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Outario Agricultural College and Experimental Farm, Guelph, under control of the Minister of Agriculture. J\ME3 Mills, M.A. Thomas Shaw A. E. Sht'ttlkworth, B.A. T. HoYES Paktox, M.x\.., F. F. C. GUENSIDK, V.S.. H. H. Dean, B.S.A. E. Lawrence Hunt, B.A. Captain Walter Clarke., C. A. Zavitz, B.S.A. . George Harcourt, B.S.A. A. McCallum, . . . . President. Professor of Agriculture and Farm Superintendent. Sc. Profe3,sor of Chemistry G.S. Professor of Natural History and Geology. Professor of Veterinary Ssience. Professor of Dairy Husbandry. Assistant Resident and Mathematical Master. Instructor in Drill and Gymnastic?. . . Assistant Superintendent of Experiments. Assistant Chemist. .. .. .. ..Bursar. ADVISORY BOARD. C. C. .James, M. A., Secretary John I. Hobson, Chairman Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Toronto. Mosboroigh, County of Wellingtoa. BULLETIN LXVII. EXPERIMENTS WITH WINTER WHIiATS. The winter wheat crop will always be one of considerable importance to Ontario notwithstanding the facilities for growing it in Manitoba and the Northwest. This view is supported by the following reasons along with other others which might be given : 1. A large portion of the province is well adapted to the growth of wheat. In view of this fact the advantage of growing a less amount than will suffice for home consumption is more than doubt- ful. Adaptability should always be a prime factor in determining the crops that should be grown. That winter wheat may still be grown in western Ontario in as fine form as in any country in the world has been amply demonstrated by the yields of the present year. 2. The winter wheat crop may with much advantage be made to form a prominent feature of a regular rotation. 3. This crop provides bedding for live stock more abundantly and more cheaply than any crop now grown. This feature alone adds much more to the value of the crop than is generally supposed. 4. It furnishes a crop suitable for sowing grasses along with it, a fact of no little significance in view of the probable decrease in the acreage of barley. It also admits of the autumn sowing of timothy which generally ensures a catch of the seed in any season. 5. The increased attention to stock production will tend to improve the yield per acre owing to the increase of fertilising materials which are thus made available to the farmer. 6. The growth of winter wheat tends to a more even distribution of labor throughout th3 year. 7. It encourages the manufacture of flour in the country, and this furnishes a plentiful supply of bran, which is almost indis- pensable for certain feeding purposes. 8. In growing winter wheat for home consumption the farmers always will have protection to the extent of the cost of conveyance from other provinces. Our farmers should therefore continue to give careful attention to the growth of winter wheat in the parts of the province favorable to the same. The aim should be not so much to grow a large acreage as to adopt such methods of cultivation and to secure such varieties as are likely to give a large yield per acre. With this end in view the importance of good drainage, sowinsj at the right time and suitable conditions of soil in relation to rotation, fertility and natural adaptability cannot easily be over-estimated. All things considered it would be better not to sow winter wheat at all than to sow it under conditions not likely to produce a good crop. Selection of Varieties. In selecting varieties to sow, a careful regard must also be given to the wants of the millers. Those good yielding varieties only should be grown which are well adapted to milling purposes. Some years ago quantity was the great consideration with the grower. At present quality is at least equally important with quantity. This statement finds ample confirmati. n in the low price paid for the Wild Goose wheat notwithstanding its ample yields. The choice of the millers is not a mere arbitrary one. As in this fastidious age the tastes of the consumer rule, the miller must cater to those tastes or he will lose his custom. The consumer demands a beautifully appearing snowy white bread, and the miller must furnish Hour that will produce it. In this we find one of the prin- cipal reasons for his preference for white wheats. The baker wants a strong flour, that is, one rich in gluten, and the