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MICROCOPY RISOLUriON TKT CHART 
 
 .ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 3, 
 
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 ^ r^PRJEDjyynE inc 
 
CANADA 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF MINES 
 Hu. UutwBrauu, Mnmni: R. G. McCoinau,OtnTTlliiim>. 
 
 MINKS BRANCH 
 
 Booiin Haaicb, P»p., DincToi. 
 
 rBTO4JtTlNNo.au 
 
 Mineral Springs of Canada. 
 
 IN TWO PARTS 
 PART a. 
 
 The Chemical Character of atMiM 
 Canadian Mineral Sprinft*. 
 
 R. T. Elworthy, B.8c. 
 
 
 % OTTAWA 
 GovtaiMBlIT PlICDHe BOH^O 
 Mil 
 
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 i^'j^'yT^ 
 
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 ^. Wy^.J':- 
 
 "^JiCT 
 
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CXNADA 
 
 I) I !• A R T M i; N r O I M I N E S 
 
 Nov Maiitin llimiM.i. MiNnnn K li. McCcinnili, DtPUTV MmiHtm, 
 
 MINES BRANCH 
 
 Kit-KNi-- ![\ANhi. I'M I) . DmKcroK, 
 
 fBlUXETIN No.liil 
 
 Mineral Springs of Canada. 
 
 liV TW(> HARTS 
 
 PART II. 
 
 The Chemical Character of some 
 Canadian Mineral Springs. 
 
 R. T. Elwortliy, B.Sc. 
 
 ottav;a 
 
 floVKRNMENT PRU'TISfi Ill'REAL 
 191S 
 

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 
 
 RUIIKNF. Haanii., I'llT). 
 Oir cr Mines Branch, 
 I department of Mineti, 
 Ottawa. 
 Sir- 
 
 I beg to submit the results of an iiivcsliKation of the chemical character 
 of Home Canadian miner \l npriniia, lonstilulinH ''art II of the rq>ort on 
 "Mineral Springs of C ada" Part I, entilleil "The Radioactivity of 
 some Canadian Minem -rings", is now in the press. 
 
 These two reports contain the complete results of the work that has 
 thus far been undertaken. 
 
 (<ti£»itrf) R. T. Elworthy. 
 Ottawa October 4. 1917 
 
 J"'' 
 
 «.' 
 
 leniio 
 
 'I 
 
>*.Hi 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 
 Introductory 
 
 Definltlona In connexion with mineral waters. 
 
 What is meant by mineral water . 
 
 Diatinction between spring and well water 
 
 Distinction between mineral and sanitary analyKiA 
 
 The constituents of a mineral water 
 
 Statement of the results of a water analysis. 
 
 Statement in ionic form superior to statement of lijpoilKtiriil combinm; 
 
 Reacting values 
 
 Oasslflcatlon of the waters. 
 
 Chase Palmer's classiiicatioii , 
 
 Haywood's classification 
 
 Collection of samples, and the methods of analysis. 
 
 Procedure in the field 
 
 Field observations and measurements 
 
 Methods of analysis , , 
 
 Accuracy of the analyses 
 
 Description of Springs, and tabulated analyses. 
 
 Eastern Ontario . 
 
 Western Quebec 
 
 Alberta tl3 
 
 Relation of chemical constituents to geologic formations tSl 
 
 Therapeutics of mineral waters 154 
 
 Economic value of the springs. 
 
 Statistics 156 
 
 Development of Canadian Mineral Waters I0(> 
 
 Canadian Mineral Spring Pesorts 164 
 
 Table of Springs, arranged according to class 166 
 
 Bibliography of methods o4 clsMification of mineral waters 108 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Photographs. 
 
 Page 
 34 
 44 
 
 I. Carlsbad Springs, Ont 
 
 11. Sulphur and Saline springs; Caledonia Springs, Prescott co., Ont . 
 
 III. Gas spring: Caledonia Springs, Prescott co., Ont 44 
 
 IV. La Providence spring, St. Hyacinthe, Que 96 
 
 V. St. Leon (Lupien) spring, Que M 
 
 VI, Spring at B. nhier, Que 106 
 
 VII. Middle spring and Cave, Banff, Alberta 134 
 
 VIII. Cave spring, Banff, Alberta 136 
 
 IX. Basin spring, Banff, Alberta 136 
 
 X. Government swimming bath, Banff, Alberta 142 
 
 Drawings. 
 
 Fig, 1. Sketch map of Carlsbad Springs, Ont 34 
 
 , 2. Sketch map of Banff, Alberta U7 
 
 '*-ir 
 
 *ri.ii"iii^' 
 
 i?rS3S5IT^l?kSSTsrS^ 
 
■1-S:?> 
 
 'iit'^mA'' 
 
 n ,;i^^/ 
 
 i- TV. 
 
PART n. 
 CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF THE WATERS. 
 
 ^ 
 
 <riJ*i 
 
 '-/W 
 
 "»!■■- i.lk 
 
■^^ T^&^-' 
 
MINERAL SPRINGS OF CANADA. 
 
 PART n. 
 
 CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF THE WATERS. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 The Mines Branch, Department of Mines, commenced in the summer 
 of 1914 an investigation of Canadian mineral springs. The investigation 
 of the waters as to their radiocative properties, was made a prominent 
 feature of the work, and a report on this subject has already been published 
 as Bulletin No. 16, entitled "The Radioactivity of some Canadian Mineral 
 Springs." The major part of the investigation, however, has been the 
 detailed chemical examination of the waters and the results that have been 
 obtained during the last three years form the substance of this report. 
 
 Some explanation is necessary beyond the bare statement of the 
 analyses of mineral waters in order to render the results intelligible to the 
 non-technical reader, and especially to the owners of the springs and to 
 mineral water dealers. Therefore, an attempt is made to explain the 
 several ways in which the results of a water analysis are expressed; to state 
 as far as is possible the particular therapeutic value of each water; and to 
 compar: Canadian mineral waters with some well-known European and 
 American waters, especially those which have been imported, and sold in 
 Canada. 
 
 The scope of the work has been outlined in Part I of this report. In 
 brief, the principal springs in eastern Ontario and western Quebec were 
 examined, more especially in the neighbourhood of Ottawa and of Montreal. 
 Pr» Mculars of the celebrated hot springs at Banff, Alberta, are also included, 
 3^ ^^..-11 3s analyses of several mineral springs from the Peace River district 
 in Alberta. 
 
 In conducting this investigation of the mineral waters of the Dominion, 
 it was found that many of the springs were in a neglected condition, and 
 unused, hence, no attempt was made to examine every spring in the districts 
 surveyed; but those investigated include almost everyone of any economic 
 importance: such as the Caledonia; Russell Lithia; Radnor; Vi.: '''e; 
 St. Leon; Sanitaris; a' d Carlsbad. Most of the waters — afte: ig 
 
 carbonated— are used as medicinal, or table waters, and owe their vaii.. to 
 constituents of medicinal importance. Some of the springs are more 
 especially used for bathing purposes, as, for example, the sulphur waters 
 at Carlsbad and Caledonia, Ont ; and at Banff, Alberta. Each spring was 
 personally inspected, and, usually, samples were collected during the visit; 
 although in a few instances, samples were forwarded by the owners them- 
 selves. All necessarv tests and observations, such as measurement of 
 
 \Pr^ 
 
 W^' 
 
 '-%iS:'W 
 
 £MSm*K 
 
 «r 
 
 ■■.■■.■-:r;r 
 
flow, temperature and reaction, were made at the same time. Sanitary 
 
 conlTtM 'f, """"' "' "■"' '^" ™''=' '' "■' i"ves,igation has bee^ 
 conducted solely as a mmeral analysis survey. The distinction between 
 a sanitary and a mmeral" analysis, is explained in a subsequent part of 
 
 "k>'d'^-' 
 
 nmm 
 
SOME DEFINITIONS IN REGARD TO MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 WHAT IS MEANT BY MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 In its original signification the tt'rni "mineral water" was restricted 
 to those natural spring waters which were supposed to possc^s medicinal 
 properties, either by reason of certain salts or mineral constituents 
 which they contained in solution, or on account of gases with which 
 they were saturated. Yet some springs, having considerable economic 
 importance, yield waters of lower mineral content than water supplies 
 of many cities, and, in fact, owe their vakie to their great purity. The 
 term mineral water has a wider interpretation to-day, and is commonly 
 accepted as including almost all waters which are bottled and sold as 
 drinking waters, even though they have a low mineral content. The 
 International Food Congress, held in Paris in 1909, adopted as a 
 definition: "A mineral water is a natural water proposed for consumption 
 on account of its special therapeutic or hygienic properties." This definition 
 has been adopted by the United Stales Bureau of Chemistry, in the various 
 reports they have published on American Mineral Waters, and is also used 
 in the U.S. Mineral Resources Reports, deaUng with mineral water statistics. 
 
 Since it is a well established fact that almost all fresh water springs 
 are radioactive, such waters might easily be classed as mineral waters under 
 the old definition that mineral waters possess some propmrty of therapeutic 
 import.' ze. Fresh water springs, however, seldom contain any permanent 
 radioactive properties, and the definition would be no longer satisfactory 
 after the water had l>een bottled for a little time, when the radium emanation 
 would have almost completely died away. 
 
 Several other points of interest in regard to the definition of mineral 
 waters and of natural waters were also discussed by the International 
 Food Congress already mentioned. A brief summary of them is given in .i 
 bulletin' published by the U. S. Department of Agriculture. They refer, 
 chiefly, to regulations fixing the names of mineral waters; pr venting 
 confusion between natural and artificial waters; and dealing with t! latural 
 salts obtained from the springs by evaporation. 
 
 DISTINCTION BET'VEEN SPRING AND WELL WATER. 
 
 A spring is usually defined as a w^ater rising naturally to the earth's 
 surface, with sufficient volume to cause a distinct current and overflow. 
 A boring in the ground, sometimes only a few feet in depth, sometimes 
 hundreds of feet, which taps the underground water circulation, constitutes 
 a well, An artesian well is one in which the water flows naturally to the 
 surface, and is therefore an artificial spring. Often a spring and a well, 
 situated in close proximity, may yield waters of similar composition. Yet 
 
 'U. S. l>em. ot An-.-,. Bur. of Chfni.. Bui. 139. Amerkan Mineral Waters. Tlie New Enelaiid Slate* 
 p. 9. 1911. 
 
 ,J^ ,„■.', V. 
 
it U an undoulitwl fact that a walir advertised asa spring water haa greater 
 popularity tlian if its sourto is knc.wii to Ik; a well ; and many waters obtained 
 from wells are for this reason, sokl as spring waters. 1 1 is unlikely, however 
 that any d.lference will exist l«twcen the therapeutic properties pos.essea 
 l>y two similar w.iters, one issuing from a spring and the nthcr from a well, 
 providwl thai both sources are satisfactory from a sanitary standpoint. 
 
 THK DISTINCTION BETWEEN A MINERAL AND A SANITARY ANALYSIS. 
 
 It was si,itc<l in the introductory that all the analyses have been 
 carried out ,is mineral analyses. In a sanitary analysis attention is paid 
 to the fitness of ihe water for domestic use. Determinationr of those 
 constituents vhicli would indicate pollution by sewage are particularly 
 made, and a bacteriological examination is of especial .mportance. A 
 careful investigation of the source of the water, and of the possibility of 
 pollution must lie made. Such an examination is absolutely necessary 
 Iwfore a mineral water is put on the market, and it should be car led out 
 at frequent intervals afterwards. Insufficient attention has been paid to 
 this point. 
 
 To make a mineral analysis of a water, is to determine the proportions 
 of the various mineral constituents the wate-. holds in solution. A mineral 
 analysis is important, from both the therapeutic and from the geologic 
 .standpoint. Therefore, a complete study' of a mineral water comprises 
 three main lines of work; — 
 
 (1), The measurements of physical properties, such as temperature, 
 depth, flow, colour, turbidity, specific gravity, radioactivity, and electric 
 conductivity; 
 
 (2), A complete mineral analysis; including quantitative del, nin- 
 ations of the constituents tabulated in the next pages, and the calculation 
 of the results to show the geologic antecedents of the water: and 
 
 (3), A bacteriological examination, and sanitary survey, indicating 
 the potability of the water. 
 
 With the exception of the bacteriological examination, the investiga- 
 tion of Canadian mineral springs has been complete. Almost every deter- 
 mination, just enumerated, has been carried out. 
 
 THE CONSTITUENTS OF A MINERAL WATER. 
 
 It is commonly agreed to-day that the source of all springs, with few 
 exceptions, is water which falls on the earth's surface as rain or snov. 
 Such water— which contains small quanritici of ammonia, nitric acid, and 
 especially of carbon dioxide— has a very considerable solvent action on the 
 substances composing the soil and rocks through which it percolates, and 
 when the water eventually flows at the surface as a spring or is pumped from 
 a well.it will hold in solution a far larger quantity of mineral constituents than 
 
 »G«utier, A . ComiH. Rend . 1911. I-S46. 
 
when it fell as rain. The nature .ind amount of the various eonstituent^ will 
 depend on the nature of the Reolo^iealfnrma'ions the water has traversed.' 
 If its path has lain over primar>* rocks surh a** Kr^nit**** ^nd gneisses, the 
 chief conatitutnts will Yte Modiuni and potassium carbonates, and bicar- 
 honatcs; but If Mdimentary formations have Ijecn traversed, calcium and 
 magnesium salts will Ix; predominant. Much sodium chloride or common 
 lalt in a water will inf.icate that its circulation has In-en in therieighboarhood 
 of marine deposits containing Wds of salt. The histoiy of the underground 
 course of a water, however, is very complex, since many chemical reactions 
 may take place between the constituents of the water \nd those of rocks 
 over which it flows. Se\'eral of the springs in Quebec and Ontario were 
 the subject of study by Dr. Sterry Hunt.' many years ago, and the probable 
 origin of the constituents and the changes in composition that the waters 
 undergo were considered. Comparison between the analyses made by 
 Sterry Hunt and those tabulated in the report show that little change 
 has taken place during the hst thirty years, and that the constituents, in 
 the waters, owe their presence to the same processes as described by him. 
 
 ' for information on uniitTBround water ciri; illation, tlie reader ii referred to; — 
 
 Kins. Franklin HiTuiii. ' Printiples and conditioiu of the movements of urouiid water", U G*?ol. SjiV 
 I9th Ann. Rep., Pt. 11, pp. ftl--|84, imn. 
 
 G«ikie. A.. '"Tenboolf of Gcolosy," 4ih i-diiion. vol. I. pp. 46S-S. 
 
 Mager. Henri. "1*8 Eaux Soaterniines ft Its inoyens de le3 dfcouvrir." chapter* 1, I, and 3. PaHi, lou. 
 
 Von Heimhalt. Hani Hofer. GrundwaMer und Quellcn. Braiin«-hweiK. 1912. 
 
 Also many of the papers on water supply, published by the United States Geolotiit:al Survey. 
 
 ■* Sterry Hunt, Chemical and Geolosical Eesavs. chaciters 4. 5. and 6. IS7K. 
 
 ^*i. t 
 
The following substances, either iheniral elements or "individualm," 
 or associations of elements railed radiili . have been sought for in the 
 waters, and in most cases the prupijrtlon^ in which they are present have 
 been determined: — 
 
 Element or radicle. 
 
 A I teal ii'!.. 
 
 Scxiium , 
 
 Potaiwium 
 
 Lithium 
 
 AmmoniLm 
 
 Allcalinf earths. 
 
 Calcium 
 
 Strontium 
 
 Barium 
 
 Magnesium 
 
 Hy(lrn)(en and metals. 
 Hydrosen . . 
 
 Iron (lerniua) 
 
 Aluminiinii 
 
 Manganese 
 
 Strong and radicles. 
 
 Chlorine 
 
 Bromine. 
 
 Iodine 
 
 Sulphuric arid 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 Weak acid radicles. 
 Bicarbonic acid 
 Carbonic acid . . . 
 
 Sulphide 
 
 rhoBphoric acid ... 
 Metaboric acid . . 
 
 Considered as 
 
 Silica , 
 
 Alumina 
 
 Ferric oxide . - . . 
 
 (lases in soluti 
 
 Carbon dioxide 
 Hydrogen sulphide , 
 
 Symbol. 
 
 Nil 
 K 
 
 Mg 
 
 H 
 Fe 
 Al 
 Mn 
 
 CI 
 
 Br 
 
 I 
 
 SO, 
 
 NO, 
 
 CO. 
 
 s 
 
 FO, 
 BO, 
 
 present in 
 
 SiOi 
 Al,0, 
 Fe,0, 
 
 COi 
 H,S 
 
 Atomic or molecular 
 
 Valence. 
 
 ReaclittK 
 
 weight. iWUi. 
 
 
 ciwflicictit . 
 
 IJ IJIi 
 
 
 04J5 
 
 i»> lit 
 
 
 0256 
 
 6 1)4 
 
 
 1441 
 
 IK 01 
 
 
 0554 
 
 40 07 
 
 
 049<) 
 
 117 W 
 
 
 022» 
 
 1.17 37 
 
 
 (■ 0146 
 
 24 ,12 
 
 
 0822 
 
 1 OOK 
 
 
 9921 
 
 .55 84 
 
 
 U 0358 
 
 27 1 
 
 
 1107 
 
 54 93 
 
 
 0^64 
 
 .15 46 
 
 
 0282 
 
 79 92 
 
 
 0128 
 
 126 92 
 
 
 0079 
 
 98. 06 
 
 
 0020? 
 
 52 01 
 
 
 0161 
 
 61 01,i 
 
 
 00164 
 
 60 005 
 
 
 033.) 
 
 J2 06 
 
 
 0624 
 
 95 04 
 
 
 316 
 
 4J 
 
 
 0232 
 
 the colloidal state: — 
 
 
 
 Other elfments undoubtedly <K'cur in minute i'niimnt, and could be 
 dett ''ed if sufficiently large quantities of water were put through the 
 requisite procedure to test for thi- presence of such elements. Frcsenius' 
 menti'ins the followinj; substances as possible constituents of mineral waters, 
 besides those just enumerated; ce;isium, rubidium, zinc, nickel, cobalt, 
 
 k*'^ 
 
7 
 
 lead, copiKT. thallium, titanium, anu ;.i'\>Tal cdinplrx <)rj;aiiir .u iil>. ArMtiii 
 is iK-casittnally prt'wnt in water;*, v>vn in nitdiiinal dnwH: a> for cxamplr 
 in I^a HoiirlM)nU' f^prin^; in the >nulli of Kraiui-, in whiih it i«i urn Id the 
 extent (if st'ven part.s pt-r niitlion parts (if water, <ir, asin the water of OweIl^ 
 Lake ill California, which contains H.^-H paru per niiltion.' 
 
 Fluorine is present in niovi rniiieral wati-r^. though it i» H-ldoni esti- 
 mated, (iautier ami Clausinan* dtterie<l it in amount!* up to 6 parts per 
 million in a numlx- ■' Fren(h spring-,. 
 
 ' StoD.-. C. tl .ind Eviton, F. M-, A New Analyai* of the Water oi f>wi'n» Ukc, Clif^irnia. Joi 
 Chem. Soc. >^. i K>4. I'lO'i 
 
 'GaatiTT and Clauiiman, Compt. Ri-nd., 1S8-1,6JJ, 19H; alio Gil, J.T.S., Aba, ii. KO. l';06. 
 
STATCMl NI (»■ I 111: KKsn.rsoK A ( III'MK Al, ANAI.VSIS. 
 
 IONIC FOKM MI'KHIDK TO IIYPOTIIK'IICAI. <:0\IBI\ATICIN!l. 
 
 In c.iriviriK out ,i (lu-niiiMl .ln.lK^i^ c.( a niini r.il w.ilrr. lli- (|u.inliiu', 
 c'f llii' v.irioiw i-lilmnts or urmip- eif ('It'ini'MI:-. •■iirh as >(«rimi, iMliium. 
 or in.n, llu- rarl»in.it<>, Ihi- »ul|)h.4lc, or tin- nilralr raiiicU', arr fniinil liy 
 arliial i'X|iiTitmnt. Thi- Inlal amiiunl iil niiniTal matdr in solution i« aUo 
 clin.dy ililiTniinicI, liiit lH'\onil ihisc ilala. ordinary ilivmiral mani- 
 piilalions <lo not uivi- any knoMli'il^o rfKardini; thr rxact aniiinnl of wits, 
 siuh as siKliiini ihloriil.-. niatn.siiiin. -ulpliali'. or lalciuni Mi irlionalc. 
 that art- assunnsl io U' pri-sciit in solution ui ttu- watir. In fart, ri-Kanird 
 frotn Ihi- slandpoint ol llic miKliTn theory of solution, it is proliabli- that lhi> 
 sulxlanios do ttnl oxist in llii' (orni of imtipouniU in thi' water, hut an' 
 entirely dissiK'i ited into eliTlriially iharKid particles or ion». Thus, 
 a pinch of common salt (siwlium chlorid<'i 'i-solvcrl in a nallon of water, 
 imnii^tialely ilisscK-i.ilcs into s.slium ion: wlaili is sodium metal hound up 
 with a jxisitive charge of electricity ,ind chlorine ion. th.it is chlorine carrying 
 a negative charge. Iioth enliri'ly ditlen nl. however, to the elements siKlium 
 and chlorine as we know them in the free st.itc; the first, hcini; a silver-like 
 met.il which reailily decomposes water, the second, a Kreenish-yellow Ras. 
 with a choking, disagreeable ixloui. 
 
 In a water suppo,s<Hl to cont.tin six or seven compounds such as stxlium 
 and pota.s.siuni chlorides, magnesium attd .scKlium sulphates -nH calcium 
 and m.ignesium biearlMinates. etch substance will Ih- di ed, at any 
 
 rate to sntne extent, attd seven ditTerent ions tan l>eestiin.iti jt there is no 
 
 way of telling what is the ex.icl distribution ol ihe iotis. Th 'nly rational 
 w.ty is to report the amount of each ion present ; a ■ atcmen, vhich is the 
 result of .ictlial experiments, attd cannot be disputed. Thus the water 
 coniitdered alK)ve will crmtain the ba.sic ions sodium, pot.tssitim. magnesium, 
 and calcium, and the negative ions chlorine and bicarbonic acid. 
 
 .\gain. the therapeuti* ro[x>r ,. s of a mintral water .ire due chiefly 
 to the individual properties of the i : for example lithium will have the 
 same effect wiiethcr it is administere,. as a solution of lithium chloride, 
 lithium sulphate, or lithium carbonate. For this re.ison it is more s.uis- 
 f.iclory to know t'le ionic composition of a water. 
 
 With a view to enabling those who are not .iccustomed to this form of 
 representation to obtain some idea of the composition of a water from the 
 .m.ilysis, hypothetical combinations have been calculated. Rules for such 
 cileulations are based on the -espcctiM- solubilities of the crunponent 
 s.ilts. Over forty sets of such rules exist; .iccountiug for the confusion that 
 h.is often existed InHween analyses of one spring by different analysts, 
 u.sing dilTerent rules. The followii ,. ndopte;' by the Hureau of Chemistry 
 of the l',S. Department of .Agricull iire. have been used throughout. Sodium 
 
{•< tirnt rninhiTK'it Midi nitriiii>, n<(rir 
 in t MiiiMiti'cl with i'Kliiii', .md bnitiiint', 
 Ainniotiiuin, liihiurn, ■iiiJ {>')(, i-~iutii 
 nvii^noiiini. • .iliiiiin, '•trnntiiiin .ir>' 
 
 mil iiii-t,iliorif .u'uU. I'l.i.iHsMim 
 .in<l <'.il< iiilil, uitfi |ih')-.|)|i,>rir ,h it|. 
 iri! .i'T.ii,Mii»l III ( lilt.riiif. S.Nliiim, 
 thi>n (mIi ul.iti'il t iiiIhim' with 
 
 chl'irinr, -.ilphalf, Mr.irlmn.ili', .iml cirlinnaU' i'ln-, n ^ih i )i\. |\ , It 
 thrn- in .III lACf-iH of l.iiMrlKMiin- inn. the iron (tnm'ilu-r with ,iliiniiniiiin if 
 i( liiM Urn fitinia'i-(l with the irnni i-* cilriil.itnl tci lnriii ffrnm- liii.irlMin- 
 atr. OthiTwi-t', f.'rrir <.\ii|i' .itiit .iltimina art- ron-itUn-d i>i U- prc-cnt. 
 prnhahtv i[i ihi- rnllniilal fnrni a*, -iliia is u-iially nin-idirtii tn he. Soim-- 
 timi's, siliia ncturs in th<' furni nf a -alt a-. r.iU iiini -■'i' ate. luii ii ha> ticviT 
 bt'iMi found a-. Mich it) any water ini liidol hvTv. 
 
 Hut thfM- riiU-s arc biiscil nn fal-*)- assumptinn-, iH-ran-i ihr -.ilMlMlity 
 of carh salt whrn alone in -oUition i-dirf.rt:nt from it> >.oluhiliry in a solution 
 of other ^alts.' SiK h -oluhiliiif, . .m niilv l.e found by individual < oimi.lcr- 
 ation of the system under examination. The enml)iii.itir)n« >liould re[)resent 
 the wiliil-i thai pre( l[)itate out wlien -m h a solution is evapor.iled. 
 
 The amount of l«iih i(iii> and In ()otluii(al eondiiualions are given in 
 parts per million by weight. 
 
 Thu-, if a water eonlain^ 401) [lari- per niillion of calcium ion, a million 
 pounds f>f the water h<ilds 400 pouiid> of calcium inn it) Milution; a tnillion 
 milligrams— practically efjual to otie litre if the water under ronsideration 
 is* of low specific gravity —contains 4(KI ^lII!i^,'rams of calcium ion. Seeing 
 that most niinera! water:^ ha\e a >-[Hi itlc yraviiy of 1-005 io 1 001, the 
 amount of a constituent in parts per niillinn nia\- In- con>idered without 
 sfrious error as eriuivalent lo the anuutnt expressed in milligrams (kt litre. 
 The expression of water analy>i's in oarts per million is . riiversalK' adopted 
 by sanitary and technical chenii>ts Io-d.|^, and the exduMve cm|)loyiiient 
 of this unit indu-trially i>, a- K H. Dole -t 'is,- delayed only by more or 
 less objectionable preiedent. » » riainly the average person, results 
 
 stated in grains per K''"*"i i'f H" n.ore intelligible th.in wlu ft expressed 
 in parts per millitsn. To transform parts per tnillion into grains per iminrial 
 gallon for an approximate result, the (juantity of a constituent cxiiressod in 
 parts per million must U- multiplied by 007, since there are "0,000 j^rains in 
 an imjM'rial pallnn. 
 
 The amount of each <'nnslitiUTil calculated as ;i percent. ij;e of the lotal 
 innrKMuic material in solution will also be stated. In another colunm. the 
 reacting values of each substance present U ^;iven: calculated to a per- 
 centage basis by means of the concentration vahn — which is simply the 
 sum of the i.ctual re,u liny wilues, 
 
 A-^ far as possiltle, pre\i.iu 
 comparison. Most of the-e h. 
 
 iM,il\-es h.ive been included for the sake of 
 ' Iwen recalculati-d to the ionic inrm, from 
 
 iTurrcniirii-. The Cumi,o(ini<. 
 R. B. Dole. Ilyiiuihf.iial Co 
 
 I of r, S. Siilim-s, Ji.iir. In.l. Kne. ( lirni, 7. i>. ftv-j, \: 
 iliinatioiia in Wjier Auaiysis. Jour. Iml. Emk. Clii-m. 
 rauTid Waters ai Konh Crmrui tr;d:aiia. U i[. i ^,.i. 
 
 f>. \'. 710. 1414. 
 
statements nf the rnnipoimils 
 grains jht Kallon. 
 
 *imuil !•> Ik- present, often only ^ive* in 
 
 BKACIINO VAl.tES. 
 
 The statement of llie anafyli.al results, as the .|uantity (if ions or 
 radiiles present, in parts per million, does not a.leqiiately express all the 
 information that ran he obtained from the analysis of ,i water. Such 
 results only show the physical weinht of the various constituents, and 
 thus Rive no indication of their chemical value. Therefore, the proportional 
 reaction capacities or reactinj; values of the radicles arc tabulated with the 
 ionic results. Sudi reaction capacities or reactinu values are calculated by 
 dividiii); the weight of each railicle found by analysis, by its eiiuivaleiit 
 combiniuK weitiht. Kinhl parts of osyncn unite with 2.i parts of sodium, 
 ,W parts of potassium, 2(1 parts of calcium, and 12 16 parts of magnesium. 
 These are the cfpiivalent combining weights of the aliovemcntioncd de- 
 ments, and the reacting values are olitained by dividing the quantity of 
 each radicle or element present in the water by its combining weight. 
 The reciprocalsof the I'quivalentcombining weights are more often employed, 
 as suggested bv Herman Stabler,' and are terme.1 by him reacting coeffi- 
 cients. I'he reacting coefficient of a radicle may, therefore, \k di'fined as 
 the r.itio of the reaction capacity of 1 part of that radicle to the reaction 
 capai il\- of eight parts of oxygen. 
 
 A list of the reacting coellicients of the various elements or radicles 
 commonly estimated in the mineral analysis of a water is given cm page 
 6. Ihis form of expressio-. is convenient in several ways;' it alTords a 
 scheme of classilication which will be explained later, and allows the potency 
 of the water as a geologic agent to lie studied as well as giving information 
 of its past history; it serves, mor.-over, as a check on the a( . uracy of the 
 anal>-is. since the sums of the acidic and of llie b.isic radicles must neces- 
 sarily be ecp.al, at least williin tlie range of ev|)c>riment.il c:rror. with the 
 excc|ition of one or two cases, such as waters in which free, strong acids 
 are [iresent. 
 
 enRiniH.r. Kt'H- New- V.,1. Ml. ii tsc, V>i)^ 
 Al«i Cliatiift oil U"" imlii«ri.il ui>|.li' 
 No, iT4, !■ IC'S. l"ll 
 
 Itlll 
 
 47 
 
 '1, 1 
 
 lilt 
 
 
 ■■- 
 
 |..«y. Vol 
 
 Mip. 
 
