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 SOME THOUGHTS ON CANADA. 
 
 BY THE MARQUIS OP LORNE, K. T.; FORMERLY GOVBBNOR-OBN- 
 
 BBAL OF CANADA. 
 
 Canada and the States are united, not only by railroad sys- 
 tems, but by the generous feelings which ever reside in the breasts 
 of manly neighbors. Canada is too peaceful and too quietly ad- 
 vancing on her own path of happy progress not to sympathize to 
 the full with the quicker moving populations across the fresh 
 water seas. In the troubles of the United States, a generation 
 ago, many thousands of Canadian citizens fought for the North. 
 In the homes of Canada, as in Illinois, many a hearth was deso- 
 lated by the loss of a beloved member of the family through the 
 Confederate bullets. Canadians share in the United States* 
 prosperity, nourish no envy, and are content with the great ter- 
 ritories which have been assigned n them by Providence to de- 
 velop. They have enough to do at home, and have perfect con- 
 fidence that they will be able to do that which destiny appor- 
 tions to them. Their own progress has been very quiet. Some 
 persons say that it has been so quiet that there has been no 
 life in it. But they are mistaken. The settlers who have gone 
 to that northern land have gone there to stay. They have 
 gone there because they prefer its freer institutions, and like 
 the certainty of its climate, its health-giving air, and freedom 
 from political trouble, whether it be of race, of labor, of over-pro- 
 duction, or of great contrast between rich and poor. They like it 
 because it happens to be a land whose wealth is perhaps more evenly 
 distributed than that of any great free community elsewhere. They 
 prefer it because it has a glorious history connecting it with events 
 which have given a dignity to the past. They see that the popular 
 will finds immediate expression and effect through its constitution. 
 They find that, although there are great autonomous provinces, 
 
 \ 
 
SOME THOVQHTS ON CANADA. 
 
 713 
 
 // 
 
 •4 
 
 f 
 
 ^ 
 
 where Icoal ambition aud desires find full scope, the authority of 
 the Federal and National Government is obeyed. They see that 
 the central authority keeps in its own hand all military power, 
 and that no local ambition has control of the militia. They have 
 behind their national power the naval might of Britain, with her 
 prestige and force to add to their own in case of danger, and her 
 example and her friendly counsel to guide and assist them. 
 
 They are in alliance with, not in dependence on, the old 
 country. They have themselves proved their own patriotism, 
 aud they have gained a place among the nations of the world. 
 They make their own commercial arrangements in concert with 
 the Imperial power. They have a position unique as it is envi- 
 able. In art, in industry, in literature, and in national life, 
 whether shown by their sue; jss in great public works or by 
 the ordered advance of their town and country populations, 
 they have made immense progress since they united in the 
 Dominion. They have triple signs of success in the variety of their 
 territories. There are the eastern forests and farms, the central 
 prairies, rich, and healthy, and full of coal ; the western '* slope," 
 with its alps and woods, minerals, and the wondrously beautiful 
 seal >ard. What wonder if they see with equanimity that others 
 do not grasp as yet the ideas they have realized in their posses- 
 sion of so much good ? They can afford to labor and to wait, 
 for each decade makes hope grow into assurance, and disperses 
 doubt among themselves. In London there is now instituted an 
 annual festival on the 1st of July, to commemorate the federation of 
 the northern colonies, now tlie provinces of the Dominion. It was 
 only two years ago that the first of these celebrations in the Im- 
 perial capital was held. Twenty-five years only had elapsed 
 since that great instrument of union had been passed. At the 
 last of these commemorations tV ^ present able High Commis- 
 sioners of Canada to Great Britain were present, and among 
 the guests was Lord Norton, now a man past eighty years of 
 age, who had been in office in London when the first steps 
 were taken to pass through the Imperial Parliament the Act 
 of 1867, which formulated ihe constitution of the young 
 Dominion. As Sir Charles Adderly, he had done all he could do 
 in former days to assist the project. And now, looking back at 
 that time, after an interval of twenty-seven years, he, a staunch 
 Tory, was able to say how much ho rejoiced in the new departure. 
 
