. striatus. Meek & Worthen, 1869, (Scaphiocrinus stri- atus,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 142, and Geo.Sur. Ill.,vol.5,p.418, Burlington Gr. ) Fia. .S27.— Graphlocrlnus waf hsmuthl. Diagram, 2 diam. tortuosus, Hall, 1861, (Scaphiocrinus tor- tuosus,) Desc. New Grin., p. 7, and Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., p. ,309, Burlington Gr. 2S2 ECHINODERMA TA. [had.— HIT. wachHinuthi, Meek & Worthen, 1861, (NciiphiocrinuB wachBinutlii,) Pi'oc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 141, and Geo. Hur. 111., vol. 3, p. 488, BurllnKton fir. Hadrocbinci, Lyon, 186ti, Trans. Am. Piiil. Soc, vol. 13, p. 445. [Ety. adro$, full grown; krinon, \\\y .] Calyx broad, low vaflirorni, dome hemiNplierical ; ba- aals 3, hidden by the column ; primary radials 2x5; at'condary, tertiary, and higher ordersofradials, having 2 in each series; arm-openings numerous, and not separated by interradials ; inter- radials 3 or 4; column round. Type H. plenissimus. discus, Lyon, 1809. Trans. Am. Pliil. Soc, vol. 13, p. 448, Up. Held. Gr. pentagonuH, Lyon, 1869, Trans. Phil. Soc, vol. 13, p. 44fi, Up. Held. Gr. plenissimus, Lyon, 1869, Trans. Phil. Soc, vol. 13, p. 445, Up. Held. Gr. Halysiocrinus, Ulrieh, 1886, 14th Kep. Geo. Hur. Minn., p. 110, syn. for Deltacrinus. Haplocbinus, Steininger, 1834,Bul. SocGeol. France, t, 8, Ist series, p. 232. [Ety. haploos, simple; krinon, lily.] Calyx small subturbinate ; basals 5; radials 9xS plus 1x2, protruding at the center of the superior face for the attachment of arms ; dome convex, composed of 5 pintes, hav'ng sutures from the center of the arm-openings toward the central partof the dome. TypeH.sphseroideuH. clio, Hall, 1862, 15ili Rep. N. Y. ?!. Mus. Nat. Hist., App. C, p. 115, Marcellus shale. aranulattif, Troost, Not defined. hemisphericua, Troost. Not ^' lined. irax-'mrs, Troost. N >'. lefined. ovalis, Troost. I )t defined. Hemicosmitem, Von Buch, 840 Mcrp.lsber. d. Berlin Altix'., p. 12'\ and Geol. Rus- sia, vol. 2, p. 31. [Ety. hemi, half; koamoB, sphere.] Body having four series of plates ; basals 4 ; second series 6; third series 9; ovarian orifice be- tween second and third series ; mouth central. Type H. malum. subglobosus, Hall, 1864, 20th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 359, Niagara Gr. Hemicystites, Hall, ia52, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 245. [Ety. hemi, half; kmtis, blad- der.] Parasitic, circular, more or less convex on the upper surface and 8.jinfc- times sac-like m form ; tompoped of numerous imbricating plates; ambu- lacra 5, straight, radiating from the center and composed each of a double series of alterniVting plates, ic-ming part of the upj.or surface ; aperture ex- centric Type H. parasiticus, altus, syn. for H. granula- tus. granulatus, Hall, 1872, 24th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., pi. 6, fig. 164, Hud. Riv. Gr. parasiticus, Hall, 1862, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 246, Niagara Gr. FlQ.328.— Heml- oystltes Btella- tU8. BtellatuB, Hall, 1866, Adv. Sheets 24tli K> p. N. Y. Ml. MuB. Nat. Hist., p. 215, Hul. Riv. (ir. Hetbroc KINDS, Hull, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 278. [Ety. heterot, irrcHMilai ; krinon, lily.] Calyx, small, slightly < x- panded ; basals 5; radials irregular, luo or three of the rays having two plat'H each, und the others only one; fmir radials supported on the basalt; ilie other is smaller and rests on the a/.y- gous plate, and supports the ventral hik on one side and the brachials on tin- other ; brachials, generally, four to each ray, the last one axillary, and supiimt- ing two arms, which sometimes branch at irregular distances ; pinnules strong'; azygous plate pentagonal ; column ix-n- tagonal, pentanartitu ; attaching base small. Type U. heterodactylus. articuloKUg, see Galceocrinus articulosuM. bellevillensis, W. R. Billings, Trans. No. 4, Ottawa Field Naturalists Club, p. 49, Trenton Gr. canadensis, see Ectenocilnus canadenHin. constrictua, see Ohiocrinus constrictuH. constrictua var. compactua, see Ohiocrinus compactus. craaaua, see locrinus crassus. exilis. Hall, 1866, 24th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 213, Trenton and Hud. Riv. Gr. exiguns. Meek, syn. for H. exilis. gracilis, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 280, Uud. Riv. Gr. Not properly de- fincct. geniculiiUis, Ulrieh, 1879, Jour. Cin. Sdc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 16, Utica Slate Gr. heterodactylus, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 279, Hud. Riv. Gr. insequalis, see Calceocrinus injequalis. incurvus, see Anomalocrinus incurvus. iaodactylus, syn. for Ohiocrinus foni- pactus. juvenis. Hall, 1866, 24th Rep. N. Y. St. Nat. Hist., p. 212, Hud. Riv. Gr. laxiis, see Ohiocrinus laxus. milleri, Wetherby, 1880, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vo'.. 3, p, 153, Trenton Gr. oehaauH, see Ohiocrinus (KhrT'US. pent.igctius, Ulrieh, 1882, Juur. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist, yih. *29.— Hctei- vol. 5, Hud. Riv. Gr. o c n n u s j u- polyxo, syn. for locrinus venls. subcrassus. simpler, ijee Ectenocrinus simplex. nimplex var, grandis, see Ectenocrinus grandis. 8ubera.'em, see locrinus subcrassus. tenuis, Billings, 1557, Rep. of Progr. Geo. Sur- Can., p. 273, and Can. Org. Rem., A eoa'^ T 4, p. 50, Trenton Gr. vauptii, syn. for H. constrictus. II KT. -HOI,,] ECHINODEKMA TA. •_'r.:i Hktkwhyhtitkh. Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 229. [Kty. hitcroK, irreKular; kiuitiit, bladder.] BanalH 4, irregular in Hizc; second sorieH 10, lartic; liiKlier platcH ntimerouH, but exact ortler and number undetermined. Tyne H. armatuH. iirmatUH, Hall, 1862, I'al. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 22(t, NMa^ara Gr. llRTKKosciiiHMA.WiicbHmuth, 188;i, Ueo. SuT. III., vol. 7, p. ;5.')2. [Ety. hrtenin, irregu- lar; nchimiii, Hlit.] It in diHtingulHlied from CoduHter by tlie Hunken bydro- Hpiral areaa and cx- poHure of tbe orals, only, immediately contittuouH to tbo mouth ; the limbs are extended inter- radially, into pyra- midal ridgeH. which the liydroBplreB en- ter oblitllles ciiii- neiiM. Fig. 33:j.— Holocystltes canneus. Huininlt view. all the plates are very poriferous, the pores penetrating the plates in clusters of from two to seven instead of by pairs as is usual in this genus ; the flattened 254 ECHINODERMA TA. [ho;.. \\ ' side > covered by numerous pits and a thickening of the plate&; these pits do not pasii through the plates, though they cover a series of plates, sutures and all ; such pits have been found on different spenii's, and it is probable they repre- sent a disease of the test, j»^ they seem to destroy the pores and anciiylose tiie sutures. Collected by J. F. Hammell, of Madison, in Jefferson County, Indiana, cylindricus. Hall, 1801, (Caryocystites cvlindricus,) Ann. Uep. Geo. Wis., p. 23, and 20th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 354, Niagara (Jr. dveri, S. A. Miller, 1870, Jour. Gin. Soc. Nat. Hist, vol. 2, p. 108, Niagara Gr. elegans, S. A. Miller, 1878, Jour. Gin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 136, Niagara Gr. faberi, n. sp. Niagara Gr. Body somewhat o b o V a t e ; large axial canal passes down into tlie column; seven plates in tiie first range ; two small inter- c a 1 a t e d plates Oil the posterior sidebetween the first and second ranges; seven plates „. ,^ , .,;,.. inthe second Fig. ;!34.— Holocystltes faberi. range' above the second range the plates are polyg- onal, of all sizes, and not disposed in ranges; if they were in ranges there would be about seven below the sum- mit ; ambulacral orifice on the posterior side of the summit, elliptical, sur- rounded by six plate,'', Tour of which aifc protuberant or swollen at the orifice, but no arms ever attached, nor are there cicatrices for spines ; mou th pentagonal, on the anterior ^iide of the summit, sep- arated from tl.e ambulacral orifice by two plates, one of which bears the anal orifice; on the pos- terior side, below the summit, there are three circulpr pits, which do rot seem to have been of any economical use ; en- tire surface porifer- Fm- ;'S5.--HoIocy8- ous in pairs, which *''■'''* faberi. open through small tubercles Ool- lected by Gharles Faber, of Cincinnati, (in whose honor I have given the specific name,) in Jefferson County, Indiana, globosus, 8. A. Miller, 1878, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 133, Ni- agara Gr. Fig. 3.S(i — Holopy.stltes litiin- inelUi. Anterior side. ; hammelli n. ip. Niagara Gr. Body snli globose, flattened on the anterior side ; \ sessile, no perforation for a colum:' j I basals seven; between the flrst ami I second se- I ries ihert ' are f i v o plates in • ; serted on I the poste- [ r i o " side ; j ten plates ' in the sec- I ond series ; ■ ten in the I third ; nine I in the I fourth, and i nine in the fifth, which se- ries reaches the mouth; above these there areeiglit plates in the series which bore the um- bulacral spines, and some smaller plates surrounding the ambulacral orifice on the summit; four cicatrices for amlni- lacral spines ; mouth at the margin of the sum- mit ; anal opening in the plate adjoining the mouth and be- tween it and the amb ula- crai orifice; all the plates 1)0- riferons in pairs ; i) w the ante- rior side below the mouth there is one p ate in the third series, and one in tlie fourth series, each bearing a prominent tubercle, witli a circle of pores passing through it, giving it a radiate appear- ance on top ; this character may not he of specific importance, but the tuberclen are different from those observed on other specimens. Collected by J. F. Hammell, in Je.ferson County, Indiana, in wiiose honor I have given the specific name. jolietensib S. A. Miller, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. f*, p. 223! Niagara ( ir. ornatus, S. A. Miller, 1878, Jour. ('in. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 132, Niagara ( \ i . ovatus, Hall, 1864, 20th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 367, Niagara (Jr. perlongus, S. A. Miller, 1878, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 132, Niagara ( ir. plenus, S. A. Miller, 1878, Jour. Cin. ,'^nc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 135, Niagara (ir. pustulosus, S. A. Miller, 1878, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 134, Niagara Gr. rotundus, S. A. Miller, 1879, Jour. (in. Scic. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 107, Niagara (ir. Fio. ;j37. — Holocystlte.s. liam- luelll. Huniniit view ; mouth on the lower side. HOM." UYB.] ECHINODERMA TA. 255 scutellatus, Hall, 18(54, 20th Rep.N. Y. St. I Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 357, Niagara Gr. I sphinricus, Winchell & 2.1arcy, 1865, Mem. ' Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. Ill, Ni- agara (rr. Not defined so as to be , recognized. snbglobosiis n. sp. Niagara Gr. Body '< globose ; no axial canal, hence the species was ssssile ; seven plates in the first range; flbove tliis tliore are four ranges below the summit of fourteen | plates, each with an additional plate in [ the third rangvT on the po.sterior side; I ambulacral orifice in the center of the summit, elongated transversely, sur- rounded by six plates, four of which j havecicatrices for attaching spines; anal i orifice near a cicatrix and near the oral orifice ; the whole surface is poriferous in pairs which open on the sur face in orna- mental sculp- tu red fignrfB, somewhat like | the Greek letter \ (J, (Omega ). , Collected by \ Charles Faber, in Jefferson County, Indi- ana, subrotundus, 8. A. .Miller, 1879, Jour. Gin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 107, Niagara Gr. tiiniidus, S. A. Miller, 1879, Jour. Cin. Soc. \ Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 104, Niagara Gr. i Y\^. 33«.-Holocystltes subglobosuH. Flo. iTSO.— Holocystltes turblnatus. turbinatus, S. A. Miller. 1880, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. HipA., vol. 2, p. 259, NiagaraGr. vt-ntrioosus, S. A. Miller, 1879, Jour. Cin. Soc. i>r.t Hist., vol. 2, p. 108, Niagar i Gr. wetherbyi, S. A. Miller, 1878, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 131 Niagara (ir. winchelli, Hall, 1804, 20th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 356, Niagara Gr. HoMocRiNus, Hall, 1862, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, J). 185. [Ety. homos, like ; krinon, lily.] Rasals 5; subradials 5; radials 1x5; iizygous interradials 2; proboscis or ventral sac long and large ; arms bifur- cating; pinnules wanting; column round. Distinguished from Dendro- crinus by the proportionally larger basals, and absence of one radial, and from Poteriocrinus by the arrangement of the azygous plates and absence of pinnules. Typ** H. parvus. angustatus, see Dendroorinus angustatiis. crassus, Whiteaves, 1887, Cont. to Can. Pal., vol. 1, p. 95, Ham. Gr. cylindricus. Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 186, Niagara (ir. parvus. Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 185, NiagaraGr. polydactylug, see Dendrocrinus poiydacty- his. proboscidians. Hall, 185!». Pal. N. Y., vol. 3. p. 38, Oriskany sandstone. Hcoparius, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 102, Low. Held. (Ir. H Y U O C H I N U S , Worthen & Miller, 1883, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 7, p. 331. [Ety. huhos, humpbacked ; echinos, s e a - urchin.] Test flexible, sub- sphe roidul, five ambula- cral areas, with numer- ous ranges of i n t e rlocking plates imbri- cating up- Fio .3^0.— HonioiTiiiHH ward, and scopurius. each perforated with a pair of pores I interambulacral areas narrower; plates imbricate downward ; surface granular ; jaws strong. Type H. spectabilis. speetabilis, Worthen & Miller, 1883, Heo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 332, Kaskaskia Gr. Hybocrinus, Billings, 1857, Rep. of Progr. Geo. Sur. Can,, p. 274, and Can. Org. Rem., Decade 4, p. 23. [Ety. huhoK, humpbacked ; krinon. lily.] Calyx pro- / tiiberant on the azygons side ; basals 5 ; radials 1x5; azygous interradials 2; arms 5 ; no pin- nules; column round. Typo H conicus. conicus, Billings, 18'>7, Rep. of Progr. (reo. Sur. Can., p. 274, and Can. Org. Rem., Decade 4, p. 29, Trenton Gr. pristinus, Billings, 1859, Can. Org. Rem., Decade 4,. p. 23, Chazy Gr. tumidus, Billings, 1857, Rep. of Progr. Geo. Sur. Can., p. 275, and Can. Org. Rem., Decade 4, p. 28, Trenton Gr. i / KiG. .'HI — Hybocrinus coni cus. Dtngriini. 256 ECHINODERMA TA. [HYB.- lot. KlO. 342.— Hyhocy- stites probleinaticiis. Hybocystites, Wetherby, 1880, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 150. [Ety. hubo», liumpbacked ; kmtis, bladder.] Calyx like Hybocrinus, and order of arrangement of the two serits of plates is tlie same, but dis- tinguished by hav- ing three arm-like projections, and two or more recumbent arms with ambula- cral opening central ; from the peristome, the five ambulacra diverge; three are directed to the arm- like projections, and are supposed to pass over the top of them and extend down- ward upon the exterior; valvular open- ing between the upper azygous plate and the mouth. Type II. problematicus. problematicus, Wetherby, 1«80, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol.3, p. 150, Tren- ton Gr. Hydkkionohrinus, DeKoninck, 1858, Bull. Acad. Royale Belgique, vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 13. [Ety. hydreion, water-bucket ; hri- non, lily.] Calyx short, rounded be- low ; basals 5 ; subradials 5 ; radials 1x5; brachials 1 x 4 -f 2 x 1 ; arms as in Zeacrinus, and pinnules short ; distin- guished from Zeacrinus by the ventral sac, which extends beyond the arms and covers them like a roof ; the upper plates are convex or spinous ; respira- tory pores in the sutures of the cylin- drical part of the sac, which is covered, by the arms. Type H. woodanus. acanthophorus. Meek & Worthen, 1870, (Zeacrinus acanthophorus,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 28, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 563, Up. Coal Meas. armiger, Meek & Worthen, 1870, (Zea- crinus armiger,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 27, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 547, Kaskaskia Gr. depressus, Troost, as defined by Hall, 1858, (Zeacrinus depressus,) (zee. Sur. Iowa, p. 546, Kaskaskia Gr. discus. Meek & Worthen, 1860, (Zeacri- nus discus,) Proc Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 39, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 312, tip. Coal Meas. mucrospinus, McChesney, 1859, (Zeacri- nus mucro.spinu8,) Desc. New Pal. Foss., p. 10, and Trans. Chi. Acad. Sci., p. 7, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 563, Coal Meas. verrucosus, see Eupachycrinus verrucosus, wetherbyi, Wachsmuth & Springer, 1886, Revis. PaliBocrinoidea, pt. 3, p. 245, Kaskaskia Gr. Hypanthocrinites, Phillips, 1839, Murch. Sil. Syst. [Ety. upo, under ; anthos, flower ; krinon, lily.] ceelatus, see Eucalyptocrinus cselatus. decorus, see Eucalyptocrinus decorus. Hyslricrinui, Hinde, 1885, Ann. and M: l'. Nat. Hist., p. 158, syn. for Arthracantla. carpenteri, see Arthracantha carpeuteri IcuTHYOCRiNrs, Conrad, 1842, Jour. Acml Nat. Sci. Phil., vol. 8, p. 27!). [Kty. ichthys, fish; krinon, lily.] (Jeuciaj form, including incumbent arms, oviicj or pear-shaped ; calyx cup-shaped ; ha- sals.'^; subradials 1 x5;Iprimary radials 3 or 4 X 5, short and increasing, in width, upward ; secondary and tertiary radials similar in form to the primariis; arms 40 to 60 or more. ". > pe I. Isevis. burlingtonensis. Hall, IsiS, Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 5.57, lUir- lington Gr. clintonensis. Hall, 1852, Pal. \. Y., vol. 2, p. 181, Clinton (ir. corbis, Winchell ct Marcy, Isil"), Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 89, and Jour, ("in. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 175, Ni- agara Gr. lie vis, Con- rad, 1842, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 279, and Pal. N. Y., Fig. ;ui— Iclitliyo- c r i 11 u s corbLs. vol. 19 5, Ni- agaraGr. n o b i 1 i s , W a c h- s m u t h & Springer, 1878, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 2.54, Upper Bur- lington and Keokuk Qp Fig. ;h-1 — Ichtliyocrlinis in^vi.';, subangularis, Hall, 1863, Trans. Alb. Inst,, vol. 4, p. 207, and Uth Rep. Geo. liul,, p. 268, Niagara Gr. tiariformis, Troost, as defined by Hall, 1858, (Cyathocrinus tiariformi.s, i (len. Sur. Iowa, p. 558, Subcarboniferuus. Icosidactylocrinites. Not defined. locKiNus, Hall, 1866, Advance sheets, L'4tl) Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. •-Ml'. [Ety. lo, in triumph ; krinon, lily.] Calyx pentag- onal, pyra- midal piiles deeply con- cave ; I lasals 5, indented down the niid- FiQ. S-Jf).— locrlnus. Diagram; b, basiilH ; r, radials ; a, azy- gous plate ; t, plates of tube. furcating, but bearing ventral sac very long, die; railials 3 to t) X .') ; arms long, frequently 1)1- no pinnules; exfendine lie- yond the arms, subcylindrical longi- r.A.M.— i-Ki'.] ECHINODERMA TA. 257 Kk;. :>4ti.- locri- imssuhcrassus. tutlinally, five partite, and corrugated transversely ; column sliarply pentag- onal. Type I. subcrassus. rassus, Meek i^ Worthen, 1H65, (Hete- rocrinns crapsup, I Proc. At-ad. Sat. Sci. Phil., p. 147, and(ieo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 325, Hud. Riv. (.ir. poly.ro, syn. for I. Hub- ((i«i« crassus. il lulr»l subcrassus. Meek iV: Wor- '■ " then, 1865, (Heterocri- nus, eubcrassiis, ) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 148, and (ieo. Sur. III., vol. 8, p. 325, Hud. Riv. (ir. trentonensis, Walcott, 1884, 35th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 210, Tren- ton Gr. Lamptkhocrinus, Roemer, 18()0, 811. Fauna West Tenn., p. 37. [Kty. lamp- ter, lamp; Lrinon, lily. Calyx urn-shaped, con- tracted between the arm- bases, and bulged out on the azygous side; basals 5 ; subradials 5 ; primary ladials 3x5: secondary rinlials, 1 x 10; interradials 8 or 10, graduating into the vault ; iizygous interradials more numer- ous; vault unsymmetrical, and l)earinga subcentral proboscis or vcniral sac; arms unknown. Type L. U nnessecnsis. iiiflatup. Hall, 1861, (Balanocrinus in- flatus,) Rep. of Progr. Sur. of Wis., p. 22, and 20th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 328, Niagara Gr. parvus. Hall, 1879, Desc. New Spec. Foss., p. 9, and 11th Rep. Geo. Nat. Hist. Ind., p. 272, Niagara Gr. uriilptus, syn. for L. tennesbeensis. t e 11 nesseensis, K o e m e r , 1860, Sil. Fauna West Tenn., p. .37, Niasrara Gr. L K( A NOCKINUS, Hall, 18.52, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 199. [Kty. lekanr, basin; kr I'- ll on, lily.] R o d y and arms subglo- 1)086 ; plates heavy ; ba- sals 3 ; subra- dials 1x5; l>rimary ra- il ial 8 2 or 3x5; sec- ondary ra- dials 1 to 3x10; azygous interradials 2 ; arms as in Ichth'yocrinus ; column round. Type L. macropetalus. Fig. 347 — Lampterocrliius teaiittiiseeDBiB. Kin. SIS— Lecaiiocrlnus macropt'lalns. caliculus, Hall, If'-, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, J). 203, Niagar Gr. ekg(iv», see Tax crinus elegaiis. excavatus, Ri'^uebug, 188»i, Pull. Buf. Soc. Nat. S< ., vol. .5, p. 11, Niagara Gr. incisus, Rin jUe'uerg, Er.'l. Puf. Soc, Nat. S ., vol. 5, p. 10, Niagara Gr. Iiivis, see laxocrinus lipvis. macropetalus, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 199, Ni- agara Gr. nitiduH, R i n gue- berg, 188G, Bull. Buf. Soc. Niit. Sci., vol. 5, p. 9, Niagara Gr. ornatus, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 201, Ni- agara Gr. pusillus, Hall, 1863, (Cyath ocrinus pusillus,) Trans. Alb. Inst., "vol. 4, p. 200, and 11th Rep. (Jeo. and .Nat. Hist. Ind., p 267, Niagara Gr. pusilhiH, Winchell i*i: Marcy, syn. for L. pusillus. puteohis, Ringueberg, 1886, Bull. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci., vol. 5, p. 11, Niagara Gr. simplt-x. Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 202, Niagara Gr. solidus, Ringueberg, 188<>, Bull. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci., vol. 5, p. 8, Niagara Gr. Lecythiockinus, While, 1880, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 2, p. 257. TJiis name was preoccupied by Muller in 1858, and by Zittel in 1879. See Menocrinus. ndnmsi, see Menocrinus adamsi. ollicaliformig, see Menocrinus ollicnli- formis. LEi'ADOcRiNrs, Conrad, 1840, (Lepocrinites,) Ann. Rep. N. Y., p. 207. [Ety. from the resemblance to the Lepas or Barnacle An- atifa ; krinon, lily.] Body oblong or ovoid, consisting of four series of plates; first series 4 ; second series 5; third series 4; fourth series 5; pec- tinated rhombs 3 to 5 ; arms 3 or 4, recum- bent, and consisting of a double series of interlocking plates, resting, in shallow grooves ; plates porif- erous, column taper- ing. Type L. geb- hardi. gebhardi, Conrad, 1840, ^1\«;,;!1» (Lepocrinites g e b hardi,) Ann. Rep. N. Y., p. 207, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 127, Low. Held. Gn I.epado- crlnuH gebliui-dl. 268 ECHINODERMA TA. [KRP.— I,S u. moorii, Meek, 1871,(Ijepocrinite8 moorii,) Am. Jour. Sci., M series, vol. 2, p. 296, and Oliio Pal., vol. 1, p. :i9, Iliitl. Uiv. (ir. riEi'iDEiiiiNi's, Hall, 1861, De.sc:. New Spec. Criiioklea, p. 18. [Ety. hph, scale; echinus, soa-urcliin.] Subspheroidal ; ambulacrivl area having a double row of plates imbricating downward, with two pores in eacli jihite, near the outer end ; interambulacral areas wide, and having numerous ranges of plates, imbricating from below upward, and from the cen- ter outward. Type L. imbricatus. imbricatus. Hall, 1861, Detsc. New Cri- noidea, p. 18, Burlington (ir. rarispinus. Hall, 1867, 20th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 340, AVavi-rly (ir. Lei'idestuks, iMeek & Worthen, 1868, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. H, p. o22. [Ety. /^p/(t, scale ; esthes, garment.] Subspheroidal ; • — 3 '•^ Fio. .3.T0.— licpidesthes coruyi. Dingr.ani :{ dlain. (b.) sfction of tlieiri ; position of interiiin ambulacral areas wide, having numer- I ous plates, and imbricating from above downward, and having two pores in ' each plate, nearly central ; interam- bulacral areas narrow, plates im- bricating from below upward, as j well as outward from the middle ; jaws well developed ; surface granular. Type L. corevi. coUetti, White, 1878, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 33, and Cont. to Pal., No. 8, p. 163, Keokuk (ir. corevi, Meek i>t Worthen, 1868, Geo. Sur. III'., vol. 3, 1). o25. Keokuk Gr. foimopus, S. A. Miller, 1879, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 41, Ke- okuk Gr. LKPinocinAKis, Meek & Worthen, 1873, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 5, p. 478. Ety. lepix, scale; Cidnris, a genus.] Body large, globose, eiglit. or more rows of im- bricating plates in the middle of eacii interambulacral area, but only two reach the oral apertures; plates liexiigonal or pentagonal ; tubercles for the support of primary spines smootii and in the center of each plate; pustules near the outer edge of the ])late8 for the second- ary spines ; ambulacra narrow ; i)lates slightly imbricating in the opposite direction from the interambulacral series, and each pierced by two pores ; jaws strong. Type L. squamosum. squamosuB, Meek & Worthen, 1873, (!>,,. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 478, Burlington (Jr Leimdodiscus, Meek <& Worthen, 1875, (iin. Sur. 111., vol. 5, |>. 573. [Ety. Irp;.,^ scale; disko^, quoit.] A proposed sub- genus for Agelucriiius, founded ni'.iii .\. s(iuamosu8. Lepocr'miti;», Conrad, 1K40. The correct orthography seems to be LepadociiiuN. inoore.i, Meek, see Lepadocrinus mf)oiii. Lie iiENocRiNiJH, Hall, 1866, Adv. sheets I'ltli Rep. N. y. St. Mum. Nat. Hist., p. I'Ki, [_VXy. lichen, tree-moss; krinon, lily.] r.oily parasitic, discoid, more or less cratcri- form, from the center of which arists a long tapering column, ea(!h ring nf which is composed of small interlncli- ing plates; upper surface of limly covered with polygonal plate.s, wliicii are supported in the interior by nnnici- ous radiating lamella;. TypeL. dvcii. affinis, S. A. Miller. I.ss2, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. '.'L'!!. Hud. Riv. (ir. crateriformis. Hall, ISfHi, Adv. sheets 24th H.'p. N, Y. St. Mus. Xrtt, Hist., p. 217, 1 1 11(1, Riv. (ir. dubius, 8. A. Miller, 1880, Jour. Cin. Soc, Nat. Hist., vol. 3. p. 234, Utica Slate (ir, dyeri. Hall, 1866, Ailv, sheets, 24th Rep. NY. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 216. Iliid, Riv. Gr. ; (a.i iiinbulticnilH; bulucriils. Kio, :)5I.— LlcheJiocrlnus t(il)(>i'<-uliiliis ; ono men shows the nulhuinK liiinc^lliiv pattersoni, S. A. Miller, 1879, Joni Soc, Nat. Hist, Slate Gr. tuberculatus,S. A. Miller, 1874, Cin.Quar. .lour. Sci., vol. 1, I'. 346, Hud. Riv. Gr. Lyuiocrinis, Hall, 1852, Pal. N.Y., vol. 2, p. 197. [Ety. lyrion, sma 11 lyre; kri n on , lily.] Calyx h e m I - sptieri('«l;b)isats 5 ; subradials 5 ; primary radials :{ X 5 ; secondary radials 2 x 10; interradial areas 4 or 5, which ar closed above by the secondiiry nu\ >pcrl- Cin. 'ticii Kiri ifcVJ — fiyrlocrliius lyliis. Side view (■ 111 lals; I, vs.- MAR.] ECHINODERMA TA. 259 azygous area similar to the regular interradial areas; vault almost flat, depressed interradially, composed of small plates ; opening excentric ; arms 10, composed of a double series of inter- locking plates. Type L. dactylus. dactylus, Hall, 1843, tMar- supio('rinites(?) dactylus,) Cieo. Hep. 4th Dist. N. Y., p. 114, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 197, Niagara Gr. melissa. Hall, 1863, (Rhodo- crinuH melissa,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. Geo. and Nat. - Lyiiocrlmis Basal view. 198, anrl Hist. Ind., 11th Rep p. 2()9, Niagara Gr. h'lO. :r)4.— Lyriocrlnus melissa. Basal view. sculptilis, Hall, 1864, 20th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 3(58, Niagara Gr. nculptus, see Archjeocri- nus sculp- tus. L Y S O CYSTITKS, n . gen . [Ety. lysi.% setting free; kustis, blad- der.] Body subsphe- roidal, com- posed of four ranges of plates ; basal plates probably 4, 8 ucceeded by two ranges of 5 plates each and dome plates; mouth cen- tral ; ova- rian aper- ture lateral. „ Tvr^Q T nn F I O. '^55. — Macrostvlocrinus lype 1j. no- fuslbraclUatus. aoBUs. This generic name is proposed instead of Pal. N. Trans. p._L'07, Echinocystites, Hall, which was pre- occupied. The genus is known only from casts, nodosus, Hall, 1864, (Echinocvstites no- docup, 20th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 360, Niagara Gr. MAi'it08Tvi,ociuNi!S, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 203. [Kty. makms, long; stylos, an arm ; krimti, lily.] Calyx ui n- shaped ; basals 3 ; primary radials ;>x o ; secondary radials 1 or more by 10 ; regular interradials 3 ; azygous inter- radials 4 ; arms 10. Type M. or- natus. fasciatus, Hall, 1870, (Cyathocrinus fas- ciatuH,) 28th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 130, Niagara (ir. Probably a syn, for M. meeki. fusibrachiatus, Ringueberg, 1882, .Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 119, Niagara iel()c. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 87, Ni- agara Gr. pratteni, McChesney, 1860, (Forbesocrinus pratteni,) New Pal. Fobs., p. 29, and Trans. Ohi. Acad. Sci., p. 22, War- saw Gr. sculptus, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. •^28, NiHgaraGr. verneuili, Troost, 1850, (Actinocrinus verneuili,) and Hall, 20th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 327, Niagara Gr. Mklonitks, Owen & Norwood, 1846, Am. Jonr. Sci., 2d series, \.il. 2, p. 225. [Ely. melon, melon ; litlios, stone.] Test spheroidal, divided into five convex ambiilacrul and five convex interamhu- lacral areas, resembling in form a melon, with ten ribs or convex elev-- tion.s and as many sharply defined ue- pressions; plates of tiie interambu- lacral areas large, thick, hexagonal, not overlapping, arranged in series, 8 or 10 of which cover the wider pirf, but not more than two reach the apical dijtk ; ambalii(Tal areas covered with about 8 or 10 rows of plates, each plate having two pores, so arranged that the pores of the central two ranges are at the ends most distant from the median line ; ocular plates, without pores, and Fio. 3M.— Melonltes multlporus. Apical disk, genital and ocular pores. much smaller than the genital, which have numerous pores that differ, in number, in the same species; jaws very strong. Type M. nmltiporus. crassus. Ham- bach, 1884, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 4, p. 548, St. Louis Gr. dame, see Olig- oporusdanse. irregularis, Hambach, 1884, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Siii., vol 4, p. 548, St. Louis Gr. Fi«- 365. - Melonltes multl- porus. Oral opening and jaws, displaced at x so u to leave an opening. multlporus, Owen«& Nor- wood, 1846, Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 2, p. 225, St. Louis Gr. 18 262 ECHINODERMA TA. [men.— Nrc. OUI.— OM Btewarti, Sa/ford, 1869, Geo. of Tenn., p. 346, St. Louia Gr. fii f<,p- FiQ. 366.— Melonlteti multiporus. Diagram, showing poreH lu anibulacral area, 2 diaiii. MiNOCRiNUS, n. gen. Ety. menoa, strength of body ; krinon, lily.] Calyx somewhat § lobular ; basals 3 ; Bubradials 1x5; ra- ials 1x5; azygous and interradials ; which distinguishes the genus from Platycrinus. Type M. olliculiformis. This generic name is proposed as a substitute for Lecythiocrinus, White, 1880, because that name was preoc- cupied by Muller in 1858, and by Zittel in 1879. adamsi, Worthen, 1882, (Lecythiocrinus adamsi,) Bull. No. 1, 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 37, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 317, Coal Meas. olliculiformis. White, 1880, (Lecythio- crinus olliculiformis,) Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 2, p. 257, and Cont. to Pal., No. 6, p. 124, Up. Coal. Meas. Merocrinus, Walcott, 1883, 35th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 208. [Ety. meros, hipjoint; krinon, lily.] Basals 5, Eentangular, low, broad ; subradials 5, exagonal, short, broad; radials pen- tagonal, four support upon the upper truncate face of each a row of six or seven brachials, and the azygous plate from the same level, the fifth radial ; right posterior radial like the azygous plate, but having an angular upper side, giving off, on one side, the ven- tral tube, and on the other a row of brachials ; arms long, bifurcating, with- out pinnules. Type M. typus. curtuB, Ulrich, 1879, (Den- drocrinuB curtus,) Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 18, Utica Slate Gr. corroboratus, Walcott, 1883, 35th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 210, Trenton Gr. typus, Walcott, 1883, 35th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 209, Trenton Gr. Mespilocrinus, DeKoninck & LeHon, 1854, Rech. Crin. Terr. Carb. Belg., p. 111. [Ety. meBpilnm, medlar; krinon, lily.] Body small, with arms globular or pyriform ; basals 3; subradials 5; radials 3x5; arms 10, which divide once, taper rapidly, infold and incline Fig. 867.— Mero- crinus curtU8. obliquely from left to right; azygrnis plate 1, resting upon the larger baml ; column round. Type M. forln. BanuB. konincki. Hall, 1860, Supp. to (jt-o. Sur. Iowa, p. 69, Burlington Gr. BcituluB, Hall, 1861, Desc. New ("ri- noidea, p. 9, Burlington Gr. Myelodactylus, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 191. [Ety. myfli,),^ the inside pith ; daclylut, fltinci] Body consisting of a coil rolhd, in the same plane, with finger-like processes, from each coil, over- lapping the next inner one ; coil iiiid procesBes perforated so as to form cini- necting channels. Type M. convolutiis, brachiatuH, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. i', p. 232, Niagara Gr. i'm)> Fiu. 868.— Myelodactylus brldgportenslH. bridgportensis, S. A. Miller, 1880, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 141, M- agara Gr. convolutusj Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. '>, p. 192, Niagara Gr. Myrtillocrinub, Sandberger, 1856, Verst. der Rhein. Schi. Svst. in Nat-Haii. [Ety. myrlillus, myrtle; krinon, lily.] Body subglobose or ovoid; basals o; subradials 5 ; radials 1x5; dome con- sisting of 6 plates alternating with tlie radials; arms 5; columnar canal, quad- rangular. Type M. elongatns. americanus. Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., App. C, p. 114, Up. Held. Gr. Nematocrinug, Meek & Worthen, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nai. Sci. Phil., p. 251, syn. for CatillocrinuB. NiPTERocRiNus, Wachsmuth, 1868, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 341. [Ety. nipter, washing vessel ; krinon, lily.] Calyx basin-Bfaaped ; basals 3, nearly hidden by the column ; subradials 1x5; radials 3 or 4x5, the first one very large ; arms bifurcating ; column round. Type N. wachsmuthi. arboreus, Worthen, 1863, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 436, Burlington Gr. wachsmuthi. Meek & Worthen, IStiS, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 341, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 436, Burling- ton Gr. NucLEocRiNus, Courad, 1842, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., vol. 8, p. 280, [Ety. nvdeut, a little nut: krinon, lily.] Calyx ellipsoidal ; baf^als 3, small, hidden within the columnar cavity ; radialH o, forming a small cup, deeply scalloped OKI.— OM.] ECHINODERMA TA. 268 N. Y. p. 114, Prnc. [Etv. lily.] nearly Drailiaia rst one column Acad. [Ety. .] Calyx hidden adialH 5, callojjtd for receiving the bases of the narrow, elongate ambulacra, and having pro- jecting lips forming a quinqiiepod ; deltoid plates 6, elongate, forming three-fourths of the calyx; a narrow intercalated plate, on the azygous side, reaches from the aperture to the radial, and divides the deltoid into two nar- row curving plates; sinuses narrow, extending the entire length of the calyx ; ambulacra narrow ; lancet plates long and very narrow ; side plates numerous; hydrospires pendent, two tubes or elongated sacs on each side of an ambulacrum ; spiracles in five pairs, which notch the deltoid plates; mouth large, covered normally with pla*^^es; azygous opening large. Types N. elegans and N. verneuili. nngularia, Lyon, 1867, (Olivanites angu- laris,) Geo. Sur. Ky., vol. 3, p. 492, Ham. Gr. canadens s, Montgomery, 1881, Can. Nat. and Geol. Vol. 10, p. 83, Ham. Gr. conradi. Hall, 1862, 16th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., App. 0., p. 121, Up. Held. Gr. elegans, Conrad, 1842, Jour. Acad. Nat. St;i. Phil., p. 280, Ham. Gr. hallii, ayn. for Nucleocrinus elegans. kirkwoodensis, Shumard, 1863, (Eleacri- nus kirkwoodensis,) Trans. St. Louis- Acad. 8ci., vol. 2, p. 113, St. Louis Gr. lucina. Hall, 1862, 16th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., App. C., p. 120, Ham. Gtr, melonifonnis, Harris, 1683, (Eleacrinus melon i - formi8,)Gto. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 361, Ham. Gr. obovatus, Bar- r i s , 1883, ( E leacrinus obova t u 8 , ) Geo. Sur. III., vol. 7, p. 368, Ham. Gr. verneuili, Troost, 1841, (Pentremitea ver- neuili,) 6th Rep. on the Geo. of Tenn., p. 14, and Geo. Sur. Kv., vol. 3, p. 488, Ifp. Held. Gr. verwuili var.pomum, Eth- eridge & Carpenter, is simply a rounded form very common among other specimens, and without varietal char- Fig. 370.— Nucleo- acters. crlnus verneuili. Ohiocrinus, Wachsmuth & Springer, 1886, PHlseocrinoidea, pt. 3, p. 208. [Ety. proper name ; krirum, lily.] Plates of calyx arranged as in Heterocrinus; Fio. 369.— Nucleocrinus obo- viitus. Crow Bectton of liy- droHpires, 2dluin. arms 10, bearing bifurcating pinnules ; ventral tube large, having a spiral form somewhat like the cast of a Murchisonia, and covered with hexagonal plates; column pentagonal and pen- tapartite. Type O. laxus. compactus, Meek, 1873, (Hete- rocrinus constrictus var. com- pactus,) Ohio Pal., vol. 1, pi. Pio. 371. 11, Hud. Riv. Gr. Oliloorlnos constrictus. Hall, 1866. (Hete-""™P"*'^"'- rocrinuB constrictus,) 24th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 210, Hud. Riv. Gr. laxus. Hall, 1866, (Hete- rocrinus laxus,) 24th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 211, Hud. Riv. Gr. cehanus, Ulrich, 1882, (Heterocrinus cehanus,) Jour. Cin. Soc Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 175, Hud. Riv. Gr. Oligoporus, Meek & Wor-. then, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. ^l Phil., p. 474. [Ety. oligos, few; poros, passage] In form like Melonites, but distinguished by having only four rows of ambula- cral plates, and four double rows of Sores in each ambulacral area. Type '. danee. Desor used the name Oligo- pores, in 1868, for a section of tne Cidaridse, and Prof. Meek said if desir- able to change Oligoporus, for that reason he would suggest Melonopsis in its place, coreyi. Meek & Worthen, 1870, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 34, Keo- kuk Gr. Fig. 372. OliiocrliiuB constrtctuB. Fig. 373.— Oligoporus danee ; 2 diam. dan 86, Meek & Worthen, 1860, (Melon- ites danse,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 397, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 249, Keokuk Gr. nobilis. Meek & Worthen, 1868, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 358, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 476, Burling- ton Gr. parvus, Hambach, 1884, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 4, p. 548, Keokuk Gr. Olivanites, syn. for Nucleocrinus. aiigularis, see Nucleocrinus angularis. verneuili, see Nucleocrinus vei-neuili. 264 ECHINODERMA TA. [OLl,.— ON\ OllacriniM, CumberlRnd, 1826, Appendix to ReliquiiBConservatH. Figured without de8cri|>tion, and Hubaequently declared by DeKoninck i^- LeHon to be a Rhodocri HUH. ^V~. Wachsmuth & rr/jj y Springer ulaini ^\}\j/ f , priority for this nnrxr?/^ name over Gonl- '^'■'^J^/ asteroidocrinuH, (5^ without good reason, however, asuhownbyMeek in 111. Geo. Siir., vol. 2, p. 217. Onyciiahter, Meek «& Wort hen, 18(i8, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 3, p. 526. [p:ty. onyx, claw ; atier. star.] A small Bub disroid body, with five long, slender, rounded, , flexible rays; dor- sal side of dittk composed of an outer circle of five pairs of plates each, pierce i with an ovarian distenHtis, Worthen, 1882, Bull. No. 1, m Kt. MuB. Nat. Hie* . p. 31, and (io! Sur. III., vol. 7, p. 307, Ka^kaskia Or. pore. and two inner circles of five pairs each, n o n p r i ferous, and surrounding a central anal opening; out- side the pore plates, each pair is fol- lowed by two or three pairs of inter- locking transverse plate's, connecting with the dorsal side of the rays ; farther there are lanceolate plates, furrowed and hnving pores; between the inner ends. Type O. flexilis. barrisi. Hall, 1861, (Protaster barrisi,) Desc. New. Crinoiaea, p. 18, and (ieo. Sur. III., vol. 6, p. 476, Burlington Gr. flexiliw, Meek & Wor- then, 1868, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 3, p. 526, Keokuk Gr. Onychochinub, Lyon & Casseday, 1839, Am. Jour. Sci., 2d series, vol. 29, p. 77. [Ety. (myx, claw ; krin>m, lily.] Calyx low, arms like the talons of a fowl ; ba'^als 3 ; Bub- radials 5 ; radials 4 to 7 x 5 ; arms short, branching; interradials 3 to 20; vault depressed ; column large. Type O. ex- culptus. asteriformis, Hall, 1861, (Forbesiocrinus asttriformis,) Desc. New Grin., p. 9, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 243, Keo- kuk Gr. Pio. 876.— Onychoerliius dlverHiis. Diagram. diversns, Meek & Worthen. 1866, Pmc. Acad. Nat. S»i. Phil., p. 256, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 492, Builington Gr. Fio. 874.~Onycha8' ter flexilia. Fio. 370.— Onycbocrinus exculptiis. exculptus, Lyon & Casseday, 1859, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. 29, p. 78, Keo- kuk 6r. OKO. -VAI,,] ECHINODERMA TA. 266 inat;nu8, Wortht-n, 1875, (itu. Kur. III., vol. (I, |>. 520, St. LoiiiHdr. inonr '«'nHiH, Metfk Ik VVortlien, 18(11, (Furbt'->iocTimiH luonioeiiHiH,) I'roc. Acad. Nat. Ki 1. I'liil., p. IHO, and (Jeo. riur 111., vitl. 2, |>. 244, Kfokiik (ir. Kio. ."{77.-()iiycliocrliuis fxculptiiN. DiaKi'am. mrwnodi, Meek (Sc Worthen, 1860, (Forbes- inrrinus norwooli,) Proc. Aca-I. Nat. Hci. Phil., p. H89, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, ]>. 24), Hyti for O. exculptiis. raraulosuH, Lyon & CaRweday, 1859, (Forbenioerinus rarauloaus,) Am. Juur. Sci. and Arts, vol. 28, p. 235, Keokuk Gr. Orophucrintu was proposed by von Seebacli, in 18(34, in Nadir, k. GeselUuh. Wis- sencti. GottingHn, p. 110, for Pentre- inites stelliformis, Owen & Shumard. The definition was very imperfect, and was made in a foreign lanxua^e, in a foreign country, and in a journal having no circulation in America, where the fossil occurs. The definition was so ob- scure, its application to the species was not noticed until Ludwij; discovered it in 1878, and probably never would have been, had Meek & Worthen not de- scribed the genus, unde O. tyi 'is. typus, W. R. BillinKH, 1H»7, Ottawa Nat. Club, vol. 1, p. 49, Trenton Gr. Paimivcrinih, Billings, lH.59,Can.OrK. Rem., Decade 1, p. 22. [Kf.-. pachijB, thick ; krinoti, lily.] Galy x SHUcer-shaped ; ba-suls I x5; ra- dials 1x5. Type P. crassi- basalis. crapsibasalis, Billings, 1H59, Can. Org, Rem., Decade 4, |). 22, Chazy Gr. Pach ji lo ,' rinux, VVachsmuth & Springer, 1879, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 115. Proposed for a divi.sion of Poteriocrlnu^ of lewH than generic! importance, but lalii the tiime aiitli(»rs re- ferred their ype to Woodo- crinus. Pal^.a8tek, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol, 2, p. 247. [Ety. palaius, ancient; outer, ntar.] Stellate, disk small ; two ranges of plates .n each ambulacra! groove, and two on either side, aclambulacral and marginal ; four ranges of pores in each groove; oral plates in pairs at the base of the rays ; dorsal plates polygonal, sometimes spinous, madreporic tubercle. Type P. niaga- rensis. antiqua, Locke, 1840, (Asterias antiqua,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., vol. :{, p. 38, Hud. Riv. Gr. Too poorly defined for determination, antiquus, Troost, 1835, (Asterias antiqua,) Trans. Geo. 8oc. Penn., vol. 1, p. 232, Hud. Riv. Gr. clarkanus, S. A. Miller, 1880, Jour. Gin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 230, Hud. Riv. Gr. clarki, S. A. Miller, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 102, see Pala- aster clarkanus. crawf ords- villensis, S. A. Mil- ler, 1880, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist, vol. 2, p. 256, Keokuk Gr. dubius, Miller & Dyer, 1878, Cont. to Pal., No. 2, p. 256, Utica Slate Gr. dyeri, Meek, 1872, Am. Jour. Sci., 3d se- ries, vol. 3, p. 257, and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 58, Hud. Riv. Gr. eucharis, Hall. 1868, 20th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 330, Ham. Gr. KiG. 379.— PiilfJBiisler crawfords- vlllensiM, Khowing madrepori- form tuliercle. 266 ECHINODERMA TA. [PAI.. exculptUH, 8. A. Miller, 1H81, Jour. Cin. 8(M'. Nut. IliHt., vol. 4, p. 00, Hud. Uiv. Gr. flnii, Illri.h. 187f>, Jour. Cin. Hoc. Nat. Hint., vol. 2, p. 1», Uticu Slato Gr. grant!, Spencer, 1884, Bull, No. 1, Mus. I'niv. »St. Mo.. J). 5H, Clinton Or. granulosus. Hall, 1808, 20th Rep. N. Y. St. MuH. Nat. Hint., p. 327. Hud. Riv. Gr. harrihi, S. A. Miller, 1879, Joui. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hint,, vol. 2, p. 117, Hud. Riv. (ir. incomptus. Meek, 1872, Am. Jour. Sci., 3d HerieH, vol. 3, p. 275, and Ohio Tal., vol. I, p. 04, Hud. Riv. Gr. janiesi, Dana, 1803, (Palsesterina (?) jameHi,) Am. Jour. Hci., 2d serieH, vol. 35, p. 205, Hud. Riv. Gr. lonKibmohiatus, H. A. Miller, 1878, Jour. Cm. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 102, Hud. Riv. Gr. magnificuH. 8. A. Miller, 1884, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, \>. 10, Hud. Riv. Gr. niatutinuH, Hall, 1847, (AsteriaH matu- tina,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. «1, Tren- ton Gr. MHl miamiensis, S. A. Miller, 1880, Jour. CmT Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 143, Hud. Riv. Gr. parviusculus, Billings, 1860, Can. Nat. an«l Geo., vol. 5, p. 69, and Acad. Geol., p. 594, Mid. Sil. niagarensis, Hall, 1852, Pal. N, Y., vol. 2, p. 247, Niagara Gr. pulchellus, see Stenaster pulchellus. ehafferi, Hall, 1868, 20th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist, p. 320, Hud! Riv. Gr. simplex, 8. A. Miller, 1878, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1. p. 29, Hud. Riv. Gr. spinulosus. Mil- ler & Dyer, 1878, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 32, Hud. Riv. Gr. wilberanuB, Meek & Worthen, 1861, (Petraster wil- berianuB,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 142, Hud. Riv. Gr. PALiEASTERiNA, McCoy, 1851, Brit. Pal. Fosf,., p. 59, but first defined, by Salter, 1857, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [Ety. palaios, an- cient; Oiler, star; inua, resemblance.] Pentagonal, depressed, with plated disk that fills up the angles, leaving the rays but slightly produced; ambulacra shal- low, bordered by subquadrate plates. Type P. approximata. Miller & Dyer, 1878, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 30, Hud. Riv. Gr. Jitnbriata, see Scbaenaster fimbriatus. jamesi, see Paiseaster jamesi. rigida, see Petraster rigidus. Fig. 380 — Paleeaster simplex. rugosa, Billings, 1857, Rep of Proi^r. (ii i, Sur. ('an., p. L'Dl, mid (an. Org. Rein, Dec. 3, p. 77, Hud. Riv. Gr. FiG.JWl.— Palmiisterlim Npuciima, speciosa, Miller &. Dvfr, 1878, Jonr. ('in. So«;. Nat. Hist, v(j|. 1, p. 30, [Imi, Riv. (Jr. stellata, Billings, 1857, Rep. of Progr, (ieo, Sur, Can., p. 290, and Can. Org. Uiin., Decade 3, p. 76, Trenton Gr. Pal.«;chim;8, McC^oy, 1844, Carb. Foss. Ire- land, p. 172. [Ety, pnlaim, ancient; echinm, sea-urcbiu.] Large, oval or spheroidal ; plates spinous ; 5 to 8 ranges of plates in the interambulacral areas; 2 ranges in the amhulacral areHs, each plate perforated at the outer end by two pores. Type P. koenigi. burlingtonensis, Meek & Worthen, 18(;0, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 3'>0, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 230, Burling- ton Gr. Fig. .382— Paleechlnus burlingtonensis, 2 dlam. gracilis. Meek & Worthen, 1869, I'roe, Acad, Nat. Sci', Phil., p, 82, and Geo, Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 473, Burlington Gr. Pal,«ocoma, Salter, 1857, Ann. and Mag. Nat, Hist., 2d series, vol. 17. [Ety. palttios, ancient ; coma, hair.] Disk small, plates spinous, rays shallow, and hav- ing ambulacral, adambulacral, and marginal plates, the latter bearing spines, inclined toward the extremity of the ray. Type P. marstoni. I'M,.— PEN.] ECHINODERMA TA. 267 rylitidricn, Mee Tccniaster eylindricuR. priiuwpH, Hall, 18(i8, ( J'lilonaHtt^r prin- cepH,) 20th Rep. N. Y. St. Miih. Nat. HiHt., p. 3;)4, (MieniiinK Gr. i^pinosa, see Tieniastor HpinoHUH. I'Ai.^ocRiNim, KillinKH, IHoO, Can. Ort{. Hem., I)»^c'ude 4, p. '24. [Kty. palaios, iincient; krinon,\\\y.] Calyx oval or pyriforin; basHlH 5; railiala 1x5; azyi^otiH iiiter- nuliHlH I to 3 ; calyrinal amhiilatTa 5, radiatiiiK from the cfiiter to the baaes of the arms. Typo P. Htriatus. atiKulatiiH, BillitiKfl) 1857, ( I) e n d r o c r i n u B aii- giiiatUH,) Il»n). of Prog, (leo. Sur. Cfan., p. 26ft, and Can, Decade 4, (ir. puK^holluH, Can. Oria. Or^. Rem., p.. 24, Trenton BillingH, \m), Rem., Decade 4, p. 45, Trenton Gr. rhombiferuH, BilliiiKH, 18.')9, Can. Org. Hem., l-Kt. '.m. - Pal- ii'ocrlnuH Dtii- IIIUM. 45. Decade 4, p Trenton Gr. fltriatna, HiilingB, 1869, Can. Org. Rt'm., Decade 4, p. 25, Chazy Gr. sulcatm, iSafford Not defined. Pai-«ocy8TItks, Billings, Kent., Decade 4, p. Fio Piilnoorliiuii DliiKrarn. 1858, Can. Org. r)8. [Elv. palaiog, ancient; kiMtis, bladder.] Boily oval or pyriform ; plates numerous and poriferous at the margins. Type P. tenuiradiatus. chapmani, Billings, 1858, Can. Org. Rem., Decade 3, n, 71, Chazy Gr. dawsoni, Billings, 1858, Can. Org. Rem., Decade 3, p. 70, 0^ ■ > Gr. pulcher, Billinac., ^;::,'. 'an. Nat. Geo., vol. 4, p. 4' n, Ch-i/y ( I. tenuiradiatiiB lie"!, 'Si. (Actinocrinus tenuiradii'tu-i ; P.vi. r . /., vol. 1, p. 18, Chi^y Gr Parisocn-,.,u. \Ya'^'3m\l«• v.. Springer, 1879, PrOy,. *v.,;,v.'. >;;U k'\. Phil., p. 115. [Ety. parms, resembling ; krinon, lily.] A division of Poteriocrinus of less than generic value, with P. perplexua as the type, and including P. nereus. P. salignoidea, P. teniubrachiatus, ana Cyathocrinus intermedins. Pentacriniteg hamptoni, Emmons, 1842, Geo. Rep. N. Y., Trenton Gr. This ia merely the plate of a crinoid column. Pentagonites, proposed by Rafinesque for a crinoid column. Pbntrbhites, Say, 1820, Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 2, p. 36. [Ety. penle, five ; remos, a board or plate.] Calyx globose, ovoid, or pyriform ; base never distinjtljr tri- lobate, nor excavated in the middle line ; section more or less triiingular ; baaals 3, forming a small cup ; radials or fork plates 1x5, long, forming the greater part of the calyx ; limbs 'f lonK, with flat or concave sides and truncated above ; sinuH, subpetaloid ; deltoid plates 1 x 5, small ; ambulacra subpetaloid, reHtin^ in the sinuHea or forks of the radials; lancet plates rest- ing below on under lancet plates, and forming about a third the width of the ambulacra ; side plates numerous and abutting the lancet plates: liydrospire or aml)ula(!ral nores partially excavated out of the si(ies of the ainuses ; pin- nules attacheeninKS small, central. Type F. biserialis. illinoisensis. Wo then & Miller, 1883, (4eo. Sur. III., vol. 7, p. 333, Kas- ka-kia Gr. rereii>chi>crinus, Austin, 1843, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, p. 203. Not defined so as to be recognized, though some authors use it instead of Sacco- crinus. Petkasteu, Billings, 1858, Can. Org. Rem., Decade 3, p. 79, [Ety. petros, stone ; axter, star.] Closely related t<> PaliBas- tor, and having l>oln marginal and adambulacral plates, with a lew disk- plates, on tlie ventral side. Type P. rigidus. Fig. .389— Pelrtister bellulus. bellulns, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 393, Niagara Gr. ri(iidus, Billings, 1857, (Palseasterina rig- idus,) Rep. of Progr. Geo. Sur. Can., p. 291, and Can. Org. Rem., Decade 3, p. 80, Trenton Gr. w'dherianus, see Palaeaster wilberanus. Philiicrinus, Koninck, 1863. [Ety. philos, favorite ; krinon, lily.] peh'is, M-ek & Worthen, 1865, Am. Jour. Sci., 2d series, vol. 39, syn. for Eriso- crinus typus. Pholidocidakis, Meek & Worthen, 1869, Proc. Aiad. Nat. Sci, Pl)il., p. 77. [Ely. ph-iltdos, scale ; kide.ris, turban.] Inter- ambiilacrals thin, irregular, imbricating upward and laterally ; five or more rows; only two reaching the extremi- ties; marginal rows and those on the lower side having primary tubercles, showing a pit in the top, and being surrounded by two rings; ambulacra! areas wide, with six or more rows of plates imbricating downward, «ach plate pierced by two pores, and the larger ones having additional pores. Type P. irregularis. irregularis, M • k & Worthen, 1869, Proc. Acad. N. t. Sci. Phil., p. 78, and G?o. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 512, Keokuk Gr. Fig. K9(). — Physetocriiius eopei. Phil. p. ]()2, and Geo. Physetocrinuh, Me^k & Worthen, 18(59, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 158. [Ely. physetos, inflated ; krinon, lily.] Distinguishetl fn m Actinocrinus, in the f(»rin and construction of the vault, which has no proboscis, and has pores aliiUij the radial portions of the dome; and, al.'*o, in having no hook-like pro- jections along the pinnules. Type P. ventricosus. asper, Meek & Worthen, 1869, Proc. Ac»d. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 161, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 5, p. 351, Burlington Gr. c o p e i , S. A. Idiller, 18 81, ( Actinocrinus copei,) Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 310, Burling- ton Gr. dilalatus. Meek & Wor then, 1869, (Stroto- crinus dilata- t u 8 , ) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 363, Burlington Gr. ornatns, Ilall, 1858, (Actinocrinus or- natus,) Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 583, Burling- ton Gr. reliculatus, Hall, 1861, (Actino(Tinu8 reticulatus ) Desc. New Crin., p. 3, Burlington Gr. sub ventricosus, McChesney, 1860, (Acti- nocrinus subventricosus,) Desc. New Crin. Pal. Foss., p. 21, and Trans. Chi. Acad. Sci., p. 16, Burlington Gr. ventricosus. Hall, 1858, (Actinocrinus ventricosus,) Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 695, Burlington Gr. ventricosus var. cancellatus, Hall, 1861, (Actinocrinus ventricosus var. cancel- latus,) Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, p. 279, Burlington Gr. ventricosus var. internodus. Hall, 1861, (Actinocrinus ventricosus var. inter- nodu«,) Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, p. 278, Burlington Gr. PisocRiNus, DeKoninck, 1858, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belgique, 2me ser., tome 3, p. 24. [Ety. pisoa, pea ; krinon, lily.] Calyx round globular; basals 5, forming a triangle; these are followed by three large plates, forming nearly the entire calyx; one of these supports two small plates, and a small plate is supported, in a notch, between the other two larger plates; arms 5; column round. jm^ Type P. pilula. ^ '^ nHH gemmiforuii8,S. A. Miller, ^ \kP 18"«. Jo«r. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 113, Niagara Gr. globoBUH, Ringueberg, 1884, (Triacrinus glob- osus,) Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 146, Clinton Gr. Fig. 391.— Plsocrl- 11118 gemiiilfor- tiils, Ntitural slseand magui- fled. 270 ECHINODERMA TA. [I'l.A. pyriforrais, Ringueberg, (Triacrinus pyri- formis,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 145, Clinton Or. PLATYraiNUS, Miller, 1821, Nat. Hist. Cri- noidea, p. 73. [Ety. pia^i/s, flat ; krinon, lily.] Calyx bowl-shaped ; basals 3 ; primary radials 2x5; regular inter- radials 1x4; azygous interradials, 1 large and 3 small ; dome elevated ; arms 10 to 35, bearing pinnules; column large and twisted. Type P. Iffivis. aequalis, Hall, 1861, Desc. New. Grin., p. 117, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 5, p. 456, Burlington Gr. americanus, Owen & Shumard, ISriO, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliil., 2d ser., vol. 2, p. 89, Burlington Gr. annrfironi, Troost. Not defined. Fig. 392.~Platycriiius asper. Diagram. asper. Meek & Worthen, 1861, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 129, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 468, Burlington Gr. bedfordensis, Hall & Whitfield, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 161, Erie Shales, bloomfieldensis, S. A . Miller, 1880, Jour. Gin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 257, Keokuk Gr. bonoensis, White, 1878, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 30, and Gont. to Pal., No. 6, p. 160, Keokuk Gr. brevinodus, Hall, 1861, Desc. New Cri-. noidea, p. 4, and Bost. Jour. Nat. '' Hist., vol. 7, p. 286, Keokuk Gr. burlingtonensis, Owen & Shumard, 1850, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 2, p. 60, Burlington Gr. calyculus, Hall, 1861, Desc. New '^rin., p. 16, Burlington Gr. canaliculatus. Hall, 1858, Geo. Sun Iowa, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 539, Burlington Gr. c»i"U8,HalI, 1858; Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 527, '.)• riington Gr. clytis, Hall, 1861, Dpsc. New Grin., p. 4, and Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, p. 285, Burlington Gr. contritus. Hall, 1863, 17th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 54, and Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 166, Waverly Gr. cot^oriculug, Ringueberg, 1886, Bull. Buf. HOC Nat. Sci., vol. 5, p. 12, Niagara Gr. Not properly defined. corrugatus, Owen & Shumard, 1850, Jom. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 2, p. 59, Burlin/ ton Gr. depreasus, Owen. Not defined, discoideus, Owen & Shumard, 18.50, .lonw Acad. Nat. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 2, p. .js, Bi- riington Gr. ebora.-eus. Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. St Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 119, Ham. Gr. elegans. Hall, 1861, Desc. New Crin., p. 1, and Bost. Jour. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, p. 285, Burlington Gr. eminuius, Hall, 1861, Desc. New Grin,, p. 17, Burlington Gr. criensis. Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. St, Mus. Nat Hidt., p. 119, Ham Gr. excavatus. Hall, 1861, Desc. New Crii]., p. 4, and BoHt. Jour. Nat. Hist., vdl, 7, p. 286, Burlington Gr. exsertiis. Hall, 1858, Geo. Sur. Iowa, j.. 539, Burlington Gr. faberi, n. sp. Calyx bowl-shaped : mh- cylindrical above ; attaching point for column projecting below ; base marked by three keels, cor- responding with the sutures between the basal plates, and along which the p.,a. ,}9:,.-.l>luty(Mlm,.s sutures may be dis- fabeii, x 2. tinguished ; radials large, width a little greater than height , cicatrix for attachment of arms in the center of the upper face of each railial, and occupying about one-third of the width of the plate ; surface marked by a row of tubercles radiati.ig on each Fxo. .394 —Plat ycrlnus hemlspherlcuB. Diagram. plate frcm the angle of union of bi.-iil and radia' plates, and also a few scat- tering tubercles; collected in Scott County, West Va., in the St. L min or Kaskaskia Gr. PI.A.] E CHfNODERMA TA. SM georgii, Hall, 1860. Supp. to CJeo. Sur. Towa, p. 82, Warsaw tir. Klyptus, Hall, 1H61, Desc. New Crin., p. 16, Burlington Gr. u'rapliii'us, Hall, 1863, 17tl» Rep. N. Y. St. Mas. Nat. Hist., p. 55, and Oliio Pal., vol. 2, p. ]()(), Waverly Gr. Iialli, Sliiimard, 1866, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 388, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 454, Burlington Gr, liavdeni. Meek, 1872, Havden's (Jeo. Sur. Terr., p. 469, and Cont. to Pal., No. 6, p. 122, Subcarbouiferous. hem isphericus, Meek & Wor- then, 1865, Proc. Aoad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 16, and (ieo. Sur. III., vol. 3, p. 511, Keo- kuk Gr. huiitsvilhr, Troo.st. Not defined. i n c o m p t u s , White, 1863, Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, p. 503, and Geo. Sur. II!., vol. 5. p. 45!>, Burlington Gr. mornatu», syn. for P. burlington- ensis. in»culplus, Troost. Not defined, leai, Lvon, 1869, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 13, p. 459, Up. Held. Gr. lodensis. Hall & Whitfield, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 168, Waverly Gr. monroensis, Worthen, 1882, Bull. No. 1, 111. St. Mus. Ni.t. Hist., p. .30, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 7, p. 306, St. Louis Gr. montanensis, .see Eucladocrinus montan- en^is. muitibrachiatus. Meek & Worthen, 1861, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 135, Warsaw Gr. n i o t e n s i 8, Meek & Worthen, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 162, „nd Gho. Sur. III., vol. 3, p.513, Keo- kuk Gr. nodobrachia- tus. Hall, 1858, Geo. Sur. Iowa, Fio.39«.-Platycrlnusnlotensl8- ]). 5 4 2, Diagram. Burlington Gr. noduloau.s, Hall, 1858, Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 541, Burlington Gr. Fir, 89.).— Plat .vcrlnu.s heinl.spliericus. nucleiformis. Hall, 1858, Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 540. Fiurlington (Jr. olla, Hall, 18(51, Desc. New Crin. The name was preorcupied. See P. halli. ornigranuliiH, McCliesney, 1860, Dfsc. New Pal. Koss., p. 5, and Trans. Chi. Acad. Sci., p. 3, Burlington fir. oweni. Meek i^ Worthen, 18l)l, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 120, Burling- ton (Jr. parvinodus, Ji.dl, 1861, l)esc. New Cri- noith'a, ji. 17, Burlington (ir. ])arviilu.'<. Meek & Worthen, 1865, Proc. Acad. .Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 163, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 555, KaskaHkia Gr. parrtiH, sec CJordylocrinus parvus, penicillu*. Meek* it WortlKUi, 18()0, I'roc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 380, and (ico. Sur. Ill , vol. 2, p. 266, St. Louis (Jr. perasper. Meek & Worthen, \H(i'), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 161, Burling- ton Gr. pilciforruis, Hall, 1858, Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 529, Burlinglon Gr. planus, Owen & Shumaid, 1850, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliil., 2d .ser., vol. 2, p. 57, Burlington (ir. plenus. Meek & Worthen, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., i). 380, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, 1). 267, St. Louis Gr. pkuvoviminpiix, see Eucladocrinus pleiiro- viniineus. phmomtn, see Cordylocrinus plumosus. pocilllforniis. Hall, 1858, Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 528, Burlington (ir. poculum, S. A. Miller, 1881, Jour. Gin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 311, Burling- ton Gr. polydactylus, Troost. Not defined, prsematurus. Hall & Whitfield, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 124, Niagara Gr. prsenuntius, Wachsmuth & Springer, 1878, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 249, Burlington Gr. prattenanus. Meek & Worthen, 18(50, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 379, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 264, St. Louis Gr. pratteni, Worthen, 1860, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1. p. 69, Burlington (Jr. pumilus. Hall, 1860, Supp. to Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 82, Warsaw Gr. quinquenodus, White, 1862, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, p. 18, Burling- ton Gr, ramulosHs, see Cordylocrinus ramulosus. regalis. Hall, 1861, Desc. New Crinoidea, p. 16, Burlington Gr. richfieldensis, Hall & Whitfield, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 1(57, Waverly Gr. saffordi, Troost, 1850, Hall, 1858, Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. (334, Keokuk Gr. sara». Hall, 1858, Geo. Sur. Iowa, p, 673, St. Louis Gr. scobina, Meek & Worthen, 1861, Proc. Acad Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 129, and Geo. Sur, 111., vol. 3, p. 466, Burlington (Jr. sculptus. Hall, 1858, Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 536, Burlington Gr. 272 ECHINODERMA TA. [PI.A. -I'l.lC. Bhiimardanus, Hall, 1858, Geo. Sur. Iowa, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 5:^2, Burl'.ngtnn Gr. silurlciis, Hail, 1879, Dhhc. New Spec. Fo88., p. 9, and 11th Rep. Geo. Sur. Ind Kio. ;«(7.— Plalycrlnus scobina. Diagram. striobrachiatus, Hall, 1861, Desc. New Crinoidea, p. 4, and Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, p. 287, Burlington Gr. Bubspinosiis, Hall, 1858, Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 53b, Burlington Gr. subspiuulosus. Hall, 1860, Supp. to Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 81, Burlington Gr. Bymmetricua, Wachsmuth & Springer, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 186, Waverly or Kinderhook Gr. tennesaeenm, see Marsupiocrinus tennes- seensis. tentaculatus, see Marsupiocrinus tentacu- latus. tenuibrachiatus, Meek & Worthen, 1869, Prou. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phi!., p. 16, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 450, Burling- ton Gr. truncatulus, Hall, 1858, Geo. Sur. Iowa, p, 538, Burlington Gr. truncatus, Hall, 1858, Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 537, Burlington Gr. tuberosus. Hall, 1858, Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 534, Burlington Gr. verrucosus. White, 1863, Jour. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, p. 502, Burlington Gr. vexabilis. White, 1875, U. S. Sur. W. 100th Meridian, vol. 4, p. 81, Sub. Carb. wortheni. Hall, 1858, Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 530, Burlington Gr. yandelii, Owen & Shumard, 1850, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 2, p. 58, Burlington Gr. Platycystites, n. gen. [Ety. platya, flat; kuntit, bladder.] General form com- pressed elliptical, or like the kernel of a peach-seed, with a narrow rim on the border; axial canal passes down into the column ; three plates in the ^rst ran«;e, one of them bending around the rim and the other two having the di- viding suture in the rim itself; there are five large plates in the second range, and above these there are three large plates, on the azygous side, with six or more smaller ones on the border ; the whole surface is granular and every plate full of minute pores. Type P. faberi. faberi, n. sp. Basal plates hexngoii;!, longer than wid^, one of them bending around the bordered rim, and the otlu r two unitintr at the miii(ile of the ritii; a large subcentral hexagonal ))late in the second range on the azygous siilc rests upon the upper si, which is separated by a suture in tlie rim from an adjoining basal plate, luit does not reach the other basal ; tliis large hexRgonal plate joins two j)iiii('H in the second range with its under s1m|). ingsidts; three large plates rest upmi the three upper faxies of this large In x- agonal plate; tlieoiie upon the superior face is octagonal, resting between the other two large plates and having live smaller ones joining its upper faces. The specimen is worn at the upper e(l(,'e so as to destroy the oriflces. It was re- ceived by Charles Fa- ber among a lot of fossils from the Khs- kaskia Group in the southern part of West Virginia, but as no cys- tideans have ever been found above the Lower Devonian, and as the specimen is worn as if l''i« /«w. Pliit.v<-,vs- it had been drifted, the ^"*'' ^"'"'" probability is that it belongs to the Silurian rocks. Plkurocystites, Billings, 1854, Can. Jour., vol. 2, p. 250. Ety. pleuron, side; kuniis, bladder.] Body oval, flat; dnrpa! side with iHr^e plates, ventral with .smaller ones; two free arms; mouth at the Imse on the left side; small orifice near the apex; three pectinated rhombs, two in tiie uj)per half and one in tlie lower; column short. Type P. sijua- moHUS. anticostiensis, Billings, 1857, Rep. of Prnt;r. Geo. Sur. Can., p. l'S8, and Can. Or/. R'ni., Decade 3, p. 52, lluu. Uiv. Gr. elegans, Billings, ls.")7, Kep. of Progr. (ieo. Sur. Can., f. 287, and Can. Org. Rem., Dec- ade 3, p. 51, Trenton Gr. exornatus. Billing.^, is.")?, Rep, of Progr. (Jei). Sur. Can., p. 287, Tren- ■i;, m ton Gr. \ It filitextus, Billings, 1H:.4, V'^^ Can. Jour., vol. '-', |). 252, and Can, Or;;. Rem,, Decade 3, p. 4S, Trenton Gr. ''ohustufl, Billings, 1H.")4, C>»n. Jour., vol. 2, p. 26;, i\XH\ OhiI. Org. Rem., Decade 'A, p. 49, rrfcitton Gr. liG 8 - Pleuro cysttu.) 4 |ii« /^ J n X c, '^cco O ^' R FiQ. 403.— Poterlocrlnos carlnatus. Diagram. carinatus. Meek & Wortben, 1861, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 139, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 3, p. 486, Burlington Gr. clarkii, Williams, 1882, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 21, Chemung Gr. claytonensis, Worthen, 1882, Bull. No. 1, 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 18, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 7. p. 288, Warsaw Gr. clytis, Worthen, 1882, Bull, No. 1, 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 16, and Geo. Sar. 111., vol. 7, p. 294, St. Louis Gr. columbiensis, Worthen, 1882, Bull. No. i, 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 22 and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 293, Kaskaa- kia Gr. concinnus, Mf .->k & Worthen, 1870, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 26, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 490, Keokuk Gr. coreyi, Worthen, 1875, (iieo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 516, Keokuk Gr. cornellanus, Williams, 1882, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 18, Cliemung Gr. 274 ECHINODERMA TA. [I'OT. corycia, Hall, 1S03, 17th Pep N. Y. fet. Mu8. Nat. Hist., p. 57, and Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 173, Waverly Gr. coxanui^ see Seaphiocrinus coxanus. crineus, Hall, 1863, 17th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 56, and Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 172, Waverlj; Gr. cultidactylus, see Seaphiocrinus cnltidac- tylus. y isf Fia. 404.— Poterlocrliius liidlanensls. Clagram cylindricus, Lyon, 1860, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., vol. 13, p. 458, Up. Held. Gr. davisanus, S. A. Miller, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 226, Up. Held. Gr. decadactylus, see Seaphiocrinus decadac- tylus. diffusus. Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 121, Ham. Gr. dilatatus, see Coeliocrinus dilatatus. divarieatus, Hall, 1860, Supp. to Geo. Sur. Iowa., p. 65, Warsaw Gr. elsahensis, Worthen, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol, 8, p. 88, Kiuderhook Gr. enormis, see Cyathocrinus enormia. floi'ealis, see Zeacrinus florealis. fountainensis, Worthen, 1882, Bull. No. 1, 111. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 17, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 286, St. Louis Gr. fusiformis, Hall, 1861, Desc. New Cri- noidea, p. 6, and Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, p. 302, Burlington Gr. gracilis, see Dendrocrinus gracilis, grf'garius, Williams, 1882, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 22, Chemung Gr. hamiltonensiB, Worthen, 1882, Bull. No. 1, 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 7, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 273, Keokuk Gr. hardinensis, Worthen, 1873, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 533, St. Louis Gr. hemisphericm, see Eupachycrinus hem- isphericus. veyi, Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 516, Keokuk Gr. ih.nf isensis, Worthen, 1882, Bull. No. 1 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 19, and Geo Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 289, Warsaw Gr. indentus, Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. St Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 122, Ham. Gr. indianensis. Meek & Worthen, 1865, Viar.. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 155, and (iio. Sur. III., vol. 3, p. 516, Kio- kuk Gr. iowenm, see Seaphiocrinus iowensis. jesupi, Whitfield, 1881, Bull. No. 1, Am. Nat. Hist., p. 7, syn. for P. swallovi. kagkaskiensis, see Sca[)hioLii- nus kaBkaskiensis. keokuk, Hall, 1860, Supp. to Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 64, Keo- kuk Gr. lasailensis, Worthen, 187."), Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. oUG, Coal Meas. latidaclylus, see Seaphiocrinus latidactylus. lepidus. Hall, 1861, Desc. New Crin,, p. 6, and Bust. Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, p. 304, Burlington Gr. longidactylm, Shumard, 1855. The name was preoccupied. See P. missourif nsis. macoupinen&is, Worthen, 1873, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 561, Up. Ctial Mt-as. mammiformis, Worthen, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 91, War- saw Gr. maniformis, see Zeacrinus maniformis. meekanus, Shumard, 1855, Geo. Rep. Mo., p. 188, Burlington Gr. milleri, Wetherby, 1880, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 330, Kaskas- kia Gr. missouriensis, S h u m ard. 185 7, Trans. St. Louii- Acad. 8ci., p. 80, and 1 Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 669, St. Louis Gr. montanenm, see Scapiii- ocrinus mojntanensis. munidpalis, Troost. Not defined, nassa, Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 120, Ham. Gr. nauvooensis, see Seaphio- crinus nauvooensis. nereus. Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 121, Ham. Gr. Fig. 405 - Po- net tier othanus, S. A. missouriensis. Miller, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 227, Up, Held. Gr. nodobasalis, Worthen, (in press,) Geo. Sur, III., vol. 8, p. 89, St. Louis Gr. POT.] ECHINODERMA TA. 275 norwoodi, Meek & Wort hen, 1865, Proc. Acad.Nat.8ci.Phil.,p.l50,Ka8kaskiaGr. nycteus, Hall, 1862, 16th Kep. N. Y. St. Mns. Nat. Hist., p. 120, Ham. Gr. obnncuo, Wliite, 1862, Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist, p. 10, BurlinKton Gr. occidentalis, Owen & Hhuiuard, see AgaH- sizocriiius occidentaMs. occidentalis, Worthen, see Scaphiocrinus occidentaliH. ok'iwemin, see Scaphiocrinus okawensis. orcstes, see Sctaphiocrinua orestes. otterensis. Worthen, 1882, Bull. No. 1, III. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 14, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 7, p. 283, Keokuk Gr. peculiaris, Worthen, 1882, Bull. No. 1, III. St. MuB. Nat. Hist., p. 25, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 298, KaKkafikia Gr. penit illiformis, Worthen, 1882, Bull. No. 1, 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. D, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 276, Keokuk Gr. perplexus. Meek & Worthen, 1869, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 138, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 5, p. 405, Burlington Gr. pisif rmtf, see Arachnocrinus pisiiormis. pleiaH, Hall, 1863, 17th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 57, and Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 173, Waverly Gr. popensis, see Scaphiocrinus popensis. losticus, see Dendrocrinus posticus, proboscidialis, Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 518, St. Louis Gr. j.ropinqwi8, st-e Scaphiocrinus propinquus. rhombiiervs, see Barycrinus rhombiferus. richfi»^ld»'nHia, Worthen, 1882, Bull. No. 1, 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 15, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 285, Kinderhook Gr. rowleyi, Worthen, (in press,) Geo. Sur. III., vol. 8, p. 90, Kaskaskia Gr. rugosus, Sliumard, 1868, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 223, Coal Meas. salignoides. White, 1862, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, p. 10, Burlington Gr. salteri, see Scaphiocrinus salteri. sculptus, Worthen, 1882, Bull. No. 1, 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 21, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 292, KaskaskiaGr. vu Fig. 406.— PoterlocrlDus Hublmpressos. similis, Worthen, 1882, Bull. No. 1, 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 23, and Geo. Sax. 111., vol. 7, p. 295, Keokuk Gr. simplex, Lyon, 1869, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 13, p. 458, Up. Held. Gi. solidus. Meek ^^ ^^ & Worthen, see "^Xy Scaphiocrinus // tenuidactylus. tenuidact ylus, Fio- *(^- - Poterlocrlnus Worthen, 1882, ^Xn""^ ^^"'- Bull. No. 1, 111. " St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 6, and Geo. Sur. HI., vol. 7, p. 271, Keokuk Gr. Wachtmutli says this is a Scaphiocri- nus, and he has proposed to call it Scaphiocrinus obscurus. ulrichi, Worthen, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 87. Keokuk Gr. tumidus, see Agassizocrinus tumidus. validus, Worthen, 1882, Bull. No. 1, 111. St. MuH. Nat. Hist., p. 18, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 7, p. 287, War- saw Gr. vanhcniei, Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 6, p. Fig. 408— Po- 517, St. Louis Gr." j terioennus largoiwofMt, peeScaphiocrinuB ' ui'icii varsoviensis. ventncomii, see Coiliocrinus ventricoBus. I vemMlus, see Scaphiocrinus venustus. 276 ECHINODERMA TA. [pro. — PVC. Fio. 409— Protaster tlexuosui. W ' ■ v«-rti.illu8, Hall. 1862, 15lh R.p. N. Y. Kt. Mu8. Nat. HiHt.. p. 94, Ham, Gr. waclininuthi, M«'ek ilateB five. Type P. miltoiii. barrisi, see Ony chaster barribi. fl e X u o s u p, SI i 1 1 e r & Dyer, 1878, Jour. Cin. S o c. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 31, Utiia Slate & Hud. Kiv. Gr. forbesi. Hall, 18 59, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 134, Low. H. Id. Gr. granuliferus. Meek, 1872, Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 3. p. 274, and Oliio Pal., vol. 1, p. 68, Huil. Riv. Gr. gregarius, Me« k & Wortlien, 1869, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Ptiil., p. 169, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 509, Keokuk Gr. miamiensis, S. A. Miller, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist, vol. 5, p. 116, Hud. Riv. Gr. Btellifer, Kingueberg, 1886. Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci., v<'l. 5, p. 7, Niagara Gr. ProUisterina, syn. for Proiaiter. fimbrinta, syn for Protaster flexuosus. Ptkhotockinus, Lyon & CasBeday,1860, Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 29, p. 08. [Ety. pttroUis, feathered; krinon, lily.] Cal\x saucer- shaped, wider than high; vault high, witli five wing like processes that char- acterize this genus; basals 2; radials I or 2 x5, the second being small; (second- ary radials 1x10; tertiary radials 2 or 3x20; azygousin- terradiul 1 ; arms 20,reachingonlyto the vault ; column round. Type P. capitalis. acutup, Wetherby, 1879, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 134, Kaskas- kia Gr Fia.4l0.— Pterotocrlnus bifurcatuB, Wether- «!'«5«'«° «*«• ^'*'- by, 1879, Jour. ** Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist, vol. 2. p. 136, KaskanRia Gr. capitalis, Lyon, 1857, (Astrocrinus niiii. taiin,) G'o. Sur. Ky., vol. 3, p. 472, Kns- kaskia Gr. chesterensis, Meek & Worthen, ISM), ( Af'tinocrinus chesterensin, ) Proc. Acil, Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 383, and Geo. Sur, 111., V..1. 2, p. 292, KrtHkHHkiH (ir. coronariu"*, Lyon, 1857, ( Asterocriniw c .r- onarius,) Geo. Sur. Ky., vol. 3, p. 47ti, Kaskiskia Gr. Fio. 411.— Pterotocrlnus crussuN. Diagriim craP8U«, Meek & Worthen, ISOO. (Dicho- crinus cra«8us,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Scj. Pliil., p. 382, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 290, Ka-kaskia Gr. depressus, Lyon & Ca«8eday, 1860, Am. Jour. Sci., Vol. 29, p. 68, and Geo. Siir. III., vol. 5, p. 559, Kaskaskia Gr. proluberans. Hall, 1858, (Dichocrinns protuberans.) Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. ()89, KaskHskia Gr. pyiamidalis, Lvon & CaB8»^dav, 18(50, Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 29, p. 69, IvaKka:s- kia Gr. rug 'BUS, Lyon & CusBeday, 1860, Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 29, p. 71, Kaskas- kia (jr. sexlobatiis, see TalarocrinuB sexlobatns. spatuhuns, Wetherbv, 1879, Jour. Cin. S .c. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 137, Kaskas- kia Gr. Ptionanter, Hall, 1868, syn. for Palseocoma. princ.i^)», see Palseocoina princeps. Ptychitcrinus, Wachsmuth & Springer, 18HG, Revis. Palseocrinoidea, pt. 3, p. 99, syn. lor Gaurocrinus. Pyckochixus, 8. A. Miller, 1883, Jour. ('in. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6. p. 231. [Kiy. piiknos, dense ; krinon, lily.] Calyx small, cup-shaped ; basals 5; radials 3x5; regular interradials 3; arms 10, sometimes dividing after b« coming free. Type P. Shaffer! . germanus, 8. A. Miller, 1880, (Glyptocrinus shaff< ri var. f,,, 412 gernianuH,) Jour. Cin. Soc. Pyciiooinui Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 233, germunus. Hiid. Riv. Gr. shaffr-ri, 8. A. Miller, 1876, (GlyptocrnuiH shafferi,) Cin. Qaar. Jour. Sci., vul 2, |'V<;.— RHO.] RCHINODERMA TA. 277 p. 277, and Jour. Gin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 23H, Hud. Riv. Gr. I P'KJ. 118.— Fycnocrl- HUM Mhiiffiert. Kim. 414 II o <; r I II 11 N slinfTerl. En- largecl 2'.j (Ham. Kio. 4ia. Fy«! n o c r 1 • I'yQ. ntiN Hhaf- ferl. Col- iiiiiii coll- ed around a cnluiiiii of Ulypto- (TllltlH. Viu. nil. — Ketlocri HUH stellarifi. barrisi var. diverKens, Hall, 18(U, DeMc. New Grin., p. 9, and Jour. BoBt, Hoc. Nat. IliHt., vol. 7, p. 322, Burling- ton Gr. • coxanus, Wortlien, 1882, Bull. No. 1, 111. St. Mu8. Nat. Hist., p. 29, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 7, P. 305, Keokuk Gr. I'ligoihiinrhuH gouldi. Not recognized. Ki.TiocKi.NU8, Billings, I8.'38, Gan. Org. Rem., Decade 4, p. 63. [Kty. retium, net ; krinon, lily.] Calyx baBin-shaped ; radial ridges very prominent ; bitsals 5, large ; nub- racrinu8 pyriformiH. rectus, Hall, 1867, 20th Rep. N. Y. Muh. Nat. HiBt., p. 368, Niagara Ur. BpinoBUB, Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y, Mufl. Nat. Hist., p. 127, Ham. (ir. varsovienBia, Hall, 1860, Supp. to (ieo. Sur. Iowa, p. 80, Warsaw Gr. vesperaliH, White, 1880, Proo. U. 8. Nat. wortheni. Hall, 1858, (ieo. Sdr. Iowa, i 656, Burlington Gr. HAtoxRiNUH, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 205. [Ety. nakkot. bug; krinon, lily ; Calyx large, urn-snaped ; baMals .'{; nn mury radfals 3x5; secondary rudinlN I to 4x10; tertiary radinls, in some hjii- ciea; regular interradials 10 to 17 ; vault depressed, opening subcentral ; urnm li» to 30 ; column round. TypeS. specioHus. Fio. 420.— HacoocrlnuB ampluf). Diagram. V I Mus., vol. 2, p. 259, and Cont. to. Pal. I No. 6, p. 129. Up. Coal Meas. wachsinuthi, Hall, 1861, Desc. New Crin., \ p. 18, Burlington (ir. water8ianus,wachsmuth , & Springer, (in press,) i (ieo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 184, Kinderhook, (rr. whitii. Hall, 1861, Desc ' New Crin., p. 9, and ; Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, p. 324, Burlington (ir. whitii var. burling- ; tonensis. Hall, 1861, j Desc. New Crin., p. 9, and Jour. Bost. Soc. i Nat. Hist., vol. 7, p. 326, Burlington Gr. ' Fig. 421-RIi(kIoci< nu8 watersiaiiUH. amplus. Meek & Worthen, 1861, (Actino- crinus amplus,) Proc. Acad. Nat. 8ci. Phil., p. 133, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 3, p. 470, Burlington Gr. christyi, Hall', 1863, (ActinocrinuH, chris- tyi,) Trans. Alb.Inst., vol. 4, p. 196, and 28th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., (). 127, Niagara Gr. egani, S. A. Miller, 1881, Jour. Cin. Soc Fio. 422. - Saccoci i Nat. Hist., vo;. 4, p. °"" ohrUtyl. 173, Niagara Gi. infelix, Winchell & Marcy, 1865, (Me^'is- tocrinuB infeliz,) Mem. Boat. Soc. Nut. Hist., p. 110, Niagara 6r. ^■CA.J r.CHINODKRMA TA. 279 inarnoiuinus, Winchell h Marcy, 1865, (MegiHtoorinuamnrconiinuBjMem.BoBt. Soc. Nat. Hist., p. K7, Niagara Gr. neciH, Wincliell t Marcy, 1805, (Megisto- crinuH necin,) Mem. BoHt. Soc. Nat. HiRt., p. 110, Niagara Or. .)rnatU8, Hall «& WJiitfleld, 1875, Ohio Pul., vol. 2, p. 126, Niagara Or. pyriformiH, S. A. Miller, 1882, .lour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, i-. 81, Ni- agara (rr. semiradiatHH, Hall, 1867, 20th Rep. N. Y. St. Mu». Nat. Hist., p. 370, Niagara Or. specioBtiH, Hall, 1852, I'al. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 205, Niagara Or. tenneHseenHia, Troost, Ms., Hall A Whit- field, 1875, Ohio I'al., vol. 2, p. 125, Ni- agara Gr. iirnirormis, S. A. Miller, 1881, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 170, Ni- agara Gr. irhitfieldi, Hall, 1867, synonym for Macco- crinus christyi. S( APHiocRiNus, Hall, 1858, Geo. Sur. Iowa, f). 550. [Kty. acaphion, skitf: hrinon, ily.] Calyx obconoidal ; bssals 5 ; sub- radials 5; radials 2x5; regular interra- dials ; a:;ygouH interradials 1 to 6 ; arms 10, simple or bifurcating, plates Projecting laterally ; sutures gaping. yy)e S. simplex. Wachsmuth & Springer refer tne type to Graphiocrinus and substitute, as the type S. dicho- tomus. abnormis, Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6,1). 519, St. Louis Gr. Kgina, Hall, 1863, 17th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 57, Waverly Gr. a'qualis, Hall, 1861, Desc. New Crin. p. 8, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 5, p. 494, Keo- kuk ouiH (ir. ,„. 42;»._ScapliUM;rl- Proc. Acad. Nat. hub decaductylun. Sci. Phil., p. 27, iJiaBrara- and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 492, Keokuk Gr. dichotoraus, Hall, 1858, Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 553, Burlington Gr. divaricatus. Hall, 1860, Supp. to Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 65, Burlington Gr. doris. Hall, 1881, Desc. New Crin., |.. 7, and Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, p. 312, Burlington dr. elegantulus, Wachsmuth «& Springer, ^in press) (ieo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, i>. 195, Kinderhook (ir. extensuH, Wachsmuth A Springer, 1886, Revis. Palii'ocrinoidea pt. 3, p. 237. Proposed instead of Poteriocrinus asper, Worthen, but the latter name was not pre- occupied, tiscellus, Meek& Worthen, 1869, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 146, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 424, Burlington (Jr. gibsoni. White, 1878, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 31, and Cont. to P£vl., No. 8, p. 161, Keokuk (Jr. globosus, Wachsmuth & Springer, (in press) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 196, Kinderhook Gr. gurleyi. White, 1878, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 32, and Cont. to Pat., f,q. 42&— scduh- No.8,p. 162, Keokuk (Jr. locrlnus giobo- halli. Hall, 1861, Desc. ^»^- New Crin., p. 7, and Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, vol. 7, p. 308, Burlington Gr. Pio. 424— Hcapli locrlnus ele Kuntulus. N?- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 Ui I&2 122 !Sf lift "^ :^ i;^ 12.0 IL25 II 1.4 ■ 1.6 '/ FhoiogFaphic ScMioes Corporation 23 WBT MAIN STRUT W£S:^TIR,N.Y. USM (7l6)t73-4S03 \ iV r. 410, Burlington (ir. obscurus, Wachsinuth & Springer, 1886, Revis. Pala>ocrinoidea, pt. 3, p. 236, Keokuk , 680, Kaskaskia Gr. simplex, see Graptiiocrinus simplex. sninifer, Wetherby, 1880, Jour, Gin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 157, Kaskaskia Gr. spinobraohiatm, see (!iraphiocrinus spino- brachiatus. spinobrachiatus, Worthen, 1882, (Poterio- crinus 'spinobrachiatus,) Bull. No. 1, 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 20, and Geo. Sur, 111., vol. 7, p. 290, Kaskaskia Gr. mruuiM, see Graphiocrinus striatus. Hubcarinatus, Hall, 1863, 17th Rep. N. V. Mus. Nat. Hist, p. 58, Waverly Gr. Kio. 42U.— Hcapblocrlnustenuldactylus. DiugrMiii. subtortuosuB, Hall, 18()3, 17th Hep N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 59, Wa- verly Gr. tenuidactylus. Meek & Worthen, ISO.'), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 156, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 490, Burling- ton Gr. [SCA SCH.— SIP.] ECHINODERMA TA. 281 tethys, Meek & Worthen, 1869, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil, p. 143, and Geo. >Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 419, Burling- ton Gr. torhioitM, see Grapliiocrinus tortuosus. unicus. Hall, 1861, Desc. New Crin., p. 8, and Geo. Stir. 111., vol. 5, p. 49;i, Keo- kuk Gr. varsoviensis, Worthen, 1882, (Poterio- crinuH varsoviensis,) Bull. No. 1, III. Ht. Mus. Nat. Hist, p. 20, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. .', p. 2')0, War- saw Gr. venustus, Worthen, 1882, (Poteriocrinus venuBtus,) Bull. No. 1, 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 24, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 7, p. 297, Kaskaskia Gr. wacAsmufAt, see Graphiocrinus wach- smuthi. whitii. Hall, 1861, Deso. New Crin., p. 7, and Jour. Bost. 8oc. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, p. 30(>, Burlington Gr. Sri, (I'entremites sayi,) Geo. Rep. Mo., p. 185, Burling- ton (ir. ScHizocKiNus, Hall, 1347, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 81. [Kty. Hchiza, cleft; krinm, lily.] Basals 5 ; primary radials 3x5; second- ary radial s 2 x 10; interradials 5 or more ; arms short, branching, bearing pinnules; column round. Type S. no- dosus. nodosuB, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. SI. Trenton Gr. striatus. Hall, 1847, Pal. N, Y., vol. 1, p. 316, Trenton (Jr. Probably belongs to another genuL^ i^(H(EN ASTER, Meek & Worthen, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 449, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 277. [Ety. schoinof, rope; Flo. 427— Sclilzocrl nu8 n. -Sipliiiuwrinus iioblliH; lutei'Hl view of Hii Internnl cast. Wachsmuth says there are 5; pri- mary rt^dials 3x5; first interradials nearly as large as primary radials, and succeeded by two smaller ones, and 282 ECHINODERMATA. [SPH.— STE. these by three or more ; first azygous plme as large as the primaries; it rests upon the basalH and is succeeded by three plates; the following ranges have more plates and cover an expanded azygous side ; vault very large, high, and bears a proboscis either projected upward or recumbent; surface ot plates ornamented. Type 8. nobilis. armoHus, McChesney, 1861. (Eucalypto- crinus armosus,) New. Pal. Foss., p. 95, and 20th Rep. N. Y Si. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 373, Niagara Gr. nobilis. Hall, 1861, (Glvpt'-crinue no- bilis,) Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 21, and 20th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 328, Niagara Gr. S/phxrocrinvii, Meek . radials 3x5; secondary radials lx2x 5, in each ray ; regular interradials 3 to 6x4; assy^ous interradials 3 to 10 or more ; vault elevated, with long sub- central tube ; arms bifurcating ; column round. Type 8. pentagoiius. araneolus, Meek & WortTien, 1860. (Acti- nocrinus araneoluH,) Proc. Acad. Nat. 8ci. Pbil., p. 387, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 198, Burlington Gr. Fio. i'Mi — Stegauuc.riiiUHpenlugoiitis. Vauit uiid part of the ruys ; a hu(1 rf Hliowiiig structure of the rays. pentagonuH, Hall, 1858, i Actinocrinus pentagonus,) Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. hll, Burlington (ir. sculptus. Hall, 1858, (Actinocrinus sculp- tus,) Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 582, Burling- ton Gr. Stemhatocuinvs, Tra"'t- schold, 1867, Grin. d. jungeren Bergkalkes b. Moskau, p. 28. [Ety. «/<')nma, wreath ; krinon, lily.] Calyx low, cup-shapecl ; basals 5, auchylosed ; subradials 5 ; radials twice as wide as high ; brachials 1 x 5; arms heavy. Tyj)e S. cornuus. This is closely related to Er- isocrinus aud Eupa- chycrinus. trautsclioldi, Wachs muth (& Springer, 1886, He vis. Paleeo- crinoidea, pt. 3, p. 256, Keokuk Gr. Stbnastek, Billings, 1858, Can. Org. Rem., Decade 3, p. 77. [Ety. stmos, narrow ; €uUr, star.] Disk small, rays extended, flexible ; dorsal side covered with small 1''1G. 431.— Stegano crliius sculptuM. Diaaram of a ray and transverse NfCtiOtlK. STK.— 8TR.] ECHINODERMA TA. 28;{ plates ; adambulacrals square or ob- long ; orals 10. Type 8. salteri. V Fio. 432 Stenattter grandiu. ({randis, Meek, 1872, Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 3, p. 258, and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 66, Hud. Riv. Gr. Iiuxleyi, Billing^, 1865, Pal. Fobs., vol. 1, p. 213, Quebec Gr. pulchelluB, Billings, 1857, (Palfleaster pulchellus,) Geo. 8ur. Can., p. 292, and Can. Org. Rem., Dt-cade 3, p. 79, Tren- ton Gr. salteri, Billings, 1858, Can. Org. Rem., Devade 3, p. 78, Trenton Gr. Stenocrintit, Wachsmuth & Springer, 1885, Palseo- crinoidea, pt. 3, p. 207, syn. for Heterocrinus. Stbphanocrinus, Conrad, 1842, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 278. [Etjr. stephanot, coronet ; ki- non, lily.] A blastoid, with 3 basals, 6 fork pieces or radials, and 5 orals; aperture subceu- tral ; ambulacral ap- pendages, but thus far the hydrospires are un- known. Type S. angu- latus. Some authors re- fer this ^enus to the Palseocrinoidea. angulatus, Conrad, 1842, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 279, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 212, Niagara Gr. gemmiformis, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 215, Niagara Gr. osgoodensis, S. A. Miller, 1879, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 116,NiagaraGr. Wachs- muth has said this spe- cies was described from internal casts, bat it was not, pulchellus. Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist, vol. 1, p. 35, Nifusra Gr. Stbrrocrinus, Barns, 1879, Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 282. [Ety, $U- reo8, firm; krinon, lily. Distinguished from Dolatocrinus by having 2x5 in- stead of 3x5 primary radials; one large interradial succeeded by a smaller one, and this by smaller ones, within the de- pressions, oetween the arm bases. Type S. triangulatus. triangulatus, Barris, 1879, Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 283, Up. Held. Gr. Fia. «».— Steph- anoorlnusangn- latUB. t pentalobus, Hall, 1879, (Codaster 6entalobu8,) esc. New Spec. Fo8S.,j). 13, and p-ig. 434.-«tephanoorlmis 11th Rep. Geo. pulchelluB, instead of Sur. Iad.,p.280, Codaster pulchellus. aa Niagara 6r. shown by fig. 268 pulchellus, Miller & Dyer, 1878, (Codaster Via. 4.S5.— StrotocrinuB perumbrosus. Under side of canopy wltb calyx broken away. triangulatus var. liberatus, Barris, 1879, Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 284, Up. Held. Gr. Strobilocystiteh, White, 1876, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 28. [Ety. strobilot, pine cone ; kustis, bladder.] ' Subspher- ical ; 3 pectinated rhombs, two above the middle and one below ; ovarian ap- erture below the summit; 4 principal arm grooves extending below the mid- dle, and 4 secondary grooves. Type S. calvini. calvir. ., White, 1876, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 28, Devonian. Strotocrinus, Meek & Worthen, 1866, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 188. [Ety. strous, spread ; kriron, lily.] (-'aly'x bowl- shaped, with vault spreading; beyond like a canopy ; basals 3 ; primary ra- dials 3x5; secondary radials 1 or 2x 10, succeeded by tertiary and other di- visions, which, with the interaxillaries and interbracbials, unite to fomn the under side of a greatly expanded lior- 284 ECHINODERMA TA. [SVN. izontal diek, completely isolating the azygoua and interradial areas, from the vnuTt, and supporting the free, ascend- ectypus, Meek & Worthen, 186», Pro( Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 363, FiQ. 4S6.— Strotocrinus regalls. ing arms around its margin; interradi- als 9 or IC ur more ; azygous interradi- als 9 to 13 or more, the first one resting on the basals ; vault depressed, opening subcentral; arms 30 to 72 or more; col- umn round. Type S. perumbrosus. aeperrimuH, Meek & Worthen, 1869, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 160, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 349, Burlington Gr. 159, and (ieo. urlington Gr. tus. Hall, i860, (Actino- crinus glyp- tus,) Supp. to Ge<». 8ur. Iowa, p. J, Burlington Gr. peru mbroBus, Hall, 18«»), (ActmocrinuH perumbro- sus,) Supp. to Geo. Sur, Iowa, p. 7, Burlington Gr. regalis, Hall, 1860, (Actino- crinuB ri-ga- lis,) Supp, to Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 8, and Geo. Sur, Burlin^n Gr. 111., vol. 2, p. 192, umbroRus, Hall, 1858, (Actinocrinus urn brosus,) Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 590, Burling- ton Gr. Synbathocrinus, Phillips, 1836, Geol. York- shire, pt. 2, p. 206. [Ety. «vn. together ; bathos, depth ; krinon, lily.] Calyx small ; arms large and of great length ; basals 3 ; radials 2x5; azygous plates 1 2 or more ; arms simple and com- posed of plates in sin- gle series. Type 8. con- icus. brevis, Meek & Worthen, 1869, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 68, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 439, Burlington Fig. 437.— HtrotocrlDUH regalia. /^ V^'-^>. d e n t a t u s , ./ I ...ifXi Owen«&Shu- mard, 1852, Geo. Sur. Wis., Iowa, and Minn p. 697, Diagram, ^diam. ,FIG. 488 Bur- n"8 - lington Gr. VTe'^',. grami latus, Troost. Not defined Hyiibatbocrl graiiulfferus. and An- poKteiior bloomfieldensis, S. A. Miller, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 258, and vol. 4, p. 76, Up. Burlington or Keo- kuk Gr. dilataiut, see Physetocrinus dilatatus. granuliferus Wetherby, 1880, Jour. Gin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 250, Wa- verly Gr. matutinus, Hall, 1868, Geo. Sur. lown, p. 483,lHam. Gr. SYR.— TAX.] ECHINODERMA TA. 2W) oweni, Hall, 1860, 13th Rep. N. Y. Mub. Nat. Hist., p. Ill, Waverly Gr. |iHpilIatup, Hall, 1861, Desc. New Crin., I). 18, Burlington Gr. >U8tuB, Shumard, 1866, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 397, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 6, p. 514, Keokuk Gr. Hwallovi, Hall, 1858, Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. «72, St. Louis Gr. tmneisea;, Troost. Not defined, tennesseensis, Roemer, 1860, Sil. Fauna West Tenn., p. 55, Niagara Gr. iinchsmtUhi, seeCatillocrinus wachsmuthi. wortheni. Hall, 1858, Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 560, Burlington Gr. Sykingocrimus, Billings, 1859, Can. Org. Rem., Decode 4, p. 65. [Kty. tyrinx, pipe ; krinon, lily.] Founded, possibly, on the fragment of a ventral sac; at all events, not a well-characterized genus. Type S. paradoxicus. paradoxicue, Billings, 1859, Can. Or^. Rem., Decade 4, p. 65, Trenton Gr. Tif':NiA8TBR, Billings, 1858, Can. Org. Rem., Decade 3, p. 80. [Ety. tainia, ribbon; aster, star.] No disk or marginal plates ; rays long, flexible, spinous ; adambu- lacral plates elongated ; two rows of umbulacral pores ; ossicles contracted in the middle. Type T. spinosus. cylindricus, Bill- ings, 1857, ( Paleeocoma cylindrica,) Geo. Sur. Can., p. 292, Trenton Gr. elegans, S. A. Miller, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 41, Hud. Riv. Gr. spinosus, Billings, 1857, (Palaeo- coma spinosa.) Geo. Sur. Can., p. 292, and Can. Org. Rem., Decade 3, p. 80, Trenton Gr. Tai.arocrincs, Wachsmuth & Springer, 1881, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Piiil., p. 259. [Ety. (a/aro8, basket ; fcrtnon, lily.] Calyx sub-conical ; suture lines im- pressed; distinguished from Dichocri- nus by its higher vault and having the opening through it and not at the end of a tube, and in having the secondary radials form part of the calyx. Type T. cornigerus. cornigerus, Shumard, 1867, (Dichocrinus cornigerus,) Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 72, Kaskaskia (ir. elegans, Lyon & Casseday, I860, (Dicho- crinus elegans,) Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sci., vol. 5, p. 22, St. Louis Gr. ovatus, Worthen, 1882, Bull. No. 1, 111. St. MuB. Nat. Hist., p. 36, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 314, Kaskaskia Gr. Kio. 4.39.— TeeniiiNter spluosus. ,*\\mHi mu nm sexlobatus, Shumard, 1857, (Dichocrinus sexlobatus,) Trans. St. Louis .\vad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 73, Kaskaskia Gr. symmetricns, Lyon & Capseday, 1860, (Dichocrinus symmetricus,) Prot;. Am. Acad. Arts ana Sci., vol. 5, p. 22, Kas- kaskia Gr. Taxocrinuh, Phillips, 1843, Morris Cat. Urit. Fobs., p. 90. [Ety. taxiui, yew-tree; krinon, lily.] Calyx short, cup-shaped ; basals 3, small, unequal; subradials 5, one larger than the others; primary radials 3 or 4 by 5 ; secondary radials 3 to six by 10 ; tertiary radials support- ing arms ; interradials to 9 : azygous interradials 2 to 5; arms dividing once or twice. Type T. egertoni. communiB, Hall, 1863, (Forbesocrinus communis,) 17th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 55, and Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 169, Waverly Gr. curtuB, Williams, 1882, Proc. Acad. Nat. S\ , Ham. Gr. intermedi- ns, Wachs- m u t h & Springer, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 199 Kir.derhook Gr. interscapularis. Hah, 1858, Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 482, Ham. Gr. itbacensis, Williams, 1882, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 28, Chemung Gr. juvenis, Hall, 1861, (Forbesocrinus ju- venis,) Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, p. 319, Burlington Gr. (Forbesocrinus kel- Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 56, and Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 171, Waverly Gr. Fig 441.— Taxoi;rinu8 gi'B.cUlH. DiHgrain. oi», DuniuKtuu VI r. kelloggi. Hall, 1863, (] lo^i,) 17tb Rep. N. 286 ECHINODERMA T- 1. [tec— 11(1 lii'vis, Billings, 1857, Geo. Sur. Can., p. 278, and Can. Org. Rem., Decade 4, p. 47, Trenton (ir. lobatus. Hall, 1862, (Forbesocrinus loba- tufl,) I5th Rep. N. Y. St. Mub. Nat. Hist., p. 124, Ham. Gr. lobatua var. tardus. Hall, 1863, (Forbeso- crinus lobatus var. tardus,) 17th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 66 and Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 171, Wa- verly Gr. meeki. Hall, 1868, (Forbesocrinus meeki,) Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 631, Keokuk Gr. multibrachiatus, Lyon & Casseday, 1868, (Forbesocrinus multibrachiatus,) Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. 28, p. 236, Keokuk Gr. multibrachiatus var. colletti, White, 1881, 2d Ann. Rep. Bureau of Statistics of Indiana, p. 606, Keokuk Gr. nuntius, Hall, 1862, (Forbeso- crinus nun- tius,) 15th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 124. Ham Gr. ramnlosus. Hall, 1860, (Forbeso- crinus ramulo- suB,) Supp. Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 67, Burling- ton Gr. robustus, Wachs- muth, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol 8, Kind e r h o o k Gr. semio va t u s, Meek & Worthen, 1860, (Forbesocrinus semiovatuB,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 389, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 272, St. Louis Gr. shumardanuB, Hall, 1868, (Forbesocrinus shumardanus,) Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 671, St. Louis Gr. thiemii. Hall, 1861, (Forbesocrinus thiemii,) Desc. New Crin., p. 8, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. .<89, Burlington Gr. whitfieldi. Hall, 1858, (Forbesocrinus wbitfieldi,) Geo- Sur. Iowa, p. 632, Kaskaskia Gr. Technocrinds, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 139. [Ety. techne, art; krinon, lily.] Basals 4, one larger than the others; primary radials 3x6; second- ary radials 1 z 10 ; tertiary radials 2 x 20 ; interradials 3x5; arms simple, bearing pinnules; column round. Type T. andrewsi. andrewsi. Hall, 1859, Pal. > . Y., vol. 3, p. 141, Oriskany sandstone, ■culptus, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3. p. 143, Oriskany sandstone. spinuloBus, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol 3, p. 140, Oriskany sandstone. FiQ. 442.— Tazoorinus robuBtUB. ■triatus, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. :i, p. 142, Oriskanv sandstone. TsLBiooRiNus, Wachsmuth & Springer, 1H8I Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Phil., p. ;{20.' [Ety. teleios, perfect ; kri>on, lily.j Dis- tinguished from Strotocriuus, with which it has generally been classed, by having a long ventral tube, instead of a simple opening through the vault. Sfpe T. umbrosus. ops, Hall, 1860, (Actinocrinus segi- lops,)" Supp. to Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 5, Up. Burlington Gr. altbea. Hall, 1861, (Actinocrinus altliea,) Desc. New Crin., p. 13, Up. Buriiui;- ton Gr. clivosus, Hall, 1861, (Actinocrinus clivo- BUS,) Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, p. 274, Up. Burlington Gr. erodus. Hall, 1861, (Actinocrinus erodus,) Desc. New Crin., p. 12, Up. Burling- ton Gr. insculptua. Hall, 1861, (Actinocrinus in- sculptus,) Desc. New Crin., p. 12, Up. Burlington Gr. liratus. Hall, 1860, (Actinocrinus liratu3,) Supp. to Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 1, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 356, Burling- ton Gr. rudis, Hall, 1860, (Actinocrinus rudis,) Supp. to Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 33, Bur- lington Gr. tenuiradiatus. Hall, 1861, (Actinocrinus tenuiradiatus,) Desc. New Grin., p. 12, Burlington Gr. umbrosus. Hall, 1858, (Actinocrinus um- brosus,) Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 690, Up. Burlington Gr. Thyhanocrinus, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 188. [Ety. thytanos, fringed; ilrt- non, lily.] Calyx small, subglobose; basals 5 ; subraaials 6 ; primary radials 3x6;; secondary radials 2 or more X 10 ; regular interradials 3 ; azygous area wide, lower plates large, smaller above ; arms composed of a double se- ries of plates, with pinnules ; column round. Type T. liliiformis. aculeatus. Hall, 1862, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 190, Niagara Gr. canaliculatus, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 189, Niagara Gr. immaturus. Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 191, Niagara Gr. liliiformis, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 188, Niagara Gr. microbatalts, see Archseocrinus micro- basalis. pyriformiSf see Archseocrinus pyriformis. Tbematastkb, Worthen & Miller, 1883, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 330. [Ety. trema, opening ; atter, star.] Central part dis- coid; rays long, flexuous, a double series of ambulacra! plates, with taper- ing ends directed toward the apices of the rays, upon each side of which there is a series of curved adambulacral plates, which form the margin of the rays; pores large between the con- ri TBE.—XBN.] ECHINODERMA TA. 287 tracting sides of the ambulacral plates, and the concave sides of the carving adambulacrals ; four plates border on each pore; orals 10. Type T. dif- ficilis. (iifflcilis, Worthen & Miller, 1883, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 330, Kaakas- kia Qr. IV«ma(ocrtniu, syn for Goniasteroidocri- nu8. fixcellus, see Goniasteroidocrinns fiscel- lU8. papillfUus, see G. pai>illatuB. retieulatut, see G. reticulatus. rohusttu, see O. robustus. tpinig'ttta, see G. spinigerus. tuberculatus, see G. tiiberculatUH. typru, see G. typus. Triacrinxu, Ringueberg, 1887, Proc. Acad. Nat. Svi. Piiil., p. 144. The name was preoccupied ; beside it is probably a Bvn. for Pisocrinus. globtmu, see Pisocrinus globosus. pyriformis, see Pisocrinus pyriformis. Trk'(£lockinub. Meek & Worthen,- 1868, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 356, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 5, p. 507. [Ety. treis, tliree; koilos, hollow; krinon, lily.] Calyx subpyramidal, or subfusiforiu ; ))a8e short, trihedral, and excavated along the interbasal sutures; summit contracted ; radiala long and narrow ; (it'Itoids small ; ambulacra narrow, deeply situated in the einuces ; hydro- Hpire': small, three (?) oi\ a side ; flpiracles and mouth small; anus large ; column circular. Type T. wood- man!. meekanus, Etheridge & Carpenter, 1886, Catal. of Blastoidea, p. 208, War- saw Gr. obliquatus, Roemer, 1851, (Pentatrema- titea obliquatus,) Archiv f. Naturgesch., Jahrg. xvii, p. 3i37, St. Louis Gr. varsouviensis, Worthen, 1876, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 6, p. 521, St. Louis Gr. woodmani. Meek & Worthen, 1868, (Pen- Iremites, Troostocrinus) Tricoelocri- nus woodmani,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 356, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 5, p. 506, Warsaw Gr. Troostocrinus, Shumard, 18()5, Trans. St. Lcuis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 384. [Ety. proper name; krinon, lily.] Dis- tinguished from Pentremites by the slender, Bubfusifcrm shape, linear am- bulacra, lancet plates concealed, tri- angular base, and simple summit struc- ture ; spiracles at the sides of the prox- imal side plates; hydrospiral canals open into linear spiracular apertures. Type T. reinwardti. bipyramidalis. Hall, 1858, (Pentremites bipyramidalis,) Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 607, Keokuk Gr. grosvenori, Shumard, 1858, (Pentremites grosvenori,) Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 240, Warsaw Gr. lineatus, Shumard, 1858, (Pentremites lineatus,) Trans. St. Ix)uiB Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 241, Bur- lington Gr. This is made the type of the genus Metablaatusby Etheridge & Carpenter, to which they also refer T. wor- theni and Tricoilocrinus varsouviensis. reinwardti, Troost, 1S3.'), ( Pentremites reinwardti, ) Trans. Geo. Soc. Pa., vol. 1, p. 224, Niagara Or. subcyliiidricns, Hall i^ Whitfield, 1875, (Pentre- mites subcylindricus,) ,„ f '«• •**^- Ohin Pol vmI 9 n 1«>Q TrooHiocrlnuH Uiuo rai., vol. J, p. \M, wortlieul. Niagara Gr. Bubtruncatus, Hall, 1858, (Pentremites Bubtruncatus,) Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 485, Ham. Gr. wortheni, Hall, 1858, (Pentremites wor- theni,) Gee. Sur. Iowa, p. 60(», Keo- kuk Gr. Vasockinus, Lyon, 1857, Geo. Sur. Ky.,vol. 3, p. 485. [Ety. vat, vessel ; hrinwi, lily.] Calyx low, vase-shaped : basals 5; sub- radials, 6 ; primary radials, 1x5; sec- ondary radials 2x5; arms, 10 or more ; azygous interradials 2 or more, first one large; ventral sac. Ty^e V. valens. lyoni, Hall, 1861, (OyathocrinuB lyoni,) Desc. New Crin., p. 3, and Host. Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, p. 298, Keokuk Gr. maeropleuruB, Hall, 1861. (Cyathocrinus macroplouruB,) Desc. New Crin., p. 5, and Boat. Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, p. 295, Burlington Gr. sculptus, Lyon, 1857, Geo. Hur. Ky., vol. 3, p. 486, Ham. Gr. valens, Lyon, 1857, Geo. Sur. Ky., vol. 3, p. 485, Ham. Gr. Xknocrinus, S. a. Miller, 1881, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 71 and 176. [Ety. xenoa, strange ; krinnn, lily.] Ba- Fia. 444.— Xenoci'inus peiiicillas. Azygous and opposite side views and end of column. sals 4 ; primary radials 3x5; secondary radials 4 to 6x10; interradial areas ex- cavated and filled with numerous 288 HCHINODERMA TA. \'V.K. plates; aiysouB area having a central vertical series of plates which continue up the ventral sac; column square. Type X. penlcilluB. baeri, Meek, 1K72, Kilyptocrinus baeri,) Am. Jour. Sci. ana Arts, :td ser., vol. ''\ p. 260, and Ohio Pal., vol. I, p. 37, Hud. Rlv. Ur. penicillus, 8. A. Miller, 1H8I, .Jour. (Un. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 72, Hud. Riv. 6r. /kackinus, Troost, Catal. Kohh. 1M50, and tleecr'bed by Hall, 1H68, Geo. Uur, Iowa, f). 641. [Kty. MO, Indian corn ; krbum, lly.] Calvx low, basin-shaped ; basals 5, tiidden oy the column ; subradials 5 ; radials 2 x 6, with from 1 to 6 additional in theazygouB ray ; azygousinterradials 4 to 7; arms 10 to 40, with pinnules; ventral sac subpyramidal, covered with small plates; column round. Type Z. masnoliiformis. (KanthophtmiM, see Hydreitmocrinus acan- thoptioriis. arboreus, Worthen, 1H73, Uin /KA ] MOLLUSCOr-^A. gjiinoHUs, Owen & Hhumard, 1862, (Pote- riocrinuB spinosus,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., vol. 2, p. 91, Kaakaakia (»r. HliinuUferiia, Wortnen, (in presa,) (Pote- riocrinua Hpinnliferua,) deo. Sur. III., vol. 8, p. 90, Kaakaakia (ir. xtimpsoni. Lyou, 18(i9, Trana. Am. Phil. So(;., vol. i:i, p. 4«55, Subcarb. mhiumidu*, aee Kupafhycriniia aublii- miiluB. trooaUnnH. Meek A Worthen, IWiO, Pnu!. Acad. Nat. Hci. Phil., p. 390, and (ieo. Hur. III., vol. 2, p. 186, Burling- ton Or. worthuni. Hall, 1858, Geo. Hiir. Iowa, p. (183, Ktutkaakia Or. SUBKINGDOM MOLLUSCOIDA. CLASS BRYOZOA. TiiK Bryozoa are small animals that grow in clusters, forming branched or moss- like compound structures. Each animal lives in a separate cell, called a zooecium, into which it can retract itself, though some connection exists between the animals. The Flustra or Sea-mats, abundant on the shores of the ocean, and the moss-like en- crustations so common on marine shells, are examples. All known Paheozoic Bry- ozoii were marine, and lived in calcareous cells, forming a mass that is often difficult to distinguish from the true corals. This calcareous mass or skeleton is called the bryozoum or zoarium. It is fouud encrusting other objects, or standing on a foot-stalk, with basal attachment, and, in other cases, apparently free. There are rarely any such calcareous partitions in the cell-tubes as abound in the true corals, and the method of reproduction was exclu- sively gemmiparous, while the true corals were increased by both gemmiparnus and tissiparous reproduction. The animal consists of a bent tube or alimentary canal, having an teaophagus, sttMiiach, and intestine. The two orifices of the canal are situated (^lose together, but the anal opening is beyond the ring of ciliated tentacles that surround the mouth. Thus constituted, the alimentary canal is inclosed in a sac having two openings corresponding to the two extremities of the canal. Generally the upper side of this sac is flexible, and admits of being invaginated, so that when the ani- mal retracts itself into its cell the inverted portion forms a sheath around the ten- tacles. Ova may be developed in a receptacle attached to the zoffieium, called the ixR-iuni, or in an inflation of the surface of the zoarium, called a gonocyst. The gonivcium is a modified zooecium. The term owcia is also applied to these struc- tures. Many Bryozoa have appendicular organs called avicularia and vibraculn. The avicularia may be pedunculate, and sway to and fro, or fixed and firmly at- tached to the zouecium. The vibracula are flexible, bristle-like structures, set in the excavated summit of a knob-like elevation or blunt spine. Some naturalists refer the MonticuliporidsB and Stelliporidtu to the Bryozoa, and probably the latter should be so classed on as good grounds as the Fistu- liporidi« are referred to the Bryozoa. The Falseozoic Bryozoa are referred to an order called the Gymnolsemata, which are supposed to have had a complete ring of 200 MOLI.USCOIDA. tentacles around the mouth. Thia order has been divided into five lubordera, vii, ChiloBtomata, Cryptostomata, TrciMWtomata, Cydoetomata, and Ctenoetoroata. The families which we recognize are as follows : Family AcANTiiot/'LADiUif':. — Acanthocladia, Diplop^^ra, QIauconome, Ichthy- urachis, Ptilopora, Ramipora, Septopora, Synocladia. FAMiiiY AMPLRXoroRiDiV;. — Amplexopora, Atactopora, Discotrypa, Leptotrypa, Petalotrypa. Family ARTHROHTYLiDiic. — Arthroclema, Arthrostylus, Helopora, Nematopon, Nematoporella, Scfptro()ora. Family AHComcTYONiDiK. — Ascodictyon, Rhopalonaria. Family Batohtomkllid^. — Anisotrypa, Batostoma (?), Batostomella, Leio- clema, Peronopora. Family BoTKVLLoroRiDi*:. — Botryllopora. Family Bytiioporida:. — Bythopora. Family Ceramoporida:. — Aspidopora, Ceramella, Ceramopora, Geramoporella, Chiloporella, Crepipora, Kridopora, Glossotrypa, Idiotrypa, Licbenalia, Lichenotrypa, Odont trypa, Petigopora, Phractopora, Pileotrypa, Sage- nella, Selenopora, Bpatiopora. Family CRisiNELLiDiE.— Crisinella. Family ENALLOPORiDiV:. — Diploclema, Enallopora, Protocrisina. Family FenesteixidjK. — Archimedes, Clathropora, Coscinella, Cosciniuiu, Coscinotrypa, Evactinopora, Feneutella, Fenestralia, Fenestrapora, Helico- pora, Hemitrypa, Isotrypa, Loculipora, Lyropora, Phyllopora, Polypora, Ptilopora, Ptiioporella, Ptiloporina, Reptaria, Reteporina, SeiuicosciDJum, Semiopora, Tectulipora, Uuitrypa. Family FisTULiPORiDii-:. — Actinotrypa, Buscopora, Callopora, Galloporella, Gallotrypa, Chilotrypa, Coelocaulis, Eridopora, Favicella, Fistulipora, Lichenotrypa, Pinacotrypa, Helenopora, Btrotopora. Family HEUOTRYPiDiE. — Heliotrypa. Family LABEcmiDii':. — Labechia. Family Palescharid^I!:. — Paleschara. Family PnACELOPORiDiK. — Phacelopora. Family PTiLODicTYONiDiH. — Coscinella, Cyclopora, Gycloporella, Escharopora, Graptodictya, Heterodictya, Phsenopora, Proutella, Ptilodictya, Ptilotrypa, Streblotrypa, Worthenopora. Family Rhabdomehontida:. — Acanthoclema, Anisotrypa, Bactropora, Coelo- conus, Nemataxis, Rhorabopura, Tropidopora. Family RniNOPORiDi*:. — Rhinopora. Family SpuRAGioPORiOih:. — Sphragiopora. Family 8tictoporid/E. — Acrogenia, Arthropora, Cystodictya, Dichotrypa, Dicranopora, Eurodictya, Euspilopora, Goniotrypa, Heliotrypa, lutra- pora, Pachydictya, Phractopora, Phyllodictya, Prismopom, Rhinidictya, Scalaripora, Stictopora, Stictoporella, Stictoporina, Stictotrypa, Sulcopora, Tseniodictya, Tseniopora, Tharanotrypa. Family SuBRETipoRiDiE. — Chainodictyon, Drymotrypa, Bubretepora. Family Thamniscid^. — Criscinella, Diplopora, Tbamniscus. ACA— AMI'.] MOLI.USCOIDA. 391 Family Til RONoiu^. — Sceoellopora. Family TRKMATOi'ORiDii<:. — Acanthoclema, Amplexopora, Atactopora, Atacto- porella, Bactropora, Ghilotrypa, Oiamesopora, Homotrypa, Hoinotry- pella, Neraatazis, Nicliolaoneila, Orthopora, Treinatella, Treinatopora, Tropidopora. Family TuBULiPORiDif:.— Berenicea, Clonopora, ('ystopora, Hederella, Her "' nodia, Btomatopora. '■\\ ACANTHOCI.ADIA, King, 1849, Ann. and Mag. > Nat. Hiat., 2d aer.. vol. 3, p. 389. [Kty. akcmiha, spine; kiadoi, branch.] Stem Bymmetrically and bilaterally branched, more or leas on one plane ; rarely bi- furcating; branches short, simple, oc- casionally elongated and becoming bilaterally branched; celluliferous on one side only | cell apertures circular and arranged in three or more longi- tudinal series, separated by dividing ridges. Type A. anceps. americana. Swallow, 18&8, Trans. St. Louia Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 180, Permian Gr. fruticosa, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 66, Up. Coal Meas. Acanthoclema, Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 72. [Ety. akantha, spine; klema, twiy.] Ramose, solid, cells arising from a central axis; cell apertures oval, in longitudinal parallel rows, about ten on a branch, separated by longitudinal ridges ; between the apertures, in the longitudinal direction, there are spini- form nodes. Type A. alternatum. alternatum. Hall, 1881, (Trematopora al- ternata,) Bryozoan^ of the Up. Held. Or, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 72, Up. Held. Gr. bispinulatum, Hall, 1881, (Gallopora bi- spinulata, (Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 10, p. 882, and Pal. N. V., vol. 6, p. 182, Ham. Gr. confluens, Ulrich, 1888, (Rhombopora con- fluens,) Bull. Denisou Univ., p. 91, Cuyahoga Shales. (livergens. Hall, 1887. Pal, N. Y., vol. 6, p. 73, Up. Held Gr. ovatum. Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 73, Up. Held. Gr. Hcutulatum, Hall, 1881, (Trematopora scutulata,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 10, p. 180, and Pal. N. Y.. vol. 6, p. 190, Ham. Gr. sulcatum. Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 192, Ham. Gr. triseriHle, Hall, 1883, (Sdctopora trise- rialis.) Rep. St. Geol. and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 74, Up. Held. Gr. AcROGBNiA, Hall, 1884, Rep. St. Geol. p. 51. [Ety. akroB, sharp; genea, growth.] Frond ramose ; two branches proceed- ing from the truncate termination of each preceding one; base of each division obconical, terete above and strongly striated, gradaally becoming flattened and celluliferoua ; margins noncelluliferous ; apertures in rows separated by ridges, cen- tral range of apertures the smaller. Type A. pro- lifera. prolifera. Hall, 1884, Rep. St. Geol., p. 62, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 267, Ham. Gr. ACTINOTBYPA, Ulrich, Geo. Sur. 111. vol. *"'** «•♦— Aorogentft prolifera. 8, p. 386, (in press.) [Ety. aktin, a ray ; (rupu, an opening.] Like Dichotrypa. Cell apertures showing the projecting ends of from eight to ten vertical septa- lake ridges, that extend down on the inner side of the tubular vestibule nearly or quite to the primitive aper- tures. Type A. peculiaris. peculiaris, Romingc '< 1866, (Fistulipora peculiaris,) Proc. i. -ad. Mat. Sci. Phil., p. 10, Keokuk Gr. Alecto, Lamouroux, 1821, Exposi. Method. It was preoccupied by Leach in the class Echinodermata, when Lamouroux used it, and hence Stomatopora is used in its place. auloporotdes, see Stomatopora auloporo- ides. canadentis, see Hederella canadenbia. eonfusa, see Stomatopora confusa. frondosa, see Stomatopora f rondosa. inflata, see Stomatopora inflata. nexilit, see Stomatopora nexilis. Ahplexopoba, Ulrich, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hiat., vol. 8, p. 164. [Ety. amplexux, an encircling ; poroi, pore.] Ramose ; cells of one kind only; walls thin in the axial part of the branches, but thicker in the peripheral region ; acan- tboporea numerous. Type A. cingu- lata. affinis, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 36, Hud. Riv. Gr. canadensis, Foord, 1883, Cont. to Micro- palseontology, p. 17, Trenton Gr. 292 MOLLUSCOIDA. [ANI. — ARC cingulata, Ulrich, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist, vol. 5, p. 254, Hud. Riv. Gr. Fio. 450.— Am- ple X o p <> I' a robuHtu fun- nel- Nil aped aiaplirng n., Hupposed to be a niodifleii cysMphragni. KiG 44».— Amplexopora cingulatii. Tangential Mectlon X 50, showing wall structure, and verti- cal section X fiO. (liBcoidea, Nicholaon, 1875, (ChetefcH discoideuB,) Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 206, Hud. Riv. Gr. pustulosa, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. 8ur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 3fi, Hud. Riv. Gr. robusia, Ulrich, 1883, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, p. 82. Hud. Riv. Gr. septosa, Ulrich, 1879, (Atac- topora septosa,) Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 125, Hud. Riv. Gr. superba, Foord, 1883, Cont. to Micropaloeon- tology, p. 16, Tren- ton Gr. winchelli, Ulrich, 1886, 14th Rep. Geo. Sur. Minn., p. 91, Trenton Gr. Anisotkvpa, Ulrich, 1883, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, p. 275. [Ety. anjsos, unequal ; irwpa^ perforation.] Ramose, hollow, inner side lined with an epi- theca; walls oi tubes thin in the in- terior, and thickened exteriorly ; no interstitial cells or spiniform tubuli. Type A. symmetrica, fistulosa, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 72, St. Louis Gr. ramulosa, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 72, St. Louis Gr. solida, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 72, Kaskaskia Gr. symmetrica, Ulrich, 1883, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, p. 76, Kaskas- kia Gr. Archimedes, LeSueur, 1842, (Retepora ar- chimedes,) Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 43, p. 19. [Ety. froni its resemblance to the machine for raising water, consisting of a tube rolled in a spiral form around a cylinder, invented by Archimedes. Distinguished from Fenestella by its axis and mode of growth ; the flabel- liform expansion acq^uiring a solid cen- tral axis, around which it re"olves in an ascending spiral form, spreading equally in all directions. Type A. wortbeni. communis, Ulr'^h, (in press), Geo). Sur. 111., vol. 8. pi. 63, Kaskaskia Gr. compactus, Ulrich, (iu press), Geol. Sur. III., vol. 8, pi. 63, Kaskaskia Gr. distans, Ulrich. (in fress), Geol. Sur. II. vol. 8, pi. 63,KaskaskiaGr. grandis, Ulrich, (in press), Geol. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 63, Keokuk Gr. intermedius, Ul- rich, (in press), Geo'. Sur. III., Fio. 4S1.— Aroliimeiles vol, 8, pi. 63, reversus. Kaskask'a Gr. invaginatus, Ulrich, (in press), Geol. Sur. 111., vol 8, pi. 63, Kaskaskia Gr. laxiis, Hall, 1857, Proc. Am. Ass'n Ad. Sci., vol. 10, p. 176, Kas- kaskia Gr. meek anus, Hall, 1857. Proc. Am. Ass'n Ad. Sci., vol. 10, p. 176, Ka.s- kaskiu (ir. ne^ligens.Ul- ricli, (in press), Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 63, Keokuk Gr. owenanus. Hall, 1857, Proc. Am. Ass'n Ad. Sci., vol. 10, p. 176, Keokuk Gr. perminimus, Ulrich, (in press), Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 63, Kaskaskia Gr. proutanus, Ulrich, 'in press), Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 63. Kaskaskia Gr. reversus, Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 652, Warsaw Gr. sublaxus, Ulrich, (in press), Geo. Sur. Hi., vol. 8, pi. 63, Kaskaskia Gr. swallovanus. Hall, 1857, Proc. Am. Ass'n Ad. Sci.. vol. 10, p. 176, Kaska-s- kia Gr. terebriformis, Ulrich, (in press), Geo. Siir. 111., vol. 8, pi. 63, Kaskaskia Gr. wortheni. Hall, 1857, Proc. Am. Ans'n Ad. Sci., vol. 10, p. 176, and Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 651, Warsaw Gr. Archxmtdvpma, D'Orb., 1850, Prod, de I'al., t. 1, p. 102, syn. for Archimt-des. Archimedipora aichimedes was ton tautological, and by common conseiit Archimedes has become the generic name. archimedea, see Archimedes. rio. 462— ArchlniedeH wortheni. AKT.— ATA.] MOLLUSCOIDA. 293 Arthroclbma, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foiss., vol. 1, p. 54. J[Ety. arthron, joint; klet/ia, twig.] Cylindrical jointed atem, with lone, slender-jointed branches; pores oval. Type A. pulchellum. angulare, Ulrich, (in presa), Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 29, Hud. Riv. Gr. billingsi, Ulrich, (in press), Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, Trenton Gr. pulchellum, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 54, Trenton Gr. (See p. 329.) spiniforme, see Helopora spiniformis. Arthronemn, Ulrich, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 160. The name was preoccupied. See Arthrostylus. Kio. 454. — Artliropora Klinft'eri. MaKiiiHed Becttou. Fio. 453.— Arthropora shaffert. curtum, see Arthroptylus curtus. tenue, see Arthrostylus tenuis. Arthropora, Ulrich, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 152. [Ety. arthron, a joint ; poros, per- loration.] Zoar- ium like Sticto- pora, but in short, jointed, branching seg- ments ; cell aper- tures Bubcircu- lar, atid sur- rounded by interstitial pits. Type A. eliafiftiri. Bhaflferi, Meek, 1872, (Stictopoia shaf- feri,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 317, and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 69, Hud. Riv. Gr. 8iinj)lex, Ulrich, 1888, 14th Rep. Gei). Sur. Minn., p. 65, Tren- ton Gr. Artiikostylus, Ulrich, „ ,. . , !><«« Am /i„rti Fio ■♦»■'•— Arthropora 1 J «,k r* • slmireil. Tangoiitlal vol. 1, p. 230. [Lty. secilou x 50. arthron, j(»int; stylos, pillnr.J Ramose, composed of Huhcyliuilrical segments, swollen at each end, celluliferoua on one side, siiiaied on the other; cells between ele- vated lilies. Type A. tenuis. curtU9, Ulrich, 1882, (Arthronema cur- ium,) Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist, vol. 5, p. 101, Hud. Riv. Gr. tenuis, U!rich, 1882, (Arthronema tenue,) Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 160, Trenton Gr. AsconicTVON, Nicholson, 1877, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th ser., vol. 19, p. 463. [ Kty. askoa, leather bottle ; dictyon, net.] Organism composite, parasitic, composed of numerous calcareous cells; minutely perforated. Type A. tusiforme. It is probably a sponge. fusiforme, Nicholson, 1877, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th ser., vol. 19, p. 463, Ham. Gr. stellatum, Nicholson, 1877, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th ser., vol. 19, p. 464, Ham. Gr. AsPiDOPORA, Ulrich, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 155. [Ety. aspis, shield ; poros, perforation.] Thin, free expan- sions; concentrically wrinkled and striated epitheca on the lower side; cells gradually increasing in size toward the cen*er of the convex expansion ; interstitial cells numerous ; diaphragms cress both kinds of tubes; spiniform tubuli present. Ti pe A. areolata. "reolata, Ulrich, 1582, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, p. 164, Utica Slate. caliculus, James, 1875, (Chetetes calicu- lus,) Int. Catal. Cin. Foss., p. 1, i^nd Nicholson Struct, and Afhn. Montic, p. 165, Uticti Slate. parasitica, Ulrich, 1886, 14th Rep. Geo. Sur. Minn., p. 90, Trenton Gr. Atactopora, Ulrich. 1879, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist, vol. 2, p. 119. [Ely. atactos, without regularity ; poros, pore.] In- crusting; surface with monticules or maculae; cell apertures petaloid, sur- rounded by rows of blunt spines; in- terstitial cells in clusters; tube walls inflected ; diaphragms present. Type A. hirsuta. hirsuta, TJlrich, 1879, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hi^t., vol. 2, p. 120, Hud. Riv. Gr. inarulata, Ulrich, 1879, Jour. Cin. Soc. vol. p. 121, Hud. >at. Hist., liiv. Gr. multigranoaa, see Atactoporella multi- granosa. mundula, see Atactoporella inundula. septosa, see Amplexopora septosa. ? subramosa, Ulrich, 1879, Jour. Oin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 124, Hud. Riv. Gr. tenella, see Atactoporella tenella. AtactoporeMiA, Ulrich, 1883, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, p. 247. [Ety. diminutive of Atactopora.] Incrust- ing; surface with monticules or ma- cuI»e; cell apertures petaloid; inter- stitial cells numerous; Hpiniform tubuli and diaphragms. Type A. typicalis. multieranosa, Ulrich, 1879, (Atactopora multigranosa,) Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 122, Hud. Riv. Gr. mundula, Ulrich, 1879, Atactopora mun- dula,) Jour Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 123, Hud. Riv. Gr. 20 294 MOLLUSCOIDA. [bac— miT. Fia. 4fi6.— Atiicto- porella new- portensiH. newporteneis, Ulricb, 1883, Jour. Cin. 8oc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, p. 250, ITtica Slate, ortoni, NicholHon, 1874, (Ghetetes ortoni,) Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 30, p. 513, and Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 211, Hud. Riv. Gr. schucherti, Ulrich, 1883, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist , vol.6, p. 251, Hud. Riv. Gr. teuella, Ulrich, 1879, ( .\tactopora tenella,) Jour, Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 123, Hud. Riv. Gr. typicalis, Ulrich, 1883, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. 6, p. 248, Utica Slate. Bactropora, Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 193. [Ety. haktron, staff; poros, pore.] Ramose, solid ; base tapering, striated ; cells tubular, curved oblique from the •center; septa thin, apertures oval, dis- tant near the base, closer above ; inter- spaces granulose. Tvpe B. (jranistriata. curvata, Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 194, Ham. Gr. granistriata. Hall, 1881, (Trematopora granistriata,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 10, p. 182, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 193, Ham. Gr, simplex, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. III., vol. 8, pl. 70, Keokuk Gr. Batostoma, Ulricli, 1882, Jour. Cin, Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 154. [Ety. batos, prickly bush ; stoma, mouth.] Ramose, base ex- panded ; cell apertures ovate or circu- lar, surrounded by a ring-wall; inter- stitial tubes numerous ; spiniform tubuli abundant. Type B. implicatum. fertile, Ulrich, 14th Rep, Geo. Sur. Minn., p. 92 Trenton Gr. imperfectum, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. HI., vol. r., pl. 35, Hud. Riv. Gr. implicatum, Nicholson, 1881, (Monticuli- £ora implicata,) Struct, and Affin. of [ontic, p, 147, Hud. Riv. Gr. irrasum, Ulrich, 1886, 14th Rep. Geo. Sur. Minn., p. 94, Trenton Gr, Via. 467.— Batostoma JanieHi. Natural size and magnitled. jamesi, Nicholson, 1874, (Chetetes jamesi,) Quar, Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 30, p. 506, and Ohio Pal., vol. 2. p, 200 Hud. Riv. Gr. manitobenee, Ulrich, (in press,) Micropa- IsBontology, p. 7, Hud. Riv. Gr. (?) ottawense, Foord, 1883, Cont, to Micropa- Iseontology, p. 18, Trenton Gr. ;; rugosum, Whitfield, 1882, (Fistuliporu ni- foea,) Geo, Wis., vol, 4, p. 2^^, Hud. tiv. Gr. variabile, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. HI., vol. 8, pl. 35. Hud. Riv. Gr. Batostomella, Ulrich, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc Nat. Hist., vol. 5. p. 154, [Ety. dimin- utive of Batostoma] Ramose, smooth, cell apertures smal^; interstitial cells and spiniform tubuli; walls of tubes in the peripheral region thick. Tyii;; B. gracilis, abrupta, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. ill , vol. 8, pl. "5, Kaskaskia Gr. Kio. 458.— Batostomella gracilis. Natural si/.e and enlarged. gracilis, Nicholson, 1874, (Chetetes gra- cilis,) Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol, 30, p. 504, and Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 198, Hiul. Riv. Gr. interstincta, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pl. 75, St. Louis Gr. nitidula, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. III., vol. 8, pl. 75, Kaskaskia Gr. obliqua, UJnch, (in press,) Geo. Sur. ill.. vol. 8, pl. 46, Ham. Gr. spinulosa, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pl. 75, Kaskaskia Gr. simulatrix, Ulrich, (in press,^ Geo. Sur. III., vol. 8, pl. 35, Hud. Riv. Gr. Berenicea, Lamoureiix, 1821, Exp. Meth. des, genres, d. pol., 80. [Ety. mytho- logical name.] Incrusting, composed of a verjr thin, calcareous, foliaceous base, bearing numerous ovate, distinctly separated cells, not piled ; aperture round near the broad anterior end: cells disposed in an obscurely radiated arrangement. Type B. diluviuna. iusueta, Dawson, 1883, Rep. on Redpath. Mus. No. 2, p. 12, Subcarboniferous. minnesotensis, Ulrich, 1886, 14th Kep. Geo. Sur. of Minn,, p. 58, Trenton (ir. primitiva, Ulrich, 1882, Jour. Cin. So(. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 157, Hud. Kiv. «ir. vesiculosa, Ulrich, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 158, Utica Slate oi lower part Hud. Riv, Gr. BoTRYLLOPOKA, Nicholsou, 1874, Geo. Majr- Lond. n. b., vol. 1, p. 160. [Ety. botriil- log, clueter; poroa, pore.] Incrusting;) forming systems of small circular disks, the upper surfaces of which are marked with radiating, cell-bearing ridges ; noii- I'S.- CAK.] MOLLUSCOIDA. 296 poriferous space in the center of each disk, round which the radiating ridges occupy a slightly elevated zone. Type B. socialis. a ^ I Kicial tubes long, very thin-walled, large, and of irregular shape in the axial region ; walls much thickened near the surface ; apertures ovate, the lunarium conspicuously ele- vated ; mesopores numerous; dia- phragms few, generally absent. Type C. fiabellata. flabellata, Ulrich, 1879, (Fistulipora fia- bellata,) Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 28. Hud. Riv. Gr. Chilotbyi'a, Ulrich, 1884, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol, 7, p. 49. [Kty. chelloi*. edge ; trnpa, opening.] Ramose, small central tube to which the zoa'cia are attached ; interstitiul spaces vesiculose ; diaphragms wanting, or few. Type C. hispida. l.ispida, Ulrich, 1884, Jour, Cin. SfH;. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, p. 50, Kaskaskia Gr. ostiolata, Hall, 1852, (Trematopora ostio- lata,) Pal. N.Y., vol.2, p. 152, Niaga aGr. Cl A T It KOi'OKA, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 159. [Ety. clalli- rum, lattice ; poroit, pore.] Reticulate, u n iformly poriferous on both sides of the bifoliate fronds; aper- tures more or less (piad- ran gular, regularly ar- ranged i n parallel si!- ries or ob- liquely in quincunx order. Type C. alcicornis. al cic o r nis, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 159, Niagara Gr. Kio. 467.— Clatliroporii froodoMa. 298 MOLLUSCOIDA. [CM).— CKA caririata, Hull, syn. for Coscinotrypa cri- briform ie. clintnnensiB, Hall & Wliitfield, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 113, Niflgara Gr. tiabellata, Hall, 1851, Foster & Whitney's Rep., vol. 2, p. 207, Trenton (Jr. frondopa, Hall, 1862, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 160, Niagara Gr. gracilis, Spencer, 1884, Bull. No. 1, Mus. Univ. St. Mo., p. 54, Niagara Gr. intermedia, Nicholson & Hinde, 1874, Can. Jour., p. 156, Niagara Gr. intertextn, Nicholson, 1874, Geo. Mag. Lond. n. s., vol. 1, p. 125, Cornifer- ous Gr. Mriaiura, see Coscinium striaturum. C1.0NOPORA, Hall, 1881, Bn'zoans of the Up. Held. (Jr., p. 20. [Ety. klonos, con- fusion ; jporoR, pore.] Consisting of an aggregation of elongate, cylindrical, tubularcells, which at intervals become free and turn abruptly outward in an umbelliform expansion, or in alterna- tion; cell apertures expanded or nar- rowly trumpet-shaped. Type C. semi- reducta. fasciculate, Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y. vol. 6, p. 281, Up. Held. (Jr. incurva,'Hall, 1881, Bryozoansof Up. Held. (Jr., p! 20, Up. Held. (ir. semireducta, Hall, 1881, Bryozoansof Up. Held. Gr., p. 20, Up. Held. (Jr. CffiLocAUMS, Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 23. [Ety. koiloH, hollow ; kanlos, stem.] Ramose, structure like Callopora, but growing as hollow stems, the thin expansion lined with a striated epitheca. Type C. venusta. aculeolatu, Hall, 1881, (Callopora aculeo- lata,) Bryozoans of Up. Held. Gr., p. 7, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 7(5, Up. Held. (Jr. hyale, Hall, 1874, (Caliopora liyale,) 26th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 100, and Pal. N. Y., vol. «, p. 76, Up. Held. Gr. irregularis, Hall, 1881, (Callopora irregu- laris,) Bryozoans of the Up. Held. Gr., p. 7, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 76, Up. Held. Gr. mediopora, Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol.6, p. 23, Low. Held. Gr. venusta, Hall, 1874, (Callopora venusta,) 26th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 101, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 23, Low. Held Gr. Ccia as in Rhom- bopora; primitive portion short; hemisepta well developed. Type C. rl)ombicus. granosus, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 72, Kaskaskia Gr. rhombious, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 72, St. Louis Gr. CosuiNELLA, Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. (i, p. 19. [Et^. diminutive of Cosciniiiin.] Distinguished from Coscinium by the presence of minute, angular pits be- tween the cell apertures and around the margins of the fenestrules. Type ('. elegantula. cosciniformifi, Nicholson, 1875, (Ptilo- dictya coecinifoi mis,) Geo. Mag,, vol. 2, 6 35, and Pal. Prov. Ont., p. so, am. Gr. elegantula. Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vf-l. ;, p. 239, Ham. (Jr. Coscinium, Keyserling, 1846, CJeognost. hco- bacht., p. 192. [Ety. koskinion, a little sieve.] Lobed, leaf-like expansions, ct-llH on each side, (jjuincuncially arrant;ed; perforated as m Adeona cribrifovmu , intercellular spaces wide, and permeated with capillary tubuli, which fill up with age; the dividing plate has a canc(;l- lous structure on either side, irom the outer cellules of which the large obliijiie cells, terminating on the free Burlaie, take their rise. Type C. cyclops. oRA, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 158, and vol. 6, p. 19. [Kty. diame- «08, the part between ; porog, opening.] Ramose, hollow, epitheca on inner sur- face ; intercellular space solid ; surface like Trematopora. Type D. dichotoma. c«merata, Hall. 1883, (Trematopora came- rata,) Rep. St. Geol. and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 72, Up. Held. Gr. communis, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 39 and 41, Utica Slate. constricta, Half, 1874, (Trematopora con- Btricta,) 261 h Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 104, Low. Held. (ir. dichotoma, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 158, Low. Held. Gr. dispersa, Hall, 1879, (Trematopora dis- persa,) 32d Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist, p. 150, Low. Held. Gr. vaupeli, Ulrich, (in preFs,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 39 and 41, Utica Slate. DiciioTRYi'A, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 386. [Ely. dicha, double ; trupa, opening.] Consisting of large bifoliate expansions; the surface with solid maculae ; zooecial and minute struc- ture as in Cystodictya. Type D. foliata. elegans, Ulricli, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 76, St. Louis Gr. expatiata, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, St. Louis Gr. flabellum, Rominger, 1866, (Fistulipora flabellum.) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., p. 9, St. Louis Gr. foliata, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 42, Ham. Gr. grandis, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 42, Niagara Gr. intermedia, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 76, St. Louis Gr. lyroides, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 77, St. Louis Gr. DiCRANOi'oitA, Ulrich, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 166. [Ety, di- kranos, two-pointed ; poros, pore.] Zo- arium like Stictopora, but distinguished by being composed of ligulate joints, the edges being subparallel to near the upper end, when they diverge and bear two segments; cell-mouths between raised longitudinal lines ; no interstitial cells. Type D. internodia. emacerata, Nicholson, 1875, (Ptilodictya emacerata,) Pal. Ohio, vol. 2, p. 261, Hud. Riv. Gr. fragilis. Billings, 1866,(PtilodictyafraKiiis, > Catal. Sil. Fobs. Antic, p. 9, HihI Riv. Gr. Fio. 471.— DIcrauopora Internodia. Natural si/.<. and magnlfled. internodia, Miller & Dyer, 1878, (Ptilo- dictya internodia,) Cont. to Pal., No. 2. p. 7, Hud. Riv. Gr. lata, Ulrich, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 166, Hud. Riv. Gr. nitidula, Billings, 1866, (Ptilodictya niti- dula,) Catal. Sil. Fobs. Antic, p. !), Hud. Riv. Gr. trentonensis, Ulrich, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 167, Trenton erantiqua, Hall, 1847, (Gorgonia peran- tiqua,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 76, Tren- ton Gr. Kkidopora, Ulrich, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. HiBt., vol. 5, p. 1.37. [Ety. eridoiy in dispute ; pwot, pore.] Zoarium thin, incrusting ; cell-nioutha oblique, ovate, or subtriangular, one aide more promi- nent than the other, surrounded by angular interstitial cells, which do not form tubes, and may be either open or closed ; intertubular spaces vesicular. Type E. macrostoma. Should this genus prove to be founded upon reliable characters, then many of the parasitic species now placed with Fistulipora will be referred to it. macrostoma, Ulrich, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist, vol. 5, p. 137, Kaskaskia Gr. minima, Ulrich, 1880, Cont. to Am. Pal., p. 21, Up. Held. Gr. piinctifera, Ulrich, 1882, Jour. Cin. Nat. Hist., vof. 5, p. 138, Kaskaskia Gr. E^hara, Lamarck, 1801, Syst. An. sans Vert, [Ety. £8cAara, soar.] Not Amer- ican Pateozoic. f concentrica, Prout, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 234, Coal Meas. Not recognized. ovntipora, Troost, 1840, 5th Geo. Rep. Tenn. Low. Sil. Not recogr'-^ed. reticulata, Troost, 1840, 5th Geo. Rep. Tenn. Low. Sil. Not recognized. ? tubercuJata, Prout, 1858, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 234. Coal Meas. Not recognized. EscHAKOPOBA, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, S. 72. [Ety. eschara, scar ; poros, pore.] ylindrical, solid, tapering above, ex- panded and root-like below ; cells oval, inclosed in a rhomboid, by elevated oblique lines ; tubes nidiating from an imaginary axis. Type E. recta. angusta. Hall, 1879, Deec. New Spec. Fobs., p. 6, and 11th Rep. Ind. Geo. and Nat. Hist., p. 245, Niagara Gr. lirata, see Ptilodictya lirata. nebulosa, see Ptilodictya nebulosa. recta. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 73, Trenton Gr. recta var. nodosa. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 73, Trenton (Jr. tenuis, see Pha;nopora tennis. EuRYDicTYA, Ulrioh, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 389. [Ety. eurys, broad ; dictyon, a net. ] Broad , si mple, or i r regu- larly divided, bifoliate expansions, with- out nonporiferous parallel margins; surface with more or less conspicuous, small, solid maculte or monticules; zooecial structure very much as in Sul- copora, the differences being of small importance, and due to zoarial habit. Type E. montifera. Syn. (?) lor I'hie- nopora. calhounensis, Ulrich, (in press,) (ieo. Sur. 111., vol. 8. pi. 30, Trenton (ir. montifera, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. III., .vol. 8, pi. 30, Hud.Riv.Gr. sterlingensis, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 30, Hud. Riv. Gr. EuspiLOPOKA, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. III., vol. 8, p. 389. [Ety. empilos, full of dots ; poro», pore.] Small, bifoliate, lo- bate or irregularly dividing branclieH; cell apertures suhcircular, arranged be- tween longitudinal spinous ridges at the center of the stipe; at intervals several short oblique rows of cells extend out- ward ' om the central rows to near the margiiitu of the frond ; these alternate with concave nonporiferous but finely granular spaces, which do not extend out as far as the celluliferous lobes, and which cause the edges of the frond to be serrate; internally a vertical row of shf How vesicles behind the vestibu- lar portion of the zocecia; all the re- maining interspaceH traversed by nu- merous minute tubuli. Type E. serrata. Syn. (?) for Stictopora. barrisi, Ulrich, (in press,) Geol. Sur. III., vol. 8, pi. 43, Ham. Gr. serrata, Ulricli, (in pres'i,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 43, Ham. Gr. EvACTiNOPORA, Meek & Worthen, 18«5, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 1()5. [Ety. evactinoa, with beautiful rays; poros, pore.] Free, consisting of four or more vertical leaves wliich radiate from an imaginary axis; rays thin, cellulif- erous on both sides; in- terstitial spaces occupied by vesicular cells, filled with Bclerenchyma, which is traversed by canals. Type E. radiata. p,o „,^ _Evac- grandis, Meek & Worthen, tinoporugrau- 1868, Geo. Sur. III., vol. ais. Pores i 3, p. 503, Burlington Gr. '>'"'"• quiiiqueradiata, Ulrich, (in preti8,)Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 73, Burling- ton, Gr. radiHta, Meek & Worthen, 18G5, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 65, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 3, p. 502, Burlington Gr. sexradiata. Meek & Worthen, 1868, (ieo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 502, Burlington Gr. Favk ELLA, Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 19. [Ety. favxM, honey-conih ; divs, diminutive.] Fiee or incrusting, thin expansion; apertures inclosed in polyg- onal vestibular areas, similar to Selen- opora; intercellular surface occupied by minute mesoporcs ; structure vesic- ulose. Type F. incluHa. inclusa. Hall, 1881, (Thulhistigma inclusa,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 10, p. 188, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 234, Ham. Gr. «l O O g ^d u o (i g 'c u o .. o o o o o c *^ ' jO o " " O o o " ' u O o o u - V V w w - , O.0_0 J o c ol Fig. 473.— Evnc- tlnopura radi- al a. Pores 2 diam. 802 MOI.LUSCOtDA. [HF'N, KKNRflTRia,A, Lonsdale, 1830, Murch, Sil. SyHt. [Ety. feneUtUa, little window.] Zoarium, flattened or infundibulifortn, compoBed of rays radiating from a baae and uniting laterally by disBepimenta, HO as to form a net-work, the meahes of which are uauallv oblong; inner Murface of rays rounaed and Htriated, and without cells; cells on the ciit«r Hide of the rays in two rows, one on jacli side of a median ridge; dissepi- ments without cells. Type F. anticjua. acnuHf, see Unitrypa acaulis. acmea, Hall, 1876, 28th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 124, Niagara p. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 6H, and -21, Up. Held. (Jr. parvulipora. Hall, 1876, 28th Rep. N. Y. St. MuH. Nat. Hist., p. 123, Niag- ara Or. putellifera, Ulrich, 1886, Cont. to Pal., p. 8, Up. Held. (}r. paxillata, see Polypora paxillata. perangukita, see Polypora |)erangulata. perelegans, Meek, 1872, Pal. E. Nebraska, p. 163, Coal Meas. perforata, see Loculipora perforata. permarKinata, Hall, 1881, Bryozoans of the Up. Hf Id. Gr., p. 30, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 127, Up. Held. Gr. perminuta, Ulrich, (in presH,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 52, Low. Coal Meas. jjemodosa, see Unitrypa pernodosa. perplexa. Hall, 1881, Bryozoans of the Up. Held. Gr.. p. 33, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 130, Up. Held. Cir. pertenuis. Hall, 1879, Desc. New Spec. Fobs., p. 6, and Uth Rep. Geo. Ind. and Nat. Hist., p. 251, Niagara Gr. pertenuis, Hall, 1881. The name was pre- occupied, see F. proutana. perundala, see Polypora perundata. peruridulata, see lieteporina perundulata. philia, Hall, 1883, Rep. St. Geol., pi. 20, fig. 9-11, Low. Held. Gr. planiramom, Kail, 1883, Rep. St. Geol., pi. 18, fig. 14-18, syn. for Polypora com- pressa. planiramosa. Hall, 1884, 36th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 65, Ham. Gr. plebeia, McCoy, 1862, syn. Garb. Foss. Ireland, p. 203, Up, Coal Meas. plumosa, see Hemitrypa plumoHa. popeana, Prout, 1858, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 229, Permian Gr. porosa, see Polvpora pcrosa. priecursor, see Unitrypa prwncursor. prisca, Lonsdj3, 1839, Murch. Sil. Syst., p. 178, Clinton Gr. proceritas. Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 115, Up. Held. Gr. prolixa, Hall, 1879, Desc. New Spec. Foss.. p. 8, and 11th Rep. Ind. Geo. and Nat. Hist., p. 253, Niagara Gr. propria, see Polypora propria, proutana, S. A. Miller, 1882, 2d Ed. Am. Pal. Foss., p. 291, Up. Held. Gr. Pro- fosed instead of F. pertenuis. Hall, 881, Bryzoans of the Up. Held. Gr., p. 29, which was preoccupied. pulchella, Ulrich, 1886, Cont. to Am. I>ai . p. 9, Up. Held. Gr. puncto-Btriata, Hall, 1876, 28th Rep. N. Y. St. Mua. Nat. Hist., p. 68, Nia;: ara Gr. quadrangula. Hall, 1884, :mth Rep. N. N St. MuB. Nat Hist., p. 68, Ham. (ir. quadrangularii, see Polypora quad run- gulariB. quadrula. Hall, MiKi, Rep. St. (ieol., |.l. 21, fig 19-22, I^w. Held. Gr. regaiis, Ulrich, 1888, Bull. Denison Univ . p. 70, and (leo. Sur. III., vol. 8, pi. .'"lO, keokuk and Waverlv Gre. remota, Foerste, 1887, null. Denison Univ., vol. 2, p. 84 and 87, Low. Coal Meas. rhombifera, see Reteporlna rhombifern. rigida, sec Polvpora rigida. rwtuta, see Polypora robusta. rudiB, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. III., vol. 8, pi. 49, Keokuk (ir. scala is, Bee Unitrypa scalaris. Bculptilis, Ulrich, 1886, Cont. to Am. I'mI , p. 10, Up. Held. Gr. semirotunda. Hall, 1881, Brvozoans of tin- Up. Held. . Held. (Jr., p. 28, and Pal. N. Y., vol «, p. 110, Up. Held. Gr. serratula, Ulrich, (in press,) (ieo. Sm. III., vol. 8, pi. 50, Warsaw, St. Ixxiis, and Kaskaskia (ir. sevillensis, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Siir. III., vol. 8, pi. 52, Low. Coal Meas. shumardi, Prout, 1858, Trans. St. Loiiin Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 232, Up. Coal M«'aH. singularitas. Hall, 1881, Bryo/oans of the Up. Held. (Jr., p. 29. and Pal. N. Y, vol, 6, p. 114, Up. Held. Gr. sinuosa. Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. (;. p. 116, Up, Held. Gr. spio. Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 47, Ix)w Held, Gr, stellata. Hall, 1881, Bryozoans of the Up. Held, Gr,, p, 29, and Pal. N. Y., vol. (i, p. 109, Up. Held. (Jr. stipata, see Unitrypa stipata. striata, see Reteporina striata. striatopora, see Polypora striatopora. BubHexuosa, Ulrica, 1888, Bull. DeniHim Univ., p. 68, Waverly (Jr. submulans, see Polypora submutans. subretiformis, Prout, 1858, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol, 1, p, 233, Coal Meas. substriata. Hall, 1881, Bryozoans of the Up. Held, (ir,, p. 35, Up. Held. Gr. subtortilis. Hall, 1884, 36th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus, Nat. Hist., p, 71, Ham, Gr. sylvia. Hall, 1874, 26th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat, Hist,, p, 96, Low, Held, CJr. tantulus. Hall, 1879, Desc. New Si)ec. Foss., p. 8, and 11th Rep. Ind. (Jco. and Nat, Hist., p, 253, Niagara Gr. tegulata, see Unitrypa tegulata. tenax, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 51, Keokuk, St. Louis and Kaskoskia Grs. |il'N.— KIS.] MOI.LV&COIDA. SOS t»n«ll», Ifflll, 1A87, Pal. N. Y., vol. 0, p. 105, Up. Held. Or. uwikrp; Hall, 1862, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. KU), NingHrn Or. ifiuiin, Hull, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 51, Clinton <}r. thyene, Hall, 188,3, Kcp. 8t. Geol.,pl. 21, i'n. !-'», Low. Held. tir. tori I, Hall, 18KI, HryoKoanH of the Up. li Id. (ir, p. ;J0, Up. Held. (Jr. tritiilirculata, Prout, 1868, TranB. Ht. Ix)un Acad. 8ci., vol. 1, p. 228, Coal Meaa. tuberculata, H»ll, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. «, p. no. Up. Hold. Gr. vuriabiliH, Prout, 1858, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sd., vol. 1, p. 2.31, Goal Mean, variopora, Hall, 1881, BryoKOiins of the Up. Held. (Jr., p. 28, Up. Held Gr. vera, Ulrich, (In preas,) Geo. Sur. III., vol. 8, pi. 44, Ham. Or. v»'rruco8a, Hall, 1883, Rep. St. Geol., pi. 33, fig. 11, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 110, Up. Held. < Jr. virgoHi, Eirhwald, 1860, I^thaea KoHHica, p. 358^ Up. Coal Meaa. Probably not Ainencnn. wortlieni, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 52, I/)w. Coal Meau. Kknehtrai.ia, Prout, 1858, Trans. >St. Louis Acad. Hci., vol. 1, p. 235. [Ety. from genus Feneslella.'] Zoarium like Fenes- tella, from whicti it. is distinguished by having two rows of cells on each side of the median ridge. Type F. stlu- dovici. Htludovici, Prontj 1858, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 235, St. Louis Gr. Htludovici var. compaclu, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo, Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. SO, St. Louis Gr. Fenesthapora, Hall, 1885, Rep. St. Geol., p. 36. [Ety. feneftra, opening ; poros, pore.] FormH of Fenestellidte having tlie branches connected by dissepiments, two ranges of /-^^"T ^ cell apertures, separated b^ a carina bearing r>ore8 ; nonoel- uliferous side with conspicu- ous pores. Type F. biperforata. biperforatH, Hall, 1885, Rep. St. Geol., pi. 2, fijj. 17, Up. Held. Gr. infraporosa, Ulrich, 1886, Cont. to Amer. Pal., p. 14, Up. Held Gr. occidentalis, Ulrich, (in press), Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 44 and 54, Ham. Gr. FisTULipoRA, McCoy, 1849, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 2d sen, vol. 3, p. 130. [Ety. fistula, pipe; poroa, pore.] Incrusting or massive; corallites long, cylindrical, thick-walled, not in contact; tabulee Km. 475, — Fenestriiporu hiperforatH. Mtignltleil n()ii|>orlferou8 8lile. numerous ; cells circular, smooth-edged ; Intfrvals between corallites filled with vesicular plates, tabulated. Type F. minor, acervulosa, Rominger, IWMl, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci , p. 7, Ham, Gr. astricta, Ulrich, (in press,) cann carbonaria vol. 7, p. 46, Up. Coal kki <7()-kihiii. Meas. H|M)miiMiri<'tii. clausa, see Meekopora i!;:;.',',",;';:.,',,',;^! ClHUSa. lilK luiiaiiuiii. collina, Ulrich, (in press,) (Jen. Kur. III., vol. 8, pi. 47 and 48, Ham. Gr. communis, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 47 and 48, Ham. Gr. compressa, Rominger, 180(1, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 10, Keokuk (Jr. confertipora, Hall, 1881, (Thallostigma confertipora,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 10, p. 184, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 0, p. 211, Ham. Gr. constricts, Hall, 1881, (Lichenalia con- stricia,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 10, p. 183, an(k Pal, N, Y., vol, «, p. 227, Ham. (Jr. corrugata, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 47 and 48, Ham. (Jr. crassa, Rominger, 180(), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 8, Ham, (Jr. decipiens, Hnll, 1881, (Thallostigma de- cipiens,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 10, p. 187, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 0, p. 232, Ham. Gr. densa, Hall, 1881, (Thallostigma densa,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 10, p. 186, and Pal. N. Y., vol. a, p. 231, Ham. (Jr. digitata, Hall, 1881, (Thallosligamdigitata,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vdI. 10, p. 185, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 229, Ham. Gr. elegans, see Pinacotrypa ehguns. eriensis, Rominger 1806, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 8, Ham. Gr. excellens, Ulrich, 1884, Jour, Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist, vol, 7, p. 46, Kahkaskia Gr, flabellata, see Chiloporella flubellata. flahellum, see Dicliotrypa fialx Hum, foordi, Uhiih, (in pretis,) Geo, Sur, III., vol. 8, pi. 47 and 48, Ham. Gr. halli, Rominger, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p, 6, Niagara Gr. helioB, Rominger, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 7, C«)rniferousGr. henii'pherica. Hall, 1881, (Callopora heraispherica,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 10, p. 183, and Pal, N. Y., vol. 6, p. 226, Ham. Gr. Fio. 477.— Fist uli|">i"a fooi'dl. Opercular cover X 60. ;i06 MOLLVSCOIDA. [n.u, incrassata, Micholson, 1874, (Gallopora in- crassata,) Geo. Mag. Lond. n. s., vol. 1, p. 13, and Rep. Pal. Ont., m- 61, Ham. Gr. interctiUata, Hall, 1881, (Thallostigma in- tercellata,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 10, p. 13, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 87, Up. Held. Gr. involvens. Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. (i, p. 221, Ham. Gr. labiosa, Winchell, 1866, Rep. Low. Penin. Mich., p. 88, Ham. Gr. lamellata, Hall, 1881, (ThalloHtigma lamel- lata,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 10, p. 13, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 87, Up. Held. Gr. lens, Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Rep. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. <)9, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 256, Hiid. Riv. Gr. longimacula. Hall, 1881, (Thallostignia | longimacula,) Trans. Alb. Insi., vol. 10, i 6185, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 209, | am. Gr. | lunata, see Buscopura lunata. \ micropora, Hall, 1884, Thallostigmu mi- I cropora. Rep. St. Fro. 47«.— FluHtrii (?) tuberculatii. Hectlons x.W. nodulifera. Meek. 1872, Pal. E. NeL,, p. 143, Up. Coal Meas. normalis. Ulriirb, 1886, Cont. to Am. Pal., p. 20, Uj). Held. C,r. occidens, Hall & Whitfield. 1873, 23d i F/w«ssoTBVPA, Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. xvii. [Ety. gloitt, the tongue ; trwjja, opening.] I^arium tubular ; cells aris- ing from the epitheca lining the cylin- (; drical frond, intersected by narrow pro- jections from the cell walls, extending partially across the cell tube ; apertures paliform ; intercellular structure vesic- ulose. Type < }. paliformis. paliformis. Hall, 1881, (Lichenalia pali- formis,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 10, p. 11, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 85, Up. Held. Cir. Olyptolrypa, Ulrich, syn. (?) for Cosciniuni. (lONIOTKYPA, 3 Ulrich, (in press), Micropal- jL'onto 1 o - gy. P- 14. [Ety. go- nia, an- gle ; trupa, opening. ] Bifoliate, jointed, segmen t s small ,Fi>Q. 481. — Uoniotrypa. each face ""'*• li Transverse section; 2, with a y'^nsverse section lower down ; c e n t • d 1 ridge; cells in longitudinal rows; apertures oval, directed obliquely outward. Typt- (i. bilateralis. Syn. (?) for Dicrano- pora. bilateralis, Ulrich, (in press), Micropa- Iseontology, p. 15, Hud. Riv. (l)iniformi8, Ulrich, 1882, (Arthrodema Hpiniforme,) Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 161, Trenton Gr. stiiatopora, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Fobs. Antic, p. 39, Anticosti Gr. strigosa, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 37, Anticosti Gr. unuis, see Arthrostylus tenuis, varipora, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 40, Anticosti Gr. I Hemitrypa, Phillips, 1841, i Pal. Foss. Cornwall, Devon, and W. Som- i ersot, p. 27. [Ety. emisos, half ; Irupa, per- i foration.] Fenestel- j loid ; branches con- nected by dissepi- i ments ; cell apertures in two ranges, sepa- rated by carinse, which , are elevated, widened at the summit, ! and connected by scalie, which meet i midway and coalesce, forming pseudo- i carinai. Type H. oculata. ' aspera, Ulrich, (in press). Geo. Sur. 111., , vol. 8, pi. 57, Keokuk Gr. hiordo, Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 149, Up. Held. Gr. bis'rialis, Hall, 1879, 32d Kep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 174, Low. Held. Gr. liLserialis var. exilis. Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 57, liOW. Held. Gr. columellata. Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y.. vol.6, p. 146, Up. Held. (Jr. cribrosa. Hall, 1881, (Fenestella cribrosa,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 10, p. 35, Up. Held. Gr. (/(j6ta, syn. for Loculipora ambigua. favosa, Hall, 1881, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 10, p. 35, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 148, Up. Held. Gr. nodosa, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8. pi. 57, Keokuk Gr. prima, Hall, syn. for Unitrypa nervia. pateriformis, Ulrich, (in press.) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 57, Keokuk Gr. perstriata, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 57, Keokuk (ir. phimosa, Prout, 1858, (Fenestella plu- mosa,) Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 236, Keokuk and Warsaw Gr. proutana, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 57, proposed instead of Fenestella hemitrypa of Prout, Keokuk and Warsaw Grs. proutana var. nodulosa, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 57, Keokuk Gr. proutana var. vermifera, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 67, Warsaw Gr. tenera, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 44, Hamilton Gr. ulrichi, Foerste, 1887, Bull. Denison Univ., vol. 2, p. 152, Clinton Gr. Hkknodia, Hall, 1884, Rep. St. Geol., p. 58. [Ety. hemodes, lik<} a young sprout.] Bryozoum parasitic, procumbent, in- creasing by gemmation like Aulopora; budding lateral, and for some distance in contact an»\^^) Prov. Ont., pK«:S^>'«kC\r 79, Subcarbon- 5ixiJtSitJL*!j3L » K.I G. 4 8 8 . — Hete rodlflyn Lam- gigantea. Magiiltled. iferous. Hippothoa, ouroux, 1821, Expos method. Not Palajozoic. wflata, see Stomatopora infiata. HoMOTRVPA, Ulrich, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 240. [Ety. homos, similar ; Irupa, perforation.] Ramose or subfrondescent ; surface smooth or bearing monticules ; cells, circular, ovate or polygonal, thin-walled; groups of larger-sized cells ; mesopores absent or restricted to the maculae; spiniform tubuli, diaphragms and cystiphragms present. Type H. curvata. arbuscula, Ulrich, (in press), Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 38, Birdseye (lir. curvata, Ulrich, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 241, Hud. Riv. Gr. Fio. 489.— Homotrypa obliqim. Natural siw and magnified. exilis, Ulrich, 1886, 14th Rep. Geo. Sur. Minn., p. 80, Trenton Gr. flabellaris, Ulrich, (in press), Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 32, Hud. Riv. Gr. 21 3J0 MOLLUSCOIDA. [hom. -I,l'', I . zelaainosa, Ulrich, (in preas), Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8. pi. 32, Hud. Riv. Gr. insienip, Ulrich, 1886, 14th Rfp. Geo. Sur. Minn., p. 82, Trenton Gr. ininneHotensis, Ulrich, 188(), Htli Hep. Geo. Sur. Minn., p. 79, Trenton Gr. obliqua, Ulrich, 1882, Jour. Gin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 248, Hud. Kiv. Gr. suhramosa, Ulricli, 188(5, 14th Rep. Geo. Sur. Minn., p. 81, Trenton Gr. HoMOTRYPELLA, Ulrlch, 188(j, 14tli Rep. Geo. Sur. Minn., p. 83. [Ety. homotrypa, a genus; ellus, diminutive.] Zoarium ramose; monticules wanting; intersti- tial cells present; zooecia small, moder- ately thick walls, and cystoid dia- phragms straight; aniniform tubuli numerou«<. Type H. instabilis. contexta, Uliich, (in press), Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 32, Hud. Riv. Gr. granulifera, Ulrich, 1879, (Chetetes granu- liferus,) Jcur. Gin. Soc. Nat, Hist., vol. 2, p. 128, Trenton Gr. instabilis, Ulrich, 1886, 14th Rep. Geo. Sur. Minn., p. 83, Trenton Gr. Homera, Lamouroux, 1821, Expos. Method, des genres de L'Ordre des Pol. [Ety. proper name.] Not American Palaeo- zoic. dichotoma, see Snbretepora dicfaotoma. IcHTHYoBACiiis, McCoy, 1844, Garb. Fobs. Ireland, p. 205. [Ety. ichthys, fish ; rachit, backbone.] Bryozoum plumose, consisting of a raehis, with short lateral branches or pinnules; celluliferous on one side ; cell apertures in two ranges on the branches, and in three or more on the main stem. Type I. newen- hami. nereis. Hall, 1874, 26th Rep. N. Y. St.Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 98, l,ow. Held. Gr. Idiotrypa, Ulrich, 1883, Jour. Gin. Soc. Nar. Hist., vol. 6, p. 272. [Ety. idios, peculiar; trvpa, opening.] Parasitic, interstitial cells angular, both cells with diaphragms; spiniform tubuli present. Type I. ]>arasitica. parasitica, Ulrich, 1883, Jour. Gin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, p. 273, Niagara Gr. Intbapora, Hall, 1881, Bryozoans of the Up. Held. Gr., p. 16. [Etv. intra, within; poro», pore.] ResemDling Stictopora, branches broad ; intercellular spaces regularly punctured or pitted, as if by minute cell apertures; cells with rounded mouths and short prostrate portion; intercellular 'space vesiculosc. Type I. puteolata. puteolata, Hall, 1881, Bryozoans of the Up. Held. Gr., p. 16, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 97, Up. Held. Gr. ItUricaria, Defrance, 1823, Diotionnaire des Sciences Naturelles. Not a Palseozoic genus. clathrala, see Subretepora clathrata. reticulata, see Subretepora ret* ilata. Ibotrypa, Hall, 1885, Rep. St. j,eol., p. 37. tEty. igos, equal ; trupa, perforation.] ^enestelloid, having the branches con- nected by dissepiments, and with t\\.> ranges of cell apertures, separated ' v carinte, elevated and much thickentci above, connected by distinct latei^il processps; the reverse face has on r near the dissepiments conspiciKiis pores larger than the cell apertun -. Type I. conjunctiva. Fig. 490.— Isotrypa conjunctiva. CelluUferons side and noiicellnliferous side, with pores on the dissepiments. tnfaria, syn. for I. conjunctiva. conjunctiva. Hall, 1881, (Fenestella con- junctiva,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 10, p. 143, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 143, Up. Held. Gr. consimilis. Hall, 1885, Rep. St. Geol., pi. 2, fig. 14, Up. Held. Gr. Labkchia, Edwards & Haime, 1851, Pol Foss. des Terr. Pal., p. 297. [Ety. proper name.] Bryozonm laminar, in- crusting, or attach^'l by part of the base, and having the remainder cov- ered by an epitheca ; surface covered with rounded or elongated, solid, tu- bercles, separated by an imperforate cal- careous membrane; internally it con- sists of vertical columns extending from the epitheca below, and terminating above in the surface tubercles , the in- terspaces between the columns consist- ing ot lenticular vesicles, the uppermost layer of which gives rise to the seem- ingly imperforate membrane between the tubercles. Type L. conferta. Prob- ably this genus belongs to the Protozoa, ard is related to the sponges, montifera, Ulrich, 1886, Cont. to Am. Pal., p. 33, Hud. Riv. Gr. Leioclkma, Ulrich, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 141. [Ety. km, smooth ; Mena, twig.] Ramose, lamel- late, or parasitic; surface even; cell- mouths small, rounded, surrounded l)y interstitial cells; tubes thin-walled; diaphragms remote; acanthopores abundant. Tvpe L. punctatum. araneum, Ulrich, (in presf.) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 75. Kaskaskia Gr. foliatum, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol, 8, p. 301, Warsaw Gr. I,KI'. — UC] MOLLUSCOIDA. 311 .'racillimum, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 75, K«'okuk Gr. ininutiseimuiTij Nicholson, 1875, (Callo- pora minutifiHimn,) PhI, Prov. of On- tario, p. 77, Hamilton Gr. FifJ. 191.— LpJoclemafoliatum. a, Vortical section x28,sliowlng entire thick- ness of zoaiium, tabulation of zowcla and mesopores, and structure of the aciuilhopores; 6, miigentlnl section x 28, showing distribution of ncnntho- poi'f>s, niesopores, and zooeoia; o, small portion of wall x50; <2,acauthopore X 5*), showing its structure. punctatum. Hail, 1858, Callopora punc- tata, Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 653, Keokuk and Warsaw Grs. Bubglobosum, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 75, Kiuuerhook Gr. wachsmutui, Ulricli, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 75, Kinderhook Gr. wilmingtonense, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 34, Hud. Riv. Gr. Lkftotbypa, Ulrich, 1883, .Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, p. 158. [Ety. icp/08, thin; trupa, perforation.] Thin, in- crusting ; celld polygonal, thin-walled ; surface, with monticules; spiniform tu- biili; no diaphragms or rudimentary. Type L. minima, clavacoidea, James, 1875, (Chetetes clava- coidea,) Int. Catal. Cin. Foss., p. 2, and Nicholson on Struct, and Affin, Montic, p. 182, Hud. Riv. Gr. clavis, Ulrich, 1883, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, p. 161, Utica Slate. cortex, Ulrich, 1883, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, p. 162. Utica Slate, hexagonalis, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 36, Trenton Gr. minima, Ulrich, 1883, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, p. 159, Hud. Riv. Gr. ornata, Ulrich, 1883, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, p. 160, Hud. Riv. Gr. aemipilaris, Ulrich, (in preps,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8. pi. 36, Hud. Riv. Gr. stidhami, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 36, Hud. Riv. Gr. LiciiENALiA, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 171. [Sig.from resemblance to alichen.] Membranous expansions, growing in circular or flabellute forms, celliilifer- ous on one side, the other covered with an epitheca; cells septate, aritiing from the epitheca; apertures circular or trilobate, often denticulate ; interaper- tural space smooth : intercellular space vesiculose. Typ« L. concentrica. alternatn. Hall, 1881, Bryozoans of the Up. Held. Gr., p. 8, and Pal. N. Y.. vol. 0, p. 80, Up. Held. Gr. alveatn, see Odonto- trvpa nlveata. bisffiata, Hall, 1881, Brvozoans of the Up. Held. Gr.. p. 8, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 0, p. 79, Up. Held. Gr. bullata. Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 205, Ham. Gr. carinata, Hall, 1881, Bryozoans of the Up. Held. Gr., p. 9, Up. Held. Gr. circinrta, see Sele- nopora circincta. cUvulata, see Pileo- trypa clivulata. clvpeiformis. Hall, 1884, Rep. St. Geol., p. 37, Ham. Gr. colliculata. Hall, 1884, Rep. St. Geol.. d. 36, Ham. Gr. *^ complexata, see Selenopora complexata. concentrica. Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 171, Niagara Gr. FiQ. 402.— Lichenalla concentrica. Under «nr- face and upper surface uiiignltled. concentrica var. maculata. Hall. 1879, 28th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., d. 117, Niagara Gr. concentrica var. parvula. Hall, 1876, 28th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 117, Niagara Gr. confusn. Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 204, Ham. Gr. conitricta, see Fistulipora constricta. conulata. Hall, 1881, Bryozoans of the Up. Held. Gr., p. 9, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 81, Up. Held. Gr. cornuta. Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 203, Ham. Gr. crassa. Hall, 1879, (Trematopora crassa.) 32d Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 152, Low Held. Gr. Crustacea, Hall, 1881, Bryozoans of the Up. Ht-ld. Gr., p. .8, Up. Held. Gr. cultt-llata. Hall, 1884, Rep. St. Geol., p. 36 Ham. Gr. denticulata, see Pileotrypa denticulata. \-- 312 MOLLUSCOILA. [l,IC. MI'R. diBsimilip, Hall, 1883, Ren. St. Geol., pi. 15, fig. 10-13, Low. Hel^. (}r. distans, Hall, 18SS, Rep. St. Geol., pi. 15, fig. 8-9, Low. Held. Gr. foliacea, Hall, 1884, Rep. St. Geol., p. 35, Ham. Gr. geoinetrica. Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 79, Up. Held. Gr. granifera, see Pileotrypa granifera. imbricella, Hall, 1884, Rep. St. Geol., p. 35, Ham. Gr. longispina, see Lichenotrypa longispina. hxnata, see Piiscopora lunata. maculosa, Hall, 1884, (Trematopora mac- ulosa,) 26th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 106. Low. Held. (ir. operculata. Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 205, Ham. Gr. ovata, Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 80, Up. Held. Gr. paliformia, see Glossotrypa paiiformis. permarginata, Hall, 1881, Bryozoans of the Up. Held. Gr., p. 10, and Rep. St. Geol., 1883, pi. 24, fig. 20, Up. Held. Gr. pustulosa. Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 206, Ham. Gr. pyriformis, see Pileotrypa pyriformis. radiata. Hall, 1881, Bryozoans of the Up. Held. Gr., p. 10, Up. Held. Gr. ramosa. Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 199, Ham. Gr. serialis. Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 32, Low. Held. Gr. stellata, Hall, 1884, Rep. St. Geol., p. 33, Ham. Gr. subcava. Hall, 1881, Bryozoans of the Up. Held. Gr., p. 8, and Rep. St. Geol., 1883, pi. 24, fig. 23-25; Up. Held. Gr. BUDstellata, Hall, 1881, Bryozoans of the Up. Held. Gr., p. 7, and Rep. St. Geo., 1883, pi. 24, fig. 26, Up. Held. Gr. subtrigona. Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 196, Ham. Gr. tessellata, Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 207, Ham. Gr. torta. Hall, 1883, Rep. St. Geol., pi. 15, fig. 1-7, Low. Held. Gr. tortuosa. Hall, 1883, Rep. St. Geol., pi. 13, fig. 17-18, Low. Held. Gr. veslculata, Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6. p. 197, Ham. Gr. LiCHKNOTRYPA, Ulrich, 1886, Cont. to Am. Pal., p. 23. [Ety. lichen, a tree-moss; trupa, perforation.] Zoarium thin, in- crusting, in early growth like Fistuli- pora, with short, tubular zooecia, wide, concave interspaces, subcircular aper- tures, posterior margin elevated; in later growth peristomes of adjacent cells unite by thin, irregular walls, which traverse the interstitial spaces, and form an irregular net-work, with spine-like elevations ; interstitial cells f>resent. Type L. cavernosa. Syn. (?) or Lichen alia, cavernosa, Ulrich, 1888, Cont. to Am. Pal., p. 24, Up. Held. Gr. longispina, Hall, 1881, (Lichenalia longi- spina,) Trans. Alb. Inst, vol. 10, p. 11, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 287, I'd Held. Gr. LocuMPORA, Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. xxiii. [Ety. loculus, cell ; pornt, pore.] Fenestelloid ; branches ((.ri- nected by dissepiments; cell apertures in two ranges, surrounding the feii^R. trules; branches and dissepiments) ur- inated ; carinas elevated and mncli thickened above, having the appi ar- ance of the branches and dissepitncnts of the noncelluliferous face of the froml. Type L. perforata. aml)igua. Hall, 1876, (Fenestellaambigiia,) 28tri Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist , p. 123, Niagara Gr. circumstata. Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vil, 6, p. 144, Up. Held. Gr. perforata, Hall, 1884, (Fenestella perfo- rata,) 36th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 65, Ham. Gr. LvROPOHA, Hall, 1857, Proc. Am. Ass. Ad. Sci., vol. 10, p. 179. [Ety. lyra, lute; poros, pore.] Zoarium consisting (if a reticulated expansion, margined by two strong diverging supports which curve outward and upward ; the rays of tlie expansion carry from two to five rows of cells ; but there are none in the dis- sepiments; fenestrules small, ovate. Type L. lyra. cinctura, Hall, 1885, Rep. St. Geol., pi. 1, Ham, Gr. divergens, Ulrich, (in press. ^ Geo. Sur. III. vol. 8, pi. 58, Kaskaskia Gr. lyra, Hall, Proc. Am. Assi Ad. Sci., vol. 10, p. 179, Kaskaskia Gr. ovalis, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. Ill, vol. 8, pi. 08, KasKaskia Gr. quincuncialis. Hall, 1857, Proc. Am. Ass. Ad. Sci., vol, 10, p. 179, Kaskas- kia Gr. ranosculum, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol, 8, pi. 58, Kaskaskia Gr. retrorsa, MeeR & Worthen, 1868, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 504, Burlington (ir. subquadrans. Hall, 1857, Proc. Am. Ass, Ad. Sci., vol. 10, p, 179, Kaskaskia Gr. Meekopora, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. Ill,, vol. 8, p. 383, [Ety, proper name.] Bifoliate, sometimes branching; the median laminae thin, fiexuoue; cells arranged with their oblique apertures directed toward the distal margin of the expansion ; lunarium moderate or obsolete ; zooecial tubes oblique, tlu' an- terior walls thinnest and flexuous ; dia- phragms numerous, often recurved; ocecium a large oval cell, showing as a convex space with a small apical perfo- ration. Type M, eximia. (?) aperta, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 76, Keokuk Gr. 1 aK7 FiQ. 493.— Lyropora oi iic- '?"'» tupu. Noncellullfer- tupu. 0U8 side. Nl M.— PAI,.] MOI.IMSCOmA. WA npproximata, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 77, Kaslcaskia Gr. clausA, Ulrich, 1884, (Fistiilipora ? ciansa,) Jour. Gin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, p. 47, KaskuskiaGr. eximia, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. III., vol. 8, pi. 77, Kaskas- kia Gr. .. , MitocUma, Ulrich, 1882, ^1'; i'lf;ur^K?: Jou'-. Cln. So... Nat. (Ular cover x 60. HlBt., vol. o, p. 150. Syn. for. Enallopora. ii)tctosa, see Enallopora cinctosa. Nkmataxis, Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 74. [Ety. nema, thread ; axon, axis.] Ramose, solid, bifurcating, cells arising from a Hliform axis, apertures oval, in })arallel rows, separated by ridges ; sur- face marked with monticules, destitute of cell apertures, and extending across the branch, give it an annulated ap- pearance. Type N. fibrosus. tibrosus. Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 74, Up. Held. Gr. simplex. Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 193, Ham. Gr. Nkmatoi'ora, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 401. [Ety. nema, thread; poros, pore.] Slender, ramose, contin- uous above the pointed basal extremity ; zooecia subtubular, short, arranged in a radial manner around one or two minute axial tubes ; apertures ovate or subcircular, with peristome, generally arranged between longitudinal ridges; one or ivvo diaphragms occasionally present. Type N. qnadrata. alternata, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. III., vol. 8. pi. 29, Galena Gr. delicatula, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur* 111., vol. 8, pi. 29, Galena Gr. qnadrata, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. III., vol. 8, pi. 29, Trenton Gr, retrorsa, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 29, Galena Gr. NicnoLSONELLA, Uliich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. Ill, vol. 8, p. 374. [Ety. proper name.] Irregularly intertwining, flattened branches, sometimes laminated ; zooecia tubular, with diaphragms in the " ma- ture " region ; apertures circular, with a granose peristome; interspaces wide, occupied by numerous angular meso- pores, that more or less isolate the zooecia ; walls of both the zooecia and mesopores thin, and in the mature region traversed longitudinally by tu- buli ; the interzooecial spaces are filled with a calcareous deposit, into which the tubuli continue, but in which the mesopore walls become unrecognizable ; mesopores with thick and numerous diaphragms. Type N. ponderosa. cumulata, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. Ill,, vol. 8, pi. 33, Hud. Riv. Gr. ponderosa, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. HI., vol. 8, pi. 34, Trenton Gr. Odontotrvpa, Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. xvii. [Ety. odom, tooth ; Irupa, opening,] Distinguished from Licheu- alia, by t^-e oblique trilobate, closely arranged cell apertures, with stroni^ly elevated, denticulated margins, forming a crescentic projection over the aper- ture. Type O. alveata. alveata, Hall, 1881, (Lichenalia alveata,) Trans. Alb. Inst, vol., 10, p. 10, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 8.5, Up. Held. Gr. Orthopoka, Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p, xiv. [Ety. orthos, straight ; porot, pore.] Zoarium ramose, solid ; cell apertures arranged in parallel, longitu- dinal rows; intercellular space solid, or occupied near the surface by minute tubuli ; no septa. Type O. regularis. bispinulata, Hall, 1884, (Callopora bispin- ulata,) Rep. St. Geol., p. 14, Ham. Gr, ornata, Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 0, p. 184, Ham. Gr. regularis. Hall, 1874, (Trematopora regu- laris,) 26th Rep. N. Y, St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p, 105, Up. Held. (Jr. reticulata, Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 179, Ham. Gr. rhombifera. Hall, 1874, (Trematopora rhombifera,) 26th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 106, Up. Held.Gr. scutulata. Hall, 1881, (Trematopora scutu- lata,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 10, p. 6, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 70, Up. Held, Gr, Pachydictya, Ulrich, 1882, Jour. Gin. Soc. Nat, Hist., vol. 5, p. 152. [Ety. pachy a, thick ; diclyrm, net.] Zoarium com- posed of large, thick, branching fronds : cells ovate, separated by interstitial tubes; diaphragms in both sets of tubes; median epithecal plates perfo- rated by minute foramina. Type P. robusta. conciliatrix, Ulrich, 1886, 14th Rep. Geo. Sur. Minn., p. 76, Trenton Gr. everetti, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. III., vol. 8, pi. 33, Trenton Gr. fimbriata, Ulrich, 1886, 14th Rep. Geo. Sur. Minn., p. 75, Trenton Gr. firma, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 31, Hud. Riv. Gr. foliata, Ulrich, 1886, 14th Rep. Geo. Sur, Minn,, p. 73, Trenton Gr. gigantea, Ulrich, (in press,) (ieo. Sur. Ill,, vol, 8, pi, 31, Hud. Riv Gr. occidentalis, Ulrich, 1886, 14th Rep, Geo. Sur. Minn., p. 75, Trenton Gr. robusta, Ulrich, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol, 5, p, 173, Trenton Gr, splendens, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 31 and 32, Hud. Riv. Gr. Paleschaba, Hall, 1874, 26th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 107. [Sig. ancient Eschara.] Incrusting expansions ; cells polygonal, oblong, separated by thin solid walls ; macuhc present ; no spini- form tubuli or diaphragms. Type P. incrustans. 814 MOLLUSCOJDA. [PRT— I'll^^ PlO. 495.- Pale Bchara offula. amplectans, Hall, 1884, Rep. St. Geol., p- 7, Ham. Gr. cutpei'a, Mall, 1876, fl.v"- ^^r ^- maculata. bi/oliala, syn. for Ptilodictya nebulosa. bilateralis, Hnll, 1883, Rep. St. Geo., pi. 16, fijr. 22-25, Low. Held. Gr. coucentriea, Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 67, Low. Held. Gr. foliala, syn. for Piilodictya nebulosa. incrassata, Hall, 1879, 28th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. HJHt., p 121, Niagara Gr. incrustanH, Hall, 1874, 26th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 107, Low. Held. Gr. intercella. Hall, 1884, Rep. St. Geol., p. 6, Ham. Gr. maculata. Hall, 1876, 28th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 121, Niagara Gr. offnia. Hall, 1876, 28th Rep. N. Y. St. MuB. Nat. Hist., p. 120, Niagara Gr. pertenuis. Hall, 1884, Rep. St. Geol., p. 7. Ham. Gr. radiata, Hall, 1883, Rep. St. Geol., p. 16, fig. 13-14, Low. Held. Gr. reticulata. Hall, 1884, Rep. St. Geol., p. 6, Ham. Gr. sphaerion, Hall, 1876, 28th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist, p. 121, Niagara Gr. tenuis, Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 36, Low. Held. Gr. variacella. Hall, 1884, Rep. St. Geol., p. 6, Ham. Gr. Pktalotbypa, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 377. [Ety. petalog, spread out ; trupa, an opening.] Bifoliate, con- sisting of irregular, compressed branches or simple fronds, celluliferous on both sides; zooecial tubes prismatic, arising from a strongly fiexuous mesial line ; apertures subcircular or polygonal; mesopore-like interspaces, that do not differ in their tabulation from the zo- oecia, may occur ; very small acantho- pores (?) occupy manyoftheangles of junction. Type P. compressa. compressa, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. III., vol. 8, pi. 46, Ham. (ir. delicata, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. III., vol. 8, pi. 46, Ham. Gr. Petigopoka, Ulrich, 1 882, Journal Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 155. [Ety. peligo, scab ; poros, pore.] Small patches adhering to foreign objects, with a narrow nonporiferous band or ger- minating membrane along the outer margin ; no interstitial cells ; spiniform tubuli present. Type P. gregaria. asperula, Ulrich, 1883, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, p. 167, Hud. Riv. Gr. grpgaria, Ulrich, 1883, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, p. 155, Hud. Riv. (ir. petechialis, Nicholson, 1876, (Chet<'i<'H petechialis,) Ohio Pal., vol. 2. p. LM3, . Hud. Riv. Gr. Pig. -IW.— PetlRopora petechialis on a Moniicii. lipora ; altio, Hpeclmcn greatly enlarged. Phacblopoba, Ulrich, (in press,) Ge<». Sur. III., vol.8, p. 368. [Ety. p/jaitWo8, bundle; poro», pore.] Zoarium articulated ; (seg- ments short, obconical, consisting of two or more equal, conical zooeria, with slightly contracted circular apertures. Type P. pertenuis. constricta, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 29, Trenton Gr. pertenuis, Ulrich, (in press.) (ieo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 29, Galena (^r. PH.KNOPOKA, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 46. [Ety. phaino, to open or make a window^; poros, pore.] Zoarium form- ing thin, broad, or ensiform expansions, celluliferous on both sides; ceiluiea oval and arranged between elevated lines ; macuUe often developed ; distin- guished from Ptilodictya and Stictopora by the absence of a nonporiferous, stri- ated edge. Type P. explanata. Fio 497.— Phaenopora constellata. Bectious x 6U. constellata, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2. p. 47, Clinton Gr. ensiformis. Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 48, Clinton Gr. excellens, Billings, 1866, (Ptilodictya ex- cellens,) Cat. Sil. Foss. Antic, \>. 34, Anticosti Gr. I'HK.— POL.] MOLLUSCOIDA. \\\b expansions, V'W. 4US.— HIiH-no- pora ex|>aiiK4i. exuansH, Hall A Whitfield, 1K75, Ohio I'al., vol. L', p. 114, Niagara Gr. explanata. Hall, lK5:i, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 4«, Clinton Gr. raultipora, Hall, 1S51, Cieo. Lake Supp. Land Dist., vol. 2, p. 206, Trenton Gr. tenuiH, Hall, 1874, (Kseharopora tenuis,) 26th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 99, Low. Held. Gr. I'llRACTOPORA, Hall, 1881, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 10, p. 12. [Ety. fhroM- tog, inclosed ; poros, pore.] Zoarium ex- planate, free or iii- (Tusting, frequently contorted, cellulifer- ouB on one or both faces; surface elevated at irregular intervals into prominent crests ; cells tubular, with- out septa ; intercellular structure vesic- ulose near the base, septate above. Type eristata, HalJ, 1881, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 10, p. 12, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 99, Up. Held. Gr. cristata var. lineata, Hail, 1887, Pal. N. Y., '. ol. t), p. 99, Up. Held. (ir. PiiYLLODicTYA, Ulrlch, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. r>, p. 153. [Ety. phyllon, leaf; dictyon, net.] Zoarium forming simple, leaf-like expansions, sometimes branched ; cell apertures small, ob- lique, with (C'-^.s,'Ml margin lipped ; in- terstitial spaces mi- n u t e 1 y granular or p u n c tate. Type P. frondosa. frondosa, Ulrich, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 174, Trenton Gr. Phyllopora, King, 1849, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 2d ser., vol. 3, p. 389. [Ety. phyllon, leaf; poros, perforation.] Zoa- rium like Fenestella, but having cel- lules on the whole of the under surface of the rays in two or more ranges. Type P. ehrenbergi. aspera, Ulrich, (in press,') Geo. Snr. 111., vol. 8, pi. 46, Up. Held. Gr. corlicom, see Subretepora corticosa, ehrenbergi, Geinitz, 1846, (Gorgonia ehrenbergi,) Grundriss, p. 585, Permian Gr. Very doubtfully identified in America. Buperba, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 46 and 55, Ham. Gr. variolata, see Subretepora variolate. h lo. 4tm.-Phylloaictya fronfiosa. I'hylloporina, Ulrich, syn. for Subretepora. PiLEOTKYi'A, Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. «, J), xvi. [Ety. pileos, cap; trupa, open- ing.] DiHtinguislied from Lichenalia by having the poHterior portiouH of the peristomes strongly elevated and arched, with distinct denticulations in the aperture, which, in the course of growth, form two longitudinal striations along the interior of the cell wall. Type P. denticulata. clivulata. Hall, 1881, (Lichenalia clivu- lata,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 10, p. 9, and Pal. N. v., vol. 6, p. 83, Up. Held. Gr. denticulata, Hall, 1881, (Liclienalia den- ticulata,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 10, p. 8, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 84, Up. Held. Gr. granifera. Hall, 1881, (Lichenalia granif- era,) Trans. Alb. I.ist., vol. 10, p. 11, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 84, Up. Held. Gr. pyriformis. Hall, 1881, (Lichenalia pyri- formis,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 10, p. 12, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 0, p. 82, Up. Held. (Jr. PiNACoTRYPA, Ulrich, (in j)re88,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. S, p, 384. [Ety. pinax, plank ; trupa, opening.] Tljin, contorted ex- f)ansions, with a wrinkled epitheca be- ow ; zoujcia with subcircular apertures, a well-developed granose peristome, thin walls, and, so T&t as observed, no lunarium ; interspaces wide, occupied by a single series of very large angular mesopores, which never present the ap- pearance of vesicular tissue ; diaphragms horizontal, few in the zouccial tubes, numerous in the mesopores. Type P. elegans. elegans, Kominger, 1866, (Fistulipora ele- gans,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 9, Ham. Gr. Pinnatopora, syn. for Glauconome. curvata, see Glauconome curvata. intermedia, see Glauconome intermedia. minor, see (ilauconome minor. simulatrix, see Glauconome simulatrix. subangulata, see Glauconome subangulatA. tenuiramosa, see Glauconome tenuiramosa. vind, see Glauconome vinii. whitei, see Glauconome whitii. youngi, see Glauconome youn«i. Poi.YHORA, McCoy, 1845, Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 206. [Ety. polys, many ; poros, pore.] Zoarium like that of Fenestella, from which it is distinguished by having no median ridge on the celluliferous side of the rays, and in having from three to ten rows of cell openings. Type P. dendroides. aculeata, Hall, 1881, (Fenestella aculeata,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 10, p. 21, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 157, Up. Held.Gr. adnata, Hall, 1881, (Fenestella adnata,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 10, p. 25, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 152, Up. Held. Gr. ] albionensis, Spencer, 1884, Bull. No. 1, I Univ. St. Mo., p. 55, Niagara Gr. 8hi MOLl.tJSCOlDA. [i"'i,. Pkj. >oo.-Poly|)orB biHerlala. Aper- tuio liuvliig the (rt-ntml pei-fora- lion of the cover closed, X TiO. api>roximata, I71rlch, (in preHH,) , p. 156, Up. Held. (ir. lilHia, Hall, lS74,26th Rep. N. Y. St. .Mus. Nat. Hist., p. (»2, Low. Hfld. (ir. maccoyana, Ulrich, (in press,) <\^o. Sur. III., vol. 8, pi. 59. Keokuk (ir. megastoma, I),eKoninck, 1863, Quar. Jour. . Held. (ir. nexa. Hall, 1881, (Fenestella nexa,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 10, p. 25. and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 165, Up. Held. Gr. pf I.- PRO.] MOI.I.VSCOinA. 817 iii.locurinuta, IJIrich, (in proHR, I (ieo. Hur. III., vol. H, pi. HI, Coal Mean. I)liqua, Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. (J, p. t(4, Low. H«ld. «ir. iiipillata, McCoy, 1862, Carb. Kohs. of Ire- land, p. 'J26, Up. Coal Mean, iiixillata, Hall,187i), (FeneHtt'llapaxillata,) ;J2(1 Uep. N. Y. St. Mils. Nat. HImI., p. 1«4, liow. Held. Gr. pHrangulata, Hall, 1881, ( Keneatella pur- angulata,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 10. p. 2.% and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 1«12, l^p. Held, dr. {lenindata. Hall, 1881, (Feneatella pernn- data,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 10, p. 27, imd Pal. N. Y., vol. fi, p. 163, Up. Held. Gr. poroHa, Hall, 1881, (Fenestella poroHa,) Trjins. Alb. Inst,, vol. 10, p. 26, and Pal. N. Y., vol. fi, p. 103, Up. Held. Gr. inopria. Hall, 1881, (Kenestella propria,) TranH. Alb. Inst., vol. 10, j), 22, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 0, p. 167, Up. Held. (Jr, ( '1 psyche, Billings, 1874, Pal. Foss., vol. 2, p. 11, (iasne limestone No. 8, Devonian. piilchella, Nicholson, 1874, (Jeo. Mag. Lond. n.s., vol. l,p. 161,CorniferouBGr. ijiiiidrangularis. Hall, 1881, (Fenestella (|iiadrangulariH, I Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 10, p. 21, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 0, p. 168, Up. Held. Gr. rii'lialis, Ulrinh, (in press,) Geo. 8iir. III., vol. 8, pi. 60, Keokuk Gr. letrorsa, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. 8ur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 59, Keokuk Gr. ti)jida, Pront, 1866, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 412, Up. Held. Gr. ripda. Hall, 1881, (Fenestella rigida,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 10, p. 22, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 156, Up. Held. Gr. robusta, Hall, 1881, (Fenestella robusta.) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 10, d. 22, and Pal. N. Y., vol. <), p. 156, Up. Held. (ir. rustica, Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. tt, p. 109, Up. Held. . 154, (/oal Meas. )mutanH, Hall, 1881, (Fenestella sub- mutanx,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 10, p. 21, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 167, Up. Held. Gr. tenella, Nicholson, 1874, Geo. Mag. Lond. n. H., vol. l,p. 1«»2, CornlferouH (Jr. transversa, I'lnch, 1886, Cont. to Am. Pal., p. 18, Up. Held. Gr. tubenMilata, Prout, 1859, Trans. SI. Louis Acad. Hci., vol. I, p. 449, KaskaskiaGr. tuberculdta, Ni(!holHon, see P. arkonensis. varsovienHis, Prout, 1858, Trans. St. Louis Acad. 8cial tube seemingly having the cavity inter- sected by incomplete diaphragms; these appear to snring from the posterior wall, ana extend about one-half the distance across. Type Cyclopora discoidua. Syn. ? for Cyclopora. discoidea, Front, 1860, (C>;clopora discoidea,) Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., voi. 1, p. 67o, Keokuk Gr. fteropora dui>genen8, Hall, syn. for Teeniopora exigua. PtilimeUa, Hall, 1884, Rep. St. Geol., p. 5fi, syn. for Reptaria. nodata, see Reptaria nodata. penniformis, see Reptaria penni- formis. Ptilodictya, Ix)n8dale, 1839, Murch. Sil. Syst, p. 676. [Ety. ptilon, feather: dictyon, net.] The cor- rect orthography is Piilodictyon. Zoariuin pointed below, articu- lating into a spreading base, above a leaf-like expansion, which is some- times lobed at the distal extremity, celluliferous on both faces, divided by a mesial lamina ; margin without cells ; apertures circular or subqundrate ; no intercellular tissue. Type P. lanceo'ii^a. arguta, see Stictopora argutn. bipunctata. Van Cleve, 1883, 12th H. |,. Ind. (ieol. and Nut. Hitt., p. 2(K(, Ni. ara Gr. brlrtreus. Uirich, IHHi, Jour. Cin. Hoc. N.it. Hist., vol. 5, p. 164, Trenton (Jr. canaUeuBin, biiilngs, 1K(MI, Catal. Hil. I ^s. Antic, p. », Hud Riv. Gr. earbonnrin, see Stictopur.' carbonaria. coic'uiijormin, see Cosciiielhi coscinifortiiis, dictyota. Meek, 187;i, Haydon's 6th 1;. p. Geo. Sur.Terr., p. 465, Subcirbonifernns. eviaceraUt, see Di(!ranopora <» flagellum, Nicholson, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol, 2, p. 26"?, Hud. Riv. Gr. fragilis, see Dicranopora fragilis. gladiola, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Vim., Antic, p. 10, Anticosti Gr. hilli, James, 1882, (as figured by Uirich,) Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, pi. 7, Trenton Gr. intemodia, see Dicranopora internodia, libana, Safford, 1869, Geo. of Tenn. p. 28ti, Trenton Gr. lirata, Hall, 1874, (Escharopora iirata,) 26th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Ilisi., p. 100, Low. Held. Gr. maculata, Uirich, 1882, Jour Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 163, Hud. Riv. Gr. mttgnifica, 8. A. Miller, 1878, .lour Cin. Hoc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 100, Hud. Riv. Gr. meeki, Nicholson, 1874, Geo. Mas?, n. h., vol. 1, p. 123, Corniferous and Ham. (ir. muUiramia, Saftbrd. Not defined, nebulosa, Hall, 1874, (Escharopora nebu- losa,) 26th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 99, Low. Held. Gr. nitidula, see Dicranopora nitidula. nodosa, James, 1882, (as figured by Ui- rich), Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, pi. 7, Hud. Riv. Gr. The name was preoccupied. See P. variabilis. I I • I'TI.] MO LI. V scot DA. :il9 obliqvii, Kinaii«borfr, 1884, (Htict(>pora (>l)li(]iiH,) I'roo. AcH(l. Nnt. Sci , p. 140, ('liiilon lin(>iich Hid«' to thin, eipiidiHtant rnyH, n>nn«>rtc, p. 174, Up. Held. Gr. Ptilotryi'a, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. III., vol. 8, p. 393. [Ktj^. 'pliUm., feather ; tnifja, an opening.] Bifoliate, forming large ramose expansions. Zo(Bcial tubes and apertures very oblique; at the upper extremity of the acutely ovatii af>erture there is a small ceil which is beet seen in tangential sec- tions ; surface with irregular, longitu- dinally chanr-eled spots. Type ". ob- li(|uata. obliquata, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. III., vol. 8, pi. 30, Hud. Riv. Gr. Kamipora, Toula, 1875, Permo-Carbon- Fossilien von der West Kiiste von Spitzbergen, p. 6. [Ety. ramus, branch ; poros, pore.] Staff in cross section, rounded, rhombic, with keel on both sides; branches in pairs one on each side, and these connected in like man- ner by rays, upward and downward; pores on one side, on each side of the keel. Type R. ho'*hstetteri. hcchstetteri, Toula, 18' i, Permo-Carbon- Fossilien von der West Kiiste von Spitzbergen, p. 6, Carboniferous. Rbi'Taria, Rolle, 1851, Leonhard & Bronn, Neues Jahrb., p. 810. [Ety. repto, to creep.] Zoarium parasitic, procum- bent, attached its entire length; con- sisting of a racliis, from which pro- ceed laterally, at regular intervals, cylindrical cell tubes, and at irregular distances tubes which have the same manner of growth as the primary rachis; cell-tubes turn abruptly outward at their distal extremities, and open in an aperture parallel with the axis of the branch. Type P. stolonifera. nodata. Hall, 1884, (Pcilionella nodata,. Rep. St. Geol., p. 57, Ham. Gr. penniformis, Hall, 1884, (Ptilionella penni- formis,) Rep. St. Geol., p. 56, Ham. Gr. stolonifera, Rolle, 1851, Leonhard & Bronn, Neues Jahrb., p. 810, Ham. Gr. Retepora, Lamarck, 1801, Syst. An. sans. Vert. [Ety. rcte, net; poro8, pore.] Not a Palaeozoic genus. irigulata, see Subretepora angulata. antiqua, as identified by d'Archiac & Ver- neuil. Not American. archimedes, see Archimedes. asperaio-itriata, see Subretepora asperato- striata. dmtoni, Vanuxem, 1842, Geo. Rep. 3d Dist. N. Y. Not recognized. diffusa, see Thamniscus diffus" fenestrata, see Subretepora fenestrate. foliacm. Hall, 1847. This name Prof. Hall says may be erased from the list. granlis, see Subretepora gracilis. hamillonensis, see Reteporina hamilton- ensis. incepta, see Subretepora incepta. phillipsi, see Reteporina phillipsi. prisca, see Reteporina prisca. trentonensis, see Subretepora trentonensis. Retkpokina, D'Orbignv, 1850, Prodr. .| Paleont., t. 1., p. 101. [Ety. from /i/. epora.] Resembling Retepora, hut having on the greater part of tl.c branches only two ranges of cell api i- tures ; branches connected byanastoiii . sis or by dissepiments so short as to in- essentially wanting. Type R. prisca. coalescens, Hall, 1887. Pal., N. Y,, vol. n, p. 120, Up. Hehl. Gr. hamiltonensis, Prout, 1866, (Retepora hamiltonensis,) Trans. St. Louis, Aciul. Sci., vol. 2, p. 412, Ham. Gr. perundulata. Hall, 1884, (Fenestella pir- undulata,) 3Gth Rep. N. Y. St. Mns. Nat. Hist., p. ()3, Ham. Gr. phillijisi, Nicholson, 1874, (Retejiora phil- lipsi,) Geo. Mag. n. s., vol. I, p. Itil}, Cornlferous Gr. prisca, :^ Fig. .'ill.— Rbopulonitriu vunomi. venosa, Ulrich, 1879, Jour. Cin. Soc.*Nat_ Hist., vol. 2, p. 26, Hud. Riv. Gr. Sagknella, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 172. [Ety. sagmella, a little drag- net.] Membranous net incrusting other bodies; cells in parallel or di- verging series, more or less oblong- ((uadrangular, and separated by a thin lamina. Type S. membranacea'. ambigua, Walcott, 1879, Utica Slate and telated for- mations, p. 22, Utica Slate. elegans. Hall, 1876, 28th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist , p. 118, Ni- Gr. ^ "i ' 6. ?l a . •■». -k ~ ->' -s *■■ •^'r. .','-• iV'/-' ■..''*>■■,'* ~ - - ■ ■ - >JS agara membranacea, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y. vol 2 p f^io .'JI2.— RaReiiPlla ele- 172, Niagara Gr. ^*""- »'««"»««'• Scalaripora, Hall, 1881, Bryozoans of Up. Held. Gr., p. 17. [Et^., scalare, ladder; porus, pore.] Irregular groups of tri- angular branches, more or less concave, traversed transversely by sharp, ele- vated laminee at regular distances ; cel- I. I .922 MOLLUSDOIDA. [SCK.— SKI luliferons on each face; cells radiating from the center to each aD|;le of the branch ; margins and snmmit of lam- ina; noncellnliferous. Type S. Hcalari- f'jrmis. approximata, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. III., vol. 8, pi. 43, Ham. Gr. scalariformis. Hall, 1881, Brvozoans of Up. Held. (Jr.. p. 18, and Pal. N. Y., vol. (), p. 100, Up. Held. Gr. separata, Ulrich, (in press,) Cieo. Sur. III., vol. 8, pi. 43, Ham. Gr. Hubconcava, Hall, 1881, Brj'ozoans of Up. Held. Gr., p. 18, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 100, Up. Held. Gr. Sc;eneli,oi'ora, Ulrich, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist.., vol. 5, p. 150. [Ety. scene, tent; eUu», diminutive; poros, pore.j Zoarium broad, obconical ; cell apertures on ridges, which radiate from the subsolid and depressed center of the uj)per surface. Type S. radiata. radiata, Ulrich, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5. i>. 158, Trenton Gr. ScEi'TuopoRA, Ulrich, 1888, Am. Geo., vol. 1, p. 228. [Ety. itkeptron, staff; poros. FiQ. 513.— Sceptropora facula, x 18. a, Segment ; 6, vertical section ; e, transverse section ; d, transverse section of expanded part. pore.] Zoarium articulated; segments short, numerous, club-shaped, lower half striated, noncellnliferous; upper half expanded, celluliferous, and hav- ing one or more articulating sockets; zooecia subtubular, radially arranged about a central axis; apertures sub- ovate. Type S. facula. facula, Ulrich, 1888, Am. Geo., vol. 1, p. 228, Hud. Riv. Gr. Sklbnopoua, Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. xvii. [FAy.selene, moon ; poros, pore.] Zoarium explanate, incrusting; aper- tures subcircular, with an elevated den- ticulate peristome, and situated within polygonal vestibular areas formed by connecting walls, which traverse the surface ; interior structure as in Liche- nalia. Type S. circincta. circincta, Hall, 1 881, (Lichenalia circincta,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 10, p. 11, and Pal. N. Y.. vol. 6, p. 86, Up. Held. Gr. complexa, Hall, 1881, (Lichenalia com- plexata,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 10, p. 11, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 87, Up. Held. Gr. Skmicoscinium, Prout, 185P, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 443. [Sig. sonic- what like Coscinium.li L< af-like expan- sion, somewhat penniforni, without n shaft; sole formed of longitu, j.. - ,s, Ham. Gr. ovatipora. Hall, 1881, Bryozoans of : .c Un. Held. Gr., p. 14. and Rep. St. G( ■ 1 pi. 25, fig. 23, 23a, Up. Held. (ir. palmipes. Hall, 1884, Rep. St. Geo!., p. 41, Ham. Gr. papulosa. Hall, 1883, Rep. St. (ieoi., ,,1. 13, fig. 12-13, Low. Held. . ks of ' .<■ St. (if 1., lir. Geol.. ).. (leol., pi. ,ep. « if the Ip. i, and Pal. p. !K1, Ip. ;all, IS.M, I., p. 41'., , 1852, i'al. p. 157, Ni- 1847, i'al. 1, p. .-.1. 1852, I'al. .). 46, Clin- Pai. N. Y,, Ham. , , ayn. (or 1884, I'al. 6, p. 2(i0, lall, 1881, the I' p. 15, and 6, p. 95, the Up. St. (ieol., leld. (ir. Upoiii. J^i''' Y. St. Mils'. Geol., p. 42, Hlriata, Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 246, Hara. Gr. jtithcarinata, see Ticniopora subcarinata. Hubrigida, Hall, 1884. Rep. St. Geol., p. 43, Ham. Gr. j-iilcata, Winchell, 1866, Rep. Low. Penin. Mich., p. 92, Hara. Gr. tcnera, Billings, 1865, (Ptilodictya tenera,) Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 36, Anti- costi Gr. trillneata, Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6., p. 243, Ham. Gr. triserialis, see Acanthoclema triseriale. tiimulosa. Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol.6, p. 246, Ham. Gr. vanclevei. Hall, 1883, 12th Rep. Ind, Geol. and Nat. Hist, p. 268, Niagara Gr. variabilis, Prout, 1866, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sol., vol. 2, p. 413, Up. Held. Gr. vermicula. Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 93. Up. Held, Gr. Stk roPORBLLA, Ulrich, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 152. [Ety. diminu- tive of Stictopora.'} Distinguished from Stictopora by interstitial pits between the longer diameters of the cell aper- tures. Type S. interstincta. angularis, Ulrich, 1886, 14th Rep. Geo. Sur. Minn., p. 71, Trenton (ir. Tbasalis, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 68, 69, and 75, Keokuk Gr. KiG. 520.— Htictoporella luteratlncta. Natural size and magnitled 18 diani. cribrosa, Ulrich, 1886, 14th Rep. Geo. Sur. Minn., p. 69, Trenton Gr. frondifera, Ulrich, 1886, 14th Rep. Geo. .'^ur. Minn., p. 72, Trenton Gr. Fio. 621.— Stictoporella interstincta. interstincta, Ulrich, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 169, Utica Slate Or. ? undulata, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 69, Kaskaskia Gr. Stictoporina, Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. XX. [Ety. diminutive of Stictopora.] Zoarium obtusely pointed at the base, enlarging above and becoming flp' .ened ; bifurcations, few ; cells tubular arising from a mesotheca ; apertures oval ; in- terapertural space elevated, angular, inclosing the apertures in rhoinboidal or polygonal areas. Type S. claviformis. claviformis, Elall, 1881, (Trematopora claviformis.) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 10, p. 181, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 269, Ham. Gr. Stictotrypa, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8. Syn. (?) for Stictopora. Stomatopora, Bronn, 1825, System d. urwetl. Pflanzenthiere. [Ety. stoma, mouth ; poroH, perforation.] Zoarium adnate ; cells in single branching series, mouths elevated, and at the end of the tubular cells. Type S. dichotoma. alternata. Hall & Whitfield, 1873, 23d Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 235, Che- mung (ir. auloporoides, Nicholson, 1875, (Alecto auloporoides,) Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 267, Hud. Riv. Gr. confusa, Nicholson, 1875, (Alecto con fusa,) Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 267, Hud. Riv. tir. frondosa, Nicholson, 1875, (Alecto fron- dosa,) Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 266, Hud. Riv. Gr. infiata. Hall, 1847, (Alecot inflata,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 77, Trenton and Hud. Riv. Grs. nexilis, James, 1875, (Alecto nexilis,) Int. to Catal Cin. Foss., p. 3, Hud. Riv. Gr. pertenuis, Ulrich, 1886, (lihopalonaria perten- i uis,) 14th Ann. Rep. * Geol. Sur. Minn., p. 59, Fio. .V22.-8toina- Trpnt/^n Gr topora Inilata. irenton ur. Natural size proutana, S. A. Miller, and magnified. 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 39, Hud. Riv. Gr. Strkblotrypa, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 403. [Ety. strebhs, turned about ; trupa, an opening.] Ramose, slender, solid ; cells radiating from an im- aginaryaxis, their primitive portionlong, tubular ; or from a linear axis when they are somewhat shorter; inferior hemisepta best developed, situated rather far down ; apertures regularly elliptical, or somewhat truncated at the posterior margin, surrounded by a slight peristome and, within this, some- times a narrow sloping area ; arranged usually in rather regular longitudinal series ; back of the aperture, occupying the depressed front of the cell, there are from one to twelve or more small pitp, which, when numerous, are ar- ranged in two or three rows; small acanthopores occasionally present. Type S. nicklesi. 22 826 MOLLUSCOIDA. [STR,— SVN. denticulata, Ulrich, 1888, (in press,) Bull. Denison Univ., vol. 4, p. 85, Cuyahoga shale. distincta, Ulrich, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 71, Kaskaekia (»r. bamiltonensiH, Nicholson, 1874, (Cerio- pora hamiltonensis,) Geo. Mag., vol. 1, p. 161, Ham. Gr. hertzeri, Ulrich, 1888, Bull. Denison Univ., vol. 4, p. 85, Cuyahoga shale. major, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 71, Keokuk Gr. multiporata, Ulrich, 1888, Bull. Denison Univ., vol. 4, p. 87, VVaverly Gr. nicklesi, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 71, Kaskaskia Gr. obliqua, Ulrich, 1888, Bull. Denison LFniv., vol. 4, p. 85, Cuyahoga shale. radialis, Ulrich, (in press^) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 72, Keokuk Gr. regularls, Ulrich, 1888, Bull. Denison Univ., vol. 4, p. 88, Waverly Gr. striata, Ulrich, 1888, Bull. Denison Univ., vol. 4, p. 87, Waverly Gr. subspinosa, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 71, Kaskaskia Gr. Strotopora, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 383. [Ety. strotos, spread ; poros, pore.] Ramose, branches large, irregular, solid or hollow ; large, ab- ruptly spreading cells, which are sup- posed to represent ocecia, are distrib- uted among the ordinary zooecia ; when well-preserved they appear on the zoarial surface as strongly convex nodes, about 0.5 mm. in diameter, with an opening on one side. In all other respects like Fistulipora. Type S. foveolata. dermatu, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 77, Keokuk Gr. foveolata, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 77, Keokuk Gr. perminuta, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 47, Up. Held. Gr. SUBRETEPORA, D'Orbigiiy, 1850, Prodr. d. Paleont., t. 1, p. 22. [Ety. from Kete- pora.] Filiform, cylindrical branches, ir- regularly anastomosing ; cells in a single row on the upper side of the branches (Ulrich says from 2 to 8 rows) ; apertures circular or oval. Type S. reticulata. angulata. Hall, 1852, (Relepora angulata,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 163, Niagara Gr. aspera. Hall, 18 47, (Gorgonia (?) aspera,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 16, Chazy Gr. asperatostriata. Hall, 1852, (Retepora as- Seratootriata,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 161, iagara (irr. clathrata. Miller & Dyer, 1878, (Intricaria clathrata,) Cont. to Pal., No. 2, p. 7, Hud. Riv. Gr. corticosa, Ulrich, 1886, (Phyllopora corti- cosa,) 14th Rep. Geo. Sur. Minn., p. 61, Trenton Gr. Fio. 623.— Snbrete pora angulata. dawsoni, Ulrich, (in press.) (Phyllopoi na dawsoni,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol, 8, pi. 14, Trenton Gr. 1852, (Hornera di( 1 o- Y., vol. 2, p. 163, Ni- 1850, (Retepora ffiuH- N. Y. St. Mus. Nat, dichotomi.. Hall, toma,) Pal. N. agara Gr. feuestrata, Hall, trata,) 3d Kep Hist., p. 178, Trenton Gr. gracilis. Hall, 1847, (Retopora gracilis,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 15, Chazy Gr. incepta, H all, 1847, (Retepora incepta,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 15, Chazy Gr. reticulata. Hall, 1847, (Intrica- ria reticulata,) Pal. N.Y... vol. 1, p. 77, Tren- ton (Jr. trentonensis, Nicholson, 1875, ( Retepora trentonensis,) Geo. Mag., vol. ? p. 37, Tren- ton Gr. variolata, Ulrich, 1882, (Phyllo- pora variolata,) i<'"''vi?'"- ®°^- Fig. 524.-Snbretepoi« re- Nat. Hist., vol. tlculata. Natural size 5, p. 160, Hud, and raugnlfled. Riv. Gr. SuLcopoRA, D'Orbigny, 1850, Prodr. d. Pa- leont., t. 1, p. 22. [Ety. gukus, furrow; poros, pore.] Distinguished from Stic- topora by the obtuse extremities Nicholson, t 1874, Geo. Mag, Lond. n. s., vol. 1, p. 123, Ham. Gr. 6u b c a r i n a t a. Hall, 1881, (Stictopora subcarinata,) Trans. A 1 b. Inst., vol. 10,,, .^ „ . n 101 o_J FiQ. 627.— TsBiiiopora pennl- P- /"^' *"^ formls. a, NatuialsTze; 6, ral. N. Y., trariHverKe section en- voi. 6, p. 261, larged; e, fragment en- Ham. Gr. "''■8«'l- ThaUistigma, Hall, syn for Fistulipora. KlO. 52(i. — Tfunto- (llclyii clnguliita. ' Tiiiigentlal sec- tion X 60, show- ing a transveree liiiingof tlie cen- tnil region of the walls, a character often present among the PtUo- dlctyonl(l8B. confertipora, see Fistulipora confertipora. decipiens, see Fistulipora decipiens. densa, see Fistulipora densa, digilata, see Fistulipora digitata. inclum, see Favicella inclusa. intercellaium, see Fistulipora intercellata. lamellatum, see Fifululipora lamellata. longimacula, see Fistulipora longimacula. micropora, see Fistulipora micropora. muUaculeata, see Fistulipora multaculeata. plana, see Fistulipora plana. acrobiculata, see Fistulipora scrobiculata. segregata, see Fistulipora segregata. serrulata, see Fistulipora serrulata. iparaipora, see Prismopora sparsipora. spheroidea, see Fistulipora spheroidea. subtilis, see Fistulipora subtilis. triangula is see Fistulipora triangularis. umbilicata, see Fistulipora umbilicata. variapora, see Fistulipora variopora. TuAMNiscirs, King, 1849, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 2d ser., vol. 3, p. 389. [Ety. thamniskos, little shrub.] Stems fre- quently bifurcating more or less on one f)lane; celluliferous on the side over- ooking the imaginary axis ; cellules imbricated and arranged in quincunx; geminuliferous vesicles overlying the cell ajiertures. Tvpe T. dubius. cisseis. Hall, 1883, Rep. St. Geol., pi. 22, fig. 23-30, Low. Held. Gr. difi'usus, Hall, 1852, (Retepora diffusa,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 160, Niag- ara Gr. fruticella. Hall, 1883, Rep, St. Geol. pi. 22, fig. 33, Low. Held. Gr. divaricans, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. III., vol. 8, pi. 62, Keokuk Gr. furcillatus, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 62, Kaskaskia Gr. multiramus, Hall, 1881, Bryozoans of the Up. Held, Gr., p, 19, and Rep, St. Geol. 1883, pi. 26, fig. 1-5, Up. Held. Gr. nanus, Hall, 1881, Bryozoans of the Up. Held. Gr,, p, 19, Up, Held, Gr. niagarensis. Hall, 1876, 28th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 126, Niag- ara Gr. nysa. Hall, 1883, Rep. St Geol., pi. 22, fig. 47-48, Lower Held, Gr. octonarius, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 62, Up, (Joal. Meas. pauciramus. Hall, 1884, Rep. St. Geol,, p. 60, Ham, Gr. ramulosus, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. III., vol. 8, pi. 62, Kaskaskia Gr. ramulosus var. sevillensis, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur, 111,, vol. 8, pi. 62, Low. Coal Meas. Fig. 528.— ThamnlscuB niagarensis. i I 828 MOLLVSCOIDA. [THA.— THK, ^'1 variolata, Hall, 18H3, Kep. St. Geol., pi. 22, fig. 34-46, Low. Held. Gr. BculptiliB, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 02, Keokuk Gr. Tham7iopora, Hall. This name was preoc- cupied. See Thatwiotrypa. divaricata, see Tliamnotrypa divaricata. Thamnotrypa, Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, {). 101. FEty. thamno8,hush ; Irupa, per- oration.] Narrow, branching stipe, celluliferous on both sides; the divis- ions are not by bifurcation, as in Stic- topora, but by lateral and abrupt di- vergence from the main stipe. Type T. divaricata. divaricata. Hall, 1881, Trans. Alb. Inst,, vol. 10, p. 16, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 101, Up. Held. Gr. Trbhatblla, Hall, 1886, Rep. St. Geol, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. XIV. [Ety. trema, hole; e!/u8, diminutive.] Ramose, solid ; cells tubular, in contact below, diverging near the surface, intersected by septa; interapertural surface marked by pseudo-pores. Type T. annulata. annulata, Hall, 1881, (Trematopora annu- lata,) Bryozoans of the Up. Held Gr., 6 5, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 69, Up. eld. Gr. arborea. Hall, 1881, (Trematopora arborea,) Bryozoans of the Up. Held. Gr., p. 5, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 69, Up. Held. Gr. glomerata. Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 70, Up. Held. Gr. nodosa. Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 176, Ham. Gr. perspinulata, Hall, 1881, (Trematopora perspinulata,) Trans. Alb. Inst, vol. 10, 6181, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 176, am. Gr. Tbematopora, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 149. [Ety. trema, hole ; poros, pore ; Ramose, branches solid, tuberculated or smooth; interstitial cells, spinifoiin tu- buli, and diaphragms present. Type T. tuberculosa. altemata, see Acanthoclema alternatum. americana, S. A. Miller, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., p. 312, Burlington Gr. annulifera, Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Rep. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 67, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 254, Hud. Riv. Gr. annulata, see Trematella annulata. annulata var. pronaspina, Hall, 1881, Bry- ozoans of the Up. Held. Gr., p. 6, Up. Held. Gr. arborea, see Trematella arborea. aspera. Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 154, Niagara Gr. calloporoides, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 38, Galena Gr. camerata, see Diamesopora camerata. canaliculata. Hall, 1883, Rep. St. Geol. pi. 11, fig. 12, Low. Held. Gr. carinata, Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 179, Ham. Gr. elaviformU, see Stictoporina claviformis. coalescens, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 150, Niagara Gr. constricta see Diamesoaora constricta. corticosa. Hall. 1874, i'6th Rep. N. Y. St Mas. Nat. Hist., p. 105. and Pal. N. Y. vol. 6, p. 15, I^w. Held. Gr. crassa, see Lichenalia crassa. crebipora. Hall, 1879, Desc. New iSiKc., Fobs., p. 3, and 11th Rep. Ind., (icol. and Nat. Hist., p. 236, Niagara (ir. debilis, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. III. vol. 8, pi. 34, Galena Gr. densa, Hall, 1874, 26th Rep. N. Y. ,st. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 105, Low. Held. (ir. dispersa, see Diamesopora dispersa. echinata, Hall. 1876, 26th Rep. N. Y. 8t. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 112, N.asara Gr. elongata. Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. (;, p 183j Ham. Gr. fragihs, Winchell, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 3, Waverly Gr. granifera. Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. (i, p. 186, Ham. Gr. granittriata, see Bactropora granistriata. granulata, Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Rep. Geo. Sur. Wis., vol. 4, p. 253, Hud. Riv. Gr. granulifera. Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 154, Niagara Gr. The same species is __ marked "n.sp." Qfl??^*!*' in 28th Rep.^N. ^b^^ Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., probably by mistake, halli, Ulrich, 1883, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, p. 261, Niag- ara Gr. hexagona. Hall,^, .^ 1887, Pal. N. Y.,f»,«-,ref ~^''^-'""""'"'" vol. 6, p Ham. Gr. immersa. Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. (i, p. 186, Ham. Gr. infrequens, Hall, 1876, 28th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. Ill, iNiag- interplana. Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 186, Ham. Gr. lineata, Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 181, Ham. Gr. macropora. Hall, 1879, Desc. New Spec Foss., p. 4, and 11th Rep. Ind Geo. ami Nat. Hist., p. 236, Niag. Gr. maculosa, see Lichenalia maculosa. minuta. Hall, 1876, 28th Rep. N. Y. 8t. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 113, Niagara Gr. nitida, Ulrich, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, pi. 84, Hud. Riv. Gr. nodosa. Hall, 1887, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, pi. xxiii. Low. Held. Gr. orbipora. Hall, 1884, Rep. St. Geol., p. 12, Ham. Gr. ornata, Ulrich, 1886, 14th Rep. Geo. Sur. Minn., p. 98, Trenton Gr. osculum. Hall, 1876, 28th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 110, Niagara Gr. ostiolata, see Cbilotrypa ostiolata. ,_„ .....equens. Much en- voi. 6, p. 178, larged. 'HA.— THK TRO.-r-UNI.] MOLLUSCOIDA. 329 ovatipora, Hall, 1883, Rep. St. Geo., pi. 11, fig. 13-14, Low. Held. Gr. narallela. Hall, 188:t, Rep. St. Ueol., pi. 11, Hg. 13-14, Low. Held. Gr. perspinulata, Hall, 1H84, Rep. St. Geol., p. 11, Ham. Gr. polygona, Hall, 1884, Rep. St. Geol., p. 9, I lam. ««4o«< SUBKINGDOM MOLLUSCA. CLASS BRACHIOPODA. » ' [Ety. brachium, arm ; pous, foot.] Th£ Brachiopoda are all marine animals, ha^'ing a bivalve shell and a pair of long, ciliated, and usually spiral arms, with which they produce a current of water that carries the food to the mouth, which is close to the middle of the base of the shell. The valves of the shell, instead of being placsd ou each side of the animal, as in the Lamellibranchiata, are placed above and below it ; so they are dorsal aod ventral valves, instead of right and left valves. The ventral valve is generally larger than the dorsal, and projects beyond it at the beak. The beak is generally perforated, for the passage of a muscular peduncle, for the attachment of the ani- mal ; but in the Lingulidse, the peduncle projects from the interior of the shell, between the umbones. When there is no peduncle, the shell attaches by the beak, or by the whole surface of the ventral valve. The dorsal valve is always free and imperforate. There is generally a pair of teeth in the ventral valve, developed from the hinge margin, that lock in corresponding cavities in the dorsal valve Some genera have no teeth or hinge. The shells of the living Rhychonellidee and of many fossil genera consist of flattened prisms, parallel with each other, and directed obliquely to the surface of the shelb, the interior of which is imbricated by their outcrop. The substance of BRACHIOPODA. 331 the shell Ih traversed by small canals from one surface to the other, through which little ccecal processes of the outer layer of the mantle pass, and are covered exter- Diiily by a thickening of the epidermis. They have no special branchial apparatus. The respiratory function is per- formed by the mantle, which is traversed by numerous blood-vessels. The arms are frt (juently supported upon a calcareous framework on the interior of the dorsal valve, as shown in the illustration of Waldheimia australis. The valves are opened by car- dinal muscles, which originate on each side of the center of the ventral valve, and converge toward the hinge margin of the dorsal valve, behind the dental sockets, wiiere there is usually a prominent cardinal process. The valves are closed by adductor muscles, of which there are four in Crania and Discina. In many fossil genera there are spiral processes, or loops, upon which are founded family distinctions. Shells are sometimes silicified, and Ixicome so transparent that they show the coils when held up to the light. Sometimes the coils are preserved in empty shells; and when shells are found wholly filled with spar, both valves may be removed, and the sparry matrix scraped away on either side until the spirals may l)e clearly seen by holding the specimen up to the light. The class was divided by King into two orders— the Clistenterata and Treten- terata — which correspond with the Arthropomata and Lyropomata of other authors. These divisions include the families as follows : Order Arthropomata. Athyridse, Atrypidse, Orthidse, Nucleospiridee, Pentameridie, Porambonitida, Productidse, Rhynchonellidse, Spiriferidee, Strophomenidse, Terebratulidte, Triplesiidse. Order Lyopomata. Craniidse, Discinidie, Lingulidse, Obolida), Pholidopidiu, Siphonotretidse, Trimerellidse. Family ATHYRiDiE. — Acambona, Athyris, Eumetria, Merista, Meristella, Whitfieldia. Family Atrypid^. — Anazyga, Atrypa, Coelospira, Glassia, Kouinckia, Zygospira. Family Craniid^. — Crania, Pseudocrania. Family Discinidie. — Discina, Orbiculoidea, Schizocrania, Schizobolus, Trematis. Family LiNouLiOiE. — Dignomia, Lingula, Lingulclla, Lingulasma, Lingulepis. Family Nucleospiridee. — Hindella, Meristina, Nucleospira, Retzia, Trem- atospira. Family Obolid^. — Dicellomus, Elkania, Leptobolus, Linnarsonia, Obolella, Obolus. Family Orthid^. — Meekella, Orthis, Orthisina, Skenidiura, Vitulina. Family PENTAMERiDiE. — Amphigenia, Anastrophia, Gypidula, Pentamerella, Pentamerus, Stenoschisma. Family PnoLiDOPiDiE. — Pholidops. Family PoRAMBONrriDiE. — Porarnbonites. Family PRODUCTiDiE. — Aulosteges, Chonetes, Productella, Productus, Stro- pbalosia. 332 BNACHIOPODA. [ACA.— AMU. Famii-y Riiyn<'iionki.i,ii), p. 27. [Etv «*«', point; amb(m, uinbo.j Syn. for Kuinotria. prima, see Eumetria prima. AcHOTHEi.K, LinnarBHon, 187«, Bihangtill K. Vet. Akad. Handl., p. 20, Swed. Acad. kSci. on tlie Brncldopoda of the Para- doxides beds. [Kty. akro'», pointed ; theky nipple ; from tbe aj)ex of tlie valve.] Snell tldn, corneouB, subcircn- lar in outline, depressed, concentrically marked, and sometimeH radiated ; apex of ventral valve teat-like; subcentral or near the posterior mar((in, perforated; dorsal valve slightly convex, posterior margin slightly roflexed, and internally a low median longitudinal septum rep- resented by an in.pression in the cast. Tyjje A. coriacea. dichotoma, Walcott, 1886, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 14, Up. Taconic. matthewi, Ilartt, 1868, (Lingula matthewi,) Acad. Geol., p. 644, St. John Gr. subrtidua. White, 1874, (Acrotreta subdsidua,) Rep. Invert. Foss., p. 6, and Geo. Sur. W. 100th Mer., vol. 4, p. 34, Up. Taconic. Aero t re ta, Kutorga, 1848, Uber die Sii)hon- otretii' aus den Ver- han d 1 u n - gen der Kaiserlich - en Miner- alogisc hen ^'^*^ (Jesellscaft fur Jahr., B260, and avidson's B r a c h i o - poda, vol. 1, p. 133. [Ety. 0^08, the top or sum* mit ; treiot, perforated.] Shell triangu- ..*fc-- FlG. 632.-AcroUi- ele Bubskltia. In- terior of (lol'Klll valve enlarged. Acrotreta Keniinn- Hraall outline tlgures natural size ; a and c, doriial valves ; b, ventral valve; d, area of ventral valve, which shows a central groove ; /, area of an- other specimen having no groove ; «, side view. lar, larger valve conical, false area Hat, bent back at right angles to thenunvin of the valve, longitudinally grooved along the center, and perforated ut iih extremity by a small circular aperture, the lines of growtli encircle the hIhII and pass uninterruptedly overthe U\\w area ; the smaller valve flat, openuli- form, smooth, marked by concent ric lines of growth ; valves unarticultilcd. Type A. subconica. attenuata, 1873, 6th Rep. llaydi's (ieo. Sur. Terr., p. 463, Up. Tacor baiU'vi, Matthew, 1885, Trans . .Sic. Can., p. ;{6, St. John Gr. gemma, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 216, Quebec <^- (ir. Kttbiimbonu, see Spirifera, Hub- umbona. umbonata, Conrad, 1842, Fiu.r>;i4-Aiii (Orthis umbonata,) Jour. i>o<<'ii'i""'- Acad. Nat. 8ci., vol. 8, p. '""'"'" 204, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 25i», Miir- celluB Shale and Hani. Ur. itnbonata var. gregaria, see A. gre^aria. Ami'h hi em a, Hail, 1867, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. ;{82. [Ety. amphi, on both sides ; g en i- a , growth.] In- eipiivul ve, oval, ovoid, or subtri- angular, more or less convex, without mesial fold or sinus ; valves ar- ticul a t i n g by teeth and sockets, without area ; den- tal lamellae, in the ven- tral valve, c o n j o ined on their dorsal aides, forming an angular pit, which opens by a tri- angular fissure beneath the beak, and in its anterior extension is sup- ported on a central septum ; dorsal valve with a thickened cardinal pro- cess bordered by teeth sockets anchy- losed to the bottom and supporting the crura, which extend into the cavitv of the shell. Type A. elongata. curta. Meek & Worthen, 1868, (Strick- landinia elongata var. ourta,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 402, Oriskany sand- stone, elongata, Vanuxem, 1842, (Pentamerus elongata,) Geo. 3d Dist. N. Y., p. 132, and I'al. N. Y., vol. 4, p. :w:{, Schoharie ^rit and Up. Held. ■ <■*'>, * — —r' 334 BRACHIOPODA. [ana.— AT H interplicata, Mall, 1852, (Atrypa interpli- cata,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 275, Niag- ara Gr. reversa, Billings, 1857, (Pentamerus re- vernus,) Rei>. of Prog. Geo. Sur. Can., p. 2ie, Mid. Sil. verneuili, Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y. St, Mus. Nai. Hist., p. 104, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 260, Low. Held. Gr. Anazyga, Davidson, 1883, Supp. to Brit. Brachiopoda, vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 128. [Ety. ana, upward ; z\igoi, a connecting band.] Small, longitudinally oval and striated ; position of spiral cones as in . ygospira ; about four coils in each spiral cone ; stems attach to the hinge plate of the dorsal valve, extend parallel for a short distance, and then, bending at right an- gles, form two large curves facing the lateral i>arts of the valve ^efore reach- ing their furthest excena. » in front, they give oflF a circular band or loop, which is directed upward toward the beak, and is exterior to the spiral cones on their dorsal side. Type A. recurvi- rostra. recurvirostra. Hall, 1847, (Atrypa recurvi- rostra,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 140, Tren- ton Gr. Anomia, Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat., I2th Ed. [Ety. anomvo9, unequal.] Not Palse- ozoic. biloba, see Orthis biloba. pecten, see Strophomena pecten. reticulartH, see Atrypa reticularis. Anomites, Wahlenberg, 1821, Act, Upsal. exporrectus, see Cyrtia exporrecta. glaber, see Spirifera glabra. punctatm, sae Productus punctatue. resupinalm, see Orthis resupinatus. reticularis, see Atrypa reticularis. rhomboidalis, see Strophomena rhomboid- alis. Bcabriculm, see Productus scahriculus. semireticulatus, see Productus semireticu- latus. Athyris, McCoy, 1844, Carb. Foss. Ireland, pp. 128 and 146. [Ety. o, without ; thuris, a small door ; in allusion to the absence of a deltidium or door. But the name is erroneous.] Nearly orbic- ular or ovate, both valves convex ; no cardinal area, foramen, or hinge-line; cipiral appendages attached to the hinge plate of the dorsal valve, very large, liearly filling the shell ; a strong mesial septum in rostn 1 part of dorsal valve ; den al lamellse moderate ; pallial and ovarian impressions thick, numerous, dichotomous ; tissue of shell fibrous. Type A. spiriferoides. americana, Swallow, 1863, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 89, Kaskas- angelica," Hall, 1861, 14th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 99, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 292, Chemung Gr. argentea, Shepard, 1838, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol.34, p. 152, Up. Coal Meas. biloba, Winchell, 1865, (Spirigerabilol',.. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 118, Kindi i- hook Gr. blancha, Billings, 1863, Proc. Port. S(i(, Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 115, Low. Held. <.i. caputserp^ntis. Swallow, 1863, Trans. S|. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 90, Up. Cual Meas. charitonensis. Swallow, 1860, (Spirigim charitonensis,) Trans. St. Louis Acml. Sci., vol. 1, p. 651, Coal Meas. chloe, Billings, 1860, Can. Jour., vol. '>, p. 282, Ham. Gr. clara, Billings, 1860, Can. Jour., vol. h, p. 274, Up. Held. Gr. claytoni. Hall & Whitfield, 1877, U. S. Geo. Expl. 40th parallel, vol. 4, p. L'.Ki, Waverly Gr. clintonensis. Swallow, 1863, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 89, KaHkiis- kia Gr. clusia, Billings, 1860, Can. Jour., vol. o, ii. 279, Up. Held. Gr. cora. Hall, 1860, 13th Rep. N.Y.St. Alus. Nat. Hist., p. 94, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 291, Ham. and Chemung Grs. corpulenta, Winchell, 1863, (Sjiirigcra corpulenta,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 6, Waverly Gr. • crassicardinalis, White, 1860, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, p. 229, Waverly Gr. eborea, Winchell, 1866, (Spirijjera eborea,) Rep. Low. Peninsula Mich., p. 9i, Ham. Gr. euzona, Swallow, 1863, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 91, Kaskaskia Gr. iVfferens, McChesney, 1860, New Pal. Foss., p. 47, syn. for A. subtilita. formosa. Swallow, 1863, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 91, Kaskas- kia Gr. fultonensis, Swallow, 1860, ^Spirigera ful- tonensis,) Trans. St. Louis Acad, Sci., vol. 1, p. 650, Ham, Gr. hannibalensis, Swallow, 1860, (Spirigera hannibalensis,) Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 649, Waverly or Kinder- hook Gr. hawni. Swallow, 1860, (Spirigera hawnii,! Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, |i, 652, Coal Meas. headi, see Zygospira hoadi. headi var. anticostienm, see Zygosjiiia headi var. anticostiensis. headi var. borealis, see Zygospira lieadi var. borealis. harpalyce, Billings, 1863, Proc. Port. fSoc Nat. Hist., vol. l,p. 110, Low. Ht'd.Gr. hirsuta, Hall, 1858, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 8, and Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 49, Warsaw Gr. incrassata, Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa. ji. 600, Burlington Gr. irUervarica, McChesney, 1860, Pal. Fus.s., p. 78, Burlington Gr. Not recogDizcd. jacksoni, Swallow, 1860, (Spirigera jack- soni,) Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. !, p. 661, Coal Meas. juUa, see Meristella julia. ^NA. — ATH- ATR,] BRACHIOPODA. 335 i i , . ; juaia, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Fobs. Antic, p. 46, Anticosti Gr. lamellosa, Leveille, 1835, (Spirifer lamellosus,) Mem. Geol. Soc. France, vol. 2, p. 39, Waverly Gr. lara, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 47, Anticosti Gr. maconensi8, Swallow, 1860, (Soirigera maconensis,) Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci. vol. 1, p. 651, Coal Meas. maia, see Spirifera mala, minima. Swallow, 1860, (Spirigera min- ima,) Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 649, Ham. Gr. missouriensis, Swallow, 1860, (Spirigera missouriensis,) Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 650, Coal Meas. missouriensis, Winchell, 1865, (Spirigera missouriensis,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 117, Lithographic limestone. This name was preoccupied, monticola. White, 1874, (Spirigera mon- ticola,) Rep. Invert. Foss., p. 16, and Geo. Sur. W. 100th Mer., vol. 4, p. 91, Subcarboniferous. naviformis. Hall, 1843, (Atrypa navifor- rais,) Geo. 4th Dist. N. Y., p. 71, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 76, Clinton Gr. obmaxima, McChesney, 1860, Desc, \evf Pal. Foss., p. 80, and Geo. Sur, W. lOuth Mer., vol. 4, p. 92, Waverly Gr. obvia, McChesney, 1860, Pal. Foss, p. 81, Kaskaskia Gr. Not recognized, obioensis, Winchell, iftti5, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 118, Waverly Gr. orbicularis, McChesney, 1860, New Pal. Foss., Coal Meas. Not recognized, papilioniformis, McChesney, 1867, Trans. Chi. Acad. Sci., vol. 1, Kaskaskia Gr. parvirostris. Meek and Worthen, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 451, Keokuk Gr. Referred later to A. planosulcata. pectinifera. Swallow, 1863, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 88, Keo- kuk Gr. perinflata, McChesney, 1860, Desc. New Pal. Foss., p. 81, Keokuk Gr. Not recognized, persinuata, Meek, 1877, U. S. Geo. Sur., 40th parallel, p. 81, Carboniferous, planosulcata, Phillips, 1836, Geo. York., vol. 2, p. 220, Keokuk Gr. plattensis, Swallow, 1863, Trans. St, Lcais Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 87, Up. Coal. Meas. polita. Hall, 1843, (Atrypa polita,) Geo. 4th Dist. N. Y., pi. 65, fig. 5, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 293, Chemung Gr. primtana, see Mei'istella prinstana, prouti, Swallow, 1860, (Spirigera proutii,) Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 649, Kinderhook or Waverly Gr. reflexa, Swallow, 1863, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2. p. 88, Warsaw Gr. singletoni. Swallow, 1863, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 87, Low. Coal Meas. solitaria, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Foss, Antic, p. 48, Anticosti Gr, Hpirifercides, Eaton, 1831, (Terebratula spiriferoides,) Am. .Tour, Sci., vol. 21, p. PlO. 539.- ■Athyrls spiriferoides, view. Donsal and ventral vol. 4, p. 285, Cor- Fio. rAO. Athyrls Hplrlf- eroideH. nide view. 137, and Pal. N. Y. nif. and Ham. Gr, squamosa, Worthen, 1884, Bull. No. 2, 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 24, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 103, St. Louis Gr. sublamellosa. Hall, Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. Kaskaskia Gr. subqnadrata. Hall, Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. Kaskaskia Gr. subtilita. Hall, 1852, Stans- bury's Exped. to Great Salt Lake, p. 409, Coal Meas. trinuclea, Hall, 1858, (Terebratula trinu- clea,) Trans. Alb. Inst, vol. 4, p. 7, and Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 659, Warsaw Gr. tumida, Dalman, 1827, (Atrypa tumida.) The fossil usually referred to this species is Whitfieldia maria, which Davidson regarded as a synonym for W. tumida. tumidula, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 47, Anticosti Gr. turgida, Shaler, 1865, Bulletin No. 4, M. 0. Z., Anticosti Gr. Not defined so as to be recognized. ultravarica, McChesney, 1861, Desc. New Pal. Foss., p. 79, Keokuk Gr. Not recognized. umbonata, see Hindella umbonata. vittata. Hall, 1860, 13th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 89, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 289, Cornif. and Ham, Grs. Atrypa, Dalman, 1827, Vet, Acad. Handl., p. 102. [Ety. o, without; tnjpa, a hole or perforation. It was supposed the shells had no foramen in the beak. Th'^ name is erroneous.] Suborbicular, transverse or elongated; articulating by teeth and sockets; beak of the ventral valve produced and incurved, the apex truncated by a small, round perforation, sometimes separated from the hinge- line by a deltidium ; valve more or less convex with or without a defined sinus ; a strong tooth on each side at the base of the broad fissure is somewhat bilobed at the summit, with a crenulated groove on the back ; from the base of the teeth a curving ridge extends forward and partially incloses a broad, muscular ! i 336 BRACHIOPODA. [atr. scar ; dorsal valve convex, with or with- out a mesial fold ; hinge plate divided in the middle with a tooth-like plate on each side, the crura originating outside of these close to the dental sockets, and outside of the latter, close to the shell margins, there is a crenulated fold,which occupied the groove at the base of the tooth ; the spires originating from the crura form two hollow cones, directed into the cavity of the dorsal valve, their adjacent sides being flattened and apices brought close together near the center of the bottom of the cavity; the pro- cesses at the base of the crura are di- rected into the cavity of the dorsal valve, and unite to form a loop ; surface smooth, striate, or costate; structure fibrous. Type A. reticularis. aculiplicata, see Leptococlia acutiplicata. acuhrostra, see Rhynchonella acutirostra. sequiradiata, Conrad, 1842, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 266, Low. Held. Gr. sequiradiata, se^ Rhynchonella sequira- diata. affinis, syn. for Atrypa reticularis. altilis, see Rhynchonella altilis. ambigua, see Oamarella ambigua. aprinis, see Rhynchonella aprinis. arata, see Pentamerella arata. aspera, Schlotheim, 18!! 3, (Terebratula aspera,) Petrefaktenkunde, p. 263,Ham. and Chemung Grs. aspera var. occidentalis, Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 515, Ham. Gr. bidens, see Rhynrhonella bidens. bisiilcata, see Camarella bisulcata. bwealis, Schlotheim, as identified by d'Archiac & Verneuil. Not American. brevirostris, as identified by Hall, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 278. See Pentamerus brevirostris and Anastrophia verneuili. camura, see Trematospira camura. capax, see Rhynchonella capax. casmdea, as identified by d'Archiac & Verneuil. Not American. cheniungensis, Conrad, 1842, Jour. Acad. Nat. 8ci., vol. 8, p. 265, Chemung Gr. circnlus see Camarella circulus. condnna, see Nucleospira concinna. comis, see Pentamerus comis. concerUrica, syn. for Athyris spiriferoides. congesta, see Triplesia congesta. congregata, see Stenochisma congregatum. conliada, see Stenochisma contract • i. coraUifera, see Eichwaldia corallif'i . crassirostra, Hall,'1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 269, Niagara ( Jr. crenulaia see Terebratula crenulata. cuboides, as identified by Hall and others. See Rhynchonella venustula. cujieate, see Rhynchonella euneata. cuspidata, see Triplesia cuspidata. cylindrica, see Meristella cylindrica. deflecta, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 140, Trenton Gr. dentata, see Rhynchonella dentata. disparilis, see Ca'lospira disparilis. dubia, see Rhynchonella dubia. dumosa. Hall, 1843, Geo. Rep., 4th Dist N. Y., p. 272, Chemung Gr. duplicata, see Stenochisma duplicatum. eUmgata, syn. for Rensselteria ovoides. emacerata, see Rhynchonella emacerata. exigua. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, i, 141, Trenton Gr. eximia, see Stenochisma eximium. exlans, see Triplesia extans. flabella, syn. for Leptocoilia hemisphere a. flabellites, see Leptoccelia flabellites. galeata, see Pentamerus galeatus. gibbosa. Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, i). 79, Clinton Gr. globuliformis, see Leiorhynchus globuli- forme. hemiplicata, see Camarella hemiplicata. hetnispherica, see Leptococlia hemispherica. hirsuta, see Trematospira hirsuta. hystrix. Hall, 1843, Geo. Rep. 4th Dist. N. Y., p. 272, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 32(;, Chemung Gr. impressa. Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 122, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 315, Schoharie Grit. Fig. fi41.— Atrypa retlculnr!.. a. Dorsal valve; 6, ventral valve ; c, pidala, see ^riplesia cusjjidata. extans, see Tilplesia extans. hemiplicata. Hall, 1847, Atrypa hemi- plicata,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 1., p. 144, Trenton Gr. lenticularis, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, pj. 45, Anticosti Gr, longirostra, Billings, 1858, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 4, p. 302, Chazy Gr. nuclem, see Triplesia nucleus, ops, Billings, 1862, Pal. Fobs., vol. 1, p. 148, Mid. Sil. ortoni, see Triplesia ortoni. panderi, Billings, 1858, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 4, p. 301, Black Riv. Gr. parva, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1 , p 219, Quebec Gr. polita, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1 i, 305, Quebec Gr. primordialis, see Triplesia primordiali»s. reversa, see Anastrophia reversa. varians,Billings, 1859, Can. Nat. Chazy Gr. J^^l ^T ^^^ xrr.1Knr«hi Rill ^iG. 646. — Camarella v,, . volborthi. Bill- bortlii. Dorsjil, ventml, ings, 1859, aud side views. Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 4, p. .301, Black Riv. Gr. waldronensia, see Triplesia waldronensiri. Camarium, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. :i, p. 486, syn. for Merista. elongatum, see Merista elongata. typum, see Merista typus. CAMAitOiMioKiA, King, 1844, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 14, p. 313. [Ety. kamara, an arched chamber; pJioreo, I oanv.] Subtrigona', convex longitudiniillV; mesial fold and sinus; beak acute, more or less incurved, small fissure lic- neath ; no area or deltidium ; pliciitcil, impunctate, articulating by teeth and sockets; dental plates in the vcntial valve, conjoined at their dorsal mar- gins, forming a trough-shaped process affixed to a low, medio-Iongitudinal plate; the space between the sockets in the dorsal valve is occupied by a small, cardinal, muscular protuberance, on either side of which two sleii'ler processes curve upward ; from beneath the cardinal process a vertical mesial septum, a third or more of the leiifith of the valve, supporting along its upjier edge a spatula-shaped process, dilated toward its free extremity, and projected with a curve to near the center of tlie shell. Type C. schlotheimi. bisulcata, Slmmard, 1858, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 296, Permian Gr. eucharis. Hall, 1867. Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 368, Corniferous Gr. FlQ. 547.— Caniaroplioria giffordl. a, Dorsal view; 6, ventral valve; c, proflle view. giflfordi, Worthen, 1882, Bull. No. 1, Hi. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 3«, and Geo. Snr. 111., vol. 7, p. 318, Middle Coal Meas. globulina, Phillips, 1844, as identified by Geinitz, is Rhynchonella uta. occidentiiiis, S. A. Miller, 1881, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p, 313, Burling- ton Gr. BIL. — CAM. CKN.— CHO.] BRACHIOPODA. 339 sal view; 6. schlotheimi, Von Buch, 1834, (Terebra- tulites Bchlotheimi,) Mem. de la Soc. Geol., vol. 3, p. 138, Permian Gr. :4ubtrigona. Meek «& Worthen, 1860, (Rhynchonella subtrigona,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.,_p. 451, and (Jeo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 251, Keokuk Gr. swallovana, Shumard, 1859, Trans. St. Louis Acad. e5ci., vol. 1, p. 394, Per- mian Gr. wortheni. Hall, 1858, (Rhynchonella wor- theni,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 11, and Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 54, War- saw Gr. Centronella, Billings, 1859, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 4, p. 131. [Ety. a little point.] General form like Terebratula; dorsal valve with a loop consisting of two ribbon-like lamellae, which extend about half the length of the shell, at first curving outward and then approaching until their lower extremities meet at an acute angle ; here they unite and are reflected backward toward the beak in a thin, flat, vertical plate; near their origin each bears upon the ventral side a single triangular crural process. Type C. glansfagea. allii, VVinchell, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 123, Waverly or Marshall Gr. alveata. Hall, 1857, (Rhynchonella al- veata,) 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 124, Onondaga Gr. anna, Hartt, 1868, Acad. Geol., p. 300, Subcarb. billingsana. Meek & Worthen, 1868, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 352, Niagara Gr. crassicardinalis.Whitfield, 1882, Bull. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. 3, p. 55, War- saw Gr. flora, Winchell, 1879, Proc. Am, Phil. Soc, vol. 12, p. 254, Marshall Gr. glansfagea, Hall, 1857, (Rhynchonella glansfagea,) 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 125, and Pal.N. Y., vol. 4, p. 399, Schoiiarie grit, Cornif. Gr. and Oriskany sandstone. glaucia, Hall, 1867, Pal. N, Y., vol. 4, p. 403, Ham. Gr. hecate, Bil 11 n g s , 1861, Can. Jour, vol. 6, p. 272, Up. Held. Gr. impressa. Hall, 1861, 14th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 102, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 402, Ham. Gr. Prof. Billings said this is a syn. for 0. hecale. Julia, Winchell, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. vol. 14, p. 405, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 419, Marshall Gr. ovata, Hall, 1867, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 419, Up. Held. Gr. Charionella, Billings, 1861, Can. Jour. Ind. Sci., and Art, p. 148, syn. for Meristella. circe, see Meristella circe. (lorn, see Meristella doris. Fio. .'lis.— Ce n t r o 11 e 1 1 a lifcate. a.Hliowlng loop; 6, f, and d, ditfereut views. (?) hyale, see Meristella by ale. Chonktes, Fischer, 1837, Oryckt. Moscou, p. 131. [Ety. chone, a little cup.] Shell thin, semi-cylindrical, transverse section semi-ovul, ventral valve convex, dorsal con<'ave hinge-line straight; external margin of tne area of ventral valve bearing a row of tubular spines, fora- men distinct but partially closed by a pseudo-deltidium ; dorsal valve with a cardinal process, simple at the base, but bifd orgrooved at the extremity ; valves articulated by teeth, surface radiately striated, often spinous, interior pustu- lose or papillose. Type C. arcinulatus. acutiradiatus. Hall, 1843, (Strophomena acutiradiata,) Geo. Rep. 4th Dist. N. Y., p. 171, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 120, Up. Held. Gr. antiope, Billings, 1874, Pal. Fobs., vol. 2, p. 19, Low Devonian. arcuatus, Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 116, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 119, Up. Held. Gr. armatus, DeKoninck, the sjjccimens re- ferred to this species belong to 0. pusiUus. canadensis, Billings, 1874, Pal. Foss., vol. 2, p. 17, Lower Devonian. oarinatus, Conrad, 1842, (Strophomena carinata,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 257, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 133, Ham. Gr. complanatus, Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 50, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 418, Oripkany sandstone. cornutus, Hall, 1843, (Strophomena cor- nuta,) Geo. Rep. 4lh Dist. N. Y., and Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 64, Clinton Gr. dawsoni, Billings, 1874, Pal. Foss., vol. 2, p. 18, Low. De' nian. deflectus, Hall, 18^ 7, lOtli Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 149, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 126, Ham. Gr. emmetensis, Winchell, 1866, Rep. Low. Renin. Mich., p. 92, Ham. Gr. fllistriatus, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 127, Devonian. fischeri, Norwood & Pratten, 1854, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 3, p. 25, Kinder- hook Gr. fleniingi, Norwood & Pratten, 1854, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 3, p. 26, Permian Gr. geinitzanus, N. Sp., Up. Coal Meas. Pro- posed instead of C. glabra of Geinitz in Carb. und Dyas !in Neb., p. 60, tab. 4, fig. 15 to 18, which name was pre- occupied. geniculatus. White, 1862, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, p. 29, Waverly or Marshall Gr. gibbosa, svn. for C. deflectus. glaber, rfall, 1857, 10th Rep.N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 117, Up. Held. Gr. glabra, Geinitz, 1866, Carb. und Dyas. The name was preoccujiied. See C. geinitzanus. granuliferuB, Owen, 1852, Geo. Rep. Wis.. Iowa, and Minn., p. 583, Coal Me as / 340 BRACHIOPODA. [l"'KI,. ^ hemisphericus, Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mu8. Nat, Hist., p. 116, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 118, Schoharie grit an-i Cornif. Gr. illinoisensis, Worthen, 1860, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 571, and Geo. Siir. 111., vol. 3, p. 505, Kaskp.a- kia (ir. iowensiH, Owen, 1852, Geo. Rep. Iowa, Wis. and Minn., p. 584, Carb. koninckanus, Norwood & Pratten, 1S54, Jour. Acad. Nat. Set., vol. ;^, 2d ser., p. 30, Devonian. Irevis, Keyes, 1888, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., pi. xii, figs. 3a, 3b, Coal Meas. laticosta, syn. for C. mucronatus. lepidus, Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 148, and Pal. N. Y vol. 4, p. 132, Marcellus shale and Ham. Gr. lineatus, Conrad, 1839, (Strophomena lineata,) Ann. Geo. Rep. N. Y., p. 04, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 121, Up. Held. Gr. littoni, Norwood & Pratten, 1854, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 3, p. 25, Ham. Gr. loganensis. Hall & Whitfield, 1877, U. S. Geo. ExpK 40th Parallel, vol. 4, p. 253, Waverly Gr. logani, Norwood & Pratten, 1854, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. vol. 3, p. 30, Burling- ton Gr. logani var. aurora. Hall, 1867, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 137, Tully limestone and Ham. Gr. maclurii, Norwood & Pratten, 1£54, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 3, p. 28, Ham. Gr. macrostriatus, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 126, Devo- nian, martini, Norwood & Pratten, 1854, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 3, p. 29. Ham. Gr. melonicus, Billings, 1874, Pal. Foss., vol. 2, p.l5, Gaspe limestone No. 8, Devonian, mesolobus, Norwood & Pratten, 1854, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 3, p. 27, Coal Meas. michiganensis, Stevens, 1858, Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 25, p. 262, Mar- shall Gr. millepunctatus. Meek & Worthen, 1870, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 35, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 566, Coal Meas. mi'fiimus, Hall. Being preoccupied by Sowerby. See 0. undulatus. mucronatus. Hall, 1843, Geo. Rep. 4th Dist. N. Y., p. 180, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 124, Corniferous and Ham. Grs. mucronata, Meek, & Hayden, 1858, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 262, Coal Meas. This name was preoccupied ; moreover it is a syn. for C. granuliferus. multicosta, Winchell, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 5, Marshall Gr. muricatus, Hall, 1867, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 143, Chemung Gr. Fig. .549— Chonetes tnesolol>ua. Ven- tral valve. novascoticus, Hall, 1860, Can. Nat. !irii,fl, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 450, an! (iio' Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 253, Keokuk Gr. platynotus,White, 1874, Rep. Invert. Foss , p. 19, and Geo. Sur. W. 100 Mer., vol. 4, p. 121, Subcarboniferous. pulchellus, Winchell, 1862, Proc. Avad Nat. Sci., p. 410, Marshall Gr. pusillus. Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 149, and i'al. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 128, Ham. Gr. reversus, Whitfield, 1882, Desc. NewSper. Fobs., from Ohio, p. 213, Marcellus scitulus. Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y. St Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 147, and Pal. N. Y. vol. 4, p. 130, Ham. Gr. setigeruB, Hall, 1843, (Strophomena seti- gera,) Geo. Rep. 4th Dist. N. Y., p. ISO, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 129, Ham. and Chemung Grs. shumardanus, DeKoninck, 1847, Reclici- ches sur les Anim. Foss., p. 192, Wa- verly Gr. smithi, Norwood & Pratten, 1854, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 3, p. 24, Coal Meas. striatellus, Dalman, 1827, (Orthis stri- atella,) Kongl. Svenska Ak. Ilandl., p. Ill, Up. Sil. syrtalh, syn. for C. carinata. tenuistriatns. Hall, 1860, Can. Nat. aiiii Geo., vol. 5, p. 144, Up. Sil. tuomeyi, Norwood & Pratten, 1854, Jom. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 3, 2d ser., p. L'8, Ham. Gr. undulatus. Hall, 1879, 28th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 155, Niag- ara (ir. variolatus, DeKoninck, 1847, Monogr. dii genre Chonetes, p. 206, Coal Meas. verneuilanus, Norwood & Pratten, 18.")4, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 3, p. 26, Coal Meas. verneuilanus var. utahensis. Meek, 187(1, Simpson's Rej). on Gt. Basin of Utah, p. 348, Carboniferous. yandellanus, Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y.Sf. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 118, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 123, Corniferous Gr. CocLosi'iRA, Hall, 18.58, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 146. [Ety. koilos, liollow: speira, spire.] Ovate or suborbicuiar, concavo-convex, surface finely plicated, usually undefined mesial fold and sinus. beak small, foramen triangular; inter- nal spires forming two flattened coils connected by a strong loop. Type C. concava. CRA.] HKACHIOPODA. U\ concava, Hall, 1867, (Leptocoeiia concava,) 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mub. Nat. Mist., p. Fi(i 560.— Crelosplra concava. Magnifled view of spirals. l07,andPal. N. Y. niferouB Gr. vol. 3, p. 245, Cor- KiG. n,')!.— CoBlosptra dts- pai'llls. Dorsal aud ventral views. dichotoma, II all, 1859, (Leptoccclia dichotoma,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 452, O risk any sandBtone. dispariliB, Hall, 1852, ( A t r y p a disparilis,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 277, Niagara Gr. Crania, Retzius, 1781, Schriftender Berliner Gesellschaft Naturforschende Freund, vol. 2, p. 72. [Ety. kranion, the upper part of a skull.] Shell circular, subquad- rate, transverse, or elongated, attached by its ventral valve to some foreign object ; upper or dorsal valve more or less convex or conical; apex central or subcentral ; surface smooth, spiny, radiated, or concentrically lined, and not unfrequently having the markings of the object to which the lower valve is attached; no articulating hinge or ligament, but valves held in place by four muscles ; anterior adductor scars approximate and close to the center; posterior pair near the cardinal edge, and widely separated; struc*,ure calca- reous and tubular. Type 0. bratten- burgensis. Pio. 552. — Crania anomala, 2 dlam. a, Anterior posterior adductors ; e, protractor sliding muscles muscle ; r, o, retractor sliding inu.scles. acadiensis. Hall, 1860, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 5, p. 144, Up. Sil. anna, Spencer, 1884, Bull. No. 1, Mus. Univ. St. Mo., p. 57, Niagara Gr. aurora, Hall, 1863, 16th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 30, Schoharie Grit. 23 bella, Billings, 1874, Pal. Fosb., vol. 2, p. 15, passage beds between Up. Sil. and Devonian, bordeni. Hall & Whitfield, 1872, 24th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist, p. 187, Up. Held. Gr. carbonaria, Whitfield, 1882, Desc. New Spec. Foss., from Ohio. p. 229, Coal Meas. corrugata. Hall, 1843, (Orbicula corruga- tu8,) Geo. Rep. N. Y., p. 109, Nia- gara Gr. crenistriata. Hall, 1800, 13th Kep. N. V. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 78, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 28, Ham. Gr. deformata. Hall, 1847, (Orbicula deform- ata,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 23, Chazy Gr. Is it a Crania ? dentata, Ringueberg, 1886, Bull. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci., vol. 5, p. 16, Niagara Gr. dyeri, S. A. Miller, 1875, Cin. Quar. ^^ Jour. Sci., vol. 2, p. 13, Hud. mf Riv. Gr. p^^M eccentrica, Emmons, 1856, (Orbic- Jraiila" ula eccentrica,) Am. Geol., p. Uyeri. 112, Up. Taconic. famelica, Hall & Whitfield, 1873, 23d Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 236, Che- mung Gr. gracilis, Ringueberg, 1886, Bull. ^uf. Soc. Nat. Sci., vol. 5, p. 17, Niagar Gr. granulosa, Winchell, 1880, 8^h ^vep. Geo. Sur. Minn., p. 63, Trentoi. Gr. gregaria. Hall, 1863, 16th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 31, Ham. Gr. hamiltonise. Hall, 1860, 13th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 77, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 27, Ham. Gr. Iselia, Hall, 1866, 24th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 220, Hud. Riv. Gr. leoni, Hall, 1860, 13th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 78, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. ,30, Chemung Gr. modesta. White & St. John, 1868, Trans. Chi. Acad. Sci., p. 118, Uf*. Coal Meas. multipunctata, S. A. Miller, 1875, Cin. Quar. Jour. Sci., „ „. ,, vnl 9 Ti 1^ Flu. 554.-Cra- yoi. /, P- fiJ, ula inulii- Hud. Riv. punctata. Gr. pannosa, Ringueberg, 1886, Bull. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci., vol. 5, p. 17, Niagara Gr. parallella, Ulrich, 1878, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 98, Hud. Riv. Gr. percarinata, Ulrich, 1878, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 98, Hud. Riv. Gr. permiana, Shumard, 1859, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 395, Permian Gr. prima, Owen, 1852, (Orbicula prima,) G«o. Sur. Iowa, Wis., and Minn., p. 583, Potsdam Gr. radicans, Winchell, 1866, Rep. Low. Pen- insula Mich., p. 92, Ham. Gr. i adductors; a ; 6, cardinal 342 BRACHIOPODA. [CRV.- (.VK. V reposita, White, 1WJ6, Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, p. 8, Ham. Gr. reticularia, S. A. Miller, 187'), aJ^^ Cin. (^lar. Jour. Sci., vol. 2, p. J^^m 280, Hud. Riv. Gr. fioTw.- rowleyi, Gurley, 1883, New Carb. Crania Fo88. Kinderhook Gr. Not reticu- defined and published as re- quired by the rules of nomenclature. scabiosa. Hall, 18t», 24th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 220, Hud. Riv. Gr. setifera. Hall, 1863, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 205), Niagara Gr. setigera. Hall, 1866, 24th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 220, Trenton (ir. sheldoni, White, 1862, Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, j). 8, Ham. Gr. siluriana. Hall, 1863, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 208, Niagara Gr. Hocialis, Ulrich, 1878, .Tour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 99, Hud. Riv. Gr. spinigera, Hall, 1879, Desc. New Spec. Fobs., p. 13, and 11th Rep. Geo. and Nat. Hist. Ind., p. 283, Niagara Gr. trentonensis. Hall, 1866, 24th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 219, Tren- ton Gr. truncata, Emmons, 18")6, (Orbicula trun- cata,) Am. (Jeol., ]>. 200, Trenton Gr. Ckvptonklla, Hall, 1861, 14th Rep.'N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 102. [Sig. a little cavity.] Equilateral, inequivalve, elongate oval or ovoid ; valves un- equally convex, no mesial fold or sinus; ventral valve with beak extended or incurved, perforate ; foramen termi- nal ; punctate smooth or with concen- tric strise ; articulating by teeth and sockets ; dental lamellaj of the ventral valve extending downward into the cavity of the shell; crura extend in a long recurved loop, with long processes into the ventral valve, between which and the apex they are united by a , transverse band. Type C. rectirostra. / ,^, ..^ calvini. Hall & Whitfield, 1870, 23d Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 239, Chemung Gr. circula, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. V. S. Geo. Sur., p. 163, Devonian. eudora. Hall, 1867, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 398, Chemung Gr. iphis, Hall, 1867, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 396, Up. Held. Gr. lens, Hall, 1860, (Terebratula lens,) 13th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 89, Up. Held. Gr. lincklseni. Hall, 1860, (Terebratula linck- lajni,) 13th Rep. N, Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 88, Ham. Gr. pinonensis, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., p. 163, Devonian. planirostra, Hall, 1860, (Terebratula plan- irostra,) 13th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. p. Fig jo6. — Cryptonella llnckloeni. Dorsal and profile views. Hist., p. 89, and Pal. N. Y., vol 395, Ham. IN.] HRACHIOPODA. .'i4.'{ billingsi, Meek, 1868, Trans. Chi. Acad. Sci., p. 97, Ham. Gr. liiplicata, Hall, 1857, (Cyrtia biplicata,) lOth Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. I(i5, Schoharie (;rit and Gornif. Gr. (lassa, Hall, 1867, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. i.'ti7. Up. Held. Gr. nirvilineata, White, 1865, (Cyrtia curTi- lineata,) Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1). p. 25, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. J70, Ham. (rr. (iiilmani. Hall, 1857, (Cyrtia dalmani,) Ktth Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 1)4, Low. Held. Gr. (liividsoni, Walcott, 1885, Mono^r. U. S, < ieo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 146, Devonian. eii|ihemia, Billings, 1863, Can. Nat. and tili8. stnminea, see Spirifera staminea. triloba, see Spirifera triloba. undulata, see Spirifera undulata. varica, see Orthis varica. zkznc, see Spirifera ziczac. Dicellomm, Hall, 1873, 23d Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 246. A generic name proposed for the reception of Obolella crasaa and O. polita, without distin- guishing the generic characters. Dkraniscm, Meek, syn, for Triplesia. orloni, see Triplesia ortoni. DiGNOMiA, Hall, 1873, 23d Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist, p. 245. [Ety. di, from; dig, twice ; gnoma, a sign.] Lingula-like shells having a longitudinal septum in one or both valves. Type D. alveata. alveata. Hall, 1873, 23d Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 245, Ham. (Jr. DiNOBOLUS, Hall, March, 1871, 2.3d Itep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 247. [Ety. dis, twice; Obolus, a genus of shells.] Shell siibcircular, valves thick; umbo of the ventral valve slightly prominent ; area wider thau long; platform sin- uated, widely V-shaped ; crescent prom- inently marked in crown and siden; hinge moderately thick, edge rounded, with a pair of snbcardinal scars in front of the cardinal facet; umbo of the brachial valve tumid ; platform trilobed ; outer margins raised ; antemedian p.ir- tion rounded, projecting, and terminat- ing :n a median plate ; crescent a marked linear coar on the hinge; arching for- ward in front of the cardinal facet; an indentation on the inner border of its sides near the binge, another further forward ; outer border a fine line ; snb- cardinal scar in the umbonal cavity: rhomboidal, postmedian scar in front of the latter. Type D. conradi. 844 BRACHIOPODA. I'IS. canadensis, Billingfl, 1R57, (Oboliia cana- densis,) Kep. of Progr. Geo. 8ur. of Can., p. 180, and Can. Nat., vol. 6, p. 222, Black Riv. Or. conradi, Hall, 1808, (Oboliis conradi,) 20th Rep. N. Y. St. MiiH. Nat, Hist., p. 3«8, Niagara Gr. galtensis, see Trimerella gHltennis. magnifiouH, Billings, 1872, (Obol«llina magniflca,) Canadian NuturaliHt, vol. 0, p. 330, Black Riv. Or. parvus, Whitfldd, 1882, Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. .'M7, Galena (ir. DiHciNA, Lamarck, 1819, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert., vol. 6, p. 236. [Ety. digcm, a flat, round plate; the termination inu», implying resemblance.] Circular, longitudinally or transversely oval; dorsal valve conical, with apex inclined toward the posterior margin; ventral valve opercular, flat, or partly convex, perfo- rated by a nar- row, oval, longi- tudinal slit, reaching to near the posterior margin, and placed in the middle of an oval depressed disk ; sur- face smooth, striated from the apex to the margin, or having con- centric lines of p^rowth produced in foliaceous expansions; structure horny, and perforated by minute tubuli. Type D. ostreoides. acadica, see Stenotheca acadica. alleghania. Hall, 1860, 13th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 77, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 25, Chemung Gr. ampla. Hall, 1867, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 17, Oriskanv sandstone ''lo. 661.— Dlicliia «Htreoi(les, 2dlani. u, Umbo;/, foramen ; rJ.diNk: Vmr^ry^aJA ir.afooi /»* T\ «i anterlOF HUductors ; A, posteflor adductors ; c, c, piotructdr sliil rroposea insieaa oi u. ing muscleH ;»-, retractor muscleH. grandis of Hall. Fio. 559.— DlRcina otttre' oldeit. convexa, Shumard, 1868, Trans. St. l.ouiH Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 221, Coal Mea- dlHciis, Hall, 1850, Pal. N. Y., vol. :; ,, 160, Low. Held.Gr. doria, Hall, 1863, 16th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus Nat. Hist., p. 20, Ham. Gr. elmira, HhII, 1863, 16th Rep. N. Y St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 20, Chemung. gallaheri, Winclioll, 1865, Proc. A.nd. Nat. Sci., p. 112, Marshall Gr. grandis, Vanuxem, 1842, Geo. Rt'ii. ;iii Dist. N. Y., p. 152, and Pal. N. Y. v„l. 4, p. 17, Coruif. and Ham. Gr. grandis, Hall, I860, Pal. N. Y., vol. :i. The name was preoccupied. Sec D ampla. humilis, Hall. 18(i3, 10th Rep. N. Y S|. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 25, Marce.'us >late and Ham. (ir. inutilis, Hall. 1863, 16th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 130, Potsdam dr. lamellogd, Hall, 1847, (Orbicula lamellnsa. The name was preoccupied by Broiler- ick in 1833. Billings lias deHcribtil it as D. circe. lodensis, Vanuxem, 1842, (Orbicula Id- densis,) Geo. Rep. 3d Dist. N. Y.. \i. 168, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 22, (ieii- esee .Slate, manhattanensis. Meek and Ilayden, IH.')!i. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 25, Coal Mtw. \/ capax. White, 1862. Proc. Bost Soc. Nat. ] Hist., vol. 0, p. 30, Wa verly or Marshal 1 Gr. captdiformis, McChesney, syn. for D. nitida. circe, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss, vol. 1, p. 51, Trenton Gr. See remarks on, D. la- mellosa. X clara, Spencer, 1884, ^ Bull. No. 1, Mus. Univ. St. Mo., p. 56, Niagara Gr. V connata, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 214, Devonian, conradi, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 161, Low. Held. Gr. KiG. &flO.-Dl8oinu droe. marginalis, Whitfield, 1880, Ann. lU-p, Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 70, and Geo. Wis,, vol. 4, p. 325, Ham. Gr. media, Hall, 1863, 16th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 27, Ham. and Che- mung Grs. meekana, Whitfield, 1882, Dphc. New Spec. Foss. from Ohio, p. 228, Coal Meas. microscopica, Shumard, 1861, Am. .lour Sci. and Arts, vol. 32, p. 213, Pots- dam Gr. minuia, Hall, 1843, (Orbicula niimita,) Geo. Rep. 4th Dist. N. Y., p. 180, and ral. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 16, Marcellus Shale. misgourierms, Shumard, 1858, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., Coal Meas. Syn. fur D. nitida. V.\'i -KIC] HRACHIOPODA. 345 Y.8t. Mus. nirlecta, Hall, 1803, 10th Rep. N. Y. Ut. Mils. Nat. Ilist., p. 29, Cheinuni; (ir. luwberrvi, Hall, 1803, Iflth Kep. N. Y. St. Mu8. Nat. Hist., p. 30. Waverly Gr. nitida, Phillipa, 1830, (Orbicuia nitlda,) (ieo. of York., vol. 2, p. 221. and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 5, p. .'>72, Coal Meas. . p;itt'llari8,Winohell. 1803, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei., p. 4, Waverly or Marnhall Gr. jii'loppa, Billings, 1802, Pal. Kobh., vol. 1, |). 62, Trenton Gr. pliiirites, Meek, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. J78, Waverly Gr. niiidalli. Hall, 1803, lOth Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 26, Ham. Gr. sillordi, Winchell, 1801>, Geo. of Tenn., ,iiid, in 1870, Proc. Am. Phil. Hoc, p. L'JS, Marshall Gr. scneca. Hail, 1803, lOth Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat, Hist, p. 20, Ham. rocess and a very elevated medio-longitudinal septum J valves articulated in a narrow groove in the dorsal valve; surface of the shell reticulate, solid, and fibrous beneath. Type E. subtrigonalis. anticoHtiensis, Billings, 1800, Catal. Sil. FoBH. Antic, p. 10, Hnd. Riv. (Jr. concinna. Hall, 1808. 20th Rep. N. Y. St. MuH. Nat. Hist., p. 319, Niagara Gr. coral lifera, Hall, 1852, (Atrypa corallifera.) Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 281, Niagara Gr. Prof, Davidson regarded this shell as identical with E. cappwelli, which was described in 1848, in Bull. Soc. Geol. Fran(!e, vol. 3. g i b bosa, Hall, 1808, 20th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. .319, Niag- ara Gr. reticulata. Hall, 1803, ( R h y n - chonei!a(?) reticula- ta,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol d ri '•"• "»~" — Jiiti" win""* nuumiji/- *"'• T!. !'• nullH. DorsHl, veiitrul. Hide, 217, Niag- front, and apex viewH. ara G r . Davidson said a syn. for E. capewelli. subtrigonalis, Billings, 1858, Rep. of Progr. Geo. Sur. Can,, p. 192, Black Riv. Gr. Pio Wli.-KlchwttlillB rellciiluta. 346 liRACHIOPOPA. [ki.k.- kon i|: Ki.KANiA, Ford, 1H841, Am. Jour, 8ci. and ArtH, 'M\ Her., vol. 32, p. 32ft. [Ety. proper iiume.] Hhcll thin, calcareous, inarticulate, longitudinully ovate or Hub- circular, convex ; ventral valve, witii solid beak and minute-grooved area; muscular scars, six in each vnlve; be- neath the rostrum a spoon-shaped r>it separates the scars. Type E. ue- siuerata. desiderata, Billings, 18U2, (C)bolella desid- erata,) Pal. Fobs., vol. 1, p. «!>, Up. Taconic. EuMKTBiA, Hall, 18«4, Kith Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 5«.». 8iiell lon- gitudinally suboval ; striated, without mesial fold and sinus ; structure punc- tate ; beak of the ventral valve incurved ; hinge area contracted ; foramen large; internal spires as in Athyris; dorsal valve in the form of a pectinoid shell, with diverging lamellte, which extend beneath the cardinal area of the ventral valve on either side of the center; pro- certfies extending into the cavity of the dorsal valve, gradually converge, and are united bv a transverse concave septum. Ty|)e E. vera, pr'ma, White, 1862, (Acambona prima,) Froc. Bost. Soc. iSat. Mist., vol. 0, p. 27, Burlington n.:i!!>!'w. • yii. tor Atrypa reticularis proxiiniiH, see Orthin pnjximus. Himilurig, Vanuxem, i842, Geo. He| Dlst. N. Y., Oriskany sandstone, df (.,ied. Ipiiidka, Billings, 1874, Pal. Foss., vol. L', j. 7(). [Ety. proper name.] Ventral vnlve conical, elevated at the beak, hinge-line nearly straight, posterior angles rounded, sides and front nearly uniformly rounded ; p^^^ o,;;. |„|,. I)08terior side with a large idc.-i imiik false area ai.d a convex pseudodeltidium ; dorsal valve semi- circular, raoderatelv convex, most ele- vated .it the beak ; s'lrface concentrically marked. Type I. bella. beila, Billings, 1872, T.in. %»t., tol. 477, and Pa' F<,is . vol. 2, p. "t; Taconic. sciilpUiin, .see Kutorgina sculptili^. KoNiNCKiA, Suesp, 1853. MS. publisliei Woodward 18.54, in Manual of luHca, p. ;?31. [Ety. proper iiaiiie.J Shell circular, inequivalve, cum- pressed ; ventral valve convex, with a slight longitndinal depression; beak incurved, with auricular expan- sions ; dorsal v.dve concave ; surface smooth ; no a: ?a or deltidium ; valves inarticuliited ; r-sesit^l ridge in linrwii valve ; oimI appendages supported by a I'ist. Til,. N(,i (■p. bv .Moi- Kir. I.8P.] liRACHIOPODA. :.\\i yont. to Am, Ki Km MW.— Ku- Idi'kIiiii pnn- iiiilii. Rn- I H f K «• , and Geo. Sur. W. 100th Mer., vol. 4, p. 3«, Up. Taconic. prospectensis, Walcott, 188'), Monogr. U. 8. (Jeo. Sur. Terr., vol. 8, p. lit, Ui>. Taconic. pterineoides, Matthew, 1885, Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., p. 43, St. John Gr. Kculptilis, Meek, 1878, (Iphideascnlptilis, I t)th Ann. Rep. U. 8. (Jeo. Sur. Terr., p. 470, and Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur. Terr., vol. 8, p. 20, Potsdam Gr. Htissingensis, Dwight, 188S>, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 38, p. 145, Up. Taeonic. whitfieldi, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. 8. Geo. Sur. Terr., vol. 8, p. 18, Up. Ta- conic. Lkiokuvnchus, Hall, 1860, 13tb Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 75. [Ety. leio», smooth ; rhynchos, beak.] Ovate, (iir- cular or transverse, valves unequally convex; mesial fold and sinus, which are plicated ; articulating by teeth and Boekets; apex of ventral valve perfo- rate, two diverging lamellae extend into and join the sides or bottom of the rostral cavity ; muscular impressions oc- cupy a narrow triangular cavity below the dental lamellsu ; median septum in the dorsal valve extending half the length of the shell ; hinge plates, nar- row, strong processes, embraced by the curving teeth of the opposite valve ; sub- stance fibrous. Type L. quadricostatum. dubium, Hall, \m7, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. SM, Marcellus Shale. globuliforme, Vanuxem, 1842, (Atrypa globuliformis,) <»eo. Ml Dist. N. Y., p. 182, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. :M14, Che- mung l. "" r h <>4, and Pal. N. \., vol. turn. rm— I. eUt' y II (■ h us a • 4, p. 302, Chemung Gr. multicosta, Hall, ISOO, 13th Rep. N. V. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 85, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 358, Ham. Gr. mysia. Hall, 1807, Pal. N. Y., v(.l. 4. p. 357, MarceUus Shale. nevadense, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 1.57. Devonian. newberrvi. Hall iV: WhiifieM, 1873, 23d Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 240, Waverly Gr. quadricostatum, Vanuxem, 1842, (Orthis quadricostata,) Geo. 3d Dist. N. V., p. 108, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 357. (ien- csee Slate. sesquiplicatum, Winchell, 18<)0, Rep. Low. Penin. Mich., p. 95, Ham. (ir. sinuatum, Hall, 18()7, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 302, Chemung (ir, Lei't.kna, Dalman, 1827, Kongl. Vet. Acad, llaudl., p. 93. [Ety. hptos, thin.] Shell thin, semicircular, transversely elon- gated, smooth or finely striatetl ; hinge- line straight, ventral valve convex, iis- sure partly covered by a deltidium; beak inconspicuous, sometimes per- forated ; cardinal area narrow ; muscular scars small, not marginal ; adductor scars close to a mesial ridge, while the cardinal scars are on either side; vas- cular impressions radiating; dorsal valve concave ; socket ridges large, car- dinal process small, multifid, connate with their bases; adductor impressions large, produced, elongated, and bor- dered by ridges; area on both valves. Type L. transversalis. altemata, see Strophomena alternata. altemhtriata, see Strophomena alterni- striata. 348. ISRACHlOPOnA. [r.Kp. analoga, see Stroplioinei. analoga. ngpera, James, syn. for L. scricea. hurabuensis, Winchell, 1804, (Orthis bara- biuMiBis,) Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 2d ser., vol. 37, p. 229, and (Jeo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 17i, Potsdam (ir. bipartite, see Stropliomeiia bipartita. cnmernta, see Stropbonmna uamerata. concava. Hall, 1857, lOtb Rep. N. Y. St. Mu8. Nat. Hist., p. 47, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 197, Low. Held. (xr. decipiens, Billings, 1862, Pal. Fos8.,vol. 1, p. 74, Ciueboc; Gr. dfjiectu, see Streptorliync-hus detlectiim. deltoidea, see Strophonnsna deltoidea. depregm, see StropboiiK^na depressa. jasciata, soe Stropbom»!na fasciata. fihtexta, see Striptorhyncbns (ilitextum. fragarin,ByD. fur Prodiictella subaculeata. incrafKuta, see S, ropliomena incrasHata, indenla, see Strophodonta indenta. laticostu, syn. for Tropidoie})tu8 carinatiis. melita. Hail « Whitfield, 1877, U. S. Geo. Expl. 40tb parallel, vol. 4, p. 208, Pots- dam Gr. meii)hranaci'(t, see Prolnctella birsuta. mesacoslii, Shumard, 185'», Geo. Hep. Mo., p. 205, Trenton ( J r. nasuin, see Stroplioiiiena nasuta. nucleata, Hall, isr>7, 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 47, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 419, Oriskany sandstone. obsrura, see Strophomena obscura. orthididea, see Strophomena ortbididea. planoconvexa, see Streptorhynchus ]>lano- convexum. plnunmbmia, see Strcptorhynclius planum- bonum. plicatella, IJlrich, 1879, Jour. Cin. Soo, Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 15, Utica Slate Gr. plicifera, see Strophomena plicifera. profunda, see Stropbodonta profunda, prolongata, Foerste, 1885, IJull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., p. 79, Niagara Gr. punctulifera, see Stropbonella punctulifera. (jHadrilatera, syn. for Strophomena rbom- boidalis. recta, see Streptorhynchus rectum. r^xgom, see Strophomena rugosa. nemiovalia, syn. for L. sericea. sericea, Sowerby, 1839, Murch Sil. Syst., p. 636, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 110, Trenton to Clinton Gr. Fig. 570.— Leptjenn serlceu. Dorsal view, and In- terior of (lorMal valve. sordida, Billings, 1862, Pal. Fobs., vol. 1, p. 73, Quebec Gr. subquadrata, Hall, 1883, Rep. St. Geo!, pi. 46, fig. 32, 33, Low. Held. Gr. xubtenta, see Streptorhynchus subtentum. f'nuilineata, see Strophomena tenuilineata. .enuislriata, see Strophomena tenuistriata. tranversalia, Wahlenberg, "821, (A no- mites transversalis.) Act. ^■oc. Upsal vol. 8, p. 04, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, |,, i). 256, Anticosti and Clinton Gr. obata, see Strophomena trilobata. vicinn, Castelnau, 1843, Syst. Sil., p. :i9. Not recognized. Lki'tokouis, Hall, 1871, 24th Kf p. N. Y. St Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 226. [p:ty. lepUn, minute; Obolm, ii gsnus.] Shell sn, nil, ovate, fragile, semiphosphutic, concen- trically lined; veiUral valve with an , area aud per of the muscular impression toward the middle of the shell; muscular impres- sior. divided by a low median septum ; tiie crura, in theii extension, are uniceii, in a flattened disk, which terminates in an acute point; on the center of the cardinal side a slender process extends downward, and near the junction of tho crura two slender processes extend into the cavity of the ventral valve. Tj;pe L. tlabellites. acutiplicata, Conrad, 1841, (Atrypa acuti- glicata,) Ann. Rep. N, Y., p. 54, and a). N. Y,, vol. 4, p. 365, Vp. Held. (Jr. co.icava, see Coelospira concava. dicholoma, see Ctelospira dichotoma. disparilix, see Coilospira disparilis. •imbriata, Hall, 1859, Pal. I N. Y., vol. 3, p. 451,' Oriskany sandstone. flabellites, Conrad, 1841, fio. 57i. - ij'pto- (Atrypa flabellites,) coeiiu fliibeiiiie.s. Ann. Rep. N. Y., p. 55, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 449, Oris- kany sandstone. MN] h liRACHlOPODA. 349 i'lnispherica, Sowerby, 1839, (itrypa liemiapherira,) Murch. Sil. Syst., p. 639, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 74, Clin- ton Gr. imhricatn, see Trematospira imbricata. intermedia, HnW, 1860, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 5, p. 144, Up. Sil. |ilanoconvexa. Hall, 1852, ( Atrypa plano- convexa,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 75, Clin- ton (Jr. pinpriit, Hall, syn. for L. ttabellites. LisouLA, Brujtuiere, 1792, Ent-yi'. Meth., tab. 250. [Ety. lingula, a little tongue.] Shell obloitg or ovoid, (lopressed, thin, gaping lit each end, rounded or aiibtruncate in front, pointed at the beakB, (^nnsisting of alternate lihrous, corneous, and tu- bular testaceous, phos- phatio laminae; valves convex, held together by the action of muscles, beak of ventral valve more pointed and promi- nent than tbe other; surface smooth or con- centrically lined ; pt- (luncle long, thick, cylin- alveata. Hall, 1863, 16th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 23, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 12, Ham. Gr. ampla, Owen, 1852, Geo. Sur. Wis., Iowa, and Minn., p. 583, Potsdam Gr. antiqua, Emmons, 1842, Geo. Rep. N. Y., p. 238, and Pal. N. Y,, vol. 1, p. 3, Pots- dam Gr. antiquata, Emmons, 1856, Am. Geol., p. 202, Pot8/5, central protractors; n; on/l fhirtoon in fho a«**rlor I'etfactors ; r, posterior retractors ; 0, capsiile Of pedicel ; aiiu iiiiiircii 111 uitj n, visceral sheath : o, n>sophas!iis ; .^ stoinach : /, liver: c, vent ; ventral, valve. Type L. h, auricles, etc. aiiatina. No Pafa-ozoic shell is positively known to agree with this genus in its muscular impressions, and probably none belong to it. Many referred to it belong to Lingulella, others to Lingulepis, and others, may be, to undefined genera. The external appearance, however, resembles Lin- gnla, and for want of material to distin- guish internal characters, thev are left, provisionally, where the authors of the si)ecie8 left them, acuminata, Conrad, 1839, Ann. Rep. N. Y., p. 64, Caleif. Gr. Tio. 'iTL'.— LInguIa acuminata. Various forms; 0, h, c, and e are ventral valves ; d, rtorsal ; and /ami g are young shells. acutangula, Roemer, 1852, Kreid. von Texas, p. 90, Silurian, aciitirostra, Hall, 1843, Geo. Rep. 4th Dist. N. Y., p. 77, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. .')6, Clinton Gr. leipialis. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. !•"), Trenton Gr. albapinensis, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. (ieo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 108, Devonian. attenitiitit, Sowerby. The fossil referred by Hall to this species is described by Billings under the name of L. daphne. idirorn, see Lingulella aurora, belli, Billings, 1859, Can. Nat. Geo., vol. 4, p. 431, Chazy Gr. bicarinnta, Ringueberg, 1884, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 149, Niagara Gr. Not de- fined so as to be recognized, billingsana, Whiteaves, 1878, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 16, p. 226, St. John's Gr. bisulcata, Ulrich, 1889, Am. Geol., vol. 3, j). 380, Utica Slate, briseis, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 48, Trenton Gr. calumet, N. H. W.nchell, 1886. 13tli Ann. Rep. Geo. Sur. Minn., p. 65, Taconic. Probably an Obolella. canaden.sis, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 114, Hud. Kiv. Gr. carbonaria, Shumard, 1858, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 215, Coal Meas. centrilineata. Hall. 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 1.55, Low. Held. Gr. ceryx. Hall, 1863, 16th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 19, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 5, Schoharie grit, dintoni, Vanuxem, 1842, (ieo. Rep. N.Y., p. 79, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. .54, Clin- ton Gr. cobourgensis. Hillings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 50, Trenton Gr. ■. . I 350 BRACHIOPODA. ['.IN. |i 'I complanata, Williams, 1882, Proc. A. A. A. S., vol. 30, p. 188, Chemung Gr. concentrica, Conrafi, 1839, Ann. Rep. N. Y., p. 64, and Geo. Rep. 3d Dist. N. Y., p. 168, Genesee Slate, covingtnnensis. Hall & Whitfield, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 67, Utica Sbte. craasa. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 98, Trenton Gr. crdirfordnvillensis, Gnrlcy, 1883, New Garb. Foss., p. 2, Keokuk Gr. The publica- tion is not such aa to entitle it to recog- nition. cimeatd, see Lingulella cuneata. curta, Conrad, 1842, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 266, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 97, f'tica Slate, (iuyahoga, Hall, 1863, 16tli Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nut. Hist., p. 24, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 15, Waverly Gr, cyane, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 216, Quebec Gr. diiphne, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 50, Trenton Gr. See L. attenuata. dawsoni, Mathew, 1884, Bull. V. 8. Geo. Sur., vol. 2, p. 283, St. John Gr. della. Hall, 1863, 16th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 22, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 12, Ham. Gr. densa. Hall, 1863, 16th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Mist., p. 22, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 11, Ham. Gr. desiderata, Hull, 1863, 16th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 19, and Pal. N. Y., vol. I, p. 6, Tp. Held. Gr. elderi, WhiiHcId, 1880, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 19, )>. 472, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 345, Trenton Gr. ekgantula, svn. for Lingula (luadrata. elliptica, Hull, 1843, Geo. Rep. 4th Dist. N. Y. The name was preoccupied by Phillips in 1836. See L. subelliptica. elliptica, Kmmons, 1856, Am. Geol. The name was preoccupied, elongata. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vftl. 1, p. 97, Trenton Gr. exilis, Hall, 1860, 13th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 77. and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 7, Murcellus Shale, eva, Billings, 1861, Can. Nat. Geo., vol. 6, p. 150, Black Riv. Gr. forbesi, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 115, Hud. Riv. and Mid. Sil. Grs. gibbosa, Hull, 1879, Desc. New Spec. Foss., p. 13, und 11th Rep. Geo. and Nat. Hist. Ind., p. 284, Niagara Gr. halli. White, 1862, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, p. 8, Burlington Gr. Imrlbuti, Winchell, 1880, Geo. Sur. Minn., 8th Rej)., p. 62, Galena Gr. huronensis, Billings, 1859, Can. Nat. . N. Y., p. 399, Utica Slate, ririniformis. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 95, Trenton (Jr. scotiea, Davidson, 1860, Moiiogr. Scot. Carb. Brach., j). 62, Waverly (Jr. HCdtira vur. inhrankeiMis, see L. nebrjis- kensis spathata, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 157, Ix)W. Held. (Jr. spatiosa. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3. p. 158, Low. Held. (Jr. spatulata, Vanuxem, 1842, Geo. Rep. 3d Dist. N. Y., p. 168. and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 13, Genesee slate. i'toneana, Whitfield, 1882, (Jeo. Wis , vol. 4, p. 344, Potsdam Gr. (Striata, Emmons, 1856, Am. Geol., p. 112, Up. Taconic. snbelliptica, D'Orbigny, 1850, Prodr. d. I'aleont., t. 1, p. 34, Clinton Gr. Pro- posed instead of L. elliptica, Hall, in 1843, Geo. Rep. 4th Dist. N. Y.. p. 77. tiiboblongu, D'Orbigny, syn. for L. cli-toni. Bohspatulata, Meek & Worthen, If ^w, (Jeo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 437, Ham. (',-. thedfordensis, Whiteavee, 1887, Cont. to Can. Pal., vol. 1, p. Ill, Har . (Jr. trentonensis, Conrad, 1842, ,' jur. Ac^id. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 266. Trei.ton Gr. triquetra, Clarke, 1885, . ili. U, S. Geo. Sur., vol. 16, p. 62, Portage Gr. nmbonata, Cox, 1857, ( Jeo. Sur. Kv.,vol. 3, p. 576, Coal Meas. vanhorni, S. A. Miller, 1875, Cin. tiuar. Jour. Sci., vol. 2, p. 9, Hud. Riv. Gr. varsoviensis, Worthen, p,,, --^ , .„„,,i,, 1884. Bull. No. 2 111! ^"\a;;,M,n'!r"'" St. MiiB. Nat Hist., p. 24, and (Jeo. Sur. 111., vol. H, p. 104, War- saw Gr. whitii, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. (Jeo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 109, Devonian. whitfieldi, Uliich, 1889, Am. Geol, vol. 3, p. 381, Utica Slate. winona. Hall, 1863, 18th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 126, Potsdam (Jr. LiN(iui.Ei-ASMA, Ulricli, 1889, Am. Geol., vol. 3, p. 383. [Ety. />jno«ia,agenus; rhisma, plate.] Form and composition like Lingula ; pedicle valve with slightly projecting beak, faintly arched delti1, ,'CiiiirionelIa circe,) Can. Jour., vol. 6, p. 273, Up. Held. , Up. Held, ami Ham. (ir. Mkristina, Hall, 1867, 20th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. IIi8t.,p. 186, and Pal. N. V., vol. 4j p. 299. [Ety. Merista, a genus , inus, implying resemblance.] General form like Meristella ; apex perforatcil ; lamellfle of the spires united by a sim- ple loop ; Bpirals oval, and each con- tains about nine convolutions; tin- two principal siems attach to the hini;e plate and extend into the interior lic- tween the spirals, where they bend backward and give forth converging lamellte, which cross between the Bi)irals to the ventral side, where they unite in an angular point. Type M. nitida. I nitida. Hall, 1843, (Atrypa nitida,) (ieo. Rep. 4th Dist. N. Y., pi. 14, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 268, Niagara (Jr. nitida var. oblata, Hall, 1852, (Atrypa nitida var. oblata,) fig. rxM. — Meristnm Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. nltldu. Dorsal 269, Niagara Gr. view. MoNOMBKKLLA, BilHugs, 1871, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 6, p. 220. [Ety. monoK, one; meros, a part ; ella, diminutive termina- tion.] Shell thick, circular or trans- versely oval in its marginal outline; umbo of the pedicle, valve large, pro- jecting, double-chambered ; area and deltidium large; hinge thick, elevated, ledge-shaped, concave in the middle portion ; cardinal facet a wall-like space behind the ledge or flat of the hinge; cardinal buttress strong, la- melliform ; platform fiat, slightly ele- vated, widest, highest, and obtusely angulated in front; umbo of the brachial valve rounded ; hinge moder- ately thick; platform trilobed; usually with a thin margin. Type M. jTisea. newbei i yi, Hall .^ Whitfield, 1875,Ohi(i, Pal., vol. 2, p. i;il. Niagara Gr. orbiculari s, Billings. 1871, Can. Nat., vol. (i, p. 2i'0, (iuelphiir. ovata, Whiteaves, 1884, Pal. Fobs., vol. 3, p. 5, Guelph Gr. ovata var. lata, Whiteaves, 1884,* I'al. Fobs., vol. 3, p. 6, Guelph Gr. priBca, Billings, 1871, Can. Nat. and (leol., vol. 6, p. 220, Guelph Gr. Fig. ."ViS.— Monomerella priscu. NIC— OHO.] BRACHIOPODA. 355 Nik i,K08PiRA, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 219. [Ety. nucleus, kernel ; speira, Hpire.] Shell spheroidal, or trans- versely elliptical, more or leas gibbous, :ind furnished with spires as in Spirif- era ; hinge-line short, cardinal ex- tremities rounded, valves subequal, ar- ticulating by teeth and sockets ; surface smooth, structure punctate and cov- ered with minute hair-like spines ; ventral valve having the beak ex- tended, with a triangular depression honeath, on each side of which at the 1)880 is a strong tooth, a narrow septum from beak to base ; dorsa.1 valve with spatulate cardinal procesi, which bends upward into the cavity of the opposite beak ; from the sides of this process the brachial processes originate, which support the spires; muscular imprints confined to a narrow oval space. Type N. ventricosa. ^^gmi^ barrisi, White, 1860. Bost. .^Sr Mk. Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, ^Hflm p. 227, Kinderhook Gr. ^^^^^^ concentrlca. Hall, 1H59, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 223. Low. Held. (ir. concinna. Hall, 1843, ( Atrypa concinna, ) ( ieo. 4th Dist. N. Y., p. 200, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 279, Hamilton Gr. elegans, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 222, liOW. Held. Gr. pisiformis. Hall. 1859, (Orthis pisum, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2,) Pal. N. Y., vol. :\ p. 218, Niagara Gr. rotundata, Whitfield, 1882, Desc. New Spe. 339, (Lin- gula polita,) Potsdam Gr. pretiosa, Billings, 18()2, Pal. Foss., vol. 1. p. 68, Quebec Gr. transversa, see Linnarssonia transversa. Obolellina, Billings. Dec, 1871, Can. Nat., vol. 6, p, 220, syn. for Dinobolus. canadensis, see Dinobolus canadensis. galtensis, see Dinobolus galtensis. magnifica, see Dinobolus magnifieus. Obolus, Kichwald, 1829, Zoologia Speciulis, vol. 1, p. 274. [Ety. obolus, a small coin.] Shell orbicular, equilateral, transverse or elongated, depressed ; valves not articulated ; larger valve most convex, beak obtuse or pointed, wide flattened cardinal edge or false area, over which the concentric lines of sur- face growth pass uninterruptedly ; car- dinal edge grooved longitudinally by a semicylindrical furrow ; smaller valve shorter, slightly convex, without prom- inent beak ; hinge-line an arch ; cardinal edge flattened, horizontally striated ; sur- face smooth or havingminute undulating wrinkles ; interior of larger valve with a mesial ridge, on each side of wliicli are two oval muscular scars, one pair near the cardinal angles, the other toward the center of the valve beyond the mesial ridge ; structure calcareo- corneous. Type O. apollinis. 866 BRACHIOPODA. [orb.- our. Fia. 58)).— ObolUH iipolli- nlH. 6, Doi'Hiil viilve: a, interior of ventral viilve. |t 1 cuiKidermn, see Dinobolus canadensis. conradi, see Dinobolus uonradi. galteruiH, see Tri- merellu galten- sis. lahradoricuif, see Kutorgina lab- radorica. (?) murrayi, Bill- ings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. :{62, Quebec (Jr. or Up. Tuconic. I>ectinoides, Whitfield, 1«76, Ludlow's Rep. Black Hills of Dakota, p. 103, Up. Taconic. Orhimla, Cuvier, 1808, Tabe. Elem. d'Hist. Nat., p. 435, syn. for Crania. cxlata, see Lingulella cii'lata. canceUata, see Trematis cancellata. corrtigata, see Crania corrugata. crn»»a, see Obolella crassa. deformnla, see Crania deformata. eccentrica, see Crunia eccentrica. filota, see Schizocrania filosa. grandia, see Discina grandis. lamelloBa,aee Discina laraellosa. lodensU, see Discina lodensis. mimita, see Discina minuta. nitida, see Discina nitida. prima, see Crania prinaa. squamiformia, see Phoiidops squamiformis. mibtruncata, see Piiolidops subtruncatus. tenuilamellata, see, Discina tenuilamellata. terminalia, see Trematis terminalis. tnincata, see Crania truncata. Orbiculoidea, D'Orbigny, 1847, Comptes rend US de I'Acad^raie des Sciences, and Prodr. de Paleont., t, 1, p. 44. [Ety. Orhiimla, a genus; oides, like.] Subor- bicular, patelliform, longitudinally or transversely oval, upper valve convex, with vertex near the posterior margin ; lower valve conical or concave ; no pedicle disk ; a narrow oval or circular aperture, more or less confined in its shape, is situated in a furrow or depres- sion. Type O. elliptica. conica, Dwight, 1880, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d sen, vol. 19, p. 452, Tren- ton Gr. Obthih, Dalman, 1827, Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl., p. 93. [Ety. orthoa, straight, in allusion to the straight hinge-line.] Shell variable in form, hinge-line straight; valves convex or plano-con- vex, plicated, with or without mesial fold and sinus ; cardinal area notched in the center; ventral valve with two prominent diverging teeth, muscular impression saucer-shaped, divided by a median septum on which the central adductor attached ; divaricator and ped- icle impressions, lateral, fan-like ; dor- sal valve with a tooth-like, cardinal process between two curved brachial processes; adductor impression quad- ruple; vascular impressions numerous, spreading ; no coiled spiral arms. Type O. zonata and O. callactis. acuminata, Billingf>, 1859, Can. Nat, (.lo., vol. 4, p. 440, Chazy Gr. acutilirata, Conrad, 1842, (Delthyrism mi. lirata,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. s u 2()0, Hud. Riv, (Jr. aciitiloba, Ringueberg, 1888, Proc. .\(iii| Nat. «ci. Phil., p. 134, Niagara Gr. sequivalvis. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., v.. I l p. 12? Trenton (Jr. w(]uivalva, Shaler. The name was (uf o(!cupied. lequivalvia, Hall, see Orthia eryna. alala, Shnler. The name was preocciiiiicii. alsus. Hall, 1863, 16th Rep. N. Y St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 33, Schoharie jjrit. alternana, Castelnau, 1843, Syst. Sil., p. 38. Not recognized, amuina, Winchell, 1880, Geo. Sur. Minn. 8th Rep., p. (J5, Hud. Riv. Gr. anticoatiemia, syn. for Ortliis porcata. apicalis. Billings, 1865, Pal. Fobs., v, Hud. Riv. (ir. (irculu8,Hall, 1843, radoen»i», Meek, 1870, see O. desmo- pleura. coiicinna. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 172, Low. Held. Gr. conradi, Castelnau, 1843, Syst. Sil. p. 37. Not recognized. ronradi, Winchell, 1880, Geo. Sur. Minn. 8th Rep., p. 68, Hud. River. Gr. cooperensis, Swallow, 1863, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 82, War- sew Gr. corinna, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, [). 302, Quebec Gr. coHtalis, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 20, Chazy Gr. eostata, Hall, 1845. This name was preoc- cupied by Sowerby in 1839. See O. cinclnnatiensis. craitm, James, 1874. Cin. Quar. Jour. Sci., vol. 1, p. 20. The name was preoccupied by Lindstrom in 1860. See O. centrosa. crispata, Emmons, 1842, Geo. Rep. N. Y., p. 404, Trenton Gr. cumberlandia, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 0, p. 481, Oriskany sandstone, cuneata, Owen, 1852, . 121, Hud. Riv. Gr. emacorata. Mall, 1860, 13th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat.Hi.st.,p. 121, Hud. Riv.C-r. emarginata, see Orthis oblata var. emargi- nata. eminens. Hall, 1857, 10th Uei). N. Y'. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 42, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 167, Low. Held. (ir. erratica, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y.,vol. 1, p. 288, Hud. Riv. iir. eryna. Hall, 1863, (Corrigenda eryna,) 16th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. .35, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 42, Cor- nif. Gr. Named instead of 0. iiquival- vis in 10th Rep., p. 102. eudocia, killings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 83, Quebec Gr. eurekensip, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 22, Up. Taconic. euryone, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 78, Quebec Gr. evadne, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 81, (Juebec (ir. fasciata. Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 255, Niagara Gr. fausta, Foerste, 1885, Bull. Sci. Lab. Deni- son Univ., p. 85, Niagara (ir. fissicosta. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 121, Mud. Riv. Gr. fissiplica, Roemer, 1860, Sil. Fauna West Tenn., p. 64, Niagara (ir. flabellum, Sowerby, 1839, in Murch. Sil. Syst., p. ()39, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 254, Niagara Gr. flava, Winchell, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 117, Marshall Gr. gemmicula, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 75, (iuebec (ir. gibbosa, Billings, 1857, Rep. of Progr. Geo. Sur. Can., p. 296, Black Riv. Gr. hamburgensis, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 73, Chazy Gr. i 1 V HKACHIOPODA. [OHT. It -i |i i I I 11 I hiKhlandenHis, Walcott, I8HA, Bull. U. S. Geo. 8ur., No. 30, p. 119, Upper Ta- conic. hipparionyx, syn. for O. proximiiB. hippolyte, Billings, 18n2, Ful. Fobs., vol. 1, p. 81, Quebec pk, 1873, Pal. Ohio, vol. 1, p. 116, Hud. Riv. Gr. laurentina, Billings, 1857, Rep. of Geo. Sur. Can., p. 297, Mid. Sil., Anticosti Gr., Div. 1. lenticutaris, Vanuxem, 1842, Geo. Rep. ',\d Dist. N. Y., p. 139. The name was pre- occupied by Wahlenberg in 1821. See O. eboracensis. leonenBis, Hall, 1867, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 62, Chemung Gr. lepida. Hall, 1860, 13th Rep. N. Y. St. MuB. Nat. Hist., p. 78, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 46, Ham. Gr. lepis, as identified by d'Archiac & Ver- neuil. Not American, leptienoides, Emmons, 1842, Geo. Rep. N. Y., p. .396, Trenton Gr. leucoBia, Hall, 1860, 13th Rep. N. Y. St. Mas. Nat. Hist., p. 80, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 48, Ham. Gr. limitarif, Hee Jjeiorhyncbus limitare. livia, Billings, 1860, Can. Jour. Ind., Si and Art, vol. 6, p. 267, Up. Held. (. lonenHiH, Walcott, 1886, Monogr. V S Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 74, Trenton Gr. lucia, Billings, 1874, Pal. Fobs., vol. l' p, 35, (iaspe Limestone No. 8, Devonian, lynx, Kicliwald, 18:{0, (Terebratula Ivhx.i Nat. Skizze von I'odol., p. 202, and I'al N. Y., vol. I, p. 133, Trenton and I hid Riv. QtA. maria, Billings, 1862, Pal. Fobs., vol. I. n 137, Anticosti Gr.. Div. 1, Mid. Sil. macfarlanii, Moek, 1868, Trans. Chi. Acad Sci , vol. I, p. 88, Mam. Gr. macleodi, Whitfield, 1889, Bull. Am. Muh Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 43, Cal.if.r ous Gr. m'dia, Slialer, 1865, Bull. No. 4, M. ('. Z, p. 66, Anticosti Gr. This is proLnhly only a variety of 0. elegantula. media, Winchell, 1880, Geo. Sur. Minn 8th Rep., p. 64, Hud. Riv. Gr. Tlic name was preoccupied, meeki, 8. A. Miller, 1875, Cin. Qimr. Jour. Sci., vol. 2, p. 20, Hud. Riv. (ir. A varietur of O. testudinaria. merope, Billings, 1862, Pal. Fobs., vol. l, p. 139, Trenton Gr. michelini. (Terebratula michelini.) L'Eveille, 1835, Mem. Soc. Geol. Friim c. vol. 2, p. 39, Subcarboniferoufl. michelini vur. burlingt nensis. Hall, IS.'iH, Goo. Rpj). Iowa, p. 596, Burlington (4r. minna, Billingu, 1865, Pal. Fobs., vol. 1 p. 303, Quebec Gr. minneapolis, Winchell, 1880, Geo. Sur Minn., 8th Rep., p. 63, Hud. Riv. Gr. miBsouriensis, Sliiimard, 1855, Geo. Rep. Mo., p. 205, Up. Sil. migsouriensis, Swallow, 1860, |,^,g gy, ,,j. Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci . i his i v n .\ This name was preoc- cupied, mitis. Hall, 186:{, 16th R"p. N. Y. St. Mu.,. Nat. Hist harie grit. morrmverwiit, James, not defined so hh tn be recognized, multisecta, Meek, 1873, Ohio Pal., vol, I. p. 112, Hud. Riv. Gr. multistriata. Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 45, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 176, Low. Held. Gr. muBCulosa, Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y.St. MuB. Nat. HJBt., p. 43, Orinkany sand- stone, mycale, Billings, 1862, Pal. loss., vol. 1, p. 82, Quebec Gr. niBis, Hall & Whitfield, 1872, 24th kep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 181, Mafr- ara Gr. nucUut, Hall, syn. for Ambocoelia mn- bonata. oblata, Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y. Si. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 41, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 162, Low. Held. Gr. Siniill Trill. ton N|ii'ci- meii. p. 34, Schci- OKT,] /ik/lCHIOPODA. 369 )OCCBlia mil- obluta var. emarginata, flail, 1H5(>, I'al. N. Y,, vol. \ p. 1«4, Ix)w. Hel name of OrtliiH carbonaria. pecien, as identified by d'Archiac Jfi Ver- neuil. Not American, nectinella, Emmons, 1842, Geo. 8ur. 2d Dist. N. Y., p. 394, and Pal. N. Y., vol, 1, p. 12;J, Trenton Gr. pedintUa var. hemiovaliit, Hall, 1H47, Pal. N. Y.J vol. 1, I). 124, Trenton (ir. Notdis- tinguishable from tbe tyi>e BpecjpH. I.cdunculariB, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. ;<, p. 174, Low. Held. Gr. peloris, Hall, 1863, IBtli \i('i>. N. Y. St. MuB. Nat. Hist., p. 32, Schoharie grit, penelope, Hall, 1800, 13th Rep. N. Y. Ht. Mus. Nat. Hist., p, 70. and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p, 60, Ham, (ir. peoina, Hall, 1863, 16th Rep. N. Y, 8t, MuB. Nat. Hist., p, 136, PotHdam Gr, pereleganp, Hall, 1857, 10th Kep, N. Y. St. MuB. Nat, Hist., p. 44, and Pal. N. Y., vol 3, p. 171, Low. Held. u Mkenidium pyratnidale. quacoeuHlH, Matthew, 1886, Tranr*. Roy. Hoc. ('an., p. 13, St. John (ir. quadrici)$Uitti, Hei* lieiorhynchiiH <|iiadn- coHtaliim. remnicha, Winchell, 1886, I Ith Ann. I^ep. (Jeo. Minn., p. 317, PotHdam Or. resuttinata, Martin, 1809, Petref. D«'rb,, tab. 49, tlgH. 13 and 14, Snbcarb. resupinoideH, Cox, 1857, Geo. 8ur. Kv., vol. 3, p. 570, Coal MeaH. retrorea, Salter. 1858, Mem, (ieo, Sur, ol (it. Urit., vol. 2, p. :i73, Trenton and find. Riv. Grs. rhynchonelliformiH, Shaler, 1865, Bull. No. 4, M. C. Z., p. 66, AntiroMti (ir. richmmiili, McClu'Mn»*y, 1860, New. Pal, FoKH., p. 32, Hyn. for Strepturhynchna craflHurn. rohiiHla, Hall, 1858, (ieo. Ri'p. Iowa, ji. 71.'J, Byn. for 8tn-ptorhvnchuM craHsuui. rugiplirata, Hall & Whittiehl, 1872, 24tli Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat, Hist, p. 182, Niagara Gr, ruida. Hillings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Fohm. Antic, p. 42, AnticoBti Gr, BalemensiB, Walcott, 1887, Am, Jonr. 8ci, and Arts, 3d Ber,, vol. 14, p, 190, Up. Taconiv!. sandborgi, Wincrhell, 1886, 14th Ann. Rep. (ieo, Minn., \>. 318, PotB7, nurlinfjtoii (Jr. tenuidena. Hall, 1S5L', Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. .W, Clinton «ir. tnuiintriiita, Hall, 1S4;{, (Jeo. Uep. 4th DJHt. N. Y., p. 244, PortaK« Gr. The name waH preoc(;upit', Riv. (Jr. tritonia, Hillings, 1862, Pal. Fohb., vol. I, p. 7(\. Quebec (ir. tubulostriata. Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 42, and Pal. N. Y., vol. :}, p. 1()(), Low. Held. Gr. tulliensis, Venuxeni. 184.'}, Geo. Rep. 3d Dist. N. Y., p. 1(W, and Pal. N. V., vol. 4, p. 55, Tulfy lime.stone. uberis, BillingH, 1866, Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 42, Anticosti Gr. umbonatd, see Ambocu-lia unibonata. umhraculiim, DeKoninck, see Orthis keo- kuk and Streptorhynchus umbraculum. ungniciiliix, Phillips, as identified by Hall in 1843, see Ainboco'lia gregaria. imgiiiformis, Castlenau, 1843, ."^yst. .Sil., p. 37, syn. for Orthis hipparionyx. vanuxenti. Hall, 18,57, 10 Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 135, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 47, Ham. Gr. ranuxemi, Winchell, 18()2, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 6, 2d ser., j). 409, Portage Gr. The name was preoccupied, varica, Conrad, 1842, (Delthyris varica,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci.. vol. 8, p. 262, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 179, Low. Held. Gr. (jRTHisiNA, D'Orbigny, 1850, Prodr. d. Pal., vol. 1, p. 16. [Ety. Orthis, a genus ; inu8, implying resemblance to] External characters of Orthis, but the triangular pit in the cardinal area of the ventral valve is closed by a cicatrix with an oval perforation near the apex; interior of ventral valve with two broad, d»-i lamellte bordering the cardinal pit, ii converging to • mt^sial line at the surface of tho sli<>ll ; in- ^^MllftW' X% terior of dorsal ^ffggir •^/>»frrn><" valve with a Kiu. ,iu.s.-()riiiiHiii» un.h i. trilid roBtr«l '"V" normil uii, Swallow, 1858, syn. Meekella striatorostata. occidentalis, Swallow. 18(i3, TraiiH Louis Acad. .Sci., vol. 2, p. 82, Ip. ( ii;i| Meas. orientalis, Whitfield, 18,s4, Hull. Am. Mim. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 139, Georgia Gr. shumurdana, Swallow, 1858, TranH. St Louis Acad. Sci., p. 1S3, Permian ver- neuili,) Urwelt Russie, vol. 2, p. iil, Trenton and Anticosti Gr. Pentagonia. Cozzens, 1H46, Ann. N. Y. I.y ceum, vol. 4, p. 1.58. [Ety. pmle, livi"; funhi, an angle.] TIiIh genus seems in lave been founded upon Ci>nrail.s Atrvpa unisulcata, which is now rel'erreil to Meristella. The genus is not reccij;- nized by authors. peersi, Cozzens, 1846, Ann. N. Y. Ly- ceum, vol. 4, p. 1.58, syn. for MerLsttlhi unisulcata. f.; St. Fig. 51(4. — Pentttiiierelln aratH. Dorsal vii'w Pbntamkhella, Hall, 1867, Pal. N. Y., vol, 4, p. 375. [Ety. diminutive of I'fidn- I'KN.] liRACmorODA. :mi >ntr»t.'\ Ventral viilvo ^ibhouH, Ix^ak Incurvetl, lUsure triunKnIur, nn-a nar- niw, iiu'Hial HiiiUM; in th«< interior an vIonKate, Bpoiin-Hhu|ieil pit, tli«* upper part 8ii|)porte(l on a central Heptnni ; ilorHrtl viilvo (;.>nvi'X, ineHial fold ; crura conjoinecl at their baneM, niakint; a V-Hliapt-il pit. which iH attached to the valvo in itH upper part, and continiicH HeHNilu for about half the length of the Hhell ; Hurface plicated. Type P. arata. aratH, Conratl, IH*1, (Atry|)a arata and .\t- rypa octo-coH- tat^,) Ann. Kep. N. Y., p. T)'), and I'al. N. Y., vol. 4, j). ;t7."), Schoharie trrit and Up. Held. 0, (Spirifer du- l)iu8,) llJth liep. N. Y. St. Hum. Cir. N. Y., vol. 4, p. — i'cnlanierellft Hide vli'w. )orsal view. Mu8. Nat. Hist., p. 90, micula, Hall, 1H()7, I'al. 378, Ham. (Jr. obsoleaceuH, Hall, l.H»i7, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 371t, Devonian. papilionensis. Hall, 1858, (Pentainerus papilionensis,) Geo, Rep. Iowa, vol. I, pt. 2, p. ")14, Ham. :!!, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 278. Niag- ara (ir. chicagociiHiK, VVinclicil i*ic .Maicy, ls«i'), Mem. MoHt. Soc. Nat. Mist., p. 04, Niag- ara (ir. comis, Owen, I8,")2, (Atrvpa comls,) (ifo. Sur. Wis., Iowa anil Minn., p. 58;<, Ham. (ir. coppingeri, Ktheridge, ls7s. (.^iiar. .lour, (ieo. Sm:, vol. 114, p. oO:!, I p. Silurian. craxnirndidliix, McCheHiicy, iStil.Ncw Pal. Foss., p. 87, Niagara (ir. Nut iecr)gnized. deshnytKi, CaKtelnan, 184.'?, Syst. Sil., p. I'>8. Not recognized. Probably syn. " Amphigenia elongata. elo)iii, Monogr. U. S. Sur., vol. 8, p. 161, Devonian, multicostatus, Hall, 1861, Rep. of Progr. Wis. Sur., p. 1, Niagara (ir. nucleus, Hall t'fe Whitfield, 1872, 24th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 200, Niagara Gr. syn. >r for Fio. fiOO.— Pentaiiiorus kiilKtiti. :{. p. Geo. 862 HRACHfOPODA. [P»0 J'K. nysiiiH, Hall «& Whitfield, 1872, 24th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 184, Niag- ara (ir. There are two varietieH, one having coarse and the other finer radii. These are designated P. nysius var. crassicostus and P. nysiiis var. tenuicostus. obloiigus, Sowerby, 18:19, Murch. Sil. Svst., p. 641, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. V9, Ciir.ton and Niagara (ir. oblongus var. cylindricus. Hall & Whit- field, 1872, 24th Kep. N. Y. St. Miis. Nat. Hist., p. 183, Niagara Gr. occidentalis. Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 341, Guelph Gr. occidentalis, see Gypidula occidentalis. ovalis, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 103, Clinton Gr. papUhnensis, see Pentainerella papilion- ensis pergibbosus, Hall & Whitfield, 187."), Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 139, Niagara (Jr. peeovis, Whitfield, 1882, Desc. New Spec. Foss., from Ohio, p. 195, Low. Held. Gr. pseudogaleatiis, Hall, 1857, 10th. Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 106. and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 259, Low. Held. Gr. reverius, see Anastrophia revcrsa. salinensis, Swallow, 1860, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol, 1, p. 662, Devonian. aiinilior, Winchell & Marcy, 1865, (Spirif- era similior,) Mem. Bost, Snc. Nat. Hist., p. 93, Niagara (ir. subglobosus. Meek & Worthen, 1868, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 429, Harn. Gr. trisinuatus, McChes linguloides. Hall, 1867, Pal. N. Y., vol. ». p. 414, Ham. (Jr. oblata, Hall, 1867, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, ;, 414, Ham. (ir. ovalis. Hall, 1863, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 209, Niu<»ara Gr. ovata. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. .{. „. 4m, Low. Held. Gr. quadrangu'iaris, Walcott, 1885, Mohol-i. U.S.(jeo. Wur., vol. 8, p. 114, Uevoniim, squamiformis Hall, 1843, (Orbicula H(|"u- miformis,) Geo. Rep. 4th Dist. N. V., p. 108, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. Jii), Niagara Gr. Hubtruncata, Hall, 1847, (Orbicula suh truncata,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. l'.iO, Hud. Riv. Gr. terrainalis, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. :!, p. 490, Oriskany sandstone, trentonensis. Hall, 1866, 24th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 221, Trenton dr. Plaiyotrvphia, King, syn. for Orthis. regularh, syn. for Orthis lynx. I'lectamboniteit area, syn. for Leptiena traiiH- versalis. glabra, syn. for Leptajna sericea. ("oeia, syn. for Lepta;na transversal iH. Plicatula, Lamarck, 1809. Not Paheozoic striatocoatata, see Meekella striatoeostuta. PoRAMiiONiTEs, Pander, 1830, Beitrage ziir (ieog. ties RuBHichen Reiches, p. !•!». ney, 1861, Desc. New f"'0' 5H8.—Forainboulte8 uttawenHis. ti, b, e, d, Different viewH; e, iu- Pfll FnsH n Sfi terior of ventral valve; /, interior of dorsal valve; g, HliowlnK oiitl Pal. Foss., p. 86, arms. Niagara Gr. ventricosus, Hall, 1861, Rep. Progr. Wis. Sur., p. 2, and 20th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 374, Niagara Gr. vemeuiU, see Anastrophia verneuili. Phoudops, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 489. [Ety. pholL% phoHdoa, a scale.] Small, thin, subelliptical, inequivalve ; apex excentric, foramen in front of the apex of the ventral valve ; surlace marked by concentric lamelli£ of growth ; dorsal valve marked with bilobed muscular impressions. Type P. squamiformis. arenaria. Hall, 1867, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 413, OrJskany sandstone, arnolata. Hall, 1863, 16th Rep. N. Y. Mns. Nat. Hist., p. 31, Schoharie grit, bellula, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 113, De- vonian, cincinnatiensis, Hall, 1872, 24th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., pi. 7, fig. 10, Hud. Riv. Gr. hamiltoniio. Hall, 1860, 13th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 92, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 32, Ham. (Jr. Via. 507.— Pho- UdopH cin- oinnatiensis. [Ety. poros, opening; ambon, uniboni'.] Subglobose, depressed, dorsal valve the larger, beaks obtuse, subequal, wpu- rated by a small cardinal area in each valve; foramen in each valve small, triangular, reaching the hinge-line; two long, slightly diverging dental la- mellic in each valve, those of the ven- tral valve closer together; surface coarsely punctured in lines. Type I'. 8B(juiro8tris. deniatim, see Orthis dentata. obscurus. Hall & Whitfield, 1877, U. S. (ieo. Expl. 40th parallel, vol. 4, p. '2'M, Quebec (ir. ottawensis, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 140, Black Riv. Gr. Productklla, Hall, ^S67, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 153. [Sig. diminutive of Prodtidun.] Shells having the general form of IVo- ductus, but with a narrow area on each valve, a foramen or callosity on the ventral area, small teeth, and more or less distinct teet.'. crockets. Type I'. subaculeata. arctirostrata. Hall, 1867, (Productus arcti- rostratus,) 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Miw. PK') 1 BRACHIOPODA. 363 Nat. riiet, p. 177, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 182, Chemung Gr. Iiialveata, Hall, 1867, Tal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 183, Chemung Gr. hoydi, Hall, 1857, (Productus boydii,) 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mas. Nat. Hist., p. 179, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 169, Che- mung Gr. (oiicentrica, Hall, 1857, (Productus con- wntricus,) 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 180, Kinderhook CJr, costatula. Hall, 1867, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 180, Chemung Gr. (ostatula var. strigata. Hall, 1867, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 181, Chemung Gr. dimmilM, see P. hallana. ilnmosa, Hall, 1861, (Productus dumos'is,) 14th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. !)9, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 162, Ham. (ir. criensis, Nicholson, 1874, Geo. Mag., n. s., vol. 1, p. 118, Cornif. Gr. exanthemata. Hall, 1357, (Productus ex- anthematus,) 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 174, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 163, Ham. Gr. liallana, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S.Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 130, Ham. Gr. Pro- posed instead of P. dissimilis of Hall, which was preoccupied by DeKoninck. Via. 599 Produetellu hlrsuta. hirsuta. Hall, 1857, (Productus hirsutus,) 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 175, Chemung (Jr. hirsuta var. rectispina. Hall, 1867, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 168, Chemung Gr. hystricula, Hall, 1867, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 178, Chemung Gr, laclirymosa, Conrad, 1842, (Strophomena iachryraosa,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. X, p. 256, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 174, Chemung Gr. lachrymosa var. lima, Conrad, 1842, (Strophomena lima,) Jour. Acad. Nat. •Sci., vol. 8, p. 256, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 174, Chemung Gr. lachrymosa var. stigmata. Hall, 1867, Pal. N. v., vol. 4, p. 174, Chemung Gr. navicella, Hall, 1857, (Productus navi- cella,) 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Mist., p. 172, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 156, Cornif. and Ham. Grs. newberryi, Hall, 1857, (Productus new- berryi,) 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist, p. 180, Chemung Gr. oniista, Hall, 1867, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 184, Chemung Gr. pyxidata, Hall, 1858, (Productus pyxi- datus,) Geo. of lows, p. 498, Ham. Gr. rarispina. Hall, 1857, (Productus raris- pinus,) 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus Nat. Hist., p. 178, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 170, Chemung (ir. shumardana. Hall, 1858, (Productus ahu- mardanus,) Geo. Rep. of Iowa, vol. 1, pt. 2, 1). 499, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 157, Up. Held. Gr., Marcellus shale. Ham. and Chemung Grs. speciosa. Hall, 1857, (Productus 8pt*cio- 8U8,) 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 176, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 175, Cliemung (Jr. spinulicosta, Hall, 1857, (Productus spin- ulicostus,) 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 173, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 160, Marcellus shales and Ham. Gr. striatula. Hall, 1867, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 177, Chemung Gr. subaculeata, Murchi- son, 1840, (Productus subaculeatus,) Bui. Soc. (ieo. de France, vol. 11, p. 255, and J'al. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 154, Waverly Gr. subalata, Hall, 1857, ^, „_ , (Prod"ctus subala- ^ -S„T.rn"e^.lt;i? tus,) 10th Rep. N. Y. valve St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 174, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 1(^5, Ham. Gr. trnncata, Hall, 1857, (Productus trunca- tus,) lOth Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 171, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 160, Marcellus shales and Ham Gr. tullia, Hall, 1867, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 164, Ham. Gr. Productus, Sowerby, 1812, Min. Conch., vol. 1, p. 153. [Ety. productus, pro- duced — so named from one valve of the shell being prolonged beyond the other, and often to a great extent.] Shell inequivalve, transverse, or elon- gated with auricular expansions ; ven- tral valve convex, geniculate. 94, Kaskaskia Gr. costatoides, Swaliow, 1858, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 217, Up. Coal Meas. costatus, Sowerby, 1827, Min. Conch., vol.. 6, p. 115, Coal Meas. Ii is doubtful whether this species has been identified in America. curtirostratus, Winchell, 18H5, Proc. Acad Nat. Sci., p. 114, Marshall (ir. delawari, IVlarcou, 1858, (led. N. Auk r,, p. 45, Subcarb. depressns, Sowerby, 1825, see StrophouKua depressa. depressns. Swallow, 1863, Trans. St. Lmiis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 93, Keokuk (ir. dmviiUw, see Productella dissimilis. dolorosus, Winchell, '865, Proc. At ail. Nat. Sci., p. 114, Marshall Gr. dumoms, see Productella dumosa. duplicostatus, Winchell, 1865, Proc. Acail Nat. Sci., p. 113, Marshall (ir. eleganx, Norwood & Pratten, 1854. This name was preoccupied, and the fossil is now named ^. cestriensis. «.rttn//le»no^«s,se€fProductellaexanthelli.lta. fasciculatus, McChesney, 1860, New I'al, Foss., Coal Meas. Not recognized, fentonendis, Swallow, 1863, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. !>3, Keo- kuk Gr. flemingi, Sowerby, 1812, Min. Conch., vil. 1 , p. 155, Subcarb. flemingi var. burlingtonensis, Hall, iSiS, Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 59(S, Burlington (ir. gracilis, Winchell, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 112, Cuyahoga shale, gradatus. Swallow, 1S()3, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 93, Keokuk (ir. hejtar, Morton, 183(i, Am. Jour. Sci. ami Arts, vol. 29, p. 149, Coal Meas. Nut recognized, hildrethanus, Norwood & Pratten, 1S54, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 3, p. 18, Coal Meas. hirsutiformis, Walcott, 1885, Moiidgr U. S. (ieo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 1.33, Up. De- vonian. hirsiitUH, see Productella hirsuta. horridus, iis identified by (ieinitz, 18fi6. Prof. Meek regarded "the fos.sil as P. longispinus. incurvatus, Shepard, 1838, Am. Jonr. Sci,, vol. 34, p. 144. Not recognized. I'mb- ablyaStreptorhynchusorStrophoddnta. indianensis, Hall, 1858, Trans. Alli. In.'^t., vol. 4, p. 13, and Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 47, Warsaw G'* infiatits, syn. for P. semireticnlat'i ivesi, Newberry, 1861, Ives'" ^' t. Kx. Exped., p. 122, Mid. Carb. lasallensis, Worthen, 1873, (ieo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 569, Up. Coal Meas. "vicoRtus, White, 1860, Bost. Jour. Nat. H: '., vol. 7, p. 230, Kinderhook i.r. latis-simus, Sowerby, 1822, Min. Cdiich.. vol. 4, p. 32, Carb. Fig. 601.— Prod uctus longispinus. Borsiil ami ventral vlew^'. longispinus, Sowerby, 1812., Min. Condi., vol. 1, p. 154, Coal Meas. PRO.] liRACHIOPODA. 365 ■„F 309, and Simpson's Utah, p. 3o0, Coal Proc. Sur. Rep. Coal Idhntus, as identified by d'Archiac & Ver- neuil. Not American. luagnicostatUB, Swallow, 1860, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 641, Coal Meas. luiignup, Meek & Worthen, 1.S61, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 142, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. :i. p. 528, Keoknk Gr. iriarginicinctus, Prout, 1857, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1 , p. 43, St. Louis (ir. niesialis. Hall, 1858, (ieo. Kep. Iowa, p. 63(), Keokuk Gr. nicxi^janus, Shumard, 1858, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 291, Per- mian Gr. niorbillianus, Winchell, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 113, Burlington , Low. Carb. and Coal Meas. pyxidatiis, see Productella pyxidata. pyxidiformis, DeKoninck, 1847, Moiio- graphie du genre Productus, \>. 220, Subcarboniferous. rarispinuK, see Productella rarispina. rogersi, Norwood ik Pratten, 1854. .lour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 3, p. 9, Coal Meas. Prof. Meek regarded this as a synnnyin for P. nebraskensis. scabriculus, iConchyliolitluis .Anmnites scabriculus, ) Martin, 1809, Petrif. Derh., p. 8, tab 36, lig. 5, (^irb. scitulus, Meek tt Worthen, 1860, I'roc. .\cad. Nat. Sci.. p. 451, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 280, St. Louis (ir. semipunctatus, Shepard, 1838, Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 34, p. 153, Coal Meas. Hemipiinclatwi, Iliidri'th, 1838, Hyn. for P. punctatus. se mireticulatus, Martin, 1809, (Conchy lioli- thus .\nomites semi re ticula- tus, ) Petri f . Derb., p. 7, Keokuk Gr. s e in i s t r i a 1 11 s. Meek, 1860, Proc. .\cad. Nat. Sci., vol. 12, p. 309, and Simp- son's Rep. (.it. Basin of Utah, p. 349, Coal Meas. setigerus. Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. (538, Keokuk (ir. setigerus var. Keokuk, Hall, 1858, Cieo. Rep. Iowa, p. 639, Keokuk Gr. shumardani(!i,see Productella shuniardana. Hpeciosns, see Productella speciosa. spinulicostiiit, see Productella spinulicosta. spinulosus, Sowerby, 1812, Min. Conch., vol. 1, p. 155, Carb. splendens, Norwood & Pratten, 1854, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., vol. 3, p. 11, Coal Meas. Prof. Meek regarded this as a synonym for P. longispinus. Mibacnleutus, see Productella subaculeata. Kiibaldtus, see Productella subalata. subhorridus. Meek, 1877, U.S. (ieo. Sur., 40th parallel, p. 75, Carboniferous. mlcatus, Castelnau, 1843, Syst. Sil., p. I!9, Not recognized, svmmetricus, McChesncv, 1860, Desc. 'New Pal. Foss., p. 35, and Pal. E. Neb. p. 167, Coal Meas. tenuicostus. Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 675, St. Louis Gr. tenuistriatus, Verneuil, 1845, Geol. Rus- sia and Ural Mountains, vol. 2, p. 260, Carb. Via. ()02— Prod net u.s .Sfiiii- retic'ulatus. 36(> BRACHIOPOA. [PSB.— KKT. Inmcatus, see Productella truncata. Inhulospinun, MoChesney. iSyn. for. P. Hetnipunctatus. viininali.s, White, 1862, Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, p. 29, Burling- ton Gr. vittatns, Hall, 1858, (ieo. Rep. Iowa, p. HS9, Keokuk CJn wabaHlieiiHis, Norwood & Pratten, 1854, •Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 3, p. i;5, Coal Meas. wUberinnux, McChesney, syn. for P. ne- l)raak(!n8ia. wortheni. Hall, 1858, (Ieo. Rep. Iowa, p. f)U5, Keokuk Gr. PsKi'DocKANiA, McCoy, 1851, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 2d serios, vol. 8, p. 387. [Kty. pneudo, false; Crania, a genus.] Shell slightly inequivalve, free; each valve depressed, subconical ; dorsal valve with or without a small cardinal area; internally, margin broad, flat, smooth, or minutely striated concen- trically ; anterior pair of muscular im- pressions inuch larger than the poste- rior pair ; pallial impressions numerous, linear, not interrupted along the mid- dle. Type P. divaricata. anomala, Winchell, 18<56, Rep. Low. Pen. Mich., p. 92, Ham. Gr. RuNssKi.^iiRiA, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 454. [Ety. proper name.] Inequi- valve, oval, ovoid, or suborbicular, elongated, rarely transverse, sometimes subtrigonal, gibbous or ventricose ; no mesial fold or sinus ; beak prominent , incurved, foramen terminal ; articula- tion by two widely separated teeth and sockets ; surface striated ; structure punctate. Type R. ovoides. aequiradiata, Conrad, 1842, (Atrypa ^equiradiata,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. H, p. 266, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 255, Low. Held. Gr. condoni, McChesney, 1861, New Pal. Foss., p. 85, Oriskany sandstone. cumberlandia;. Hall, 1857, (Meganteris cumberlandiiL',) 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 101, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 464, Oriskany sandstone. '' elliptica. Hall, 1857, (Meganteris elliptica,) 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 98, Low. Held. Gr. elongata, see Amphigenia elongata. intermedia. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 463, Oriskany sandstone. V johanni. Hall, 1867, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 385, Up. Held. Gr. leevis. Hall, 1857, (Meganteris Ise vis,) 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 99, Low. Held. Gr. Ixvin, Meek, 1868, Trans. Chi. Acad. Sci., p. 108. This name was preoccupied. marylp.ndica. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, i^. 461, Oriskany sandstone. mutabills. Hall, 1857, (Meganteris rauta- bilis,) 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 97, Low. Held. Gr. ovalis, Hall, 1857, (Meganteris ovalJN ) 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist,, p 101, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 458, Oris- kany sand- stone. ovoides, Ea- ton, 1832, ( Terebratu- la ovoides,) Geo. Text- hook, p. 45, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 456, (Jris- kany sand- stone. suessana. Hall, 1857, (Meganteris „ „,,., ,, , . suessana,) Fi«. eOB.-llensseherm ovo,^. 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist, p. 100, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, |>. m, Oriskany sandstone, portlandica, Billings, 1863, Proc. J'ott, Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 115, Low. Held. Gr. Rktzfa, King, 1850, Mono- graph of Permian I'ish., p. 137. [Ety. pro|ier name.] Longitudinally oval, ribbed, with larjic punctures; foramen in ventral valve ; area tri- angular; fissure closed. Type R. adrieni. altirostriSjWhite, 1862, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, p. 28, Marshall (Jr. compressa. Meek, 1864, Pal. California, vol. 1, p. 14, Coal Meas. deweyi. Hall, 1857, (Waldheimia deweyi,) 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist.", p, 89, Low. Held. Gr. dubia, Billings, 1863, Pro-;. Port. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 113, Low. Held. Gr. electra, Billings, 1863, Proc. Port. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 114, Low. Held. Gr. eugenia, Billings, 1861, Can. Jour., vol. 6, p. 147, Ham. Gr. evax, Hall, 1863, (Rhynchospira evax,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 213, and Rep. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Ind., Niagara Gr. formosa, Hall, 1857, (Waldheimia for- mosa,) 10th Rep. N. Y^ St. Mus. Nat Hist., p. 88, Low. Held. Gr. hippolyte, Billings, 1863, Proc. Port. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 112, Low. Held. «ir. lepida. Hall, 1860, (Rhynchospira lepida,) 13th Fop. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist, p. 83, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 275, Ham. Gr. marcyi, Shumard, 18 1, (TejetTatula mar- cyi,) Marcy'p >.vxr- Ited P~iv., p 177, XC&skflfllcifl. Gii maria, Billings, 1863, 1'l-ic. lovt So ■ Nat Hist., \oi. 1, p. 112, Lo V. ihM. Gr. Fid. mi. Kftzia evHX RHV 1 BRACHIOPODA. 367 I " I IBfirt OVDHlliJt. Fig (HIo.— Retzla iiioriiionl. (Rhynchospira , vol. 4, p. 421, nuekana, Shumard, 1858, Tranp St. Louis Acad. Sci , vol. 1, p. 2!L, i'er- inian Gr. ini'imoni, Marcou, 1858, (Terebratula mormonii,) Geo. N. Amer., p. .'il, Coal Meas. Tins species was subsequently, though in tlie same year, described by Shumard under the name li. punctilifera. osii^jensis. Swallow, 1860, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci v'>l. 1, p. 653, Waverly or (Uioteau Gr. papillata, Shumard, 1858, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 294, P*;r- inian Gr. po|>ana. Swallow, 1860, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 654, Waverly or Clioteau Gr. pinii'tUifera, Shumard, 1858, syn. for Retzia iiiormoni. polvpleura, V^inchell, 1862, Proc. Acad. N'at. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 6, p. 406, Tort- ace (Jr. sexplicata, White & Whitfield, 1862, Pro-.-. IkKst. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, p. 294, Kin- derhook Gr. siniiata. Hall, 1860, (Rhynchospira sin- iiata,) Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 5, I 'p. Sil. Kiilijilobosa, Hall, 1867, suhglobosa,) Pal. N. Y Up. Held. Gr. mlijlohota, McChesney, syn. for Retzia mor- inoni. veni, .see Kumetria vera. vera var. costata, see Eumetria vera var. I (vistata. ! vernnuUana, see Er.inetria verneuilaiia. i vsoo.steri. White, 1879, Bull. U. S. Sur., ; vol. 5, No. 2, p. 215, and Cont. to Pal., j No. 6, p. 134, Coal Meas. Rny.vi'iioNELLA, Fischer, 1809, Mem. Soo. Imp. Mosc, vol. 2, p. 35. [Ety. rhyn- I'lioH, beak; ella, little.] Shell oval or trigonal, subglobose, with or without mesial fold and sinus; surface plicated; beak of ventral valve acute, entire, prominent, curved ; foramen under the beak, by the incurving of which it is sometimes closed, partly surrounded by ii deltidium, which is composed of two pieces ; two teeth in the ventral valve, supported by dental plates, which ex- tend to the bottom of the valve ; two sockets in the dorsal valve ; apophyses two, short, flattened, curved, attached to the hinge plate; adductor scars four, se|)arated by a mesial ridge; pedicle scars on the cardinal plates ; pedicle inuHcles of the ventral valve in a saucer- shaped cavity at the base of the dental plates ; shell impunctate. Type R. loxia. abrupta. Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 68, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3. p. 228, Low. Held. Gr. acadiensis, Davidson, 1863, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc., vol. 19, p. 172, Low Carb. acinus. Hall, 1863, Trans. Alb. Inst , vol. 4, p. 215, Niagara Gr. acutiplicata, Hall, 1857, N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 73, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 232, I^w Held Gr. acutirostris. Hall, 1847, (Atrypa acuti- rostra,) lal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 21, Chazy Gr. a;quivalvis, Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y, St. Mus. Fat. Hist., p. 66, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 224, Low. Held. Gr. iequiradiata, Hall, 1852, (Atrypa ii^quira- diata.) Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, j). 70, Clin- ton Gr. ainslsei, Winchell, 1886, 14th Ann. Rep. Geo. Minn., p. 315, Trenton Gr. algeri, McChesney, 18(50, New Pal. Foss. Carb. Not recognized, altilis. Hall, 1847, (Atrypa altilis,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 1. p. 23, Chazy Gr. altiplicata. Hall, 1857, lOtli Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 72, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 231, Low Held. (ir. alveata, see Centronella alveata. ambigua, Calvin, 187h, Bull. U. S Geo. Sur, vol: 4, No. 3, p. 729, Low. De- vonian. angulata, Linn;eu«, as identified by (i«i- nitz, syn. for SyntrielaMfiia heraipli- catum. anticostiensis, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 142, Hud. Riv. Gr. aprinis, DeVerneuil, 1845, (Terebratula aprinis,) iieo. Russia and Ural Mts., vol. 2, p. 90, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 280, Niagara < rr. arctirostrata. Swallow, 1863, Trans. St Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 84, Kaskas- kia Gr. argentea, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic., -'. 43, Anticosti (Jr. argenturbica, White, 1874, Rep. Invert. Foss., p. 14, and (Jeo. Sur. W. 100th Mer., vol. 4, p. 75, Hud. Riv. Gr. aspasia, Billings, 1863, Proc. Port. Soc. Nat. 'list., vol. l,p. Ill, Low. Held. (Jr. barquensis, Winchell, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 408, Marshall Gr. barrandi, Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 82, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 442, Oriskany sandstone, bialveata, Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 73, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 233, Low. Held. Gr. bidens. Hall, 1852, (Atrypa bidens,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 69, Clinton Gr. bidentata, Hisinger, 1826, (Terebratula bidentata.) Vet. Acad. Handl., p. MS, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 276, Niag- ara Gr. billingsi, see Stenoschisma billingsi. boonensis, Shumard, 1855, Geo. Rep. Mo., p. 205, Burlington (ir. bremrostris, see Pentamerus breviroatris. campbellana, Hall, 18ri7, 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 79, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 239, Low. Held. Gr. 868 BRACHIOPODA. IKHV. camerifera, Winchell. 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 408, MarBball Gr. capax, Conrad, 1842, (Atrypa capax,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 264, Hud. Riv. Gr. i UV.VV IIIIW Fig. iJOO.— Kliynchonella capax. caput-teBtudinis, White, 1862, Proc;. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, p. 23, Burling- ton (ir. varica, H*'e Stenoschisma carica. carhonaria, McChesney, 18()0, New Pal. Koss., Coal MeaH. Not recojrnized. Carolina, see Stenoschisma Carolina, castanea. Meek, 1868, Trans. Chi. Acad. Sci., p. 03, Devonian. congregata, see Stenoschisma congregatum. contiarta, see Stenoschisma contractum. cooperensLs, Shumard, 1855, (ieo. Rep. ^lo., p. 204, Waverly or Clioteau Gr. corinthia, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 220, Quebec Gr. cuboid fK, Sowerby, (Atrypa cuboides,) see R. venustula. cnttca'd, gee Rhynchotreta cuneata var. Americana, dawsonana, Davidson, 1863, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. li), p. 172, Subcarbon- iferous. dentata, Hall, 1847, (Atrypa dentata,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 148, Hud. Riv. Gr. dotis, see Stenoschisma dotis. dryope, Billings, 1874, Pal. Foss., vol. 2, p. 37, (iaspe limestone No. 8, Pe- vonian. dubia, Hall, 1847, (Atrypa dubia,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 21, Chazy Gr. dtiplicuta, syn. for Stenoschisma con- tractum. etitoniiformiK, McChesney, 1860, New Pal. Foss., syn. for R. rockymontana. emacerata, Hall, 1852, (Atrypa ema- cerata,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 71, Clin- ton Gr. eminens, Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 78, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 237, Low. Held. (Jr. emmonsi. Hall & Whitfield, 1877, U. S. (ieo. Expl. 40th Parallel, vol. 4, p. 247, Devonian, endlichi. Meek, 1876, U. S. (ieo. Sur. of Colorado, p. 47, and White's Cont. to Pal. No. 6, p. 133, Up. Devonian, eurekensis, Walcott, 1885. Monogr. U. S. (ieo. Sur., vol. H, p. 223, Subcarbonif- erous. eva, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Koss. Antic, p. 44, Anticosti (jlr. evangelina, Hartt. 1868, Acad. Geol., p. 299, Subcarboniferous. excellens, Billings, 1874, Pal. Foss , v(.l. 2, p. 36, Gaspe limestone No. ^, \\. vonian. eximia, nee Steni <:hisma eximium. explnnata, McCh, n«?y, 1860, Desc New Pal. Foss., Kaskaskia (ir. Not recognized, titchana, Hall, 1857, lOtli Rep. N. Y. St. Mus Nat Hist., p. 85, and Pal. N. V., vol. 3, p. 441, Oriskanv sandstone. formoaa, see StenoHrliisma formosum. fringilla, Billings, IHdL', I'al. FosH., vol. 1, p. 141. Anti- costi Gr., Div. 1., Mid, Sil. glacialis, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. i, p. 143, Anticosti Gr., Div. 1, Mid. sjl. glnnsfagea, see Centronella glangfa^'Cii. greenana, Ulrioh, 188(>, Cont. to Am. I'al., p. 26, Waverly (ir. grosvenori, Hall, 1858, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 10, and Bull. Am. Mns. Nat! Hist., p. 53, Warsaw Gr. guadalupa', Shumard, 1858, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 2!i5, IVi- mian Gr. heteropsis, Winchell, 1865, Proo. .\cad. Nat. Sci., p. 121, Marshall Gr. hor»fordi, see Stenoschisma horsfordi. hubbardi, Winchell, 1862, Proc. Aca.l. Nat. Sci., p. 407, Marshall Gr. huronensis, Wintihell, 1862, Proc. .Uaii Nat. Sci,, 2d ser., vol. 6, p. 409, Porta^'e* u, hydrauiica, Whitfield, 1882, Desc. Ne«- Spec. Foss. from Ohio, p. I!i4, Low. Held. Gr, Ida, Hartt, 1868, Acad. Geol., p. -IW. Sub- carboniferous. illinoi8ensis,Worthen, 1884, Bull. No. 2, 111. St. MuH. Nat. Hist., p, 24, and Gen. Siir. 111., vol. 8, p. 104, Coal Meas. increbescens, syn. for Rhynchonella capax. indentata, Shumard, 18-59, Trans. St. Louia Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 393, Permian 5, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 121, Marshall Gr. phoca, see Atrypa phoca. pisum. Hall & Whitfield, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 135, Niagara Gr. planoconvexa. Hall, 1857, lOth Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 76, and Pal. N. Y., vol. .3, p. 235, Low. Held. Gr. pleiopleura, Conrad, 1841, (Atrypa pleio- pleura,) Ann. Rep. N. Y., p. 55, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 440, Oriskany sandstone, plena, Hall, 1847, (Atrypa plena,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 21, Chazy (ir. plicata. Hall, 1862, (Atrypa plicata,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 10, Medina Gr. plicatula. Hall, 1843, (Atrypa plicatula,) (ieo. Rpp. 4th Dist. N. v., p. /S, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, I). 74, Clinton Gr. plicifera, Hall, 1847, (Atrvpa plicifera,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 22, Chazy Gr. principalis, Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 84, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 443, Oriskany sandstone. prolijica, see Stenoschisma j)rolificuni. pugnus, Martin, 1809, (ConchiliolithuH Anomites pugnus,) Petrif. Derb., pi. 22, figs. 4 and 5, Subcarboniferous. pustulosa. White, 1860, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. 7. p. 236, Burlington CJr. pyramidata. Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist. p. 70, and Pal. N. Y.. vol. 3, p. 229, Low. Held (ir. pyrrba, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 44, Anticosti Gr. quadricostata. Hall, 1852, ( Atrypa quadri- costata,) Pal. N. Y., vol 2, p. 68, Clin- ton Gr. ramsayi, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 446, Oriskany sandstone, rarioosta, Whitfield, 1882, Desc. New Spec. Foss., from Ohio, p. 201, Up. Held. Gr. recurrlrostra, see Anazyga recurvirostra. reticulata, see Eichwaldia reticulata, ricinula, Hall, 1858, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 9, and Bull. Am Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 53, Warsaw Gr. ringens, Swallow, 1860, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 653, Burlington Gr. robusta. Hall, 1852, Pal. N, Y., vol. 2, p. 71, (Atrypa robusta,) Clinton Gr. rockymontana, Marcou, 1858, (Terebratula rockymontana.) Geo. North America. p. 50, Coal Meas. royana, see Stenosdiisma royanum. ridUyana, Safford, 1H69, (.ieo. of Tcnn. Not defined, rudis, Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 75, and Pal. N. Y., vol. .!, p. 235. Low. Held. Gr. rugosa. Hall, 1H52, (Atrvpa rugosa,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 271, Niagara Gr. saffordi, Hall, I860, Can. Nat. and (ieo., vol. •'). p. 144, Low. Heki. Gr. sagerana, Winchell. 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 407, Marshall Gr. 370 BRACHIOPODA. [rhv. SCH. mppho, see StenoRchisma sappho. semiplicata, Conrad, 1841, ( Atrypa semi- plicata,) Ann. Kep. N. Y,, p. 56, and Pal. N. Y.,vol.;{, p. 224, Low. Held.Gr. septata, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y,, vol. 3, p. 443, Oriskany sandstone. Bordida, Hall, 1847, (Atrypa sordlda,) Pal. N. Y.,vol, 1, p. 148, Trenton Gr. Bpeciosa, Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 81, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 444, Oriskany sandstone. ttephani, see Stenoscliisma stephani. stricklandi, Sowerby, 1839, (Terebratula 8tricklan«^.i,) March. Sil. Syst., p. 631, Niagara Gr. subcircularis, Winchell, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 408, Marshall Gr. mbcuhoides. Not an American species, subciineata, Hall, 1856, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 11, and Geo. Sur. lo^a, p. 658, Warsaw Gr. mbtrigona, see Camerophoria subtrigona. subtrigonalis. Hall, 1847, (Atrypa subtri- jtonalis,) Pal. N. Y., vol. l,p. 145, Tren- ton Gr. Bulcoplicata, Hall, 1857, iOth Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 76, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 236, Low. Held. Gr. tennesseensis, Roemer, 1860, Sil. Fauna West Tenn., p. 72, Niagara Gr. tethys, see Stenoschisma tethys. tetraptyx, Winchell, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 120, Kinderhook Gr. texana, Shumard, 1859, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 393, Permian Gr. thalia, see Stenoschisma billingsi. thera, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 223, Subcarboniferous. transversa, Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 74, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 234, Low. Held. Gr. tuta, S. A. Miller, 1881, Jour. Gin. Soc, Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 315, Burlington Gr. unica, Winchell, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 122, Marshall Gr. unimlcata, see Meristella unisulcata. uta, Marcou, 1858, (Terebratula uta,) Geo. N. Amer., p. 58, Coal Meas. This was subsequently described by Swallow as R. osagensis. vellicata, Hall. 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 71, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 230, Low. Held. Gr. ventricosa, Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 78, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 238, Low. Held. Gr. venustula. Hall, 1867, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 346, Tully limestone. This was identified by Vanuxem, 1842, Geo. 3d Dist. N. Y., as Atrypa cuhaides of Sowerby. vicina, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Fops. Antic, p. 44, Anticosti Gr. warrenensis. Swallow, 1860, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 653, Ham. Gr. Wbsatchensis, White, 1874, Rep. Invert. Fobs., p. 19, and Geo. Sur. W. 100th Mer., vol. 4. p. 130, Carb. t whitiana, S. A. Miller, 1883, 2d K Am Pal., p. 25. [Ety. schiza, a deft; Obolus, a genus.] Ventral valve witL apex at the terminus of a notch in tiie posteridr margin ; two pair of add tutor Fig. 607. - Rliyncho- tretii cun- eata viir. amertcana scir.-SHi.] HKACHIOPODA. 371 Hcars Heparated by a ridge; dorsal valve with truncated posterior tnargip ; two l)air8 of muscular scars separated by a Heptum. Type H. tnincatus. truncatUB, Hflll, IK62, (Discina truncata,) l«th Rep. N. Y. St. MuH. Nat. Hist., p. U'8, and I'al. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 28. arasitic inequivalve, in- ''Ui"i,.i',I''* " iirticulated, surface of the nia fliosa. upper valve finely stri- ated ; interior with six muscular stiars. Type S. filosa. filosa, Hall, 1847, (Orbicula (?) filosa,) I'al. N. Y., vol. 1, p. «9, Hud. Riv. and llticaSlate. SiPHoNOTRETA, DeVemcuil, 1846, Russia and Ural Mountains, vol. 2, p. 286. [Ety. fiphon, siphon ; tretoa, with a hole in it.] Shell oblong oval, unarticulated ; ven- :ral valve most convex with a .straight, tliick, perforated, conical beak near the iiinge-line; foramen opening on the back of the beak, and communicating with the interior of the shell by a cylindrical tube or siphon for the pas- sage of the muscle of attachment; dorsal valve slightly convex, the hinge-line forming an arch which merges imper- ceptibly into the lateral margins; each valve has a wide, crescent-shaped car- dinal edge, covered by horizontal lines of growth; struc- ture calcareo-cor- neous, with a dis- tinctly punctured structure arranged in tubular layers ; surface smooth, with numerous lines of growth and Hlender hollow spines dilated at the base. Type S. unguiculata. Bcotica, Davidson, 1877, Geol. Mag., new ser., vol. 4, p. 13, Utica slate. Skenidium, Hall, 18B0. 13th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. His., p. 70. [Ety. akenidion, a little tent.] Distinguished from Orthis by its large triangular area ; the car- dinal process extends as a median sep- tum through the length of the shell, and may be simple or divided at the extremity. Type S. insigne. devonicum, Walcott, 1885, Monopr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 116, Devonian. /la//;, SafTord, 1869, Geo. of Tenn. Not defined, insigne, Hall, 1859, (Orthis insignis,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 173, Low. Held. Gr. pyramidale, Hall, 1852, (Orthis pyramid- alls,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 251. Niag- ara Gr. KpiRiKKKA. Sowerby, 1815, Min. Conch., vol. '2. p. 42, and Linna;an Trans., vol. 12, p. 514. [Ety. spira, spire ; fero, to bear.] Kio. 010. — Siphono- treta unguiculata. a, Ventral valve; b, Ulterior of same. Triangular semicircular, transvcrst-lv elongate, subglobose or otherwise vari- able in form, with or without nicsial fold and sinus; structure impunrtate; surface smooth, striated or pli(;atc>d; cardinal line straight, area in each valve ; hinge articulated by short teeth and sockets; area of the ventral valve larger than the other, and divided by a triangular foramen more or less closed by a false deltidium; area of the dorsal valve divided in the middle by a fissure occupied by the cardinal muscular pro- cess ; beak of ventral valve more prom- inent than that of the other; in the in- terior of the dorsal valve the spiral supports of the labial arms are attached by their crura to the hinge plates, some distance from which they are nearly or quite connected by a small process ex- tending inward from each ; the cardinal muscles seem to have been attached to the cardinal process, under and in front of which four scars of the adductor muscles occur; on each side of a mesial ridge in the ventral valve occur the scars of the adductors, and outside of these the scars of the cardinal muscles. TypeS. striata. acanthoptera, Conrad, 1842, (Delthyris acanthoptera,) Jour. Acad. Nat.Sci., vol. 8, p. 264, Chemung Gr. acuminata, Conrad, 18.39, (Delthyris acuminata,) Ann. Kep. N. Y., p. 65, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 198, Up. Held, and Ham. (irs. acuticostata, DeKoninck, 1843, Desc. Ann. Fops. Terr. Carb. Belg., p. 265, Sub- carboniferous. agelaia, Meek, 1873, Hayden's Geo. Sur. Terr., p. 470, and While's Cont. to Pal. No. 6, p. 135, Subcarboniferous. alata, Castelnau, 1843, Syst. Sil.. p. 42. Not recognized. albapinensis. Hall & Whitfield, 1877, U. S. (}eo. Expl. 40th parallel, vol. 4, p. 255, Waverly Gr. aldrichi, Etheridge, 1878, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 34, p. 634. Devonian. alta, Hall, 1867, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4. p. 248, Chemung Gr. amara. Swallow. 1860, Trans. St. Louis Anad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 642, Waverly or C'hoteau Gr. anguota. Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 164, and Pal. N. Y.. vol. 4, p. 230, Ham. Gr. annfe. Swallow, 1860, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 641, Ham. Gr. anmctans, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 216, Subcarbonif- erous. arata, syn. for S. granulifera. archiaci, see S. disjuncta. arctica, Haughton, 1857, Jour. Roy. Soc. Dub., vol. 1, p. 183, Devonian. arctisegmenta, Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 131, and Pal. N. ST., vol. 4, p. 208, Up. Held. Gr. 372 HRACHIOPODA. [sn iff IP"" HrciioHu, Conrad, 1H.'W, (DeltliyriH arv- noHH,) Ann. Rep. N. Y., p. Hf), and Pal. N. v., vol. 3, p. 425, OriHkany sand- Htone. urKtMitaria, Meek, 1877, V. fS. (Jeo. Hur. 40th Parallel, p. 41.', Devonian, iirrwta. Hall, 1850, Pal. N. Y., vol. :», p. ■i'2'2, , p. 10, Niagara (ir. atwaterana, 8. A. Miller, 1878, Proc. Davenport Acad. Scl., vol. 2, p. 221, Ham. . Geo. and Nat. Hist. Ind., p. 207, Ni- agara < I r. bidorHaliH, Wincliell, lH(Mi, Rep. Low. Penin. Mich., p. OIJ, Ham. CJr, bifnrcata, Hull, 1858, Trans. Alb. InHt., vol. 4, p. 8, and Hull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., i». 47, Warsaw (ir. billingsana, n. Hp., Upper DevcmianGaspe limestone. No. 8. Proposed instead of S. superba, Billings, 1874, Pal. Foss., vol. 2, p. 46, which name was preoc- cupied, biloba, Linnii'us, 1768, (Anomia biloba,) Syst. Nat., p. 115, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 260, Niagara Gr. bimesialis. Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 507, Ham. (ir. biplicata. Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, vol. 1, pi. 2, p. 519, Kinderhook Gr. boonensis, Swallow, 1860, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 640, Low Coal Meas. hrachynota, Hall, 1843, (Delthyris brachy- nota,) Geo. 4th Diet. N. Y., p. 71, Clin- ton Gr. Not well defined. calcarata, syn. for 8. disjuncta. camerata, Morton, 1836, Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 29, p. 150, Coal Meas. camerata var. kansasensis, Swallow, 18(>6, Trano. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 409, Coal Meas. camerata var. percrassa, Swallow, 1866, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 400, Coal Meas. This natne was pre- occupip'' .48 a species. capax, Hall, 1858, (ieo. Rep. Iowa, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 620, syn. forS. parryana. carteri, Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 170, Waverly Gr. cedarensis, Owen, 1852, (ieo. Sur. Win. Iowa, and Minn., p. 585, Ham. (ir centrbnota, Wincliell, 1865, Proc. .Vimi Nat. Sci., p. 118, and Geo. Sur. \V. liiotii Mer., vol. 4, p. 87, Cuyahoga Shal,. clara, Swallow, 1853, Trans. St. I^ouis .Ami! Sci., vol. 2, p. 86, KaskaskiaGr. davatuta, McCJIiesnev, 1861, Desc. New Pill. Foss., p. 84, Burlington Gr. Not reco^nixed. elhiUmt, syn. for S. grunulifera. dio, syn. for S. /icxac. coinpacta, Meek, 18(58, Trans. Chi, Acad Sci., p. 102, Ham. (ir. concinna. Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y. st Mus. Nat. Hist., p. (>0, Low. Held. (Jr. cmigfxiit, syn. for S. granulifera. conradana, S. A. Miller, 1883, 2d Kd, Am Pal. Fobs., p. 298, Oriskany, I'p. ll,.|,|. and Ham. Grs. Propowd instead nf s. fimbriata of (-onrad in Jour. .Vcml. Nut Sci., vol. 8, p. 263, and Pal. N. Y., vol! 4, p. 214, which was preoccupied, consobrina, D'Orbigny, 1850, Prodi, d Paleont, t. 1, p. 98, Ham. (ir. I'ro- posed instead of S. ziczac, Hall, I.S4;; (ieo. Rep. 4tli Diet. N. Y., p. 200, wliicll was preoccupied by Uoemer. coiisors, Wincliell, 1866, Rep. Low. I'en- insula Mich., ]>. 93, Ham. (ir. cooperensis. Swallow, 1800, Trans. St, Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 043, W'a v(!rly or Choteau (ir. corticosa, Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y. ,St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 160, Ham. (ir. coHlalis, Castelnau, 1843, Syst. Sil., \>. 41. Not recognized. ereniHtriata, see Streptorhynchus ciciiis- triatum. crispa, llisinger, 1826, (Terebratula crisps,! Act. Acad. Sci., Holm., t. 7, tig. 4, ami Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 262, Niagara (ir. crispa var. simplex, Hall, 1879, 28tli Uep, N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. l.)7, Ni- agara ( i r. cumberlandiiu, Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N, Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist.,p.()3,and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 421, Oriskany sandstonii. cuspidatiformis, n.sp., Keokuk Gr. Pro- posed instead of S. subcuspidata, Hall, 1858, Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 646, pi, 20, lis;. 6 a, b, which name was preoccupied, cvcloptera, Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y. 'St. Mus. Nai. Hist., p. 58, and I'al N. Y., vol. 3, p. 199, Low. Held. (ir. cyrtiniformis. Hall & Whitfield, 1873, '2U Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. :'.% Chemung Gr. decemplicata. Hall, 1843, (DeltliyiLs de- cemplicata,) Geo. Rep. 4th Dist. N, Y„ p. 106, Niagara Gr, desiderata, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. l". S, Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 217, Subcarb, disjuncta, Sowerby, 1840, Trans. Geo. Soc, 2d ser., vol. 5, p. 704, and Pal. S\ Y„ vol, 4, p. 243, Chemung Gr. disparilis. Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y, .A. 373 I'hus cifiiis- distant, Hyn. for S. (liHJunrta. ' I (livariottta, Hall, IM57, lOth I^-p. N. Y. Ht. ' MiiH. Nat. HiHt., p. i:i:J, anil ral.,N. Y., vol. 4, p. 2i:i, Cornif. and llain.,(trH, diibia, aee IVntamt'r«lla«liil)ia, r' (Inodenaria, Hall, 18W, ( DcltHym iliio- (lenaria,) (leol. 4th Dist. 5t. Y., p 171, and I'al. N. Y., vol. 4, p. IH", Hcln.liarie ijrit and Cornif. Gr. ' {liipliplicata, Conrad, 1S4U', (DcltliyriH dii- [(liplicata,! Jour. Acad. Nat. Scj., vol. S, |). 2(>1, Ham. <vol. 2, p. 298, KaskaskiaGr. glabra var. nevatlennis, VValcotf, 188.'», Monoj;. V. S. Geo, Sur., vol. 8, p. \'.M, Up, Devotdan. glanMceniHl, White, 1862, I'roc. Hont. Soo. Nut. Hisf., vol. )», p S, Hum. (Jr. Iintiuliivn, syn. for.S. dinjiincdi. grunulirera, IFall. 1843, i Di'lthvriH granu- lifera,! (ieol. 4tli Dist. N. Y. 'p. 207. and Pal. N, Y., vol. 4, p. -'•_';;, Ham. fUliyriH gran- iiloHH,) ,\nii. Rep. N. Y., p. 65, Low. Held. Gr. Kio. nil.-H|)|rlfoni KroKiirla. gregaria, (Mapj., 1857, lOJi Rep. N. Y. MuH. Nat. HiHt, p. 127, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 195, Up. Held. Gr. grieri. Hall, I8r)7, 10th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. His,, p. 127. and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, I). 194, Schoharic! grit and Up. Held. (Jr. grimesi, Hall, 18.J8, (ieo. Rej). of Iowa, p. (K)4, Burlington (Jr. gnadalupenslH, .Shumard, 1S59, Trans. St. fiouis Acad. .S-i., vol. 1, p. 391, Per- mian (Jr. hannilmlensis, Swallow, 1860, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 647, Waverly or Choteau (Jr. heniicycia, Meek ik Worthen, 1868, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 3, p. 399, Oriskany sand- stone. heriiijilimia, see Syntrielasma hemiplica- tuni. heUrodilm, syn. for S. granulifera. hirtus, White & Whitfield, 1862, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, p. 293, Kin- derhook Gr. hungerfonli. Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 501, Ham. Gr. huronensis, Winchell, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 405, Portage Gr. huronmsU, Castelnau, 1843, Syot.Sil, p. 41. Not recognized, imbrex, Hall, 1858, (Jeo. Rep. Iowa, p. 601, Burlington Gr. inwquivalvis, Castelnau, 1843, Syst. Sil., p. 40. Not recognized, incerta. Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. (502, Burlington Gr. inconstans, syn. for Spirifera racinensis. increbescens. Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 706, Kaskaskia Gr. iricrebescens var. americana. Swallow, 18(«5, Trans. St. Louis Acad, Sci., vol. 2, p. 410, Kaskaskia (Jr. increbescens var. transversalis. Hall, 1868, ( Jeol. Rep. Iowa, p. 708, Kaskaskia Gr. intequicostata, Owen, 1852, Geo. Rep. Wis., Iowa, and Min.^ p. 686, Carb. inomata, syn. for S. disjuncta. insollta, Winchell, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 405, Portage Gr. 26 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I £ Its 12.0 m IL25 11.4 1.6 Fh0togra[iiic Sdenoes Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STRin WIBSTIR,N.Y. USM (716) •72-4303 4r <> o y 374 RACHIOPODA. I.SPI. intermedia, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 424, Oriakany sandHtone. This name was preoccupied by Brongniart in 1829. inutilis, Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, vol. 1, ptt 2, p. 505, Ham. Gr. iowensis, Owen, 1852, Geo. Sur. Wis., Iowa, and Min., p. 585, Ham. Gr. ke'iloggi, Swallow^, 1863, Trans. St.. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 86, Keokuk (Jr. kennicotti, Meek, 1868, Trans. Chi. Acad. Sci., p. 101, flam. Gr. kenttuikensis, see Spiriferina kentuckiensis. ke)Uu/:kerm8 var. propatula, see Spiriferina kentuckiensis var. propatula. keokuk, Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. .642, Keokuk Gr. keokuk var. shelbyensis, Swallow, 1866, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 410, Keokuk Gr. laevigata, Swallow, 1863, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 86, Keokuk Gr. IfBvis, Hall, 1843, (Delthyris Isevis,) Geol. 4th Dist. N. Y., p. 345, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 239, Portage Gr. lamellosa, see Athyris lamellosa. laminoms, McCoy, as identified by Geinitz, is Spiriferina kentuckiensis. lateralis. Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep, Iowa, p. 661, Warsaw Gr. latior, Swallow, 1863, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 86, Waverly or Choteau Gr. leidyi, Norwood & Pratten, 1855, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., 2d neries, vol. 3, p. 72, Kasknskia Gr. leidyi var. chesterensis, Swallow, 1866, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 409^ Kaskaskia Gr. leioyi var. merrimacensis, Swallow, lS66, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 410, Warsaw Gr. ligus, Owen, 1852, Rep. Geo. Sur. Wis., Iowa, and Minn., p. 585, Ham. Gr. lineatoides. Swallow, 1860, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 645, Burlington Gr. lineata, Martin, 1809, (Conchiliolith':? /. "- omites lineatus,) Petrif. Derb., tab. 36, fig. 3, and 13th Rep. Geo. Sur. Ind., p. 133, Coal Meas. lineata var. striato-lineata, Swallow, 1866, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 408, Coal Meas. littoni, Swallow, 1860, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 646, St. Louis Gr. logani. Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 647, Keokuk Gr. lorudalii, syn. for S. disjuncta. macra, Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 134, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 190, Schoharie grit and Up. Held. Gr. macra, Meek. This name was preoc- cupied. See S. strigosa. macronota, Hall, 1843, (Delthyris macro- nota,) Geo. 4th Dist. N. Y., p. 206, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 231, Ham. Gr. macropleura, Conrad, 1840, (Delthyris macrqpleura,) Ant. Rep. N. Y., p. 217, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 202, Ix)w. Held. Gr. macropleura, Castelnau, 1843, Syst. Sil., p. 41. The name was preoccupied. macroptera, as identified by d'Archiac A Verneuii, is S. pennata. macrothyris, Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N Y Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 132, and Pal. \ ^ vol. 4, p. 202, Up. Held. Gr. maia, Billings, 1860, (Athyris mala,) Can. Jour. Ind. Sci. and Arts, vol. 5, p. i'70 Up. Held. Gr. manni. Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y. >his, Nat. Hist., p. 128, and Pal. N. Y., vol.4 p. 211, Up. Held. Gr. maruyi, Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 158, and Pal, N. Y., vol. 4, p. 226, Ham. Gr. marionensis, Shumard, 1855, Geo. Rep. Mo., p. 203, Waverly or Choteau (ir. medialis. Hall, 1843, (Delthyris medialis,) Geo. 4th Dist. N. Y., p. 208, and I'al. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 207, Ham. Gr. medialis var. eatoni. Hall, 1857, (Splrifer eatoni,) 10th Rep. N. Y. Mua. Nat. Hist., p. 157, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 229, Ham. Gr. meeki. Swallow, 1860, Trans., St. LouIb Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p, 645, Burlington Gr. meristoides, Meek, 1868, Trans. Chi. Acad, Sci., p. 106, Ham. Gr. mesacostalis. Hall, 1843, (Delthyris mes- acostalisand D. acuminata,) Gen. 4th Dist. N. Y., p. 269, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 240, Chemung Gr. meeastrialis, Hal!, 1843, (Delthyris mcs- astrialis,) Geo. 4th Dist. N. Y., p. L'(i9, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 242, Ham. and Chemung Gr. meta. Hall, 1867, 20th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat Hist., p. 380, Niagara Gr. memebachianm, syn. for Spirifera cam- erata. mexicana, Shumard, 1858, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 292, Permian (ir. missouriensis. Swallow, 1860, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci,, vol. 1, p. 643, Waverly or Choteau Gr. modesta, Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y. :\Iu8. Nat. Hist., p. 61, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 203, Low Held. Gr. mortonana, S. A. Miller, 1883, 2d Ed., Am. p. 298, Pal. Foss. Keokuk Gr. Proposed instead of S. fastigata of Meek and Wor- then, 1870, in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 36, and afterward in Geo. Sur. III., vnl. 6, p. 521, pi. 30, fig. 3, from Crawfords- ville, Indiana. mucronata, Conrad, syn. for S. pennata. multicostnta, Castelnau, 1843, Syst. Sil., p. 42. Not recognized, multigranosa, Worthen, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 105, Coal Meas. muUistriata, see Trematospira multistriatn. murc/tMoni, Castelnau, 1843, Syst. Sil., i>.4l. Not recognized. mysticenm, Meek, 1873, Hayden's (ieo, Sur. Teir. 6th Rep., p. 466. Not satis- factorily defined. neglecta. Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 642, Keokuk Gr. SPI.] BRACHIOPODA. 375 newberryi, Hall, 1883, Rep. St. Geol. pi. 56, fig. 9, 10, Waverly Gr. niii^tarensis, Conrad, 1842, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 261, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, f). 264, Niagara Gr. niagarensis var. oligoptycha, Roemer, 1860, Sil. Fauna West Tenn., p. 68, Niagara Gr. nictavensis, Dawson, 1868, Acad. Geol., p. 4'.H), Devonian, norwoodana, IJall, 1858, Trans. Alb. Tnst., vol. 4, p. 7, and Bu'l. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 48, Warsaw Gr. norwoodi, Meek, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. 8ci., vol. 12, p. 308, Devonian, novamexicana, S. A. Miller, 1881, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 314, Bur- lington Gr. nympha, Billings, 1863, Proc. Port. Soc Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 116, Low. Held. Gr. octocostata, Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 62, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 205, Low. Held. Gr. Q^ima, Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 711, syn. for S. rockymontana. orestes. Hall ife Whitfield, 1873, 23d Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 237, Che- mung (ir. oregonensis, Shumard, 1863, Trans. St. Louii;' Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 108, Coal Meas. osagensiS; Swallow, 1800, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 641, Waverly or Chotfau Gr. oweni. Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 129, Up. Held. Gr. pachyptera, Goldf uss, as identified by Con- rad in 1839, (Delthyris pachyptera). Not American, parrvana, Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, vol, 1, pt. 2, p, 509, Ham. Gr. peculiaris, Shumard, 1855, Geo. Rep. Mo., p. 202, Waverly or Choteau Gr. pennata, Atwater, 1820, (Terebratula pennata,) Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. 2, p. 242, Ham. Gr. Fio. 612.— .Splrlfera pennata. pennata, Owen. The name was preoccu- pied, see S. atwaterana. percmssa, McCoy, 1855, Brit. Pal. Rocks., p. 194, Sil. Not satisfactorily identified in America. perextensa. Meek & Worthen, 1868, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 414, Ham. Gr. (t) perforata, see Trematoepira perforata. perlamellosa, Hall, ia57, 10th Rep. N. Y. Mu9. Nat. Hist., p. 57, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 200. Low. Held. Gr. pemlexa, McOhesney, 1860, New Pal. ' Fobs., syn. for 8. lineata. pertenuis. Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y, Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 163, Ham. Gr. pharovicina, Winchell, 1802, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 405, Portage Gr. ninonensis. Meek, 1870, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 60, and Expl. 40th Parallel, vol. 4, p. 45, Up. Held. Gr. planoconvexa, Shumard, 1855, Geo. Bep. Mo., p. 202, Coal Meas. plena. Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 603, Burlington Gr. ph'cata, Vanuxem, 1843, see S. vanuxemi. pluto, Clarke, 1885, Bull. U. S. Geo. Sur., No. 16, p. 31, Genesee shales, prtematura, Hall, 1867, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 250, Chemung Gr, prolata, Vanuxem, 1842, (Delthyris pro- lata,) Geo. Rep. N. Y., p. 181, Che- mung Gr. propinqua, Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 647, Keokuk Gr. prora, Conrad, 1842, (Delthyris prora,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p, 263. Ham. Gr. protmsa, syn. for. S. disjuncta. pseudolineata, Hall, 1858, Geo, Rep. Iowa, p. 645, Keokuk Gr. pulchra, Meek, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci,, p, 310, and Simpson's Gt. Basin of Utah, p. 352, Coal Meas. pyramidalis, see Cyrtina pyraraidalis. pyxidata. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 428, Oriskany sandstone. . racinensis, McChesnei', 1860, Pal. Foss., p. 84, Niagara Gr. radiata, Sowerby, 1839, Murch. Sil. Syst., p. 637, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, pp. 66, 265, Niagara Gr. raricosta, Conrad, 1842, (Delthyris rari- costa,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 262, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 192, Scho- harie grit and Up. Held. Gr. resupinata, as identified by d'Aichiac & Verneuil. Not American, richardsoni, Meek, 1868, Trans. Chi. Acad. Sci., p. 104, Ham. Gr. rockymontana, Marcou, 1858, Geo. N. Amer., p. 50, Coal Meas. roptellata. Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 641, Keokuk Gr. rostellum. Hall & Whitfield, 1872, 24th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 182, Ni- agara Gr. rostrata, Morton, 1836, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. 29, p. 149, Coal Meas. rugicosta. Hall, 1860, Can. Nat. Geo., vol. 5, p. 144, Up. Sil. ru^tina, Conrad, 1842, (Delthyris ruga- tina,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 261, Niagara Gr. safibrdi, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 203, Low. Held. Gr. scobina, Meek, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 310, and Simpson's Gt. Basin of tab, p. 351, Coal. Meas. sculptilis. Hall, 1843, (Delthyris sculpti- lis,) Geo, Rep. 4th Dist. N. Y., p. 202, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 221, Haa;. Gr. 376 BRACHIOPODA. [SPI. Begmenta, Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 131, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 207, Up. Held. Gr. semiplicata. Hall, 1860, 13th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nai. Hist., p. Ill, Kinder- hook Gr. setigera, Hall, 1868, Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 705, Kaskaskia Gr. thmpardi, Gastelnau, 1843, Syst. Sil., p. 42. Not recognized, but probably a variety of Orthis lynx, sillana, Winchell, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 119, Guyahoga shale. rimUicr, see Pentamerua similior. flolidirostris. White, 1860, Boat. Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, p. 232, Kinderhook Gr. Kwerbyi, Gastelnau, 1843, Syst. Sil., p. 43. Not recognized. tpinoaa, see Spiriferina spinosa. Btaminea, Hall, 1843, Geo. Rep. 4th Dist. N. Y., p. 105, Niagara Gr. Btriatiformio, lleek, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 289, Waverly Gr. striata, Mar- tin, 1809, (Anomites striat us,) Petri f. Derb., tab. 23, Garb, striata var. triplioata,) Marcou, 1858, Geol. Subcarbonif- FiQ. 618.— Spirlfera striata, terlor of ventral valve. 27orth America, p. erous. subslriatulus , as identi- fied by d'Archiac & Ver- neuil. Not American. B t r i g O S f> , pjq^ 614.-Spirlfera striata, la- Sleek,±tioO, terlor of doraal valve. Proc.Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 309, and Simpson's Rep. Gt. Basin of Utah, p. 347, Devonian. Proposed instead of S. macra. Meek, which was preoccupied. Bubeequalis, Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 663, Warsaw Gr. Bubattenuata, Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep., Iowa, index, p. 3, Ham. Gr. subcardiformis. Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 660, Warsaw Gr. tubeutptaata, Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, . p. 646, Keokuk Gr. Preoccupied by Schnur in 1831. See S. caspidatiformis. BubdecuBsata, Whiteaves, 1887, Cont. to Can. Pal., vol. 1, p. 114, Ham. Gr. tubelliptica, McChesney, 1860, New Pal. Fobs. Not recognized. Coal Meas. Bublineata, Meek, 1868, Trans. Chi. Acad. Sci., p. 103, Ham. Gr. Bubmucronata, Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y. MuB. Nat. Hist., p. 62, and Pal. N. Y., vol, 3, p. 419, Oriskany sand- stone. lubmucronata, Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, vol. 1, pt. 2, Ham. Gr. This name was preoccupied. See S. subattenuata. Buborbicularis, Hall, 1858, Geo. Hep. Iowa, p. 644, Keokuk Gr. subrotundata. Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 521, Kinderhook . 82, Schoharie grit, vini, S. A. Miller, 1883, 2d Ed. Am. Pal Foss, p. 298, Upper Helderberg Gr, Proposed instead of S. quadrata, Cal vin, 1878, in Bull. U. S, Geo. Sur. Terr, vol. 4, No. 3, p. 728, which was preoc cupied. canace, Hall & Whitfield, 1873, 23d Rep N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 236, Che mung Gr. cavumwna, see Strophonella cavumbona. cayuta. Hall, 1867, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p 110, Chemung Gr. cincta, Winchell, 1866, Rep. Low. Penin Mich., p. 93, Ham. Gr. concava, Hall, 1867, (Strophomena con cava,) 10th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist. p. 115, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 96 Cornif. and Ham. Grs. costata, Owen, 1852, Geo. Sur. Wis., Iowa, and Minn., V>. 585, Devonian, crebristriata, Conrad, 1842, (Strophomena crebristriata,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol 8, p. 254, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 86 Schoharie grit. cymbiformiB, Swallow, 1860, Trans. St, Louis Aciod. Sci., vol. 1, p. 635 Ham. Gr. demissa, Conrad, 1842, (Strophomena de missa,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p 258, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 81. Scho harie grit, Cornif., Ham., and Che' mang Grs. erratica, Winchell, 1866, Rep. Low. Pen insula Mich., p. 9? Ham. Gr. feildeni, Ethendge, ■• '78, Quar. Jour. Geo Soc., vol. 34, p. 59.S Up. Sil. fragUis, Hall, syn. for Strophodonta per plana. geniculaU, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. ;{, p. 483, Low. Held. (ir. headleyana. Hall, 1857, N. Y. Mus. Nat Hist., p. 49, and Pal. N. Y., vol. :i, n 185, Low. Held. Gr. hemispherica, Hall, 1857, (Strophoimiia hemispherica,) 10th Rep. N. Y. Muh Nat. Hist., p. 113, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 90, Schoharie grit and Cor- nif. Gr. hybrida, Hall & Whitfield, 1873, 23d llci). N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 239, VAm. mung Gr. imitata, WLichell, 1866, Rep. Low. Penin. Mich., p. 93, Ham. Gr. insequiradiata. Hall, 1857, 10th Kep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 113, and Pal. N, Y., vol. 4, p. 87, Schoharie grit and Cor- nif. Gr. intoquistriata, Conrad, 1842, (StrophomenH intequistriata,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, &254, and Pal. . Y., vol. 4, p. 93, Cornif. and ^^<'- ,^L^&ff """» Ham.Gr3.,Mo8- »n«Bq«»8t'-»at« cow shales. indenta, Conrad, 1838, (Leptsena indentu,) Ann. Rep., N. Y. p. 117, Low Held. (Jr. Not properly defined, inflexa. Swallow, 1860, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 637, Ham. Gr. intermedia. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 482, Oriskacy sandstone, iowensis, Owen, 1862, Geo. Sur. Wis., Iowa, and Minn., p. 586, Devonian, junia. Hall, 1867, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 108, Cornif., Ham. and Tully Grs. (Changed from textilis, in the corri- genda and index.) kemperi. Swallow, 1860, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 636, Ham. Gr. leavenworthana, see Strophonella leaven- worthana. lepida, Hall, syn. for 8. nacrea. lincklseni. Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 55, and Pal N. Y., vol. 3, p. 415, Oriskany sandstone, magnifica. Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 54, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 414, OrisKany sandstone, magniventra. Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 54, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 411, Oriskany sandstone, mucronata, Conrad, 1842, (Strophomena mucronata,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 257, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. Ill, Chemung Gr. nacrea. Hall, 1857, (Strophomena nacrea,) 10th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 144, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 104, Cornif. and Ham. Grs. navalis. Swallow, 1860, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 635, Ham. Gr. parva, Owen, 1862, Geo. Sur. AVis., Iowa, and Minn., p. 684, Ham. Gr. str] BRACHIOPODA. 381 parvo, Hall, 1863, 16th Rep. N. Y. Muh. Nat, Hist., p. 37, Schoharie grit. This name was preoccupied. pateraoni. Hall, 1867, (Strophomena pat- ersoni,) 10th Rep, N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 114, and Pal. N. Y.. vol. 4, p. 81), Scho- liaiie grit and Cornif. Gr. perplana, Conrad, 1842, (Strophomena per plana,) Jour. Acad. Nat Sci., vol. 8, p. 257, and Pal. N. Y.. vol. 4, p. 92, Onondaga, Schoharie, Cornif., Ham., and Chemung, (irs. perplana var. nervosa. Hall, 1843, (Stro- Snomena nervosa,) (ieo. Rep. 4th Dist. . Y., p. 266, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 113, Chemung Gr. , planulata, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 184, Low. Held. Gr. plicata. Hall, 1860, 13th Kep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 90, Ham. Gr. pritfca, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 63. Clinton Gr. profunda. Hall, 1352, (Leptsena profunda,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 61, Clinton and Niagara Grs. punctMh/era, see Strophonella punctu- lifera. quadrata. Swallow, 1860, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 639, Ham. Gr. guadrata, Calvin, 1878. Bull. U. S. Geo. Sur. Terr., vol. 4, No. 3, p. 728. The name was preoccupied. See S. calvini. reversa, see Strophonella reversa. semifasciata, see Strophonella semifasciata. striata, Hall, 1843, (Strophomena striata,) Geo. Rep. 4th Dist. N. Y., p. 104, Ni- agara Gr. Bubcymbiformis, Swallow, 1860, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 636, Ham. Gr. Bubdemissa, Hall, 1857, 10th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 145, Ham. Gr. textilis, Hall, 1862, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 327, Coralline Limestone. variabilis, Calvin, 1878, Bull. U. 8. Geo. Sur., vol. 4, No. 3, p. 727, Up. Held. Gr. varistriata, Conrad, 1842, (Strophomena varistriata,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 255, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 180, Low. Held. Gr. varistriata var. arata, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 183, Low. Held. Gr. vascularia. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3. p. 412, Oriskany sandstone. Stbophomena, RafinesquCj 18^5, Manuel de Malacologie of Blainville, p. 513. FEty. strophot, bent; mene, a crescent ] Bhell somewbac semicircular, or somewhat semioval, though variable in outline; thin ; one valve convex, the other con cave, with a thin space between them for the animal ; surface with radiating striee ; hinge-line straight, longer or shorter than the width of the shell below; anterior end of the shell usually de- flected or bent over toward the dorsal valve ; ventral valve convex, flat on the umbo; beak small, and minutely per- forated ; cardinal area nearly rut in two parts by an angular notch, which is closed, or nearly closed, by the bifid cardinal process of the dorsal valve; two divergent teeth, two adductor scars, and two cardinal muscular impressions; dorsal valve having a linear area, two cardinal processes close together at the middle of the hinge-line, directed for- ward ; sockets for the reception of the teeth of the ventral valve; two mus- cular scars in front of the cardinal pro- cesses. Type 8. rugosa, which is (jener- ally regarded as synonymous with S. rhomboidalis. aeiUirndiatn , see Chonetes acutiradiatus. alternata, Conrad, 18.38, (I.epttena alter- nata,) Ann. Rep. N. Y., p. 115, and Pal N. Y., vol. 1, pp. 102, 286, Trenton and Hud. Riv. Grs. altemiradiatn, Shaler, 1865, Bulletin No. 4, M. C. Z., Anticosti Gr. Not defined so as to be recognized. alternistriata. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 109, Trenton and Hud. Riv. Grs. alternata var. loxorhytid, Meek, 1873, Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 91, Hud. Riv. Gr. ampla, see Stro- p h o n e 1 1 a ampla. analoga,Phillips, 1836, Geol. Yorkshire, vol. 2, pi. 7, fig. 10, Sub- carb. anticottunm, syn. for Strophomena alter- nata. antiquata, see Streptorhynchus anti- quatum. arctostriata, see Streptorhynchus arcto- striatum. arcuata, Shaler, 1865. This name was pre- occupied. arethusa, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 132, Hud. Riv. Gr. aurora, Billings, 1866, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 218, Quebec. Gr. bifurcata, syn. for Streptorhynchus pecti- naceum. bipartita. Hall, 1852, (Lepttena bipartita,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 326, Coralline Lime- stone. blainvillii, Billings, 1874, Pal. Foss., vol. 2, p. 28, Up. Sil. camerata, Conrad, 1842, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 264, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 106. Trenton Gr. carinata, Conrad, 1838, see I'ropidoleptus carinatus. eannata, Conrad, 1842, see Chonetes car- inatus. ceres, Billings, 1860, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 5, p. 54, Hud. Riv. Gr. and Mid. Sil. chemungensis, Conrad, 1842, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci,, vol. 8, p. 257, Chemung Gr. Fig. 62S. — S'rophoraena alterii&t.a. BRACHIOPODA. L>>TR. kT tantma^ see Strophodonta concava. eonradi, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 194, Low. Held. Gr. convexn, Owen, 1840, Kep. on Mineral Lands, p. 70, Calcif. Gr. comula, Bee Chonetes cornutus. corrugata, Conrad, 1842, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 3, p. 250, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, j). 69, Clinton Gr. crebriHriata, see Strophodonta crebri- striata. cretiiglriu, uyn. for Strophodonta perpiana. deelivis, James, syn. for Strophomena al- ternata. C'flecta, see Streptorhynchus deflectum. deltoidea, Conrad, 1839, Ann. Rep. N. Y., p. 64, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 106, Trenton Gr. delthyria, syn. for Strophodonta perpiana. demma, see Strophodonta demissa. depressa, Sowerby, 1825, (Producta de- pressa,) Min. Conchology, vol. 5, p. 86, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 267, Up. Sil. Generally regarded as a syn- onym for S. rhomboidalis. deprensa var. ventricom, see Strophomena . rugosa vbr. ventricosa. V donneti, Salter, 1862, Sutherland's Jour., vol. 2, App , p. 218, Devonian, elegantula, Hall, 1843, Geo. Rep., 4th Dist. N. Y., p. 73, Clinton Gr. elongata, Conrad, 1842, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 269, Low. Held. Gr. elliptica, Conrad, 1839, Ann. Rep. N. Y., p. 64, Niagara Gr. fa^ciata. Hall, 1847, (Leptaena fasciata,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 20, Chazy Gr. filUexta, see Streptorhynchus filitextum. fluctuosa, Billings, 1860, Can. Nat. Geo., vol. 5, p. 67, Trenton and Hud. Riv. Grs. fontinalis, "White, 1874, Rep. Invert. Foss., p. 10, and Geo. Sur. W. 100th Mer., vol. 4, p. 54, Quebec Gr. fracta, Meek, 1873, (S. alternata var. fracta,) Pal. Ohio, vol. 1, p. 91, Hue Riv. Gr. fragility syn. for Strophodonta perpiana. galatea, Billings, 1874, Pal. Foss., vol. 2, p. 20, Gaspe limestone No. 8, De- vonian. geniculata, Sbaler, (Brachyprion genicula- tum.) The name was preoccupied, gibbosa, Conrad, 1841, Ann. Geo. Rep. N. Y., p. 25, Onondaga Gr. hecuba, Billings, 1860, Can. Nat. Geo., vol. 5, p. 60, Hud. Riv. Gr. hemispherica, see Strophodonta hemis- pherica. imbecilis, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 219, Quebec Gr. imbrex, Pander, 1846; in Russia and Ural Mountains, Hud. Riv. Gr. The identi- fication very doubtful in America. impreaaa, syn. for Strophodonta vari- striata. >/,. incraesata, Hall, 1847. (Laptaena incras- • sata,) Pal. N., vol. 1, u. 19, Chazy to Hud. Riv. Gr. iruequiradiala, see Strophodonta inu'i|ui- railiata. irurtjuuttriata, see Strophodonta iuMMjui. striata. inUrstrialis, Phillips, in Geo. 4tli Di.st, N. Y., see Strophodonta cayuta. Irene, Billings, 1874, Pal. Foss., vol. '2, p. 27, Devonian, ithacensis, Vanuxem, 1842, Geo. lien N. Y., p. 174, Portage Gr. Julia, Billings, 1862, Pal. Fobs, vol. I. p. 127, Anticosti Or., Div. 4, Mid. Sil. kingi, Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Ren. (I.o Sur. Wis., ~ p. 261, Hud. Riv. Gr. p. J2, and Geo. Wis., vol 4, d. lachrymosn, see Productella lachryniOKii hevis, Emmons, 1842, Geo. Rep. N. Y., p. 386, Birdseye Gr. leda, Billings, 1860, Can Nat. Geo., vol. 5, p. 55, Mid. Sil. lepida, syn. for Strophodonta nacrca. lima, see Productella lacbrymosa var. lima. lineata, see Chonetes lineatus. macro, syn. for Strophodonta semifasiiata. magnivenlra, see Strophodonta magni. vent ra. mfmhranacea, of Phillips, as identified by Vanuxem. 1842, Geo. 3d Dist. N. Y., see Productella hirsuta. modesta, Conrad, 1839, Ann. Rep. N. Y., p. 64, Niagara \m Aciwl. Hd. The name was nreoccuiiid by Roemer in 1840. H«'cT. Sliunianlniia. arginlea, see Athyris argentea. ttspera, see Atrypa Hspera. hidfiitala, see Khynchonella bidvntiUn. binacula, ISfcCMieBney, 1860, New Pul. Vim., p. 82, Kaskaskia Gr. Not reco^tni/iil. bormlit, Caatelnau, 1843, Syst. Sll., {i. 40, Not recognized, bovidens, Morton, 1836, Am. Jour. Sci, vol. 20, p. 160. Coal Meas. breviroBlris, see Uhynchonella breviroHiiifl. brevilobata, Swallow, 1803, Trans, .St, Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 84, KusskaH- kia Gr. burlingtonensiH, White, 1860, Boat. Jour. Nat. Hist., p. 228, and Geo. Sur. W. 100th Mer., vol. 4, p. 93, Kinderhnok Gr. concentrica, syn. for Athyris splrifernidcH, cooperensis, n. sp., Keokuk Gr. PropoHt'd instead of T. parva. Swallow, l.st);), Trans. St. Louis Acad. Hci.. vol. 2, j). 83, which name was preoccupied. FxQ. 827.— Terebratula bovlcleuH. crenulata, Sowerby, 1840, (Atrypa crenu- lata,) Geo. Trans., 2d series, vol. 5, p. 704, Devonian. cuneata, see Rhynchonella cuneata. elia, Hall, 1867, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 390, Up. Held. Gr. formosa, Hall, 1868, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 6, and Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. HiBt., p. 55. Warsaw Gr. genkulosa, syn. for Terebratula bovidens. graeilit, Swallow, 1863, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci. The name was preoccupied by Von Buch in 1834. See T. swal- lovana. harmonia. Hall, 1867, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 388, Up. Held. Gr. inornata, McOhesney, 1860, New. Pal. Foss. Carb. insperata, Phillips, 1841, Pal. Foss., De- vonian. irUerplicala, see Anastrophia interplicata. jucunda. Hall, 1867, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 390, Up. Held Gr. lacunota. Not American, lapillus, Morton, 1836, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. 29, p. 149, Coal Meas. lens, see Cryptonella lens. laticosta, see Atrypa laticosta. lincklaeni, see Cryptonella lincklseni. lynx, see Orthis lynx. marcyi, see Betzia marcyi. TKR.— THK.] BRACHIOPODA, :{8ft mnrginnlk, see Atrypa maritinalia. niichelini, see OrlhiH inichelini. milU-pHncUitd, Hvn. fur T. bovidena. inormoni, nee KotKiii mormoni. imvicellB, ilall, im7, Pal. N. Y., vol, 4, p. :it)l, Ilani. (ir. luu'iformiH, Morton, 183fi, Am. Jonr. 8cl. and ArtP, vol. 2W, p. 149, Coal Mean. iiiicnla, see Rhynchonella uuciila. Ontario, Hall, 1867, Pal N. Y., vol. I, p. 418, Ham. Gr. oioidef, see Renaselseria ovoidcB. parva, Swallow, IStlU, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., p. 83. The name wbh pre- occupied by d'Archiac in 1846. See Terebratiila cooperenHifl. peimata, mte Spirifera pennata. |ierinflata, Hhumard, IS-W, Trans St. Ix)ui8 Aca2, Permian Gr. planirottra, see (Vyptonella ]>laiiirostra. nctirmtrn, Hee Cryptonulla recti rostra. rdlculam, see Atrypa reticularis. rockymontdna, see Kbynchonella rocky- raontana. roemingeri, Hall, 1863, 16th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 48, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 389, Ham. Gr. rowleyi. Worthen, 1884, Bull. No. 2, 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 23, Burling- ton Gr. sac'culus, Martin, 1809, Petrif. Derb., Low. Carb. Khlotheimi, see Camerophoria schlotheimi. sliumardana, S. A. Miller, 1883, 2d Ed. Am. Pal. Foss., p. 299, Kaskaskia Gr. Proposed instead of T. arcuata. Swallow, 1863, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 83, which was preoccupied. simulator, Hall, 1867, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 391, Ham. Gr. spiriffroides, see Athyrls spiriferoides. gtricklandi, see Rhynchonella stricklandi. mbretziaforma, McChesney, 1860, Pal. Foss., p. 82, Kaskaskia Gr. Not recog- nized. mbtilita, see Athyris subtilita. suiiivanti. Hall, 1867, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 387, Up. Held. Gr. ^ Bwallovana, 8. A. Miller, 1883, 2d Ed. Am. Pal. Foss., p. 299, Kaskaskia Gr. Pro- posed instead of T. gracilis. Swallow, 1863, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 83, which was preoccupied. traversensis, Winchell, 1866, Rep. Low. Penin. Mich., p. 95, Ham. Gr. trinuclea, see Athyris trinuclea. turgida. Hall, 1858, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 6, and Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist, p. 54, Warsaw Gr. uta, see Rhvnchonella uta. Utah, Hair& Whitfield, 1877, U.S. Geo. Expl. 40th parallel, vol. 4, p. 258, Wa- verly Gr. valenciennei, Castelnau, 1843, Syst. Sil., p. 39. Not recognized. wihoni, see Rhynchonella wilsoni. TerebratuliUi, Schlotheim, syn. for Spir- ifera. biforatiu, see Orthis biforata. Trkmatih, Sharpe, 1848, Qnar. Jour. Geo [Kty. opening.] Shell Huborbicular or irmiH Syn/s, part; elln, diminutive.] Large subu- vate or subcircular; valves convex; beaks solid and 'ransversely striatal ■ Fio. 631.— Trimerella grandls. Cast of dorsal valve. shell thick, and surface concentrically striated ; area of pedicle valve longer than wide; deltidium large; hinge thick, elevated, rudely or slightly den- tary; cardinal facet large; crescent well defined ; platforms elevated and doubly vaulted, occasionally solid and slightly raised ; median plate in both valves, longest in the brachial one. Type T. grandip. Fio. 632.— Trimerella grandis. Cast of ventral valve. acuminata, Billings, 1862, Pal. Fobs., vol. 1, p. 167, Guelph Gr. billingsi, Dall, 1871, Am. Jour. Conch., vol. 7, p. 82, Guelph Or. tRI— WAI..] BRACHIOPODA. 387 St of Uoi'Hal t of ventral dalli, Davidson «& King, 1872, Brighton Meeting Brit. Assoc, and Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, 1874, p. 154, (iuelph Gr. galtensis, Billings, 1862, (Obolus galtensis,) Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 168, Guelph Gr. grandis, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 166, Guelph Gr. minor, Dall, syn. for T. galtensis. obiopnsis, Meek, 1871, Am. Jour. Sci., 2d series, vol. 1, p. 315, and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 183, Niagara Gr. Triplksia, Hall, 1858, 12th Rep. N. Y. Fio 633. — Trlmerella galtensis. FiQ. 634.— Trlplesia extaus. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 44. [Ety. lia, but dis- tinguished by its .sirong dental lamellii> and pro- cesses. Type V. pustulosa. pustulosa, llall, 1860, 13th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 72, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 410, Tully limestone. Waldueimia, King, 1849, Mon- ograph of Permian Fossils, p. 145. [Fity. proper name.] Shell circular, sub- quadrate, transverse or elongated; valves unequally convex, smooth, or plicated; beak truncated, perforated; deltidium in one or two pieces; loop long, formed of lamellr; attached by the crura to the hinge / / 388 BRACHIOPODA. [WHI. /vc Slate ; one tooth on each side of the eltidium, supported by plates, and fitting in the sockets of the dorsal valve; structure punctate. Type W, australis. Fia. 637.— Waldheinila australis. Dorsal valve' ^, cardinal process; f, dental sockets; p, hinge plate : «, septum : o, crura of the loop : {, re- tlected portion of the loop ; ?», quadruple adductor impression. Ventral valve ; /, fora- men; d, deltidiumj; t, teeth; a, single adductor impression; r, cardinal muscle; z, accessory muscles; p, pedicle muscles ; v, position of tlie vent; 2, attachment of pedicle sheatli. compacta, White & St. John, 1868, Trans. Chi. Acad. Sci., p. 119, Up. Coal Meas. deweyi, see Ketzia deweyi. formosa, see Retzia formosa. globosa, see Tramatospira globosa. rectirostra, see Trematospira rectirostra. Whitfieldia, Davidson, 1881, Lond. Geo. Mag., vol. 8, p. 289. [Ety. proper name.] While Meris- tella is distinguished from Merista by having no shoe-lifter process ; Whitfieldia is dis- tinguished from both by the absence of those peculiar ring-shaped processes attached to the loop, and has instead only a short, bifurcating process, where in Merista and Meristella the rings are formed. These internal differences in the spirals seem to distinguish the genera. Type W. tumida. Fig. 638.— Wald heimia aus' trails. maria. Hall, 1863, (Meristella maria,) Trans Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 212, Niagara Gr. Fia. 639.— Whltflelda maria. Internal castx. Zygospika, Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. IMns. Nat. Hist., p. 126. [Ety. zygot, yoke; spira, spire.] General form of Atrypa with internal spires having a br'uad loop passing from the outer limbs of the spiral band entirely across from side to side, near to or above the center, and close to the inner side of the dorsal valve. Type Z. modesta. concentrica, Ulrich, 1879, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 14, Hud Riv. (ir. headi, Billings, 1862, (Athyris headi,)Pal. Fobs., vol. 1, p. 147, Hud. Riv. Gr. headi var. anticostiensis, Billings, 1862, (Athyris headi var. anticostiensis,) Pal. ro«>p., vol. 1, p. 147, Hud. Riv. Gr. headi var. borealis, Billings, 1862, ( Atliyrjg headi var. borealis,) Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 147, Hud. Riv. Gr headi, Meek, see Glassi >, headi. minima. Hall, 1879, Desc. New Spec. Fobs., p. 14, and 11th Rep. Geo. and Nat. Hut. Ind., p. 305, Niagara Gr. modesta. Say, 1847, (Atrypa modesta,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 141, Trenton and Hud. Riv. Gr. modesta var. cincinnatiensis, Meek, 1872, Pal. Ohio, vol. 1, p. 126, Hud. Riv. Gr. pauper, Billings, 1866, Catal. „ „ „ Sil. Fpss. AnTic, p. 46, An- ^'^ST^ ticosti Gr. desta. subconcava, ]*;Ieek & Wor- then, 1868, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 380, Low. Held. Gr. ternal caHts. ASi'.— cot.] PTEROPODA. 389 CLASS PTEROPODA. The Class Pteropoda consists wholly of marine animals of small size, furnished with a pair of fins at the sides ot the head, by means of which they swim in the open sea. The living forms are divided into two orders : the Gymnosomata and Thccosomata. The Gymnosomata have no shells, and occur in such prodigious numbers that they furnish food for whales and many sea-birds. The Thecosomata have either straight or coiled shells, some of which are glassy in their texture and very beautiful. It may well be doubted whether or not any of the Palteozoic fossils belong to this order. They are referred to the following families : Family AspiDKLLiOiE. — Aspidella. Family Clathro jceliid^e — Clathrocoelia. Family CoNULARiiDiE. — Conularia. Family HYOLiTHiDiE. — Coleolus, Coleoprion, Hyolithes, Pharetrella, Stenotheca. Family Matthevid^. — Matthevia. Family PTEROXHECiDiE. — Pterotheca, Family ScENELLiDiE. — Scenella. Family TENXACUUTiDiE. — Styliola, Tentaculites. Diplotbeca, Hyolithellui, Fia. mi. — Aspldel I a terraaovi- oa. Aspidella, Billings, 1872, Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 3, and Pal. Fobs., vol. 2, p. 76. fEty. atpidelln, little shield'.] Small, ovate, bordered by a narrow ring within which it is concave ; in the middle there is a ridge, from which grooves "adiate to the border. Type A. terrauo- vica. terranovica, Billings, 1872, Am. Jonr. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 3, and Pal. Foss., vol. 2, p. 77, TaConic. Gamorolheca, Matthew, 1885, Can. Rec. Sci., vol. 1, p. 149, syn. for Hyolithes. ffracilix, see Hyolithes gracilis. Clatiiroc(Elia, Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, nt. 2, p. 203. [Ety. clathro, latticed ; koilia, b"lly.] An oblique conical tube, expanding more rapidly on one side than the other; interior crossed by unsymmetrical, arching, septal lines and loi)gituill, syn. for Pterotheca. aVeniuiia, see Pterotheca attenuata. exparua, see Pterotheca expansa. Fig 612.— Coleolaa acicula. Coleolus, Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 184. [Ety. kokos, sheath.] Tubu- liform, elongate-conical, straight or slightly curved. annulated, some- times obliquely, sometimes longi- tudinally stri- ated, interior smooth. Type O. tenui- cinctus. acicula. Hall, 1843, (OrthoceraR acicula,) Geo. Sur. 4th Dist. N. Y., p. 243, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 187, Gen- esee Slate. aciculatus. Hall, 18G0, (Dentalium acicula- turn,) 13th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 107, Marcellus Shale and Por- tage Grs crenatocinctus, Fall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 188, Up. Held. Gr. gracilis. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, pt. 2, p. 190. Chemung Gr. herzeri. Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 7, Waverly Gr. IsBvis, Walcott, 1885, Monogr, U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 199, Devonian, mohri. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, pt. 2, p. 189, Up. Held. Gr. spinnlus. Hall, 1879, Desc. New Spec. Foss., p. 18, and Uth Rep. Geo. and Nat. Hist. Ind., p. 322, Niagara Gr. 890 PTEROPODA. [cor,.— CON, A %' tenuicinctuB, Hall, 1876, (Coleoprion tenuicinctum,) Illust. Devon. Fobs., pi. 27, Ham. Gr. Coleoprion, Sandberger, 1847, Leonhardt & Bronn, Jahrbuch, vol. 1, p. 25. [Ety. koltOB, sheath ; prion, saw.] Tubuliform, appearing as an elongate cone, encircled by oblique annulations, which are in- terrupted along a longitudinal line, and attenuate at their extremities ; internal walls smooth. Type C. gracilis. minutum, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. 8ur., vol. 8. p. 85, Trenton Gr. tenue, Hall, 1879, Pal. of N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p, 184, Ham. Gr. tenuicinctum, see Coleolus tenuicinctus. OoNULARiA, Miller, 1821, in Sowerby's Minn. Conch., vol. 3, p. 107. [Ety. conulus, little cone.] Elongate pyramidal; transverse section varying from quad- rangular to octagonal ; angles indented by longitudinal grooves; septum near the apex ; surface reticulated and orna- mented. Type C. quadrisulcata. asperata, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 21, Hud. Riv. Gr. bifurca, Ringueberg, 1886, Bull. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci., vol. 5, p. 18. Not properly defined. byblis, White, 1862, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, p. 22. Waverly Gr. { cayuga, Hall, 1876, illust. Devonian Fobs , pi. 28, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 211, Ham. Gr. chesterensis, Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 325, Kaskaskia Gr. ' congregata. Hall, 1876, Illust. Devonian Foss., pi. 28, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 214, Portage Gr. continens. Hall, 1876, Illust. Devonian Fobs., pi. 28, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 212, MarcelluB Shale. continens var. rudis. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y.. vol. 5, pt. 2, pi. 28, Ham. Gr. crawforaBvillensis, Owen, 1862, Geo. Sur. Ind., p. 362, Keokuk Gr. / crebristriata. Hall, 1876, Illust. Devonian Fobs., pi. 29, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 210, Ham. Gr. crustula. White, 1880, 12th Rep. U. S. Geo. Sur. Terr., p. 170, Coal Meas. elegantula. Meek, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 85, and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, ^ p. 288, Un. Held. Gr. formosa. Miller & Dyer, 1878, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 38, Hud. Riv. Gr. — gattingeri, Safford, 1869, Geo. of Tenn., p. 289, Trenton Gr. gracilis, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 224, Trenton Gr. granulata, Hall, 1847, .'al. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 223, Trenton Gr. hudsoni, Emmons, 1856, Am. Geo., vol. 1, p. 208, Hud. Riv. Gr. huntana. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vt'l. 3, p. 348, Low. Held. Gr. indentata, Conrad, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 7, p. 31, Trenton Qr. [1. Nat. Sci. yf^^''""|k 4, and Ohio ^-;" •;"- /I 2, p. 316, mu^r I ir. m'^J;.- iiS infrequens. Hall, 1879, Desc. New S|,j.(;. Foss., p. 17, and 11th Rep. Geo. :iii(i Nat. Hist. Ind., p. 321, Niagara Gr. laqueata, Conrad, 1841, Ann. Rep. N. V., p. 57, Niagara Gr. \J lata. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y.. vol. 3, p. i;.), Oriskany sandstone, longa. Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. J, i, 295, Niagara Gr. magnifica, Spencer, 1884, Bull. No. i, Mus. Univ. St. Mo., p. 58, Niag- ara Gr, marionensis, Swallow, 1860, Trann. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 656, Ham. (Jr. micronema. Meek, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 84, Pal., vol. Waverly Gi missouriensis. Swallow, 1860, Trans. St. Louis ^ Acr.d. Sci., vol. 1, p. 657, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 5, p. 541, St. Louis Gr. V^ molaris. White, 1876, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 33, Devonian, multicostata. Meek & Worthen, 1865, Proc. Fia.(M3.-<„„„ia- Acad. Nat Sci., p. 262, rla mlcroneina. Waverly Gr. multipuncta, Ringueberg, 1886, Bull. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci., vol. 5, p. 18. Not proj)- erly defined. \/ newberryi, Winchell, LSOo, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. ISO, Waverly Gr. niagarensis. Hall, 185i', I'al. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 294, Niag- ara Gr. osagensis, Swallow, 1863, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. :', p. 98, Kaskaskia Gr. papillata. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y.. vol. 1, p. 223, Trenton (ir. planocostata, Dawson, 1868, Acad.Geol., p. 307, Garb. pyramidalis. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 347, Low. Held. Gr. quadrata, Walcott, 1876, ^28tli Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 93, Trenton Gr. quadrisulcata, (?) Miller, 1821, Min. Conch., vol. 3, p. 107, Niagara Gr. rugosa, Spencer, 1884, Bull. No. 1, Mus. Univ. St. Mo., p. 59, Niagara' Gr. splendida, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 21, Hud. Riv. Gr. subcarbonaria, Meek & Worthen, 186'), Proc Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 253, and (Jeo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 520, Keokuk Gr. subulata, Hall, 1858, Trvns. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 32. and Bull. Am. Mns. Nat. Hist., p. 91, Warsaw Gr. transversa, Ringueberg, 1886, Bull. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci., vol. 5, p. 19, Niag- ara Gr. Fig. M4.— Conularia q u a il r 1 - sulcata. DIH.— HYO.] PTEROPODA. zn tientonenBiB, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 222, Trenton and Hud. Riv. Grs. triphcata. Swallow, 1860, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 657, Ham. (ir. undulata, Conrad, 1841, Ann. Kep. N. Y., p. 67, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 208, Ham. Gr. verneuilana, Emmons, 184(», Am. Quar. Jour. Agr. and Sci., vol. 4, p. 330. Sub- carboniferous. victa, White, 1862, Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, p. 22, Burlington Gr. -.vhitii. Meek & Worthen, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 253, Waverly Gr. wilkinsi, Spencer, 1884, Bull. No. 1, Mus. Univ. St. Mo., p. 59, Niagara Gr. Dii'i-oTHECA, Matthew, 1885, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 30, p. 293. [Ety. diploos, double ; Theca, a genus.] Slen- der, conical, section triangular ; internal septa dividing it in segments; body cavity separated from one side by a thin partition, supported by delicate transverse septa; distinguished from Hyolithes by more rapidly expand- ing, and by a firmer, rounder side, where it has the support of the lateral septa. Type D. acadica. acadica, Matthew, 1885, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 30, p. 294, St. John Gr. byattana, Matthew, 1885, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser,, vol, 30, p. 294, St. John vir. hyattana var. caudata, Matthew, 1885, Am. Jor". Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 30, p. 294, St. John Gr. Hyoijthklliis, Billings, 1871, Can. Nat, and Geol, vol. 6, p. 240, and Am. Jour. Sci. ajid Arts, .3d ser., vol. 3, p. 360. [Ety. diminutive of Hyolithes.] Dis- tinguished from Hyolithes by its long, slender form and structure of the oper- culum. Type H. micans. micans, Billings, 1871, Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 6, p. 240, and Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts., 3d ser., vol. 3, p. 354, Up. Ta- conic. micans var. rugosa, Wal- cott, 1887, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 34, p. 191, Up. Taconic. Hyolithes, Eichwald, 1840, Sil. Schicht. Syst. in Ehstl., p. 97. Appar- ently the internal casts of tubes forming an elongate, subtriangular pyramid ; lateral margins acute and tapering from the base to an acute extremity ; dorsal side usually more convex than the ven- tral, and often longitudinally sinuate: aperture usually oblique and extended on the ventral side ; surface smooth, or having arching or transverse striae. Type H. acutus. Fio. 645.-HyoU- thellus micans. Terminal por- tion enlarged. aclis, Hall. 1876, lUust. Devonian Fobs., pi. 27, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 197, Ham. Gr. aculeatus, Hall, 1860, (Theca aculeata,) 13th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 107, Kinderhook Gr. americanus, Billings, 1871, (Thaca trian- gularis,) Ilall, Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 6, p. 213, Up. Taconic. baconi, Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Rep. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 77, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 225, Trenton Gr, carbonaria, Walcott, Monogr, U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 264, Subcarboniferous. centennialis, Barrett, 1877, Ann. Lye, Nat. Hist., vol. 11, p. 299, Low. Held. Gr. communis, Billings, 1871, Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 6, p. 213, Up. Taconic. danianus, Matthew, 1884, Bull. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 2, p. 283, St. John Gr. emmonsi, Ford, 1873, Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 5, p. 214, Up. Taconic. excellens, Billings, 1874, Pal. Foss., vol. 2, p. 70, Up. Taconic. gibbosus. Hall & Wnitfield, 1873, 23d Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 242, Pots- dam Gr. gracilis, Matthew, 1885, (Camerotheca gracilis,) Can. Rec. Sci., vol. 1, p. 149, St. John Gr. gregarius. Meek & Hayden, 1861, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil, p. 436, and Pal. Up. Mo., p. 5, Potsdam Gr. heros. Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 7, Low, Held. Gr. impar. Ford, 1872, Am, Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 3, p. 419, Up. Taconic. ligea, Hall, 1863, (Theca ligea,) 15th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist, p. 62, and Pal, N, Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 195, Up. Held. Gr. micans, see Hyolithellus micans. micmac, Matthew, 1884, lull. U. S. Geo. Sur,, vol. 2, p. 283, St. John Gr. neapolis, Clarke, 1885, B ill, U. S. Geo. Sur., No. 16, p. 56, Portage Gr. parviusculus. Hall, 1862, (Theca parvius- cula,) Geo. Rep. Wis., p. 425, Hud. Riv. Gr. primordialis. Hall, 1861, (Theca primor- dialis,) Geo. Rep. Wis., p. 48, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 175, Potsdam Gr. princeps, Billings, 1871, Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 6, p. 213, and Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 3, p. 365, Up. Ta- conic. principalis. Hall, ir.76, II- lust. Devonian Foss., pi. 27, and Pal. N. Y., vol. „ 5, pt. 2 p, 196, ^cho- •';«•, «%T.S^o?: harie gnt. dialls. shaleri, Walcott, 1886, Bull. U. S. Geo. Sur., p. 283, Up. Taconic. singulus. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt, 2, p. 202, Ham. Gr. 892 PTEROPODA. [mat.— V- TV. ^ \ FiQ. 647.— MatthevlA variabilis. striatus, Hall, 1876, lllust. Devonian Foea., pi. 27, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 199, Ham. Gr. Bubimbricatus, Binfiueberg, 1888, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 136, Niag- ara Gr. triliratus, Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 201, Ham. Gr. vanuxenii, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. 8. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 86, Chazy Gr. Matthkvia, Walcott, 1885, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 30, p 17. [Ely, proper name.] Shell conical ; aperture sinuous, transverse section, ovate, el- ' liptical or rounded subquadrate ; two elongate interior chambers, diverging from the apex, open into the terminal chamber, and are crossed by a single imperforate sep- tum; surface pa- pillose ; opercu- lum calcareous, nucleus excentric, lines of growth concentric. Type M. variabilis, variabilis, Walcott, 1885, Am. Jour Sci. and Arts 3d ser., vol. 30, p 18, Calciferous Gr. Pearetsella, Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, f>. 7. Shell large, elongate, Hyolithes- ike in outline ; apex acute ; surface or- namented with transverse, undulating striae. Type P. tenebrosa. tenebrosa, Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 7, Genesee Slate. Ptebotheca, Salter, 1852, Rep. Brit. Ass'n, p. 61. [Ety. pieron, wing; 7'ft<'m,agenu8.] Shells arcuate, somewhat calyptraiform, eubtriangular, or oval; apex marginal and incurved on the same plane, cari- nate upon the back, abruptly and broadly expanding, with the anterior margin sinuate ; interior concave, shal- low ; a concave, shelly partition covers the posterior half of the cavity. Type P. transversa. anatiformis. Hall, 1847, (Tellinomya anat- iformis,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 154, Tren- ton Gr. attenuata. Hall, 1861, (Clioderma attenu- ata,) 14th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 98, Trenton Gr. canaliculata. Hall, 1861, (Cleioderma ca- naliculata,) 14th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 97, Trenton Gr. ezpansa, Emmons, 1842, (Delthyris ex- pansus,) Geo. Rep. N. Y., p. 397, Black Riv. and Trenton Grs. saffordi. Hall, 1861, (Cleioderma saffordi,) 14th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist, p. 96, Trenton Gr. transveraa, Salter, 1852, Rep. Brit. Ass'n, p. 61, Hud. Riv. Gr. undulata, Hall, 1861, (Cleioderma undu- lata,) 14th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 97, Trenton Gr. Pugiuncnlus aculeaius, see Hyolithes acii- leatus. ScBNEiiLA, Billings, 1872, Can. Nat. mid Geol., vol. 6, p. 479, and Pal. Foss., v.!. 2, p. 77. [Ety. scene, tent; ella, diminu- tive.] Shell small, depressed, conic.il ; apex central, an obscure carina exte.i>i]. ing from the apex to the margin ; ai'i>x slightly incurved opposite the carina ; aperture nearly circular; surface fim iv reticulated. Type S. reticulata. conica, Vhiteaves, 1884, Pal. Fobs., vol. 3, p. 32, Guelph Gr. con ula, Walcott, 1885, Ho. 648.-ftceneliii .(ui- Mouogr. U. S. Geo. *"*• Side view. Sur., vol. 8, p. 15, Up. Taconic. reticulata, Billings, 1872, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 6, p. 479, avid Pal. Foss., vol. 2, p. 77, Up. Taconic. retusa. Ford, 1873, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d series, vol. 5, p. 213, I'li. Taconic. varians, Walcott, 1886, Bull. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 30, p. 127, Up. Taconic. Stenotheca, Hicks, 1872, Quar. Jour. < ieo. Soc, vol. 28, p. 180. [Ety. ^enos, nar- row; TVicco, genus.] Shell small, curved; linefi of growth strongly marked trans- versely. Type S. cornucopia, acadica, Hartt, 1868, (Discma acadica,) Acad. Geol., p. 644, St. John Gr. concentrica, Matthew, 1885, Tra .s. Koy. Soc. Can., p. 57, St. John Gr. elongata, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 23, Up. Taconic. hicksana, Matthew, 1885, Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., p. 56, St. John Gr. nasuta, Matthew, 1885, Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., p. 58, and Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 6, p. 479, St. John Gr. pauper, Billings, 1872, Pal. Foss., vol. 2, p. 77, Up. Taconic. radiata, Matthew, 1885, Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., p. 57, St. Jolin Gr. rugosa. Hall, 1847, (Jle- toptoma rugosa, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 306, Up. Taconic. triangularis, Matthew, 1885, Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., p. 58, St. John Gr. Styliola, Lesueur, 1826. [Ety. »tylos, pillar.] Small, conical, without annulations which distinguishes it from Tentac- ulites. fissurella, Hall, 1843, (Tentaculites fissure!- lus,) Geo. 4th Dist. N. Y., p. 180, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 178, Marcel- lus Shale and Genesee Slate. flsaurella var. intermittens. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 181, Gen- esee Slate. fissurella var. obsolescens, Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, pt. 2, p. 180, Ham. Gr. fissurella var. strigala. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, pt. 2, p. 180, MarcelluB Shale. Fio 649.-Stenoth- eca rugosa. Tr.N.— THB.] PTEROPODA. 393 obtaea, Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 182, Ham. Gr. spica. Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 7, Ham. Gr. Tk.v TACUMTBs, Sclilotlielm, 1820,Petrefakten., p. 377. [Ety. tentaculum, feeler ; lUhos, stone.] Straight, elongate, attenuately conical tubes, annulated by abruptly elevated rings cloaely arranged near the apex, and more distant and stron^ter with the increasing size of the shell and distance from the apex ; surface marked by fine transverse striee, rarely by longitudinal stria'. Type T. scalaris. iicula. Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 6, Low. Held. Gr. arenosus, Hall, 1876, lUust. Devon. Foss., pi. 26, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 166, Oriskany sandstone, nttenuatus, Hall, 1876, Illust. Devonian Foss., pi. 26, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 170, Ham. Gr. bellulus, Hall, 1876, Illust. Devonian Fose., pi. 26, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. % p. 169, Ham. Gr. dcxithea. Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. (), Schoharie grit. distans, see Cornulites distans. elongatus, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 1.36, Low. Held. Gr. fimirella, see Styliola fissurella. flexuom, see Conchicolites flexuosus. gracilistriatUH, Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2 p. 173, Marcellus Shale, hoyti. White, 1876, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. .^4, Devonian, gyracanthus, Eaton, 1832, (Echinus gy- racanthus,) Geo. Text-book, p. 128, Low. Held. Gr. iuourvus, Shumard, 1856, Geo. Rep. Mo., p. 195, Trenton Gr. irmjularis, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, syn. for T. gyracanthus. minutus. Hall, 1843, Geo. Rep. 4th Dist. N. Y., p. 72, and Pal. N. Y.. vol. 2, p. 183, Clinton Gr. Kio. ttjO.— TeiitacullteH rlch- inoiideiisis. neglectus, Nicholson & Hinde, 1874, Can. Jour., p. 9, Clinton Gr. niagarens i s , Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 352, Niag- ara Gr. niagarensia var. cumberlandiro. Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 5, Niagara Gr. oswegoensis. Meek /E. — Pseudophorus. Family PYRAMiDELLiDiE. — Loxonema, Macrochilina, Soleniscus, Zaptychius. Family Rotellid^. — Anomphalus, Rotella. Family SuBULiTiDiE. — Polyphemopsis, Subulites. Family TR0CHiDii5. — Eotrochus, Palceotrochus. Family Turritellid^. — Aclisina, Turritella. Mk, Loven, 1846, Index, Mollusc, litora Scandin. occid. habit., p. 16. Not an American Palaeozoic genus. minnUi, see Aclisina minuta. rohugta, see Aclisina robusta. stevemoni, see Aclisina stevensoni. swallovana, see Aclisina swallovana. Aclisina, DeKoninck, 1881, Faune du Cal- caire Carbonifere de la Belgique Ann. d. Mus. Roy. d'Hist. Nat., t. 6, p. 86. L^ty. diminutive of Aelii."] An elongated, banded, conical, spiral shell; distin- guished from Murcbisonia by its oval aperture, and from Loxonema by its spiral bands. Type A. striatula. minuta, Stevens, 1858, (Aclis minuta,) Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 25, p. 250, Goal Meas. robusta, Stevens, 1858, (Aclis robusta,) Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 26, p. 259, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 596, Coal Meas. stevensoni, White, 1882, (Aclis stevensoni,) Bep. Invert. Foss. New. Mex., p. xxxv, Coal Meas. swallovana, Geinitz, 1866, (Turbonilla swallovana,) Carb. uiid Dyas in Neb., p. 5, Coal Meas. Acroculia, Phillips, 1841, Pal. Foss. Cornwall, Devon, and W. Somerset, p. 93, syn. for Platyceras. angviXata, see Platyceras angulatum. FlO. 66L Aclisina swallovana . m GASTEROPODA. [amp.— H i;i.. erecta, see Platyceras erectain. ovali$, Hee PlatyceraH ovale. niagarevtis, see Platyceras iiinitarense. trigonalk, Hce Platyceras trigoiiale. Ampullaria, LamarcK, 1801, ^Ht. An. t^v? Vert. [Ety. ampulla, a flask.] Not a Pala'ozoic genus. heticoidef, see Holenificus lielicoides. powelH, Walcott, 1883, Science, vol. 2, p. 808, and Monogr. U. 8. Geo. Hnr., vol. 8, p. 261, Subcarboniferouu Anomi>iiai.ub, Meek & Worthen, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 208. [Ety. arumi- phalot, without an umbilicus.] A heli- coid shell of three or more volutions, and havinjr an aperture transversely suboval. Type A rotulus. meeki, see Dawsonella meeki. rotulus. Meek & Worthen, 1800, Proc. A. 50. [Ety. mythological name.] Shell thick, symmetrical, globose, in- volute ; sinus in the middle of the outer lip, from which a band extends back- ward along the outer surface of the vo- lution ; inner lip thickened, expanded on the inrolled spire. Type B. vasulites. acutilira. Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 56, Ham. Gr. acutus, Sowerby, 1839, Murch. Sil. Syst., p. 043, Low. Silurian. allegoricus. White, 1874, Rep. Invert. Fobs., p. 10, and Geo. Sur. W. 100th Mer., vol. 4, p. 55, Quebec Or. alternodosus, Whitfield, 1882, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 225, Kaskaskia Gr. angustala, see Bucania angustata. antiquatus, Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Rep. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 52, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 170, Potsdam Gr. spertus, Sowerby, 1825, Min. Conch., vol. 5, p. 108, Subcarboniferous. argo, Billings, 1860, Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 5, p. 167, Black Riv. and Tren- ton Gr. auriculatus, Hall, 1852^ Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 334, Coralline limestone. barquensis, Winchell, 1802, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 425, Marshall Gr. bidortalus, see Bucania bidorsata. bilabiatufl. White & Whitfield, 1862, IV ,f. Bost. Soc. Nat. lUst., vol. 8, p. 304, Km. derhook Gr. bilol>atus,SoW' erbv, 1839, Murch. Sil. Fio. 082.-Helleropli()ii bllobatim. Syst., J). 043, and Pul. N. Y., vol. 1, I). 184, Black Riv. to Mid. Sil. bilobatus var. acutus. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. I, p. 185, Trenton Gr. bilobatus var corrugatus. Hall, 1847, I'al. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 185, Trenton Gr. hlaneyanm, syn. for B. carbonarius. bowmani, White, 1876, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 32, Devonian, brevilineatus, Conrad, 1842, Jour. Aciui. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 269, and Pal. N. Y,, vol. 5, p. 2, p. 107, Ham. Gr. canadensis, Billings, 18(U5, Catal. Sil. Inss. Antic, p. 18, Hud. Riv. Gr. cancellatus, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol, |, p. 307, Hud. Riv. Gr. cancellatus, Hall, 1858, Trans. Alb. iiiHt,, vol. 4. The name was preoccuiitd. See B. textilis. carbonarius, Cox, 1857, Geo. Rep. Kv,, vol. 3, p. 502, Coal Meas. carbonarius var. snbpapillosuH, White, 1P70, Geo. Uinta Mountains, p. !)L', I'p, Aubrey Gr. carinatus, Sowerby, 1839, Murch. .Sil. Syst., p. 034, Devonian, cassinensis, Whitfield, 1886, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 318, IJiniH- eye Gr. charon, Billings, 1860, Can. Nat. and (ieol. vol. 5, p. 109, Black Riv. and Tn-ii- ton Grs. combsi, Wolcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 193, Devonian, convoiutus, Eaton, 1832, Geo. Text-hodk, p, 28, Up. Sil. crassus, Meek & Worthen, 1800, I'mc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 458, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 385, Coal Meas. crenistria. Hall, 1870, Illust. Devonian Foss , pi. 25, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, i.t. 2, p. 110, Ham. Gr. curvilineatus, Conrad, 1842, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 209, Onondaga, Schoharie and Up. Held. Gr. cyrtolites. Hall, 1860, 13th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 107, Kinder- hook Gr. declivis, Conrad, 1842, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8. p. 209, Trenton Gr. disculus, Billings, 1860, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 5, p. 168, Black Riv. and Trenton Gr. ellipticus, McChesney, 1860, Desc. New Pal. Fobs., p. 58, Coal Meas. expansm, see Bucania expansa. explanatus. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 109, Chemung Gr. BEI..] CASTEROPODA. 397 Murcli. Sil, fi ci'llostrlntUB, Foenite, 1885, Bull. Sd., Liil). DenJHon Univ., p. IW), NiHtfHraiir. fiaternuB, BillinKH, 18«(a, Catal. Sil. Fobs., Antic, p. IK, Hud. Uiv. (ir. pilcriculatiis. VVincliell, 18((2, Proc. Acad. Nat. Soi., p. 42((, Marshall (Jr. ^'ih.Mini, White, 1882, 11th Uep. Ceol. and Nat. Hist. Indiana, p. UHO, Nt. Loiiisiir. piiriinteus, Worthen, 1884, Hull. No. 2, ill. St. MuH. Nat. IIiBt., p. 8, and Geo. Siir. 111., vol. 8, p. WW, Ix>w. CoalMeas. ploJKiHUH, Htevens, 1858, Am. Jour. 8d., vol. 25, p. 258, Coal Mean. hitrrii'H, (lurley, 1883, New Carb. Fobh., I >. 5. Publication not such an to i-Htablish a species, helcna, Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. L', p. 114, Ham. Or. hiiilcun, Sowerby, Min. Conch. Not American, hviilina. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5. pt. '•_>, p. 99, Up. Hchl. Gr. iiici.HUH, Clarke, 1885, Bull. U. S. Geo. Siir., vol. lU, p. 53, Portage Gr. iiispecioHUS, White, 1882, Rep. Invert. Fusfl. New Mex., p. xxx, ('oal Meat, interlineatUH, Portlock, 1843, Geo. of Lon- donderry, p. 402, Coal Meas. Probably not American. katiHasensis, Shutnard, 1858, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 204, Coal Meas. leda, Hall, 18tJ2, 15tli Uep. N. Y. JMus. Nat. Hist., p. 58, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 110, Ham. Gr. lineolatus, Hall, 1800, l.'Uh Rep. N. Y. Mn.s. Nat. Hist., p. 107, Waverly or Kinderhook Gr. lindHlevi, Satt'ord, 1869, Geo. of Tenn., p. L'Sit, Nashville Gr. Ivra, Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. Mus. ■ Xat. Hist., p. 59, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 113, Ham. (ir. macer, Billings, 18()5, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 347, Calciferous Gr. mil la, Hall, 1876, Illust. Devonian Foss., pi. 22, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. IHt, Chemung Gr. Fio. 053.— BeUeroplion mohri. majusculus, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. (ieo. 8ur., vol. 8, p. 256, Subcarb. marcouanus. Geinitz, 1866, Oarb. und Dvas in Neb., p. 7, and Pal. E. Neb., p. 226, Coal Meas. meekanus. Swallow, 1858, Trans. St. Louis Acad^ Sci., vol. 1, p. 204, Coal iVIeas. michiganenBia, Winchell, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 427, MarHhall Gr. miser, Billings, 1866, <'atal. 8il. Fobs. Antic, p. 20, Hud. Riv. «ir. miBsouriensiB, Swallow, 18(1.1, TrauH. Ht. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 100, Kas- kaHkia :{, Trenton Gr. propinquufl. Meek, 1871, Proc;. Aciul. Nat. Hoi., p. 78, and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 220, Up. Held. Gr. puncti/rom, me Kucania piinctifronn. repertus, Hall, 187», Pal. N. Y., v()1.6,pt. 2. p. 128, Ham. Gr. rotalinea. Hall, 1871), Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt, 2, p. 115, Ham. (Jr. rudis, Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 57, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 103, Ham. Gr. riiKOHiuscuiiis, Winchell, 1862, Pror. Acad. Nat. 8ci., p. 425, Marshall Gr. rugosus, Kmmona, 1856, Am. Geol., p. 166, Hud. Riv. Gr. scriptiferus. White, 1862, Proc. Boat. See. Nat. HlBt., vol. 9, p. 21, Marshall ld, 1878, Ann. |;..|,. , turhinatn or ovoid-con ion I ; volutions rounded or Hi:b- angular above and b<>low ; outer lip thin; columnar lip thickened, Hpreading over the volution above and extended below , axis umbilicate ; surfaco natked by stria; extentling back- ward from the Huturt'M over the volutions. Type (', bellatulum. bellatulum, Hall, I'^Al, (Loxonenia bellutulum,) 14th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 104, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 51, Up. Held. Gr. imitator, Hall & Whitfield, 1872, ( Pleurotomaria imi- tator,) 24th Rep. N. Y. MuH. Nat. Hist, p. 195,' Ham. Gr. lichas, Hull, 1861, (Platy-^, „^„ „, N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. latuluin. 106, Up. Held. Gr. occidentale, Waltiott, 1885, Monogr. U. 8. (too. Sur., vol. 8, p. 189, Devonian. Calauroi'h, Whitfield, 1886, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 314. [Ety. kalaurojtti, a shepherd's crook.] Univalve, dis- coidal, convolute, inner volutionsclosely coiled, outer one disunited and pro- jected in a straight lint. Type C. lituiformis. It seems to be distinguished from KccyliomphaluH only by having the last whorl straightened, which may or may not be of generic importance. lituiformis, Whitfield, 1886, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. l,p. 315, Chazy Gr. Capulds, Montfort, 1810, Conch. Syst., vol. 2, p. 55. [Ety. capuhis, a head-piece or cap.] Shell wide, cap-shaped, apex obliquely inclined backward and in- rolled toward the left side ; aperture broad, oval, edge irregularly sinuated ; muscular scar norseshoe-shaped, open in front. Type C hungariiius. The horseshoe-shaped, muscular impres- sion has never been observed in any American Palaeozoic fossil, and hence the species referred to this genus do not belong to it. Those named have been so poorly defined, their generic relations can not be determined, and they may as well be struck from the list of names. aculiroslris, see Platyceras acutirostrum. auriformis, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 31, Chazy Gr. parvus, Swallow, 1858, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 205, Coal Meas. 400 GASTEROPODA. [CAi,.- eve. Fig. 65«. — Ciul naropsls piilel. llformiH. triplicatug, Swallow, 1858, Tranp. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 205, Coal Meas. Carinaropsis, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 183. [Ety. from its resem- blance to Carinaria.] Shell Bubconical, patel- liform ; apex incurved or convolute, subcen- tral ; aperture oval, ex- panded, narrowed pos- teriorly. Type C. carinata. carinata. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 18H, Trenton Gr. orbiculata. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 306, Hud. Riv. Gr. patelliformis. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 183, Trenton and Hud. Riv. Grs. Chemnilzia, D'Orbigny, 1837, Mollusques, Echinodermes, Foraminiferes et Pol- ypiers, etc. Slender, elongated, many whorled, plaited; apex sinistral; aper- ture simple, ovate; peristome incom- plete ; operculum horny ; subspiral. Type C. elegantissima. Not an Ameri- can Palaeozoic genus. aUenuata, see Loxonemn attenuatum. parva, see Loxonema parvum. swallovana, see Loxonema swallovanum. tenuilinenta, Bee Loxonema tenuilineatum. Chiton, Linna'us, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 667. [Ety. chiton, a coat of mail.] Slii'll composed ot eight transverse imbricat- ing plates, lodged in a coriaceous man- tle, which forms an expanded margin round the body. Type C. sciuamosus. Not an American Palaeozoic genus. canadensis, see Metop- tonia canadense. carbonaniis, Stevens, 1850, Am. .Jour. Sci., vol. 25, p. 264, and Geo. Sur. Ill, vol. 5, p. 608. Probably a crustacean, Coal Meas. parvris, .'.'tevens, 1859, Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 25, p. 264, Coal Meas. Ci.isospiRA, Billings, 1865, Pa'. Fos8.,vol. 1, p. 186 and 420. [Ety. kleio, to lock ; spira, whorl.] Shell conical ; aper- ture widely ex- panded a 1 1 round in a plane at a right angle to the longitudinal axis of the corical spire; suture in the spire, but obsolete below. Type C. curiosa. curiosa, Billings, 1865, Pal. Fobs., vol. 1, pp. 186 and 420, Up. Taconic. lirata, Whitfield, 1886, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 308, Birdseye Gr. occjdentalis, Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Ijcp, '>^'is., FlQ. ti(!0. — Cliiton squamosuK. Fig. 601.— Clisosplia curiosa. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 75, and Geo. vol. 4, p. 222, Trenton Gr. CoDONOCHiLUS, Whitcaves, 1884, Pal. vol. 3, p. 17. [Ety. kodon, a trumpet; cheilos, lip.] Tur- reted, subfusiform ; volutions numerous, compressed, close- ly inrolled ; outer half of body whorl ■ produced obliquely outward and downward ; lip thin, expanded ; aperture nearly circular. Type C. ^j^, ^|,,_ striatum. c...io"m,7 striatum, WiMteaves, 1884, Pal. chiius Fobs., vol.3, p. 17, Guelph CJr. •'r specimens lined concentrically. I\iie C. alternata. alternata, Walcott, 1876, 28th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 93, Trenton (ii. minnesotensis, Walcott, 1876, 28tli iJep N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 94, Trenton (ir Cyclonema, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol.:', p. 89. [Ety. kuklos, circle ; nema, tint ad.] Turbinate, thin, whorls ventiidwf, striii' concentric and crossed by ohliiine lines of growth; no umbilicus; mouth rounded and with an im- perfect peritreme; itiiu'r lip thin, closely reticctwl, and a little coniiave. 'I'viif C. bilix. bellulum, Billings, isiifi, Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 55, Anticosti Gr. bilix, Conrad, 1842, ( Flcino- tomaria bilix,) .Tour. A( ail. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 271, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, J). :;u.), Trenton and Hud. Riv. (frs. bilix var. conicum, S. A. Miller, 1S74, Cin. Quar. Jour. Sci., vol. 1, p. ;!20, liud. Riv. (ir. bilix var. fluctuatum, James, 1874, (C'vflo- uema fluctuata,) Cin. Quar. Jour. Sci., vol. l,p. 152, Hud. Riv. Gr. cancellatum, Hall, 1843, (Littorina c.iiirel- lata,) Geo. Rep. 4th lUst. N. Y., p. "2, and Pal. N. Y., vol.2, p. 90, Clinton (ir. cincinnatiense, S. A. Miller, 18S2, .l(.ur. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 230, I'tica Slate Gr. commune, Billings, 18()6, Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 55, Anticosti Gr. concinnum, Hall, 1876, Illu.st. Devonian Foss., pi. 12, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 38, Chemung Gr. crenietria. Hall, 1876, lUust. Devonian Foss., pi. 12, Schoharie grit, crenulatum, Meek, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sd., p. 79, and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 213, Up. Held. Gr. decorum, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 56, Anticosti Gr. Fig. 6ti3. -Cy- clonema bi- lix. cvc. GASTEROPODA. 401 ■atal. 8il. I'oss. (Icris, Hall, 1862, (Pieurotomaiia doris,) loth Rep. N. Y, M us. Nat. Hist., p. 4:^, Mild Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, \>. :H li). Meld. Gr. elrvatum, Hall, 1868, 20th Rep. N. Y.Mub. Nat. Hist, p. 391, iNiagara Gr. Fi3. Oii-').— t.'yclo- iieinii halla' nuia.. Fig. 061.— Cyclonema liageri. haceri, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 21), Trenton Gr. liallanuni, Salter, 1859, Can. Org. Rem., Decade 1, p. 26, Black Riv. Gr. hamiltoniti>, Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. ,Miis. Nat. Hist., p. 47, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 87, Ham. Gr. humile, BUlings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 56, Anticosti (ir. leavenwortlianum. Hall, 1858, (Pleurotomaria lea venwort liana,) Trans. Alb. Inst,, voi. 4, p. 24, and Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 75, Warsaw Gr. liratum. Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 47, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 35, Ham. Gr. mediocre, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic., p. 56, Anticosti Gr. raontrealeuse, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 30, Trenton Gr. multiliratnm. Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist, p. 48, and Pal. N. Y., voi. 5, pt. 2, p. 36, Ham. Gr. obsolesccns, Hall, 1877, 1st Ed. Am. Pal. Foss., p. 243, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, J). 38, Chemung Gr. Proposed in- stead of C. obsoleta, Hall, 1876, which was preoccupied, obsoletum. Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 90, Clinton Gr. obsdieta, Hall. The name was preoc- (•u|iied. See C. obsolescens. percarinatum, Hall, 1847, (Pleurotomaria percarinata,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 177, Trenton and Hud. Riv. Grs. percingulatum, Billings, 1857, Rep. of Progr. Geo. Sur. Can., p. 304, Clinton and Niagara Grs. phii'dra, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 188, Quebec Gr. pyramidatum, James, 1874, Cin. Qnar. Jour. Sci., vol. 1, p. 152, Hud. Riv. Gr. rugilineatum. Hall & Whitfield, 1872, 24th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p 186, Niagara :][ Ham. Gr. pileolus. Hall, 1862, (Crytolites pilci.lim i 15th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., |,. til, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p \'2'), Ham. Gr. Dawsonklla, Bradley, 1874, Am. Jour. Sci., 3d series, vol. 7, p. 151. [Ktv. jnoper name.] Helicoid, having a thin plate attached to the columella, covering half or more than half of the aperturt-of tlie shell as in Navicella. Type D. hk fki. meeki, Bradley, 1872, (Anomjiliiilns meeki,) Am. Jour. Sci., 3d series, vol. 4, p. 88, Coal Meas. Dentalium, Linnaeus, 1740, Syst. Nat., 2(1 Ed., p. 64. [Ety. dem, tooth.] Shell elongate, terete, or angular, siikkiiIi, costate, or striate; aperture circular; lip simple, entire ; margin of the pos- terior opening without a fissure. Tvpt D. elephantinum. aciculatum, see Coleolus acicu- latus. acutimlcatum, Gurley, 1883, New Carb. Foss., p. 7. Pub- lication n6t valid. anuulostriatum, Meek & Wor- then, 1870, Proc Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 45, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 589, Coal Meas. barquense, Winchell, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 425, Marshall Gr. canna, White, 1874, Rep. In-^jg ,j-, _ vert. Fobs., p. 23, and Geo. Dpn'ta- Sur. W. 100th Mer., vol. 4, H""' fie- p. 156, Carb. P^",;;""- grandaevum, Winchell, 1863, Proc Acad. Nat, Sci., p. 18, Ma'sliall Gr, illiuoisense, Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 325, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 145, Kaskaskia Gr. martini, Whitfield, 1882, Ann. N. Y, Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 203, Up. Held. Gr. meekanum, Geinitz, 1866, Carb. und Dyas in Neb., p. 13, and Geo. Sur. III., vol.T), p. 590, Coal Meas. missouriense, Swallow, 1863, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 99, Kaskas- kia Gr. obsoletum, Hall. Preoccupied by Schlot- heim in 1832. See D. sublseve. primarium. Hall, 1868, Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 666, Warsaw Gr. sublffive. Hall, 1877, Ist Ed. Am. Pal. Foss., p. 244, Coal Meas. Proposed in- stead of D. obsoletum, Hall, 1858, (ieo. Sur. Iowa, which was preoccupied. venustum. Meek & Worthen, 1861, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 145, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 284, St. Louis Gr. Diacolitet, Emmons, syn. for Cyclora. mimttus, see Cyclora minuta. EccYLiOMPUALUs, Portlock, 1843, Geol. Kep. Lond., p. 411. [Ety. exuliomphalnsf, un rolled umbilicus.] Shell discoid, a few EOT.- EITO.] GASTEROPODA. 403 tapering, widely disconnected whorls; upper surface usually flattened in one plane, or slightly elevated ; lower sur- face of whorls round ; no chambers. Type E. bucklandi. athinticus, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1 , p. 250, Quebec ( ir. canadensis, Billings, 1861, Can. Nat. and (ieol., vol. 6, p. 320, Quebec (ir. cininatus, Whiteaves, 1884, Pal. Foss., vol. 3, p. 35, Guelph Gr. comes, Hall, 1876, Illust. Devon. Foss., pi. 16, Ham. Gr, devonicus, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 187, Devonian. Fig. 672.— Eccyllomplialus dlstans. distans, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 249, Quebec Gr. eboracensis, Hall, 1861, (Euomphalus eboraceusis,) 15th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist, p. 55, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 61, Ham. Gr. gyroceras, Roemer, 1852, (Euomphalus gyroceras,) Kreid. von Texas, p. 91, Silurian, intortus, Billings, 1861, Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 6, p. 321, Quebec Gr. laxiis, Hall, 1861, (Euomphalus laxus,) loth Rep. N. Y, Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 54, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 60, Up. Held. Gr. paradoxus, Winchell, 1863, (Phanerotinus paradoxus,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 21, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 60, Mar- shall Gr. priscus, Whitfield, 1889, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 46, Calciferous Gr. spiralis, Billings, 1861, Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 6, p. 321, Quebec Gr. superbus, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 250, Quebec Gr. undulatus. Hall, 1861, Geo. Rep. Wis., p, 37, Trenton Gr. volutatus, Whitfield, 1886, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 314, Birdseye Gr. EoTRocHus, Whitfield, 1882, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 77. [Ety. eoi, dawn ; Fl« 673.— Eotiochus concuviis. Trochus, a genus.] Conical above, flat or concave beneath, and broadly and deeply umbilicated ; aperture very ob- lique, and the outer angle of volutions strongly carinated; surface ornamenta- tion unlike on the upper and lower parts. Type E. concavuf.. concavus. Hall, 1858, (Pleurotomaria con- cava,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 24, and Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 78, Warsaw Gr. Eulima, Risso, 1826, His- toire Naturelle des Principales, p. 123. Not an American Palaeozoic genus. peracuta, see Polyphemopsis peracuta. EuNEMA, Salter, 1859, Can. Org. Rem., Dec- ade 1, p. 24. [Ety. eu, beautiful; nema, line.] Turbinate, thin ; few angular whorls, strong concentric ridges, crossed by sinuate or oblique lines of growth ; inner lip not reflected ; peritreme simple ; mouth rather effuse below ; no umbilicus. Type E. strigillatum. cerithioides, Salter,1859, Can. Org. Rem., Dec- ade 1, p. 30, Black Riv. Gr. erigone, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p, 35, Black Riv. Gr. pagoda, Salter, 1859, Can. Org. Rem., Dec- ade 1, p. 30, Black Riv. Gr. priscum, Billings, 1859, Can. Nat. and Geo. vol. 4, p. 360, Calciferous Gr. salteri, see Orthonema salteri. strigillatum, Salter, 1859, Can. Org. Rem., Decade 1, p. 29, Black Riv. Gr. trilineatum, Hall, 1867, 20th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 397, Niagara (Tr. Euomphalus, Sowerby, 1812, Min. Conch., vol. 1, p. 97.^ [Ety. eu, wide; omphalos, umbilicus.] Shell discoid, spire flat- tened; whorls nu- merous, angu- lated; umbilicus very wide, expos- ing V o 1 u t i ons ; mouth nearly cir- cular ; peritreme entire, not in- dented by the preceding whorl; surface usually Kiq. 675.— Euomphalus sculptured. Type pentangulatus. E. pentangulatuH. amnion. White & Whitfield, 1862, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, p. 301, Kin- derhook Gr. boonensis. Swallow, 1863, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 99, Burlington Gr. calciferus, Whitfield, 1889, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 47, Calcilerous Gr. Fig. 674.— Eunema cerlthioldeH. 404 GASTEROPODA. [I'US. V caiilloides, Conrad, 1842, (Inachus catil- loides,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 273, Coal. Meas. circumliraius, Whitfield, 1886, Bull. Am. Mu8. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 308, Birds- eye Gr. clymenimdes, see Straparollus clymeni- oides. comes, Hall, syn. for Phanerotinus laxus. cmiradi, syn. for Pleuronotus decewi. SycloBtomm, see Straparollus cyclostomus. ecem, see Pleuronotus decewi. decollatns. Hall, 1877, 1st Ed. Am. Pal. IToss., p. 244, Low. Held. Gr. Proposed insteacf of E. disjunctus. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 340. depremm, Hall, 1843. Preoccupied by Goldluss in 1832. See Straparollus hecale. disjunctus, Hall. Preoccupied by Gold- fuss. See E. decollatus. ebwacenais, see Eccyliompiialus ebora- censis. exortivus, Dawson, 1868, Acad. Geol., p. 308, Carboniferous. expansus, Conrad, 1842, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 273, Niagara Gr. gyrnceras, see Eccyliomphalus gyroceras. hecale, see Straparollus hecale. hecale var. corpulens, see Straparollus he- cale var. corpulens. hemispherica, see platystoma hemispher- icum. inops, see Straparollus inops. latus. Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 605, Burlington Gr. laxns, see Eccyliomphalus laxus. Um, see Straparollus lens. luxus. White, 1875, Expl. W. 100th Me- ridian, vol.4, p. 94, Subcarboniferous. macrolineatus, Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Rep. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 82, and Geo. Sur. Wis., vol 4, p. 294. Niagara Gr. minnesotensis, Owen, 1852, Geo. Sur. Wis., Iowa, and Minn., p. 581, Calcifer- ous Gr. minutissimvs, Castelnau, 1843, Syst. Sil., p. 35. Not recognized. obtusus. Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 523, Kinderhook Gr. ophirensis, see Straparollus ophirensis. pernodosus, Meek & Worthen, 1870, (Stra- SarolluB pernodosus,) Proc. Acad. Nat. ci., p. 46, and Heo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 604, Coal Meas. perspectivus. Swallow, 1863, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 98, Kaskas- kia Gr. pervetus, Conrad, 1843, (Inachus per- vetus,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 1, p. 334, Trenton Gr. planidorsatuB, Meek & Worthen, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 462, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 302, Kaskas- kia Gr. planispira, see Straparollus planispiratus. planodiscus, Hall, 1860, 13th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 109, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 57, 7 at. Gr. von I vis. •Nat. Xat. 'tra- rbi- polygyratus, Roemer, 1852, Kreid, Texas, p. 91, Silurian. profundus, see Bucania profunda. quadrivohis, see Straparollus quadri\ roberti. White, 1862, Proc. Bost. Soc Hist., vol. 9, p. 22, Burlington (ir. rotuliformis, Meek, 1870, Proc. Acad. Sci., p. 61, Calciferous Gr. rolundus, see Pleurotomaria rotunda. rudis, see Straparollus rudis. rugilineatm, see Cyclonema rugilincatiiin rugosus, Hall, 1858, Geo. Sur. Iowa, |i. ?22. Preoccupied by Sowerby in 1S12. s'w E. subrugosus. sanctisabie, see Straparollus sanctisah,. . sinuatus, see Straparollus sinuatus. gpergenensis, see Straparollus spergensis. spergenensis var. planorbiformis, cee parollus spergenensis var. plan lormis. spirorbis, see Straparollus spirorbis. springvalensis. White, 1876, Proc-. .Xcad. Nat. Sci., p. 32, and Cont. to Pal., No 8, p. 167, Kinderhook Gr. st/ongi, Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Rep. Gon. Sur. Wis., p. 66, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 200, Lower Magnesian Gr. subplanus, see Straparollus subplanus. subquadratus, Meek & Worthen, 1S70, (Straparollus subquadratus,) Proc. Acad! Nat. Sci., p. 46, and Geo. Sur. III., vol 6, p. 605, Up. Coal. Meas. subrugosus, Meek & Worthen, 1873, (ieo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 607, Coal Meas. Pro- posed instead of E. rugosus, Hall. which was preoccupied. Bulcatus, Hall, 1843, Geo. Rep. 4th Dist. N. Y., p. 1.38, Onondaga Gr. tioga. Hall, 1876, Illust. Devonian Foss., pi. 15, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 56, Chemung Gr. triliratus, Conrad, 1843. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 333, li-enton Gr. trochiscus, see Raphistonia trochiwuni. wnbilicaius, see Straparollus umbiliratus. uniangulatns, see Ophileta unianguliita. utahensis, see Straparollus utahensis. vaticinus. Hall, 1863, 16th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 136, Potsdam Gr. verneuili, Castelnau, 1843, Syst. Sil., ]i. 'M. Not recognized. vthitneyi, see Omphalotrochus whitnevi. FusispiKA, Hall, 1871, 24th Rep. N. Y. Miis. Nat. Hist., p. 229. [Ety. fum», Rpindle; spira, spire.] Fusiform, imperforate; spire elevated, with rounded volu- tions ; aperture elongate-ovate or el- liptical, produced below, forming a subrimate canal; columella slightly twisted, without folds ; peristome sliarji. Type F. ventricosa. compacta, Hall & Whitfield, 1877, V. S. Expl. 40th Parallel, vol. 4, p. 2%. Quebec. Gr. elongata. Hall, 1871, 24th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 229, Trenton Gr. subfusiformis, Hall, 1847, (Murchisoiiia subfusiforme,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 180, Trenton and Hud. Riv. Grs. 2, Kreid. von oc. Acad. Nat. HIU..— HOL.] GASTEROPODA. 405 Fio. 676.— Fuslsplra ventricosa. tciebriformis, Hall, 1871, 24th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 230, Hud. Riv. Gr. veil tricosi, Hall, 1871, 24th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 229, Trenton Gr. vittata, Hall, 1847,(Mur- chisonia vi ttata,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 181, Tren- ton Gr. Fu sus, Bru- g u i e r e , 1789, Eu- cyc. Mcth. This ge- nus is un- known in the Pala?o- zoic rocks. inhabilis,syn. for Macrocliilina primigenia. Hflkotom.v, Salter, 1859, Can. Org. Rem., Decade 1, p. 13. [Ety. Helix; genus of f'lells; . 248, Quebec Gr. larvata, Salter, 1859, Can. Org. Rem., Decade 1, p. 15, Black Riv. and Tren- ton Grs. misera, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 309, Quebec Gr. muricata, Salter, 1859, (H. planulata var. muricata,) Can. Org. Rem., Decade 1, p. 14, Black Riv. and Trenton Grs. naresi, Etheridge, 1878, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 34, p. 602, Up. Sil. perstriata, Billings, 1859, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 4, p. 356, Calciferous Gr. planulata, Salter, 1859, Can. Org. Rem., Decade 1, p. 14, Black Riv. and Trenton Grs. proserpina, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, j). 247, Quebec Gr. serotina, Nicholson, 1874, Rep. Pal. Ont., p. 120, Up. Held. Gr. spinosa, Salter, 1859, Can. Org. Rem., Dec- ade 1, p. 15, Black Riv. Gr. tennfiseensis, Safford, 1869, Geo. of Tenn. Not defined. 27 tritonia, Billings, 1865, Pal, Foss., vol. 1, p. 247, Quebec Gr. HoLoi'EA, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 109. [Kty. hoios, entire; ope, aperture.] Shell conical, ventricose, more or less oblique, or nearly direct ; aperture round, ovate; margin entire; surface marked by fine curved strice or. cancel- lated ; distinguished from Cyclonema by the presence of an umbilicus. Type ri. symmetrica and H. obliqua. antiqua, Vanuxem, 1843, (Littorina an- tiqua,) Geo. Kep. 3d Dist. N. Y., p. 112, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 294, Ix)W. Held. Gr. antiqua var. pervpfusta. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 295, Low. Held. Gr. cassina, Whitfield, 1886, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 310, Birdseye Gr. chicagoensis, Winchell & Marcy, 1865, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., p. 99, Niag- ara Gr. cor.ica, Winchell, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. Wei., p. 21, Marshall Gr. danai. Hall, 18.59, Pal. N. Y., vol. .3, p. 295, Low. Held Gr. di!ucula. Hall, 1847, (Turbo d:iucula,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 12, Calciferous Gr. (?) elonsaL\ Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 295, Low. Held. Gr. Fio. 678. eriensis, Nicholson, 1874, Vilino.fi.!* Rep. Pal. Ont., p. 120, Up. '"'"'""" Held. Gr. gracia, Billings, 1862, Pal. Fos3., vol. I, p. 159, Guelph Gr. guelphensis, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 159, Guelph Gr. harmonia. Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 158, Guolph Gr. lavinia, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. l,p. 28, Trenton Gr. leiosoma, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 187, Quebec Gr. magniventra, Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Rep. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 83, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 316, Niagara Gr. nana. Meek, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 172, svn. for Cyclora minuta. nereis, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 27, Trenton and Black Riv. Grs. newtonensis, Whitfield, 1882, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 224, Kaskas- kia Gr. niagarensis, Winchell & Marcy, 1865, Mem. Bjst. Soc. Nat. Hist., p. 99, Niag- ara Gr. obesa, Whitfield, 1882, Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 348, Low. Magnesian Gr. obliqua. Hall. 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 170, Trenton and Hud. Riv. Gr. obscura, Hall, 1847, (Turbo obscura,) PaL N. Y., vol. 1, p. 12, Calciferous Gr. occidentalis, Nicholson, 1875, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 31, p. 550, Guelph Gr. Ophelia, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 222, Quebec Gr. ^ 406 GASTEROPODA. [hoi,.— I.(. V ovalis, Billings, 1859, Can. Nat. and Ger , vol. 4, p. 351, CalciferouB Gr. paiudiniformis, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 171, Trenton Gr. proaerpina, BillingM, 1802, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 28, Calciferoiis and Ohazy Grs. proutana. Hall, 1868, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 30, and Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 72, Warsaw Gr. pyrene, Billin(;s, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 27, Black Riv. Gr. reversa. Hall, 1860, Can. Nat. and Geo. vol. 5, p. 154, Up. Silurian. Bubconica, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 294, Low. Held. Gr. 8wAconica, Winchell, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 21. This name was preoccupied. sweeti, Whitfield, 1880, Ann. Rep. Geo. Sur. Wis. and (Jeo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 174, Potsdam Gr. symmetrica, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 170, Black Riv. Gr. turgida. Hall, 1847, (Pleurotomaria tur- gida,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 12, Calcifer- ous Gr. ventricosa, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 171, Trenton Gr. HoLOPELLA, McCoy, 1855, Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 303. [Ety. diminutive of Holopea.^ Shell spiral, elongate, slender, of nu- merous gradually increasing whorls, generally crossed by slightly arched striee; motith circular, with the peri- treme entire; base rounded, with or without a minute umbilicus. Type H. cancellata. mira, Winchell, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 22, Marshall Gr. Jna/ihua catilloides, see Euomphalus catil- loides. pervetus, see Euomphalus pervetus. pervetustus, see Pleurotomaria pervetusta. tmdatus, see Lituites undatus. IsoNEHA, Meek & Worthen, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 251. [Ety. isos, equal ; nema, thread.] Depressed turbinate, Bubglobose, obtusely angular around the middle of the body whorl; aperture Bubrhombic ; outer lip thin, entire ; in- ner lip a little flattened in the umbil- ical region; surface ornamented with transverse, very regular lines on the upper side of the volutions. Type I. depressum. bellatulum, see Callonema bellatulum. depressum , Meek & Wort hen, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 251, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 443, Ham. Gr. humile, Meek, 1871, Proc. Aca i. Nat. Sci., p. 79, and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 214, Up. . Held.Gr. lichcu, see Callonema licha?. Lbpetofsib, Whitfield, 1882 Bull. Am. Mub. Nat. Hist., No. 3, p. 67. [Ety. Lepeta, a FiQ. 679.