 U 
 
 u 
 
 1015. 
 
THK {'I.ASSIKKATION OF THK WATKKS. 
 
 Almost rvi-ry !)ook or hullrliii nn mint'ral sprinj;;s ailvncatcs its own 
 method of rlassification: (IcninnsTralinj; the (iirticiilty of nndiii^ a satis- 
 fact<)ry rlassifuation for suhjiitn of such romplcx (.haractir as naiiiral 
 watrrs. It is not [)ropoM(l lo (H^niss the ^ iHous nu-thods Iutc, although 
 a list of the chief attt-iiipis is incIiKkd in the appentlix. Two methods 
 have Ix-en adopted in tliis report: one sn^nested by Chase Fahner based on 
 the reaeiinu value (jf the constiturnts of the water, and most useful from a 
 geoIoj,'ieal standpoint; and the other a scheme proposed by J. K. Hay- 
 wood.' 
 
 The first methtxi is of the nifist value, si-eing that it pives evidence 
 of the nature of the strata throu^jh which the water has passed, and of the 
 solvent of the water on the rocks composing *hc strata. It shows the nature 
 and amount ot the predominant constituents also. The second method 
 more readily indicates the actual elements present, and Rives infornialion 
 concerning the therapeutic value of the water. 
 
 CHASE PALMER'S CLASSIFICATION. 
 
 The radicles are dividi-d, aecur^iin^; to their chemical nature, into 
 certain ^jroups. Thus, sodium, potassium, and lithium — called the alkalies 
 or primary bases— are associated. They occur to^jether in nature; are 
 mutually intcrch.uiKeable in minerals; have the similar chemical characters; 
 and are meml>ers of the same chemical family. .■\11 these metals decompose 
 water, and form similar salts with acids. Similarly calcium, strontium, 
 and magnesium — the alkaline earths or secondary bases — are comparatively 
 similar in their chemical behaviour and are Ki^'oloji;ically associated. Hydro- 
 gen and the metals form a third class of positive I>ases. The acid radicles 
 fall into two groups: strong acid radicles, such as hydrochloric or muriatic 
 (C!'); sulphuric (SO4") : and weak acid radicles (e.g. blcarbonic acid HCO3'); 
 cartKjnic (COj"); ;ind metaboric (IK)/) acids. 
 
 According to the relative values of the several groups just referred to, 
 ail natural waters fall into one of the following classes: — 
 Class 1. Value of strong acids (e.g. SO*, CI), less than value of alkalies 
 (e.g. Na. K). 
 , 2. \'alui- of strong acids equal to value of alkalies. 
 , 3. Value of strong •.rids greater than value of alkalieiL hut less than 
 
 alk.ilies plus alkaline earths. 
 „ 4. V^.ihie of strong acids eqiuU to value of alkalies plus alkaline 
 
 earths. 
 „ 5. Value of strong acids exceeds \alue of alkalies plus alkaline 
 earths. 
 
 ' H.»ywood. J. K,, and Smith, n, H.. 
 Bill. •n. ii[>. K-ll, I'JO;, Al-iij. .AiiiL-ticin 
 riieim. Hill. H'J, up. IS-'O. I'Jlt. 
 
 1, r.S. I>ri,i. A>:r 
 
 , KS. l)..pt. Aitr. .Etut. 
 
12 
 
 Classes 2 and 4 seldom occur, and arc included chieHy for the sake of 
 completeness. 
 
 These main classes can be again subdivided by considering the nature 
 of the salts formed by balancing up the various groups. The bases and 
 strong acids combine to form salts which, dissolved in water, give it the 
 property of salinity. Primary salinity is the salinity caused b> the solution 
 of strong acid salts of the alkalies, such as sodium and potassium chlorides 
 or sulphates; secondary salinity, by the soluti<in of "itrong acid salts of the 
 alkaline earths eliietly calcium and magnesium chlorides and sulphates; 
 and tertiary salinity, by the s()lution of strong acid salts of hydrogen 
 (e.g , strong acids), or of metals such as iron and aluminium chlorides or 
 suli)hati>. Solutions of weak acid salts, such as sodium carbonate, possess 
 the property of alkalinity, e.g., tlu-y turn red litnuis, blue; or methyl- 
 orange. \ellow: to mention two of the cliief indicators which are u^ed in 
 determining the reaction of a solution. 
 
 Primary all ninily, is caused by the solution of weak acid sails of the 
 alkalies, chieHy sodium and potassium carbf)natesor biearbonates; secondary 
 alkalinity, by the solution of weak acid salts of the alkaline earths such as 
 calcium bic.irbonate; and tertiary alkalinity, by the solution of weak aciri 
 sah> of the iniscellaiu-ous group of positive radicles such as liy('roi;i n and 
 the melals. 
 
 Thi' following t.ibK'«-x[irt>^es ihi--e ,-tatements more gr.iphically: — 
 
 Sirong atids. 
 frg. (1, S<>4. NOi) 
 
 Weak iifids. 
 (f.g, CO,,. HCO.) 
 
 AlL.IUs if.K- Na, K. Li.l . 
 Alkiiliiu-t-arihs ii-.i;. l."ii, Mj;. Sr.j. 
 Metai.s (e.g. H, Ke.J 
 
 Primary s^illnlty, 
 S'toniiary „ 
 Ttrtiary „ 
 
 Primary alkalinity. 
 Secondary' „ 
 Tertiary „ 
 
 When a water needs much soap to produce a lather, it is said to Iw 
 'hard'. It may be either temporarily hard, when the hardness can be 
 dissipated by boihng: or it may be permanently hard — a property not 
 removed by boiling, only by chemical treatment. 
 
 Temporary hardness is due to the property of secondary alkalinity, 
 e.g.. calcium or magnesium bicarbonate present in water; while permanent 
 hardness results from the property of scctmdary salinity, e.g., cilcium or 
 magnesium sulphate in solution. 
 
 To obtain the amounts of these various properties from the analytical 
 results, the reacting values are considered, calculated on a percentage 
 basis. The sum of the reacting values of the members of each group gives 
 the value for the alkalies, alkaline earths, strong acids, and weak acids, 
 respectively. 
 
13 
 
 Then the value for the strong j;roiip is halaiui-tl ;i,<iiin-t the ftt^tirc for 
 the primary bases or :ilkalies, the sum of them nivinii priniaiy salinity; any 
 excess of the value of strons acids n-maininn over the valui; of the alkaiirs is 
 balanced anainst the alkaline earih ^roup, the sum giving the secondary 
 salinity: and any excess then remaining' aj^ainst fhe metals or hydrop'n, 
 giving tertiary salinity — rarely found in any other but mine waters. 
 
 After the strong acids have been balanced, the weak acids an- worked 
 out against the basic radicles in the f,ame manner. On the other hand, the 
 value for the alkali group may be greater than that of the strong acids. 
 Twice the value of the strong acid group gives primary salinity, and the 
 exce-s alkali value is combined with weak acids to prtKlucc a primary 
 alkalinity. The balance of the weak acid valae will almost always be 
 found to be equal to the value of the alkaline earth group, giving secondary 
 alkalinity. 
 
 The following example illustrate> the procedure: — 
 
 Lithia Spring. Carlsbad Sjirings. 
 
 
 
 I'.iris 
 
 ;icr 
 
 million. 
 
 Reacting 
 values. 
 
 Reacting 
 values. 
 Per cent. 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 (SOi) 
 
 2 4 
 
 75U 
 
 trace 
 
 trace 
 2,,MIJ 
 12 5 
 5 
 
 12 7 
 
 2 1 
 
 trace 
 
 57 - 
 
 trace 
 
 47. 
 
 15 
 50 1 
 1,608. 
 2 6 
 
 05 
 12 .ill 
 
 65 00 
 15 
 
 0,1 
 
 Bicarboiiic acid 
 
 (Haw 
 
 Cart)onic acid 
 
 (COj) 
 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 (NO,) 
 
 
 Nitrous acid 
 
 (NO,) 
 
 
 
 
 
 MetalHjri.; acid 
 
 (BO,) 
 
 
 
 (CI) 
 
 12 0.1 
 10 
 
 Hroniinc 
 
 (Hr) 
 
 Iodine 
 
 (1) 
 
 (SiO.) 
 
 
 7H.40 
 
 .50 00 
 
 Silica 
 
 08 
 
 2.85 
 
 .1 86 
 (1 21 
 1.28 
 70 00 
 14 
 
 
 Iron 
 
 Aiurtiinium 
 Manganese 
 Calcium 
 
 (Fc) -i 
 
 (AD 1 
 
 (Mn) 
 
 05 
 
 (Ca) 
 
 1.82 
 
 Strontium 
 
 (Sr) 
 
 Magnesium 
 
 (Mb) 
 
 2 46 
 
 013 
 0-82 
 44 6,! 
 09 
 
 Lithium 
 
 (I.i) .... 
 
 Potassium 
 
 (K) 
 
 Sodium 
 
 (Na) 
 
 Ammonium 
 
 (NH.) 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 4.8S6 4 
 
 78 42 
 
 ,50 OO 
 
 
 Strong acids 42 03 + 010 + 003 = 42 16 
 
 Weak acids j_ j ^^ 
 
 Alkalies 44-63 + 82 + 13*0. 09 = 45.67 
 
 •Alkaline earths 182 + 246 + 005= 4.33 
 
Propertiw — 
 
 Primary salinity, 
 
 Value of strong acids + equal amount of allcalies, 
 4216 + 42-16 = 84 32 
 
 Primary alkalinity— 
 
 Kenuinder of alkali value + equal amount of weak acids, 
 (4567-4216) - 351 + 351 - 7-02 
 
 Secondary alkalinity — 
 
 Remainder of weak acid value + equal amount of alkaline earths, 
 (7 84-3. 51) = 4 33 + 4. 33 = 866 
 
 These statements give the following information : sodium salts of strong 
 acids form 84 per cent of the total solids; sodium carbonate or bicarbonate 
 constitute 7 per cent; while calcium and magnesium bicarbonates make up 
 the remainder. These quantities agree fairly well with the hypothetical 
 combinations. 
 
 HAYWOOD'S CLASSIFICATION, 
 
 The second form of classification suggr^ted by Haywood possesses 
 more value from a therapeutic standpoint, in that it readily indicates the 
 chief constituents of the water. 
 
 Four main classes: alkaline, alkaline-saline, saline, and .uid waters, 
 are each divided into several sub-cla^si-.s. These sub-classe^j are again 
 (|ualified by the names of the medicinally important radicles. The classi- 
 fication is as follows: — 
 
 
 
 
 Carbonated 
 
 or 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 bicarbonaied 
 
 
 
 ermal 
 
 
 Alkaline 
 
 Bora ted 
 Silicated 
 
 Sulphated 
 
 
 Sodic 
 Lithic 
 Potaasic 
 Calcic 
 
 N'on-gaseou* 
 
 or 
 hermal 
 
 II. 
 
 .Alkaline-sa 
 
 ine Muriated 
 Nitrated 
 
 Sulphated 
 
 
 Magncsic 
 Ferruginous 
 
 .Muminic 
 Arsenic 
 
 Carbondioxated 
 Sulphuretted 
 Azotised 
 Carburetted 
 
 
 Ill 
 
 Saline 
 
 Muriated 
 Nitrated 
 
 Sulphated 
 
 
 Broniic 
 Inrlic 
 Siliceous 
 Boric 
 
 Oxygenated 
 
 
 IV 
 
 Acid 
 
 Nitrui nl 
 
 
 
 
 Thermal waters are defined as those which issue from the ground at a 
 temperature of 70°F., and higher. Of such waters those from 70° to 
 90''F., are considered warm or tepid, while those with a temperature above 
 90°F., are termed hot springs. 
 
 Alkaline waters are those which turn methyl-orange, yellow, and red 
 litmus, blue, and therefore have an alkaUne reaction. The alkalinity is 
 usually due to the piesence of sodium carbonate or bicarbonate. 
 
 Alkaline-saline waters are those which contain both strong acid radicles 
 (bulphuric, hydrochloric or nitric ions), and carbonic or bicarbonic acid 
 ions, or more rarely boric or silicic acid ions; both strong and weak acids 
 
15 
 
 being present as predominatinK constituents. Thus, such waters have 
 both alkaline and saline properties, and contain salts of carbonic oi hicar- 
 bonic acid, together with salts of the strong acids. Primary alkalinity 
 is usually p-esent in small amount, while in alkaline waters it is consider- 
 ably greater— ranging from 40 to 100 per cent. Many of the springs, the 
 subject of thi- report, belong to the alkaline-saline class of waters. Salme 
 waters are th^se which have an alkaline or neutral reaction, and contain 
 sulphuric, muriatic, or nitric acid inns in predominating quantities. 
 
 Acid waters have an acid rt-aclinn, and contain sulphuric or muriatic 
 acid. They are seldom met with, e\ccpt in the neighbourhood of iron- 
 pyrites deposits, where they contain iron sulphate; or in regions where 
 volcanic agencies arc active. No springs belonging to this class are included 
 in this report, though several exist in Cana<ia:' for example at Tuscarora, 
 near Brantford, and at Chippewa, in the Niagara peninsula. 
 
 Haywood's classification enables one to name any mineral water with 
 great accuracy. If any basic or acidic element is pnmiincnt, this fact is 
 indicated by prefixing the name of the ba.-ie or acid to the regular class 
 name — as sodic, calcic, etc.; carbonated alkaline, sulphated alkaline- 
 saline, etc. If any basic or acid ion is prominent therapeutically, but not 
 chemically, this fact may be indicated by afli.\ing the name of the basic 
 or acid iun to the regular name — as carbonated, alkaline, (arsenic, bromic, 
 iodic, etc.). 
 
 The following statements m reference to the ga>es often present in 
 mineral waters define the terms: — 
 
 Non-gaseous water contains no gas. 
 
 Carbondioxated 
 Sulphuretted 
 Azotised 
 Carburet ted 
 Oxygenated 
 
 carbon dioxide, 
 hydrogen sulphide, 
 nitrogen, 
 methane, 
 rxygen. 
 
 A few examples of the application of this classification to waters in 
 the report will illustrate ii- use. The Sanitaris Mineral Water (page 28) 
 is a sodic, magnesic, calcic, muriated alkaline-saline water. 
 
 "Magi" Caledonia, Caledonia Saline Spring, (page 45) is a stxlic, 
 muriated alkaline-saline carbondioxated water. Viauvtlle Mineral Water 
 is a sodic, muriated sulphated saline (bromic, sulphuretted) water. 
 
 ' Sterry Hunt. Oeologv oi Canada, p. 545. lHft3. 
 
ON THK rOU.ECTION OF SAMIM.ES, AM' MKI'IIODS 
 OF ANALYSIS. 
 
 PROCEDURE IN THE FIELD. 
 
 It h.is be..ii already staled th.it thi- .-xaminaticn „( tlie sprinns for 
 ra,lioa>-tivo properties formed <,ne of the main feature, of the invest.Rat.on 
 and on that account centres were selected, within easy access of the pnnc.pal 
 groups <,f springs, to which w.Ucr samples were (luickly taken after a.llect.un 
 to ensure the radioactive e.iaminati.)n beins made with as little delay as 
 possible At the same time, as samples for the radioactive tests were 
 obtained, water for chemical analysis was also collected. To contain the 
 samples, new five-Kallon t-lass demijohns were e,ni,ln;c<i. r«" '""■''^■^ 
 were usually filled: one f..r the radioactivity determinations, and the other 
 for chemical tests. The greater numlx'r of the springs were llowing springs. 
 hence a sample was easily taken at once, either from the overllow. or from 
 the actual pool or well itself. Most s,.ril.gs were enclosed in earthenware 
 nines or wooden casings, and proved readily accessible. Sources that 
 required pumping were always pumped for ten or fifteen minutes previously 
 to the collection of a water, in order that a perfectly fresh sample might be 
 obtained. 
 
 The bottles were rinsed out three times with tlu- water lo be ex.imined, 
 and then filled up almo.,t to the cork; the sp.ice left depending on the ter.iper- 
 ature of the air. and ,,ii,intilx of gas evolveil from the water. A new cork, 
 w.is inserted, and the bottle seale.l. A b.icteriological examination was 
 not included, and. therefore, no spcci.illy collected ami ice-packed sample, 
 were required, although ob..ervation w.is made of the sanitary condition 
 of the surroundings. 
 
 FIELD OBSERV.\TIONS AND MEASUREMENTS. 
 Several observations .ind tests were carried out at the spring. The tern 
 peratureof the water was measureil by means of standardized thermometers 
 In the case of wells or deep pools, a maximum and minimum thcrmomete 
 was used to obtain the temperature at the souice of the water. 1 he depti 
 was approximately ascertained by lowering weighted measuring tapes 
 In the frequent instances where the overflow ran off by a pipe, the flow wa 
 calculated bv noting the time required to fill a container of known volums 
 The taste, odour, and appearance of the water were recorded. I he sui 
 roundings of the spring were obserNcd.and particulars of its history an 
 utilization obtained, as tar as possible. 
 
 The quantity of carbon dioxide gas in the water was determined b 
 either of two methods; — 
 
 (i). As described in Bulletin 91 . 1 .S. t^ept.of Agr., Bureau of Chemistr 
 The Mineral Waters of the I'nited Stat-s. pp. 18-19. 
 
17 
 
 In hrUf. tin- riuthod is t(i (U-u-rtnim-, by IVttcnkoriVr:^' iiu-iIiikI,' tlu- 
 amount (if carbrin dioxide in ixctss of that lucissary to lortn normal 
 carbonates, and the amount of carbon dioxide given off from the bi- 
 r.-ifboiiates whtn the water \a evaporated to dryness. Subtrailins the 
 former result from the latter, ^ivt's the amumU of caruon dioxide exist- 
 ing in solution in the free state. 
 
 (ii). By the titration of a measured volume of the water with sodium 
 carbonate solution ot known ^trenjith — aicortHnu to Winkler's niethod." 
 
 Neither of these metlu :i., proved entirely satisfactory.'' 
 
 Hydrogen sulphide was estimated by the titration of a known volume 
 of water with N/U)0 iodine solution, using starch solution as .m imiicator— 
 according' to the method descril)ed by Sutton.* 
 
 A solution of sodiuni nitroinusside was used to test for the presence of 
 metallic sul|)hi<les: but only two or ihiee waters gave any imlirMlion of the 
 presence cjf such conipiUhuK. The reaction (tf llie water- was le-^r. (i by 
 adding a few drops of methyl-orange s(, Union to a sample, and observing 
 the colour cliange. 
 
 If gases were evolved from tlie -prings, two >.imples were collected in 
 Winchester quart bottles, or in ^l.i--. gas-sample tul)es. In the former 
 case, a large metal funnel wa^ in-i rted in the neck of the bottle, and the 
 whole carefully filled with water, taking especial care toexpel all air tu.bliles. 
 Then, with the neck and funnel under the surface, the bottle was inverted 
 over the stream of gas bul)bles which ascrndcil and displaced the water. 
 The stopper was carefully replaced. lea\ing a little water ctiverlng the 
 stopper to act as a seal, tlie fK)ttle being transported in an inverted po'^ition. 
 The gas sample tulws were attached to the funnel by rublx.'r tubing, and 
 the wliole system filled with water. When tlie lower tap of the sample 
 tube i>_ opened, water will only run out as fast as gas enters frtjui t!ie funnel 
 at tl, '^ ther end — pro\'idcd everything is air tight. 
 
 Measurements of the radioactive content of one sample were carried 
 out by the usual methods.* The second sample was analysed for its main 
 constituents, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, and hydrogen. 
 No determinations were made of the rare gases of the atmosphere, which 
 exist at h.-ast in traces in all radioactive natural gases, except in one case — 
 that of the gas evolved from the Basin Spring at Banff, Alberta (page 142). 
 
 ' Sutton, v.. Handbook of Volur 
 ' Winkler. I., W.. Z. atiKCW Chcm 
 
 • I-or a discuHaion of tht various 
 Ellms. J. W.. anrt BptiekT. J. C 
 
 23-405, ITOl. 
 
 Forbei, F, B., and Vi, 
 Soc, 25-742, IWJ. 
 
 Juhiiion, J.. The deietminaiion of cattit 
 WHtTs; Jiiiir, Am. Cheni. Soc, .iN-y47, Itlti. 
 
 • VoiuTxietric Aiialv*sis, p. iid. IW7. 
 
 • Thi' Kadioartivity ot some Canadian Minenil Spri 
 
 ■trie Atialysia, Ninth Edition. I'J 
 
 \"nl. 29, p, 335. 1916. 
 
 pthodg of detcrmininB carbon dio 
 
 Thp Miimation of carbon diojid 
 
 H., The detertDination of carbonic acid in dti 
 acid, combined and frrc, in s 
 
 I Branch, Bui. 16, pp.. ''-17, 1017. 
 
THE METHODS OF ANALYSIS. 
 
 It is not intended to «ivt' a detailed deMTiption of the methods of 
 analysis that have been employed. They are, for the most part, those 
 descriU'd In I'.S. Department of A^riciiltiire, Bureau of Chemislry, Bulletin 
 Ql; and in the 'Standard Methods of Water Analy--is, pul)lishe<l by the 
 Ameriian Public Health Association (2rid edition, 1^1.*). In the few cases 
 where modificiitions of these methods have bien u^ed, fulli r details will 
 be outlined. 
 
 Isually, a demijohn of water was at hand for analysis (containing 
 about 4^ Imperial Rations or 20 litres). Suliticient amounts of water were 
 used in the examination for each consiitueni to insure its detectiim, if 
 pre^^eiit. to the e\tenl nf one part in ten million. 
 
 Sulphuric acid, bicarbonic acid, carbonic acid, chlorine, inm, alumin- 
 ium, calcium, maj^net^ium. stidium, potassium, and ammonium, were tletcr- 
 mined by the standard meiliods ilescnl)ed in the publications referred to. 
 
 Nitric acid was usually estimated by the reduction nulhinl with 
 aluminium foil in alkaline solution as descrilK-d on pa^e 25 of the Standard 
 Methods of Water Analysis. The a naphthylamine sulphanilic acid colori- 
 nietric metluHl was t-niployed for the estimation of nitrous acid (pa^e 22. 
 S.M.W.A.i. 
 
 I'he detection of boric acid was carried out as described on page 27 
 of Bulletin 91. No quantitative measurements of this radicle were made. 
 For bromine and iodine the colorimetrlc method developed by J. K. Hay- 
 wood (pages 23-26, Bulletin 91,) was used with excellent results. Con- 
 siderable experimental work was done on an oxidation method for bromine 
 and iodine. Iodine was liberated from a neutral solution of iodides and 
 bromides by the action of potassium bicarbonate; the bromide being 
 decomposed when sulphuric acid was added to the mixture; sodium chloridi- 
 was not atTected. The iodine and the bromine were absorlxrd in p( slum 
 i(Klide solutions, afterwards titrated with stand.ird sodium thio-^.,;,,nate. 
 The method proved fairly satisfact-iry, and checked with the results 
 obtained by the colorimetric method when tried on the r:.'edonia ^,'ronp of 
 waters. But it is not as sensitive as the colorimetric t od. and therefore 
 not as convenient for the small amounts of bromine and iodine usually 
 present in most mineral waters. 
 
 Mant^anese was found in most samples by using the colorimetric 
 method described by Hillebrand,' in which the mant;anese is oxidized to 
 permanganic acid by ammonium persulphate in the presence of silver 
 nitrate and nitric acid. 
 
 Strontium, when present, was separated from calcium, using the 
 ether-alcohol method recently adopted as the standard method- by the 
 Associatiim of Official Agricultural Chemists. 
 
 1 Hillebrand. W. F.. The Analyaia of Silicatr and Carbonato Rocks; V 
 p. 117. 
 
 luj.;^,^^-^ W w_ Thr ft";::ir2tioTi irA D-.-'^rminnt'on "f C;iU mm and 
 AfT. CItem,, Vol II. 1916, p. llj. 
 
 Crt-ol. Surv'., But. w:, l'»16, 
 Stroiiiiiim. lour. Amoc. Offic, 
 
l'> 
 
 Hariiim Wiis seldom (ii-tcitcil, cm n s|k-( Irnsnip'cally. U'liiii it w.!** 
 prest'tit in siitfuii-iit .iinnuni it w.i^ M-parattd Imni strdiiiiiiiii jik! t.iltiutii 
 hy tilt- anitiuiniiim biclirotnatr iiu-th(i<l. 
 
 I.ithiuii\ was esiiniiitt'fi |>y thi- well known aniyl alc<iln»l riHiluKi of 
 (inocli.' In a few instances liihiutu wa>^ diterniined usint; '>iie or other i>f 
 the spei IniM-opie mctIio.i~ outlined in a huUetin- on the speetroseupir 
 .leterriiin.iiion of lilliium l.y \V. W. Skiiinrr and \V. 1). Collins. 
 
 A c: tlorimetrie method rei' 'tly proposed hy Winkler' was fount! to lie 
 the nt I ronvenient for the c >.mation of phosphoric acid. One c.e. of a 
 1(1% ferric chlurifle solution, and 2 e.e. of a 10' ; alum solution are nfUleii 
 to 1 to 5 litres of the water to Ik- tested, and the whole Iwiletl f<jr an hour. 
 Any phosphoric acid is carried down in the iron hydroxide precipitate, 
 wliich is filtered otT and dissoKefl in nitric aild. Tlie solution is evaporated 
 to dryness, thu residue dissolved in water with a dro[) of nitric acid added, 
 filtered, and ammonium mnlylid.ite solution poured in. On standing, any 
 phosphoric acid will \k precipitated as ammonium phospho-m()l>l)datc; this 
 is filtered off. dissolved in ammonia, more aninionium mol>l)date solution 
 added, and the yellow colour of the solution compared with a potassium 
 chromate solution correspon{linn to a definite concentration of phosphorous 
 pcntoxide. 
 
 No tests, save in a fiw inst.mces, were carrietl out for the presence of 
 arsenic, copper, lead, fluorine, or selenium. Spectroscopic tests were made 
 on all residues and preci[)itates, checking the presence of the several 
 elements, which yive flame spectra, and affording some indication of the 
 completeness of the separations. 
 
 Many of the springs, especially those rising in the vicinity of peat 
 bogs (such as the groups of springs at Caledonia and Carlsbad), contain 
 organic compounds, which is the cause of the yellow colour of the waters. 
 On tlie continent of Europe such organic substances are often determined, 
 but in America little attention has been paid to them. They are present 
 in small amount, possess a complex composition, and have; no impoitance 
 from a therapeutic st.indpoint. Therefore, no at tempt was made to estimate 
 them (ir determine their nature, interesting; as such work would be. 
 
 The results of the radioactive determinations are rightly included in 
 the statement of analyses. Details of the methods adopted for these 
 determlt.ations are given in full in Part I* of this report. 
 
 The total solid matter in solution was obtained by evaporating 100 c.c. 
 of the water in a platinum dish, and drying at tOO"C., to a constant weight. 
 The dish was then gently ignited, and the residue on ignition determined. 
 Sulphuric acid was added, and the solution evaporated, and finally heated 
 
 ' Trm.Iw.-11. Analytical Clu-mi, 
 
 'Skinner, W. W.. and Colliria. 
 153. r>12, 
 
 ' Winkler, I.. W , Z. atiKew. Chpr 
 
 'S^iiiiTly, J., and Klw.irthy, R. 
 Mir r-il Spring? M::\^s Brsnth. H; 
 
 stry, V.i 
 W. D.. 
 
 il. n. ■llli editiurl, I-JIS, [.. 5J. 
 Eh-leritiination of Litiiium. I'. S. Di-i.i. 
 
 Mi., Bur. Clicm.. Hu 
 
 T Mil 
 
 22, 1'- -JNM. I'JIS. Atntrua in Juur.. Si,c, 
 (itral Simnns of Canj.la. t*an I. RadloaL 
 !;.. 2(1. 12-lfi. i'.'!7. 
 
 CliciTi. lid,, p. J4J, mi: 
 livity uf Somt Cai.rtdia 
 
20 
 
 ti. .1 ilull ri-cl h.Mt. until all llu- I 1M•^ w.-ri' i-ciiiviTtid tci sulph.ili-ti. A Utile 
 iiimiifMliimi I .irl'on.HL- \v.i> .nMcd I.) i-ti^iirr llir roniiilttc (•nii\iT>ii>[i of .icitl 
 alkjli sulph.il.^ 1.1 lli.nii.il Milphali >. 'llu' ili-lus win' (ikiIiiI and «i-ij;lir.l 
 and rci^jnllcd till ronf.t.mt urij;ht was (il)iaini.d. Thr rc^idiit" rntirtt \k 
 llt-ati'tl tn a sut'lui.nt ti'ilipcratiirc In CiirniTt tin- iron >ulpli.ill' pn-si-nt to 
 frrric oxidf 
 
 ACCURACY OK TIIK ANAI.YSKS. 
 
 Thf cktiTniinaliiin ju»t di-MriUcI alTorik a iliL'ck on the a( rurai y iif the 
 various ^•^tiIll.ltion9. as the weijlht of the l>.isis as sulphates pre>eut in a 
 milli.iii p.irls III water sllouhl a^ree with the i .ileulated value <if the liases 
 as sul[ihates st.tted in parts per niillioii. An .lyireenieiu t<i within 05% 
 can eunitnnnly In- ulitalned. I'sinn a larger \(ilunie of water than 100 e.e., 
 and takiiifi ureal precautions during evaporation and it^nilion, no doubt 
 a Rreat'T decree ( T .icruracy mitjht lie .I'a.iined, The followinp: example 
 is an ilUistration of the us' of this priMedure iii cheeking the accuracy of 
 an analysis. 
 
 Water from Saline Spring, C^aledonia Springs, - 'ntario bottled as 
 "M.igi" w.iter: — 
 
 Parts per million. 
 
