CIHM Microfiche Series (■Monographs) ICIMH Collection de microfiches (monographies) Canadian Institute for Historical IMicroraproductions / Institut Canadian da micrjreproductions historiquas 1 Th« copy fitmtd h«r« has bMn reproduced thanks to tha ganarosity of: Library Agricuhur* Canada Tha imagaa appearing here are the beat quality poaaible conaidering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filnting contract apecif icationa. Original copiea in printed paper covara are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the laat page with a printed or illuatratad impres- aion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copiea are filmed beginning on the firat page with a printed or illuatratad impraa- aion, and ending on the laat page with a printed or illuatratad impraaaion. The laat recorded frame on each microfiche ahall contain the aymboi -^> (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the aymbol Y (meaning "END"), whichever appllea. Mapa, platea, charta, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction ratloa. Thoao too largo to be entirely included in one expoaure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, aa many framea aa required. The following diagrama iiluatrate the method: L'exemplaira film* f ut raproduit grica A la gAnirositi da: BibliotMqut Agrleulturt Canada Lea imagaa auivantea ont M reproduitea avec le plua grand aoin, compta tenu de la condition at de la nattet* da l'exemplaira film*, at en conformity avec lea conditiona du contrat de filmage. Lea exemplairea originaux dont la couverture en pepier eat imprimte ront filmte en commen^ant par le premier plat at en terminant aoit oar la darniire page qui comporte une empreinte d'impreaaion ou d'illuatration, aoit par le second plat, aelon le caa. Toua lea autrea exemplairea originaux aont filmte en commenpant oar la premiire page qui comporte une empreinte d'impreaaion ou d'illuatration at «n terminant par la derniire page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un dee aymbolea auhranu apparattra aur la dernlAre image de chaque microfiche, aelon le caa: le aymbole — ^ aignifie "A SUIVRE". le aymbole Y aignifie "FIN". Lea eartea. planches, tableeux. etc., peuvent ttre filmte i dea taux de rMuctlon diff«renta. Loraque le document eat trop grand pour Itre raproduit en un aeul clich*. il eat film« A partir da Tangle aupAriaur gauche, do gauche i droite, et de haut en baa. en prenant le nombre d'imagea nicaaaaire. Lea diagrammea auivanta illuatrent la mAthoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to ot)taln the twst original copy avaUabie for filminig. Features of this copy which may be bibliographicaiiy unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming are chedwd below. 21 Coloured covers/ Couverture de couieur I I Covers damaged / D D D D D Couverture endommagte Covers restored and/or laminated / Couverture restaurto et/ou pellicula Cover title missing / Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps / Cartes g^raphiques en couieur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black) / Encre de couieur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Cotoured plates and/or iilustrattons / Planches et/ou illustrations en couieur Bound with other material / Reli6 avec d'autres documents Only edition available / Seule 6ditk)n disponible Tight binding may cause shadows or distortton along interior margin / L^ reliure sen^ peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge int^rieure. Blank leaves added during restorations may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming / Use peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutdes lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela dtait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6t6 filmdes. L'Institut a mk:rofiim6 le meilleur exempiaire qu'il lui a 6\6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exem- piaire qui sont peut-«tre unkiues du point de vue