miller must give it to him or he will cease to buy. Because of this the Manitoba Fyfe spring wheat stands high in favor with the millers. A heavy weighing wheat gives a larger percentage of flour than a light weighing one, hence the preference of the millers for the varieties which weigh the heaviest. The faruier.s therefore will do well to give diligent heed to the recommendations of the millers as to the varieties which stand high in favor with them, and in making their selections for sowing they should choose accordingly. The V a r I k t I e s Grown. There were in all some 70 plots of winter wheat grown at this station during the present year, including 51 varieties. A few of the varieties were grown in dupli- cate plots, and in another field we grew 10 varieties in acre and half acre plots. These larger plots, however, were simply duplicates of varieties grown in the smaller plots, with the exception of the Longberry Red, a variety introduced last year from Indiana, and which through some unfortunate oversight was not grown in the small plots. The details relating to the larger plots will be given in the annual report. Of the al varieties 24 'were Canadian and American, and Tt were foreign. The foreign varieties came chiefly from Germany, England, France and Russia. As none of the foreign varieties have as yet proved ec^ual to some of the Canadian and American kinds we do not feel justified at present in recom- mending them to be sown. This bulletin, therefore, gives the par- ticulars relating to 23 Canadian and American varieties grown under exactlv the same conditions. : 5 Gbnkkal Classikicaton or Vauiktiks of Fall Whkats. Head. * White Grain. White Chaff. "' Red Grain. r White Red J ^^''«^"- Cl'-ff- 1 Red L Grain. r White f j Grain. ( Bearded ' Head. 1 White t Grain. Red j Red Cliaff. ^ Grain. L r (2) Garfield or Natural Cross. j (3) Surprise. ) (4) Canadian Velvet Chaff. \ \h) Bunnell or Landreth. (11) Winter Pearl. (. (14) Martin Amber. f (1) American Bronze. j (9) Red Velvet Chaff. 1 (10) Jones' Winter Fyfe. (12) Rogers. (19) Golden Drop. (23) New Monarch. (G) Seneca or Clawson. (7) Standard. (8) Early Red Ciawson. (16) Manchester. (17) Bulgarian. (22) Democrat. ■J (13) Egyptian. ( (1.5) Golden Cross or Volunteer. j (18) Red Lyon. I (20) Hybrid Mediterranean. V (21) Lancaster. The above classification is based upon the recognition of all winter wheats as belonging to the bald or bearded varieties. But observe that those varieties with very short beards, often found only on the upper portion of the head, are classified as bald. The wheats in each of these general divisions are again classified according to the color of the grain. It should be borne in mind that sometimes we have white chaff with red wheat, and red chaff with white wheat. The finer distinctions of shade in color, as amber, bronze, etc., are not given in this classification, as they are liable to vary with a change of soil and climate. The number standing before the name of each variety gives the order of i-he yield of the said variety. Location and Soil. All the varieties of winter wheat both native and foreign were grown in plots side by side in the same range. These piots contain exactly the one-fiftieth of an acre each. The aspect of the land is north-easterly, but the slope is very gentle. The soil may be termed a clay loam with good natural drainage. Preparation of the Soil and Sowing. The soil was prepared on the bare fallow system as it was felt that a test of this nature should be made under the most favorable conditions 6 summer. Farmyard manure The seed waa sown sowing in drills in a::Ain.able. to bring out to the fullest extent the capabilities of the jr&ins grown. This is the only hare fallow that wo had on the farm. The ground was plowed twice the previous Adiirional surface cultivation was also given, vra^ appliet.1 at the rate of 15 tons to the acre. Manner a n d T i m e of Seeding. bv hand, as we have no machines suitable for r!ct* of the size mentioned. The plots were all sown September 4th V::h the exception of the Winter Pearl variety, which was sown on Sepienirier Sth. The same amount of seed by weight was sown upon eaihplot. and it was sown at the rate of 1§ bushels per acre. As tbe location was favorable, the soil well prepared, the weather :hTcrab!'