 ILises. cKrom analysis piige 47). Calculaled as sulphati-, 
 
 1.5 Silica SiO, l.S.O 
 
 12 Iron oxide FeiOi 17 
 
 n 21 Alumina A1,0, 0.4 
 
 410 CalciumslilpliaKr C.lSO. 130 A 
 
 2 9 Strontium , . , SrSOi 6 
 
 14J MaRiicsium , . . . MrSO, 706 4 
 
 2 4 Lithium , .... l.i,SO. 18 8 
 
 7» 4 Potassium , ... K.SO, 17S 9 
 
 26914 Sodium , N.i,S(l. SJIW 
 
 4 89 Ammonium „ NHiSO* volatile 
 
 Silica 
 
 ... SiO, 
 
 Iron 
 
 Aluminium 
 
 Calcium 
 
 Strontium 
 
 Al 
 fa 
 
 ... Sr 
 
 Lithium 
 
 Potassium 
 
 Sodium 
 Ammonium 
 
 .. 1.1 
 K 
 \a 
 . Ml, 
 
 9.171-6 
 
 Calculated 9.!71 fi 
 
 F.iuntl by experiment 9J,i4 
 
 Difference. 
 
 31 
 
 - 47o 
 
 There is yet another check on the accuracy of an analysis. It has 
 already been stated that a miner, il water may lie considered as a balanced 
 chemical system, a solution of several compounds dissociated into their 
 constituent ions, which arc in a slate of et|uilibrium with each other, 
 neither acidic or basic ions being in excess. The only exceptions occur in the 
 case of some mine waters and springs arising from pyrites deposits, which 
 have Iktii found to contain free acid. ,\ water may have an alkaline 
 reaction, but it will Ik- due to the presence of hydrolysed alkali carbonate. 
 Nevertheless, the et|uivalent amounts of alkali and of carbonic acid radicle 
 will lie pre-ent. Therefore, in such a state of equilibrium, the sum of the 
 .icidic lolls leiluieti to tlieir proportional chemical values must hi- etjual to 
 
.'I 
 
 04 
 
 1.W 4 
 
 6 
 
 706 4 
 
 1» 8 
 
 175 9 
 
 8J08 ■ 
 
 volatile 
 
 0.171 -6 
 
 llu' •uni ip( ihr iM-ii inns siinil irlv n.liii.cl. IV.iilicMlly, nn .in.il\-fs uill 
 ■>hi.w p.rlVrI ■•c|iilv,ili'iMi', liiii ih.r.' .h,,iil,i If coniii.ir.itii.ly liltl.' di- 
 iiKn-MiU'Ot. the .iriu.il aimiiait il.|i,n.liii« l.ir^i Iv c.n llu- mrii i nlr.ici.in ci( 
 Ihi- waliT. I'.ir .: »,iUT ...iil.ii.iiii.; ,,l.„rl 1,1111(1 |i.,ii, |„.r milium niimT,il 
 m.itlcr in si.liiti n ilir MhuiTi,,ii,.i., .,1 l,.,,ir .,m\ ,.f t\v .uiilir i,.ns -lioiild 
 not ililTcr liy innrr ihaii 2 .ir .1' , . ( inaiir cliMTip.inry inilic.iti's a f.iiiily 
 (liliTiiiiii.iliiin. iir Muni- crmr in i .ilnil.iiinri. || is ncrossary lli.it ihc 
 snnim.iciims U- l,,il,ini>il lor llu- |Mii|in-i-, ,,( ,mI, nl.ill.m i.f ihc v.nidiis 
 anil liyiii.l!;i>ti(,,l ini,il,ii,.iti(.ii-. and fcnir ccmrsis an- pns- 
 
 flassiticalion: 
 siliK-.' 
 
 (i) Tho i-mir may In- propurtinnalily sliarid l.y all llic rnnstiluints. 
 (ii) ll may Iw assumi-d tn lie in llu- ilclcrminaliim tif me has anil nnc 
 
 acidic radicle, anil rlividcil ii|iially iHtwi-cn Ihcm. 
 (iii) Itmaydopcndon tliudclcrminalinnijf one radicle, such as hiiarlmn.uc 
 
 or siKlium. 
 (iv) No alteration need !»■ made, in which ca-e one property of the water 
 cannot lie deduced. 
 
 In the following analyses .my di^crcp.inry has usually tieen attributed 
 to icccuracies in the determinalion of the liicarhonatc radicle, especially 
 in waters in which it incurs in con-ideralile quantity. 
 
 These two checks on the .ircur.icy of the various determinations are of 
 course not entirely independent of each other, as an error in the estimation 
 of one of the bases— niaRnesiiim, for exampje, will allect both c.ilculations. 
 If the sum of the bases calcidated as -ulphates agrees with the value found 
 by experiment, and yet the sum of rcuting values of the basic ions dillers 
 froir the sum of the reai tins \ ,ilues of the acidic ions, it is probable th.lt an 
 error exists in the amount of one of the acidic ions. On the other h.md, 
 agreement between the bases as sulph.ites. c.dcul.ited ,md found, m ci|uili- 
 brium between acidic and b.lsic ions, formiasalisf.ictory verilication of the 
 accuracy of analytical processes. 
 
 Comparison between the sum of the constituenN found by analysis 
 .ind the amount nf solid m.itter. dried at lOO'C, .ilTords no check whatever. 
 Bicarlmnates give off carUm dioxide, .imm.inium chloride and cdcium 
 carbonates decompose e.ich other. ;ind other salts Ix-come b.isic. All lliese 
 Closes lend to make the total solids found b>- experiment lower Ih.ui the 
 -uni of the sever.illy determined constituents. 
 
22 
 
 UKSCKiniON OK SPRIN<;s AM) TABl lATKD ANAI YSRS. 
 
 In thr fnllowinn p.it;fs ihc an.ilys(". of fifty spiitin w.iti'r^arc t.il)ulatf<l, 
 pn-cctlfd hy lirii-f (IcMTiptioiiH of llu- vpritij; Mirrrmiulitin?' .iiid nf the thar- 
 actiT of thf w.itt-rs. 
 
 Ill prt'CftlinR pa^-'s, the nmrc n^int rh tlutd-. t.f cxpn-^^-inn ».f water 
 anal\'st> havt- U-cn diMuwsrd. and sonic tApt.in.itinn ^;i\t■Il of tfic <|<rivatin» 
 nf the various proptTiii-^ of tlic w.ilrr^. It ha'i hcin ^fiown llial llu- pro- 
 perties of renclion rr)rcisely state ifie .haraitir and priiuipat rotii-lilticnis 
 of a v^ater. Primary salinity intiirales the piesenic of alkali salts of 
 KtrnnK a" ifls, e t;., smiiutn rhioridc nr sodium "-iilpfiale; secondary sjdinity, 
 alkaline earth salts of stronK aiids, e.jj., ealcium and mai;nesiuni < hlorides 
 or sulphates. Similarly, primary alkalinity and secondary alkalinity 
 denote alkali salts ui alkaline earth salts of weak acids res[H'cli\ely . cr-. 
 sodium carlmnate or hlcarhonate or eati iuni or ni.i^iu>ium liirarhonatt's. 
 
 The amounts of the constituents as ions or radicles are Ki\en in jiarts 
 fHT million, also in [)crrentanes of the ttital inorv:.mic matter in solu'Ion. 
 Previous analyses, when they exist, are presenti-d for comparison. The 
 re.ictinK value of ihe constituents, worked out to a perrentage basis, occupies 
 the fourth column at the foot of which the concentration value is placed. 
 This numl)er is the sum of actual reacting values of the constituents of the 
 water, and from it the percentage reacting values may easily Im- calculated 
 to their true values. 
 
 After the statement of the (juantity of the total solids and gases in 
 solution in the waters the hypothetical combinations worked (tut frrim the 
 results of analysis by means of th' r: '. s;ive:i or \:'yv 20, are apjK'nded in 
 parts per million, and as percentages of tt.e total inorganic matter in solution. 
 
 TemperatuiTs are stated on both ("entigrade and Fahrenheit dej^^rces. 
 
 Radioactivity, due to emanation in the water or in the gases evolved 
 from some springs, is expressetl in terms of a unit,' which is 1 x 10-'* curie 
 per litre, nr that amount of radium emanati<m in equilibrium with 1 x 10- '' 
 gram radium uutal. Dissolved radium is exprc-sed in terms of a unit 
 equal to 1 x III '■ y;ram radium per litre. 
 
 In the tabulated analyses dashes (-) signily that the con-lltuent has 
 been lr)oked for. but is nf)t present — at least in suiVu'iint quantity to In- 
 detected. A blank space indicates that the substance is absent or that no 
 test for it has bein carried out. 
 
 K.\sii;RN ()nt.\hi<) 
 BORTllWICK MINERAL .SPRING, NE.\R OTTAWA, ONT. 
 
 This spring, rising in low King marshy ground iKtween two parallel 
 ridges half a mile apart, is situated in the south half of lot 20. c(mcession IV, 
 
i.i 
 
 n »>f water 
 ilrrivatinn 
 al llu- pro- 
 otioliltu-nls 
 ;ili salts (if 
 ry '•aliriity, 
 ni I III nr ides 
 alkalinity 
 li\tlv. C-K-, 
 rlxjiiati's. 
 en t[i parts 
 in sohiKnn. 
 'ison. The 
 
 Ottawa Frr»Mt. Ciciucf-tti-r township. CiHiion inuiily. and is alioiit Mvrn 
 mile^ away frotn Ottawa, The water is rdlUrletl in a l>ri(ke'l well n( 
 .1,(HK) yalUiMs cipaiity, whii h whrn piini(H'(| <lry. retills in atxuit twelve 
 hours. 
 
 Adonlinu to Sn-rry lliiiii' tin- s[)rinti rises frnrn ihe lower Silurian 
 limestone an.l pmliaMy <.lnaiiis ii- Lir^e proportion of siMliuni * hloride 
 from rnek salt imlwdclt-d in the linu-Ioiu totniation. Mr. William liorth- 
 wirk of Ottawa is the ov lur of the spring;. Sonn- water is shipped atnl sold 
 in the neiKhlH>iirhoo<i 
 
 The --rinn was visited on two orra^ions, wluri tests were made and 
 samples eollected, and a further sample was x-ut in for analysis, 
 
 The fnllowinK' partieulars were nhtaine<l u|Km exaininalitm. The 
 analysis shows the spring to lie siHiie. inav;ni--ie, nuiriaied --aline water. 
 The hypothetical combinations show that -odium chloride may Ik- cnn- 
 sidere<l to form H" [kt cent of the >olid> in soluliun, while magnesium 
 bicarbonate forms '* jht cent. 
 
 HOKTHWKK MINERAL SfHlNC, 
 
 Laboratoty No. 6. 
 
 Sample collected June. 1*>17 
 
 Temperature 10-5"C. (50*ri-'.) 
 
 Flow Small 
 
 Taste Salt and pleasant 
 
 Reaction Alkaline 
 
 Specific Rravity at IS^C . , , , 1 007 
 
 Radioactivity Kmanation 140 units 
 
 Dissolved radium 8-4 „ 
 
 Emanation in gas evolved. 
 
 Properties of reaction in per cent. 
 
 Primary salinity 90 ■.16 
 
 Secondary salinity. ... 1 06 
 Primary alkalinity 
 Sicondary alkalinity, . 8-58 
 
'^ 
 
 24 
 Analysis. 
 
 toiislilupiits; — 
 
 
 analysis,' 
 
 Tot,d 
 inorRanic 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 ReactinK 
 value. 
 
 
 Parts [X-r million. j Per cent. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Sulphuric acUi (SO,) 
 
 liicarliollic acid (Hl'O.I 
 
 farbonic acid (CO.) . . 
 
 Nitric acid (NO.) 
 
 Nitrous acid (NO,) 
 
 Phoephoric acid (PO.) 
 
 Metaboric acid (HOi) 
 
 7 4 
 9.54 
 
 trace 
 
 01 
 
 lieavy trace 
 
 5,910 
 
 12 S 
 
 6 
 
 17 2 
 5 2 
 005 
 
 39 
 
 2 4 
 188. 
 
 IS 
 70 8 
 3 , 740 
 
 3 6 
 
 399 5 
 
 7,2.5~ 
 36 6 
 70 
 
 140 3 
 29 7 
 138 4 
 
 78.5 
 4,400 
 
 (17 
 4 29 
 
 53 96 
 12 
 01 
 
 15 
 05 
 
 36 
 
 02 
 
 1 72 
 Ul 
 65 
 
 ,34 15 
 03 
 
 07 
 8 71 
 
 
 45 (>3 
 
 IJromine (Br) 
 
 (J4 
 
 
 
 
 Iron (Fe) \ 
 
 Aluminium (Al) f 
 
 Manganese (Mn) 
 
 Calcium (Ca) 
 
 Strontium (Sr) 
 
 Magnesium (Mg) 
 
 05 
 53 
 
 4 24 
 006 
 
 I'otassium (K) 
 
 50 
 44 57 
 
 Ammonium (NH*) 
 
 20 
 
 Total 
 
 10,952 2 
 1,058 
 
 12,550 
 
 100 00 
 
 100 ()0 
 
 Total solids in solution, residue 
 
 Concentra- 
 tion value. 
 
 
 .i64 92 
 
 (■ai«8: Carlxsn Dioxide COi . . . 
 Hydrogen Sulphide H»S . 
 
 c,c. iier litre. 
 11 3 
 
 Parts per million. 
 22 2 
 
 ■ by J. llakct E4«ard», Ph.D.. 1' C.S.. Montreal, 1H> 
 
25 
 liM'OTIlKrH Al (OMiU NATIONS. 
 
 Sodiu. .-. -. (NaNO,) 
 
 Sodium nitrate N.iN(^) 
 
 Ammonium rhloride (NH4CI) . 
 
 Potassium iodide (Kl) 
 
 Potassium bromide (KBr) 
 
 Lithium chloride (i.iCI) 
 
 Potasaium chloride (KCl) 
 
 Sodium chloride (NaCl) 
 
 MaRnesium chloride (MgCl-J 
 
 Calcium chloride (CaClj) 
 
 Strontium sulphate (SrSO,) 
 
 Mai^ncsium sulphate (MgSO<) 
 
 Calcium sulphate (CaSO*) 
 
 Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCdi) 
 
 Magnesium bicarbonate! Mg( I K"Oj)z), . 
 
 Calcium bicarbonate (Ca(UCOi),). . . 
 Strontium bicarbonate (Sr(HCv^)j). . . 
 
 Strontium chloride (SrClj) 
 
 Ferrous bicarbonate (Fe(HCO,)i) . . . 
 
 Calcium phosphate (Cai(P04)i). . . . 
 
 Ferric oxide. . (Fe»Oj) 
 
 Alumina (AIjOj) 
 
 Silica (SiO,). 
 
 Magnesium iodide and bruniidc . 
 
 Parts per 
 million. 
 
 Total 
 inorKanic 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 Previous 
 analysis. 
 
 Pe 
 
 cent . 
 
 10 70 
 83 
 17.85 
 8. 02 
 122 93 
 9,513 
 87-69 
 
 984 73 
 157 95 
 
 10 
 0-01 
 17 
 08 
 112 
 86.88 
 80 
 
 9 00 
 1 44 
 03 
 
 ISO 
 11,210 
 310 
 210 
 40 
 280 
 220 
 
 70- 
 40. 
 
 DOMINION SPRING. PAKENHAM, ONT. 
 
 (13) 
 
 This spring, situated en the farm of \V. Gillan, Fitzroy township, 
 Carleton county, Ont., has bern known for many years, and was first 
 analysed by Sterry Hunt in 1851, whostated that the water rises from the 
 Chazy or Calciferous formation. At one time the spring was used for 
 medicinal purposes and a hoti-l finiirished at Pakenham, two miles away. 
 To-day little use is made of it. The water is pumped from i well, 14 feet 
 deep, and there is a small natural flow. A considerable quantity of hydro- 
 gen sulphide ga> is prc>ent in the water, and a turbidity due to precipitated 
 sulphur soon arises when tlie water slands for a short time exposed to the 
 air. 
 
 The chief constituents may Ik.' considered to Ik* sodium chloride which 
 fortns 7S per cent of tlie lotal inorganic matter in solution and magnesium 
 bicarbonate ( 1 3 per cent) . The water may be classified as a sodic, magnesic, 
 muriated saline water, and is very similar in composition to the Borthwick 
 Sp.'ing Water. 
 
'*%.,^., 
 
 26 
 The following results were obtained as a result of analysis: — 
 DOMINION SPRING. 
 
 Laboratory No. 13. 
 
 Samples collected July, 1914. 
 
 Temperature 10*C. {500°F.) 
 
 Flow Small 
 
 Taste Slightly salt 
 
 Reaction 
 
 Specific gravity at 15**C 1 0065 
 
 Radioactivity Emanation 22 units 
 
 Dissolved radium 0-8 „ 
 
 Emanation in gas evolved 
 
 Properties of reaction in per cent. 
 
 Primary salinity 84-3 
 
 Secondary salinity. ... 1-3 
 Primary alkalinity. . . . 
 Secondary alkalinity. .14-4 
 
'mliLMMll 
 
 27 
 Analysis. 
 
 Constituents: — 
 
 
 Previous 
 analysis.* 
 
 Total 
 inorganic 
 matter in 
 
 solution. 
 
 Reacting 
 value. 
 
 
 Parts per million. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 
 i 7 
 1,41(1 
 
 17 
 
 (14 
 
 4.870. 
 6 (1 
 6 
 
 47 20 
 16 
 807 
 
 102 
 
 243. 
 
 003 
 126- 
 3. 044 32 
 
 tl7 
 
 98 4 
 
 7 2 
 
 4,019 3 
 16 9 
 2-7 
 19 
 
 133 
 trace 
 2 1 
 
 60 
 trace 
 225- 
 
 60 7 
 2,834.5 
 
 04 
 14 26 
 
 18 
 
 49 26 
 06 
 
 08 
 
 48 
 I) 01 
 
 08 
 
 1 03 
 
 2 46 
 
 30 79 
 
 003 
 
 Bicarbonic odd (HCOi) 
 
 7 19 
 
 Nitric acid (NO,) 
 
 Nitrous acid (NO,) 
 
 Phosphoric acid (PO,) 
 
 008 
 
 Chlorine (CI) 
 
 42. 68 
 02 
 
 Iodine (I) 
 
 
 Oxygen to form (Al,0,) 
 
 ca (SiO,) 
 
 
 Iron (Fe) 
 
 02 
 
 Aluminium (Al) 
 
 
 
 
 159 
 
 
 
 Magnesium (Mg) 
 
 Lithium (Li) 
 
 Potassium (K) 
 
 6 24 
 
 1 00 
 41. 15 
 
 Ammonium (NH,),., 
 
 
 
 
 9.887 93 
 9,272 
 
 8,347 3 
 
 100 00 
 
 100 00 
 
 ' solids in solution, residui. 
 ' It 110' C 
 
 Concentra- 
 tion value 
 321-46 
 
 
 
 Gases: Carbon Dioxide COj, . . . 
 Hydrogen Sulphide HjS. 
 
 c.c. per litre. 
 
 OS 
 
 Parts p< ' million. 
 
 •By Dr. Stcrry Hunt Gwlogy of Canada, n, SW, IMi 
 
p*'' 
 
 
 28 
 HYPOTHETICAL COMBINATIONS. 
 
 Parts per 
 niillion. 
 
 iota I 
 inorganic 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 Previous 
 analysis. 
 
 Sodium nitrite (NiNO^i 
 
 Sodium nit r,ite lN.tN(_)ji. . . -. 
 
 Ammoniuni chloride (NH,(.!) ., 
 
 Putiissiuin iodide (KI 1 
 
 Potassium Iiromidc (KBr) 
 
 Lithium chloride ^LiC'l, 
 
 Potassium chloride (,KCi) 
 
 Sodium chloride (NaCII 
 
 Magnesium chloride (M^t h) 
 
 Calcium chloride (CaCI,) 
 
 Sodium Buiphate (Na^SO*) 
 
 MaRnesium sulphate ( MrSO,) ... 
 
 Calcium sulphate (('3804) 
 
 e,idium bicartxjnate (NaHCOj) 
 Magnesiuml>icarl>onate(MR<Hr()s)i) 
 
 Calcium hicarlKiiiate (CalHCO^tjV 
 Stromium Inr.irlx.nale lSriHC;(>;^i . 
 
 Ferrous hicarhonate ll'ciHC')- ' .1 . . 
 
 Calcium phosphate (Ca3(l*04i:i , . 
 
 Ferric oxide (Pe/).,). .... 
 
 Alumina (All),,) 
 
 Silica i^iO.) 
 
 trace 
 
 
 H 
 
 t> 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 »,f 
 
 SW 1 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 ?M 
 
 13 
 
 i.in 
 
 l,S 
 
 1)2 
 
 iO 
 
 4 63 
 
 1.31,1 
 
 1 
 88 1 
 
 413,0! 1 
 
 5 
 
 07 
 
 US 
 
 I'l 
 
 ..17 
 
 01 
 09 
 
 2 37 
 
 ;»,14 
 
 94 
 
 13 29 
 
 4,18 
 
 11, IN 
 11)11 llil 
 
 DIAMOND P.\RK .SPRING, ,\RNPRIOR, ,S,\NIT.\RI.S W.VrUR, 
 
 Thi^ ^pnng lies at the foi.t nl a liill ,iliout ,S0 yards from tin- Mailawask.i 
 river on lot 26, concession XII, Pakenliam township, Lanark coinity, 
 Ontari<i. 
 
 It rises in a conii-nled and covered well, and flows at a rate of about 
 2.S0 srallons per hour into the river, ncarljy. 'I'hc water lias a pleasant 
 saline taste, and is c^'r'oo.'ated and soltl as "Sanitaris" mineral water by the 
 Sanitaris Mincr,il VV Icr Co,, of Arnprior and Ottawa, This is one of the 
 most radioactive springs of those examined in eastern Canada, but on 
 account of the small content of dis.solved radium the water, when bottled, 
 will soon lose iis activity. 
 
 The water is not as strongly i.^ineralizcd as that from the Borthwick 
 or from the Dominion Spring, although 80 per cent of the total inorganic 
 m. liter in solution is sodium chloride. Calcium and magnesium bicarbonates 
 may be considered to lie the other predominant constituents. 
 
 Comparison of the two analyses, one in 19U and the otticr in 1916, 
 shows that no change ir. composition has taken place in the last five years. 
 The water may te classified as a sodic, muriate ' alkaHne-sal--c (bromiO 
 water. 
 
!i /.T^ 
 
 
 ■W^-"^ 
 
 29 
 
 The following particulars were obtainetl as a result <>f analysis — 
 DIAMOND PARK SI'RINt.. 
 
 Laboratory No. 14. 
 
 Sample collected July, I')14. 
 
 Temperature V'C . (4K°F.) 
 
 Flow 5 gallons p<*r minute. 
 
 Taste Slishtly salt 
 
 Reaction Alkaline 
 
 Specific gravity at 15°C 1 002 
 
 Radioactivity F.manation 226 units 
 
 Dissolved radium 1 ■ ^ r 
 
 Kmanation in :;as olveii. 
 
 Properties of reaction in per cent. 
 
 Primary salinity 86-26 
 
 Secondary salinity. . . 
 Primary alkalinity. .. . 1)()4 
 SecuTjdary alkalinity. , 1.V70 
 
 Analysis. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 
 Previous 
 
 morKame 
 
 React mg 
 
 Constituents; — 
 
 
 analysis.* 
 
 matter m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 solution. 
 
 
 
 Parts IKT 
 
 million. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Pel cent. 
 
 
 (SO.I .... 
 
 Hi 
 
 trace 
 
 47 
 
 30 
 
 Bicarbonic acid 
 
 (HC0,,1 
 
 701). 
 
 719 2 
 
 13 64 
 
 
 C-irbonic acid 
 
 (CO,) ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _,. 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 (NO,) 
 
 2 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nitrous acid 
 
 (NO,) 
 
 tr..ce 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Phosphoric acid 
 
 (PO.) 
 
 04 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (BO,) 
 
 trace 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (CI) 
 
 2537 
 
 2488.45 
 
 49-37 
 
 42-77 
 
 
 (Br) 
 
 6.0 
 
 1-24 
 
 0-12 
 
 0-04 
 
 
 (I) 
 
 0.4.S 
 
 trace 
 
 
 
 
 Oxygen to form 
 
 (A1,0.) 
 
 0-44 
 
 
 
 001 
 
 ~~ 
 
 Silica 
 
 (SiO.) 
 
 250 
 
 18.73 
 
 0.49 
 
 
 
 Iron 
 
 (Fc) 
 
 
 j. 0-54 
 
 0.01 
 
 
 
 Aluminium 
 
 (M) 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Mn) 
 
 
 
 
 
 b-;mm 
 
 (Ca) 
 
 73.0 
 
 54-90 
 
 142 
 
 2-18 
 
 Strontium 
 
 (Sr) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Mg) 
 
 950 
 
 81-50 
 
 
 
 
 (Li) 
 
 02 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Potassium 
 
 (K) 
 
 33- 1 
 
 22-43 
 
 064 
 
 ( 51 
 
 
 (Na) 
 
 1640- 
 
 1650-3.5 
 
 31. 92 
 
 
 
 (NH.) 
 
 001 
 
 0-39 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5137.77 
 
 5037-73 
 
 100. 00 
 
 lOO-OO 
 
 Total solids in 
 
 solution, residue 
 
 Concentra- 
 
 dried at 110°C 
 
 4814 
 
 
 
 tion value 
 
 
 
 167-28 
 
 Gases : Carbon Dioxide COt 
 
 Hydrogen Sulphide H^S 
 
 c.c. per litre. Parts per million. 
 
 ■ Aoalyiia by Prof. R. F. Ruttan, McGiU L'niveraitj-, 1111. 
 

 30 
 HYPOTHETICAL COMBINATIONS. 
 
 Const 
 
 tucnt : — 
 
 Parts per 
 million. 
 
 To 1 
 inorKa. 'c 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 Previnus 
 analysis. 
 
 
 Per cent . 
 
 
 Soilium nitrilf 
 Sodium nitrate 
 
 (NaNO,) 
 
 (NaNO,) 
 
 (NH.CI) 
 
 trace 
 3-29 
 0-03 
 0-S8 
 8 92 
 1-23 
 57 32 
 4135. 7 
 
 35 8 
 
 1-22 
 571-7 
 295- 5 
 
 012 
 12 
 0-17 
 25 n 
 
 (1-06 
 
 0-01 
 0-17 
 
 02 
 
 1 12 
 80 SO 
 
 70 
 
 02 
 
 11 14 
 
 5-75 
 
 02 
 49 
 
 
 
 (Kl) . . 
 
 
 Potassium broniidt 
 
 (KBr) 
 
 (LiCI) 
 
 1 59 
 
 
 (KCl) 
 
 42 88 
 
 
 (NaCI) 
 
 
 
 (MgCI,) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Na^SO*) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Calcium sulphate 
 Sodium birarlKJnate 
 Magnesium bicarbonate 
 
 (CaSO*) 
 
 
 (NaHCO,) 
 
 {Mg(HCO,):) 
 
 (Ca(HCOi)i) 
 
 189 9 
 495 8 
 221 9 
 
 
 (Sr(HCO,)a) 
 
 
 
 (Fe(HCO,)i) 
 
 
 
 (Ca,(PO,),) . . , , 
 
 
 
 (FeiO.) 
 
 } 0-54 
 18 73 
 
 
 (AlsOi) 
 
 Silica 
 
 (SiO.) 
 
 
 5137.78 
 
 100-00 
 
 5037. 34 
 
 RUSSELL HTHIA SPRING. 
 
 (17) 
 
 Several springs are found in the neighbourhood of Bourget, Clarence 
 township, Russell county, Ont. The Russell Lithia Mineral Water Co, 
 own two of these on loi 20, concession II. Both were drilled and are 200 
 yards apart. Water from one boring is pumped by means of a windmill 
 into tanks from which it is drawn to be bottled as Russell Lithia Water; 
 the other flows naturally at the rate of 15 gallons per minute from a stand 
 pipe. This water is pleasantly saline to the taste, and contains a consider- 
 able quantity of mineral matter in solution, having specific gravity of 
 1 -0065 at 15°C. Much gas bubbles up with the water, and also issues from 
 pools in the swamp aiound the spring. Analysis showed the gas to be 
 chiefly methane or "marsh gas" and that it was radioactive, possessing an 
 iictivity of 540 units. 
 
 Two other springs of similar chaiacter were inspected on the farm 
 of A. Martel, about two miles from the Russell Lithia Spring- Both were 
 bored wells, with a natural flow. One was 96 feet deep while the other was 
 drilled to a depth of 136 feet. The water from each had a pleasantly 
 saline taste. 
 
 J^J^^^^l^BHK 
 
-is»_p 
 
 ^^y^^r^^r^'^^^^^^ wm^ 
 
 31 
 
 The following anal\sis shows that sfxiium chloride fornix 82 jxt cent 
 of the total inorganic matter in solution while magnesium bicarbonate 
 amounts to almost 10 per cent. Three per cent of sodium carbon.ite sivea 
 the water an alkaline reaction, accounting for a primar>' alkalinity of 2-48 
 per cent. The quantity of potassium is comparatively high, forming 
 almost 3 per cent of the alkalies. 
 
 The water may be classified as a sodic, muriatcd, aikaline -saline (carbon- 
 dioxated) water. 
 
 RUSSELL LITHL^ W.VrEK. 
 
 Laboratory No. 17. 
 
 Sample collected June 
 
 Temperature 
 
 Flow 
 
 Taste Pleasantly : 
 
 Reaction Alkaline 
 
 Specific gravity at 1S°C t -005 
 
 Radioactivity Emanation 109 units 
 
 Dissolved radium 2-5 „ 
 
 Emanation in gas evolved. 
 
 Properticj of reaction in per cent. 
 
 Primary salinity 87-84 
 
 Secondary salinity. . . . 
 Primary alkalinity. .. . 2-48 
 Secondary alkalinity . . 9-68 
 
 1917. 
 .!0-0'C*. (50°F.) 
 
 aline 
 
 ='w-'i4dl^ 
 
W^: 
 
 ' X : A 
 
 32 
 Analysis. 
 
 I Tola! 
 
 inorKanc Keaeiing 
 
 matle ii. ' \L'lut'. 
 M]Iu><on. I 
 
 I'er cent. 
 