bibii- ographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la metho- ds nonnale de filmage sont indk)ute ci-dessous. I I Cotoured pages/ Pages de couieur I I Pages damaged / Pages endommagtes Pages restored and/or laminated / Pages restaur^es et/ou pellteuides D Pages discoloured, stained or foxed / Pages dteotor^es, tachetdes ou piqudes Pages detached / Pages d6tach6es D D D D Showthrough / Transparence Quality of print varies / Quaiitd in6gale de I'impresston Includes supplementary material / Comprend du materiel suppldmentaire Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image / Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'enata, une pelure, etc., ont 6t6 fiim^es k nouveau de fa^on k obtenir la meilleure image possible. Opposing pages with varying colouration or discolourations are filmed twtoe to ensure the best possible image / Les pages s'opposant ayant des colorations variables ou des dteolorations sont filmtes deux fois afin d'obtenir la meilleure image possible. Additional comments / Commentaires suppl^mentaires: Pagination Is as folloNs: p. [2], [217]-228. This torn is lllnMd at the raductlon ratio ehaetad batow / Ca docwnant ast film* su taux de rMuetian lndk|u« d-daaseua. lOx 14x 18x 22x 26x 30x J ._ 19v 16x 20x a4x 28x 32x matoeon hmiution tmt cnait (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) Jimm lit 1^ 12.2 tlfUi ■■■ [? I££ 1 12.0 ^ /APPLIED HVHGE Inc 1653 Eost Main StrMt RochM xutuMier of tl>in I wnx iiivi'Mtitrutinir the biirti-riolDiiiciil iimii'iii nf " 8w«'llfr thf Hii>liiK>''Hl Hnnrd tho ronditimi i>f Konu" of thi' fiiiicpodd — d'alanun finmanliirii.- ii|m>ii which I.." will* iio|MNii* whioh h«d diod in oulturi' flafikit wow ooniplotol.v .U-xtM.viMl hy niiiKHOH of whiit a|iiN'ur'<<'t<<'uhirly notioont broth woro iniwuhitol diroot from tho oo|m'|hhN and aftor two day:*' inoubatinn at room tomiHTaturo a doKiiito oloudinK of tho intdinni wai.- notoil. At tlio rotiiy usinpr various media prepared froir fish eoneootions in addition to llio onlinary laboratory media. Tho latter, however, proved to be more satisfaetory in every way and I have therefore oonfin(>d my.self to their use entirely. Beef Peptone Agar. — StandanI mothrxls ' — Beef extract l)einK substitn "d for meat. Beef Pe,)fnne (leMine. — Standard methods.' Ohiroxe Ai/ai: — \'", gluooso added to ajjar propari>d as above, imnu'diatoly before tubiuK- "SWiiini Indigo Sulphate Agar. — ;{ p«'r oent. sodium iiidit(o sulphate witli |)or oont. irlueose addooliitiun wa* ilimhI, und also a iM-ptone potassium-nitrate solution. i':!;{t!.-,— l-lL 2t« OKfAMTMIlST Of TUH \A\AL HKMriCK ■ OIOROe V. A. 1»1t Dumhmm HoluUon for Indol Proiluetion.—\ per etni peptone, ft iwr (-enl N»Cl di*M>Wed in tillefi water, the rmption •dju»ted *o * |0, metiium cteaml with white ot tiMC, llltertMl. tub«^i and «t(>riliieil. Aftfr 7 ' incubation at 37)*C. the culturt'n were tfiit variou* nuirar , ak'ohoU. Kluconide* u»ed were pre- imred ■eparatel.r ait ll> |icr <-ent Miliition* in liiitillcd \ •< ter, and ntcrilifed for 15 minute* in (luwinK "tinim for three nucceMive daji. Immediately before inoculation these wcr«> ud(l<>d to tub(>« of broth maiie up aa for thi- indol teat— the uie of peptoni' watt-r without beef oliminatea any ri»k of the reaction beinK maiilied by Hctinn on the muavle auRar— in iiuch pro|>ortion« aa to give a ftnal 1 per fi-iit auitar or other carbohydrate broth. Dunham tubea were uited for the cuUectioii of the Rnii. For acid production the acid fuchain indicator of Andradc,^ aa adapted by Ifollman. waa uaed at the rate of 8 per cent. In the preparation of the indicator I have noticed aa r»'|x>rted by Andrade. and Hollman that the colour which re^ulta from the addition of the nornml caustic moda i" prifcptibly «ffien to the air. By ad frclily prepared acid fuchain aolutioii nt iiitcrvnla through- out the Jay. leaviiiK tlw' reouent meanwhile cx|)oNi'd to the air. I have found that 8) cc. n'XaOlI will de«'oU>ri»o to the proi>er shade of amber 100 