=' froi^ time of sowing until time of reaping and especially so izrir^z ibe ripening period, as there was no rust or blight to interfere v-ith the filing of the grain, and as all the conditions were exactly ^n.ilitr and favorable to the most complete development, we may ssir 7 conclude that a more favorable opportunity for testing the full s&pikbiliiie? of those wheats when at their best could not easily have ToV.r I shows the average yields of twenty- three varieties for 189L Nc. If. K r. Varieties. S >"- AiLrnc&n Er.nz'r Giri«:;d or Natural Cross. ,>nte Citr.i-'i-in Vel\et Chatf . . . h-jZiiu'r'^ ■>r Landreth S^^ijrCi or Clawsvn .S'-ii^ Z.bJ'i Li.:.T t^z Ciawson r-^i V el -^et Chaff Z '.'Zif-. W:Et,er Fvfe . ... WjiverP-iarl. .: jLttTy \j ^iSkXi M'fc.n;r Aiiiber '^■.•.:;^a Cr'.»5r or Volunteer. yiAZi'zli^fi^T Lili'trjin 5v^; L}jii " '. ''j-'.'iid*r:. hz-j'.j K v->r.- M'^d;t^rninean JjaZt'^^^^T 'LffUi'y:vA\ y-rrv Mor-arch Weight of grain per measured bushel. lb. 6:^.00 (52.00 63.25 62.25 62.75 62.75 63.50 62.. 50 64.00 61.25 61.00 62.50 64.00 61.00 64.00 64.. 50 64.50 64.00 63.00 64.25 64.50 64.50 63.50 63.28 Amount of straw per acre. tons. 2.16 2.52 1.99 1.82 2.26 2.07 2.02 1.93 1.92 1.77 2.51 1.83 1.94 2.13 2.17 1.53 1.60 1.67 1.61 1.92 2.11 1.69 1.72 1.95 Yield of grain per acro(bu8h. 601b.) 65.2 64.4 63.8 59.9 59.6 58.9 58.3 58.3 56.9 66.3 55.5 64.6 4 .4 .9 .7 53. 50. 49. 47. 46.3 44.5 44.3 44.0 42.8 41.6 40.8 62.93 the I the iner. nur© sown IIh in r 4th n on upon Aa ither ly so rfere actly may 3 full have 1891. It will he noticed that in tlie above table the 2.3 varieties of wheat mentioned have given most extraordinary yields, and produced wheat of an uncommonlv good quality. The. hij^hest yield is from the American Bronze, which produced at the rate of 65.2 bush, per acre, and the lowest is from the Now Monarch, which produced at the rate ot 40.8 bush, per acre. The average yield of the 23 varieties ia at the rate of .52.93 bush, per acre. The highest weight per bush, was Oih lb., reached by several of the varieties; the lowest weight was 61 lb. per bush., and the average weight of the 23 varieties was 63.28 lb. per bush. In view of the extraordinary yield.s thus obtained, and the even more extraordinary weights of the grain, the curiosity is not un- natuial which would desire to know whether these yields have a parallel on the continent of America. It should be stated here that the weights of the different varieties of wheat, as given in the above table, were obtained from tests con- ducted at our request by Mr. James Croldie, Guelph, of James Ooklie tfe Sons. When the weights were taken Mr. Goldie considered all the varieties sufficiently dry to grind, with but two or three exceptions. Discounting the Yield. It may be well, also, to re- mark that yields such as the above would not have been obtained from whole fields of these respective varieties, nor could they be looked for from cultivation given under average conditions. Small plots yield more relatively than large ones, owing to cultivation around the borders and probably to other causes, and from this extra yield it has been thought that if one-fifth were deducted, the result would be a fair average to expect from a whole field under like conditions in other respects. Table ii gives comparative summary results : Class. Number varieties. Weight per measured bushel. Yield per acre. (Htandard bushel by weight). ( Bald 16 15 8 10 13 62.88 64.25 63.03 63.75 62.75 03.71 55.nl}i:arian 118 Red Lyon |ly (ioldeii Drop 20 Hybrid Mediterranean j21 Lancaster 122 l)emocrat 123 New Monarcli 21 30 85 22 37 73 21 40 70 21 38 70 23 39 74 23 38 80 21 38 75 22 40 72 22 1 37 1 80 2.8 2.9 2.5 3.1 2.5 2.6 2.7 3.2 27.1 43.3 28.8 41.1 30.8 40.1 22.(1 44.2 34.9 44.3 25.7 44.7 21.3 48.8 27.2 40.1 32.2 41.4 From the foregoing table we learn that there were only four days of dilVerence in the ripening of the 23 varieties. The greatest differ- ence in the average length of the plant in the plots was only seven inches, and the average length of the plant in all the plots was 38.4 inches. The width of the straw is given in millimeters to give an idea of size and to some extent of its strength. As the straw in all the varieties stood fairly erect until the time of cutting, it would not be so easy perhaps to convey a correct idea in any other way. The average length of head was 2.9 inches, and the average number of grains per head was 30.1. From the column giving the weight in grammes of 1,000 grains of each variety, a somewhat accurate idea of the comparative size of the grains can be obtained. 