 Sulphuric nciil 
 Bicarbonic acid 
 Carlxmic acid 
 Nitric ucid 
 Nitrous acid 
 Phosphoric acid 
 M('tatH)ric acid 
 Chlorini! 
 Bromine 
 Iodine 
 
 Silica 
 Iron 
 Aluminium 
 
 Minima nt'se 
 
 Calcium 
 
 Strontium 
 
 Mannc^iuLi 
 
 Lithium 
 
 i\ltas^ii^Im 
 
 So<iiiim 
 
 Annniinium 
 
 Tntal. 
 
 Total Mjlidn in solution, 
 dried at llO'C 
 
 02 
 08 
 
 4J 85 
 05 
 
 Gases : Carbon Dioxide CO3 
 
 Hydrogen Sulphide i!^S 
 
 . ixr litn 
 
 |H.'r million. 
 
 74. S 
 
 •By A. R. Pyni 
 
t > 
 
 ? Tt'dF^" 
 
 JSJ 
 
 33 
 
 HYI'OrilLTl(.AL (UMBl NATIONS. 
 
 4.( ^5 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 111 
 
 4 
 
 1(1 
 
 
 
 117 
 
 u 
 
 m 
 
 44 
 
 11 
 
 U (19 
 
 Constituent: — 
 
 Parts per 
 million. 
 
 Total 
 
 inorganic 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 Previoui 
 
 analysis. 
 
 
 Percent. 
 
 Sodium nitrite (NaNO;) 
 
 trace 
 trace 
 t2 3U 
 1 66 
 H-28 
 7 22 
 162 41 
 6509 
 
 4 26 
 
 262 on 
 
 789 .4U 
 
 130 41 
 
 4.1Q 
 
 10 68 
 
 10 30 
 
 05 3 
 
 015 
 02 
 018 
 09 
 
 2 OS 
 82 21 
 
 05 
 
 3 31 
 
 
 Ar.mc 'ium chluride (NH.Cl) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 4 
 
 Potassium chloride (KCI) 
 
 440 
 8396. 6 
 
 
 157.4 
 
 Calcium chloride (CaClj) 
 
 
 
 
 PotaxHium Hulphate IK^SO,) 
 
 Calrium sulphate (CaS(),) 
 
 3 5 
 170 
 
 
 
 
 9. 97 : 
 
 
 1 65 ! 
 
 
 05 
 
 FfTous lii.,irlHirKiiE! U'f(HCUi)j) 
 
 013 ' 
 
 
 
 Ft-rric oxide (FrA),> 
 
 Alumina (AM>,) 
 
 Siiira (Si(),l 
 
 1 
 13 : 62 
 01 , 
 
 
 
 
 7, 918. 64 
 
 100 00 1 0.024. I 
 
 CARLSBAD SPRINGS, RUSSELL COUNTY, ONT. 
 
 A group of seven saline springs arc situated at Carlsbad Spring?;, a 
 s' (tion on the Grand Trunk line from Ottawa Ut Montreal, and eight 
 naU's by road from Ottawa. 
 
 A commodious sanitarium with accommodation for 175 guests was 
 erected \n 1909 by Mr. Thomas Boyd, who owns six of the springs. The 
 s;..iitarium is open during the summer months and suitable provision is 
 made for visitors to obtain hot sulphur baths and to drink the waters from 
 the various sources. 
 
 The springs lie together in a small area, bounded on one side by the 
 road and sanitarium and on the other by a creek. The i incipal sources 
 arc enclosed in small summer houses, and rise in earthenware wells about 
 2 feet in diameter and several feet deep, the overflow running into tlie creek 
 nearby. 
 
 The six waters show considerable difference in concentration and in 
 properties. In this respect as well as in possessing similar constituents, 
 they U'ar a resemblance to the group of waters at Caledonia Springs. 
 

 
 u 
 
I 
 
 o 
 
 

35 
 
 The 9nnU spring h.i> .i primary .tlkalinlty of 40 por r^-nt, thai is stxlium 
 bi<'.irtH)naU' forms ,i l.irni' pr<i|Mirii(m cf tin* miririal m.itti-r prt-MUt i4« (kt 
 ctMit) arul a primary salinity (if So [kt ti-nt. )S»H!ium i hlnridc 44 \nr kviiI 
 of tntui w.liiU in siiliitinn). Thr Sulpliur wali-r has 16 [kt unt primary 
 alkalinity, and "K |kt ant primary salinity; the I.ithia spring 7 jht ttnr 
 ami 84 [Mrii-nt r^■'^|M■l livi-ly, whii* the M.inir W.iirr tia-> n<ip>'ni.iry alkalinii\ 
 but 74 [HT (tilt primary 'aluiity, and 25 |m r crnt Mt^idary •.aliniiy Tht- 
 expUnatiim of thiMlilVrt'nci lit pni(Krtics is t(j Ik.- frumd in the fail that t' ■■ 
 waters arc niixturt s of waters from dilTircnt strata, thi' mus^t rtmrfntratt-tl 
 and .valine watt-r n-inj; from tlu- nr^'-itot rjfplh, and mixing; with U*ss 
 contTntratt'd anfl alkaline watrr., at other Kwls in varying proporii-.n-. 
 Thus the Manic water eonv-s from a well 24lt t. el deep; the I.ithi < waier \^ a 
 mixture of this water and .i less concentrated soluli' ii, coming ironi a vein 
 (lO fct-I deep. The Sulphur and Sixia contain still larger proportions of the 
 lesj* concentrated water, having sodium hicarUmate as il- principal con- 
 stituent. The waters rise from the Trenton limestone; the same formation 
 from which the Caledonia springs issue; and Sterr>' Hunt's explanation of 
 the different projxTlies nf those waters, lying ho lU.s*- together, holds 
 similarly for the Carlsbarl waters. 
 
 It is of interest to note that the water from the greatest depth contains 
 the larj^est amount of radium. It i^ to be expected that the stxl.i would Ik; 
 the most temporarily radioactive but th- re is no evidence of this, (ias 
 is evolved fr^-m the springs in considerable quantity, ■■stwcially from the 
 Soda and I-ithia Springs. Analysis of a sample ga\e the following results: — 
 Radioactivity, 230 units. 
 Constituents — 
 
 Methane (I'H,) 91-7 percent. 
 
 Carbon dioxide (COi) 06 per cent. 
 
 Oxygen (0,1 8 per cent. 
 
 Nitrogen (N'l) 6-9 per cent. 
 The following results were obtained on analyiii^ of the waters: — 
 
 MAGIC SPRING. 
 
 Laboratory No. 16. 
 
 Sample collected June, 1917 
 
 Temperature S-S'C (47-3T). 
 
 Flow 
 
 Taste Very salt and bitter. 
 
 Reaction Alkaline. 
 
 Specific gravity at IS^C 1-015. 
 
 Radioactivifv Emanation 87 units. 
 
 Dissolved radium 25 „ 
 
 Emanation in gas evolved. 
 
36 
 Proporeics of reaction in per cent. 
 
 Primary salinity 7.1-84 
 
 Secondary salinity 25-22 
 
 Primary allialinity 
 
 Secondary allcalinity 0-94 
 
 Analysis. 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 Bicarljonic acid 
 Cartjonic acid 
 Nitric acid 
 Nitrous acid 
 Phosplioric acid 
 Metalioric acid 
 Chlorine 
 Drotnine 
 Iodine 
 
 Silica 
 
 Iron 
 
 Aluminium 
 
 Manganese 
 
 Calcium 
 
 Strontium 
 
 Magnesium 
 
 Lithium 
 
 Potaa«ium 
 
 Sodium 
 
 Ammonium 
 
 (SO.i . 
 (HCO.) . 
 (CO.)... 
 (NO,)... 
 (NO,)... 
 (PO,)... 
 (BO,)... 
 (CO.... 
 (Br).... 
 (I) 
 
 (SiO,). . 
 
 (Fc) . . 
 
 (At) . . , 
 
 (Mn).. 
 
 (Ca),.. 
 
 (Sr)... 
 
 (Mi).. 
 
 (uy. . . 
 
 (K).... 
 (Na). . 
 (NH.). 
 
 Total. 
 
 Previous 
 analysia* 
 
 Parts per million- 
 
 trace 
 
 trace 
 12,520 
 100 00 
 2 
 
 10 7 
 15 8 
 
 8 
 1,250 
 17-3 
 368. . 
 3 3 
 160. 
 5,960 
 7 3 
 
 Total solids in solution, residue 
 dried «t 110"C.. ,. 
 
 20,618 9 
 
 11 7 
 102 3 
 
 9 
 
 24 5 
 
 12 
 
 Total 
 inorganic 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 1 , 553 
 484. 
 
 82 6 
 7,465 
 
 Cdnes : Curlmn Dioxide CO, 
 
 Hydrogen Sulphide 1I,S. 
 
 c.c. per litre. 
 21. 1 
 2 
 
 04 
 97 
 
 60 72 
 48 
 01 
 
 OS 
 008 
 
 Reacting 
 value- 
 
 02 
 47 
 
 49. 34 
 17 
 
 100 00 
 Concentration 
 value. 
 
 Parts per millic 
 
 
 -•i^' j¥'t 
 
37 
 HYPOTHETICAL COMBINATIONS. 
 
 02 
 47 
 
 CoriMtitucnl: — 
 
 Paris (XT 
 
 million. 
 
 Total 
 inorgan 
 matter 
 sululiti 
 
 c 
 n 
 
 rrcvioua 
 
 
 I'lt cci 
 
 
 Sodium nitrite (NaNOj) 
 
 trace 
 
 21 40 
 
 1-66 
 
 148 75 
 
 19. 97 
 
 212 .?.* 
 
 15,152 00 
 
 1,442 67 
 
 i,3I.i 90 
 
 12 24 
 
 21t 14 
 20 96 
 49 84 
 
 10 70 
 H9 
 
 
 
 
 
 Potasoium iodide (Kl) 
 
 001 
 72 
 
 10 
 
 1 0.* 
 
 ".rso 
 
 7 DO 
 10 07 
 
 
 Lithium chloride (LiCI) 
 
 I'otasaiuni chloride (KCl) 
 
 Sodium chloride (NaCl) 
 
 157 7 
 IS.osii 
 
 Calcium chloride (CaCI,) 
 
 Sodium sulphate (Na.S04) 
 
 Magnesium sulphate CMgSO<) 
 
 Calcium sulphate (CaSO,) 
 
 4.16") 2 
 19 9 
 
 Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO.) 
 
 1 02 
 10 
 24 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 121 
 
 
 
 Ferric oxide (FeiO*) 
 
 3t 1 
 
 
 
 Silica (SiO,) 
 
 Manganous bicarbonate(Mn(HCOt)i) 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 20,618 45 
 
 100 00 
 
 25,462 8 
 
 Analysis shows this to Ik a strongly mineralized sodic muriatcd saline 
 (bromic) water. It was one of the most concentrated waters examined. 
 The chief constituents may be considered to Iw stxiiuni chloride (7,5 per 
 cent of the total mineral mattiT in solution), magnesium chloride (7 per 
 cent), and calcium chloride (16 per cent). 
 
 The water appears to he less concentrated than it was in 1875, when a 
 B.imple was analysi^d by Dr. C. Hoffmann of the C.eological Survey. 
 
 SULPHUR SPRINC. 
 
 Laboratory No. 15. 
 
 Sample collected June, 1917. 
 
 Tcm]>erature S'A". (48°F.) 
 
 I* low 2 Kallnns per minute. 
 
 '''^'*'' Sli;.;hl indication of hydrogen sulphide. 
 
 Re.iclion .Mk.iline. 
 
 Specific gravity at \S°C 1 ml 
 
 Radioactivity Km.ui.ition 90 units. 
 
 Dissolved radium 
 
 Emanation in gas evol\e(1. 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 >'.■!' 
 
 i-3feft«^ 
 
 ^T 
 
Properties of reaction in per cent. 
 
 Primary salinity 78-48 
 
 Secondary salinity 
 
 Primary alkalinity 16-42 
 
 Secondary alkalinity 5-10 
 
 Analysis. 
 
 Constituents :- 
 
 (SO, 
 (HCO,) 
 (CO.) 
 (iNO.) 
 
 (NO,) 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 Bicarbonic acid 
 Carbonic acid 
 Nitric acid 
 
 Nitrous acid , „ 
 
 Phosphoric acid (PO,) 
 
 Metaboric acid (BO,) 
 
 Chlorine (CI) 
 
 Bromine (Br) 
 
 Iodine (I). 
 Oxygen toformFejOj&AljO) 
 
 Silica 
 
 IrOR 
 
 Aluminium 
 
 Manganese 
 
 Calcium 
 
 Strontium 
 
 Magnesium 
 
 Lithium 
 
 Potassium 
 
 Sodium 
 
 Ammonium 
 
 Total, 
 
 Total solids in solution, residi 
 dried at I ICC 2 , 964 
 
 Carbon Dioxide C0», . . . 
 Hydrogen Sulphide HjS. 
 
 .c. per litre. 
 8-8 
 13 
 
 Parts per million. 
 17-3 
 2-2 
 
 • Atwlysa by C. Hoflmann, Ann, Rep. Geol. Surv.. 1874-75. p. JW 
 
 m^^w^m^mri^- 
 
 .jM*' 
 
 !5!?359 
 
 p* 
 
 -i«& 
 
 •Y-'ii 
 
39 
 HYPOTHETICAL COMBINATIONS. 
 
 
 
 01 
 
 2 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 02 
 
 46 
 
 74 
 
 09 
 
 Const! 
 
 tuent: — 
 
 Parts per 
 million. 
 
 . Total 
 inorganic 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 Previous 
 analysis. 
 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 
 
 (NaNOi) 
 
 6" 
 
 4 81 
 0-83 
 7- 1.1 
 4 25 
 71 W 
 2,225 00 
 
 4 97 
 
 690 00 
 152 90 
 31 59 
 
 1 U4 
 
 5 34 
 trace 
 
 10 8 
 
 02 
 
 015 
 003 
 22 
 013 
 2-23 
 69-30 
 
 15 
 
 21-49 
 4-76 
 98 
 03 
 17 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 (NaNOi)... 
 
 
 
 (NH.CI) 
 
 
 
 (KI). . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (LiCI) 
 
 
 
 (KCl) 
 
 
 
 (NaCI) 
 
 
 Magnesium chloride 
 Calcium chloride 
 
 (MgCI,) 
 
 (CaCl,) 
 
 
 Sodium sulphate 
 
 (Na,SO,) 
 
 (KiSO.) 
 
 3 3 
 
 
 (CaSO.) 
 
 
 
 (NaHCO.) . . . 
 
 816 5 
 
 
 (Mg(HCO,),) 
 
 
 
 (Ca(HCOj)i) 
 
 54-9 
 
 Strontium bicarbonate 
 Ferrous bicarbonate 
 
 (Sr(HCO.),) 
 
 (Fe(HCO,),) 
 
 (Ca,(P04).,) 
 
 trace 
 6 6 
 
 Ferric oxide 
 Alumina 
 
 (Fe,0,) 
 
 (AliOa). . 
 
 
 Silica 
 
 (SiO,) 
 
 12-4 
 
 
 3,210!)0 
 
 10000 
 
 3,283-0 
 
 The Carlsbad Sulphur water may be classified as a sodic, muriated 
 alkaline-saline (sulphuretted) water. The primary alkalinity is 16-4 
 per cent higher than any of the others, except the Soda water. Sodium 
 bicarbonate may be considered to form 21 per cent of the total solids in 
 solution, while the remainder is largely sodium chloride. The overflow 
 from this spring runs into a storage tank, and the watet" is used for hot 
 sulphur baths. 
 
 Very little change in composition has taken place since the analysis 
 by Dr. Hoffmann was made in 1875, as is shown by a comparison of the 
 analyses. 
 
 LITHIA SPRING. 
 
 Laboratory No. 20. 
 
 Sample collected June, 1917. 
 
 Temperature 9-0°C. (48-2°F.) 
 
 Flow 6 gallons per minute. 
 
 Taste Saline. 
 
 Reaction Alkaline. 
 
 v^am^imzss^^-7r^^wmiPmBmmmmsmM^m''-^^,i3Ti - # 
 
'•i 
 
 40 
 
 Specific Rravity at 1S°C 1-0026. 
 
 Radioactivity Emanation 70 units. 
 
 Dissolved radiutn .^.1 " 
 
 Kmanation in gas evolvt-d. 
 
 Properties of reaction in per cent. 
 
 Primary salinity 84.32 
 
 Secondary salinity 
 
 Primary allcalinity 702 
 
 Secondary alkalinity 8-66 
 
 Analysis. 
 
 Constituents; — 
 
 
 Previous 
 analysis 
 
 Total 
 inorganic 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 Reacting 
 value. 
 
 
 Parts per million. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Sulphuric acid (S()t) . 
 
 2 4 
 750 
 
 trace 
 
 heavy trace 
 2 ,340. 
 12.5 
 5 
 
 127 
 
 2 1 
 
 trace 
 .57. 
 trace 
 47.' 
 IS 
 50 1 
 1,608 
 2.6 
 
 
 05 
 15 35 
 
 47 89 
 026 
 01 
 
 26 
 04 
 
 117 
 
 «6 
 0.1 
 102 
 32.90 
 OS 
 
 003 
 7-84 
 
 Bicartjonic acid (HCO,) 
 
 Cartwnic acid (CO,) , 
 
 Nitric acid (NO,) 
 
 
 Nitrous acid. (NO,) . 
 
 
 Pliosptioric acid (PO,). . 
 
 
 
 
 Clilorine (CI)... 
 
 42 03 
 010 
 
 
 Iodine (I) 
 
 Silica (SiO,) 
 
 Iron (Fe) 1 
 
 Aluminium (AI) 
 
 ManzanMe (Mn). .. 
 
 OS 
 
 Calciiim iCa) 
 
 1.82 
 
 Strontium (Sr) . . . 
 
 Magnesium (Me) 
 
 2 46 
 
 13 
 82 
 44 63 
 09 
 
 Lithium (Li) 
 
 PoUssium (K) . . 
 
 Sodium (Na) 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 4,886 4 
 
 
 100. 00 10000 
 
 Concentra- 
 tion value 
 
 Total solids in .solution, residue 
 dried at 110° C 
 
 
 
 
 
 Carbon Dioxiile CO, 
 
 Hydrogen Sulijl.ide HiS. 
 
 . per litre. 
 16 5 
 3 
 
 Parts per million. 
 .12 S 
 5 
 
 ^i ■w;,r- ■'!/.■ 
 
 TT 
 
IIVrOTllETlCAL COMBINATIONS. 
 
 Consul uent; — 
 
 Parts per 
 million. 
 
 Total 
 inorgan!:. 
 mailer in 
 solution. 
 
 Prr\ ious 
 analysis. 
 
 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 
 
 trace 
 
 trace 
 7. 49 
 66 
 
 17. 85 
 8 92 
 
 8419 
 3,768 OU 
 
 3 55 
 
 464 50 
 282-40 
 230. 00 
 trace 
 6-23 
 
 12-70 
 
 15 
 
 01 
 0J7 
 0-18 
 1-72 
 77.11 
 
 007 
 
 9 51 
 
 5-78 
 471 
 
 013 
 26 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Potassium iod'de (ICI) 
 
 
 Lithium chloride (LiO) 
 
 Potassium chloride {KCl 
 
 
 Magnesium chloride (MgClj) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Magnesium sulphate (MgSOi) 
 
 Calcium sulphate (CaSO«) , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Calcium bicarbonate (Ca(HCOj)j) 
 
 
 Ferrous bicarbonate (Fe(HCOi)j) 
 
 
 
 
 Ferric oxide (FejOi) . . 
 
 
 
 
 Silica (SiO,) 
 
 
 
 
 
 4,886 47 
 
 100 UO 
 
 
 The Lithia water can be classified as a sodic, muriated alkaline-saline 
 water. Lithium is present in small amount, but in no greater quantity 
 than in the other waters. The chief salts in solution may be assumed to be 
 sodium chloride (77 per cent), sodium bicarbonate (9-5 per cent), calcium 
 and magnesium bicarbonates (each about 5 per cent). 
 
 SODA SPRING. 
 
 Laboratory No. 19. 
 
 Sample collected June, 1917. 
 
 Temperature SOT. (46-5°F.) 
 
 Flow 2 i,'alliHi> per minute. 
 
 Taste Slightly alkaline. 
 
 Reaction Alkaline. 
 
 Specific gravity at 15°C 1 0008. 
 
 Radioactivity Emanation 81 units. 
 
 Dissolved radium 1-1 „ 
 
 Emanation in gas evolved . 230 „ 
 
 .« \ .:■% ■ 
 
 |i"-V, 
 
 ^sm 
 
 i*i«i" 1 
 
 ■ I. 
 
42 
 Properties of reaction in per cent. 
 
 Primary salinity 56-46 
 
 Secondary salinity 
 
 Primary alltalinity 40-52 
 
 Secondary alkalinity 3-02 
 
 Analysis. 
 
 " ~ . 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 Constilut-nts:— 
 
 
 Previous 
 analysis. 
 
 , Total 
 inorganic 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 Reacting 
 value. 
 
 
 Parte per million. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Sulphuric acid (SOi) 
 
 7 
 526. 
 
 02 
 heavy trace 
 394. 
 6 1 
 trace 
 
 10.4 
 
 2 9 
 
 trace 
 3.8 
 
 3.8 
 11 
 1« 8 
 426 
 45 
 
 
 05 
 37 73 
 
 28. 26 
 
 44 
 
 75 
 0-21 
 
 027 
 
 27 
 
 08 
 
 1 35 
 30 ,56 
 
 003 
 
 
 Bicarbonic acid (HCO,).. 
 Carbonic acid (COi) 
 
 002 
 21 77 
 
 Nitric acid (NO,)... 
 
 
 
 Nitrous acid (NO,) 
 
 
 
 Pliosphonc acid (PO,* 
 
 
 
 Metaboric acid (BO,) . . . 
 
 
 
 Chlorine (CI) 
 
 
 
 Bromine (Br) 
 
 28. 01 
 
 Iodine (I) 
 
 020 
 
 Silica (SiO,).,.. 
 
 
 
 '/<'"■. . (Fe) i 
 
 Aluminium (Al) ' 
 Manpneae (Mn) 
 
 025 
 
 Calcium (Ca) 
 
 
 
 Strontium (Sr) 
 
 048 
 
 M-'ignesium (Mg). 
 
 
 
 Lithium (Li) 
 
 0.78 
 
 Potassium (K), 
 
 40 
 
 Sodium (Na) 
 
 1 21 
 
 Ammonium (NH,) 
 
 46 81 
 
 
 07 
 
 Total solids in solution, residue 
 dried at 110° C... 
 
 1,394. 07 
 1,170. 
 
 
 100 00 
 
 100. 00 
 
 
 
 Gases: Carbon Dioxide CO, 
 
 Hydrogen Sulphide H,S . 
 
 c-cp. 
 
 
 ■r litre. 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 Parts per 
 13 
 
 
 million. 
 
 1 
 t 
 
 ^ 
 
43 
 
 HYPOTHETICAL COMBINATIONS. 
 
 Constituent: — 
 
 Sodium nitrite 
 
 Sodiutn nitrate. 
 
 Ammonium chloride 
 
 Potassium iodide 
 
 Potassium bromide 
 
 I.itliium cliloridc 
 
 Potassium chloride 
 
 Sodium chloride 
 
 Magnesium chloride 
 
 Calcium chloride 
 Sodium sulphate 
 
 Magnesium sulphate 
 Calcium sulphate 
 Sodium bicarlx)iiate 
 Magnesium bicarbonate 
 Calcium bicarbonate 
 Strontium Ijicarbonate 
 Ferrous bicarbonate 
 Calcium phosphate 
 Ferric oxide 
 Alumina 
 Silica 
 
 (NaNO.) 
 
 (NaNO.) 
 
 (NH.Cl) 
 
 (KI) 
 
 (KBr) 
 
 (l.iCI) 
 
 (KCI) 
 
 (NaCI) 
 
 (MgCi.) 
 
 (CaCI,) 
 
 (Na,SO,) 
 
 (MgSO.) 
 
 (CaSO.) 
 
 (NaHCO,).... 
 (Mg(HCO,),).. 
 (Ca(HCO,),). . 
 (Sr{HCO,),)... 
 (Fe(HCO.).).. 
 (Ca.tPO,),)... 
 
 (Fe,0,) 
 
 (A1,0.) 
 
 (Sift) 
 
 Parts per 
 irillion. 
 
 Total 
 inorganic 
 matter in 
 
 .-•ilution. 
 
 674 00 
 22 68 
 15 -i') 
 
 8 90 
 trace 
 
 I'tTcenr. 
 
 Previoui 
 analysis. 
 
 1 60 
 
 11 
 
 trace 
 
 
 9 52 
 
 68 
 
 6 80 
 
 49 
 
 29 m 
 
 2-14 
 
 014 30 
 
 44. 05 
 
 48 40 
 1 63 
 MO 
 
 1,394 10 
 
 Water from the Soda spiing is the least mineralized of all the Carlsbad 
 waters, and probably is the alkaline water which in the other springs 
 mingles v.ith a more concentrated saline water, in varying proportions. 
 
 Its primary alkalinity is high— over 40 per cent, another way of stating 
 that sodium bicarbonate is a predominant constituent (48 per cent of the 
 solids in solution). 
 
 The water is not quite as pleasant to drink as the Sulphur or the Lithia 
 water, on account of its slightly alkaline taste. 
 
 Analysis shows it to be a sodic, bicarbonated, muriated water of the 
 alkahne-saline type. 
 
 VICTORIA SULPHUR SPRING. CARLETON COUNTY, ONT. 
 
 (22) 
 This is a disused spring at the side of Green's creek, two miles from 
 Ottawa, near the Montreal Road. It is situated on the bank of the creek 
 rising in an old wooden well, and flows at a rate of 250 gallons per hour. 
 A considerable quantity of hydrogen sulphide is contained in the gas given 
 off from the water, and by the action of the air it is decomposed forming a 
 
 
 
 flW'^Ff'^Tl^* .Ai 
 
44 
 
 sulphur deposit around the spring. The chief constituent of the gas is 
 methane. The radioactivity of the gas was found to be 800 units. 
 
 Water from the spring was once in great demand and a sanitarium 
 built near had a considerable reputation, but it is now in ruins and the spring 
 is in a neglected condition and disused. 
 
 No complete analysis has been made but the following particulars 
 were ascertained : — 
 
 Sample collected July 1914. 
 
 Temperature, Q-l^C 
 
 Flow, 4 gallons per minute. 
 
 Taste, strong sulphur. 
 
 Specific gravity at 15°C., 10u4. 
 
 RadioactivitN-, Emanation 112 units. 
 
 Dissolved radium, trace. 
 Emanation in gas evolved, SCO units. 
 
 Hydrogen sulphide in water, 8-8 c.c. per litre. 
 
 PLANTAGENET MINERAL SPRING, PRESCOTT COUNTY, ONT. 
 
 (31) 
 
 This is an old spring mentioned by Sterry Hunt in (Icology of C'an.-ida, 
 p. 541, 1886. He stated that it rises from the lower Silurian formation. 
 It is strongly saline and possesses a specific gravity of 1-0085, approximately 
 equivalent to a sodium chloride content of 10,000 parts per million. 
 
 It lises in a wooden cased well close to Plantagenet station, but water 
 from it is seldom used to-day, and no analysis has, as yet, been made of this 
 water. Radioactive measurements show a temporary r.idioactivity of 
 104 units per li..'e. 
 
 CALEDONIA SPRINGS, PRESCOTT COUNTY, ONT. 
 
 (35, 26, and 37) 
 The waters at Caledonia Springs form one of the best known group 
 of springs in Canada. They were know n to the settlers in the Ottawa Valley 
 as early as 1806 and well patronized by them. The residents of Montreal 
 and Ottawa also visited them and had a considerably more arduous journey 
 than their descendants to-day, who now reach the springs in an hour and a 
 half from Montreal or Ottawa, travelling in a comfortable, well-equipped 
 train. In those days, visitors from Montreal had to take the train to 
 Lachine, thence by steamer through Lake St. Louis and Lake of Two 
 Mountains, to Carillon; again by train to Grenville, where a boat was 
 taken to I'Orignal. From this place the ten-mile journey to the springs was 
 completed by stage. Accounts still exist of the various events of those 
 days, horse races, walking contests, miraculous cures, and hotel fires, and 
 m'any interesting stories are told. In recent years, the Canadian Pacific 
 
 ■ A" 
 
4 
 
 A 
 
 iSrT^ 
 
 ■wnc 
 
 O'w:, V 'W 
 
 jM^yzs^^zr^i:::: 
 
jjprr 
 
 
4S 
 
 Railway Co. ha» ilfVi'loivil thi- .hi.f spriiiKS and inanauwl an oxr.ll.nl 
 h.iti-1, allhnuKh it has Ufn cl(i«d mmci- tin- uull>r.ak (.1 llir war. 
 
 Alt(iK>'th.r, »i-vi-n separate s.iurn'H ,if water exi,! within a small ana, 
 and the eishth— the Duncan SprinR— i»i,nly two milesaway. Of the .seveij 
 sources, three are IliiwinK sprinns .,nd f.air ,.re artesi.in wells. Th,- three 
 sprinus: the Saline, the Sulphur, and the C.is Spring, lie quite elns,. tn- 
 Kelher, the Sulphur .md Saline cnly ,, few feel ap.irl. The sprinas haw 
 tjcen the subject of several analyses, d.itini; luck from IK.f.i, wlu-n they 
 were examined by Dr. James \Villi..nis,,n. Iwi, e Dr. Sierrv Hum made 
 analyses of the waters, in 1X47 and in IWi.S. In 1>)I)1.|W)7, I'rnfessor R. F. 
 Ruttan of McC.ill University cirried out a rareful Inv-jstiRation lor the 
 Cali-donia SprinKs Mineral Water Co. They were again analyse.l as 
 detailed in this report in 1916. 
 