co. fuchsiti aolution. Liimu* Mill.:— The niilk frcohly acparatcd and tubed waa steriliied for three »uc- ceaaive daya for .Kl minutea in flowiuR ateam. The litmua waa made up aeparately: n 7 |>er cent aolution of " Merck'a " litmua in diatilled water, heatetl in the ateumcr for .W minutea and left over night in the incubator, filtered, atoriliwd for three succeasivc daya in flowing ateam and added to the milk immediately before inoculation ut the rate of 1} per cent. Notb: It will be seen from page 224 that culture III of thii* paper exhibited an unuaual degree of sensitivcncaa to the litmua. For thia reaaon 1 now consider the proportion of the indicator added to be of some importance CITLTrKAL STUDIES. Culture I. .Ucrp/io/ofli/.— Microattipicall; — 24-'hour-old agar culture at 37°C.— abort roda vary- ing up to 1-ti n long and 1 n broad; «onic larger forma; ataina unevenly with Kuhne'a methylene blue, and ia (tram negative. No ajM.rea are forn.ed and no capaule shown. J/o/•»»».— Moderate, spreading, flat, no digestion, no discolouration. In 7 days no digestion; colour isabella. luxuriant, moist, slightly raised, iridiscent. BArrtiKiAi. nKsmrrriny or roi'Ki'opa .,• •IMIONAL MPCn No. 3ta nHiurtion. In a d«,vii im rmiurtion. nnrLCj. "" Hluof.cti..,.. irrowth hrow... «.hii.ulat... „„.|iu,„ NHlrien, Hroth.-HTC. H hnun.. (-|„u,li„K «b |„,.,. ,„„|i„« ,,..."-• , iUk, Tin Tl '"T'T ,'''!"-'? "'" «« ••"•• '" « 'l".v* fl.-"l-. ,'j„. .h-wt f nni at U.p. cimIv <1i.I.kIk...I ..„ .hni.ii.K. M.,o„.«. dmineter. ra.H,.J. .h„htly .larker in ,*„tr,.. paling t,.«ar.U e.iK.-» low power objwfive homcwnouN. »rr«nular. edKei. entire Agar Coioni.».-24 hour, at .IT'C. Surface c.loni.. up t., .1 „.m. diameter raided CO cav.. «l.*ten.n« yclIowiKh-white at centre, paling towards X^.^ir^ entire, finely granular. Hniorphoim. *^ Temperature Helatiomt:— Thermal Death Point.-lO mn.. exposure in nutrient broth at 00°C ^^"''tTJeTy.^'"""'"""''''""'"'''* '■ ^^""""^ '"'"'"""' "' •■'"°' ^'°' ""'^ "°^- '">'«'^^- ^'""(".f, r.l^"'/'*'"'' •""'''' :■''"■ '■""""» '"•^'' »^" '""•«-'«l '«>"' -Kar aftw i> months at tempcratui 15°-iU°C. Helation to Oxyj^f -i— l-nruKative anaerobe; glucow- ajrar. Hiochemiral reactions - Indo i.i duction: J ,:l' i produced. Rcdu- arisun of the two standards reveals variance as to the significance to Im> attached to this gpiM-ific feature. Prescott and VVinslow*" consider the sugar fernu-ntations, par- ticularly the fermentations of glucose and lactose, are of prime importance. Siivagt^' considers motility as one of the essential characters of the true B. cirli. Migula-- inchides B. neapolitanus (Emmerich)''" which is non-motile, as identical with B. coli < Escherich). Thus while the concensus of opinon is undoubtedly iu favour of specifying motility as a character of the true B. coli, there would >ceni to be no justification accordintf to present classification for excluding from this ty|>e an organism prepon- deratingly similar and placing it with B. n-rogeneg (Escherich)" on account solely of the absence of motility. Harrison^* raises the question as to whether, provided the argument re motility is admitted, it removes B. neapolUanug to a different genus from B. coli. The Mfiind viirintion to which I have referred (page -iltt) is the fermentation of saccharose to acid and gas. B. coli (Escherich)*" has no action upon sa<'charose. Theobuld Smith, cited by Prescott and Winslowi!" stated in 1893 that B. coli could be divided into two distinct sub-types,— the one negative to saccharose or iu other words the nrigiual B. coli. and the other fennenting this sugar to acid and gas. Durham** isolated saccharose — positive organisms and gave the name H. coli communior, since contracted to B. communior. .Tacksou-* has classified the organisms of *he lactose fermenting tyi)e and confirms the sub-ty|)e B. communior of Durham. The classifica- tion of Jackson has since been adopted by the laboratory section of the American Public Tlealth Association.