— Isonema de- presHura. genus; optu, resemblance.] Shell jia- telliform, more or less regularly round or oval, apex subcentral, posierioi id the middle, directed backward, the lui- cleus dextrally coiled; muscular im- print horseshoe-shaped, open in fnni, consisting of an irregular narrow haul, which expands more or less at the in- terior extremities; surface with six ra- diating lines, two anterior, two pci>te- rior, and two lateral. Type L. levettii. chesterensis, Worthen, 1884, Bull. No. 2, 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 25, and Geo. Sar. 111., vol. 8, p. 140, Kaskas- kia Gr. levettii, White, 1882, (Pa- tella levettei,) 11th _ p. 359, Warsaw dr. LiUorina, Ferussac, 1821, Tab. Syst. An. Mollusques, etc. antiqua, see Ilolopea antiqua. cancellata, see Cyclonema cancellatnm. wJieeleri, see Naticopsis wheeleri. LoPHOSPiRA, Whitfield, 1886, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 312. [Ety. loplm, the keel ; speira, a whorl.] Sj)ire ele- vated, strongly keeled, and axis mi- nutely perforate, when whorls are not disconnected. The types are Murclii- Honia milleri. Hall, and M. heliotcies; but as the generic characters are not very satisfactorily or clearly defined, I leave the species with Murchisonia. cas»lna, see Murchisonia cassina. calcifera, see Murchisonia calcifera. LoxoNEMA, Phillips, 1841, Pal. Foss., Coin- wall, etc., p. 98. [Ety. loxos, obliciue; nema, thread.] Shell elongate, many whorled; aperture simple, attenuate above, efi'use below; lines of growth sigmoidal; no umbilicus. Type L. sinu- osum. aculeatum, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 55, Anticosti Gr. acatulum, Dawson, 1868, Acad. Geol., p. 309, Carboniferous. approximatum, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 191, Devonian. attenuatum, Stevens, 1858, (Chemnitzia , attenuata,) Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 2d ser., vol. 25, p. 259, Coal Meas. attenuatum. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 296. The name was preoccupied. See L. emaceratum. attenuatum var. semicostatum, see L. semi- cos tatum. bellatulum, see Isonema bellatulum. bellona. Hall, 1876, Illust. Devonian Foss., ' pi. 14, and Pal. N, Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 46, Ham. Gr. bellum, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 258, Subcarboniferous. boydi, see Murchisonia boydi. breviculum. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol.5, pt. 2, p. 132, Ham. Gr. HOI,.— I,<'X. 1 Shell p;i- larly round posterior td ird, tin- lu- uscular iui- en in fnni, irrow bill. 'I, 3H at the ;iii- witli six ra- , two po>le- l.o.X.] GASTEROPODA. 407 , I a. ((«().- l.t-iii- opsls leveiiii. b. Syst. An. I. ncellatmn. ;leri. uU. Am. Mas. [Ety. /op/w8, [.] Spire ele- nd axis mi- horls are not I are Murclii- VI. helictcrc's; .cters are not rly defined, I rchisonia. sina. lei f era. Fobs., Corn- 0X08, oblique; )ngate, many »le, attenuate les of growth Type L. sinu- atal. Sil. FosB. cad. Geol., p. 885, Monogr. L91, Devonian, (Chemnitzia and Arts, 2(1 . leas. N. Y., vol. 3, preoccupied. see L. semi- latulum. evonian Foss., 5,pt.2, p. 46, igr. U. S. Geo, rboniferous. . N. Y., vol.5, T cara, Dawson, 1883, liep. on Redpath Museum, No. 2, p. 11, Subcarboniferous. f'arinntura, see Macrochilina carinata. cerithi forme. Meek «& Worthen, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 465, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 379, Up. Coal Meas. (oaptum, Hall, 1876, Illust. Devonian Foas., pi. 13, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 'i, p. 44, Ham. Gr. cnmpactum, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 297, Low. Held. Gr. cotteranum, Billings, 1861, Can. Jo;'r., vol. G, p. 360, Corniferons limestone. cra»mim, Webster, 1888, Am. Nat., p. 44(5. Not defined so as to be recognized, (lanvillense, Stevens, 1858, Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 25, p. 259, Coal Meas. (lelphicola. Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 52, and Pa'. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 47, Ham. Gr. (inaceratum. Hall, 1877, Ist Ed. Am. Pal. Foss., p. 244, Low. Held. Gr. Proposed instead of L. attenuatum. Hall, 1859, in Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 296, which was j>reoccupied. eurekense, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. 8 Geo. Sur,, vol. 8, p. 190, Devonian, fasciatum. King, 1850, Permian Foss., p 209, Permian Gr. titchi. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p 296, Low. Held. Gr. gigantea, Webster, 1888, Am. Nat., p. 445 Not properly defined. h^lli, Norwood & Pratten, 1855, Jour Acad. Nat. Sci., 2d series, vol. 3, p. 77, Coal Meas. A, hamiltonise. Hall, 1862, 15th A Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. ^k Hist., p. 33, and Pal. N. ^B . Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 45, JKI^ Ham. (ir. mm hydraulicum, Hall & Whit- ^^ field, 1872, 24th Rep. W N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 193, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 44, Ham. Gr. inomata, see Polyphemop- sis inornata. kanii. Meek, 1865, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 2d ser., vol. 40, p. 33, Low. Held. (.Jr. k'viusculum. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 131, Ham. Gr. i laxum, Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 49, Chemung Gr. leda. Hall, 1868, 20th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hisf., p. 398, Niagara Gr. magnum, Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Rv p. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 83, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 317, Niagara Gr. ' macclintochi, Haughton, 1857, Jour. Roy. Dub. Soc, vol. 1, Devonian, minutum, Stevens, 1858, Am. Jour. Sci., 2d series, vol. 25, p. 260, Coal Meas. , moloch, Clarke, 1885, Bull. U. 8. Geo. Sur., No. 16, p. 30, Genesee shales, multicostatum. Meek & Worthen, 1861, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 128, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 378, Coal Meas. Pig. «81.— Loxo- netna bamiU toniae. murrayannm, Salter, 1859, Can. Org. Rem., •■ Decade 1, p. 31, Black Riv. Gr. newherryi, see Soleniscus newberryi. nexile, Sowerby. Not an American species. nituhiln, see Polyphemopsis nitidula. nobile, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. IJ. 8. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 190, Devonian, nodosum, Stevens, 1858, Am. Jour. Sci., "d ser., vol. 25, p. 260, Coal Mesvs. noe, Clarke, 1885, Bull. U. S. Geo. Sur., No. 16, p. 55, Portage (ir. obtusum. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 297, Low. Held. Gr. oligospiratum, Winchell, 186;i, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 22, Marshall Gr. owenenae, Webster, 1888, Am. Nat., p. 446. Not defined so as to be recognized, parvum. Cox, 1857, (Chemnitzia parva,) Geo. Sur. Ky., vol. 3, p. 567, Coal Meas. parvulum, Whitfield, 1882, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 204, Up. Held. Gr. peoriense, Worthen, 1884, Bull. No. 2, III. St. MuH. Nat. Hist., p. 7, and (Jeo. Sur. III., vol. 8, p. 139, Coal Meas. pexatum. Hall, 1861, 14th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 104, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 42, Up. Held. Gr. pexatum var. obsoletum. Hall, 1876, Il- lust. Devonian Foss., pi. 13, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 43, Up. Held. Gr. planogyratum, Hall, 1839, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 298, Low. Held. Gr. plicatum, Whitfield, 1882, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 231, Coal Meas. politum, Stevens, 1858, Am. Jour. Sci., 2d series, vol. 25, p. 260, Coal Meas. postrenum. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 132, Chemung Gr. quadricarinatum, Worthen, 1884, Bull. No. 2. 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 7, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 140, Coal rectistriatum. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 130, Ham. Gr. regulare. Cox, 1857, Geo. Sur. Ky., vol. 3, p. 566, Coal Meas. robustum, Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 52, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 40, Schoharie grit, rossi, Haughton, 1857, Jour. Roy. Soc. Dub., vol. 1, Devonian, rugosum. Meek & Worthen, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 465, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 378, Up. Coal Meas. scitulum. Meek & Worthen, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 464, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 372, Low. Coal Meas. semicostatum. Meek, 1871, (L. attenua- tum var. semicostatum,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 174, and (ieo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 596, Coal Meas. sicula. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 43, Up. Held. Gr. solidum, Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 51, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 41, Schoharie grit, styliola, Hall, 1876, Illust. Devon. Fosa., pi. 14, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, pt. 2, p. 48, Chemung Gr. / V • k/ 408 GASTEROPODA. [MAi. { Bubattenimtum, Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. MuB. Nat. Hist., p. 52, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 40, Schoharie grit. subulala, 8ee Mnrchisonia Hiibiilata. Bwallovannin, Shumard, 1859, (Chem- nitzia Hwallovana,) Trann. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 3})9, Permian, tennicarinatum, Stevens, 1858, Am. Jour. Sci., 2d serirs, vol. 25, p. 260, Coal Meas. tenuilineatnm, Shumard, 18.55, (Chem- nitzia tenuilineata,) Geo. Rep. Mo., p. 207, Waverly Gr. or Choteau limestDne. terobra. Hall, 1876, Illust. Devon. Fobs., pi. 14, and Pal. N. Y., vol.5, pt.2,p. 48, Chemung Gr. teres, Hall, 1876, Illust., Devonian Foss., pi. 13, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 42, Corniferous Gr. turritiforme, Hall, 1860, 1.3th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 109, Kin- derhook Gr. vincta, see Murchisonia vincta. yandellanum, Hull, 1858, Trans. Alb. lust., vol. 4, p. 28, and Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 77, Warsaw Gr. Maclurea, LeSueur, 1818, (Maclurites,) Jour, Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 1, p. 312. [Ety. proper name.] Discoidal, few whorled, reversed, upper surface con- vex, deeply perforate, outer side spi- rally grooved ; operculum sinistrally Bubspiral, solid, with two internal pro- jections for the attachment of muscles. Type M. magna. Fio. fl82.— Loxo- nema yan- dellanuin. Fio. 683.— Maclnrea crenulata. acuminata, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 240, Quebec Gr. affinis, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 238, Quebec Gr. annulata, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 81, Chazy Gr. atlantica, Billings, 1859, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 4, p. 459, Chazy Gr. bigsbyi, Hall, 1861, Geo. Rep. Wis., p. 37, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 222, Tren- ton Gr. carinata, Walcott, 1885, Monrgr. U. S. Geo. uur., vol. 8, p. 82, Trenton Gr. crenulata, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 236, Quebec Gr. cuneata, Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Rep. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 75, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 246, Trenton Gr. emmonsi, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss,, \i.]. 1, p. 242, Quebec Gr. labiaia, see Raphistoma labiata. logani, Salter, 1851, Rep. British Assoc, p. 63, Black Riv. Gr. magna, LeSueur, 1818, Jour. Acad. N:it. Sci., vol. 1, p. 312, and Pal. N. Y., vol, 1, p. 26, Chazy Gr. matutina, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 10, Cali'iferous Gr. minima, Hall & Whitfield, 1877, U. ,'^. Geo. Expl., 40th parallel, vol. 4, p. 2:;.'), Chazy Gr. oceana, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. l, p. 237, Quebec Gr. ponderosa, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 239, Quebec Gr. psyche, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 244, Quebec Gr. rotundata, Billings, 1805, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 245, Quebec Gr. speciosa, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 240, Quebec Gr. sordida. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, j). 10, Calciferous Gr. striata, see Scalites striatus. striata, Troost, 1840. Not defined, subannulata, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 82, Tren- ton Gr. subrotunda, Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Rep. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 75, and Geo. A\ is., vol. 4, p. 246, Trenton Gr. sylpha, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 244, Quebec Gr. transitionis, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 241, Quebec Gr. wadsworthi, Whit- field, 1884, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 139, Up. Taconic. Macrocheilus, Phillijis, 1841, Pal. Fo.ss., Cornwall, etc., p. 103. This name was preoccupied by Hope, in ISIW, for a genuH of Coleopterous in- sects. Bayle iias proposed Macrochilina, to which all the species are referred. alUmense, see Macrochilina worthenanus. altonense, see Macrochilina altoneusis. anguliferum, see Macrochilina angulifera. attenuatum. Hall, syn. for Soleni.scus fusiformis. cooperense, see Macrochilina cooperensi.s. fusiforme, see Soleniscus fusiformis. gracUe, see Macrochilina gracilis. hallanum, see Soleniscus hallanus. hamiltonise, see Macrochilina hamiltonia>. hebe, see Macrochilina hebe. hildrethi, see Macrochilina hildrethi. humile, see Machrocbilina humilis. inhabUe, syn. for Macrochilina primi- genius. intercalare, see Macrochilina intercalaris. MAC— MKT.] GASTEROPODA. 409 tish AsHoc, V a intercalaris. kartsaxensi, see Macrociiilina kansasenBis. klipparti, Hee Solenimuis klipparti. inacrotlomum, see Macrociiilina niacioB- tomua. mediate, see Macrociiilina medialis. inmouriense, see Macrochilian missouri- ensis. newberryi, five Soleniscua newberryi. paludinuifurmis, me Soleniscus paludini- forniis. Iiingue, see Macrochilina pinguis. ponderomm, see Macrociiilina ponderosus. primxvum, see Macrochilina primsevus. priinigenium, see Macrochilina primi- genius. }irmnm, see Macrochilina prisca. pulchellum, syn. for Macrochilina inter- calaris. fpiratum, see Macrochilina spirata. mbcorpuleiitum, see Macrochilina subcor- pnlenta. terranovicum, see Macrochilina terranovica. lexanum, see Soleniscus texanus. ventricomm, see Soleniscus ventricosus. Macrochilina, Bayle, 1880, Journal de Con- chyliologie, 3me. ser., t. 19. Proposed instead of Macrocheilus of Phillips, which was preoccupied by Hope. [Ety. diminutive of Macrocheilus.'] Sub- globose, elongate ; apex pointed; whorls convex, smooth, last one large; aper- ture subovate ; columella imperforate ; outer lip thin, without notch or sinus; i*'ner lip thin above and thickened be- low. Type M. acuta aPonensis, Wort hen, 1873, (Macrocheilus altonense,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 593, Coal Meas. angulifera, White, 1874, (Macrocheilus an- guliferum,) Rep. Invertebrate Foss., p. 22, and Geo. Sur. 100th Mer., vol. 4, p. 160, Carboniferous. carinata, Stevens, 1858, (Loxonema cari- natum.) Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 25, p. 259, Coal Meas. cooperensis. Swallow, 1863, (Macrocheilus cooperense,) Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci.. vol. 2, p. 100, Kaskaskia Gr. gracilis. Cox, 1857, (Macrocheilus gracile,) Geo. Sur. Ky., vol. 3, p. 570, Coal Meas. hamiltonia;. Hall, 1862, (Macrocheilus hamiltoniie,) 15th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 49 and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 33, Ham. Gr. hebe. Hall, 1862, (Macrocheilus hebe,) 15th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 48, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 32, Ham. Gr. hildrethi, Conrad, 1842, (Plectostylus hildrethi,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 275, Coal Meas. humilis, Keyes, 1888, (Macrocheilus humile,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. pi. xii, fig., 1, Coal Meas. intercalaris. Meek & "Worthen, 1860, (Macrocheilus intercalare,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 467, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 371, Up. Coal Meas. kanfasensis. Swallow, 1858, (Macrochei- lus kiinsasense,) Truns. St. I^iouis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 201, Coal Meas. littonana, Hall, 1858, (Natica littonana,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 30, and Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 72, Warsaw Gr. macrostoma. Hall, 1862, (Macrocheilus niacros- tomum.) 15th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hint., „ p. 4.1, ana rai. i>. Y., crochillna mto- vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 33, naua. Ham. Gr. medialis, Meek & Worthen, 1860, (Ma- crocheilus mediale,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 466, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 370, Up. Coal Meas. missouriensis, Swallow, 1858, (Macrochei- lus missouriciise,) Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 201, Coal Meas. pinguis, Winchell, 1863, (Macrocheilus Ringue,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 21, larshall Gr. ponderosa, Swallow, 1858, (Macrocheilus Sonderosum,) Trans. St. Louis Acad, ci., vol. 1, p. 202, Coal Meas. primseva. Hall, 1876, (Macro.cheilu8 pri- msevum,) Illust., Devonian Foss., pi. 12, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 36, Schoharie grit. priinigenia, Conrad, 1835, (Stylifer prim- igenia,) Trans. Geo. Soc. Penn., vol. 1, p. 267, Coal Meas. prisca, Whitfield, 1882, (Macrocheilus priscum,) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 204, Up. Held. Gr. spiratu, McCoy, 1850, (Macrocheilus spira- tum,) Brit. Pal. Rocks, p. 549, Coal Meas. subcorpulenta, Whitfield, 1882, (Macro- cheilus subcorpulentum,) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 224, Kaskaskia Gr. terranovica, Dawson, 1883, (Macrocheilus terranovicum,) Rep. on Redpath Mu- seum, No. 2, p. 14, Carboniferous. worthenanus, n. sp. St. I^ouis Gr. Pro- posed instead of Macrocheilus alton- ense in Geo. Sur. III., vol. 8, p. 143, which name was preoccupied. Metoptoma, Phillips, 1836, Geo. of York- shire, pt. 2, p, 223. [Ety. metopon, front ; tome, incision.] Patelliform, truncated under the apex, at the pos- terior side ; horseshoe-shaped muscular scar, with the open end directed from the truncated side. Type M. oblonga. alceste, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 153, Hud. Riv. Gr. alta, Whitfield, 1889, Bull. Am. Mue. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 44, Calciferous (Jr. analoga, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 84, Trenton Gr. angusta, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 88, Quebec Gr. anomala, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 89, Quebec Gr. 410 GASTEROPODA. [MIC— Ml K. barabuenflis, Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Rep. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 60, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 105, Low. Magnesian Gr. billingBi, Walcott, 188.3, .S6th Rep. N. Y. Mu8. Nat. Hist., p. 212, Trenton Gr. FiQ. 685. — Metontoma oanndcnsts. a, Upper Hide; b, Ride view ; o, under Hide. canadensis, Billings, 18G5, Pal. Fobs., vol. 1, p. 394, (Chiton caniidensis,) Black Riv. Gr. cornutiformis, Walcott, 1879, Deec. New Spec. Fobs., p. 1, Calciferous Gr. devonica, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. 8. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 195, Devonian, dubia. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. l,p.23, Chazy Gr. traUt, see Tryblidium erato. estella, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 153, Hnd. Riv. (ir. eubule, see Tryblidium eubule. hyrie, see Tryblidium hyrie. instabilis, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 251, Quebec Gr. melissa, Billings, 1862, Pal. Fobs., vol. 1, p. 86, Quebec Gr. montrealensis, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 394, Ohazy Gr. niobe, see Tryblidium niobe. nycleta, see Tryblidium nycteis. orithyia, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 38, Calcif. Gr. orphyne, Billings, 1862, Pal. Fosfl., vol. 1, p. 88, Quebec Gr. peroccidens, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. XI. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 260, Subcarb. perovalis, Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Rep. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 74, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 211, Trenton Gr. phillipsi, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 83, Trenton Gr. quebecensis, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 308, Quebec Gr. recurva, Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Rep. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 61, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 196, Low. Mag. Gr. retrorsa, Whitfield, 1880, Ann. Rep. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 54, arid Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 197, Low. Mag. Gr. rugosa, see Stenofheca rugosa. similis, Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Rep. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 61, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 19(), Low. Mag. Gr. iimplex, see Tryblidium simplex, superba, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 172, Black Riv. Gr. trentonensis, Billings, 1862, Pal. Fobs., vol. 1, p. 40, Trenton Gr. undata, Winchell, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 131, Kinderhook Gr. umbella. Meek & Worthen, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 267, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 506, Burlington Gr. venilia, BIllingB, 1862, Pal. Fobs., vol. i p. 88, Ciuebec Gr. MiCKocKKAB, Hall, 1845, Am. Jour. Hci., v. I. 48, p. 294. [Kty. rnikrois, small ; ko"^, horn.] (ieueraf form like Cyrtoliii s, but (liBtinguished by Its minute si/i<, smooth surface, and less angular doinl margin. Type M. inornatum. Inornatum, I fall, 1845, Am. Jour. Sci., vul. 48, p. 294, and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 1 17, Hucl. Riv. Gr. minutisslmum, Ulrich, 1879, Jour. Cin Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 13, lln.l. Riv. Gr. MicKODOMA, Meek & Worthen, 1866, I'luc Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 269. [Ety. »///,,,., small; domm, house.] Shell small, siih- trochiform ; volutions seven or mmv, flattened on a line with the Bloi)e of t lie shell; suture deep; aperture obli(|iu'; surface ornamented with nodular ridges. Type M. conica. conica. Meek & Worthen, 1866, I'loc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 269, and (Ico. Sur. III., vol. 5, p. 598, Low. Coal Meas. MuRCHisoNiA, D'Archiac & Verneuil, 1S41, Bull. Soc. Geo. Fr., vol. 12, p. 154, and Phillips Pal. Foes. Co'-nwall. etc., p. 101. [Ety. proper name.] Shell elongated, many whorled; whorls variously sculp- tured and zoned ; outer lip deeply notched ; aperture slightly channeled in front. Tvpe M. bihneata. abhreviata, Hall, 1847, Pal N. Y., vol. 1, p. 32. The name was preoccupied by DeKoninck in 1841. See M. subabhre- viata. aciculata. Hall, 1860, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 5, p. 154, Up. Silurian. acrea, Billings, 1865, Pal. Fobs., vol. 1, p. 232, Que- bec Gr. ada, Billings, 1866, Pal. Fobs., vol. 1, p. 346, Calcifer- ous Gr. adelina, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 232, Que- bec Gr. agilis, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 235, Que- bec Gr. alexandra, Billings, 1865, Pal. Fobs., vol. 1, p. 172, Black Riv. Gr. angulata, Phillips, 1836, (Rosteliaria an- gulata,) Geo. of Yorkshire, p. 230, De- vonian. Very doubtfully identitied in jl tn (^ t*i OB. angustata. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 41, Birdseye Gr. anna, Billings, 1859, Can. Nat. and Geol,, vol. 4, p. &8, Calciferous Gr. archimedea, McChesney, 1861, Desc. New- Pal. Fobs., p. 89, Coal Meas. arenaria, Billings, 1859, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 4, p. 359, Calciferous Gr. arisaigensis. Hall, 1860, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 5, p. 154, Silurian. FlQ. (iS(i. Murcliisonla bilineala. Ml'R.] GASTEROPODA. ill artemeflin, Billinss, 18((5, Pal. Fobs., vol. 1, p. 345, CalciUTous Gr. iiHpera, BillinKH, 1H.W, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 4, p. 468, Chazy (rr. attenuata, Hall, 1«58, Trans. Alb. Inat., vol. 4, p. 27, and Bull. Am. Muh. Nat. Hist., p. 8H, Warsaw Gr. liugustina, Billings, 187, Rep. of Progr. Geo. Hur. Can., p. 298, Mid. Sil. gracilens, Wbittleld, 1889, Bull. Am. Mus. Nnt. Hist., vol. 2, p. 53, Calcifer- ous Gr. gracilis, Hall, 1847, Pal. N.Y., vol. 1, p. 181, Trenton and Hud. Riv. 1, Cico. Lake tSiip. Land DJHt., vol. 1', p. 201), Trenton (Jr. marcouanu, Ucinitz, IH(i<>, Oarb. iind Dyas in Neb., p. 11, Coal Moan. melaniformlH, Nliuniard, 1S.')5 Oi'o. K"p. Mo., p. 208, CalciferouH (Jr. micula. Hall, 1877, Ist Kd. Am. Pal. Fohh., p. 244, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, pt. 2. p. 93, Ham. Gr. Proposed inntead of Al. turricula. Hall, lH(i2, which was preoc- cupied, milleri, Hall, 1877, iHt Kd. Am. Pal. Fofh., f. 244, Trenton and lliid. Riv. Grn. ropoRed inetuad of M. bicincta, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. I, p. 177, which was preoccupied, minima, Swiilow, 1858, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Hci., vol. 1, p. 203, Middle Coal Meas. minuta. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. .'{, p. 298, Low. Held. Gr. missisquoi, Billings, 1805, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 307, Quebec Gr. modesta, Billings, 1857, liep. of Progr. Geo. 8ur. Can., p. 299, Hud. Riv. Gr. V mucro, Winchell, 180(5, Rei>. Low. Penin- sula Mich., p. 90, Ham. Gr. multigruma, S. A. Miller, 1878, Jour. Gin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 104, Hud. Riv. Gr. multivolvis, Billings, 1857, Rep. Progr. Geo. Sur. Can., p. 299, Hud. Riv. Gr. mylitta, Billings, 1802, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 157, Guelph Gr. neoraskensis, Gelnitz, 1806, Carb. und Djas in Neb., p. 12, and Pal. E. Neb., p. 234, Coal Meas. neglecta, Winchell, 1803, Proc. Acad. Nat. „ 8ci., p. 20, Marshall Gr. obelisca, Whitfield, 1880, Bull. Am. Mns. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 317, Birdseye Gr. obsoleta, Meek, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 176, Coal Meas. obtusa, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 333, Coralline limestone, ozarkensis. Shumard, 1863, '."rans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. :06, Calcif- erous Gr. papulosa, Billings, 1857, Rep. of Progr. Geo. Sur. Can., p. 301, Mid. Sil. perangulata, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y„ vol. 1, p. 41, Black Riv. and Trenton Grs. perversa. Swallow, 1858, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 195, Up. Coal Meas. petilla, Hall & Whitfield, 1872, 24th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 180, Niag- ara Gr. placida, Billings, 1805, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 235, Quebec Gr. procris, Billings, 1802, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 34, Black Riv. Gr. prava, Whitfield, 1886, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 316, Birdseye Gr. prolixa, White & Whitfield, 1862, Proc. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, p. 303, Kinderhook Gr. (jnadriclncta, Winchell, 1803, Proc. .\.;i,| Nat. Sci., p. 19, Marshall Gr. rugosa, Uillingn, 1857, Rep. of I'rogr. (.id Sur. Can. o. 299, Hud. Riv. Gr. serrulata, Salter, 18ri9,Can. Org. Rem., Dk. ade I, p. 20, Black Riv. and Trenton < ,rs. shumaidana, Winchell, 1803, Proc. A.-nl Nat. Sci. Phil., |.. 20, Marshall (Jr. Miniulatiix, Hillings, 1805, Pal. Fohh., v>j|, 1, p. 231.', O.uebef Gr. solula, Whiteavt;;, 1H84, Pal. Fosh., \n| ;t p. 28, Guelph (Jr. eororcula, Billings, IS'55, Pal. Fosh., vd. i I). 233, (iuebec Gr. Bubabbreviata, D'C/rbigny, iHiiO, I'i.»lr d. PaKont, t. 1, p. 8, Chazy (Jr. I'ro- posed instead of M. abbrcviatu, Hull 1847, Pal. N. v., vol. 1, p.32, wliidi ww i)re occupied. \fu»ifortni», see Fusispira subfusifoimis subtieniata, see Orthonema subteenialiiin. subulata, Conrad, 1842, (Loxonema mlm- iatuiii,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. s, i,. 273, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 91, din. ton CJr. suninerensis, Saftbrd, 1H09, Geo. of Teiiii., I). 288, Nashville (Jr. Sylvia, Billings, 18«J5, Pal. Foss., vol. I, p. 190, Quebec (Jr. terebra. White, 1879, Bull. U. S.Geo. Sm. Terr., vol. 5, No. 2, p. 219, and Cont. to Pal., No. 6, p. 139, (Jarboniferou.s. terebrans. Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 334, Coralline limestone, terebriiormis. Hall, 1858, Trans. Alb. Inst,, vol. 4, p. 28, and Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist, p. 80, Warsaw Gr. teretiformis, Billings, 1857, Rep. of I'myr. Geo. Sur. Can., p. 298, Hud. Riv. (ir. texana, Shumard, 1800, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 626, Coal Mui.m. tricarinata. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 178, Trenton Gr. tricingulata, Dawson, 1868, Acad, (ieol., p. 310, Carboniferous, tropidophora, Whiteaves, 1884, Pal. Foss., vol. 3, p. 29, Guelph (Jr. turricula, Billings, 1857, Rep. of Trojir. Geo. Sur. Can., P.301, Mid. Sil. turricula, Hall. The name was preoc- cupied. See M. micula. turritella. Hall, 1858, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 27, and Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 88, Warsaw Gr. turritiformis, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 347, Guelph Gr. uniangulata, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 179, Trenton and Hud. Riv. Grs. uniangulata var. abbreviata, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 30t, Hud. Riv. dr. varians, Billings, 1857, Rep. of l*ioi;i. Geo. Sur. Can., p. 300, Hud. Riv. (ir. varicosa, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. l,p. 42, Birdseve Gr. ventricosa, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., il. 1, p. 41, Black Riv. and Trenton (Jrs. vermicula. Hall, 1858, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 27, and Bull. Am. Mns. Nat. Hist., p. 87, Warsaw Gr. SAT DPH.] UASTKKOPODA. 4i:{ >al. N. Y., vol. v.stu, KillinKH, lK(t2, I'ul. Fohh., vol. I, p. '.J, CRlcif»'r()UH «ir. viiictfl, HhII, IS.'iH, ( l^oxonfinii viiicUi,) TmnB. Alh. IiiHt., vol. 4, p. 2H, and Bull. .Vni. MiiH. Nnt. liiHt., p. HH, War- ^11 w Gr. viiflliu, H"llnK8, iHd'i, Pal. Koch., vol. I, l>. 160, (. lelph Gr. iw^(/a, see FiiMJHpira vittata. wortlieniinu, H. A. Millur, 1H82, .Tour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 225, N'lflKHra (Jr. xiiiitliii>p«*, HiHiiiKH. J802, Pal. Fobs., vol, 1, p. IT)."), (iuelph Gr. ,Y(i^', Up. Held Gr. iiitonensis, McChesney, 1865, (Natica al- tonensis,) Desc. New. Pal. Fcss., and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 6, p. 595, Coal Meas. carleyana, Hall, 1858, ^Natica carleyana,) Trans. Alb. Inst, vol. 4, p. 31, and Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 71, Warsaw Gr. chesterensis. Swallow, 1863, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 100, Kas- kaskia Gr. comperta. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, pi. 29, Up. Held. Gr. cretacea. Hall & Whitfield, 1873, 23d Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 240, Up. Held. Gr. depressa, Winchell, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 22, Marshall Gr. dlBpassa, Dawson, 1868, Acad. Geol., p. ;]09, Carbonif. gigantea. Hall & Whitfleld, 1873, 23d Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 238, Che- mung Gr. holliclayi, see Trachydomia hollidayi. howi, Hartt, 1868, Acad. Geol., p. 309, Carboniferous. humilis, see Isonema humile. lii'vis. Meek, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat Sci., p. 7(), and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 215, Up. Held. Gr. I<'|(>. (IhM.-Nutl- lOpNlM IiI'VIm. A.ad. Louis Coal littonana var. ({enevlevenHlH, Mtok «V Worthen, \HM, Proc. Acad. Nat- Sci., p. 2t)H, Kiiskaskia (ir. mad i sonenxiH, Worthen, 18H4, Bull. No. 2, Ml. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. M, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 8, p. 144, St. Louis (Jr. magiilt'i; syn. for N. ventri- coHa. monilifera. White, IHH(», Pith Re .. U. S. (Jeo. Sur. Terr., p. I(W, Up. Coal .Mean. nana. Meek I't: Worthen, 1800, (Plat ystomn nana,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 403, and CJeo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 30."), Up. Coal Meas. iioiivmi, see Trachydomia nodosa. orloni, Whitlleld, 1H82, Ann. N. Y. Sci., vol. 2, p. 230, Coul Meas. pricii, Shumard, I.S5H, Trans. St. Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 202, Up Meas. remex. White, 1870, Geo. Uinta Mcmnt- ains, p. 109, and Cont. to Pal., No. 0, p. 139, Low. Aubrey (Jr. shumardi, McChesney, 1800, (Natica sliu- mardi,) Desc. New. Pal. Foss,, p. W2, Coal Meas. suoovata, Worthen, 1873, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 5, p. 595, Coal Meas. ventricosa, Norwood ik Pratten, 1854, (Natica ventricosa,) .lour. Acad. Nat. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 3, p. 70, Coal Meas. wheeleri. Swallow, 18(K), (Littorina wheel- eri,) Trans. St. Ijouis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 058, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 5, p. .')95, Coal Meas. ziczac, Whitfleld, 1882, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 223, Kaskaskia Gr. OMi'iiALOTRocurs, Mcek, 1804, (Jeo. Califor- nia, vol. 1, p. 15. [Ety. oriiphaluD, um- bilicus; Trochus, a genus.] iJislin- guished from Kuomphalus by having a more prominent spire, in having its whorls flattened or broadly concave around the outer side, and flattened, with an outward slope ; it is a more ponderous shell, with a more oblique outline to its lip, in consetjuence of which it pro- jects much farther forward on the upper than on the lower side of the aperture. Tvpe O. whitneyi. whitneyi. Meek, 1804, Pal. of California, vol. 1, p. 15, Carboniferous. Opuileta, Vfinuxem, 1842, Geo. Rep. N. Y., p. 30. [Ety. ophig, .snake.] Uiscoidal spire sunk above; umbilicus perfectly open, exposing the whorls on one plane ; whorls slender, numerous, truncate, and biangular exteriorly ; aperture having a sinus below and a notch above. Type O. complanata. abdita, Billings, 1805, Pal. Fosa., vol. 1, p. 189, Quebec Gr. (?) bella, Billings, 1805, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 310, Quebec CJr. compacta, Salter, 1859, Can. Org. Rem., Decade 1, p. 10, syn. for O. complanata. 414 GASTEROPODA. [OKM. I'AI.. Rep. 1, p. compliiiiata, Vanuxem, 1842, Geo. N. Y., p. 3«, aiid Pal. N. Y., vol 11, Talciferons Gr. c'omplanata var. nana, Meek, 1870, 1 laj'den's U. S. Gt'ti. Sur. Terr., p. 205, and Geo. 4th Parallel, vol. 4. p. 17, CaUnferous Gr. disjnncta, HillingH, 1805, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 344, Calciferous (ir. levata, Vanuxem, 1842, Geo. Uep. N. Y., p. .S(), Calciferous Gr. ne»"ini', Bill- ings, 1 865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 245, Quebec Gr. ottawensi s, BillingP, 1860, Fio. (Wi.-ophileta iierlne. Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 5, p. 167, Trenton (rr. owenana. Meek & Worthen, 18()8, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 313, Galena Gr. primordialis, Winchell, 1864, (Straparol- lus primordialis,) Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 2d ser,, vol. 37, p. 228, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 173, Potsdam Gr. profunda, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 188, Quebec Gr. uninangula a, Hall, 1817, (Euomphalus uniangulatub,) Pal. N. Y,, vol. 1, p. 9, Calcifer. Gr. Ok-mathichnus, S. a. Miller, 1880, Jour. Gin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 222. [Ety. ormathoa, string of beads; (c/tno8, track.] Supposed to be the trail of a Gastero- pod, and consisting of a continuous beaded track or trail. Type 0. monili- formis, moniliformis, S. A. Miller, 1880, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 222, Utica Slate Gr. OuTHONEMA, Msek & Worthen, 1861, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., p. 146. [Ety. ortkos, straight; 7iema, threa- .] elongate, manv whorled, ornamented with re- volving carin8e,cros8edbynearly straight lines of growth ; body whorl angular, not much en- larged or produced below ; aper- ture angular above, slightly efTuse below ; peristome incom- plete • outer lip simple, nearly straight ; axis imperforate. Type O. salteri. carbonuriuiii, Worthen, 1884, Bull. No. 2, 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 7, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 145, Coal Meas. conicum. Meek & Worthen, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., : J70, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 590, Coal Meas. newberryi. Meek, 1871. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 81, and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 217, Up. Held. Gr. salteri, Meek & Worthen, 1860, (Eunema (?) salteri,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 464, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p Low. Coal Meas. subticniatum, Cteinitz, 1866, (Murrlr subtseniata,) Carb. und Dvaa in p. 12, and Pal. E. Neb., p. 228, C.ml Orthonychia, Hall, 1843. svn. for Piatv Orthostoma, Conrad, 183S, Ann. Rej). p. 119. [Ety. orthoK, straight; mouth.] Shell spiral, spire plain vex. terminal volution, emliiiir straight tnl>e. Type O. coininiiiif W'l,., Meas. I 'I Tits. ■allium, con. in a FiQ. 091.— Orthostoma commune. commune, ('onrad, 1838, Ann. Rep. N.Y., p. 119, figured in 1841, Ann. \ie\i. pi. 2, fig. 16, Birdseye Gr. Pal.kacm^.a, Hall & Wliitfield, 187;'., 23d Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. L'42. [Ety. palaios, ancient; Acmivu, an exist- ing genus of shells.] Conical, more or less elevated ; apex subcentral, erect or slightly curved ; peristome entire, not sinuate; surface marked concentrically. Type P. typica. Fig. tlOO. Ort ti onema newberryi. Fia. 692. — Palopotrootius kearneyi. irvingi, Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Rep. Gen, Sur. Wis., p. 51, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 173, Potsdam Gr. typica. Hall & Whitfield, 1873, 23(1 Rei), N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 242, Pots- dam (ir. PAL^:oTROcnu8, Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 133. [Etv, palam, ancient; Trochus, a genus.] Oonical, trochiiorm ; spire elevated ; volutions moderately pat. I.A.] GASTEROPODA. 415 \ com mil 111 iommune. Fig. (Ei. — P li r a s; ni o - stoma <'yml)ula. View of aperture; L, lain- iim; .V, Mei>tum. convex; aperture transverse. Type P. | kcirneyi. I keariieyi, Hall, 1862, (Plenrott/inaria j ktiirneyi.) 14th Rep. N. Y. Miis. Nat. Hist., p. 105, Up. Heltl. Gr. pracursor, Clarke, 1885, Bull. U. S. Geo. Sur. No. Ifi, p. 55, Portage Gr. Palethi. I.innfons, 1758, Syst. Nat. 10th E<1. [K'.y. patella, dish.] Not a Palsezoic (.'('tins. welifi. see Lepetopsis levetti. Phnin rot inns, Sowerby, 1844, Mill. Conch., viil. 7, p. 29. [Ety. phaneros, aperture; tiith), extended. Syn. for Eccyliom- phaliis. pai'iiloxuit, see Eccyliomphalus paradoxus. rknnimoUte», syn. for Cyrtolites. rniniirt'Ktiiix, see Cyrtolites compressus. PllKAGMOSTOMA, Hall, 1861, 14th Rep. N. Y. MuF Nat. Hist., p. 94. [Ety. phragmox, a par- tition ; stoma, the mouth ; from the septum within the aperture, which distin- guishes this ge- nus from Cari- naropsis and Bel- lerophon.] Type P. cymbula. cunulfB, Hall, 1861, 14th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 94, Hud. Riv. Gr. cymbula. Hall, 1861, 14th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 94, Hud. Riv. Gr. natator, see Bellerophon natator. Pftj/so, Dapernaud, 1801, Hist. Nat. d. Moll. Not a Palieozoic genus. prisai, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 262, Subcarboniferous. Pilenp!' Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 30, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 6, Ham. Gr. atteniiatnm, see P. dumosum var. atten- uatum. auriculatum, Hall, 1876, Illust. Devonian ^' Foss., pi. 3, Ham. Gr. billingsi. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 315, Low. Held. Gr. biseriale. Hall, 18(50, Supp. to Geo. Iowa, vol. 1. pt. 2, p. 90, Burlington Gr. bisinuatum, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 318, Low. Held. Gr. bisulcatum. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 327, Low. Held. Gr. bivoive. White & Whitfield, 1862, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, p. 302. Kin- derhook Gr. bucculentum. Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. i/ Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 33. and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 10, Ham. CJr. calantica. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 328, Low Held. Gr. callosum. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. i' 478, Oriskany sandstone, campanulatum, Winchell & Marcy, 18,)5, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., p. 99, Ni- agara Gr. capax, Keyes, 1888, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., (author's copy, p. 13,) Burlington (Jr. capulus, llall, 1860, Supp. Geo. Iowa, p. 91, Burlington Gr. carinatum. Hall, 1862, 15th Rep, N. Y Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 33, and Pal. N. Y. vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 5, Up. Held. Gr. chesterense. Meek & Worthen, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 265, Kaskaskia (ir. cirriforme, Conrad, 1841, Ann. Rep. N. Y. Not clearly defined, clavatuni. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 337, Low. Held. Gr. concavum. Hall, 1862, 1.5th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., )). .30, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 3, L'p. Held. Gr. conicum. Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. V. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1). 31, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 3, Ham. Gr. conradi, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. (reo. i^ Sur., vol. 8, p. 182, Devonian, cornuforme, Winchell, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 18, Marshall (ir. crassum. Hall, 1862, Ifth Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 36, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, / pt. 2, p. 18, Up. Held. Gr. curvirostrum. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 3.38, Low. Held. Gr. cymbium, llall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. v' Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 35, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 12, Up. Held Gr. V V 1/ l:"V.i -^ 41() GASTEROPODA. Ll'l.A.I cyrtolites, McChesney, 1859, Pal. Foss., p. 71, Coal Meas. / (lentalium. Hall, 18G2, 15th Rep. N. Y. Mu8. Nat. Hist., p. 29, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 2, Up. Held. Gr. dilatatum, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 322, Low. Held. Gr. dumoaum, Conrad, 1840, Ann. Rep. N. Y., p. 205, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 14, Up. Held. Gr. V V V V si Fig. tiW.— Plutyceras dumosum. dumosum var. attenuatum. Meek, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 75, and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 212, Up. Held. Gr. dumosum var. rarispinum. Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N.Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 38, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 16, Up. Held. Gr. echinatum. Hall, 1862, i5th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 38, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 13, Ham. Gr. elongatum. Hall, 1859, Pal. N, Y., vol. 3, p. 335, Low. Held. Gr. equilaterale, Hall, 1860, Supp. to vol. 1, pt. 2, Iowa Rep., p. 89, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 5, p. 518, Keokuk Gr. erectum. Hall, 1843, (Aeroculia erecta,) Geo. 4th Dist. N. Y., p. i74, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 5, Ccrnif. & Ham. Grs. txpwmnm, see Strophostylus expansus. fissurellum, Hall, 1860, Supp. to Geo. Rep. Iowa, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 90, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 519, Keokuk Gr. fluctuosum, Ulrich, 1886, Cont. to Am. Pal., p. 31, Up. Held. Gr. formosum, Keyes, 1888, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, (author's copy, p. 14,) Kinder- hook Gr. fornicatum, Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 35, and Pal', N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 11, Up. Held. Gr. fornicatum var. contraotum, Hall, 1876, Illust. Devonian Foss., pi. 5, Up. Held. Gr. gebhardi, Conrad, 1840, Ann. Rep. N. Y., p. 206, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 312, Low. Held, and Oriskany Grs. gibbosum. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 322, Low. Held. Gr. haliotoides, Meek «& Worthen, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 264, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 3, p. 458, Kinder- hook Gr. herzeri, Winchell, 1870, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, p. 256, Marshall Gr. incile. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. ;!, ,, ;',:;.. Low. Held. Gr. infundibulum. Meek & Wortlu'ii. istid. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 'b H, ^nd Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 517 Kh,. kuk Gr. intermedium. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. V., vol 3, p. 321, Low. Held. Gr. laciniosum, Ringueberg, 1886, Bull. jJnf Soc. Nat. Sci., vol. 5, p. 14. Niaj;. ara Gr. hevigatiim. Meek & Worthen, istiii, I'm,. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 263, Kaskaskia (,r lamellosum, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vnj :;' p. 330, Low. Held. Gr. latum, Keyes, 1888, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, (author's copy, p. 14,) Burlington Gr. lodiense. Meek, 1871, Proc. Ai-ad. Nat Sci. Phil., p. 170, and Ohio Pal, vol •' p. 313, Waverly Gr. magnificum. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. :;, p. 476, Oriskany sandstone, membranaceum, Ringueberg, IHSi;, BuH, Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci., vol. 5, p. 1",, Nia);. ara Gr. minutissimum, Walcott, 1879, Dtsc. New Spec. Foss., p. 1, Calciferous Gr. multisinuatum. Hall, r<59. Pal. N. Y, vol. 3, p. 319, Low. Htid. Gr. multispinosum. Meek, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 73, and Ohio I'al,, vol. 1, p. 210, Corn if. Gr. naticoides, Etheridge, 1878, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 34, p. 603, Up. iSil. nebraskense, Meek, 1872, Pal. E. Neb., \\. 227, Coal Meas. newberryi. Hall, 1869, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3. p. 333, Low. Held. Gr. niagarense. Hall, 1852, (Aeroculia niag- arensis,) Pal. N. Y'., vol. 2, p. 2S8, Ni- agara Gr. nodosum, Conrad, 1841, Ann. Kep. N. Y., p. 56, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 473, Oriskanv sandstone, obesum, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 8, p. 329, Low. Held, Gr. obliquum, Keyes, 1888, Proc. Am. Pn'i. Soc, (author's copy, p. 13,) Ru,!;.^ ton Gr. occidens, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. t Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 254, Subcarbo.i iferous. ovale, Stevens, 1858, (Aeroculia ovalis,! Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 25, p. 261, Subcar- boniferous. pabulocrinus, Owen, 1862, (Pileopsis (la- bulocrinus,) Geo. Sur, Indiana, p. StH, Keokuk Gr. paralium. White & Whitfield, 18()L', Proc, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, p. 302, Kinderhook Gr. patulum. Hall, ISW, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 477, Oriskany sandstone, pentalobus, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. X p. 319, Low. Held. Gr. perlatum, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 328, Low. Held. Gr. perplexum. Hall, 1876, Illust. Devonian Foss., pi. 2, Up. Held. Gr. PI.A.] GASTEROPODA. 417 I. N. Y., vol. 3, p. perplicatum, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, !>. :!25, Low. Held. Gr. pilei forme. Hall. 1859. Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. ;{27, Low, Held. (ir. piso. Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Siir., vol. 8, p. 254, Subcarboniferoiiis, platvstoma, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p.';!26. Low. Held. Gr. platvstoma var. alveatum, Hall, 1859, Pal. N! Y., vol. 3, p. 326, Low. Held. Gr. pii.atile, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. :}L>."), Low. Held. Gr. plicatum, Conrad, 1840, (Calceola plicata,) Ann. Rep. N. Y., p. 207, and Pal. N. v., vol. 3, p. 334, Low. Held. Gr. priiiiii'vum, Billings, 1871, Can. Nat. and Ueol., vol. 6, p. 220, Georjiia Gr. priinordiale, Hall, 1863, lOlh Rep. N. Y. Mas. Nat. Hist., p. 136, Potsdam Gr. proclive, Ringueberg, 1886, Bull. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci., vol. 5, p. 14, Niagara Vtx. pyramidatum, Hal!, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 336, Low. Held. (ir. quincyense, McChesney, 1861, New Pal. Foss., p. 90, and Geo. Sur. HI., vol. 3, )). .')10, Burlington Gr. (.uinqnesinuatum, Ulricli, 1886, Cont. to Am. Pal., p. 29, Up. Held. Gr. |v rellexum. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 477, Oriskany sandstone, retrorsum, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. X., vol. 3, p. 320, Low. Held. Gr. retrorsum var. abnorme. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 321, Low. Held. Gr. reversum, Hall, 1860, Supp. to Geo. Rep. Iowa, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 91, Burlington Gr. rictum, Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist,, p. 35, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 13, Ham. and Up. Held. Grs. robustum, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 313, Low. Held. Gr. senex, Winchell & Marcy, 1865, (Porcel- lia senex,) Mem, Bost. Soc, Nat. Hist., p. Ill, Niagara Gr. serratum, Ulrich, 1886, Cont. to Am, Pal., p. 30, Up. Held. Gr. sinuatum, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 314, Low. Held. Gr. spinigerum, Worthen, 1873, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 594. Coal Meas. spirale, Hall. 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 331, Low. Held, Gr. squalodens, Whitfield, 1882, Ann. N. Y, Acad, Sci., vol. 2, p. 202, Up. Held. Gr. siibnodosum, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 474, Oriskany sandstone, subplicatum, Meek & Worthen, 1866, Proc. Aiad. Nat. Sci. Pliil., p. 265, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 8, p. 457, Kinderhook (Jr. Fio. (iiij.— Plalyceras re- vei-sum. y subrectum. Hall, 1859, 12tli Rep. N. Y., ^ Mus. Nat. Hist,, p. 18, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 1, Up. Held. (Jr. mbrectnm, Hall, 18fi0, iSupj). to Iowa Rep. Tlie name being jireocfupied. Meek A Worthen proposed P. infuiidiliuhim. subsinuosum, Worlben, 1882, Bull. No. 1. III. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. .38. Low. Held. Gr. Proposed instead of P. sub- undatum, M. & W., which was preoc- cupied, subundatum, Conrad, 1841, Ann. Rep. >^ N. Y., p. 56, Up. Held. Gr. subundatum, Meek & Worthen, 186S, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 457. The name was preoccupied. Sec P. subsinuosum. sulcatum, Conrad, 1841, Ann. Rep. N. Y., p. .56, ()riskanv sandstone, sulcoplicatum, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. .324, Low. Held. (Jr. svmmetricum, Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. -' ' Mua. Nat. Hist., p. 34, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 9, Ham. and Up. Held. Grs. tenuiliratum. Hall, 18.59, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 317, Low. Held. (^r. thetiforme, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. '/ Geo. Sur.. vol. 8, j). 184, Devonian, thetis. Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 32, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 8, Up. Held, and Ham. (Jrs. thetis var. subspinosum, Hall, 1876, ' lUust. Devonian Foss., pi. 3, Ham. Gr. tortum. Meek, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 171, and Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 345, Coal Meas. tortuosum, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 472, Oriskanv sandstone, tribulosum, White, 1880, 12th Rep. U. S. Geo. Sur. Terr., p. 168, Burling- ton Gr. trigonale, Stevens, 1858, (Acroculia tri- gonalis,) Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. 25, p. 2()0, Carboniferous, trilobatum. Hall, 18.59, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 3l6, Low. Held. Gr. tubiforme, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 3.32, Low. Held. Gr. uncum, Meek & Worthen, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 264, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 516, Keokuk Gr. undatum. Hall, 1876, Illust. Devonian ^' Foss., pi. 7, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 17, Up. Held. (Jr. undulatum, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. ^ Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 184, Devonian, undulostriatum, Hall, 18.59, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 336, Low. Held. (Jr. unguifornie. Hall. 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 322, Low. Held. (Jr. uniseriale, Nicbolson, 1874, Rep. Pal. I' Ont., p. 116, Up. Held. Gr. unisulcatum. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 316, Low. Held. Gr. ventricosum, Conrad, 184(t, Ann. Rep. N. Y., p. 206, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 311, Low. Held. Gr. vomerium, Winchell, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 19, Marshall Gr. 418 GASTEROPODA. [PI.A. -F'l.K. Platyschisma, McCoy, 1844, Syn. C'arb. Foss. Ireland, p. :J8. [I'-ty. platys, wide; xchimmi, slit] Obtusely conical, ventricose ; spire short, obtuse, few whorls; aperture very oblique, large, lunate, deeply indented by the pre- ceding wiiorl, rounded anteally, nar- row retrally, with a very wide, shallow sinus in the middle part of the outer lip not forming a definite band, some- times obsolete ; no trace of inner lip ; pillar thin, a little reflected ; surface smooth or only marked by the retrally waved lines of growth ; umbilicus small, round, open. Type P. helicites. ambiguum, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. iS. Geo. iSur., vol. 8, p. 188, Devonian. dubium, Dawson, 1868, Acad, (ieol., p. .SOO, Car- boniferous, mccoyi, Walcott, 1885, „„ ,., . Monogr, U. S. Cieo. Sur., •^Vei.'t' '':J(i': vol. 8^>; 188. Devonian. biutn. Platystoma, Conrad, 1842, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 275. [Ety. pkilys, broad ; stoma, mouth.] Spire short; aperture large, dilated ; labrum joining the body whorl. This name was preoccupied for a shell by Klein in 1758, for an insect by Meigen in 1803, and for a fish by Agassiz in 1829. The genus has been named Platycerina. Type P. ventricosum. afiine, Billings, 1874, Pal. Foss., vol. 2, p. 60, Gaspe limestone, No. 8, Devonian. aplatum. Hall, 1876, Illust. Devonian Foss., pi. U, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 26, Schoharie grit arenosum, Conrad, 1842, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 276, and Pal. N. Y., vol. .^, p. 302, Low. Held. (Jr. belial, Clarke, 1885, Bull. U. S. Geo. Sur., No. 16, p. 30, Genesee shales. defiguratum. Hall, 1876, Illust. Devonian Foss., pi. 9, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt.2, p. 24, Ham. Gr. deprepsum. Hall. 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 301, Low. Held. Gr. euomphaloides, Hall, 1876, Illust. Devo- nian Fobs., pi. 9, and Pal. N. Y., vol.5, pt. 2, p. 25, Ham. Gr. heraisphericum, Hall, 1843, (Euomphalus hemisphericus,) Geo. Rep. 4th Dist. N. Y., p. 109, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 288, Niagara Gr. grayvillense, Worthen, 1882, Bull. No. .. III. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 38, Coal Meas, Proposed instead of P. tumidum, M. & W., which was preoccupied. inornatum, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 255, Subcarbon- iferous. lichas, see Callonema lichas. lineatum, Conrad, 1842, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 276, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 21, Up. Held and Ham, Grs. lineatum var. amplum, Hall, 1876, Illust. Devonian Foss., pi. 9, and Pal. Foss. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 23, Ham. Gr. Fig. C97.— Platystomn ni- ugurense. lineatum var. callosum, Hall, 187t;, illust Devonian Foss, pi. 9. and PmI. I'lis^ N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 23, Ham. ( .r. lineatum var. sinuosum. Hall, lK"t;. iHnj^t Devonian Foss., pi. 11, and Pal. Koss N. Y., vol, 5, pt. 2, p. 24. Ham. (■!•. minutissimum, Clarke, 1885, Bull r. s Geo. Sur., No. 16, p. 55, Portage < n. TiaHffl, see Naticopsis nana, n i aga rense, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 287, Niagara Gr. peoriense, Mc- C h e s n e V , 1860, Desc. New Pal. Foss., {' p. Coal Mens, p I e b e i u m , Hall, 1876, 2ath Rep. N. X-Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 175, Niagara Gr. pleurAtoma, Hall, 1876, Illust. Devonian Fcuss., pi 10, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, i). i^o Up. H^d. Gr. plicatum, Whiteaves, 1887, Cont. to Can Pal., vol. 1, p. 118, Ham. Gr. shumardi, Verneuil, 1846, (Turbo .slm- inardi^ Bull. d. 1. Soc. Geol. d. France, and. Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. ]•.]■>. Ham. Gr. strophium. Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 41, and Pal. N. Y. vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 25, Cornif. Gr. subangulatum. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 301, Low. Held. Gr. trigono8toma,Meek, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., ]). ino, and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 185, Niagara Gr. tumidum. Meek t'c Worthen, lS(iO, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci., p. 463, Up. Coal Meas. turbinatum, Hall, 1861, 14th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat, Hist., p. 106, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 27, Up. Held. Gr. turbinatum var. cochleatum. Hall, IHTii, Illust. Devonian Foss., pi. 10, ami Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 28, Up. Held. Gr. unisulcatum, Conrad, 1842, (Pieurotoma- ria unisulcata,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci,, vol. 8, p. 271, and Pal. N. Y., vol. f), pt, 2, p. 27, Up, Held. Gr. ventricosum, Conrad, 1842, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 275, and Pal. N. Y., vol, 3, p, 300, Low. Held. dr. Pledoitylm, Conrad, 1842, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 275. The name was preoc- cupied. hUdrelhi, see Macrocbilina bildretbi. Fig. 698.— Platystoma trlgoFiostoma. PLE.] GASTEROPODA. 419 PLEiiioNOTUis, Hall, 1879, Pal. N, Y,, vol. 5, |)t. 2, p. 138. [Ety. pleura, side ; /(.,tos, back.] Distinguished from fCuom- [liialus by the broadly expanded aper- ture, sinuate on the upper margin, niaking a deep retral angle, whirh meets a peripheral band. Type P. (k'cewi. Fig. t)99.— Pleuronotus decewl. t\ (lecewi, Billings, 1861, (Euomphalus (iecewi,) Can. Jour., p, 358, Up. Held. Gr. Plei'kotomaria, Defrance, 1824, Tableau d. Corps. Organises Fossiles, p. 114, and Diet. Sci. Nat, t. 41, p. 381. [Ety. pleura, side; tome, cut or notch.] Shell trochi- form, more or less conical, pearly within, variable in thickness, with or without an umbilicus; volutions angular, flat- tened, or rounded ; surface ornamented with striae, nodes, granulations, or car- inse; aperture sub- qnadrate. semioval, suborbicular, or sub- rhombic ; inner lip thin ; fissure of outer lip narrow and fk*. too.— Pieuroto- deop; revolving niaila angllca. . band corresponding in depth with the sinus. Type P. an- \ glica. abrupta, Billings, 1859, Can. Nat. and Geo., i vol. 4, p. 354, Calciferous (ir. acadicu, Dawson, 1883, Rep. on Redpath ! Mus., p. 11, Subcarboniferous. adamsi, Worthen, 1884, Bull. No. 2, 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 5, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 137, Coal Meas. , adjutor. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 80, Up. Held Gr. advena, Winchell, 1864, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 2d series, vol. 37, p. 228, Pots- , dam Gr. i agaiista, Billings, 1865, Pal. Fobs., vol. 1, I p. 230, Quebec Gr. 1 egave, Billings, 18(15, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 170, Trenton Gr. arabigua, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 176, Trenton Gr. americana, Billings, 1860, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 5, p. 164, Trenton Gr. amphitrite, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 32, Chazy or Black F'v. Gr. angnktta, Conrad, 1843, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. This name was preoccupied by Sowerby. antiquata. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 31, Chazy (.ir. aperta, see Raphistoma apertum. apicalis. Hall, 1S70, lUust. Devonian Foss., pi. 20, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 88, Chemung Gr. arabella, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 343, Calciferous «ir. aruchne, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 31, Black Riv. . 303, Hud. Riv. Gr. clipeiformis, Spencer, 1884, Bull. No. 1, Mu3. Univ. St. Mo., p. 57, Niagara Gr. concava, see Eotroclius concavus. coniformis, Worthen, 1882, Bull. No. 1, 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 38, Coal Meas. Projjosed instead of P. conoides, M. & AV. conoides, Meek & Worthen, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 271. Preoccupied by Deshayes in 1831. See P. coni- formis. conulufl. Hall, 1858, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 26, and Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 84, Warsaw Gr. cooperensis, n. s. Kaskaskia (ir. Pro- posed instead of P. trochiformis. Swal- low, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 99, that was preoccupied. coronula, Hall, syn. for P. sphserulata. coxana. Meek & Worthen, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 272, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 600, Coal Meas. coxana, Worthen, 1884. The name was preoccupied. See P. iowensis. crevieri, Billings, 1859, Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 4, p. 456, Chazy Gr. cryptata, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 54, Anticosti Gr. cyclonemoides, Meek & Worthen, 1868, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 360, Niag- ara Gr. cyclostoma, Whiteaves, 1884, Pal. Foss., vol. 8, p. 23, Guelph Gr. deiopea, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 155, Guelph Gr. delia, Billings, 1874, Pal. Foss., vol. 2, p. 61, Gaspe limestone No. 8, De- vonian. delicatula. Hall, 1876, lUust. Devonian Foss, 1)1. 19, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 70, Up. Held. Gr. delphinuloides, Goldfuss, as identified by d'Archiac & Verneuil. Not American. depauperata. Hall, 1862, Geo. Rep. Wis., p. 55, Hud. Riv. Gr. depretsa, Cox, 1857, Geo. Sur. Ky., vol. 3, Coal Meas. The name was preoccu- pied by Passy in 1832, by Phillips in 1836, and by DeKoninck m 1841. See P. kentuckiensis. disjuncta. Hall, 1876, Illust. Devonian Foss. pi. 20, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 84, Ham. Gr. dispersa, Dawson, 1868, Acad. Geol., p. 310, Carboniferous. 'ocens, Billings, 1859, Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 4, p. 452, CImzy Gr. doris, see Cyclonema doris. dryope, Billings, 1866, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 170, Black Riv. Gr. .ss., I'. H pi. .o\v. durhamensis, Wliiteaves, 1884, Pal. l vol. 3, p. 24, Guelph Gr. elegantula. Hall, 1858, (MurchisoDia eh. gant.ula,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p, :>; and Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Warsaw Gr. o:la. Hall, 1876, Illust. Devonian Fos*. 19, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, m Ham. Gr. elora, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 154, Guelph Gr. emmetensis, Winchell, 1866, Rep Penin. Mich., p. 96, Ham. (Jr. estella. Hall & Whitfield, 1872, 24tli i{p.) N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 195, Ilain.l/r! etna, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. i n" 226, Quebec Gr. eugenia, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. i p. 30, Black Riv. Gr. euomphaloides. Hall, 1862, 15tli Kep N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 18, Ham, dr. exigua, Winchell, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat Sci., p. 424, Marshall Gr. filitexta. Hall, 1876, Illust. Devonian Foss., pi. 19, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt 2, p. 73, Ham. Gr. galtensis, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss.. vol. 1 p. 154, Guelph Gr. giffordi, Worthen, 1884, Bull. No. L>, 111, St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 5, and (Jon, Sur, III., vol. 8, p. 135, Coal Meas. glandula, Shumard, 1860, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 626, Coal Meas. gonopleura, Winchell & Marcy, 1805, Host, Soc. Nat. Hist., p. 98, Niagara Gr. granulostriata. Meek & Worthen, 18G0, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 459, and (ieo, Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 356, Low. Coal Meas. grayvillensis, Norwood & Pratten, 18.54, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., 2d series, vol. :;, p. 75, Coal Meas. gregaria, Billings, 1859, Can. Nat. and ( jec, vol. 4, p. 355, Calciferous Gr. gurleyi, Meek, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 177, Coal Meas. lialii, see Trochonema halii. hallana, Shumard, 1859, Trans. St, Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 399, Permian Gr. Ikolli, see Raphistoma halli. harpya, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 227, Quebec Gr. haydenana, Geinitz, 1866, Carb. und Dvas in Nfb., p. 11, and Pal. E. Neb., p. 231, Coal Meas. hebe. Hall, 1861, 14th Rep. N. Y. Mus, Nat. Hist., p. 105, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 68, Up. Held. Gr. helena, Billings, 1860, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 5, p. 165, Hud. Riv. Gr. hickmanensis, Winchell, 1869, Geo, of Tenn. and Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. vol., 12, p. 257, Waverly Gr. hortensia, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol, 1, p. 227, Quebec Gr. hoyi, Hall, 1861, Rep. of Progr. Wis. Sur., p. 35, Niagara Gr. humerosa, Meek & Hayden, 1858, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 262, and Pal. Up. Mo., p. 46, Coal Meas. PLE.] GASTEROPODA. 421 3884, Pal. loss. i\. Fobs., vol, 1 ftl. Fobs., vol. 1, Foss., vol. 1, liumilis, Hall, 1858, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 21, and Bull. Am. Mus. Nat, Hist., p. 82, Warsaw Gr. hunilis, Winchell, 1862. This name was l^reoccupied. luironensis, Winchell, 1802, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., vol. 6, 2d ser., p. 425, Portage Gr. hvale, Billing.^, 18G5, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. "228, QuebHc Gr. idia, Hall, ISlil, Rep. of Progr. Wis. Sur., J). 35, Niagara Gr. igiiobilis, DawHin, 1868, Acad. Geo)., p. 310, Carboniferous, illinoisensis, Worthen, 1884, Bull. No. 2, III. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 4, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 135, Coal Meas. imitator, see Callonema imitator, iiumatura, Billiagi, 1859, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 4, p. 454, Chazy Gr. indfinta. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 176, Trenton Gr. inexpeetans. Hall & Whitfield, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 117, Clinton Gr. inornata. Meek, 1872, Pal. E. Neb. p. 232, Coal Meas. insolita, Hall, 1876, Illust. Devonian Foss., pi. 20, and Pal. N. Y., vol 5, pt. 2, p. 81, TIam. Gr. iowensis, Worthen, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 138, Keokuk Gr. isaacsi, Hall & Whitfield, 1873, 23d Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 238, Che- mung Gr. itys. Hall, 1876, Illust. Devonian Foss., pi. 20, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 76, Ham. Gr. itys var. tenuispira, Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 87, Ham. Gr. kearneui, see Palseotrochus kearneyi. kentuckiensis, n. s. Coal Meas. Proposed instead of P. depre^sa in Geo. Sur. Ky., vol. 3, p. 569, which wai* preoccupied, labrosa. Hall, 1859. Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 339, Low. Held. Gr. laphami, Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Rep. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 84, and Geo. Wis., vol 4, p. 296, Niagara Gr, lapicida, see Raphistoma lapicidum. laurentina, Billings, 1859, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 4, p. 354, Calcif. Gr. kavenworlhana, see Cyclonema leaven- wortlianum. knticularis, see Raphistoma lenticulare. liruata, Hall, 1843, (Turbo lineatus,) Geo. Rep. 4th Dist. N. Y. Preoccupied. See P. itys. litorea, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 12, Medina sandstone, lonensis, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 80, Trenton Gr. luclna, Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 42, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 67, Up. Held, and Ham. Grs. lucina var. perfasciata, Hall, 1876, Illust. Devonian Foss., pi. 20, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 83, Ham. Gr. lydia, Billings, 1874, Pal. Fosa., vol. 2, p. 62, Qaspe limestone, No. 8, Devonian. marcouana, Geinitz, 1866, Carb. und Dyas in Neb., p. 10, and Pal. E. Neb., p. 233, Coal Meas. meekana, Hall, 1858, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 22. and Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 82, Warsaw Gr. meta, Meek & Worthen. 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scri., p. 252, Kwokuk Gr. micnla. Hall, 1862, Geo. Rep. Wis., p. 55. Hud. Riv. Gr. misera, Billings, 1859, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 4, p. 354, Calcif. Gr. mississippiensis. White & Whitfield, 1862, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, p. 302, Kinderbook Gr. missisquoi, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 191, Quebec Gr. missouriensis. Swallow, 1860, (Trochus missouriensis,) Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 657, Coal Meas. mitigata, Hall, 1860, 13th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 108, Kinderhook Gr. modesta, Keyes, 1888, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., pi. xii, figs. 2a, 2b, Coal Meas. mohawkensis, n. sp. Birdseye limestone. Proposed instead of P. nodulo.sa, in Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 44, which was pre- occupied, montezuma, Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 324, Burlington Gr. muralis, Owen, 1852, Geo. Sur. Wis., Iowa, and Minn., p. 581, Trenton Gr. nasoni. Hall. 1861, Geo. Rvp. Wis., p. .34, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 215, Trenton Gr. nauvooensis, Worthen, 1884, Bull. No. 2, III. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 5, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 137, Keokuk Gr. nevadensis, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 259, Subcar- boniferous. newportensis, White, 1880, 12th Rep. U. S. Geo. Sur. Terr., p. 169, Coal Meas. niota, Hill, 1861, Geo. Rep. Wis., p. 33, Trenton Gr. nitela. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5 pt. 2, / p. 8.5, Up. Held. Gr. nodomarginata, McChesney, 1860, Desc. New. Pal. Foss., p. 70, and Trans. Chi. Acad. Sci., p. 47, Ham. Gr. nodulosa. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 44. The name was preoccupied by Sandberger in 1842, and by King in 1844 See P. mohawkensis. nodulostriata, Hall, 18.58, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 21, and Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 80, Warsaw Gr. normani, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 228, Quebec Gr. nucleolata. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 42, Birdaeye Gr. numeria, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 229, Quebec Gr. obsoleta. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 44, Birdseye Gr. obtusispira, Shumard, 1859, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 401, Coal occidens, Hall, 1867, 20th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., pp. 342, 364, Niagara Gr. 28 422 GASTEROPODA. [H.|.;, \/ V \ parvispira, Winchell, 1862, Rep. Low. PeninRUla Mich., p. 96, Hnin. Gr. pauper, BillinKS, 1859, Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 4, p. 457, Cliazv Gr. pauper, syn. for Troclionema halii. percarinata, see Cyclonema percarinatum. perhiimerosa. Meek, 1872, Pal. E. Neb., p. 232, Coal Meas. perizomata, White, 1882, Rep. Invert. Fo88. New Mex., p. xxxi, Coal Meas. perlata. Hall, 1852, Pal. N, Y., vol. 2, p. 349, Guelph Gr. perornata, Shumard, 1859, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1 , p. 401 , Coal Meas. pervetusta, Conrad, 1838, (Cyclostoma Servetusta,) Ann. Rep. N. Y., p. 65, [edina sandstone, piasensis, Hall, 1858, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 22, and Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 83, Warsaw Gr. planidorsalis, Hall, 1876, Illust. Devonian Fobs., pi. 20, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 82, Ham. Gr. plena, Hall, 1876, Illust. Devonian Fobs., pi. 17, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 66, Ham. Gr. postumia, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 91, Quebec Gr. V poulsoni, Conrad, 1842, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 270, Onondaga Gr. pratteni, Meek & Worthen, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 459, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 357, Low. Coal Meas. V princessa, Billings, 1874, Pal. Foss. vol. 2, p. 59, Up. Held. Gr. progne, Billings, 1860, Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 5, p. 163, Black Riv. and Trenton Grs. proutana, Shumard, 1859, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 401, Coal Meas. quadricarinata. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 43, Birdseye Gr. / quadrilix, Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 86, Up. Held. Gr. quebecensis, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 190, Quebec Gr, quinquesulcata, Winchell, 1365, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 131, Marshall Gr. racinensis, Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Rep. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 84, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 296, Niagara Gr. ramsayi, Billings, 1859, Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 4, p. 351, Calciferous Gr. Fia. 701.— Pionrotomarla ramsayi. V regulata, Hall, 1860, 13th Rep., p. 108, Ham. Gr. riddelli, Shumard, 1860, Trans. St. Louis Acad, Sci., vol, 1, p, 625, Coal Meas, rota, Winchell, 1863, Proc. Acad. \;it Sci., p. 19, Marshall Gr. rotalia. Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. Miis Nat. Hist., p. 46, and Pal. N. Y., v. l.,i| pt. 2, p. 71, Kam. Gr. rotuloides, see Raphistoma rotuloidcs. rotunda. Hall, 1843, (EuomphaliiH (" n,. tundus,) (ieo. Rep. 4th Dist. N. V , (,. 172, and Illust. Devon. Fcsb., pi. 18, Corniferous Gr. rotundata, Hall, see P. subglobosa. rotundispira, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 191, Quebec Gr. rugulata, Hall, 1860, 13th Rep. N. Y. Mas. Nat. Hist., p. 108, and Pal. N. Y., vol 5, pt. 2, p. 75, Ham. Gr. scitula, ^leek & Worthen, I860, I 'roc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbii Acaa. JNat. sci. rDu., p. wi, and (ieo Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 353, Low. Coal .Meas. selecta, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., \o\. i, p. 224, Quebec Gr. semele. Hall, 1861, (ieo. Rep. Wis., ii. m Hud. Riv. Gr. shumardi, Meek & Worthen, 1860, i'mc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 462, and (ieo Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 260, Keokuk (li. sigaretoides, Winchell & Marcy, INm, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 98, Ni- agara Gr. sinistrorsa. Swallow, 1858, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 203, Coal. Jleas. solarioides. Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. L' p. 348, Guelph Gr. speciopa. Meek & Worthen, 1860, I'roc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 459, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 352, Low. Coal Meas. spbserulata, Conrad, 1842, Jour. .lead. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 272, Coal Meas. spironema, Meek & Worthen, 1866, Froc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 272, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 5, p. 601, Coal Meas. sponsa, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 226, Quebec Gr. Stella, Winchell, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 424, Marshall Gr, tubangiUata, see Cyclonema subangulatum. subconica, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 174, Black Riv., Trenton, and Hud. Riv, Grs. subconstricta, Meek & Worthen, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 458, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 351, Low. Coal Meas. subdecuesata, Geinitz, 1866, Carb. und Dyas in Neb., p. 10, and Pal. E. Neb., p. 233, Coal Meas. subdepressa. Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 333, Coralline limestone, subglobosa, Hall, 1877, 1st Ed. Am. Pal. Foss., p. 245, Warsaw Gr. Propofsed instead of P. rotundata. Hall, Is.'iS, which was preoccupied. Bubscalaris, Meek & Worthen, 1800, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci, Phil, p. 460, and (ieo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 360, Low. Coal "Slnm. subsinuata. Meek & Worthen, 1860, I'roc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 460, and Geo. Sii.r III., vol. 2, p. 358, Low. Coal. Meas. yo\..] CASTEROPODA. 423 ep. Wis., p. ;% fidiliUtriata, see RaphiRtoma HubtilHtri- atum. Hubturbiiiata, Meek & tiayden, 185H, Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliil., n. 264, and Pal. Up. Mo., p. 47, Coal Meas. Biilcomargiaatn. Conrad, 1842, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sui., vol. 8, p. 272, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. «9, Ham. Gr. siipracini^ulata, BillinKs, 1857, itep. of Progr., Geo. Sur. Can., p. 302, Tren- ton Gr. pwallovana. Hall, 1858, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 24, and Bull. Am. Mas. Nat. Hist., p. 80, Warsaw Gr. gybillina, Billings, ^1860, Catal. Sil, Foss. Antic, p. 54, Anticosti Gr. tabulata, Conrad, 1835, (Turbo tabulata,) Trans. Geo. 8oc. Penn., vol. 1, p. 207, Coal Meaa. tajrgarti. Meek, 1874, 7tli Rep. Hayden's U. S. Geo. Sur. Terr., p. 271, and Cont. to Pal., No. 6, p. 140, Coal Meas. tectoria, Winchell, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 19, Marshall (ir. tenuicincta. Meek & Worthen, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 459, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 356, Up. Coal Meas. tmuimarginata, Hall, eyn. for Eotroclius concavus. tenuistriata, Shumard, 1860, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 625, Coal Meas. textiligera, Meek, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 176, and Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 314, Waverly Gr. thalia, see Cyclonema thalia. trillneata, Hall, 1858, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 25, and Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 80, Warsaw Gr. trilix, Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 45, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 79, Ham. Gr. trochiformis, Swallow, 1863. The name was preoccupied by Portlock iu 1843. See P. Cooperensis. tropidophora, Meek, 1872, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d series, vol. 4, p. 278, and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 154, Hud. Riv. Gr. turbiniformis. Meek & Worthen, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 461, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 359, Up. Coal Meas. lurgida, see Holopea turgida. umbilicata, see Trocho- nema umbilicatum. unisulcata, Conrad, 1842, Jour. Phil. Acad. Sci., vol. 8, p. 271, Ud, Held. Gr. vadosa. Hall, 1860, 13th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 108, Kinder- hook Gr. vagrans, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 90, Quebec Gr. Valeria, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 169, and vol. 3, p. 23, Guelph Gr. Fig. 702. — FJeuroto- mai'ia turbiul- (oimls. valvatiforniis. Meek & Worthen, I860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 273, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 5, p. 602, Coal Meas. viola, Billings, 18li5, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 169, Guelph Gr. virgo, Billings, 1865, I'al. Foss., vol. 1, p. 224, Quebec Gr. virguncula, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 226, Quebe(! Gr. vitruvia, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 171, Black Kiv. Gr. voltumna, Billings, 1874, Pal. Fohs., vol. ■ 2, p. 61, Gaspe limestone No. 8, De- vonian. whitii, Winchell, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 423, Marshall Gr. wortheni. Hall, 1858, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 23, and Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 664, Warsaw Gr. Poi.YPHKMCi'sis, Portlock, 1843, Geol. Lon- donderry, p. 415. [Ety. Polyphemux, a genus of shells; opsi», appearance.] Subfusiform; spire elongated; whorls flattened, last one produced below and forming half the length of the shell ; outer lip thin, nearly straight; inner lip wanting; columella without folds, slightly twisted and truncated at the connecf ion with the outer lip ; aper- ture narrow, subovate, elWise or slightly notched at the base of the columella; surface smooth, or only with obscure lines of growth. Type P. elongata. chrysalis. Meek & Worthen, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 2t)7, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 6, p. 696, Coal Meas. keokuk, Worthen, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 144. Keokuk Gr. inornata. Meek & Worthen, 1860, (Loxo- nema inornatum,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 463, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 374, Up. Coal Meas. louisvillje, Hall & Whitfield, 1872, 24th '-^ Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 193, Up. Held. Gr. melanoides, Whitfield, 1882, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 225, Kaskaskia Gr. nitidula, Meek & Worthen, 1860, (Loxonema nitid- ula,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., ,,.^ p. 465. and (ieo. pV'3 Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. '-'^'^ 374, Up. Coal Meas. peracuta. Meek & Worthen, 1860, (Eulima (?) pera- cuta,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. ^ 466, and Geo. Sur. ,,.,_ .„., „, ^ 111., vol. 2, p. 3/5, sis nltillula. Up. Coal Meas. teretiformis. Hall, 1877, Ist Ed. Am. Pal. Foss., p. 246, Warsaw Gr. Proposedjin- stead of P. elongata. Hall, 1858, which was preoccupied. i -,•■ r 424 GASTEROPODA. [POR RaI'. Fig 704.— PorcelUa puzosl. / PoRCBLMA, Leveille, 1835. Mem. Soo. Geol. France, vol. 2, p. 39. [Ety. proper name.] Discoid, depressed ; whorls very slightly embracing, exposed in a very wide umbilicus, slightly deeper on one side than the other, from a trifling obliquity of the first one or two turns; a narrow band extends along the middle of the exterior, ending in a nar- row slit in the lip ; surface often nodu- lar and ornamented with rough striee. Type P. puzosi. crassinoda, White & Whitfield, 18(52, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, p. 303, Kinder- hook Gr. hertzeri, Hall, 187«, II- lust. Devonian Foss., pi. 16, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 126, Up. Held Gr. nais, Hall, 1862, (Gyroceras nais,) 16th Rep. N. Y. Mu8. Nat. Hist., p. 68, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 127, Che- mung Gr. nodosa, Hall, 1860, Supp. to vol. 1, Et. 2, Iowa Geo. Sur., p. 92, Kinder- ook Gr. obliquinodns, White, 1862, • Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, p. 21, Mar- shall Gr. peoriensis, Worthen, 1884, Bull. No. 2, 111. St. Mus, Nat. Hist., p. 6, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 138, Coal Meas. rectinoda, Winchell, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 18, Marshall Gr. rotatoria, Hall, see Goniatites plebei- formis. Bcioto, Hall & Whitfield. 1873. 23d Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 240, Up. Held. Gr. »mex, see Platyceras senex. PsEUDOPHORUs, Meek, 1873. Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 221. [Ety. psewiea, false ; Photv»,& genus. Shell depressed, subtrochifonn ; umbilicus broad, shallow, eccentric ; volutions two or three ; suture obscure ; aperture transverselv rhombic, three times as wide as hi^h, acutely angular at the outer and inner extremities; upper side of lip oblique and extended forward ; surface bearing lines of growth directed obliquely backward. Type P. antiquus. Fig. 705.— Pseudophonis autiquus. antiquus, Meek, 1871, (Trochita antiqua,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 82, and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 221, Up. Held. Gr. Fin. :m, I'llpn UMi. ■^v, Pupa, Humphrey, 1797, Museum Caloimj. anum, and Lamarck Kyst. Anim. sins Vert., p. 88. [Ety. Pupn, chryBalis sin 11.] Shell rimatti or perforate, cylindrical or oblong; aper- ture rounded, often toothed, margins distant, mostly unitt'd by a callous lamina. Type P. uva. bigfbyi, Dawson, 1880, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 20, p. 410, Coal Meas. vermilionensis, Bradley, 1872, Am. Jour. Sci., 3d series, vol. 4, p. Coal Meas. vetusta, Dawson, 1860, Quar. Jour. (mo. Soc, vol. 16, p. 268, and Acad, (ieol., p. 083, Coal Meas. vetusta var. tenuistriata, Dawson, isso, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vul. 20, p. 40(5, Coal Meas. Raphistoma, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, \k 28. [Ety. raphe, seam or suture ; tflimn, mouth.] Depressed, often discoid ; spiie flat or nearly so; sutures close ; wlioiN acute-angular externally and often witli an angular edge to the moderate unihili- cus. Type R. striatum. ncutum. Hall & Whitfield, 1877, l'. S. Geo. Expl. 40th parallel, vol. 4, p. 'I'ia, Chazy Gr. affinis, Foerste, 1885, Bull. Sci. Lab. Deni- son Univ., p. 95. Not properly detiiied. angulatum, Emmons, 1856, (Strapurolhis angulatus,) Am, Geol. p 157, Calcifer- ous Gr. apertum, Salter, 1859, Can. Org. Hem., Decade 1, p. 12, Black Riv. and Tren- ton Gr. compressum, Whitfield, 1886, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 309, Birds- eye Gr. halli, S. A. Miller, 1874, (PleurotomariH halli,) Ciji. Quit. Jour. Sd , vol. 1, p. 318, llu.l. Riv, Gr. labiatum, Emmons, 1842, (Maclurea labi- ata,) Geo, Rep. N. Y., p. 312, Cakifei- ous and Birdseye Gr. lapicida, Salcer, 1859, Can. Org. Kern., Decade 1, p. 12, Black Riv. and Tren- ton Gi'. lenticulare, Emmons, 1842, (Pleurotomaria lenticularis,) Geo. Rep. N. Y., p. 392, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 172, Trenton p^^ and Hud. Riv. Gr. niagarense, Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Rep. Geo. and Geo. Wis., vol agara Gr. planistria. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 30, Chazy Gr. planistria var. parvum, Hall. 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p, 30, Chazy Gr, toma tiRll \! 708.— Hiipliis- toina lentlculiue. Sur, 4, Wis., p. p. 295, S2, Ni- F(iT.— 80I..] GASTEROPODA. 426 l.rwvium, Whitfield, 1889, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol.2, p. 6-', Ciilcifer- 0118 Gr. rot 11 li forme, Meek, 1870, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 01, and U. S. (ieo. Siir. 40th Parallel, vol. 4, p. 18, Calcifurous Gr. rotuloides. Hall, 1H47, (Pieiirotoni in rot- uloides,) Pal.N. Y.,vol. 1, p. 17:i, Tren- ton (ir. stainineum, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 20, Cha/.y Qr. Rtriatmn, Emmons, 1842, (Madurea stri- ata,) (Jen. Kep. N. Y., p. 31_', and Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 28, Chuzy Gr. Fk). 710. -Uotella ve.stlarla. Fio. 709.— RaphUtoina striatum. Hubplaniim, Shumard, 18()3, Trans. St. FiOiiis Acad. Sc'i., vol. 2, p. 100, Calcifer- 0U8 Gr. Hiibtilwtriatum, Hall, 1847, (Pleurotomaria Bubtildtriata,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 172, Trenton Gr. trochisciim. Meek, 1870, (Euomphalus trochiscus,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Soi., p. 01, and Geo. Sur. W. 100th Men, vol. 4, p. 77, Calciferous or Trenton Gr. RoTELLA, Lamarck, 1822, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert., vol. 7, p. 6. [Ety. diminutive of rola, a wheel.] Lenticular, pol- ished ; spire depressed ; base callous, lingual teeth 13; nncini, nu- merous, subequal. Type R. vestiaria. verruculifera, White, i882, Kep. Invert. Foss., New Mexico, p. xxxi, Coal Meas. ScfivoGYKA, Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Rep. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 01, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 198. [Ety. scflfi'tts, toward the left; gurus, circle.] Sinistral, spire elevated, volutions rounded ; umbilicus open, broad, no callus; peristome en- tire, uniting with the volution on the inner side and spreading externally. Type S. swezpyi. elevata, Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Rep. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 02, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 199, Low. Mag. Gr. obliqua. Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Rep. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 63, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 199, Low. Mag. Gr. swezeyi. Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Rep. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 02, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, J). 198, Low. Mag. Gr. ScALiTES, Emmons, 1842, Geo. Rep. N. Y., p. 312. [Etv. scala, staircase.] Tur- binate, whorls flat above, turrited, pro- Flo. 711.— Hoalltes iiii- Huhitii.s. duced below ; no uinbillcuH ; form elongate. Type H. angulatus. angiilatus, Emmons, 1842, Geo. Rep. N. Y., p. 312, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 27, Chazv Gr. Sco t.ioHTOM A , Br a u n , 1838, Neues Jalir. Min. Geo. (ieol. Pe- tref., p. 298. [Ety. skolion, curved; stoma, mouth.] Small, upper part pupiform; aperture extended, curved outward. Type S. dannenbergi. ameiicana, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 195, Low. De- vtmian. Solarium, Lamarck, 1801, Syst. An. sans Vert. Not Palieozoic. letii, one of Troost's catalogue names. SoLE.NiMtus, Meek & Wortlien, 1800, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 407. [Ety. solenkkoa, little channel or gutter.] Fusi- form, pointed; whorls nearly flat, lust one contracted and produced below into u straight canal ; surface smooth or oV)scurely marked by lines of growth ; aperture narrow ; outer lip thin, en- tire; inner lip thickened and bearing a more or less distinct revolving fold ; columella straight, imperforate. Type S. typicus. brevis. White, 1882, Rep. Invert. Foss., New Mex., p. xxvii. Coal Meas. fusiformis, Hall, 1858, (Macrocheilus fuai- forme,) dreol. of Iowa, p. 718, Coal Meas. hallanus, Geinitz, 1806, (Macrocheilua hallanum,) Carb. und Dyas in Neb. p. 0, Coal Meas. helicoides, Sowerby, 1829, (Ampullaria heli CO id es,) Min. Conch., vol. 0, Coal Meas. klijiparti. Meek, (Macrocheilus parti,) Proc. Nat. Sci., vol. .328, and Ohio p. 40, 1872, klip- Acad. 24, p. Pal., vol. 2, p. 340, Low. Coal Meas. ne wherry i, Stevens, 1858, (Loxonema newberryi,) Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 2d ser., vol. 25, p. 259, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 594, Coal. Meas. — :; paludiniformis. Hall, 1858, (Macrocheilus paludiniformis,) Geo. of Iowa, p. 719, Coal Meas. planus, White, syn. for S. newberryi. Fio. 712.— Solenlscus klipparll. ^^% 42l'> GASTEROPODA. \> texanuH, Shtiiimrd, 18r)J), (MiktocIicIIuh toxiinuin,) TraiiH. St. I^ouis Aciid. Sci., vol. 1, p. 402, Coal Mt-UH. typiciiH, .Meek h Wor- tlien, 1H(((), I'roc. .Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 4(17, and G«'o. Siir. III., vol. 2, p. ;m, Up. Coal Meas. vt'iitiicoHiiH, Hall. 1M,')S, (Macroclu'lliiH veiitri- coHiitn,) < ifo. Siir. Iowa, }>. 7 IK, Coal MeuH. Billings, 18(15, I'al. Fos.s., Klo. 7|;t.- Holeiils- CU8 tyiilcuN. \/ ■\ Stuai'akoi.mna, vol. 1, p. L'L'IJ. [Kty. from tliu reHcm- blaiice to hIicII.s of tlio jjcnuH Strtipnrol- itw.] Sliell turltinate, with round oroh- Hciirfly aiifniatt'd whorlH; aperturo nearly circular, HometimeH with a notch in the inner lower angle of the lip. Type S. pelajjica. aHperuHtriata, Billings, 18()0, (Straparollns asperoHtriatus,) Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 5, p. 162, Black Uiv. Gr. circe, Billingg, ]8(}0, (Straparollus circe,) Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 5, p. 101, Black Itiv. Gr. eurydice, Billings, 1860, (StraparoUua eurydice,) Can. Nat. and. Geol., vol. 5, p. 162, Black Riv. Gr. pelagica, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1. p. 223, Quebec (Jr. remota, Billings, 1874, Pal. Fig. 714.— strnp- Foss., vol. 2, p. 70, Up. arolllna pelagica. Taconic. Strap AHOLLUb, Montfort, 1810, Conch. Syst., vo.'. 2, p. 174. [Ety. straboa, turned abo.it.] Discoid, depressed conic, smooth or transversely striated ; whorls rounded; umbilicus wide. expcsing the whorls; mouth indented by the penul- timate whorl; peritreme simple, thin, most so on the left side. Type S. dionysii. ammon, White and WhitCeld, 1862, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, p. 307, Marshall Gr. angulatus, see Baphistoma angulatum. asperostriatm, see Straparollina aspero- striata. barrisi, Winchell, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 20, Marshall Gr. canadensis, Billings, 1861, Can. Jour., vol. 6, p. 359, Up. Held, Gr. circe, see Straparollina circe. clymenioides. Hall, 1862, (Euomphalus clymenioides,) 15th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 54, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 62, Up. Held. Gr. cornudanus, ShumarJ, 1859, Trans. St, Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 400, Coal Meas. crenulatus, Whiteaves, 1884, Pal. Foss., vol. 3, p. 21, Guelph Gr. cyclostomus, Hall, 1858, (Euomphalus cyclostomus,) Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 516, Ham. Gr. iferouB. Too poorly denned for ridJir. daphne, nilllngfl. I«fl2, Pal. Fosh., v..| i p. 160, Guelph r,r. furfjdiir, net* Straparollina eurydice. hccale, Hall, 1876, ( KuomptiahiH hciii. Illiist. Devon. Foss., pi. 16, i Im mung (>r. heeale var. corpuleuH, Hall, 1876, (Ennm rlialus heeale var. corpuleuN,) Illiisi )ev. FoMH., pi. 27, (^ln'iiiuiig (ir. hiitjiolyta, Billings, 1862, I'al. Fohh., vu| 1. p. KK), Guelph (Jr. inops. Hall, 1876, (Knoni))haluH inu|,N, Ilhist. Devonian Foss., pi. 1(1, Ir, Held. Gr. labitittiit, see Rai)hi8to- ina labiatdin. lens, Hall, 1860, (Euoni- vthaluslens) 13th Rej). N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., Fio.7i.'i.-Htru| ,,,1. p. 109, Kinderhook Iuh iilppoivi;. Gr. maeromphalus, Winchell, 1863, run. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 20, MarslialKli. magnificiiii, Shumard, 1863, Tran.s. St. Louis Aca V Gr. ophirensis. Hall & Wh. , 1877, ( Kikhii- fhalus ophirensis,) U. S. Geo. ^Uth arallel, vol. 4, p. 261, Waverly (ir. pernodoius, see Euom{>halus pernodosus. planispira, Hall, 1858, (Euomphalus pian- ispira,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, j). 20, and Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 70, Warsaw Gr. primordialis, see Ophileta primordialis. quadrivolvis. Hall, 1868. (Euomphalus quadrivolvis,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 19, and Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. flist., p. 71, Warsaw Gr. rudis, Hall, 1876, (Euomphalus nidis,! Illust. Dev. Foss., pi. 16, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 58, Ham. Gr. sanctisabee, Roemer, 1852, (Euomphalus sanctisaba;,) Kreid. von Texas, p. 91, Silurian, similis. Meek & Worthen, 1861, I'roc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 145, and (Jeo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 285, St. Louis Gr. similis var. planus. Meek & Worthen, ISOl, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 14(1, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 286, St. Loui.s Gr. sinuatus, Hall, 1859, (Euomphalus suh uatus,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 340, Low. Held. Gr. spergenensis. Hall, 1858, (Euonipliahis spergenensis,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol.4, p. 19, and Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 69, Warsaw Gr. spergenensis var. planorbiformis, Hall, 1858, (Euomphalus spergenensis var. STK— 91'll.] CASTENOI'ODA. 427 iluB miniioHo- plunorbiformiH,) TriinH. Alt). l.iHt., vol. 4, P'-'O; p. 70, W'armiw «ir. 4, |). 'JO, and Bull. Am. Muh. Nat. ilmt., H Up Nut. liiHt. Mtha / HpirorhiH, I lull, lH6i), ( Knomplinluw npiror- l.iH,) lUtli U(ip. N. Y. Muh. "' 1). 101», Kin(U'rli(>ok (Jr. viihplmiUH, Hull, 1H5L', (iMKiiiiplialuH Hub- |)liiiiiiH,) KtiiiiH. Kx. to (it. Suit Luke, I. 414, Coul MeuH. miiiqundnUut, Hee Ku()Iii|>IiuUih 8ub(|uacl- ratuH. fiilinigoHiiH, Bi'o KiiompliHluH Bubru^oHUS. siiliiiinbilicutiiH, Wortbun, (in preHH) (ieo. Sur. HI., vol. S, p. 142, Kuhkas- kia (irr. iiiiibilioatUH, Meek A Wortben, ISdO, (Ku- oinpbalus uinbilicatus,) I'roo. Aoad. Nat. Sci. Fbil., p. 4t}'J, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 3G2. Coal Meas. iitabt-nslH, Hall & Wbitlicld, 1877, U. 8. (4eo. Kxpl., 40tb ]>arullul, vol. 4, p. 250, Waverly Ur. salvaliformiB, .Sbumard, 1803, Trans. St. LouIh Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 105, Calcifer- 0U8 (Jr. varsoviensis, Worthen (in press) Geo. Sur. III., vol. 8, p. 142, Keokuk Gr. whilneyijHee Ompbalotrocbus whitneyi. Stkkptaxis, Gray, 1837, Mag. Nat. Hist., p. 484, [Ety. streptos, twisted ; axis, axis.] Shell ovate or oblonjf ; wben ^oung, sub- bemispberical, deeply umbibcated, witb rapidly enlarging whorls; at lengtb tbe penultimate wborl ie bent toward tbe right and dorsal side of the axis and tbe umbilicules become compressed and often nearly closed; tbe mouth lunate; the edge slightly tbickeued and re- flexed, and often witb a single tooth on the outer side of tbe inner or binder lip. Type 8. conboides. Not a Palic- ozoic genus. whitfleldi, Meek, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Hd. Phil., p. 173, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 596, Coal Meas. Stroi'hites, Dawson, 1880, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 20, p. 413. [Ety. from the genus StrophiaA Shell re- sembling tbe modern Strophia, conical ; apex obtuse; whorls four or more; surface covered witb sharp vertical ridges, separated by spaces three times as wide. Type S. grandffivus. grandsevus, Dawson, 1880, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 20, p. 413, De- vonian. Strophostylus, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 303. [Ety. atrophe, turning round ; iiylot, column.] Subglobose or ovoid globose; spire small witb a large ven- tricose body wborl; outer lip thin, not reflected ; columella twisted or spirally grooved within, not reflected; no um- bilicus; aperture somewhat round, ovate or transversely broad oval. Type S. elegans. andrewsi. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 472, Oriskany sandstone. canci'llatUH, Mi-tk it Worthen, 18(18, Geo. *^ Sur. III., vol. :(, p. 404, OriHkany Hand- Htont'. Kio. 71(i. — Hli'dphOMtyluH caiioelliitUN. //, Hurfaen < lunrUliigit ciiluri{el Fig. 717.— Subiilites caJclfeius. daphne, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 223, Quebec Gr. elongatus, Emmons, 1842, Geo. Rep. N. Y., p. 392, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 182, Trenton (tr. gracilis, 8. A. Miller, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 116, Niaorara Gr. inil.\tu8. Meek & V/orthen, 1870, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 47, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6. p. 495, Galena Gr. notatus, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 54, An- ticosti Gr. obesus, Whitfield, 1886, Bull. Am. Mns. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 318, Birdseye Gr. parvulus, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 36, Black Riv. Gr. psyche, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 188, Quebec Gr. richardsoni, Billings, 1857, Rep. of Prosrr., Geo. Sur. Can., p. 306, Hnd. Riv.Gr. terebriforniis, Hall & Whit- field, 1875. Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 141, Niiigara Gr. ventricosus. Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vi.l. 2, p. 347, Ni- iij^ara and Guelph Gr. Tbaciiydomia, Meek & Wor- then, 1866, Geo. Sur. HI., vol. 2, p. 364. [Ety. trachyf, rough ; doma, house.] In PIQ. 718.— Sub. uliteH elou' gat us. fotm like Naticopsis, but distinguished by having the surface ornamented with regularly disposed nodes. Type T, nodosum. hollidayi. Meek & Worthen, 1860, (Nati- copsis hollidavi,) Proc. Acad. Nat. s^i Phil., p. 463, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2. p. 367, Low. Coal Meas. nodosum. Meek & Worthen, 1860, I Nati- copsis nodosa,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 463, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. i', p. 36(5, Low. Coal Meas. noduloHum, Worthen, 1884, Bull. No. ■> 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 8, and (ifo Sur. 111., vol. 8, p 146., Coal Meas. Themanotits, Hall, 1868, 20th R»-p. X. Y St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 347. [Ety. Imua, hole; no^os, back.] Distinguished imm Bucania by a single row of liolii.w spines upon the back of tiie last wlmii. In casts the spines are usually broken off, and hence Carpenter argues iIk y never had spines. Type T. chicago- ensis. aipheus, Hall, 1864, 10th Rep. N. Y. ^t. MuH. Nat. Hist. Syn. for T. chicajo- ensis. chicagoensis, McChesney, 1860, (Bucania chicagoensis,) New Pal. Foss., p. (il), Ni- agara Gr. trigonostonia. Hall & Whitfield, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 146, Niagara Gr. Trochita, Schumacher, 1817, Ess-ai N. Syst., p. 184. [Ety. irochus, wheel.] Not a Palaeozoic genus. antiqua, see Pseudophorus antiquus. carbonaria, Meek, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 270, Kaskaiikia Gr. Not rec- ognized. Tbochonema, Salter, 1859, Can. Org. Rom., Decade 1, p. 27. [Ety. Irochus, a wIulI; nema, a thread.] Turbinate, thin, of few angular whorls; strong coiuen- tric ridges, crossed by oblique liiuH of growth; umbiUcus wide, open; inner lip thin, scarcely reflected ; pcritreme complete. Type T. umbiiicatum. beloitense, Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Rep. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 74, and Geo. Wis,, vol. 4, p. ?.12, Trenton Gr. beachi Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Rep. dw. Sur. Wis., p. 74, and Geo. Wis., vul. 4, p. 213, Trenton Gr. emaceratum, Hall & Whitfield, 187L', L'4tli Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., j). 19:!. Ham. Gr. exile, WhitCeld, 1889, Bull. Am. .Miia. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 57, Calcifenms .e. — Piloceras. Family Trochoceratid.e. — Trochoceras. Family Trowiolitid^e. — Trocholites. Family Uncertain. — Pemlichnus, Sjerichnites, Teratichnus, Trachomatichnus. AcTiNocEiiAS, Bronn, 1837, Lethaca Geoj;nos- tica, p. 97. [Ety. aktin. ray ; kerai, horn.] Exterior like Orthoceras; si- pli uncle very large, inflated between the chambers, and connected with a slender central tube by radiating plates. Type A. bigsbyi, A. richardsoni, and A. lyoni. The genus was established be- fore the species were defined. beaudanti, Castelnau, 1843, Systfime Silu- rien, p. 31. Not recognized. beauiii'mti, Castelnau, 1843, Systeme Silu- rien, p. 32. Not recognized. bigsbyi, Stokes, 1840, Trans. Geo. Soc, 2d series, vol. 5, p. 707, Chazy (ir. bkinvillei, Castelnau, 1843, Systeme Silu- rien, p. 31. Not recognized. cordieri, Castelnau, 1843, Systfcme Silurien, p. 31. Not recognized. deshayeai, Castelnau, 1843, Systeme Silu- rien, p. 32. Not recognizee!. dufremoyi, Castelnau, 1843, Syst6me Silu- rien, p. 32. Not recognized, inops, Daw- son, 1868, A c a «l . c; e o 1 . p. 314, Carb. lyoni, Stokes, 18 4 0, Trans. Geol. Soc. vol. 5, p. 707, Black Riv. Gr. richardsoni, Stokes, 18 4 0, Trans. Geol. Soc, 2d series, vol. 5, p. 708, Black Riv. Gr. simmsi, Stokes, 1840, Trans. Geo. Soc., 2d series, vol. 6, p. 708, Sil. Fig. 725.— Actlnocora.s rlch- iirilsoni. 432 CEPHALOPODA. [amm <'Vk. V Ammonites bellicoms, Morton, 1836, Ara. Jonr. Sci. au.'8i, Salter, 1859, Can. Org. Rem., Dfcade 1, p. 33, Chazy or Black Riv. Grs. bondi, Sartbrd, 1869, Geo. of Tenn., p. 290, Nashville Gr. brevicorne. Hall, 1867, 20th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 407, Niaaara Gr. camurum. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 190, Trenton Gr. carwellntum, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 290. The name was preoccupied by Koemer in 1844. See 0. subcancellatura. carrollense, Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 496, Galena Gr. © Fio. 72H.— Cyrtoce- rns as h maniil. The two section views nro natural size- cessator. Hall & Whitfield, 1877, U. S. Expl. Exped. 40th parallel, vol. 4, p. 278, Coal Meas. citum. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 372, Up. Held. Gr. clcvahim, see Gomphoceras davatum. clitus, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Foss. An- tic, p. 85, Niagara Gr. confertissimum, Whitfield, 1886, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 327, Birds- eye Gr. conicum, Owen, 1840, Rep. on Min. Lands, p. 70, Up. Magnesian (ir. conoidale, Wttherbv, 1881, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 4,' p. 78, Hud. Riv. Gr. constrictostriatum. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 19.5, Trenton Gr. comiculum, Hall, 1862, Geo. Rep. Wis. The name was preoccupied by Bur- rande in 1848, and again by Eichwald in 1860, nee C. tenuistriatum. corydon, Billings, 18()6, Catal Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 85, Niagara Gr. cretaceum, Whitfield, 1882, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 209, Up. Held Ur. curtum. Meek & Worthen, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 468, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, 1). 388, Up. Coal Meas. Was this name preoccupied bv Eich- wald ? dactyloides, Dwight, 1884, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 27, p. 255, Cal- cifcrous Gr. dardanus, Hall, 1861, Rep. of Progr. Geo. Sur. of Wis., p. 43, Niagara Gr. densum. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 363, Ham. Gr. dictvs, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 192, Quebec Gr. dict^um, AVhite, 1876, Proc Acad. Nat. i Sci., p. 33, Devonian, dilatatum. Meek & Worthen, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 468, and Geo. Sur. HI., V. 2, p. 389, Up. Coal Meas. dorsatum. Swallow, 1858, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 197, Permian Gr. eugenium. Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. v Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 70, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 369, Schoharie grit, eugium. Hall, 1861, Rep. of Progr. Wis., p. 40, Cliazy and Black Riv. Grs. exignum, Billings, 1860, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 5, p. 172, Trenton Gr. This is made the type of the genus Climoceras by Hyatt, faberi, James, 1886, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol 8, p. 246, Hud. Riv. Gr. falx, Billings, 1857, Rep. of Progr. Geo. Sur. Can., p. 314, and Can. Org. Rem., Decade 1, p. 32, Black Riv. and Tren- ton Grs. filosum, Emmons, 1842, Nat. Hist. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 392, Trenton Gr. formosum, Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, . pt. 2, p. 362, Ham. Gr. fosteri. Hall, 1861, Rep. of Progr. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 41, Niagara Gr. fragile, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Fobs. Antic, p. 59, Anticosti Gr. / 484 CEPHALOPODA. ICVR, :% gibbosum, Hall, 1876, Illust. Devonian Fobs., syn. for Gomplioceras oviforme. giganteum, McChesney, Jan. 1860, New Pal. Foss., Niagara Gr. In 1861 Mc- Chesney referred this species to the genus iLituites, and proposed for it the name Litnites cancellatus. Prof. Hall, in the meantime, described it as Lituites occidentalis. It is now referred to the genus Nautilus, and as both the earlier names were preoccupied, McCiiesney's name cancel. atus has precedence. haJlanum, D'Orbigny, 1860, Prodrome de Pal., tome 1, p. 1, Trenton Gr. Pro- posed instead of C. lamellosum, Hall, 1847, which was preoccupied. Hyatt founded his genus Zitteloceras on this species. kirbyi, Whitfield, 1889, Bull. Am M„s Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 67, Calcifer' ous Gr. lamellomm, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y.. >,,]. i p. 193. The name was preocciiiiiiil |iv u'Archiac & Verneuil in 1842. >it. (' hallanum. laterale, Hall. 1867,20th Rep. N. Y Mus Nat. Hist., p. 407, Niagara Gr. ligariuB, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vdl i p. 176, Hud. Riv.Qr. liratum, Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y Mi^ Nat. Hist., p. 72, Ham. Gr. loculosum. Hall, 1861, Rep. of Progr \\'U,^ p. 42, Trenton Gr. lucillus. Hall, 1867, 20th Rep. N. \. M„s Nat. Hist., p. 406, Niagara Gr. lysander, Billings, 1862, Pal. Fosw., vol. l p. 161, Hud, Riv. (ir. KiG. 720.— Uyrtoeerns miiglMter. hector. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 364, Up. Chemung Gr. hercules, Winchell p. 99, Clinton and Niagara Gr. Endoceras, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, ., 58. [Ety. endos, within ; kents, liiii'n.j An elongated conical shell, roeinbliJ an Orthoceras, and possessed of nuf ur more smooth siphuncles, which hw' (ii. bri8tolense,S. A. Miller. 1882,,lour.(:ii).Soc Nat. Hist., vol. 5. p. 85, Hud. Riv. Or distans. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, n 220, Trenton Gr. duplicatum, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1 p. 219, Trenton Gr. egani, S. A. Miller, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 84, Hud. lUt. dr. Fig. 734.— KudoceruH longlsslmurn. gemelliparum, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. l,p. 60, Black Riv. Gr. inrequabile, S. A. Miller, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist.,- vol. 5, p. 86, Hud. Riv. Gr. [CYR, - KM,. ■ gp„,_GOM.] CEPHOLOPODA. 437 inHulare, Barrandu, 1870, Syst. Sil. de Boli., vol. 2, p. vlii, pi. 430-431, Ciuebec Gr. laiiventrum. Hall, 1850, 3d Rep. N. Y. Mu8. Nat. Hist., p. 181, Trenton Ur. longissitTHim, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 59, Black Riv. and Trenton Gr. muj,'niventrmn, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 218, Trenton Gr. marcoui, Barrande, 1869, Syst. Sil. de Boh., L'd ser., 4me, Quebec Gr. miiltitubulatinn. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 69, Black Riv. and Trenton Grs. The tvpe of Hvatt's genus Vat^inoceras. proteiforme. Hall, 1847, Pa!. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 208, Hud. Riv. and Trenton Grs. proteiforme var. elongatum. Hall, 1847, Pul. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 216, Trenton Gr. proteiforme var. lineolatum, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 211, Trenton Gr. proteiforme var. strangulatum. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, f). 212, Trenton (ir. proteiforme var. tenuistriatum. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 209, Trenton Gr. proteiforme var. tenuitextum. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 210, Trenton Gr. rapax, Billings, 1860, (Orthoceras rapax,) Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 5, p. 176, Black Riv. Gr. rottermundi, Barrande, 1866, (Orthoceras rottermundi,) Syst. Sil.de Boh,, 2d ser., 2me, p. xiii, pi. 2.30, Trenton Gr. subannulatum, Whitfield, 1880, Ann. Rep. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 56, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 230, Trenton Gr. 8ubcentrale, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 59, Black Riv. Gr. vanuxemi, Conrad, 1842, (Diploceras van- iixemi,) Jour. Acad. Sci., vol. 8, p. 267, Trenton Gr. Endolobns, Meek & Worthen, 1865, Proc. Aoad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 259. [Ety. endos, within; lobos, lobe.] Prof. Meek said later that this genus is not distinct from Temnochilus, and if distinct it would probably be a synonym for Montfort's genus Bmphites. pemmfttug, see Temnochilus peramplum. speciabilU, see Temnochilus spectabile. Glomceras, Barrande, 1865, Cephalopods of Bohemia, vol. 2, p. 372. [Ety. glosse, tonttue; keras, horn.] Having a slen- der annulated whorl, and an obscurely Y - shaped aperture. It is not known as an Ameri- can genus. desideratum, Billings, 1866,Catal. Sil. Fobs. Antic, p. 60. Not defined so as to be rec- ognized. GoMi'nocERAs, Sowerby, 1839, Murch. Sil. Syst. p. 620. [Ety. gomphos, club ; keras, Via. 735— Aperture of Uoiiiplioceras. horn.] Shell fusiform or globular with a tapering apex ; aperture contracted in the middle; siphuncle moniliform, Bubcentral. Type G. pyriforuie. abruptum. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt, 2, p. 339, Ham. Gr. absens, Hall, 1876, (Cyrtoce- ras absens, ) II lust. Devon. Foss., pi. 47, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 324, Up. Held, Gr. ajax. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p, 350, Portage Gr. amphora, Whit- field, 1882, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 207, Up. Held. Gr. beta, Hall. 1862, Kio. 7Ufi — (Jomphoceras pyriforme. 29 15th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 72, and Pal, N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 326, Up. Held. Gr. brevii>osticum, Whitfield, 1882, Geo. Wis., '■ vol. 4, p. 339, Ham. Gr. camraaruH, Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y,, vol. 5, ' p. 333, Up. Held. Gr. cassineiise, Whitfield, 1886, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol, 1, p. 322, Birds- eye Gr, cinciunatiense, S. A, Miller, 1884, Jour, Gin. 8oo. Xat. Hist,, vol. 7, p. 19, Hud, Riv. Gr, clavatum. Hall, 1876, (Cyrtoceras clava- v turn,) lUust, Devon. Foss., pi. 47, Up. Held. Gr. conradi. Hall, 1860, 13th Rep. N. Y, Mus. Nat. Hist,, p. 106, Ham, Gr, crenatum, Beecher, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol, . 7, p. .33, Up. Held, Gr, cruciferum. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 328, Schoharie grit, eos. Hall & Whitfield, 1875, Ohio Pal,, vol, 2, p. 100, Hud. Riv. Gr. eximium. Hall, 1861, 14th Rep. N. Y, Mus, Nat, Hist, p. 109, and Pal, N. Y., vol, 5, pt, 2, p, 299, Up, Held. Gr, faberi, S. A, Miller, 1884, Jour. Gin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, p, 19, Hud. Riv. Gr. fax, Hall, 1879, Pal, N. Y,, vol, 5, p, 321, "" Schoharie grit, fischeri. Hall, 18()0, 13th Rep, -^. Y, Mus. l Nat. Hist., p. 106, and Pal. II Y,, vol. 5. pt, 2, p, 336, Mam. Gr, fusiforme, Whitfield, 1882, Geo. Wis., vol. " 4, p. 3.38, Ham, Gr, hertzeri, Hall & Whitfield, 1875, (Cyrto- ceras hertzeri,) Ohio Pal,, vol, 2, p, 150, Niagara Gr. 488 CEPHALOPODA. ['•"N. V gomphus, Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 334, Up. Held. Gr. v' hyatti, Whitfield, 1882, Ann. N. Y. Acad. 8ci., vol. 2, p. 20tt, Up. Held. Gr. V illsemiB, Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 332, Schoharie ^rit. / impur, Hall, 1870, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 332, Up. Held. Gr. V lunatnm. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 341, Ham. Gr. V maneH, Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 339, Genesee Slate. marcyx, Winchell & Marcy, 1835, Mem. BoBt. Soc. Nat. Hist. Syn. for G. scriuium. minimum, Whitfield, 1880, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 321, Birds- eye Gr. \/ miuum, Beecher, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 34, Ham. Gr. N mifra. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 330, Up. Held. Gr. V nasutum, Beecher, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 34, Chemung Gr. ob>sum, Billings, 1857, Rep. of Progr.Geo. Sur. Can., p. 3!l,UiicaGr. V omicron, Winchell, 1866, Rep. Low. Pen- insula Mich., p. 97, Ham. Gr. V oviforme, Hall, 1860, 13th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 105, Ham. Gr. V pingue, Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 346, Ham. Gr. f planum. Hall, 1879, Pal. N, Y., vol. 5, p. 352, Ham. Gr. V plenum, Beecher, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 33, Up. Held. Gr. / poculum, Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 340, Ham.Gr. potens. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 351, Waverly Gr. powersi, James. Not recognized. V raphanus. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 347, Ham. Gr. V rude, Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 327, Ham. Gr. V eacculuB, Meek & Worth en, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 258, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 445, Ham. Gr. V' Bciotoense, Whitfield, 1882, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 208, Up. Held. Gr. scrinium. Hall, 1864, 20th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 410, Niagara Gr. septore, Hall, 1867, 20th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 410, Niagara Gr. ^ solidum. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 338, Marcel I US Shale, subgracile, Billings, 1857, Rep. of Progr. Geo. Sur. Can., p. 311, Up. Sil. ^ suboviforme, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 202, De- vonian. '/ tumidum, Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 351, Chemung Gr. turbiniforme. Meek & Worthen, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 258, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 444, Ham. Gt. V GoNiATiTKS. DeHaan, 1825, Monogni|,lii;, AmmoDiteoruinetGoniatiteorum,] iriti, [Ety . gonia, an any le ; lilho», stone. This name, it seem s , should be /^fel^ZA-->v^'^\ V^N spelled Go- "a ^,4^ ^ Jour. iSci., :'(| Fig. 7;m.— Gonlatltes globulosus. crato, Hall, 1862, (Clymenia erato,) 15th Rep. N. Y. MuB, Nat. Hist., p. 64, and lllust. Devon. Foss., pi. 70, Ham. Gr. expanma, Vanuxem. The name was pre- occupied by Von (i. vanuxemi. Buch in 1838. See Sur. 2, p. Coal var. globulosus, Meek & W o r t h e n , 1860, P r o c . Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliil, p. 471, and Geo III., vol. 390, Up. Meas. globulosua excelsus.Meek, 1875, Bull. U.S. Geo. Sur.Terr., vol, 1, No. 6, p. 445, Coal Meas. goniolobus, Meek, 1877, U. 8. Geo. Sur, 40th Parallel, vol. 4, p. 98, Carboniferous. hatliawayanus, McChesney, 1860, Desc. New Pal. Fobs., p. 66, Coal Meas. 7.S9.— Uontatltes globu- losus. Outline. hildrethi, Morton, 1836, (Ammonites hil- drethi,) Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts. vol. 29, p. 149, Waverlv Gr. holmes!. Swallow, 1860, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 659, Waverly or Choteau Gr. houghtoni, Winchell, 1862, Am. Jour Sci., 2d ser., vol. 33, p. 363, Marshall Gr.' hyas, Hall, 1860, syn. forG. lyoni. iowensis. Meek & Worthen, 1860, Proc Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 471, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 392, Coal Meas. Type of Hyatt's genus Paralegoceras. ixion. Hall, 18()0, 13th Rep. N. Y. Mus Nat. Hist., p. 125, Kinderhook Gr. This species is founded on the form which has been identified with the European species G. rotatorius. kentuckiensis, n. sp. Shell very globose and wide or broadly rounded on the dorsal side ; outer volution embracing the inner ones ; umbilicus small and disclosing none of the inner volutions, though the body chamber is broken from our specimens; suture having a sharp, dorso-laleral lobe and an equally 440 CEPHALOPODA. ['•ON, deep, biHd, centrnl dornRl lnh«' ; dorHal saddle Nuban^iiliir. Tliin HpecicH in rea Nfction in tlie form of a (lepreHBed (•llipno witii projecting lUiKltH; Hipliuncio ventral, Hojita curve over tlie ventral side, aH whown in the illustration. Type G. ancepH. Flo. 742.— (ionloceriM ancepH, iincepfl, Hnll, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 54, Black Riv. Gr. occidentale. Hall, 1H61, Rep. of Progr.WiH., p. 47, Trenton CJr. (ivKocEUAs, DeKoninclc, 1844, Desc. An. Fo88. Bclg., p. r>30. [Ety. gyros, circle; keras, born.] Not Gyroceratites of Meyer, 1829. Diucoid, rolled in one )lane ; volutions in contact or open, Mit not embracing; transverse section circular, elliptical, scutiform, or polyg- onal ; body chamber large and some- times straight or tangent to the spiral ; opening hollowed out on the exterior horder like the Nautilus; septa arched and freciuently project, curving back- ward; siphon slender, cylindrical, and usually subcentral toward the convex border, but sometimes found within the concave border ; surface tubercu- lous, having imbricated excrescences or ringed with projecting fringes from the septa. Type G. paradoxicum. abrnptum, Hall, 1879, Desc. New Spec. Foss., p. 19, and 11th Rep. Geo. and Nat. Hist., Ind. p. 325, Niagara Gr. americanum, Billings, 1867, Rep. of Progr. Can. (leo. Sur., p. 309, Up. Sil. baeri, Meek & Worthen, 1865, (Trochoce- ras baeri,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 263, and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 157, Hud. Riv. Gr. bannisteri, Winchell & Marcy, 1865, Mem. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 102, Ni- agara Gr. 6i(Winfl(tonen««,seeNautilusburlingtonen8is. coiumbiense, Whitfield, 1882, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 210, Up. Held. Gr. conatrictum, Meek & Worthen, 1868, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 446, Ham. Gr. cornutum, Owen, 1840, Rep. on Min. Lands, p. 69, Devonian. Cyclops, Hall, 1862, loth Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 68, and Illust. Devon. Foss., pi. 63, Up. Held. Gr. duplicostatum, Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Rep. Iteo. Sur. Wis., p. 78, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 235, Trenton Gr. eirodi, White, 1882, llth Ann. Hep. (ieol. and Nat. Hint. Indiana, p. :i56, N iauaral >r. ervx, Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. HiHt., p. 67, Ham. (ir. erpnnmm, Saeman, DunkeriSc Von .Meyer, \HW,\, PaliiMintograpliica, vol. 4, See NatitihiH buccinum. griu'ile, Hall, I860, 13th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 106, Kinderkook (ir. Proliably a syn. for Trematodiscus digonus. harlti, see Discites hai tti. inelegans, Meek, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 89, and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, 1). 232, Up. Held. Gr. jason. Hall, 1862, (Cyrtocuras jiison,) 15th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. HiHt., p. 71, Up. HeVl. Gr. Type of Hyatt's genus Ru- toceras. lacinioHum, Hall, 1879, Pnl. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 376, Up Held. Gr. lirii/um, see .Nautilus liratiis. logani, Meek, 18»i8, Tranw. Chi. Acad. Sci., p. no, Devonian. )nii()nilifiim, see Litiiites magnilicus. matheii, Conrad, 1840, Ann. Rep. N. Y., p. '-'(Xi. and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 377, (Cyrloceras inatheri,) Up. Held. Gr. nais, see Porcellia nais. nereus, Hall, 1862, 15th Rej). N. Y. Mus. Nat. IliHt., p. 67, and Pal. N. Y., vol.5, pt. 2, p. 373, Up. Held. (Jr. numa, BillingN, 1876, Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 7, p. 238, Up. Held. (ir. ohioenae. Meek, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliil., p. 87, and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 230, Up. Held. Gr. puucinodum. Hall, 1876, Illust. Devonian Foss., pi. 55, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, pt. 2, p. 380, Up. Held. Gr. pratti, Burrip, 1S79, Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 287, Up. Held. (ir. rhombolintare, Owen, 1862, Geo. Sur. Indiana, p. 362, Silurian, rockfordense, Meek & Worthen, 1866, (Nautilus (Cryptocera.s) rockfordensis,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 275, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 459, Kinder- hook Gr. seminodosum, Whitfield, 1882, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 211, Up. Held. Gr. spinosum, Conrad, 1840, (Phragnioceraa spinosum,) Ann. Rep. N. Y., p. 206, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 382, Schoharie grit, stebos, Beecher, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 36, Waverly Gr. mbliratum, see Nautilus subliratus. transversum, Hall, 1860, (Cyrtoceraa transversum,) 13th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 104, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 384, Ham. Gr. trivolve, Conrad, 1840, (Cyrtoceras tri- volvis,) Ann. Rep. N. Y'., p. 206, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt 2, p. 374, Up. Held. Gr. undulatum, Vanuxem, 1842, ((Cyrtoceras undulatum,) Geo. Rep. N. Y., p. 139, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 378, Up. Held. Gr. Type of Hyatt's genus Halloceras. 442 CEPHALOPODA. [HOR.-mt. vaprans, Bil1in(;B, 1.S57, Kep. of Progr. Can. Geo. Snr., p. ms, Black Riv. Gr. validum, Hall. M76, Illust. Devonian Fops., pi. 51. t. I Tiil. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. US"), Scholiiuie grit. K'Q. 7-13.— Gyrocerns unduhitum. Horlhnh's americanus, see Liiuites ameri- oaiius. HuRoxiA, Stokes, 1823, Geo. 'Iran,?., n. s., vol. 1, p. 203. When this genus was proposed, the author thou was proposeip. Geo. Sur. Wis., j). 67, and ( Jeo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 303, Niagara Gr. murchhoni, Troust. Not defined so as to be recognized. MEI,.— NAIJ.] CEPHALOPODA. 448 , Pal. Foss., vol. niagarensis, Spencer, 1884, Bull. No. 1, Mus. Univ. St. Mo., p. 60, Niagara Gr. omderUalw, HhH, 1861, liep. of Progr. Geo. Stir. Wis., Niagara (ir. This species is now referred by Prof. Hall to the genus Xautilns, se? 20th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 400. It was first described by MeCbesney, Jan. 1860, aa Cyrtoceras gigant'jum, but that name being preoc- cupied, in 1861 he proposed Lituites oancellatus. If it is a Nautilus, tlie word occidenlalis being preoccupied, McChesney's name cancellatus has pre- cedence. ortoni. Meek, 1873, Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 186, Niagara Gr. palinuruR, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 25, Calciferous Gr. I)lnto, Hillings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 2o9, Quebec Gr. robertsoni. Hall, 1861, Rep. of Progr. Wis., p. 38, Chiizy and Black Riv. Grs. seelyi, Whitfield, 1886, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 330, Birdseye Gr. undatua, Emmons, 1842, (Inachus unda- tus,) Geo. Rep. N. Y., p. 394, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 52, Black Riv. and Trenton Grs. It is not a Lituites. undatus var. occidentalis, Hall, 1861, Rep. of Progr. Wis., p. 38, Black Riv. and Trenton Grs. Mdi'i cancellxtm, Emmons, 1856, Am. (ieol. Not dt-fiiied so as to be recognized. cinrinnatite, .D'Orbigny, 1850, Prodr. d. I'aRont., t 1, p. 4. Not defined so as to be recognized. Nautilus, Bt-eynins, 17.'?2, Dissert. Polyth., p. 11. [E'.y. l^autilos, sailor or naviga- tor.] Shell subglobose, compressed ; volutions coiled in the same plane, con- tiguous ; umbilicus open or clo.sed ; septa simple, arched or waved on the lateral margins ; siphuncle central or Bubcentral ; lip sinuous on the dorsal and ventro-lateral margins; surface smooth, striate, costate, or bearingnodes. Tvpe N. pompiliuB. acraus, Hall. 1879, Pal. N Y., vol. 5, pt. 'J, p. 417, Ham. Gr. avonensis, see Solenochilus avonense. aviis, Barrande, 1869, Syst. Sil. de Boli., vol. 4, p. viii, pi. 435, Quebec Gr. banandi, Hall, 1876, see N. Magister. biserialis. Hall, 1860, Sapp. to vol. 1, pt. 2, Iowa Geo. Sur., p. 92, Coal Meas. biiccinum. Hall, 1876, lUust. Devonian Foss., pi. 60, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 412, Ham. Gr. Type of Hyatt's genus Nephriticeras. calciferus, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 258, Calciferous Gr. cancellatus, McChesne^', 1861, (Lituites cancellatus,) New Pal. Foss., p. 96, Ni- agara Gr. canaliculrttus. Cox, 1857, Geo. Sur. Ky., vol. 3, p. 575, Coal Meas. Type of Hy- att's genus Solenoceras. cajuix, Hall 1860, (Lituites capax,) Rep. of Progr. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 3,* Niagara Gr. capax, Meek & Worthen, 1865. This was preoccupied and must yield unless it can be retained in the subgenus Soleno- chilus. eavns, Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 416, Ham. (ir. chaniplainensis, Whitfield, 1886, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 329, Birds- eye Gr. chesterensia. Meek & Worthen. 1800, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 469, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 306, Kaskaskia Gr. clarkanus, Hall, 1858, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 32, and Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 92, Warsaw Gr. colleclus, see Solenochilus collectum. cornulum, Hall, 1876, Illust. Devonian Foss., pi. 60, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 414, Ham. Gr. coxanus, see Temnochilus coxanum. danvillensis, White, 1878, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 36, and Cont to Pal., No. 8, p. 170, Coal Meas. decoratus. Cox, 1857, Geo. Sur. Ky., vol. 3, p. 572, Coal Meas desertua, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 258, Quebec Gr. digonus, see Trematodiscus digonus. dmiformis, see Discites disciformis. discoidalis, see Trematodiscus discoidaiis. divisns, White & St. John, 1868, Trans. Chi. Acad. Sci., n. 124, Up. Coal Meas. Tlie name was preoccupied bv Meyer in 1831. eccentricus. Meek it Hayden, 1858, Trans. Alb. Inat., vol. 4, p. 83, and Pal. Up. Mo., p. 05, Permian Gr. '■">**, \'. Fig. 7-10— Nautilus faberi. Lateral and front views. Magnified 2 diain. faberi. n. sp. Shell small, smooth, all vo" lutions embraced in the outer one> leaving only a small round umbilicus! aperture semielliptical above the inte- rior volution. Tiie species is founded on a single specimen having a piece chipped from the dorsal side of the last volution, and a small piece broken from the inner volution, but nowhere dis- closing the septa. It was found in the Coal Mt asures, on Elk Horn Creek, Kentnrky, and belongs to Mr. Charles Faber'a collection. ferox, BillinL'S, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 351, Calciferous Gr. i ; > -^r 444 CEPHALOPODA. NAU. KiG. 747.— Nautilus forbesanua. ferratUB, Cox, 1857, Geo. Sur. Ky., vol. 3, p. 574, Coal Meas. forbesanns, M c C h e 8- ney, 18G0, Desc. New Pal. Fobs., p. 63, anil Trans. Chi. Acad. 8ci., p. 50, Coal Meas. gilpini. Swal- low, I860, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 658, Coal Meas. g 1 o b a t u s , Sowerby, 1825, Min. Conoh., vol. 5, p. 129, Kaskaskia Gr. hercules, Billings, 1857, Kep. of Progr. Can. CJeo. Sur., j). 306, Hud. Riv. Gr. highlandensis, see Discites highlandensis. hyatti, Beecher, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 37, Ham. Gr. illinoisensis, McChesney, 1860, Desc. New. Pal. Fobs., p. 64, Coal Meas. ingentior, Winchell, 1862, Am. Jour. Sci., 2d series, vol. 33, p. 361, Marshall Gr. insolens, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 258, Quebei^ Gr. jason, Billings, 1859, Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 4, p. 464, Chazy Gr. Type of Hy- att's genus Plectoceras. kelloggi, Whitfield, 1886, Bull. Am. Mas. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 328, Birdseye Gr. lasallensis. Meek & Worthen, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 261, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 610, Up. Coal Meas. latus, see Temnochilus latum, lawsi. Swallow, 1860, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 658, Ham. Gr. Iei4lyi, see Soleuochilus leidyi. liratus, Hall, 1860, (Gyroceras liratum,) 13th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 104, Marcellus Shale. liratus var. juvenis, Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, Ham. Gr. magister. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 422, Ham. Gr. Proposed instead of N. barrandi, Hall, which was preoc- cupied. marcellensis, see Discites marcellensis. maximus, Conrad, 1838, (Cyrtoceras max- imus,) Ann. Rej). N. Y., p. 117, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 418, Ham. Gr. meekanus, see Trematodiscus meekanus. missouriensis. Swallow, 1858, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol.1, p. 198, Coal Meas. montgomeryensis, Worthen, 1884, Bull. No. 2, HI. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 4, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 148, Up. Coal Meas. natator, Billings, 1859, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 4, p. 466, Chazy Gr. Type of Hy- att'i genus Barrandoceras. niotensii, see Temnochilus niotense. nodocannalus, McChesney jyn. for N . oc- cidentalis. nodoso-dorsatus. Shumard, 1858, 'I 'ana. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 11I8, (oai Meas. occndentalis, Swallow, 1858, Trans. ,St. Louis Acad. Sci.. vol. 1, p. 196, ami Pal E. Neb., p. 234, Permian Gr. occidentalism Hall, 1860, 20th Rep. .N, Y. Mun. Nat. Hist., p. 400, Nia>;aru Gr. This name being preoccupied, :\I(( hcg. ney's name cancellatus, has precedence. See Lituites cancellatus. oceanus. Hall, 1879, Desc. New Snec. Foss., p. 19, and 11th Rep. Geo. "ami Nat. Hist. Ind., p. 325, Niagara Gr. oriens. Hall, 1876, lllust. Devonian Koss. pi. 61, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p' 420, Marcellus Shale. omatuB, Hall, 1860, syn. for N. marcel- ortoni, Whitfield, 1882, Ann. N. Y. Acad Sci., vol. 2, p. 231, Coal Meas. parallelus, Beecher, 1888, Pal. N. Y.. vol. 7, p. 38, Coal Meas. pauper, Whitfield, 1882, Ann. N. Y. Acad Sci., vol. 2, p. 226, Kaskaskia Gr. permianus. Swallow, 1858, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. \\)i\. Per- mian Gr. planidorsalis, see Trematodiscus i>!ani- dorsalis. planorbiformis. Meek & Worthen, 1800, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 4(!9, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 386, (Joal Meas. planovolvis, Shumard, 1858, Trans. St, Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 198, Coal Meas. pomponius, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol, 1, p. 26, Calciferous Gr. ponderoaus. White, J 872, Pal. of E. Neb., p. 236, Coal Meas. Type of Hyatt's ge- nus Titanoceras. quadrangularis, McChesney, 18(10, Desc. New Pal. Foss., p. 65, and Trans. Chi, Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 57, Coal Meas. Type of Hyatt's genus Tainoceras. rockfordensis, Meek & Worthen, LHti6, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 275, Kin- derhook Gr. Probably a Gyroceras. See III. Geo. Sur., vol. 3. sangamonensis. Meek & Wortlien, 18()l), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 470, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 386, Coal Meas. Type of Hyatt's genus Metacoceras. seebachanus, see Pteronautilu.s seebach- anus. spectabilis, see Temnochilus spectabiie. springeri, see Soleuochilus sprinj,'c'ri. striatulus, see Trematodiscus striatnlns. subgloboaus, Meek & Worthen, 18(i0, Trnc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 469, syn. for N. globatus, see Geo. Sur. III., vol. 3, p. 305. Bubliratus, Hall, 1876, (Gyroceras suldiru- tum,) lllust. Devon. Fobs., pi. ")S, ;ind Pal. N. Y., vol.5, pt.2, p. 409,IliiiM.(ir. Bubquadrangularis, Whitfield, 1882, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 232, Coal Meas, SKI.. ORT.] CEPHALOPODA. 445 ClQ. 748. — Olico cenis constrie tuiii. tuhmlcaiuiy Phillips, 1836, Geo. York. Not dearly identified in tills country. tulcatm, see Trematodiscus sulcatus. triyonm, see Treniatodiseus trigonus. trimlcatUK, see Trematoditcus trisnlcatus. tyians, Billings, 1859, Can. Nat. and Geo., ' vol. 4, p. 4()5, Ohazy Gr. vci.sutiiH, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foas., vol. 1, 'K 259, Quebec Gr. Type of Hyatt's sicnuH Litoceras. viiisloiri, set! Temnocliilus winslowi. ^'elilllenia incognita, Castelnau, 1843, Syst. Sil., p. 33. Trobably a frngment of I'liragmoceras or Oncoceras. Ontoceras. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. Vm. [Ety. jnAo.'j, swelling ; ieras, horn.] (^mved, aperture constricted; lower part of the body chamber, and upper part of septate portion ventricose ; aiv ^ ^,, ^ ruptly contracted to- for N. niairel- I » ^^"SK&k. ward the apex; siphun- cle dorsal ; septa plane, nearly flat, slightly ele- vated on the dorsal margin. Type O. con- strictum. abruptum, Hall, 1861, Rep. of Progr. Wis., p. 44, Trenton Gr. alceus, Hall, 1861, Rep. of Progr. Wis., p. 46, Chazy and Black Riv. Grs. amator, Billings, 1866, Catal. Si'. Foss. Antic, p. 59, Clint 1 Gr. brevicurvatuni, Whitfield, 1880, Ar ^ Rep. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 59, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 234, Trenton Gr. constrictum, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 197, Black Riv. and Trenton Grs. dilatatum, Hall, 1860, 13th Rep. N, Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 105, Ham. Gr. expansum. Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 337, Coralline limestone, futile, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 59, Clinton Gr. gibbosum, Hah, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 13, Medina sandstone, lycus, Hall, 1861, Rep. of Pi gr. Wis., p. 45, Chazy and Black Riv. Gr. mummiforme, Whitfield, 1880, Ann. Rep. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 58, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 232, Trenton Gr. orcas, Hall, 1861, (Oyrtooerasorcas,) Rep. of Progr. Geo. Sur. of Wis., p. 42, Niag- ara Gr. ovoides. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 342, Low. Held. Gr. pandion. Hall, 1861, Rep. of Progr. Wis., p. 45, and (Jeo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 233, Chazy and Black Riv. Grs. pettili, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. i^6, Niagara Gr. plebeiuro, Hall. 1861, (ieo. Rep. Wis., p. 44, Trenton Gr. Bubrectum, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 94, Clinton (rr. teucer, Billings. 1866, Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 86, Niagara Gr. thales, Billings, 18(56, Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 87, Niagara Gr. vasiforme, Dwight, 1884, Am. .Four. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 27, j>. t."^7, Calcif- erous (ir. Ohmoceuas, Stokes, 1840, Tra' s. l,01iazy and Black Riv. Grs. amplieameratum, Hall. 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, j>, 205. Black Riv. and Tren- ton Gr8. amycus, Hall, 1879, Desc. New Spec. toss., p. 18, and lltli Rep. Geo, Sur. lud., p. :524, Niagara Gr. anax, Billings, 1875, Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 7, p. 238, Up. Ht'ld. Gr. anguis. Hall, 1879. Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. .312, Cliemung Gr. angulatum, {?) WahU^nberg, 1821, Nova. Acta. Soc. Sci. U])9al., ]>. 90, Niagara Gr. See remarks on this species bv Prof. Hall in 20th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 41.3. anellus, Conrad. 1843, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., vol. 1, p. 334. and Pal.N. Y.. vol. 1, p. 202, Black Riv. and Tren- ton Grs. anniilato-coslaUnn, Meek & AV'^orthen, 1861, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 147. This name was preoccupied by Boll in 1857. See 0. randolphense. anuulatum, Sowerby, 1818, Min. Conch., vol. 2, p. 77, Cfinton and Niagara Grs. antenor, Billings, 1859, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 4, p. 463, C.iazy Gr. anticostiense, Billings, 1857. Rep. of Progr. Geo. Siir. Can., p. 316, Hud. Riv. Gr. aptum, Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 282, Marcellus Shale. arcuatellum, Saudberger. Is not an Amer- ican species, arcuoliratum, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 198, Black Riv. and Trenton Grs. arenosnm. Hall, J859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 480, Ori'^kany sandstone, asmodens, Clark*', 1885, Bull. U. S. Geo. Sur., No. 16, p. 30, (ienesee Shale, atreus, Hall. 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 305, Portage Gr. atticus, Billings, 18(>5, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 312, Quebec (ir. aulux. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 293, Ham. Gr. autolycus, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 91, Quebi c Gr. barulum, Meek, 1800, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 310, Suhcarbonifcrous. baculum, Hall, 1862. The name was pre- occupied. See O. stylus, balteatutn, Billings, 1857, Rip. of Progr. Geo. Sur. Can., p. 318, Hud. Riv. Gr. barquianuui, Winchell, 1862, Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 33, Marshall Gi. bartonensH, Spencer, 1884, Bull. No. 1, Mus. Univ. St. Mo., p. 60, Niag- ara Gr. bebrjx. Hall, 1876, lUust. Devonian Foss., pl. 39, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 275, Ham. Gr. bebryx var. rayuga, Hall, 1879, Pal. .\. Y,, vol 5, p. 276, Chemung Gr. becki, Billings, 1859, Can. Nat. and '.cdi. vol. 4, p. 362, Calciferous (ir. bellatulum, Billinjfs, 1866, Cat al. Si I. Foss. Antic, p. 58, Clinton (Jr. beloitense, Whittic-ld, 1878, Ann. Hep Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 97, and Geo. W'U vol. 4, p. 226, Trenton Gr. bilineatum, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y.. \n\ ] p. 199. Chazy, Black Riv., Trei.toi . aiui liud. Riv. (irs. bilineatum var. a. Hall, 1847, I'al. N. y vol. 1, p. 200, Trenton Gr. bipartitum, Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vdI. ,i, p. 313, Up. Chemung Gr. brainerdi, Whitfield, 1886, Bull. Am Mus. Nat. Hist, vol. 1, p. 319, Hinls. eye Gr. brongniarti, Troost, 1838, (Conotulmlaria brongniarti,) M<-m. Soc. Geo. de Fiance 3, p. 89, Low. Sil. brontes, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Fogs. Antic, p. 83, Niagara Gr. bucklandi, Billings, 1857, Rep. of Progr. Geo. Sur. Can., p. 330, Up. Sil. Fig. 750.— Orthocerus byrnesl. bullatum, (?) Sowerby, 1839, Murch. Sil. Syst., p. 705, Trenton Gr. byrnesi, S. A. Miller, 1875, Cin. (^uar. Jour. Sci., vol. 2, p. 126, and Jour. Ciii. Soc Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 319, Hud. Riv.Gr. cadmus, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Fobs. Antic, p. 83, Niagara Gr. Cffilamen, Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. "),[). 298, Ham. (4r. cameolare, McChesney, 1861, New Pal. Foss., p. 93, Niagara Gr. canadense, Billings, 1857, Rep. of I'logr, Geo. Sur. Can., p. 321, Mid. Sil. Prof, Billings proposed this name as a sub- stitute for Huronia vertebialis for the reason that Huronia is a syn. for Orthoceras, and there is one 0. vcrte- bralis. canctllatum, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. -'. The name was preoccupi"d by Ficii- wald in 1842. See O. snbcanct'llaluni. capitolinum, Safford, 1869, Geo. of 'IVnn., p. 290, Trenton Gr. carleyi. Hall & Whitfield, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 98, Hud. Riv. Gr. carltonense, Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Kep, Gt o. Sur. Wis., p. 85, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 318, Niagara (Jr. carnosurn, Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 258, (~(h'iharie grit. caialine, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 315, Quebec Gr. ort.. CEPHALOPODA. 447 Catal. Sil, Foes. al. Fobs., vol. 1, cat'), Billings, 1805, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. S14, Quebec Gr. catnliis, Billings, 1805, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. I51S, Quebe*! Gr. cliiinungeiise, Swallow, 1800, Tri.na. St. I.Duis Acareoccupied. croiiduni. Hall, 1802, 15th Rep. N. Y. Mm. Nat. Hi.st., p. 78, Ham. Gr. Type ol Hyatt's genus Spyrnceras. cuvii-ri, Troost, 1838, (Conotubiilaria cu- vieri,) Mem. Sue. Geo. de Frai»ce. t. 3, p. 88, Low. Sil. dagon, Heeclu'r, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 28, Up. Held. Gr. darwini, Billings, 18ti8, Pal. Fo.ss., vol. 1, p. 101, Guelph Gr. dawsonanum, S. A. Miller, 1883, 2d Ed. Am. Pal. Foss, p. 307, Carhoniferous. Proi)08ed instead of O. perstricium, Dawson, in Acadian Geology, i>. 312, fig. 129, as the name was preoccupied by Barrande. decrescens, Bi'lings, 1857, Rep. of Progr. Geo. Sur. Can., p. 337, Black Riv. and Trenton Gr. defrancii, Troost, 1838, (Conotubularia de- francei,) Mem. Sue. (ieo. de France, t. 3, p. 90, Low. Sil. demus, Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 311, Chemuni; (ir. deparcum, Billings, 1859, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 4, p. 303, Calciferous Gr. desideratum, Hall, 1877, 1st Ed. Am. Pal. Foss., J). 244, Low. Held. Gr. Proposed instead of O. clavatum, Hall, 1859, which was preoccuoied. diflSdens, Billiiigs, 1805, Pal. Fobs., vol. 1, p. 174, (;hazy Gr. directum, B-oecher, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 27, Up. Held. Gr. dolatum, Daw.son, 1808, Acad. Geol. p. 311, Carboniferous, drummondi, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 173, Black Riv. Gr. duramen, Buecher, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 1'5, Schoharie grit, duseri. Hall cS: Wliitfield, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 97, Hud. Riv. Gr. I I !| t'lQ. 7.51.— Urtliocerus ilyerl. dyeri, S. A. Miller, 1875, Cin. Quar. Jour. Sci., vol. 2, p. 125, and Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 230, Hud. Riv. Gr. 448 CEPHALOPODA. |<»RT. edax, Billinf^, 1865, Pal. Fobs., vol. 1, p. 349, Calcif. Gr. elegantnlum, DawHon, 1860, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 5, p. 156, and Acad. Geol., p. 607, Up. Sil. emaceratnm. Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 170, Ham. Gr. epigrua, Hall, 1858, Tranp. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 33, and Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 91, Warsaw Gr. eriense. Hall, 1877, 1st Ed. Am. Pal. Foss., p. 274. and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 274, Ham. Gr. Proposed instead of O. ro- bustum, which was preoccupied, eurekense, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 265, Subcarbon- iferous. exile. Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist,, p. 78, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 290, Ham. Gr. exornatum, Dawson, 1860, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 5, p. 198, Up. Sil. expansum. Meek & Worthen, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 468, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 286, St. Louis Gr. explorator, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 253, Quebec Gr. expositnrn, Beecher, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 29, Chemung Gr. ferum, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 22, Hud. Riv. and Anti- costi Gr. filiforme, Castelnau, 1843, Syst. Sil., p. 30, Niagara Gr. Not recognized, filosum, Clarke, 1885, Bull. U. S. Geo. Sur., No. 16, p. 52, Chemung Gr. flavius, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 255, Quebec. Gr. fluctum. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p, 239, Schoharie grit. foliatum, ayn. for Cyrtoceras eugenium. formosum, Billings, 1857, Rep. of Progr. Geo. Sur. Can., p. 317, Trenton, Hud. Riv., and Anticosti Grs. fosteri, S. A. Miller, 1875, Cin. Quar. Jour. Sci., vol. 2, p. 127, and Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 319, Hud. Riv. Gr. foxense, SaflFord, 1869, Geo. of Tenn. Not defined, fulgidum, Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 310, Chemung Gr. fulgur, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 22, Hud. Riv. Gr. Proposed instead of O. propinquum, which was preoccupied, furavum, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 348, Calcif. Gr. fusiforme. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 60, Black Riv. and Trenton Grs. fustis. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 281, Marcellus Shale, glaucus, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 350, Calciferous Gr. goldfussi, Troost, 1838, (Conotubularia goldfus«i,) Mem. Soc. Geo. de France, t. 3, p. 90, Low. Sil. gracilium, Winchell, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 429, Portage Gr. ffregarium, Hall, 1861, Rep. of Pro);r. Wis Preoccupied by Sowerby in 1839, MurciV Sil. Syst. See 0. sociale. griffithi, Haughton, 1857, Jour. Roy, Dul). Soc, vol. 1, Devonian.? heesitans, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. i, p. 254, Quebec Gr. hageri. Hall, 1861, Geol. of Verniimt n 718, Calciferous Gr. ' FiQ. 752.— Orthoceras hallanuin. hallanum, S. A. Miller, 1877, 1st Ed. Am Pal. Foss., p. 245, Hud. Riv. Gr. Pro- posed instead of O. halli, in Cin. (^uar. Jour. Sci., vol. 2, p. 128, which wiis pre- occupied by Barrande. halli, see 0. hallanum. harperi, 8. A. Miller, 1875, Cin. (^uar. Jour. Sci., vol. 2, p. 128, and Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 319, liud Riv. Gr. harttanum, S. A. Miller, 1883, 2d Ed. Am. Pal. Fobs., p. 307, Carboniferous. Pro- posed instead of O. laqueatum, Hartt, in Acadian Geol, p. 312, tig. 128, which was preoccupied. hastatum, Billings, 1857, Rep. of I'rogr. Geo. Sur. Can., p. 333, Black Riv. and Trenton Grs. Type of Hyatt's genus Tripteroceras. helderbergia;. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 345, Low. Held. Gr. henrietta, Dwight, 1884, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 27, p. 25(), Cal- ciferous Gr. herculaneum, Verneuil, 1846, Bull, de la Soc. Geol. de France, vol. 4, Low. Sil. hercules, Castelnau, 1843, Syst. Sil., p. L'9, Up. Sil. Not recognized. heterocinctum, Winchell, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nafc. Sci., p. 23, Kinderhook Gr. hindei, James. Founded on fragments of different species, most of them 0. trans- versum. hoyi, McChesney, 1861, New Pal. Foss., p. 92, Niagara Gr. huronense, Billings, 1857, Rep. of Progr. Geo. Sur. Can., p. 337, Trenton (Jr. hyas, Hall, 1862, syn. for O. thoas. icarus, Beecher, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 31, Kinderhook Gr. idmon. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol 5, p. 302, Ham. Gr. illinoisense, Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 323, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 8, p. 148, Kaskaskia Gr. ORT.j CEPHALOPODA. 