 The chief constituent of all the waters may be consi.lered to Ix- smiium 
 chloride, and several of them show considerable similarity in .omposition. 
 
 The waters from the spriiiKs are of consider.ible Iher.ipeutie value 
 and many cures have been etTecled by the use of them, ;\n ititerestini; 
 paper' wa.s written on the Iher.ipi-utic pro|HTties of the (..ilerloni,! Springs 
 by Dr. K. S. Ilardinn, l)..\., M.I)., sometime risiilent phvsiiian, and the 
 statements t'iven, coneernini; the indivi.Iiial waters, are taken ham it. 
 
 Aceordinii to Sterry llnnl. they rise from the Trenton liniest.in.- foim.i- 
 tion, ihoUKh he considered tlul three of the waters at least were formed by 
 the mmt-lini! of a concentrated saline water with water eonlaininn alkaline 
 carlxmate such as would \k derived from argillaceous sediments, similar 
 to those composing the Itica and Hudson River formations. 
 
 S.M.INE SPRING, C.VI.r.DONI.A SPRINt.S. 
 
 The Saline, .md the Sulphur Springs, issue only a few feet apart. The 
 sulphur water comes from a fissure in the rock, 14 feet down, while the 
 saline water proceeds from the junction of the clay and the rock. In 1915, 
 the outlet of these tw.) springs was cleaned up, and white tiled partitions 
 built, so that the two w.iiers arc entirely separated. 
 
 The saline water is carbonated and bottled, and has an exte-sive sale 
 imder the name of 'Magi' Caledonia water. It constitutes a wry pleasant 
 and at the same time beneficial beverage. 
 
 The water m,iy be classified as a sodic, muriated, alkaline-saline water. 
 (Slightly sulphuretted and carbondioxated). It contains small amounts 
 of biomides and iodides, which have so"te therapeutic importance, besides 
 the larger amounts of magnesium (10'6 p<:r cent), and calcium bicarbonates 
 (2 per cent), and sodium chloride (8.i per cent of the total inorganic matter 
 in solution). 
 
 ,,ir.-' "'"*'"'■ ^ ^ ' '^^ Treaonent of Rheumatism at Cak^Iot.ia S[.rmai. Montreal .Medical Journal. April. 
 
4« 
 
 Tho folLwing |Mrticul.ir» were obl.iined upon analy.i,:— 
 
 SALINK Si'RING. 
 
 Laboratory No. 3S. 
 
 Sample cc.MiTted 0.t..lKT, lOlS. 
 
 Tcmiwrature 8S°C. (47 -.rp.) 
 
 i. 2 tjallcins ptTminu(o. 
 
 „"•"•' Pleasantly (.aline. 
 
 '*'-''":""n Alkaline. 
 
 Specific itravity at 15°C 1 0063 
 
 Radi,)activity Kmanation 70 unit.. 
 
 Di.wnlvetl radium 5.6 
 
 Emanation in (jas evolved. 
 
 Jroi-iT'ics nf reaction in per cent. 
 
 IViniary ^,llinity 88-60 
 
 Si-condary salinity. . . . 
 Primary alkalinity.. . . 0')4 
 Secondary alkalinity. .10-46 
 

 •* 
 
 47 
 AnalytU. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 "" 
 
 
 
 
 I'rrvinua 
 
 inorganic 
 
 Reaninn 
 
 
 l'oniliiu«nl«: — 
 
 
 analyiia.* 
 
 matter m 
 out u linn 
 
 value, 
 
 
 t'artii (NT million. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Vvx cent. 
 
 
 Sulphuric arid (SO.) . , 
 
 2 1 
 
 01 
 
 02 
 
 
 Hicarbonic acid llKO,). 
 
 '>.«) 
 
 11 40 
 
 .< 7(1 
 
 
 Carbof'- ^cid {((),) 
 
 — j Situ -3.! 
 
 
 
 
 Nitric... )■( (NO,) 
 
 
 _„ 
 
 " ~ 
 
 (s. 
 
 Nitnm-.ati.l (N<),) 
 
 (,.U|. 1 
 
 
 
 
 Pht-M.horic aci.l (I'O,)., .. 
 
 trace 
 
 _^_ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 MriiUwic add IKO,).. 
 
 rr.ue 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 Ihlorine (CI) 
 
 i.l'n 
 
 4,1, VI ri4 
 
 ,M f)ft 
 
 44 i\ 
 
 
 Hromiiie (Hr) 
 
 luo 
 
 15 it! 
 
 1) 12 
 
 1)1 
 
 
 I.xline (I) 
 
 1 r> 
 
 1 20 
 
 ri 112 
 
 
 
 Oxygen to form (AI,0,). , , 
 
 11)8 
 
 
 
 SZl 
 
 
 Silica (SiO,),,,. 
 
 IS II 
 
 2K 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 Iron (Fr) 
 
 1 2 
 
 (1 \ 
 
 m 
 
 02 
 
 
 Aluminium (AI) 
 
 (1 21 
 
 89 
 
 
 
 
 
 Manaanc«e (Mn) , . - . 
 
 
 
 t rarr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <".ilcium (ta) 
 
 41 It 
 
 5.1 US 
 
 51 
 
 0-77 
 
 
 Sirontium (Sr) 
 
 2 •» 
 
 
 
 04 
 
 03 
 
 
 Magnesium (Me) 
 
 Lithium (Li) 
 
 I4.t II 
 
 127 21 
 
 176 
 
 4 41 
 
 
 2 4 
 
 
 II 0.1 
 
 0.13 
 
 
 Potawium (K) 
 
 7X 4 
 
 ivz^ 
 
 0.07 
 
 0-76 
 
 
 Sodium (Na) 
 
 2,691 4 
 
 2,76S 4.i 
 
 .VM5 
 
 4,V78 
 
 
 Ammonium (NH4). . - . 
 Total 
 
 4 M 
 
 4 m 
 
 <)(. 
 
 10 
 
 
 8, tl8'2tl ^ '■''^ i^i' 
 
 100 00 
 
 Km 00 
 Concentration 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total »olid) in wlution, residue 
 
 
 
 
 value. 
 
 
 dried at UO'C 
 
 1.1 f>l 
 
 
 
 266 65 
 
 
 
 
 Oases : Carbon Dioxide COi. . 
 
 c.c. per L.ire. 
 20 6 
 
 Parts per million. 
 
 40.-^ 1 
 
 
 Hydrogen Sulphidt- HiS 
 
 
 ts 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 .- Prr4. R p R-jiUt:. McGil: L'n: 
 
48 
 HYPOTHETICAL COMBINATIONS. 
 
 Sodium nitrite 
 Sod'utn nitrate 
 Ammonium chloride 
 Potassium iodide 
 Potassium bromide 
 Lithium chloride 
 Potassium chloride 
 Sodium chloride 
 Magnesium chloride 
 Calcium chloride 
 Sodium sulphate 
 Magnesium sulphate 
 Calcium sulphate 
 Sodium bicarljonate 
 Magnesium bicarbonate 
 Calcium bicarbonate 
 Strontium bicarbonate 
 Ferrous bicarbonate 
 Calcium phosphate 
 Ferric oxide 
 Alumina 
 Silica 
 
 (NaNO,) 
 
 (NaNO.) 
 
 (NH.Cl) 
 
 (KI) 
 
 (KBr) 
 
 (LiCl) 
 
 (KCl) 
 
 (NaCl) 
 
 (MgCI,) 
 
 (CaCl,) 
 
 (Na,SO,) 
 
 (MgSO.) 
 
 (CaSI),) 
 
 (NaHCO,) .. 
 (MgCHCO.),). 
 (Ca(HCO.I,),. 
 (Sr(HCO,),).. 
 (Fc;HCO,),).. 
 (Ca,(PO,),),.. 
 
 (Fe,ft) 
 
 (A1,0,) 
 
 (SiO,) 
 
 Parts p<'r 
 million. 
 
 trace 
 
 14 .l-S 
 2 m 
 14-88 
 14 58 
 1.19 ..M 
 6,766 00 
 
 860 
 
 166 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 39 
 15 
 
 , Total 
 inorganic 
 
 1061 
 2. 04 
 08 
 05 
 
 001 
 018 
 
 8,118 15 100 (Kl 
 
 Previous 
 analysis. 
 
 THi: SULPMUK SPRING, 
 (26) 
 
 The Sulphur Sprint; watur differs .siij;litly from the Saline water, in 
 holding; a large amount of hydrogen sulphide gas in solution, and in con- 
 taining only 4 per cent of sodium bicarlxmate, giving it a higher primary 
 alkalinity. It also contains a smaller amount of mineral matter in solu- 
 tion— 6231 parts per million, as compared with 8118 parts per million. 
 The analysis shows it to be a sodic, muriated, carbonated, alkaline-saline 
 water (sulphuretted). It owes its thercapeutic properties, in part, to the 
 presence of hydrogen sulphide, ami is used largely in the treatment of 
 rheuinatisni. 
 
 Analysis gave the following particulars: — 
 
 SULPHUR SPRI.NG. 
 Laboratory No. 26. 
 
 Sample collected October, 1915. 
 
 Temperature 8-3°C. (46-9°F.) 
 
 '^'°*' 2 to 3 gallons per minute. 
 
 '.l-t- 
 
 ,nA 
 
 !H 
 
 WTWM% 
 
 •■^JA 
 
 wsm 
 
 'iimi 
 
'"'•» 
 
 49 
 
 revious 
 nalysis. 
 
 Taste Slightly saline, with indication uf 
 
 hydrogen sulphide. 
 
 Reaction Alkaline. 
 
 Specific gravity at 15*C 1-0059 
 
 Radioactivity Emanaticm 73 units 
 
 Dissolved radium 5-6 „ 
 
 Fmanation in gas evolved. 
 
 Properties of reaction in per cent. 
 
 Primary salinity 86 04 
 
 Secondary salinity. . . , 
 
 Primary alkalinity 3-24 
 
 Secondary alkalinity. .10-72 
 
 Analysis. 
 
 Iter, in 
 in con- 
 irimary 
 1 Bolu- 
 nillion. 
 i-saline 
 to the 
 lent of 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 Previous 
 
 morganic 
 
 Reacting 
 
 Constituents: — 
 
 
 analysis.' 
 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 value. 
 
 
 Parts pe 
 
 million. 
 
 Per ct-nt. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Sulphuric acid (SO.) 
 
 .13 
 
 6-54 
 
 05 
 
 03 
 
 Bicarbonic aci.i (HCO,) . , . 
 
 861- 
 
 443 84 
 
 13 82 
 
 fa 98 
 
 Carbonic acid (CO,) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nitric acid (NO.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nitrous acid (NOa) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Phosphoric acid (PO.) 
 
 trace 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Metaboric acid (BO,) 
 
 trace 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chlorine (CI) 
 
 i.086. 
 
 2,836 34 
 
 40. 52 
 
 42 90 
 
 Bromine (Br) 
 
 14.5 
 
 1 23 
 
 023 
 
 09 
 
 Iodine (I) 
 
 2-5 
 
 4H 
 
 04 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Silica (SiO,) 
 
 17-9 
 
 53-95 
 
 0-28 
 
 
 Iron (Fe) I 
 
 traces 
 
 trace 
 
 
 
 
 
 Aluminium (Al) ! 
 
 
 048 
 
 
 
 Mangar^^ (Mn) 
 
 Calciun:^ (Ca) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i9 H 
 
 124 12 
 
 64 
 
 98 
 
 Strontium (Sr) 
 
 o.« 
 
 
 
 01 
 
 01. 
 
 Magnesium (Mg) 
 
 Lithium (Li) 
 
 lo«.o 
 
 .54 98 
 
 173 
 
 4 37 
 
 IS 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 13 
 
 
 57-2 
 
 14 ()5 
 
 92 
 
 0.72 
 
 Sodium (Na) 
 
 2,034 6 
 
 1,923 14 
 
 32 65 
 
 43 -67 
 
 Ammonium (NH») 
 
 4.J7 
 
 2. 73 
 
 07 
 
 012 
 
 Total 
 
 6, 231. 77 
 
 5.463 21 
 
 100 00 
 
 100 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total solids in solution, residue 
 
 
 
 
 tion value. 
 
 dried at HOT 
 
 5,870 
 
 
 
 202 63 
 
 
 c.c. p< 
 
 r litre. 
 
 Parts per 
 
 million. 
 
 Gases : Carbon Dioxide COt , . 
 
 
 00 
 
 61 
 
 
 
 Hydrogen Sulphide Hi 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 94 
 
 • By Prof. R. F. Rutton, McGill Univer«ity, 1903. 
 
HYPOTHETICAL COMBINATIONS. 
 
 Constituent: — 
 
 Total 
 fam per inorganic 
 million. I matter in 
 solution. 
 
 Sodium nitrite 
 Sodium nitrate 
 Ammonium chloride 
 Potassium iodide 
 Potassium bromide 
 Lithium chloride 
 Potassium chloride 
 Sodium chloride 
 Magnesium chloride 
 Calcium chloride 
 Sodium sulphate 
 Magnesium sulphate 
 Calcium sulphate 
 Sodium bicarbonate 
 Magnesium bicarbonate 
 Calcium bicarbonate 
 Strontium bicarbonate 
 Ferrous bicarbonate 
 Calcium phosphate 
 Ferric oxide 
 Alumina 
 Silica 
 
 (NaNO,).. .. 
 
 (NaNO,).... 
 
 (NH.C1).... 
 
 (KI) 
 
 (KBr) 
 
 (LiCI) 
 
 (KCI) 
 
 (NaCI) 
 
 (MgCI,) 
 
 (CaCl,) 
 
 (Na,SO,) 
 
 (MkSO,) 
 
 (CaSO.) 
 
 (NaHCO,)... 
 (MgCHCO,),) . 
 (Ca(HCO,),).. 
 (Sr(HCO,),) . . 
 (Fe(HCO,),).. 
 (Ca.(PO.),),.. 
 'Fe,0,)....... 
 
 (•\1.0,) 
 
 (SiO,) 
 
 12 
 3 
 21 
 10 
 94 
 4,982 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 270. 9 
 
 649.8 
 
 161 2 
 
 19 
 
 trace 
 
 4-35 
 10 43 
 2.59 
 003 
 
 Previous 
 analysis. 
 
 THE GAS SPRING. 
 »7) 
 The Gas Spring is also a sodic, muriated, alkaline-saline water and 
 1 sT cTr V H^'""' r'" '" contposition, .hough the flowTs , ghtly 
 less. Gas ts evolved rom the water, which rises in a circular glav -anned 
 cement well, and was found to possess a radioactivity of 306 unUs ' ' 
 Analysis by Prof. Ruttan gave:— 
 
 Methane, CH, ,, ,„ 
 
 Ethane,c,H. :.:::::::::::::::: "o:)"""""'- 
 
 Carbon monoxide, CO j.qq " 
 
 Carbon dioxide, COi q gp " 
 
 '^"■■°K™'N. '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 33-60 I 
 
 The relatively high percentage of carbon monoxide mav account for the 
 aleged n,ght-mare.g,ving properties of the water. The ' therap^utTc use 
 of the water t. due mostly to the presence of carbonic acid and The 510"^ 
 bonates, making it of value in gastric conditions. 
 
 "^z^' •* <»;:yy ivJi > wmm •^-«^?3fe^.-^ 
 
^o^s 
 ysis. 
 
 The following data were obtained upon analysis:— 
 
 THE CAS SPRING. 
 Laboratory No. 27. 
 
 Sample collected October, 1915. 
 
 Temperature 7-9°C. (46 -2°^'.) 
 
 '^°'*' 2-3 gallons per minute. 
 
 Taste Slightly saline. 
 
 Reaction Alkaline. 
 
 Specific gravity at 15°C 1 . 0063 
 
 Radioactivity Emanation 9() 
 
 Dissolved radium 8 ■ 
 
 Emanation in g,is evolved 306 
 
 Properties of reaction in per cent. 
 
 Primary salinity 89- 12 
 
 Secondary salinity. . . . 
 Primary alkalinity. .. . 0-24 
 Secondary alkalinity. ,10-64 
 
 and 
 itly 
 ped 
 
 -1E^' 
 
Congtituents: — 
 
 (SO.) . . 
 (HCO.), 
 (CO.) . . 
 (NO.), . 
 (NO,)... 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 Bicarbonic acid 
 Catlionic acid 
 Nitric acid 
 
 Nitrous acid , „ 
 
 Phosplioric acid (PC.) 
 
 Metaboric acid (BOt) 
 
 Chlorine (CI) . . 
 
 Bromine (Br) 
 
 Iodine U) . . . 
 Oxygen to form(AI,0,), 
 
 Silica 
 
 Iron 
 
 Aluminium 
 
 Manganese 
 
 Calcium 
 
 Stronti.i.n 
 
 Magnesium 
 
 Lithium 
 
 Potassium 
 
 Sodium 
 
 Ammonium 
 
 Total, . . 
 
 (SiO,;. 
 (Fe) . . 
 (Al) . , . 
 (Mn). 
 (Ca)... 
 (Sr) , . , 
 (Mg),. 
 (Li) . . , 
 (K),.,, 
 (Na).,, 
 (NH.) , 
 
 52 
 Analysis. 
 
 Previous 
 analysis. 
 
 Parts per million. 
 
 Total solids in solution, residue 
 dried at 1 lO'C 
 
 2 1 
 925 
 
 14 
 10 
 trace 
 4,412 
 2.4 
 6 
 3 1 
 
 17. 1 
 6 
 35 
 
 70 8 
 
 2 1 
 
 137 
 
 47 
 
 60-9 
 
 2,808 94 
 
 5, 81 
 
 8. 457. 79 
 
 53 
 
 468 27 
 
 4,212 02 
 13 46 
 98 
 
 30 82 
 64 
 97 
 trace 
 
 57 74 
 
 120 77 
 
 13 12 
 
 2, 779. 78 
 4 91 
 
 . Total 
 inorganic 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 7, 704. 02 
 
 02 
 10 94 
 
 84 
 002 
 1 62 
 
 Reacting 
 value. 
 
 01 
 5 44 
 
 44 S3 
 01 
 
 100 00 
 (Toncentra- 
 tion value. 
 
 Carbon Dioxide CO, , . 
 Hydrogen Sulphide H,S . 
 
 :. per litre. 
 19. 5 
 4 
 
 Parts per million. 
 38. 5 
 03 
 
 4 
 
5,1 
 HVTOTUKTICAL COMBINATIONS. 
 
 >'0I 
 I 04 
 127 
 1-56 
 
 i.77 
 I 11 
 
 Constituent: — 
 
 Parts per 
 million. 
 
 Total 
 inorganic 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 Previous 
 analysis. 
 
 
 Percent. 
 
 
 Sodium nitrite (NaNO,).. 
 
 21 
 
 17 28 
 
 SJ 
 .V57 
 
 28. 'i2 
 
 ll.i 76 
 
 7,123 00 
 
 3 48 
 
 26 88 
 
 824. 00 
 
 284. 12 
 
 S03 
 
 1 87 
 1 60 
 
 6 60 
 17 10 
 
 D 20 
 001 
 004 
 34 
 135 
 84 22 
 
 04 
 
 32 
 9 74 
 3-36 
 06 
 02 
 02 
 
 08 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 Ammonium chloride (NH<CI) . 
 
 
 
 
 Potassium bromide (KBr) 
 
 
 Lithium chloride {LiCD 
 
 Potassium chloride ' vCI) , . 
 Sodium chloride (NaCI),., 
 
 
 Magnesium chloride (MgCl,) 
 
 Calcium chloride (CaCI,) 
 
 
 Sodium sulphate (Na,SO,) ... 
 
 
 
 
 Calcium sulphate (CaSO.) 
 
 Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCC) 
 
 Magnesium bicarbonate {Mg(HCOi)i) 
 Calcium bicarbonate (Ca(HCO,),) ....;:: 
 Strontium bicarbonate (Sr (HCOsh). 
 Ferrous bicarbonate (Fe(HCO»)i) ... 
 
 Calcium phosphate (Ca,{PO<)i) 
 
 Ferric oxide (Fe,0,) 
 
 
 Silica (SiO,). . 
 
 
 
 
 
 8,457-8; 
 
 lOO-OO 
 
 
 THE DUNCAN SPRING. 
 
 No. 28. 
 The Duncan Spring is situated two miles from the hotel, and flows 
 with considerable force from a pipe inserted in a boring, 141 feet deep. 
 Much gas issues in bubbles with the water, and can be lit at the mouth 
 of the pipe. Analysis by Professor Ruttan in 1913 showed it to have the 
 following composition : — 
 
 Methane, CH, 86-00 cent. 
 
 Ethane and heavy hydrocarbons, C,H,. .. . 0-77 „ 
 
 Carbon monoxide, CO 1 .05 
 
 Carbon dioxide, COi 0.69 
 
 Nitrogen, Nj 11 .45 
 
 Argon with traces of helium 0-02 „ 
 
 The radioactivity was found tci lie 224 units per litre (N.T.P.) 
 The water is strongly .-ialine, and has a bitter taste, due to the large 
 amount of magnesium and calcium salts present. The action of this water 
 ts strongly aperient, and its use is conlined almost entirely to cases of 
 constipation. The bitter taste is lost when the water is taken hot. Anal- 
 ysts shows it to be a sodic. magncsic, muriated water of the alkaline-saline 
 class. 
 
 1^ 
 
THE DUNCAN SPRING. 
 Laboratory No. 28. 
 
 S.imple collected a-tober, 191S. 
 
 Temperature g°(j, (48.2°F.) 
 
 i. "' ■' gallons per minute. 
 
 „°: Strongly saline and bitter. 
 
 R<«><:"™ Alkaline. 
 
 Specific gravity at IST l-OO?) 
 
 Radioactivity Kn.anation 53 unit» 
 
 Dissolved radium 5.5 
 
 . , Emanation in gas evolved 204 » 
 
 Properties of reaction in per cent. 
 
 Primary salinity 88'06 
 
 Secondary salinity. . . . 
 
 Primary alkalinity 3-34 
 
 Secondary alkalinity. . 8-60 
 Analysis. 
 
 e» : Carbon Dioxide CO, 
 
 Hydrogen Sulphide HsS 
 
 • Bv p„r R r R,,..m:,. MjCII lniVU«l,. iwj. 
 
 Piirts per million. 
 48 7 
 
 :^mjmiimLiM'mi^^''!im^m-w''-^m'W^S!^t^mxi 
 
HYPOTHliTRAL COMBINATIONS. 
 
 02 
 5 97 
 
 Constituent: — 
 
 
 Parts per 
 million. 
 
 Total 
 inorganic 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 Pre\'iouii 
 analysis. 
 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 
 Sotlium nitrite 
 
 (NaNOil. 
 
 31 94 
 2 00 
 14.88 
 104 42 
 154 07 
 8,100 J4 
 
 5 04 
 
 40.i 76 
 
 872 30 
 
 173 18 
 
 4 ,10 
 
 4 lli> 
 
 1 91 
 
 49 
 10 90 
 18 
 
 31 
 02 
 
 15 
 
 1 04 
 1 54 
 
 81 0,1 
 
 005 
 
 4 63 
 8. 71 
 1 73 
 04 
 04 
 01 
 
 10 I 
 
 1 
 
 
 Sodium nitrate 
 
 (N.iNO,). . 
 
 
 Ammonium chloritJe 
 
 (NH.CI) 
 
 
 Potassium iodide 
 
 (Kl) - , 
 
 
 Potassium bromide 
 
 (KBr) 
 
 
 Litllium cliloridc 
 
 (LiCI) 
 
 
 Potassium chlfride 
 
 (KCI) 
 
 
 Sodium chloride 
 
 <NaCI) 
 
 
 Magnesiunt ciiloride 
 Calcium chloride 
 Sodium sulphate 
 
 (MgCI,) 
 
 (CaCI:) 
 
 (NaiSt),) , 
 
 
 Magnesium sulphate 
 
 (MgStti) 
 
 
 Calcium sulphate 
 
 Sodium hicarLunate 
 
 Magnesium Dicarbonaie 
 
 Calcium bicarbonate 
 
 Strontium bicarbonate 
 
 Ferrous bicarlionate 
 
 Calcium phosphate 
 
 Ferric oxide 
 
 Alumina 
 
 Silica 
 
 Manganous bicarbonate 
 
 (CaSO.I 
 
 (NaHCO.) 
 
 (MgdlCO,),) 
 
 (Ca(H((l,),) 
 
 (Sr(HCl>,),) 
 
 (FedlC ().!,) 
 
 (Ca,(i'0,),) 
 
 (Fe,0,) 
 
 (Al,0,,) 
 
 (SiO,) 
 
 (MndlCO,),) 
 
 
 
 lO.IXKI 86 
 
 100 00 j 
 
 THE ARTESIAN SULPHUR SPRING. 
 
 (M) 
 
 The Artesian sulphttr water is obtained from an artesian well, on the 
 other sitie of the track from the hotel. The well is drilled 168 feet, the first 
 68 feet being through clay. The water is less mineralized than the others, 
 contains much more hydrogen sulphide gas and has high primary alkalinity 
 (U per cent). 
 
 It can be classified as a sodic, muriatcd, bicarbonated. alkaline-saline 
 (sttlphuretted) water. The w.iter is pumped acro.ss to the hotel, where 
 it is largely used for sulphur baths. 
 
 The following analysis, the first that has ever been made of the water, 
 gave these particulars: — 
 
 THE ARTESIAN SLLPHCR SPRING. 
 
 Laboratory No. 29. 
 
 Sample collected October, 1915. 
 
 Temperature 9-4°C. (48-9°F.) 
 
 Flow Small. 
 
 
I"***^.- Slightly saline and hycIroRen sulphide. 
 
 '**"'ict'"n Alkaline. 
 
 Specific Rravity at 15*C 10024 
 
 Radioactivity Emanation 56 units. 
 
 Dissolved radium 1-7 
 
 Kmanation in fjiis evolved 
 
 Properties of reaction in per cent. 
 
 Primary salinity 79-94 
 
 Secondary salinity 
 
 Primary alkalinity 11-30 
 
 StionHary alkalinity 8-76 
 
 Analysis. 
 
 Consiituems: — 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 Bicarbonic acid 
 Carbonic acid 
 Nitric acid 
 Nitrous acid 
 Phosphoric acid 
 Meta boric acid 
 Chlorine 
 Bromine 
 Iodine 
 Oxygen for 
 
 Silica 
 
 Iron 
 
 Aluminium 
 
 Manganese 
 
 Calcium 
 
 Strontium 
 
 Magnesium 
 
 I-ithiuni 
 
 Potassium 
 
 Sodium 
 
 Ammonium 
 
 (SO.) . . . 
 (HCO,). 
 (CO,).,. 
 (NO,)... 
 (NO,)... 
 (PO.) 
 (BO,) . . 
 (CI).. . , 
 (Br). ... 
 
 (I) 
 
 (AW,). . 
 
 Previous 
 analysis. 
 
 Parts per million. 
 
 (SiO,). 
 (Fe)... 
 (Al).., 
 (Mn).. 
 (Ca)... 
 (Sr)... 
 (Mg).. 
 (I,i)... 
 (K).... 
 (Na)... 
 (NH.). 
 
 <>8 6 
 645 
 
 3 2 
 
 trace 
 
 1,418.5 
 
 4 8 
 
 trace 
 
 4 09 
 
 21-7 
 10 
 4-6 
 
 04 
 27.7 
 
 21 
 
 38 5 
 
 16 
 
 37.5 
 
 1,076. 2 
 
 1 77 
 
 Total. 
 
 Total solids in solution, residu 
 drit^ at llO'C 
 
 3,106 
 
 Total 
 inorg.inic 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 2 91 
 19 04 
 
 41 88 
 14 
 
 64 
 03 
 13 
 
 82 
 
 06 
 
 1 14 
 005 
 
 1 11 < 
 31 . 7,S j 
 ()6 
 
 Reacting 
 value. 
 
 I 95 
 10 0] 
 
 37 90 
 06 
 
 I 31 
 
 004 
 
 ,^ 00 
 
 22 
 
 01 
 
 44 40 
 
 09 
 
 100 00 
 
 lice nt rat ion 
 
 value. 
 
 Carlxin Diuxido CO,. . 
 Hydrogen Sulphide H,S, 
 
 . per litrp, 
 15 4 
 6 8 
 
 Parts per million, 
 30 4 
 10 9 
 
57 
 HYPOTHETICAL COMBINATIONS. 
 
 Constituent : — 
 
 Sodium nitrite 
 Sodium nitrate 
 Ammonium chloride 
 PotaHHium ioilide 
 Potaitsium bromide 
 I.ithium chloride 
 PotaHHium chloride 
 Sodium chloride 
 Magnesium chloride 
 Calcium chloride 
 So<)ium Hulphute 
 MaRnesium sulphate 
 Calcium sulphate 
 Sodium hirarbonate 
 MaRnesium bicarbonate 
 Calcium bicarbonate 
 Strontium bicarbonate 
 Ferroud bicarbonate 
 Calcium phosphate 
 Ferric oxide 
 Alumina 
 Silica 
 Manganous bicarbonate 
 
 (NaNOO , , 
 (NaNO,).. . . 
 (NH.CI).... 
 
 (KI) 
 
 (KBr) 
 
 (LiCl) 
 
 (KCM 
 
 (NaCl) 
 
 fMRCI,) 
 
 (CaCi,) 
 
 (NaiSO,),... 
 (MrSO«).. .. 
 
 (CaSO,) 
 
 (NaHCO.) ,. 
 (Mg(HCOi)i) 
 (Ca(HCO j). 
 (Sr(HCO,),), 
 (Fe{HCO,),) 
 (Ca,(PO,),)., 
 
 (Fe,0,) 
 
 (AliO.) 
 
 (SiC) 
 
 (Mn(HCO,M 
 
 I'artB per 
 million. 
 