* and on this continent has receiviKl almost general approval. Tsiug saec'harose and dulcite as differential fermentation tests Jackson considers BACTERIAL DE8TBICTI0S OF COPEPODk 221 SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a those orKanisma positive to lactose and dulcitu as ti. roll (Escherich)*"; posit've to luitose, saccharose and dulcite as B. communior (Durham)'"; positive tJ lactose and saccharose but ueRative to dulcite as B. wrogenes (Esoherich)", positive to lactose but negative to saccharose and dulcite as B. acidi-lactki.'^* Further subdivision accord- ing to the action on mannitc and raffinose are used for further differentiation. MacConkey uses the Vofres-Progkauer reaction as one of his differential tests and finds that the true B. coli ig always Voges-Proskauer negative, while the B. vrogene» lyt.e IS N ogLS-Pr'-skauer positive. In the same paper he revives thv- iume B. n-juoli- tanjis (Emmerich)*' and uses this nomenclature for his saccharose positive dulcite positive straiiLs instead of the name given by Durham— «. cimmiv.r.r. Ma. l^inkey obtained a pure culture labelled B. neapolitanm from Krai, and out of 480 coli-like organisms isolated from human and animal faeces he found that 23 per cent gave bio- .•l.cuiicol reactions identical with the Krai culture used by him as control. 11.. states that lie cannot agree with Migula in describing B. neapolitanus (Emmerich) as iden- tical with B. coli (Escherich). As, however, the differentiation by means of carbo- hydrates other than glucose and lactose has lieen amplified since the classification bv Migula. the conclusions of both Migula and MacConkey on this particular point are jifriectly legitimate. Jordan^ in designating the saccharose-positivj dulcite-p'.sitivc p-oup uses B communior and B. neapolitanus interchangeably; biochemically this as correct, but the former is motile (1(!), the latter non-raotile*^ Levine** who apparently follows Mac(!oiikey has lately studied 33.3 strains of lactose fermenting bacteria from various sources. He goes one step further and giving B. neopolitanus IS original character of non-motility according t.. Emmerich2», uses that nomen- clature to include non-motile forms of B. communior (Durham). To say the least it ttrVrr •'* *" ^"""^ ; "''»'"'"'«'""' a" a sub-tyiH. of B. coli (Escherich) in view of the following statement by Jordair-: "According to a strict application of the rules ot priority, the bacillus now known as B. coli should be called B. neapolitanus." The datw of the original publication by Emmerich ^, and Escherich'", of course bear out Jordan s statement. However, according to the first descriptions of Emmerich^ and Esclierich»« the ^Z^^ ^ non-motile strain and the latter a motile strain of a lactose fermenting onanism. I^ter work a ready referred to has separaU-d these two strains on the basis lT7r ^""■^"*«t'»»;\ We thus have two features in which the respective ."trams .litfer. A propos of the stand taken by Durham and McConkey, Harrison-'" opens the ..uestioi, as to whether it is legitimate to name as a species, an organism differing only in the fermenting of one sugar. rKuiiKin tontJthT'V'"!^"^ T™ ^^'*i"'«t«- •»» the ground of present d.y classification, to te to ncly characterize the organism I have isolat«i-a non-motile, lact.me. saccharose. dul<.iU, K.sitive. Voges-Proskauer negative strain.-as a variety of the sub-tv,H: ScTS h""" "' '^\ f "'^ *• '^'"' '^"^ °^ ^-o^-r\.^. To use B. neapolita,Z Z- ide.t;!I //•'"'"'" T."*"'v '■«""»"»'■'"• ">"'«' "««a»y accepted for the strains giving .Of ^Ht. »;""'• " ""'*'''*-^ '« considered. B. neapolitanus and B. communior are mofill ■ *'"« ^'7"= l*"* to use the single characteristic, absence or presence of motil.tj. to separate «. commumor and B. neapolitanus. ...id at the same time to say that a ,..,. -motile form of (H,lon is identical with a motile form may seem inconsisteni. I 1...V. iJl'^*^ ■'' '■"" T''^'"'' ^l *•"' *™*"*"'^ -lassifi.