9 pro- but tho the dif- lays ffer- ven 58.4 I an all not ■The of in dea The seed in If) varietieH was obtainf^d from the Colloge, and the Imlanco as follow8 : Nos. 1, 8, 10, and 16 (Steele) ; Noa. 4 and 16 -(Pearce) ; No. 11 (Wilkinson) and No. IIJ ((tordon). The color of the straw was white in all varieties, except Noa. 15 and 21, which were a deep slate, and Nos. 10, 18 and 20, which were a light slate. The surface of chatF was smooth with the exception of the three velvet varieties, Nos. I, 9 and 10. In table iv. the yields of the If) leading varieties for 1890 are given in comparison with the yields of the same for 1891 : Varieties. Weight of grain per measured bushel. Yield of grain in bushels o per acre f 60 It). 1891. 1890. Average 1890-1. 1891. 1890. Average 1890-1. 1 Surpr! 8« Reel Velvet Chfttf 63.3 64.0 62.8 62.5 63.5 62.5 62.8 61.0 64.0 64.5 63,0 64.5 64.3 64.0 63..". 63.3 58.7 61.0 61.0 58.0 59.3 60.8 .59.0 62.5 58.3 61.0 61.2 61.7 60.2 60.0 56.7 60.0 61.0 62.5 61.9 60.3 61.4 61.7 60. !> 61.8 61.2 62.8 62.1 63.1 62.2 62.0 60.1 61.7 63.8 .56.9 59.5 58.3 58.3 54.6 .58.9 .50.4 49.9 47.7 44.3 42.8 44 44.5 40 8 51.6 29.6 35.8 32.1 32.1 31.7 34.6 25.4 32.5 32.1 30.4 32.5 33.3 32.1 29.2 20.0 30.9 46.7 46 3 45.8 45.2 45.0 ! 44.6 1 42.1 1 41.5 ■n.o , 39.1 1 38.4 38.1 38.1 lionnell or Laiuireth Karlj' Red Clawson Standard Rogers Seneca or Cl.awHon Martin Amber Golden Gros.^ or Volunteer Manchester Golden Drop Lancaster ' Hybrid Meriiterranean Red Lyon. ... . , , 36.9 New Monarch Averages 30.4 41.3 I 1 It will be observed that the Surprise heads the list, while as has been already stated it ranks high as a milling wheat The Red Velvet Chaff which stood first last year for yield and weight com- bined, is second in comparison for the two years, but drops down to ninth place in the list of 1891. It may also be observed that on the whole, the different varieties have given yields in much the same order for the two years. The average yield per acre for the two years, and the average weight per bushel, are certainly satisfactory. The former was no less than 43.1 bushels, and the latter 61.7 ft. Report of the Dominion Millers' Association. A deputation was appointed by the Dominion Millers' Association to visit this station, examine the different kinds of winter wheat and report upon the same. The deputation consisted of ten persons, in- 10 eluding the President and Secretary of the Association. The visit was made on August 5th and the following is a summary of the re- port : " The Committee are anxious to extend the growth of white wheat. They think very highly of the Surprise variety and advise farmers to sow it. They highly recommend the Canadian Velvet Chaff and regard it is a good milling wheat. They also consider the Bulgarian an extra good milling wheat. '• In regard to the red varieties they advise tluit the Rogers should not be sown as it is inclined to smut and contains no good milling properties. TLey also fear that the ^Fa ichester is a weak wheat for milliui: purposes, l)ut this conclusion is only based on the grinding of small quantities. They consider the Jones' Winter Fyfe an extra- ordinatily good wheat lor griiTding, and they are of the opinion that if the farmers could raise it plentifully it would obviate the necessity of using so much ]\ranitol)a wheat. They very highly recommend thf Hybrid Mediterranean, looking upon it as a good wheat, and they also highly recommend the Longberry Red." More complete particulars regarding these wheats maybe obtained from the report of the ]\Iillcrs' Association, which will doubtless have reached the public through the press before the issuing of this bul- letin. CONCLUSIONS. The results of the experiments may be thus summarised : 1. Ihe bplendid returns obtained in this experiment prove that the capal'ilities of Ontario, as a wheat producing country, are still of a high order. 2. The bald wheats have on an average given 9. 86 bushels more per arrp. or 21.42 per rent, than the bearded varieties, but the latter have weighed on an average 1.37 lb. more per bushel. 3. The white wheats have given an average of 5.18 bushels more l>er acre than the red wheats, and they also stand higher in the estimation of the millers than the latter. 4. The bald white chaff white wheats gave an average of 13.6 bushels per acre more than the bearded red chaff red wheats. 