 5 24 
 
 015 
 
 trace 
 
 
 7 14 
 
 21 
 
 61 
 
 2« 
 
 67 20 
 
 1 98 
 
 265. 70 
 
 66 90 
 
 Total 
 inorganic 
 matter in 
 sf^ltition. 
 
 Per V 
 
 •nt. 
 
 408 
 
 70 
 
 14 7.1 
 
 2.11 
 
 6(1 
 
 6.84 
 
 112 
 
 18 
 
 3 3\ 
 
 5 03 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 8 69 
 
 26 
 
 21 
 
 70 
 
 64 
 
 Previous 
 analyki., 
 
 CURD'S SALINE WATERS, CALEDONIA SPRINGS. 
 
 (33-34) 
 
 Charles Gurd and Co. of ^fontreaI, own two artesian wells, situated 
 some 250 yard« from the main Rroup of the chief Caledonia springs. 
 
 The two wells— 20 feet apart, are both 68 feet deep, sunk through 
 clay to (he rock. Barrel loads of the less saline water are taken tcj Montreal 
 each week. The more salim' water contains almost twice as much mineral 
 matter in solution as the less saline, and is nearly as concentrated as the 
 Duncm water; but it differs from it in having sulphuric acid in noticeable 
 quantity, and containing less bicarbonic acid. It can be classified as a 
 sodic. miiriated, sulphaleil saline water, and would no doubt have consider, 
 able value as a purgative water. Magnesium sulphate to the extent of 
 2-S per cent and 4-2 per cent magnesium bicarbonate are present in the 
 water, while the principal constituent is sodium chloride (84%). 
 
58 
 
 The (ollowini! results were obtainni upon analysis;— 
 CURDS SAI.INK. 
 
 1915. 
 
 . (44S°F.) 
 
 saline. 
 
 Laboratory No. 33. 
 
 Sample collected fk-tob 
 
 Temperature 8-H°(". 
 
 Fl"* Small. 
 
 TasK- Slr.inKlv> 
 
 R'-'aftiun Alkaline. 
 
 Specific KMvity at 15°C 1 .0071 
 
 Radioactivity Kmanation so units. 
 
 Dissolved radium . , 1 7 n 
 
 , Kni.ination in gas evolved. 
 
 Properties of reaction in per cent. 
 
 Primary salinity 87 52 
 
 Sirondary salinity ft. 40 
 
 Primary alkalinity 
 
 Sirondary alkalinity 6 08 
 
 ^ Anatysig. 
 
 Constituents: — 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 Bicartmnic acid 
 Carbonic acid 
 Nitric acid 
 Nitrous acid 
 Phosphoric acid 
 Metatjoric acid 
 Chlorine 
 Bromine 
 Iodine 
 Oxygen to form 
 
 Silica 
 
 Iron 
 
 Aluminium 
 
 Manganese 
 
 Calcium 
 
 strontium 
 
 Magnesium 
 
 Lithium 
 
 Potassium 
 
 Sodium 
 
 Ammonium 
 
 Total 
 
 (SO,). 
 (HCO,) 
 (CO,) ., 
 (NO.)... 
 (NO... 
 (PO.). . 
 (110,).., 
 (CI). ,. 
 (Br).... 
 
 (I) 
 
 (A1,0,).. 
 
 (SiO,). . . 
 
 (Fc) 
 
 (Al) 
 
 <Mn).... 
 
 (Ca) 
 
 (Sr) 
 
 (Mg).... 
 
 (I.i) 
 
 (K) 
 
 (Na) 
 
 (NH.)... 
 
 Previous 
 analysis. 
 
 Parts per million. 
 
 107 
 
 on 
 
 16 
 
 f..\52 
 
 Ij 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 9 
 9 
 02 
 
 S2 .1 
 
 10 J 
 
 197.3 
 
 18 
 
 67 1 
 3,278 
 2 8 
 
 9,842 ,)2 
 
 Total solids in solution, residue 
 dried at l lCC 
 
 jases : Carbon Dioxide CO, . . 
 Hydrogen Sulphide HiS. 
 
 Total I 
 inorganic Reacting 
 
 matter in value, 
 
 solution. I 
 
 -I- 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 2 00 
 6 23 
 
 111 
 
 01 
 
 .';4 38 
 I) 13 
 
 u 01 
 
 01 
 
 13 
 01 
 Ul 
 
 84 
 10 
 2 00 
 02 
 068 
 33 31 
 (1.1 
 
 1 24 
 
 3 04 
 
 005 
 01 
 
 4.S 61 
 OS 
 
 I 2.S 
 07 
 4 91 
 08 
 S2 
 43 12 
 04 
 
 100 on 100 00 
 
 ( iinci'iitration 
 value. 
 
 _ .130 58 
 
 Farts i,er million, 
 39 5 
 
59 
 
 HYI'OTFIKTKM, CDMlllNATIOV.S 
 
 P.iru per 
 milliun. 
 
 Sodium nilrilr 
 ?io<liuiii ilitrjtf 
 Ammonium ihlorijc 
 PotjMium iiHlidr 
 PoLiNHium bromidr 
 Lithium t htoridr 
 rotassium rhluride 
 Sodium I hloride 
 Mannusium chioridf 
 (alrilim chloride 
 Sodium sulphate 
 ManncMium sulphate 
 Calrium sulphate 
 Sodium birarbonate 
 Magnesium bicarlMinate 
 Calrium birartonale 
 Strontium bicarbonate 
 Ferrous bicarbonate 
 <'al(ium phosphate 
 Ferrii uxide 
 Alumina 
 Silica 
 Manganous bicarbonate 
 
 (NaNO,) , . . 
 
 INaNO.) 
 
 (NH.tl) 
 
 (KII 
 
 (KHr) 
 
 (l.iCl) 
 
 (KCIl . 
 
 INaCIJ 
 
 'MkCW ..,. 
 
 ((■j(l,i 
 
 INa.SO., 
 
 (MkSO.) . . , . 
 (CaSI),! 
 
 (NaHCO.) 
 
 (Mg(H('0,),) 
 a'a(Hr(),),j , 
 (Sr(H((),),). . 
 (Fc(Ht ().),),.. 
 (('a,ll'l),),). ... 
 
 (Fe,0,) 
 
 (AM),) 
 
 ISiO,l , 
 (MnlHCO.),)., 
 
 K SS 
 
 n M 
 
 IIJ 70 
 
 »,J.'8-76 
 
 3U6 12 
 
 417 4.S 
 
 i.lO 08 
 
 24 63 
 
 2 8S 
 
 2 59 
 
 Total 
 
 itiiirifanir 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 IVr cent. 
 
 1 70 
 12 6U 
 08 
 
 14 
 08 
 01 
 
 II 20 
 
 II 
 
 1 18 
 84 02 
 
 3 II 
 
 4 24 
 3 35 
 25 
 03 
 03 
 
 t)2 
 13 
 
 Previnu i 
 analysis. 
 
 <.urd'» kw saline water, rt-si'mbles the Saline and Sulphur Caledonia 
 water.s. thouxh it contains slightly k-ss mineral matter in solution. 
 
 It may lie considered as a sodic, muri.ited, alkaline-saline water. The 
 principal constituents arc sodium chl.mde (77-8 per cent), and sodium and 
 the alkaline earth bicarbonatcs. 
 
 Analysis gave the following results:— 
 
 GURDS LESS SALLNE. 
 
 Laboratory No. 34. 
 
 '-imple collected October, IQI.v 
 
 Temperature 8- 7°C. (46°F, ■. 
 
 F'"w Small. 
 
 Taste Saline. 
 
 •^ra^ion .Mkaline. 
 
 Specific gravity at 1S°C 1 -0039 
 
 Radioactivity Emanation 'iO units. 
 
 Dissolved radium 0-8 „ 
 
 Emanation in gas evolved. 
 
«0 
 
 ProprrlieB n( riaciion in prr crnt. 
 
 1'rim.iry salinity 86-62 
 
 Seomilary a.ilinily 
 
 Primary alkalinity 4.90 
 
 Scconilary alkalinity 8-41 
 
 Analyils, 
 
 Carbon Dioxide COi .... 
 Hydrogen Sulphide HiS. 
 
 C.C. per litre. 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 
 Conntituentt:— 
 
 
 Previous 
 ana lysis. 
 
 T.lil 
 
 ■ni'ts.ii'ic 
 iii.i ii'f in 
 
 1 
 
 Uf, in ing 
 v,,„e. 
 
 
 Parts per million. 
 
 Percent. Percent. 
 
 Sulphuric acid (S(M . , 
 
 BicarbonJc arid (HCO,) 
 
 Carbonic arid (("0,J 
 
 Nitric acid (NOiJ. 
 Nitrous arid (N(>t).. .. 
 
 rhoophoric acid (1*0,) 
 
 Met.ilwric acid (Hf),)... 
 
 t hlorine (CI) 
 
 Hromine (Br). ..!!!. 
 lodint' (I) 
 
 70S 
 
 TT 
 
 0-05 
 trace 
 
 2,622- 
 
 6 
 4 
 84 
 
 16-7 
 6 
 15 
 10 
 
 2.i-8 
 
 7 1 
 70 
 
 IS 
 
 78-9 
 
 1,77A 2 
 
 6 
 
 
 1 09 
 13 15 
 
 IJ 
 
 48 70 
 Oil 
 01 
 01 
 
 31 
 01 
 01 
 
 S3 
 013 
 130 
 003 
 
 1 47 
 33 l«l 
 
 01 
 
 70 
 6 69 
 
 07 
 
 42 50 
 04 
 
 Oxygen to form M,Oi . . 
 
 
 
 ^'■''" (SiO.) 
 
 '/"" . , (Fe) 
 
 Aluminium (Al) 
 
 Marjtaneae (Mn) 
 
 Calcium (Ca) 
 
 Strontium (Sr) 
 
 Magnesium (Mg). . . . ! ! 
 Lithiun; (Li) 
 
 01 
 
 83 
 (19 
 3 31 
 
 Hotawium (K)., 
 
 
 Sodium (Na) 
 
 Ammonium {SHt) 
 
 44 47 
 
 01 
 
 Total 
 
 5.384 64 
 
 5,017 
 
 
 100 00 
 
 
 Total solids in solution, residue 
 dried at llOX 
 
 Concentra- 
 tion value. 
 173. 76 
 
 
 Parts per million. 
 43-5 
 
 ■ima- tm>fmt 
 
1 
 
 61 
 MVI'OIUKTl^ Al. ( OMIilNATIuNS. 
 
 Conttitucnl: — 
 
 Sodium nitrite 
 ScxJium nitrate 
 
 Amniuniiiiii chloride 
 t'liMMsiuni ioijidf 
 rur.ti»iurii lironiiilc 
 l.ithiiini chloridr 
 PutaMiiiin chloride 
 Sjdiuin L'hiorkle 
 MaKncNium rhluride 
 Caliiimi chloride 
 StKliuiii iiulphate 
 MjfliK'sium mil: ii r..'- 
 t'alcium sutph '" 
 Sodium l)irar'...n .u, 
 .MuKneflium hii.irlnm.a" 
 Calcium bicii. '■>rntc 
 Strontium I h ,i; Imn.ite 
 KiTroim bic.ifl'i.iaii- 
 Calcium phuspr.iii- 
 Kfrric oxide 
 Alumina 
 Si lien 
 Manganous bicarbonatp 
 
 (NaNO,, . 
 (NaNOiJ-.. 
 (NH.CI) .., 
 
 (KIi 
 
 'Kl(r) 
 
 M II I, 
 
 'talj 
 
 i':ii.-\l 
 
 (.\I«(I,) 
 
 (iiiiUi 
 
 (NaiSO.),.,. 
 iMkso.) ... 
 
 (NafK (),).. 
 
 (Mk'MCO,).) 
 
 r..['((ii, , 
 
 ;',-(fi''') ! 
 ,: l!tO,,,i 
 
 '< .. I't,p,), 
 'I' ".) 
 .'.,('.1. 
 
 iMnini'O,!,) 
 
 million. 
 
 Total 
 innricanic 
 
 mitittrr in 
 Kjluiiun, 
 
 IVr rent. 
 
 (1 ()■ 
 
 
 
 V (16 
 
 18 
 
 1 7') 
 
 0.1 
 
 U 5(1 
 
 U HI 
 
 H V.t 
 
 i; 
 
 ■1 10 
 
 17 
 
 I'M 'XI 
 
 2 M 
 
 4,IVi 52 
 
 77 «i 
 
 »6 ;u 
 
 1 61 
 
 354 70 
 
 6 5« 
 
 til m 
 
 7 82 
 
 116 1.,, 
 
 2 17 
 
 16 O.i 
 
 .11 
 
 1 87 
 
 04 
 
 1 70 
 
 01 
 
 16. 70 
 
 .11 
 
 J5 
 
 
 5.384 M 
 
 100 Of 
 
 PrrviouB 
 .iiulyiiK. 
 
 ADAN.\( H'RING, LOrJICET. ONT. 
 
 Ml.^'s 
 
 This is a fresh wuUt spriiij: uu nc.l b> the Ciilnlr, 
 Water Co. It was discoverotl duriiiK lie i iinslructit- I'j'.i.a 
 
 Canadian I'acific railroad, and was soon utilized. T . ,n.. 
 
 in a large white tiled well, and a sulstanlial lious. n , »i-. : 
 every precaution has lieen taken to avid pollution. 
 
 Most of the hii;h land in the .uMKlihourhoixl is of ,i sapt. 
 probably the spring is a surface water, filtered through the ■ ■, 
 The radioactivity is comparatively high, but there is only a tr.ice of 
 salts in solution. Similar statements can be made about many 
 waters. 
 
 The following particulars were obtained upon examination:— 
 
 ADANAC Sl'RING. 
 
 I aboratory No. 30. 
 
 '^ 'mple collected August. 1914. 
 
 Temperature u°c. (51 -S" F.) 
 
 ^"'^ 10 Eallons per minute. 
 
 ■y Goil. 
 radium 
 surface 
 
 'kiiiT.'.' 
 
62 
 
 Taste Fr„h. 
 
 Reaction Alkalint-. 
 
 Spcrific gravity at 15°C 1 0(102 
 
 Radioactivity ICmanation 202 units. 
 
 Dissiilvud raclium 0.3 „ 
 
 Kmanation in gas uvoivt'd. 
 
 Properties of reaction in per cent 
 
 Primary salinity 31-6 
 
 Secondary salinity 
 
 Trimary alkalinity 5-8 
 
 Secondary alkalinity 62.6 
 
 AnalyaU. 
 
 (.'onstiluents: — 
 
 
 Pre-vious 
 analysis.* 
 
 Total 
 inofKanic 
 inatttT in 
 solution. 
 
 Reacting 
 value. 
 
 
 I'arts (XT million. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Sulphuric acid (SO,) 
 BicarlKHiic acid (H{"0»), .. 
 tarlx)nicacid (CO,) 
 
 Nitric acid (NO.) 
 
 Nitrounacid (\0,) 
 Phosphoric acid (F'OJ.. 
 Metalxiric acid (BO,) 
 Chlorine (CI), . . 
 Bromine (Br) 
 Iodine (jj ' ' ' 
 
 -;^*''ca (SiC) 
 
 '7" . . (Ke) 
 
 Aluminium (.^|) 
 Mangaiii.«i (Mn)''!!! 
 talciuni (Caj 
 Strontium (^r) , ! 
 Magnt'sium (Mk). . . 
 Lithium (lij /_ ' 
 Potassium (Kl 
 Sodium iSu)... 
 Ammonium (NH4) . 
 
 
 5 68 
 
 t.? 48 
 1').7 
 
 10 n 
 
 24 i 
 2 .'4 
 
 loos 
 
 4 5 
 
 36 
 15 6 
 
 8 
 10 2 
 
 1 ; 
 
 15 
 
 2 7 
 
 J4 2 
 6 8 
 
 6.3 
 
 27 ,) 
 4 U 
 
 18 7 
 
 Total 
 
 Tot.il .^)li,iH in solution, r^siijut- 
 ■ Im.lal lll,-C , 
 
 
 120 4H IIX) 
 
 100 00 
 (ion value. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Casi's : C.irlK.n Dimi,!,. Co, 
 
 llyclroKiiiSuliiliiile ll,S 
 
 P.irt.s i>er million. 
 
 • Bv rii.1. T. ,\ S.4rk,.y. McGiU Vnn 
 
 v-reity. Montreal. 
 
63 
 
 HYrOTllETRAl. COMniNATIONS. 
 
 Calcium carlionate 
 Maijncsium carUmate 
 Sodium carlxinale 
 Sodium sulphate 
 Sodium nitrate 
 Sodium chloride 
 
 (CaCO,), 
 
 (MrCO,! 
 
 (NaCO.) . i 
 
 (Na,so.) ::.:i 
 
 (NaNO,) 
 
 (NaCI) 
 
 61) 9 
 7 78 
 5 9 
 S 4 
 27 
 Ifi 5 
 
 126. 48 
 
 Total 
 inorganic 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 48 2 
 6 1 
 4 7 
 6 6 
 21 .1 
 1.1 1 
 
 ■ Oil 
 
 Previou* 
 analysis. 
 
 The water is a very liKhlly miaerali/i-d, calcic, bicarllonated. alkaline 
 water. 
 
 Westkrn Qi |.;i)|.:c. 
 
 GUARANTEED PURE MII.K COS. WELL, MONTREAL. 
 
 IJ51 
 
 This well was one of the deep wells indudeil in the investiRalion of 
 the radioactivity of waters in tlie nelKhlKnirluKHl of Montre.il. The water 
 flows naturally from a well which was drilled to a depth of 151 feet, though 
 by pumptnK, 60 gallons |x-r minute ran be obtained. 
 
 .Analysis shows this to be a calcic, smlic, sulphated, alkaline-saline 
 water. Calcium bicarbonate forms 45 per cent of the total solid matter 
 m solution, and calcium sulphate 27 |x-r cent, while 11 per cent of.s(xlium 
 chloride is also present. 
 
 It Ix-longs to a sroup of wells which are all hi,i;h in calcium .ind situated 
 in Itie same neighbourhood. 
 
 The following particulars were ohlained upon analysis:— 
 
 r.UARANTKKO i'lKK jIll.K ((Is. UKI.I.. 
 Laboratory No. 35. 
 
 Sample collected .\ubus1, |()|4. 
 
 Temperature ll).5°l'. (.ill.()° K.) 
 
 '■''"* 6llKall..nsprr niinule. 
 
 '■-''•te Fresh. 
 
 '^'•''<^/''" .Alkaline. 
 
 Specific gravity at 15°(: 1 (1006 
 
 Kac'ioactivity l-aiianalion 170 units. 
 
 Dissolved radium 
 
 lananatinn in gas evolved. 
 
64 
 
 Properties of reaction in per cent. 
 
 Primary salinity 21-34 
 
 Sfconilary salinity 35-90 
 
 Primary alkalinity 
 
 Secondary alkalinity 42-76 
 
 Analysis. 
 
 Sulphuric acid lS(^<) 
 
 Bicarlmnic- acid iH<0,)., 
 
 ' arbonii- acid (CO)). . 
 
 Nitric acid (NOi) , . . 
 
 Nitrous acid (NOa).. . 
 
 Phosphoric acid (POj)... 
 
 -Mctalwric acid (BO,) . , . 
 
 Chlorine ^Cl) 
 
 Bromine (Sr) . . 
 
 IcKline (I) ... 
 
 Silica 
 
 Iron 
 
 Aluminium 
 
 Manganese 
 
 Calcium 
 
 Sirontium 
 
 Maf{ne-<ium 
 
 Lithium 
 
 Potassium 
 
 Sodium 
 
 Ammonium 
 
 Total 
 
 iSiO.) 
 il ■■ 
 
 i.M) . 
 (Mn) . 
 iCa 1 , 
 <^Sr) 
 (Mg) 
 (LiJ, , , 
 (K),,, 
 (Na)., 
 (NH,), 
 
 Previous 
 analysis.* 
 
 Parts per million 
 
 Total solids in solution, residue 
 dried at 110°C 
 
 Ciases: Cartjon Dioxide CO,, . , . 
 Hydrogen Sulphide H,S. 
 
 114 .'i 
 14<J 7 
 
 il U j 
 
 16 a 
 
 11 t 
 
 4 10 I 
 (I 1 
 
 26 80 
 (I 02 
 
 65-9 
 162-7 
 
 Total 
 inorganic 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 «9 2 
 11 6 
 
 c.c. per litre. 
 27.0 
 
 26 64 
 34 83 
 
 3.91 
 26 
 
 19 26 
 
 97 
 Oi 
 040 
 6 25 
 
 Reacting 
 value. 
 
 20. 77 
 2138 
 
 36 00 
 
 2 98 
 012 
 It. 37 
 10. 18 
 
 Concentr; 
 tion valuf 
 
 Parts per million. 
 SJ-2 
 
 •By J. T. Donald. Mor 
 
HYPOTHETICAL COMBINATIONS. 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 Constituent: — 
 
 Parts ptT 
 
 tiulliuti. 
 
 ScMlium nitrite (NaNOi). . . 
 
 Sodium nitrate (iS'aNOi) 
 
 Ammonium chloride (NH4CI) 
 
 Potassium iodide (KI) 
 
 Potassium bromide (KBr; , , . , 
 
 Lithium chloride (I.iCl) 
 
 Potassium chloride (KCl) 
 
 Sodium chloride (NaCI) 
 
 Mafinesium chloride (MjfC'lj). . . . 
 
 Calcium chlorirl.; (Catid 
 
 Sodium sulphate (Nn^S* )») . . 
 
 Magnesium sulphate (MRSiid . . , . 
 
 Calcium sulphate fCaSOj). . . . 
 
 Sodium bicarlxinatp (\aHCO,). 
 Nlitl.npsiuni hirarbnnate (MglHCOj), 
 
 Calcium bicarbonate (l.'aiHCOi)j). 
 
 Strontium liir.irlioiiiiic (SnlKOj),), 
 
 Ferrous UicariHin.'te (Kc(HC(.)));) , 
 
 Calcium phosphate (Ca.i(P()4)i}, . 
 
 Kcrric oxide iKeiOj) . , . . , 
 
 Alumina lAljUjJ 
 
 Silica (Sit).) 
 
 0-Oti 
 
 uos 
 
 59 ■ 
 i-2l ; 
 49 25 i 
 
 il)-5'» 
 
 Total 
 inorganic 
 inatier ::i 
 
 solution. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 0.75 
 U 4(1 
 
 45 52 
 'I W 
 
 Previous 
 analysia, 
 
 LAURENTIAN SPRING WATER, MONTREAI,. 
 
 lib) 
 
 This watLT is coiisunud very ninsidfr.ibly in Montreal and vidnity. 
 The wull, owned by Messrs. Rnbcrt White ami Cnnii)any, 2{t^ Craig 'xrect, 
 Montreal, is 457 feet det;p, Water was struck at 250 feet, and a^^sm at 
 450 fee^^'iiid the combined capaeiry is 4,500 ^^allons iht hour, when pumped 
 by an <v!. lift pump with air at a pressure nf 100 [ntunds per -quare inch. 
 The water probably rises from the Trenton limestone, thoiofih a well near 
 by r)n the same property seems to obtain its water from a shale Iwd which 
 occurs interst ratified with the Trenton linie«tone. The radioactivity is 
 low, some emanation being lost on account of the methtid of pumping. 
 The air blows the ^as out ot the water. 
 
 Analysis shows the water to be a sodic. muriated. .suiphatetd. carbon- 
 dioxated water of the alkaline-saline tyi)e. The h\'pothetiial . nmiblnations 
 indicate that the chief salts composing the inorganic matter in siMiauon are, 
 sfKliuni sulphate 32 per cenr, sodium chloride 17 per cent, am; stMlium 
 bicarbonate 20 per cent. 
 
M 
 
 LAURENTIAN SPRING WWEK 
 
 Laboratory JUa. 36. 
 
 Samples collected August, 1<M4, iind October, 1915 
 
 Temperature 12»( ' f 54°F. ) 
 
 Jl 70 gallons per minuti'. 
 
 'a»'e Fresh. 
 
 '*«^action Alkalin,- 
 
 Specific gravity at 15°C 1 001 
 
 Radioactivity Emanation 
 
 Dissolved radium.. . 
 , Kmanation in gas evolved, 
 
 rroperties of reaction in per cent. 
 
 Primary salinity SO-6 
 
 Secondary salinity. 
 
 F'rimary alkalinity 2.1-8 
 
 Secondary alkalinity 23.6 
 
 5-6 units 
 
CtwBtituents: — 
 
 67 
 Analysis. 
 
 Sulphurir atid (.50,) . 
 
 BiGirbonic iuid (HWJOi) 
 
 Car(x)ni( iicit! {(^-^h) 
 
 HitTic at-ifl (NOj) . 
 
 Nitrous <imi (NO-) . 
 
 Phosphoric acid (P()t> 
 
 Metaboric acid {BO,i 
 
 Chiorinc (CI), . 
 
 BromiiM- (Br), 
 
 if'dine (|),. 
 itxvgen lor Fe,C>a iS A),0. 
 
 Silica (SiO,).. 
 
 Iron (Fe).... 
 
 Aluminium (Al). . . . , 
 
 Mao^aijcse (Mn),.'. 
 
 Calcium (Cjp 
 
 Strontium (Sr* 
 
 Matinesiuni (Mg , 
 
 I-ithium {Li; 
 
 FotaaBium (K). . 
 
 Sodium (N'a).. . , 
 
 Ammoiuum iiJlH«). . 
 
 To^ 
 
 Total mlide in sototion, residn 
 dried dt 110° C 
 
 Previoui 
 analysis. 
 
 Parts per million. 
 
 240 U 
 125. 5 
 
 Tutal 
 inorganic 
 matter in 
 Mlution. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 22 3 
 21 7 
 II ') 
 
 14 4 
 
 10 6 
 
 0-7 
 
 
 55 ! 
 
 1 « 
 
 1 « 
 
 2 
 
 5.4 
 
 4 « 
 
 15 i 
 
 14 
 
 Rearting 
 value. 
 
 15 4 
 11-8 
 12 9 
 
 7-9 
 i 9 
 
 I Concentra- 
 tion value. 
 
 Gasea: C^irbon I>toxif|p ( O, 
 
 MoHiros'n bulphid^H-S. 
 
 c.c. per litre. 
 
 76-6 
 
 Parts per million. 
 
 •By J. T. Donald. Montreal. 1«15. 
 
68 
 HYPOTHETICAL COMBINATIONS 
 
 Constituent; — 
 
 Part** per 
 tnillion. 
 
 Total 
 inorganic 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 Previous 
 analyuA, 
 
 
 Per crnt. 
 
 
 Sodium nitrite (NaNO,) 
 
 188 6 
 
 354 6 
 
 221 S 
 92 J 
 208. 
 
 2 3 
 11 1 
 
 17-5 
 
 32 9 
 
 20 6 
 8.5 
 19 3 
 
 0.2 
 10 
 
 
 Sodium nitrate (NaNOi) 
 
 
 Ammonium chloride (\H4CI) 
 
 
 Potasaium iodide (Kl) 
 
 
 Potassium bromide (KBr) 
 
 
 Lithium chloride (LiCI) 
 
 
 Potassium chloride (KCl) 
 
 
 Sodium chloride (NaCl) 
 
 
 Maftnesium chloride (MgCI.) 
 
 
 Cal^ ,um chloride (CaCI,) 
 
 
 Sodium sulphate (NajSO*) 
 
 
 Magnesium sulphate (Mg^iO*) 
 
 
 Calcium sulphate (CaSOi) . 
 
 
 Sodium carbonate (VaaCOi) 
 
 
 Magnesium bicarbonate (Mk(HCO,),) 
 
 Calcium bicarbonate {Ca(HCO,),). , 
 
 
 Strontium bicarbonate (Sr(HCC),),) 
 
 
 Ferrous bicarbonate (Fe(HrOa),) 
 
 
 Calcium phosphate (Ca.tPO,),). . . 
 
 
 Ferric oxide {Fe,Oi) I 
 
 Alumina {A1,0.) f 
 
 
 Silica isio,) ::::;::: 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.078 7 
 
 100 
 
 
 SALINE WELL, 111 BEAUDRY STREET, MONTREAL. 
 
 (37) 
 
 This well is the property of Messrs. Charles Gurd and Co. Water was 
 struck at a depth of 318 feet, and rose to within .SO feet of the sui^ace. and 
 when pumped flows at a rate of 8 Rations per minute. 
 
 .^nalysis shows the water to be a sodic, calcic, sulphated, bicarbonated, 
 alkaline-saline water. 
 
 Sodium sulphate forms 28 per cent of the total solids present, the other 
 chief constituents are calcium and magnesium bicarbonates, and sodium 
 chloride. It hears a resemblance to the Laurentian Spring Water (No. 36). 
 
 SALINE WELL. 
 
 Laboratory \o. 37. 
 
 Sample collected August, 1914. 
 
 Temperature 10-5°C. (509°F.) 
 
 Flow Pumped. 
 
 Tasle Fresh. 
 
 f'"'i<'fi"n Alkaline. 
 
 Sp<cific gravity at I5°C 1-0015. 
 
 f 
 
69 
 
 Rp-dloactivity Em.ination 62 units 
 
 Dissolved radium — 
 
 limanation in gas evolved. 
 
 Properties of reaction in percent. 
 
 Primary salinity 47-78 
 
 Secondiiry salinity 
 
 Primary alkalinity 9- ]8 
 
 Secondary alkalinity 43-04 
 
 Analysis. 
 
 Cnnstituent;- 
 
 Total 
 [ revioua inorganic 
 
 analysis. matter in 
 
 solution. 
 
 Parts |jer million. 
 
 Sulpburic acid 
 Bifiuriwnic acid 
 t:arbonic acid 
 Nitric acid 
 Nitrous acid 
 Phciphoric acid 
 Mctaboric acid 
 <~hlorior 
 Brominr 
 lofiint- 
 
 Silic^ 
 Iron 
 
 (SO.) . . . 
 (HCO,)., 
 (CO,).... 
 (NO,)... 
 (NO,)... 
 (PO.)... 
 (BO,)... 
 