-ation of the organism tvi. « """it't"; '"'";"•"*'''' '*""," "^ '^^ '"^'^-^ «• '•""""""ior (Durham) of the luhf^,: I'h 'h'^^^^:• "'.'? '"^^ '^"^ differentation further, as B. neapolitanus. a sub-type of H. colt (Escherich). Culture II. .Ww/aling towards edges. Deep surface colonies granular centre with dark concentric rings. Agar Colonies. — 24 hours at 37°C. — surface 1 mm. diameter, raised, concave, bluish by transmitted light, round, smooth, edges entire. Under low power objective granular, edges entire. Temperature Relations: — Thermal death point: 10 minutes exposure in nutrient broth at 55''C. Optimum temperature: 3"''C.; cultures incubated at 37°C., 21''C. and 14°C. respectively. Vitality on Culture Media: — Active cultures have been recovered from agar tubes after 5 months at tempera- ture of 15°-20°C. Relation to Oxygen: — Facultative anaerobe; glucose agar. Biochemical reactions: — Indol production: Indol not produced. Reduction of nitrates : Nitrates reduced to nitrites. Voges-Proskauer reaction: Positive, after B hours. Methyl red reaction: Faint acidity, shortly followed by reversion to alkalinity. BACTERIAL DESTRlCTIO\ OF C0PEP0D8 gg) SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a Fermentation of Carbohydratee: — Glucose. Lactose. Saccharose. Raffinose. Maltose. ■H- ziz- ++ __ ++ Mannite. Ihilcite. Adouit. Solicin. Dextrine. Inulin. ••-•• -- -- ++ ++ Xylose. Glycerine. ++ ++ (slowly). + = acid. ■H- = acid and gas. Note.— The fermentation of lactose to acid is faint, and in two days reduction is noted. The classification of this culture must be purely tentative. It will be seen that while saccharose, maltose, mannite. salicin and dextrin are fermented to acid and gas, the organism fails to ferment lactose to gas and only faintly to acid This has persistently been the case through several months; on one occasion, however, a small bubb e of gas— 1 mm. diameter— appeared iu a Durham tube. This I have been unable to obtain since, confirming in triplicate. MacConkey states: "It has been my experience that where an organism produces acid and gas in one medium and apparently only acid in another, under proper subcultivation the organism will pro- t'L^T l",f'\r°"'J medium."" Harrison in this laboratory has frequently ch^ MaS^oZ/^l^Vr ^'P^"^."'^ .'" l^t .•""""'•' ^^''^ ^'' »"* *!'«' statement of MacConkey. While the organism is definitely motile it difiFers from R. cloacae of Jordan in that it fails after thiee months to liquefy gelatine, fails to ferment lac- tose to gas, and fails to coagulate milk after several weeks. Rogers Clarke and W tJ^r*^ 'm * '^" *''""? "' '^' '^"^ '^''' '«°1«*'"1 f'«™ •frabs-Oroup B- HlTmJ cuhn-'ln!? r«,'^l"''°r' ^o-charose. mannite, glycerine and adonit. but ielathie" TW "J ""^"^ ^t"^'^'' "" '^^ "»''" •»""«> *»>« «'<"»? "^uefied filnZt^, I r "* '""'"^" *''"* *""*• ^'•""P ^"^ «* ^^' °nly » flight connec- TZJ^ the «;<,n-«.roffe„ej group. Taking the classification adopts! by the American Public Health Association* the culture would be ruled out of i,Z ^ * ' "^'^ '1 "^* '•°««"l«ted. Certain of the biochemical reactions would tend to suggest the Oaertner group. According to Besson" the organisms of this group are negative to a Hose, saccharose, salicin, rafiinose and inulin; while those carbohydrates tx, which th.- group is positive ir.clude dulcite. This orgaSm ^nd'silkin tr "^"'''' l^'/'^'I't' '"^*°- -^ '-"« l-^t P°-tive to saccha^; nnd salicin Jordan" in a study of 74 strains of the Ga'Hner group cites that the reaction to dulcite and xylose is variable, but includes dextrine among the £men able substances not attacked; thus establishing at once a similaritv and a varSion respectively as compared with the organism here described. I„ the same paper S^cont^r^'^vr"^"' "'^"7 ""r*""" '%''V""^ ™"'' *^"""°* ^ differentiated from !ub-groips:- '" " *"''""^''''*'°" •'^ *^^ Oaertner group divides such into two a. True-Oaertner hacilli; b. Para-Oaertner hacilli; Bn.TS'^'l'Jj!-''/'^ P'^"°"!