449 ballanuin. Pal. N. Y., vol. Ur. Am. Jour. Sci. 27, p. 25(i, Cal- New Pal. Foss,, N. Y., vol 5, p. imbricatmn, Sowerby, 1839, Murc-h. Sil. Syst., p. «20, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. •J91, Niaorara Gr. mri'ptum, Foerste, 1885, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., p. 117. Not properly defined, intlagator, Billingn, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 349, Calcifevons (ir. indianensp, Hall. 1860, 13th Rep. N. Y. MuB. Nat. Hifit,, p. 107, Kinder- liook Gr. intlix, BillinKS, 1^66, Catal. Sil. P'oss. Antic, p. 57, Clir.ton Gr. innptatnm. Hall. 1879, Pal. N. Y. vol. 5, ]i. 267, Up. Held. Gr. iowense n. sp. Devonian. Proposed in- .stead of O. andulatum in Rep. on Min. 1/ands, p. 69, pi. 1?. fig. 6, which name was prjoccupied. iniyidare, McChesney, 1861, New Pal. loss., Niagara Gr. The name was pre- occupied. See O. woodworthi. isoKramma, Meek, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 172, Coal Meas. jacnium. liall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 2()0, Up. Held. Gr. jamesi. Hall & Whitfield, 1875, Ohio Pal. vol. 2, p. 118, Clinton Gr. jolietense. Meek & Worthen, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 256, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 505, Niagara Gr. juiueum. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 204, Trenton Gr. kickapooense, Swallow, 1858, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, vol. 1, p. 197, Up. Per- mian Gr. kingi, Meek, 1877, U. S. Geo. Siir. 40th Parallel, vol. 4, p. 47, Devonian, knoxense, McChesney, 1860, New Pal. Foss., p. 69, Coal. Meas. Im, Hall, 1843, Geo. Rep. 4th Dist. N. Y. The name was preoccupied by Fleming in 1825. See O. sublseve. lamarcki, Billings, 1859, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 4, p. 362, Calciferous Gr. lamellosum, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 312, Hud. Riv. Gr. laphami, McChesney, 1861, New Pal. Foss., p. 91, Niagara Gr. laqueatum, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 13, Calciferous to Trenton Gr. laqueatum var. a, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 206, Trenton Gr. laqueatum, Hartt, 1868, Acad. Geol. The name was preoccupied. See O. Hartt- anum. lasallense, Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sir. 111., vol. 7, p. 324, and Geo. Sur. 111., v )1. 8, p. 149, Coal Meas. lathropanum, Winchell, 1862, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 2d ser., vol. 33, p. 357, Marshall Gr. latiannulatum, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 204, Trenton Gr. ieander. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 309, Chemung Gr. lima. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 303, Ham. Gr. lineoliitiim, McChesney, 1861, New Pal. Foss., p. 93, Niagara Gr. The name was preoccupied by Pliillips in 1841. lintenm, Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. .5, p. 277, Ham. (ir. longicameratnm Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 343, Low. Held. (ir. loxias. Hall, 1867, 20th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 416, Low. Sil. luxum. Hall, 1876, Illust. Devonian Foss. pi. 35, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 244, Schoharie grit, lyelli, Billings, 1857, Rep. of Progr. (Jeo. Sur. Can., p. 320, Hud. Riv. Gr. maenisulcatum, Billings, 1857, Rep. of Progr. Geo. Sur. Can., p. 330, Hud. Riv. Gr. marcellense, Vanuxem, 1842, Geo. Rqp. N. Y., p. 147, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 278, Ham. Gr. marginale, Owen, 1840, Rep. on Min. Lands, p. 70, Up. Magnesian Gr. maro, Billings, 1859, Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 4, p. 461, Chazy Gr. marshallense, Winchell, 1862, Am. Jour. Sci., 2d series, vol. 33, p. .356, Mar- shall Gr. masculum. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 238, Schoharie grit, medium. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 254, Schoharie grit, medon, BiUings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 57, Clinton Gr. medtillare. Hall, 1860, Rep. of Progr. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 4, Ni.igan Gr. meeki, S. A. Mil- ler, 1875, Cin. Qnar. Jour. Sci., vol. 2, p. 126, Hud. Riv. Gr. menelaus, B i 1 1 - ings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 26, Black Riv. Gr. mephisto, Clarke. 1885, Bull. U. S. Geo. Sur., No. 16, p. 29, Genesee Shale, michiganense, S. A. Miller, 1883, 2d Ed. Am. Pal. Foss., p. 308, Marshall Gr. in the southern part of Michigan. Pro- posed instead of O. multicinctum, Winchell, Proc Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., Sept., 1862, p. 421. minganense, Billings, 1857, Rep. of Progr. Geo. Sur. Can., p. 319, Chazv and Black Riv. Grs. mismquoi, see Cyrtoceras missisquoi. Fio. 7")3.— (Jrtlioceras nieekl. Fig. 571.— Orthoceras mohri. mobri, S. A. Miller, 1875, Cin. Quar. Jour. Sci., vol. 2, p. 124, Hud. Riv. Gr. 460 CEPHALOPODA. I OUT. I' molestiim, Hall, 187(j, Illust. Devonian Fobs., pi. 35, and Pal. N. Y., ol. 5, pt, 2, p. 2(15, Up. Held. (ir. moniliforme, Hall, 1847, I'al. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 155, Cliazy (ir. moniliforme, Swallow, 1858, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Siri., vol. 1. Tlie name was pre- occupied. See O. swallovHnum. montrealen»(', liillinKs, 185)), Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 4, p. ;{63, Calcifer- OU8 (ir. multicitmeratum, P]mmonM, 1842, Geo. Rep. N. Y., p. ;J82, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 45, BirdsHve Gr. multicinctum, Hall, 1862, 15tli Kep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 76, and l*al. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 203, Schoharie s;rit. multicindurr, Winchell, 1862. The name was preoccupied. See O. michiganense. mullilineatum, Emmons, 1842, Geo. Kep. N. Y., p. 397, Trenton Gr. multiseptum, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 14, Medina Gr. murrayi, Billings, 1857, Rep of Progr. Geo. Sur. Can., p. 332, Black Riv. and Trenton Grs. niagarense. Hall, 1867, 20th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 416, Niagara Gr. nobile. Meek & Worthen, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 256, Kaskaskia Gr. nodocostum, McCJhesney, 1801, New Pal. FosB., p. 94, Niagara Gr. novamexicanum, Marcou, 1858, Geol. North America, p. 44, Subcarbonifer- ous. nummularium, (?) 1839, Murch. Sil. Sys., p. 632, Up. Sil. nuntium. Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 79, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 299, Ham. Gr. oberon, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Fobs. Antic, p. 82, Niagara Gr. occidentafe. Swallow, 1858, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 201, Coal Meas., Permian (jr. occidentale, Winchell, 1862. This name was preoccupied. SeeO. vinchellanum. oidipus, Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 294, Ham. Gr. okawenae, Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 7, p. 324, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 149, Kaskaskia Gr. olorus, Hall, 1877, IstEd. Am. Pal. Fobs., p. 245, Trenton Gr. Proposed instead of O. vertebrale. Hall, 1847. which was preoccupied, ommaneyi, Salter, 1852, in Sutherland's Jour., vol. 2, Devonian, oneidense, Walcott, 1879, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. X, p. 22, Utica Slate Gr. Ontario, Clarke, 1885, Bull. U. S. Geo. Sur., No. 16, p. 51, Chemung Gr. oppletum. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 248, Schoharie grit, ordinatum, BillingB, 1865, Pal. Fobs., vol. 1, p. 350, Calciferous Gr. ortoni, Meek, 1872, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 330, and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 155, Hud. Riv. Gr, oruH, Hall, 1877, 1st VaI. Am. Pal. Km^s,,,,, 245, Niagara Gr. Proposed iiisti ail nf 0, colunmare, Hall, 1860, whi( ii wn^ preoccnpit'd. ottaweusc, Billings, 1857, Ken. of I'iMj,r Geo. .'■'ur. Can., p. 331, Black Itiv u"|,j Trenton Grs. ozarkense, Shumard, 1863, Trails Si, Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 107, ( alcif! erous Gr. p.-'cator. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vd :,, p, 307, Portage Gr. palmatum. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., \.,|. ,y p. 312, Chemung Gr. pauciseptum, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol 3, p. 346, Low. Held. Gr. pelops. Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y \lii« Nat. Hist., p. 7.3, and Pal. N. Y.vol..-,, pt. 2, p. 233, Schoharie grit, pelops var. ohioense. Hall, 1876, lllnst. Devonian Foss., pi. 36, and Pal. X, Y vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 236, Up. Held. (ir. perannulaltim, Billings, 1857, l{('|i. o[ Progr. (ieo. Sur. C^n., p. 319. Tliis name was preoccupied by Portlock in 1843. See O. crocus, perelegans, Salter, 18-18, Mem. (ieo. Sur. Gr. Brit., vol. 2, p. 354, Ham. (ir. perparvum, Billings, 1862, Pal. Fo.ss., vol 1, p. 27, Black Riv. Gr. perseus, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1 p. 313, Quebec Gr. persiphonatum, Billings, 1857, Rep. of Prog. Geo. Sur. Can., p. 329, Mid. Sil. If the genus Huronia is valid, this species will belong to it. perstriatum. Hall, 1859, Fal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 346, Low. Held. Gr. perstrictum, Dawson, 186S. The name was preoccupied by Barrande. See 0. dinv- sonanum. pertextum. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. :,, p. 314, Chemung Gr. pertinax, Billings, 1860, Can. Nat. iuui Geo., vol. 5, p. 75, Black Riv. (ir. pervicax. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 257, Schoharie grit, pileolum, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 58, Medina Gr. piscator, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1. p. 251, Quebec Gr. piso, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 168, Hud. Riv. (ir. planoconvexum, Hall, 1861,Rep. of Progr. Wis., p. 47, and Gieo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 228, Black Riv. and Trenton Grs. pravum. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 255, Schoharie grit. pressum, Rogers, 1868, Bigsby, Thesaurus Siluricus, p. 180. Not denned, priaraus, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 253, Quebec Gr. primigenium, Vanuxem, 1842, Geo. Hep. N. Y., p. 36, and Pal. N. Y., vol. l,p. 13, Calciferous Gr. procerum. Hall, 1876, Illust. Devonian Foss., pi. 35, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 249, Schoharie grit. 'JRT. CEPHALOPODA. 451 Am. Pal. F(iM ?al. Fobs., vol. l, al. N. Y., vol. 3, Foss., vol. 1, p. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 1842. Geo. liep. N. Y., vol. l,p. profnndum, Hall, 18«2, 15th Uep. N. Y. MuH. Nat. Hist., p. 7(1, Ui>. Held. Gr. priifiinquuin, Billings, 1857, Rep. of I'rogr. (ieo. Hur. Can,, p. 320. Preoccupied. See O. fiilsrur. puiu'tOHtriatum, Hall, 1860, Can. Nat. and (W'o., vol.5, p. 154, U|). Sil. piiMtulosum, Wincliell, 18(i((, Rep. Low. Peninsula Mich., p. !I7, liana. Gr. pvhides, Billings, 186((, Catal. Sil. Fohh. Antic, p. 84, Nittgara Gr. python, Billings. 1857, Rep, of Progr. Geo. 'Siir. Can., p. .335, Trenton Gr. nimlolphense. Wort hen, 1882, Bull. No. 1, III. St. Mu8. Nat. Hist., p. 38, Kaskankia (Jr. Proposed instead of O. annulato- (iiHtatum. Meek & Worthen, which was preoccupied. raiKLC, see Endoceras rapax. raptor, Billings, 18()(i, Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p 57, Medina Gr. rercdens, Jiariande, 186{t, Sys. Sil. de r>()h., 4me ser., p. viii, pi. 433, Quebec ( ir. rec'tiannulatum. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. V., vol. 1. p. 34, Cliazy and Birdseye Grs. reoticanneratum, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 4(J, Birdseye Gr. rectum, Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. (), p. 504, Niagara Gr. reinuH, Billings, 18G(), Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 85, Niagara Gr. repens, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 312, Quebec Gr. retlculalum, Phillips, 1836, Geol. York., Chemung Gr. Not clearly identified in tills country, rigidum, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. ;m, Low. Held. Gr. robustum, Winchell, 1862, Am. .Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 33, p. 356, Mar- shall Gr. rubmtum, Hall, 1876. The name was pre- occupied. See O. eriense. rotulatum, Billings, 1857, Rep. of Progr. Geo. Sur. Can., p. 334, Niagara Gr. rude, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 346, Low. Held. Gr. rudens, B^echer, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 28, Ham. Gr. rudicula. Hall, 1876, lllust. Devonian Foss., pi. 37, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 268, Up. Held. Gr. rushense, McChesney, 1860, New. Pal. Foss., p. 68, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. <)12, Coal Meas. sayi, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 315, Quebec Gr. scammoni, McChesney, 1861, New Pal. Foss., p. 92, Niagara Gr. sceptrum, Beecher, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 26, Up. Held. Gr. scintilla, Hafl, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5,p. 293, Ham. Gr. sedtfwicki, Billings, 1857, Rep. of Progr. Geo. Sur. Can., p. 320, Hud. Riv. Gr. selwyni, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 161, Guelph Gr. Bervile, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. l,p. 252, Quebec Gr. shumardi, Billings, 18.59, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 4, p. 460, Chazy (Jr. sicinuH, Hall, 1879, Pal. N, Y., vol. ."), p. 301, .Man^elluH Slialc. Bieboldi, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Fohh. Antic, p. 23, Hud. Riv. and .\iiti- coHti Grs. simpsoiu, Billings, 18")!), Rep. of Progr. Afsiniboine iind Saskatchewan Kx. Kxp., p. 186, Silurian, simulator. Hall, 1876, 28th Kep. \. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 179, Niagara Gr. sirpns. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. .5, p. 269, Up. Held. ( Ir. sociale. Hall, 1877, Ist Ed. Am. Pal. FosH., p. 245, Hud. Riv. Gr. Proj)OHed insteacl of O. gregarium, Hall, iS61, which was preoccupied, sordidum, Billings, 1859, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 4, p. 363, Calciferons (ir. spissiseptum. Dwiglit, 1884, Am. .lour. Sci. and Arts, 3d. ser., vol. 27, p. '2^>{), Calciferons Gr. spissum. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 287, Ham. Gr. stebos, Clarke, 1885, Bull. U. S. Cieo. Sur., No. U), p. 29, (icnesee Shale, striatum, (?) Sowerby, 1812, Min. Conch., vol. 1, p. 129, Devonian, striajlineatum, JMcChesney, 1861, New Pal. Foss., p. 94, Niagara Gr. strigatum. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 205, Trenton Gr. strix. Hall & Whitfield, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 149, Niagara Gr. stylus. Hall, 1877, 1st Ed. Am. Pal. Foss., p, 245, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 253, Schoharie grit. Proposed instead of O. baculum. Hall, 1862, which was preoccupied. imbanmtum, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 34. Preoc(!upied by Portlock in 1843. See O. clintoni. subl)aculum, Meek & Worthen, 1865, Proc Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 256, Niagara (ir. subcancellatum. Hall, 1877, Ist Ed. Am. Pul. Foss., p. 245, Niagara Gr. Pro- posed instead of O. cancellatum. Hall, 1852, which was {)reoccupied. sublaive, D'Orbigny, 1850, Prodrome de Pal., t. 1, p. 28, Onondaga Gr. Pro- posed instead of O. heve. Hall, 1843, which was preoccupied. Bubtextile, Hall. 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 344, Low. Held. Gr. subulatum, Hall, 1843, 4th Dist. (ieo. Rep. N. Y., p. 180, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 283, Marcellus Shale, swallovanum, 8. A. Miller, 1883, 2d Ed. Am. Pal. Foss., p. 308, Coal Measures in the Valley of Verdigris in Kansas. Proposed instead of O. moniliforme, Swallow, in Trans. St. Loui.s Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 200, which was preoccupied by Hall, tantalus. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 241, Schoharie grit, telamon. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. .5, p. 291, Ham. Gr. 452 CEPHALOPODA. [PKT. I'llH teiiere, Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 285, Ham. Gr. teneniin, MillingH, 18R0, Can. Nut. ami Geo., vol. ■"», p. 174, Blark Riv. Gr. tenui-aniuilatnm. Hall, 18on, I'al. N. Y., vol. 3, p. :M5, Low. Held. Gr. tenniHeplnni, Hall, 1847, I'al. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 35, Cliazv Gr. teretifornif. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 198, Trenton Gr. tersuni, Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 286, Ham. Gr. tetricum. Hall, 18(12, 15th Rep. N. Y. Mu8. Nat. HiHt., p. 45, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 251, Selioliarie grit, textile. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, j). 199, Trenton (4r. textnm. Hall. IH79, Pal. N, Y., vol.5, p. 28.% JIam. Gr. thefitor. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 302, Maroellns slialeH. thoiiH. Hall, 1802, 15t)i Rep. N. Y. Mna. Nat. Hi.st., p. 7.^ and Pal. N. Y., vol. .5, pt. 2, p. (il, Schoharie j^rit. thyestea, Hall, 1879, Pal, N. Y., vol. 5, p. 30(1, Portage Gr. tityruH, Billings, 1805, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 316, Quebec Gr. transversnm, S. A. Miller, 1875, Cin. Quar. Jour. Sci., vol. 2, p. 129, Hud. Riv. Gr. KiG. 7&5.— Ortlioceras tranHversunn. trentonense, see Cyrtoceras trentonense. turbidum, Hall & Whitfield, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 100, Hud. Riv. Cn: typus, Saemann, as identified by Hall, 1876, lllust. Devonian Fobs., is O. mar- cellense. undulatum, Owen, 1840, Rep. on Min. Lands, Niagara Gr. The name was pre- occupied by Sowerby in 1812. See O. iowense. undulostriatum. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol, 1, p. 202, Trenton Gr. unionense, VVorthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 505, Niagara Gr. varro, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 84, Niagara Gr. varum. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 259, Schoharie grit. vastator. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 243, Schoharie grit. Correct in the in- dex, but printed O. obliqnwn, on page 243. velox, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 173, Chazy Gr, vertebrale, Hall, 1847. Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 201. Preoccupied by Schlotheim in 1820, and by Eichwald in 1840. See O. olorus. veterator, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 350, Calciferous Gr. viator, Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 270, Up. Held. Gr. vinchellanum, 8. A. Miller, 1883, 2(1 i;,] Am. Pal. Fo8H., p. 308, Marshall v« «. 632, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, |. JDi" Niagara Gr. virgulatum. Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., ,,1.:', p. 96, Clinton and Niagara (mh. vittatuni, Sandberger. Not Americun, vulgatum, Billings, 1857, R. p. of I'ml-i Geo. Sur. Can., p. 337, Trenton (n " warrenen.se n. sp., Chemung (^ir. Vi„. poHod instead of O. coclileatuin, Hall Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 308, pi. c.xiii, \]^', 19, which name was pri'occui)it'i|. wauwatosense, Whitfield, 1880, Ann. lif^,, Geo. Sur. VVi,s., p. 66, and Geo. Wis. vol. 4, p. 297, Niagara Gr. whitii, Winchell, lH(i3, Proe. Acad Nat. Sci., J). 22, Kinderhook Gr. winchelli. Meek & Worthen, 186(1, I'roe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 257, and (ieo Sur. Ill, vol. 6, p. 512, Ham. Gr. woodwortlii, McChesney, 186.'>, Xc\v I'al, Fobs., p. 5.^, Niagara Gr. Projjosed in- stead of O. irregulare, which was preoc- cupied. xerxcH, Billings, 186.5, Pal. Fobs., vol I, p. 31(1, Ciuebec (jrr. xiphias, Hillings, 18:)7, Rep. of Proyr. Geo. Sur. Can., p. 318. Trenton (.r. zeus. Hall, 1879, Pal. N. Y., vol. .■), i)t.2,i,. 235, Schohaiie grit. Pet.\li<;jini'S, H, A. Miller, 1880, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 221. [Kty. ;»- ^aZos, sprea \h% Niagara Gr. expanHum, Winchell, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. 8i i., p. 23, Kinderhook (ir. li.ctor, Billings, 1802, Pal. Fosh., vol. 1, p. I0:{, Giielph Or. l.Dvi, Whitfield, 1H78, Ann. Rep. Ueo.Sur. WiH., p. 8<1, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 300, Niiigara Gr. ), p. 506, Niuj; FiO. 787 —Phraginoivraa hector. SkJo view. lioyi var. compressum, Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Rep. (leo. Sur. Wis., p. 82, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 301, Niagara Gr. labiatum, Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Rep. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 86, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 302, Niagara Gr. DPHtor, Hall, 1867, 20th Ref). N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 405, Niagara Gr. nestor var. canadense, Whiteaves, 1884, Pal. Fos8., vol. 3, p. 39, Guelph Gr. parvum, Hall & Whitfield, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 151, Niagara Gr. prffimaturum, Biilinps, 1866, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 5, p. 173, Black Kiv. and Trenton Grs. Type of Hyatt's genus Ma^lnoceras. spinosum, see Gyroceras Rpinosum, walshi, Meek& Worthen, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Stn. Phil., p. 257, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 511, Ham. Gr. PiLOCERAs, Salter, 1859, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 15, p. 376. [Ety. pih ', a cap ; kerm,horB.'\ Broad, conical, slightly curved, subcylindrical orcompressed; siphun- deand septa Dmoined as a series of conical, concave septa, which fit into each other sheathwise. Type P. invaginatum. amplum, Dawson, 1881, Can. Nat., vol. 10, p. 1, OalciferouB Gr. FlQ. 758. — Pilo ccras worthenl canadense, Billings, 1860, Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. fi, p. 171, CalciferouH (Jr. explanator, Whitfield, 18S expansion on each side. Typo P. seebachar. uh. seebachanus, (ieinitz, (Nautilus Hct-bach- anu9,) Carb. und Dyas, p. 43, Per- mian (ir. S.KRICHNITES, Biliings, 1866, Catal. Sil, Foss. Antic, p. 73. The author supposed the tracks might havf been made by a sfn- cies of Cephalopn ia. They consist of tvvo parallel rows of semicircular or Hubquadrate pits; each pit is about one- half itx^h in diameter, and separated from the succeeding one by about one- fourth of an inch. Type S. abruptus. abruptus, Billings, 1866, Oatal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 73, Hud. Riv. Gr. Sidemina infundihnliforme, Castelnau, 1843, Syst. Sil., p. 33. Probably the fragment of an Endoceras. Soi,KNocJiiLirs, Meek & Worthen, 1870, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pl.il., vol. 20, p. 47. [Ety. colen, a channel ; cheilos, a lip.] Nautiloid in form, with small siphuncle in contact, or nearly in contact, with the outer shell ; margins of the lip near the umbilicus, terminating in spout- like auricles. Type S 'nllectuui. Fio. 760.— Solenochlhis avonense. avonense, Dawson, 1868, (Nautilus avon- ensis,) Acad. Geol., p. 311, Carbonif- erous. 30 464 CEPHALOPODA. [SPI. THK. capRX, Meek A Worthen, 1H66, (Cryf>to- cerM capax,) Froc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 262, and (ieo. Bur. III., vol. 6, p. 632, Coal Meos. colleetiini. Meek & Worthen, 1870, Proc. Acad. Nut. Sci. Phil., p. 48, and Oeo. 8ur. III., vol. 5, p. 544, St. Ix)uiH (Jr. indianense, Worthen, (in prem,) Geo. 8ur. 111., vol. 8, p. 150, St. LouIb (Jr. leidyi, Meek & Worthen, 18(55, (Nautilus leidyl,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 262, and (ieo. Sur. III., vol. 5, p. 524, Keokuk Gr. Hpringeri, White «& St. John, 1868, (Nau- tiluH Hpringeri,) Trans. Chi. Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 124, Up. Coal Meas. Spintln, Lamarck, 1801, Syst. An. sans Vert. mortoni, Troost, 1840, 5th (Jeo. Kep. Tenn., Niagara (tr. Not clearly detined. SthkitocekaHj BillingH, 1866, Cutal. Sil. FosH. A ntic, p. 88. [ Kty. atreplon, tw isted ; kerrm, horn.] Having the general lorm of OncocernH, but with a trilobetl a|)er- ture reHemhling Phragnioceras, Type 8. janus. heroH, Hillings, 1866, Cntal. Sil. Fohs. Antic, j). HU, Niagara (Ir. jiinus, Billings, 1866, Cutal. Sil. Fobs. Antic, p. 88, Niagara Or. Fio. 7(10.- Aperture of Streptooerus jauus. Temnochii.i's, McCoy, 1844, Synop. Carb. Fobs. Ireland, p. 20. [Ety. (emno, I di- vide; cheilos, lip.] Nautiloid in form, and characterized by a broad, deep, open umbilicus, showing all the volu- tions, with the outer side of the volu- tions broad or flattened, and the middle of each lateral margin prominently angu- lar ; the angle being sometimes nodose, while the transverse diameter of the volutions is always greater than the dorso-ventrai ; siphuncle between the middle and the outer side of tlie whorls. Type T. biangulatus. coxanum, Meek & Worthen, 1869, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 50, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5. p. 543, St. Louis Gr. latum. Meek & Worthen, 1870, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 49, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 608, Coal Meas. niotense. Meek A Worthen, 18(;.'i, I'm^ Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 260, and (,,,,'. Sur. III., vol. 5, p. 62:i, Keokuk dr. Type of Hyatt's genuH F.daphoceii'-. VlQ, 7G1.— TemnuclillUH coxuiiuin. peramnlum, Meek & Worthen, isd."), (Knuolobufl peramplus,) Proc A(a(i Nat. Sci. Phil., p. LTiK, Kaskas- kia (ir. scottense, Worthen, (in press,) (ieo Sm III., vol. 8, p. 151, Warsaw Cir. spectabile. Meek & Worthen, 1860, i Nau- tilus spectabilis,) Proc. Acad. Nat. .Si. Phil., p. 469, and (ieo. Sur. I!!., vol. j. p. .''08, Kaskaskia (ir. winslowi. Meek & Worthen, 187(1, i'nu. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.. j>. 50, and (ieo. Sur. Ill, vol. 5, p. 609, Coal Mt-as. Teraticiinus, S. a. Miller, 1880, ,Iour. ('in. Soc. Nat. Hist, vol. 2, p. 221. (Kty. /eras, a wonder ; ifAnos, track.] A track supposed to liave been made by ,i cephalopod, and consisting of niiiiier- ous elongated, more or less bifunatiMl impressions. Type T. confertiis. confertuH, S. A. Miller, 1880, .lonr !1. I ('in. 'tica Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. Slate Gr. Trachomatich.vus, S. A. Miller, 1880, ,Ioiii. Cin. Soc Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. liiii. [Ety. trachoma, that which is made rough; ichnof, track.] A track sup- posed to have been made by a cepiial- opod and consisting of numerous sim- ple or compound impressions arrangeil in two series. Type T. numerosup. cincinnatiensis, S. A. Miller, 1880, ium. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. L'L'O, Utica Slate Gr. numerosns, S. A. Miller, 1880, Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. Utica Slate Gr. permultus, S. A. Miller, 1880, .lour. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 220, Slate (Jr. Thematockras, Whitfield, 1882, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 205. [Ety. trma. [iiiir. ('in. I 'tica TKI . TVO.] CEPHALOPODA. 4f.6 lu'ii, iwin, I' icoxanuin. hole; kxrn», horn.] Hhull atraight, ob- conical, likr OrthrnceraH an to tubo, H(>|)ta, and nipliunclu; chnracterized by 11 line of elongated, raiH«*d tnbercleH aloiiK "ne aide of tlie shell, wliicli at one Hlajje of growth formed perforations, whieh were oloued an the animal ex- tended the Hhell. Type T. ohioenHe. nlii.M-nse, Whitfield, lA82, Ann. N. Y. A(«d. 8ci., vol. 2, p. 20«, Up. Held. (Jr. Ihicmatodihcuh, Meek k Worthen, 18(M, i'roc. Acad. Nat. 8ci. Phil., p. 147. [Kty. trema, hole ; di»ko», quoit.] DiHcoid, wide, shallow, iimbilicuH, perforated in the middle, showing all the whorls ; whorls Blender, merely In contact pos- HOSHed of revolving angles, grooves, or Htriit ; Hiphuncle central or siibcentral | on tilt! (lorml side. Type T. stygialis. The i ime having been nned in IWJO by llaeckcl for liadiolaria, Hyatt proposed Trematoceras. »Mi(lorHalis, Winchell, 18(52, Proc. Acad. Nat. 8ci., p. 42(», MarHJiall (ir. (lijjoniis. Meek & Worthen, 18(i0, (Nau- tihis dlgonuH,) I'roc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 470, and (Jeo. Sur. III., vol. 'J, p. W\ Kinderhook (Jr. (iiscoidalis, Winchell, 1862, Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 33, 2d series, p. 3(iO, Mar. shall Or. kdiiincki, Wetherby, IH81, Jour. Cin. Hoc. Niit. Hist., vol. 4, p. 7i), Waverly (Jr. Fig. 762. -Treinat xlisous konliiokl. meekanns, Winchell, 1862, Am. Jour. Sci., 2(1 series, vol. 33. p. 360, Mar- shall Gr. planidorsalis, Winchell, 1862. Am. Jour. Sci., 2d series, vol. 33, p. HoS, Mar- shall Gr. mckvmontanus, 8. A. Miller, 1881, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 312, Bur- lington Gr. Htriatulus, Winchell, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 2d series, vol. 33, p. 358, Mar- sliall Gr. stj-igatus, Winchell, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 426, Marshall Gr. BulcatUB, Meek A Worthen, XWiS, Proc. A:o(;oNciiii>.E. — Palouoconcha. Family PHOLADKL.>iDii<:. — Ciniitaria, Pholadella, Phthonia. Family PiNNiDiii;. — Pimm. Family PROxiiYRiDiE. — Protliyris. Family Pteriniid^',. — Actinopterla, Pterinea, Ptychopteria, Veicumnia. Family SANGUiNOLiTiDi*;. — Cypricardinia, Promacrus, 8pathella, Hpluiiiotiis, Sanguiuolites. Family SoLENiDiE. — Solenopsis. Family Spirodomidte. — Spirodomus. Family TECiiNOPHORiDii':. — Technophorus. Family Tr.LLiNiiJ.i;.— Tellinopsis. Family i ru^oniid;?:. — Dolabra, ? Ischyrinia. ? Family Unionid^i^'. — Anthracosia, Prisconaia. ACT— AH.] I.AMELLIBRANCHIA TA. 4ad aiumysia, Lep- a, Goniopliora, eicumnia. a, Spheuotus, Aciinodesma mbrectana, see Glyptodescna Hubrectum. A( iiNOPTERiA, Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. ft, 1)1. 1. explanation of plate 17, fig. 6. [Kty. aktin, a ray ; Pleria, a genus.] In the tt'xt published in 1884, pt. 1, p. 107, he wrote the word Actinopleria, whi('h indioaten he derived the name from the genua Pterin. Distinguished from Plerinea by strong cardinal and lateral teeth, and no striationson the liga- luental area; right valve convex. The first species mentioned on page S, where the genus is de- fined, is A. de- cussata, but the first one men- tioned on j)age 107 of the text is A. eximia. No type is des- ignated . auriculata, Hall, vol.. 5, pt. l,p. 121, Che- Fi(i 7iif),— Ac 1 1 n op te r 1 a hoydi. Uiglit valve. 1884, Pal. N.Y., muiigGr. hovdi, Con rad , i842, (Avicula luiydi,) Jour. ,\cad. Nat. Sci. rhil., vol. 8. p 237. and Pal. N. Y., vol. .5, p. 113, Ham. Gr. ilctusHala, Hall, 1843, (Avicula^ ,„-... (I P c II H s T t a ) *^'"- 767.-A c 1 1 n o p t e r I ii (letUBsata,; hoydl. I,eft valve. (leo. 4th Dist. N. v., p. 203, and I'al. N 111, 11am. Or. delta, Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., Chemung Gr. doris, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p Marcellus Shale, epsiion. Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5 l,p. 122, Chemung (;r. eta, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5. pt. 1, p. 124, Chemung Gr. eximia. Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 107, Up. Held. Gr. iota, Hall, 1884, I'al. N. Y. p. 127, Chemung Gr. kappa. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y p. 128, Chemung Gr. muricata. Hall, 1843, (Avicula muricata,) Geo. Sur. 4th Dist. N. Y.,p. 181, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 108, Marcellus Shale, perobliqua, Conrad, 1842, (Avicula pero- bliciua,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., vol. H, p. 235, and Pal N. Y., vol. 5, p. 116, Ham. Gr. perstrialls, Halh 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 118, Chemung Gr. pleiiroptera, Conrad, 1842, (Avicula pleu- roptera,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 242, Ham. Gr. pusiila, Hall. 1881, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, pt. ],p. 117, Ham. Gr. subdecussata. Hall, 18a4, Pal. N. Y., vol. T), pt. l,p. 110, Ham. Gr, . Y., vol. 5, p. vol.5, p. 121, 109, pt. vol. 5, pt. 1, , vol. 5, pt. 1, tenuistriata. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. r,, pt. 1, p. 120, Chemung Gr. theta, Hall, 1884, Pal, N. Y., vol. 5. pt. 1, p. 125, CliemuDg Gr. zeta. Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. I, p. 123, Chemung Gr. Ai.LOKisMA, King, 1844, Ann. Mag. Nat. Mist., vol. 14, p. 315. [Ety.a//()8,variable;erei.wia, support, expressive of the variable ra- ture of the cartilage support or fuKtrum.] Equivalve, inequilateral, clonji^iite, thin : anterior side short; jjosterinr long and gaping at the extremity ; beaks ante- rior, depressed ; surLce concentrically ridged or undulated ; hinge edentuloiis ; ligament external ; dorsal margin in- flected, forming a lanceolate depression along the carmnal border behind the beaks; anterior adductor scar occupy- ing a low position ; pallial line faintly marked. Tyi)e A. sulcatum. (lUirostrdtum, see 8e('gwickia altirostrata. andrewei, Whitfiehl, 1882, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 222, Kaskaskia oiiis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 05, Kaskaskia Gr. caj)ax, Newberry, 18(11, Ives' Col. Ex. Exped., p. 120, Coal Meas. clavatum, McCbesney, 18()0, New Pal. Fo.s.s., p. .50, Kaskaskia Gr. cDoperi, see Chienomya cooperi. coatatum. Meek it VVorthen, 18(19, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 171, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 585, Coal Meas. cuneatum, Swallow, 1858, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 210, Mid. Coal Meas. curtum. Swallow, 18.58, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 194, Permian Gr. elegans, King, as identified by Geinitz. See A. geinitzi. elongatum, Morton, 1836, (Pholadomya elongata,) Am, Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. 29, p. 153, Coal Meas. elongatum,Wort\\en, »ee A. worthenanum. ensiforme, Swallow, 1860, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 656, Coal. Meas. geinitzi. Meek, 18(17, Am, Jour. Sci., vol. 44, 2d ser., j). 170, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 5, p. 586, Coal Meas. gilberti. White, 1879, Bull, U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 5, No. 2, p. 217, and Cont. to Pal., No. 6, p. 137, Carboniferous. granosum, Shumard, 1858, (Leptodomus granosus,) Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 207. and Pal, E. Neb. p. 220, Coal Meas, hannibalense, see Grammysia hannibal- ensis. bybridum, Meek & Worthen, 1865, (Cbse- nomya hybrida,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil,, p. 250, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p, 538, Keokuk Gr. illlnoisense, Worthen, 1884, Bull. No. 2, III. St. Mus. Nat. Hist, p. 11, and (Jeo, Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 132, Keokuk Gr. lanceolatum. Swallow, 1858, Trans. St, Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 194,. Per- mian Gr. , .- i 460 LAMELUBRANCHIA TA. [ 'MB. latum, Hwallow, 1858, 1 rane. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 210, Mid. Coal Meas. lfav(nivortheme, see Chsenoniya leaven- worthensiH. Fig. "tw.— Allorlsina subcuneatum. marioneiise, White, 1876, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 31, and Cont. to Pal., No.- 8, p. 167, St. Louis Gr. tAwN.' maxvillense, Whitfield, 1882, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 222, Kaskaskia Gr. minnthoho, see Cha^nomya minnehaha. pleuropistiia, Meek, 1871*, Proc. Acad. Nat. ! Sci. Phil., p. 70, and Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. .309, Waverly Gr. reflexuni, Meek, 1872, Pal. E. Neb., p. 217, j Coal Meas. ! sinuatum, McChesney, 1860, New Pal. Foss., p. 56, Chester Gr. subcuneatum, Meek . 220. Coal Meas. terniinale, Hal 1 , 1852, Stuns. Ex. to (it. Salt Lake, p. 413, Coal Meas. ventricosuni, Meek, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 168, and Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 312, Waverly (ir. winchelli. Meek, 1871, ^roc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 167, and Ohio Pal., vol. 2. p. 311, Waverly Gr. worthenanum,n.8p. Keokuk Gr. Pro- posed instead of A. elongatum in Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 133, which was preoccupied. AviBONYCHiA, Hail, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 163. [Ety. ambon, the boss of a stiield ; onyx, a claw or talon.] Equi- v&lve, inequilateral, subalate poste- FlG. 7fitt.— Allorisina subcuneatuiii. riorly, abrupt or curving down .inte- riorly; umbones high; beak incurved^ cardinal line oblique; sinuate nn the anterior side for the passage of the byssus; muscular impression hirjrp. cardinal tooth below the lieak anteriorly ; two or three rctnote lateral teeth, elongated and ranging parallel with th*- (ar- dinal line posteriorly; surface radiately furrowed and lon- centrically lined. Type A. bel- listriata. acutirostra. Hall, 1867, 20tli Ken N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. :{8;5, Niagara Gr. atoa, see Anomalodonta alata. amygdalina, see Cypricardites amygdalinus. aphica. Hall, 1867, 20tli Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 383, Niagara Gr. attenuata. Hall, 1861, Geo. Rep. Wis., p. 33, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p 20(1, Trenton Gr. bellistriata. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol.1, p. 163, Tren- ton Gr. cancellosa, I la! I, 1861, Geo. Rep. Wis., p. 31. Mistake for A. lamellosa. carinata, Goldfuss, 1826, ( P t e r i n e a carinata,) Germ. Petref., p. 136, and Pal.N. Y., vol. l,p. Fig. 770.— A 111 noil \ (I, ii, 292, 294, Trenton liellLstriatJi. /i, ii>ssii and Hud. Riv. Gr ^'""••'! '' casii, Meek c*c Wor then, 18()(), Proc. (!hi. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 22, I!iid. Riv. Gr. costata. Meek, 1873, Oiiio Pal., vol. I, p. 130, Hud. Riv. Gr. erecta. Hall, 1861, Geo. Rep. Wis., p. ;!2, Trenton Gr. illinoisensis, Worlhen, 1875, Geo. itep. III., vol. 6, i>. 495, Hud. Riv. Or. interni'^dia. Meek '".v.^3*f«' obtusus. orbicularis, ELjuiOJiS, i ''2, (Pterinen or- bicularis,) Gfo. Rep. N. Y., p. :!fl", ciiidiiial U, 1 ill I' rill and Pal. U. Y, to?' Gr. -.o'. ]. p. 164, Tfen- AMN— ANA.] I.AMELIJRRANCHIA TA. 461 Fif 771— Ambonycliia rndlata. planistriata, Hall, 1861, Geo. Rep. V;., p. 32, Trenton Gr. radiata, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 292, Trenton, Hml. Riv. Grs., and Mid. Sil. Prob- ably a syn. for A. carinata. rauchi, McChesney, 1860, New Pal. Fos8., p. 89, Hud. Riv. Gr. Not rec- ognized, retrorsa, S. A. Miller, 1878, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 104, Hud. | Riv. Gr. I rohnsta, S A. Miller, 1880, Jour. Cin. Soc. I Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 315, Hud. Riv. Gr. i utrixcosta, see Pterinea striiecosta. superba, Billings, 18()0, Catal. Sil. Fobs. | Antic, p. 50, Anticosti Gr. I s^l:ftnana, Safford, 1869, Geo. of Tenn. Not | defined. 1 undata, Emmons, 1842, (Pterinea undata,) (leo. Rep. N. Y.. p. 395, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 165, Black Riv. and Trenton I ike Anodonta in form and externa) characters; anterior muscular impres- sions large and prominent ; |)osterior ones large and shallow. Type A. cats- killensis. [ catskillensis, Vanuxem, 1842, (Cypricar- dites catskillensis,) Geo. Rep 3(1 Dist. N. Y., p. 186, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. nitl, Catskill Gr. Ami'iiicik.i.ia. Hall, 1868, 20th Rep. N. Y. : Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 386. [Ety. amphi, bot;> ; koilos, hollow.] Equivalve, ine- quilateral, subrhomboidal ; umbones gibbous; beaks elevated and incurved ; external ligamen+al area flattened ; neglecta, McChesney. 18()1. (Ambo- nycliia netrlecta,) Pal. Fo.ss., p. 88, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 3, p. :>58, Niag- ara Gr. Amphidi'xiiin delalifldi, Castelnan, 1843, Syst. Sil., p. 44. Not re(!0gni/,eil. Analinn, Lamarck, 1H09, Phil. Z(iol.""[l''ty. pertaininir to the duck, or like the duck's bill.] Ollong, ventricose, atten- uated, and gaping iiosteriorly : umhones tissurt'd; spoon-shaiied cartlinal process in each valve. Type A. lOHtrata. Not a I'alffiozoic genus. leda, Hall, 1860. 13th Rej). N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hiat., p. 110, Ham. Gr. Not prop- erly defined. sinmta, see Ilionia sinuata. 462 LAMELLIBRANCHIA TA. [ANO.— \.NT. Fig. 774.— Angellum cuneatuin. Anqbllvm, S. a. Miller, 1878, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 105. [Ely. aggoif a pail; eilm, diminutive.] ^qui- valve, banging down; uml)one8 prominent ; beaks incurved, winged posteriorly ; con ce^itrically lined Type A. cuneatum cuneatum, S. A. Mil ler, 1878, Jour. Cin Soc. Nat. Hidt. vol 1, p. 106, Hud Riv. Gr. Anodontopsis, McCoj^, 1851, Ann. and Mag, Nat. Hist., 2d series, vol. 7, p. 54. [Ety from the resemblance to the shells of the genus Anodonta.] Equivalve, ine quilateral, compressed; rotundato quadrate or subtrigonal; posterior side wide, round, or obliquely subtruncate; anterior end slightly contracted in front of the beak ; beaks small, prominent nv^-^rer the anterior than posterior end ; hingo-line shorter than the length of the shell, with a posterior long, slender, lateral tooth extending just below it (double in the right valve), and another similar but shorter one in front of the beaks; anterior and posterior muscular impressions ovate ; slight clavicular ridge Between the beak and the adductor im- pressions; pallial impression entire; surfaca smooth or concentrically lined. Type A.angustifrons. Part of the gen- eric definition is from A. milleri, as the interior of the type is not known, amygdaliformis, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 180, Devonian, concinna, Whiteaves, 1884, Pal. Foss., vol. 3, p. 12, Guelph Gr. Fio. 775.— Anodoutopsls mlllerl. (?) milleri, Meek, 1871, Am. Jour. Sci., 3d series, vol. 2, p. 297, and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 140, Hud. Riv. Gr. unionoides, see Modiolopsis unionoides. ventricosa, Billings, 1874, Pal. Foss., vol. 2, p. 55, Gasps limestone No. 8, Devo- nian. Anomalodonta, S. a. Miller, 1874, Cin. Quar. Jour. Sci., vol. 1, p. 16. [Ety. anomalos, irregular ; odom, tooth.] Equi- vaWe, inequilateral, alate posteriorly, abrupt anteriorly ; umboiies high ; beak incurvtd ; deeply sinuate for the byssus; cardinal ridge beneath the umbone sloping posteriorly ; cartilage grooves extending from the cardinal ridge to the termination of the i* >ste- rior wing, and also from the cai linal FiO.770.~Anomalodontaglyiiiiii'a Hlnge-llne of right valve ridge to the byssal sinus; anterior muscular sen i be. low the byssal sinus , sur- face radiately f urn. wed and concentrically lined. Type A. gigantea. alata. Meek, 1872, (Amlio- nychia alata,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 319, and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 131, Hud. Riv. Gr. Fig. 777.— Anotnalodonta gignntea. Lffl viilve, showing hliige-line and muscular Inipres.sion. gigantea, S. A. Miller, 1874, Cin. Quar. Jour. Sci., vol. 1, p. 17, ilud. Riv. Gr. Anthracomya, Salter, 1861, Mem. (ieo. Sur. Gr. Brit. Iron Ores, pt. 3, p. 229. [Ety, anthrax, coal ; Mya, a genus.] Kqiii- valve, inequilateral, mytillform ; liga- ment external ; beak anterior ; hinge- line straight ; no teeth ; surface concentrically marked ; shell composed of an internal, lamellar, and subnacre- ous layer, a thin layer of vertical jiris- matic shell, and an epidermis; struc- ture similar to the Unionidae. Type A. elongata. ANT. AVI.] LAMELLIBRANCHIA TA. 463 aiiuMilata, Dawson, 1860, (Naiadites angu- latuB,) Acadian Geology, p. 205, Coal Nleas. Km. 77H.— Anoinalodonta KiKaiitea, external surface. art'iiacea, Dawson, 1860, (Naiadites are- iia(;eu8,) Acadian Geology, p. 205, Coal Meas. (iirl)onaria, Dawson, I860, (Naiadites car- l)onariu8,)Aoadian Geology, p. 204, Coal Meas. elongata, Dawson, 1860, (Naiadites elon- gatus,) Acadian Ge- f)logy, p. 204, Coal Meas. Uevis, Dawson, I860, (Naiadites Itevis,) Acadian Geology, p. 204, Coal Meas. oDtusa, Dawson, 1860, (Naiadites ob- Kio. 77fl. — Alitliraco- inyu elougata. tusus,) Acadian Geology, p. 205, Coal Meas. ovalis, Dawson, 1860, (Naiadites ovalis,) Acadian Geology, p. 205, Coal Meas. AxTHRACOi'TBRA, Salter, 1862, Mem. Geo. Sur. Country Around Wigan, p. S7. [Ety. anthrax, coal ; ptermi, a wing.] Shells small, uviculoid ; height greater than width ; valves subequal, wing short, hinge straight ; surface concen- trically marked. carbonaria, see Anthracomya carbonaria. (?) fragilis, Meek cfe Worthen, 1866, Proc. Chi. Acad. Sci., p. 18, Keo- kuk Gr. iiemn, see Anthracomya Itevis. polita, White, 1880, 12th Rep. U. S. Geo. Sur. Terr., p. 166, Coal Meas. AxTHKAcosiA, King, 1844, A'.in. and Mag. Nat. Hist., p. 313. [Ety. anthrax, coal.] Equivalve, inequilateral; tooth in each valve below the umbo; crown of tooth of right valve excavated anteriorly and ridged posteriorly ; crown of tooth of left valve ridged anteriorly and sloped posteriorly ; furrow in liinge-plate, between umbone and tooth; scars of anterior pedal muscles above tlie anterior adductor impressions. Type A. beanana. Kiu. 7W).— Aiitlira- cosIh hradorleu. bradorica, Dawson, 1868, Acad. Geol., p. 314, Carb. Area, Linne, 1758. This genus is unknown in the Palieozoic rocks. carbonaria. Cox. See Macrodon carbona- rius. cntpidata, Swallow, 1858, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 205), Up. Co&\ Meas. Founded on a cast, (ienus unknown. mixieista, Winchell, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 15, Marshall Gr. Not an Area. striata, Schlotheim, as identified by Goin- itz, is Macrodon tenuistriatus. punctifern, Duwson, 1868, Acad (ieol., Carb. The name was preoccupied by Deshayes in his work, 1824-1836. Adarte, Sowerby, 1818, Min. Conch., vol. 2, p. 85. Not a Pala.'ozoic genus. mortonensis, see Edinondia mortonensis. nehraskensis, see Edmoiidia nebraskensis. subtfxtilh. see Euthydesma «ubtextile. AsTAKTEi.LA, Hall, 1858, Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 715. [Ety. diminutive of Aslarti'.'] Shell thick, smooth, or concentrically furrowed; lunule impressed, ligament externa' ; hinge teeth, two in each valve; anterior tooth in rigiit valve large and strong, with a longitiu'iiiul pit in the summit. Type A. vera, concentrica, McChesney, 1860, (Edmondia concentrica,) Descr. New Pal. Foss., p. 55, Coal Meas. gurleyi. White, 1878, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., g. 35, and Cont. to Pal., No. 8, p. 166, oal Meas. newberryi, Meek, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 340, Coal Meas. varica, McChesney, 1860, Descr. New Pal. Fobs., p. 55, Coal Meas. vera, Hall, 1858, (ieo. Rep. Iowa, p. 715, Coal Meas. AvicuLA, Klein, 1753, Ootrac. [VAy . avicula, a little bird.] Very inequivalve, in- equilateral, obliquely oval; hinge pro- duced posteriorly into a flattened de- fined wing, the inferior or right valve flattened, notched for the passage of the byssus; anterior muscular im- pression v.^ry small and faintly markel; adductor large, superficial, a little be- hind the middle; cartilage external, linear, simple, placed on a narrow marginal facet, extending from the beak toward the cardinal angle; hinge edentulous, or with two small car- dinal teeth beneath the beak in one valve, and one in the other, and a long, slender, posterior bilid lateral tooth in each ; substance corneo-caJ- carcous, lamellar witiiout, pearly within. Type A. hirundo Not a Paleozoic ge- nus. Species arf left here for want of better material to determine thwr gen- eric relations. acantboptera, Hall, 1843, , pt. 1, p. 14, Ham. Gr. limaformig, see Pernopecten limiformiM. lyelli, Dawson, 1868, Acad. Qeol., \>. :;or), Carb. lyelli var. alternans, Dawson, IMHI!. Kc], on Kedpath Muh., ji. ij, Carboniferous, maccoyi, Meek iVc liiivdin 1865, Pal. Up. Mo., j.. .-)(i, Permian (ir. macwhorteri, Wortht-n, (in press,) (ieo. Sur. Ill , vol, 8, p. 118, Kinderhodk dr mazonensis. Wort lien, in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 117, Coal MciiH. menardi, Worthen, in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 120, Coal MeuH. missouriensis, Slniinanl, 1855, (Pecten mifisouiieii- sis,) Geo. Rep. Mo., p. 2(i7. St. Louis (ir. monroensis, Wortlion, IW, Bull. No. 2, 111. St. -Mils. Nat. Hist., p. 21, and (iio, Sur. III., vol. 8, p. Ill, St, Louis Gr. mucronatus. Hall, 18S;;, I'nl. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. I, p. :!N, Ham. (ir. newarkensis, Winchell, 1870, Notices ami Desc. Foss. from Marshall Gr., I'roc Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 2.").5, Marshall (ii. niotensis, Worthen. 1884, Bull. No. J. 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 19, and (Ifc Sur. III., vol. 8, p. 113, Keokuk (ii. nodocostatus. White & Whitfield, !S(iL', Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Ilisc, vol. S, p. 296, Kinderhook Gr. oblongus. Meek & Worthen, 1860, (Avic- ula oblonga,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 454, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 258, Keokuk Gr. occidaneus, Meek, 1877, U. S. Geo. Kxpl. 40th parallel, vol. 4, p. 96, Caibenii- erous. occidentalis, Shumard, 185>, (Pecten ta- cidentalis, Geo. Rep. Mo., p. 1'07, Car- boniferous and Permian. occidentali8, Winchell, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 9. This namt was [neoc- cupied. AVI. LAME LI. IBRANCHIA TA. 467 rinopectcii in- • 5, pt. I,i' :il, \ L'd K(l. Am. all or Kinlcr- I, Iowa. I'ro- f iitaliHuf Win- Vcud. Nat. .Si., )reoccu|)i(ii hy en, 18(i(l, I'rof. 453, and (isd ow. Coal .McaH. if., vol. •'), pt. 1, n limiforiiiiK. . Gt'ol., p. liori, Wortlicn. I;^s4, 111. St. .Mils p. 21, and (no. d1. 8, p. 114. St. iall, 18S;;, l>:il. 5, pt. 1, p. :is. . S. Geo. Kxpl. 96, Caibniiii- 5.>, (Pecteii oc- c, p. 207, Ciir- 3, Proc. Acad. mt was luwic- (iriiictilatiiH, Hee Lyriopecton orbiculatUH. ort'Htes, Worthen, 1HH4, Bull. No. 2, III. St. MuB. Nat. Hist., p. 18, and (ieo. 8ur. HI., vol. 8, p. 112, Keokuk (ir. oriMet, Hall, ayn. for A. faaciculatua. (iiiiatUB, Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 37, Ham. (Jr. owt'ni, Meek A Worthen, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sti. Phil., p. 452, and (Jeo. Siir. HI., vol. 2, p. 25«i, Keokuk (ir. piirilis, Conrad, 1H42, (Avicula parilJH,) .lour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., vol. 8, p. 2:!!>, and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 197, Cornif. (ir. parvuluB, Hall & Whitfield, 1877, U. 8. (Jeo. Expl. 40th parallel, vol. 4, p. 274, Coal Meaa. plenuB, Hall, 1HK3, Pal. N. Y., vol.5, pt. 1, p. 21, Chemung (Jr. ^'■MkMic}:i[i'M Km. 7H,'t — Avl<'ul<»pcctcn prlncepH. Ciinllnal pari hIiiiwIiik llKurneiit»l itrpa. princepH, Conrad, 18.'18, (Monotis prin- cepH,) Ann. Uep. N. Y., p. 117, and Pul. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 1, Ilara. Gr. hia. 784.— .'\viculo|)i'i' liatulus. Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. ' 1, p. 24, Up. Chemung dlr. pecteniformis, Conrad, 1842, (Avicula . pecteniformia,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., i vol. 8, p. 240, and Pal. N. Y., vol. o, pt. ' 1, p. 4, Up. Held. Gr. s-.iid Marcelhia i Shale. polliieidus. Meek & Worthen, 1860, Proc. i .\('ad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 455, and Gee. Siir. 111., vol. 2, p. 327, Low. Coal Meas. pt'iOLcidens, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. (ieo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 227, Subcarbonif- | erous. ' phorcup, Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, I). 10, Ham. Gr. pintoensis, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. ; (ieo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 228, Subcarbonif- i erous. i eti var.sovlt'ii.sis. providencensis, ('ox, 1857, (Putcn provl- dencensis,) (ieo. Sur. Ky., vol. I!, p, 5(i(), Coal Meas. rectilaterariup. Cox, 1857, (Avicula recti- laterari.n,) Geo. Sur. Ky., vol. 3, p. 571, Coal Meap. replelus. Hall, syn. for A. fasciculatun. p reticulatus, Dawson, 1868. Acad. Geol., p. 306, Carboniferous. ringens. Swallow, 1858, (Pecteii ringens,) Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., p. 184, Per- mian CJr. rugistriatus, Hall, 1843, (Lima ruguestri- ata,) (Jeo. Kej). 4th Dist. N. Y., p. 264, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 15, Che- mung Gr. sanduskiensis. Meek, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 161, Up. Held. (Jr. '^^, >.li^« IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) M 1.0 £ U£ 12.0 u 1.1 1 ^ 11^ Ii4 ScMices Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WiBSTIR,N.Y. USSO (71«)I73-4S03 •\. X 468 LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. [avi.-car. BcabriduB, Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 7, Ham. Gr. signatuB, Hall, 1843, (Avicula signata,) Geo. Ilep. 4t,h Dist. N. Y., p. 265, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 29, Chemune Gr. simplex, Dawson, 18tf8, Acad. Geo!., p. 306, Carboniferous, spinuliferus. Meek & Worthen, 1870, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 39, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 116, Keokuk Gr. squama. Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 27, Chemung Gr. striatus. Hall, 1843, (Pecten striatus,) Geo. Rep. 4th Dist. N. Y., p. 264, and Pal. N. ^., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 22, Chemung Gr. sahcanceUaXvj», Hall, 1883, syn. for A. can- cellatuB. subrectus. Hall, 1852, (Avicula subrecta,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 331, Coralline lime- stone, talboli, Worthen. 1884. Bull. No. 2, 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 21, St. Louis Gr. tenuicostus, Wincheil, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 10, Marshall Gr. tenuis. Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 39, Up. Chemung Gr. terminalis, Hall, 1883, (Pterinopecten ter- roinalis,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 32, Up. Held. Gr. unionensis, Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 511, Corniferous Gr. utahensis. Meek, 1860, (Pecten utahensis,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 310, Coal Meas. varsoviensis, Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 321, Keokuk Gr. weberensis. Hall & Whitfield, 1877, U. S. Geo. Sur., 40th narallel, vol. 4, p. 273, whitii. Meek, 1872, Pal. E. Neb., p. 196, Coal Meas. Williams;, Meek, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 178, Choteau limestone. winchelli, see Crenipecten Winchelli. AvicuLOPiNNA. Meek, 1867, Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 44, 2d' ser., p. 282. [Ety. the genera Avicula and Pinna.} Compressed, slen- der, elongated, subtrigonal, or nearly in the form of a Pinna ; beaks nearly ob- solete, extremely oblique, and slightly behind the anterior extremity. Type A. americana. americana. Meek, 1867, Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 44, 2d ser., p. 232, and Pal. E. Neb., p. 197, Coal Meas. Fio. 785.— Avioulopinna americana. illinoisensis, Worthen, 1884, Bull. No. 2, III. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 13, and Geo. Sur. Ill , vol. 8, p. 128, Coal Meas. Axinru, Sowerby, 1821, Min. Conch., vol. 3. [Ety. axine, battle-axe.] This genus is unknown in Palaeozoic rocks. ovatu9, see Schizodus ovatua. securu, Shumard, 1869, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., Permian Or. Not recognized. Bakbvki.ua, King, 1849, Perm. Fobs., p, \%. [Ety. proper name.] Shell aviculiformj subequivalve ; valves sinuous, gaping in front for the passage of the byhsiig; um bones depressed, oblique; surface with concentric striee; hinge with linear anterior and posterior lateral teeth par- allel to the cardinal margin ; muscular scars as in Pleria; cardinal area in both valves ; two to nve cartilage furrowH in each valve. Type B. antiq^ia. antiqtut, Munster, 1826, (Avicula antiqua,) Goldfuss Germ. Petref. Not American. illinoisensis, Worthen, 1884, Bull. No. 2, 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 14, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 8, p. 126, Up. Coal Meas. parva. Meek & Hayden, 1868, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 78, and Pa!. Up. Mo., p. 67, Permian Gr. (?) pulchra, Swallow, 1868, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 189, Permian Gr. sulcata, Geinitz, 1866, (Gervillia sulcata,) Carb. una Dyes in Neb., p. 33, Coal Meas. Byssopteria, Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 4. [Ety. byaios, byssus; Pteria, a genus.] Shell erect, equivalve, alate posteriorly, truncate, with a nasute pro- jection in front; surface radiately fur- rowed and concentrically lined. Type B. radiata. Fio. 7W. Bakcvellitt parvu. Fio. 787.— Bysaopteria radiata. radiata. Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 252, Up. Chemung Gr, Cabbonasca, Meek & Worthen, 1870, Tree. .Vcad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p, 39, [Kty. CAR.] LAMELLIBRANCHIA TA. 469 la radlata. Fio. 788.-Cardinla listeci. carho, coal; Area, a genua.] Inequi- valve, inequilateral, very convex, trans- versely oolong or oval ; umbones gib- bous, prominent, strongly incurved, with subangular posterior slopes; valves closed all around with smooth margins; ligament external; cardinal margin arched; two anterior oblique teeth, and behind these minute crenu- lations, as in Area. Type C. gibbosa. (jibbosa, Meek & "Worthen, 1870, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 40, and Geo. Siir, 111., vol. 6, p. 531, Coal Mesa. Cardinia, Agassiz, 1838, in Societ. Basil. [Ety. cardo, the hinge of a door.] Oblong, attenuated poste- riorly, com- pressed; ligament external ; cardinal teeth obscure, lateral, remote, promi- nent; adductor impressions deep; pal- lial line simple. Type C. listeri. xquimarginalis, see Edmordia ajquimar- Kinalis. antigonesensis, Dawson, 18(^8, Acad. Geo., p. 304, Carb. complanata, Winchell, 1862, Proc. Acad. Xat. Sci., p. 413, Portage Gr. foHcentrica, see Sanguiuolites concentricus. conlata, Swallow, 1858, Trans. St. Louis Acad, Sci., vol. i, p. 191, Permian Gr. (?) fragilis. Cox, 1857, Geo. Sur. Ky., vol, 15, p. 670, Coal Meas. 0(!cidentali8, Swallow, 1860, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., p. 655, Waverly or Choteau Gr. fiubangulata. Swallow, 1858, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 192, Per- mian Gr. tubangulata, Dawson, 1868, Acad. Geol., p. 304. This name wasj>reoccupied. C A KDiOLA , Broderip, 1844, Trans. Geo. Soc. [Ety. kardia, the heart.] Oblique- ly oval or sub- circular, tumid, equivalve, in- eq uilriteral; beaks large, Fiq. 789. -Cardloia in- prominent, temipta, obliqnelv incurved anteriorly; ends Bubequal, rounded; ventral margin convex; hinge-line shorter than the shell, with a flattened cardinal area, widest between the beaks, extending its whole length ; surface radiately ribbed. Type 0. interrupta. equilatera, see Panenka e(}Uilatera. dichotoma, see Panenka dichotoma. dorii^, see Paracardium doris. tlevata, see Panenka ventricosa. erecta, see Pararca erectt. filicostata, Walcott, 1885, Monogr.U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 251, Subcarboniferous. ^$^> hero, see Panenka hero. lincklxni, see Panenka linckiseni. radians, see Panenka radians. robiuta, see Panenka robusta. salteri, Haughton, 1857, Jour. Roy. Soc. Dub., vol. 1, Devonian. aao, see Pararca sao. speciosa, Hail, 1883, Pal. N. Y.. vol.5, pi. 70, fig. 2-9, and pi. 80, fig. 10, Genesee Slate. transversa, see Pararca transversa. Cardiomorpha, DeKoninck, 1844, Anim. Fobs. Carb. Belg., p. 101. [Ety. kardia, heart; mor^Ae, form.] Shell very thin, equivalve, inequilateral, margins closed, oblique, tumid ; beaks tumid, produced, spirally inrolled to the anterior side; no hinge teeth ; hinge margin inflected nearly at right angles to form a hollow lunette, running from the beak nearly to the cardinal angle ; two ad- ductor impressions in each valve; pallial scar simple, very faintly marked ; a shallow anterior depression beneath the beaks, but the margin sharp and prominent. Type C. elongata. Fig. 790— CardlomorpliR cordata. archiacana, DeKoninck, 1843, Desc. An. Foss. Belg., p. 104, Carboniferous, bellatula, Hall, 1870, Prelim. Notice Lam. Shells, p. 92, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 63, figs. 1-3, Ham. Gr. capuloides, Winchell, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 416, Marshall Gr. concentrica, Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, pi. 63, fig. 4, syn. for C. zonata. cordata. Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 62, figs. 10-19, Ham. Gr. donaciformis. Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, 1)1. 63, fig. 6, Ham. Gr. eriopia, Hall, 1870, Prelim. Notice Lam. Shells, p. 92, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 63, figs. 7-8, Ham. Gr. Julia, Winchell, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 416, Marshall Gr. kansasensis. Swallow, 1868, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 191, Per- mian Gr. misBouriensis, Shumard, 1858, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 207, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 588, Coal Meas. modiolaris, Winchell, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 416, Marshall Gr. (?) obliquata, Meek, 1872, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 327, and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 146, Had. Riv. Gr. 31 470 LAMELLIBRANCHIA TA. [car.— "H.K. oblmiga, see Protomya oblonga. ovala, Hee Dexiobia ovata, parviro8tri», White, 1862, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, p. 31, syn. for Dexio- bia ovata. pellensiB, Worthen, 1884, Bull. No. 2, 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hiat., p. 16, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 126, St. Louia Gr. radiata, see Cardiopais radiata. rhombotdea, Hall, see Gardiomorpha aub- rhomboidea. rhomboidea. Swallow, 1858, Trans. St. Louia Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 191, Per- mian Gr. rotunda, Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 63, figs. 17-20, refer flga. 18 and 19 to Paracyclaa rotunda, fig. 17 to Schizodua degener, and fig. 20 to S. patulua. subgloboaa. Meek, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, E. 304, Waverly Gr. orbicularia, Hall, 1843, (I''^ngu1'na sub- orbicularia,) Geo. Rep. 4th Diet. N. Y., p. 244, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 63, figa. 9-10, Portage Gr. Bubrhomboidea, Hall, 1877, lat Ed. Am. Pal. Foaa., p. 186, (propoaed inatead of Cypricarditea rhomboidea, in Geo. Rep. Iowa, p. 523, which was preoccu- pied,) Kinderhook Gr. textilia. Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 63, figa. 11-15, Chemung Gr. triangulata. Swallow, 1860, Trans. St. Louia Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 655, Waverly or Choteau Gr. trigonalia, Winchell, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 15, Marshall Gr. undulata, Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 63, fig. 16, Portage Gr. (f) vetusta. see Cypricarditea vetusius. vindobonensis, Hartt, 1868, Acad. Geol., p. 304, Carboniferous. zonata, Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 63, fig. 5, Ham. Gr. Cardiopsib, Meek & Worthei, 1861, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 144. [Ety. iardia, the heart; opsis, appearance.] Equivalve, somewhat inequilateral, ob- lique, ovate or cordiform, entirely closed; beaks elevated, incurved, di- rected anteriorly; cardinal margin short; rounding into the posterior bor- der ; two anterior teeth in each valve ; aurface radiated. Tvpe C. radiata. crasaicostata, Hall & Whitfield, 1873, 24th Rep. N. Y. St. Mup. Nat. Hist., p. 188, Schoharie grit and Corniferoua lime- atone. crenistriata, see Pterinea crenistriata. jejuna, Winchell, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 417, Marahall Gr. megambonata, Winchell, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 417, Marahall Gr. parviroatrit, White, 1862, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, p. 31, syn. for Dexi- obia ovata. radiata, Meek & Worthen, 1860, (Gardi- omorpha radiata,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 458, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 157, Kinderhook Gr. Cardium, Linnteua, 1758, Syat. Nat., 10th VA. [Ety. kardia, the heart.] Not a Palao- zoic genua. iowentU, see Cypricardites iowensis. lexingtonentia, Swallow, 1858, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 207, Mid. Coal Meas. nautiUndes, Castelnau, 1843, Syst. Si I. Seneca Lake, N. Y. Not recognized. vetuttum, see Prsecardium vetustum. ClIiBNOCAK- y^ DiA, Meek ^y & Wor- then,1869, Proc. Acad.Nat. Sci, p. 170. [Ety. ehaino, to gape; kar- Fig. 791.— Cbaenocardia ovata. dia, the h e art.] Ovate , V e n t r i- cose, gap- ing an- teriorly, edge trun- c a t e d , hinge- line snort, beaks small, incurved ; sur- face concentrically marked. Type C. ovata. ovata. Meek & Wouhon, 1869, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 170, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 586, Coal Meas. CHiBNOMYA, Meek, 1864, Pal. of Up. Mo., p. 42. [Ety. ehaino, to open or gape; Mya, a genus of shells.] Shell thin, equivalve, longitudinally obiong, sub- cylindrical ; anterior side rounded, closed ; posterior side long, truncated. gaping at the extremity ; surface granu- losa and concentrically marked ; cardi- nal margin inflected as in AUorisma; ligament external; hing« edentulous; posterior muscular impresbiona near the poaterior extremity of the dorsal margin ; acara of the anterior adductor and pedal muscles connected; pallial line with a broad ahallow ainus. Type C. leavenworthenaia. FlQ. 792.— Cheenomya marla. Right valve. cooperi, Meek & Hayden, 1858, (Panopiift cooperi,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol.4, p. 83, and Pal. Up. Mo., p. 44, Coal Meas. hybrida, see AUorisma hybridum. CLl.] LAMELLIBRANCHIA TA. 471 tocardia ovata. ft leaven worthensia, Meek & Hayden, 1858, (Allorisma leaven worthense,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 263, and Pal. Up. Mo., p. 43, Coal Meas. maria, Worthen, 1882, Bull. No. 1. 111. St. Mu8. Nat. Hist., p. 39, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 319, Up. Coal Meas. minnebaha. Swallow, 1858, (Allorisma (?) Minnehaha,) Tranii. St. Louis Acad. Sci, vol. 1, p. 194, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 588j Coal Meas. rliomboidea, Mbek <& Worthen, 1865, Pf 00. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 250, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 540, St. Louis Gr. CiMiTARiA, Hall, 1870, Prelim. Notice Lam. Shells, p. 66. [Ety. from resemblance to a cimiter.] Equi- valve, transversely elongated ; valves depressed, with an antero-mesial con- striction; beaks in- curved ; cardinal line recurved ; escutch- eon and luiiule ; liga- ment external; sur- face concentrically lined. Type C. re- curva. ingulata. Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 468, Chemung Gr. corrugata, Conrad, 1842, (Cypricardites corrugatus,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 244, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 77, figs. 1-4, Ham. Gr. Fio. 793 — Chwnomya marla. Dorsal view. Fio. 794.— Clmltaria recurva. elongata, Conrad, 1841, (Cypricardites elongatus,) Ann. Hep. N. Y., p. 51, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 77, figs. 5-8, Ham. Gr. recurva, Conrad, 1842, (Cypricardites re- curvus,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 245, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 77, figs. i)-16. Ham. Gr. Clidopiiorus, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 300. [Ety. kleidos, a clavicle | phoros, bearing. J Equivalve, inequilateral ; hinge without teeth or crenulations ; cast marked by an oblique linear de- The name was pression extending from the anterior cardinal margin toward the base, indi- cating the existence of a clavicle as in Solecurtus; surface concentrically lined. Type C. planulatus. chicagoensis, S. A. Miller, 1880, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 314, Niag- ara Gr. concentricus. Hall, 1860, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 5, p. 149, Low. Sil. concentricus, Dawson, 1868. The name was preoccupied. cuneatuB; Hall, 1860, Can. Nat. and Geo., vcl. 5, p. 148, Low. Sil. ellipticus, Ulrich, 1879, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist, vol. 2, p. 25, Hud. Riv. Gr. eiongatus. Hall, 1860, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 5, p. 150, Low. Sil. erectus, Hall, 1860, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 5. p. 149, and Acad. Geol., p. 600, Up. Sil. erectus, Dawson, 1868. proccupied. faberi, n. sp. Shell small, smooth, subelliptical in outline, length greater than height ; anterior end narrower than the poste- pio. 795.-clldophoru8 fa- nor ; basal mar- berl. Mag. 5 dlam. gin a semi- elliptic curve; beaks prominent, and but little in advance of the middle; umbonal slope rounded, and tapering to the postero-basal margin of the shell ; cardinal line gently cur-" ing, reaching the highest point posterfor to th'3 middle of the shell ; pallial line simple and well defined ; furrow deep, and ex- tending from immediately in front of the beaks to the pallial line. Distinguished from C. fabula by the more prominent beaks and higher arch in the cardinal line posterior to the beaks and other minor particulars ; beside it is gen- erally a larger shell, though variable in size. Collected in the upper part of the Hud. Riv. Gr., near Ver- .willes, Indiana, and in Butler County, Ohio, fabula. Hall, 1845, (Nucula fab- ula.) Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, -'.-(1. 48, p. 295, and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 138, Hud. Riv. Gr. Fio.796.-Clldopliorii8 macchesneyanus, syn. 'abula. Bight side f nr i.rndiolnnsiB ""'* dorsal vl jw of a lor moaiOlopsiB ^ posterior end, which is attenuat'jd, roundly and widely gaping ; substance of the shell very thicK, of a minute quadrangular cellular tissue, with strong internal ribs radiating from the beak, and often smaller external ones, strongest anteriorly. Type C. hiber- nicum. acadianum, Hartt, 1868, Acad, (jleol., p. 304, Carb. sequilateralp. Hall, 1858, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 16, and Bull. Am. Mus. Nal' Hist., p. 62, Warsaw Gr. altum, Keyes, 1888, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sii. Phil., pi. xii,figs. 4a, 4b, Ham. Gr. antiquum, Owen, 1852, (PleurorhyncluiH antiqua,) Geo. Wis., Iowa, and Minn. pi. 2, fig. 19, Silurian, attenuatum, Conrau, 1842, (Pleurorliyn- chusattenuatus,) Jour. Acad. Nat. S(';i., vol. 8, p. 252, Up. Held. Gr. bifarium, Winchell, 1856, Rep. Low. I't^n- insula Mich., p. 95, Ham. Gr. blumenbachium, see Euchasma blumcn- bachi. bovipedale, Winchell, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 419, Marshall Gr, carinatum, Hall, 1858, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 14, and Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 59, Warsaw Gr. catastomum. Hall, 1858, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 13, and Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 58, Warsaw Gr. concinnum, Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. '■>, pi. 68, figs. 26-27, Ham. (xr. crassifrons, Conrad, 1842, (Pleuroiliyn- chus crassifrons,) Jour. Acad. Nat. tsci., vol. 8, p. 252, Ham. Gr. cuneatum. Hall, 1858, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 14, and Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 60. Warsaw Gr. cuneus, Conrad, 1840, (Pleurorhynclms cuneus,) Ann. Rep. N. Y., p. 20(5, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 67, figs. 21-32, Up. Held. Gr. denticulatum. Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 68, fiBS. 24-25, Ham. Gr. eboracenm. Hall, 1860. 13th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 91, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 412, Ham. Gr. elegantulum, Billings, 1806, Catal. Sil. Fobs., Antic, p. 53, Anticosti Gr. emmetense, Winchell, 1866, Rep. Low. Peninsula Mich., p. 95, Ham. Gr. immaturum, Billings, 1862, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 41, Black Riv. Gr. inceptum. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 491, Low. Held. Gr. liratum, Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 68, figs. 28-29, Chemung Gr. meekanum. Hall, 1858, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 15, and Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 61, Warsaw Gr. napoleonense, Winchell, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 419, Marshall Gr. nasutum, Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. T), pi. 67, figs. 12-20, Schoharie grit, nevadense, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 177, Devonian. niagarense, Winchell & Marcy, 1865, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., p. 97, Niag- ara Gr. normale. Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 68, figfl. 17-19, Ham. Gr. obliquum, Meek & Worthen, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 249, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 629, Coal Meas. CRK.— CUN.] LAMELUBRANCHIA TA. 473 Fio. 799.-Conocardlam subtrlKonale. Hide view. ohio(>n8e, Meek, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 65, and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 203, Cor- niferoua 6r. ornatum, Winchell & Marcy, 1865, Mem. Boat. Soc. Nat.Hi8t.,p.lll, If issara Gr. parrisni, Worthen, (in press,) Geo. Sur. Ill,, vol. 8, p. 112, Up. Coal Meas. prattenanum, Hall, 1858, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 15, and Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 61, Warsaw Gr. pulcheHum, "White & Whitfield, 1862, Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist,, vol, ^,, p. 299, Kinderhook Gr. -eliquiim, TIall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5 pi. 68, fig. 33, Chemung Gr, ruKOSum, Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. Fio. 800. — Conocar- 68, fig. 32, Ham. Gr. diuniHubtrlgonale. K»L:»^noiI n'r^.. 6. Broken end; «, subtrigonale, D Or- opentnR; a, con- bigny, 1850, Prodr. nectlon of the ala- d. Paleont., t. 1, p. "on* 80, Up. Held. Gr. Proposed instead of C. trigonale. Hall, 1843, Geo. Rep. 4th Dist., N. Y., p. 171, which was preoc- cupied. Fig. 801.— Conocardium subtrigonale. a, Shows part of tbe alatlon ; A, points to the posterior iilutus. teprulum, Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 68, figs. 30-31, Niagara Gr. trigonale, Phillips, 1836, (Pleororhynchus trigonale,) Geol. Yorkshire, p. 211, Devonian. trigonale, Hall, see C. subtrigonale. ventricosum. Hall, 1860, 13th Rep. N. Y. Mus, Nat. Hist,, p. 91, Ham. Gr. vomer, Conrad, 1842, (Pleurorhynchus vomer,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8. p. 253, Devonian. Ckenipkctkn, Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 3. (Plates and Explanations.) [Ety. crena, notch ; Pecten, a genus.] In lorm iikoAviculopecten, but the h nge is fur- nisold with a series of small cartilage pits throughout its entire length. Type C. crenulatus. amplus. Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 81, Chemung Gr. crenulatus. Hall, 1843, (Pecten crenula- tus,) Geo, Sur. 4th Diat. N. Y., p. 265, and PaLN.Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 82, Chemung Gr. glaber, Hall, 1843, (Lima glabra,) Geo. Sur. 4th Dist. N.Y., Vv ', genus; oMHiM. UiKlit valve. name] Shell equivalve, inequilateral, tumid, abort, oblonK or rounded, cloHed all around ; dorsal and ventral margins Hliglitly *u>nvex ; beaks tumid, with an imprt'HHed lunette between them ; sur- faw with nonoontricstriic: notec.o, but an internal lamellar oartilat^o support, much dilated within the cavity of the lieuks, the broad end forming the slits ill casts coinciding with the edges of the anterior lunette, and \\w posterior end running nearly parallel to and close within the hinge-line ; dorsal margins erect and simple; two simple adductor impressions, often with an accesHory impression over each, pallial scar sim- ple, entire. Type K. unioniformis. (•■quimargin- alis, Win- chell, 18(12, (Cardinia a>quim a r- ginal is, ) P r o c . Acad. Nat. Hci.,p.413, Marshall Gr. anom ala , Dawson , \m? Acad. Geo., p. \W>, Carb. iiHpenwallensis, Meek, 1871, Havden's Ilep. Sur. Wyoming, p. 299, and Pal. E. .Neb., v. 2i6, Coal Meas. bicarinata, Winchell, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 13, Marshall Gr. Prof. Hall regards this as a syn. for Banguinolites rigidus. • binumbonata, Winchell, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 414, Marshall Gr. burlingtonensis. White & Whitfield, 1862, Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, p. 301, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 390, Kinder- hook Gr. mlhouni, see Pleurophorus calhouni. circularis, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 246, Carbonif- *'io- 820. - Ed- erous. wane 3"; concentrica, see Astartella Cardinal view, concentrica. depressa, Hall, 1870, Prelim. Notice Lam. Shells, p. 91, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 64, fig. 32, Waverly Gr. ellipsis. Hall, 1886, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 392, Waverly Gr. elliptica, Winchell, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 13, Marshall Gr. gibbosa, Swallow, 1858, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 189, Permian Gr. glabra. Meek, 1872, Pal. £. Neb. p. 214, Coal Meas. hartti, Dawson, 1868, Acad. Geol., p. 303, Carb. hawni, Swallow, 180H, Trans. Nt. Louis Acad. H4!i., vol. 1, p. 20t), Coal Mean. lIlinoisenBis, Worthen, IHH4, Hull. No. 2 111. St. MuB. Nat. Hist., I). IH, and (ieo. Sur. III., vol. 8, p. 122, Keokuk gr. U. S. (ieo. Sui.. vol. 8, p. 245, SubcarhoniferouH. mortoncnsis, Geinitx, 1H«MI, (Asturte nior- tonensiH,) Carb. und Dyas in Neb., p. 17, Coal Mens, nebraske.isis, Geinitz, 1866, (Astarte ne- braske-isis,)Curh.und Dyas in Neb.,p 16, and Val. K. Neb., p. 214, ('oal Meas. nilesi, Winchell & Murcy, 18«1'), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hint., p. 97, Niagara 4, Truns. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. L p. 190, Per- mian Gr. strigillata, Winchell, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 12, Marshall Gr. subangulala, see Cypricardites subangu- latus. subcarinata. Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 64, fig. 31, Chemung Gr. Bubnasuta, Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, pi. 64, figs. 5-6, Chemung Gr. Bubovata, Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 389, Chemung Gr. Bubplana, Hall, 1858, Cypricardia sub- plana,) Trans. Alb. Inst, vol. 4, p. 19, and Bull, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 66, Warsaw Gr. nbtruncala, see Cuneamya subtruncata. Bubtruncata, Meek, 1872, Pal. K. Neb., p. 215, Coal Meas. tapetiformis, Meek, 1876, (E. tapeBiformis,) Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 304, Waveily Gr. tenuistriata, Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 393, Chemung Gr. ■ transversa. Hall, 1886, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 389, Chemung Gr. I 480 LAMELLIBRANCHIA TA. [ENT.— MiR. UTuiato, see Grammysia undata. undulata, Hall, 1870, Prelim. Notice Lam. Shells, p. 91, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 64, Ses. 1-4, Chemung Gr. unioniiormis, Phillips, 18S6, (Isocardia unioniformis,) Gcol. Yorkshire, vol. 2, p. 209, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 34fi, Coal Meas. varsoviensis, Worthen, 1884, Bull. No. 2 III. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 18, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 8, p. 121, Keokuk Gr. vmlricosa, see Cypricardites ventricosus. Elymeum, Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 50. [Ety. elymos, a cBae.] Equivalve, inequilateral, ovate, elliptical ; anterior end short, rounded ; posterior end nar- rower, rounded; beaks closely in- curved ; umbo prominent; cardinal line short; umbonal slope prominent in the upper nart, not denned below ; surface concentrically lined. Type E. nucu- loides. fabalis. Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 502, Ham. Gr. levata, Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 504, Ham. Gr. nuculoides, Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 503, Ham. Gr. patiila. Hall, 1886, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 505, Waverly Gr. Entolium, Meek, 1865, Cal. Geo. Sur., vol. 2. [Ety. entoi, inside; leion, smooth.] If synonymous with Pernopecten, then the latter has priority ; but if distinct, then probably it is not a Palaeozoic ge- nus, as the type is from rocks of Juras- sic age. JStodon, Hall, 1877, Ist Ed. Am. Pal. Fobs., p. 244. Proposed instead of Microdon, Conrad, which was preoccupied. EoPTBRiA, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 221. [Ety. eos, dawn ; pteron, a wing.] Prof. Billings said if Euchasma is the same as Eopteria, then he desired Eop- teria to be withdrawn from science. Winged as in Pterinea, both valves equally convex and gaping; ligament external. Type E. typica. (?) ornata, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 307, Quebec Gr. richardooni, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 306, Quebec Gr. Pio. 821.— Eopteria richardsoni. typica, Billings, 1865, Pal. Fobs., vol. 1, p. 221, Quebec Gr. Euchasma, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foso., vol. I, f). 360. [Ety. eu, well; chatma, a hol- ow.] Strongly convex, triangular, in- equilateral, e(juivalve snbcordiforrn, gaping, posteror ex'uemity flattened, ninee short, li({ament external. Tvpe E. blumenbachi. blumenbachi, Billings, 1859, (Concxar- dium blumenbachi,) Can. Nat. and (no., vol. 4, p. 350, Quebec Gr. EncHONDRiA, Meek, 1874, Am. Jour. Sci., 3d se- ries, vol. 7, p. 445. Like AvicuMjpecten in form, but with an un- sym metrical subrostral cartilage pit and un- equal crenulation the two sides. Type lecta. crenulations on *"c "oiuiria E. neglecta. neglecta, Geinitz, mBSD .. . ""'s- Ri«lu valve enliiiKeU 188B *'^° dluiiieleis. (Pectt-n neglec- tus,) Carb. und Dyas in Neb., p. p. 33, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 5, p. 589, Coal Moiis. for Pseudo- see Pseudomonotis F:q. K23. — Euchoudrla ne^^lecta. Hluge-Iine enlarged. Eumicrotus, Meek, 1864, syn. monotis. hawni, see Pseudomonotis hawni. hawni var, ovata, see Pseudomonotis hawni var. ovata. hawni var. $inuala, hawni var. sinuata. EUTHYDESMA, Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y , vol. 5, p. 32. [Ety. enthus , straight ; desmn, a ligament.] Equivalve, in- eq u ilateral, broadlysubovate, with a subalate Fiq. 824- cardinal expan- -Eutliydesiim 8ubtextile. sion; cardinal line straight; anterior end short; surface concentrically lined; hinge-line marked by a continuous lig- amental groove. Type E. subtextile. subtextile. Hall. 1843, ( AstHrte subtextilis,) Geo. Sur. 4th' Dist. N. Y., p. 245, Port- age Gr. Exochorhynchus, Meek, 1864, Pal. Up. Mo. [Ety. exochos, promir.ant: rhynrhos, beak.] This name was suggested as a probable genus or subgenus to include Sedgwickia altirostrata. FoBDiLiM, Bar- rande, 1881, A c e p h alo8. Etudes Loc. et Com p., »l. 361, and lull. U. S. Geo. Kiir., No. 30, p. 123. A minute bi- valve, somewhat resembling a Modio- lopsis or an Orthonotella. Type F. troyensis. trovensis, Barrande, 1886, Bull. U. 8. Geo. iJur., vol. 30, p. 125, Up. Taconio. Fig. 825.— FordlUa troyensis. CER. — CON.] LAMELLIBRANCHIA TA. 481 Pseudomonotig Gervillia, DeFrance, 1820, Diet. Sci. Nat., xviii. [Ety. proper name.] Type G. anceps. Tbis genus is probably un- known in the American Palseozoic rocks. auricula, see Monopteria auricula. longa, see Avicula longa. longitpina, see Monopteria longispina. Mrigosa, see Pterinea strigosa. sulcata, see Bakevellia sulcata. Gi.ossiTES, Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol, 5, p. 49. [Ety. glosae, the tongue.] Equi- valve, inequilateral, elliptical; anterior end short, margin declining ftom the beak and curving below ; posterior end large, broadly rounded ; beaKs small, appressed; cardinal line long, gently arcuate ; umbonal slope not defined ; surface marked concentrically ; ligament external; lunule distinct; muscular im- pressions shallow. Type G. lingualis. ainygdalinus, Winchell, 1863, (Sanguino- lites amygdalinus,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 13, arid Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 501, Waverly Gr. depreesus. Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 496, Chemung Gr. ellipticud. Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 498, Chemung Gr. lingualis. Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 497, Chemung Gr. patulus. Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 501, Chemung Gr. procerus. Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 499, Chemung Gr. rudicula, Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 498, Chemung Gr. subnasutus, Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 500, Chemung Gr. subtenuis. Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 495, Ham. Gr. teretis. Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 494, Up. Held. Gr. __,^^ Glyptocardia, Hall, 1885, mBm Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 35. ^|r^ [Ety. glyptos, sculptured; cardia, the heart.] Shell small, equivalve, inequi- lateral, broadly ell'ntictil or subcircular; beaks incurved;' sur- face plicated and marked with concen- tric strise ; no area beneath the beaks. Type G. speciosa. speciosa. Hall, 1843, (Avicula speciosa,) Geo. Sur. 4th Dist. N. Y., p. 243, and Pai. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 426, Ham. and Portage Grs. Glyptodesma, Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 4. (Plates and Explanations.) [Ety. glyptos, sculptured; desma, a liga- ment.] Aviculiform, ligamental area striated, continuous, hinge with two strong lateral teeth, and numerous ir- regular transverse plications along the cardinal margin ; surface concentrically striated. Type G. erectum. ernciforme, Conrad, 1841, (Avicula cruci- formis,) Ann. Rep. N. Y., p. 64, Ham. Gr. Fig. 826. G 1 y p tociirdla speciosa. erectum, Conrad, 1842, (Avicula erecta,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 238, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 153, Ham. Gr. erectum var. obliquum. Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 155, Ham. Gr. occidentale. Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 157, Fig. 827. Up. Held Gr. Olyptodesma subrectum, Whitfield, 1882, e'ec'"'" (Actinodesma subrectum,) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 215, Ham. Gr. Pig. 828.— Glytodesma erectum. Mold of left valve, showing piiUial line, muscular scar, tn- bercles 1u the inteipalllal area i-epre.sentinK points of muscular attachment. GoNioPHORA, Phillips, 1848, Mem. Geo. Sur. Gt. Brit., vol. 2, p. 264. [Ety. gmia, an angle; phoros, bearing.] Goniophorus was used by Agassiz for a genus of Echinoderms in 1840. Equivalve, very inequilateral, rhomboidal or trape- zoidal, obliquely truncate behind, rounded in frnnt ; cardinal line straight ; beaks small, umbo prominent, and slope continued as a ridge to the post-inferior margin ; oblique, undefined sinus from anterior to the beaks to basal margin ; surface concentrically lined; hinge with an obliciue fold or tooth in the left valve beneath the beak, and a cor- responding depression in the right valve; ligament external, attached by one or more grooves ; anterior muscu- lar impression deep, situated anterior to the beak ; posterior muscular im- pression shallow, situated on the poste- rior cardinal slope; pallial line simple. Type G. cymbiformis. acuta. Hall, 1870, (Sanguinolites acutus.) Prelim. Notice Lam. Shells, p. 37, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 43, figs. 1-3, Ham. Gr. alata. Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 294, Schoharie grit. bellula, Billings, 1874, Pal. Foss., vol. 2, p. 136, Up. Sil. ^ 482 LAMELI.IBRANCHIA TA. [OOS. — C.IM. carinata, Conrad, 1841, (Cypricardites carinatus,) Ann. Rep. Geo. Sur. N. Y., p. 53, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 44, figs. 6-8, Ham. Gr. cheraungensia, Vanuxem, 1842, Cypri- cardites chemungensis,) Geo. Rep. N. Y., p. 181, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 44, figs. 18-22, Chemung Gr. consimilis, Billings, 1874, Pal. Foss., vol. 2, p. 135, Up. Sil. crassa, Whiteaves, 1888, Pal. Fobs., vol. 3, p. 9, Goelph Gr. gUihra, Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 44, figs. 9-17, syn. for G. glaucus. glancus. Hall, 1870, (Sanguinolites glau- cus,) Prelim. Notice Lam. Shells, p. 38, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 299, Ham. Gr. hamiltonensis. Hall, 1870, (Sanguinolites bamiltonensis,) Prelim. Notice Lam. Shells, p. 30, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 43, figs. 8-21, Ham. Gr. mediocris, Billings, 1874, Pal. Fobs., vol. 2, p. 137, Up. Sil. minor, Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 305, Chemung Gr. perangulata, Hall, 1870, (Sanguinolites perangulatus,) Prelim. Notice Lam. Shells, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 34, figs. 1-7, Up. Held. Gr. retusa, Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. p. 266, Ham. Gr. Fig. 829.— Uoniophora obemnngeusis. plicata, Hall, 1858, (Cypricardella plicata,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 18, and Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 66, Warsaw Gr. rugosa, Conrad, 1841, (Cypricardites ru- gosus,) Ann. Rep. N. Y., p. 53, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 297, Ham. Gr. speciosa. Hall, 1879, Desc. New. Spec. Foss., p. 17, and 11th Rep. Geol. Indi- ana, p. 317, Niagara Gr. siibrecta. Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 304, Chemung Gr. transiens, Billings, 1874, Pal. Foss., vol. 2, p. 134, Up. Sil. trigona. Hall, 1885, Pal N. Y., vol. 5, p. 302, Chemung Gr. truncata, Hall, 1883. Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 44, fig. 15, Ham. Gr. GossELETTiA, Barrois, 1881, Ann. Soc. Geol. du Nord, vol. 8, p. 176. [Ety. proper name.] Shell subtriangular, truncate on the anterior side, subalate posteri- orly; ligamental area wide, longitudi- nally striate ; cardinal teeth below the beak strong; lateral teeth elongate; surface with concentric striee. Fig. 830.— Qosselettia triquetra. Rlgbt valve. triquetra, Conrad, 1838, (Fterinea trir|ue- tra,) Ann. Rep. Geo. N. Y., p. IKi, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 2(15, Ham. Gr. Grahmysia, DeVerneuil, 1847, Bull. Soo. Geo. France, 2d ser., vol. 4, p. 6%. [Ety. gramme, a liub ot writing ; Myn, a mussel shell, in allusion to the transverse furrows . which cross the valve^ from the umbones to the middle of the ventral marain.] Equivalve, in- equflateral: shell thick, oblong ; unterior Hide short, contracted by a deep oval lunette beneath the beak; posterior end elliptically rounded; hinge-line straight; two large adductor impreHsions in each valve, anterior rounded, posterior pear-shaped ; pallial scar entire; cartilage exteriial, short, in the anterior partoi a deep depresHion formed by the inflexion of the hin^e margins; an oblique furrow extendn from the beak to about the middle of the ventral margin. Type G. bisulcata. " ~" "1, Pal. ~ p. 140, Up. sri. acadica, Billings, 1874, Pal. Foss., vol 2, alveata, Conrad, 1841, (Posidonia alveata,) Ann. Rep. N. Y., p. 53, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 67, figs. 1-2, and pi. (K), Ham. Gr. arcuata, Conrad, 1841, (Posidonia arcnata,) Ann, Rep. N. Y., p. 53, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 373, Ham. Gr. bisulcata, Conrad, 1838, (Pterinea biHiil- cata,) 1841, (Cypricardites bisulcata,) Ann. Rep. N. Y., p. 116, and Pal, N. Y., vol. 6, pi. 51, figs. 1-16, Ham. Gr. canadensis, Billings, 1874, Pal. Foss., vol. 2, p. 51 , Gaspe sandstone, Up. Sil. catwfUi, Foerste, 1885, Bull. Sci. Lab. Deni- son University, p. 92. Not properly de- fined. t f.HV.— ISO.] LAMELUBRANCHIA TA. 488 Rtgbt valvp. cliemuiiKonBiB, Pitt, 1874, Bui. Buff. Soc. Nat. Hiat., Chemung Gr. circularis, Hall, 1870, Prelim. Notice Lam. Shells, p. 51, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 57, fiKB* 3-6, Ham. and (^hemung Gra. (ommuniB, Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 378, Chemung Gr. (oiiati >cta. Hall, 1870, Prelim. Notice Lam. Sheila, p. 68, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 59, figti. 13-20, Ham. Gr. ciineata, Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 02, figs. 1-9, Ham. Gr. duplicata, Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 380, Chemung Gr. elliptica. Hall, 1870, Prelim. Notice Lam. Shells, p. 53, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 68, flm. 1-12, Chemung Gr. i>recta. Hall, 1870, Prelim. Notice Lam. Shells, p. 52, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 363, Ham. Gr. glabra, Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 369. Chemung Gr. globosa, Hall, 1870, Prelim. Notice Lam Shells, p. 57, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, y. 372, Ham. Gr. hnmiUonermSf syn. for G. bisculcata. hannibslensis, Shumard, 1855, (Allo- risma han- n i b alense,) Geo. 8 u r . Mo., p. 206, C h o t e au and Kinder- hook Grs. lirata. Hall, 1870, Prelim. Notice Lam. Shells, p. 57, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 59, figs. 6-12, Ham. Gr. ma^na, Hall, 1870, Prelim. Notice Lam. Shells, p. 50, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 362, Ham. Gr. minor, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. 8. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 174, Fig. 8.32.— Grararnysla han- Up. Devonian. ntbalensU. Right side nocloco8tata,Hall, ^'®^' 1870,Prelim.NoticeLam.8hell8,p.50,and Pal. N.Y.,vol.5,pl.55, figs. 1-11, Ham. Gr. obsoleta, Hall, 1870, Prelim. Notice Lam, Shells, p. 60, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi 09, figs. 21-27, Ham. Gr. ovata, Hall, 1886, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p 358, Up. Held. Gr. parallela, Hall, 1870, Prelim. Notice Lam Sliells. p. 59, Ham. Gr. plena, Hall, 1885; Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p :iH2, Waverly Gr. priecursor, Hall, 1870, Prelim. Notice Lam Sliells, p. 54, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi 59, fig. 1, Schoharie grit, remota, Billings, 1874, Pal. Fobs., vol. 2, p. 139, Up. Sil. rhoinboidalis, Meek & Worthen, 1865, Pioc. Acad. Nat. 8ci. Phil., p. 248, and (ieo. )3ur. 111., vol. 3, p. 439, Ham. Gr. Fio. Kil.— Grammysia liannl- balensls. Dontal view. rhomboides, Meek, 1871. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 72, and Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 302, Waverly Gr. rustica, Billings, 1874, Pal. Foss., vol. 2, p. 139, Up. Sil. secunda. Hall, 1870, Prelim. Notice Lam. Shells, p. 54, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 59, figs. 2-5, Up. Held. Gr. subarcuata, Hall, 1870, Prelim. Notice Lam. Shells, p. 61, and Pal. N., vol. 5^ pi. Gl, figs. 10-22, Chemung Gr. undata. Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 379, Chemung Gr. ventricosa, Meek, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 73, and Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 303, Waverly Gr. Oryphorhynchus, Meek, 1864, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts. Not. defined. luoNiA, Billings, 1875, Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 8, p. 301. [Ety. proper name.] Ir- regularly ovate, compressed; one ex- tremity larger than the other, with beaks turned toward the larger end ; concave depression from the umbones to the posterior ventral margin; sub- ovate muscular impression in the upper half of the posterior extremity. Type 1. canadensis. canadensis, Billings, 1875, Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 8, p. 301, Corniferous Gr. costulata, Whit- eaves, 1884, Pal. Fobs., vol. 3, p. 15,Guelph Gr. galtensis, Whit- eaves, 1884, Pal. Fobs., vol. 3, p.l5,Guelph Gr. Fio. 833.--Illonla galtensis. sinuata, Hall, 1859, (Anatina sinuata,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 265, Low. Held. Gr. InoceramuB, Sowerby, 1818, Min. Conch., vol. 2. This genus is unknown in Ameri- can Palaeozoic rocks. chemungensis, see Mytilarca chemungensis. mytiUmeris, see Plethomytilus mytilimeris. ovi/ormis, see Plethomytilus oviformis. IscHYRiNiA, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 16. [Ety. ischyros, strong.] Equi'.alve, inequilateral ; two strong ridges radiating from the beak in the interior of each valve. Type I. win- chelli. plicata, Bill- ings, 18 66, Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 52, Anti- costi Gr. winchelli, Bil- lings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 16, Hud. Riv. Gr. Isocardia, Klein, 1753, Tent. Meth. Ostr. [Ety. 1808, like ; kardia, the heart.] This FiQ. 834.— Ischyrinla win- chelli. 484 LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. [tBD.— 1,1.; ia an ezistiog littoral genua that bur- ro wa in the aand. It ia not known in the Palseozoic rocka. (f) curDder; desma, a ligament.] Like Liopteria, except the anterior i-nd is nasute and acute, instead of auricu- late and rounded ; hinge-line narrow, with a slender, lateral tooth posterior to the beak; ligament external; test with concentric atrise. Type L. potens. acutirostrum. Hall, 1884, Pul. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 234, Chemung Gr. agassizi. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 182, Chemunsr Gr. alatum. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 1, p. 218, Chemung Gr. aliforme. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 220, Chemung Gr. arciforme, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 229, Chemung Gr. aviforme. Hall, 1884, P«l. N. Y., vol. 5,pt. 1, p. 224, Chemung Gr. becki. Hall. 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, {). 185, Chemung Gr. lingai. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 192, Cliemung Gr. biton. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 222, Chemung Gr. cadmus. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 201, Chemung Gr. clitus. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 210, Chemung Gr. complanatum, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 227, Chemung Gr. corydon. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 212, Chemung Gr. creon. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 202, Chemung Gr. curvatum. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 196, Up. Chemung Gr. demua, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, t). 203, Chemung Gr. disparile. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 186, Up. Chemung Gr. extenuatum. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 207, Chemung Gr. [led.— r,i;p, vol. 5, pt. 1 , p. I.N.Y., vol.5, N. Y., vol. 5, r L. chemung- , vol. 5, pt. 1 , p. LEP] LAMELLIBRANCHIA TA. 485 Gr Llopteria rnfln- isquli. nuDg Gr. Y., vol. 5, pt.l, . N. Y., vol. 5, Explanations.) na, a ligament] lie anterior end itead of auricu- ge-line narrow, tooth posterior external ; test Type L. potens. PhI. N. Y., vol. I Gr. . Y., vol. 5, pt. . Y., vol. 5, pt. !J. Y., vol. 5, pt. N. Y., vol. 5, N."y.,vo1. 5,pt. y., vol. 5, pt. 1, Y., vol. 5, pt. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1. . Y., vol. 5, pt. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 'al.N.Y.,vol.5, jrr. ^. Y., vol. 5, pt. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, N. Y., vol. 5, ing Gr. Y., vol. 5, pt. , N. Y., vol. 5, ung Gr. ^al. N. Y., vol. 5, Gr. Fio. 837.— Leptodesnia lieoior. FiQ. 838.— Leptodesraa hector. flaccidum, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 225, Chemuni? Gr. hector, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol.S.pt. 1, p. 209, Chemung Gr. jason, Hall, 1884, Hall, Pal. N. Y.,vol. 5, pt. 1, p- 213, Chemung Gr. liopteroides, Simpson, 1889, Diet, of Pa. Fo88., p. 331, Chemung Gr. lepidum. Hall, 1884, Pal. N.Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 195, Chemung Gr. lesleyi, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 223, Up. Chemung Gr. lichas, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5. pt. 1, p. 232, Chemung Gr. Ion g i 8 p i n u m , Hall, 1843, (Avicula lon- git*pina,) <7eo. Rep. 4th Dist. N. Y., p 262, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 179, Chemung Gr. loxias, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 204, Chemung Gr. lysander. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 216, Chemung Gr. maclurii, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 228, Chemung Gr. marcellense, Hall, 1884, Pal. J. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 175, Marcellus Shale, matheri, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 19.3, Cnemung Gr. medon. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 197, Chemung Gr. mentor. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 205, Chemung Gr. mortoni. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 190, Chemung Gr. mytiliforme, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 235, Chemung Gr. navif,)rme. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 200, Chemung Gr. nereus. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y. 1, p. 217, Chemung Gr. orcuf.. Hail, 1884, Pal. N. Y 1, p. 215, Chemung Gr. orodes. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y, 1, p. 206, Up. Chemung Gr. orus, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 219, Chemung Gr. parallela, Simpson, 1889, Diet, of Pa. Fo88., p. 332, Chemung Gr. patulum. Hall, 1C84, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 226, Chemung Gr. pelops, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 214, Up. Chemung Gr. phaon. Hall, 1884 Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 230, Chemung Gr. potena, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt.l, p. 188, Up. Chemung Gr. vol. 6, pt. , vol. 5, pt. , vol. 5, pt. potens var. juvene, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol.5, pt. 1, p. 189, Chemung Gr. propinquum. Hill, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, pt. 1, p. 231, Chemung Gr. protextum, Conrad, 1842, (Avicula pro- texta,) Jour. Arad. Nat. Sci. Phil., vol. 8, p. 238. and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 183, Chemung Gr. quadratum, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 233, Chemunir Gr. robustum. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 181, Chemung Gr. rogersi, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p 176, Ham. Gr. rude, Hall, 1884. Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 221, Chemung Gr. shumardi, Hail, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 180, Chemung Gr. sociale, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 187, Chemung Gr. spinigerum, Conrad, 1842, (Avicula spi- nigera,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., vol. 8, p. 237, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 177, Chemung Gr. stephani, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 194, Up. Chemung Gr. transversum, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U.S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 167, Chemung Gr. truncatum. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 211, Chemung Gr. umbonatum, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol.5, pt. 1, p. 198, Chemung Gr. umbonatum var. depressum. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 199, Che- mung Gr. Lbptodomus, McCoy, 1844, Synopsis Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 66. [ Ety. /ep<08, slender ; domm, house.] Shell thin, short, ob- long, tumid, subequivalve, inequilat- eral ; beaks large, incurved ; anterior side short, obtusely rounded, slightly gaping ; deep ovate lunette between the beaks ; posterior end broad, rounded, gaping, slope compressed, sides sulcated parallel with the ventral margin ; dorsal margin inflected so as to form a lunette as long as the hinge-line ; no hinge teeth ; muscular impressions faint. arata, Hall, 1860, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 5, p. 152, Up. Silurian. 82 Fin. K^g.— Leptodomus canadensis, canadensif, Billings, 1874, Pal. Foss., vol. 2, p. 64, Gaspe limestone No. 8, De- vonian. clavata, Winchell, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 415, Portage Gr. granosus, see Allorisma granosum. 486 LAMELLIBRANCIHA TA. [UM.— I.IN, topekeruis, see Sedgwickia topekensis. undulatus, Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Rep. Geo. 8ur. WiB, p. 81, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 293, Niagara Gr. mainensis, Billings, 1863, Proc. Port. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 118, Low, Held.Gr. pembrokensis, Billings, 1863, Proc. Port. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 118, Low. Held. Gr. percingulatus, Billings, 1863, Proc. Port. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 119, Low Held. Gr. Lima, Bnigueire, 1791, Encycl. Meth. and Deshayes, 1824, Descrip. de Coqnilles fossiles deB environs de Paris. [Ety. lima, a file.l Not a Palaeozoic genus. chesteremis, Worthen, not recognized. glabra, see Crenipecten glaber. nuicroptera, see Limoptera macroptera. oimoleta, see Crenipecten obsoletus. retifera, see Crenipecten retiferus. rugoestriata, see Aviculopecten rugistriatus. Limoptera, Hall, 1870, Prelim. Notice Lam. Shells, p. 15, Up. Held. Gr. [Ety. Lima, a genus ; pteron, a wing.] Large, inequivaive, inequilateral, suoquadrate, alate posterior, auriculate anterior ; ligamental area large, common, longi- tudinally striata; hinge with an ob- lique posterit r tooth and cardinal folds beneath the beak ; anterior impression deep, posterior large, pallial line simple formed of a series of small pits ; inter- pallial area pitted for the attachment of umbonal muscles; test radiated. Tvpe L. pauperata. cancellata, Hall, 1870, Prelim. Notice Lam. Shells, p. 16, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, pt. 1, p. 244, Ham. Gr. curvata, Hall, 1870, Prelim. Notice Lam. Shells, p. 18, and Pal. N. Y., vol 5, pt. 1, p. 250, Ham. Gr. FiQ. 840.— Limoptera macroptera. macroptera, Conrad, 1838, (Lima macrop- tera,) Ann. Rep. N. Y., p. 117, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 246, Ham. Gr. obsoleta, Hall, 1870, Prelim. Notice Lam. Shells, p. 18, and Pal N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 249, Ham. Gr. pauperata. Hall, 1870, Prelim. Notice Lam. Shells, p. 16, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 243, Up. Held. Gr. Barmenticia, Walcott, 1886, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 167, Devonian. LiTHOPHAoA, Lamarck, 1812, Hist. An. sang Vert. [Ety. lithos, stone ; phago, I cut.] Not American Paleeozoic. illinoisensis, Worthen, 1882, Bull. No. i 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 38, Keokuk Gr. Proposed instead of the form identified as L. lingualis of PInlHps. lingtuiliB, Phillips, 1836, (Modiola lin- gualis,) Geol. Yorkshire, vol. 2, j). 209. Not American. pertenuis. Meek & Wortl.en, 1865; Proc Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 245, and < ieo, Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 539, St. Louis Gr. Littorina wheeleri, see Schizodus wheek-ri. Lucina, Bruguiere, 1792, Encyclop. Metli. [Ety. mythological name.] Type L. pennsylvanica. Notan American Pahco- zoic genus. billingsana, see Paracyclas billingsann. ellipHca, see Paracyclas elliptica. elhplica var. occiaenlalis, see Paratydas elliptica var. occidcntalis. hamiltonentis, see Paracyclas hamiltonetLsis. lirata, see Paracyclas lirata. occiderJalit, Billings, 1859, Assiniboine and Saskatchewan Ex. Exped, This name was preoccupied by Morton for an Eocfe e species, see Paracyclas bill- ingsana. ohioenm, see Paracyclas o'lioensis. retuaa, see Paracyclas retusa. varysburgia, see Paracyclas varysbiirj;en- sis. viyomingemis, see Paracyclas wyoniing- ensis. Ltjnulicardium, Munster, 1840, Beitrape zur Petrefaktenkunde, 3d heft, p. 69. [Kty. lunula, a little moon ; Cardium, a fjenus.] Equivalve, inequilateral, subeliiptical, subcircular, or trigonal ; posterior side obliquely truncate, margin often re- flexed and produced; beakH pointed; cardinal line marked by a lunate liiatus ; surface radiated and concentrically marked ; ligament external. acutirostrum, syn. for L. ornatum. Fig. 841.— Lunulloardium cui'tuiii. curtum. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, id. 71, figs. 18-23, Up. Held. Gr. I.VO.— MAC] LAMELLIBRNACHIATA. 487 cyclas Wyoming- una curtuiii Fin. ^-12.— Lunulicar- diiim marcellense. fragile, Hall, 1843, dHpsula fragilis,) (ieo. Rep. 4th Dist. WTY., p. 222, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi, 71, figs. 1-14, Gen- esee Shale, {ragosum. Meek, 1877, (Posidonomya fra- posa,) IJ. S. Geo. Expl. 40th Parallel, vol. 4, p. 92, Carboniferous. marcellense, Van- uxeni, 1842, (Cy- pricardites mar- cellensis,) Geo. Rep. 3d Dist. N. Y., p. 146, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, 81. 71, figs. 15-16. [arcellus Shale, orbiculare. Hall, 1886, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 436, Marcellus Shale, omatuin, Hall, 1843, (Pinnopsis ornata,) Geo. Rep. 4th Dist. N. Y., p. 244, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 437, Portage Gr. rude, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 71, tig. 17, Marcellus Shale, transversum, Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 439, Chemung Gr. Ipmm, Turton, 1822. Not found in Pahfo- zoic rocks. cnncnva, see Sedgwickia concava. Lyhiopectbn, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 3. (Plates and Explanations.) [Ety. lyrion, a lyre ; Pecten, a genus.] Dis- tinguished from Aviculopecten b'' the shorter hinge-line and very small an- ierior wing; surface with strong rays. Type L. magnificus. alternatus, Simpson, 1889, Diet. Fobs. Pa., p. 3(56, and Trans. Am. Phil. So&, p. 446, Chemung Gr. anomiiformis. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 53, Up. Held. Gr. cyrabalon, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 47, Ham. Gr. dardanus. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 41. Up. Held. Gr. fasciatus. Hall, 1884, (Pernopecten fascic- ulatus,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 65, Chemung Gr. interradiatuH, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 44, Hum. Gr. Fig. 843.— Lyrio ..?cten orblculatuH. macrodontus. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 46, Up. Held. Gr. magnificus. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 51, Up. Chemung Gr. orbiculatus. Hall, 1843, (Avicula orbicu- lata,) Geo. Rep. 4th Dist., N. Y., p. 202, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 42, Ham. Gr. parailelodontus. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 40, Up. Held. (ir. polydorus. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol, 5, pt. 1, p. 50, Chemung Gr. pnamus. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 54, Chemung Gr. solox. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 66, Up. Chemung Gr. tricostatus, Vanuxem, 1842, (Avicula tricostata,) Geo. Sur. 3d Dist. N. Y., p. 179, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, pt, 1, p. 48, Chemung Gr. Lyrodesma, Conrad, 1841, Ann. Geo. Rep. N. Y., p. 51. [Ety. ij/m, a harp ; deama, a ligament.] Eijuivalve, inequilateral, semicircular; hinge plate witli 6 to 8 angular, crenulated teeth radiating from beneath the beak upon a more or less rounded platform. Type L. planum. cincinnatiense. Hall, 1871, 24th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus, Nat. Hist., p. 227, Hud. Riv. Gr. planum, Conrad, 1841, Ann. Geo. Rep. p. 51, Hud. Riv. Gr. poststriaturii, Emmons, 1842, (Nucu- lana poststri- ata,)Geo.Rfp. N. Y., p. 399, andPal.N.Y., vol. 1, p. 151, Black Riv. Gr. pulchellum. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 302, Hud. Riv. Gr. Macrodon, Lycett, 1845, Murch. Geo. Chelt. [Ety. macros, long; odous, a tooth.] Shell oblong, very inequilateral, mod- erately tumid, a byssal sinus in the anterior third of the ventral margin anterior edges of the adductor impres- sions prominent ; hinge teeth at the an. terior end few.slightJy oblique or nearly at right angles to the hinge- line be- b^"k' * b ^ ^'"' '^^''--'^lacrodon obsoletus. coming more oblique toward the an- terior end ; posterior part of the hinge- line, from beak to anal angle, occupied by one to three long lateral teeth. carbonarius. Cox, 1857, (Area carbona- riuG,) Geo. Siir. Ky., vol. 3, p. 567, Coal Meas. cheraungensis. Hall, 1870, Prelim. No- tice Lam. Shells, p. 14, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 51, figs. 11-16, Chemung Gr. cochlearis, Wincheli, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 16, Marshall Gr. Prof. Hall suggests that it is a syn. for M. parvus. FiQ. 84t.— Lyrodesma post- striaturii. i ! f I 488 LAMELLHiRANCHIA TA. curtUB, Ilartt, 181.— Modlolopsts capux. concentrica. Hall & Whitfield, 1872, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 86, Hud. Riv. Gr. curta. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 297, Hud. Riv. Gr. dicteus. Hall, 1867, 20th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 385, Niagara Gr. (?) dubia. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 264, Low. Held. Gr. exilis, Billings, 1874, Pal. Foss., vol. 2, p. 132, Up. sn. faba, Emmons, 1842, Gef). Rep. 2d Dist. N. Y., p. 395, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. Black Riv., Trenton, and Hud. Gra. faberi, n. sp. Shell elon- gate, nearly twice as long as high ; be- low the aver- age size of species in this genus; broadest be- hind the middle, and much contracted in front of the beaks ; hinge-line nearly straight from the anterior end to the middle ; it then becomes arcuate to near the posterior end, which is abruptly rounded ; basal line slightly sinuate at the anterior third from the cincture, di- rected downward and backward from the anterior part of the umbo ; beaks Pig. 852.— Modiolopsls faberi Jjeft valve. Strong, pro hinge-lineV^ and gradu-" ally defin- ing towsrd the postero- basal line; anterior muscular impression Fio. Nr)3.— Mo^'^r^ teriorly, rounded in front, subuquivalvc, both valvt'B convex; pOBterior ^u,^ slender, produced, anterior one rib^.litc or drawn back between the b«Hk\ in „ deep lunule; no bysral emajKinaiidn, but a little gaping in the lunule: um. cular impreeslons faint; cardinal iinu narrow, with few longitudinal caiiiliiuc furrows; hinge edentulous. Type M. longippina. auricula, Stevens, 1858, (Gervillin iiuric- ula,) Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, I'd str. vol. 26, I). 266, Coal Meas. gibbosa. Meek & Worthen, 1866, Proc. Chi. Acad. Hci., p. 20, Coal Meas. longispina. Cox, 1857, (Gerviliia longispi n a,) Geo. Sur. Ky., vol. 3, p. 668, Fio. WW.-Monopici ill Coal Meas. gibbosa. marian. White, 1874. Rep. Invert. Iosh,, p. 22, and Geo. Sur. W. 100th Mer„ vol. 4, p. 151, Carboniferous. MoNOTis, Bronn, 1824, System Urweltlichir Konchvlien. [Ety. monos, one ; om, oto, ear.] Obliquely oval, compressed, ra- diated; anterior side short, rounded; posterior slighty eared. Type M. na- linaria. elevata, see Panenka elevata. gregaria, Meek & Worthen, 1870, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 38, and Geo Sur, HI., vol. 5, p. 573, Coal halli, Swallow, 1858, Trans, St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 185, Permian Gr. hawni. see Pseudomonotis hawni. pouhani, see Panenka poulsoni. princeps, see Aviculopecten princeps. radialis, Phillips, 1834, (Pecten radialis,) see Pcseudomonotis radialis. radians, see Panenka radians. septentrionalis, Haughton, 1857, Jour. Roy. Dub. Soc, vol. 1, (?) Gr. apeluncaria, Schlotheim, 1816, Denkschrif- ten d. k. Ac. d. Wiss. zu Munclien, p. 30, (Gryphites speluncarius,) rerniian Gr. Prooably not American. variabilis, Swallow, 1868, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 187, Permian (ir, Myalina, DeKoninck, 1844, Desc. Aiiim. Fobs. Carb. Belg., p. 125. [Ety. Mya, a genus of shells; inus, like.] Subrluim- boidal, inequilateral, inequivalve, ob- lique, slightly sinuous in front iar tlie passage of the byssus; beaks pointecl, nearly terminal ; surface smootl. or eon- centrically marked; hinge edentulous; ligamental area broad and furrowed parallel to the hinge-line; muscular and pallial impressions apparently as in Fleria; shell structure prismatic. Type M. lamellosa- Fia. 859.— Mo- u o 1 1 M gre- Kuriu. MVT.] l.AMEI.l.IBRANCHIATA. 40K Hngulata, Meek k Worthen, 18(10, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. IMill., p. 455, ami lieo. 8ur. III., vol. 2, p. 300, KaskuHkia Ur. upachesi, Marcoii, 1858, Geol. Worth Amerieai p*44, SuboarhoniferouH. iivlculoid«'H, Mi-ok & llajrden, 1H60, Proc. Acad. Nat. 8ci. Phil., p. 184, and Pal. Up. Mo., p. 51, Permian Gr. iiiiailoide$, Wiochell, nee M, rara. concava, P", hIIow, 1858, (Mytilus con- cavua,) Tra la. St. Louis Acad. Sci,, vol. 1, p. 188, Pe.tnian Or. conccntrioa, Meek & Wortlien, 18(i0, Proc. Acuri- striata. Xaiadiles, Dawson, 1860, Acad. Geul., but not defined. The name was used for a genus of plants by Buckman in 1S43. The fossils were defined by Salter in 1861, under the name of Anthraconiya. angutctus, see Anthracomya angulata. arenaceus, see A. arenacca. carbonarius, see A. carbonaria. elongatus, see A. elongata. torn, see A. lii'vis. obtusus, see A. obtusa. ovalis, see A. ovalis. NucuLA, Lamarck, 1801, Syst. An. sans Vert., p. 87. [Ety. nucuta, a little nut.] Equivalve, inequilateral oval, or oblong NUC] LAMELLIBRANCHIA TA. 495 ens. Left viilvi-. >rGeceden!s. Fig. 865— Nucula eobboldlee. closed all round, without external liga- mentary facets; beak directed back- ward ; cartilage internil, placed in a pit under the beak ; teeth numerous, very long. Type N. nucleus. aiiodontoides, Meek, 1871, Reg. Rep. Uni- versity W. Va., Coal Meas. (irato, see Nuculana arata. beUatula, Hall, 1843, syn. for N. belli- striata. bcllistriata, Conrad, 1841, (Nuculites bellistriatus,) Ann. Rep. N. Y., p. 40, and Geo. Rep. 4th Dist. N. Y., p. 197, Ham. Gr. hiijrichia, Schlotheim, as identified by Geinitz. See Nucula parva. corbullformis. Hall, 1870, Prelim. Notice Lam. Shells, p. 2, and Pal. N. Y., vol, 5, nl. 46, figs. 24-37, Ham. and Che- mung Grs. cylindricM, syn. for Cardiomorpha mis- sonriensis. diflidens. Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 322, Chemung Gr. donaciformis, see Tellin- omva donaciformis. globularis, Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 322, Chemung Gr. fabula, see Clidophorus fabula. hians. Hall, 1860, 13th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 110, Klnderhook Gr. houghtoni, see Tellinomya houghtoni. hubbardi, Winchell, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,p. 417, Marshall Gr. Syn. for Nuculites sulcatinus. illinoisensis, Worthen, 1884, Bull. No. 2, 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 15, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 128, St. Louis Gr. inauluris, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. (ieo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 241, Carbonifer- ous. iowensis, White & Whitfield, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 298. Syn. for Tellinomya houghtoni. kazanensis, as identified by Geinitz is Nu- culana bellistriata. lamellata. Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, ol. 51, figs. 18-20, Ham. Gr. levalo., see Tellinomya levata. levatiformis, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 241, Carbonifer- ous. liueata, see Tellinomya lineata. lineolata. Hall, 1843, Geo. Rep. 4th Dist. N. Y.. p. 246, Portage Gr. iirata, wonrad, 1842, (Nuculites liratus,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 250, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 45, figs. 17-27, Ham. Gr. machxriformia, see Tellinomya machferi- formis. mactriformia, see Tellinomya mactriformis. mercerenm, syn. for Cardiomorpha mis- Houriensigi. microdonta, Winchell, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 16, Marshall Gr. minima, Foerste, 1885, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., p. 93. Not properly defined minuta, Owen, 1840, Rep. on Min. Lands, Devonian. The name was preoccupied by De France in 1825. nasuta, see Nuculana nasuta. neda. Hall & Whitfield, 1872, 24th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 191, Up. Held. Gr. niotica. Hall & Whitfield, 1872, 24th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 190, Ham. Gr. obliqua, see Pala'oconcha obliqua. oblonga, Hall, syn. for Nuculites oblon- gatus. obsokta, McChesney, 1860, Pal. Foss., p. 89, Coal Meas. Not recognized, parva, McChesney, 1860, New Pal. Foss., p. 54, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 589, Coal Meas. perumbonata, White, 1879, Bull. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 5, No. 2, p. 217, and Cont. to Pal., No. 6, p. 136, Carbonif- erous. poststriata, see Lvrodesma poststriatum. randalli. Hall, 1870, Prelim. Notice Lam. Shells, p. 3, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 45, figs. 5-16, Ham. and Ohemung Grs. rectangula, McChesnev, 1860, Desc. New Pal. Foss., p. 74, Ham. Gr. rescuensis, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 172, Devonian, sectoralis. Winchell, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 418, Marshall Gr. shumardana^ Hall, 1858, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 16, and Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 57, Warsaw Gr. Stella, see Tellinomya Stella, subelliptica. Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 45, fig. 28, Ham. Gr. umbonata. Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pl.47, ligs. 51 and 52, Che- .,o^«!!!,f win 1870 Fig. 868.-Nuculu ventrl- varicosa. Hall, .18/0, cosa. Prelim. Notice Lam. Shells, p. 2, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 46, figs. 12-23, Ham. (ir. ventricosa. Hall, 1858, Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 716, Coal Meas. Nuculana, Link, 1807, Rost. Samml., vol. 3, p. 155. [Ety. like a shell of the genus Nucula.] Equivalve, inequilateral, pro- duced behind; beaks sometimes di- rected posteriorly ; lunule often present ; rounded in front ; post-umbonal slope defined ; surface concentrically lined; hinge with a line of small teeth inter- rupted by a triangular cartilage pit be- neath the beak; muscular impressions two, small ; pallial line, simple, or slightly sinuous. Type N. emargin- ata. arata, Hall, 1852, (Nucula arata,) Stansh. Exped. to Qt. Salt Lake, p. 413, Coal Meas. I I 496 LAMELLIBRANCHIA TA. [nuc, - NVA. Kio. 867.— Nuciilana belli- striuta. Left valve. bellistriata, Stevens, 1858. (Leda belli- etriata,) Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 25, p. 261, and Geo. Sur. Iowa, p. 717, Coal Meas. bellistriata var. at- tenuata, Meek, 1872, Pal. E. Neb., p. 206, Coal Meas. brevirostris, Hall, 1870, (Leda (?) brevirost ris,) Prelim. Notice Lam. Shells, p. 6, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pis. 38, 39, Ham. T.r. curta. Meek, 1861, ( Leda curta, ) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 144, and Geo. Sur. 111., ;vol. 2, pio, 8ti8.-Nuculana belll- p. 283, ist. Louis striata. CarUiual view. (Jr. densmamillata, Stevens, 1858, (Leda densmamillata,) Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 25, p. 261, Marshall Gr. diversa, Hail, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 47, figs. 31-37, Uam. Gr. nasuta, Hall, 1858, (Nucula nasuta,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 17, and Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 57, War- saw Gr. nuculiform's, see Palseoneilo nuculiformis. obesa, White, 1879, Bull. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 5, No. 2, p. 216, and Cont. to Pal., No. 6, p. I.'i6, Carboniferous. ohioemis, Hall, syn. for N. pandoriformis. obscura, Hall, 1885, (Leda obscura,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 331, Ham. Gr. pandoriformis, Stevens, 1858, (Leda pan- doriformis,) Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 25, p. 261,Waverly Gr. perstriata, Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 47, figs. 42-44, syn. for N. rostellata. rostellata, Conrad, 1841, (Nuculites rostel- latus,) Ann. Rep. Geo. N. Y., p. 50, Ham. Gr. saccata, Winchell, 1863, (Leda saccata,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 16, Mar- shall Gr. vaseyana, McChesney, 1860, (Nuculites vaseyanus,) Desc. New. Pal., Foss., p. 73, Ham. Gr. Nuculites, Conrad,- 1841, Ann. Geo. Rep. N. Y., p. 49. [Ety. Nucula, a genus of shells.] Equivalve, inequilateral, .transverse ; anterior end rounded ; posterior truncate or pointed ; beak, anterior ; cardinal line arcuate ; post- umbonal slope rounded or angular; surface concentrically lined,' hinge with a row of transverse narrow teeth from the anterior to the posterior mus- cular scar; ligament external; anterior scar deep and separated from the cavity of the shell by a clavicle ; posterior scht elongate ; pallial line simple. Type N. oblongatus. altus, Conrad, 1842, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 261, Devonian. appreasus, see Cytherodon appressus. belUstriatu8, see Nucula bellistriata. carinatus, Hall, 1860, Can. Nat. and (mmI vol. 5, p. 151, Up. Sil. chemungensis, see Cytherodon cherimn^- ensis. concentricus, Conrad, 1842, Jour. A', Ham. Gr. planulatus, see Clidophorus planulatiiH. poststriatus, see Lyrodesma poststriHtuni. radiatus, see Pholadella radiata. roatellatus, see Nuculana ro «tellata. sciiula, syn. for Clidophorus planulatus. aubemarginatus, see Tellinopsis, subemargi- nata. sulcatinuB, Conrad, 1842, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 250, Marshall Gr. triangularis, Hall & Whitfield, 1877, U. S. Geo. Expl., 40th parallel, vol. 4, p. L'4H, Devonian, triqueter, Conrad, 1841, Ann. Rep. N. Y., p. 50, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 47, fiK8. 17-24, Ham. Gr. vaseyanug, see Nuculana vaseyana. yoldiiformis, Ulrich, 1879, Jour. Cin. Snc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 24, Had. Riv. ('-r. It is not a Nuculites. Nyassa, Hall, 1870, Prelim. Notice Lum, Shells, but defined by Whitfield, 1882, Ann. N. Y., Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. -'44. [Ety. mythological name.] Shell bi- valve, very oblique and transvepely ovate in form ; posterior hinge plate Fig. 870.— Nuculites oblon- gatus. Cast of Interior of right valve, showing mus- cular scars and pallial Hue. [nuc. :^VA. OP I. — ORT.] LAMELLIBRANCHIA TA. 497 sellistriata. n. Nat. and (■'■m)., rodon clieimiri),;- 842, Jour. A(ii(l. 1, Coal M('a«. constrieta. 841, Ann. Ilcp. N. Y., vol. ft, pi. r. ilo emarginata. >a. )8a. 8 inflatUH. , Ann. (ieo. k<]). — NucullteH oiiidh Interior or larg.- lert 1842, Jour. Acad. II, Ham. Gr. nyssa. Hall, ISTO, Prelim. Notuv Lam. Hliells, p. 5, and" Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 47, figB. 2.-) :iO, Ham. (ir. oblongus, aci'. Cii- dophorus ob- longus. oblongatuH, ( 'on- Rep. N. Y., p. 50 i, pi. 47, figs. 1-12, ru8 planulatus. na poBtstriatuiii. radiata. roAtellata. orus planulatus. lopsis, Bubemargi- !, Jour. Acad. Nat. irHhall Gr. illield, 1877, U. S. llel, vol. 4, p. 248, Ann. llep. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 47, ti^H vaseyana. 7\), Jour. Cin. Soc. 24, Hud. Riv. t valve. Prelim. Notice Lam. Shells, p. 8, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 49, figs. 25-32, Ham. Gr. nuculiformis, Stevens, 1858, (Leda nucu- liformis,) Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 2d ser., vol. 25, p. 262, Waverlv Gr. parallela. Hall & Whitfield, 1870, 23d Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat, Hist., p. 241, Wa- verly (Jr. perplana. Hall, 1870, Prelim. Notice Lam. Shells, p. 12, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 50, figs. 15-22, Ham. Gr. plana, Hall, 1870, Prelim. Notice Lam. Shells, p. 7, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 48. figs. 21-28, Ham. Gr. similis, Whitfield, 1882, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 2. p. 217, Erie shale. Por- tage (?) Gr. tenuistriata. Hall, 1870, Prelim. Notice Lam. Shells, p. 9, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 49, fit!S. 1-12, Ham. Gr. truncata, Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 50, figs. 40-41, Chenuing Gr. virginiea. Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 340, Ham. Gr. Pal.eopinna, Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 4. (Plates and Explanations.) Fig. SSI.— FalBBonello constricta. Left valve enlarged, .sbowing civnulatlons of hinge-Une. .lour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. S, p. 249, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 48, figs. 1-15, Chemung (Jr. constricta var. flexuosa. Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 48, figs. 16-20, Ham. (Jr. dubia. Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 348, Up. Held. Gr. elongata. Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 48, fig. 39, Chemung (Jr. ernarginata, Conrad, 1841, (Nuculites emarainata,) Ann. Rep. N. Y., p. 50, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 337, Ham. CJr. Fig. 88;^.— Palffiopinna llabellum. [Ety. po/rttos, ancient ; Pinna, a genus.] Shells large, gaping in front; binge-line straight, ligamental area narrow, lon- gitudinal groove and slight oblique furrow extending backward from the beak; beak anterior, terminal, directed forward ; test more convex, and with finer rays than on the ordinary Pinna, and also finely marked with concen- tric stria' of growth. Type P. fiabellum. i : 1 ■• V 600 LAMELLIBRANCHIA TA [pan.— I■^R. flabellum, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y,, vol. 5, pi. 1 , p. 240, Oriskany Gr. recurva, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 241, Up. Held. Gr. PALiEOSOLEN, Hall, 1886, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 46. [Ety. palaiog, ancient; SoUn, a genus.] Shell iin form like Sjlen; dor- g-xl and ventral margins subparallel; anterior end sliort, rounded ; poste- rior end elongate, truncate; gaping; beaks small, appressed ; cardinal line Btraigbt; umbonal slope prominent; surface concentrically marked. Type P. siliquoideus. siliquoideus, Hall, 1870, (Orthonota sili- quoidea,) Prelim, Not. Lam. Shells, p. 89, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 483, Ham. (ir. Panenka, Barrande, 1881, Syst. Sil. d. 1. Boheme, vol. 6, p. 128. Equivalve, in- equilateral, elliptical or Hubcircular. beaks prominent, incurved ; cardinal line straight or arcuate ; test thin ; sur- face concentrically lined, abrupta. Hall, 1885, Pal, N. Y., vol. 5, p. 423, Ham, Gr. alternata. Hall, 1885, Pal, N. Y., vol. 5, p. 416, Up. Held. Gr. costata, Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p, 419, Marcellus Shale, degener. Hall, 1885, Pal. N, Y,, vol. 5, p. 424, Ham. Gr. dichotoma, Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 416, Schoharie grit. elevata, Conrad, 1848, (Monotis elevata,) Pioc, Acad, Na^, Sci., vol. 3, p, 23, Che- mung Gr, equilatera. Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y,, vol. 5, p, 419, Marcellus Shale. hero. Hall, 1885, Pal, N, Y,, vol, 5, p. 418, Marcellus Shale. lincklaeni. Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol, 5, p. 420, Marcellus Shale. mollis. Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 420, Marcellus Shale. multiradiata. Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 417, Up. Held. Gr, potens. Hall, 1885, Pal, N, Y., vol. 5, p, 422, Ham, Gr. poulsoni, Conrad, 1848, (Monotis poul- soni.) Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci,, vol, 3, p. 23, Cliemung Gr. radians, Conrad, 1842, (Pterinea radians,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 252, and Pal. N. Y.. vol. 5. p. 422, Ham. Gr. retusa. Hall. 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 421, Ham. Gr. robusta. Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p, 424, Portage Gr, spei-iosa. Hall, 1843,(Avicula speciosa, ) Geo. Rep. 4th Dist, N. Y., Fio. 884 — Panenka speciosa. p. 243, Portage Gr, ventricosa, Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol, 6, p, 417, Marcellus Shale. Panopma, Menard de la Groye, 1807, Ann. au Mus, 9, [Ety, mytholoii|ical naini-.i cooperi, see Chajnomya cooperi, Paracardium, Barrande, 1881, Syst. -il. de la Boheme, vol, 6, p. 137, [\\\\', paraj allied to; Cardium, a gemis,] Equivalve, inequilateral, subclrculni (ip subelliptical ; posterior side subtnin. cate; surface marked with fine ndij and concentric striee; the margin nf a small cardinal area under the beaks is crenulated. doris. Hall, 1885, (Cardiola doris,) i'al N. Y., vol. 5, D. 428, Portage Gr. Pakakca, Hall, 1885, Pal. N, Y,, vol. 5, ].. 'M, [Ety. para, allied to; Area, a gemis,] Equivalve, inequilateral, transversely subelliptical or rhomboidal; anterior end short, rounded ; cardinal line ahuut half the length of the valves, archini; at the beaks; surface marked by laijii and concentric strife; hinge narrow, with a series of minute crenulations. Type P, venusta, erecta, Hall, 1885, (Cardiola erecto,) I'al. N, Y., vol. 5, p. 432, Waverly Gr. neglecta. Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol o, p. 432, Waverly Gr. prfficedens. Hall, 1885, Pal, N, Y., vol. 5, p, 429, Up. Held. Gr. sao, Hall, 1885, (Cardiola sao,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 430, Chemung Gr. transversa, Hnll, 1885, (Cardiola trans- versa,) Pal. N, Y,, vol, 5, p, 429, Che- mung Gr. venusta, Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y,, vol. 5, p. 431, Chemung Gr, Paracyclas, Hall, 18to, Geo. Rep. 4tli Dist. N. Y., p. 171, [Ety, para, allied to; Cyclas, a genus,] Equivalve, subequiiat- eral, suborbicular or subelliptical ; ante- rior end regularly rounded; posterior end rounded or subtruncate, more produced than the anterior; beaks small and low; hinge-line short, post-cardinal slope sometimes subalata; surface marked concentrically ; li),ament supported in- ternally on each side by a narrow plate, which leaves in the cast two di- verging grooves directed forward from the beak ; muscular impression on the poM-umbunal slope; pallial line a little within tlie margin of the shell. Type P, ellipiica. billingsana, S. A, Miller, 1883, 2d Ed. Am. Pal. Fobs., p. 311, Devonian. Proposed instead of Lucina occidentalis, Billings, 1859, Assiniboine and Sas, Ex. Exped,, p, 187, figs, b and (;, which name was preoccupied, chemungensis. Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 443, Chemung Gr. elevata. Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. ft, pi. 72, figs. .37 to 41, Schoharie grit. elliptica, Hall, 1843, Geo. Rep. 4th Dist, N. Y., p. 171, and Pal. N. Y,, vol. 5, pi. 72, figs. 23-30, Cornif. Gr, elliptica var, occidentalis, Hall & Whit- field, 1872, 24th Rep, N, Y, Mus, Nat. PEC— PER.] LAMELUBRANCHIA TA. 501 Hist., p. 189, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 72, figa. 31-33, Up. Held. Gr. Pal. N. Y., vul. I), 1. N. Y., vol. 5, p. r, 1883, 2d Ed. Am. vonian. Proposed icidentalis, Billings, d Sas. Ex. Expeii., , which name was 585, Pal. N. Y., vol. 'i.'n. Y., vol. 5, pi. loharie grit, reo. R»J)- 4th Dist. il. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. alir Hall & Whit- N. Y. Mus. Nat. Fio. 885.— Paracyclas elllptlca var. occidentallH. erecta, Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 445, Chemung Gr. fissa, Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 72, figs. 35, 36, Schoharie grit, hamiltonensis, WinchelT, 1866, (Lucina hamiltonensis,) Rep. Low. Pen. Mich., p. 95, Ham. Gr. ignota, Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 72, fig. 34, Chemung Gr. lirata, Conrad, 1838, (Posidonia lirata,) Ann. Rep. N. Y., p. 116, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 72, figs. 1-19, Corniferous Gr. ohioensis, Meek, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 62, and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 248, Cornif. Gr. Fio. 88B. -Paracyclas peroccidens. Hall & ouioensls. Whitfield, 1877, U. 8. Geo. Expl. 40th |Parallel, vol. 4, p. 248, Devonian, retusa, Hall, 1843, (lucina ? retusa,) Geo. Rep. 4th. Dist. N Y., p. 246, Por- tage Gr. rotunda. Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 444, Chemung Gr. Babini, White, 1876, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 31, Chemung Gr. tenuis. Hall, 1883, Pal.. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 72, figs. 20-22, Ham. Gr. varysburgensis, Williams, 1887, (Lucina varysburgia,) Bull. 41, U. S. Geo. Sur., Portage Gr. Fio. 887.— Pernopecten avlculatus. wyomingensis, Williams, 1887, Bull. 41, U. S. Geo. Sur., Portage Gr. Pecten, Mueller, 1776. This genus is un- known in the Palseozoic rocks. miiiaXalm, see Aviculopecten acutialatus. armi^ertM, see A. armigerus. avkulatua, see Pernopecten aviculatus. broadheaai, syn. for Aviculopecten car- boniferus. cancellatus, see Aviculopecten cancellatus. carboniferus, see A. carbon if erus. clevelandieug. see A. clevelandicus. coloradoensk, see A. coloradoensis. convexun, see A. convex us. crenulalm, see Crenipecten crenulatus. . dolabriformis, see Aviculopecten dolabri- formis. duplicalns, see A. duplicatus. hallianm, D'Orbigny, 1847, syn. for Avi- culopecten cancellatus. haUi, see A. halli. haivni, Geinitz. 1866, Garb, und Dyas, p. 36, syn. for A. carboniferus. missourwrais, see A. raissouriensis. neglectus, see Euchondria neglecta. occidentalis, see A. occidentalis. providencensk, see A. providencenais. radialif, see Pseudomonotis radialis. ringens, see Aviculopecten ringens. striatum, see A. striatus. tenuilinealtis, see Streblopteria tenuilineata. utahemis, see Aviculopecten utahensis. Pemachactas, Castelnau, 1843, Syst. Sil., p. 44. Not recognized. FlQ. 889. —Perno- pecten limlfor- mis. Fig. 888.— Pernopecten ItmiformiB. Hinge-line. Pernopecten, Winchell. 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 125. [Ety. from the shells Perna and Pee- ten.] Shell like Pecten hinge with a central cartilage pit and a crenulated hinge plate on each side below the hinge margin. Type P. limiformis. aviculatus, Swallow 1858, (Pecten avicu- luB,) Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., p. 213, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 5, p. 588, Coal Meas cooperensis, Shu- mard, 1885, (Avic- ula cooperensis,) Geo. Rep. Mo., p. 206, Waverly or Choteau Gr. r fasciculatus, see Ly- v\ riopecten fasciatus. t^v limiformis. White & '•■ Whitfield, 1862, (Aviculopecten li-_,„ „^ _ maformis ) Proc ^^° 890.-Pernopecten maiormiB,; \rou sliumardanus. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, vol. 8, p. 295, Marshall Gr. limatus, Winchell, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 126, Marshall Gr. i-l \ t I I !.- .1 1 ■1 i 33 602 LAMELLIBRANCHIA TA. [PHO.— pr.A. ! sbunoardanuB, Winchell, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.jp. 126, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 453, Kinderhook CJr. Pholadella, Hall, 1870, Prelim. Notice Lam. Sliollp, p. 63. [Ety. diminutive of the recent genus Pholas.'] Equivalve, elongated; valves inlinted; beaks an- terior, ii.curved ; basal r argin con- stricted ; escutcheon and luiiule; sur- face ribbed. Type P. newberryi. constricta, Hall, 1883. Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 78, figs. 26-27, Ham. Gr. cuneata, see Promacrus cuneatus. decussata, Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 78, fig. 28, syn. for Promacrus cun- eatus. newberryi. Hall, 1870, Prelim. Notice I^m. Shells, p. 65, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 78, fig. 25, Waverly Gr. Fia. 891.— Pliolauella newberryi. omata, Hall, 1870, Prelim. Notice Lam. Shells, p. 64, syn. for P. radiata. parallela. Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 78, figs. 22-24, Ham. Gr. radiata, Conrad, 1842, (Nuculitesradiatus,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 248, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 78, figs. 15-21, Ham. Gr. truncata, Hall, 1870, Prelim. Notice Lam. Shells, p. 64, syn. for P. radiata. Pholadomya elongata, see Allorisma elonga- tum. Phthonia, Hall, 1870, Prelim. Notice Lam. Shells, p. 70. Equivalve, elongate-ovate, wider posteriorly ; beaks obscure ; sur- face radiated and concentrically marked ; no teeth ; ligament external. Type P. 86ctifron8< cylindrica. Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 78, figs. 1-4. Ham. Gr. lirat», Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 78, fig. 14, Ham. Gr. nitida. Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 477, Chemung Gr. nodocostata. Hall, 1870, Prelim. Notice Lam. Shells, p. 71, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 78, figs. 5-9, Ham. Gr. Via. 892.— Plithonia sectlfrons. Left valve. sectifrons, Conrad, 1842, (Cypricardites sectlfrons,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 245, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 78, figs. 10-13, Ham. Gr. trutcata. Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 4'.'6, Chemung Gr. Pinna, Linnteus, 1758, Syst. Nat. 10th Ivl. [Ety. pinna, a wing.] Shell long, tri- angular equivalve ; beaks terminal, pointed; posterior end broad, tniu- cate, gaping; a subtrigonal, posterior muscular impression, 'ond a i-niull reiii- form one at the beaks; cartilage 1( ni.', narrow, internal, supported by a Hltii. der lidge close witliin the cardinul edges; no teeth; shell of one internal laminated layer, and an external ver- tically fibrous layer. Type P. F(|iia- mosa. A living genus that sometiinua attains a length of two feet, and ran<,'(>H from low water to sixty fathomw. It moves vertically, partly buiitd in sand, with knife-like edges erect. Tiie byssuB has been mixed with silk, simn and knit into gloves. adamsi, syn, for Pinna peracuta, consimilis, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. .S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 230, Subcarbon- irerous. hinrichsana, White & St. John, 1808, Trans. Chi. Acad. Sci., p. 122, St. Louis Gr. inexpectans, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 235, Subcarbon- iferous. ludlovi, Whitfield, 1876. in Ludlow's Ciir- roll to Yellowstone Park, p. 143, Coal Meas. i^'-"^ marshallensis, Winchell, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 120, Marshall Gr. h'la. 803.— Pinna squaniot-a. maxvillensis, Whitfield, 1882, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 221, Kaskaskiii (Jr. missouriensis. Swallow, 1863, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 97, Kuskas- kia Gr. peracutii, Shumard, 1858, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 214, and Pal. E. Neb., p. 198, Coul Meas. stludovici, Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur, 111,, vol. 7, p. 326, St. Louis Gr. subnpatulata, Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 6, p. 524, Warsaw Gr. Finnopaia, syn. lor Lunulicardium. acutirostra, syn. Lunulicardium ornatuin. omatm, see Lunulicardium ornatum, Placunopaig, Morris &Lycett, 1853, Monogr. Fogs. Great Oolite. [Ety. 1'lacu.na, a genus; opm, resemblance.] Suborb- icular, upper valve convex, radiately striated or taking the form of the Kur- face to which it adheres; lower valve flat; ligamental groove subniarginal; muscular impression subcentral. Type P. jurensis. Not a PaUeozoic geuuH. PI,!?.] LAMELUBRANCHIA TA. A08 N. Y., vol. 5, p. uiiinoi^u. Species are left here for want of ma- Mt\9\ to determine tlieir generic rela- tions. carbonaria, Meek & Wortlien, 18 66, Proc. Clii. Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 13, Up. Coal Meas. recti('ardinaliH,Meek, 1875, Oliio Pal., vol. 2, p. 331, Coal iMeas. Fio. Hffl.— PlacuiiopNls Plktiiomytii.i's, Hall, rictlcnraiiuills. In- 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 4. (Plates and Kx- planations.) (Ety. pktho, to be full; Mytiluf, a genus J Mytiloid, gibbous; ligauientid area finely striated ; no car- dinal teeth ; lateral teeth small, oblique; test, with concentric striie; differs from Mytilacra in its true hinge-line and the absence of teeth. Type P. ponderosus. tci'iial cast of left valve. Fia. 895.— Pleihoinytilus ponderosus. aronaceus. Hall, 1870, (Mytilarca arena- cea,) Prelim. Notice Lam. Shells, p. 20, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 253, Kohoharie grit, knappi, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 250, Ham. Gr. mytilimeris, Conrad, 1842, (Inoceramus mytilimeris,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 246, Low. Held. Gr. oviformis, Conrad, 1842, (Inoceramus oviformis,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 240, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 255, Ham. Gr. ponderosus. Hall, 1870, (Mytilarca pon- derosa.) Prelim. Notice Lam. Shells, p. 21, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 254, Up. Held. Gr. Pleuroimiokub, King, 1844, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 14, p. 313. [pjty. pleuron, a rib; phoros, bearing.] Inequilateral, longitudinally oblong or subovate; two cardinal teeth in each valve, alternately interlocking and divergent; one pos- terior Inleral tooth in each valve, the receiving tooth in the left valve; an- terior adductor scar deep, and bounded posteriorly by a ridge ; pallial line sim- ple. Type P. costal us. angulatus, Meek & Worthen, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 247, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 6, p. 529, Coal Meas. calhouni. Meek & Hayden, 1858, (Ed- monia calhouni,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 80, and Pal. Up. Mo., p. 62, Per- mian Gr. chesterensis, Worthen, 1884, Bull. No. 2, 111. St. Mus. Ni;t. Hist., p. 16, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 123, Kaskaskia Gr. costatiformis, Meek & Worthen, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 247, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 535, Keokuk Gr, meeki, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 246, Carboniferous. minimus, Worthen, 1884, Bull. No. 2, 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., i>. 17, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 8, p. 124, St. Louis Gr. monroensis, Worthen, 1884, Bull. No. 2, 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 17, and Geo. Sur, 111., vol. 8, p. 125, St. Louis Gr, oblongup. Meek, 1872, Pal, E, Neb., p,212, Coal Meas, occidentalis, Meek&Havden, 1862, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol, 4, p. '80, and Pal, Up. Mo., p. 35jCoalMeas. pallasi, as laentified by Geinitz, is P. oblongus. permianus. Swallow, 1858, Trans. St. / Louis Acad. Sci., ( vol. 1, p. 192, Per- \ mian Gr. ^ quadrico8tatus,Daw- „ „„„ „, son 18(58 Arad ^'**^**'*''-^'*^"''''P*»<"""s son, 1B08, Acau. costatlfonnfc. Geo., p. 304, Car- boniferous. timplus, as identified by Geinitz, is P. subcuneatus. subcostatus. Meek & Worthen, 1865, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 246, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 347, Up. Coal Meas, subcuneatus, Meek & Hayden, 1858, Trans, Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 81, and Pal. Up. Mo., p. 61, Permian Gr. (?) subellipticus. Meek, 1867, Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 44, p. 181, and Pal. E. Neb., p. 211, Coal Meas, tropidophorus. Meek, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 338, Coal Meas, 1 I ■f ■■; 504 LAMELLIBRANCHIA TA. [PI,K.— PRO. Plmrorhynchm, FhillipB, syn. for Conocar- diurn. antiquum, see Conocardium antiquum. attenualum, see Conocardium attenuatum. cramfrom, see Conocardium craasifrons. cunew, see Conocardium cuneua. trigonale, Hall, see Conocardium subtrig- onale. vomer, aee Conocardium vomer. Posidonia, Bronn, aee Poaidonomya. alata, see Posidonomya alata. alveata, see Gramrnysia alveata. arcuata, see Grammysia arciiata. clathrata, see Poaidonomya clathrata. distans, see Poaidonomya distans. lirata, aee Paracydas lirata. moorei, see Posidonomya moorii. perstriata, see Posidonomya peratriata. PoaiDoxoMYA, Bronn, 1837, Leth. Geogn. [Ely. Poseidon, a mythological name; Mya, a genua.] Shell thin, obliquely oval, aubtruncate at one end, equivalve, compresaed, concentrically furrowed, hinge-lino abort and straigbt, edentu- lous. Type P. becheri. alata. Hall, 1843, (Posidonia (?) alata.) Geo. 4th Diet. N. Y., p. 72, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 87, Clinton Gr. ambigua, Winchell, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 10, Marshall Gr. clathrata, Lea, 1853, (Posi- donia clathrata,^ Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., 2d scr., vol. 2, p. 205, Coal Meas. devonica, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur. vol. 8, p. 179, Devonian, distans. Lea, 1853, (Poaidonia diatans,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., 2d aer., vol. 2, p. 205, Coal Meaa. fracta, Meek, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p; 333, Coal Meas. fraqosa, aee Lunulicardium fragosum. Isevis.Walcott, 1885,Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 178, Devonian, meaambonata, Winchell, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 420, Marshall Gr. „ Fio. 898. mSorii, Gabb, 1859, (Posi- ^""'f^r^^tT^* donia moorei,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 297, Coal Meas. perstriata, Lea, 1853, (Poaidonia peratri- ata,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 2, p. 205, Coal Meas. rhomboidea. Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol- 2, p. 284, Niazara Gr. romingeri, Winchell, 1862. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 420, Marahall Gr. Btriata, Stevena, 18-58, Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 25, p. 265, Coal Meas. whiteana, Winchell, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 420, Marshall Gr. Pracardium, Barrande, 1881, Syst. Sil. de la Boheme, vol. 6, p. 141. [Ety. prae, before ; Cardium, a genua.] Equivalve, inequilateral, elliptical or trigonal; :FiG. 897.— Posl donomya beoli erl. surfjiie lined; ® beaks prominent, ' incurved ; radiated, and concentrically posterior to the beaks a small area carries a aeries of vertical nearly parallel teeth, vetuatum. Hall, 1843, (Car- dium vetuatum,) Geo. Rep. 4th Diat. N. Y., p. 246, and „ Fic »('•. P«l NY vol fi n 427 P''«'CHrilliim rai. ry. i., voi. o, p. tral margin ; p' ^Hterior end rounded, lanceolate, or truncate ; cardinal line Btraiglit or slightly arcuate; cardinal slope sometiniuB subalate ; uinbonal slope rounded, undefined or subangular ; surface concentrically lined. Type P. eleguna. alata, Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 461, Cliemung Gr. elegans. Meek, 1871, Am. .Jour. Conch., vol. 7, p. 6, Coal Meas. exnta, Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 462, Chemunjr Gr. lanceohita, Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 76, fi«8. 2 to 8, Ham. Gr. meeki, Wincliell, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 305, Waverly Gr. planulato. Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 76, fisf. 1, Ham. Gr. Pkotomya, Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 52. [Ety, proioi, first ; M^a, a genus.] Equivalve, inequilateral, elongate, ovate-elliptical ; anterior end broadly rounded ; posterior end narrower, rounded ; beaks incurved ; umbo prominent ; cardinal line long, nearly straight ; umbonal slope gibbous above, not defined below ; surface concentric- ally lined ; ligament external ; mus- cular impressions circular ; anterior one strong and near the margin. Type P. oblonga. oblonga, Hall, 1885, (Cardiomorpha ob- longa,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 509, Ham. Gr. PsEUDO-MONOTis, Bevrich, 1862, Zeit. der Deut6-h., Geol. Gesselsch., vol. 14. [Ety. pKeudea, false ; Monotis, a genus.] Suborbicular, plano-convex, left valve convex, right valve flat or slightly con- cave ; not auriculate ; beaks suhcentral, sliglitly oblique, unec^ual, left elevated, gibbous, incurved, right small; hinge short, narrow, edentulous ; cartilage cavity under the beaks ; byssal notch of right valve narrow, deep, and separated from the hinge by a small rudimentary ear, which does not pro- ject beyond the margin ; adductor mus- cular scar large, subcentral ; impres- sions of retractor muscles, several, small, placed near the beaks ; surface radiated, most distinct on the left valve, hawni. Meek & Hayden, 1858, (Monotis haw- ni,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 76, and Pal. Up. Mo., p. 54, Up. Coal Meas. hawni var. ovata. Meek & Hayden, 1865, (Eumicrotis hawni var. ovata,) Pal. Up. Mo., p. 55, Permian Gr. Fio. 901.