 (CI) 
 
 (Br).... 
 (I) 
 
 Strontium. 
 
 .Magnesium 
 
 I-ithium 
 
 Potaswium 
 
 Sodium 
 
 Ammonium 
 
 Total 
 
 (SiO,).. 
 (Fe)... 
 (Al).... 
 (Mn).. 
 (Ca),.. 
 (Sr).... 
 (Mg)... 
 (Li).... 
 (K).... 
 (Na)... 
 (NH,).. 
 
 Total solids in solution 
 dried at 110° C 
 
 Gases: Carbon Dioxi.le CO, 
 
 Hydrogr'n Sulphide ll,S 
 
 228 9 
 511. 2 
 
 24 
 trace I 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2.'iO i 
 
 17 ! 
 
 «5~r 
 
 .11^ 
 
 7 
 16 9 
 9S.2 
 
 03 
 
 e.c. per litre. 
 1 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 19 00 
 42. SO 
 
 2 08 
 14 . 
 
 r u 
 
 2 60 
 
 06 
 
 t 42 
 
 16 .49 
 
 Reactinu 
 value. 
 
 14 84 
 26 11 
 
 1330 
 
 8 30 
 
 031 
 
 13."; 
 
 26-82 
 
 Coocentra- 
 
 liMi value 
 
 32 11 
 
 Parts per million. 
 12 4 
 
IIVHOTHETK M. COMBINATIONS 
 
 Const it U<'l>t — 
 
 Sodium nitrite 
 Sodium nitrate 
 
 \niruonium thluride 
 Pwasiiuiii ,o.liile 
 Potassium I'roniiiJL' 
 Lithituii .hloriile 
 Potassium ililoridc 
 Soilium chloride 
 
 "■' nesium chloride 
 - ^Icidm chloride 
 N>dium sulphate 
 Maijuesium suipltatc 
 talciuin sulphate 
 Sodiutn hicArtx)nate 
 Magnesium bicarbonati 
 Calcium bicarbonate 
 Stroiuium bicarboi>a:v 
 Kerrous bicarbonate 
 Calcium phospha^^ 
 Ferric oxide 
 Alumina 
 Silica 
 
 (NaNO,!. . 
 
 (NaNOil 
 
 (NHiCli, 
 
 (KI) 
 
 <KBr) 
 
 (LiCli 
 
 (KCl 
 
 iNaCI). . , 
 tMgCI,) 
 (CaCi.' 
 INa,S<\> , 
 
 OSStV 
 
 lCaV>.) 
 (XaHCci.) . , 
 
 VlilHCO.),) 
 iCalHCO.!,)., 
 (SrlHCO,),). 
 (KeCHCO.),). 
 lCa,lPO,)i) ,. 
 
 (Fe.O.) 
 
 (AI,0,1 
 
 (SiOt) 
 
 trace 
 (I 1 
 1 
 
 4 3 
 32 i 
 US 6 
 
 12,18 
 188 3 
 346 
 
 Total 
 inorganic 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 ,i6 
 2 08 
 11 J3 
 
 10 30 
 IJ 64 
 
 28 T) 
 
 Previous 
 
 analysis. 
 
 WATSON FOSTER CO'S. WELL, MAISONNEUVE, MONTREAL. 
 
 (43) 
 
 This is another of the ileep wells i)f Montreal, examined especially for 
 its radioactivity. It is drilled to a depth of 750 feet, and is pumped into a 
 large storage tank. No estimate of the flow was i>l)tainable. 
 
 The water is moderately mineralised, and can be classified as a stxiic, 
 bicarlKmated, alkaline water. St>dium bicarbonate :;cd sodium , .irbonate 
 form 64 per cent .if the total solids, while sodium sul.)l, 'te and sodium chlo- 
 ride constitute the m.ijor portion i^f the remainiUR constituents. 
 
 WATSON FO-iTKR COS. WELL. 
 
 Laboratory No. 4,?. 
 
 Sample (nllecteil \tiKUst, 1014. 
 
 Temperature 1.3-0°C', (S(>°f'.) 
 
 Flow — 
 
 T.lsle Fresh. 
 
 Reaction .Mk.aline. 
 
 Specific gravity at 15°C' 1 0009. 
 
71 
 
 Radioactivity Emaaation 42 unim 
 
 Dissolved radium — 
 
 Emanation in gas evolved. 
 
 Properties of reaction in per cent. 
 
 Primary salinity 39-34 
 
 Secondary salinity 
 
 Primary alkalinity 57-70 
 
 Secondary alkalinity 2-*6 
 
 Analysis. 
 
 Gases: Carbon Dioxi-ie rO|. . 
 Hydrogt-n Sulphide HjS . 
 
 :. per litre. 
 
 11 24 
 
 
 * tf 
 
 27 
 
 
 8J 
 
 2') 
 21 8.S 
 
 
 27 
 411 ■ 2.'! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 toil no 
 
 
 100 00 
 
 
 C oneeiirra- 
 
 
 tkil 
 
 value. 
 41 12 
 
 Parts pe 
 
 18 
 
 mil' 
 
 
 
72 
 HYPOTHETICAL COMBINATIONS. 
 
 Comtttucnt:- 
 
 Sodium nitrite (NaNO»l . . 
 
 Sodium nitrate (NaNOi) . . 
 
 Ammonium ciiloride (NH«CI) 
 
 Potaaeium iodide <K1). . 
 
 Potaadum bromide (KBr). . 
 
 Litliium chloride (LiCl) , . . 
 
 PolasMum chloride (KCI) 
 
 Sodium chloride (NaCI) 
 
 Magncaium chloride (MgCli). . . . 
 
 Calcium chloride (CaCli) , . 
 
 Sodium aulphate (NaiSO,) . , . 
 
 Magneaium sulphate (M^0«) 
 
 Calcium aulphate (CaSOj) 
 
 Sodium carbonate (NaiCOi).,.. 
 
 Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCOi) , 
 
 Magnesium bicarbonate (Mg(HCO,),) 
 
 Calcium bicarbonate (Ca(HCOi),) 
 
 Strontium bicarbonate (Sr(HC(),),) 
 
 Ferrous bicarbonate (Fc(HCO]),) 
 
 Calcium phosphate (Cai(P04)i). . 
 
 Ferric oxide (Fe,Oj), 
 
 Alumina (AliOi) 
 
 Silica (Sin.1 
 
 Parts per 
 
 million. 
 
 10 
 07 
 
 trace 
 
 8 48 
 229 10 
 
 91. 88 
 8.SU 6(1 
 2J 06 
 15 10 
 
 7 40 
 
 10^ 
 
 Total 
 
 inorganic 
 
 matter in 
 
 solution. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 55 
 15 02 
 
 6. 03 
 
 57 76 
 
 1 64 
 
 99 
 
 0-49 
 
 Previous 
 analysis. 
 
 MOUNT BRUNO FLORAL COMPANY'S WELL, ST. BRUNO, QUE. 
 
 (4*) 
 
 This well is .situated .it St. Bruno, Chambly ciiunly. Que, and is the 
 property iif the Mount Bruno Floral Company. It was drilled by Wallace 
 Bell tif Montreal, who gives the log of the well as (oUows: 2« feet to bed 
 rock, then 384 feet in hard rock probably Hudson River or Utica Shale, 
 rile water was found to bo unsuitable for watering purposes on account 
 of its strong alkalinity. 
 
 It is moderately mineralized, sodic, muriatcd, water of the alkaline- 
 saline type, and possesses a primary alkalinity of approximately 25 per <»nt. 
 Sodium chloride constitutes almost 59 per cent of the total inorganic m.itter 
 in solution. Bicarbonates of sodium, calcium, and magnesium arc also 
 present. 
 
 The following data were obtained upon analysis:— 
 
 MOUNT BRUNO FLORAL COMPANY'S WELL. 
 Laboratory No. 46. 
 
 Sample collected August, 1914. 
 
 Temperature 100°C. (50° F.) 
 
 '■% 
 
73 
 
 Row 7 gallons per ho«r. 
 
 TMte Slightly flat. 
 
 Reaction Alkaline 
 
 Specific gravity at 1 5°C 100? 
 
 Radioactivity Emanation lOo i 
 
 DisBolved radium. . . , — 
 
 Kmanatinn in gas f'vijvt-d. — 
 
 Properties ol reaction in per cent. 
 
 Primary salinity 66-16 
 
 Secondary salinity 
 
 Primary alkalinity. . .24-68 
 St.-L<>iiUaiy alkalinity 9-16 
 
 
 Analysis. 
 
 
 
 Conitituenti: — 
 
 
 I'reviou* 
 .inalyaia.* 
 
 Total 
 inorgamt: 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 Keael in? 
 value. 
 
 
 Parts |)c 
 
 million. 
 
 IVr cent. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Suiphurif acid (SOi) 
 Bicarbonic acid (HCO,) . . . 
 Carbonic acid (COi) . , 
 
 2 
 486 
 71 « 
 
 718 
 
 f T) 
 314 M 
 
 <) 45 
 
 10 
 24 60 
 
 364 
 
 .16 33 
 
 / 46 
 1 03 
 
 1 37 
 89 
 53 
 
 007 
 13 02 
 
 Nitric acid (NO.J 
 
 SilrouBacid (NO,) 
 
 Phosphoric acid (I'0«) 
 
 Meubont. acid (BO.) 
 
 Chlorine (CI). ... 
 Bromin« (Br) 
 
 .13 01 
 
 ^ili'^a ,SiO,J 
 
 Iron (Ke) 1 
 
 27 20 05 
 
 1" ' 14 30 
 
 10 
 
 633 201 .M 
 103 
 
 03 
 
 2 21 
 
 2. 34 
 02 
 44 
 
 Aluminium (Al) / 
 
 Manganese (Mn) 
 
 Calcium (Ca) 
 
 Strontium (Sr) 
 
 M.t^ne8ium (Mg) 
 
 l.trhniin CI ;r 
 
 Potasaiuni Ik)/.... 
 
 Salium (Na) 
 
 Ammonium (NH«) 
 
 05 1 09 
 
 Total 
 
 Total solids in solution, residue 
 dried at IIO'C. 
 
 1,976 79 ! 601 48 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 1 855 I 
 
 lOO 00 
 
 100 OO 
 
 Cor entra- 
 
 tiua value. 
 
 61 31 
 
 
 
 
 
 Carbon Dioxide C0| 
 
 Hydrogen Sulphide H|S. 
 
 c.c. per litre. 
 76 
 
 Parts per million. 
 15 
 
 * By J. T. Dould. Maotnal, 1911. 
 
^ur. 
 
MlC»OCOfV RESOLUTION TKT CMAKT 
 
 lANSlondtSOfESr CHAftTNo 2t 
 
 1.0 JrE 1^ 
 
 U 
 
 1.25 
 
 It 1^0 
 
 1.8 
 
 ^ i^ »^ 
 
 APPLIED (fvMGE In, 
 
 ('1«1 288- 5989- 
 
74 
 HYPOTHETICAL COMBINATIONS. 
 
 Constituent : — 
 
 Parts per 
 
 million. 
 
 , Total 
 inorganic 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 Previow 
 
 analjrsB. 
 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 
 Sodium nitrite (NaNOi) 
 
 3 06 
 
 0-59 
 
 20 22 
 
 1,1640 
 
 3 06 
 
 127. 
 432-8 
 105-2 
 109-8 
 
 2-06 
 
 015 
 
 03 
 
 1 02 
 58-90 
 
 015 
 
 6 42 
 21 90 
 5 .^3 
 5-55 
 
 O-IO 
 
 
 Sodium nitrate (NaNOi) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lithium chloride (LiCl) 
 
 
 Potassium chloride (KCl) 
 
 
 Sodium chloride (NaCI) ... 
 
 
 Magnesium chloride (MgCIj) 
 
 Calcium chloride (CaCI,) 
 
 
 Sodium sulphate (NaiSO,) 
 
 
 Magnesium sulphate (MgSO*) 
 
 
 Calc:um sulphate {CaS04) 
 
 
 Sodium carbonate {Na»COi) 
 
 
 Sodmm bicarbonr.te (NaHCOj). 
 
 
 Magnesium bicarbonate {Mg(HCO,)j) 
 
 Calcium bicarbonate (Ca(HCOjJj) 
 
 
 Strontium bicarbonate (Sr(HCOil)) , . . 
 
 
 Ferrous bicarbonate (Fe(UCC^)j) 
 
 
 Calcium phosphate (Ca,(PO<)j). . 
 
 
 Ferric oxide (FeiOj) . . . 
 
 
 
 
 Silica (SiOs) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1, 970-79 10000 
 
 
 MONTREAL JOCKEY CLUB WELL, BLUEBONNETS. 
 
 (J«) 
 
 This water was investigated in connexion with the ladioactivity exam- 
 ination. The well is 203 feet deep, and yields water at the rate of 132,000 
 gallons a day. The drilling penetrates the rock for a few feet. 
 
 Analysis shows the water to be a lightly mineralized sodic bicarbonated 
 alkaline water. Bicarbonates and carbonates of the alkalies and alkaline 
 earths form over 70 per cent of the total solids. 
 
 The following particulars were obtained : — 
 
 MONTREAL JOCKEY CLUB WELL. 
 
 Laboratory No. 50. 
 
 Sample collected August, 1914. 
 
 Temperature 8-3°C. (47° F.) 
 
 Flow — 
 
 Taste Fresh. 
 
 Reaction Alkaline. 
 
 i 
 
75 
 Specific gravity at 15°C . , . i . 0005 
 '^"'^^^'-''y E„,ana-tio„ „ „„,, 
 
 Dissolved radium 
 
 r> • , . Emanation in gas evolved 
 
 Properties of reaction in per cent. <^voivcu. 
 
 Primary salinity 24-96 
 
 Secondary salinity 
 
 Primary alkalinity 5J-28 
 
 Secondary alkalinity 21-76 
 
 Analysis. 
 
 ConstituentB: — 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 Bicarbonic acid 
 Carbonic acid 
 Nitric acid 
 Nitroua acid 
 Phosphoric acid 
 Metaboric acid 
 Chlorine 
 Bromine 
 loi-line 
 
 Silica 
 
 Iron 
 
 Aluminium 
 
 Man^neae 
 
 Calcium 
 
 Strontium 
 
 Magnesium 
 
 Lithium 
 
 Potassium 
 
 Sodium 
 
 Ammonium 
 
 Toul. , 
 
 (SO,) . . . 
 (ilCO,)., 
 (CO,)... 
 (NO.)... 
 (NO.)... 
 (PO,)... 
 (BO,) . . , 
 
 (CI) 
 
 (Br) 
 
 (1) 
 
 (SiO,). 
 (Fe)... 
 (AI).... 
 (Mn). . 
 (Ca)... 
 (Sr).... 
 
 (Lif.... 
 (K).... 
 
 (Na)... 
 (NH,).. 
 
 Total solids in solution, residue 
 dried at HO'C 
 
 Gases: Carbon Dioxide CO, 
 
 Hydrogen Sulphide H,S. 
 
 Previous 
 analysis. 
 
 Parts per million. 
 
 37 
 
 9-6 
 0.92 
 
 4 5 
 
 12 7 
 trac-e 
 9.4 
 102. 2 
 0.02 
 
 432 42 
 
 Total 
 inorganic 
 matter;.! 
 solution. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 10 9.S 
 42 33 
 10 41 
 04 
 01 
 
 Reacting 
 value. 
 
 r cent. 
 
 8. 24 
 25. 08 
 12. 54 
 
 001 
 
 I 8S 
 872 
 
 2. 00 
 37.12 
 
 10000 
 Concentra- 
 tion value 
 11. 97 
 
 c.c. per litre. 
 
 Parts per million. 
 
76 
 
 HYPOTHETICAL COMBINATIONS. 
 
 No.M. 
 
 Coiwtituent : — 
 
 Sodium nitrite 
 Sodium nitratt 
 Ammonium chloride 
 Potassium iodide 
 Potassium bromide 
 Lithium chloride 
 Potassium chloride 
 Sodium chloride 
 Magnesium chloride 
 Calcium chloride 
 Sodium sulphate 
 Magnesium sulphate 
 Calcium sulphate 
 Sodium carbonate 
 Sodium bicarbonate 
 Magnesium bicarbonate 
 Calcium bicarbonate 
 Strontium bicarbonate 
 Ferrous bicarbonate 
 Calcium phosphate 
 Ferric oxide 
 Alumina 
 Silica 
 
 (NaNO,) 
 
 (NaNO,) 
 
 (NH.Cl) 
 
 (KI) 
 
 (KBr) 
 
 (LiCI) 
 
 (KCl) 
 
 (NaCl) 
 
 (MgCI,) 
 
 (CaCW 
 
 (Na,SO.) 
 
 (MgSO,) 
 
 (CaSO.) 
 
 (Na,CO>) 
 
 (NaHCO,).. . 
 (Mg(HCO,),). 
 (Ca(HCO,),).. 
 (Sr(HCO.)i).,. 
 (Fe(HCO,),) . . 
 (Ca,(PO.)!). 
 
 (Fe,0.) 
 
 (AW.) 
 
 (SiO,) 
 
 Total 
 Parts per inorganic 
 liltion. matter in 
 
 solution. 
 
 07 
 21 
 06 
 
 trace 
 17 93 
 14-74 
 
 79 SO 
 142 70 
 76-50 
 18-19 
 
 2 92 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 02 
 05 
 0-01 
 
 4 ;; 
 
 3 41 
 
 18-38 
 33 00 
 17-68 
 4-21 
 
 68 
 
 Previoui 
 analysis- 
 
 VIAUVILLE MINERAL WATER, MAISONNEUVE, MONTREAL. 
 
 (42) 
 
 The Viauville mineral water is obtained from a deep boring, drilled in 
 the hope of striking natural gas. Good water was met with at 450 feet, 
 which rose to within 10 feet of the surface- At 1190 feet, a strong flow of 
 saline water containing much hydrogen sulphide was c-.countered. Drill- 
 ing waj continued however to 1370 feet. Trentn" limestone was the only 
 formation traversed - 
 
 The water has a strong sal' . taste, together with the disagreeable 
 odour and flavour of hydrogen sulphide gas, which it contains in consider- 
 able quantity. The well is owned by Mr. Daniel Bergevin, and the water 
 is bottled under the name of "Radium" water. The radioactivity is low 
 and no radium salts in solution could be detected, therefore, the bottled 
 water after a few days will possess no radioactivity whatever. These 
 results confirm those of Dr. Mcintosh of McGiU University, who found 
 about as much radium emanation present as is found in St. Lawrence 
 River water. 
 
 The following results were obtained upon analysis:— 
 
77 
 
 VIAUVILLE MINERAL WATER 
 
 Laboratory No. 42. 
 
 Sample collected October, 1914, 
 
 Temperature 12-5°C, (54-5"'F,) 
 
 Flow 
 
 Ta^"^ Strong sulphur. 
 
 ■^^action Alkaline. 
 
 Specific gravity at 1S°C 1 ,0063, 
 
 Radioactivity Emanation 11,2 units 
 
 Dissolved radium 
 
 Emanation in gas e\oIved. 
 
 Properties of reaction in per cent. 
 
 Primary salinity 93-34 
 
 Secondary salinity 
 
 Primary alkalinity 1 . IQ 
 
 Secondary alkalinity 5.56 
 
 Analysis. 
 
 Constituents: — 
 
 1 Previous 
 1 analysis. 
 
 Total 
 inorganic 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 Reacting 
 value. 
 
 
 Parts per million. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Sulphuric acid (SO).., 
 Bicarbonic acid (HCOj), 
 Carbonic acid (C0») , 
 
 2,.i4;.0 
 641 U 
 
 23 21 
 6 34 
 
 34 70 
 19 
 
 10 
 005 
 
 63 
 002 
 065 
 04 
 34 
 33 72 
 01 
 
 15. 40 
 3 30 
 
 Nitric acid (NO,) 
 
 3,509. 
 19 
 0.25 
 
 104 
 4-68 
 01 
 
 64 3 
 2 15 
 
 65 6 
 4 
 
 34. 1 
 3.408- 
 1.52 
 
 
 
 
 Nitrous acid (NO,). 
 
 
 
 Phosphoric acid (PO.) 
 
 
 
 Metaboric ■ (BO,) . . 
 
 
 
 Chlorine (CI) 
 
 
 
 Bromine (Br) . . 
 
 31 20 
 
 Iodine (I) 
 
 07 
 
 Silica (SiO,)... 
 
 
 1™ (Fe) i 
 
 Aluminium (A!),. 
 Manganese (Mn).,.. 
 
 05 
 
 Calcium (Ca) 
 
 
 
 Strontium (Sr) 
 
 101 
 
 Magnesium (Mg) 
 
 Lithium (Li) 
 
 1-72 
 
 Potassium (K) 
 
 
 Sodium (Na) 
 
 28 
 
 Ammonium (NH,) 
 
 46. 74 
 
 
 
 
 10,11101 
 9,890. 
 
 
 100 OC 
 
 
 Total solids in solution, residue 
 dried at llO'C... 
 
 100-00 
 Concentra- 
 tion value. 
 
 _-__ 
 
 317 06 
 
 ^ases: Carbon Dioxide CO, 
 
 Hydrogen Sulphide HiS. 
 
 c.c, per litre, 
 18 5 
 30 5 
 
 Parts per million, 
 36 4 
 460. 
 
 -jHOB.'w^iimm r 3^ 
 
78 
 HYPOTHETICAL COMBINATIONS. 
 
 Coofltituent : — 
 
 Parts per 
 million. 
 
 Total 
 inorpanic 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 Previoiia 
 analysis. 
 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 
 
 4 51 
 32 
 28-3 
 24-3 
 47 6 
 5,7100 
 
 05 
 
 28 
 0-24 
 
 47 
 56 47 
 
 34 32 
 
 1 36 
 3 93 
 
 2. 58 
 OS 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 Ammonium chloride tNH4Clj 
 
 
 
 
 Lithium chloiide (LiCl) 
 
 
 
 
 Sodium chloride ""'aCl) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sodium sulphate (NajSO*) 
 
 3,4700 
 
 138 
 397 (t 
 260 5 
 5-2 
 14. 9 
 
 10-4 
 
 
 
 
 Calcium sulphate (CaSOt) 
 
 
 
 
 Magnesium bicarbonate (Mg(HCOi),) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Olcium phosphate (Ca»(POt)i) 
 
 
 Ferric oxide (FeiOi) 
 
 
 
 
 Silica (SiOi) 
 
 
 
 
 
 10, 111. 03 
 
 too 00 
 
 
 The analysis shows that the water is a sodic, muriated, sulphated 
 (bromic, sulphuretted) water of the saline type. 
 
 The chief constituents may be considered to be sodium chloride (56 
 per cent of total solids), and sodium sulphate (34 per cent). Hydrogen 
 sulphide occurs in notable amount, and it is probable that traces of alkali 
 sulphides are present. Dr. G. H. Baril' of Laval University, Montreal, 
 has pointed out the resemblance between the Viauville water and the 
 Uriage water, a celebrated French medicinal spring. The following table 
 enablescomparisonof the chief constituents of the two springs to be made: — 
 
 Parts per million. 
 
 Hydrogen sulphide 
 
 Sodium chloride 
 
 Potassium chloride 
 
 Lithium chloride 
 
 Cilcium sulphate 
 
 Sodium sulphate 
 
 Sodium bicarbonate 
 
 Total m-neral matter in solution 
 
 460- 
 5,7100 
 47 6 
 24-3 
 
 3,4700 
 
 138 
 
 10,11103 
 
 ^^_ 
 
 • Bttrfl. G. H., L'Eku Mln«nk de VlauTlUe. L'Unloa MCdkale ^u Caiuda, VoL 45. No. 1. p. 36T, 1916. 
 
 "'^.fiiSiL 
 
 mmF^- 
 
79 
 
 The Uriage waters are chiefly used in the treatment of scrofula chronic 
 sk,n d,«.a.,e. and for .yphiiis, especially in association wUh mercurill 
 treatment. Dr. BanI states that Viauvillo wat«r has been used iTsTmUa 
 cases with success. " simuar 
 
 ABENAKIS SPRINGS, QLE. 
 
 (44 ami 4S) 
 The Atenaki.s Springs are situated near St. Fran-ois du I ac Yamisk-, 
 
 Z2T- '" '"' ^■■'"^^ "' '"' "■ ^'""^"^ -"• ^-v-i.hrn,ii;r;::m 
 
 A modern and well equipped hotel has iK-en eslabli hed under the ,„,„ 
 agement of Mr. W.E.Vatt.and special attention ha bien n^d n th^t ^' 
 
 In the west house the well is 1 2 feet deen arH il„„„ »„., 
 bormg 60 fee. deep, from which wa.er fllt'^^aTut , ty /r ^^of ^ 
 an hour. ,n the east house is another flowing wl^ ',2 c« deep' tT 
 waters probably rise from the Hudson River form-, inn .„ ,7' t 
 
 sahne constituents from beds of alkaline a„d"lk:[n"^^^^^^^^^^ 
 limestone. The following results were obtained :- 
 
 SPRING IN WEST HOUSE. 
 
 Laboratory No. 44. 
 
 Sample collected August, 1914 
 
 Temperature U .5°c! (48'F ) 
 
 Flow 
 
 1'^^": Strongly saline. 
 
 f"*'^'""' Alkaline. 
 
 Specific gravity at 15°C 1-0106 
 
 ^'°-^^-'^ Em.a„ation 62 units. 
 
 Dissolved radiur.; ........ 0-5 
 
 . . Emanation in ga^ evolved, 
 
 l^roperties of reaction in per cent. 
 
 Primary salinity 79 . 74 
 
 Secondary salinity 16-20 
 
 Primary alkalinity 
 
 Secondary alkahnity 4. OS 
 
•0 
 AnalysU. 
 
 Con«tituent«:— 
 
 
 Previous 
 analysis. 
 
 Total 
 inorganic 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 Reacting 
 
 value. 
 
 
 Parts per million. 
 
 I'er cent. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 
 754. 
 588 
 
 2 5 
 01 
 17 
 
 trace 
 7,522- 
 15 
 5 
 21 62 
 
 19 22 
 5 
 21 S 
 5 
 479- 
 
 3 8 
 292 7 
 
 10 
 95 1 
 4,285 
 7 65 
 
 
 5 34 
 4 16 
 
 02 
 
 iTso 
 
 11 
 
 015 
 
 14 
 00.1 
 15 
 
 3-40 
 04 
 2 07 
 001 
 067 
 30 36 
 05 
 
 332 
 
 Bicarbonic acid (HCO,) 
 
 Carbonic acid (COt) 
 
 2 03 
 
 Nitric acid (NOg) 
 
 
 
 Nitrous acid (NO,) 
 
 
 
 
 
 44 62 
 
 
 04 
 
 Iodine (I) 
 
 
 Oxygen for Fe,0, & Al,Oi 
 
 Silica (*>iOj) 
 
 
 
 Iron (Fe) 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 .19 
 
 
 04 
 
 
 01 
 
 
 06 
 
 
 01 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 3,1 
 
 
 09 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 14,116 57 
 14,298 
 
 
 100 00 
 
 lOOOO 
 
 Total solids in solution, residue 
 dried at llCC 
 
 Concentra- 
 tion value. 
 
 
 474 93 
 
 Gases: Carbon Dioxide COi. . . . 
 Hydrogen Sulphide HiS. 
 
 c.c. per litre. 
 t.7 
 
 Parts per million, 
 3-3 
 
at 
 
 H\ HETICAL COMBINATIONS. 
 
 Cofiititucnt:— 
 
 Parts per 
 
 mili^on. 
 
 Total 
 
 inorganic 
 matter in 
 Aulution. 
 
 Previoua 
 analysifl. 
 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 
 
 trace 
 i 40 
 
 22-74 
 66 
 
 02 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 (M 
 
 1 19 
 77 19 
 
 7 70 
 
 54 
 
 6 97 
 
 5 45 
 
 10 
 
 
 Sodium nitrate (NaNOi) . . , 
 
 
 Ammonium chloride (NH«CI) 
 
 
 Potauium iodide rKI) . . 
 
 
 
 
 Lithium chloride (LiCI) 
 
 
 
 Potawium chloride (KCI) 
 
 167 ii 
 1 087 12 
 
 
 Sodium chloride (NaCI), . , . 
 
 
 Magnesium chloride (MgClj) 
 
 
 Calcium chloride (CaClj) 
 
 75 76 
 98 J 40 
 
 769 U 
 
 
 Sodium sulphate (Na,SO() 
 
 Magnesium sulphate (MgSOi) 
 
 Calcium sulphate (CaSO,). . . 
 
 
 Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCOi) 
 
 
 Magnesium bicarbonate (MgfUCO,),) 
 
 Calcium bicarbonate (Ca{HCO,),) . 
 
 
 Strontium bicarbonate (Sr(HCOi)i). . . 
 Ferrous bicarbonate {Fe(HCO,),) , 
 
 14 04 
 
 
 Calcium phosphate (CatCPOj),) 
 
 
 Ferric oxide (Ke»Oi) 
 
 7 16 
 
 05 
 
 2y 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 4111 
 
 19-22 
 
 
 Silica (Sio,) ,:::::;::;:: 
 
 
 
 
 
 14,116 56 1 10000 
 
 
 SPRING IN EAST HOUSi:. 
 
 Laboratory No. 45. 
 
 S^^mple collected August, 1914. 
 
 r^mperature 11 -ST. {4S°F.) 
 
 flow 
 
 Taste Saline. 
 
 Reaction 
 
 Specific gravity at 15°C 1 -0108 
 
 Radioactivity Emanation 62 units, 
 
 Dissolved radium 0-5 „ 
 
 Emanation in gas evolver* 
 
 Properties of reaction in per cent. 
 
 Primary salinity 79-08 
 
 Secondary salinity 16-98 
 
 Primary alkalinity 
 
 Secondary alkalinity 3-94 
 
 ^WiM . 
 
82 
 Analyili. 
 
 Conilituenti:— 
 
 Previous 
 analysis.* 
 
 Tot. 
 inorganic 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 Reacting 
 value 
 
 P Is per million. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 i'er cent 
 
 Sulphuric acid {'<\) 
 
 Bicrhonic acid (HCO,) . 
 