^*' ^L"^" attention in reports to the Local Government Board, 190e-<.8 Citing from Savage: "The bacilli of the para-Gacrtner .ub-group f,™™ " ' °i°T'"T'' ^°' ^^^ '"°-'* P"' unnamed, which appear to be not very uncommon m the healthy animal and human intestine, and which are of chief interest from their close resemblance to true-Gaertner bacilli. . . . They can onlv be culturally differentiated from the true-Oaertner organisms bv an extendJserS of fermentation tests while they fail to be agglutinited by immunizing anVmals wit^ 294 DEPARTMEJiT OF ;aval sbrvwb 8 GEORGE V, A. 1918 any of the members of the irue-Oaertner sub-group. They are also for the moat part non-pathogenie. They have not go far been found a» a cause of disease in man or in animals." Until I am able to secure for comparative cultural tests strains of this sub-group from Dr. Savage, it would not be wise to attempt a more definite classification of the organism herein discussed. In view, however, of the decided variation from the Voges-Proskauer type of the colon-arogenet group as lately given by Levine,'* and considering the many cultural features and fermentative reactions which suggest at any rate a distant relationship to the para-Oaertner group, it seems not undesirable to suggest that based on the cultural features and biochemical reactions this organism be considered tentatively as an atypical form of the para-Oaetiner group according to Savage." Culture III. Mot phology. — Mioroscopieally the organism appeurx as n coccus, in pairs, in masses, and as short streptococci ; the average diameter, from a 24-hour-old agar culture at 37° C. being -8 /*, stained with Kiihne's methylene blue. The organism is Gram positive and non-spore-forming; capsules faintly discernible. Motility. — Tests for motility made in hanging drop of condensation water from a young agar culture. No motility. Violent agitation can be noticed, and rotation of the cells as on an axis, but the position in the drop is unchan^ret]. Cultural Characteristics: — Agar Slope. — 24 hours at 37° C. growth scanty, bluish by transmitted light, filiform, flat, with later a tendency to spreading. Glucose Agar Slope. — (Jrowth moderate, heavier than on agar, discrete colonies, flat, spreading, glistening. TochternMnn's Serum Agar Slope. — Growth scant to moderate, bluish by trans- mitted light, heavy clouding of the condensation water. In 5 days slight digestion of the medium noted. Loeffler's Blood Serum. — Growth filiform, medium channelled and slightly darker in colour. In 5 days growth glistening, yellowish, slight digestion. Sodium Indigo Sulphate Agar Slope. — Faint growth, no reduction of colour, 24 hours. In 14 days reduced to reddish brown. Gelatine Stab. — 21° C. In two days liquefaction be^iinning. In 7 days stratiform liquefaction for k of tube, even clouding with yellowish flocculent precipitate at bottom. Liquefaction complete in t month. Nutrient Broth. — 37° C. even clouding, nioderatc, no pellicle, no sediment; later medium cleared. Potato. — Barely discernible growth in 24 hours. In 3 days faint growth, flat, spreading, white, metallic lustre. Milk-. — 37° ('. In 36 hours weak coagulum, no gas noted. In 72 hours digestion had begun, a clear lemon coloured liquid extending for ^ tube. In 7 days tube half fluid, curd soft, gelatinous, bright and of a solidity resembling macaroni; easily desintegrated on shaking; after 2 months some curd still remaining, lemon yellow in colour, consistency as before. Litmus miU\ — The reaction of the organism to this medium is unusual, and it is due to the sensitiveness here discovered that I have adopted the unifonn per- centage of litmus, noted on page 218. If litmus lie added nt the rate of IJ per cent coagulation preceded by bleaching takes place within 36 to 48 hours. Digestion then begins and proceeds sliglitly more rapidly than in the milk, the contents of the tube varying in colour from a lemon yellow to claret with decided fluorescence in 72 hours. In 2 months digestion is not complete, 1-2 cm. of