— FsendomonotlB taawnl. hawni var. sinuata. Meek & Worthen, 1866, (Eumicrotis hawni var. sinuata,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 3.38, Up. Coal Mens. radialis, (?) Phillips, 1834, (Pecten radi- alis,) Encyc. Meth., vol. 4, Coal Meas. Ptkrinka, Goldfuss, 182(J, Germ. Petref. [Ety. pteron, a wing.] Transversely trigonal, oblique, inequivalve, very in- equilateral, left valve most convex, beaks near the small anterior end ; hinge-line long, straight, forming a small anterior and large falciform pos- terior wing, with a linear, flattene*!, marginal cartilage facet, longitudinally striated ; shell thick^ calcareous ; two long, slightly divergnig, posterior, lat- eral teeth, beneath the hinge in one valve and one in the other; a few short, canllnal teeth radiating beneath and in front of the beaks ; anterior im- Eression very strong just in front of the eak, posterior impression larger, but faintly iiiarked, superficial ; pallial scar simple; shallow byssal concavity. Type P. 1h'v!h. Fig. 902.-Pterlnea demissa. appressa, Conrad, 1838, Ann. Rep. N. Y. Not defined. arenacea, Hall, 1877. Proposed, but not defined, aviformis, Conrad, 1842, (Avicula avi- formis,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 243, Trenton Gr. avis. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 105, Chemung Gr. bellilineata, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Fobs. Antic, p. 15, Hud. Riv. Gr. bi8ulcata,Bee Grammysia bisulcata. brisa, Hall, 1867, 20th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 384, syn. for P. strijRcosta. cancellata, Barris, 1879, (Avicula cancel- lata,) Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 286, CorniferouB limestone. I', ■ ■ 6oe LAMF.LUBRANCHIA TA. [PTR. eardiiformi$,Me M(>irambotiia cardiiformiH. cardinatn, Winchell, 18(12, Proc. Acwl. Nat. 8d., n. 412, MnrHliall (ir. caritiala, UoldfuHS, gee Ambunychia carl- nata. chptnntigeiiHiH, Conrad, 1842, (Avit'ula cti(>miiii(;enHi8,) Jour. Acad. Nat. 8ci., vol. 8, p. 243, and I'al. N. Y., vol. 6, pt. 1, p. 08, CliemunftGr. conreritrica, Conrad, 1838, Ann. Rep. N. Y. Not d«flne, n 153, and Acad, (ieol., p. 604, Up. 8il innueta, KmmoiiH, 1842, ( Avicula InHiictH ) Geo. Rep. 2d DiHt. N. Y., n. 31H), mm,| Pal. N. v., vol 1, p. 291, Utica Mate and Hud. Riv. (irR. interfltrinliB, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., v..!. R, pt. 1, p. 96, Chemung Gr. modioitiris, see ModiolMpHJH modiolariH. viorganehm, see Avicula morvanenHiH. nuicronHta, Ulricli, 1879, Jour. Cin, .»oc. Nat. Iliht., vol. 2, p. 24, lhi. 88,'Nim.'ara (ir. newarkensis, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U.H. Geo. Siir., vol. 8, p. 165, Devonian. orbicnlaris, see Ambonycliia orldculuriH. pholadh, see Orthonota ])lio]H(lis. pinguis, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, j.t. 1, p. 92, Up. Ihld. Gr. pintoensis, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. V. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 234, Subcurboiiif- erous. planulata, see Cypricanlinia planulata. proliflca, Billings, I860, Catal. 8il. Foh8. Antic, p. 10, Ilud. Riv. Gr. prora, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 102, Chemung Gr. punctulata^ Conrad. Not defined. See Cimitaria recurva. pygmma, see Modiella py^mjea. radians, see Panenka radians, reproba. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. im, Chemung Gr. reversa, Wall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p 104, Chemung (jlr. reverm var. avis, see P. avis, revolnta, Winchell & Marcy, 1865, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., p. 9o, Niagara Gr, rigida, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 101, Chemung Gr. rugosa, Conrad, 1841, (Avicula rugnsa,) Ann. Geo. Rep. N. Y., and Geo. Hep. 4th Dist. N. Y., pi. 26, fig. 2, Water- Mme Gr. snnilis, Whitfield, 1882, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 214, Marcellus Shale, spinalata, Winchell, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 124, Burlington (?) Gr. strieecosta, McCliesney, 1861, (Ambo- nycliia stria'costa,) New Pal. Foss., p. 88, Niagara Gr. Btrigosa, White & Whitfield, 1862, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., p. 31, Marsliali Gr. suhorbicularis, see Pterinoi»ecten subor- bicularis. Bubpapyracea, Meek & Worth en, 18C6, Proc. Chi. Acad. Sci., p. 21, Ham. Gr. tliebesensis, Meek & Wortlien, 1868, (ieo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 354, Niagara Gr. thisbe, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 52, Anticosti Gr. trentonensis, C!onrad, 1842, (Avicula tren- tonensis,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 240, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 161, Trenton Gr. triquetra, see Gosjelettia triquetra. unaaia, see Ambonychia undata. PTR.) LAMEU.IIiRANCHIA T.l. 607 at defined. See field, 1862, Prnc. >. ai, MarsliallGr. ■inopecten subor- iindulatR, Moek A Worthen, 18«H, Geo. 8nr. 111., vol. :J, p. 450, KInderliook Gr. varlHtriata, HiliinK^ 18Ufl, Catal. Hil Foh». Antio., p. 60, Atitlco<«ti Gr. volnnH, Winchi'II «fe M ry, 18(15, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ,«. 05, NiHtrni-a (Jr. rTEHisoi-KCTEN, Hall, 1883, I'al. N. Y., vol. 6, pt. 1, D. W. (DiiteH and Kxplana- tiona.) [Kty. Pterinea, a kciiuh; Pec- ten, a ({eiiiiH.] Valves more or less convex ; rndluted and bcHriiigr concen- tric lines of Krowtli; liinKclino long, fitrniglit; win^fs not well defined, bi'lna aimplo expniiHlouH of the upper lateral Diar^inH to tlie hinge-line. Type P. nndosus. PiQ. dot.— Pterinopecton uiuloiiua. conspectus. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol.6, pt. 1, p. 06, Ham. Gr. crenicostatus. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, pt. 1, p. 78, Cliemung (Jr. dignatuB, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, pt. 1, p. 62, MarcelluB Shale, dispandus. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, pt. 1, p. 70, Cliemung Gr. erectus. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, pt. 1, p. 77, Chemunu; Gr. exfoliatus, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 61, Marcellus Shnle. fihtextus. Hall, 1884, Pal.N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 07, Ham. (Jr. hermes, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, pt. 1, p. 04. Ham. Gr. horisacensis, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Snr., vol. 8, p. 232, Siibc irboniferous. imbecilis. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 75, Chemung (Jr. insons. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 59, Up. Held. Gr. intermediua, Hull, 1881, Pal. N. Y,, vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 68, Ham. Gr. invali'lm, see Aviculopecten in- validus. Isetua, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 63, Marcellus Shale, multiradiatus, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. l,*p. 57, Up. Held. Gr. neptunus, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 79, Chemung Gr. nodoaus, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 60. Up. Held. Gr. reflexus. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 58, Up. Held. Gr. regularia. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 70, Ham. Gr. ■F)io, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. H. Geo. Sur., vol, 8, p. 233, NuhcarboniferouH. HpondvluH, Hall, 1HH4, Pal. N. Y,, vol.6, pt. I, p. 05, Ham. (Jr. Tio. INK}.— }*lerliio|ioalei) tiriiloNiiN. BtrictuB, Hall. 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 74, Chemung (Jr. BuborbicnIariH, Hall, 1813, (Pterinea nub* orbicularis,) (leo. Kep. 4th Dlst. N. Y., p. 264, and I'al. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 80, Chemung Gr. terminalis, see .\viculopecten terminalia. undosuF, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 72, Ham. (Ir. vertumnuB, Hall, 1 884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, pt. 1, p. 71, Ham. Or. Pteronitkm.a, HillingH, 1874, Pal. Fomb., vol. 2, p. 141. [Kty. diminutive of PUro- nites.] UesembleB herinea, but poa- BesBes in front of the bealcH several small, anterior, cardinal teeth, and closo beneath the hinge-lino Heveral more or less elongated posterior teeth. Type P. venuata. curta, liillings, 1874, Pal. Fobs., vol. 2, p. 143, Low. Held. Gr. Cr^ ,>,. Fia.90a.— Pleroiittella voiiUHtu. 6, Illnt{e-llne. oblonga, BillingR, 1874, Pal. Fohb., vol. 2, p. 143, Low. Held. Gr. venusta, Billings, 1874, I'al. Fobs., vol. 2, p. 142, Low. Held. Gr. Pter NiTBs, McCoy, 1844, Syn. Carb. Fobs. Ireland, p. 81. [Kty. pteron, a wing.] Subtriangular, depressed, hinge-line as long as the shell ; beaks terminal, or nearly so, forming a very narrow, ob- 508 LAMELLIBRANCHIA TA. [PTK. tusely pointed anterior end, from which the ventral margin extends to the broad posterior end ; left valve most convex; internally a very small tooth under the beak of the right valve, and a very slender, posterior, lateral tooth close to the hinge-line the whole length. Type P. anguBtatus. gayensis, Dawson, 1868, Acad. Geo., p. 301, Subcarboniferous. gayensis var. ornatus, Dawson, 1883, Rep. on Redpath Mus., No. 2, p. 14, Subcar- boniferous. inoptatus, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. £39, Chemung Cr. newarkensis. Meek, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 162, Waverly Gr. nanum, Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, i., 353, Chemung Gr. Fig. 907.— Pteroultes profundus. profundus. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 237, Up. Chemung Gr. rostratus. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 238, Chemung Gr. apergenensis, Whitfield, 1882, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. 3, p. 56, War- flaw Gr. P T YCHODESMA, Hall & Whitfield, 1872, 24th Rep. N. Y. ...I us. Nat. Hist., p. 192. [Ety. ptychos, a folding ; desma, a 1 igament, or band.] Form modioloid ; hinge hav- ing a wide ligamental area, grooved by the P"cccj8sive growth of the ligament, as in ^ectuncuiUB. Type P. knappa- num. FfO. 908.— Ptychodesma kuap- panuni. Right side. FlO. 909.— Ptychodesma knappanum. Enlarge- meut of one side of liguraeutal area. knappanum. Hall & Whitfield, 1872, 24th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 192, Up. Held. Gr. miner, Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 363, Chemung Gr. Fig. 911.— Pty chop teriii beecheri. Fi". 910.— Ptychopterla beecheri. Ptychopteria, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 3. lEty. ptyche, fold ; Pkria, a genus.] Differs from Actinopteria in the nasute anterior extremity, and large, straight wing marked b\ a strong longitudinal fold. Ilinge-Iine narrow, linear; furnished wiUi one or two linear, oblique, cardinal and lateral teeth ; surface with fine rays. It bears about the same relation to Actinopteria that Leptodesma does to Liopteria. Type P. eugenia. alata, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. o, pt. 1, p. 139, Chemung Gr. beecheri , Hall, 1884, Pal. N.Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 143, Chemung Gr. elon gata. Hall. 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 141, Chemung Gr. eucrate. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 133, Chemung Gr. eudora. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 138, Chemung Gr. eugenia. Hall, 1883, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 23, figs. 17-20, Chemung Gr. expansa. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y,, vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 152, Chemung Gr. falcata. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 136, Up. Chemung Cr. ^'alene. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 142, Chemung Gr. gibboBa, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 149, Up. Chemung Gr. lata. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 145, Up. Chemung Gr. lobata. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 150, Up. Chemung Gr perlata. Hall, 1884, P^l. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 147, Up. Chemung Gr. protc. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 129, Chemung Gr. protoformis, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U.S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 235, Subcarbon- iferous. Salamanca, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, pt. 1, p. 131, Chemung Gr. PYA.— SAN.] LAMELLIBRANCHIA TA. 509 sao, Hall, 1384, Pal. N. Y., vol. d, pt. 1, p. 132, Chemung Gr. sinuosa, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 130, Up. Chemung Gr. spatulata, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 144, Up. Chemung Gr. spio. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 137, Chemung Gr. thalia. Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 148, Up. Chemung Gr. thetis, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5,pt. 1, p. 135, Chemung Gr. trigonalls, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 140, Chemung Gr. vanuxemi, Hall, 1884, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 151, Up. Chemung Gr. Pyano>iya, S. a. Miller, 1881, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 318. [Ety. pyanos, a bean ; Mya, a genus.] Equi- valve, elongate, inequilateral, fragile, edentulous; ligament external. Type P. gibbosa. faberi, n. sp. Shell small, equivalve, in- equilateral ; length twice as great as height ; cardinal and basal lines sub- parallel ; anterior end sharply rounded into the subelliptical base ; posterior end broadly rounded ; valves ventri- cose in the middle ; beaks obtuse ; um- bonal ridge prominent, subangular, dis- tinctly defined, and directed to the postero-basal mar- gin ; ligament exter- nal ; hinge-line straight behind the beaks and inclined in front; no es- cutcheon or lunule. Surface marked very faintly by concen- tric lines of growth. Distinguished from P. glbbosa by the angular um- bo;nal ridge, less acute anterior end and straight cardinal line behind the beaks, and other particulars. Hud. Riv. Gr., Cincinnati, Ohio. Collected by Charles Faber. glbbosa, S. A. Miller, 1881, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 318, Kud. Riv. Gr. Fig. 912.— Pyanomya labeil. Right valve and dorsal view. Fio. 913.- -Pyanomya glbbosa. Left valve and dorsal view. Pyrenomceus, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 87. [Ety. pyrenos, Nucula ; omoios, similar ; from its resemblance in general form to the shells of the genus Nucula.] Equivalve,inequilateral;'umbone8prom- inent, beak elevated ; muscular impres- sion near the anterior extremity ; gen- eral form of Nucula without the teeth that characterize that genus, or the clavi- cle of a Clidophorus. Type P. cuneatus. cuneatuB, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 87, Clinton Gr. Sanguinolaria, Lamarck, 1801, Syst. An. sans Vert. [Ety. from the type Solan sanguinolentus.J Oval, compressed, rounded in tront, attenuated and tilightly gaping behind ; hinge teeth f small ; siplional inflection deep, con- nected with the pallial line; ligament external, on very prominent fulcra. Type S, sanguinolentus. Typical spe- cies S. diphos. Not American Palteo- zoic. Species left under this name for want of material to determine generic relations. Fig. 914.— Saiigulnolarlii diphos leptogaster, Winchell, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.. p. 18, Marshall Gr. rostrata, Witichell, 1865, I'loc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 129, Marshall Gr. aectoralis, Winchell, 1862,. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 422. Marshall Gr. septentrionalis, Winchell, 1862. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 421 , Marshall Gr. similis, Winchell, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 421, Marshall (ir. Sanouinoi.ites, McCoy, 1844, Synop. Carb. Foss., Ireland, p. 47. [Ety. Sanguino- laria, a genus ; lithos, stone.] Subequi- valve, oblong, elongated, margins sub- parallel or a little arched upward ; sides compressed or diagonally gibbous from the beak backward; beaks small, an- terior; hinge nearly as long as the shell, margin inflected to form a long posterior lunette ; surface wrinkled ; large, oval adductor impression in front of the beak surmounted by a small re- tractor ; posterior adductor large, super- ficial ; cartilage external ; pallial im- pression entire; shell thin. FiQ. 915.— SanguInoUtes obll(|Uus. acutus, see Goniophora acuta. peolus, see Sphenotus seolus. amygdalinm, see Glossites amygdalinus. arcijformis, see Sphenotus arciformis. borealis, Winchell, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 415, Marshall Gr. brookfieldensis, Dawson, 1883, Rep. on Redpath Museum, p. 11, Subcarbon- iferous. burlingtonensis, Worthen, 1884, Bull. No. 2, 111. St. MuB. Nat. Hist., p. 14, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 129, Burling- ton Gr. 510 LAMELLIBRANCHIA TA. [SCH. i. j: davulus, see Sphenotus clavulus. combensis, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. (ieo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 175, Devonian, concentricns, VVinchell, 1862, (Cardinia concentrica,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 413, Marsliall Gr. cylindricns, Winclrell, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 13, Marshall Gr. flavins, see Sphenotus flavins. glaucus, see Goniopliora glmicus. gracilis, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 175, Devonian. hamiJtonenm, see Goniophora hamilton- ensis. ida, Hall, 1870, Prelim. Notice Lam. Shtlls, p. 43. and Pal. N. Y,, vol. 5, pi. 65, fi4- 20, Ham. Gr. iowensis, Winchell, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 14, Marshall Gr. jejunus, Wir. hell, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 15, Marshall Gr. raarshallensis, Winchell, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 415, Marshall Gr. missouriensis. Swallow, 1860, (Solen (?) missouriensis,) Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 655, Waverly or Cho- teau Gr. multistriatus, Worthen, 1884, Bull. No. 2, 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 14, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol, 8, p. 129, Keokuli Gr. neenia, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 249, Subcarboniferous. naiadiformis, Winchell, 1870, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 12, p. 255, Marshall Gr. nasutus, Meek, 1871, Am. Jour. Conch., vol. 7, Kinderhook Gr. obliquus. Meek, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci , p. 213, and Ohio Pal. vol. 2, p. 306, Waverly Gr. perangulatus, see Goniophora perangulata. ponderosuK, see Modiomorpha ponderosa. randolphensis, Worthen, 1883, (Cypri- cardia randolphensis,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 326, Kaskaskia Gr. retusus, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 247, Subcarboniferous. salteri, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 248, Subcarboniferous. sanduskiensis. Meek, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. 8t!i., p. 08, and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 209, Up. Held. Gr. securis, Winchell, 1870, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 12, p. 255, Marshall Gr. simplex, Walcolt, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 248, Subcarboniferous. solenoiiies, see Sphenotus solenoides. striatus, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. 8. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 249, Subcarboniferous. strigatus, Winchell, 18(55, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 127, Marshall Gr. subtortuosHt, see Sphenotus subtortuosus. subtruncatus, Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, p. 508, Chemung Gr. miciferus, see Cypricardinia sulcifera. tethys, Billings, 1874, Pal. Foss., vol. 2, p. 60, Gaspe limestone No. 8, Devonian. ondatUB, Hall, 1870, Prelim. Notice Lam. Shells, p. 41, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pi. 80, figs. 5, 6, Chemung Gr. FlO. 91»l.-Hch1z()(Uis medliieiiHis. unioniformis, Winchell, 1862, Proc. Acad Nat. Sci., p. 414, Marshall Gr. valvnius, see Sphenotus valvulus. Sciii/oi)i;s, King, 1844, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist vol. 14, p. 313. [Etv. «chizo, I split | oioiis, a tooth.] Shell oval or 3nliiii|r! onal; anterior side rounded, Hliortcr than the other; posterior side tapciin^^ truncate at the extremity, uinliunai ridge extending to the postero-hiisal re- gion ; beaks prominent; surface sniootli or with concentric striee; hinge with two smooth cardinal teeth in the right valve and three in the left ; mid. die tooth of the left valve bitid, and lit- ting between two of the right valve; free marains smooth. Tvpe K. truncal ns. sequalis. Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. "), p. 459, Waverly Gr. amplus. Meek & Worthen, 1870, I'roc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 41, and (ieo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 579, Coal Meas. cayuga, Hall, 1870, Prelim. Notice Lam, Shells, p. 95, syn. for Cytherodon ap- pressus. chesterensis. Meek & Worthen, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliil., p. 457, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 301, Kas- kaskia Gr. circulns, Worthen, 1884, Bull. No. 2, 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 11, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 109. St. Louis Gr. contractus. Hall, 1886, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 451, Ham. Gr. cuneatus. Meek, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 336, Coal Meas. curtiformis, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U, S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 253, Subcarbonif- erous. curtus. Meek & Worthen, 1866, Proc. Chi. Acad. Sci., p. 18, Coal Meas, degener, Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y. vol. 5, p, 456, Chemung Gr. deparcus, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. V. S. Geo. Sur,, vol. 8, p. 252, Subcarbonif- erous. depressus, Worthen, 1884, Bull. No. 2, 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 11, and Geo. Sur, 111., vol. 8, p. 109, St. Louis Gr. elliplicus, see Cytherodon ellipticus. eminens. Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p, 467, Chemung Qr. gregarim, see Cytherodon gregarius. magnus, Worthen, 1881, Bull. No. 2, 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. f), and Geo. Sur. 111., vol, 8, p. 107, Kaskaskiii Gr. medinensis. Meek, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., vol. 2.S. p, 165, and Ohio Pal,, vol. 2, p. 299, Wa- verly Gr. Fig. 917.— Hinge of Bclilzodns trunoatuB. SRD.] LAMELUBRANCHIA TA. 511 mooresi, n. sp. Shell very large, sub- rhomboidal, height and length sub- equal; anterior side straight from the beaks and at right angles to the poste- rior side, and then rounded into the basal line; basal margin regularly rounded ; posterior eide sloping at right angles to the anterior side from the beaks and abruptly rounding into the basal margin; beaks prominent, rim ng above the cardinal line, obtuse, and situate a little anterior to the mid- dle of the shell ;, umbonal slope broa'lly rounded and undefined ; pallial line strongly marked, pitted, and placed near the margin from one muscular scar to the other; anterior and poste- rior muscular scars subtrigonal and moderately impressed ; a wide vascular impression, somewhat cordate, occupies the central area of the shell, extending from the anterior to the posterior mus- cular scars; one strong tooth in the right valve directed a little forward, with a socket on each side, the other tooth undefined ; surface nearly smooth, showing fine concentric lines of growth. Found by Henry Moores, of Columbus, Ohio, at Carbon Hill, Hocking Valley, in the Coal Measures, and now in the collection of Charles Faber. Fio. 018.— Wchlzodus moorest. RIglit valve, poste- rior part broken ott'. nauvooensis, Worthen, 1884, Bull. No. 2, HI. St. Mas. Nat. Hist., p. 10, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 108, Keokuk (ir. orbicularis, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 181, Devonian. ovatuB, Meek & Hayden, 1858, (Axinus ovatus,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 262, and Pal. Up. Mo., p. 59, Per- mian Gr. patnlus. Hall, 1886, Pal. N. Y., vo\. 5, p. 457, Chemung Gr. perelegans, Meek & Worthen, 1870, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 42, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 581, Coal Meas. I i Kio. 919.— Schtzodus mooresi. Interior of light valve, Bliowliig palllal line and place of sub- cordate muscular Impression and liiiige-teelh. pintoensis, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. 8. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 253, Subcarbonif- erous. quadrangtilam, see Cytherodon quadran- gularis. randolphensis, "Worthen, (in press,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 110, Kaska-skia Gr. rossicuB, Veriieuil, 1845, Geo. Russ., vol. 2, p. 309. Permian Gr. subtrigonalis, Meek, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 166, Waverly Gr. triangularis, Swallow, 1858, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., p. 193, Permian Gr. tumidus, see Cytherodon tumidus. ulrichi, Worthen, (in jiress,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 110, Up. Coal Meas. varsoviensis, Worllien, 1884, Bull. No. 2, 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 10, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 107, Keokuk Gr. wheeleri, Swallow, 1862, (Littorina wheel- eri,) Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 658, and Pal. E. Neb., p. 209, Coal Meas. Sedgwickia, McCoy, 1844, Snyop. Garb. Foss. Ireland, p. 61. [Ety. proper name.] Nearly equivalve, inequilateral, de- pressed, oblong, or suboval, very thin ; anterior side not quite closed, often gibbous ; posterior side longer, more compressed, and gaping; beaks prom- inent, tumid, incurved ; posterior um- bonal slopes rounded, or forming an oblique ridge, separated from the poa- tero-dorsal region by a shallow sulcus; lunule distinct; hinge edentulous; car- dinal margin inflected so as to form a narrow false arra behind the beaks; surface concent rically marked. Type S. attenuata. ,; *• I : i -H-l' 612 LAMELUBRANCHIA TA. [soi.. altirostrata, Meek & Ilayden, 1858, (Al- lorisma (?) altirostratum,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 263, and Pal. Up. Mo., p. 41, Coal Meas. (?) compressa, Meek, 1872, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 324, and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 144, Hnd. Riv. Gr. concava. Meek & Hayden, 1858, (Lyonsia concava,) Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 82, and Pal. Up. Mo., p. 41, Coal (?) divaricata. Hall & Whitfield, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 89, Hud. Kiv. Gr. (?) fraRilis, Meek, 1872, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 323, and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 143, Hud. Riv. Gr. (?) lunulata, Whitfield, 1878, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 140, Hud. Riv. Gr. neglecla, see Cuneamya neglecta. subarcuata. Meek & Worthen, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 251, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 637, Keokuk Gr. Via. 920.--Sedgwlckia topekensis. topekensis, Shuraard, 1858, (Leptodomus topekaensis,) Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 208, and Pal. Up. Mo., p. 40, Coal Meas. Solemya, Lamarck, 1818, Hist. Nat. An. sans Vert., vol. 5. See Solenomya — the cor- rect orthography, first used by Menke, 1828, Syn. Metli. Edit. SoLEN, Linniieus, 1758, Syst. Nat., 10th ed. [Ety. Solen, a tube or pipe.] Shell very long ; subcylindrical ; ends gaping ; hinge teeth two in each valve ; liga- ment external ; anterior scar elongated ; posterior oblong ; pallial line extending beyond the adductors. Type S. siliqua. Not a Paleeozoic genus. Via. 921.— Soleii siliqua. One-third dium. missouriemia, see Sanguinolites missouri- ensis. permlaniis, see Solenopsis permianus. priicus, Winchell, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 423, Portage Gr. quadratigularis, Winchell, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 422, Marshall Gr. tcalpriformis, see Solenopsis scalprifortnis. Solenomya, Lamarck, 1818, (Solemya,) Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert., vol. 5, p. 488. [Ety. from the resemblance to the two genera SoUn and Mya.'] Elongate, ob- long, equivalve, very inequilatiial, posterior end the shorter; dorsal ami ventral margins subparallel ; ciuig rounded and gaping; surface coveiud with a thick, horny periostraca, ex- tending in jagged portions beyond the ventral margin; beaks minute ; ca it i- lage forming a thick, triangular iiui^s behind the beaks, supported intenmlly by an oblique ensiform plate; lont: an- terior margin simple, erect, without teeth; posterior adductor small, ovate, within the cartilage pit, anterior im. pression large, comtaa-shaped. Tyjie S. australis. anodontoides. Meek, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 339, Coal Meas. biarmica, Verneuil, 1845, Geo. Rues, and Ural Mountains, Permian Gr. 'lliis species does not occur in this country. curta, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 242, SubcarboniferouH. iowensis, Worthen, 1884, Bull. No. 2, 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 13, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 132. St. Louis Gr. monro^nsis, Worthen, 1884, Bull. No. 2, 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 13, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 131, St. Louis Gr. radiata. Meek & Worthen, 1860, (Solemya radiata,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 457, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 349, Coal Meas. recurvata. Swallow, 1858, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 208, Up. Coal Meas. soleniformis. Cox, 1857, Geo. Sur. Ky., vol. 3, p. 573, Coal Meas. varsoviensis, Worthen, 1884, Bull. No. 2, 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 12, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 131, Keo- kuk Gr. vetusta. Meek, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 66, and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, d. 206, Up. Held. Gr. Solenopsis, McCoy, 1844, Carb. Foss. Ire- land, p. 47, [Ety. Solenopsis, re- sembling a b'' ell of the genus SoUn.li Elon- gated ; beaks compressed, anterior; depression in front of beaks ; surface concentrically marked. Type S. minor. permianus. Swallow, 1858, (Solen per- mianus,) Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 190, Permian Gr. Bcalpriformis, Winchell, 1862, (Solen scalpriformis,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 422, Marshall Gr. solenoides, Geinitz, 1866, (Clidophorus solenoides.) Carb. und Dyas in Neb., &25, and Pal. E. Neb., p. 223, Coal eas. FiQ. 922.— Solenomya vetusta. Fig. 928.— Solenopsis solenoides. i, Ohio Pal., vol. }. 923.— Solenopsis solenoUies. , depression in ce concentrically SP v.— SPH.] LAMELIJBRANCHIA TA. 618 Spathblla, Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 33. [Ety. spathe, a spathe ; ellus, di- minutive.] Equivalve, very inequilat- eral, wider behind, transversely sub- cylindrical ; anterior end short, nar- rowly rounded ; beaks subanterior, small ; umbonal slope rounded or sub- angular ; surface concentrically lined. Type S. typica. typica, Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 407, Chemung Gr. ventricosa, White & Whitfield, 1862, (Orthonota ventricosa.) Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, p. 297, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 408, Waverly Gr. Sphenolium, n. gen. [Ety, sphen, wedge; leion, smooth.] Shell large, equivalve, inequilateral, elongate, cuneiform, ven- tricose ; umbones prominent; ueaks in- curved at the anterior end ; cardinal line at an angle of fifty or sixty degrees from the basal line, and appearing wing-like toward the posterior end ; lunule present; no escutcheon; liga- ment external; muscular scars and liinge-line unknown. Type S. cunei- forme. cuneiforme, S. A. Miller, 1881, (Ortho- desma cuneiforme,) Jour. Ciu. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 314, Hud. Riv. Gr. faberi, n. sp. Shell below the medium size for species in this genus; beaks ^ .^. unite over the hinge- line near the anterior end ; anterior end, pointed, rounded ; hinge -I in e rising poste- riorly into a wing-like expansion ; pos- terior end prolonged at the postero- basal margin; basal margin subellip- tical; umoones high and gradually tapering to the postero-basal margin ; surface concentrically lined. Collected by Charles Faber in the Hud. Riv.Gr., at Cincinnati, Ohio. i-»^j^,^; Fio.821.— Splienoliam faberi Left vulve. Fio. 923.— Sphenolium richmondense. richmondense, n. sp. Shell large, cunei- form, ventricose, oeaks incurved at the anterior end, pointed ; umbones high, defined ; cardinal line at a high angle, FlQ. 927.— Splieuotuseeolus. having a wing-like posterior end; an- terior end rounded below the lunule. Dist i n g u i s h e d from S. cunei- forme, which it much resembles, by its shorter form and more angul?.r umbones. Possibly more specimens may show a gradation Flo. 920. — Hplienolium from one form ilclnnoncleuse. An- to the other, ♦«''«'• view. and if so, this specific name will fall into synonymy. Collected by Charles Faber in the upper part of the Hud. Riv. Gr., at Richmomi, Indiana. Sphenotcs, Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 33. [Ety. sphen, wedge; om, ear.] Equivalve, very in- equilateral, elongate; anterior end short ; pos- terior end obi i q u e I y truncate; cardinal line, long, straight; umbonal ridge extending to the post- inferior extremity; surface concen- trically lined ; two short teeth beneath the beak of the right valve, and one or two slender lateral teeth ; ligament ex- ternal, contained in a groove ; anterior muscular scar strongly marked; pos- terior scar shallow ; pallial line simple. Type S. arciformis. seolus, Hall, 1870, (Sanguinolites seolus,) Prelim. Not. I-am. Shells, p. 46, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 404, Waverly Gr. arciformis, Hall, 1870, (Sanguinolites arca'formis,) Prelim. Not. Lam. Shells, p. 40, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 395, Ham. Gr. arcuatus. Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 400, Chemung Gr. clavulus. Hall, 1870, (Sanguinolites cla- vulus,) Prelim. Not. Lam. Shells, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 401, Chemung Gr. contractus. Hall, 1843, (Cypricardia con- tracta,) Geo. Sur. 4th Dist. N. Y., p. 292, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 399, Che- mung Gr. cuneatus, Conrad, 1838, (Pterinea cune- ata,) Ann. Rep. Geo. N. Y., p. 116, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 396, Ham. Gr. flavins, Hall, 1870, (Sanguinolites flavins,) Prelim. Not. Lam. Shells, p. 47, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 403. Waverly Gr. rigiilus, White & Whitfield, 1862, (Cypri- cardia rigida,) Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, vol. 8, p. 300, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 402, Waverly Gr. signatua, Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol 5, p. 405, Waverly Gr. solenoides, Hall, 1870, (Sanguinolites solenoides,) Prelim. Not. Lam. Shells, p. 38, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 398, Ham. Gr. 614 LAMELLIBRANCHIA TA. [SPI.— Tl,l„ BubtortuosuB, Hall, 1870, (Sanguinolites subtortuosuf,) Prelim. Not. Lam. Shelln, p. 41, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 397, Ham. 6r. telamon. Hall, 1885, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 406, Waverly.Gr. truncatuB, Conrad, 1842, (CypricarditeB truncatus,) Jour. Acad. Nat. 8ci., vol. 8, p. 244, Ham. Cir. undatus. Hall, 1886, Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 506, Chemung Or. valvulus, Hall, 1870, (Sanguinolites val- vulus,) Prelim. Not. Lam. Shells, p. 46, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, p. 403, Wa- verly Gr. Kio. 028— Spirodoraus inslKnlg. Spirouomus, Beecher, 1886, 39th Rep. N. Y. ; Mus. Nat. Hist. [Ety. tpeira, spire; i demos, house.] Equivalve, elongate- spiral ; beaks terminal ; muscular im- Eressions at the two extremities; no inge-line. Type S. inBignis. insignis, Beecher, 1886, 39th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., Waverly Gr. Stbebloi'teria, McCoy, 1851, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 2d series, vol. 7, p. 170, and ' Brit. Pal. Rocks, p. 482. [Ety. streblos, turned the wrong way ; pteron, a wing.] Pectinoid, ovate, or rounded, obliquely extended toward the anterior side; posterior wing^ectangular, anterior ear small, deeply defined; surface smooth or radiately ridged ; large, faintly marked muscular impression behind the middle ; short, narrow tooth posterior to the beaks ; ligament confined to a narrow, simple facet on the hinge margin. Type S. laevigata. similis, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 230, Carboniferous, tenuilineata, Meek & Worthen, 1860, (Pec- ten tenuilineatuSj) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., p. 452, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 334, Coal Meas. Technopiiorus, n. gen. [Ety. techne, art; p}ioro8, bearing.] Shell small, equi- valve, inequilateral ; anterior end short, broadly^ rounded ; two or more fur- rows arising ..<$ar the beak extend to the postero-basal margin ; beak small, upright; surface concentrically lined; ' umboual rib in front of the beak repre- sented in the cast by a transverse sul- cus ; no external ligament, escutcheon, ■ or lunule. Type T. faberi. Fio. 020.— Streblop- teria similis. Riglit valve. faberi. n. sp. Shell small, equivalve, in. equdateral, a little longer than high ; iin- teriorend short, broadly rounded; Luse more narrowly rounded in the anterior and central part ; the postero-h.isal part sligiitly produced; cardinal linn straight or nearly so; beak extreiudv small and standing upright, like a little ftoint projecting beyond the cardinul ine; valves convex in the umbona! re- gion; two furrows or cinctures arising near the beak in the umbonal region, which gradually widen, are directed to the postero-basal margin, and aliove these the postero-dorsal part of the slicil is somewhat winu-like; surface marked by vi^ry fine concentric linis ; the casts show a dcop sulcus directly in front of the beak for the re- ception of an umhonal rib, or support on tiie interior of the shell. Hud. Riv. Gr., near Sharonville, Hamilton County, Ohio. Collected by Mr. Charles Faber. Flo. 030.— Technophorus faberi. The right Iwiiul flgure shows the left valve with a sniall piece broken from the posterior end ; the left liund figure represents a well-preserved cast; the central figure presents a cardinal view. Ttllina, Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., 10th ed. [Ety. telline, a sort of mussel.] This ge- nus unknown in the Palaeozoic rocks. (?) ovala, Hall, 1843, Geo. Rep. 4th Dist. N. Y. Syn. for Palseoneilo maxima. Tellinomya, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., voL.l, p. 151. [Ety. from the resemblance to the f;enera Tellina and Mya.] Nearly oqui- ateral, generally transverse, anterior side largest ; beaks approximate, not prominent ; hinge-line with a doid)le series of bent teeth connected by smaller ones beneath the beak ; ligament pos- terior, external, on a fulcruui ; no striated area or cartilage pit ; muscular impressions strong not bounded by elevated lines ; pallial line giuiple, Type T. nasuta. abrupta, Billings, 1862, (Ctenodonta ab- rupta,) Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 46, Black Riv. Gr. sequilatera, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 330, Coralline limestone. alta, Hall, 1861, Geo. Rep. Wis., p. 27, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 309, Tren- ton Gr. anatinijm-mis, see Pterotheca anatini- formis. angela, Billings, 1865, (Ctenodonta an- cela,) Pal. Fpss., vol. 1, p. 221, Que- bec Gr. TEr<.— VAN.] LAMELLIBRANCHIA TA. 516 rl. The right liiuitl (Ctenodonta an- . 1, p. 221, Que- ungustata, Hall, 1860, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 5, p. 152, Up. Sil. aatartiformis, Halter, 1859, (Ctenodonta astartseforraia,) Can. Org. Rem., Decade 1, p. 39, Black Riv. Gr. attenuata. Hall, 1860, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 5, p. 151, Up. Silurian, cingulata, Ulricli, 1879, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 23, Hud. Riv. Gr. coptracta, Salter, 1859, (Ctenodonta con- tracta,) Can, Orjr. Rem. Decade 1, p. 37, Black Riv. and Trenton Gr. curta. Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 8G, Clinton Gr. donaciformis. Hall, 1847, (Nucula ? donn- ciformis,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 316, Tren- ton Gr. dnbia. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 153, Black Riv. and Trenton Grs. elliptica, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 102, Clinton Gr. gibbernla, Salter, 1859, (Ctenodonta gib- berula,) Can. Org. Rem. Decade 1, p. 38, Black Riv. and Trenton Grs. gibbosa. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 153, Black Riv. and Trenton Grs. liamburgensis, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 76, Tren- ton Gr. hartsvillensis, Safford, 1859, (Ctenodonta liartsvillensis,) Geo. of Tenn., p. 287, Nashville Gr. hill), S. A. Miller, 1874, Cin. Quar. Jour. Sci., p. 230, Hud. Riv. Gr. hougbtoni, Stevens, 1858, (Nucula hougbtoni,) Am. Jour. Sci, and Arts, 2d ser., vol. 25, ]). 262, Marshall or Waverly Gr. inflata. Hall, 1861, Geo. Rep. Wis., p. 26, Trenton Gr. iphigenia, Billings, 1862, (Ctenodonta iphigenia,) Pal. Fose., vol. 1, p. 152, Hud. Riv. Gr. lata, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 85, Clinton Gr. levata, Hall, 1847, (Nucula levata,) Pal. N. Y.„ vol. 1, p. 150. Black Riv., Tren- ton, and Hud. Riv. Grs. lopani, Salter, 1851, (Ctenodonta logani,) Rep. Brit. Assoc, p. 36, Hud. Riv. Gr. macbteriformis, Hall, 1843, (Nucula macb- ariformiH, )Geo. Rep. 4th Dist. N. Y.,p. 76, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 85, Cli.iton Gr. mactriformis, Hall, 1843, (Nucula mac- trajformis,) Geo. Rep. 4th Dist., N. Y., p. 76, Clinton Gr. nasuta, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 152, Black Riv. and Tren- ton Grs. nucleif ormis, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y. vol." 3, p. 263', Low. Held. Gr. nuculiformis, Hall, 1847, (Modlolopsis Fig. 'Jil.— TelUuO' rayu hllll. «te4e«' SUBKINGDOM ARTICULATA. The Articulata are the most numerous of all living animals, and abound alike on land and sea. They are divided into Clap es, Subclasses, Orders, and Suborders, Many of them possess intelligence, arising from ganglionic centers, and in the .sum- mer season provide their food for winter. Several living orders are unknown in Palaeozoic rocks; this may have resulted, however, from want of preservation. The fossils belong to the Classes Annelida, Crustacea, Arachnida, Myriapoda, Insecta. CLASS ANNELIDA. The Annelida have the bodies divided into segments, which are generally fur- nished with jointed appendages. The living forms are distributed in four Orders, but no such division is practicable with the Palaeozoic fossils, where generally only the internal jaws, called Conodonts or worm-burrows, are found preserved. The Conodonts may be the internal jaws of Crustacea, as seems to the author most probable ; but there is no ground for referring them to fish, as has been done by some authors. The class may be divided as follows : Conodonts. — Arabellites, Distacodus, Drepanodus, Eunicites, Glycerites, Lum- briconereites, Nereidavus, Oenonites, Polygnathus, Prioniodus, Stauro- cephalites. ABA.— COR.] ANNELIDA. 517 eo. Sur. 111., vol. ind abound alike , and Suborders. and in the sura- are unknown in of preservation, ida, Myriapwla, Glycerites, Lum- ioniodua, Stauro- Worm-burrows. — Arenicolites, Gyrichnites, Myrianites, Monocraterioo, Ne- mapodia, Nereites, Palaiochorda, Hcolithus, Walcottia. Order Tubicola. — Conchicolites, Cornulites, Salterella, Serpula, Herpulites, Spirorbis. Order Uncertain. — Protoecolex. ARABEtLiTKs, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. Sec. Lond., vol. .36, p. 377. [Ety. Ara- hella, an existing genus; lithos, stone.] Jaws with an extremely prominent an- terior hook, and a row of smaller teeth on a wide base, sickle-shaped jaws, and also subquadrate forms, with a straight upper edge of small teeth. Type A. hamatUB. asoialis. Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 378, Hud. Riv. Gr. cervicornis, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour, (ieo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 379, Hud. Uiv. Gr. cornutus, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 37?, Hud. Riv. Gr. crenulatuB, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 379, Hud. Riv. Gr. cristatm, see Eunicites cristatus. cuspidatus, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 378, Hud. Riv. Gr. elegans, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 382, Clinton Gr. gibbosus, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 378, Hud. Riv. Gr. hamatus, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 377, Hud. Riv. Gr. lunatus, Hinde. 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 378, Hud. Riv. Gr. obliquus, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 379, Hud. Riv.Gr. ovalis, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 378, Hud. Riv. Gr. pectinatus, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 379, Hud. Riv. Gr. politus, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 385, Ham. Gr. quadratus, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 379, Hud. Riv. Gr. rectus, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 378, Hud. Riv. Gr. Bcutcllatus, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 379, Hud. Riv. Gr. similis, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 382, Niagara Gr. similis var. arcuatus, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 385, Ham. Gr. Arenicolites, Salter, 1856, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 13, p. 199. [Ety. arena, sand ; Colo, I inhabit; Ktltos, stone.] Circular holes which appear in twos on the sur- face of sandstones, and have the ap- pearance of worni-burrowB, like those of the Areaicola. Type A. sparsus or A. didyma. sparsus, Salter, 1866, Quar. Jour. (Jeo. Soc, vol. 13, p. 203, Clinton Gr. spiralis, Torell, 1868, as identified by Bill- ings, Pal. Foss., vol. 2, p. 77, Up.Taconic. woodi. Wliitfield, 1882, Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 177, Potsdam Gr. Aulacodus obliqum, see Liimbriconereites obliquus. CoNcnicoMTES, Nicholson, 1872, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 3, p. 202. [Ety. concha, shell; colo, I dwell; lUhoB, astone.] Tubes conical, slightly curved, walls thin, composed of imbricating rings. Type C. gregarius. Prof. Hall and others regard this gnnun as a syn- onym for Cornulites. corrugatus, Nicholson, 1873, Lond. Geo. Mag., vol. 10, p. 55, Hud. Riv. Gr. flexuosus. Hall, 1847, (Tentaculites flexu- OBus,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 92, Trenton and Hud. Riv. Grs. Fig. 9.%.— Conchicolites (lexuosuM, on Stropbo- menii alternatii. intermedins, Nicholson, 1874, (Ortonia intermedia,) Geo. Mag., n. s., vol. 1, p. 199, Ham. Gr. minor, Nicholson, 1873, (Ortonia minor,) Lond. Geo. Mag., vol. 10, p. 56, Hud. Riv. Gr. Cornulites, Schlotheim, 1820, Petrefakten- kunde, p. 378. [Ety. comu, horn ; lithoa, stone.] Tube gradually tapering, con- ical, slightly flexuous, small end usu- ally curved, and attached to some for- eign body; walls thick, cellular, composed of numerous imbricating rings, their widest edge next the slen- der base; external surface annulated, finely striated longitudinally; inner surface and casts scalariform, with two or three longitudinally impressed fur- rows. Type C. serpularius. . , ; i I.-' 34 518 ANNELIDA. [DIS— 1,1 M. Fio. 937— Cornu- lltflHurouatui. arcuatUH, Conrad, 1842, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 276, Niagara Gr. bellistriatus, Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 20, Low. Held. Gr. carbunarius, Gurley, 1883, New. Carb. Foss., p. 8, Kinderhook Qr. The publication is not such as required by the rules of nomenclature, cbrysalis. Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 20, Low. Held. Gr. cinKulatUB, Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 20, Low. Held. Gr. clintoni. Hall, 1879, 28tl> Rep. N. Y. St. Mu8. Nat. Hist., p. 184, Clinton Gr. Thid name was proposed instead of C. flexuosust, which is preoccupied, when Conchicolites is regarded as synony- mous with Cornulites. corUracliis, Ringueberg, 1884, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sii.j p. 148, Niagara Gr. Syn. for C. proprius. distans. Hall, 1852. (Tentacu- lites distans,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 184, Clinton Gr. flexuosus, Hall, 1862, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 98, Clinton Gr. flexuosus var. gracilis. Hall, 1860, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. Fig. 938. 5, p. 155, Niagara Gr. CornulUes nodosus Ringueberg, 1884. '"''^'»'>''- Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 149, Niagara Gr. proprius. Hall, 1876, 28th Rep. N. Y. St. Mun. Nat. Hist., p. 182, Niagara Gr. trihulifl, Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 20. Ham. Gr. DisTAcoDUs, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour, Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 357. [Ety. din- taz'}, to doubt ; odous tooth.] Smnil, curved tooth, with asharpedgHon both the outer and inner curve; base ex- panded. Type D. incurvus. incurvus. Pander, 1856, (Marhairodus incurvus,) Monogr. d. foss. Fische. d. Silur. syst., p. 23, Hud. Riv. Gr. Dbkpa NODUS, Pander, 1856, Monogr. d. foss. Fische. d. Silur. Syst.. p. 20. [Ety. dre- pane, sickle ; oious tooth.] Small, curved, spine-like tooth, nearly circular in sec- tion ; base expanded. Tvpe D. arcuatus. arcuatus, Pander, 1856, Monogr. d. Foss. Fische. d. Silur. Syst., p. 20, Hud. Riv. Gr. Eotropkonin, Ulrich, 1878, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 91. Not satisfacto- rily defined, $etigera, Ulrich, 1878, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 91. Not satisfactorily defined, and specimen too poor for defi- nition. EuNiciTRs, Ehlers, 1868, Paleeontographica, vol. 17, p. 145. [Ety. Eunice, a Nereid ; liUing, atone.'] Minute, variimsly formed, denticulated jaws of annelids or crus- taceans. Type E. avitus. alveolatus, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. <;(>. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 384, Ham. (ir chiromorphus, Hinde, 1870, Quar. ,lr,i,, Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 381, < im^ ton Ur. clintonensis, Hinde, 1879, Quar. .I<.iir. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 381, ( im. ton Gr. compactus, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour, (iio, Soc. Lond.j vol. 35, p. 384, Ham. Gr contortus, Hinde, 1879, Qusr. Jour. do. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 376, II ml. Riv. Gr. coronatuB, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour, (ho Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 381, Clin- ton Gr. cristatus, Hinde, 1879, (Arabellitcs ciiH- tatus), Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol :!5, p. 378, Hud. Riv. Gr. digitatus, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 376, Hiul. Riv. (Jr. gracilis, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. (ico. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 376, liiid. Riv. Gr. major, see Oenonites major, nanus, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Gto. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. .384, Ham. Gr. palraatufl, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Gt-o. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 384, Ham. Gr. perdentatuK, see Lumbriconereites perdiii- tatus. simplex, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol 35, p. 376, Hiid. Riv. Gr. tumidus, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35. p. 384, Ham. Gr. Gi.vcERiTKs, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lon., vol. 35, p. 380. [Ety. genun Glycera ; lithos. stone.] Jaws consisting of ft simple curved hook with a wide base, without smaller teeth. Type G. sulcat\is. calceolus, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 384, Clinton Gr. sulcatus, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. G'o. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 3f.O, Hud. Riv. Gr. sulcatus, var. excavatus, Hfnde, 1871), Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 380, Hud. Riv. Gr. Oordia marina, see Ptilteooliorda marina. GvBicHNiTES, Whiteaves, 1883, Trans. Roy, Si)c. Can,, p. 109. [Ety. gyros, a circle; ichnos a track.] Trails supposed to Imve been made by an annelid. Type G. gaspensis. gaspensis, Whiteaves, 1883, Trans. Hoy. Soc. Can., p. 109, Mid. Devonian. Helminlhuidichnites, Fitch, see Pahoochorda. marina, see Pal«eochorda marina. tm>ii», see Paleeochorda tenuis. LuMBRicoNBREiTES, Eblers, 1868, Pala>onto- graphica, vol. 17, p. 159. [Ety. Lumliri- omereis, a genus ; lithos, stone.] Dit^tin- guisbed from Eunicitos by having a well defined basal extension. Type L. deperditus. [nis— I.' M. Juar. Jour. <.(). ;84, Ham. Ui 179, Quttr. .I'Hii. 36, p. 381, ( hn- 79, Quar. .Ii.nr. 16, p. 381, ( in- ^uar. Jour. (no. }84, Ham. Cii ►uar. Jour. (lio. , p. 376, HiKi. Juar. Jour. (mo. p. 381, Clin- [ArabeUitfs criH- !0. Soc, vol :i5, iuar. Jour. (ii'o. , p. 376, Ilud, luar. Jour, (ieo, ', p. 370, Iln.l. or. uar. Jonr. (ito. 384, Ham. Gr. Quar. Jour. Geo. 384, Ham. Gr. onertites pfrdcn- ;juar. Jour. Geo. ',, p. 376, Hiid. Quar. Jour. Geo. 384, Ham. Gr. Quar. Jour. Geo. 180. [Ety. geimn Jaws consisting ook with a wide teeth. Type (i. Quar. Jour. Goo. 384, Clinton Gr. CJiiar. Jour. G'o. p. 3F.0, Hud. IS, Hfnde, 1871), Lond., vol. 35, p. horda marina. 1883, Trans. lioy. ty. gyrot, a circle ; 8UF)po8el, genus; aumt, graudiather.] Mi- nute denticulated teeth or jaws. Type N. varians. Fio. D.iO — NereidavnR viii'iaiis. MugiilHuU 8 llilUU. BolitariuH, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. S)C. Lond., vol. 35, p. 385, Hum. Gr. variant, Grinnell, 1877, Am. Jour. Sii. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 14, p. 229, Ilnd. Iliv. Gr. Neiieitks, Murchison, 1839, Sil. Syst., p. 700. [I'liy. from u resemblano-i to the track of tn' 1844, Taconic. iSyst., p. 69, Up. Ta- conic. gracilis, Em- mons, 1844, Taconic Syst., p. 69, Up. Ta- conic. jackso n i , Em mons, 1844, Taco- nic Svst., p. 69, *Up. Taconic, 1 a n ceolatus, Emmons, 1844, Taconic Syst, p. 69, Up. Taconic. This may belong to Nereo- grapsun, as suggested by Emmons. loomisi, Emmons, 1844, Taconic Svst., p. 69, Up. Taconic. pugnufl, Emmons, 1844, Taconic Syst., p. 69, Up. Taconic. robustus, Emmons,1866,(Nereograp9us ro- bustus,) Am. Geol., p. Ill, Up. Taconic. Oenonites, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 376. [Ety. Oenone, a genus; lilhos, stone.] Jaws with a more or less curved anterior hook ; fol- lowed by a series of smaller teeth, simi- lar in character to those of the existing genus Oenone. Type 0. curvidens. amplus, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 382, Clinton Gr. carinatus, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 36. p. 377, Hud. Riv. Gr. cuneatns, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond.. vol. 35, p. 377, Hud. Riv. Gr. curvidens, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 376, Hud. Riv. Gr. fraeilis, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 382, Clinton Gr. incequalis, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 376, Hud. Riv. Gr. infrequens, Hinde, 1879, Qnar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 382, Niagara Gr. major, Hinde, 1879, (Eunicites major,) Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 35, p. 374, Hud. Riv, and Clinton Gr. roBtratus, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 376, Hud. Riv. Gr. serratus, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, »>.37«, Hud. Riv. Gr. Ortonia, Nicholson, 1872, Lond. Geo. Mag., vol. 9- Synonym for Conchicolites, if indeed both are not synonyms for Cornulites. conica, syn. for Conchicolites flexuosus. intermedia, see Conchicolites intermedins. minor, see Conchicolites minor. FALiKocHORDA, McCoy, 1848, Quar. Jour. Geol. Sue, vol.4, p. 224. [Kty. palaios, ancient; cHttrde, intestine.] Trail very long, cylindrical, chord-like, frequently i 1 1 620 ANNELIDA. [PI.A.- SlO. croHsing itself, witlinut onler, surface smooth. Type 1'. minor, marina, Kmmons, 1844, ((Sordia marina,) p.(l8, nnd Am.(teol., p. 103, Up. Taconic. prima, Wiiilflcld, 1877, Prelim, Rent. Pal. Klack Hills, p. 7, an*l (ieol. Black Hills of Dakota, p. 331, Potsdam Gr. tenuis. Fitch, 1840, (Helminthoidiclinites tenuis,) Trans, Agr. 8oc., and Am. Ueol., p. 103, Up. Taconic. Fi.ANOLiTEs, Nicholson, 1873, Proc. Koy. Soc, No. 144. TEty. pianos, wanderer; lithos, stone.] Irregularly cylindrical, tortuous casta of supposed worm-tubes. Type P. vulgaris. ▼ulKari.\ Nicholson, 1873, Proc. Roy. Soc, No. 144, and Pal. Prov. of Ontario, p. 42, Clinton Gr. PoLYONATMUH, Hiude, 1879,tiuar. Jour. (Jeo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. IWl. [Ety. polys, many ; gnathos, jaw.] Mintite variously formed teeth and minute tuberculated plates. Type P. dubius. coronatus, Hinde, 1879, Qnar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 365, Ham. Gr. craESUB, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol.' 36, p. 305, Ham. Gr. cristatus, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 3<50, Ham. Gr. curvatus, Hinde, 1879, (Innr. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. .So, p. 'Mm, Ham. Gr. dubius, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 362, Ham. Gr. dupllcntu», Hin, Hinde, 1879, Quar. .Tour, Geo, Soc, Lond., vol. 35, p. 365, Ham. Gr. truncatus, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 366, Ham. Gr. tuberculatus, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 366, Ham. Gr. PBioNionus, Pander, 1856, Monogr. d. Fobs. Fif (he d. Silur. Syst., p, 28. [Ety. frri- onion, small ^aw ; odous, tooth.] Basal portion narrow supporting numerous, delicate denticles and gn elongated tapering tooth which extends Im'|,,w the basal portion. Typo P. clegniiK. abhreviatus, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. (ho. Soc. liOnd., vol. 35, p. 359, Ham. (Ir acicularis, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. (iio. Soc, Lond., vol. 35, p. 360, Ham. (ir. alatUB, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. (ico. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 301, Ham. Gr. angulatus, Hinde, 1870, Quar. Jour. (ico. Soc. Lond., vol. Sf;, p. 380, Waverlydr. armatuB, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. (ifo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 360, Ham. Gr. clavatus, Hinde, 1870, Quar. Jour. (itio. Soc, vol. :15, p. .300, Hnni. Gr. elegans. Pander, 1856, Monogr. d. Fosh. Fisclie d. Silur. Syst., p. 29, Hud. Riv.( ir. erraticufl, Hinde, 1879, C|uar. Jour. ri. Soc. liOnd., vol. 35, p. 359, Ham. (ir furcatus, Hinde, 1879, Qnar. Jour. Ueo. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 358, Hud. Riv. (ir. panderi, IHnde, 1879, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Ix)nd., vol. 35, p. 361, Ham. (Jr. politus, Hinde, 1879, Quar. Jour. (ieo. vSoc Lond., vol. 35, p. 358, Hud. Riv. (ir, radicans, Hinde, 1870, Quar. Jour. (ico. Soc. Lond., vol. 35, p. 368, Hud. Riv. (ir. spicatus, Hinde, 187t), Qnar. Jour. Geo, Soc, Fiond., vol. 35. p. 361, Ham, Gr. Protoscoi.ex, Ulricli, 1878, Jour. Cin. Sou, Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 89. [Ety. proioi, first; skolex, VI orm.\ Long, slender, nu- merous segments, both ends obtusel' pointed. Type P. covingtonensis. covingtonenBi8,Ulrich, 1878, Jour, Cin. f> Nat, Hist., vol. 1, p. 89, Utica Slate i ornntus, Ulrich, 1878, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Iliat., vol. 1, p. 90, Utica Slate Gr. simplex, Ulrich, 1878, Jour. Cin. Soc, Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p 91, Utica Slate Gr. tenuis, Ulrich, 1878, Jour. Cin. Soc Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 90, Utica Slate Gr. Saltbrella, Billings, 1861, Pal. Fobs., vol. 1, p. 17. [Ety. proper name.] Small, slender, elongate, FiQ.9jt._proto. conical tubes, consisting scoiex omu- of several hollow cones ^"8- placed one within another, the last one forming the chamber of habitation; surface concentrically or longitudinally striated. Type S. ru- gosa. billingsi, SafFord, ISfiO, Geo. of Tenn., p. 289, Trenton Gr, obtusa, Billings, 1861, Pal. Fobs,, vol. 1, p, 18, Up, Taconic. pulchella, Billings, 1801, Pal, Fobs., vol. 1, p. 18, Up. Taconic. rugosa, Billings, 1861, Pal. Foes., vol. 1, p. 17, Up. Taconic. ScoLiTHUs, Haldeman, 1840, Supp. to. Mon- graph of Limniades. [Ety. skolex, worm ; ^fi^Sf^ Pio. 042.-Salter ella rugosa. ■ ^i> [PI.A M (), I cxtendH Ivldw 'pn V. C'legniiH ', Qimr. Jour. ( H((. •.\-y\), Ham. (Ir Quar. Jour. i| ; Hut, dcx- tral or HiiiiMtral, utIacliiMl by inni HJiIti to Honi" foreign object. Type Hurpiila Hpirorhi.H of I.inniiciH. aiiiiiion, WiiKtlieli, 1866, Rttp. Imw, Pun- inHulii Mich , p. 97, Hiiin. Gr. ungiilatim, !l:ill, 1862, I5lh Ri-p. N. Y. 8t MuH. Nut. HiHt., p. HI, Murn. (injiilitliiH, DuwHon, 1868, The preoccupied. aiiiiululus, Hull, I85H, TruiiH. vol. 4, p. 34, himI liiill. Am. Mist., p. 92, WurMUW (ir. (mnululm var. nuduliwiH, miv loHUS. anthracosiu, Wliitlield, 1881, Am Hci. and Arts, 3d Her. vol. 21, Coal MeuH. arietinus, Duwhijii, 1869, Kitp. of Geo. Sur. Cun., n. 14, Coul Mt^as arkoiiensi!*, NicliolHon, 1874, (ieo. vol. 1, p. 199, Hum. (ir. curbonnriuH, Daw s(jn, 1845, Quar. Jour. dco. Hoc, vol. l,p. 326, Goal MeOH. cincii\naticnHiN, Miller iV Dyer, 1878, Jour. Cin. Hoc. Nat. Ili.st., vol. I, p. 38, Hud. Riv. Gr. flexuo8UH, Hall, 1 86 3 , ^.,,, ,,.. „„, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, hiKciiiboiiuriiw. p. 224, Niugara Gr. inornatus. Hall, 1863, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 224, Niagara (ir. kinderhookerutin, (lurley, 1883, New Carb. Fobs., p. t). Publication not suillcient. laxuH, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol, 3, p. 349, Low. Held. Gr. nodulosus. Hall, 1858, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 34, and Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 93, Warsaw (ir. obesuB, Winchell, 1866, Rep. Low. Pen- insula Mich., p. 97, Ham. (ir. omphalodes, Qoldfuss, 1826, Germ. Pe- tref., Up. Held, and Ham. Grs. orbiculostoma, Swallow, 1858, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., p. 181, Per- mian Gr. spinuliferus, Nicholson, 1875, Pal. Prov. Out., p. 83, Ham. Gr. valvatm, Goldfuss, 1826, (Herpula valvata). Not American. Staurocepiialitbs, Hinde, 1879, (^lar. Jour. Geo. Soc. L'uid., vol. 35, p. 383. [Ety. Staurocephalm, an existing genus; Hlhoi, stone.] Jaws of more or less elongated compressed denticulate plates rescm- bling those of the genus Staurocepiiulus. Type S. niagarensis. ni garensis, Himle, 1879, (^lar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Load., vol. 35, p. 383, .Nia- gara Gr. 622 CRUSTACEA, [WAI,. ,.t««»»'3T'T*' Fio. 946.- Wa]cottia rugosa. Walcottia, Miller & Dyer, 1878, Jour. Cin. 8oc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 39. [Ety. proper name.] A rugose, flexuoiis, worm-like furrow. Type W. rngosa. cookana, Miller & Dyer, 1878, Cont. to Pal., No. 2, p. 11, Hud. Riv. Gr. rugosa, Miller & Dyer, 1878, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 39, lliuh Riv. Gr. '•O^*.- CLASS CRUSTACEA. ■m^^ |i '.■'■■■ ) There is such an immense diversity among Crustaceous animals, it has beeu found necessary to make subclasses, orders, and suborders, to give intelligible def- initions to the classification. They are generally covered with a peculiar calcareous secretion or integument, constituting a cutaneous skeleton, inclosing the soft parts of the body. Segments are united by a membrane, giving floxibility to the armor. There being no way to increase the integument by growth , it is cast off at stated periods, and a new one is secreted to cover the enlarged body. The subclasses are Cirripedia, Entomostraca, Xyphosura, Ed**iopthalmata, and Podopthalmata. The Subclass Cirripedia includes only a single order which bears the same name. The animals, when mature, are attached to submarine objects, and are in- closed in a shell composed of several calcareous plates, from an opening in which articulated cirri are exserted and retracted when the animal is alive in search of prey. The common barnacle, which frequently covers the bottoms of ships so as to impede their progress across the ocean, is a representative of this order. The Subclass Entomostraca is divided into several orders, only three of which are Palseozoic, viz.: Ostracoda, Phyllopoda, and Trilobita. The Ostracoda are minute animals inclosed in a little bivalve shell ; the feet and antennae are pio- truded between the lower edges of the valves. The Cypris, Daphnia, and Po- lyphemus are living examples of this order. The Phyllopoda are so named on ac- count of the broad and leaf-like feet. Some of them are covered with a bivalve shell, and others are without such protection. The Palaeozoic are bivalve shells. The Estheria, which abound in pools and springs, belong to this order. The Trilobita possessed a cephalic shield, a trilobed thorax composed of segments, which were flex- ible and allowed the animal to double itself up, and a tail-piece called the pygidiutu. The order became extinct in the Palseozoic era. The Subclass Xyphosura has an anterior subcrescentiform carapace, inclosing the cepbalothoraoic organs, and a posterior abdominal piece, from which a tail spine projects. The upper surface is convex, and the lower concave. There are three orders — Amphipeltida, Euripterida, and Xyphosura. Only a fragment of the shell of the Amphipeltida is known. The Euripterida is also an extinct order. A common form of the Xyphosura is the Limulus, or Horseshoe Crab, which is coin- morx on the shores of the tropical seas. The Subclass Edriopthalmata has the head distinct from the thoracic segmeuts, and therefore has no cephalothorax. The head has a pair of simple compound eyes, not peduncukted. The Palseozoic orders are Amphipoda and Anisopoda. CRUSTACEA. 523 The Order Amphipoda consists of animals that live in water, burrow in sand, or become parasitic on fishes. The abdomen is well developed, and bears limbs for leaping or swimming. They always swim on their sides. The common sand- hopper on the shore of the sea belongs to this order. The Order Anisopoda has a long body, convex above and flattened below, and has affinities with the I>.opoda, of winch the common wood-louse is an example. The' Subclass Podopthalmata has compound eyes at the extremity of a pair of movable stalks; the head and thorax are generally united, covered by a single piece of shell, and called the cephalothorax ; this includes the antennse, eyes, mouth, jaws, feet, etc. The remaining segments form an abdomen, which frequently ter- minates in a caudal fin. Common examples are the squill and the small edible crab. There are several orders in this subclass, only three of which are Pal»ozoic, viz.: Phyllocarida, Decapoda, Tetradecapoda. The Phyllocarida has cephalic, thoracic, and abdominal segments. The cara- pace has no regular hinge. The living representative is Nebalia, which inhabits the sea at moderate depths. The Decapoda are stalk-eyed, and the head and thoracic segments are united in a cephalothorax, incased in a common shell, and have the branchial organs inclosed on the sides of the cephalothorax. The true thoracic legs are almost always ten, whence the name of the order. The Tetradecapoda have their relations with the Decapoda. I : SUBCLASS AND ORDER CIRRIPEDIA. Family Balanid^. — Palaeocrusia, Protobalanus. Family LEPADiDiE. — Lepidocoieus, Strobilepis, Turrilepas. SUBCLASS ENTOMOSTRACA. Order Ostracoda. Family Beyrichiil»^. — Beyrlchia, Beyrichona, Hipponicharion, Primitia. Family CYPRiDiE. — Candona. Family CvTHERiDiR. — Cytherella, Cytheropsis. Family FABERiiDiE.— Faberia. Family LEPERDixiiDJJi. — Aparchites, Isochllina, Leperditia. Order Pf.vllopoda. Family Estherhd^,. — Estheria, Leaia, Schizodiscus. Family Uncertain. — Lepidilla, Lepiditta. • - Order Trilobita. Family AciDASPiDiE. — Acidaspis. Family Aolaspid^. — Aglaspis. Family AoNOSTiDiE, — Agnostus, Microdiscus, Shumardia. Family AsAPHiDiE. — Asaphus, Barrandia, Megalaspis, Nileus, Ogygia, Sym- physurus. Family BATHYURiOiE. — Asaphiscus, Bathyurellus, Bathyuriscus, Bathyurup. Family BRONTEiDiE. — Bronteus. Family Calymenid^. — Calymene, Horaalonotus. , j ' B24 CRUSTACEA. Family Geraurid^. — Ceraurus, Sphserocoryphe, Sphserexochus. Family Conocoryphid^. — Bailiella, Chariocephalus, Conocoryphe, Hariia, Menocephalus, Prototypus. Family CYPHAspiDiE. — Cyphaspis. Family DiCELLOCEPHALiDiE. — Dicellocephalus, Pterocephalia, Ptychaspis. Family ENCRiNURiDiE. — Amphion, Eucrinurus. Family ELLiPsocicPHALiDiE. — Ellipsocephalus. Family Harpid^,. — Harpes. Family^ III a:nida;. — Illsenurus,IllieQU8. Family LicHiDiE. — Lichaa, Terataspis. Family OLENiCii':. — Dolichometopus, Oryctocephalus, Telephus, Triarthrclla, ; Triarthrus. Family' Paradoxid^. — Anopolenus, Atops, Batbynotus, Elliptocepliula, Mesnnacis, Olenoides, Paradoxides. ' Family PHACOPiWiE. — Dalmanites, Phacops. Family VROKvuiM. — Harpides, Phsethonides, Pbillipsia, Proetus. Family PTYCHOPAHiWiE. — Agraulus, Crepicephalus, Liostracus, Longocephalus, i Logauelliis, Ptyclioparia, Solenopleura. Family Remopleurip.e. — Retuopleuride8. Family TRiNUCLiciDiK. — Arapyx, Dionide, Eudymionia, Trinucleus. Family Affinity Uncertain. — Peraphigaspis, Tracks supposed to be Crustacean. — Asaphoidichuus, Cliniacbtichnites, Diplicbnites, Protichnites, Rusichnites. SUBCLASS XIPHOSURA. Order Amphipeltida. Family Amphipeltid.*:. — Aniphipeltis. Order Eurypterida. Family EcHiNooNATHiDiE. — Echinognathus. Family Eurypterida:. — ADtbraconectes, Dolichopterus, Eurypterella, Euryp- terus, Pterygotus, Stylonurus. Family HEMiASPiDit:. — Bunodella. Order Xiphosura Family Belinurid^. — Belinurus, FvMroopa, Prutulitnulus Family CYCLiDiW. — Cycliis, Dipeltl' SUBCLASS EDRIOPTHALMATA. Order Amphipoda. Family DiPLosTYLiDi*:. — Diplostylus. Order Anisopoda. Family Acanthotei.sonid^. — AcaiithutelaMii. ' * ACA.] CRUSTACEA. 525 SUBCLASS PODOPTHALMATA. Order Phyllocarida. Family Ceratiooarid^e. — Ceratiocaris, Colpocaris, Echinocaris, Elyniocaris, Ribeiria (?), Solenocaris, Trppidocaris. Family Discinocarid^. — Dipterocaris, Spathiocaris. Family PinacaridjE. — Dithyrocaris, Mesothyra. Family Protocarid^. — Protocaris. Family Raohuridje. — Rachura. Family Rhinocarid^e. — Rhinocaris. r.'' Order Decapoda. Family ANTHRACARiDiE. — Anthrapalseraon. Family Cariuide, — Palaeopalfemou. Family Pal^eocarid^. — Ganipsonyx, Palseocaris. Order Tetradecapoda. Family ARCHiEOCARiDiE. — Archajocaris. ypterella, Eiiryp- Fia. 047.— AcanthotelBon eveni. ^, dorsnl view; «<, stylet; t, teliion ; B, Hide view; O aud x, antennee; /, anterior leg; C, enlarged stylet. ACANTHOT ISLSOM, Meek & Wor- then, ] 860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scl., p. 47. [Ety. akantha, spine ; ielson, end.] Superior antenna; as long as the in- ferior, flagella longer than the peduncles; head about the length of the two anterior thoracic segments; thoracic and abdominal segments about the same length ; anterior thoracic legs longer than the others ; telson sim- ple, long, spine-like, laterally com- pressed ; stylets with second segments longer than firEt,andsimilartothe telson. Type A. stimpsoni. eveni. Meek & Worthen, 1868, Am. Jour. Sci., vol. FiQ. 1)10.— Acau- t h o t e 1 8 o n Hti m psonl. Dorsal view. Via. 048.— Acnntliotelson eveni. Enlarged ; H, anterior legs and antennne; 8, punctures (eft by •tpiues on tlie lower side. Via, 050.— AcHnthotelROU stlnipsuni. Enlarged 3 dlam.; i, a protuberance tliat may be an eye. AcaiUholoma, syn. for Acidaspis. ipinota, syn. for Acidaspis tuberculata. 46, p. 28, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 651, Coal Meas. 526 CRUSTACEA. [ACI.-A(.N. Fig. 951. — Aoidaspls anchomllH. Cephal- ic Hhield. inmqualis, Meek & Worthen, syn. for Pal- eeocaria typus. stirapsoni, Mtek & Worthen, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Si», Mnrchison, 1839, Sil. Syst, p. 658. [Ety. akis, a point ; axpis, shield.] Cephalic shield, semicircular, inarpn thickened and spinous, lateral anttlt-s produced in spines; glabella convex, narrow in front, not reaching the mar- gin, two lobes on each side, and having a large spine projecting backward, eyes prominent; thorax with eight seg- ments; pleurH) wide, and terminating in spines; pygidium small, axis sliort, of two joints, sides depressed, one seg- mental furrow, long spine extending backward from the margin at each side, and smaller spines from the other parts of the margin. Type A. brighti. anchoralis, S. A. Mil- ler, 1875, Gin. Quar. Jour. Sci., vol. 2, p. 349, Hud. Riv. Gr. callicera, Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y.. vol. 7, p. 69, Up. Held. Gr. ceralepta, Anthony, 1838, (Cera*, .epli- ala ceralepta,/ Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 34, p. 379. Not defined so as to be recognized, cincinnatiensis, Meek, 1873, Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 167, Hud. Riv. Gr. crosotus, Locke, 1843, Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 44, p. 347, and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 165, Hud. Riv. Gr. The word is mis- spelled; it should be Fio. 992.— Acidas- crossota, pis anctioraliK. danai. Hall, 1862, Geo. Pygidium. Sur. Wis., p. 423, Niagara Gr. eriopi», see Terataspia eriopis. fimbiinta, Hall, 1879, Desc. New Spec. Foss.. p- 20, and 11th Rep. Geo. and Nat. Hist. Ind., p. 334, Niagara Gr. grandis, see Terataspis grand in. halli, Shumurd, 1855, Geo. Sur. Mo., p. 200, Trenton Gr. hamata, Conrad, 1841, (Dicranurus ha- matus,) Ann. Rep. N. Y., p. 48, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 371, Low. Held. Gr. horani, Billings, 1859, Rep. of Progr. Geo. Sur. Can., p. 341, Trenton Gr. ida. svn. for Acidaspis danai. — onealh, S. A. Miller, 1875, Cin. Quar. Jour. Sci., vol. 2, p. 86, Hud. Riv. Gr. parvula, Walcott, 1877, 31 st Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 69, Trenton Gr. romingeri, Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 71, Han?. Gr. 8pini(/er, see Bathyurus spiniger. trentonensis. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 240, Trenton Gr. Fio. n^r Acidaspis onealil. tuberculat!*, Conrad, 1840, Ann. Ken. N. Y., p. 205, and Pal. N. Y., vol. :i p. 368, Low. Held. Gr. Aglasi'is, Hall, 1862, Can. Nat. and (Ico vol. 7, p. 443. and 16th Rep. N. Y. St. Mns. Nat. Hist., p. 181. [Ety. ojr/i/on, bright; aspia, shield.] Cephalic shield somewhat scmielliptical, wider tintn long, sinus in front; glabella narrow, conical; eyes prominent, and situiite anterior to the middle; thorax having eit;ht segments; pygidium small, niut terminating in a sin)^e spine. Type A. bnrraiidii. barrandii, Hall, 1862, Can. Nat. and (ico. vol. 7, p. 443, and 16th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 181, Potsdam Gr. eatoni, Whilfit'Id, 1880, Ann. Rep. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 52, and Geo. of Wis., vol. 4, p. 192, Potsdam Gr. Aoxosrcs, Brongniart, 1822, Hist. Nat. Crust. Foss., p. 38. [Ety. agnostog, ob- scure.] Body elongate, elliptical ; ce- phalic shield and pygidium subequal, subrotund, or longer'tnan wide, convex rim on the border; glabella convex; no eyes; no facial sutures; two thoracic seirmentp. Type A. pisiformis. acadicus, Hartt, 1868, Acad. Geol., p. 655, St. John Gr. acadicus var. declivis, Matthew, 1885, Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., p. 70, St. John (\r, acutilobus, Matthew, 1885, Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., p. 73, St. John Gr. americanus, Billings, 1860, Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 5, p. 301, and Pal. Foss, p. 395, Up. Taconic. bidens, Meek, 1873, 6th Rep. Hayden's Geo. Sur. Terr., p. 463, and Monog. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 26, Prospect Mount- ain Gr., Up. Taconic. canadensis, Billings, 1860, Can. Nat. and Geol, vol. 5. )>. 301, and Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 397, Up. Taconic. coloradoensis, Shnmard, 1801, Am. Jour, Sci. and Arts, 2d ser., vol. 32, p. 218, Up. Taconic. communis. Hall & Whitfield, 1877, U. 8. Geo. Expl. 40th parallel, vol. 4, p. 288, Prospect Mountain Gr., Up. Ta- conic. ?di-piirili8. Hall, 186;<, 16th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 179, Potsdam (jr. fabius, Killin}>s, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 298, Up. Tacoiiit!. galbii, Bilir g^, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 297, Up. Tjiconic. interstriclus, AVhito, 1874, Rep. Invert. Fos-s., p. 7, anil Geo. Sur. W. 100th Mer., vol. 4, p. 38, Up. T»«(onic. ?jf>s phfl. Hall, 1863, llith R-p. N. Y., 81. Mus. Niit. Hist., p. 178, Potsdam Gr. lalus, see Beyrichin lata. hbatiw, see Microdiucns lobatus. malademis, Meek, 1873, H yden's Sur. Terr., p. 4()4. Not properly d- fined. neon. Hall & Whiifiel.l, 1877, U. S. Geo. Expl., 4th parallel, vol, 4, p. 229, Pros- pect Mountain Gr., Up. Taconic. AC.R.— AMP.] CRUSTACEA. 52T Rep. Hayden's and Monojt. U.S. Prospect Mount- 1801, Am. Jour, vol. 32, p. 218, lOtlj Rep. N. Y. 170, Potsdam (ir. 1. Foss., vol. 1, p. il. Fobs., vol. 1, p. 74, Rpp. Invert. Sur. W. 100th TMT. canadensis, Billintts, 1859, Can. Nat. and Geo , vol. 4, p. 381, Ohazy Gr. convpxiiB, BillingH, 1866, Pal. Fobs., vol. 1, p. 322, Quebec (ir. insulariH, Billings, 1805, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 290, Quebec Gr. julii us, Billings, 1805, Pal. Foss., vol. l,p. 290, Quebec Gr. matutinus, Hall, 1863, 16th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus, Nat. Hist., p. 222, Potsdam Gr. mulliBegmentatus, see Encrinurus multiseg- mentatus. nevadensis, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 94, Chazy Gr. salteri, Billings, 1861, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 0, Calciferous Gr. westoni, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 321, Quebec Gr. Ampiiipeltis, Salter, 1863, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 19, p. 75. [Ety. amphi, on both sides; peltis, provided with a shield or buck- ler.] Carapace oblong, oval, rounded in front, more truncate behind ; thorax with 9 seg- ments, 5 project be- yond the carapace and 4 concealed beneath it ; tail-piece semi- circular, as wide as the abdomen, and as long as the last three segments taken to- gether. Type A. para- doxus, paradoxus, Salter, 1863, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 19, p. 70, and Acad. Geo., p. 523, \5^. Devonian. Ampyx, Dulman, 1827, Uber die palseaden oder die sogenannten Triloblten, p. 53. [Ety. ampyx, head-band.] Cepnalic shield somewhat trigonal ; glabella large, prominent, narrow behind, and pro- jecting upward and forward anteriorly ; cheeks flattened, posterior angles pro- duced; no eyes or facial sutures; thoracic segments 5 or 6, flattened, sides straight, divided by a diagonal pleural groove ; pygidium Rubtrigonal, nearly aa large as the cephalic shield ; one anterior segmental furrow; axis faintly marked with transvens? furrows. Type .A. lltlBUtllB halli. Billing-^, 1861, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 24, Ohazy Gr. Iseviuscnlus, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 295, fiq. 968. — Quebec Gr. Ampyx normalis, Billings, 1865, Pal. J^^a'd wUh": Foes., vol. 1, p. 295, Que- out mov- bec Gr. ablecheeks rutilius, Billings, 1865, Pal. *5l„„}i'« FoBB.,vol.l,p.296.QuebecGr. ' y«""""" «emicostatu8, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 297, Quebec Gr. rio. 957.— AmphU peltlH paradoxus. a aiagonai Fio. 959.— Anopole UU8 veuustus. Angelina hUchcocki, see Prototypua hitcli- cocki. Anomoco.re, Angelin, 1852, Pal. Scand., i). 24. This genus is not yet known in America. {t)paTvum, Walcott, 1885, Mon.U. S. G.o, Su'.., vol. 8, p. 59, Up. Taconic. This species is founded on a fragment of the cephalic shield and the generic rcfcr- etiue is only provisional. Anopolbnus, Salter, 1864, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 20, p. 236, and vol. 21, p. ^77. [Ety. a, without; ops, an eye; (Jlenns, a gen us.] Elongated, depressed ; cephalic shield semicircular with prolonged spines, and clavate glabella having 4 pairs of furrows; fixed cheeks, large, punctate, strongly margined, each a quarter of a circle in shape, and reach- ing nearly to the front of the glabella, against which the long eyes abut; thence the facial suture curves out- ward, and is marginal in front; the long eye- lobe, which forms the margin of the fixed cheeks, reaches quite to the glabella in front, and nearly to the posterior angle below ; free cheeks are a narrow band margined and reaching only three- fourths down the fixed cheek ; pygid- ium wide, expanded, but narrower than the thorax, widely marginate, and serrated by 6 or 8 marginal spines. Type A. henrici. venustuB, Billings, 1874, Pal. Foss., vol. 2, p. 73, Up. Taconic. Anthbaconbctes, Meek & Worthen, /Si^?^•-^^^s^ 1868, Am. Jour. /^pS^::-,-^ Sci., vol. 46, p, My/r^ '" 21 - ~ ~ 111 [Ety. anihra^, i^^im^'^^^^^ coal ; nectos, swim ming.] D ' tinguished from Euryptena by the v;(i;^;)p^p5^!5-| absence of lateral \^\'xi':WM^''>^^Wy'' spines lit the ar- ticulations of the legs, which ter- minate in Binele *'io. 960.— Anthraconec- nnintR ntiH in tfiB *** mazonensls. Hy- points, ana in tne postoma enlarged U) great length and show the scale-like simple extremity sculpturing, of the mesial ap- pendage of its operculum, as well as in the possession of two little spatu- late supplementary pieces. Type A. mazoneusis. mazonensis. Meek & Worthen, 1868, Am. Jour. Sci and Aits, vol. 46, p. 21, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 544, Coal Meas. ANT.— arc] CRUSTACEA. 529 li; rototypug hitcli- », Mon. U. S. G.o. I. Taconic. This a fragment of the he generic nsfcr- al. Quar. Jour. Geo. ad vol. 21, p. 477. , an eye; (Jlenns, epressed ; cephalic with prolongod labella having 4 ed cheeks, large, largined, eacli a shape, and reacli- t of the glabella, long eyes abut; iture curves out- i, and is marginal ont; the long eye- I, which forms the gin of the fixed jks, reaches quite the glabella in it, and nearly to posterior angle »w ; free cheeks a narrow band hing only three- ed cheek ; pygld- jd, but narrower iridely marginate, i marginal spines. Pal. Foss., vol. 2, . 960.— Anthraconec- 8 inazoDensis. Hy- >8tomH enlarged to low tbe scale-like ulpturlDg. Bulum, as well as two little spatu- pieces. Type A. domen of six joints, as broad as long, pleurte except the second pointed; telson oroad, appendages to the penul- Fio. 061.— Anthrnconectes mazonensis. a, b, c, Legs, crashed and broken ; h, ends of doitial liiilf of body segments; m, bypostoma; P, swlmmiiiit; paddle broken; i, natural articulation; g, basal joints of sanae; x, enlarKcd surface markings: M, mesial ap- pendage of operculum; I, 2, 3, articulations ; z, (.lat- eral alee of operculum ;«,«, accessory pieces; 0, posi- tion of mcuth. Fin.g«3.— Anthracopalaemon gracilis. Caudal parts and one alxlominal segment in advance of the telson— all enlarged, a, Small, ter- minal palette ; d, d, two accessory lam ell lo; e, c, lateral lamelltc or (Ins. M#^ Anthracopal^mon, Salter, 1861, Quar. Jour Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 17, p. 529. [Ely. an- thrax, coal ; palxmon, prawn.] Ca r ap a c e scarcely as broad as long, sim- ple, con- vex, sides arched out- ward; cen- tral ridge in front separated by a furrow from a cen- tral ridge ; Fig. 962. — Anthracopalaemon gracill!<. Dorsal view some- what enlarged. front margin serrate ; ' outer antennae have wide, square basal joints ; second and third joints not much oblique ; the rest about as broad as long; ab- timate joint double on each side, subtrigonal, broad, lat- eral fins divided. Type A. grossarti. gracilis. Meek & Worth en, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 50, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 407, Coal Meas. hillanus, Dawson, 1877, Geo. Mag., vol. 4, p. 56, Coal Meas. Aparchites, Jones, 1889, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th ser., vol. 3, p. 384. [Ety. o;)arc/ie, first.] In form like Leperclitia, but smaller and wit hout ocular or muscu- lar spot, and having no overlap on the ventral margin. Type A. whiteavesi. whiteaveei, Jones, 1889, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Cth ser., vol. 3, p. 384, Trenton Gr. ARCHiGOCARis, Meek, 1872, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 335. [Ety. arrhaios, an- cient; karis, shrimp.] Cephalothorax about equaling in length 3^ seg- ments, subtrig- onal, pointed in front, truncated and sinuous fia. 964.-Arcli«eocarl8 ver- posteriorly ; ab- miformis. domen with six imbricating segments; telson as long as 3i abdominal segments with a stylet on each side. Type A. vermiformis. i t 1 I ; i £30 CRUSTACEA. [AHC— AS\ vermiformiB, Meek, 1872, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 335, and Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 321, SuDcarbonirerous. Arctinurui, Gtistelnau, 1843, Syst Syl., p. 21, ayn. for Lichas. Arethmimi, Barrande, 1852, Syst. Sil. Bob. Not yet known as an American gnnus. (?) americana, Wulcott, 1885, Monogr. U. 8. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 02, Potsdam Gr. Founded upon a fragment of a cephalic shield which does not belong to this genus. Arges, Goldfuss, 1839, Nova Acta Pliys. Acad. Caes. Leop. Nat. Cur. Not American. ArioneUus, Barrande, 1852, Syst. >Sil. Boh., syn. for Agraulus. tnpunetatm, see Agraulus bipunctatus. cxmvexus, see Agraulus convexus. cylindricuH, see Agraulus cylindricus. owem, see Crepicephalus oweni. planus, see Agraulus planus. pmtulatiu, see Agraulus pustulatus. quadrangularis, see Agraulus quadrangu- laris. mbclavalui, see Agraulus subclavatus. texanua, see Agraulus texanus. tripunctatus, see Agraulus tripunctatus. Aristozoe, Barrande, 1872, Syst. Sil. Boh., vol. 1, p. 477. [Ety. arislot, best; zoon, animal.] Carapace bivalve ; test tliin ; binge-line straight; ventral margin grooved and reflected ; tubercle near anterior margin. Type A. bisulcata. rotundata, Walcott, 1887, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 4, p. 193, Up. Taconic. troyensis. Ford, 1873, (Leperditia troyen- SIS,) Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 6. p. 138. Up. Taconic. AsAPHiscus, Meek, 1873, 6th Rep. Hayden's Geo. Sur. Terr., p. 485. [Ely. from the genus Aanphtis.} Distinguished from Asaphus by having nine thoracic seg- ments, a conical and well-defined gla- bella, without lateral lobes, the furrow at the anterior margin of the head, and less arcuate eyes more remote from the glabella ; distinguished from BathyurelluB by having its conical glabelladepressed, and the margin of the head, in front, first con- vex, and sloping forward into a transverse mesial furrow, and then rising in a convex margin; the me- sial lobe of the {) y g i d i u m is onger, and the free margins nar- rower, less flat- tened and alate. Type A. wheeleri. bradleyi, Meek, 1873, 6th Rep. Hayden's Geo. Sur. Terr., p. 484, Up. Taconic. Vio 965. — ARapblscus Wheeleri. till wheeleri. Meek, 1873,6th Kep. Hayden'fl Geo. Sur. Terr., p. 485, and Geo. Sur, W. 100th Men, vol. 4, p. 43, Up. Ta- conic. AsAPiioioiciiNDH, S. A. Mil- ler, 1880, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 217. [Ety. Aaaphm, a genus ; eidoi*, form ; ichnoa, track.] A track supposed to have been made by a crustacean. Type A. trifidus. dyerf, S. A. Miller, 1880, Jour. Gin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 219, Utica Slate Gr. trifidus, S. A. Miller, 1880, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 218, Utica Slate Gr. AsAPiius, Brongniart, 1822, Hist, Nat. Crust. Foss., p. 17. [Ety. asap/tUd, un- certain, obscure.] Body somewhat elli p t i c a 1 , sides straightened; cephalic shield and pygidium nearly equal and somewhat seniiel- liptical; glabella con- tracted between the eyes; eyes large, smootli ; facial sutures extending forward aijd outward in advance of the eyes, and then curv- ing to the middle of the front margin, poste- riorly extending ob- liquely outward, and cutting the posterior margin of the cephalic shield witliin the lat- eral angles ; thoracic segments 8, with wide, nearly straight pleural grooves ; axis of pygid- ium, when traceable, elongate conic, seg- ments usually indis- tinct. Type A. cornig- Fig. IMW.— Asnpli- ^'"°- dug acanUioleurus, ' see D a 1 - manites acantholeurus. alacer, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Fosh. Antic, p. 26, Hud. Riv. Gr. afpeclam, see Dalmanites aspectans. attragaloteg, Green, 1834, Am. Jour, Sci., vol. 25, p. 325. Probably founded upon the pygidium of a Phacops. barrandi. Hall, 1851, Lake Sup. Land Dist., p. 210, Birdseye Gr. canadensis, Ciiapnian, 1856, Can. Jour. vol. 2, p. 47, Trenton Gr. canalis, Conrad, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 25, Chazy Gr. caribouensis, Walcott, 1885. Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 08, Quebec Gr. [AKC.' -AS\ \SA.| CRUSTACEA. 531 I Kep. Hayden'H , aiul Geo. Sur, p. 43, Up. Ta- for Dalmanitvs ■ Fio. IKia— Asnpli- oidicUnu8 triil- dU8. 3atal. Sil. FosH. Gr. aspectana. Am. Jour. Sci., ly founded upon ;op8. ake Sup. Land Gr. 856, Can. Jour. \\. N. Y., vol. 1, 85, Monogr. U. S. Quebec Or. c.a\tAatu»^ Green, syn, limuluruB. (?) cordieri, Casteluau, syn. for Dalmanites Hmulurus. eorycaua, see ProeluH corvcoeus. cryptunu, Grten, 1834, Trans. Geo. Soc. Fa., vol. 1, p. 37. Not an Asaphus; form not determined. (?) curiosus, Billings, 1865, Pal. Fobs., vol. 1, p. 318, Quebec Gr. dmliculatus, see Dalmanites denticulatus. ilitmarsitc, Huneyman, 1870, Proc. Nova Scotia Inst., vol. 5, p. 18, Low. Sil. diums, Green, 1839, Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 39, p. 40, Niagara Gr. Probably the fragment of a Dalmanites. edwardni, Casteluau, syn. for Dalmanites limulurus. fxtam, see Bathyurus eztans. gigas, Dekay, 1825, (Isotelus gigas,) Ann. Lye. Nat. Hiot. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 174, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 231, Trenton and Hud. Riv. Grs. (?) goniocercuH, Meek, 1873, Ilayden's Geo. Sur. Terr., p. 480, Quebec Gr. or Up. Taconic. Probably a Megalaspis. (?) gnniiirus, Billings, 1860, Can. Nat., vol. 5, p. 301, Up. Ta- conic. Not defined so as to be recog- nized, grafionensis. Meek & ' Worthen, 1870, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 54, Hud. Riv. Gr, halli, ConraJ, syn. for Dalmanites boothi. Iialli, Chapman, 1858, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d sen, vol. 2, p. 14, Tren- ton Gr. hammani, Brongniart, as identified by D'Archiac and Verneuil. Not Amer- ican, hincksi, Salter, 1859, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., vol. 4, p. 2, Trenton Gr. iiomalonotoides, Walcott, 1877, 31st Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 71, Tren- ton Gr. (?) huttoni, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 271, Quebec Gr. or Up. Taconic. (?) iiltenoidep, Billingi>, 1860, Can. Nat. vol. 6, p. 301, Up. Taconic. iowensis, Owen, 1852, Geo. Wis., Iowa, and Minn., p. 577, Trenton Gr. lalicoalatus, syn. for Dalmanites anchiops. (?) latimargiuatus. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 253, Utica Slate Gr. limiUurm, see Dalmanites limulurus. marginalis, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 24, Chazy Gr. meqahpthnlmus, Troost, 1840, 5th, Geo. Tenn. Niagara Gr. Not clearly defined, but probably a Dalmanites. Kio. 007.— Asaphus gigas. ACfr megistup, Locke, 1841, (Isotelus megis- toB,) Trans. Am. Geo. and Nat., p. 221, Trenton and Hud. Riv. Grs. m\cvu.r»;», see. Dal- manites micru- rus. (?) morriBi, Bill- ings, 1865, Pal. Fus*.. vol. 1, p. 272, Quebec Gr. or U|>. Taconic. murchiiani, Castel- uau, syn. for A. gigas. viprmecnphoru»,see Dal m a n i t e 8 myrmecopho- rui». ncuutus, see Dal- manites nasu- tus. nodi'Slrintns, Hall, vol. ' 1," p. 248.' •''°' 888 -Asaphus megls- Not defined so as to establish a species, notans, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 24, Hud. Riv. Gr. obtusiiB, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 24, CliHzy Gr. pelops, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 317, Quebec Gr. or Up. Taconic. Not an Asaphus. platvcephalus, Stokes, 1822, Trans. Geo. Soc. Lend., 2d ser., vol 1, p. 258, Tren- ton Gr. plalypleurus, Green, 1837, Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 32, p. 169, Low. Sil. Not very nearly defined. plturopleryr, see Dalmanites pleuropteryx. polppteums, Green, 1838, Ami. Jour, ^-i., vol. 34, Keokuk Gr. Probably a Phil- lipi-ia. quailraticaudalun, Billing^, 1865, P*«l. Foss., vol. 1, p. 272, Quebec Gr. or Up. Ta- conic. N">t an AsHphus. romingeri, Walcott, 1876, 28th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist.', p. 96, Black Riv. and Trenton Gr. seknnnix, see Dalmanites selenurus. stoked, s e Proetus stokesi. suPic, Calvin, 1882, Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 236, Trentim Gr. tetragonocfphalus. Green, 1834, Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 25, p. 336. Not an Asaphus, and the relations not clear. trentimenm, s-e Lichas trentonen'^is. tnanjuUiliis, Wliiifield, syn. for. A. ho- malonotoiJcs. - I triinblii, Greep, 18J17, Jonr. Acad. Nat. ' | Sci. Phil., vol. 7 Niagara Gr. veiustus, HmII, 1817, (Ogvgia vetustuB,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, i*. 227, Birds- eye Gr. vijrilans Meek & Worthen, 1870, (Isote- lus vigilauB,) Proc. AchiI. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 63. anil Geo. Sur. III., vol. 0, p. 497, Hud. Riv. Gr. I ! -'H' 532 CRUSTACEA. [ato.- II, \ r wetherilH, Green, syn. for Daltnanites lino- iiluruB. wiflconsinenBis, Walcott, 1876, 28th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 97, Trenton Gr. Atops, Emmons, 1844, laconic Svstem, p. 64, and Am. Geol. p. 116i [Kty. a, ao- sence of ; ops, an eye.] Cephalic sliield semicircular, anterior and lateral edges turned upward, posterioranglesrounded, convex ; glabella subquadrate, convex, appearing as a continuation of the cen- tral lobe, two lateral furrows on each side, neck segment well defined ; facial suture beginning at the antero-lateral part of the cephalic shield, runs nearly {>arallel with the anterior margin to the ront of the glabella, when it turns at right angles and runs parallel with the glabella to the posterior margin ; no eyes; thoracic segments 17, axial nearly as wide as the lateral lobes, narrowing gradually to the pygidium, armed with a row of short spines, lateral lobes with a row of tubercles on the median line ; pygidium small, somewhat semiellip- tical. Hat, axial lobe with a single ring. Type A. trilineatus. fischeri, Billings, 1865, (Triarthrus fisch- eri,) Pal. Fobs., vol. 1, p. 291, Quebec Gr. or Up. Taconic. miser, Billings, 1861, (Conocephalites mi- ser,) Pal. Foes., vol. 1, p. 12, Up. Ta- conic. trilineatus, Emmons, 1844, Taconic Sys- tem, p. 64, and Am. Geol., p. 115, Up. Taconic. Baimeixa, Matthew, 1884, Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., vol. 2, pi. 1. [Ety. f roper name.] roposed as a subgenus and f o u n d e d on Conocoryp h e baileyi. Barrandia, Mc- Coy,1849,Ann. Nat. Hist. 2d ser. vol. 4, p. 409. [Ety. & roper name.] V a t e , d e - Eressed ; g I a - tlla with in- completeaxial furrows and no distinct lobes ; eyes „ , large, s u b - Fia. 909-Atop8 trilineatus. central ; facial suture cutting the posterior margin about the middle, and in front of the eyes arching forward, first outward and tnen inward; pleurse falcate, with a fulcrum close to the axis, grooved, not faceted ; pygidium with short axis and smooth sides. Type B. cordai. (?) maccoyi, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 96, Trenton Gr. Barrandia. Hall, 1860. The name was {it. . occupied by McCoy in 1849 ; beside, it ic a syn. for Eilit *^ ' . thompmni, see Elliptocepliala thompsnin. vermorUana, see Elliptocephala vermoi.t- ana. Bathynotus, Hall, 1860, 3d Rep. N. Y. St MuB. Nat. Hist., p. 117. [Ety. 6olliptical area; mesial lobe i^arrow, and contracted toward each end ; lateral lobes wide, flattened on the margin and serrate on the edge; telson tapering to a point. Type B. belluluB. T'iO. 073. Balhyui'UR Btnithl. danm, see Fuproops danee. lacoei, Packard, 1885, Am. Naturalist, vil. 19, p. 291, Goal Mk>as. Fig. 074.— Uellnurns bellulus. e, Ponitlon of eye, at the lateral extremity of a tratiKversciy elllptioal area. Beyrichia, McCoy, 1844, Syn. Sil. Fosb. Ireland, p. 57. [Ety. proper name.] Carapace equivalve, oblong, extremi- ties rounded, ventral border semicir- cular, doroal straight ; valves wider at the caudal than the cephalic extremity, more or less convex, impressed with transverse furrows. Type B. klcedcni. uiquilatera. Hall, 1860, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 5, p. 168, and Acad. Geol., p. 609, T"p. Silurian. americana, Shumard, 1858, (Cythorn amer- icana,) Tranf. St. 1a--m Acad. Sti., vol. 1, P. 22". i:p. Coal Meas. nrcv!:un, Foaii, 1»86, Lond. Geo. Mag., p. 438, Low. Held. Or. atlan'j< I, B:'lingi 1865, Pal. Foes., vol. 1, p. ;k.i*, Quebec '..Ir. or Up. Taconic. bella, Walcott, 1883, 35th Rep. N. Y. .St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 213, Trenton Gr. chambersi, S. A. Miller, 1874, Cin. Quar. Jour. Sci., vol. 1, p. 234, Hud. River Gr. ciliata, EmmouH, 1855, American Geo., p. 219, Hud. Riv. Or. cincinnatienm, see Pri- mitia cincinnfuieiisis. clatli rata, Jones, 1K58, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., od seriei, vo). 1, p. 2P Niag ara Gr. decora, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Foes. Antic, i.. j 67, Anticosti Gr. dagon, Clarke, 1855, Bull. U. S. Geo, ""<^ j^^*?^ >^" 29, G e n e s e e yi. Maguifleei ?.!> auxm. Shale, duryi, S. A. Miller, 1874, Cin. Quar. Jon;. Sci., vol. 1, p. 232, Hud. Riv. G> . Fig. 9 7 5.— Bey- richia chamberNi. Mag. l;2(lian). 858, (CytluTfi amer- •.irt Acad. Sii., vol. Vleas. jond. (iieo. Mag., p. 976.— Beyrtchia dur- Maguifle<;i 'MS diain. !4, Cin. Qnar. Jou.. ud. Riv. Gr. BI'V.— IIOR.] CRUSTACEA. 535 Fio. 077.— H n y r i h I A iliiryl. Interlnr of left vivlve, maKnIfled 26 (llam. fcBtoidca, White A St. John, 1808, TranH. Chi. Acad. Sci., p. I2(}, Up. Coal Meaa. Kranuluaa, Hall, 28th Rep. N. Y. St. Mua. Nat. Hiat., p. 180, Niagara Or. granulata, Hall, 1860, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. :i77, Low. Held. Gr. jonesi, DawHon, 18<»8, Acad, (ieol., I). 312, CarboniiorouH. kluodeni var. aca- dica, 1889, Ann. and. Mag. Nat. Iliat., 6th ser., vol. 3, p. 379, Ix)w. Held. Gr. lata, Vannxem, 1842, (Agnostua latua,) Geo. Rep. N. Y., p. 80, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 301, Clinton Gr. lithofactor, White & St. John, 1868, Pre- lim. Notice of New Fosb., Coal Meas. logani, aee Primitia logani. logani var. teperdiloides, see Primitia leper- (litoidea. logani var. reniformis, see Primitia reni- formis. inaccoyana, Jones, 1855, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 2d ser., vol, 16, p. 88, Onon- daga (.fT. notata. Hall, 1869, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 379, Low. Held. Gr. notiita var. ventricosa, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 380, Low. Held. Gr. luivascotia, Jones & Kirby, 1884, Lond. Geo. Mag., 3d ser., vol. 1, p. 356, Car- boniferous, occidentalis, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Siir., vol. 8, p. 204, Devonian, o.nilifera, Hall, 1871, 24th Rei>. N. Y. St. Mu8. Nat. Hist., p. 232, Hud Riv. Gr. (Muiiua, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 378, Low. Held. Gr. |)enn8ylvanica, Jones, 1868, Ann. and Mag'. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., vol. 1, p. 253, Onondaga Gr. persnlcata, Ulrich, 1879, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 12. Hud. Riv. Gr. petrifactor, White & St. John, 18(58, Trans. Chi, Acad. Sci., p. 125, St. Louis Gr. petrifactor var. velata, White & St. John, 18()8, Trans. Chi. Acad. Sci., p. 126, St. Louis Gr. plagosa, Jones, 1858, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., vol. 1, p. 243, Niagara Gr. pnnctulifera, Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 83, Ham. Gr. pustulosa, Hall, 1860, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 5, p. 157, and Acad. Geol., p. 609, Up. Silurian. ^^^^ quadrilirata, Hall & Whit- pj^ 978 —Bey. field, syn. for Beyrichia iichla richurd- reKularis. sonl. Mag. O)^ regularis, Emmons, 1855, **'•""• Am. Geo., p. 219, Uud. Riv. Gr. richardsoni, 8. A. Miller, 1874, Cin. Qnar. Jour. Sci., vol. 1, p. 347, Hud. Riv. Gr. ruj^Ui/era, aeo Primitia rugulifera. ngillata, aee I'rimitia Higilfata. spinoaa, Hall, 1852, (Cytherina Hpinoaa,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 317, Niagara (ir. striate- margin- ata, S. A. Mil- ler, 1874, Cin. Quar. Jour, i Sci., vol. I, p, 233, H ud. Kiv.Gr. This snocieH nrob- to an uncle- uiarKlnHtu. .Msk ''^i'llnni dned genuH. synunetrica. Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 317, Niagara (}r. trisnlcata, Hall, 1869, I'al. N. Y., vol. 3. p. 381, Low. ileld. (ir. tumifrom, Hall, syn. for Beyrichia ciliata. venusfa, Billings, 1868, Catal. Sil. Fom. Antic, p. 68. Anticosti Gr. Bkykiciio.va, Matthew, ISS.'i, Trana. Roy. Soc. Can., p. 66. [Kty. from the genua fifyrichia.] Breadth and length nearly equal, broad end anterior, subtrigonal toward the base, rounded on the aiir- face and having two furrowa, short and faintly impressed. Type B. papilio. papilio, Matthew, 1885, Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., p. 65, St. John dr. tinea, Matthe^, 1885, Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., p. 66, St. John (Jr. Brongniartia, Eaton, 1832, (Jeo. Text Mook, syn. for Asaphus. BitoNTEUH, (loldfuHH, 1839, Nova. Act. Phys. Med. Cajsareie Leop. Carol. Nat. Cu- rios, xix, p. 360. [Kty. mythological name.] Glabella depressed, ovate, widest in front, three j)air of segmental furrows, anterior onea farthest apart; eye-line proceeding upward from the mi. 360, Up. 8il(irian. insularin, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 66, Aiiticosti Gr. laphaoii, Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Rep. Geo. Sar. Wis., p. 88, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 310, Niagara Gr. lunatus, Billings, 1857, Rep. of Progr. Geo. 8ur. Can., p. 338, Trenton Gr. niagarensiB, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 314, Niagara Gr. occasus, Winohell & Marcy, 1865, Mem. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 104, Niagara Gr. pompilins, Billings, 1863, Proc. Port. Soc. Nat. Hist, vol. 1, p. 123, Low. Held. Gr. tullius, Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 12, Ham. Gr. Bumaslue, Murchison, 1839, Sil. Syst. Not American, though I liave illustrated the genus because so many have re- ferred lUicnus to it. Fig. 081.— Bumastus barriensls. harrie.mis, see Illeenus luxus. trentonenxis, see lUsenus trentonensis. BuNODELi.A, Matthew, 1888, Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., p. 56. Body ovate-eiongate, tri- lobed longitudinally ; cephalic shield Bubtriangtilar, with rounded angles ; composed of a glabella, fixed ciieeks and movable (?) cheeks; glabella broadly cylindrical and rounded in front ; fixed cheeks expanded in front, and having ear-shaped lateral lobes de- fined by an impressed line which may have been movable ; thorax, so far as known, had seven segments, and con- sisted of an elongate cylindro-conical body, having triangular lappets or Sleiirse attached at the sides. Type B. orrida. horrida, Matthew, 1888, Trans, Roy. Soc. Can., p. 56, Up. Silurian or Low. De- vonian. Oalyubne, Brongniart, 1822, Hist. Nat. Crust. Foss., p. 7. [Ety. kekalymenos, concealed.] Cfephalic shield sublunate, margin thickened, distinctly defined; glabella convex, narrower in front tlian Behind, three lateral furrows on each Bide, the posterior one deep, neck seg- ment well defined, eyes, small, promi- nent, hiant, near the glabella fur- rows, and slightly anterior to the middle; facial sutures cut the mat-gin, in front of the eyes and curvipg slightly over each eye, defining a semicircular eye-lobe, they extend to the lateral an- gles, each of which is exactly biseete 1 ; anteriorly they are connected by \ rostral suture, thorax of thirteen Rpg. ments, axis most convex, lateral iobes wider than axis^ bent down with lar^^e facets; pygidium semi-oval, axio prominent, seven to eleven segment), margin entire. Type C. blumenbacljj. anchiops, nee Dalmanites anchiops. becki, see Triarthrus becki. blumenbachi, Brongniart, 1822, Hist. Ntt. Crust. Foss., p. 11. Amerirua form called C. niagarensis. bucklandi, syn. for Ceraurus pleurexan- themus. bu/o, see Phacops bufo. calli(rephala. Green, 1832, Monograph Trilobites, p. 30, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 238, Trenton and Hud. Riv. Grs. can.erata, Conrad, 1842, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 278, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 337, Coralline limestone. christyi. Hall, 1860, 13th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 119, Hud. Riv. Gr. clintoni, Vanuxem, (Hemicrypturus clin- toni,) Geo. K?p 3d Dist. Ji. Y., p.*79, Clinton Gr. conradi, Emmons, 1856, Am. Geol.,p.236, Hud. Riv. Gr. crassimarginata, see Proetus crassimargi fl- atus. mammillata. Hall, 1861, Geo. Rep. Wis., p. 50, Trenton Gr. marginalis, see Proetus marginalia. multicosta. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 228, Birdseye and Trenton Gr. nasuta, Ulrich, 1879, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat Hist., vol. 2, p. 131, Niagara Gr. FiO. 982.— CiUyrnene callicephala. Rolled Bpecl- men and .'he under side of cephalio abield with liyposicnia in place. niagarensis. Hall, 1843, Geo. Rep. 4th Dist. N. Y., p. 102, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 307, Niagara Gr. This is the American variety of C. bltimenbachi. nupera, see Phacops nupera. odontocephala, syn. for Dalmanites stlen- urus. phlyctainodes, see Encrinurus phlyctai- nodes. platys, Grcn, 1832, Monograph of Trilo- bites, p. Ji", and lUust. Devon. Foss., pi. 1, Schoharie grit. rostrata, Vogdes, 1880, Proc. Acad. Nat. • Sci., p. 176, Clinton Gr. rowii, see Proetus rowii. rugosa, Shumard, 1855, Geo. Rep. Mo., p. 200, Low. Held. Gr. CAN.— CER.] CRUSTACEA. 687 raurus pleurexan- phala. Rolled specl- of cephalic sbield crinurus phlyctai- onograph of Trilo- lust. Devon. Foss., ), Geo. Rep. Mo., p. senaria, Conrad, 1841, syn. for C. calli- cephala. spimfera, not defined. trisulcata. Hall. 1843, Geo. Rep. 4th Dist. N. Y., p. 74, Clinton Gr. Candona, Baird, 1845, Trans. Berw. Nat. Club, vol. 2, p. 152. A living genus, and probably not Paleeozoic. Like Cypris, except the lower antennae pos- sess no tuft of seta;, and the second pair of jaws are destitute of a branchial appendage. The shell is aldo usually longer and narrower. Type C. lucent. (?) elongata, Jones & Kirby, 1884, Lond. Geo. Mag., 3d ser., \ol. 1, p. 356, Car- boniferous. Ceratiocaris, McCoy, 1849, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 2d ser., vol. 4, p. 412. [Ety. keration, pod; karis, shrimp,] Cara- pace bivalve, dorsal line angulated Fig. 983.— Ceratiocaris linuata. Outline. with a slight furrow beneath it on each side ; sides semielliptical, much elongated from before backward, evenly convex, ventral margin gently convex, posterior end truncated obliquely ; on each side near the anterior end, low down, is an ocular spot ; surface marked with fine, imbricating stria?. Type C. solenoides. aculeata, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 422, Walerlime Gr. acuminata, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 422, VVaterlime Gr. armata, syn. for Echinocaris punctata. bradleyi, see Colpocaris bradleyi. beecheri Clarke, 1885. Bull. U. S. Geo. Sur., No. 16, p. 44, Ham. Gr. dewevi. Hall, 1859, (Onclius deweyi,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 320, Niagara Gr. ilylroides, see Colpocaris elytroiden. grandis, Pohlman, 1881, Bull. Buf. hue. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 19, Waterllme Gr. Umgicauda, see Echinocaris longioauda. maccoyana. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 421, Waterlime Gr. punctata, see Echinocaris punctata. pusillus, Matthew, 1889, Trans. Rov. Soc. Can., vol. 6, p. 49, Low. Held. Gr. simplex, Clarke, 1885, Bull. U. 8. Geo. Sur., No. 16, p. 43, Ham. Gr. sinuata. Meek & Worthen,1868, Am. Jour. Sc!., vol. 46. p. 22, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 3, p. 540, Coal Meas. ttrigata, see Sulenocaris strigata. Cerntocephala, Warder, not defined so as to be recognized. cerakpta, Anthony, a fragment of the tail of a Ceraurus pleurexantliemus, or of an Acidaspis. goniata, Warder, a fragment of a Dal- manites, or an AcidaspiH. Ceuaurus, Green, 1832, Monograph Trilo- bites, p. 84. [Ety. keras, iiorn ; oura, tail.] Cephalic shield crescentiform, trilobed, posterior angles extended into spines; glabella subquadrate, rounded and prominent in front, three lateral furrows on each side ; eyes faceted minutely; facial suturen, commenc- ing at the anterior margin, parsing close to the anterior corners of the gla- bella curve around the eyes, from which points they extend outward, and then deflect a little backward, and cut the lateral margins forward of the neck furrow, if it were extended ; cheeks generally scrobiculate; thorax of ten or twelve segments*, axial lobe narrower than tlie lateral lobes; pleura; flattened for a distance, and then curve downward and backward; pygidium small, seg- ments terminating in digitations or spines; labrum oblong truncate, with a pair of furrows and small lateral auricles. Type C. pleurexantliemus. (?) apollo, Billings, 1860, (Cheirnrua apollo,) Can. Nat. and Geo)., vol. 5, p. 67, Quebec Gr. or Up. Taconic. bimucronatus, see Ceraurus niagannsis. crosotus, see Acidas|iis crosotus. (?) eryx. Billings, 1860, (Clieinirus eryx,) Can. Nat. andGeol., vol. 5, p. 67, Que- bec (ir. or Up. Taconic. (?) glancus, Billings, 1865, (Cheirurus glaucus,) Pal. Foi-s., vdl. 1, p. ;523, Que- bec Gr. or Up. Taconic. icarus, Billings, 1800, ((Jheiruriis icarus,) Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 5, i». 67, Hud. Riv. Gr. iTwignis, see Ceraurus niagarensis. meekanup, n. sp.. Hud. Hi v. (ir. Pro- posed instead of C. icarus, Meek, in Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 162, and plate 14, figs, o, b, and c. Meek referred thia form to C. icarus of Billings, but it is distinguished by the form of the gla- I ! i . I I 1 I ! 638 CRUSTACEA. [CHA. -CIJ. bella, by the furrowB, structure of the thorax and form of central lobe, and by the pygidium, beside occurring in higher rocks and growing to a much larger size. (?) mercurius, Billings, 1865, (Cheirurus raercurius,) Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 285, Quebec Gr. or Up. Taconic. niagarensis, Hall, 1867, 20th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 427, Niagara Gr. nunriitor, Billings, 1866, (Cheirurus numi- tor,) Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 27, Hud. Riv. Gr. nuperus, Billings, 1866, (Cheirurus nu- perue,) Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 60, Anticosti Gr. (?) perforator, Billings, 1865, (Ciieirurus perforator,) Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 287, Quebec Gr. or Up, Taconic. p 1 e u r e X anthe- mus, Green, 1832, Monog. Trilobites, p. 84, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 242, Trenton and Hud. Riv. Gr. (?) polvdor us, Billings, 1865, (Cheirurus po ly dor u 8,) Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 286, Que- bec tiM, see Ptychoparia anatina. anliqitatus, see Ptvchoparia antiquata. ureno»m, see Ptyclioparia arenosa. aurora, see Liostracus aurora. hdileyi, see Conocoryphe baileyi. billingai, see Ptychoparia billingsi. biruHwtus, see Ptychoparia binodosa. mkiferus, see Ptychoparia calcifera. calymenoides, see Ptychoparia calyme- noides. cordillerse, see Ptychoparia cordillerse. di'preBsui, see Ptychoparia depressa. di(idematu8, see Ptychoparia diademata. elryana, see Conocoryphe elegans. toH, see Crepicephalus eos. enjon, see Ptychoparia eryon. explanatua, see Ptychoparia explanata. formoms, see Solenopleura iormosa. gemini-sptnosna, see Conocoryphe gemini* spinosa. lialti, see Solenopleura halli. hartti, see P^choparia hartti. laticeps, see Pterocephalia laticeps. matthewi, see llarttia matthewi. minor, see Ptychoparia minor. ^ , minutus, see i'tyclioparia minula. ■• rimer, see Atops miser. nadus. Hall. Not defined so as to be recognized. nasutm, see Ptychoparia nasuta. neglectus, see Liostracus neglectus. optatus, see Ptychoparia optata. oresUa, see Solenopleura orestes. ouangondianus, see Liostracus ouangondi- anus. oweni, see Ptychoparia oweni. pattersoni, see Ptychoparia pattersoni. perseus, see Ptychoparia perseus. quadratus, Haitt, see Liostracus quad- ratus. quodratua, Whitfield, see Ptychoparia quadrata. roboi, see Solenopleura robbi. shumardi, see Ptychoparia shumardi. subcoronatus, see Ptychoparia subcoi onata. tener, see Liostracus tener. teucer, see Ptychoparia teucer. thyrsites, see Solenopleura thyrsites. verrucosm, see Ptychoparia verrucosa. vukanm, see Crepicephalus vulcanud. winona, see Ptychoparia winona. zenkeri, see Ptychoparia zenkeri. Conocoryphe, Corda, 1847, Prodrom einer Monographie der bohmischen Trilobi- ten, p. 139. [Ety. konoa, cone; koryphe, top of the head.] Cephalic shield somewhat semicircular, convex; gla- bella convex, somewhat cone-shaped, widest beiiind, rounded in front, from ore-half to three-fourths the length of the head, lateral furrows from one to three on each side, more or less (listinct; facial sutures cut obliquely across the margin from about the be- ginning of the lateral third, and curve around the eyes, and then curve out- ward toward the posterior angles ; (in C. sulzeri and as described by Corda, the facial sutures begin near the apex directly in front of the eyes, and are directed in lines nearly parallel to the eye-lobes.) Thorax eight to sixteen segments, axial lobe narrower than lateral lobes, pleurae facetod ; pygidium small. Type C. sulzeri. adamsi. Billings, 1861, (Conocephalites adamsi,) Geo. Vt., vol. 2, p. 950, Up. Taconic or Georgia Gr. baileyi, Hartt, 1868, (Conocephalites baileyi,) Acad. Geol., p. 645, St. John Gr. elegans, Hartt, 1868, (Conocephalites elegans,) Acad. Geol., p. 650, St. John Gr. gallatinensis, Meek, 1873, 6th Rep. Hay- den's U. 8. Geo. Sur. Terr., p. 485, Up. Taconic. I i t I 540 CRUSTACEA. [cor— C\i Pig. 987.— Conocoryphe klDKl. V getniuispinoss, Hartt, 1868, (Conocepha- lites getninispinoBUB,) Acad. Geol., p. 653, St. John Gr. kingi, Meek, 1870, P r o c . Acad. Nat. 8<'i. Phil., vol. 22, p. 63, and Rep. on 40th Par- allel, p. 20, Up. Taconic. quadrana. Hall & Whitfield, 1877, (Crepicephalus qiiadran9,)Geo. 40th Parallel, vol. 4, p. 238, Up. Taconic. walcotti, Mat- thew, 18 84, Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., p. 119, St. John Gr. Cormura, Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 32. Founded upon the variation in the spines of the pyeidium of Dalmanites. CorycephcUus, Hall, 1888, syn. for Dalman- ites. Crepicephalus, Owen, 1852, Geo. Sur. Wis. Iowa, and Minn., p. 876. [Ety. krepig, horseshoe ; kephale, head.] Glabella rather flat, slipper-shaped, tapering and slightly acuminated anteriorly, with a raint ridge in the median line ; two small depressions, and a posterior furrow partially divide the glabella; facial sutures run nearly parallel to the margin of the glabella, and join a thickened, cord- like, anterior, narrow border, inclosing a convex area, nar- rower in front than at the sides ; pygid- ium large; axial lobe has four seg- ments, side-lobes bounded by a slightly concave border, which widens poste- riorly, and terminates in long spines, and of which the confines are almost rectangular, witii rounded corners. Type C. iowensia. angulatus, Hall & Whitfield, 1877, U. 8. Geo. Expl. 40th Parallel, vol. 4, p. 220, ' Potsdam Gr. anytus, Hall & Whitfield, 1877, U. S. Geo. Expl. 40th parallel, vol. 4, p. 219, Pots- dam Gr. angusta, Walcott, 1886, Bull. U. S. Geo. Sur., No. 30, p. 208, Up. Taconic. centralis, Whitfield, 1877, Rep. on the Pal. of Black Hills, p. 10, and Geo. Black Hills, p. 341, Potsdam Gr. diadeniatus. Hall, 1863, (Conocephalites diadematus,) 16th Rep. N. Y. St. Mas. Nat. Hist., p. 167, Potsdam Gr. eos. Hall, 1863, (Conocephalites eos,) 16th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 151, Potsdam Gr. gibbesi, Whitfield, 1880, Ann. Rep. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 50, Potsdam Gr. granulosus. Hall & Whitfield, 1877, U. S. Geo. Expl. 40th Parallel, vol. 4, p. 214, Potsdam Gr. haguei. Hall & Whitfield. 1877, U. 8. G. o. Expl. 40th Parallel, vol. 4, p. 210, Pon- dam Gr. iowensis, Owen, 1852, Geo. Sur. Wis., Iowa, and Minn., p. 576, Potsdam Gi . stileia without the lus llllanus. PjKld- movable cheeks. lum. lilianus, Walcott, 1886, Bull. U. S. (k'o. Sur., vol. No. 30, p. 207, Up. Taconic. maculosus. Hall & Whitfield, 1877, U. S. Geo. Expl. 40th Parallel, vol. 4, p. 215, Potsdam Gr. miniscensis, Owen, 1852, Geo. Sur. Wis., Iowa, and Minn., pi. 1, fig. 14, Pots- dam Gr. montanensis, Whitfield, 1876, Rep. Re- con. Up. Mo. to Yel. Nat. Park, p. 141, Po'sdam Gr. nitidus. Hall & Whitfield, 1877, U. 8. Geo. Expl. 40th Parallel, vol. 4, p. 212, Potsdam Gr. onustup, Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Rep. Geo. Sur. Wis., Potsdam Gr. oweni. Meek & Hayden, 1861, (Arionellua (Crepic^-plialus) oweni,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 13, p. 436, Potsdam Gr. planus, Whitfield, 1877, Rep. on Pal. of Black Hills, p. 11, and Geol. Black Hills, p. 343, Potsdam Gr. quadram, see Conocorvphe quadrans. simulator. Hall «& Whitfield, 1877, U. S. Geo. Expl. 40th Parallel, vol. 4, p. 218, Potsdam Gr. unisulcatus. Hall & Whitfield, 1877, U. S. Geo. Expl. 40th Parallel, vol. 4, p. 216, Potsdam (^r. vulcanua, Billings, 1861, (Conocephalites vulcanus,) Pal. Fobs., vol. 1, p. 14, Pots- dam Gr. whconsineiws, see Lonchoceplialus wis- confineiisis. Cryphxus, Green, 1837, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 7, i*yn. lor Dalmanites. Not well defined, and the name was preoc- cupied for a genus of Coleoptera ia 1833. boothi,me Dalmanites boothi. caUileles, sre Dalmanites calliteles. (jreeni, syn. for Dalmanites calliteles". Cryptolithnu, syn. for Triiiucleus. tesselalKS, see Trinncleus concentricu.*. Ctjbele, Lovon, 1845, p. 110, Ofversigt Vetensk. Acad. Handl , p. 110. punctata, Hall, 1852. This species helontrs to the genus Encrinurus, and ti)e sjje- cific name being preoccupied, the name is changed to £. ornatus. [cor— C\) CVC— CYT.] CRUSTACEA. 641 1877, U. S. (i.o. . 4, p. 210, 1*();<- }eo. Sur. ^Vl«., 0, Potsdam Gi . 989.— Creplceplifi- 4 lilianuB. Py^lil- in. Bull. U. S. (leo. r. Up. Taconii'. field, 1877, U. S. el, vol. 4, p. 215, , Geo. Sur. Wis., 1, fig. 14, Pots- 1876, Rep. Re- lat. Park, p. 141, eld, 1877, U. 8. lei, vol. 4, p. 212, , Ann. Rep. Geo. r. 1861,(Anonenua ,)Proc. Acad. Nat. tsdam Gr. Rep. on Pal. of md Geol. Black Gr. he quadranp. field, 1877, U. S. el, vol. 4, p. 218, itfield,1877, U. S. tel, vol. 4, p. 216, (Conocephalites vol. 1, p. 14, Pots- jhocephalus wis- our. Acad. Nat. Dalmanites. Not name was prcoc- jf Coleoptera in otlii. callitfles. es callitelei'. iicleus. coiicentrlcuH. 110, Ofversigt 1, p. 110. 18 spf oifs lielonirs irup, and the spe- •iipied, the name ;u8. Fig. 990.— Cyplias- pi8 christyi. 1888 7, p Cydus americanus, Packard, 1885, Am. Nat., vol. 19, p. 293, Coal Meaa. Not de- fined so as to be recognized. CvpitAsris, Burmeister, 1843, Die Organ der Trilobiten, p. 103. [Rty. cypfioa, con- vex^ aspis, shield.] Cephalic shield semicircular, posterior angles produced in spines, margin thickened ; glabella very convex, ovoid, no furrows, but with two small pyri'orm basal lobes bounded by deep furrows; eyes small, semilunate ; cheeks broad ; facial su- tures proceed in a nearly straight line, from the anterior margin to the eyes, and are then directed to the posterior an- gles; thorax 10 to 17 segments, rounded at their extremities ; axis tapering ; pygidium small, axis short, lateral lobes depressed. Type C. ceratopthalmus. brevimarginatus, Walcott, 1885, Monogr, U. S. Geo. Sur., vol 8, p. 93, Trenton Gr. ch risty i. Hall , Trans. Alb Inst., vol. 4, p. 188, Ni agara Gr. coelebs. Hall, 1888, Pal N. Y., vol. 7, p. 151 Low, Held. Gr. craspedota, Hall, 1888 Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p: 148, Ham. Gr. diadema. Hall, Pal. N. Y., vol 144, Up. Held. Gr girardeauensis, Shumard, 1855, Geo. Rep. Mo., p. 197, Trenton Gr. hybrida. Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 144, Up. Held. Gr. l.Tvis, Hall, 1876, (Phil- lipsia Isevis,) Illust. Devon. Foss., pi. 21, Chemung Gr. minuscula, Hall, 1876, (Phillipsia minus- cula,) Illust. Devon. Foss., pi. 20, Up. Held. Gr. ornata. Hall, 1876, (Phillipsia ornata,) FiO' 9iil.-Cypims- lilust. Devon. Foss., J»'« Kimrdeuuou- pl. 21, Ham. Gr. oniata var. baccata. Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y.. vol. 7, p. 146, Ham. (fr. stephanophora, Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 142, Up. Held. Gr. Cylhere, Muller, 1785, Entomostraca sue In- secta, etc., p. 63. The type is C. fla- vida a living species. The genus is un- known in Pala'ozoic rocks. ninerkanu, see Beyrichia americana. f'irhonaria, sfe I/eperditia oarbonaria. cihcirmatiemis, see Oytheropsia cincinnati- ensis. rrasmiuarginata, see Cytheropsis crassimar- ginata. irregularis, see Cytheropsis irregularis. ufbraskengis, pee (Jytheropsip nebraskensis. okmi, see Leperditia okeni. simplex, see Cytheropsis simplex. mblavit, see Leperditia subla^vis. subrecta, see Leperditia subrecta. Cytherella, inflata. I find in the Acadian Geol- ogy, p. 206, a small Fntomos- traca, from the Fio. 992.-Cytlierelltt in- Coal Meas. of flato. Nova Scotia, fig- ured under this name, but without any description or reference to any other author. The figures are repro- duced. Cytherella glandella, see Cytheropsis glan> della. Cytherina, Lamarck, 1818, Anim. sans Vert. t. V, p. 125. [Ety. diminutive of Cythere.] A synonym for Cythere^ which is not a Palaeozoic genus. alia, see Leperditia alta. crenulata, see Cytheropsis crenulata. cylindrica, see Isochilina cvlindrica. fabulites, see I/eperditia fabulites. spinosa, see Beyrichia spinosa. Not ReusS' in 1844. subcylindrica, see Cytheropsis subcylin- drica. subelliptica, see Cytheropsis subelliptica. Cytheropsis, McCoy, 1849, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 2d. ser., vol. 4, p. 249. [Ety. Cytlieropsis, resembling Cythere.] Dis- tinguished from Cythere, which now swarm in the sea, by the great thick- ness of Ihe valves, and in having eye or muscle spots. Type C. aldensis. cincinnatiensis. Meek, 1872, (Cythere Cin- cinnati en sis,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 331, and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 158, Hud. Riy. Gr. /^ concinna, see t>-s •"!♦!» §— -*» concinna. crassimarginata. Win- Fio. mct.-Cyther- chell, 1862, (Cythere ^S.*'""""""**- crassimarginata,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 429, Marshall Gr. crenulata, Emmons, 1856, (Cytherina crenulata,) Am. Geol., p. 220, Tren- ton Gr. Fio. 994.— Cytheropsis Rliindella. glandella, Whitfield, 1882, (Cytherellina glandella,) Bull. Am. Mus. Nut. Hist., vol. 1, p 94, Warsaw Ctr. irregularis, S. A. Miller, 1878, (Cythere irregularis,) Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 106, Hud. Riv. Gr. nebraskensis, Geinitz, 1866, (Cythere ne- braskensis,) Carb. und Dyas in Neb., p. 2, Coal Meas. rugosa, Jones, 1868, Ann. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., vol. 1, p. 249, Black Riv. Gr. siliqua, Jones, 1858, Ann. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., vol. 1, p. 249, lilack Riv. (ir. 642 CRUSTACEA. [I'AI., simplex, White &St. John, 1868, (Cythere simplex,) Trans. Chi. Acad. Sci., p. 127, St. Louis Gr. subcylindrica, Emmons, 1866, (Cytherina subcylindrica,) Am. Geo., p. 220, Tren- ton Gr. snbelliptica, Emmons, 1856, (Cytherina subelliptica,) Am. Geo., p. 220, Black Riv. Gr. Dalmania, Emmrich, 1845. This name having been preoccupied for a genus of insects, Dalmanites has been substi- tuted, though many authors prefer to use Odontochile, a name proposed by Corda. Dalmanites, (Emmrich, 1845, Dalmania,) Barrande, 1852, Syst. Syl. Boh., vol. 1. [Ety. proper name.] Cephalic shield sublunate, with lateral angles produced into spines; glabella widest anteriorly, rounded in front, with a highly convex anterior subelliptical lobe, three lateral furrows on each side ; eyes prominent, subreniform, lenses numerous, situated posteriorly ; facial sutures, curving slightly from, the anterior margin, and each, following the curvature of the •eye to the posterior part by a sig- moidal flexure, reach the lateral mar- gin very slightly posterior to the eye itself; thorax with eleven segments, axis most convex, lateral lobes wider and more or less flattened; pygidium subtriangular, usually extended pos- teriorly into a spine, segments numer- ous. Type D. caudatus. acantholeurus, Conrad, 1841, (Asaphus acantholeuius,) Ann. Rep. N. Y., p. 48, and Illust. Devon. Fobs., pi. 19, Onon- daga limestone, achates, Billings, 1860, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 5, p. 63, Tren- ton Gr. eegeria, Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 57, and Illust. Devon. Foss.. pi. 12, Up. Held. Gr. anchiops, Green, 1832, (Calymene anchiops,) Monograph of Trilo- bites, p. 35, and Illust. Devon. Foss., pi. 9, Schoharie grit, anchiops var. armatus, Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 56, Schoharie grit. anchiops var. sohriniu, syn. for D. anchiops. aspectans, Conrad, 1841, (Asaphus as" pectans,) Ann. Rep. N. Y., p. 49, and Illust. Devon. Foss., pi. 13, Up. Held. Gr. barrisi, Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 48, Ham. Gr. bebryx, Billings, 1860, Can. Nat. and Geo.. vol. 5, p. 61, Trenton Gr. bicornis. Hall, 1876, 28th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 196, Niagara Gr. Fig. 995.— Dalman- ites achates. bifldus, Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. si Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 63, Up. Held. Gr. boothi, Green, 1837. (Cryphaeus boot! ,,) Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 32, p. 343, and lal N. Y., vol. 7, p. 42, Ham. Gr. breviceps. Hall, 1866, 24th Rep. N. Y. >t Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 223, Hud. Riv. (it. callicephalus. Hall, 1847, (Phacops callicephalus,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 247, Trenton Gr. calliteles, Green, 1837, (Cryphaeus calliteles,) Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. 32, p. 346, and Illust. Devon. Foss., pi. 16, Ham. Gr. calypso. Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. _ Hist., p. 61, and Illust. Kig. 99«.-I3iiI. Devon. Foss., pi. 13, Up. nnuues c.'n»i», pee Ptychaspis miniscensis. minnesoten sis, Owen, 1852, Rep. Wis., Iowa, and Min., p. 574, Pots- dam Gr. min nesotensis r';j^::^i;--;-. - -:^\M var. limbatus, 21$=:^^:— >i:r^N Hall, 1863. 16th !^^::>>: — f::x3rs.^ Rep. n. y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 141, Potsdam Gr. misa. Hall, 1863, 16th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 144, Pots- dan: Gr. missisquoi, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 199, Quebec Gr. or Up. Tiiconic. muMciiMtUH, Hall & Whitfield, 1877, U. S. Geo. K-xpl. 40th Parallel, vol. 4, p. 226, Potsdam. Gr. nasutus, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 44, Potcdun) Gr. osceola, Hall, 1863, 16th Kep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 146, Potsdam Gr. oweni, Biilingw, 1860, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 5, p. .301, Quebec Gr. or Up. Taconic. pauper, Billings, 186.5, Pal. Fo«s., vol. 1, p. 200, Quebi c Gr. or Up. Taconic. pepinen.sis, Owen. 18.i2, Geo. Wis., Iowa, and Minn., p. 574, Pntsdam Gr. plHnifrons, Billing.", 1860, Can. Nut. and Geo., vol. 5, p. 301, Quebec Gr. or Up. Taconic. pogonipensis. Hall & Whitfield, 1877, U. S. Gho. Expl. 40th Parallel, vol. 4, p. 243, Potsdam Gr. qundiireps, see Olenoides qu«driceps. richmono bow-shaped wings in front, and pcnte- rior margin entire; six thoracic seg- ments, with nodes on each side of tlie axial lobe ; pygidium subtriangular, rounded behind axis, with numerous segments, and lateral lobes with radial furrows. Type D. formosa. (?) perplexa, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Fohh. Antic, p. 67, AnticoHti Gr- DiFELTis, Packard, 1885, Am. Nat., vol. 19, p. 291. [¥Ay. dig, double ; pelte, small shieldj Cyclus-like in form ; suborbic- ular, flattened, disk-like, sloping from the median area to the edge; divided in two parts, a cephalic shield and ab- domen ; integument thin, showing no segments. Type D. diplodiscus. diplodiscus, Packard, 1885, Am. Nat., vol. 19, p. 291, Coal Meas. Poorly defined. DipUura, Green, syn. for Homalonotus. aekayi, see Homalonotus dekayi. DipucHNiTKS, Dawson, 1863, Ani. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 5, p. 19. [Ety. diploos, double ; ichno*, foot-print.] Con- sisting of two rows of impressions, each about an inch long and one-fourth of an inch wide, placed close together, while the rows are six inches apart, and the intermediate space smooth, as if a flat body had been drawn over it. Type D.. eenigma. sonigma, Dawson, 1863, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 5, p. 19, Coal Meas. DlPLOSTYLUS, a ^ Salter, 1863, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 19, p. 76. [Ety. Dip- l08ty{U8, double tail, in al- lusion t o the two Fio. KKjO.— DIploslyhisdawsoiil. pairs of ap- <*> Tail, nut. size; b, terminal pendages J"lnt, enlarged, to the telson.] Carapace unknown; body segments arched, and with minute pleurae ; tail segment large, triangular. HIP— ECH.] CRUSTACEA. 645 )lpl<>slyluHdawsoiii. ut . Nlze ; 6, terminal rged. epinoufl, with two pairs of simple, ovate appendages. Type D. dawsoni. (lawsoni, Salter, 1863, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 19, p. 77, and Acad. Geol., p. 207, Coal Meap. DiPTERocARiH, Clarke, 1883, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 8d ser., vol. 26, p. 121. [Ety. dipteral, two-winged ; karia, shrfmp.J Carapace elongate, divided along tlie major axis into two wings; greatest width anteriorly; wings united medi- ally for one-third to one-fifth the length of the carapace; anchylosed, but sep- arated toward the ends. Surface marked concentrically. Type D. pennidaedali. pennidsedali, Clarke, 1883, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 25, p. 122, Che- mung 6r. pescervje, Clarke, 1883, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 25, p. 123, Che- mung (ir. procne, Clarke, 1883, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 25, p. 122, Chemung Gr. Dithykocaris, Scouler, 1844, Syn. Carb. Fobs., Ireland & McCoy, 1855, Brit- ish Pal. Hocks, p. 181. [Ety. dithyros, having two valves; A;ara, shrimp.) Car- apace semioval ; an- terior end rounded, sometimes notched; posterior end sub- truncate, with lat- eral angles produced into spines; sur- face with faint imbricating striie, mar- gins thickened and corrugated, with three longitudinal ridges, one in the middle extending the entire length, the others not reaching the margin ; tail terminating in three tri- angular spines. Type D. scouleri. belli, see Mesothyra belli, carbouaria, Meek & Worthen, 1870, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 55, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 6l8,Coal Meas. neptuni, see Mesothyra nep- tuni. Dolichocephala, Claypole, 1883, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, p. 238, syn. for Stylonurus. lacoana, syn. for Stylonurus excelsior. DoLiCHOMETOPUs, Angelin, 1862, Paleonto- logia Scandinavica. [Ety. dolichos, long; metope, panel or space between two hollows.] Cephalic shield with tu- mid margin ; e^es laTge, narrow, lunate ; glabella wider in front, smooth, no lat- eral furrows ; neck furrow-marked ; facial sutures, beginning at the poste- rior margin near the lateral angles, are directed toward the eyes, passing which, they^ diverge to the anterior margin ; pygidium semicircular, strongly ¥ia. 1001. — Dithyro- c a r 1 M corbouarla. Telsoii and styletH. convex, margin entire, axis almost semicylindriital, with two or more fur- rows. Type D. suecicus. It is doubt- ful about this being an American genus, as the identifications have been made alone on the pygidium. ?convexns, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 269, Quebec Gr. or Up. Taconic. ?gibberuluH, Billings, 1865, Pal. Fokh., vol. 1, p. 269, Quebec Gr. or Up. Taconic. ?rarus, BillingH, 18<}5, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 352, Calciferous Gr. DoLicHOPTKiirs, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 414. [Ety. dolichos, long; pleron, win^.] Cephalic, thoracic, and caudal portions similar to Eurypterus; post- oral plate lyrate or cordiform lyrate; central thoracic appendage from the first thoracic segment, strong, thick, and simple, in its anterior part; ante- rior feet composed of strong, thick joints, with curved terminal spines; natatorv organs having the joints elon^ gate, the seventli and eighth little dilated, an nd. hered to by reputable scientistB hjik,' that time, notwithstanding it is rcccin- mended to naturalists in selecting names to avoid such as too cloHely ii|i- proximttte words already adopted, it IB true the masculine form of the NMrtl was preoccupied by Zenker, Init the same can be Maid of Goniophoru g- ment8 ; pygidium triangular, lateral lobeH with about eight segments, de- flected, sometimes pointed ; iixis nar- row, convex, with numerous segment;. 1 lines. Type K. punctatus. deltoidi'us, Shumard, 1855, Geo. Sur. Mo., p. 198, Up^Sil. egani, S. A. MilU>r, 1880, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 254, Niagara Cir. elegantulus, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 62, Anti- costi Gr. excedrenm, S a ff o r d , Not defined, leevis, Angelin, 1852, (Cryptonymus Ite- vis,) Palieontologia Hcandinavica, p. 4, Up. Sil. miruB, Billings, 1865, Pal. Fosfi., vol. 1, p. 292, Quebec Gr. or Up. Taconic. multisegmentatus, Portlock, 1843, (Am- phion multisegmentatus,) Rep. Geo. of Londonderry, etc., Anticosti Gr. nereus. Hall, 1867, 20th -«t-. Uep. N. Y. St. Mus. .^K-'.^ Nat. Hist., p. 425, Niagara Gr. ornatus. Hall & Whit- field, 1875, Ohio Pal., Fig- 1005 -Encrlnu- vol. 2, p. 154, Niag- 'Zi\^ Cephalic ara Gr. phlyctai nodes, Green, 1837, (Calymene phlyctainodes,) Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. 32, p. 167, and Pal. N.Y.,vol. 2, p. 314, Niagara Gr. punctatus, Wahlenberg, 1821, Nova Acta Sec. Upsal., Anticosti Gr. truntonensis, Walcott, 1877, Rep. N, Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 68, Tren- ton Gr. varicostatus, Walcott, 1877. 31st Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 69, Trenton Gr. vigilans, Hall, 1847, (Ceraurus vigilans,) Fig. 1(K)4.-Encrlna- I'UH egHnl. Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 245, Black Riv. anair; the three ant > lior pairs are similar; several joints li.ira small articulating spine at the Omtal extremities, and ttie terminal jiint consists of a spine; the fourth pair i« longer, more slender, without Hintu-H, except on the terminal joint ; tlu* liftli pair are natatory, longer, more dilalfd, and placed beneath the posterior part of the carapace, basal joints com)>ns<>(l of broad rhoniboidal plates covering; thu posterior part of the carapace, over the inner edges of which there is a lon^'itn- dinally ovate plate, at the anterior Nin- uate margin of which is the entraiiie to the mouth. Type E. remipes. beecheri. Hall, 1884, Geo. Sur. Pa. PPP, p. 30, Chemung Gr. boylei, Whiteaves, 1884, Pal. Fobs., vol. 3, p. 42, Guelph Gr. delcayi, Hall, 1850, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p, 411, WaterUme Gr. eriensis, Whitfield, 1882, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 106, Low. HeliKir. giganteus, Pohlman, 1882, Bull. BufI'. Soc. Nat. Sci., vol. 4,^, 41, Waterlime (ir. grandis, Grote & Pitt, 1876, (EusureuH grandis,) Bull. Bull". Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 17, Waterlime Gr. lacustris, Harlan, 1834, Trans. Geo. Hoc. Penn., vol. 1, p. 08, and Pal. N. ¥., vol. 3, p. 407, Waterlime Gr. lacustris var. robustus. Hall, 1850, Pal N. Y., vol. 3, p. 410, Waterlime Gr. mazonensis, Meek & Worthen, 1868, .Am. Jour, Sci., vol. 46, p. 21, and Geo. Sur 111., vol. 3, p. 544, Coal Meas. micropthalmus. Hall, 1860, Pal, N. Y., vol. 3, p. 407, Low. Held. Gr. pachychirus. Hall, 1860, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 412, Waterlime Gr. pennsylvanicus. Hall, 1877, Proc. Am, Phil. Soc, p. (t21, Carboniferous. potens. Hall, 1884, Geo. Sur. Pa. PPP, p. 37, Carboniferous. prominens, Hall, 1884, Proc. Am. Ass. Sci., vol. 33, p. 420, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 157, Clin- d;^ _. ton Gr. '^T'^rir^' pulicaris, Salter, _'S ^ ^ i* 1863, Quar. /^T-'— ;> Jour. G e o . ( /^ f-^— Soc, vol. 10, V^ /-- p. 78, and Acad. Geol., p. 523, Up. Devonian. pustulosus, T' Hall, 1850, V'. Pal. N. Y., . \\ vol. 3, p. 413, W a t e r 1 ime Gr. Fig. 1008.— Eurypterus rem- remipes De- i^i.^r'"'"" ''^ """" Kay, 1825, Ann. Lye Nat. Hist. N. Y., p. 375, and Pal. N. Y., vol. S, p. 404, Waterlime (Jr, »US HIP.] CRUSTACEA. ff40 «;'irf>ioniH, (iroto <*ic Titt, 1875, (KuPinrcuH rn'oipifiiiiH,) hull. huff. Hik;. Nut. IIlHt., v(i!, ;{, |> I, Wattrlime '. Tney are referred to tho OHtrneiMJ i hecauHe tlie tost iH like that of Lentiditin and Iteyrit'hia, but they are niHtiiiKuiHlied hy heing cloHed in a single sliell; they aieevld»ntly globose, d« t>re(l» in form. Type F. anninala. ArioMiala, n. ap. Minute, Hubeircular in outline, ami flattened on each Hide; tliickneMH about one-fourth the diame- ter; one {idgti somewtiut ahnrp -ned ; a Blit or open- ing, about eigiit tiineH aH long as wide, exists on the thick- er edge of the shell; and at less than the thickness of the shell distant from the slit, there is a circular open- ing on the edge of the shell, and b'-low this reaching nearly to the thinner edge of the shell, there if* a very narrow slit that does not btfera to penetrate the test. Found in the upper part of the Hud. Riv. Gr., in Bntitr County, Ohio, and now in the collection of Charles Faber. Haiu'em, Goldfuss, 1839, Nova Acta Phvsico niedica Academire Cresareie Leopofdin ^ Carolinre Natura) Curiosoruin, vol. 19. p. 358. [Ety. harpe, a book or siikle.] Cephalic shield hordeshoe-sbaped, very convex cen- trally, flatly ex- panded on the ex- ternal margin, and posterior angles produced in long s|)inps; glabella very prominent, short, front sub- quadrate, posterior part contracted, a curved lateral fur- row on each side separating two el- liptical lobes from the posterior half! eyes small, near the anterior part of the glabella; facial sutures from the posterior angles, curving through the \ M Fig. 1010.— Harpes ungula. eve« an. 4t(8, Otiazy (ir. consuetUH, IlillingH, I8(«», (!iital. Mil. Fosii. Antic, p. 01, AntieoHti (Jr. dentoni, KillingM, IHMK, dm. Nat. and (ieo., vol. 8, p. 3(1, Hud. Uiv. (ir. e H (Ml n a ha> , Hall, 1851, (ieo. Lake Sup. Land DiHt., vol. 2, p. 211, Tren- ton Gr. granti. Hill- ings, 18(15,1 Pal. FoHB., v.-l. l,p.3-.'0, (iuebec (ir. ot t a w e n s i s , Hillings, 1H()5, I'a I. I'oHS., vol. I, Fio. 1011.— Hurpeioltuwenili, p. 182. Trenton Gr. riAiti>ii)i<:.s, lieyrich, 18 ((I, Untersiichungtm Trilobiten als Fort. [Kiy. from resem- blan(!e to the genus tfarf)e».] Cephalic shield semicireular, margin wideandflitt, spines at posterior lateral angles; gla- bella Hhr)rt, narrow, granular ; lobe on each side at base; cheeks have radi- ating striui; eyes small, joining the front end of the glabella by a small ridge; thorax with 22 segments, pleurie three titnes as wide as tlie axis. Type II. rutfOHUs. Only fragments have been referred to this genus in America. atlaiiticus. Hillings, 18(15, Pal. Fo.S8., vol. 1, p. 281, Quebec Gr. or Up. Taconic. concentricus, Billings, 18fi6, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. ""■' Quebec Gr. or Up. Ta- COP'" ? d s. rivi's Bii- igs, 18(15, Pal. Foss., vol. . p. ;>lir fji;i. u'c Gr. or Up. Taconic, HAa. "f V. Xjuc.t' 1884, Bull. U. S. Geo.Sur. vo'.. 2, p. "(3. [Kty. proper name.] T^i 'ingiii' 111 from Conocoryphe by Vo< jf ., ;.,oe or elevation in the front of til : K'iihella, small pygidium, and sloping front to the cheeks and frontal lobes. Tvpe H. matthewi. matthewi, Aartt, 1808, (Conocephalites matthewi,) Acad. Geol., p. 640, St. John Gr. Hausmannia, Hall, 1888, fio. I012. — Hartlla synonym for Dal- matthewi, Cephullo manites. "'•'«'''• Hemiciyftturtit, Green, syn. for Asaphus. clintoni, Vanuxem, 1843, Geo. Kep. 3d Dist. N. Y., p. 79, Clinton Gr. Gen- eric relation not determined. rasoumowski, syn. for Asaphus expansus. HiPPONMCHARiON, Matthew, 1885, Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., p. 64. Breadth nearly equau the length; broadly Bcmi-ellipti<»l to- ^M^ i I 650 CRUSTACEA. [HOM.— Il.i.. Fio. 1013.— Holoine- topoH aiitsellui. Head and t;) as opposite the Fio. 1014.— Homalonotus delpbinocepbalas. central part of the glabella, small ; facial suture, from the anterior angle to the margin, following the border of the margin, and curving like the letter S, it reaches the eye, and by a like curve passes to the posterior lateral angle; thoracic segments 13, axis wider than the lateral lobes, which have suhtmn. cate ends, with large distinct facets' pygidium hyperbolic and terminating m a spine. Type H. knighti. atlas, Castelnau, 18 \S, Syst. Sil., p. 20. Not recognized. dawsoni, Hall, 1860, Can. Mat. and Gen,, vol. 5, p. 155, and Acad. Geol., ji. t]QJ\ Up. Silurian. dekayi, Green, 1832, (Dipleura deka:i,) Monograph Trilobites, p. 79, and Illust. Devon. Foss., pi. 25, Ham. Gr. delpbinocephalus, Green, 1832, (Trimenis delphinocephalus,) Monograph of Trilo- bites, p. 82, and Pal. N. Y., vol. L', n 309, Niagara Gr. giganteus, Castelnau, 1843, Syst. Sil , p. 20. Not recognized. herculanfus, Castelnau, 1843, Syst. Sil,. p, 20. Not recognized. jacksor.i, Green, lf''»7, (Trimerus jacksoni,) An., .Totir. Sci., vol. 32, p. 347, Up. Sil. knighti, Konig, 1825, Icones. Foss. Sec- tiles, pi. 7, fig. 85, Low. Held. Gr. major, Whitfield, 1885, Bull. Am. .^lus. Nat. Hist., vol. i, p, 193, Oriskany Gr. vanuxemi. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 352, Low. Held. Gr. ILL.ENURU8, Hall, 1863, 16th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 176. [Ety. from the genus lllxnus ; oura, tail.] Body broadly ellip- tical, cephalic shield short, convex.semi- elliptical; glabella subquadrate, convex, smooth, without distinct dorsal furrow; palpebral lobe marginal; cheeks wide; facial suture nearly vertical, slightly di- verging, anterior to the eye; movable cheeks wide and short; thoracic seg- ments convex, central lobe wide, lateral lobes narrow, pygidium short, narrow, subelliptical, convex in front, more curved behind. Type I. quadratus. convexus, Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Rep. Geo, Sur. Wis., p. 66, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 203, Low. Mag. Gr. eurekensie, Walcott, 1885, Monogr. U, S, Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 97, Potsdam Gr. quadratus. Hall, 1863, 16th Rep. N. Y. St, Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 176, Potsdam Gr, Ill.£NUS, Dalman, 1828, ueber die Pakeaden Oder die sogenannten Trilobiten, p. 51. [Ety. illaino, to look awry, to squint.] Cephalic shield very convex and like one-fourth of a sphere, with the an- terior margin slightly produced ; ^'la- bella defined only as a slight convexity, between subparallel lines, on the pos- terior part of the shield ; eyes seinilu- nate, near the lateral margins smooth ; facial suture makes a gentle curve from the antero-lateral margin to the eye, and then to the margin midway of the lateral lobes of the thorax; thoracic segments 9 or ten, broad; pygidium much like the cephalic shield, ''"."le I- crassicauda. ambiguus, Foerste, 1885, Bull. Sci. Lab, Denison Univ., p. 106, Niagara Gr. ISO.] CRUSTACEA. 551 !43, Syst. Sil, p. 20. 1843, Syst. Sil,. p, americanus, Billingo, 1S59, Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 4, p. 371, Trenton tir. an<;U8ticolIi9, Billinf^s, 1859, Can. Nat. and (tco., vol. 4, p. 376, Black Riv. Gr. arrturus, H.'xll, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 23, Chazy and Black Riv. Grs. acuatns, Billings, 18(55, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 279, Quebec Gr. armatus, Hall, 1867, 20th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 418, Niagara Gr. bairiemis, March. 1839, Sil. Syst. The species formerly identified with this is Illfenus ioxus. bavtieldi, Billings, 1859, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 4, p. 369, Oiazy Gr. clavifrons, Billings, 1859, Can, Nat. and Geo., vol. 4, p. 379, Chazy and Black Riv. Grs. conifrons, Billings, 1859, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 4, p. 378, Black Riv. Gr. conradi, Billinjrs, 1859, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 4, p. 372, Black Riv. Gr. consimilis, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 277, Quebec Gr. consobrinus, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 280, Quebec Gr. cornigerus. Hall, 1872, 24th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 186, Niagara Gr. crassicauda, Wahlenberg, 1821, (Ento- mostracites crassicauda,) Nov. Act. Soc. Upsal, vol. 8, p. 27, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 229, Trenton and Galena Grs. P IG. 1015.— lUtenus globosus. Two views. cuniculus, Hall, 1867, 20th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 421. Niagara Gr. daytonensis, Hall & Whitfield, 1875. Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 119, Niagara Gr. fraternus, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 27^, Quebec Gr. globosus, Billings, 1859, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 4, p. 367, Chazy Gr. graftonensis, Meek & Worthen, 1869, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 508, Niagara Gr. grandis, Billings, 1859, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 4, p. 380, Hud. Riv. Gr. and Mid. Sil. herricki, Foerste, 1887, 15th Rep. Geo. and Nat. Hist, of Minn., p. 479, Trenton Gr. imperator. Hall, 1861, Rep. of Progr. Wis., p. 49, and 20th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 332, Niagara Gr. incertus, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 332, Quebec Gr. indeterminatus, Walcott, 1877, 3l8t Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 70, Black Riv. Gr. Fig. 1016.— lllsenus globosus. Side view. insignis, Hall, 1864, 20th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 331, Niagara Gr. ioxus. Hall, 1867, 20th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 420, Niagara Gr. latidorsatus. Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 230, Trenton Gr. madisonanus, Whitfield, 188.*?, Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 307, Niagara Gr. milleri, Billings, 18.59, Can. Nj.f. and Geo., vol. 4, p. 375, Black Riv. and Tren- ton Grs. minnesotensis, Foerste, 1887, 15th Rep. Ge (. and Nat. Hist, of Minn., p. 478, Tr< nton Gr. nia^arensis, Whitfield, 1880, Ann. Rep. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 68, Niagara Gr. orbioaudatus, Billings, 1859, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 4, p. 379, Hud. Riv. Gr. and Mid. Sil. ovatus, Conrad, 1843, (Thaleops ovatus,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., vol. 1, p. 332, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 259, Black Riv. Gr. pterocephalus, Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Rep. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 87, and Geo. Wis., vol. 4, p. 309, Niagara Gr. simulator, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 327, Quebec Gr. Fio. 1017.— lllsenus taurus. taurus. Hall, 1861, Rep. of Progr. Wis. Sur., p. 49, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 320, Trenton and Galena Grs. trentonen&is, Emmons, 1842, (Bumastus trentonensis,) Geo. Rep. N. Y., p. 390, and Pal. \. Y., vol, 1, p. 230, Tren- ton Gr. tumidifrons, Billings, 1866, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 278, Quebec Gr. vindex, Billings, 1866, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 179, Chazy Gr. worthenanus, syn. for Ilhenus insignis. IsocHiLiNA, Jones, 1858, Can. Org. Rem., Decade 3, p. 197. [Ety. isos, equal; cheilos, lip.] Equivalve, the margins of the valves meeting uniformly, not over- lap;ping, as in Leperditia greatest con- vexity central or toward the anterior end, eye tubercle present; muscular spot not distinct, externally. Type I. Ottawa. 652 CRUSTACEA. [ISO. -I-KP. Fio. I018.-Isochl linn joiieHi. armata, Walcott, 1883, 35th Rep. N. Y. St. Mu8. Nat. Hist., p. 213, Trenton Gr. cylindrica. Hall, 1852, (Cythfriniicylindrica,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 14, Medina Gr. gracilis, Jones, 1858, Can. Org. Rem. Deo- ade 3, p. 98, Black Riv. and Trenton Grs. jonesi, Wetherby, 1881, Jour. Cin. Soc. N;i,t. Hist., vol. 4, p. 80, Trenton Gr. labrosa, Jones, 1889, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5th ser., vol. 3, p. 383, Low. Held. Gr. Ottawa, Jones, 1858, Can. Org. Rem., Dec- ade 3. p. 97, Black Riv. Gr. laotelns,, DeKav, 1825, Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist, N. Y., vol. 1, p. 174. [Ety. mo«, equal ; teloa, end.] A sub^renus of Asaphus. canalts, see Aeaphus canalis. gigas, see Asapbus gigas. maximiis, see Asapbus megistus. megiMus, see Asapbus megistus. vigilans, see Asapbus vigilans. Lbaia, Jones, 1862, App. to Mon. Foss. Estberia., p. 116. [Ety. proper name] Carapace bivalve, subquadrate , thin, horny, truncated and slightly curved behind, rounded in front, straight on the dorsal edge ; surface concentrically ridged and finely reticulated in the furrows; each valve crossed by one, two, or three ridges; the first and Ennst consi)i(uous crosses from the an- terior pait of the umbo to tlie anterrt- yentral angle; the second, when it ex- ists, reaches the postero-ventral angle, and the third lies along the doisal margin. Type L. leidyi. leidyi. Lea, 1856, (Cypricardia leidyi,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 7, p. 341, Coal Meas. Fia/-10l9.