5. The seven leading varieties in point of yield were all white wheats except the American Bronze. Ck Thc?e experiments tend to confirm the popular opinion that white wheat? under favorable condition will give more bountiful returns than red wheats, and that the same may be said of the bald varieties as contrasted with the bearded. 7. The four best yielding white wheats for 1891 were the Garfield, r^urprise, Canadian Velvet Chaff and Bonnell ; and the tour best yielding varieties of red wheat were the American Bronze, .i 11 Early Red Clawson, Red Velvet Chaff and Jones' Winter Fyfe, in the order named in both instances. 8. The best four weighing varieties were the Manchester, Bul- garian, Lancaster and Democrat, each of which gave 64| lb. per bushel. 9. The three velvet chaff varieties gave an average yield of 4.77 bushels per acre in excess of the mean average of the 23 varieties, and weighed .22 lb. more per bushel, and they are also included in the leading varieties mentioned in conclasion 7. 10. Of the varieties enumerated in thi« bulletin, the Dominion Millers' Association recommend the following as the most serviceable for milling purposes, viz., of the white wheats, the Surprise, Canadian Velvet Chaff and Bulgarian ; and of the red %rheats, the Jones' Winter Fyfe, the Hybrid Mediterranean and the Longberry Red. .6 ite DISTRIBUTION OF SEED. As we have received many enquiries regarding seed, we append the following in reference to the mode of distribution that we have decided to adopt : We will supply any of the following varieties, viz., the Surprise, Red Velvet Chaff, Bonnell or Landreth, Early Red Clawson, Bulgarian, Garfield, American Bronze and Canadian Velvet Chaff in one bushel and half bushel lots. As we have only a limited quantity of tho seed of each of these varieties, we can only furnish seed while the supply lasts and in the order in which we receive the applications. The prices charged will be moderate. For further information apply to the Professor of Agriculture. The varieties will be distributed in smaller lots through the medium of the Ontario Agricultural and Experimental Union. The Experimental Union, which meets annually at the Agricultural College, is composed of the otlicers, ex-students and students of the college, and all farmers throughout the province are invited to co-operate in the work that is being carried on by the Association. This work consists of the testing of seeds and fertilisers, under con- ditions as nearly similar as can be found practicable. The seeds are furnished by the Union free to the farmers, and full instructions regarding the mode of conducting the tests are also furnished at the same time. The only return asked of the farmer is a report of the results, to be sent after harvest by a time fixed upon as mentioned in the instruction sheet. These reports are made upon blank forms furnished to each experimenter along with the instructions. At the present time there are no less than 1,642 plots under ex- periment, which are conducted by ex-students and other farmers 12 throughout the province. These plots comprise the following : — 70 with fertilisers, 196 wit-h lucerne and corn, 350 with roots, 1,026 with spring wheats. The results of this work, which are published annually, cannot fail to be of immense service to the farmers. In the subjoined table will be found the different seta of varieties of wheats, which will be furnished by mail in half pound lots of •each variety, to farmers applying for them, and in the order of the applications so long as the supply lasts. Five Sets op Fall Wheat for Co-oprpativk Tests (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) American American American American American Bronze. Bronze.^ Bronze. Bronze. Bronze. Canadian Vel- Canadian Vel- Canadian Vel- Canadian Vel- Canadian vet Chaif. vet Chaff. vet Chaff. vet Chaff. Velvet Chaff. Surprise. Garfield. Bonnell. Winter Pearl. Lonf?berry Manchester. Golden Cross. Early Red Red Velvet Red. Bulgarian. Standard. Clawson. Chaff. Jones' Winter Lancaster. Hybrid Medi- Fyfe. terranean. Democrat. Each farmer wishing one of these sets will please address to the Secretary, 0. A. Zavitz, Experiment Station, Guelph, mentioning which set lie dedres, and the grain, instructions for testing and 4jlank forms on which to report Avill be forwarded to his address.