714 
 
 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. 
 
 and how all that had been done in the making of an infant nation 
 had been done at that nation's own wish, and by that nation's 
 own representatives. By Canadians was Canada's constitution 
 arranged, and by Canadians has it been perfected, and made to 
 work with a smoothness and success unprecedented, where so 
 many strange conditions had to be met, and so much that required 
 Belf-restraiut and power of self-government to be carried out. 
 
 Neighbors are sometimes supposed to be the Inst to see that 
 which is being done near them, and, indeed, under their eyes ; 
 but we are sure that the good wishes of our American cousins are 
 with us, for our task is similar to theirs, and the difference of the 
 method is a difference that can lead to no estrangement, but, on 
 the contrary, tend to the friendship between the two constitu- 
 tional governments, which it is ' he desire and object of every 
 Canadian to cherish and reinforce. 
 
 The Germans have a habit of averting misfortune by pronounc- 
 ing the word '' unberufen" or •* let it not be called down on me,'* 
 when they have been able to boast of good luck, and do not wish 
 to share the bad. Let us also say " unherufen "and tap the table 
 three times, as is the peculiar German method of making friends 
 with good fortune, when we record that, as yet, Canada lias had 
 no marked experience of troubles between labor and capital. 
 When, as at Montreal and Quebec, there has been some slight 
 tendency in past days in that direction, the tendency has been 
 rather imported by strangers from the south than by the action 
 of her own sons. Undouljtedly the influence of the Roman 
 Church in the Eastern Provinces, and notably in Quebec Prov- 
 ince, has been to prevent such outbreaks. Nowhere does the 
 Catholic priesthood exhibit a greater power, or use it better 
 to further the ends of law and order, peace and religion. Yes, 
 as yet there has been very little of the fierce feeling which in 
 other lands has grown up between the man who works with 
 his hands and the men who work with their brains. All will 
 undoubtedly, in the "long run," come right where these con- 
 tests occur, but how long will the " long lun " be, and what 
 mischief and misery may be done until the light of reason and 
 reasonableness subdues the darkness of hate and envy ? Alas 4 
 we cannot tell. The position of Canada has, in one respect, been 
 very fortunate. She is more a rural than an urban nation. Her 
 towns, in proportion to the landed population, are small, and 
 
SOME THOUGHTS ON CANADA. 
 
 716 
 
 farmers do not "make hay " of capital, but are only too glad if 
 capital comes to them to buy the hay after it is made, or will even 
 give a promise to buy it while the crop is still on the ground. 
 The Northern Provinces are communities of ** Grangers," and 
 Grangers must have railroads in good working order to transport 
 their produce, or else they can't " get along" at all. 
 
 Yet a little movement against one curious form of " capital " 
 has been participated in by workers of both Canada and the 
 United States of late. Luckily, the central authorities on both 
 side? of the line can in this case easily hold their own. I allude 
 to the movement against the fur seals. These capitalists cin 
 hide away their treasure altogether if too roughly handled, and 
 labor has determined to handle them so roughly that, like capi- 
 talists elsewhere, these mariiie wealth-bearers threatened to re- 
 move from their former haunts, if not from public life itself. 
 The question put by the workers as to whether the problem of a 
 fur seal's possessing its own skin was one that required the blun- 
 derbuss of the armed cruisers of three Powers and an interna- 
 tional civil trial at Paris to settle, was, needless to say, mainly 
 settled by the eloquence of an Irishman. Most of the sealers 
 were Americans. Most of those who defended the seals were 
 lawyers, and as no general railway strike could be brought to bear 
 in favor of the enemies of the wealthy seals, they will still be 
 allowed to propigate their species, although the word species 
 has a suspicious likeness to ''specie," which everyone knows 
 means capital. The Americans contended that seals should be 
 free in the open sea. But then they denied that the open sea 
 was open sea, a contention so Hibernian that the Irishman had 
 no difficulty in confuting it. 
 