— Leiiift'tricarinata. J5 1,rlF') yalve! i{B'2, enlarged ; B'd, doroal view; c, le:- vi Ive. tricarinata. Meek & Wortben, 1868, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3. p. 541. Coal Meas. XLkpekditia, Rouault, 1851, Pull. Soc. Geo. France, 2d ser., t. 8, p. 377. [Ety. imit, B f a l e ) diUoe, doubit. .] Carapace bivalve, inequivalve, right valve larger than the left, and overlapping the ventral hoidcr and to some extent the anteiioraru] posterior bordersof the left valve ; vulviis smooth, convex, horny, oblong, lonjicr than broad, bean-Bhape flat, falcate, each with a furrow not reaching the margin; pygidium, side lobes flat, two falcate ribs on each side projecting beyond the margin, each with a mesial duplicating groove, mid- dle lobe, semielliptical, pointed. Type L. laciniatus. Fig. 1024.— Lichas faberl. Mag. 2 diam. armatu)), hall, 1862. Preoccupied; changed to L. eriopis. bigsbyi, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 364, Low. Held. Gr. boltoni, Bigsby, 1825, (Paradoxides bol- toni,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 4, p. 365, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 311, Ni- agara Gr. boltoni var. occidentalis, 1 all, 1863, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 223, and 11th Rep. Ind. Geo. Sur., p. 344, Niag- ara Gr. breviceps. Hall, 1863, Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4, p. 222, and 11th Rep. Ind. Geo. Sur., p. 343, Niagara Gr. canadensis, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 66, Antic. Gr. champlaiuensis, Whitfield, 1886, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 342, Birds- eye Gr. cucuDus, Meek & Worthen, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 266, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 299, Trenton Gr. decipiens, Winchell & Marcy, 1865, Mem. Boet. Soc. Nat. Hist., p. 104, Niag- ara Gr. dracon. Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 85, Up. Held. Gr. emarginatus, Hall, 1879, 28th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 199, Niag- ara Gr. eriopis, see Terataspis eriopie. faberi, n. sp. Broadly elliptical, granu- lated ; head somewhat crescentifnini, slightly pointed in front, very convix' posterior angles terminating in sliuitj obtuse spines; glabella very convex^ divided into three lobes; central lube contracted in the middle, widely «x- panded in front, and less exj)an(U"(l be- hind, and a slight furrow cuts (^11' a small lobe from the postero-latcral angles ; lateral lobes reniform ; and an- other small lobe is separated from the posterior part of the cheeks l>y a stronger furrow; eyes prominent, nni- form, and directed backward ; occipital ring wide ; axial lobe of thorax w ider than the lateral lobes; pygidiuni lacini- ate, axis with two narrow articulations in front, and a longer posterior one that slopes backward and becomes mn- fluent with the expanded border ; lat- eral lobes composed of three expanded articulations, which terminate in acute points, and are marked in the central part by a groove for three-fnnrtijs of their length, which is represented hy a rib on the under side ; centn.1 lutie grooved in like manner, and bitid at the posterior extremity. The jiy^'id- ium will readily distinguish it from L. trentonensis, beside the broader axial lobe of the thorax and somewhat dider- ent cephalic shield. Hud. Riv. Gr. at Cincinnati, Ohio. The specimen illus- trated is from the collection of Charles Faber. FiQ. 1025.— Liclias faberl. Large uud .siuull pygidium. grandis, see Terataspis grandis. gryps. Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 84, lip. Held. Gr. harrisi, 8. A. Miller, 1878, Jour. Cin, Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 106, Hud. Riv. Gr. hispidus. Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 77, Up. Held. Gr. hylffius, Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 81, Up. Held. Gr. jukesi, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, pp. 282 and 335, Quebec Gr. minganensis, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 181, Chazy or Black Riv. (ir. nereus. Hall, 1863, 16th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. '>26, Niagara Gr. obvius. Hall, 1868, 20t,ii Rep. N, v s;. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 424, Niatyara L\i. ptyonurus. Hall, 1888, Pal. N. \' , vol 7, p. 86, Niagara Gr. pugnax, Winchell & M.-rcv, 1865, AI ii. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., p. 103. ^%; ara Gr. LIO.- -MEG.] CRUSTACEA. 555 Large iind sniuU Fio 1026.— I.lclias iientonensis. pnstulosus, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 360, Low. Held. Gr. superbus, Billings, 1875, Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 7, p. 239, Up. Held. Gr. trentonensis, Conrad, 1842, (Aaaphus tren- tonensis,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 277, and Pal. N. v., vol. 1, p. 235, Black H:v. and Tren- ton (Jrs. LiosTRACus, A ngelin, 1852, Falreontologica Scandinavica, p. 23. [Ety. leioatrakos, smooth -8 helled.] Itody elongate ; test smooth or with mi- croscopic j/unctures; glabella elevated, furrows faint; dorsal furrow faint in front; fixed cheek arclied downward at the sides ; front limb concave; occipi- tal ring aculeate; head at tlie genal angle rounded ; ends of the pleurje of the thorax r.iunded; pygidium minute, having few segments. Type L. ac- uleatus. aurora, Hartt, 18()8, (Con- ocephiilites aurora,) Acad. Geol., p. 653, St. John Gr. linnarsoni, Brogger, 1878, Paradoxides skifrene vid Krekling, p. 47, St. John Gr. linnarsoni var. alata, Mattbew, 1887, Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., p. 147, St. John Gr. neglectus, Hartt, 1868, (Conocephalites neglectus,) Acad. Geol., p. 652, St. John Gr. Probably a syn. for L. tener. ouangondianus, Hartt, 1868, (Conocepha- lites ouangondianus,) Acad. Geol., p. 648, St. John Gr. ouangondianus var. gibbus, Matthew, 1887, Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., p. 140, St. John Gr. ouangondianus var. immarginata, Mat- thew, 1887, Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., p. 139, St. John Gr. ouangondianus var. planus, Matthew, 1S87, Tracb. Roy. Soc. Can., p. 140, St. Joiin Gr. quadratus, Hartt, 1868, (Conocephalites quadratus,) Acad. Geol., p. 654, St. John Gr. toner, Hartt, 1868, (Conocephalites tener,) Acad. Geol., p. 652, St. John Gr. Lifgomm, Clarke, syn. for Spathiocaris. lulhfri, see Spathiocaris luthi -i. L , ciiocKPiiALUs, Owen, 1852, Geo. Wis., i>wa, and Minn., p. 575. [Et^. longus, l>.Mg; Icephale, head.] Cephalic shield, having a wide frontal limb; posterior Fig. 1027.— IJostra- cus aculeatu.s. Fig. 1028.— Lonchoceph- alus chippeweusis. angle of each cheek terminating in a spine ; glabella short, subquadrate, or truncato-conical, highly arched; two or three obscure furrows on each side ; base projected backward, in a spine of greater or less length, in ihe median line, over the thoracic negmeuts; facial sutures cut t)ie anterior margin in front of the eyes, and gently curve outward and then inward to the anterior angles of the palpebral lobes, thence curving to the base of the eyes, they are di- rected backward and slightly outward to the posterior margin ; pygidium sup- posed to be semilunar, with little or no border, and having four segments in the axial lobe. Type L. chippewensis. c h ippe wensis, Owen, 1852, ff^^m Geo.Wi8.,Iowa, "" and Minn., p. 576, P J 1 8 d a m Gr. hamulus, Owen, 1852, Geo. Wis., Iowa, and Minn., p. 576, Potsdam Gr. wisconsinensis, Owen, 1852, Geo. Wis., Iowa, and Minn., p. 576, and 16th Hep. N, Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 146, Pots- dam Gr. LoGANELLUs, Edvino, 1863, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 8, p. 95. [Ety, proper name.] General form ovate ; cephalic shield lunate ; glabella convex, conical, two or three oblique furrows on ««cii side ; facial suture behind the eye curving outward, and cutting the posterior mar- gin inside the angle and in front of the eye, curving outward to the frontal margin; thorax lt>roui, side lobes flat, p 1 e u r aj about twelve ; groove running along the middle nearly to the extremities ; pygidium with a well-defined axis, side lobes de- pressed, and with four to six ribs ; distinguished from Oleniis by having the facial suture curved outward in front of the eye. Type L. quebecensis. This is one of the forms often referred to Conocoryphe or to Ptychoparia, but the gtnus may be worth preserving, quebecensis, Devine, 1863, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 8,- p. 95, Quebec Gr. or Up. Taconic. Meoalaspis, Augelin, 1852, Palseontologia Scandinavica. [Ety. nwgale, great ; aapis, shield.] Body subelliptical ; cephalic shield obtusely pointed in front, genal angles spined ; glabella convex, Fig. 1029.— Lo^ganel- lus quebeeunsis. 556 CRUSTACEA. [men— Mi-;s. expanded anteriorly, no lateral fur- rows, eyea large and close, j)08terior; facial sutures commencing at tlie ante- rior apex of the sliield, curving lat- erally, and til en con- tracting to the eyes in front and making a sig- moidal flexure, cut the posterior mar- gin midway between the dorsal furrows and the genal spines; pygidium sub- triangular, outer margin bordered, and terminating in a spine. Type M. limbata. belemnura, White, 1874, Eep. Invert. Fobs., p. 11, and Geo. Sur. W, lOOtu Mer., vol. 4, p. 69, Quebec Gr. or Up. Taconic. Fig. 1080.— MeKulnspIs num. Pygldtuii belem- FiQ. 1031.— Mesonncts vermontaiio. Menocephalus, Owen, 1852, Geo. Sur. Wis., Iowa, and Minn., p. 577. [Ety. vienos, strength ; kephale, head.] Cephalic shield semicircular, with a narrow bor- der all around ; glabella highly con- vex, hemispherical or ovate, with a broadly rounded front, sometimes show- ing two inconspicuous lateral furrows Fi(}. lii.f.'. Meiiorcpliiilus saltcil. on each side; cheeks tumid; ''vch dig. tant from the middle oi the ^ bclja; facial suture cuts the front n rf^in ^ little inside a line drawn lengtln. "{• of the body and through the eye, aud > nts the posterior margin a little outside this line; thoracic segments f:ix or seven, axis convex, tapering a little nairower than the side lobes ; i)yj.'i(liuni semicirculiir,axis and side lobes divided by segmental, furrows. Type M. min- nesotensis. ?globosn8, Billings, 1860, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 5, p. .301, and Pal. Fosh., vol. 1, p. 408, Quebec Gr. or Up. Taconic. minncsoteusis, Owen, 1852, Geo. Sur. Wis., Iowa, and Minn., p. 577, Potsdam Gr. (?) salteri, Devine, 1863, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 8, p. 210, and Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 203, Up. Ta- conic. ?8edgwicki, Billings, 1860, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 5, p. 301, and Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 407, Quebec Gr. or Up. Taconic. Mksonacis, Walcott, 1885, Am. .Tour. Sci. and Arts, 3(1 ser., vol. 29, p. 328. [Kty. vifsos, middle ; akis, point, spiar.j Head and first fourteen segments like Elliptocephala, and the pygidium and ten posterior segments like Paradox- ides. Type M. vermontana. vermontana, Hall, 1859, (Olenus vermnnt- anus,) 12th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 60, Up. Taconic, Georgia Gr. Mksothyha, Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. Ivi. [Ety. mesos, middle ; thurif, small door.] Carapace subquadrate; valves in contact at the ipices of two broad, subtrianpular extensions, situated on the dorsal line opposite the eye nodes, forming a broad and short anterior or rostral cleft, and a long posterior cleft; test broadly infolded on the lower sur- face, thickened and produced into a conspicuous and acute posterior spine; posterior margin incurved and produced into a short spine at the dorsal line; surface with a single strong carina on each valve; abdomen consisting of two somites, of which the posterior is tlie longer; post-abdomen with a broad caudal plate, which is produced into a relatively short telson; lateral sjiines long and setaceous. Type M. oceani. belli, Woodward, 1870, (Dithyrocaris belli,) Geo. Mag., vol. 8, p. 106, Mid. De\^onian. neptuni, Hall, 1863, (Dithyrocaris tuni,) 16th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Hist., p. 75, Ham. Gr. oceani. Hall, 1888, Pal. N,. Y. 187, Portage Gr. spunisea. Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y. 193, Ham. Gr. veneris. Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., 193, Ham. Gr. nep- Nat. vol. vol. 7, p. vol. 7, p MIC. — OtE.] CRUSTACEA. 557 MicRODisciTS, Emmons, 1856, Am. Geol,, p. 116. (^Ety. mikros, email; diakoa, quoit.] Subelliptical ; cephalic shield semicir- cular; glabella narrow, convex, rounded in front, more or less pointed behind, without furrows or occipital groove; cheeks more or less convex, no eyes or truce of sutures; thorax with four ar- ticulations, axis narrow, convex, lateral lobes wider, depressed; pygidium shorter than the cephalic shield, sub- trigonal or rounded posteriorly, tri- lobud, axis divided into four or six seg- ments, and having a border. Type M. (juadricostatus. connexus, Walcott, 1887, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 34, p. 194, Up. Taconic. dawsoni, Hartt, 1868, Acad. Geo., p. 654, St. John Gr. lobatus, Hail, 1847, (Agnostua lobatus,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 258, Up. Taconic. mceki. Ford, 1876, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 11, p. 371, Up. Taconic. parkeri, Walcott, 1886, Bull. U. S. Geo. Sur. No. 30, p. 157, Up. Taconic. pulcliellus, Hartt, 1885, Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., p. 74, St. John Gr. pulchellus var. pnecursor, Matthew, 1885, Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., p. 75, St. John Gr. quadricostatiis, E:umons, 1856, Am. Geo., p. 116, Up. Taconic. speciosus, Ford, 1873, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 6, p. 137, Up. Taconic. NiLEus, Dnlman, 1825, Uber die Palseaden o(i margin spiiimis, 10,17. - Orycto- pplmlu.s pi'liMiis. yKiillurn. ,rly equal lenj;tli' M / Idiam. ng a well ilt-vel- dage; peduiulL's of both piiirs siiorter tluin the fliinclla; hei'.d about as long aH the first two ab- dominal HI'K- ments; tbo- racic legs long and slender, anterior pair not chelate; telson long, tapering, anil horizontally flattened : sty- ry small, second led horizontally. 1865, Proc. Acad. , and Geo. tSur. Mims. Pai KOCRBrsiA, Clarke, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 210. [Kty. palaios, ancient; Creu- fiia, a genus.] Capituhim ovate, patel- liform, surface conical; apex truncated by a horizontal plane, forming a large central aperture ; surface striated ; basis tubuliform, suhcylindrical or cup- sbaped. Type P. devonica. (I.vonica, Clarke, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, |., 210, Up. Held. Gr. Pai..koi*al*:mon, Whitfield, 1880, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 19, p. 40. [VAy.palaiog, ancient; puliemon, a genus.] Sbrimp-Iike, thoracic carapace nar- rowed, but not rostrate in front and keeled on the back and sides ; abdo- men, six segments terminated bv an elongated, triangular, and pointed tel- Kon ; segments arched ; pleurR' smooth, not lobed or expanded, extremities rounded ; sixth segment bearing cau- dal flaps, one on each side, composed of five visible elements, the outer four ai)parently an jhylosed to form a trian- gular plate on each side of the telson ; thoracic ambulatory appendages elon- gated, smooth and filiform, except the upper second joint, which is laterally compressed ; abdominal appendages sliort ; antennae large and strong. Type P. newberryi. newberryi, Whitfield, 1880, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 19, p. 41, Erie shales. Parado.\idks, Brongniart, 1822, Hist. Nat. Crust. Fobs., p. 31. [Ety. paradoxoB, marvelous, paradoxical.] Cephalic shield lunate, margin thickened, not rcfiexed ; glabella clavate or oval, moderately convex, enlarged anteriorly, three curved furrows cross it, dividing it into four parts ; fixed cheeks tumid ; eyes oblong, lunate, distant ant" oppo- site the second division of the glabella ; facial suture, cutting the margin in front of the eye and curving S-like to the eye, and curving in like manner to the posterior mar- gin directly behind the eye ; movable cheek tumid and prolonged in a spine; thorax 10 to 20; segments, axis con- vex, narrower than the lateral lobes, lat- eral lobes fiattened and turned back- ward ; pygldium cir- cular or oval ; axis segmented, short, lateral lobesiiattened and projected back- ward. Type P. tes- FiG, 1(140.— Paradoxldee ,«>"'• ,, ^ , boheiQtcus. abenacus, Matthew, 1885, Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., p. 78, St. John Gr. acadicus, Matthew, 1883, Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., p. 103, St. John Gr. suricus, Matthew, 1886, Soc. Can., p. 77, St. Soc, acadicus var. Trans. Roy John (ir. arautim, Harlan, 1835, Trans. Geo syu. for Triartbrus bccki. barbfi, N. H. Winclicll, 188."), 13th Ann. P.p. Geo. Sur. Minn., p. 67, Potsdam C r. Not a Paradoxides. bennetti, Salter, 1859, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 15, p. 552, Up. Taconic. boltoni, see I.ic-has boltoni. Fio. 1(M1.— Panidoxldes liarlanl. decorns, Billings, 1874, Pal. Foss., vol. 2, p. 75, Up. Taconic;. ecUoni, syn. for Triartbrus becki. etemnicus, Matthew, 1883, Trans. Roy. Soc Can. pp. 92, 271, St. Jol.n Gr. etemnicus var. breviatus, Matthew, 1883, Trans. Koy. Soc. Can., p. 99, St. John Gr. etemnicus var. malicitus, Matthew, Trans. Roy. Soc, Can., p. 101, St. John Gr. etemnicus var. pontificalis, Matthew, 1883, Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., p. 102, St. John Gr. etemnicus var. quacoensis, Matthew, 1883, Trans. Roy. Soc. Cin., p. 102, St. John Gr. etemnicus var. suricoides, Matthew, 1883, Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., p. 106, St. John Gr. harlani. Green, 1834, Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 25, p. 336, Up. Taconic. lamellatus, Hartt, 1868, Acad, Geol., p. 656, St. John Gr. lamellatus var. loricatus, Matthew, 1883, Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., p. 106, St. John Gr. micmac, Hartt, 1868, Acad. Geol., p. 657, and Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., vol. 2, p. 101, St. John Gr. 660 CRUSTACEA. [pel. iiir. nevadenria, Meek, see Olenoides nevad ensifl. quadrhpindmiH, Rmmons, syn. for Bathy notiiH liolopyita. regina, Matthew, 1887, Am. Jour. Sci and ArtH, 3d ser., vol. .S3, p. 389, an *, annulatcd axis ex- tends to the margin posteriorly; eide lobes wider, ovate and ventricose. Type P. bullata. bullata, Hall, 1863, 16th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat, Hist., p. 211, Potsdam Gr. PiiACoi's, Emmrich, 1839, de Trilobites, DiHsertatio Inauguralis, p. 19. [Ety. phakos, lens; ops, eye.] Form compact, glabella inflated and expanded in front; the two front pairs of furrows are ob- scure ; eyes large, numerous lenses; genal rounded ; pleuree rounded, pygid- ium moderate, of few (often coa- lesced) segments with an even border, never produced. Type P. latifrons. bufo. Green, 1832, (Calymene bufo,) Monograph of Trilo- bites, p. 41, nnd Illust. Devon. Foss., pi. 8, Ham. Gr. bombifrons. Hall, 1862, 16th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 67, Up. Held. Gr. cacapona. Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist. p. 68, Up. Held. Gr. callicephala, see Dalmanites callicepbalus. cristata. Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 67, Up. Held. Gr. cristata var. pipa. Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 18, Up. Held. Gr. hudsonica. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 355, Low. Held. Gr. laticandus, see Dalmanites laticaudus. logani. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 353, Low. Held. Gr. nupera. Hall, 1843, (Calymene nupera,) Geo. Rep. 4th Dist. N. Y., p. 262, and Illust. Devon. Fosb., pi. 8, Che- mung Gr. oresteB, BillingB, I860, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. ^ p. 65, Mid. Sil. S- Fio. 1042.— Phacops bufo. rana. Green, 1832, (Calymene bufo var. rana,) Monograph of Trilobites, it, 42, and Illust. Devon. Fobs., |i1. 7 Ham. Gr. trajanus, Billings, 1863, Proo. Port. Soc. Nat. Hif.t., vol. 1, p. 124, Low. Held. G;-. trisulcata, HaM, 1843, (Caly.nene (?) trisiil- cata,) Geo. Kep 4th Dist. N. Y., p. 74, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. UOO, Clin- ton Gr. Ph.«thonideh, Angelin, i»78, Palu'onto- logia Hcandinavica, p. 21. [Ety. jilne- than, radiant.] Head shield reHemliling Cyphaspis, the frontal area more con- cave, and lateral glabellar furrows stronger and generally du|pii(iitt'; thorax having seven or more narrow segments; axis wide; pygidium re- sembliug Proetus, relatively large, s to 12 annulations on the axis, and K or 9 on the pleura-; these extend to the margin, and are duplicate the entire length. Type P. stokesi. arenicoluB, Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 134, Up. Held. Gr. cyclufus. Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 1.37, Low. Held. Gr. denticulatus, Meek, 1877, (Proetus di-n- ticulatus,) Geol. Expl. 40th Par., p. 49, Devonian. gemmeeus, Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 136, Low. Held. Gr. varicella. Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 135, Up. Held Gr. PiiiLLipsiA, Portlock, 1843, Rep. Geol. Lon- donderry, p. 305. [Ety. proper name.] Cephalic shield sub- semicircular, angles terminating in spines ; / ■ \i glabella subcylindri- /' /(V :\ cal, not contracted at// v\C\ Q^ base, three f urrows [ ^-^- ' Y_. x, on each side; eyesU^t:'-■■■^7:^'^^ large, reniform, retic- "t^'iJ- ■ II ~ .v ulated; thorax of 9 ^g^^^^ ;" 1 ■:!a segments having pleu- ral grooves and dis- tinct facets; pygidium semioval, axis and lateral lobes furrowed, ^ margin entire, smooth. _ ,..„ _, ,„, Tvn« P tremmiilifpra FlO. 1048 -Plillllp- lype r. gemmuiiiera. sla gemmulifera. auriculatus. Hall, 1862, (Proetus auriculatus,) 16th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 79, Waverly Gr. bufo, Meek & Wortlien, . 1870, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 52, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 528, Keokuk Gr. cliftonensis, Shumard, 1858, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 227, Coal Meas. coronata, Hall, syn. for Cyphaspis or- nata. doris, Hall, 1860, (Proetus doris,) ll^th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 112, Waverly Gr. howl, Billings, 1863, Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 8, p. 209, Carboniferous. )} PRl— PRO.l CRUSTACEA. 561 ii)Mij:ni8, Wiiichell, 180!1, Proc. Acad Sci., p. 24, 13urlin(;t()n Vtv. km*, Hee Cji)liHBpiH lieviH, Nat. il. N. Y., vol. 7, Cypbaspis or- lOII.-IMitl- ,s\\\ lodleu- loiliensiH, Meek, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 'Xl\ Wa- verly Gr. maior, Hlmmard, 18.")8, 'IranH. St. Lonin Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 22tt, and Pal. E. Neb., p. 2:18, Coal MeaH. meramecenBiH, Shunaard, 1855, Geo. Rep. Mo., p. 100, ArehiinedeH lime- stone or Keokuk Gr. mmM«r«/a, Hee Cypbaspie miniipcnla. misHouriensis, Shumard, 1858, Trans. St. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 225, Coal Mens. orudia, Hall, see Cypbaspis ornata. pciannulata, Sbuniard, 1858, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 296, Per- niirtn Gr. portlocki, Meek & Wortben, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 268, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. ,525, Keokuk Gr. rnckfordensis, Wincbell, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 133, Kinderbook Gr. Banuainonensis, Meek & Wortben, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 271, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 615, Coal Meas. Bcitula, Meek & Wortben, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 270, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 5, p. 612, Coal Meas. Stevenson!, Meek, 1871, Reg. Rep. Uni- versity W. Va., Kaskaskia Gr. Bwallovi, Sbumard, 18-55, (Proetus swal- lovi,) Geo. Rep. Mo., p. 196, Wa- verly Gr. tennesseensis, Wincbell, 1869, Geo. of Tenn., p. 446, Waverly Gr. tubcrculata, Meek & Wortben, 1870, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. '62, BurlinK- ton Gr. vindobonensis, Hartt, 1868, Acad. Geol., p. 313, Carboniferous. Piliolilfs, Cozzens, 1848. Not identified. ohioenaig, Cozzens, 1848. Not identified, but probably the fragment of a Dal- manites. 'Platynotus, syn for Licbas. lolloni, see Licbas boltoni. tretUitnemiK, see Licbas trentonensis. Plumuliles, Barrande, syn. for Turrilepas devonicns, see Turrilepas devonicus. gracillimua, see Turrilepas gracillimus. jamesi, see Lepidocoleus jamesi. nexuherryi, see Turrilepas newberryi. Prettwichia, Woodward, 1867, Quar. Jour, Geo. Soc. Lend., vol. 23. Not known in America. eriensu, see Protolimulus eriensis. Frimitia, Jones, 1866, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., vol. 16, p. 416. [Ety. pritnitia, first of the kind.] Carapace mi'.ute; bivalve, equivalve, convex oblong; binge straigbt ; surface of oncb valve ini|)rt'f)BtMl, on the dorsal rcnioii eitbcr medially or Idwanl the tuii«Ti()r exiremityj with a vertical Huhus, viiriablo in Hize. Typo P. btiangu- lata. acadicu, Matthew. 1885, Trans. Roy. Soc. Can. p. 06, St. .John (ir. icmialiH, JoMPB & Hall, 18H(>, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 5th mr., vol. 17, p. 411, Low. Held. (ir. cinciniiatienHi«, 8. A. Miller, 1875, (Beyrichia Cincinnati- CD ensis,) Cin. Quar. Jour. ., Hci., vol. 2, p. 350, Ilu.l. )!!iJZ KlV. Gr. cliiclmmtl- concinria, Jones, 1858, (Cyii»er- ensis. ojiHis concinra,) Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., vol. 1, p. 249, Black Kiv. Gr. cristata, Whitfield, 1889, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 50, Calcifer- ous Gr. gregaria, Whitfield, 1889, Bull. Am. Mus. vol. p. 58, Calcifcr- Nat. Hist., ous Gr. logani, Jones, 1858, (Beyrichia logani,) Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d Her., vol. 1, p. 244, Chazy Gr. leperditioides, .Tones, 18.58, (Beyrichia logani var. leperditioides,) Cm. Org. Rem., Decade 3, p. 91, Cbazy Gr. mundulii, Jones, 1865, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 2d ser., vol. 16, p. 90, Low. Devonian. muta, Jones, 1805, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., vol. 16, p. 425, Up. Sil. reniformis, Jones, 1858, (Beyrichia logani var. reniformis,) Can. Org. Rem., De- cade 3, p. 91, Chazy Gr. rugnlifera, Jones, 1858, (Bpyricbia rugu- lifera,) Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., .3d ser., vol. 1, p. 242, Niagara Gr. scaphoides, Jones, 1889, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 6tb ser., vol. 3, p. 377, Low. Devonian. seeleyi, Whitfield, 1889, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 60, Calcifer- ous Gr. sigillata, Jones, 1868, (Beyrichia sigil- lata,) Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., vol. 1, p. 242, Niagara Gr. Proktcs, Steininger, 18.30, Bemerkungen uber die Versteinerungen welche im Clebergangs-Gt'birge der Eif»l, p. 4. [Ety. mythological name.] Subcllip- tical ; cephalic shield semicircular, mar- gin thickened ; glabella very convex, parabolic, rounded anteriorly, no lat- eral furrows ; neck furrow well marked ; eyes prominent, smooth, cbse to gla- bella; facial suture, on a line with the eyes in front, curves gently backward and reaches the posterior margin, within the genal angle; thoracic seg- ments 10, convex, lateral lobes, with an oblique indentation ; pygidium tri- Bia nS- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 11.25 1^128 |25 u^ Bi 122 £ U£ 12.0 ■iUU 6" ^ / :^ wv ^;^' ^^ / 7 Fhotogmphic Sciences Corporatton 23 WIST MAM STIIIT WltSTIR,N.Y. 14SM (7U)t72-4S03 m2 CRUSTACEA. PKO.] Fio. 101«.— Proe tuB alarlcus. lobed, segmented, semicircular; axis vefy convex, short. Type P. cuvieri. alaricus, Billings, 1S60, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 5, p. 68, Hud. Riv. Gr. aniznstifrons, Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 70, Schoharie grit. auriculalus, see Phillipsia auriculatus. canal iculatus, Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N.Y.St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 73, Up. Held. Gr. clarus, Hail, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 71, Up. Held. Gr. conradi, Hall, 1862, 16th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 69, and Illust. Devon. FosB., pi. 20, Schoharie grit. coryc(EU8, Conrad, 1842, (Asaphus cory- coeus,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 277, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 2, p. 315, Ni- agara Gr. crassimarginatus. Hall, 1843, (Calymene crassimarginata,) Geo. Rep. 4th Dist.. N. Y., D. 172, and Illust. Devon. Fosc., pi. 20, Up. Held. Gr. curvimarginatus. Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 94, Up. Held. Gr. davenportensis, Barris, 1879, Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 287, syn, for P. prouti. delphinulus. Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7. p. Ill, Up. Held. Gr. dmliculatus, see Phsethonides denticu- latus. doris, see Phillipsia doris. ellipticus. Meek & Worthen, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci, p. 267, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 460, Kinderhook Gr. folliceps, Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 101, Up. Held. Gr. granulatus, .Wetherby, 1881, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 81 r^-r^Hs- ki& Grr baldemani. Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 74, Ham. Gr. hesione. Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 70, and Illust. Devon. Foss., pi. 20, Schoharie grit. jejunuB, Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 124, Ham. Gr. Junius, Billings, 1863, Proc. Port. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 122, Low. Held. Gr. latimarginatus. Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 97, Up. Held. Gr. loganensis. Hall & Whitfield, 1877, U. S. Geo. Exp. 40th Par., vol. 4, p. 264, Waverly Gr. lougicaudus, Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 108, and Illust. Devon, Foss., pi. 20, Ham. Gr. macrobius, Billings, 1863, Proc. Port. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 123, Low. Held. Gr. macrocephalus. Hall, 1832, 15th Ucp N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 77," Ham. Gr. marginalis, Conrad, 1839, (Calymene inar- ginalis.) Ann. Geo. Rep. N. Y., p. (i6 and Illust. Devon. Foss., pi. 21, TuUjI limestone. microgemma, Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol 7, p. 109, Up. Held. Gr. missouriensis, Shumard, 1855, Geo. Uep. Mo., p. 110, Waverly or Clio- teau rotos, first; karis, shrimp.] Carapace without evi- dence of a dorsal suture, rounded on the dorsal line, and bent downward on the sides ; no rostrum ; body many jointed, 31 segments extending out from beneath the carapace, the last segment broader than the preceding, and terminating in two spines. Type p. marshi. marshi, Walcott, 1884, Bull. U. S. Geo. Sur. vol. 2, p. 283, Georgia Gr. Protolimulus, Packard, 1886, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., p. 150. [Ety. protos, first ; Limtdut, a ^enus.] Gephalothorax large, sabsemicircular ; genal angles pro- duced ; cephalic appendages small ; terminal segments of the posterior mem- bers foliaceous ; abdomen composed of six (?) segments, including the large caudal spine. Type P. eriensis. eriensis, Williams, 1885, (Prestwichia eriensis,) Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 30, p. 46, Chemung Gr. Pbototypds, Walcott, 1886, Bull, U. S. Geo. Sur., No. 30, p. 211. [Ety. protoi, first ; typtu, type.] Body ovate ; head broad. semicircular; glabella large, sides par- allel, rounded in front, no furrows; frontal limb nariow, in front of the Fig. 1049.— Protocai Is inarsbt, glabella and bordered ; fixed cheeks crossed in front of the eyes by ah ocular ridge ; eyes large, reniform ; occipital ring narrow ; movable cheeks curved on the outer margin and ijterminating Fio. 1050.— Piototypus liitchcocki. in s])ines; facial suture passing very litti^:) outward from the eye to the an- terior margin, which it cuts at nearly right angles ; behind the eye, it passes obliquely outward and backward, with 664 CRUSTACEA. [PTE.— PTY. slight curvature, to just within the chetlc spine; thorax, twelve segments, Btronely trilol)ed; pleura straight, broadly channeled anct pointed ; pygid- ium small, semielliptical, and marked by three furrows on the nmall axis and lateral areas. Type P. hitchcocki. hitchroeki. Whitfield, 1884, (Angelina hitchcocki,) Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 148, Up. Taconic. Ptbrocepiialia, Roemer, 1840, Texas, mit naturwissench. Anhang. Bonn., and afterward in 1852, Krt- id von Texas, p. 92. [Ely. pteron, win^ ; kephale, heat!.] CephHlic shield semicircular, nearly flat; glabella less than half the length of the head shield, with a flat, wing- like projection in front; two or three furrows on each side ; neck furrow dis- tinct , fttcif^l sutures dincted nearly ' straight back from tiie anterior margin to the eye, after passing which it is di- rected at an angle laterally of about forty- five degrees to the posterior mar- gin ; eyes situate nearly opposite the posterior lobe of the glabella; pygid- lum Bubcircular, margin flattened and produced ; axial lobe narrow, about ten segments. Type P. sanctisHbee. laticeps, Hall & Whitfield, 1877, (Cono- oephalites laticeps,) Geo. Expl. 40th Par., vol. 4, p. 221, Potsdam. Gr. occidens, Walcott, 1884, Mon. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 68, Potsdam Gr. Bant^tisahee, Roemer, 1849, Texas, mit naturwissench. Anhang., and in 1862, Kreid von Texas, p. 92, Potsdam Gr. Ptkbvootus, Aitassiz, 1839, Murcli. Sil. Syst., p. 605. [Ety. pteron, wing ; om, ear.] Distinguished from Eurypterus by hav- ing eyes marginal instead of within the ; Fio. 1051.— Pterygotua problematlom. carapace, twelve segments instead of thirteen in the body, a bilobate caudal extremity and chelate antennae at the anterior part of the carapace. Type P. problematicuB. acuticaudatus, Pohlman, 1882, Bull. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci., vol. 4, p. 42, Waterllme Gr. buffaloensis, Puhlman, Bull. Buf. .^oc! Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 17, Waterlime Gr cobbi. Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 417, Waterlime Gr. cummingsi, Grote & Pitt, 1875, Bull, liiif. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 18, Water- lime Gr. globicaudatus, Pohlman, 1882, Bull. Huf Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 42, Water- lime Gr. macirophthalmuR, Hall. 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 418, Waterlime Gr. osborni, Hall, 1859, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 419, Waterlime Gr. quadraticaudatus, Pohlman, 1882, Bull. Buf. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 43, Water- lime Gr. Ptychaspis, Hall, 18^3, 16th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 170. [Ety. plyche, fold ; aspig, shield.] Cephalic Hliield broad, with wide depressed convex cheeks; glabella cylindrical, convex, transversely lobed, prominent in front; eyes anterior to the middle ; facial suture cutting the anterior border almost in front of the eye, and from below the eye it proceeds obliquely to the base a little without the center of the cheek, leaving the movable cheek near the size of the fixed cheek ; movable cheek sub- trpr)ezoidal, border thickened, and ex- tended backward in a spine. Type P. miniscensis. barabuensis, Winchell, 1864, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 2d ser., vol. 37, p. 230, PotMlam Gr. granulosa, Owen, 1852, (Dikeloceplialus granulosus,) Geo. Wis., Iowa, and Minn., p. 575, Potsdam Gr. miniscensis, Owen, 1852, (Dikelocepbalus miniscaensis,) Geo. Wis., Iowa, and Minn., p. 574, Potsdam Gr. minuta, Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Rep. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 55, and Geo. of Wis., vol. 4, p. 186, Pi>tsdam Gr. pustulosa. Hall & Whitfield, 1877, U. S, Geo. Expl. 40th Par., vol. 4, p. 223, Potsdam Gr. sesostris, Billings, 1865 (Dikelocepbalus se- sostris). Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 198, Quebec Gr. or Up. Taconic. speciosa, Walcott, 1879, 32d Rep. N. Y. St. Fia. 1052.-Ptychnspii Mus. Nat. Hist., p. Besostrls. 131, Galciferous Gr, striata, Whitfield, 1878, Ann. Rep. Geo. Sur. Wis., p. 55, Potsdam Gr. Ptychopabia, Corda, 1847, Prodrom. einer Monographie der bohmischen Trilo- biten, p. 141. [Ety. ptyche, fold.] Ce- phalic shield semilunar: genal angle spined or pointed ; glabella narrow an- teriorly, elevated ; furrows four, distinct, directed forward ; facial sutures widely separated, extending and converging REM.] CRUSTACEA. 565 Bull. Buf. 8(j Fia. lOffi.-Ptychiisplt BMOStris. forward from the eyes, so as to intersect the anterior margin within a point where a line would cut it if drawn through each eye parallel with the axis (Corda's figure makes the facial sutures cut the margin laterally, in a line drawn at right angles to the anterior end of the glabella); these lines extend them- selves from the eyes to the posterior margin by making a douMe curve, and cut the margin within or near the lat- eral angles; fixed rheek arched down- ward at the sides ; occipital ring spined ; thoracic segments fourteen ; ends of pleurffi pointed or rounded; pygidium medium size, six or seven articnlations in the axis; surface of test with minute punctures or scattered tubercles. Type P. striata. aflinis, Walcott, 1884, Mon. U. S. Geo. Sur., p. 54, Potsdam Gr. anatina. Hall, 1863, (Gonocephalites ana- tinus,) 16th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist, p. 158, Potsdam Gr. {?)annectans, Walcott, 1884, Mon. U. S. (ieo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 91, Pogonip Gr. actiquatus, Salter, 1859, (Gonocephalites antiquatus,) Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 15, p. 554, Up. Taconic. arenosa, Billings, 1861, (Gonocephalites arenosus,) Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 15, Pots- dam Gr. billin^i, Shumard, 1861, (Gonocephalites billiDgsi,) Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. 32, p. 220, Potsdam Gr. binodosa. Hall, 1863, (Gonocephalites bi- nodosa,) 16th Rep. N. Y. Pt. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 160, Potsdam Gr. breviceps, Walcott, 1884, Mod. U. 8. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 49, Potsdam Gr. calciferus, Walcott, 1879, (Gonocephalites calciferus,) 32d Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 129, Oalciferons Gr. calymenoides, Whitfield, 1877, Geo. Sur. Wis., vol. 4, p. 179, Potsdam. Gr. clavata, Walcott, 1877, Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 34, p. 198, Up. Taconic. cordillerse, Rominger, 1887, (Gonocepha- lites cordillersD,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 12, Potsdam Gr. depressa, Shumard, 1861, ^Gonocephalites aepressus,) Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 32, p. 219, Potsdam Gr. dissimilis, Walcott, 1884, Mon. U. 8. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 51, Up. Taconic, Pros- pect Mountain Gr. eryon, Hall, 1863. (Gonocephalites eryon,) 16th Rep. N. V. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 157, Potsdam Gr. ezpkaata, Whitfield, 1882, (Gonocepha- lites ex^lanatUB,) Geo. Sur. Wis., vol* 4, p. 181, Potsdam Gr. fitchi, Walcott, 1887, Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 34, p. 197, Up. Taconic. hartti, Walcott, 1879, (Gonocephalites hartti,) 32d Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 130, Oalciferous Gr. honsensiB, Walcott, 1886, Bull. U. S. Geo. Sur., No. 30, p. 201, Up. Taconic. 37 Iffiviceps, Walcott, 1884, Mon. U. S. Geo. Sur., p. 54, Potsdam Gr. (?) linnarsoni, Walcott, 1884, Mon. U. S. Geo. Sur. Terr., vol. 8, p. 47, Up. Ta- conic. minor, Shumard, 1863, (Gonocephalites minor,) Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 105, Potsdam Gr. minuta, Bradley, 186C, (Gonocephalites minutus,) Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 30, p. 242, Potsdam Gr. nasuta. Hall, 1863, (Gonocephalites nasa- tus,) 16th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 155, Potsdam Gr. occidentalis, Walcott, 1884, Mon. U. 8. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 51, Potsdam Gr. oweni. Hall, 1863, 16th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 155, Potsdam Gr. patersoni, Hall, 1863, (Gonocephalites pat- ersoni,) 16th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 159, Potsdam Gr. pernasuta, Walcott, 1884, Mon. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 49, Potsdam Gr. perseus. Hall, 1863, (Gonocephalites per- seus,) 16th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist, p. 153, Potsdam Gr. piochensis, Walcott, 1886, Bull. U. 8. Geo. Sur., No. 30, p. 201, Up. Taconic. (?) prospectensis, Walcott, 1884, Mon. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 46, Up. la- conic— Prospect Mountain Gr. (?) (juadrata, Whitfield, 1880, (Gonoceph- alites quadratus,) Geo. Sur. Wis., vol. 4, p. 180, Potsdam Gr. rogersi, Walcott, 1884, Bull. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 2, p. 283, Up. Taconic. sbuma^di. Hall, 1863, (Gonocephalites shumardi,) 16th Rep. N, Y. St. Mus, Nat. Hist., p. 154, Fotsdrtm Gr. similis, Walcott, 1884, Mouogr. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 52, Potsdam Gr. similis var. robusta, Walcott, 1884, Mon. U. S. Geo. Sur., vol. 8, p. 53, Pots- dam Gr. subcoronata, Hall & Whitfield, 1877, (Gonocephalites subcoronatus,) Geo. 40th Par., vol. 4, p. 237, Up. Taconic. teucer, Billings, 1861, (Cfonocephalites teucer,) Geo. Vt, vol. 2, p. 951, Geor- gia Gr. verrucosa, Whit- fiuld, 1884, (Gonocephalites verrucosus,) Bull. Am. Mus. Nat Hist., vol. „ „,„ „ 1 r. 1> f)leurt(lcsstiiHtu- U8. a, b, Hypo- Rtomii. convex, Toval, narrower anteriorly and abruptly bent down over the front ; eyes large, Bemilunar, reaching the neck segment; rostral suture marked ; free cheeks, smHil, narrow, siibtriangular, and produced poste- riorly in spines; tho- rax with ten segments, axial lobe very wide, and graduallv taper- ing posteriorly ; side lobes narrow, pleurii' short, falcate, directed i i A A backward ; pygidium .4 B / |\ small and terminating in two short spines. Type R. colbi. aflinis, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 325, Quebec (Jr. canadensis, Billings, 1865, Pai. Fobs., vol. 1, p. 182, Chazy Gr. panderi, Billings, 1865, Pal. Fobs., vol, 1, p. 293, Que- bec Gr. schlotheimi, Billings, 1865, Pal. Fobs., vol. 1, ]). 294, Quebec Gr. striatulus, Walcott, 1875, Cin. Quar. Jour. Sci., vol. 2, p. 347, Trenton Gr. ShaMichinites, Dawson, 1873, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 5, p. 20. A name proposed for certain markings on the rocks which are not the remains of or- ganisms. Rhachura, Scudder, 1878, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 19, p. 296. [Etv. rachis, ridge; owra, tail.] Type R. venosa. venosa, Scudder, 1878, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 19, p. 296, Coal Meas. Rhinocaris, Clarke, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. Iviii. [Ety. rhine, file ; karis, shrimp.] Cephalothorax univalvular, laterally appressed; outline as in Geratiocaris ; anterior extremity produced into a narrow, vertically flattened prora, con- tinuous with substance of the carapace; axial line with a low ridge ; abdomen composed of not less than four sub- cylindrical somites ; post-abdomen bear- ing three spines, of which the telson is elongate and conical, and the cercopods flattened. Type B. columbina. columbina, Clarke, 18S8, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 195, Ham. Gr. Bcaphoptera, Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 197, Ham. Gr. RiBEiRiA, Sharp, 1863, Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 9, p. 157. [Ety. proper name.] Elon- gated, laterally compressed in tne form of a Pbolas; open at both ends and along the pedal margin, with a thick, transverse, internal plate neai the an- terior extremity, behind which is a cor- rugated boss for the attachment of muscle. Type R. pholadiformis. calcifera, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 340, Calciferous Gr. compressa, Whitfield, 1886, Bull. Am. Mus. B-.n in« mi at. Hist. vol. 1, iiaculcif.rii Birdseye (ir. loneiuscula, Billings. Pal. Foss., vol. 1, :i 341, Calciferous Gr. ventricosa, Whitfield, 188(), Bull. Am. ,\liis. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 344, Birdseye (li. RusicnNiTES, Daw.sdii, 1861, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 1, p. :!(;;!, Ety. rusos, wrinkli-il ; ichnos, track.] .>n|i- posed by the ant Ik n' to be the track of a Crustacean, like ilie Limulus, and consijit- iiig of two undul ite(l, rounded, contiguous furrows; but the type resemblea a fucoid quite as imicli, if not more, than it does a track, and if related to Rusophycus. which is clearly a fucoid, then it should be ' ' " FlO. Kttli.— Kuslcli uitcscurbonarlus. kingdom. referred to Type H. the vegetable acadicus. acadicus, Dawson, 1861, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 1, p. 363, and Acad. Geol., p. 410, Coal Meas. carbonarius, Dawson, 1868, Acad. Geol., p. 257, Carboniferous. SaUeria, Walcott, 1884. The name was preoccupied, and is a synonym for Bailiella. Sao, Barrande, 1846, and Syst. Sil. Boh., vol. 2. Type Sao hirsuta, a primordial form unknown in America. ? lamottensis, Whitfield, 1886, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist, vol. 1, p. 334, Birds- eye Gr. ScHizoDiscus, Clarke, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 62. [Ety. schiza, cleft; didog, quoit.] Carapace valves separable along the hinge; outline circular or ovate, narrow posteriorly ; surface convex or depressed, elevated at the beaks, wliicii are prominent, slightly incurved, and situated anteriorly, hinge-line equaling in length the greatest diameter of the carapace; edge parallel, not gaping, surface concentrically wrinkled. Type S. capsa. capsa, Clarke, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. ' 207, Ham. Gr. Shuhardia, Billings, 1862, Pal. Fobs., vol. 1, p. 92. [Ety. proper name.] Cephalic shield semicircular ; gla- bella convex, subcvlin- drical, no' eyes, pygidium semielliptical, axis cylin- dro-conical, ribbed, side lobes ribbed, distinguished from Agnostus by the ribs on pygidium. Type S. granulosa. Fig. 111.')". Shiiinanlia granulosa. the SOI,.— spu.J CRUSTACEA. 567 *al. Fobs., vol. , 1868, Acad. Geol, Kio. 1()'>H.— Solenocarls strigata. Com of Interior of left valve. glacialis, Billings, 18G5, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 28;J, Up. Taconic. ).'nuiulusa, BilliDgR, 1S62, Pal. Fobs. vol. 1, p. 1)2, Qiiehoc Gr. or Up. Taconic. SoiKNOcAiufl, Meek, 1872, I'roc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 355. [Kty. mien, a genua of shells; kari», shrimp.] Posterior end siibtrupcated backward from below, hut not sinuous, as in Colnocaris; ocu- lar tubercle obsolete, aiui no in;tai>a,ball ; exoclum, prominent.] Ceijlialic shield very convex, almost globular; cheeks not scrobiculate ; glabella nearly spher- ical, three furrow.', on each side, two upper obscure, lower strong and curved down to the neck furrow ; eyes faceted minutely ; facial suture ending on the external margin near the angles, iu front continuous and submarginal ; thorax 11 joints; pygidium 3 segments, free at their ends ; labrum subtrigonal, with a marginal furrow ; no rostral shield. Type S. mirus. canadensis, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Foss. Antic, p. 64, Anticosti Gr. mirus, not American. parvus, Billings, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 180, Chazv or Black Riv. Gr. romingeri. Hall, 1867, 20th Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Hist., p. 425, Niagara Gr. SPHiERocoRYPHE, Angelin, 1852, Palseonto- logia Scandinavica. [Ety. sphaira, ball ; koryphe, top of the head.] Cephalic shield convex, genal angles spined ; glabella spheroidal an- teriorly, two lateral furrows; eyes promi- nent ; facial sutures cut the lateral mar- gins posteriorly ; tho- rax with ten segments, axial lobe narrower than lateral lobes ; pleurae terminate in short spines; pygid- ium composed of three segments, anterior one produced in two spines. Type S. gran- ulata. robusta, Walcott, 1875, ^^^ Cin.Quar.J5ur. Sci., Fm.ioei.-Sphiero- vol. 2, p. 273, Trenton coryphe n>busta. Gr. salteri, Billings, 1866, Catal. Sil. Fcas. Antic, p. 63, Anticosti Gr. Fio. 1060.— Hphserexoclius parvuH. Upper ami side view of glabella. Nat ..:^l' m 668 CRUSTACEA. [STR.— T;.'i. \\ \' Strobimpis, Clarke, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 63. [Kty. atrobiloi, cone-Hliaped ; Upis, Hcale.l Capitulum composed of four verticHl ranges of platCH liaving in f general a trihedral form, but vurying n size and contour ; each plate articu- lated with or overlapping the next pre- ceding; anterior extremity terminate■ ichaa eriopiH,) !<;'li Nat. Hist., p. ?.;i;, Fobs., pi. 11», ip. r lUaenus. tUB. , lethRep.N. Y St, 77. [Kty. (limiiiM- Glabella eloiii.Mti', fixed checks w nle he posterior linib, front, an ol)Knire nargin ; general cx- ruB. TypeT. auro- 16th Rep. N. Y. ist., p. 177, I'ots- 132, Monograpli of Sty. triarthrus, tliice- ical ; cephalitiHliii'ltl ular ur eubluiiate; ly convex, sides 1 front, deeply trilo- by the lateral fur- lent occipital groove occipital rinK, from I a spine sometimes and placed on tlie rgin ; free chcflcs rim ; thorax with tlculations ; central r than the UitiTal itb 5 to 7 segments ! or two less in the i T. becki. Mono- p. 87, l,p. )7,Rep. _ •. Can., FiQ. 1062. -Tri- eol., p. arthrus beckl lalonotus. Homalonotus delpiil- notus jacksoni. (or, as he spelt it, »hil. Trans., vol.20,p. ku8, three-kerneled.] ighly convex, a wide witn several rows of posterior angles, ter- es ; glabella pvriform, no lateral furrows; so eyes or facial su- •ow distinct; thorax ations, axis narrow, Fio. 10«3.— Trlnu- cleiiHConceiitrl- eiiN. convex ; side lobes wide, flat, straight, pleural groove not reaching the margin ; pygidium subtriangular, margin de- flected, axis conical, about six furrows ; Hide lobes flat, with about the same number of furrows. Type T. concen- tricus. belhilus, Ulrich, 1878, Jour. Gin. 8oc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1. p. 99. The young of T. concentri- CUB. concentricus, Eaton, 1832, (Nuttainiaconcentrica,) Geo. Text-tfook, p. 128, and Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 249, Trenton to Hud. Riv. Gr. Tnoi'iDocARis, Beecher, 1884, (ieo. Sur. Pa., vol. PPP, p. 15. [Ety. tropis, a keel ; karis, a shrimp.] Carapace bivalve, Hemiovate or semielliptical, obliquely truncated behind ; valves about twice as long as wide, having one or more longitudinal ridges; cephalic region indicated by elevations at the anterior end ; optic node situate on a ridge ; two segments of the abdomen. Type T. bicarinata. alternata, Beecher, 1884, Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. PPP, p. 19, Waverly Gr. bicarinata, Beecher, 1884, Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. PPP, p. 16, Chemung Gr. interrupta, Beecher, 1884, Geo. Sur. Pa., vol. PPP, p.. 18, Chemung Gr. TuRRii.Ei'A8, Woodward, 1865, Quar. Jour. Geol. Soc., vol. 21. p. 48d. [Ety. turru, tower; lepag, scale.] Elongate, cone- sbaped bodies, composed of from 4 to 6 vertical ranges oi Hcale-like, subtri- a!igular plates covered with elevated concentric lines; plates of middle range convex and bearing a median carina. Type T. wrightana. cancellatufl. Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 216, Up. Held. Gr. devonicus, Clarke, 1882, (Plumulites de- vonicuB,) Am. Jour. Sci., .Td ser., vol. 24, p. 55, Ham. Gr. (lexnoBus, Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 215, Up. Held. Gr. fofiatUH, Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., *rol. 7, p. 218, Kam. Gr. gracillimuH, Ringucberg, 1888, (Plumu- lites graclllimuB,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 136, Niagara Gr. newberryi, Whitfield, 1882, (Plumulites newberryi,) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 217, Portage Gr. nitidulus. Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 218, Ham. Gr. squama. Hall, 1888, Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, p. 217, Ham. Gr. tener. Hall, 1888, Pal. N, Y., vol. 7, p. 219, Ham. Gr. Zacanthoides, Walcott, 1888, Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 36, p, 185. Proposed to receive Olenoides lujvis, O. spino- suB, 0. flagricaudatUB, and O. typicalis, but not defined. -•••♦o*— CLASS ARACHNIDA. The animals, forming the class Arachnida, include the spiders, scorpions, and many offensive parasites and microscopic forms. They are generally possessed of four pairs of legs attached to the anterior division of the body, but have no an- tennui. The Palteozic fossils are nearly all referred to an extinct order, Anthraco- luarti, but a few are referred to the living orders, Pedipalpi and Scorpiones. The Pedipalpi have arm-like prehensile organs, terminating in a movable claw, annu- lated abdomen, and long flexible limbs. They inhabit tropical countries, and have a forbidding cspect. The Scorpioucs have large palpi or arm-like prehensile organs, terminated by a pair of nippers, and an elongated, tail-like abdomen, which ends in a sharp claw ; and when the animal is in motion, this Is carried over the back in a threatening manner. The poison glands are situated at the base of the claw, and when the animal stings, a portion of the venom is thrown into tbe wound. The scorpions are inhabitants of tropical countries. The Order Anthracomarti is defined as follows : Body more or less depressed ; cephalothorax and abdomen distinctly separable ; cephalothorax frequently made up in large part of pedigerous segments, I ■; 570 ARACHNIDA. [ant.- COS. more or less Vtidge-Hhapcd, and visible alwve as well as below, the arrangcnieni of whi(fh corresponds to that of the coxa*. The niKiomen forms a single mass, and in composed of a variable numl)er of visible segments, ranging from four to nine. Palpi not much longer than the legs, simply terminated. Order Anvhracomarti, Family ARCHiTAWUDii':. — Anthracomartus, Architarbus, Geraphryiiiis. Family Artiirolycosid.e. — Arthrolycosa. Family Poliochkrid.k. — Poliochera. Ordkr Pedipai.pi. Family GKKALiNURiDit;. — ( ieralinura. Order Scorpione.s. Family EoscoRPioNiDiE. — Eoscorpius, Mazonia. "i Anthracomartus, Karsch, 1882, Zeltsohr. deutseh. geol. Gesellsch., p. 556. [Ety. anthrax, coal ; Marios, proper name.J Ceplialothorax quadrate, the front square or scarcely convex, about lialf the size of the abdomen ; coxee rndiat- ing from a broad triangular sternal plate, the base of whicn forms the posterior margin ; sides of body con- stricted so as to show a distinct though slight separation of cephalo- tliorax and abdomen ; abdomen orbic- ular, composed of seven segments of similar length throughout. Type A. volki-lianuH. pustulutua, Scudder, 1884, Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sci., p. 13, Low. Coal Meas. trilobitup, Scudder, 1884, Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sci., p. 13, Coal Meas. Architarbus, Scudder, 1868, Geo. Sur. Ill,, vol. 3, p. 568. [Ety. archaios, ancient ; larbos, object of alarm.] Cephalothorax orbicular, broadly rounded in front, much smaller than the abdomen, but not sepa- rated from it by a marked lateral constriction ; coxse radiating from a central pit; abdomen oval, com- posed of nine segments, of which those on the basal half are very much shorter than the others, and on the dorsal sur- face are forced still more closely together by the large poit-thoracic plate ; no abriominal append- ages. Type A. rctur.datus. rotundatus, Scuddev, 1868, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 568, Coal. Meas. Fig. 1064.— Ar- ctaltarbuH ro- tuudatuH. [Ety.< lykoi, Arthrolycosa, Harger, 1874, Am. .Iimr. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 7, j). Jli). ar<^r(m, a joint ; a spit" Cephalothorax orbii ular, twice as as the abdomen ; Coxii- radiating from a central pit; ab- «;?riM.^*r>i^R'-^-o domen oval much narrower at the base than the cephalo- thorax, with no Ion- ,. pitudinal sculptur- * '^or.in tCr'^" ing, ana composed of seven segments ; no abdominal ap- pendages. Type A. antiqiia. antiqua, Harger, 1874, Am. Jonr. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 7, p. 219, Coal Meas. EoscoRPius, Meek & Worthen, 1868, Am. Jour. Sci and Arts, 2d. ser., vol. 4fi, p. 25, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol 3, p. ."iliO. [Ety. eo», dawn; scorpius, a scorpion.] Cephalothorax quadrangular, soine- what wider behind than long ; mesial and lateral furrows between which the surface bears granules; mandibles stout, without teeth or serrations ; mov- able finger curved and sharp at the point; legs stout, divisions long; abdotnen twice as long as as cephalothorax; segments gradually increase in sWa' to the sixth, while the seventh and last 's 2i times as long as the sixth, Imt rapidly contracts, and is truncated for the attachment of the tail ; the anterior margin of each of the first six segments is rounded ; the three tail, segments preserved are stout, oblong, and covered with granules; the comb-like organ shows 11 or 12 divisions. Type E, carbonarius. GKR.— PHO.] .■tfiAC\ NIDA. 671 Via. KXfi.— Arlliroly- cosu uiitiquii ( arboiuiriiiB, Meek & Worthen, 18((8, Am. Jour. Hdi. unci ArtM, 2d str., vol. 46, p. 24, ami Geo. Hur. 111., vol. U, p. 6(M), Colli Mi'iia. m , . Fig. 1066.— EoHcorplus oarbonnrlUR. Naturiil size; a, iHxly HeKmeiit enlariied ; e, comb ; d, Name I'liliirged ; m, manillbleH ; p, pits. GuitAi.iNiiBA, Scudder, 1884, Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sci., p. 13. [Ety. gera», old ; Unon, linen ; oura, tail.] ('eplialo- thorax ovate, the front rounded, one- third as broad aa hinder portion; palpi large and robust, with interior spines ; first two pairs of legs slender, the iiinder stunt and broad ; abdomen composed of nine joints, the basal three rather short, the others subequal and longer. Type S. carbonaria. cnrbonaria, Scudder, 1884, Proc. Am. Acad, Arts and Sci., j). 13, Coal Meas. Gerai'HUvnus, Scudder, 1884, Proc. Am. Acad, Arts and Sci., p. 13. [Ety. geras, old ; Phrynm, a genus.] Cephalothorax fusiform, angulated in front, nearly as large as the abdomen ; coxie radiating from a median line; palpi slenderer than the legs, longer than the cephalo- thorax, springing from its extreme front, and of uniform size throughout ; ab- domen subfusiform, composed of nine segments, rounded behind, with no constriction at the base; a large tri- angular post-thoracic plate, crowding the middle of the first five short seg- ments out of asttaight transverse line; readily tllHtinguished from Architarbus by its produced and angulate cephalo- thorax. Typ«' (1. earbonarius. carbonarius, Hcudder, 1884, Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sci., p. i:!, Coal Meas. Mazonia, Meek A Worthen, lH(i8, (Jeo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 6«3. [Ety. proper name.] Cephalothorax moderately convex, sub- (piadrangular; anterior lateral margins rounded, ant. The arti(>ulations of the body each bear one or two pairs of jointed legs. The miii- mon centipede and long-jointed worms, with numerous legs, found in damp phiceg and on trunks of trees, some of which coil up when alarmed, are examples. ( )iily a few Palaiozoic fossils are referred to this Class, and these belong to pxtiiut Orders. ORDER ARCHIPOLYPODA. Family ARCiiiuuDi*:. — Archiulus, Trichiuhis, Xylobius. Family EupiionKBiD.i-;. — Acantherpestes, Amynilespes, Authracerpes, Ki- leticus, Euphoberia. Family Unckrtain. — Archieoscolex. f)RDER PROTOSYNGNATHA. Family PALi*:ocAMi'ii)yE. — Palseocampa. Acantherpestes, Meek & Worthen, 1868, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 569. [Ety. akaniha,^ a spine ; erpetkB, a creeper.] Spines bifurcate at tip, and arranged in dorsal, pleurodorsal, and lateral rows ; segments th.-ee, or more than three times as broad as long. Type A. major, major, Me^k & Worthen, 1868. (Eu- phoberia major,) Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 2d. ser., vol. 46, p. 26, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 558, Coal Meas. FlO. 1068.— Amynilespes wortbeul. FiQ. 1067.— Acantherpestes major. Fragment. », n, base of spine. Ahynilespks, Scudder, 1885, in Zittel's Handbuch der Pal., p. 729. [Ety. amuno, to keep oflf ; ilttspaomai, to crawl.] Spines simple, arranged in dorsolateral rows; segments four times as broail long. Type A. wortheni. wor t h e n 1 , Scudder, 1885, in Zit- tel's Hand- buch der{ Pal., vol. 2, p. 729, Coal Meas. A N TMRACBRPES, Meek & Worthen, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil,, p. 61. [Ety. anthrax, coal; erpo, to creep, in allusion to its car- boniferous age and probable liab- its.l Founded upon an articuiuted body of nineteen segments and part of another. The last seg- ment terminates in three or lour short, slonder, hair-like or spine- like appendages. Below the mid- dle of each segment there is a small prominence, marking tiie spiracles, or breathing apertures, which pertain to the Myriapoda. Type A. typus. typus. Meek & Worthen, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 51, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 409, Coal Meas. AHcii.a5oscoLEX, Matthew, 1888, Trans. spme; Rojr. Soc. Can., p. 59. [Ety. archaios, ancient ; akolex, worm.] Cylindrical, tapering behind the middle, and also at the three anterior segments; liead small, somewhat conical ; thorax of three joints, increasing in width back- ARl.-TBI.] MYRIOPODA. 673 Anthracerpes, Ki- roc. Acad. Nat. Sci. [Ety. anthrax, coal; in allusion to its car- e and probable Imb- d upon an articulated eteen wegments and her. The last seg- lies in three or lour p, hair-like or 8i)ine- ?e8. Below the mid- segment there is a aence, marking the breathing apertures, a to the Myriapoda. B. Worthen, 1865, Proc, ci. Phil., p. 51, and , vol. 2, p. 409, Coal latthew, 1888, Trans. ., p. 59. [Ety. archam, c, worm.] Cylindrical, the middle, and also rior segments ; head conical ; thorax of casing in width back- ward, but decreasing in length ; limbs tapering, postttrior pair »h long aH the thorax, and larger and stronger than those in front ; abdomen of eleven vis- ible seg- . , V ' rows on the back, spines spinuliferous; ventral half of the segment'* fuch bears « pair of small slender-jointed legs. 1'ypu K. armigera. ments, those ., > >.>»^S^'* rTV^)'r^jV-VTi> ■^'*> VXX a. \ '■ ■ I lAA Fio IU60. — Archluluf) xylohioldeH. Ante- rior part enlarged. middle long- er; baHal seg- ment has an oblong scar near the posterior edge; (irust chitonous. Type A. corneus. corneus, Matthew, 1888, Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., p. 59, Devonian. Arciiiulus, Scudder, 1868, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 231, and | Acad, (lool., p. 4iKJ. [Ety. ar- 1 chaioa, ancient ; | iou/o», wood-louse.] j Segments entire, I varying much in | relative proportions, but generally from I two to three times broader than long, | furnished with only a few papillie, per- haps supporting spiny hairs. Type A. i xylobioides. ' xylobioides, Scudder, 1868, Mem. Eost. I Soc. Nat. Hist„ vol. 2, p. 236, and Acad, j Geol., p. 496, Coal Meas. ', En Eticua, Scudder, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. i Hist. [Ety. eiletikos, rolling one's self.] i iNo spines, but large, low tubercles, se- rially arranged ; segments few, less than twice as broad as long. Type E. anthracinus. nnthracinus, Scudder, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Coal Meas. Eui'UOBERiA, Meek & Worthen, 1868, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 2d ser., vol. 46, p. 26. [Ety. eu, very; phoberos, formi- dable.] Head semicircular ; body long, slender, very slight'y tapering, and terminating abruptly ; segments sev- enty-five or mere oh tha "«ntral side ^ •^ v Vv 'Sv N^ ' ' " Via. 1U7I.— BHiplioberlu armigera. Kntlru Mpeciiiicii. anituilla, Scudder, 1880, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 177, Coal Meas. armigera. Meek & Worthen, 1868, Am. .lour. Scl. and Arts, 2d ser., vol. 46, p. 26, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 556, Coal Meas. Fia. 1U70.— Euplioberia armigera. Part of a large specimen. and half as many on the dorsal ; dorsal half of the segments rounded, and each supporting three or four spines, curved slightly backward, and arranged in Fia. 1072.— Kuphoberlii armigera. A, part of an Individual ; U, enlarged Hurface pitting. carri, Scudder, 1880, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 171, Coal Meas. flabellata, Scudder, 1880, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hiat.. vol. 3, p. 174, Coal Meas. granosa, Scudder, 1880, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hiat., vol. 3, p. 168. Coal Meas. horrida, Scudder, 1880, Mem. Bost. Ooc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 158, Coal Meas. major, see Acantherpestes major. Pal^eocampa, Meek & Worthen, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Vol. Phil., p. 52. [Ety. palaioB, anciei ; kampe, a caterpillar.] Head small ; seg-aents ten, similar, sub- equal, and each bearing a pair of stout clumsy legs, and four bunclies of cylin- drical needles or spines ; bunches seated on mammillH}, and arranged in dorso- pleural and lateral rows, needles or spines, exceedingly slender, scarcely ta- pering, blunt at tip, and longitudinally serrated. Type P. anthrax. anthrax, Meek & Worthen, i865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 62, and Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 410, Coal Meas. Trichiulus, Scudder, 1884, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 290. [Ety. trichos, hair ; ioulos, wood-louse.] Segments en- tire, from three to five times broader than long, closely covered with pa- pillse, arranged in definite series longi- tudinally, and transversely supporting long, sweeping hairs. Type T. viUosus. ammonitiformis, Scudder, 1884, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 292, Coal Meas. nodulosuB, Scudder, 1884, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 292, Coal Meas. 674 INSECTA. LX-.i, villosns, Scudder, 1884, Mem. Bost. 8oc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 291, Coal Mean. Xvi.oHirs, Dawson, 1860, Quar, Jour. Geo. iSoc, vol. 16, p. 268. [Ety. xylobim, liv- ing in wood.] Body orustaceous, cylin- dri(;al, elongate, rolling spirally ; seg- ments thirty or more, anterior ones smooth, posterior ones furrowt^d; legs small, numerous; labrumquadiilatcral, diviiled by notches or joints into three portions ;" mandibles two-jointed, last ovate and pointed ; eyes ten or more on ea(!h side. Type X. sigillariie. dawsoni, Scudder, 1868, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 236, and Acad. Geol., p. 496, Coal Meas. f'-actus, ocudder, 1868, Mem. Bost. >.«• Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 234, and A-M Geol., p. 496, Coal Meas. mazonius, Zittol, 1885, Ilandbuch Al'OTn?(ifW '*>. der Pal., p. 730, ^«!^.«*!auUii/>'^ Coal Meas. sigillaria', Dawson, 1860, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 16, p. 271, Coal Jfeas. Via. 1073. - x,vi..i,ins niinilin Sr>nflH»«r xiBfUarlie. lia8ma. Family Xknoneurid.k. — Geroneura, Xenuneura. Family Uncektain. — Archegogryllus, Dyscritus. Supposed Insect Traii.^. — Haplotichuus, Plangtichnus, Treptichnus. Anii'HLEBiA, Scudder, 1884, Mem. Boat. 8oc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 346. [Ety. a, pri- vative ; dta, double ; phkbion, vein.] Body rather stout ; wings ratlier broad ; ail the nervules simple, arising from their stems near the Viaseof the wings ; Hubparallel and longitudinal. Type A. lacoana. laioana. Scudder, 1884, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 345, Coal Meas. .\nT'iopni,EBiA, Scudder, 1884, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 338. [Ety. aethet, strange ; phkps, a vein.] Inter- no-median vein terminating before the middle of lower border, emitting a single main branch, beyond its middle which is superior, and which, with me- dian fork of externo-median and larger part of main scapular branch, form a continuous adventitious vein crossing principal nervules of the wing; ulti- mate offshoots of externo-median vein arise indifferc ntl)' from the main vein and the principal branch, and are parallel and similar to the offshoots of the veins above. Type A. singularis. slngiilaris, Scudder, 1884, Mem. Host. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 338, Coal Meas. ANiiinACOTHREMMA, Scudder, 1884, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 327. [Ety. anthrax, coal ; thremma, reared.] Body stout ; prothorax sever.il times broader than long; wings subequal and elon- gated ; scapular vein arcuate and nearly reaching the tip; externo-median vein with numerous parallel branches, mostly simple. Type A. robusta. robnsta. Scudder, 1884, Mem. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 327, Coal Meas. ARciiKdoaitYi.Li's, Scudder, 18(i8, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xi, p. 401. [Ety. archegos, first in ilme ; grytlus, a cricket.] Relations not clearly under- stood. Type A. priscus. priscns, Scudder, 18t}8, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat Hist., vol. 11, p. 401, and Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 323, Coal Meas. AnciiiMVLACRi.'*, Scudder, 1868, Acad. CJeol., 1». 38S. [Ety. arche, beginning ; Myla- 'iM, cockroach.] Mediastinal area com- paratively short ; scapular terminat- ing below the tip, and with the ex- tern o - m e d i a n, which is com- paratively small, occupying less than half the wing; internomedian vein compara- tively long. Type A. acadicum. acadicum, Scudder, 1868, Acad. Geol., p. 388, Coal Meas. parallelum, Scudder, 1879, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 85, Coal Meas. Bi.ATTiNA, Burmeistor, 1838, Handbuch der Entomologie. [Ety. 5/a/fa, a cockroach.] A living genus of cockroac^hes, raised to the rank of a family, and by some naturalists to the rank of an oider, to which the name Dictyoptera has been applied. It is not a Palieozoic genus. bretonensu, see Mylacris bretonense. fascigera, see Gerablattina faseigera. heeri, see Mylacris heeri. sepulta, see Petrablattina sepulta. venusta, see Etoblattina venusta. Chelipul: bia, Scudder, 1884,ilMeni.iBost.Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 328. [Ety. chde, forked ; phkbion, vein.] Body rather slender, but w'- gs large and coarse, without cross v.'ins, ii'terno-inedian vein extending far toward the tip of the wing with many oblique brandies. Type C. elongata. carbonaria, Scudder, 1884, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. .328, Coal Meas. elongata, Scudder, 1884, Mem. Bost. Soc.Nat 3, p. 328, Coal Meas. Chrestotes, Scudder, 1868, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 3, p. 567. [Ety. chrestoteg, good of its kind.] Wings short, broad, well FiQ. 1074.— Archlmyla- ci'iH acHdloum. Fin. 1075. — Chpll- ])hlehiu carl)o!iii- riu. Hist., vol. Fia. 1070.— Chrestotes lapidea. rounded ; vena scapularis throws sev- eral branches downward, commencing before the middle of the wing, and with its branches occupies the upper two- 576 INSECTA. [did IvTO. j;,i ph or fifths of the upper wing, and perhaps more of the lower ; remainder of wing occupied by the longitudinally divari- cating branches of the next two veins ; anal area in upper wing distinctly set off at the basal portion of the wing. Type C. lapidea. lapidea, Scudder, 1868, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 567, Coal Meas. DiDVMOi'HLEi's, Scudder, 1878, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 19, p. 300. [Ety. didymos, double ; ohleps, vein.] All the veins and jranches above the interno- median lougitudinal and nearly Carallel ; nearly all the lower aif of the wing being occupied by the oblique branches of the interno- median vein. Type D. contusa. contusa, Scudder, 1878, (Termescontusus,) Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. IP, p. 300, and Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 330, Coal Meas. DiEroNKURA, Scudder, 1884, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 336. [Ety. dieko, to extend through ; neuron, a vein.] Externo-median vein simple ; interno- median vein important, arcuate, ex- tending far toward the extremity of the lower margin. Type D. rigida. arcuata, Scudder, 1884, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 336, Coal Meas. rigida, Scudder, 1884, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 336, Coal Meas. Dvsci; rus, Scudder, 1868, Lond. Geo. Mag., vol. 5, p. 176. [Ety. dyscritos, hard to determine.] Founded on a fragment of the middle part of a wing with- out proper definition. Type D. ve- tustus. vetustus, Scudder, 1868, Lond. Geo. Mag., vol. 5, p. 176, Devonian. Encenus, Scudder, 1884, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 325. [Ety. en, very ; kainos, new, strange.] Body stout, thoracic segments twice as broad as long ; abdomen ovate ; fore wings with the mediastinal vein straight, ter- minating before the apical third of the wing with numerous straight branches ; scapular with similar branches ending half way between the mediastinal and the tip; externo-median impor- tant with distant branches. Type E. ovalis. ovalis, Scudder, 1884, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 325, Coal Meas. living genus.] The genus was n< de- fined, rt is probably a neuro]. mid PaliPodictyoptera. Type E. 8im|. x, affinis, Soudder, 1868, G< d. Sur. 111. vol 3, p. 572, Coal Meas. Fia. 1077.— Ephemerltes affinis. Ephemeritbs, Scudder, 1868, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 571. [Ety. Ephemera, a Fig. 1078.— Ephemerltes glgas. gigas, Scudder, 1868, Geo. Sur. Ill, vol. 3, p. 571, Coal Meas. primordialis, Scudder, 1878, Proc. Host. Soo. Nat. Hist., vol. 19, p. 248, Coal Meas. Fig. 1079.— Epheraerltes simplex. simplex, Scudder, 1868, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 571, Coal Meas. Etoblattina, Scudder, 1882, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 21, p. 391. [Ety. etos, true ; Blattina, a genus.] Media- stinal area comparatively short; scapu- lar not reaching tip of wing and with the externo-median, which is compara- tively large, occupying less than half the wing; interno-median vein compar- atively long. Type E. mazonana. Fig. lOKO.— Etoblattina primaeva. l<>oni Suiirbruclt in Europe for comparison. lesquereuxi, Scudder,', 1879, Mem. Bost, Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 67, Coal Meas. CKN. -HAP.] INSECTA. 577 lerltes simplex. m:i7.0iiana, Scudder, 1882, Proc. Boat. Soc. Xat. Hist., vol. 21, p. 391, Coal Meas. venusta, I8 out of tlie (>ater :lie inuddy shini' nr ?B,orcllinbB till' >ii ms leaveH of aipiatic ts, and from this ;ion the imago sininjrs an aerial liiititat, trails on the Wlict- B slates were eviiU iitly e by aninialn, ami ecms to indicate they insects, tliougli the t be either diai nr latter respect. I'mler ces tlie author has 3nimon but distinct then generic naiiiiH, B, Plangtichnus, iiml 10H7.— Horaol hetiis fOHHillH. ntomu-n hartti. iiartti, Scudder, 1867, Can. Nat. and • iool., 2d ser., vol. 3, p. 202, and Acad, (ieol., p. 525, Upper D»!Vonian. LiiiiiiMYLACRis, Scudder, 1879. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 48. [Ety. /i7/k)«, stone ; Mulab'is, a kind of roach.] .Mediastinal and scapular areas together iiccupying more than half the wing; (Xterno-median area small, compressed, scarcely expanding apically. Type L. angustum. angustum, Scud- der, 1879, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, vol. 3, p. 48, Coal Meas. Iio. lOSO. — I.tthomylacrlB pi ttstonianuiu, aiigi'siuin. Scudder, 1879, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 50, Coal Meas. siinpkx, Scudder, 1879, Mem. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 61, Coal Meas. Mk(. ATiiENTOMUM, Scuuder, 1868, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 3, p. 570. [Ety. megathos, large- ness; entomon, an insect.] Wings of •rreat size, remarkably broad and rounded; veins distant; simple, infre- quent divarications, and cross neura- tion of delicate, irregular veinlets ; the wing is also dotted with larger and smaller spots. Type M, pustu- latum. Fig. lOUU.— Megatlientomiim pustulatum. pustulatum, Scuddor, 1868, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 3, p. 570, Coal Meas. MiAMiA, Dana, 1864, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 2d sen, vol. 37, p. 34. [Ety. proper nanie.] Scapular vein close to the nie- (liastinal ; straight, main branch arising near the middle of the wing, and no- where distant from the main stem. Type M. bronsoni. bronsoni, Dana, 1864, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 2d ser., vol. 37, p. 34, Coal Meas. dnnx, see Gerarus danse. Myi ACRis, Scudder, 1868, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. ;i, p. 568. [Ety. Mylakria, a kind of cockroach.] Wings broad, mediastinal and scapular areas together occupying Fro. 1092,— Mylacrls H II llirHCopliiliim Froiiotal Hhleld. less than half the wing; scapular area larger than the mediastinal. Type M. anthraco|>hilum. anth racophilum, Scudder, 1868, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 3, p. 568, Coal Meas. anti(juum, Scudder, 1884, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 300, Coal Meas. bretonense, Scud- der, 1874, (Blat- tina bretonensis,) Can. Nat., vol. 7, p. 271, Coal Meas. carbonum, Scudder, 1884, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Fig. looi.-Mylacrls au- vol. 3, p. 304, tliracopiaium. Coal Meas. heeri, Scudder, 1874, (Blattina heeri,) Can. Nat., vol. 7, p. 272, Coal Meas. lucifugum, Scudder, 1884, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 301, Coal Meas. mansiieldi, Scudder, 1880, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, vol. 3, p. 47, Coal Meas. ovale, Scudder, 1884, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 308, Coal Meas. pennsylvanicum, Scudder, 1880, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 44, Coal Meas. priscovolans, Scudder, 1884, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 307, Coal Meas. Nkcymvlacris, Scudder, 1880, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, vol. 3, p. 53. [Ety. ne- kus, dead ; Mylakria, a roach.] Some of the apical branches of the mediastinal vein arise beyond the base of the wing, and scarcely partake in the radiate ar- rangement of the others. Tyj)e N. la- coanum. heros, Scudder, 1880, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 54, Coal Meas. lacoanum, 1880, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 53, Coal Meas. Obyctoblattina, Scudder, 1885, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 37. [Ety. oruklos, quarried; Blallina, a genua.] Principal veins widely separated at base ; scapular area surpassing apex, and with externo- median occupying more than lialf the wing, the branches of latter inferior; interno-median vein comparatively short. Type O. occidua, occidua, Scudder, 1885, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 37, Coal Meas. Paolia, Smith, 1871, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 1, p. 44. [Ety. proper name.] Wings long, slender, branches of veins dichotomizing stronglj^, and running in a longitudinal direction, so that the externo-median branches oo- <'.\ 580 INSECTA. [par. I'KO, : I \r\ cupy only a slisht portion of the lower margin. Type P. vetusta. gurleyi, Scudder, 1884, Proc. Amer. Acad. vol. 20, p. 173, Coal Meas. lacoana, Scudder, 1884, Proc. Amer. Acad., vol. 20, p. 173, Coal Meas. superba, Scudder, 1884, Proc. Amer. Acad., vol. 20, p. 173, Coal Meas. vetuBta, Smith, 1871, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 1, p. 44, Coal Meas. Paromylacris, Scudder, 188?, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 35. [Ety. ^aro«, before, or forefather ; Mylakris, a kind of roach.] Body much arched; pronotal shield more than twice as broad as long; wings extremely broad; mediastinal area large and extended, and with the scapular occupying half the wing; ex- terno-median area expanding apically. Type P. rotundnm. rotundum, Scudder, 1885, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 35, Coal Meas. Pktrablattina, Scudder, 1870, Can. Geol., vol. 8, p. 88. [Ety. petra, stone ; Blat- tina, a genus.] Scapular and externo- median areas together covering more than half the wing; the externo-median vein directed toward and terminating near the middle of the inner border of the wing, branches superior ; interno- median vein very short. Type P. sepulta. sepulta, Scudder, 1876, (Blattina sepulta,) Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. 8, p. 88, Coal Meas. Phthanocoris, Scudder, 1884, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 22, p. 58. [Ety. phthano, first ; kore, pupa.] Front wing differentiated from the hind wing; corium distinct from the membrane, Fig. 1093.— PlaugtlchDus erratlouB. narrow clavus ; no embolium or cun- eus; mediastinal and scapular veins widely separated at base. Type P. oc- cidentalis. occidentalis, Scudder, 1884, Proc. Bost. ^ Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 22, p. 58, and Mem Fio. 1094.-Platypliemer. antiauu. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 348, ( ,,„] Meas. PLANOTicHNrs, u. gen. [Ety. Phviiu,.*^ wandering; tcftnos, track.] A 7.\^m\i, half-cylindrical, broken trail, run r, in); in any and every direction ; sometinns dotted or sunk deeper at the ainrlcs than at other places, or most deprt ^scd between the angles in some cuscm. Supposed to have been made by »lie larva o. pupa of some Palseodictyo|.tcr- ous insect. See remarks under 'Ha|>lo- tichnus. Type P. erraticus. erraticus, n. sp. A simple, irregnliirly zigzag, half-cylindrical, broken tiail, running in any and every directinn, depressed in spots deeper than t'le general trail. Collected in the u]>|)er part of the KaskasLia Group at tlie Whetstone quarries, in Orange Couiitv, Indiana. Platepiiemera, Scudder, 1867, Can. Xat. and Geol., 2d ser., vol. 3, p. 202. [Ety. platys, flat ; ephemera, an insect.] Fou n d e d upon Ihe f ragm e n t of an up- per wing, showing nervation and a heavy cross vein near the base between tv.'0 mid- dle veins, from which new promi- nent veins arise ; ancient May-flieB. in which the lower externo-median stem seems to be formed on the same plan as the upper stem. Type P. antiqua. antiqua, Scudder, 1867, Can. Nat. and Geol., 2d ser., vol. 3, p. 202, and Acad. Geol., p. 524, Devonian. PoLYKRNDs, Scudder, 1884, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 343. [Ety. polyt, many ; emos, a scion.] Body moder- ately stout ; wingt rather broad ; me- diastinal vein extending nearly to the tip of wing ; branches of scapular vein inequidistant at origin, longitudinal, closely crowded and ramose, yet hardly more important than the externo- median vein. Type P. complanatus. complanatus, Scudder, 1884, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 343, Coal Meas. laminarum, Scudder, 1884, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, vol. 3, p. 343, Coal Meas. Promylacris, Scudder, 1885, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci Phil., p. 34. [Ety. jtro, before; mylakriSfSL kind of roach.] Body much arched; wing broad; mediastinal and scapular areas together not occupying more than a third of the wing ; scapu- lar area smaller than the mediastinal, the vein running obliquely to the costal margin. Type P. ovale. ovale, Scudder, 1886, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 34, Coal Meas. PRO.— XBN.] INSECTA. m ,, vol.3, p. 348,( ual er, 1867, Can. Xat, PnoPTKTicus, Scudder, 188 1, Mem. Rost. Soc. Nrtt.. Hmt.. vol. .3, p. 334. [Rty. pmi, early; ptetikm, winded.] Hcapiilar vein wiilely aepiriieil froio the mediaitinHl, an-u'ite, main branch arisiiiK n*'ar the baw of the wintr. parting widely from the main HtPin. TyoH P infernu'i. inf'rnnp, Scndder, 1881, Mem. U >8t. Soc. Nat. Hint., vol. 3, p. 331, Goal Meap wed to bavd been made by the larva or pupa of some P.ilteonterous iuiiect. Sm re- marks under liaplotichnus. Type T. bifurcm. bifurcus, n. sp. A zigzag, half cylindrical, continuous trail,quite evenly depressed, ami forked at each angle; the bifurca- tion takes place in the direction in wliich the animal moved, but g-'nerally is less sunken than the trail, and sometimes shows simply a dot diwoa- nected with the angle. Collected in the npper part of the Kaskaakia Group at the Whetstone quarries iu Orange County, Indiana. Xbxoneuk'a. Scudder, 1867, Can. Nat. and Geo., 2d ser., vd. 3, p.20i new, strange ; nmra, a vei i. [Erv. xenoB, in.J M-rnm, Scndder, 1867, Can. Nat. and Geol., 2d ser., vol. 3, p. Pia. IMW. XHIIOilflirA aiitiquorum 202, and Acad. Geo!., Devonian. »o. Upper 38 682 PISCES. SUBKINGDOM VERTEBRATA. Thi8 is the highest division of the Animal Kingdom, and, until within tlie last twenty years, the essential character upon which the Bubkinglom was biiMod was the possession of a bony or cartilaginous internal skeleton, having a spine or vertebral column. Since that time the class known as Tunicates, or Ascidiniis, which have no bony skeleton, has been referred to it; and the Amphioxus huicco- latus, a little, slender, transparent creature, having only a gelatinous cord, no braiii cavity, and colorless blood, which was regarded as the lowest type of fialics, and had been elevated into an order called Leptocardia, is now taken out of the Class Pisces and referred to a separate class called Acrania. The Classes Tuiii- cata and Acrania are not, however, known in Palseozoic rocks. Another cliiss, called Cyclostomata, consisting of long, cylindrical, worm-like bodies, with a tniijrh skin, destitute of scales, pectoral and ventral fins, but having a fin at the extremity of the body without any rays, and having a cartilaginous skeleton, and which in- cludes the various species of lampreys that inhabit fresh water, and are also found in the ocean, and which have generally been regarded as an order of fishes, is unknown in Palseozoic rocks. Some authors would, however, place the Conodonts in this class; but if they do not belong to the Annelida, then there are stronger reasons for believing they belong to Crustacea than for thinking they should be referred to the Cyclostomata. No Palaeozoic fossil from an animal as highly organized as the lowest mamma! or a bird has ever been found. The fossils are confined to the lowest organizations of fishes, batrachians, and reptiles. The lower forms of fishes have only a cartilag- inous cord, resembling the embryonic state of fishes having an osseous skeleton. In higher forms the spine consists of bony vertebrie, united in such manner as to allow fiexibility and strength by reason of attaching muscles, and also to protect a spinal nerve that passes through it. CLASS PISCES, OR FISHES. The Class Pisces has been divided into four subclasses — Ganoidea, Selachia, Dipnoa, and Teleostia. The Tcleostia have been divided into eleven orders, and these into twenty suborders. This subclass embraces a very large majority of the living fishes. All of them have a complete bony vertebral column and skull. Nearly all edible fishes belong to this subclass. Many have a naked skin, but the majority are covered with horny scales of various forms. When the scales iire smooth the fish are said to belong to the Cycloidea; when the hinder margins of the scales are denticulated they belong to the Ctenoidea. Fishes have pectoral fins, which are called the representatives of anterior limbs ; and ventral fins, representa- tives of posterior limbs; and also dorsal, caudal, and anal fins. This subclass is unknown in Palseozoic rocks. Agassiz divided the fish into four groups — Cycloids, Ctenoids, Placoids, and Ganoids — based on the character of the scales ; but as a single fish has been found bearing two of these types of scales, and as it is now P/SCES. m VTA. . until within tlic Dglom was biiHcd linvinjj; a spine or tea, or Ascidiniis, Lmphioxus lanceo- ilatinous cord, no 'est type of fislics, taken out of the riie Classes Tuiii- , Another class, iies, with a tniijrh n at the extremity ;on, and which in- and are also found )rder of fishes, is ace the Conodonts there are stronger ig they should be le lowest mammal )we8t organizations ive only a cartilag- osseous skeleton. luch manner as to d also to protect a anoidea, Selachia, sleven orders, and large majority of column and skull. aked skin, but the hen the scales are hinder margins of have pectoral fins, ral fins, representa- This subclass is grouos — Cycloids, e scales ; but ns a 8, and as it is now known that the whole structure of animals must be taken into consideration in clas- gjHmtion, his system, like that of every other based on a single character, has given wny to more perfect knowledge of animal life and physical structure. And it is quite probable, if the characters of Devonian fishes could he completely ascertained, as we know the living forms, they would all be found to belong to extinct ..nb- classes. They are judged, however, only from meager fragments of the ossified parts, and arranged by homologies with the existing species, and classed in orders wiiere the afiinities seem most strongly to arrange them. SUBCLASS GANOIDEA. The Ganoidea (from ganot, brightness, in allusion to the enameled armor with which some of them are covered) commences in "je Devonian strata, where the fossil remains soon become abundant, and continue to occur from that time forward to the present, though very few families now exist. Agassiz included as Ganoids all iish covered, in whole or in part, with bony plates ; but some of the living genera were found to belong to the Teleostia, and iater classification has l)een held to include all fossil species falling within the original definition of Agassiz and part of the living forms. The dermal skeleton consists of smooth, bony plates, covered with enamel. In some cases they are rhomboidal, arranged edge to edge in oblique transverse rows; in other cases the scales are rounded ; and in a few species the skin is naked. There is much diversity in the skeletons, and all shades of ossification in the vertebral column and skull from cartilaginous to perfect bone. The subclass has been divided into seven orders, viz. : Chondrostea, Halecomorpha, Ginglymoda, Pyenodonta, Crossopterygia, Acanthodea, and Placodermata. The Order Chondrostea includes the sturgeons of fresh and salt water, and the paddle-fish or spoon-bill cat of the Mississippi River and its tributaries. The Order Halecomorj>na (shad-like) is generally united with the Ginglymoda, under the name of the Holostea ; but is distinguished by having large, round scales, DO shingle-like fulcra on the fins, and in having the vertebrie concave at both ends, as in the Teleostia. The only living genus is the Amia, called bow-fin, mud-fish, dog-fish, etc. It is common to the lakes and sluggish rivers. The order is not certainly known in Palaeozoic rocks. The Order Pyenodonta has a short, vertically-flattened body, covered with rhomboid scales and peculiar dermal ribs. Tail either heterocercal or homocercal. The Order Ginglymoda has a bony skeleton, rhomboid scales, and shingle-like fulcra on the fins. The vertebrae a-.e convex in front and concave behind, forming ball and socket joints ; tail heterocercal, and ventral fins between the pectorals and auals. This order is represented by the gar-pikes, which are common in Amer- ican rivers. The Order Crossopterygia is represented by two genera in the African waters, and fossils are referred to it back in geological time as far as the Devonian. The scales may be cycloid or rhomboid ; the throat is protected by two or more plates ; the caudal fin is diphycercal ; dorsal fin is divided in two or more divisions'; pec- torals and ventrals have a scaly axis ; no fulcra. The Order Acanthodea had cartilaginous skulls, heterocercal tails, rhomboidal scales, and were armed with a spine before each fin, and are said to occupy a place between the Ganoidea and Selachia. They are all Palseozoic. B84 PISCES. The Order Placndermata hiui the head aud thoracic region inclosed in sculp- tured, bony plates. In some the tui! 'vas nalzoic rocks is very doubtful. The Order Dipneunionia contains the living Family Sirenidse, which contains two genera, the Lepldosiren, from the rivers of Brazil, and the Protopterus, from tropical Africa. There is little reason to believe this order is represented in PuisDo- zoic rocks, though Ctenodus and Dipterus have been referred to it. SUBCLASS GANOIDEA. Order Acanthodea. Family Acanthodidje. — Acanthodes. Order Chondrostea. Family CnONDROSTEiDiE. — Asterosteus, Macropetalichthys. Family Pal^oniscid^. — Chirolepis, Mecolepis, Palieoniscus, Rhadinichthys. PISCES. 686 Ordkr Crossoptkrygia. Famii-y CVKLArANTiiii)^'.. — Cujliicnullius. Family CK08H<)iTKUYoii>i*;.—Cenitodu8, Conchodus, Ctenodus, Ueliodus, Onycliodus, Peplorliinii. Family Diitkkid/K. — Dipterns, Gnatliorliizi, Ptyonodus. Famii-y Hoi-oi'tyoiiid.k. — (ilyptolepis, Ilolopfyuliius. Family jPiiANKUoi'LiaiuoNinK. — I'lmiitTDpleiiron. Family Riiizudontid.k. — Eusthciioptcrini, Uliizodus, ORDP:k GlNClLYMODA. Family Lkpidostkii)/*',. — Acrolepis, Amlilypterus, Eurylepia. Ordkk Placoder:.:ata. Family Cici'iiALASPtDiiE. — Acnntlm.^pis, Acnntludepis, Ceplialaspig. Family Coccostkid.e. — Coccostciis, Diniclitliys, Liognutliua. Family Ptekahpid/K — Dij)lu8pisi, PalasaspiH. Family PTEiticnTUYiD.'E. — Aspidichtliys, Botliriolepis, Pterichthys. Family Unckktaix. — MycU'rops. Order Pycnodonta.. Family PYCNoooNTiDii-:. - Platysomus. Family Un(;ektain. — Ectosteoracliis. SUBCLASS SELACHIA. DIVISION HOLOCEPHALA. Order Chimeroididea. Family Chimeroidid;!';. — Cyrtacauthus, Liognathus, Machieracanthus, Ptyc- todus, Rhinodus, RliyDchodus. DIVISION PLAQIOSTOMAXA. Order Squalina. Family Cochliodontid^. — Cliitonodiis, Cochliodiis, Cymatodus, Deltodopsis, Deltodus, Deltoptychius, Helodus, Orodiis, Orthopleurodus, Petrodus, Platyodus, Poecilodus, Psepliodiisi, Saudii Indus;, Stenopterodus, Tseuiodua, Tomodus, Trigouodus, Vatieinodua, Xyatrodua. The Cochliodontidse commenced at the baae cf the Sulwarboniferoua, reached their greateat de- velopment in the aaine geological ayatem, and only one genus, Orthupleu- rodua, ia found aa high aa the Coal Meaaures. Family Hybodontidje. — Agasaizodua, ApedotUia, Bathychiludus, Carcharop- sia, Cladodus, Diplodua, Hybocladodua, Janaaaa, Lanibdodua, Liodua, Me- Bod modus, Orod us, Periplectrodus, PhoebtHlua, Piisticladodua, Steramatodus, Thrinacodus, Polyrhizodua. Family Petalodontid^. — Antliodua, Calapodua, CholoiiimoaDthu8, Kdestus, EriHmacanthiiR, Kinit;- macanthuB, GanipmicuuthuB, GisacanthiiB, OlynimatacantliiiB.Oyracantlins, HomacantliuH, Lccrucautliiis, liistracanthuB, MachieracanthuH, Murritntn. thuH, OrHcaiithiiB, OrthacanthuH, PliyHoncnuis, Faigeacauthus, Stenuiiin thus, XystracuiithuB. Order Raiina. Famii^y PsAMMODONTiDii';. — CopcuJus, PsammoduB. AcANTiiAHi'iH, Newberry, 1876, Ohio Pal., vol, 2, p. 30. [Kty. akanlhn, spine; a»pi», sliield.] Cranintn jtluttH some- what quadrangular at one end, then abruptly bending to one side, and {)rolonged to an acute carinated and tuber culated. Type A. ar- mata. armata, Newberry, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 37, Up. Held. Gr. AcANTiiODEs, Agaesiz, 1833, Kecherches sur les Poiss. Fobs., vol. 1, p. 10. [£t^y* akantha, Bpine.J Fish lepidoid, mouth wide ; lower jaw longer than the upper; teeth brush- like ; scales small ; dor- sal (in Fio.1098.— Aoan- tholepU pus- tutoMus. K e - d need outlines opposite anal; pectoral Pi*'- 1097.— Acanthaspl 1 Q r » o • Plate bearliiK spine large, j,,^g ^j cranium. first ray of each fin strong, large, stifi*; rays of caudal tin close. Type A. bronni. aflinis, VVhiteaves, 1889, Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., vol. 6, p. 77, Low. Devo- nian. concinnuB, Whiteaves, 1889, Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., vol. 6, p. 77, Low. Devonian probably "*Tn Acantholepib, Ne w b e r r y , their relative 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2. positions. p. 38. [Ety. akantha, spine ; kpit, scale.] Tuberculated cran- ial or dermal plates, having a prevailing spatulate outline; Home are thin ami have the appearance of large, tlon- gated, unsynimi-tiical scales; others mhs sti'oiiger and produced into pointt llmt sometimes become spines. Type A. pustulosa. pustulosa, Newberry, 1876, Ohio I'lil., vol. 2, p. 38, Up. Held. (ir. ACONOVI-ACANTIIUS, St. JollI) & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Snr. III., vol. 6, p. 432. [Kty. akondylos, without bony knobs; aA;an^ dlnm- eter. & Worthen, 1866, (Lcptacanthus occidentalis,) [aCA. — AlO, AC«.— ASP.] prscBs. M7 thus, Anaclitucaii- phiicantliUH, (Uciiii- maonnthus, Kuin;- tliUH.Gyracantluis, iantliiiH, Murriictin- ;authu8, 8tenai'Mn iioinf are thin and nee of large, flon- •al Bcalea ; others iir« iced into points timt I spines. Type A. (T, 1876, Ohio Till., ). 38, Up Held. (ir. lnthuh, St. John k n, 1875, Geo. Sur. . 6, ij. 432. [Kty. 18, witliout bony ikanihn, spine.] Fin ng, graduhlly taper- iterally comprcBsid, tely curved posti'ri- teral faces loiigitiidi- Lited; costse smoolli, ?d, increasing by bi- n and implantation; ir face excavated linally, without me- eel ; postero-lateral bear- )W of ^"N den- 1 ; pulp occu- the r half ipine. gra- tatus, in & len, Geo. / /, i; 434, Wor- Sur. Wa- >kGr. in & . Sur. • P" Fio. 1089.— Acou- dylMoaullius Wor- graolllH. Bide Sur view of spine > '-'P' eler. terry & Worthen, IB occidentalis,) Fro. IIIH). — A(;rc)lepl!i He (ir. BATACANirius, St. John & Worlhen, 1S7.') Geo. Snr. 111., vol. 6, p. 4()8. [Kiy. baloB, prickly buslt ; akantha, ppim'.] Sjiines long, tapering, cuiveil forwiiicl; ajiex obtusf ; transyeise section t-nl)- circular or oval, with anterior an^;Ie and posttrior face; lateral suifuces rounded, < over"d with stellHte tulit-r- cl* H with intercostal sulci ; base inoiitr- ately iii8ert>-lepl8 canadeDBl8. !fpbalic fhield pome- li in oMtline and cdV' as in Plerichihys and Asterolepis, but distingnished by the course of the furrows and shape of the plutes; it lias Ioh^^t articulating |)late8 in the limb or arm, and has been otlierwipe distinguished, thougli dueely related to botli genera. Type B. or- natns. canadensis, Whiteaves, 1880, (Pterichthys cauadensiH,) Am. Jour. Sci. iind Arts, %\. ser., vol. 20, p. 135, Up. Devo- niim. BYTiiiACANTnrs, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Ueo. Sur. III., vol. <}, p. 444. [K'y. bythioti, deep ; akaniha, epine.] Fin fpines deeply imbedded, laterally coin- pressed, exposed part recumbont, tubercuiated ; posterior face low, keeled ; pulp cavity forming a deep channel in the posterior side of the base. Type B. vanhornii. sideiius, L^idy, 1873, (Asteracantlius sid- erius,) Ext. Vert. Fauna, p. 313, St. Louis Gr. vanhornii, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. 8ur. III., vol. 6, p. 445, St. Louis Gr. Cauii'odus, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Snr. Ill, vol. 6, p. 403. [Ety. kalus, beautiful ; odous, tdoth.] Teeth in geneial firm like Petalodus, but dis- tinguished by the tur- gid, suliconical, unsym- nietrical crown. TypeC. apicttlis. apicalis, St. John & Wor-Fio. li05-ralo- then, 1875, Geo. Sur, III., Rs"*"V^ji"'''2 vol. 6, p. 403, Middle aiam. Coal Meas. Carciiaiiopsis, Agassiz, 1843, Recherches sur leH Po'swils Fossiles, vol. 3, p. 313. [Ety. carchantpais, shark-like.] Piin- cipal cusps very strong, erect, com- pressecl in front, rounded behind, broaiily expanded at base ; lateral an- gles sharp, crenulated; extremities oc- cupied by isolated, conical, lateral denticles; coronal faces smooth or faintly striata d vertically; base in out- line like Clado- du«, moder- ately produced and broadly rounded poste- riorly; anterior face sinuous, termin ati ng below in a ridge; inferior surface exca- vated. Type C. prototypiiH. wort hem, New- berry, 1866, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 69, Siibcarboniferous. Ckphalaspis, Agarsiz, 1836, Recherch. Pois. Foss., t. 2, p. 136. [Ety. kephale, head; oBptt, shield.] Entire skeleton external ; head shield very large, subcrrscent- Fia. 1106.~CnroharopBi8 worilieul. Kifi. 11«7.— »epluiliis|il» lyelll. Ueiitl >lilel(l depresseu8; crown transversely sulcated. Type C. latiysimiis. favosus. Cope, 1884, Pal. Bull., No. 39, p. 28, Permian. paucicristatus, Cope, 1877, Proc. Am. Phil* Soc, p. 54, Permian. vinslovii. Cope, 1876, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, p. 410, Permian. Chirodus, McCoy, 1848, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Ilift., vol. 2, p. 130. [Ety. c/iWr, the hand ; oilous, tooth.] Tooth fan-shaped, thick, flattened ; anterior broad, margin deeply divided into lobes; inner nearly straight margin has a small, recirved, thumb like lobe projecting ntaily at right angles from ttie middle of its length, preventing the mesial junction of the tiitors of each side of the jaw; inner niarginal lobe the lorg> r; surface minutely punctured. Type C. pesianso. Not d* finitely known in Anient a. aculiis, Newberry, 1857, Proc. Acad. Nat. t'ci., vol. 8, p. 99, Coal Meas. Too poorly defined to warrant recognition. Chirolkpis, Agassiz, 1833, Recherches sur Ies Poissons Foshiles, t. 1, p. 128. [Ely. c/ietr, hand ; /e/tto, scale.] Bones oi the head liculptured ; (-houlderbone and fins osseous; pectorals large, reaching near the ventral fin, and ventral reach- ing near the anal fin ; dorsal fin small and opposite the posterior part Fio 1108— Clioloilus , Ineequulis. Con- vex tiice. s,5, 6, p. 300, St. line- ■% p. 181)6, cultellus, Newberry & Worthen, IXie, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 52, Kaskas! kia Gr. elegans, Newberry & Worthen, 1806, (ioo Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 86, Keokuk Gr. graciUimus, see Tanaodus gracillimus inconstans, St. John & Worthen, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. Louis Gr. incrassatus, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 6, p. 359, St. Louis ^^^- . Fig. 1109.— Cliomntodus insignis, Leidy,1856, incrussutuH. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 11, p. 87, St. Louis Gr. linearis, Agassiz, 1843, (Psamniodus aril",) Recherches Puis. Foss., t. 108, Subcarb. loriformis, Newberry & Worthen, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 58, Keokuk Gr! molaris, Newberry & Worthen, 1800, (ieo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 56, Keokuk Gr. multiplicatus, see Tanaodus multiplicatug. obscurus, see Tanaodus obscuras. paralleluR, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 358, War- saw Gr. pusillus, Newberry & Worthen, 1866, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 53, Keokuk (ir. varsoviensis, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 393, Warsaw Gr. venustus, Leidy, see Venustodus leidyi, where the specific name is made to des- ignate the genus, and (he author the specific name, c 'Utrary to the rules of nomenclatare; also see Venustodus ve- nustus. Cladodus, Agassiz, 1843, Recherches sur les Poissons Fossiles, t. 3, p. 196. [Ely. kladof, twig ; Oitous, tooth.] Teeth with broad, horizontal, semicircular, thick, bony, coarsely fibrous base, rounded beliind, truncated in front; crown di- vided into long, sharp, subulate, con- ical points, arranged along the Btrai^iht truncated edge of the base ; medial cone much Iwrger than the secondary ones, of whiih latter the exernal cones are the larger; all the cones striated longitudinally, and either circular in section or with simple culting ed^es, slightly compressed. Type kj. mirabilis. acuminatUH, N e w - berry, 1857, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., vol. 8, p. 1)9, and Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 45, Subcarbo- niferous. alternatuB, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 265, Waverly or Kinderhook Gr. angnlatus, Newberry & Worthen, 1866, Fig. 1110.— Clndodns acumlnatus. Geo. Sur. kuk Gr. 111., vol. •:, p. 24, Keo- [CHI— 'I, A. CLI.— COC] PISCES. 591 & Worthen, isoe, 2, p. 52, Kaskas- ;Vorthen,1806, (ieo. 6, Keokuk Gr. luH (iracillimuH. & Worthen. 1.S75, j1. 6, p. 3G0, St. ^IG. 1109.— (MiomiUoclus incru»sutus. 3t. Louis Gr. J, (Psammodus line- fois. Fobs., t. :5, p. r & Wortlien, 18t)6, 1, p. 58, Kei'kuk Ur. VVt)rlhen, I8()tj, Ueo. j6, Keokuk Gr. aodufl inulliplicatus. 18 obscuras. & Worthen, 1875, >1. 6, p. 358, War- & Worthen, 1866, 2, p. 53, Keokuk Gr, in & Worthen, 1875, 5, p. 393, Warsaw Gr. Venuwtodus leidyi, name is made to dis- and the autiior Ibe trary to the rules of 3 see Venustodus ve- ,3, RecherchPS sur les t. 3, p. 196. [Ely. , tootii.] Teeth with seniieiicular, thick, irous base, rouiuled in front; crown di- sharp, subulate, con- -ed along the siraiglit f the base; medial • than the secondary ter the exernal cones 11 the cones striated d either circular in imple culling ednes, d. Type sj. mirabilis. acuminatus, New- berry, 1857, Proc. Acad. Nat. i^ci. Phil., vol. 8, p. it'J, and Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 45, Subcarbo- niferous. alternatus, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. lU., vol. 6, p. 265, Waverly or Kinderhook Gr. py & Worthen, 1866, vol. •:, p. 24, Keo- bellifer, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 270, Burlington Gr. cariiiatns, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 279, Coal Meas. concinnus, Newberry, 1875, Ohio Pul., vol. 2, p. 48, Portage Gr. costrttus. Newberry & Worthen, 1866, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 27, Kaskdskia Gr. detiexus, Newberry & Worthen, 1870, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 355, Burling- ton Gr. eccentricus, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 272, St. Louis Gr. elegaiis, Newberry & Worthen, 1870, (Jeo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 354, St. Louis Gr. euglypheus, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 274, St. Louis Gr. exiguus, St. John k Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol 6, p. 261, Waverly or Kin- derhook Gr. exilis, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sar. 111., vol. 6, p. 258, Waverly or Kin- derhook Gr. ferox, Newoerry & Worthen, 1866, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 26, St. Louis Gr. fulleri, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 276, Coal Meas. gomphoides, St. John & Wortlien, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 269, Burling- ton Gr. gracilis, Newberry & Worthen, 1866, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 30, Coal Meas. grandis, Newberry & Worthen, 1866, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 29, Kaskaskia Gr. hertzeri, Newberry, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 46, Portage Gr. intercostatus, St. John & Wortlien, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 267, Burling- ton Gr. iscliy pus, Newberry & Worthen, 1870, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 4, p. 354, St. Louis Gr. laiiiiioides, Newberry & Worthen, 1866, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 30. Keokuk Gr. maunidcus, Tuomey, 1858, 2d Rep. Geo. Ala., p. 39, Kaskaskia Gr. mioropua, Newberry & Worthen, 1866, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 21, Keokuk Gr. mortifjr, Newberrv & Worthen, 1866, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 22, Coal Meas. newmaiii, Tuomey, 1858, Geo. Ala., p. 39, Kaskaskia Gr. occidentalis, Leidy, 1859, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., Up. Coal Mnas. pandatu^ St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. III. vol. 6, p. 278, Coal Meas. parvuluM, Newberry, 1875, Oliio Pal., vol. 2, p. 48, Portage Gr. pattersoni, Newberry, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 47, Waverly Gr. politus, Newberry & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 27, Kaskaskia Gr. prwnuntius, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 270, Burling- ton Gr. raricostatus, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Bar. 111., vol. 6, p. 271, Keo- kuk Or. robustus, Newberry & Worthen, 1866, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 20. Keokuk Gr. romingeri, Newberrv, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 49, Waverly Gr. spinosus, Newberry & Worthen, 1866, Geo. Sur., 111., vol. 2, p. 22, St. Louis Gr. springeri, St. John & Worthen, 1876, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 6, p. 259, Waverly or Kinderhook Gr. stenopus, Newberry & Worthen, 1866, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p 23, St. Louis Gr. subulatus, Newberry, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 47, Cuyahoga shale over the Berea grit. succinctus, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 6, p. 265, Waverly or KinilerliDok Gr. turritiis, Newberry & Worthen, 1866, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 28, Keokuk Gr. vanhornii, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 273, St. Louis Gr. wacliamuthi, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 263, Waverly or Kinderhook Gr. zygopus, Newberry & Worthen. 1866, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 25, Kaskas- kia Gr. Climaxodus, McCoy, 1848, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 2d ser., vol. 2. [Ety. klimax, ladder ; odoiis, tooth.] Tooth longer than wide, gradually narrowing toward the front, with nearly straight sides; anterior part of the crown crossed by broad, imbricating, transverse ridges, at ri^ht angles to its length ; surface mi- nutely punctured. Type C. imhricatus. Not iletinitely known in America. brevis, Newberrv, 1857, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 100, Coal Meas. Too poorly defined to warrant recognition. CoccosTEua, Agassiz, 1836, Recherch. Pois. Foss., vol. 2, p. 302. [Kty. kokkos, berry ; osteon, bone.J H ad rounded ; body triangular, with long vertebrated tail, like a rudder, the whole compared in form, by Hugh Miller, to a boy's kite ; head and body covered with tuber- culated bony plates ; central front plate like the keystone of an arch ; the pos- terior body plate is large, saddle-wise toward the center, pointed behind ; on the rid^e there is a longitudinal groove ending in a perforation, a little behind the apex. It is this plate which has been described as C. occidentalis, but it does not show groove or perforation. Type C. decipiens. acadicus, Whiteaves, 1881, Can. Nat., vol. 10, Upper Devonian. occidentalis, Newberry, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 32, Up. Held. Gr. CocHLioDus, Agassiz, 1843, Recherches sur les Poissons Fossiles, t. 3, p. 113. [Ety. kochHaSj anything spiral; odom, tooth.] Lower jaw thick, short, bony, V-shaped, bearing on each ramus two obliquely twistedf and obtusely ridged semi- cylindrical teeth, strongly inrolled on 69i PISCES. [C(EL.— eop. Via. llll.-Cnclillo ^<^ Fio. 1117.— CopodiiR oor- nntus. MniKlibiilar form, a, TrItiu'Htlni; Kiirfnce; 6, tninKverce profile; e, longiiuUlual profile. ace transverse scales or cealed base rapidly striated. Type C. tennistriatu angulatuo, Newberry & Worthen, 1866, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 118, Kaskas- kia Gr. burlingtonensis, St. John & Worthen, 1875. Geo. Sur. Ill,, vol. 6, p. 426, Burlington Gr. butterai, St. John & Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 240, Lower Coal Meas. cannaliratus, St. John & Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 239, Kaskas- kia Gr. cottalw, see Eunemacanthns costatus. coxauus, St. John & Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. HI., vol. 7, p. 233, Keo- kuk Gr. defl. xu«, St. John & Worthen, 188.S, Geo. Sur. III., v(d. 7, p. 234, St. Louis Gr. eleirans, Tuomey, 1858, Geo. Ala., p. 38, KaskHskia Gr. excavatup, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Goo. Sur. III., vol. 6, p. 428, Keo- kuk Gr. forniosus, Newberry, 1873, Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 328, Waverly Gr. furcicarinatus, Newberry. 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 54, Wavei ly Gr. geminatus, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 6, p. 429, St. Louis Gr. gracilliuius, Newberry & Worthen, 1866, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 126, St. Louis Gr. grado-costatua, St. .fohn & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 6, p. 425, Burling- ton Gr. harrisoni, St. John & Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 7, p. 236, St. Ixmis Gr. keokuk, St. J nring a narrow, strap-sliaptil, oblique root. Type C. oblongus. oblongus, Newberry & Worthen, 1H70, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 4, p. 364, Up. Coal Meas. Cyrtacanthus, Newberry, < 1873, Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 300. [Ety. kurtos, curved ; akantha, spine.] Spine curved, tubercu- lated, single row of con- ical denticles set on the posterior side, limited to the upper portion, and increasing in size from below upward. Type C. den tat us. dentatus, Newberry, 1873, Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 307, Up. Held. Gr. Dactylodus, l^ewberry & Wortlien, 1866, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 33. [Ety. daktylos, finger ; odom, tooth.] Crown as in Petalodus; root conspicuous, and di- vided into a number of radicles. Type D. prin- ceps. concavus, St. John & f,o. ,i22.-Cyrta- Woithen, 1876, Geo. canthus deula- Sur. HI., vol. 6, p. 390, tus. St. Louis Gr. excavatus, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 392, Kaskas- kia Gr. inflexus, Newberry & Worthen, 1866, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 48, Kaskaskia Gr. lobatus, Newberry & Worlheii, 1866, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 47, St. Louis Gr. fc^,„ 1123. - Dnctylo- mmimus, St. John & dns concavus. von- Wortlien, 1875, Geo. vex face. Sur, III,, vol, 6, p, 391, St, Louis Gr. princeps, Newberry & Worthen, 18ti6, Geo, Sur, 111., vol. 2, p. 45, St. Louis Gr. DKI-— DBS.] PISCES. 595 FiQ. 1122.— Cyrta- Geo. canthus denta- 390, tus. & Worthen, 1875, 6, p. 392, Kaskas- Kio. 1123. — Dactylo- & du8 coiicavus. Con- vex face. 391, St. Louie. Gr. & Worthen, lSti6, 2, p. 45, St. Louis Or. DEi,TnDOi«ia, St. John & Wortlifn, 1883, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p 158. [Kty. frmii resHuiblanoH to Deltodus.] Coronul con- tour and K«neral aspect near Deltodus, clistinKuislied by the diftV-reiitixtion of thctneiiian riilK^of the anterior coronal prominence, whicli approaclns Cochlio- (Ins or CliitonoiluH. Type D. an^usta. allinis, St. John & Wort. .en, 1883, Geo. 8ur. III., vnl. 7, p. KiO, Wnr8aw Gr. a!l^.'lt^trt. NVwherry it Worthen 1870, (D. Itmliis anRiiHtus, ) Geo. l^ur. III., vol. 4, |>, 3(i8, Kiiskaskia Gr. biiilvoiita, St. John & Worthen, 1883, Geo. Siir. III., vol. 7. p. KiO, BiirlinKtui Gr. CDnvexu, St. .John & Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 161), Up. Burling- ton Gr. convolufii, St. John & Worthen, 1883, Gto. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 165, U|t. Bur- lingion Gr. exornatii, St. John & Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 7, p. 168, Warsaw Gr. inflexa, St. John & Worthen. 1883, Geo. Siir. Hi., vol. 7, p. 167, Keokulc Gr. keiikuk, St. Jolin & Worthen, Geo. Sur. Hi., vol. 7, p. 169, Keokuk Gr. stlmlovici, St. John & Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 7, p. 161, St. Louis Gr. DELTonus, Agasaiz, 1859, M8S., and New- berry & Worthen, 18()(>, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 95. [Ely. della, tri- angle; oiious, tooth.] Teetli large, tliick, strong, triangular, more or lef^s arched, sometimes inrolled from the longer and more acute angle to the op- posite margin ; crown surface arched or marked by 1-3 prominent ri.lges from the basal niargin toward the longer angle. Type D. sublsevis. 1 fa'M", Newberry & Wortlien, syn. for Ciiitoiiodiis latus. auyularis, Newberry & Worthen, syn. for Ortlmpleurodus carbonnrius. anguslu*, see Dt-ltodopsis angusta. cinrtu us, St. John & Wortlien, 1883, (leo. Sur. III., vol. 7, p. 14(5, Warsaw Gr cingulatiis, Newberry «& Worthen, 1866, (ieo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 99, KaskaskiaGr. iX)mf)Ui.niilm, see Sijndalodus complauatus. faiscialus, see Treniodus fasciatus. giaiidis, Newberry & Wortlien, 1866, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 101, Keokuk (ir. Probably syn. for Sandalodus lajvis- Bimus. intt'rme.lius, St. John & Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. 111., vol.7, p. 1-53, St. LouisGr. lalior, St. John & \Vorth«'n, 1883, Geo. vSiir. III., vol. 7, p. 145, Keokuk Gr. liitoni, Newberry & Worthen, 1870, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 367, Subcarbonit- erous. oceidentalis, Leidy, 1856, (Oicliliodus oc- cidentalis,) Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. II, p. 87, Warsaw and St. Louis Grs. parvus, St. John & Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 151, St. Louis Gr. powclli, St. John & Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. in., vol. 7, p. 154, Garbouiferous. propinquus, St. John & Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 56, Ci ul Meas. rhomboideus, Newberry A Worthen, syn. for Sandalodus spatulatus. apatnlatus, Newberry & Worthen, 1866, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 100, Burling- tor Gr. stellatUB, Newberry & Worthen, 1866, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 97, Keokuk Gr. trilobus, St. .John & Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 7, p. 148, WarHaw Gr. undulatuH, Newberrv & Worthen, 1866, Geo. Snr III., vol. "2, p. 98, Keokuk Gr. Dei.toi'TVciius, Agassi/., 1859, MSS., andSt. John & Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 89. [Kty. delta, triangle: ptyx, a wrinkle,] P(i«terior teeth of lower jaw trigonal, strongly built, and arched in the direction of inrollnient; coronal contour in three divisions, nar- rowing toward the outer extremity ; those of the upper jaw suhspatulate, inrolled on the outer niaigin, acute posteriorly. Type D. ucutus. expansus, St. John & Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 98, .'^t. Louis Gr. nitidufl, Leidy, lt5ii, (Cochliodus nitidus,) Trans. Am. Pliil. Soc, vol. 11, p. 87, Kaskdskia Gr. primus, St. John & Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 93, Up. Burling- ton Gr. varsoviensis, St. John & Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 96, Warsaw Gr. wachsmuihi, St. John & Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 93, Keokuk Gr. Fio. 1124.— Deltoptychlus waclismutlii. Desmiodus, St. John& Worthen. 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 337. [Ety. degmoa, a ligament ; odous, a tooth.] I'his name was applied to a genus of hats, in 1826, by Prinz, Neu. Wied. in Beitrage zur Naturg. Brabiliens. Teeth occurring in rows, small, robust; crown laterally elongated,arched vertically, median cusp with lateral crests; base constricted and produced. Type D. tumidus. costelli ferns, St. John & Wortlien, 1875, Gfo. Sur. III., vol. 6, p. 341, St. Louis Gr. flabellum, St. John & Wor- then, 1875, Geo. Sur. III., P^o. il25.-DeK. vol. 6, p. 343, Keokuk Gr. ,";,'pj'}'| , ^;',«- ligoniformis, St. John & Convex asl Worthen, 1875, Geo. .Sur. Pect. 111., vol. 6, p. .342, Keokuk Gr. minusculus, Newberry & Worthen, 1866, (Orodus minusculus,) Geo. Rep. 111., vol. 2, p. 67, Keokuk Gr. I :■ - { I I 596 PISCES. (din.— Hit. tnmidiiH, St. John k WnrtI.en, lH75,(ieo. Kiir. 111., vol. «, p. WM), H\. LoiiIm Gr, DiMciiTiiYR, Nfwbi'rry, 1H7.'{, Ohio I'nI., vol, 1, p. 313, an eiied with intfriiHl arcli«H aiichyluHtMl to>?e'. ".UT, o(;i'i|iitHl bnne in tli« typo hpt'fitH three inchen in thiikneHH; rol- iiiivcly Hmall muxilinrivH beHrinK a number of acute, conicil, Hiuliylrmed tuetli, wiiich interlu« ked willi aHimilnr HeiicHon the nmndiltleH; preniaxillarifH large, Mronfr, trianiiular plnteHor teelh; niaiidil)leHof great lenglli, tlattened and epaliiiate behind, tiirnintr upanteriirlv to form a Htrong trianguliir tooth, wiih it^ ft How of the opposite niandihie, interlocked with the great, divergt nt, preniaxillary tetth; vital partn of Ihu body covered witli large, thick jdates whi'th formed a carapucte. Typo 1). terrelli. hertzeii. Newberry, 1873, Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 3i(}, Portage Gr. Fia. 112(1.— IMiilchthyM lierlzeri. terrelli, Newberry, 187;i-75, Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 313, and vol. 2, p. 3, Por- tage Gr. DiPLASi'ic, Matthew, 1888, Can. Rec. Sci., vol. 2. 1). 251. [Ety. diiths, double; o»- pi*, sJiield.] Small, having plat'H on tlie head, back, and gidep, and one ven- tral plate; plittcH beaiing very fine lidg'H. Typ« U. acadica. acfldica, Matthew, U38, Can. Uec. Sci., vol. 2, i>. 251, Up. Siluiian or Low. Devo- nian. DiPi-onuH, AgflBBiz, 1843, Recherches snr les Poi^8onH FoHt-ileB, t. 3, p. 204. [Kty. diploon, double; odouii, a toolh,] ThiH name wan u^ed by KHtinesque for a genuB of Sparidie in 1810, Indice d'Lit tobtgiaSiciliana. Tcitli having a flHt- tened or rounded base, from which e(iriiig two lateral and pometinieH a small rentrnl _ Coal McflH. & MurchiHoii, is:!.)^ ser., vol. 3. [Kiy, dipteroit, two-wingel|'te- l»/0, unio 1 ai. voj. .i, ^^g Klu-rwoddl, |). 01, Catskill Gr. DnKiMNAfANTiirH, Ncwbcrry & AVoriin"!!, 1806, Geo. Sur.Ill., vol. 2, p. 120. [Kty, drepnne, a mk\B; akanlhn, spine.] Fin spines compressed laterally, gradiuiUy tapering to an acute point, curved for- ward; anterior margin with a row of flattened or conical tubucles; latHral surfaces with tubercles in longittulinHl rows; posteiior margin without hiokn, 'tometim' s with tubercles. Type D. genimatuB. ancipn, see XyctracanthuB anceps. genimatus, Newberry & WoHlien, ISfifi, G«o. Sur. 111., vol. 2. v. 123, Ke.kiikGr. reversuB, St. John& Worthen, 187;'), (>eo. Sur. III., vol. 0, p. 466, St. Louis Gr. flellcUvK, see Batacanthus stellatus. Ec'ioHTK "UAcniB, Copc, 1H80, Pal. Bull. No. 32, p, 10. [Ety. ekton, without; oftim\, bone; rarhin, a ridge, bflckb< ne.] IJase of the hknll conslHts of OBB'tied jiara- chordalB, which embrace the dionla dorsalis jmsteriorly, and are cotitinuel for a short diBlance posteriorly as a tube; anteriorly the (^iiorital groove is open; trdbecu'te not OKsifietl ; craiiial fitructure endtryonic; above ami in front of the opening for the chorda the neural canal enters the groove; |'«ra- cbordalsBubtrianvnlar. TypeK. nitiilns. ciceronius. Cope, 1883, Pal." Bull. No. X in Pioc. Am. Phil. Soc, p. 628, Per ndan. KDR.-I'IS.] PISCES. 597 kanUin, npine.] Hn laterally, grmlunlly J point, curved f«ir- .rjsin with a row of al tubucWs; latt-ral rcles in longitmlinal lart'in without lnokH, tubercles. Type D. nitidus, Cope, 1880, Pal. Bull. No. 82, p. 10, Permian. Edehtub, Leidy, 1856, Jour. Acad. Nat. Scl., 2d ser., vol. 8, p. 169. [Ety. edeites, a devourer.] Maxillary bone Hegmented ; BegmentB beveled anteriorly and exca- vated posteriorly for co-adaptation; teeth resembling those of Carcliarodon, one co-OBsitHed with each maxillary seg- ment. Type E. vorax. giganteua, Newberry, 1888, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 4, p. 1, Coal Meas. lieinrichsi, Newberry & VVorthon, 1870, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 350, Coal Meas. minor, Newberry, 1860, Geo. Sur. ill., vol. 2, p. 84, Coal Meas. vorax, Leidy, 1856, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., vol. .3, 2d series, p. 159, Coal Meas. Via. 1120.— Edestus vorax. Elonichthyt peltigerm, see Pahconiscus pelti- gerus. Erismacanthus, McCoy, 1848, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 2d scries, vol. 2, p. 119. [Ety. ereisma, a prop or stay ; amntha, spine.] Spine of three parts ; one com- pressed, finely striated, which entered i the flesh; the second short, compressed, j rapidly tapering, curved backward, j sides with longitudinal ridges, and two rows of downward curved teeth on the posterior concave margin ; the third, a prop-like part extending forward nearly at right angles with^ the base, arched, compressed at the basal half, depressed distally, and covered with tubercles and some spines on the under side. Type E. jonesi. maccoyanuB, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 461, St. Louis Gr. EoNEMACANTHDS, St. John & Worthou, 188.3, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 120. [Ety. eu, beautiful ; nema, a line ; akandia, spine.] DiRtinguished from Ctenacanthus by the plain dorsal ridge, tuberculated in- tercostal sulci, and upward direction of the denticles on the angles of the pos- terior face. Type E. costatus. costatus, Newberry & Worthen, 1866, (Ctenacanthus costatus,) Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 120, St. Louis Gr. Edbylkpis, Newberry, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. [Ety. euryt, broad ; lepia, scale.] Small ; body fusiform ; head obtuse; tail elongated, lobes unequal: fins small, with delicate fulcra: dorsal and anal fins opposite, and far back on the body ; vcntrals near middle of abdo- men ; cranial surface tubercular ; max- illary, mandibular, and jugular plates corrugated ; scales smooth, ornamented, or serrated; teeth numerous, conical, short. Type E. tuberculata. corrugata, Newberry, 1856, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 360, Coal Meas. granulata, Newberry, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 362, Coal Meas. insculpta, Newberry, 1856, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 361, Coal Meas. "neata, Newberry, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 353, Coal Meas. minima, Newberry, 1873, Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 353, Coal Meas. orniitissima, Newberry, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 352, Coal Meas. ovoidea, Newberry, 1856, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 351, Coal Meas. striolata, Newberry, 1873, Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 355, Coal Meas. tuberculata, Newberry, 1856, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 360, Coal Meas. KiG. 1180.— EuryleplH tuberculata. EusTiiENOPTERON, Whiteaves, 1881, Am. Jour, Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 21, p. 495. [Ety. eu, very ; sthenes, stout ; pteron, a fin.] Fin rays of anal and second dorsal fins supported by three osselets articulated to a broad inter- spinouB apophysis; vertebral centers not OBsifleu ; caudal osselets articulated to modified hoimal spines. Type £. foordi. foordi, Whiteaves, 1881, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 21, p. 495, Upper Devonian. FissoDUs, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 413. [Ety. fissut, split: odout, tooth.] Teeth small, in the form ox root and general contour 698 PISCES. [CIS.— HA R. like PeltodiiB, but distingniahed by the cleft condition of the crest. Type F. bifiduB. bifiduB, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. 8ur. 111., vol. 6, p. 414, Kaskaskia Gr. tricuspidatua, St. John & Worthen, 1876, Geo. Sur. III., vol 6, p. 416, Kaskas- kia Gr. Gampsacanthus, St. John & Worthen, 1876, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 471. [£ty. gamptot, curved ; akanlha, spine.] Spines long, laterally com- pressed, tapering, costate, with larger and smaller tubercles ; posterior margin denticulate ; base expanded ; pulp cav- ity large. Type G. typus. Fio. I18l.-Fla- ■ o (1 uti b 1- fldUB. irishi, St. John & Worthen, 1876, Co. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 447, Kinderhook nr Waverly Gr. petrodoides, St. John & Worthen, Is.s,') Geo. Sur. III., vol. 7, p. 260, Kankiis' kia Gr. rudis, St. John & Worthen, 188.3, (iio Sur. III., vol. 7, p. 249, Keokuk Gr. Qlyptolbpir, AgHSRiz, 1830, Poiss. F( Hs., vol. 2, p. 179. [Kty. glyptoB, sculptund ; lepii, Bcale.] Fins long, sometimes |ii>n- dulous; anterior dorsal opposite ven- tral, and posterior dorsal opposite anal ; tail fin long, spreading below ; shoulder bones huge; teeth minute; sralcH of great size in proportion to the animiil, and deeply sculptured. Type G. el- egans. microlepidotus, Agassiz, 1836, Poi^A. Foss., vol. 2, p. 179, Devonian. y.''; ^^ ■^-^^' quebecensis, Whiteaves, 1889, Trans. r':' ' a^ Roy. Soc. Can., vol. 6, p. 77, Low. Devonian. Gnatiiorhiza, Cope, 1883, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 20, p. 629. [Kiy. gnathos, jaw ; rhiza, root.] Founded upon some ganoine teeth. The def- inition is too meager for identilira- tion, and the genus may never again be recognized. Type G. serrata. serrata. Cope, 1883, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 20, p. 629, Permian. latuB, St. John & Worthen, 1876, Geo. | Gyracanthus, Agassiz, 1833, liechercheB Fig. 1132.— UampaacauthuH typus. Side view of a Bplne maguine • ~ • tlou spine maguined 2 dlam., and transverse sec- Sur. III., vol. 6, p. 474, Keokuk Gr. squamosus, St. John & Worthen, 1876, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 473, St. Louis Gr. typus, St. John & Worthen, 1876, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 472, St. Louis Gr. Gisacantiius, St. Jonn & Worthen, 1876, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 440. [Ety. geison, a border; akantha, a spine.] Spine curved posteriorly, anterior angle a simple raised keel ; lateral faces bear- ing longitudinal rows of tubercles; pos- terior face longitudinally keeled. Type G. stellatus. bullatus, St. John & Worthen, 1876, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 6, p. 441, Kaskaskia Gr. stellatus, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 440, St. Louis Gr. Fio. 1138.— Qlymmatacanthus Irlshl. Fragment of Hplne. Glymmatacanthus, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 446. [Ety. flyvimatos, engraved ; akantha, spine.] ^in ray vertically elongated, posteriorly arched, laterally compressed; lateral faces covered with stellate or striated tubercles. Type G. irishi. sur les Poissons Fossiles, t. 1, p. 87 [Ety. gyros, a circle ; akan- tha, spine.] Fin spines ver^ large, gradually ta- pering to the apex, and slightly arched back- ward; inserted base small, rapidly tapering ; posterior margin feebly armed with two rows of small denticles; surface of the sides covered with very oblique ridges, which meet at an angle on the anterior face. Type G. formosus. all en i, Newberry, 1873, Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 331, Cuyahoga shale. compress us, Newberry, 1873, Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 230, Cuyahoga shale. cordatus, St. John & Wor- then, 1883, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 251, Keokuk Gr. duplieatup, Dawson, 1868, Acad. Geol., p. 210, Coal Meas. maguificus, Dawson, 1868, Acad. Geol., p. 210, Sub- carboniferous. Fig. li;!l.-Gy- Hahpacodus, Agafsiz, 1869, rucauihu.s ui- Catal. Foss. Fish, Collec- }^^^- *""''''°^ tion of Earl of Enniskil- len, and St. John & Worthen, in Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 354. [Ety. harpe, a [OI8.— HAR. HKl.— HOI,.] PISCES. 699 orthen, 1878, (ii'o. [47, Kinderhook nr & Worthen, 1SS3, 7, p. 260, KaKkiiB- orthen, 1883, Geo. 49, Keokuk Gr. 1830, PoIbb. F(hs., glyploi, sculptured; tag, sometimes iien- )rBal opposite vcn- orsal opposite anul ; Dg below ; bIiouMit minute; scales of rtion to the animal, ured. Type G. el- Lfrassiz, 1836, Poies. 179, Devonian, leaves, 1889. Trans. vol. 6, p. 77, Low. e, 1883, Proc. Am. , 20, p. 629. [Kty. iza, root.] Founded )ine teeth. Tlie def- leager for identilira- nus may never again Type G. Berrata. }83, Proc. Am. Pliil. 629, Permian, z, 1833, Kecherches FoBsiles, t. 1, p. 87. ; akan- spines lly ta- and ack- }aBe )ering ; feebly ows of surface d with pji i,which JYj on the * ,1 pe G. MJ 1873, p. 331, berry, )1. 1, p. lie. & Wor- ur. 111., cuk Gr. 1868, b, Coal 1868, 0, Sub- Fia. n.'!4.-^y- lOfio racautluis 111- ■niu^« 'en»- Anterior Col lee- f„ce. iniskil- . ^ , & Worthen, m Geo. 1. 354. [Ety. harpe, a hook ; odmu, tooth.] Teeth laterally elongated, vertically arched, gently carved outward in the concave face ; tnargins nearly parallel; crown com- pressed along the crest ; serrated, ex- panded below; convex face low, op- posite face concave ; coronal borders produced inbeveled ; base strong, ob- ti(iuely produced: lateral angles well defined. Type H. dentatus, or, more properly, H. occidentalis. compactus, St. .John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 355, Kaskaskia Gr. occidentalis, St. John <& Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 6, p. 365, St. Louis Gr. Hemodus, Newberry, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 62. [Ety. mHos, sun ; odmu, tooth.] Distinguished from Dipterus by having tlie upper palate teeth united, forming u rounded, semicircular, triturating plate, bearing radiating tuberculated ridges. Type H. lesleyi. Dr. Traquair, of Eng- land, regards Heliodus as a synrnyra for Pal8edaphus, Van Baneden & De- Koninck, 1864, Bull. Acad. Belg., vol. 17, p. 143. Fio. n.'B.— Harpa- coilus ooolden- till if*. Fig. 1180. -HelioduB leslcvi. lesleyi, Newberry, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 64, Chemung Gr. Helodus, Agassiz, 1843, Rechercbes sur les Poissons Fossiies, t. 3, p. 104. [Ety. helos, a nail or rudder ; odous, tooth.] Transversely elongate, crown convex, elevated along the middle into an ob- tuse, circular ridge, sometimes divided into a line of several compressed cones diminishing from the center; surface porous as in Psammodus ; margin of the crown raised in the middle on both the inner and outer sides, and it and the root vertically plicated. Type H. simplex. angulalus, Newberry & Worthen, 1866, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 83, Burlington Gr. biformis, Newberry & Worthen, 1866, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 77, Waverly or Kinderhook Gr. carbonarius, Newberry & Worthen, 1866, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 75, Coal Meas. ^^V^ti^^. compreasus, Newberry A Worthen, 1870, Geo.Sur. III., vol.4, n.3'ard the posterior part of the jaw ; jaw -Ijone rough and granular. Type J. ani'ulata. guiViana, Cope, 1877, (Strigillina gurlei- ana,) Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, p. 191, Pfimian. lint-'uiformis. Cope, 1877, (Strigillina lin- guiformis,) Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., p. 53, Permian. Lahbdodus, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 280. [Ety. Lambda, a Greek letter; odous, tooth.] Teeth small, base posteriorly produced and laterally expanded, broadest behind the cornua; a single strong, slightly sip- moidally curved, recurved, eccentric cornua arises from the anterior angle of the base, terminates in a sharp apex, compressed in front, broadly rounded behind, with more or less distinct cut- ting edges and vertical costte. It is diBtinguished from Cladodus by the Bingle coronal cornua, and the ahMiico of lateral denticles; the basal puMmn bearH some resemblance to ThrinaoMluit. Type li. coal at ua. calceolus, 8t, John & Worthen, 1875, (;mi) Sur. III., vol. 6 p. 281, Burlington (ir. calceolus var. robustus, St. John & WDr. then, !H(m, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 0, p JH2, Keokuk (ii. j^ costatus, St. John A Wor- then, 1875, Geo. Sur. III., vol. II, p. 280, Burling- tonGr. Fio. IHO. Umb hamulus, St. Jo>in & Wor- daciuNco>ttuiu4 then, 1875, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 6. p. 283, Kaskaskia Gr. reflexus, St. John & Worthen, 1875, (Jeo. Sur. III., vol. 6, 1). 284, KnskaHkiii (ir. tranuversus, St. John A Worthen, 1S75 Geo. Sur. III., vol. «, p. 282, St. Louis ( ;r. Lkcbacantmi'n, St. John & Worthen, iHTj Geo. Hur. 111., vol. 6, p. 475. [Ktv. lekroi, the antlers of a stag; akantlia, spine.] Spines long, tapering, ciirvcii, laterally compressed, stellate tuherclen irregularly disposed ; base thin, ex- panded ; pulp cavity large; apex truns- verselv expanded and armed with Htroiiu denticles. Type L. unguiculus. unguiculuB, St. John & Worthen. 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 470, .St. Louis (ir. Leptacanthm, Agassiz, 1837, Poiss. Fosh., vt. John & Worthen, | 1875, Geo. Sur. 11'., vol. 6, p. 337, Keo- kuk Gr. LiOGNATHUs, Newberry, 1873, Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 306. [Ety. lin, smooth ; gnithot. I the jaw.] Jaw the only part yrt| known ; spatulate, dentate only at anl near the anterior extremity ; resembles | Coccosteus. Type L. spatulatus, spatulatus, Newberry, 1873, Ohio Pal., vol.1 1, p. 306, Up. Held. Gr. Wii-i Fio. 1141.— LlodUHcalca, ratua. 1,1^.— MAR.) P/SC£S. UOl Sur. KaskaHkia Gr. Worthen, 1875. (ieo, 284, KafikaHkittdr. hn & Worthen, 1875, «, p. '-'82. St. Louis dr. ihn & Wortlu'ii, ln;o, )l. 6, p. 475. [Kty. 9 of a stag; ahmilm, )ng, taperinj;, purvt-.l, Bed, stellate tnbi-rilM ised; base thin, ex- ^ity large; apex trans- and armed with siruiiK L. unguiculus. in & Worthen. 1875, vol. 6, p. 47ti, t»t, , 1837, Poiss. Fo9H., vol. ender; akantha, >^\nw.] ndylacanthus otritlen- tooth.] Teeth rcsem- own arched, laterally basal margins con- rply defined from the th obscurely defuieJ on vex in either f.ice; roduced beneath tl:e id both faces occupied al sulci, prodncin^r ob- prominences; Hurfaie ,or verrucose; base as ively deep. Type L ferry, 1873, Ohio Pal, Hty. iM, smooth ; gnithoi,' V the only part yrt ite, dentate only at an! )r extremity; resemble! rpe L. spatulatus. irry, 1873, Ohio Pal, vol. eld. Gr. LmooDUS, St. John A Wortiien, 1876, Oeo. 8ur. 111., vol. ((, p. .')03. [Kty. lUgoB. a ■pade ; odoui, tooth.] Teeth laterally Kio. 1112.— liloKnikthuMMpniulatUH. iihhreviated strong ; crown thick, sharp- (treated, and sometimes obscurely ser- itctlned ; base <:resiuu. and sumeiiuies rated ; hasal tnargins well p. 302. [Kty. mnekaira.a saber; akan- Iha, a spine.] Npines large, Mattenod, curved, ancipiial, unsyminctrical ; edgea anil point acute; base narrowed, with a rough and irrcgtdar t-xtreniity; central cavity reaching nearly to the apex; ex- ternal surface enameled, HUiooth or punctate, and Htriate microscopic struo* lure deiiHc. Type M. niaior. major Newberry, I8.')7, Bull. Nat. Inst., p. (I, and Ohio Pul., vol. 1, p. 304, Up. Held. (ir. peracutus, Newberry, 18.')7, Hull. Nat. Inst., p. (1, and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 'M'k Up. Held (Jr. Fio. IM.'i.— MachterucHiitliUH pcrncutux. vertical to the crown, rectangular, prolonged, equal to the elevation of the crown; inferior mrfaco well defineci from either face above ; and generally Hlighlly beveled from the concave to the opposite border ; coronal surface en- ameled, worn crest striato-piinctate. Type L. curtus. curtus, St. John <*i: Wor- then, 1875, Geo. Sur. III., vol. (1, p. 364, Burlington Gr. selliiliforniis, St. John i*i: Fio. IH.S. -Ills- Worthen, 1876, (Jeo. Sur. goduHcurtiiH. 111., vol. 6, p. 366, St. Louis (Jr. serratUB, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. .Sur. III., vol. (), p. 365, Burlington Gr. LisTUACANTUUs, Newbcrry i*l: Worthen, 1870, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 371. [Kty. /(»i- trori, shovel ; akaniha, spine.] Spines small, gently arched, flattened, thin; sides marked by numerous sharp, lon- gitudinal carina, edges set with diver- gent, slender, acute teeth ; most numer- ous on the convex margin; and largest ha.se expanded and obliquely truncated. Type L. hystrix. hiUlrethi, New- berry, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 50, Coal Meas. hystrix, New- berry & Wor- then, 1870, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 372, Coal Meas. Lophodus, Newberry & Worthen, 1870, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 4. This name was preoc- cupied by Komanowsky in 1864. variabilis, see Agassizodus variabilis. Mach;»;racantiiu8, Newberry, 1857, Bull. Nat. Inst., p. 6, and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, Fig. I HI. — LlMtrncanthus hystrix. HulcatUH, Newberry, \Hb7, Bull. Nat. Inst., p. 6, and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. .m, Up. Held. Gr. M A C KO I' K TAI.ICIITIIVS, Norwood iS: Owen, 1846, Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 1, p. ;>67. [Kty. makron, large ; pelalug, ex- panded or spread out; ichthys, fish.] Cranium composed of large polygonal plates, united by double sutures ; sur- F'o- iH'i -Macropei- fnpft ennmelcd tu- allclilliy.>t muIII- lace enameieu, lu- v a n 1 1 . uue-flftli herded, ornament- nutural size, ed ; eye orbits con- spicuous ; nasal plate wedge-shaped ; occipital plate oblong, emarginate be- hind, and prolonged anteriorlv, where it meets the nasal plate, type M. rapheidolahis. manni, Newberry, (Agassichtliys manni,) 1857, Bull. Nat. Inst., p. 3, Up. Held. Gr. rapheidolabis, Norwood & Owen, 1846, Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 1, p. 367, Up. Held. Gr. Hullivanti, Newberry, 1857, (Agassichthys Bullivanti,) Bull. Nat. Inst., p. 3, and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 294, Up. Held. (Jr. Markacantiiis, St. .lohn & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 6, p. 465. [Kty. mar- ron, a spade; akantha, spine.] Dorsal spine nearly straight, or with a forward curvature, obtusely terminated, rounded in front, truncated behind, or rounded into the posterior face, which is longi- tudinally ridged in apparent continu- ity with the lateral costee; lateral face and anterior margin longitudinallv ridged, the costse being tuberculated, those in front more or less strongly 602 PISCES. [mEC— '.NY. developed, with their apices directed up- ward, and especially in their upper part, where they gradually increase in size, forming strong, more or less de- flected hooks, transversely carinated; intercostal spaces minutely ridged and striate -punctate ; base moderately in- serted, forming a comparatively thin plate, more or less laterally expanded posteriorly from the angular ridge in front, with more or less prominent marginal angles behind ; pulp-cavity moderately large, similar in section to the body, and occupying the posterior two-thirds of the spine. In costation and the expanded base it is like Ama- canthus, but distinguished in all other respects. Type M. rectus. FiO. 1147.— MarracanlluiH rectus. Anterior part of .'ipiue. rectus, Ne' berry & Worthen, 1866, (Ho macanthus (?) rectus,) Geo. 8ur. 111., vol 2, p. 115, St. Louis Gr. Mecolkpis, Newberry, 1857, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci., vol. 8, p. 96. [Ety. mekos, large lepw, a scale.] Heterocercal lepidoids of small size ; hody fusiform ; head ob tuse; tail elongated; lobeH unequal, fins small, provided with delictate fulcra ; dorsal opposite anal, both far back on the body; crania corrugated or tu- berculated; opercular maxillary and hyoid plates ornamented ; scales smooth or ornamented; posterior margin ser- rated ; scales of median line crenulated ; two rows of scales extending back to near r'.al fin; teeth conical, short, brush-like. Distinguishe^l from Palseo- niscus by small size, posterior position of dorsal fin, and the high lateral scales. Type M. corrugata. Probably a syn. for Paleeoniscus, but not figured, and species poorly defined. corrugata, Newberry, 1856, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 96, Coal Meas. granulata, Newberry, 1856, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 97, Coal Meas. insculpta, Newberry, l^i56, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 97, Coal Meas. lineata, Newberry, 1856, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 97, Coal Meas. ornatissima, Newberry, 1856, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 97, Coal Meas. ovoidea, Newberry, 1856, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8. p. 97, Coal Meas. eerrata, Newb'- y, 1856, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 97, Coal Meas. tuberculata, Newberry, 1856, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 96, Cod Meas. MxsooMODUs, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. HI., vol. 6, p. 290. [Ety. metodme, something between; odous, tooth.] Teeth laterally elongated ; base consisting of one inferior flattctud; posterior obliquely produced, massive plate, of which the posterior face Blojiea downward and slightly backward, a! an obtuse angle, to the posterior crown face; anterior face slightly produced along the shoulder, which extendi par- allel with the base of the crown, ver- tical or beveled, and occupied by a more or less prominent median i>ro- tuberance, which extends to the edge of the interior surfaces ; both faces are more or less roughened or pitted, lat- eral angles truncated or rounded, and more or less constricted above, e(iual- ing the lateral diameter of the crown ; crown rising along the anterior bonier, sharply constricted in front and later- ally, and well defined, sometimes con- stricted from the posterior basal face, nearly equaling the base in antero- posterior diameter; but more or less compressed along the crest, which rises into a more or less prominent median or submedian cusp, vertical or laterally deflected and recurved, usually com- pressed, with distinct, sometimes sharp, cutting edges ; the lateral portions of the crown denticulated, extremities bearing slightly more prominent cusps than intermediate spaces; both faces ridged vertically ; outer face of median cone often strongly buttressed ; coronal surface enameled. Type M. exculp- tUB. explanatuB, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 293, Waverly or Kinderhook Gr. excnlptUK, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 6, p. 291, Wa-„ ,,..„», ^ , ..„.!„ „« if^i^A^^ *^io. 1U8.— Mesodraoduj verly or Kinder- exculptns. hook Gr. ornatus, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 294, Burling- ton Gr. Myctbrops, Cope, 1888, Am. Nat., p. 878. [Ety. mukter, nose ; ops, eye.] Founded upon the cast of the cranial and nuchal buckler of a placoderm fish ; the ej^e- holes resemble those of Cephala»pis, and they are separated by a nose-hole, which is divided by a narrow bridge. Type M. ordinata. ordinata, Cope, 1888, Am. Nat., p. 876, Goal Meas. Onchua, Agaesiz, 1837, Recherches sur ha Poissons Fossiles. [Ety. onchos, bent, -. hooked like a talon or arrow-barb.] deweyi, see Ceratiocaris deweyi. ONYCHOI.US, Newberry, 1857, Bull. Nat. Inst., p. 5, and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p 296. [Ety. onyx, a claw ; odous, tooth.] Cranium composed of a great number of plates covered with an enameled and tubercnlated surface ; jaws set witli numerous conical, acute, recurved teeth; maxillary forming a low triaii- ORA. — OHO.] PISCES. 603 ! inferior flattened; jr produced, massive ! posterior face Bldpes ;litly backward, al an the posterior crown e slightly produced •, which extend? par- e of the crown, ver- and occupied by a minent median iiro- extends to the edge •faces ; both faces are ;hened or pitted, lat- ,ted or rounded, and tricted above, e(iual- imeter of the crown; g the anterior bolder, d in front and later- fined, sometimes con- posterior basal face, the base in antero- r; but more or less the crest, which rises S8 prominent median p, vertical or laterally curved, usually com- inct, sometimes sharp, le lateral portions of biculated, extremities nore prominent cusps e spaces; both faces outer face of median ly buttressed ; coronal I. Type M. exculp- in & Worthen, 1875, 6, p. 293, Waverly or gle; dentary bones posterio.'y acute, where they are overlapped by the artic- ular portions of the mandibles, long and narrow, curving upward to the ' FlO. 1148.— Mesodniodui exculptns. 3 & Worthen, 1875, ol. 6, p. 294, Burling- 888, Am. Nat, p. 878. J ; ops, eye.] Founded the cranial and nuchal coderm fish ; the eye- those of Cephalaspis, larated by a nose-hole, i by a narrow bridge. 1. 188, Am. Nat., p. 8(6, (7, Recherches sur hs . [Ety. onchos, bent, 'i on or arrow-barb.] !aris deweyi. rry, 1857, Bull. Nat. Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. , a claw ; oootw, tooth.] sed of a great number ed with an enameled I surface ; jaws set with ical, acute, recurved f forming a low triaii- Fig. 1149.— Mycterops ordlnata. symphysis, where they support an in- ter-mandibular arch of bone, to which is attached a series of large, curved, con- ical teeth ; body cov- ered with imbricated circular scales. Type O.'sigmoides. hopkinsi, Newberry, 1857, Bull. Nat. Inst., p. 5, Chemung Gr. sigmoides, Newberry, 1867, Bull. Nat. Inst., p. 5, and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 299, Up. Held. Gr. Pis. li50.~Onyclio- (lus 8 1 1; tn oliles. One-half uat. size of iDter-manilib- ular crest Willi (i teeth. Fio. USl.— Onycliodus sigmoides. Fragment of the right mandible. Oracantiius, Agassiz, 1843, Recherches sur. les Poissons Fossilea, t. 3, p. 13. LEty. omiot, beautiful ; akantha, spine.] Dor- sal rays large, conical, without solid base, hollow, walls thin, "urface tuber- culated ; no posterior rows of deuticles. Type 0. milleri. abbreviatus, Newberry, 1857, Bull. Nat. Inst., p. 5, Up. Held. Gr. eormmUit, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. lU., vol. 6, syn. for O. vetustus. fragilJB, Newberry, 1867, Bull. Nat. Inst., p. 6, Up. Held. Gr. granulatus, Newberry, 1867, Bull. Nat. Inst., p. 5, Up. Held. Gr. multiseriatus, Newberry, 1857, Bull. Nat. Inst., p. 5, Up. Held. Gr. (?) obliquus, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 477, Keo- kuk Gr. pnigeus. This species is made the type of the genus Pnigeacanthus. See P. deltoides. rectus, St. John & Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 257, Kaskaskia Gr. vetustus, Leidy, 1856, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 2d ser., vol. 3, p. 162, St. Louis Gr. Orodus, Agassiz, 1843, Recherches sur les Poissons Fossiles, t. 3, p. 97. [Ety. oratoa, beautiful ; odoui, tooth.] Teeth laterally elongated, middle more ele- vated than extremities, forming an cbtuse transverse cone; longitudinal diameter greatest and maiked by a medial ridge with oblique secondary ridges. Type O. cinctus. alleni, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 310, Coal Meas. carinatus, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 307, Keokuk Gr. corrugcUus, see Agassizodus corrugatus. dsedaleus, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. Ill, vol. 6, p. 301, Waveriy or Kinderhook Gr. decussatus, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 300, Waverlyor Kinderhook Gr. elegantulus, Newberry & Worthen, 1866, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 64, Burling- ton Gr. fastigiatus, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 306, Burling- ton Gr. major, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 302, Burlington Gr. mammillaris, Newoerry & Worthen, 1866, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 66, Keokuk Gr. minmculus, see Desmio- p,g ,i5'j.-Orodus dus miuusculus. mammillaris. minutus, Newberry & Worthen, 1866, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 68, Keokuk Gr. multicarinatus, Newberry A. Worthen, 1866, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 62, Wa- verly or Kinderhook Gr. neglectus, St. John & Worthen, 1876, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 308, St. Louis Gr. omatUB, Newberry & Worthen, 1866, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 65, Keokuk Gr. paralleluB, St. John & Worthen, 1876, Geo. Sur. 111., voi. 6, p. 295, Waveriy or Kinderhook Gr. parvulus, St. John & V/orthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 6, p. 309, St. Louis Gr. plicatus, Newberry & Worthen, 1866, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 63, St. Louis Gr. tuberculatus, Newberry & Worthen, 1866, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 66, Burling- ton Gr. 604 PISCES. [ORT.