a jelly-like claret coloured curd remaining. BACTEKlAh ItRkTKlCTIOS OF COPE PODS SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38« If the quantity i>f litmuH addiil be more than IJ iht cent the reaction is quite different, varying acconlinK to the percentage of litmus added. There may or may not be coagulation, the i-olour varying from isabella to a muddy purpureu»; flakes of tinted curti can later be noted. In i months n condition resembling broken jelly of a variety of shades of purpureux hus been recorded. A note referring to this phenomenon in greater detail is being published elte- where. Afurulin agar.— Gtovth moderate, flat, dry, brown to black. ^eutral Red Me Salt /I gar.— (irowth scant, no characteristic colour reacion. Peptone Broth Ae»culin.—B\afk in 12 hours. OelaHiie Coloiiie»—(Ut appearance).— 21 "C. 4 days, punctiform to pinhead colo- nies, depression in medium commencing; under the low power objective struc- ture compact, finely granular, paler towards the edges; edges ciliate. Aifar Colonies.— HI" C. growth slow. 24 hours colonies .'i mm. in diameter, growth tends to be subsurface. I'nder the low power objective colonies round or eliptical. edges entire to undulate, internal structure granular, dark halo in surrounding medium. Temperatvi'e Relniionn. — Thermal death point. 10 minutes' exposure in nutrient broth at 0O°C. Optimum temperature. 37°r..; cultures incubated iit ;17°C., 21°('. and 14°C. resijectively. Vitality of Culture Media: — Active cultures have beei. recovered from agar tubes after 5 months at tempera- ture of 15°-20°('. Relation to Oxygen. Facultative anaerobe. T'nder ana-robic condition on glucose iigiir. growth visible in 24 hrs. at .37°C Biochemical Reactions: — ludol production: no iiidol in 7 days. Beduction of nitrates: no reduction to nitrites. Voges-Proskauer reaction : negative. Methyl red reaction : acid to methyl red. Fermentation of Carhohydratei:— Glucose. Lactose. Succharosc. + + Dextrin. .Salicin. + + Glycerine. + Raffinosc. llaltose. Adonite. Mannite. + Inulii.. Dulcite. Xylose. + = acid. +f = acid and gas. In accordance with the cultural results this „rg«nis . . properly in<-luded among the liquefying streptococci. Winslow" takes the Sir. gracilis of EsclH-rich. Lehmann and Neumann as the " type centre " of these linnefiers. He considers that the various -streptococci which peptonise gelatine more or less actively are vnriiints of this type; intermediate between it and some of those chnracterized by Andrews niul Horder'*. T find, however, a closer resemblance to an organism described by Mac-Callum and Hastings-^* as Micrococcus tymogenes. Tliis was isolatinl from n fatal case of acute endocarditis, and while it shows the same iiiaiu characteristi<-s as Str. i/ravilis, ii 226 DBPAKTMBNT or TBK XAVAL aKHVWK • GEORQE V, A. 1911 liqueftea serum slightly and subsequent to coanrulating milk digestt the clot. This organism waa later found by Birge.»T It is in the two last charaoteriatios that I find the close resemblance to M. tpmogene» noted above. The original description of Str. gncili§ at Escherich cited by Window ^ includes non-liquefaction of Mood serum nnd failure to coagulate milk : but summing up the variations Winslow provisionally defines his " type centre " 8tr. gracilU as follows : Small coccus, appearing in chains, ferments lactose and coagulates milk, may ferment mannite and salicin, liquefies gelatine actively. While the organism I have described appears to have certain particular character- istics, I hesitate to depart from Winslow's view regarding the relationship of the variants in his tentative group of streptococcus liquefiers *•. I conclude therefore that this organism which culturally and biochemically is identical with the M. xpmo- genes of MacCallum and Hastings »• should be placed as a variety of the type Str. gracilii. arMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. 1. Three strains of bacteria have been isolated from the destroye«>xtrine ...... ...'