 He was made Chief Justice of England, and the seals got a 
 time in the year when they, like Irish landlords, should not be shot 
 or killed at all, aL all. This all reads like a fairy story, but it is 
 an impartially told bit of history, and only noticed here because 
 some people sought to make the aifai'* a cause of quarrel between 
 friends, that is, between Canadians, Americans, and British. 
 There is ple.'ty of room for all three on the sea, as on the land, 
 and even on the great lakes. In those inland seas it is for the in- 
 terest of both to have good salvage arrangements in case of wreck. 
 Wherever there is chance of any disaster causing lose of life, the 
 Canadian Government has issued orders which have for many 
 
716 
 
 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. 
 
 years prevented misuiiderstandinga. These formerly arose more 
 from the idea that on the northern side the arrangements for 
 assisting vessels in distress were not efficient, than from any fact 
 which could nourish apprehension. 
 
 Conciliation and arbitrament is practically always at hand, 
 so long as the present intimate connection between Britain and 
 her colonies exists. The authorities in ** Downing Street " are 
 sufficiently removed from the sc^' e of local disagreement to be able 
 to keep themselves unentangled by any mere accidental bitterness 
 imparted into a dispute. Reference to them means the lapse of 
 a little time to let the disputants sleep and think over the matter 
 in quiet, and the friendly advice given ''from home" is well re- 
 ceived in the main, and if not always quite satisfactory to the 
 colonists, is recognized as an honest attempt to adjust disputes, 
 and to act as amicus curia in a manner likely to lead to friendly 
 settlement. Would that trade disputes could find as efficient 
 an intermediary — as respected a tribunal — as conciliatory a court 
 of arbitration ! The mere gain of time is much, when passion is 
 excited ; and, if the interval gained can be spent in reflection 
 instead of inaction, the disputants would have little chance of 
 coming to blows. 
 
 To any person who has followed the course of events, it must 
 have been a matter of some surprise to see a great conference called 
 together at Ottawa, and representatives from many colonies tliere 
 assembled, the mother country being herself represented by special 
 envoy. The Governor-General, who permanently during his five 
 or six years' term of office, is the delegate of the old country, was 
 not considered sufficient, and the Earl of Jersey, aformer Governor 
 of one of the Australian colonies, was sent to Ottawa as the 
 British envoy. These facts of themselves show a marked change 
 from the days when it was held in London that Westminster 
 could legislate for Upper and Lower Canada. A still wider di- 
 vergence from the ancient ideas of the rights of the northern 
 country is, of course, seen when it is remembered how a century 
 ago taxes for general defence were imposed in London and 
 resisted by arms at Boston. But not only is it impossible 
 now for Great Britain to impose any tax on the colonies, but it is 
 also impossible for her to prevent them from taxing by customs 
 duties her trade. Canada may impose any duties she pleases on 
 British goods. Never before in the history of the world has a 
 
SOME THOUGHTS ON CANADA. 
 
 717 
 
 ' 
 
 parent state given up even the idea of a remonstrance on such a 
 subject. 
 
 But it must be remembered that it is to the teacliing of the 
 most distinguished of all the British political econom'its, that 
 Canada owes hor defence of her system of imposing duties on im- 
 ports for revenue, and even for the purpose of protecting and 
 nursing her manufactures. Mill expressly declared that there 
 were cases where such an expedient might be necessary to albw of 
 the growth in a new country of manufactories. Whether defen- 
 sible or not, by a purely philosophic argument, there is no doubt 
 that every rising nation will naturally proceed to such imposts on 
 goods not made at home, but which may be produced at home. 
 A young country tries as soon as possible to be represented in all 
 departments of national existence, and to hive home-made articles 
 in preference to those made out of the country. There is, tliere- 
 fore, little use in arguing the point. But one thing is arguable, 
 and that is the contention of British economists that all that is 
 produced under protection is produced at much heavier cost, and 
 with a less satisfactory result. I remember Lord Kimberly de- 
 claring that Ontario now had to buy at increased price the plows 
 she used at home, and that those made by her people were in- 
 ferior to those she formerly bought at a cheaper rate from New 
 York. But there was no doubt that a comparison of prices and 
 a comparison of goods r bowed that after a very brief interval the 
 Canadian manufacturer had turned out as good and as cheap an 
 article as that formerly sent into the country from the States. 
 