- v M.. turgidue, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 310, Ka«kaskia Gr. variabilis, Newber- ry, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 50, Waverly Gr. variocostatus, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 304, Burlington Gr. Worthen, 1875, Geo. p. 297, Waverly or Fig. I153.-Orodu8 variabili)*. whitii, St. John & Sur. 111., vol. 6, Kinderhook Gr. ORTnACANTiiL's, Agassiz, 1843, Poiss. Foss., t. 3, p. 330, [Kty. orthos, straight; akantha, spine.] Spines straight or gently curved ; two or more rows of denticles on the posterior face. Type 0. cvlindricus. Fig. 1154 — Urthacanthus sracilis. arcuatus, Newberry, 1857, (Pleuracanthus arcuatus,) Proc. Acad. Na*^. Sci. Phil., p. — , and Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 332, Coal Meas. gracilis, Newberry, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 56, Coal Meas. quadriseriatus. Cope, 1877, Pal. Bull. No. 26, in Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 17, p. 192, Permian. Ortiiopleurodijs, St. John & Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. II!., vol. 7, p. 190. [Ety. orthos, straight ; pleuron, side ; odous, tooth ; in allusion to the straight pos- tero-lateral border of the maxillary posterior tooth.] Posterior teeth of upper jaw subspatulate in outline ; postero-lateral border f-traight, or nearly 80, and probably gently curved down- ward and inward at the outer ex- tremity, and gently arched in tlie same direction, terminating posteriorly in an acute angle or spur, whence the inner margin, which is greatly thickened or massive, is broadly rounded into and merges with the thin antero-lateral border toward the extremity ; coronal surface occupied by a prominent prin- cipal fold or ridge rising nearest the straight border, and flanked on the an- terior slope by an obscure secondary ridge ; the punctate enamel forms a narrow fold along the thickened straight border; teeth supposed to have occu- pied a similar position on the man- dibles, distinguished by their trigonal outline, somewhat strong and spiral in- rollment of the extremity, toward which the antero and postero-lateral borders regularly converge, inner margin more or less obliquely rounded, and sigmoid- ally curved from front toward the posterior angle; coronal surface pre- senting a more or less well-denned plane; anterior fold, abruptly broiv ft /I median depression in the ^bl^V & border; a rudimentary ^gj^inyy denticle between the me- dian and lateral cusps. I''io-1158.-p1ub. Tvpe P. sophiro. bodu8 8opi,i.«. sopbiu>, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 251, Devonian. Physonbmus, AgasBiz, 1843, Recherches sur les Poissons Fo88iles,t. 3, p. 176. [Kty. physa, bladder; nema, thread.] Dorsal spine strong, laterally compressed, deeply imbeded, curved; apex directed toward the front ; lateral faces bearing costee and tubercles ; pulp cavity large ; base notched. Type P. subteres. altonensis, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vo'. 6, p. 454, St. Louis Gr. carinatus, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 452, Waverly or Kin- derhook Gr. chesterensis, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 455, Kaskas- kia Gr. depressus, St. Johnr.d anal fins nearly eaual, opposite ', pectorals small; ventraU small ; teeth clavate; crown dilated, flattened ; base slender, constricted at the base of the ganoine; scales large, oblong, articular internal ridge at anterior edge; beveled spine at the upper corner received in a notch of the adjoining scale. Type P. striatus. eircularis, Newberry & Worthen, 1870, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 4, p. 347, Coal Meas. Pleuracanthuii, Aga^^siz, 1843, Poiss. Fobs., vol. 3, p. 66. [Ety. pleura, side; akan- tha, spine.] The genus was founded upon a spine supposed to belong to the Order Raiina. It is serrated on one edge, curved at the base, and furrowed on the inferior side. The species named in this g(*nus from America are too poorly defined to warrant recognition. Type P. Isevissimus. arcualus, see Orthacanthus arcuatus. biserialis, Newberry, 1857, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 100, Coal Meas. dilatatus, Newberry, 1857, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 100, Coal Meas. Pniqeacanthus, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 6, p. 480. [Ety. from the speciQc name in Oracanthuspnigeus; akantha, spine.] Spine short, conical, laterally compressed ; base broadly ex- panded before and behind, without in- sertion, rapidly tapering to the obtuse apex, which is directed posteriorly ; transverse section elliptical, rounded into the slightly sigmoidally curved an- terior border and concave posterior margin ; pulp cavity very large, ex- tending nearly to the tip ; lateral walls very thin, slightly thickencid in the margins ; external surface occupied by irregularly disposed, radiatingly sculp- turetl tubercles, sometimes arranged m obscure or interrupted longitudinal and diagonal order. The type is Oraran- thus pnigeus, of Newberry & Worthen, which St. John named Pnigeacanthus deltoides. deltoides, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 480, Keokuk Gr. But why should this species not be Pnigea- canthus pnigeus? trigonal is, St. John & Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 259, St. Louis Gr. P(KciL0DU8, Agassiz, 1843, Recherches Poiss. Fobs., vol. 3, p. 174. [Ety. poikiloi, va- riegated ; odotu, tooth.] Teeth as in Cochliodus; terminal tooth obliquely trigonal, convoluted ; median tooth nar- row, convoluted ; all teeth wrinkled at right angles to the articular edges; sur- face porous. Type P. jonesi. carbonarius, St. John & Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 7, p. 139, Coal Meas. cestriensis, St. John & Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 7, p. 135, Kaskas- kia Gr. omatus, Newberry & Worthen, 1866, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 95, syn. for Chitono- dus rugosus. nigotus, nee Chitonodus rugosus. springeri, St. John & Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 138, Subcarbon- iferous. sthidovici, St. John & Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 7, p. 132, St. Louis Gr. varsoviensis, St. John & Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 131. War- saw Gr. wortheni, St. John, 1883, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 1.36, Kaskaskia Gr. PoLVBiiizoDus, McCoy. 1848, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, 2d series, vol. 2, p. 125. [Ety. poly», many; rhiza, root; odoua, tooth.] Crown like Petalodus, but more elongated, transversely lower and thicker; root divided into numerous short, robust radicles. Type P. magnus. ampins, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 387, St. Louis Gr. carbonarius, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 6, p. 389, Coal Meas. dentatus, Newberry & Worthen, 1866, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 50, Kaskas- kia Gr. littoni, Newberry & Worthen, 1870, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 4, p. 357, St. Louis Gr. modestus, New- berrv, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. „ A p. W, Oieve- to,,. Concave face, land shale. nanus, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. «^ Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. Y> .386, Keokuk Gr. H piasenbis, St. John & ^\ Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 6, p. 386, Warsaw Gr. ponticulus, Newberry & Worthen, 1866, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 51, Kaskas- kia Gr. porosus, Newberry & Worthen, 1866, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 49, Burling- ton Gr. truncatus, Newberry & Worthen, 1870, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 357, Burling- ton Gr. Williams!, St. John & Worthen, 1876, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 384, Keo- kuk Or. Fio. U61.-Polyrlilzo dun uiodesius. 608 PISCES. [PRI.— PSA. Fig. 1162.— PrlNtlcladoduH Hprlugcrl. Phisticlaoodus, McCoy, 1856, British Pal. Rocks, p. 642. [Ety. from the two gen- era Pristis and Cladodus.] Teeth re- semble Clado- d u s ; median and lateral cusps strong; lateral edges sharp and more or less undu- lated. Type P. dentatus. sprinjreri,St.John & W o r t h e n , 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 255, Wa- verly or Kinderhook Gr. Pbistodus, Agaesiz. [Ety. priHis, a saw ; odous, a tooth.] This genus has been only doubtfully identified in America. (?)acuminatuB, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 402, Waverly or Kinderhook Gr. PsAMMODus, Agassiz, 1843, Recherches sur les Poissons Fossiles, t. 3, p. 112. [Ety. paammoi, sand ; odoug, tooth.] Teeth quadrilateral or trapezoidal in general outline, variable, usually thick and massive ; the coronal region presents a more or less plane surface, according to the position the form occupied upon the jaws, always arched, generally moderately in the longitudinal direc- tion or from behind forward, tr»< :8- versely concave (maxillary teeth), or more or less convex (mandibular teeth), sometimes raised into a low ridge along the exterior lateral border, also along the articular inner border, or showing a more or less wide convexity in the latter region, and sometimes presenting a more or less well-dt fined transverse prominence in mature maxillary form ; the marginal limits of the crown are well defined, rounded along the ex- terior of lateral border, and usually in- beveled, and almost always making an angulation at the articular inner border and along the anterior and pos- terior margins, the enamel extending well down, and more or less distinctly defined from the coarse, vermicularly pitted base which constitutes the greater part of the height of the tooth ; in front and behind, tne basal wall is nearly exactly vertical to the plane of the coronal surface, and moderately channeled Or concave ; the inner artic- ular face is also vertical and slightly excavated, presenting generally at one or the other extremity an obliquely truncated articular facet for co-adapta- tion with the contiguous tooth of the opposite series, the extent and obliquity of the truncation varying greatly ac- cording to the species ; the exterior lateral border, in typical formsj shows an expansion of the basal portion be- vond the coronal limits, increasing in breadth and terminating in a more or less produced spur at the postero-outer angle of the tooth ; the coronal surfBce exhibits under an ordinary lens a din- tinct, vertical, prismatic structure, each of the vertical columns iuclosinK h medullary tube, the appearance of which at the surface produces the k.k- ceedinglv minute punctation usually observed in these teeth ; the excecd'- ingly elegant vermiculose rugosity ex- hibited in the less worn surfaces of certain species is produced by tjje wrinkling of the enamel or external layer, and which apparently has no other relation to the medullary tnbm than to rudely define them in irregular and transverse or longitudinal rows, Fio. 1163.— Psaminodns crHSsldens. a. Median dental plates; 6, transverse profile ; c, longitu- dinal prollle. the punctse rarely confluent, and the rugose appearance becoming obsolete or more or less obscured over the more exposed parts of the triturating surface ; the impression also prevails that the tendency to rugosity of the coronal surface increases with age, since this appearance, so far as observed, seems to be most prevalent and conspicuous in large individuals belonging to the series which have received several accessions, the innermost individuals of which have sufiered little from the abrading effects of trituration while in use ; but it is not an essential character, as some species evidently always remained quite Bmooth in their coronal areas; the VS.K.] PISCES. 609 inferior surface is plane, in a general way conforming to that of the crown, and even poRsessing distinctive charac- teristics as applied to species ; it shows in the perfect state a rather dense, thin layer, perhaps in degree rather than structurally differing from the more cellulose middle layer composing the bulk of the base, and usually marked by more or less distinct longitudinal grooves, or smooth and faintly keeled nearest the inner articular border. Type P. porosus. aneulari!), Newberrv & Worthen, 1866, (Jeo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 107, Kaskas- kia Gr. antiquus, Newberrv, 1857, Bull. Nat. Inst, Up. Held. Crr. bretonensis, Whiteaves, 1881, Can. Nat., vol. 10, Carboniferous. Fig. 1164 — PsammoduB porosus. cselatus, St. John & Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 217, St. Louis Gr. crassidens, St. John & Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 218, St. Louis Gr. glyptus, St. John & Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. Ill,, vol. 7, p, 209, Up. Burling- ton Gr. FiO. 1165.— Dtaffram of Psammodus springeri. a, Mandibular series; b, trausverse profile; o, longitudinal p.^oflle. grandis, St. John & Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 211, Keokuk Gr. lovianus, St. John & Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 207, Burlington Gr. plenus, St. John k Worthen, 1883, Geo. Snr. 111., vol. 7, p. 213, St. Louis Gr. 1 Fio. 1166.— Diagram of PHamraodus springeri. a. Maxillary series; b, transverse profile; e, lougitudinal profile. porosus, Agassiz, 1843, Recherch. Polss. Fobs., t. 3, p. 112, Kaskaskia Gr. Fio. 1167.— Hypothetical diagram, sliowing me- dian dental plates of Psammodus springeri. reticulatus, Newberry & Worthen, 1866, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 109, Kaskas- kia Gr. Fio. 1168.— Hypotliettcal diagram of Psammodus turgid us. rhomboideut, Newberry & Worthen, 1866, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 110, syn. for Sandalodus leevissimus. 610 PISCES. [PSB. — PTv. $emicylindricu», Newberry & Worthen, 1866, Geo. Sur. HI., vol. 2, p. 109, syn. for Sandalodua IwvisMimuB. Bpringeri. 8t. John & Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 7, p. 202, Upper Hurling- ton Gr. tumiduB, St. John & Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 205, Up. Burling- ton Gr. turgiduB, St. John & Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 20((, Keukuk Gr. PsEPiiODUB, AgasBiz, 1862, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 18, p. 102. FEty, piephot, a peb- ble ; odous, a tooth.] Heavy, more or less Bpirally inrollcd triturating or crunhing platea invest the median range of the rami of the jaws ; they are trapezoidal in outline, with undulated articular surfaces. Type P. magnus. convolutuB, Newberry & Worthen, 1860, (AspidoduB convolutus,) Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 04, Kaflkaskia Gr. crenulatUB, Newberry & Worthen, 1866, (ABpidodus crenulatUB,) Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 93, KaBkaskia Gr. eunviaitu, see P. lunnlatus. latus, St. John & Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 7, p. 72, St. Ix)uiB Gr. lunulatus, St. John & Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 7, p. 74, (misprinted cunulatUB,) Kaskaskia Gr. obliquuB, St. John & Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 66. Waverly or Kin- derkook 6r. placenta, Newberry & Worthen, 1866, (Helodus placenta,) Geo. Sur. III., vol. 2, p. 80, Waverly or Kinder- kook Gr. reticulatus, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 417, Waverly or Kinderhook Gr. symmetricuB, St. John & Worthen, 1883, Geo. Sur. III., vol. 7, p. 71, Waverly or Kinderhook Gr. Ftericiitiivs, Agassiz, 1835, Recherches sur les Poissons Fossiles, t. 1. p. 302. [Kty. pleron, fin ; ichthys, fish. J The outline of this genus reminded Hugh Miller of the figure of a man rudely urfuce of scale mugiiiHed. RiiADiuicnTiiYs, Traquair, 1877, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc. Lond., vol. 33, p. 548. [Ety. rhadinos, slender; ichthys, fish.] Body slender; jaws with a row of incurved laniaries, outside of which there are smaller teeth ; principal rays of pectoral fin as in Pygo|)terHs; dorsal far back, nearly opposite the anal. Type K. ornatissimus. Fio. 1172.— Rhadlniclithys albertl. aiberti^ Jackson, 1851, (Palteoniscus al- bertl,) Rep. on the Albert Coalmine, New Brunswick, Coal Meas. cairnsi, Jackson, 1851, (Paleeoniscus cairnsi,) Kep. on Albert Coal-mine, New Brunswick, Coal Meas. modulus, Dawson, 1877, (Paleeoniscus modulus,) Can. Nat. and Quar. Jour. Sci., vol. 8, Carboniferous. RnizoDus, Owen, 1840, Odontography. [Ety. rhiza, a root; oaix)dub, Newberry & WorUien, 1866, Geo. 8ur. 111., vol. 2, p. 102. [Ety.' tandalon, a aandal ; odous, tooth.] Teeth thick, strong, subtriangular or club- ahaped, with one or two pointed ex- tremities; twisted and arched; baae concave, aiirface punctate. Type 8. parvulus. angustus, Newberry & Worthen, 1866, (ieo. 8ur. 111., vol' 2, p. 103, Keokuk Gr. carbonarius, see Orthopleurodus carbon- ari us. complunatus, Newberry & Worthen, 1866, (Deltodus coinplanatuB,) Geo. Sur, 111., vol. 2, p. 98, Upper Burlington Gr. crasmiH, Newberry & Worthen, 1870, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 4, p. 369, ayn. for 8. spatulatus. grandia, Newberry & Worthen, 1866, Geo. 8ur. 111., vol. 2, p. 105, ayn for 8. laivis- simus. Isevissimua, Newberry & Worthen, 1866, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2. p. 104, Keokuk Gr. minor, Newberry & Worthen, 1866. (Tri- gono<)us minor,) Geo. 8ur. 111., vol. 2, p. 112, Keokuk Gr. parvulus, Newberry & Worthen, 1866, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 102, 8t. Louis Gr. In part Stenopterodus parvulus. spatulatus, Newberry & Worthen, 1866, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. 103, St. Louis Gr. Pig. 1176.— Handalodus Bpittulataa. Sauripteris, Hall, 1843, Geo. Rep. 4th Diet. N. Y. [Efy. gaurot, lizard ; pleron, wing.] taylori, aee Holoptychius taylori. Sicanut extinctus, Leidy, 1855, Proc. Acad. Nat. 8ci., vol. 7. Not aatiafactorily de- fined. STBMMATODua, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 328. [Ety. ttemmaiot, a wreath ; odoua, tooth.] Teeth variable, anomalous, aome trian- gular with three or more rows of den- ticlea, othera aimple with narrower baae and a single row of coronal cuspa. Type S. chiriformia. bicriatatua, St. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. Ill, vol. 6, p. 331, Burling- ton Gr. bifurcatua, 8t. John & Worthen, 1875, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 330, Burling- ton Gr. chiriformiH, St. John & Worthen, 187') Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 330, Burlini;- ton Gr. compactus, St. John & Worthen, Is;.') Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 334, Kn.skiw kia Gr. keokuk, St. John & Worthen, 1875, (ii>o Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 334, KeoKuk (ir aimplex, St. John & Worthen, 1875, (i> d Sur. 111., vol. 6, p. 332, Burlington (t,. aymmetricua, St. John & Worthen, Is:,'), Geo. Sur. III., vol. 6, p. 333, Burling- ton Gr. STKNACANTHua, Leldy, 1856, Jour. Aciid. Nat. Sci., 2d aer., vol. 3, p. 162. [Kiv. Blenos, narrow; akantha, a apine.] Nar- row denticulated apine. Type 8. ni- tidua. nitiduB, Leidy, 1856, Jour. Acad. Nat. f-'ci., 2d ser., vol. 3. p. 162, Carboniferoun. Stknoiterodus, St. John & Worthen, lKs;{, Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 7, p. 100. [Ety. ttenos, narrow ; pleron, wing ; oho8is or change of espiration by lungs, In tlie tadpole and the genera which retain their gills through life, the sub- Btnnce between the vertebrae is soft, and contained in cup-like hollows formed by the concave articular surfaces of contiguous bones, precisely as in flshes. The lower orders are fish-like in possessing permanent bmnchin, the limbs arc reduced to a rudimentary condition, and the tail is flattened and surrounded by a fln. In the hi^'her orders the limbs are more and more develo|K;d and fitted for terrestrial pro- grt'Hsion, until they are capable of active motion and the animals can take their hiil)itual residence in trees. The spinal column in some is com|>osed of a continuous (kwAa dornalit, inclosed in a fibrous sheath, but furnished with bony superior and iuf'crior arches for the protection of the spinal cord and principal blood-vessels. In others the vcrtebrte are articulated by a sort of ball-and-s(M!ket joint. The verte- bnc are usually furnished with long, transverse processes which appear to take the place of ribs ; ribs are generally deficient. In those having a diorda donalis the skull is formed of a simple cartilaginous capsule, with which the chorda is com- pletely continuous, and the only indications of ossification are in the lateral por- tions of the occipital bone. In the higher forms the skull is completely ossified ; it is always of a broad and flattened form, with enormous, large orbits, and possesses one constant character which distinguishes the skull of a Batrachia from that of a Reptile ; namely, the occipital bone is always furnished with two lateral condyles that fit into corresponding sockets in the first vertebra of the neck. The bones of the upper jaw and palate form a broad arcii, which is always firmly attached to the skull ; the maxillary and intermaxillary bones assist in the formation of the edge of the mouth, and are much developed, transversely expanding the general form of the skull without involving any enlargement of the brain cavity, which is very small. All Batrachia have teeth on the palate ; the salamanders have them also in both the upper and lower jaws, the frogs in the upper only, and the toads in neither. The jaw teeth are always slender, sharp-pointed, and closely set. The frog has about forty on each side of the upper jaw ; the salamander has about sixty above and below ; the palatine teeth are generally arranged transversely parallel to the jaw teeth. The hind legs of the frog are developed for leaping, and it has no use- less tail ; the body is contracted into a short space, and the few vertebrse are united into a single immovable piece, unprovided with ribs. The water salamanders, or newts, have a long tail, a slender flexible body, and all their organs are fitted for aquatic life. The structure of the bones is more compact and calcareous, and less transparent and flexible, than in fishes. The bones of the skull have their margins in contact, and occasionally united, but never overlapping. The hyoid bone changes largely in those genera undergoing metamorphosis in accordance with the develop- ment of the respiratory organ. The Batrachia are generally distinguished from the Reptilia by the absence of a scaly covering. The skin of aquatic genera is soft and smooth, and constantly moistened by the cutaneous secretions ; in land genera, as frogs and toads, the glands of the skin secrete a thick, whitish fluid. The cuticle is shed frequently. A few species are covered with horny scales. They begin life with the single heart and gills of fishes; but as their metamor- phosis goes on, the heart assumes the compound character necessary for the pul- monary respiration of the reptiles. In the development of the nervous system and the organs of the senses, they exhibit a slight advance upon the fishes. In the first 616 B ATRAC HI A. Btagi'8 the circulation through the branchial apparatus is exactly the same as in ilie 6shes; but later pulmonary arteries make their appearance, lungs arc develop(H), and aerial respiration commences. The class has been divided into five orders, namely : Amphipneusta, Anura, Uro- della, Abranchia, and Apoda. None of the Palaeozoic fossil families are referred to any of these orders except the Cocytinidae, and the correctness of that reference is exceedingly doubtful. All other Palseozoic fossils are referred to orders whicli have become extinct. The change, either by progression into higher classes of the vertebrate kingdom, or by retrogression to an inferior state, is strongly marked. The Urodella, to which the Cocytinidse are referred, have long, slender bodies, four limbs, which are sometimes very small, and occasionliy the toes are furnished with claws, and a long, persistent tail ; no external branchiae, but in some species there is a branchial aperture on each side of the neck, within which are the branchial arches, with their laminae ; lungs well developed, skin smooth, or covered with warty prominences, and furnished with numerous glands, which secrete an acrid, viscid fluid. In general form they resemble the lizards, which belong to the Rep- tilia. Th aquatic and land salamanders belong to this order. The first Batrachia are found in the Coal Measures. They increase rapidly in numbers, and spread out in progressive evolution through the Permian Group, and reach their highest development and largest size in the Triassic, and since that time they have declined or retrograded, and now constitute a very inferior grade of the Vertebrata. The Animal Kingdom has been divided into classes and orders upon a basis which constitutes, as it is supposed, a natural system, and the more recent study of embryology has demonstrated that this natural system corresponds with the phases of embryonic history in all, or nearly all, its [parts, and the study of Palaeontology has proven beyond all peradventure that there has been a succession of organic types from the ea-liest geological time to the present, which is stamped upon the embryonic growth of living animals, and coincides with the grades estab- lished by the natural system of classification. It follows that when the Palseozoic orders are distinct from the living, the class has been more comprehensive than the definition given by zoologists. Indeed, all the fossils can not be strictly embraced within the prescribed limits of the Uatrachia. Many of them might be included witl.in the Reptilia, because they combine Batra- chian and Reptilian characters, and where the latter prevail probably they should be classed with the Reptilia. Some of them, however, rise a step higher in the animal system, and include Batrachian and Mammalian characteristics, and for this reason it is urged by the evolutionists that the Mammalia descended from the Ba- trachia, without having passed through the Reptilian stage. In other words, what is here included is a comprehensive type of animal existence not limited by the bounds which define the living Batrachia. The arrangement of the fossils into orders and families mu>jt be regarded as provisional, and only approximating the present learning, for the following reasons, in addition to those which will be apparent to the specialist : 1. There are several synonyms of orders and families. 2. No one has published a complete classification from which the author could compile the learning. 3. The author has never had an opportunity to study the fossils of this class and have an opinion of his own to assert or defend. ACH. I BATRACHIA. 617 Order Archrgosauria. Family ARCHyf-MOSAtiRiDiE — Brachydectes, Hylerpeton. Order Ganocephala. Family CoLOSTEiDiH. — Amphibamus, Colosteus, Sauropleura. Order Labyrinthodontia. Family Baphetid^. — Baplictes. Family Trematosaurid^e — Cricotus. Order Microsatiria. Family Dii'LocAULiDiE. — Diplocaulus. Family EosauriDjE. — Eosaurus. Family MoLuopiiiUiE. — Molgophis, Pleuroptyx. Family PELioNiDi*}. — Hylonomus, Pelion. Family Phlegethontiid^. — PLlegethontia. Family Ptyoniid^:.— Ceraterpeton, Hyphasma, Oestocephalus, Ptyonius, Thyrsidium. Family Tuditanidve. — Dendrerpetou, Leptopliractus, Tuditanus. Order Pelvcosauria. FAMILY B0LO8AURID.E. — Bolosaurus, Chilonyx, Lysorophus. Family Diadectid^:. — Diadectes, Helodectes. Family CLEPSYDROPSiOiE. — Archiuobolus, Clepsydrops, Dimetrodon, Ectocy- uodon, Embolophorus, Empedias, Metarmosaurus, Pariotichus, Thero- pleura. Family Edaphosaukid^. — Edajjhosaurus, Pantylus. Order Rhachitoma. Family ERYOPsiDiE. — Acheloma, Anisodexis, Eryops, Ichthyacanthus, Trimer- orachis, Zatrachys. Order Urodella. Family Cocytinid^. — Co^iytinus. Order and Family Uncertaix. -Chirotherium, CoUettosaurus, Nothodon, Ophiacodon, Sauropus, Sphaeropezium, Sphenacodon, Thenaropus. AcHKLOMA, Cope, 1882, Pal. Bull. No. 35, and Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, p. 455. [Ety. a, without; cheloma, a notch.] Man- dible without angular process; teeth Bubequal, rather larger anteriorly; pterygoid bone ending in a free, re- curved edge anterior to the quadrate bone; palatines and pterygoids nar- row ; palatal foramen wide , posterior border of cranium entire ; without notch on the external side of the epiotic bone ; vertebrae rhachitomous. Type A.cum- minsi. cumminsi. Cope, 1882. Pal. Bull. No. 35, and Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., p, 456, Per- mian. 618 B ATRAC HI A. [amp.— BOI,. Ahphibamus, Cope, 1865. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil,, p. 134. [Ety. amphi, both ; hama, a step ; from its two modes of /( inous ; neural spines of caudal verte- brae well developed ; (?) centra. Type A. grandiceps. grandiceps. Cope, 18(>5, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 134, and Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 2, p. i;», Coal Meas. Anisodexis, Cope, 1882, Piil. Bull. No. 35, and Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, p. 4r)9. [Ety. ani808, uiie(|iial ; dex\», a bite.] Teeth on premaxillary ; maxil- lary, and dentary bones of unequal lengths, some very large, others very small ; dentinal inflections straight, nearly reaching tlie pulp-cavity; cranial bones sculptured ; ver- tebru! rhachitomous. Type A. imbricarius. imbricarius. Cope, 1882, Pal. Bull. No. 35, iuvi Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, p. 459, Permian. AacTiyEOBELUs, Copc, 1877, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 17, p. 192. [Ety. archaios, ancient; belos, a weapon.] Maxillary bone with a large, hol- low tooth, with, two opposite shallowgrooves at the base; crown hollow ; skeleton un- known. Type A. velli- oatas. vellicatus, Cope, 1877, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 17, p. 192, Per- mian. Bapiibtes, Owen, 1853, Jour. Geo. Soc. London, vol. 10, p. 207. [Ety. bapto, I dip or dive, a diving animal.] Teeth conical, curved ; outer series one or two lines in diameter, inner series three lines or more; implanted and anchy- losed in shallow sockets; lower third of teeth longitudinally striated ; cranial bones corru- gated ; head broad. Type B. planiceps. minor, Dawson, 1870, Can. Nat. and Geol., Coal Meas. planiceps, Owen, 1853, progressing, swimming, and walking,] j Jour. Geo. Soc. I^ndon, vol. 10, p. 207, Teeth small, simple, equal on margins i and Acad. Geol., p. 359, Coal Meas. of jaws ; sclerotic plates on eye ; table ■ Bolosaurus, Cope, 1878, Pal. Bull. No. 29, of vertex produced ; no horns ; pro- j and Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 17, p. podial bones distinct ; tarsus cartiiag- I 506. [Ety. bolot, a lump ; sauros, a Viz- li"^^ Fio. 1178.— Ampliibniiiusgrunuiceps. Two dtani. BRA. — COC] BATRACHIA. 6l» ard.] Teeth fixed in shallow alveoli, with crowns expanded transversely to the jaw, swollen at the base, apex low and divided vertically ; the postero* internal half in the maxillary series is low and horizontal, the antero-external portion forms a curved cusp; in the lower jaw the relative position of the ledge and cusp is reversed. Type B. striatus. Fig. 1179.— Bitphetes planlceps. rapidms, see Chilonyx rapidens. striatus. Cope, 1878, Pal. Bull. No. 29, and Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 17, p. 507, Permian. FlQ. 1180.— Brachydectes iiewberryl. Brachypectes, Cope, 1868, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 214. [Ely. brachys, short; deletes, a biter.] Rami short, stout; teeth subequal, elonfrate, cylindric cones with acute tips turned posteriorly, pulp-cavity large; skeleton unknown. Type B. Newberryi. newberrvi, Cope, 1868, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliil., p. 214, and Ohio Pal, vol. 2, p. 388, Coal Meas. Fig. 1181.— Ceraterpetoii tenuicorne. Ckratkrpkton, Huxley. [Ety. keras, horn ; erpeton, reptile.] Teeth simple, equal on outside of jaws ; angles of interca- lary bones produced into horn-like processes; cranial bones sculptured. vertebrae undivided ; carpus and tarsus osseous, lineopunctatum, Cope, 1876, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 372, Coal Meas. tenuicorne. Cope, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 372, Coal Meas. Chirothbrium, Kaup, 1835, in Leonhard und Bronn Neues Jahrbuch fur Min- eralogie. [Ety. cheir, the hand ; therion, beast.] Represented by foot impres- sions only. Toes robust, the internal shorter and divergent from the others. Sole (or palum) short, wide. Type C. barthi. reiteri, Moore, 1873, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 5, p. 292, Coal Meas. Chilonyx, Cope, 1883^ Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 20, p. 631. [Ety. cheilos, lip; onyx, claw.] Long diameter of the crowns of the teeth transverse to the jaw, and each crown contracting to a slightly in- curved apex; maxillary teeth short; temporal fossse roofed; superior sur- face of cranium divided in areas by grooves. Type C. rapidens. rapidens. Cope, 1878, (Bolosaurus rapi- dens,) Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 17, p. 506, and vol. 20, p. 631, Permian, Ci.EPs\ DROPS, Cope, 1876, Proc Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 407. [Ety. klepsydra, an hour-glass; ops, appearance.] Intercen- tra present ; neural spines only elongate posteriorly ; premaxillary teeth not es- pecially elongate; one or two long maxillary teeth ; no grinding teeth. Type C. colletti. colletti. Cope, 1876, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 407, Permian. aigas, see Dimetrodon gigas. leptocephalus. Cope, 1884, Pal. Bull. No. 39, p. 30, Permian, linibatus. Cope, 1877, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, p. 196, Permian ot Triassic. macrospondylus. Cope, 1884, Pal. Bull. No. 39, p. 35, Permian, natalis. Cope, 1878, Pal. Bull,, No. 29, and Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 17, p. 509, Permian, pedunculatus. Cope, 1877, Proc, Am. Phil, Soc, p. 63, Permian, vinslovi. Cope, 1877^ Proc. Am. Phil, Soc. p. 62, Permian. CocYTiNus, Cope, 1871, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, p. 177, and Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 360. [Ety. mytholog- ical name.] Vertebrse and ribs osseous; teeth on the premax- illary bone; none on the incxil- lary ; axial hyal with basihyal on each side united with correspond- ing ceratohyal at the end of which is an element in position of stylohyal ; hicmal or basal branchihyals three, the anterior two each supporting one pleural branchi- hyal and the third supporting one; haemal branchihyai on the inner side of the ceratohyal, approaching the me- 620 B ATRAC HI A. [COl,.— MM. dian line, and with elonsate pleural element. Type C gyrinoi(k8. Fig. Fig. 1182.-Cocylinaa gyrinoldes. gyrinoides, Cope, 1874, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, and Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 364, Coal Meas. CoLLKTTOSAUKus, Cox, 1874, Gco. Sur. Ind., 5th Ann. Rep., p. 247. [Ety. proper name ; taurm,a, lizard.] Founded upon tracks having five digits, and supposed to be related to Batruchians and Salamanders. Type C. Indian- ensis. indianensis, Cox, 1873, Geo. Sur. Ind., 5tli Ann. Rep., p. 247, Coal Meas. CoLosTEus, Cope, 1869, Trans. Am. Phil. Sf , p. 22. [Ety. Mas, imperfect ; otieon, a bone.] No vertebral centra, spines, or sclerotic bones; short ribs; two pairs of short limbs ; three sculp- tured pectoral bones; abdominal region protected by scales in chevron ; ? an- terior teeth longer than posterior, basal half incised sulcate, except two behind the dentary. Type C. foveatus. crassisculatm, Cope, syn. for C. scutellatus. foveatus, Cope, 1869, Trans. Am. Pliil. Soc, p. 24, and Oiiio Pal., vol. 2, p. 406, Coal Meas. marshi, see Ptyonius marshi. pauciradiatus. Cope, 1874, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, p. 10, and Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 408, Coal Meas. scutellatus, Newberry, 1856, (Pygopterus scutellatus,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 98, and Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. .407, Coal Meas. Cricotds, Cope, 1876, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 405. [Ety. krikotos, ringed.] Centra undivided, equal to the disci- form intercentra in the caudal region, intercentra a little smaller in the dorsal region ; neural spines and zygapophy- ses ; developed foramen ; chordae dor- salis persistent; teeth equal, except probably the palatines; limbs short, a facial lyra. Type C. heteroclitus. crassidiscus, Cope, 1884, Pal. Bull. No. 39, p. 28, Permian. discophoruB, Cope, syn. for C. heteroclitus. gibsoni, Cope, 1877, Pal. Bull. No. 26, and Proc Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 17, p. 185, Permian. heteroclitus, Cope, 1876, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 406, Permian. hypantricuB, Cope, 1884, Pal. Bull. No. 39, p. 30, Permian. , , >... >, Demdrbbpeton, Owen, 1863, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 9, p. 68. [Ety. dendmn, a tree ; erpeton, a lizard, from the ( ir- cumstance under which the reptile ^^ as found.] Teeth in double series; outir simple, flattened, conic; inner seiit-s conical, with inflected folds of cement; teeth on the vomer; skull-bones corru- gated ; body protected below with oviite or rhomboidal bony scales, imbricatiil, horny scales above; fore-limbs tlie larger; tail natatory; vertebrse bicon- cave ; neural arches and bones ossifi* (1. Tvpe D. acadianum. acaaianum, Owen, 1853, Quar. Jour. Gto. Soc, vol. 9, p. 58, and Acadian Geology, p. 362, Coal Meas. 1188— Dendrerpeton acadianum. tooth magnlflpd. (a) Cross seotloii of obtumm, see Tuditanus obti)9us. oweni, Dawson, 1863, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 19, p. 469, and Acad. Geol., ji. 368, Coal Meas. DiADECTES Cope, 1878, Pal. Bull. No. '29, and Proc, Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 17, p. 505. [Ety. dia, crosswise; deckton, a biter.] Teeth with much compressed crowns, with bracket-shaped edge, longer axis transverse to the jaws, edges of crowns obtuse, no sculpture on the face. Alveoli not separated. External alveolar border more elevated than the internal, inner alveolar border pierced by a fossa behind the inner e- 'em- ity of each tooth. Type D. sid lopel- icus. latibuccalus, see Empedias latibuccatus. molaris, see Empedias molaris. pMseolinw, see Empedias phaseolinus. sideropelicus. Cope, 1878, Pal. Bull. No. 29, and Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 17, p. 505, Permian. DiMiiTRODON, Cope, 1878, Pal. Bull. No. 29, and Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 17, p. 512. [Ety. dimetros, two measures; odous, tooth.^ Dentition with enor- mously long incisors and two or three long maxillaries; the pubic bone not distinct from ischium; humerus with trochlear condyles and a defined proxi- mal articular surface ; neural spines of dorsal and lumbar vertebrse enor- mously elongate; intercentra present. Type D. inclcivus. cruciger. Cope, 1878, Am. Naturalist, vol. 12, p. 830, Permian. gigas. Cope, 1878, Am. Nat., p. 327, (Clep- sydrops gigas,) and Proc. Am. Phil. »}c., vol. 17, p. 616, Permian. 1)1 f. — BPI.] BATRACHIA. H21 and bones oseifit d. (a) CroM Beotion of Am. Naturalist, vol. incisivuB, Cope, 1878, Pal. Ball. No. 29, and Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., vol. 17, p. 512, Permian. rectiformis. Cope, 1878, Pal. Bull. No. 29, and Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., vol. 17, p._ 614, Permian. Kemiradicatus, Cope, 1881, Bull. U. S. Geo. Sur. Terr., vol. 6, No. 1, p. 80, Permian. DiPLocAiiLUS, Cope, 1877. Pal. Bull. No. 26, and Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 17, p. 187. f£ty. dipfoos, double ; ^auton, stem.] Vertebral centra contracted medially, perforated by the foramen chordae dor- salis, co-OBsified with the neural arch and supporting transverse processes; zygosphen articulation ; two rib articu- lations, one below the other; axis and atlas united by a long zygosphen which is not roofed by the zygantrum ; no neural spine, atlas insegmented ; arch exterded into the foramen magnum; squamosal region developed into a horn. Sliull sculptured. Type D. sala- mandroides. magnicornis, Cope, 1882, Pal. Bull. No. 35, and Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, p. 453, Permian. Bulamandroides, Cope, 1877, Pal. Bull. No. 26, and Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 17, p. 187, Permian. Ectocynodon, Cope, 1878, Pal. Bull. No. 29, and Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, p. 508. [Ety. ektjoi, eternal ; kuon, dog ; odova, tooth.] Cranium short, wide, large post frontal bones, large orbit ; bones sculptured but no lyra ; teeth rhizo- dont, crowns elongated, compressed, anterior and posterior cutting edges; one between the orbit and nostril larger and longer than the others, and lying outside of the closed dentary bone; mandibular symphysis not su- tural but ligamentous. Type E. or- dinatus. aguti. Cope, 1882, Pal. Bull. No. 35, and Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, p. 451, Permian. ordinatus. Cope, 1878, Pal. Bull. No. 29, and Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, p. 508, Per- mian. Edaphosaurub, Cope, 1882, Pal. Bull. No. 35, and Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, p. 448. [Ety. edaphos, pavement ; aauros, a liz- ard.] Temporal fossee not overroofc-d; cranial bones not sculptured ; mandib- ular and maxillary teeth subequal; mandibular ramus expanded inward and supporting numerous teeth; pterygoid or malar bones supporting a dense body of teeth corresponding to those in the lower jaw; teeth subconical. Neural spinea greatly elongate, hollow. Type £. pogonias. microdus. Cope, 1884, Pal. Bull. No. 39, p. 37, Permian. pogonias, Cope, 1882, Pal. Bull. No. 36, and Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, p. 449, Permian. Embolophobus, Copt, 1878, Pal. Bull. No. 29, and Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 17, p. 518. [Ety. [baUo, I throw ; em, into ; pltoroB, bearing.] Neural arch co-owi- fled, zygapophyses and diapophyses well developed; centra not ochordal; intercentra narrowed and transversely extended ; ribs two-headed, the capita- lum is received into a fossa of the pos- terior border of the intercentrum, in advance of the vertebra which supports the diapophysis, to which the tubercu- lum is attached. Type £. fritillus. fritillus. Cope, 1878, Pal. Bull. No. 29, and Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 17, p. 618, Permian. Empedias, Cope, 1883, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 20, p. 63. Proposed instead of Empedocles of Cope in 1878, which was preoccupied. Teeth with elongate crowns, with flat grinding surface but bracket^shaped in transverse vertical section, arranged transversely to the long axis of the jaws ; no cauines ; incisors wearing chisel-shaped; temporal fossa covered; vertebrae with hyposphen on the posterior and hypantrum on the anterior face and short quadrate neural spines. Type E. alatus. alatus. Cope, 1878, (Empedocles alatus,) Proc Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 17, p. 516, Permian. fissuii. Cope, 1883, (Empedocles fissus,) Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, p. 634, Permian. latibuccatus. Cope, 1878, (Diadectes lati- bucoatus,) Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 17, p. 505, Permian. molar is, Cppe, 1878, (Diadectes molaris,) Am. Nat., vol. 12, p. 565, and Pal. Bull. No. 32, p. 10, Permian. phoseolinus. Cope, 1880, (Diadectes pha- seolinus,) Pal. Bull. No. 32, p. 9, Per- mian. Empedocles, Co-^e, 1878, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 17, p. 16. The name was preoc- cupied, see Empedias. alatus, see Empedias alatus. Jams, see Empedias fissus. EoHAFBiTS, Marsh, 1862, Can. Nat. and Geo., vol. 7, and Acadian Geol., p. 382. [Ety. eos, the dawn; sauros, a sea- fish.] Founded upon vertebrae, with biconcave centra and free neural arch, and closed not ochordal fora- men. Type E. acadianus. acadianus,Marsh, 1862, Can. Nat. p^g HM.-Eosaurus aoadl- and Geol., vol. anus, y^ Dlam. a, Trana- 7, and Acad, verse section. Geol., p. 382, Coal Meas. Epicordylm, Cope, 1878, Pal. Bull. No. 29, and Proc Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 17, p. 616. [Ety. epi, upon; AordylM, a water- lizard.] Syn. foi" Eryops. BATRACHIA. [8RV.- ICH. tr\i^rair of weak posterior limbs; branchibyal bones present. Type O. remex. arrjphiutmnus, Cope, 1868, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., syn. for O. remex. 684 H ATRAC HI A. [OPH.— I HI. pectinatm, Cope, nee I'tyoniiia pectinatun. rectidens, Cono, 1874, TraoH. Am, PhU.Soc, and Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. m\, Coal Meas. ruinex, Cone, 1808, Proc. Acad. Nat. 8cl. p. 217, (Bauropleura retnex,) Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 381, Coat Meas. terrula, nee PtyoniuH Berrula. vinchellanus, see Ptyoniua vinchellanus. Opiiiacodon, Marah, 1878, Am. Jour. Hci. and Artfl, 8d ser., vol. 16, p. 411. [Kty. ophiaho», belonging to serpents; mom, tooth.] Type 0. grandis. grandis. Marsh, 1878, Am. .Tour. Hci. and Arts, :M ser., vol. 16, p. 411, Permian. mirus. Marsh, 1878, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 15, p. 411, Permian. Omithichnitea, Hitchcock, 1836, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. 29. [Kty. omithon, a bird ; ichnoa, a footstep.] This is not properly a generic name. No bird-tracks are known in Palii^ozoic rocks. The Batracliian tracks referred to it belong to another genuH. cidbertHoni, King, 1845, Am. Jour. Sci. and ArtH, vol. 48, p. ;M5, Coal Meas. gatlinntoides, King, 1845, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. 48, p. 344, Coal Meas. Pantyi.us, Cope, 1881, Bull. U. 8. (Jeo. Sur. Terr., vol. 0, No. 1, p. 7». [Ety. pan, all ; tylos, a knob.] Founded upon the crania; ossification tiomplete, leaving only orbits, nostrils, and parietal fonta- nel ; surface sculptured ; mandible witti an angular process ; teeth conic, obtuse, larger anteriorly ; mandible sup- porting several rowH of teeth, which oppose a pavement of obtuse teeth on the palate; these are situated on the Ealatine or anterior part of pterygoid ones ; quadratojugal and malar bones well developed ; no lyra or mucous grooves. Type P. cordatus. cordatUH, Cope, 1881, Bull. U. 8. Geo. Sur. Terr., vol. 0, p. 79, Permian. PARioTiciitis, Cope, 1878, Pal. Bull., No. 29, and Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 17, p. 608. [Ety. vareia, the cheek ; teichot, a wall.] Founaed on the cranium. Temporal fosste were covered by a roof continu- ous with the postorbital region ; 7,y(;o- matic arch extends low down; orbits lateral; muzzle short, with terminal nares; teeth rooted, (Towns obtuse, with cutting edge. Type P. brachyops. brachyops. Cope, 1878, Pal. Bull., No. 29. and Proc. Am. Phil. Hoc, vol. 17, p. 508, Permian. megalops. Cope, 1883, Pal. Bull., No. 36, and Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 20, p. 630, Permian. Parioxys, Cope, 1878, Pal. Hull., No. 29, and Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 17, p. 521. EEty. pareia, cheek ; oxyt, sharp.] Syn. or Eryops, ferricolm, see Eryops ferricolus. Pblion, Wyman, 1868, Proc Acad. Nat Sci. Phil., p. 211. [Ety. proper name.] Founded upon an inferior view of part of the skeleton ; head as broad as long, semielliptical ; angles of mandibleH :>r(i- ject bacKward ; mandibular rami h!rn- der, curved; vertebra; have central as broad as long, and medially contrariid; fore limbs stout; humeri loni;, thick- ened proximally, flattened and diliited distally ; ulna and radius united iin.xi- mally, narrowing the arm proximally while expanded distally ; left hand ex- hibits four digits, of which the third from the inner is the longer; nuiiilii-r of phalanges is 2, 3, 47; carpus not ns- seous. Type P. lyelli. Fia. lino.-rellon lyelli. lyelli, Wyman, 1858, (Raniceps lyelli,) Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 2d ser., vol. 25, p. 158, and Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 389, Coal Meas. I Fia. U9l.-Piiiegethoiitla llnearlB. PiiLBOBTiiONTiA, Cope, 1871, Proc Am. Soc, p. 177. [Eiy. Phlegethm,i Phil. Soc, p. 177 burning river of heV [Et [I.] Head elongate, pr.if.— 9AtJ.| BATRACHIA. H25 )B of manrlibleH mio- ndibular mini hUn- »r«e have centr;i as nedially contrail nl; liiimeri long, tliiik- aliened and diluted adiuM uniled iimxi- lie arm proxinuilly itally ; left liaml tx- of which tlie third ;he longer; nniiilicr 1, 47; carpus not (ih- lli. &o Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 2, p. 367, Am. Phil. Soc, , vol. 2, p. 367, 1 ellon lyelU. (Ranicepslyelli.jAm. ,2d8er., vol.25,i).158, 2, p. 389, Coal Meas. ;ethontls linearis. )e, 1871, Proc. Am. ', [Ely. Phlegethm, » hell.] Head elongate, triangular; body and tail extremely elongate ; dorsal vertebra; without ribs, caudala without dilated spines ; no vertebnt- armature; no limbs. Type P. linearis. linearis. Cope, 1871, Proc, 177, and Ohio Pal, joal Meas. serpens, Cope, 1871, Proc p. 177, and Ohio Pal. Coal Meas. l'i,EUuoi-i'YX, Cope, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 370. [Ety. phura, a rib ; plyx, a fold, wing.] Founded upon the vertebral column and ribs ; vertebrae of moderate length, zygapophyses well developed, short neural spine in the dorsal region, not sculptured ; ribs short, stout, and support a wing on the posterior or con- vtr." border, which expands downward, and il^en abruptly contracts to the Bhaft; it is broad and truncate, and in ci;ides a medullary cavity partially filled witr cancellated tissue. TypeP.clavatus. clavatu^. Cope, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 870, Coal Meas. Ptyonius, Cope, 1876, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 373. [Ely. ptyon, a fan.] Form elon- gate, with long tail and lane e o 1 a t e cranium ; limbs weak, only poste- rior known; three pec- toral shields ; abdomen protected by packed os- seous rods arranged in chevron with •angle direct- ed forward ; neural and h ee m a 1 spines of caudal ver- tebrae ex- panded and tan-like ; ribs well devel- oped ; teeth small, nu- merous, aim- pie or groov- ed. Type P. nummifer. marshi. Cope, 1875, (Colos- teus marshi,) Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 14, p. 24, and Ohio Pal., vol 2, p. 375, Coal Meas. nummifer, Cope, 1876, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 374, Coal Meas. Pm. 1192.— Ptyonius serrula. pectinatus. Cope, 1868, (Sauropleura pec- tinata, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 216, and Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 377, Coal Mens. serrula, Coi)e, 1871, (Oestocephalus ser- rula,) Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, p. 177, and Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 379, Coal Meas. vinchellanuB, Cope, 1871, (Oestocephalus vinchellanus,) Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., p. 177, and Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 376, Coal Meas. PygopteruH, Agassi/., 1833, Recherch. Poiss. scutellatwi, see (/'olosteus scutellatus. Jianicepi, \Vyman, 1858, Am. Jour. Sci.and Arts. The name was preoccupied by Cuvier,and Pelion has been substituted. lyelli, see Pelion lyelli. Rhachilomut, Cope, 1878, Pal. Bull. No. 29, and Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 17, p. 526. [Kty. rachis, the backbone; tomos, cut.] Syn. for Eryops. valem, syn. for Eryops megaceplialus. Sauroi'i.bura, Cope, 1868, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., n. 216, and Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 402. [Ely. tauroH, a lizard ; pkuron, a rib.] Vertebrn; and ribs well devel- oped ; limbs four, largo ; five digits in the fore foot; carpuH cartilaginous ; ven- tral armature of closely arranged rhom- boidal scuta, arranged in lines closely placed in chevrons, with the angle an- terior: teeth of ikbyrinthodont type, with deeply inflected enamel and acute apex. Type S. digitata. digitata. Cope, 1808, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 216, and Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 403, Coal Meas. longipet, see Tuditanus lon^pes. newberryi, Cope, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 404, Coal Meas. pecliTMla, see Ptyonius pectinatus. remex, see Oestocephalus remex. Sauropus, Lea, 1849, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 10. [Ely. saurog, a lizard ; poua, foot.] Founded upon tracks ; five robust toes, the inner having the same direc- tion as the others, and not divergent as in Chirolherium; palm or sole short, wide. Type 8. primtiivus. Fia. UOit.— Hauropus prlmosvus. piiaiHiVUH, Lea, 1849, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 10, Coal Meas. sydnensis, Dawson, 1868, Acad. Geol., p. 368, Goal Meas. unguifer, Dawson, 1872, Geo. Mag. Lond., vol. 9, Coal Meas. 626 B ATRAC HI A. [8PH.— Tim. 8piienacoi)on, Marsh, 1878, Am. Jour. 8ci., and ArUi, 3d ser, vol. 15, p. 410. [Ety. tphen, a wedge; akh, a barb; odoiM, tooth.1 Type 8. ferox. ferox, Marsli, 1878, Am. Jour. Sci. and Art8, 8d Her., vol. 15, p. 410, Permian. Spii'BROPBZiuif, King, 1846, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. 48, p. 346. [Ety. tphaira. spheru ; jptzia, sole of the foot.] Founded upon tracks representing a round de- pression for the ball of the foot, and Ave depressions for digits. Type 8. lep- todactylum. leptodactylum, King, 1845, Am. Jour. 8ci. and Arts, vol. 48, p. 345, Goal Meas. ovidactylum. King, 1846, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. 48, p. 347, Coal Meas. pachydactylum. King, 1845, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. 48, p. 346, Goal Meas. tbserodactylum. King, 1846, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. 48, p. 346, Goal Meas. Tbbnaropcs, King, 1845, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. 48, p. 343. [Ety. Oienarot, palm of the hand ; ipov*, foot.] Founded upon tracks. Type T. heterodactylus. heterodactylus. King, 1845, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. 48, Coal Meas. leptodactylus, King, 1846, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. 48, Goal Meas. ' ovidactylus, King, 1846, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. 48, Goal Meas. pachydactyluB, King, 1846, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. 48, Goal Meas. sphserodactylus. King, 1845, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. 48, Coal Meas. Thbroplkura, Cope, 1878, Pal. Bull. No. 29, and Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 17, p. 619. [Ety. thero, to burn ; pleura, side.] Pelycosaurian reptiles with free neural arch, and a capitular costal articulation on the centrum, and no known inter- centrum ; neural spines not elongate ; teeth equal. Type T. retroversa. obtusidens. Cope, 1880, Pal. Bull. No. 32 D 4 Pcriniftii retroversa', Cope, 1878j Pal. Bull. No. 29, and Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 17, p. 619, Permian. triangulata. Cope, 1878, Pal. Bull. No. 29, and Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., vol. 17, p. 520, Permian. uniformis. Cope, 1878, Pal. Bull. No. 29, and Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 17, p. 619, Permian. Thybbididm, Cope, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 365. [Ety. thyrsoi, a rod with leaves.] Founded upon a latero-inferior view oi the spinal column; diapophyses en- larged, fan-like; centra contracted; abdomen protected by hair-like rods in chevron, with angle directed forward. Type T. fasciculare. faaciculare. Cope, 1875, Ohio Pal., vol. 2, p. 366, Coal Meas. Triiiebobacbis, Cope, 1878, Pal. Bull. No. 29, and Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 17, p. 524. [Ety. trimeros, tripartite; rachu, the backbone.] Centrum rhachitri- mouB, represented by three cortical oh- siflcations of the chorda-sheath, a nu*- dian inferior and two lateral; the lateral are distinct, and in contact with the neurapophyses above, and the posterior border of the median segment in front ; neural arch joins the lateral elementn' and is in slight contact with the lateral summits of the inferior element; the halves of the neural arch are co-ohhI- fled, and support zvgapophyses. but no neural spine: cranial bones sculptured; parasphvnoia flat; external nostrils large, superior; ansle of mandible little produceu; glenoid cavity transverse; deep internal pterygoM fossa ; no c^oro- noid process; symphy^'s short; ttsth conic, two series in the upper jaw, the large ones anterior; ribs short, heads expanded. Type T. insignis. bilobatas, Cope, 1883, Pal. Bull. No. lie, and Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 20, p. f)29, Permian. insignis, Cope, 1878, Pal. Bull. No. 29, and Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 17, p. .')24, Permian. ToDiTANOS, Cope, 1871, Proc. Am. Phil. 84>n — Doubtful, changeable. Amicnus, a, um — Pleasant, charming. Amphibolus, a, um — Ambiguous. Am))lexicaulis, e — Embracing the stalk or frtem. Amplexus— An encircling, surrounding. Ampliatus, p, u-n — Enlarged. Amplus, a, um- -Ample, spacious, roomj'. Ampullaceus, a, um — In the form of a fiask. Amygdaliformis, f — In form like the almond. Anabathra — A ladder. Analogus, a, um— Analogou''. Anatiformis, e— Like Anatifa. Anatinus, a, um — Of or pertaining to the (luck. Anceps— Doable, two-headed, doiibtful. Anchoralis, e — Of or pertaing to an anchor. Arcilla— A hand-maid. Anellus— A little ring. Anguineus, a, urn — Strpentlike. Angularis, t— Angular, cornered. Angulatus, 9. uni — Having corner?. Angulos"'^, a, um — Full of corners. Angustatus, a, um— Narrowed. Angu9tif( liup, a, um — Narrow-leaved. AngUHti pinna — A narrow feather. Augustus, a, um — Narrow, straight, not sprcious. AiiiiectauF — Connected together. Annulariifolius, a, um — Having ring-shaped leaves. Annulatu", a, um— Annulated, ringed. Aunuliferus, a, um— Ring-bearing Anomalus, a, um — Anomalous, not con>ing under the rule. Anonymus, a, um — Nameless. Anttceptus, a, um— Anticii)ated. AOtennariuo, a, um — Pertaining to the an- fennaj. Antheloideu?, a, um — Like Anthelia. Anthracinufl, », um — Coal-black. AntiquariuH, a, um — Pertaining to antiquity. Antiquatus, a, um— Antiquated, ancient. Antujuus, a, um— Ancient, old. Annularis, e— Relating to ihe signet niv- Annularius, a, um — Of oc ptrtaiuing to the signet ring. Annulalus, a, um — Annulated, ring- d. Annnlus— A. ring. Anertup, a, um— Opened, uncovered. Apiralis, e— Sharp- pointed. Apicuiatus, a, um — Having a pointed ter- mination. Aplatus, a. um— Flattened. Appendiculatus, a, um — Having lateral ap- pendages. ApproximatuB, a. um — Approximated, ap- proaching nt^ar to. Aprinun, a, um — Pertaining to a wild boar. AquilinuB, a, um — Pertaining to the eagle, aquiline. Aracnnifoi mis, e— In form like a spider. Arachnoideup, a, um — Like a cobweb. Araneolus — A small spit.'^r. Aratus, a, um— Plowed. A rborescens — Tree-like, arborescent. Arboreus, a, um — Pertaining to a tiee. Arbu«cula — A shrub. Arcanus, a, um— Closed, ahut up. Archimediformis, e — Ar;himediform. Arcticus, a, um- -Arctic. Arctifossa- Close-wrinkle. Arctiporus, a, um — Having narrow pores. Arctostiiatus, a, um — Closely striated. Arclirostratup, «, um — Narrow-beaked. Arctisegmentus, a, um — Having narrow 8(Mr- ments. Arctus, a, um— Closed, pressed together, short. Arciiatus, a. um — Bent, curved like a br.w. Arcuosus, a, um — Full of arches, bent over. Arenaceus, a, um — Sandy. Arenariup, a, um — Pertaining to pand. Arenosus, a, um — Sandy. Areolatus, a, ura — Dividf d into irregiil.ir squares, or angular ppices. Argcntaiius, a, um — Of or pertaining to silver. A-genteu9, a, um — Of or made of pilver. Argenturbictis, a, um— Of or belonging to Silver City. Argulup, a, im — Sharply defined, distinct. Arietinus, a, \un — Of or from a rain. Armatus. a, um — Armed, equipped. Armiger, era, erum — Armed, war-like. Armosns, a, um — Many armed. Arr» ctarius, a, um — Erect. Arrectus, a, um — Erect, steep. Arrosua, a, um — Gnawed. Articulatus, a, um — Furnished with joiits, articulated. Arlii'ulosus, a, um — Full of knots, or di- visions. Artemisiifolius, a, um — Like the plant Artemisia. Aruiidinaceus, a, um — Like a reed. Aspectans— Expected, looked f ir. Asper, era, erum — Rough, uneven. Aaperatus, a, um — Roughened, irregular. Aapersup, a, um — Scattered, disperstd. Aspratilis, e- Rough. AsMmili-, e— Similar. Afavus- Ancestor. Attenuatup, a, um — Made tl.in, attei u it d. Attritus, a, um — Worn. Aucella— A little bird. Audaculus, a, um — Bold. Augustatup, a, um — Majestic. Anaustus, a, um — Auguitt. Auleticus, a, um — That is suitable fura |>ii)e. Anreatus, a, um — Adorn* d. Auricula— The ear. Auritus, a, um — Eared, Australis, e— Southern. Auxiliariua, a, um— Helping. Avicula — A small bird. Avitus, a, um — Ancestral. Avus — Grandfather. Bacca— A berry, a small, round fruit. Bacillum — A small staff. Baculiformip, e— Staff-shaped. nAC— BUI..] GLOSSARY. 631 )re8sed together, B tl.in, nttei mtil I'lii 'ulum — A staff or cudgel. liil inoidi'S— Like Balaaus. H:ilanu8— An acorn. Kitlteatus, a, um — Belted. Habatus, a, um — Bearded. r.,u yda* l/Ius, a, um — Heavy- fingered. I'liisalis, e — Pertaining lo the base. Bisiilticns, a, um — Basaltic. B.isilaris, e — Relating to the base. Basillcus, a, um— Splendid. I'l.lemnura — Having a ta'.l like a dart. IJtllarugosus, a, um — Bfi:utifuliy wrinkled. Bi'llatrema — Beautiful opening. Btllatulus, a, um — Pretty, n^at. Bellicirjctus, a, um — Beautifully banded. Bellicotjus, a, um— Warlike. Bel lifer, era, erum — Warlike. Bellilineatus, a, um — Beautifully lined B'llipunctus, a, um — Beautifully dotted. Bellistiiatus, a, um — Beautifully striated. Bellulus, a, um— Ver^r beautiful, pretty. Bellus, a, um — Beautiful. BeithoUetiformis, e — Like Bertholletia. Biacutus, a, um— Two-pointed. Bialveatus, a, um— Two-channeled. Biangulatus, a, um — Two-angled. Bii-arinatus, a, um — Two-keeled. Bicarpus, a, um— Tsvo-fruited. Biceps— Two-headed. Biiiiictus, a, um — Two-banded. BicUvatus, a, um — Two-clubbed. Bicorniger, era, erum — Two-horned. Bicornis, e — ".'wo-horned. Biiornutus, a, um — Two-horned. Bicostatus, a, um— Two-ribbed. Biiristatus, a, um— Double-peaked or two- crested. Bicnspidatus, a, um — Two-pointed. Bidens- Having two teeth, two-pronged. Bidcnfatus, a, um — Double-toothed. Bidorsalis, e — Double-backed. Bidorsatus, a, um — Having a double back. Bifarius, a, um — In two ways or parts, double. Bifi.Iatus, a, um— Cleft into two parts- Bifidus, a, um — Bifid, cloven in two parts. Bitissus, a, um— Cleft into two parts. Bifoliatus, a, um — Two-leaved. Biforatus, a, um— Two-holed or double- doored. Biformatus, a, um — Two-shaped. Biformis, e — Two-formed. Bifrons— With two forehaads. Bifiirea — A two-pronged fork. Bifurcatus, a, um — Bifurcated, forked. Bifiircus, a, um — Two-pronged. Biimbricatus, a, um — Double-imbricated. Biiugus, a, um — Yoked two together. Bilabiatus, a, um— Two-lipped. Bilameliatus, a, um — Having double la- mellte. Bilateralis, e — Two-sided BilineatuB, a, um--Twr -lined. BiliratuB, a, um — Two-furrowed. Bilix— Woven with a double thread, two- threaded. Bilobatus, a, um — Two-lobed. BilobuB, a, um — Two-lobed. Bimesialis, e— Having two middle parts. Bimiicronatua, n, um— Two-poin'ed. Binervin, e — Two-nerved. Biiiodus— Double knot. Biiiuinbonatus, a, um — Having double umbones. Bipartitus, a, um — Two-parted. Bipennis, e — Two- winged. Biplicatus, a, um — Two-plicated, or in two- folds. Bipunctatu", a, um — Bipunctate. Bipyramidalis, e — Double-pyramidal. Biaectus, a, um — Divided. Biserialis, e — In two series. Biseriatus, a, um— Having two rows or series. Biserrulatus, a, um — Double-serrulated. Bisinuatus, n, um — Having two depressions or furrows. Bispinulatus, a, um — Two-spine 1. Bispiralis, e — T wo-whorled. Bistriatus, a, um — Two-striated. Bisulcatus, a, um — Two fiirrowe, a, um— Stuilded witli knobp. Bulloides — Like a bubble. Bullulalus, a, um— Little ' esiclcd. Bursa — A purse. Bursiformis, e — Purse-sbaped. Cadens — Falling, terminnting. Cdduceua — The herald's start'. CaMiigenus, a, um — Born blind. Ca'lamen — A bass relief. Ca'lator — A carver. Ca'hitus, a, um — Engraved, carved. Ctespitosus, a, um — Turf-like. Calamitoideus, a, um — Like a Calamite. Calamus— A reed. Calantica — A covering for the bead. Calathus — A wicker basket. Calcaratus, a, um— Spurred, spur-shaped. Calcariformis, e — Like a spur. Calceolus — A small shoe. Crtlciferus, a, um— Calciferous. Calculus— A small stone. Caliculus— A small cup. Calix — A cup. (-allicephaluS) a, um— Having a beautiful head. Caliiteles- A beautiful tail. Callosus, a, um — Thick-skinned, callous. Calycinus — A little calyx. Calycularis, e— Like a little cup or flower- bud. Calyculoides— Like a little cup. Calyculus — A flower-cup. Calymenoides — Like Calymene. Calyx — Tlte cup of a flower. Canieratus, a, um — Arched. Cameriferus, a, um— Chambered. Cammarus — A lobster. Campaniformis, e— Bell-formed. Campanulatus, a, urn- Bell-shaped. Camurus, a, um — An arch, turned inward. Canal iculatus, a, um— Channeled, canalic- ulated. Canalis — A channel or groove. Cancellatus, a, um — Cross-barred, cancel- lated. Cancellosus, a, um— Finely cancellated or latticed. Canna— A reed. Canneus, a, um — Made of reeds. Canniformis — Like Canna. Cannaliratus, a, um— Reeil-furrowed. Cannula — A small reed. Capax — Large, spacious. Capillaceus, a, um — Similar to hair, stringy. Capillarifi, e — Of or pertaining to the liair. Capillatus, a, um— Having hair. Capillosus, a, um — Very hairy. Capitalis, e — Relating to the heail. Capitatus, a, um — Having a head. Capitellum— A small head. Capitolinus, a, um— Pi'rtaining to th" cip- itol, 8 tower. Oaponifornii*, e — Capon-formc d. CupreoluB— Propp, stays. Capularis, e — Pertaining to a coflin. Capuloides — Like a capulus. Capulus — A coffin or a handle. Caput-serpsntis- Serpent-head . Caput-testitudinis— Turtle-head. Carabus— A small wicker boiit. Carbonarius, a, um— Of or relating to com!. Carcharidens — Dog-fish tooth. Cardiiformis, e— Like a cardium. Cardinalis, e— Of or pertaining to a dooi- hieige, or principal. Cardinatus, a, um — Jointed, fitted tn, hinged. Cardineus, a, um— -Of or pertaining to u door-hinge. Carica— A kind of fig. Carinatus, a, um — Keeled. Cariniferus, a, um — Keel-bearing. Carnosus, a, um— Fleshy. Carus, a, um— Precious, valued. Cas.anea — A chestnut. Catactus, a, \un— Frail, easily broken. Catastomus, a, um — Gaping at tl e lower end. Catenoides— Chain-like. Catenulatus, a, um — A little chain Catilliformis, e — Dish-shaped. Catilloides —Dish-like. Catillus — A small dish. Catinus — A bowl. Caudagalli — Tail of a cock. Caudatus, a, um — Having a tail. Cauliculus — Small stalk or stem of a plant. Cavernosus, a, um— Full of hollows. Cavifolius, a, um — Hollow-leaved. Cavumbilicatus, a, um — Having a hollow umbilicus. Cavumbona — Hollow umbo. Cavus, a, um— Hollow, concave. Celator — A concealer, hider. Celebrus, a, lim— Abundant, Celer— Swift, fleet. Cellulosus, a, um — Full of cells. Celsipora — Fligh pore. CeL-us, a, um — Hijjh. Centennialis, e — The 100th year. Centralis, e — In the middle, central. Centratus, a, um — Central. Centrilineatup, a, um — Central-lined. Centronatu-", a, um— Having knots i»r points. Centrosus, a, um — In the central point. Cerasiformis, e— Like a ilrled cherry. Ceriiliioides — Like Cerithiuin. Cervicornis, e — Deer-horned. Cervinus, a, um — Pertaining (o a deer. Cessator — An idler, loiterer. Cetratus, a, um— Siiield-heariug. Cluerophylloides— Like Chseroiihyilum. Chitiformis, e— Hand-shaped. Cliiromorphns, a, um — Hand-formed. Chromaticus, a, um — Chromatic, coloreii. Chrysalis — Chrysalis. CicatricoBus, a, um — Full of scars. Ciceronius— Having warts. Ciliatus, a, um— Haired on the marfiiii, fringed. Cinctosus, a, um— Full of bands, girded. Cinctuluf — A small girt. [nvu — CIS. C!N.- COK.] GLOSSARY. 633 o a coflin. 18. idlo. head. -head. boiit. r rehiting to coal. Otl). irdium. aining to a dnoi- >inted, fittid to, 1 to a pertaining I. bearing. valued. asily broken, ping at tl e lower ttle chain aped. :k. ig a lail. or stem of a plant. 1 of hollows, ow-leaved. -Having a hollow nbo. concave, ider. lant. of cells. 0th year, ddle, central. ral. Central-lined. Having knots or :ie central point. I dried clierry. ithiuin. jrned. lining to a deer. ;erer. ■bearing. ChBerophyilum. _ihaped. -Hand- formed, hroniatic, colored. i all of scars. arts. •ed on the martrin, 1 of bands, girded, •t. Ciiutiira— A girdle. Ciiicins, a, uni — Banded, girdid. Ciiiclutus, a, um — Uiided. t'iiigulatns, a, um— -Encircled with linep, ;.'irded. Cingulosup, a, um— Covered with lines or zones. Cinguluin — A zone. Ciicinatus, a, um— Compassed, rounded. Ciivinctus, a, um — Encompassed. Circniaris, e— Circular, round. Circnhis — .\ circle. luiiciimliratiis, a, uin — Circular-lined. Cistclla— A small box. Cistnla — A little chest or coffer. Citus, a, um — Swift, speedy. Clurus, a, um— Cl^ar, brilliant, distinct. Ciatiiratus, a, um — Crosn-barred, latticed. Cliiiisus, a, um — Closed up. Clava — A stick. Clavacoideus, a, um — (Mubshaped. Cliivatulus— A little club. Clavatus, a, um — Knotted, club-shaped. Clavicula — A small twig. Clavifrons — Having a club-like front. Claviger — A dub-bearer. Clavigerus, a, um— Club-bearing. Clavis — A bar. Cluvulus — A little club, a small swelling, t'lavus — A nail, spike. ClinatUH, a, um — Inclined, bent. Cliiiocameratup, a, um — Curve-chambered. Clipeatum — Furnished with a shield. Clipeiformis, e — Shield-like. Clivosus, a, um — Full of hills. Cliviilatus, a, um — Having little hills. Clivulus— A little hill. Clyinenioides— Like Clymenin. Clypeatus, a, um — Armed wfth a shield. Clytis — Celebrated. Coalescens— Growing together. Coalitus, a, um — (Jrown tojjether. Coaptus, a, um — Closely joined. Coarctatus, a, um — Cnmprefsed, joined. Coclilearis, e — In the form of a snail shell. Cochleatus, a, um — Spiral. Cochleola — A small snail. Cof,'natus, a, um — Near to, cognate. Coliarens— Adhering together. CoUatus, a, um— Joined togetlier, collected. Collectus, a, um — Collected. Colliculus— A little hill. Colligatus, a, um — Bound together, fastened. Collinus, a, um— Hilly. Colon— The great intestine. Colubrellus— A little snake. ColubrinuB, a, um — Like a snake. Colubrosus, a, um — Winding. Columella — A small column. Coliimellatu^ a, um — Pillared. Columnaris, e— Columnar. Comes — A companion. Cotnis, e — Friendly, nice, delicate. Communis, e — Common. Commutatus, a, um — Changed, altered. ComosuSj a, um — Hairy. Oompactilis, e — Pressed together. Compactus, a, um — Compact. Compertus, a, um— Discovered, ascertained. Complanatiis, a, um — LeveK<', finoothed. Complexatus, a, um — Encirc'^d. Complexus, a, um — Siirroiin led, encircled. Compressus, a, um— Compi i^sed. Comptus, a, um- Ornamen id, elegant. Conatus — An effort. (!oncavu8, a, um — Coi. ,ve. Concentricus, a, um — Coiutenfric. Concinnulus, a, um— Small and beautiful. Concinnus, a, um — Beautiiul, neat. Conditus, a, um — Joined. Confectus, a, um — Completed. Confertus, a, um— Pressed close together. Confervoides — Like Conferva. Confirmatus, a, um — Made tirm,establi8lie 1. Conflexus — a, um — Bent. ('onfluens- Running together, blended. Conformalis, e— Similar. Confragosus. a, um — Rough, uneven. Confragus, a, um — Rough. Confusus, a, um — IMixed together, confused. Congener, eris — Congeneiie. Congestus, a, um — Accumulated, heaped. Conglobatus, a, um — Gathered in a louiid mass. Conglomeratus, a, um — Gathered together. Congregatus, a, um — Assembled tog-ther. Congregalis, e— Uniting together. Congruens— Corresponding, coinciding, rim- ing together. Coniculus — A little cone. Conicus, a, um — ('onical, cone-shaped. ConifoUis— An inflated cone. (!onifer, era, erum — Bearinz conical fruit. Coniformis, e — Cone-shaped. Conifrons— Having SI conical front. Coniger, era, erum— Bearing fruit of a con- ical form. Conjugans — Joined, united Conjunctivus, a, um — Connecting. Connatus, a, um — Connate, united, Connivens — Dissembling, closing. Conoideus, a, um — Somewhat conical. Consimilis, e— Wholly similar. Consobrinus — A cousin, relative, remotely allied. Consolidatus, a, um — Consolidated. Consolidus, a, um— Very firm. Consors — Living in common. Conspicuus, a, um — Visible, conspicuous. Constans — Standing firm. Constellatus, a, um — Very starry. Constrictostriatus, a, um— Constricted antl striated. Constrictus, a, um — Constricted. C'onsuetus, a, um — Customary, related to. Contextus, a, um — Entwined. Continena — Holding together. Contractus, a, um — Contracted. ContrituB, a, ura — Worn out. Conulatus, a, um — Having little cone.<>. Conulus — A little cone. Conus— A cone. Convergens — Converging. Convexus, a, um — Convex. Convolutus, a, um— Rolled up, spiral- whorled. Convolvans — Rolled together. Coralliferus, a, um —Coral-bearing. 634 GLOSSARY. [cor.— c \y\. Corallinum— Like red coral. Coralloides— Lik«* coial. Corbis — A baf-k»-t. Corbnla— A little l)aRket. Corbuliforniip, e— Like a basket. Cordatoovatus, a, nm— Cordate ovate. Cordatus, a, um— (Jonlaie, heart-shaped. Cordiformis, e — Heart-shaped. Coriaceus, a, urn — Couaceous, having die texture of rough skin. Coriformis, e — Like Coris. Corinthius, a, um— Corinlhian. Corium— A leather strap, bark. Corniculum — A little horn. Corniger, era, erum — Horned. Cornuformis, e — In the form of a horn. Cornu — A horn. Cornulum — A little horn. Cornutiformis, e — Horn-sliaped. CornutUB, a, um — Horned. Coronarins, a, um— Of or belonging to a wreath. Coronatus, a, um — Crowned. Corpulentus, a, um— Corpulent. Corrujratus, a, um — (^inmjated, wrinkled. Corticatus, a, um— Covert-d with bark. (-ortieosup, a, um — Having thick bark. Corylus — A hazel. Cosciniformis, e— Like Coscinium. Costa— A rib. Costalis, e— Ribbed. Costatiformis, e — Rib shaped. Costatulub, a, um— Small ribbed. Costatus, a, um — Having libs, ribbrd. Costelliferua, a, nm— Bearing faint ribs. Crassatup, a, um — Thickened. (Jrassi brachial us, a, um— Thick-armed. Crafsicardinalifi, r — Having a thick hinge. Craesiranda- Thick-t^il. Craspicaulis, c — Having a thick stem. Crassicostatus, a, um — Thick-ribbed. Crassidens— Having a thick tooth. Crassidisciis — A thick difk. Crassifrons- Having a tiiick front. Craseimarginatus, a. nm — Thick-margined. Crassinervis, c — Ha\ing thick or dense nerves. CrassiradlaluH, a, um— Havinsr thi«k rays. Crassitestus, a, um — Like a thick vessel or pot-lid. CrassolariB, c — Thickeuid. Craseus, a, nm — Thii k. Cratera— A bowl. Crateriforniis, e^Cnj) shaped. ) (,'rati''.'.lup, a, um — Coniposid of lattice-work. I Crafi^>— Wicker woik. I Crebescens — Frequent, increasing. Crebratus, a, um — Made thick, clo^e. Crebripora — Having the pores very close. ('rebrirama — Having dense branches. Crebrieeptus; a, um — Having iuany septa. Crebriotriatus, a, um— Closely htrialenvlllense. Fig. 1415. — Platyce- ras Indianense, lateral view of a large specimen. Hl«.— Plalyceras mlgsourleiise. vetulum, Sanleson, 1896, Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 4, p. 76, St. Peter Sandstone. iriscDt.ginensis, Ulrlcl as to l)e recog- nized. Pi.ATVSoiirsMA. Tlie type is /'. rir- runlfH. Pi, AT V STOMA tu- rn id inn, \Vh i t- eaves, 1892. The name was pr^^oo- cupied by Meek and Wort lien in 1860. S»e P. whiteavesi. ,,:-r-y. whiteavesi, n. \^'^j[/t>v «P- Pr()|>osed -m^y-^^^i instead of P. I u m i il a m , Whi teaves, in Cont. t(» Can. Pal., p. 331, '.A. 43, fig. 12, De- vonian, I'entamerus Point, Lake Man- itoba. Phihonpira, Ulricli, Syn. for Pleuroto- maria. xtfiata. Soe Pleurotomaria striata. Pi.ErRoToMAiUA aiens, Sardeson, 1896, Bull. Minn. Aoiid. Nat. Sci., vol. 4, p. 76, St. Peter Sandstone. FlK. 1117. — Flat;. .St o in II broadheadt, front ii n ( suinmlt views. trated in Ohio Geol., vol. 7, p. 423. Fig. lliK. — Pleurotomaria imrll, front view, sliowing aperture and height of shell. canalifera, Ulrich, 1897, (Eot9, Calciferous Gr, PoLVPUBMOPSis melanoides is descrilied and illustrated in Ohio Geol., vol. 7, p. 478. V 770 GASTROPODA. I'RO. TRO. IE':; I' I ♦ -i - V I l\nt(nmrthia, Uh'Ich, Syn. for Bellerophon . concinna and HuhroinpriHitu, Synonyms for Belleroph(»n inorrowenHis. graniMriafn and planodorisata, Ulrich, Synonyms for Bellerophon globulariH. obesa, pevvoluta, and reclnngnlariH, Ulrich, SynonyniH for Bellerophon bilobatUH. I'HKi'itoHiioKiTH tectiformiu, Whiteaves, , 1892, Oont. to (!an. Pal., p. 330, De- vouiau. Kahmimtoma alfine, Foer«te, 1895, Ohio (iPol.,vol. 7, p. 55(), Niagara Gr. decipienH, Ulrich, 1897, (Liospira de- cipiena,) Geo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 998, Trenton Gr. leio8omelliim,SardeHon, 1896, Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 4, p. 99, Oneota Dolomite. lewiHtonense, SardeHon, 1896, Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 4, p. 99, Oneota Dolomite, oweni, Sai"deHon, 1896, Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 4, p. I'K), Oneota Dolo- mite. pefacutum, Ulrich, Syn. for li. lenticulare. richmoudeiiHis, Ulrich, Syn. for H. len- ticnlare. ruidum, Sai-deson, 1896, Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 4, j). 101, Sluikopee Dolomite. Uaplmtomina, Ulrich, Syn. for Uaphirttoma. R. deuHculata, modesta, and ragata, Synonyms for R. lapicida. tSitlpin^ostniiin imhrirata. See Bucania im- bricata. rirhmondfn»in. See Bucania rich.nond- ensis. sculptiHs. See Bucania sculptilis. ScALiTi-w elevatus, Ulrich, 1897, (Eotomaria elevata,) Geo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 1005, Trenton Gr. JaticinctUH, Ulrich, 1897, (Omospira lati- cincta,) Geo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 945, Trenton Gr. HoENEiiLA apinis, Syn. for (Jonchopeltis compressa. helmtis. See Tryblidium unguiforme. Straparollina obtusa, Whiteaves, 1892, Cont. to Can. Pal., p. 328, Devonian. Strapakolius incarinatum, Foerste, 1895, OhioGeol., vol. 7, p. 552. Niagara Gr. intralobatus, Sai'deson, 1896, Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 4, p. 101, Calcifer- 0118 — Oneota Dolomite, misaouriensis. Miller and Gurley, 1896, Bull. No. 11, 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 20, Chouteau Gr. STRopnoHTviiUB U'.vtUu. See Gyclonema textile. SiTBUMTKH beloitensis, Ulrich, 1897, (reo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 1072, Trenton Gr. bicurvatus, Ulrich, 1897, (Oyrtospira bi- curvata,) Geo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 1074, Trenton Gr. canadensis, Ulrich, Syn. for Subulites elongatua. conrndi, Ulrich, Syn. for S. elongatus. directum, Foerste, Syn. for S. gracilis, dixonensis, Ulrich, 1897, Geo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 1071, Trenton (Jr. exactus, Sardeson, 1896, Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 4, p. 101, ('alcifer- ous (xr. nanus, Ulrich, 1897, Geo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 1072, Trenton Gr. parvus, Ulrich, 1897, Geo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 1072, Trenton Gr. pergracilia, Ulrich. Not defined so as to be recognized. planilaieralh, Foerste. Too poorly de- fined to be recognized, regularis, Ulrich, 1897, Geo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 1072, Trenton Gr. subconicus, Ulrich, 1897, (Meekospira subconica,) Geo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, j). 1080, Hud. Riv. Gr. tortills, Ulrich, 1897, (Cyi'tospira tor- tilis,) Geo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 1074, Trenton Gr. wykoffensis, Ulrich, 1897, (Oyrtospira wykoffensis,) Geo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 1074, Trenton Gr. Tetrimota, Ulrich, Syn. for Bucania. rnacra and sexcarinnta, Synonyms for Bucania bidoi'sata. obsoleta. See Bucania obsoleta. Trepospira, Ulrich, Syn. for Pleurotoma- ria. Trociionema nltiim, Ulrich, Syn. for Pleu- romaria niota. arctatum, Ulrich, 1897, Geo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 1054, Trenton Gr. belluhim, Ulrich, Syn. for B. eccentri- cum. , eccentricum, Ulrich, 1897, Geo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 1049, Trenton Gr. fragile, Ulrich, Syn. for T. umbilicatum. knoxvillense, Ulrich, 1897, (Lophospira- knoxvillensis,) Geo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 989, Trenton Gr. madisonenae and rugosuni, Ulrich, Syn- onyms for T. umbilicatum. nitidum, Ulrich, 1897, Geo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 1053, Utica Gr. notabile, Ulrich, 1897, (Lophospira no- tabilis,) Geo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3. p. 990, Black Kiv. Gr. obsoletum, Ulrich, 1897, (Jeo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 1054. Trenton Gr. retrormm, Ulrich, Syn. for T. subcras- sum. TRY.- - HAR. CEPHALOPODA. 771 See C'yclonenm lyn. for Subulites mbbinsi, Ulncli, 1897, (ie«>. Siir. Minn., vol. 3, |). 1053, Trenton (Jr. MKlteri, Ulrich, 1897, (Jeo. Hiir. Minn., vol. 3, I). 1053, Trenton (Jr. itimile, Ulrich. Notdeflned. rtul)crH8Hinn, Ulrich, 1897, (Jeo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 1051, Trenton Gr. trochonienoideH, Ulrich, 1897, (Jeo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 990, Trenton (rr. ingrann, Ulrich, Syn. for T. beloitenHe. Tkvbltdiitm cinKillntum, Ulrich, 1897, (Ar- chiniicellRcingulatH,)Geo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 829, Trenton (ir. denressuni, Ulrich, 1897, (ArchiniicellK aepressu,) Geo. Sur., Minn., v(»l. 3, p. 830, Trenton Gr. inadisoui'iixi', refer to (/yrtoceriiin nindi- Honensis. iiiiMliKtniii. Too poorly ili'tined to Im' im'c- oKni/ed. ptiwerni, Ulrich, 1897,(Archinticellii pow- ei-Mi,) (ieo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 8'J9, Trenton (Jr. repert.ini, SiirdeMon, 189(1, Mull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol.4, p. 102, SlinkopiM* Dolomite, rotiniduni, Ulrii^h, 1897, ( Archinacolla rotunda,) Geo. Sur. Minn., vol, 3, p. 8.S5, Hud. Kiv. Gr. Htriatuin, Ulrich, 1897, (llelcioMo|mirt striata,) (ico. .Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. H27, Hud. J{iv. Gr. unguiforn)<>, Ulri«'h, 1897, (Stcnotlit'ca unKuiforMiin,) (ieo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 843. Trenton (Jr. -■•o^o«- CLASS CEPHALOPODA. •ich, Syn. for Pleu- It is very clear that the genus NantUti« does not exist in Falseozoic rocits, and that the species referred to that genus belong elsewhere. Lituites is unknown from North America. The early generic references of authors are frequently erroneous. Professor Hyatt, who has given the subject profound study, has divided the Class into a great many genera, and has cited foreign authors, whose works are not acces- sible to me, and I am frequently unable to understand what are relied upon as generic characters. I have reproduced such definitions as I have had an opportunity to examine, though characters, which he regards as of generic value, [ sometimes think are of no more than specific importance. ApriEL.KCERAs, Hyatt, 1883, Proc. Host. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 22, p. 293. [Ety. apheles, smooth ; keras, horn.] No type specified. Much like Dincitoeeras, and said to include D. disciforme. Afhetooeras, Hyatt, 1894, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc . , vol . 32 , p . 447 . [ E ty . aphetns , free ; irma, horn.'j Shell smooth, coiled in the same plane, but not in contact. Whorls in section, compressed, ellip- tical, or oviform, the venter narrower than the dorsum. Slphuncle subven- tral. Type A. americaniim. americanum, Hyatt, 1894, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 32, p. 447, Calciferous (?) Or. attenuatum, Hyatt, 1894, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 32, p. 449, Calciferous Gr. boreale, Hyatt, 1894, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 32, p. 448. Quebec Gr. complanatum, instead of Lituites com- planatus. fai-nsworthi, Billings, 1861, (Lituites farnsworthi,) Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 21, Calciferous Gr. AscooEKAH costulatum, Wliiteaves*. 18J)6, Can. Rec Sci., vol. », p. 394, Low. Sil. gibberosum, Sardeson, 1896, Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 4, p. 102, Oncota Dolomite. Babrasoeocekas, Hyatt, 1883, Proc. Host. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 22, p. 299. [Kty. proper name; ki-niH, horn.] Large umbilicus, and compressed, slightly costated, or smooth whorls. Ventral side narrower than dorsal; wlmrls barely in ccmtact; siphon above the center; septa deeply concave, and su- tures with ventral saddles, lateral lobes, and dorsal saddles, without an- nular lobes. Type Ji. natator. convolvans. Hall, 1847, (Lituites convol- vans,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 53, Black Riv. Gr. elrodi. White, 1882, (Gyroceras elrinii,) nth Ann. Rep. Geo. Ind., p. 356, Niag- ara Gr. minganense, Hyatt, 1894, Proc. Ani. Phil. Soc, vol. 32, p. 451, Chnzy Gr. natator, Billings, 1859, (Nautilus natator,^ 772 CEPHALOPODA, CAM,— DIS. :•'•!- vol. 4, p. 466, lOndcK-ei'HH Onn. Nut. iind (ienl Chazy Or. Camerotrran hennepini. Heo heniiepini. Ckn'trovrkah, Hyatt, IHH3, Proc. Host. Hoc. Nat. HiHt., vol. 22, p. 288. [Ety. kni- ti'iiu, n*\mr\ A;d ; itbdoinoti hollow, HomotiiiiPH imrrow, with a row of tuberoleH on each Hide. Huturow have deep lateral dorsal and ventral lol)e8, the latter V-shaped. Type (\ mnmlU-uiii'. animonis. Hall, 18 '0, (Discitew aninio- nis,) Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 425. Up. Held. CJr. marcellense, Vaniixeui, 1842, ((loniatiteH niarcellensis,) (leo. Hiir. .Id Dist. N. Y., p. 146, MarcelluH .Shale. CAH'rBRouBKAH, Hyatt, 1894, Proc. Am. Phil. Hoc, vol. 32, p. 498. He says the fteniiH is defined in 4th Ann. Uep. (reo. Hiir. Texas, but it is not in my copy. He describes ('ivloguHlemcentu r<(niui' rulatiim in Proc. Am. Phil. Hoc, vol. 32, p. 498, from the (Carboniferous. CoLooERAH, Hyatt, 1893, 4th Ann. Rep. Geo. Sur. Texas, p. 449. Type V. globatum. ^lobulare, Hyatt, 1893, 4th Ann. Uep. Geo. Sur. Texas, p. 452, Coal Meas. Oyci.omti'iteh, lieniele, but I have no ref- erence to his work, americanus, Hyatt, 1894, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 32, p. 505. Group of rocks not I'eferi'ed to. No illustration. CvRTocERAS cliutonense, Foerste, 1896, Ohio Geol., vol. 7, p. 534, Niagara Gl. cretaceum is described and illustrated in Ohio Geol., vol. 7, p. 429. dresbachense.Sai'deson, 1896, Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Hci., vol. 4, p. 102, Oneota Dolomite, dunleithense, Miller and Gurley, 1896, Bull. No. 11, 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 30, Trenton Gr. eatoiienae, {j\&ypo\e, 1878, ((jlyptodendron eatonense,) Am. .lour. .Sci., vol. 115, p. 302, Niagara Gr. The specimen is so poor that the specific name is of no value, featheratonhaughi , Clarke, 1897, Gso. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 807, TrMntc.i Gr. houghtoni, Clarke, 1897, Geo. Sui . Minn., vol. 3, p. 807, Trenton Gr. kansasense, Miller and Gurley, 1896, Bull. No. 7, HI. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 88, Up. Coal Meas. I'aticurvatum, Whiteaves, 1896, Can. Rec. Sci., vol. 6, p. 365, Low. Sil. maximum. See Nephriticeras maximum, instead of Nautilus maximus. metellus. See Mtelonoceras metellus. ininneapolis, Clarke. 1897, Geo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 808, Trenton Gr. norwoodi, Clarke, 1897, Geo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 809, Trenton Gr. scofleldi, Clarke, 1897, Geo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 810, Trenton Gr. shumai'di, Clarke, 1897, Geo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 810, Trenton Gr. iiiiiliilutiim, refer to Hallocerna undula- tum. CvRTocRRtNA madisonenHiH, instead of Try- blidium madisonense. schoolcrafti, Clarke, 1897, Geo. Hur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 774, Trenton Gr. Dri.tochrah, Hyatt, 1894, Proc. Am. Phil. .Soc, vol. 32, I). 449. [Ety, tIfltoH, n scroll; kernn, horn.] Shell similar to Aphetoceras, but more complicated. ^^h(n*lB similar in section, but grow more rapidly In the ventro-doraal diam- eters. .Siphuncles large and ventral. Whorls in contact in the earlier epem- bryonic stages or throughout the ephc- bic stage. A. departure from the spiral regularly takes place in the gerontic; stage (n* earlier; sometimes the entire ephebic stage is free. No impressed zone. Type D. planum. |)lanum, Ilyatt, 1894, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 32, p. 450, Calciferous Gr. Dhcitv*. This name was twice preoccu- pied before DeHaan used it in 1825, in his monograph, page 41. His defini- tion was without illustration, and t brief to describe a genus. McCoy, in 1844, used the woi*d in his Hynop. Carb. Foss., p. 17, and for the genus defined by McCoy, Hyatt has proposed DiMeitn- ammotih. .See Centroceras ammonis. morci'llenKin. 'See Centroceras marcel- lence. DisoiTocERAH, Hyatt, 1883, Proc, Bost. Hoc, Nat. Hist., vol. 22, p. 292. It includes species with quadragonal whorls, hav- ing the abdomen slightly convex, sides flattened, the dorsum very gibbous, and having a slight impresshm. The young are ridged longitudinally, with prominent transverse striae, not sub- spinous. The sutures have ventral and lateral lobes and broad dorsal saddles, with small annular lobes. Siphon above the center. Living chamber from one-fourth to three-fourths of a volution. Aperture with a deep ventral sinus. Type D. costelltitum . The Disciten must be referred to this genus. DisoooBRAS, Hyatt, 1894, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 32, p. 500. [Ety. e D, costelltifnvi . referred to this Proc. Am. Phil, 00. [Ety. (Hgkoii, Discoid, planor- K)th sides. Volu- slightly embrac- section nearly dr- ied by distant coh- sides obliquely more strongly on !&.ting a profound ibricating stria; cf J costse. Type D. , 1897, Pal. Foes., il. Worthen, instead isis. >f Lituites marahi. multioostatum, Whitfield, iuHteadtif liit- uites multicostatUH. ortoni, iuHtcad of Lituites ortoiii. DoMATonoKAH, Hyatt. The whorl in sec- tion is distinctly hexagonal in a ma- ture state. 1 militarium, Hyatt, 1898, 4th Ann. Kep. I (ieo. Sur. Texas, p. 445, (!oal Meas. I simplex, Hyatt, 1893, 4th Ann. Uep. . 441, (!oal Meas. Ei)AHiioci«RAs, Hyatt, 1883, Proc. Bost. Hoc. Nat. Hist., vol. 22, p. 288. [Ety. edauhoD, a seat; ivms, horn.] Young | shells arcuate until a late stage of | growth, with whorls fusiforn in sec- I tion, and sutures with dorsal and ven- tral lobes and angular lateral saddles ; but the siphon shifts from the venter, where it is in the larva, to near the center. The adult is close coiled, with flattened sides and broad lateral sad- dles. Type K. niotcnti'. niotense. Meek and U'oi-then, 1865, (Temnocliilus niotense,) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 260, and Geo. Hur. 111., vol. 6, j). 523, Keokulc (ir. ENOOCRitAS. Tlie type is E. sultKientrale. aiilema, Clarke, 1897, (ieo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 770, (Nannoaulema,) Trenton Gr. consuetum, Hardeson, 1896, Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Hci., vol. 4, p. laS, Hliak- opee Dolomite. hennepini, Clarke, 1897, ((Jameroceras hennepini,) (ieo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 779, Galena Gr. Eniiolobus (fibhoHHs, Hyatt, refer to Stea- roceras gibbosum. Ehiiii'piocbrah, Hyatt, 1883, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 22, p. 290. [Ety. fphi/ritioti ,asaddle ; keran, horn.] Shell coiled and having subacute, prominent ventral saddles ; broad lateral lobes ; subacute lateral saddles near the shoulders, and bi'oad, shallow dorsal lobes. Septa creased or raised into a median ridge between the two saddles. Type E.fcrratum. montgomeryensis, instead of Nautilus montgomeryensis. EuRYSTOMiTKS, Schi'odcr, 1891, Pal. Abh. Dames et Kayser, vol. 5, p. 26. [Ety. eurifs, broad ; stoma, mouth ; lithos, atone.] Discoid, much like Tarphy- ceras. Siphuncle subventran in the nepionic and ananeanic substages, be- coming extracentroventran in all the later stages of development, or it may remain nearer the venter. Growth more rapid than in Tarphyceras, fewer whorls in the same diameter, and ventro-dorsal diameter longer. Whorl may be rounded in early Hfe, bui ac- quires a more or less flattened ven- ter and primitive lateral and ill-deflned umbilical zones. Umbilical perfora- tion large, and the impressed zone is a contact furrow not generated until the whorls come in contact. The con- tact furrow is deeper than in Tarphii- remit, Innly chaml>er free and variable in length. Th«> aiierture has lateral crests, most prominent opposite the centers of the lateral zones. Sutures straight or sinuous. Type E. kiUuijiji. apollo, instead of liituites apollo. glblxmum, Hyatt, 1894, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. vol. 32, p. 443. Calciferous (Jr. imperator, instead of liituites imper- ator. kellog|L(i, Whittield, 1880, (Nautilus kel- loggi,) Bull. Am. Mus. Nat, Hist., vol. 1, p. 32H, Calciferous (rr. plicatus, Whiteaves, 189({,Can. Kec. Sci., vol. fl, p. .395, r.ow. Sil. robertsoni, instead of Lituites robert- soni. rotundus, Hyatt, 1894, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. .32, p. 443, Calciferous (I r. undatus, Emmons, 1842, (Inachus unda- tus,) Geo. Uep. N. Y. 394, and Pal. N. Y.,V(»1 l,p. 52, Black Uiv. (Jr. undatus, var. occidentalis, Hall, 1861, (Lituites undatus var. occidentalis,) kep. of Progr. Wis., p. 38, Black Uiv. Gr. virginianus, Hyatt, 1894, Proc \n\. Phil. .Soc, vol 32, p. 444, Calciferous (Jr. Oantrioeernti hfiinmrt. See ( Joniatites bran- neri. GLVPntocKKAS, Hyatt, l883,Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2'.:, p. ".28. [Ety. ghtphun, the notch in an arrow, ki-niK, horn.] Whorls in section semilunar, trape- zoidal, or compresse. 39, luimtUH, Mill(>r imd Oiirley, IN96, Hull. No. II, III. Ht. MiiH. Nnt. HiHt., p. 41, (!onl MoHH. inontKoiiuM'yt'riHlri, Miliar niul (liirlny, IN9H, Hull. Nn. 11. III. St. Miih. Nnt. IliMt., p. m, Ciml MiMiH. pnn-JMhi, MIIUm* niul (itirloy, imHI, Mull. No. 11,111. St. Mum. Nnt. liiMt., p. 3U, Up. C'onI MeHH. Fig. I'tlU.— Odnlulltt'H ({•'•'•'nciiHtloiiKlH, Intornl niKl vt>ntral vu'Wm. unMiniHtliMiHiH, Miller niul (Surlcy, 1896, Bull. No. II, III. St. MuH. Nnt. lIlHt., p. 44, Ht. houlHdr. FlK. 1420.— OoiitntltuM lllliiolHonHlH, hitornl niul v«'ntral vJt'WN. iUinoiMetiHiH, Miller niid Gui-ley, 1896, Hull. No. II, III. St. MuH. Nnt. IliHt.. p. 42, Conl Mea8. jeHsieip, Miller and Gurley, 1896, Bull. No. II, III. Ht. MuH. Nnt. IIi8t.,p. 46, Chouteau (rr. kaiiHaHeiiHiH, Millei- nnd (ruHey, 1896, Bull. No. II, 111. Ht. MuH. Nnt. Hist., p. 43, Up. Coal Mens. Fig. 1421.— OoniatlteB kentucklenslH, showing outer shell. kentuckiensia is redescribed and illus- trated in Bull. No. 11, 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 40. louisianensis Rowley, 1896, Am. Geol., vol, 16, p. 221, Chouteau Gr. KlK. 1422.— Oonliitlti'M HiihcHVUH, Intoriil and VJ'nlrtil vl«'ws. riubcnvuH, Miller and Gurley, IK06, Kull. No. II, III. St. Murt. Nnt. Mist., p. 45, (!onl MeHH. (ivRonKKAH /»r iiiul Uiirley, III. St. MiiM. Nat. 'IIH. iirlfy. IMtXI, Bull. Nnt. IIIkI., p. .%, i-aviif*, latisntl and 'WS. iiii'loy, IH(M), Hull. Nnt. ilJMt., p. 45, ' to Trnehocei'art rst iH'forrt'd. nodoHiim ni'<^ de- lhI ill Ohio <}(M)I., I. leoceniH «lro(li. suhliratum, n*f»n' alltwernH iiiuUila- I, Pn)c. Boat. S»k'. , p. 284. IKty. , horn.] Wliorls , ttlMlunien broad, im nniTow. Thick on the nnglos of have ventral and n sniall and near UHilulatum. 1842, (Oyrtoc'iM-as lep. N: Y., p. 139, 5, pt. 2, p. 878, Proc!. Am. I'liil. [Ety. Utos, plane ; discoid. Siphiin- e center in adults, eanic and earlier of got)d s'ze. broader than in lave in the ejihebic lis and convex, di- t umbilical shoul- is less compressed rt8, but not Haring lyponomic sinus ■ t han in Schrurder- ct fuii'ow broader I have deep dorsal lines of involu- il lobes. Type L, srsutum, as in the the genus, 1883, Hist., vol. 22, p. WiniiKulMtuiii. llyi»iTt, 1894, V\in'. \\u Phil.lS»K'..vol.;il!, p. 479,(!nll•ir^•r^nl.uieH, BillingH, 18^), (NnutiliiH her- cules.) Uep. (}wi. Htir. (!nn., p. 'M\, lliid. Kiv. Ur. iiiHoleiiH, BillingH, 18(15, (Nniililiis iiiHo- lens.) I'nI. Fohh., vol. I, p. 258. (^alcif- eroiis (!r. verHiitiini, Billings. 18(15, ( Nautilus versii- tUH,)ral. Koss.,vol, l,p. 259,(.|ueb«'c()r. whiteavesi, Hyatt, 1894, I'roc. Am. Phil. Hoc, vol. 32, p. 475, (lalcireroiis tir. LiliiihH, BreyniuK, 1782, Dissertatio I'hys- ica de I'olythalaniis, p, 27, Montfort, 1808. This genus is unknown in .Aiiier- ica, and Iheiefore all the references of .\niericaii authors to it have been er- roneous. Professor Hyatt has referrt'd nvti*{ of the specfies to other genera, aiKJ all of them must be so distributed. iiiiurininiiH, D'Orbigiiy, Syii. for Bar- randeoceras con vol vans. ii/inllii, refer to Kurystoniites apollo. hickiiiiiri'iuuix. See 1 lectoceras bicktnore- See Aphetoceras coinplan- See Barrandeoceras com- aiiiini. eoiniilanatitx atum. ronvolvniin. volvans. latoni. See Schrtiederoct'ras eatoni. eatoni nir. ruHHliifniiiH. See Schroetlero- ceras cassinense. farnsirinthi. .See Aphetoceras farns- worthi. j'tirnswortlil, in part. See Tarphyceras farnsworthi. grafloiituKis. See Discoceras graftonense. hnperatur. See Eurystomites iinperator. interniMtnulnH. See Trocliolites interni- striatus. magmfiriis. See AspidocerasmagniHcuiii. marnhi. See Discoceras marshi. iHultit;ostaln8. See Discoceras multicos- tatum. niaganiisln, Spencer. Too poorly de- fined to be recognized. ovtoni. See Discoceras ortoni. palinunttt. See Schroederoeeras pali- nurus. yj^H/o, Billings. Not defined so as to be recognized. robertnoni. See Eurystomites robertsoni, seeleyi. See Tarphyceras seeleyi. xindatvH. See Eurystomites undatus. umUitHH rur. itvcidetitalis. See Eurystom- ites undatus var. occidentalis. MiTRocEHAs, Hyatt, 1894, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., vol. 32, p. 503. [Ety. mitra, tur- ban ; keras, liorn.] This name is pro- mised instead of Trochocera», with TrochocfraK gehhnrdi as the type, on the ground that Barrande had preoc- cupied Trochoceras for a different genus, though Barrande and Hall thought their species belonged to the same genus. MiELONOCERAs, Hyatt, 1883, Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 22, p. 280. [Ety. melon, goat; kerux, horn.] Arcuate cones, section compressed, ovate ; dor- sum wider than visiter. Siphon near the venter, Sutures have ventral and dorsal saddles, and slight biterni IoIn>s. Living ehniiiber short, \perture en- tirely open, and partially -mbtriangular or contracted and pearUliaped. Type .V. itriniiiitiinim. nietelliis, Billings, 18(15, (('yrtoceras inet»llus,) Pal, Koss,, vol. I, p. IDI, (^lebec dr. prM-inatiirum, liillings, I8(|((, (Pliragnio- ceriis prii'iiiaturum,) (!aii. Nat, and (leol,, vol, 5, p, i73. Black Kiv, Or, .Xittiiii), Clarke, I8JM, Am. (ieologist, vol. 14, p. 2(35, A generic name, signifying a player upon the Hute, apiilieA to what has been generally called the siphuncle of an Endoceras, or what I regard as tlit' binly chamber, and years ago descrilM'd under the names <>f E, egaiii, K. brisloleiise, and E. iiuiiiua- bile. Type N. auli'iiia. oiiliimi. See Endoceras aiilema. Naitims (intiim. See N e ph ri I i ce ra s nc rii'um. Inir'niiiiii. See Nephrit iceras bucinum. ni)Hill(ilHK, McC'hesney. not a Nautilus, rariiH. ,Sc»' Nephriticeras cnviim, cliiiiii^thtiiiniHiH. See Tarphyceras cliam- plaiiiense, viininlinii. See Uhadinoceras <'ornuluin. diriMiin. .See Ephiiijiioceras divisum, J'lrriitiin. See Epiiippioceras fernitum. hinnh'H. .S«'e [iitoceras hercules. hijalll. .See Bhadinoceras liyatti. iitMohiix. See [/itoceras iiisolens. juKon. .See Plectoceras jason. killoj/gi. See, Eurostoniites kelloggi, liratnx. .See Nephriticeras liratum. limine ntr. jiiiriiv. See Nephriticeras juvene. mugixtfr. See Nephriticeras magister. iiinxiiiniH. See Nephriticeras maximum. iiiiiiit(fi)nit'n/i'iiKiH. See Epiiippioceras iiioiitgoiiieryensi'. uuhilitr. See Barrandeoceras natator. nodiicdriudtnn, McChesney, 1859, Desc. New .Spec. Foss., ji. (JO, (J be recognized. leseuri, Clarke, 1897, Geo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 785, Trenton Gr. ludlowense. Miller and Faber, 1894, Jour. Oin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 17, p. 139, Hud. Riv. Gr. minnesotense, Sai*deson, 1896, Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 4, p. 77, St. Peter Sandstone. nicolleti, Clarke, 1897, Geo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 784, Trenton Gr. nova-car I islense, Foerste. Too poorly defined to be recognized. nuntioides, Clarke, 1894, 13th Rep. St. Geol. N. Y., p. 170, Marcellus Shale. pei'roti, Clarireanuin, Whitfield, 1885, (Litu- ites bickinoreanus,) Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 191, Niagara Gr. jason, BillingH, 1859, (Nautilus jason,) Oan. Sat, and Geol., vol. 4, p. 164, (;hazy (}r, obHcuruin. Hyatt, 1894, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 32, p. 499, Black Riv. (tr. PuTBKKXRHAH jerseyense. Miller and Gur- ley, 1K96, Bull. No. 11, 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hint., p. 32, Kinderhook Gr, Pycnockras, Hyatt, 1894, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 32, p. 454. [Ety. pnkn»», close ; ki'roH, horn.] This genus is very MUich like Sphctoa'rax. Type 1*. aper- Inm. apertum, Hyatt, 1894, Proc. Am. Pliil. Soc, vol, 32, p, 455, Calciferous Gr. calciforme, Hyatt, 1894. Proc Am. Phil. S<.c., vol. [32, p. 456, Calciferous (fr. Rrmrt.kcirkas, Hyatt, 1894, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 32, p. 525. [Ety. proi)er namt' ; kenm, \wr\\.] Wide umbilicus, perforated, shallow contact furrow, having V-shaped sutures. Transverse section elliptical. Type R. itnprcs- clarkense, Miller and Gurley, Bull. No, Proc, [Ety. 777 .Am, niill- RnADiNOOBRAS, Hyatt, 1894, Phil. Soc, vol. 32, p. 530. nos, slen- der; kt'niii, hoi'n.] More slenderthan Nephritove- ras; discoid whorls com- F tressed el- iptical, or rounded, and have an i mpressed zone in ma- ture shells. Type li. <'<>,■- ni(lu)ii. c o r n u 1 u m , Hall, 1876. (Nau ti lus cornulum,) Illust. Dev. Foss.,pl.60, and Pal. N. Y.,vol.5, pt. 2, p. 414, Ham. (rr. hyatti, Beech- e r , 18 8 8. (Nautilus hyatti,) Pal. N. v., vol. 7. p. 37, Ham. Gr. ScuROEUERocERAS, Hyatt, 1894, Proc. Am. Phi 1 . Soc . . vol . 32, p . 458 . [Ety . proi»> r name; kcras, horn.] Type S. angithi- tum. It ineludes forms that have been referred to Lituitrs, and is related to Litoceras, and TrocholitfH. Umbilical perforation large ; whorls few ; sutui-es sinuous ; living chamber short, casinense, AVhitfleld, 1886. (Lituites eatoni viir. casinensis, )Bull, Am. Mus. Fl>?. H25.— Rt'iiit'Iect'ras elark- eiisf, dorsal view. Fig. 1421.— Reineleceras clarkense, lateral view. 12, III. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 49, Keo- kuk Gr. imnressum, Hyatt, 1894, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 32, p. 525, Keokuk or Wa- verly .tliniii'tiH. KilliiiKH, iiiHtead uf Lituites pill in urn 8. Soi.KNocHiLiH kentuckieiiHe, Hyatt, 1893, 4th Am. Uep. Oeo. Sur. 'JVxas, p. 461, Ooai MeaH. heiu*yvillen«t*, Miller and Gurley, 1897, Bull. No. 12,111. St. MuH. Nat. Hist., p. 51,Keokuk(ir. Stkakocrrah, Hy- att, J 893, (Jeo. 8ur. Texas, 4th lie p., p. 422. Distin- guished from EmhilobiiH by the deep, nar- row umbilici ; slight, shallow lobes on the \ e n t e r, and small dorsal and ann u 1 a r lobes. T y p e .S'. tjihhoKum. gibbosum, Hyatt, 1890, (Endolo- busgibbosus,) (ieo.Sur. Tex- as, 2d Uep., p. 363,OoalMea8. I'roc. Bost. Soc. p. 269. [Ety V\it, 1 127. — Holcnochllus henry vllh' use, clorHHl view. ifi TAfNocERAs, Hyatt, 1883, Nat. Hist., vol. 22, tatn/ff, ahead-band ; Icf ran, hovi).] Dis- coid, ivhorls (juiulrate, and having on each side, and also on the alKlomen, two rows of tubercles. Siphon above th(! center. Tyj)(> T. quodmritjnlKm. duttoni, Hyatt, 1893, Geo. Sur. Texas, 4th Kep., p. 4<)1, Goal Meas. quadraiigulum, McGhesney, 1865, (Nau- tilus ({uadrangulus,) Desc. New Pal. Foss., p. 65, Goal Meas. Tarimiyokkas, Hyatt, 1894, I'roc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 32, p. 433. [Ety. tornhiis, clos»> ; ki'vas, horn.] Resembles Enrif- gtomiti'n, but more discoidal, more numerous, and more slowly growing whorls, longi'r living chamber; the whorls sometimes flattened on the ab- domen and approximating a quadran- gular form, and the aperture is like that of Tniehiiliteit, with a deep broad hypo- nomic sinus. Type T. pmiititnnnn. ancoini, Hyatt, 1894, I'ntc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 32, p. 435, (!alciferous Gr. champlainense, Whitfield, 1886, (Nau- tilus champlainensis,) Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. l,p.329,Galciferous (ir. extensum, Hyatt, 1894, Proc Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 32, J). 438, Galciferous (ir. farnsworthi, Billings, 1861, (Lituites farnsworthi, in part,) Pal. Foss., vol. 1, p. 21, Galciferous (xr. macdonaldi, Hyatt, 1894, Proc Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 32, p. 435, Galciferous Gr. prematurum, Hyatt, 1894, Proc Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 32, p. 437, Galciferous Gr. 1872. (Nautilus Neb., p. 236, Goal seeleyi, Whitfield, 1886, (Lituites see- leyi,) Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist , vol. I, p. 33(), Galciferous Gr. Tkmnochimtr greenense. Miller and Gur- ley, 1897, Bull. No. 12, III. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. '52, Kaskaskia Gr. TiiiuscooKRAH, Hyatt, 1893,4th Ann. Kep. Texas, p. 430. Shells large and retain- ing the longitudinal ridges. Sutures similar to those of Discitoci'rns, ex- cept that they correlate with the broader venter and lateral zones of the whorls, the lobes being broader -and shorter, especially on the zones, than in Dlii<:itoceras. Type T. deprexHum . kentuckiense, Hyatt, 1893, 4th Ann. Kep. (ieo. Sur. Texas, p. 432, Subcarbonif- erous. depressum, Hyatt, 1.S93, 4th Ann. Rep. (reo, Sur. Texas, p. 430, Subcarbonif- erous. TtTANocERAS, Hyatt, 1883, Proc. Bost. Soc Nat. Hist., vol 22, p. 289. [Ety. Tihin, mythological name; kcrax, horn.] The whorl has a narrower alnlomen than in A/itiidoccroH, and longer abdouTino- dorsal diameter, and is more com- pressed or shield-slniped. There is a narrow impressed zone on the dorsum, and an undivided, narrow dorsal lobe. Type T. jtoiidcrottioii. jjonderosum. White, ponderosus,) Pal. E. Meas. Trematocerah ohioense is desciibed and illustrated in Ohio Geol., vol. 7. p. 426. Tripteroceras, Hyatt 1883, Proc Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 22, p. 287. [Ety. tripirr, a rubbing tool; keran, iiorn.] Lateral saddles acute ; venter flat- tened and broader than the doisum which forms the apex of the subtri- angular section. Siph'.tn ventral, num- muloidnl ; whorl arcuate in the young, but straight in the full-grown. Type T. hdKliifKiii. hastatum, instead of Orthoceras hasta- tum. and to this gemis may also be referred O. i)lanoconvexum. oweni, Glarke, 1897, Geo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, J). 792, Trenton Gr. Trochookkas baeri, instead of (iyroceras baeri . Troi'Uolites canadensis, Hyatt, 1894. Proc. Am.Phil.S()c.,voi.32,p.486.TrentonGr. dyeri, Hyatt, 1894 Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol.32, p. 489, Hud. Hi v. Gr. internastriatus, Whitfield, 1886, (Lit- uites internastriatus,) Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. l,p. .332, Galciferous Gr. TaiKiiioLiTocERAs, Hyatt, 1894, Proc .\m. Phil. Soc, vol. 32, p. 480. [Ety. fnmi TracholiteK, a genus; krrax, horn.] This is distinguished from Trocholites only by having the siphuncle ventral of the center in the earlier substages of development. Type T, wahnttl. walcotti, Hyatt, 1894, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. .32, i». 480, (?alciferous Gr. SOI<.- TRO. 386, (Li til i ten sec- iH. Nat. Hist , vol. 8 (Jr. >, Miller and Giir- . 12, 111. St. Mils. iKknukia Gi*. 893,4th Ann. Kep. Is largt' and .'etiiin- il ridgea. Sutures if Discitoccras, cx- )rrelate with the lateral zones t)f the l)eing Itroader -and on the zones, tlian pe T. ilepreiiiinw . 1893, 4th Ann. Kep. . 432, Siihcarhonif- !93, 4th Ann. Hep. . 430, Siibcarboiiif- ^3, I'roc. Bost. Soc. . 289. [Kty. Titan, ; kcniK, horn.] Tlie A'er abdomen than longer abdonino- nd is more eom- liaped. There is a i)ne on the dorsum, narrow dorsal lobe. , 1872, (Nautilus :. Neb., |). 236, Goal B is desei'ibed and Gieol., vol. 7. |». 426. 1883, I'roo. Bost. 22, 1). 287. [Ety. tool ; kera.1, iiorn.] nite ; venter Hat- than the dorsum pex of the subtri- phon ventral, num- uate in the young, full-grown. Type Orthoceras iiasta- ;enus may also be ivexum. Geo. Sur. Minn., m Gr. tead of Gyroceras , ilyatt, 1894. Pruc. >,p.486,TreiitonGr. oc. Am. Phil. Soc, Hiv. Gr. tKeld, 1886, ( Lit- s,) Bull. Am. Mus. 332, Oalciferoiis Gr. t, 1894, Proe. Am. 480. [Ety. from is; krrax, horn.] [I from Trocholites siphuncle ventral e earlier substages ype T, wahoftl. Proc. Am. Phil, ('alciferous Gr. ACT.— BI,A. LAMILLIBRANCHtA I A. 11^ CLASS LAMILLIBRANCHIATA. Actinumija, Ulrich, Syn. for Modiolopsis. kentonen»iH, Syn. for Modiolopsis ein- "cinnatiensis. suhcarinata, Syn. for Modiolopsis mod- ioliformis. Allodi'sma, Ulrich, 1894, Geo. Sur. Mimi., p. 617. Probably founded on a poor cast of an Orthodesma. There are no characters ascribed to it that can be i called generic. The author of the ge- ' nus refers it to the Cycloconchida>, and attempts to establish it, upon the forms he had shortly before described, with confidence, under the name of Afodlo- lopxiit .'iuhelli piled Allonjicliiit, Ulrich, Syn. for Ambonychia. Founded on Ambonychia jamesi. j iirtitn, Syn. for Ambonychia jamesi. suhfiil inula, Syn. for Ambonychia jamesi. Ai.LoKisMA andrewsi and A.maxvillensis are illustrated in Ohio Geo., vol. 7, p. 475. ph iiroiiixtha, refer t<» Pholadella pleuro- pistha. AMnoxvcniA ajfinlx, Ulrich, Syn. for A. plaiiistriata. cast'l, refer to Gpisthoptera ca.sei. cincinnatiensis. Miller and Faber, 1894, .Four. C!in. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 17, p. 24, Hud. Kiv. (ir. excavata, Ulrich, 1895, (Gliimychia ex- cavata,) Ohio Geol., vol. 7, p. 651, Hud. lliv. Gr. obesa, Ulrich, 1895, (Byssonychia ol)esa,) Ohio Geol., vol, 7, p. 630, Hud. lliv. Gr. Tliis species was founded upon poor casts that have generally been regai-ded as .1. radiata, but it may be a distinct species. perangulata, Ulrich, 1895, (Psilonychia perangulata,)xiguum, magnified two . aoynKld. uteri) niji'iiKis, refer to Whitella sterling- ensis. Edmo.sdia albersi. Miller and Gurley, 1896, Bull. No. II, III. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 8, Chouteau Gr. KIk. li:f;,—K(hiioiidla nlbersl, right vtilvc. n'tiistde8ma cincinnatiense. Fig. 1442.— Macrodon l)lalrl, right and left valves. Macrooox blairi, Miller and Gurley, 1896, Bull. No. 11, hi. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 11, Chouteau Gr. Fig. 1443.— Macrodoii facetus, cardinal view and right ^alve. facetus, Miller and Gurley, 1896, Bull. No. 11, 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 10, Chouteau Gr. pettisensis. Miller and Gurley, 1896, Bull. No. 11, HI. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 11, Chouteau Gr. Meoambonia aviculoidea, Hall, refer to Pterinea aviculoidea. Modiohidon, Ulrich, Syn for Modiolopsis. declirns, Ulrich, Syn. for Modiolopsrs subrecta. gibbus, Ulrich, refer to Modiolopsis gibba. obtusus, Ulrich, Syn. for Modiolopsis modiolaris. oviformis, Ulrich, refer to Modiolopsis oviformis. oviformis var. ampla, Ulrich, Syn. for Modiolcmsis oviformis. . patulug, Ulrich, refer to Modiolopsis patula. subovalis, Ulrich, Syn. for Modiolopsis unionoides. Hubrectus, Ulrich, refer to Motliolo])sis subrecta. MonioLOPBis aflinis, Sai-deson, 1896, Bull. Minn. Ac.«i. Nat. Sci., vol. 4, p. 72, St. Peter Sandstone, angustifrons, Whiteaves, 1897. Pal. Foss., vol. 3, p. 183, Low. Sil. arguta, Ulrich, 1894, Geo. Sur. Minn., p. 506, Trenton Gr. chatfieldensis, Ulrich, 1894, Geo. Sur. Minn., p. 508, Trenton Gr. conahii'dis, Ulrich, 1894, Geo. Sur. Minn., p. 505, Syn. for M. similis. contigua, Sardeson, 1896, Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 4, p. 71, St. Petv Sandstone. dubia, Hall, i-efer to Goniophora dubia, Trenton Gr. excellens, Ulrich, 1894, Geo. Sur. Minn,, p. 511, Hud. Riv. Gr. fountainensis, Sardeson, 1896, Bull. Minn. Acad, Nat. Sci., vol. 4, p. 71, St. Peter Sandstone, gibba, Ulrich, 1894, (Modiolodon gibbus,) Geo. Sur. Minn., p. 522, Trenton Gr. gregalis, Sai-deson, 1896, Bull. Minn. El'R.— MOD. lidophoi'iia major, n, wv Lyrtxlesina "^1^ right and left valves. and (iiu'ley, 1896, Mu8. Nat. Hist., MYT.— ORT. LAMILLIBRANCHIATA. 783 IS, cardinal view and ve. Uii-ley, 1H96, Bull. Nat. Hi8t., p. 10, Gurley, 1896, Bull. Nat. Hist., p. 11, 0, Hall, refer to fi. 1 for ModioUipsis. 1. for Modiolopsw Modiolopsis gibba. . for Modiolopsis pr to Modiolopsis L'lrich, Syn. for lis. . ;r to Modiolopsis 1. for Modiolopsis ?!• to Modiolopsis i-desoii, 1896, Bull. ;i., vol. 4, p. 72, St. 'es,1897, Pal. Fo8S., iil. [xeo. Sur. Minn., p. , 1894, Geo. Sur. on Gr. 4, Geo. Sur. Minn., iniilis. 1896, Bull. Minn. 4, p. 71, St. Pet'v Goniophora dubia, \, Geo. Sur. Minn., in, 1896, Bull. Minn. 4, p. 71, St. Peter [odiolodon gibbus, ) 522, Trenton Gr. 1896, Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 4, p. 71, St. Peter Sandstone, litoralis, Sardeson, 1896, Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 4, p. 71, St. Peter Sandstone, nana, Ulrich, 1894, Geo. Sur. Minn., p. 607, Galena Shales, obsoleta, Ulricli, 1894, Geo. Sur. Minn., p. 509, Trenton Gb. owfui, Ulrich. Not defined so as to be recognized, pntuln, Ulrich, 1894, (Mtxliolodun patu- lus,) Geo. Sui . Minn., J). 521, Galena Gr. poaticn, Sardeson, 1896, Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 4, p. 71, St. Peter Sand- stone, senecta, Sardeson, 1896, Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 4, p. 72, St. Peter Sandstone, subrecta, Ulr:?h, 1896, (Modiolodon sub- rectus,) Ohio Geol., vol. 7, p. 653, Hud. Kiv. Gr. Fig. 14-14.— Mytllarca Jessleie, two left valves. Mytii.arca jessiea'. Miller and Gurley, 1896, Bull. No. 11, 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 14, Chouteau Gr. mytiliformis, Foerste, 1895, Ohio Geol., vol. 7, p. 659, Niagax-a Gr. percarinata is illustrated in Ohio Geol., vol. 7, p. 422. Naiadites longus. See Anthracoptei-alonga. miitiloides. See Anthracoptera myti- loides. NcouLiTES ferrugineum, Foerste. Not de- fined so as to be recognized, subcuneatus, Clarke, 1894, 1.3th Rep. St. Geol. N. Y., p. 173, Ham. Gr. triangulus. Hall and Whitfield, instead of triangularis. Opistitoptrra, Meek, Is defined by Ulrich, 1895, Ohio Geol., vol. 7, p. 642, with Ambonychia canei as the type. alte.rnuta, Ulrich, Syn. for 0. fisHlconta. umpla, Ulrich, Syn. for Ambonychia cos- tata. casei, instead of Ambonychia casei. extenuata, Ulrich, 1895, Ohio Geol., vol. 7, p. 645, Hud. Riv. Gr. fissicosta,Meek,a8definedbyUlricli,1895, Ohio Geol., vol. 7, p. 643, Hud. Riv. Gr. laticostata, Ulrich, 1895, Ohio Geol., vol. 7, p. 646, Hud. Riv. Gr. notabilis, Ulrich, 1895, Ohio Geol,, vol. 7, p. 648, Hud. Riv. Gr. Doubtful species, obliqua, Ulrich, 1895, Ohio Geol., vol. 7, p. 646, Hud. Riv. Gr. Orthodesma aifine, Whiteaves, 1897, Pal. Fobs., vol. 3, p. 184, Low Sil. Fig. 141.').— Orthodesma cymbuin, right and left valves and cardinal view. ashman i, Miller and Faber, 1894, .Tour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 17, p. 146, Hud. Riv. Gr. canaliculatum, Ulrich, 1894, Geo. Sur. Minn., p. 520, Hud. Riv. Gr. cylindricum. Miller and Faber, 1894, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 17, p. 22, Hud. Riv. Gr. cymbula. Miller and Faber, 1894, .Tou-. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 17, p. 143, Hud. Riv. Gr. ellipticum, Ul- rich, 1895, Ohio Geol., vol. 7, p. 667, Hud. Riv. Gr. grande, Ulrich, 1895, (Psilo- concha gran- d i s , ) Ohio Fig. 144t5.— rthodesma ashniiinl, right and left valves. Geol., vol. 7, p. 665, Hud. Riv. Gr. minimum, Ulrich, 1895, (Psiloconcha minima,) f)hio Geol., vol. 7, p. 669, Hud. Riv. Gr. minnesotense, Ulrich, 1894, (Psilocon- cha minnesotensis,) Geo. Sur. Minn., p. 531, Galena Gr. parvum, Ulrich, 1895, Ohio Geol., vol. 7, p. 660. Hud. Riv. Gr. pi'oductifrons, Ulrich, 1895, (Cymatonota productifrons,) Ohio Geol., vol. 7, p. 665, Hud. Riv. Gr. Bcaphula, Miller and Faber, 1894, Jour. Oin.Soc. Nat. Hi8t.,vol.l7, p. 146, Hud. Riv. Gr. Fig. 1447.— Ortho- desma scaphula, right valve and cardinal view. 784 LAMILLIBRANCHIA TA. ORT.— SAK. scliiicluM'ti, Uli'ifh, 1864, Geo, Sur. Minn., |). 51H, (ialeiiu (Jr. Hcniisti-iutiim, Ulrioli, 18%, (Cymntonittii seinistrinta,) Ohio Gejl., vol. 7, p. 663, llud. Uiv. Gr, simmtum, Ulrich, 1894, (Rliytimyn siii- unta,) Geo. Sur. Minn., p. 619, Galena rec- Gi siihinignlnttim, Ulrich, Syn. for O. tUPX. tenulHtriatum, Ulrich, 1895, (Psiloconcha tenuistriata,) Ohio Geol., vol. 7, p. 668, Hud. Riv. Gr. Ortotii'lla, Ulrich, Syn. for Cypricai-dites. Pal.ko.neilo similiH is illustrated in Ohio Geol., vol. 7, p. 453. Puf.roptiriti, AVhiteaves, Syn. for I'terinea. Pal.koboi.en occidentalis. Miller and Gur- „^,, , „K^ ley, 1896, rY)lS Bull. No. 11, '-^^^^ III. St. Mu8. Nat. Hist., p. 16, Chouteau Gr. PnoLAi)EU-A pleu- r o p i s t h a , Meek, instead of Allorisma Fig. H4H.— PaloBosolen occl- pleuropistha. tlentalls, carcUnal view PnysETOMYA, Ul- aiul left valve. rich, 1895, Ohio Geol., vol. 7, p. 693. [Ety. phynetoH, in- flated ; Mya a genus.] Shell thin, elon- gate, inflated anteriorly, tapering pos- teriorly ; base arcuate. Beaks in front oi the middle, incurved ; umbones rounded. Escutcheon and lunule. Surface lined concentrically. Type P. acuminata. acuminata, Ulrich, 1895, Ohio Geol., vol. 7, p. 693, Hud. Riv. Gr. Pinna maxvillensis is illustrated in Ohio Geol., vol. 7, p. 474. PosinoxoMVA lasal- lensis. Miller and Gurley, 1896, Bull. No. 11, 111. St. Mu8. Nat. Hist., p. 12, Coal Meas. Prnlnhfilln Ulrich ^^i- 1449. — Posldonomya iroiooeiia, u 1 1 icn, ,»g^,je,jsi8^ ,,,ft valve; Syn. for Pter- same magnlfled. inea. striatula, refer to Pterinea striatum. Psiloconcha, Ulrich, Syn. for Orthodesma. elliptica, refer to Orthodesma ellipticum. grandis, Ulrich, refer to Orthodesma grande. innrnata, sinuata, and snbrecta, Ulrich, Synonyms for Orthodesma subovale. minima, Ulrich, refer to Orthodesma minimum. minnesotensis, Ulrich, refer to Ortho- desma minnesotense. lenuistriata, Ulrich, refer to Orthodesma tenuistriatum. PsiLONYOHiA, Ulrich, Syn. for Ambonychia. perangulata, Ulrich, refer to Ambony- chia perangulata. Pterixka aviculoidoa, Hall, instead of Me- gambonia aviculoidea. cincinnatiensis. Miller and Faber, 1874, Jour. Cin. Hoc. Nat. Hist., vol. 17, p. 25, Hud. Uiv. Gr. parvula, Whiteaves, 1897, (Palmopteria parvula,) Pal. F«)8h. Can., vol. 8, p. 181, Low. Si I. rugatula. Miller and Faber. 1874, .Tour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., V(»l. 17, p. 26, Hud. Uiv. Gr. similis, Whitfleld, is illustrated in Oliio Geol., vol. 7, p. 445. striatula, Ulrich, 1894, (Pro lobelia striatula,) Geo. Sur. Minn., p. 532, Galena (rr. Jlliytimyn, Ulrich, Syn. for Orthodesma. compreHHd, convcra, and rndialn, Ulrich, Synonyms for Orthodesma ashmani. a'hana, Ulrich, Syn. for Orthodesnui niickelboroughi. protiucta, Ulrich, Syn. for Orthodesma scaphula. recta, Whiteaves, near Orthodesma rec- tum, but probably a distinct species of Orthodesma. sinunia, Ulrich, refer to Orthodesma sinuatum. Suffordia, Ulrich, Syn. forOypricai-dites. gulcodormta, Ulrich, i-efer to Cypricar- dites sulQodorsata. ViK. 14«). — Ptfrlno- pcctoii Mcdalli'iiHlH, rl({lit val V(!H, DHc wing broken olT. Fig. 1451.— Schlzodus harll, Interior of left valve. Fig. 1452.— Schlzodus harll, left valve ventralis, Ulrich, refer to Cypricardites ventralis. Sanguinolitbs. The type is S. angulatus. ORT.— SAN". I, Instentl of Me- ind Faber, 1874, iHt., vol. 17, p. 25, )7, ( Palnpoptena in., vol.3, p. 181, iber, 1874, Join*, vol. 17, p. 26, . IIBO. — Ptfi-ino- 'ctcii HCdHllfllslH, Kilt VH I Vt'S, Olio iiiK lirokfti off. • Ortliodeama. radiatn, Ulrich, 'snia RHhinani. for Ortliodesnui for Orthodesma ')rthode8ma rec- istinct Hppcies of to Orthodesnui Cypricai'dites. fer to Cypricar- terlor of left valve. rll, left valve to Cypricardites ; is S. angulatua. SCH.— WHI. LAMILLIBRANCHIA TA. 785 Soiiizoni'H sednliPDHiH, Miller and (hirley, FlK. 1458.— HchJzoduH liiirll, cardliml vU'w. 1896, Bull. No. 11, 111. St. Mils. Nat. Hist., p. 17, Chou- teau (rr. Si'Hkxolum parallelum, Ulriph. 1894, (teo. Sur. Minn., p. 624, Trenton Gr. striatum, Ulrich, 1894, fj«. ii.'>i.-h<-1iI/.<>(Uis Geo. Sur. Minn., p. sfdnll.'nsls, i-lnlit 624, Galena Gr. ^■"''■' • calvini, Ulrich, 1894, (Clenodonta cal- vini,) Geo. Sur. Minn., p. 596, Hud. Uiv. Gr. Fig. 1455.— SphenoUuni cunflforme, part of shell broken off and hinge anil llgamental furrows. Sphexotus sinuatus. Miller and Gurley, 1896, Bull. No. 11, 111. St. Mas. Nat. Hist., p. 9, Chouteau Gr. Fig. 1456. — Bphenotus sinuatus, right and left valves. Tfchnophorub cincinnatiensis. Miller and Faber, 1894, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 17, p. 147, Hud. Kiv. Gr. punctostriatus, Ulrich, Syn. for T. cin- cinnatiensis. Tellinomya absimilis, Sai-deson, 1896, Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 4, p. 74, St. Peter Sandstone. Fig. 14157.— Twlinopliorus dnclnnatli'nsiM, nat- ural sl/f and inMunlllfd f.0^0>' CLASS CRUSTACEA. AoiDABPis ht'fvisphiosa, Foerste. Too poorly defined to be recognized. Agnostus fallax var. trilobatus, Matthew, 1895, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 15, p. 216, St. .lohn Gr. fissus var. triflsaua, Matthew, 1895, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 15, p. 231, St. John Gr. levigatus var. ciceroides, Matthew, 1895, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 15, p. 234, St. .John Gr. levigatus var. mamilla, Matthew, 1895, Trans. N. Y. Vcad. Sci., vol. 15, p. 234, St. .Tohn Gr. levigatus var. terranovicus, Matthew, 1895, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 15, p. 233, St. John Gr. nathorsti var. confluens, Matthew, 1895, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 15, p. 233, St. John Gr. Alcta, Matthew, 1895, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 15, p. 198. [Ety. alvta, leather.] Small oval or ovate bivalves, like Aparchitrx, but having a soft, flexible test and finely punctate. TyneA.flex- iU», described at the same place from the St. John Gr. APARcniTES arrectus, Ulrich, 1894, Geo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 646, Trenton Gr. chatfieldensis, Ulrich, 1894, G( >. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 646, Trenton Gr. ellipticus, Ulrich, 1894, Geo. Sur, Minn., vol. 3, p. 644, Trenton Gr. fimbriatus, Ulrich, 1894, Geo. Sur. Minn., vol.3, p. 645, Hud. Kiv. Gr. granilabiatus, Ulrich, 1894, Geo, Sur, Minn,, vol, 3, p. 644, Trenton (Jr. millepunctatus, Ulrich, 1894, (ieo. Sur, Minn,, vol. 3, p. 645, Trenton Gr. parvulus, Jtmes, 1897, Pal. Foss. Can., vol. 3, p. 230, Low. Sil. secunda, Matthew, 1894, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 14, p. 136, Up. Taconic, Aroes conmiKjuinem, See Lichas consan- guineus, nrsenhergensis var. paulianun. See Lichas paulianus, Aribtozoe canadensis, Whitfield, 1895, Ohio Geol., vol. 7, p. 462, Trentcm Gr, AsAPiUTs. If Isotelus is to rank as a genus, it will include nearly all American species referred toAsaphus. canalis is described and figured in Bull, Am. Mus. Nat Hist., vol. 1, p, 386, ulrichi, Clarke, 1894, (Ftychopyge ul- richi,) Geo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 709, Trenton Gr. Founded on fragments of the pygidium. ARA.— A»A. AVA.— KCH. CRUSTACEA. 787 ^A. th of Auaelids, (Htt'erent forms >8 to theHe fnig- ith no idea that 417, Hud. Kiv. M'Hte, 18H8, Am. lid. Kiv. (Jr. lewci'ilM'd and il- »1., vol. 7, 1). 4»2. y, 1895, Bull. No. fiHt., 1>. 80, (Jhou- 1894, 0( 1. Sur. 'reutoii (h". (!e<). 8ui'. Minn., (\v. (}»•(). Sur. Minn., iv. dr. 1894, (leo. Sur. 'renton (ir. I, 1894, (lcH>. Sur. Trenton («r. Pal. K«>8H. (Jan., 94, TranH. N. Y. |136, Up. Taconic. le liioliart connan- irmn. See LichaH Iwhitfleld, 1896, 1462, Trenton Gr. loraniiaHaKeiuiH, ly all American laphuH. li^ured in Bull. irol. 1, p. 388. (PtychopyKe ul- In., vol. 3, p. 709, led on frugnients KlK. l(W.-R('.vrl(lil!i h.'Mii iiirlll, iniiKiilfled 12 din nu'tcrft. viifiliinn, Meelt and Wortlien, refer to MleiiH vixilanH. AvAi.nsiA aeadica, Mattliew, 1S94, Trans. .N'. Y. Aead. Sci., vol. 14, p. 140, Up. Tacnnic. Batiivikuh Hclnielierti, (Marke, 1894, (Jen. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 724, Trenton (Jr. Mtitiifinaiii, Se»' I'roetiis xtttneniani. liinjiihiit, Matthew, 1894, Trani*. N. Y. Aead. .S<'i., vol. 14, it. 145. Proposed as a siil>>4, (l)iera- nella bieornis,) (Jeo. Siir. Minn., vol. 8, p. 065, Trenton (Jr. hammelli, M i I - ler and Kaber, 1894,.lour.(;in. Soe.Nat.llist,, vol. 17, p. 157, Hud. Kiv. (Jr. iiitialis, Ulrieli, 1894, (Jeo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 658, Tren- ton (Jr. marginata, Ulri.^h, 1894, (Dieranella niar- ginata,) (Jeo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 666, Trenton (Jr. simplex, Ulrieli, 1894, (Dieranella sim- j»lex,) (Jeo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 666, Trenton (Jr. spinosa, Ulrieli, 1894, (Dieranella spi- iiosa,) (Jeo. Sur. M'nn., vol. 3, p. 665, Trentbii (Jr. BoLT.fA HubaMpiata, Ulrieli, 1894, (Jeo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 669, (Jalena (Jr. typa, Ulrieli, 1894, (Dilobella ty|)a.) (Jeo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, j). 673, Trenton (Jr. unguloidea, Ulrieli, 1894, (Jeo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 669, Galena (Jr. Bbo.vtkuh manitcbensis, Whiteaves, 1892, (!ont. to Can. Pal., p. 347, Devonian. Bi'MAHTtis trentonensis, Emmons, 1842, (Jeo. liep. N. Y., p. 390, and (Jeo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 718, Trenton Gr. BvTrroovPRiscurta, Ulrieh, 1894, Geo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 689, Trenton (Jr. Kranti, Ulrieh. 1894, Geo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 689, Trenton Gr. robuHta, Ulrieh, 1894, (Jeo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, ]). 690, Trenton Gr. CAi.ViMKNR eallicephala may be eonfined to the Hud. Kiv. Crr. and xoinria Vntirnd, may be applied to the related Trenton form, according to some authors, neanolitana, Clarke, 1892. Am. .lour. Sci., 3a ser., vol. 43, p. 57, Upper Devcmian. vogdfsi, Foerste, Syn. for C. niagarensis. Cakcinohoma ingens, Claypole, 1894, Am. Geol., vol. 13, p. 77,.Waterlime Gr. Chratiooakis monroei, Whitfield, 1896, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, p. 301, Low. Held. Gr. poduriformis, Whitfield, 1896, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, p. 802, Low. Held. Gr. ('iriihijmh, Ulrieh, Syn. for P.eyriehia. rlKniihifnl nir. rohiinfo, Ulrieh, Syn. for Meyriehia ehambeiMi. Ckhaikih elinloni, Foerste, 1895, Ohiti Geol., vol. 7, p. 527, Niagara (Jr. milleraniis. Miller and (Jurlev, 1H93, Mull. No. 3, III. St. Mus. Nat. llist., p. 80. Mud. Kiv. (Jr. seoiieldi. (!larke, 1894, (Cyrtometopus seotieldi,) (Jeo. Sur. Minn., vol. ,3, |i. 735, Trenton (Jr. treiilonensis, Clarke. IK94, (Pseiido- sphn'rexoehus trentoneiisis,) Geo. Sur. Mimi., vol. 3, p. 734, Trenton Gr. (JiiiHii'ooiTKs, Matthew, 1895, Trans, N. Y. .\eiid. .Sei., vol. 15, |). 205. [From a supposed resemblance to Cirriin'tliK.] Small ciilcai us jihiles of irregular contour and relief associated with Ki>iii.Hlilis,»]\i\ supposed to bt veriiig plates of ('irrii)iilin. Ty|ie C. cmiu- breiisis, described at the same place from the .St. .John (Jr. ('diioIIi'Iiiih, I )ames, a subgenus. See Ijichas. (!tkxoiioi,hina is probably a synonym for Meyricliia. fulerata, Ulrieh, 1894, (Jeo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 674, Trenton Gr. Cyiikm-! winchelli, (Marke, IS94,(ieo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 742, Galena (Jr. (Iyi'iiahimh belliila, Whiteaves, 1892, Cont. to(!aii. Pal., ]). 349, Devonian. clitildiii'iinf, Foerste. Too poorly delined to be recognized. (?) giilenensis, ('larke, 1894, (Jeo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, ]). 759, Galena (Jr. ('!/rtii)iii'tt)i)iiK, .\iigelin, 18.54. Subgenus. See Ceraurus. nciijiiltli. .See Ceraurus seoiieldi. ('vTiiKKEi.i.A, .Fones, 1848, Monog. Kntom. Cret. F. 28. [Ktv. diiniiiutive of the genus ('filln'ri'.] I'ype ('. iivatu, xiiln-otiniihi, Ulrieh. Not deiined so as to be recognized. Dalmaxitks )l()li)hl, Clarke. Not defined so as to be recognized, eboraceus, (JIarke, 1894, ( Pterygometus eboraceus,) (Jeo. Sur. Minn., vol. 8, p. 728, Trenton Gr. schmidti, (!larke, 1894, (Pterygometus schmidti,) (Jeo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, \^. 729, Trenton and (Jalena (Jr. Dtpranrllii, Ulrieh, should be spelled Dre- panelUi. Dirnniclla, Ulrieh, Syn. for Beyrichia. bicdrniK, Ulrieh. See Beyrichia bieornis. niarijiiitttn, Ulrieh. .See Beyrichia mar- ginata. sitnitle.i:, Ulrieh. See Beyrichia simplex. «/>/...>««, Ulrieh. See Beyrichia spinosa. DilnheUa, Ulrieh, Syn. for Bollia. tijitn, Ulrieh. .See Bolliu typa. Drepanem.a .bigeneris, Ulrieh, 1894, Geo. • Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 672, Trenton Gr. bilateralis, Ulrieh, 1894, (jJeo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. ti7], Trenton Gr. EoriixocAKis inultintxlosa, pustulosa, and sublevis are described and figured in Ohio Geol., vol. 7, pp. 458 and 465. 788 CRUSTACEA, KM'.— MC. Km>r iilrlclii, KiM>i-Ht<\ isnn, Ohio (io. Mag., 4tli H«>r., vol. 1, p. -JftL', Ham. (ir. Kxc'HixiHiK eriMtatiiH, (larkt*. IKIH. (u'o. Siir. Minn., vol. :i, p. 741, lliid. Uiv.(ir. vaniiiiliiH, Clafkt', IM(M, (i*>o. .Snr. Minn., vol. ;j, p. 7.'<», Trt'iiton Or. KxToMotAuiH, Wliitficid, IWfl, Hull. Am, MiiH. Nat. Ili^^t., vol.K. p. •->»». [Kty. iiihiiufii*, ('lit iij>; kiiri», a Hlirimp.] dai'apaco ovatt' in oiitliiic, l)!valviilai', with a Htrong hintiiH in front and roiind*>d l)«>liind; hin^t'-linr Htrai^lit for about half itH ItMiKth. Hostriim not known. .AlHlomcn composed of fourteen or metre HcgnuMits, thrcf or fourof which may be naked. The post- alHlomen bears three spines, the cen- tral ont> or telson, elongate and slen- der, an. 90, Waterlimedr. GcniHdjthi'H iilrirhfiiHi, Clarke, 1894, Geo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 710. This sub- K«^nuH and s|)ecies are founded upon some fragments .of J'roftiiH xitnrlnchi, described by Meek, in 1H72, in Am. Jour, of Sci., and redescribed and il- lustrated in Ohio Pal., vol. 1, p. 161. The snecimens are not very rare, and have oeen considered by the best au- thorities as the young of Aiidphiin vu'- ifinfoH, and the sjjc > 's is called the young of AmtjthiiH hi N. Am. Geol. and Pal., p. 562. li' it is a distinct s|)ecies, it will wear the name of spiir- Idckl and not iilrlvhatm. (rKiFi'iTiiiDHs ornata, Vogdes, 1895, Proc. ('al. Acad. Sci., vol. 4, p. 589, Low. (Joal Meas. JIai.mklt.a lubiosa, Ulrich, 1894, Geo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 656, Galena Gr. Harhbs (subgenus Harpina)minnesotensis, Clarke, 1894, (xeo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 755, Galena Gr. • (subgenus Harpina,) rutrellum, Clarke, 1894, Geo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 757, Galena Gr. Illabniih danielsi. Miller and Gurley, 1893, Bull. No. 3, 111. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 76, Niagara (Jr. ovatus, Foerste, Syn. for I. ovatus. Foersfe, Hyn. for Nileiis Ku- mintiiixth'iiH)*, vigilans. orbieaudatus of Hillings may be a mastu-. IsocMii.iNA seolleldi, Ulrich, 1894, (Macro- tonella scotleldi,) (ieo. Sur. Mirm., vol. 3, II. 684, Trenton Gr. Ihotkms sfioidd |irobably rank as a genus instead of a subgenus of Amiiihiiii, and made to include most of the .American AKIII>/tllH. lii/iliiiiH. See Nileus vigilans, .loNKSKM.A obsciira, Ulrich, IH94, Geo. .Sur. Minn., vol. 3, o. 668, Galena Gr. Kkaiski.i.a, Ulrich, 1894, Geo, Sur. Minn., vol. 3, J). 6tM. (Kty. proper name; ilhiH, diminutive.] (Carapace small, somewhat elongate, sub<>lliptical, ob- scurely triangular or semi-ovate in out- line, the dorsal margin m<»re conv«'x than the ventral, the latter straight or but gently convex ; with nuKlerately thick and very une(jual valves; right valve the smaller, drawn out poste- riorly into a strong, spine-like process; left valve overlapping the right all around. Type A'. Iiiiv♦' " '*"• Bh, IWH. (MiuTo- iM). Sur. Minn., (ir. ■ nink «H II K<'nuij I of .ln((^(/ii(K. and of tin* AnuM'ican Uilllllrt. h. 1H04, (it'o. ^nl•, iliilt'iiH (ir. , (ico. Snr. Minn., y. prnptT nnnu' ; Caraimcf mnall, HU»M'llii)ti»'al, •>»»- Homi-ovatc in oiit- ruiii nion' <'onvox • latter straiulU of Willi nuHlcratfly iiual valvcjt; nj?l>t drasvn out postt^- Hpint'-like j)nK!fSH; )inn tljo I'l^lit all lll'IIIKlJIx. , (it'o. Sur. Minn., i4, (leo. Hill-. Minn., on(fi'. , , i(t dewcribed and aeol., vol. 7, p. 418. ty and Trenton wpe- npi-ditellrt eanalis,) ..1. 3, p. 637. Tren- nerditpUa nmcrn,) rol. 3, p. 638, Ti'en- m, Trans. N. >'• p. 13H, Up. Taconio. Lt'perditella persi- inn., vol. 3, p. 637, 1894, Trans. N. Y. p. 138, Up. Taconic. l-n. for Leperditm. ,„'ri*iiir,liK, Ulrich. land sigillata, Mat- Hoy. Soc. Can., vol. [Miller and tTUi;ley, 111. St. Mus. >at. Ira Gr. Ike, 1894, (Arges con- 1 Sur. Minn., vol. 3, P- Ponolichas cornutus,) linn., vol. 3, p. 749, Ir and Guvley, 1893, Mus. Nat. Hist., p. |l894, (Arges wesen- (lulianus,) Geo. tear. Trenton Gr. Murriiliiiii'lld, Ulrich, Syti. f(n' Irnx'tiilina, to wliit'li refer M. rteotieldi. Mu'MACi'A, Matthews, IKt»4, Trans. N. Y. ,\catl. Sei., vtil. 14, p. 141. (Kty. iiroiwr name. I Giaitella prominent, cyliiKlri- cal, extending to t lie front of the shield ; eye-lolH>s coiitimioiis, and a short pos- terior extension of tlie dorsal suture. The front aren is like /nrinillniiili M,\mt dilTerent in the posterior extension. The long eye lobes and short posterior extension . tiH'2, Trenton (Jr. jierplexa, Ulrieh, 1894, (Jeo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3. p. (J83, Trenton (Jr. Itunclata, Ulrieh, 1894, (Jeo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. (}82, Trenton (Jr. Nii.Ri's vigihins, instead of .\saplius (Iso- telus) vigihins. PAi..KorAi,.KMo,\ newberryi, isdeseribed and illustrated in Ghio deol., vol. 7, p. 401. l'liU>iiiiifi>i)iin is a subgenus of iichas. Pmimcmtrs manuelensis, Matthew, 1895, Trans. N. Y. .Vend. Sei., vol. 15, p. I-HIO, St. .lohn (Jr. Poi-veoi'K has a bivalve eireular or ovate (*arapaee, without beak or sinus, and is described on page ll.*2. A living genus. Type /'. nrlticiilnriH. Pkimitia celata, Ulrieh, 1894, (Jeo, Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 653, Trenton (Jr. coiistricta, Ulrich, 1894, (Primitiella eon- stricta,) (Jeo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 847, Trenton (Jr. duplicata, Ulrich, 1894, (leo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 654, Trenton (Jr. fillmorensis, Ulrich, (Primitiella fill- inorensis,) (Jeo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 649, Trenton (Jr. fusiforniis, Matthew, 1894, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sei., vol. 14, p. 137, Up, Taconic. gibbera, Ulrich, 1894, (Jeo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 655, Hud. Uiv. Gr. limbata, Ulrich, (Primitiella limbata,) (Jeo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 648, Tren- ton Gr. mammata Ulrich, 1894, (Jeo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 652, Trenton (Jr. micula, Ulrich 1894, Geo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 653, Galena (Jr. minutissima, Ulrich, 1894, Geo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 651, Trenton Gr. oculata, Matthew, 1894, Trans. X. Y. Acad. Sei., vol. 14. p. 136, Up. Taconic. sanctipauli, Ulrieh, 1894, Geo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 652, Trenton Gr. simiilans, Ulrich, ( Primitielhi simiiliins,) (Jeo. ,Sur. Minn., vol. M, p. »IIH, Tri'Mton (Jr. tumidula, Clrieh, 1894. i), Di'voniiui. phieidus, Vogiiiiioi>iiH, II subgenus of Dalmanites, to wlii(!li refer I'lmrtio'iin mul xclniiiilli. /V//f//o/<(U'/'(, a synonym for .\tops. to which all the species should be referred. I'tiirlioi);/!/!', a subgenus of .Asaphus, to wliicOi refer iilrlchi, if it is to be re- garded as a species. SeiiMiDTEi.LA attinis, Ulrich, 1894, (Jeo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 641, (Jalena (Jr. brevis, Ulrich, 1894, (Jeo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p,«42, Trenton (Jr. eambrica, Matthew, 1894, Trans. X. Y. Acad. Sei., vol. 14, p. 137, Up. Taconic. incompta, Ulrich, 1894, (Jeo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 642. Trenton (Jr. subrotunda, Ulrich, 1894. (Jeo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p. 843, Trenton (Jr. unibonata, Ulrich, 1894, (Jeo. Sur. Minn., vol. 3, p.641,Trent(m (Jr. Si'ii.KUE.vot'irrs/*/.sin/», Foerste. Too poorly delined to be recognized. Tholfo/iH, C»mrad, 1843, Proc, Acad. Xat. Sei. Phil., vol. 1, p. 332, is regaitled as a subgenus of Illaenus. But it would be better if all subgeneric names were dropped. TrRun-EPAH newberryi is described and il- lustrated in Ohio Geol., vol. 7. j), 463. 790 INSECTA, ANT.— ETO. ) ! CLASS ARACHNIDA. AxTHRAcoMARTiiB woodi'uflR, Scutldei', 1893, Insect Fuuna, K. I. Coal Field, p. 9, Coal Mt as. Mazonta Jicadica, Scudder, 1895, Cont. to Can. Pal., vol. 2, p. 63, Coal Meas. •0^0>' CLASS MYRIAPODA. Ar(!Iiil'lu8 puphobenoides, Scudder, 1895, Cont. to Can. Fai., vol. 2, p, 59, Coal Meas. lyelli, Scuddf'r, 1895, Cont. to Can. Pal. vol. :', p. 60, Coal Meas. '•0^0« CLASS INSBCTA. ANTrrRAooBLATTiNA nmei'icnna, Scudder, ' 1895, Kev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 1?9, Coal Meas. virginiensis, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 130, Permian. Etoblattina accubita, Scudder, 1895, Kev. Am. Foss. Cocki'oaches, p. 88, Low. Permian, angusta, Scrdder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Coci.roaches, p. 100, Low. Permian, aperta, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 80, Low. Pei'mian. arcta, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cochroaches, p. 97, Low. Permian, balteata, Scudder, 1879, Mem. Jost. Soc. Nat. Hist., p. 110, Low. Permian, benedicti, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 84, Low Coal Meas. clarki, Scudder, 1893, Insect Fauna, R. I. Coal Field, p. 14, Coal Meas. clintoninna, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 66, Coal Meas. communis, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 93, Low. Permian, debilis, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p.71. Low. Permian, dei'ossa, Scuddei*, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroach • ;, p. 108, Low. Pei-mian. detecta, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 75, Low. Permian, eakiniana, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 88, Low. Permian, exigua, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 76, Low. Permian. exilis, Scudder, 1893, Insect Fauna, R. I, Coal Field, ]). 17, Coal Meas. expugnata, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 102, Low. Permian, expulsata, Scudder, 1895, Rev. A»n. Foss, Cockroaches, p. 89, Low. Permian, expuncta, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 79, Low. Permian, exsecuta, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 96, Low. Permian, exsensa, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 86, Low. Coal Meas. fasciata, Scudder, 1889, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 24, p. 47, Low. Coal Meas. fossa, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 70, Low. Coal Meas. funeraria, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 78, Low. Permian, funesta, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 85, Low. Coal Meas. gorhami, Scudder, 1893, Insect Fauna, R. I. Coal Field, p. 16, Coal Meas. gracilenta, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Oocki'oaches, p. 95, Low. Coal >«eas. gratiosa, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 90, Low. Pei'mian. hastata, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 94, Low. Coal Meas. hilliana, Scudder, 1896, Rev. Am. Fobs. Cockroaches, p. 99, Low Coal Meas. hustoni, Scudder, 1889, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 24, p. 53, Low. Coal Meas. ANT.— ETO. er, 1R95, Cont. to i3, Coal Mens. Dont. to Clin. Pal., sas. Insect Fauna, R. I. ml Mean. 895, Rev. Am. Fobs. , Low. Permian. ^95, Rev. Am. Foss. Low. Permian. 195, Rev. Am. Fosb. Low. Permian. 95, Rev. Am. Foss. Low. Permian. )5, Rev. Am. Foss. Low. Coal Meas. i9, Proc. Host. Soc. p. 47, Low. Conl , Rev. Am. Foss. Low. Coal Meas. ?95, Rev. Am. Foss. Low. Permian. J5, Rev. Am. Foss. Low. Coal Meas. 893, Insect Fauna, 16, Coal Meas. 895, Rev. Am. Foss. Low. Coal >jeaK. !95, Rev. Am. Foss. Low. Permian. 95, Rev. Am. Foss. Low. Coal Meas. 95, Rev. Am. Foss. Low Coal Meas. 39, Proc. Bost. Soc. p. 53, Low. Coal mmm OER. — MVU. INSECTA. 791 illustris, Scudder, 1893, Insect Fauna, R. I. Coal Field, p. 12, Coal Meas. immolata, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroa'^hes, p. 92, Low. Permian. ini|)erfecta, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 104, Low. Permian, invisa, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 106, Low. Permian, jeffersoniana, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 77, Low. Coal Meas. lata, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 67, Permian, latebricola, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cock- roaches, p. 108, Coal Meas. niacerata, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 91, Low. Permian, macilenta, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. (cockroaches, p. 101, Low. Permian, mactata, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. ("ockroaches, p. 92, JiOW. Permian, maledicta, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Ain. Foss. (Joc'kroac les, p, 83. Low. Coal Meas. marginata, Scudder, 1889, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 24, p. 48, Low. Coal Meas. mediana, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 69. Low. Permian, nuicronata, Scudder, 1895, Kev. Am. Foss, Cockroaches, p. 74, Low. Per- mian, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss, 103, Low. Permian. 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. 107, Low. Pern.ian. 189.5, Kev. Am. Foss. oVjatra, Scudder, Cockroaches, j). occulta, Scudder, Cockroaches, p. ovata, Scudder, Cockroaches, p. 70, Low. Permian, patiens, Scudder, 1895, Rev. A in. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 73, Low. Permian, pnedulcis, Scudder, 1895, Hev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, \^. 98, Low. Permian, ramosa, Scudder, 1895, Rev. kxw. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 81, Low. Coal Meas. recidiva, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 109, Low. Permian, relicjua, Scudder, 1893, Insect Fauna R. I. Coal Field, p. 18, Coal Meas. residua, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 78, Low. Permian, rogi, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 102, Low. Permian. saf{ittaria, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 68, Permian, scholiieldi, Scudder, 1893, Insect Fauna R. I. Coal Field, p. 15, Coal Meas. secreta, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 105, Low. Permian, stipata, Scudder, 1889, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 24, p. 52, Low. Coal Meas. atrigosa, Scudder, 1889, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 24, p. 52, Low. Coal Meas. tennis, Scudder, 1889, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 24, p. 46, Low. Coal Meaii. variegata, Scudder, 1889, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 24, p. 51, Low. Coal Meas. willsana, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 82, Low. Coal Meas. Gerablattina alxlicata, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. k oss. Cockroaches, p. 118, Low. Permian. apicalis, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 114, Low. Coal Meas. cassvici, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 117, Low. Permian. concinna, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. (!ockroaches, p. 119, Low. Permian. deducta, Scudder, 1895, tiev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 123, Low. Permian. diversinervis, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 115, Low Per- mian. eversa, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 122, Low. Permian. fi-aterna, .Scudder, 1893, Insect Fauna, K. I. Coal Field, p. 19. Coal Meas. inculta, Scudder, 1895, Kev. Am. Foss. Cockro»\ches, p. 113, Low. Permian. lata, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaclies, p. 125, Low. Permian. minima, Scudder, 1895. Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 127, I/ow. C'oal Meas. ovata, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 126, Low. Permian. perita, Scudder, 1895, Kev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 114, Low. Permian. permacra, Scudder, 1895, Kev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 121, Lt)W. Permian. permanenta, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss.Cockroaches,p. 121, Low. Permian. radiata, .Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaclies, ji. 124, Low. Permian. riciimondiaiia, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. ('ockroaches, p. 116, Low. Coal Meas. rotundata, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 126, Low. Permian. scapularis, Scudder, 1893, Insect Fauna, R. I. Coal Field, p. 19, Coal Meas. uniformis, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. . Cockroaches, p. 120, Low. Coal Meas. MiCROBLATTiN-A, Sse to the outer margin. Scapular vein near to and parallel with the medias- tinal vein ; emits an offshoot below the middle of the basal half, which imme- diately divides, the upper branch bear- ing a few longitudinal offshoots, the other many arcuate offshoots. Exter- nomedian vein simiate. Internome- dian and amil veins originate from a single stem, and each bears lui- merous arcuate branches. The re- ticulation is quadrangular. Type P. icuclinoides. described at the same place from the Coal Meas. Paromvi.acrih clintoniana, Scudder, 1895, Kev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 53, Low. Coal Meas. pluteus, Scudder, 1895, Kev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 54, Coal Meas. triangularis, Scudder, 1895, Kev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 52, Coal Meas. Pbtrablattina hastata, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 141, Low. Permian. Poroblattixa complexinervis, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 139, Low. Permian, fossa, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 137, liOW. Permian, gratiosa, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 136, Low. Permian, longinqua, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 135, Low. Coal Meas. ohioensis, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 138, Low. Coal Meas. Progonoblattina Columbiana, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 131, Low. Coal Meas. PHOMYiiACRis harei, Scudder, 1895, Rev. Am. Foss. Cockroaches, p. 48, Up. Coal Meas. RnAPriiDiopsis, Scudder, 1893, Insect Fauna, R. I. Coal Field, p. 10. [Ety. from the resemblance to Rhaphidia.] Distinguished from Corydaloides by the nonfalcate form of the relatively shorter wings, the excessive breadth of the hind wings, and the less numerous and much more distant scapular branches. Type /.' dirersipenna, de- scribed at the saiue place from the Coal Meas. •o6o>' SUBKINGDOM VERTEBRATA. CLASS PISCES. ^■'i i".r :M :?. i ^ ! u AspinicnTnvs notabilis, AVhiteaves, 1892, Cont. to Can. Pal., p. 354, Devonian. BRONTicnTUYS, Claypole, 1894, Am. Geol., vol. 14, p. 379. [Ety. Brnnti'n, mytho- logical name ; ichthifif Ush.] A fish- spine. Type B. clarkei, described at the same |)lace from the Cleveland Shale. Cladoous clarki, rivipetrosi, and sinuatus, Claypole, 1893, Am. Geol., vol. 11, p. 327, Cleveland Shale, magnificus, Claypole, 1894, Am. Jour., vol. 14, p. 137, Cleveland Shale. CLADosELAonB newberryi, Dean, 1893, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 13, p. 115, WaverlyGr. CocooHTEUS cuyahogft^, Claypole, 1895, Ohio Geol., vol. 7, p. 615, Cleveland Shale, halmodeus, Clarke, St. Geol., N. Y., Shale. Otenaoanthus acutus, 1894, 13th Rep. p. 161, Marcellus Eastman, 1897, Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 154, p. 13, Keo- kuk Gr. Dinichthjis canadensis, clarkei, g) " •ii», and linculni. See Ponerichthyt. prentis clarkei, Claypole. > r iiino- mial. MoNOOLADoniJS, Claypole, 1893, Am. Ge(>l., vol. 11, p. 329. [Ety. monos, single; Cladodns, a genus.] Distinguished from Cladodns by the teeth, which consist of a single cusp each, without lateral denticles. Type M. "Jarki, which, with M. pinnatus, ic described at the same place from the Cleveland Shale. Petalodus secxiriger, Hay, 1895, Jour. Geol., vol. 3, p. 561, Coal Meas., Syn. for P. alleghanionsis. TiTANionTUYS attenuatus, Wright, 1895, Ohio Geol., vol. 7, p. 612, Cleveland Shale, brevis, Claypole, 1896, Am. Geol., vol. 16, p. 167, Cleveland Shale. ORY.— TIT. !udder, 1895, Rev. les, p. 141, Low. lervis, Scudder, Cockroaches, p. Rev. Am. Foss. [jow. Permian. Rev. Am. Foss. iOW. Permian. L895, Rev. Am. ». 135, Low. Coal •, Rev. Am. Foss. Low. Coal Meas. biana, Scudder, Cockroaches, p. Ider, 1895, Rev. !s, p. 48, Up. Coal r, 1893, Insect ;ld, p. 10. [Ety. e to Rhaphidia.] irydaloides by the the relatively essive breadth of le less numerous Jstant scapular Urersipenna, de- place from the TA. 154, p. 13, Keo- -kei, gr? '( 'Ns. and lithyis. )le. > t t ()ino- 1893, Am. Ue(>l., . monos, single ; Distinguished le teeth, which sp each, without 'ype 3f. "larki, tus, ic described 111 the Cleveland ly, 1895, Jour. ilMeas., Syn. for , Wright, 1895, . 612, Cleveland Am. Geol., vol. hale. TAM. — NAN, B ATRAC HI A. 798 Tamiobatis, Eastman, 1897, Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 154, p. 85. [Ety. TamUtx a genus; hati», a ray.] Founded upon what is supposed to be the cranium of a skate. Type T. vi-tuHtnn, de.^cribod at the same place from rocks of De- vonian or Subcarboniferous Age. PoNERicnTuvs canadensis, Whiteaves, 1892, (Dinichthys canadersis,) Cont. to Can. Pal., p. 353. Devonian, clarkei, gracilis, and lincolni, Claypole, 1893, (Ponerichthys clarkei, etc.) Am. (ieol., vol. 12, p. 275, Cleveland and Marcellus Shales. •0<>0"' CLASS BATRACHIA. Allopus littoralis, Marsh, 1894, Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 148. p. 83, Coal Meas. Tracks made by an animal having five toes on its fore feet and four on its hind feet. BAROPrs lentus. Marsh, 1894, Am Jour. Sci., vol. 148, p. 83, Coal Meas. Tracks made by an animal having foui toes on both its fore and hind feet. Dromopus agilis. Marsh, 1894, Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 148, p. 82, Coal Meas. Tracks made by an animal having long, slender digits, terminated by sharp claws. LiMxnprs vagus, Marsh, 1894, Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 148, p. 82, Coal Meas. Tracks made by an animal having four toes on its fore feet and five on the hind feet. Naxopus caudatus. Marsh, 1894, Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 148, p. 82, Coal Meas. Tracks made by an animal having three toes on its fore feet and four on those be- hind.