. Inulin Xyloae ' •Jlyct-rine ................. -- + = acid. ++ = acid and gas. BACTMHIAL nSSTRVCTlOy OF COPBPODB m SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a 4. Biwd on their cultural feature, and bio.heiiiioHl reaction* the organiim* are claMinad as lollowi: — Cii/hire/.— Tentatively at a non-motile strain of the iub-type B. eommunior (Durham) of the type B. eoH (Escherich) ; or to take the diff. rontiation further. as B. neapohtanva, a sub-type of fl. coli (E«ch«>rieh). Culture //.—Considered tentatively as an atypical form of the Para- Gaertner group after Savage. Culture in Identical with M. tymogenr» and placed as a variety of tite type of liquet ,viii|< streptococci, Streptoeoecim (/rarilU. 6. No inoculations of these cultures have been made into healthy .oiwpods owing to distance from the sea. 6. It is not legitimate to draw any definite conclusions rogardiiig the relationship of these organisms to the destruction of the copepods. as no inoculation experiment-, have been carried out, and the postulates of Koch have not yet been satisfied. Accord- ing to the de..cnptions presented, however, the evidence is strong in favour of Culture 111 being a possible causal agent. I wish to thank very cordially Dr. F. C. Harrison for his kindness in reading the proofs and particular!, for his valuable and critical assistance with regard to he Ha«..hcatio« of the B col* group; and Dr. Arthur Willey for the initiT suggest on that I should undertake the investigation. . REFERENCES. Aaalysit^n-m/"''"''" """"'' ^*'«^'''»»'°"- 1M5-" Standard Methods Water 2. Besson, 1913-" Text Book Practical Bact., etc.," (Longmans), 53 3. Besson. 1913-" Te: ' Tlook Practical Bact., etc.." (Longmans), 52. Ain^^","-'^,',' ^r^^ Vanderlec-k, 1908-" Aesculin Bile Salt Agar for Water and Milk Analysis," Trau.s. Roy. Soc. Can. III. Ser. II, 105-110. 5. Savage, 19C -" Bacteriological Examination of Water Supplies," Undon. 221 6. Voges and Proskauer, 1898 — " Zeit. fur Il.vg." 28, 20. 6. Harden, 190.-5 1906- « On the Voges-Proskauer Reaction for Certain Bacteria." rroc. ttoy. ooc., 77, 424. 6. Leyine Max., 191«-" The Significance of the Voges-Proskauer Reaction" Jour. Bacteriology I, 153-164. *wacuo.i, 6 (Jlark and Lubs. 1915-" Differentiation of Bacteria of the Colon-Aerogcnes family by Indicators." Jour. Infectious Dir-ases, 17. ltjO-173. 6. Levine-" Correlation of the Voge roskauer and Methyl-red Reactions on the Colon-Aerogenes group." Jour. Infec. .eases, 18, 358-367. C. Levine — Private Communication. 7. Clarke and LuUs, 1915-" Differentiation of Bacteria of the Colon- Aerogenes Group." Jour. Infectious Diseases, 17, 160-173. 8. Bohme, 190.5- -Cciitrall. fur Bakt, Aht. I, Orig. XL, 12!»-13.'J. 9. MacConkey, 190!) — Journal of Hygiene, 9. p. \)1. 9. Hollman. 1914—-' Decolorized Acid Fuchsin as an Acid Indicator in Carbo- hydrate fermentations." Journ. Infec. Dis., 15, 227-233. an DKPAKTMKXT OF THB NATAL atKfWE • QEOPiaE V, A. tttt 10. Ewherich. 188fl— " DtrmUk. dm Raufflinin. Stuttwrt." 11. Miinila 18«*-" Hyitnn dor B.kt." 3»6. T if" ^«»u»toi. 1908-" B«..tcri.,l«,fi,.al Kwinination of Milk." Special Iteport Ix>ndon County Conncil. 37. opcciai jwport. 16. Durhanu Jourii. Exp. Med., V., .154-388. 17. ^.cConkey. 190»-« Uetow, Kernieiitiiw Bacilli." Journ. Hypene, 88 II. 241-25"'*' ^"**^ l>i«"'very of {!iliu in tW Renus Bacterium." Centrl. fur Bakt. IB. 1004— •' ReiMirt of the EiiKlish ("oiiimigiion." Jour. State Med XII 471 104.^" '"•'*-^'^'"" "'"' Wiimlow. "Elemei.t. of Water Bucteriolo«r." Wiley.' 21. SavMRf, llXHt— '• BactcrioloKJial Kxumiiiatioii of Water." \jow\», 82-83. 22. Mifrula. IIKM)— • SyHtein der Bakterien." 734. Hyg'^M 3"*""^' *^**'^" ''"*"""*'*'• "••■ '^"' ''"«« -l- ^'holora a.ia.tic«." Arch, fur Mac6 (full description) 1891-" Trait.. Prati.iuc .le B«cterio),«ie." Paris 498 ^^^ 24. JackHon, l»n— " ClaHsification of the B. cli Group." Journ. Infec. Dig., 8, 2ry Jordar, IDKt—" General Bacterioloio." Saunderi Co., 276. 25a. Lo