 It was so with an article in another part of the Dominion. I 
 do not know if the British Columbians were more fond of soap 
 than the rest of their kinsfolk to tho east or south of them. But 
 anyway they used to buy all their soap at San Francisco. The 
 change in the tariff cut them off from the 'Frisco soap, and the 
 mountains, before the Canadian Pacific Railroad was made, from 
 the soap lovers of the east. They set about to make their own 
 soap, and very soon their soap cleansed, at the old price of the 
 ** foreign " soap, every hand in the Colony. I took special pains to 
 verify this soap story, and it will wash I The truth is that things 
 easily made and easily carried can be made at home in most 
 countries as cheaply as they can be made anywliere. It is only 
 where long transport adds to the price that the effect of protec- 
 tive duties is severely felt. 
 
718 
 
 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. 
 
 Now, it is quite possible that in time and for certain common 
 purposes, Britain's colonies will ask her to reconsider her position, 
 and to see if some articles cannot be added to a revenue list on 
 which some small tax shall be laid. The money is wanted for 
 common purposes, and if one section of our empire says that it is 
 too much in love with the philosophers' stone of free trade ever 
 to change it for the cash of mutual good, there a ** question " 
 will also arise, which will give rise to some valuable weighing of 
 balances of advantage. I don't know whether any of the States 
 of America will ever think it nocesaary not only to have their 
 armed militia under their separate and " sovereign " control, but 
 also to make their state frontiers the boundaries for different 
 tariff arrangements. That is about the position of the British 
 Empire at the present day. The sentiment for alliance is held to 
 be so strong that it makes light of these little pecuniary matters, 
 but they are serious if left to fructify into widely different fruits. 
 You have the same with regard to local taxj'tion in the States, 
 and that local tiixation maintains armed militia forces, so tiiat 
 you need not labor too much to see the similarity in the position 
 of the two great English-speaking nations. But a likeness does 
 not make the matter much better, and the United States is in 
 advance of the British Empire in that it has common taxes for 
 common purposes. 
 
 Now this conference at Ottawa was in some respects a remark- 
 able development. There was something very new even in the local- 
 ity where it was held. I remember my father coming back from 
 a Cabinet council and telling us boys that the capital of the new 
 Dominion of Canada had been fixed, and that the name of the 
 town which was about to receive this unexpected honor was 
 By Town or Ottawa. We tried to find the town in our maps of 
 America, and failed to find it. The place was not considered 
 worth notice. At the conference delegates from all Anglo-Saxou- 
 dom, except the United States, came there to diacuss mutual 
 support, and how intercommunication had best be carried on 
 by steamer and ocean telegraph lines, and, further, how best 
 these communications could be defended, and how the funds 
 could be raised to provide for that defence. Wide questions, 
 indeed, opening up many subjects which, as the French say, 
 " give to think ! " There were Australians asking how they 
 could co-operate in laying a cable that should bind together 
 
 
SOME THOUGHTS ON CANADA. 
 
 719 
 
 the British-American Pacific coast with the Southern Ishind 
 Continent. There were Africanders Avho knew that "Good 
 Hope "rested with that ''Cape" Government, which means to 
 have domination in the future "from the Capo to Cairo." Big 
 words, truly, but what is to prevent their realization? Already 
 " The Cape " means a federation extending to the Zambesi, and 
 although these States have with them the " negro question " in 
 a more wholesome and aboriginal form than that which exists in 
 America, the success of the Dutch race has proved that in 
 mere power of multiplication the blacks will not have it 
 all their own way in Southern Africa. But what were 
 these opponents of Zulus and Kaffirs doing in the head- 
 quarters of Legislation and Lumber Trade ? They were sent 
 by a very remarkable man, Mr. Cecil Rhodes, who has lately been 
 giving the old country politicians a " bit of his mind." Holdii.g, as 
 he did, he said, that the future government of this world was a 
 question of tariff, lie thought it a good opportunity to make a 
 condition that tiie duties on British manufactures should not be 
 higher than the duties at present imposed in the South African 
 Customs Union. The best return a colony could make to the 
 English people for their support, and help, and the pntection that 
 their navy furnished, would be to allow their manufactured goods 
 to pass at a fair rate. Englishmen spent their whole time in 
 Parliament on local matters, bui; the big question of the trade of 
 the people they neglected. See the action of the United States, 
 of France and of Russia, who have all been devising schemes for 
 shutting out England by protective and prohibitive tariffs. Yet 
 the extraordinary thing is that when the English people are offered 
 the privilege that south of the Zambesi their goods shall be ad- 
 mitted forever on a fair basis, their rulers absolutely refuse it. 
 Yet we know that the states south ot the Zambesi will join in 
 one system and that they will grant this right forever to British 
 goods. 
 
 And as it is with the South African plans for co-operation, so 
 it is with others hinted at, or formulat-- % by other colonies. Eng- 
 land, as yet, sticks to her shibboleth of receiving everything with- 
 out placing any duty on goods unless it be on tobacco or spirits. 
 She treats all alike. Her children over sea have no advantage 
 over the stranger. It is for her children at home only that she 
 thinks. She declares, indeed, that the children over sea ought to 
 
720 
 
 THE NORTH AMERICAN RVVIEW. 
 
 do as alio does. But at the same time she confesses that tliey are 
 old enough to know their own minds, and " what is more slio 
 can't prevent them from liaving opinions of their own, and acting 
 on them." They in Canada, in Australia, and in the Cape stretch 
 hands to the old mother and cry : " Treat us as your children, and 
 give our goods some advantage in your market, and we will fight 
 for you." As yet England turns a deaf ear to this cry. Perhaps 
 some day she may find that she must purchase her distant chil- 
 dren's active support at a higher price than that she would be obliged 
 to pay now. A higher price ? How is that possible ? Ask the Free 
 Traders, with Mr. Gladstone until lately at their h'^fd as Prime 
 Minister, and now their retired but still consulted oracle. Foreign 
 countries, says the oracle, would at once retaliate against England 
 were she to place any duty on their goods heavier than that placed 
 on England's own children. The bulk of England's trade, he 
 continues, comes from abroad.. Therefore, wo must run no risk of 
 offending the foreigner. To such fears it is useless to point out 
 that the foreigner, like the Englishman, thinks only of what is 
 best for himself. His duties are as high and only as high 13 he 
 thinks it will be profitable to himaelf to have them. 
 
 The only way to raise such all-round selfishnef into a sense 
 of the necessity of union is to show that persistence in extreme 
 dogma must bring isolation in times of danger as well as in times 
 of peace. This will gradually be brought to the front, in all prob- 
 ability, by united pressure on the part of some of the children of 
 the mother of nations, who, like the old lady in the nursery tale, 
 has so many children she don't know what to do, and as she can't 
 " whip them all soundly and send them to bed," she will prob- 
 ably have to put up with some of their ideas and *■' behave accord- 
 ing." This is the chief meaning of this first Imperial Parliament, 
 or Council of Ministers, held where the Algonquin and Iroquois 
 used to fish beside the spray shot forth by the falls of the " Chau- 
 di^re." There is not much chance that the modern fishermen 
 there assembled will hook fish too large for them to handle. The 
 good sense which has made these young nations so successful will be 
 answered by the moderation always inherent in the statesmen ** at 
 home," however far they may see fit to drive dogma to *' please the 
 gallery" for a time, for the *' gallery" is the source from which 
 the young nations have come, and are even now being daily rein- 
 forced in numbers, and the crowd in that gallery can understand