 Carbonic aci.1 (COi) 
 
 Nitric acid (NO.) 
 
 Nitrous a-id (.NO,),., 
 Phoiphoric acid (PO,).... 
 Metalwricaiid (RO,),, 
 
 Chlorine (CI) 
 
 Bromine (Br) 
 
 Iodine (I) 
 
 Oxygen for F.!,Oi & AIA 
 
 Silica (SiO,). . 
 
 Iron (Fe) 
 
 Aluminium (Al) 
 
 Manganev; (Mn) 
 
 Calcum (Ca) 
 
 Strontium (Sr) 
 
 Magnesium (Mg) 
 
 Lithiu- (Li) 
 
 Potassium (K) 
 
 Sodium (Na 
 
 Ammonium (NH*) . , , , 
 
 7ii 1,1 
 
 1 4 
 411 
 
 i; 
 trace 
 7, 300 
 ,W 
 8 
 16 Ois 
 
 n 3S 
 
 3 75 
 
 U. 20 
 
 40 
 
 485 3 
 
 : 12 
 
 29J 7 
 
 13 
 
 68 92 
 
 4,169 3 
 
 2 ,55 
 
 772 1 
 478 
 
 6 
 
 8,106 
 
 tt.icc 
 trace 
 
 13 9 
 1 trace 
 
 499, 
 
 32S 5 
 
 40 
 4,578,3 
 
 5 25 
 4 06 
 
 001 
 
 SJ..53 
 22 
 01 
 012 
 
 08 
 ()3 
 12 
 
 3 53 
 05 
 2 14 
 01 
 50 
 30 22 
 002 
 
 3 24 
 1 97 
 
 44~7I 
 08 
 
 5 21 
 04 
 S 21 
 04 
 38 
 39 09 
 03 
 
 Total 
 
 13,749,75 
 
 14,«18 
 
 100 00 
 
 100 00 
 Concentra- 
 tion value. 
 
 463 90 
 
 Total lolidt in solution, residue 
 dried at 110°C 
 
 
 
 
 Carbon Dioxide C0» . , . 
 Hydrogen Sulphide HjS. 
 
 c.c. per litre. 
 10 2 
 
 Parts pel 
 
 20 1 
 
 • By MUtOQ Herwy. Montreal. 190*. 
 
HVOTIIETICAL COMBINATIONS. 
 
 ronitituenl;- 
 
 xjium nitrite 
 .xxjium nitrate 
 Ammonium chlo. de 
 Potawiuni iodide 
 Pdl.isnijm Iiromide 
 lilhiiim cliluride 
 PotiiRsium rhloride 
 Sodium chloride 
 Majtnpiium rhloride 
 Calcium chloride 
 Soiiium Rulphute 
 MiiKnesium sulphate 
 Calcium Bulphnte 
 So<lium bicarbonate 
 MaRnewum hicarlwnate 
 Calc m bicarbonate 
 Strontium bicarbonate 
 Ferrous bicartjonate 
 Calcium phosphate 
 ■^erric oxide 
 Alumina 
 Silica 
 Manganese oxide 
 
 _ Total 
 
 "^r*" P" I inorj^nic 
 million. matter in 
 
 solution. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 (NaNO,) 
 
 (NaNO.) 
 
 {NH.ri) 
 
 (Kl) . 
 
 (KBr) 
 
 (LiCI) 
 
 (KCI).. 
 
 (Nari),. 
 
 (Mud,), 
 
 (CaCI,) 
 
 (Na.SO.) 
 
 (MgSO.) 
 
 (CaSO«) , I 021 no 
 
 (MslHCO,),) 
 
 (Cadlroj.,) 
 
 (^r(llCO,|,i 
 
 (KedlCO.),). 
 
 (Ca.(PO,),) 
 
 (Fe.O.) 
 
 (Al«,), , . 
 
 (SiO,) 
 
 (Mn,0,) 
 
 7M.84 
 17 0-1 
 
 26 
 3 37 
 30 hf 
 II 35 
 ,S1 
 
 13,749 70 
 
 02 
 06 
 01 
 ,12 
 
 Of 
 73 
 77 12 
 » 37 
 09 
 
 5.2') 
 
 12 I 
 
 04 
 
 "22 [ 
 (IS 
 
 IVpvioui 
 ar,. y«ia 
 
 t-ing preset,! ,o the ex^'^of 77 ™, r T ""TT"''' '■"■■'•^'''"™' 
 chloride, and c.kium brcarlna.e ^'othe 'jr/^Jt^'^r 
 Iodides and bromides are also present '"''''' "■""""'■ 
 
 Herse^v'nT/M^'n''"* "f T'"""'"' "'"' "'••" '^^""^ ™« by Milton 
 \l^:!:f<T. ytT'"'' "■^' ""'^ ■="""«'■ ■" — -tion has taken pllce 
 
 li^bi, e„:bTe;:ot:;::''ri-^l^l-- - "-^-«. ^^^^ed out b^ 
 
.^. 
 
 SnHium chloriile 
 MaKnetiuni thlonde 
 Fcrrou* cirtHinAtr 
 Calcium carbonate 
 Sodium sulphate 
 Magnwium carbonate 
 Silica 
 
 ('alcium Bulr-hatf 
 Othrr »a)ti 
 
 (MkCU). 
 (FrVOi). 
 (CaCO,). 
 (Na^SO.) 
 (MkCOi) 
 (SiO.)... 
 (CaSOi) 
 
 Total mineral matter. 
 
 l.JOI 4 
 
 1(),«9« W 
 
 I.IIJ 1 
 
 1,0«7 12 
 
 6S 1 
 1,570 1 
 
 7M J4 
 
 S2 7 
 
 — ~ 
 
 45.7 
 
 IV 22 
 
 
 9«.l 40 
 
 
 Ml IS 
 
 14,411 ) 
 
 14,116 S6 
 
 V\RENNES SPRING. VARENNES, QUE. 
 
 (4») 
 
 Two springs .Kcur about ..,k- mil. norlh .,( the villaRe of Varenno., 
 
 VareI:V,ow„'hip. Verch.res county, Que^ I'^J Z\T itr^^- to 
 
 sliRht slope about 500 yar<l» from the r.„ht bank of ^^^t^ l.aw n« -n'o 
 
 ^kik thV overflow runs. They were examined in 1863 b> itttrry nunt, 
 
 :!;: consl.::^ th:t the w,..er rL .r„m the Utica or Hudson River forma- 
 
 tion a supposition the recent analysis confirms^ . 
 
 They are the property of Mes.,rs. Charles Gurd and ro. of Montreal 
 
 but wat. r is seld<,m Ixittled, and the springs have fallen into disuse. The 
 
 sDrine investigated rises in a well made by an earthenware pipe, .tO in hcs 
 
 Imeter and 10 or 12 feet deep. A considerable evolution of gas, hiefly 
 
 merhlne "curs. The radioactivity of .• sample of the gas was ''.und to b. 
 
 ™0 unk per litre. The radioactivity of the water is high, compare . with 
 
 most of th'e results obtained, but the dissolved ra.iium content is low, and 
 
 the water would soon lose its r.idif --vity when bottled. 
 
 The water may be classified a. . strongly mineralized, ^'-■'"-«"'^'' 
 muriltti alkalineiline water. StKiium chloride e—tes 4 per «nt 
 of the mineral matter in solution, and magnesium btcarbonate 10 per cent^ 
 The water should be valuable from a therapeutic standpoint. It bears 
 some resemblance to the springs at Kissingen in Bavaria. 
 The results cf the analysis are as follows-.— 
 
 VARENNES SPRING. 
 
 Laboratory No. 48. 
 
 Sample collected '^^^^'1% 
 
 Temperature 
 
 Flow 
 
 Taste 
 
 Reaction 
 
 Specific gravity at 15°C. 
 
 8.6°C. (47.5°F.) 
 
 Considerable, 
 
 Sahne. 
 
 .Alkaline. 
 
 .1009 
 
""•"~"'''">- Emanation muni,, 
 
 OiiMilvcd radium.. 9J 
 
 Kmanation in gat ovolvi-d 810 
 
 Pnipr 'ties o( reaction III per crn I. " 
 
 Primary salinity 8882 
 
 Secondary salinity. . 22 
 
 ""rimary alk.Jinity 
 
 !iecondary alltalinity .10 96 
 
 Analyih. 
 
 Conitituentt:- 
 
 Siilphurir .u;i(l 
 Birarbontf ai id 
 Carljonir ai id 
 Nirrif acid 
 Nitrouii acid 
 I'hoiiphoric acid 
 Mpliilioric acid 
 ( hlorine 
 Bromine 
 I<)dine 
 Onygen for AliOi, . 
 
 Silifa 
 
 Iron 
 
 Alum ium 
 
 Man^aneae 
 
 Calcium 
 
 StTOiitium 
 
 Magneaium 
 
 Lithium 
 
 Potamuni 
 
 Sodium 
 
 Ammonium 
 
 Total 
 
 (SO.) . 
 (HCO,) 
 (CO,) 
 (NO,) 
 (NO,) . 
 (iM.) , 
 (HO,) . 
 (CD.. . 
 (Br) 
 (I) , 
 
 (WO,) 
 
 (Fe)., 
 
 (Al)., 
 
 (Mn).. 
 
 (Ca) . 
 
 (Sr) ... 
 
 (Mg).. 
 
 (Li) . . . 
 
 (K) .. 
 
 (Na)... 
 
 (NH.). 
 
 Total „|id, i„ „imio„ residue 
 dried at llO'C 
 
 Previous 
 analysis. 
 
 Parts per millio 
 
 I .1 
 1,28! 
 
 060 5 
 in 
 7 
 
 3 2S 
 
 1$ « 
 7 
 .17 
 06 
 99 5 
 12 
 200. 
 
 4 6 
 84.5 
 
 3, 858. 2 
 
 11,6J4 01 
 
 11,220 
 
 Carbon Dioxide CO, 
 Hydrogen Sulphide H,S. 
 
 c.c. per litre. 
 
 Total 
 inorganic 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 Per 
 
 cent. 
 
 01 
 11 US 
 
 32 08 
 1! 
 
 14 
 0] 
 
 86 
 
 01 
 
 1 72 
 04 
 
 7.1 
 3.M5 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 001 
 5 4S 
 
 44 4S 
 06 
 
 1 JO 
 
 4 28 
 17 
 56 
 4.1 68 
 
 lOO IH) 
 Concentra- 
 tion value. 
 
 384 09 
 
 Parts per million. 
 
 u. 
 
 ■■J,' '* '^ 
 
 -■"• *; 
 
36 
 HYPOTHETICAL COMBINATIONS. 
 
 CooBtituent :^ 
 
 Parts per 
 minion. 
 
 Total 
 inorganic 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 Previous 
 analysis. 
 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 
 Sodium nitrite (NaNOi) 
 
 07 
 
 1 00 
 
 26 77 
 
 27 .Q2 
 144 23 
 
 9,810 00 
 18 06 
 
 1 86 
 
 1,173 10 
 402 % 
 
 2 W 
 2 23 
 
 6 98 
 15 80 
 18 
 
 01 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 1 24 
 
 84. 13 
 l.S 
 
 02 
 
 10 08 
 3 46 
 002 
 002 
 
 II T'l 
 
 , ; 
 
 
 Sodium nitrate {NaNO») 
 
 Ammonium chlorif^s {NH«C1) 
 
 
 Potassium iodide (Kl) 
 
 
 Potassium 'jromide (KBr) 
 
 
 Lithium chloride (LiCI). . . . 
 
 
 Potassium chloride (KCl) 
 
 
 Sodium chloride (NaCI) 
 
 
 Magnesium chloride (MgClj). . 
 
 
 Calcium chloride (CaCU) 
 
 
 Sodium sulphate (NaiSO*) 
 
 
 Magnesium sulphate (MgSO*) 
 
 
 Calcium sulphate (CaSOi) . 
 
 
 Sodiur bicarbonate (\aHCO,). 
 
 
 Magnesium bicarbonate {Mg(HCO,),) 
 
 Calcium bicarbonate {Ca(HCO,),) 
 
 
 Strontium bicarbonate (SrCHCO,,),) 
 
 
 Ferrous bicarbonate (Fe(HCOi)») 
 
 
 Calcium phosphate (Cai(POOt). . . 
 
 
 Feme oxide (Fc,0|V. 
 
 
 Alumina (AI,0,j 
 
 Silica (SiOj) 
 
 
 Manganous bicarbonate (Mn(HCOi)O. 
 
 
 
 
 
 11,634 01 1 100 00 
 
 
 RICHELIEU SPRING, GRAND COTEAU, CHAMBLY BASIN, QUE. 
 
 This spring is situated on a plateau, in area ahout two acres. Bcliiw 
 the sprinR the ground is marshy, and slopes gradually to the Richciitu 
 river. The water rises in a cement pit about fifteen Icct in depth, which 
 penetrates the clay overlying the Hudson River formation. The well has 
 a capacity of ,3000 gallons, and if pumped dry, takes two days to refill. 
 The spring was the property of Mr. George Tetreau of Montreal. It was 
 the subject of examination by Dr. Sterry Hunt on th.ec occasions, in 1851, 
 1852, and 1864, when slight changes of concentration were observed. 
 Prof. G. H. Baril.of Laval University, Montreal, carried out an exhaustive 
 analysis in 1913, and his results, compared with those obtained recently, 
 show similar slight variations. 
 
 The water is a moderately mineralized, sodic, muriated, bicarbonated 
 water of the alkaline-saline type. The chief constituents may be consider- 
 ed to be sodium bicarbonate (58 per cent), ai.d sodium chloride (33 per cent). 
 
 Prof. Baril states that the water is of value in the treatment of urinary 
 diseases and of the digestive organs— sodium chloride stimulating the stcre- 
 tion of the glands. It is also prescribed for diseases of the biliary or renal 
 lithiasis, chronic rheumatism, gout, and obesity. 
 
 »^. 
 
 •■V- 
 
 J 
 
 k IV 
 
87 
 
 RICHELIEU SPRING. 
 Laboratory No. 49. 
 
 Sample cullucted Aukum, 1QI4. 
 
 Ti-miwrature 9.4°^ (4i),o°F ) 
 
 F'"»' Small. 
 
 ^''^"^: SliKhlly swwt and pleasant. 
 
 •*'■■"■""" .Mkaline. 
 
 Specifir gravity at 15°C 1 0028 
 
 Radi.iactivity Kmanation 
 
 Dissolved radium 
 
 , , Kmanation in gas evolved 
 
 Properties of reaction in per cent. 
 
 I'rimarj' salinity. . . 
 Secondary salinity. 
 
 Primary alkalinity 51-80 
 
 Secondary alkalinity 600 
 
 Analysis. 
 
 104 units. 
 
 .42-20 
 
 Constituents; — 
 
 Sulphuric acid (SO«) . .. 
 
 BiLarbonic acid (MCO,).. 
 
 C'ar[>onic acid (t'Oj) 
 
 Nitric acid (NO;). 
 
 Nitrous acid (NO3) , 
 
 Phosphoric acid (FO^) 
 
 Metalraric acid (BO^) , 
 
 Chlorine (CI) 
 
 Bromine (Brj 
 
 Mine (I)... "■■ 
 
 Oxygen to form Al,0, 
 
 
 
 I'rr\-i<)ii9 
 
 
 1 
 
 analysi:,.* 
 
 Pan' 
 
 per 
 
 nulli()n. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X'* 
 
 
 \22S 
 
 
 .■•KO 00 
 
 , Total 
 inorganic 
 matter in 
 r^oliition. 
 
 cr cent, 
 
 01 
 47 «0 
 
 React ing 
 value. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 0,: 
 2« QO 
 
 Silica 
 
 (SiOj),. 
 
 Iron 
 
 (Fe) 
 
 Aluminium 
 
 (AD... 
 
 Manganese. 
 
 (Mn).... 
 
 
 (Ca). 
 
 Strontium 
 Magnesium 
 
 Lithium 
 
 (Sr) 
 
 (Mk) 
 
 (Li) 
 
 Poiassiiini 
 
 (K) 
 
 Sodium 
 
 (Na).. 
 
 Ammonium 
 
 (NIL) 
 
 free carbon dioxide.. . 
 
 Total 
 
 
 Total sftlids in solution, 
 residue dried at UO''C 
 
 Gases; Carbon Pioxide COj 
 
 Hydrogen Sulphide HjS. 
 
 • Analydig by G, II. Baril, Ijival fii 
 
 :. per litre. 
 
 Parts per millioii. 
 
No. 49. 
 
 88 
 HYPOTHETICAL COMBINATIONS. 
 
 Sodium nitrite 
 Sodium nitrate 
 Ammonium chloride 
 Potassium iodide 
 Potassium bromide 
 Lithium chloridf 
 Potassium chloride 
 Sodium chiofide 
 Magnesium chloride 
 Calcium chloride 
 Sodium sulphate 
 Magnesium sulphate 
 Calcium sulphate 
 Sodium bicarbonate 
 Magnesium bitarljonate 
 Calcium bicirlionate 
 Strontium bicarbonate 
 Ferrous bicarbonate 
 Calcium phosphate 
 Ferric oxide 
 Alumina 
 Silica 
 
 RADNOR FORGES SPRING. CHAMPLAIN COVKTV, QUE. 
 
 (S2) 
 
 ». ■ ■ 7T' ' ■°'" ""'' T'"^ '" '"'"'■'' ^^ ""= ^^'^"°' Water Co., of Montreal 
 whir^l ,T "^^'"- " "^' f™" " <^""'"8 '2 feet in the rock 
 
 »h,ch wa> put down to .ncrcase the flow of the original source, and it issue 
 under considerable pressure with a steady flow of 1500 gallons per hour 
 11<i , '."'^,°™ °f,*e most temporarily radioactive waters found, possessing 
 345 un.ts of actmty, but the dissolved radium content is small and on that 
 
 for more than a few days. The water has a pleasant, slightly saline taste, 
 and IS a very .satisfactory mineral water for oottling purpose- It is a 
 
 honate. It would be useful therapeutically in the treatment of disorders 
 watetarb:':;:^!!"'" "" °*" ''-^-^ '- -^-^ -«^-^<e,y saline 
 
 .*--. 
 
 i 
 
 -"-*'.. 
 
 
 3^ 
 
 t", 
 
 *"% 
 
RADNOR FORGES SPRING. 
 
 Laboratory No. S2. 
 
 Sample collected ScptcmlKr, 1914. 
 
 Temperature 9.0°C. (4g°F ) 
 
 1^°^ 20 gall', OH per min. 
 
 X"""': Pleasantly saline. 
 
 ^^'^fmn Alkaline. 
 
 Specific gravity at 15°C 1 .OOl.i 
 
 Radioactivity Emanation 
 
 Dissolved radium 0-3 
 
 . , Emanation in gas evolved . 
 
 i'roperties of reaction in per cent. 
 
 Primary salinity 68-76 
 
 Secondary salinity 18-24 
 
 Primary alltalinity 
 
 Secondary alkalinity 13-00 
 
 Analysis. 
 
 34.S units 
 
 Constituents: — 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 Birarbonic acid 
 
 Carbonic acid 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 Nitrous acid 
 
 Phosphoric acid 
 
 Metaboric acid 
 
 Chlorine 
 
 Bromine 
 
 Iodine 
 
 Oxygen to form 
 
 Silica 
 
 Iron 
 
 Aluminium 
 
 Manganese 
 
 Calcium 
 
 Strontium 
 
 Magnesium 
 
 I-ithium 
 
 Potassium 
 
 Sodium 
 
 Ammonium 
 
 Total 
 
 Total solids in solution 
 residue dried at I IilX 
 
 (SO,).... 
 (HCO,).. 
 (CO.)... 
 
 (NO,)... 
 
 (NO,)... 
 
 (PO,)... 
 
 (BO,)... 
 
 (CI) 
 
 (Br) 
 
 (I) 
 
 A1,0, .... 
 
 (SiO,)..., 
 
 (Fe) 
 
 (Al) 
 
 (Mn) 
 
 (Ca) 
 
 (Sr) 
 
 (Mg) 
 
 (I.i) 
 
 (K) 
 
 (Na) 
 
 (NH.). ... 
 
 Gases: Carbon Dioxide CO- 
 
 Hydrogen Sulphide H,S 
 
 • Br J. T. Donald. Montreal. 1894. 
 
 Previous 
 analysis.* 
 
 Total I 
 inorganic Reacting 
 
 matter in value, 
 
 solution. 
 
 Parts per million. 
 
 105 
 221 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 869 
 1 
 
 2 
 11 
 2. 
 2 
 
 97 
 
 57 
 
 1.) 
 
 47« 
 
 
 c.c. per litre 
 3 2 
 
 1 14 -9 
 344 5 
 
 880. 5 
 6 2 
 
 14 S 
 trace 
 
 II 
 620.1 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 5 ,56 
 12 <)) 
 
 46. 01 
 09 
 
 13 
 62 
 Oil 
 14 
 
 5 14 
 
 3 02 
 
 74 
 25 31 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 3 58 
 6 50 
 
 010 
 
 39.78 
 004 
 
 11 
 
 7 89 
 
 7^62 
 
 .58 
 33 80 
 
 100 00 
 Concentra- 
 tion value 
 61 SO 
 
 Parts per million. 
 6 3 
 
90 
 HYPOTHETICAL COMBINATIONS. 
 
 Const 
 
 tuent : — 
 
 Parts per 
 million. 
 
 Total 
 inorganic 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 Prc\-ious 
 analysis.* 
 
 
 Percent. 
 
 
 Sodium nilrite 
 Sodium nitrate 
 
 (NaNCW 
 
 5 35 
 05 
 
 2 50 
 
 24 96 
 
 1,212 22 
 
 163.09 
 
 76-16 
 62 63 
 
 318.25 
 
 6. 32 
 trace 
 
 5 10 
 11 80 
 
 29 
 
 U13 
 
 1 32 
 64 20 
 
 8 64 
 
 4 03 
 3. 32 
 
 16 85 
 033 
 
 27 
 62 
 
 
 (NaNO,) 
 
 
 Ammonium chloride 
 
 (NH.Cl) 
 
 
 Potassium iodide 
 
 (KI)..., . 
 
 
 Potassium bromide 
 Lithium chloride 
 
 (KBr) 
 
 (LiCh... 
 
 SO 
 
 Potassium chloride 
 
 (KXI) 
 
 
 Sodium chloiide 
 
 (NaCI) ■■ 
 
 
 Magnesium chloride 
 Calcium chloride 
 
 (MgCl,) 
 
 
 (CaCl,) 
 
 
 Sodium sulphate 
 Magnesium sulphate 
 Calcium sulphate 
 Sodium bicarbonate 
 Magnesium bicarbonate 
 Calcium bicarlonate 
 Strontium bicarbonate 
 Ferrous bicarbonate 
 Calcium phosphate 
 Ferric oxide 
 
 (NaiSO.) 
 
 (MgSO.) 
 
 (CaSO.) ■ 
 
 21 
 126 2 
 
 iNaHCO,) 
 
 (MgiHCO,),) 
 
 (Ca(HCO,W 
 
 169. 7 
 
 (Sr(HCO,),). . , 
 
 
 (Fe(HCO.),) 
 
 
 (Ca.(PO,),). , . 
 
 trace 
 
 (Fe,o,). ...;:::■■ 
 
 
 
 (A1,0,) 
 
 
 
 (Sift) 
 
 
 
 
 14 5 
 
 
 1,888.43 
 
 100 00 
 
 2, 069 9 
 
 
 ST. LEON SPRIN,;, ST. LEON, MASKINONGE COUNTY, QUE. 
 
 (S3) 
 Thus spring was once the site of a flourishing sanitorium, which is 
 now ,n ruins. Water from it was bottled by the St. I.eon Mineral vVate Co 
 of Toronto, but nothing has been done during the last few ycar.s. The 
 
 the 1 r^u o'"!''" '-'"■*'' "•'^"' "^"^ '^'K'" fc<^' ^'i"^"'' 20 feet from 
 the bank of the Riviire-du-Loup, into which the overflow of 100 gallon^ 
 an hour empties. giiiui.s 
 
 The geologic formation of the neighbourhood is tht- Hudson River 
 Gas ,s evo ved from the spring in considerable c|uantiti. , its chief con: 
 s ttuen, bemg methane^ The radioactivity of a sample was not found as 
 high as usual for gases of similar origin. 
 
 Analysis shows the water to be a strongly mineralized, sotlir. muriated 
 sahne (carburetted) water. ■"unaica. 
 
 ■By J. T. Donald. Montreal. 1894. 
 
 1\ 
 
 "^^ 
 
Previous 
 analysig.* 
 
 21 1 
 
 1,43S.4 
 
 21 
 126 
 
 169 7 
 294 
 trace 
 
 91 
 
 ST. LEON SPRING. 
 
 Laboratory No. &3. 
 
 Sample collected Septumber. 1914. 
 
 Temperature u ■ 7°C. (48°F.) 
 
 '^'°* 1 J Rullons per minute. 
 
 Taste Saline. 
 
 Reacti<jn 
 
 Specific gravity at 15'C 1 0106. 
 
 Radioactivity Emanation 39 units. 
 
 Dissolved radium 2-2 „ 
 
 f'-manation in gas evolved . 140 
 
 Properties of reaction in per cent. 
 
 Primary salinity 82 '18 
 
 Secondary salinity 5.94 
 
 Primary alkalinity. 
 
 Secondary alkalinity 1 1 . 88 
 
 ______ Analysis. 
 
 Constituents: — 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 Hicarbonic acid 
 Carbonic acid 
 Nitric acid 
 Nitrous acid 
 Phosphoric acid 
 Metaboric acid 
 C hiorine 
 Bromini; 
 Iodine 
 Oxynen for FctO, 
 
 Silica 
 
 Iron 
 
 Aluminium 
 
 M.uisanese 
 
 Cdlcium 
 
 Strontium 
 
 Mannesiuni 
 
 l-ithium 
 
 Potapsi u rn 
 
 Sodium 
 
 Ammonium 
 
 (SO,),,.. 
 (HCO,)., 
 (CO,)... 
 (NO.)... 
 (XO,),.. 
 (PO.)... 
 (BOi),.. 
 
 (c:i) 
 
 (Br) 
 
 (I) 
 
 & Al,0,, 
 
 (SiOi), 
 
 (Fe)... 
 
 i.M).. 
 
 (Mn).. 
 
 (Ca)... 
 
 (Sr).... 
 
 (Mr).. 
 
 (I.i),,.. 
 
 CO ... 
 
 (.\a)... 
 
 (NH,).. 
 
 total 
 inorRanic 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 Reacting 
 value. 
 
 Percent. Percent. 
 
 01 
 5-94 
 
 Total. 
 
 Total solids in solution, residue! 
 
 fJTKd at 11()''(; ., I i.s,7')6 
 
 Cases: Carbon Dioxide COi. 
 Hydrogen Sulphide H2S, . 
 
No. 53. 
 
 52 
 HYTOTHETICAL COMBINATIONS. 
 
 Const it uent:- 
 
 Sodium nitrite 
 Sodium nitrate 
 Ammonium cliloride 
 Potassium iodide 
 Pota-wium bromide 
 Lithium chloride 
 Potassium chloride 
 Sodium chloride 
 Magnesium chloride 
 Calcium chloride 
 ^dium sulphate 
 Magnesium sulphate 
 Calcium sulphate 
 Sodium bicarbonate 
 Magnesium bicarbonate 
 Calcium bicarljonate 
 Strontium bicarbonate 
 rerrous bicarbonate 
 Calcium phosphate 
 Ferric oxide 
 Alumina 
 Silica 
 Aiangancse oxide 
 
 (NaXO,).... 
 uN'aNO,)... 
 
 (NH.CI) 
 
 (KI) 
 
 (KBr) 
 
 (LiCI) 
 
 (KCl) 
 
 (NaCI), , . 
 
 (Mgc) : 
 
 (CaCI.) , . . 
 (Na,SO, 
 
 iMgso.j .,.;: 
 
 (CaSO.) 
 
 (NaHCO,).... 
 (Mg(HCO,),). 
 (CalHCO,),).. 
 (Sr{HCO.),).., 
 (Fc(MCO.),) . 
 (Ca,(PO,),). . . 
 
 (KejO.) 
 
 (AI.O,) 
 
 (SIO.) 
 
 (Mn,0,)... 
 
 Parts per 
 million. 
 
 trace 
 102 
 
 Total 
 inorganic 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 Per 
 
 cent. 
 
 5<> 
 3 
 
 38 
 
 3 
 
 269 
 
 10,809 
 
 650 
 
 1,544. 70 
 
 508.68 
 
 681 
 
 trace 
 4 29 
 23 00 
 31 50 
 015 
 
 01 
 043 
 03 
 028 
 
 02 
 
 1 93 
 7-.J4 
 
 4 66 
 
 11. 07 
 3 64 
 05 
 
 03 
 0-16 
 23 
 
 Previous 
 analysis. 
 
 POTTON SPRING, POTION TOWNSHIP. BROME CO., QUE, 
 
 (54) 
 This sulphur spring flows frotn ■^ crevice in tlie mountain side close to 
 Pot on Spnngs station, on the Canaulan Pacific railway branch ine'te^Teen 
 
 ^~Meip^h:i^j:r ™' "' '"^ ''''""""'■ -' -''■- ^'^"^^" 
 
 A sanitorium has been built by Mr. J. A. Wright, near the spring 
 and numerous visitors take the cure. The water is lightly mineralLd and 
 Z Hnlei^th-'"''",!"™"' °' '■^''™«^" sulphide^n 'spite of slate 
 
 type^'the' ht'Zhit-'°l'^ ' calcic, sodic bicarbona.ed water of the alkaline 
 ZTJ ^ P"'''^"'^^' ~n>binations indicate that calcium, magnesium 
 and ^sodtum bicarbonates, together form 7S per cent of the t,;tal s'olidT,: 
 
 -i 
 
POTTON SPRIN(;. 
 
 Laboratory No. 54. 
 
 Sample collected SoptemlxT, 1914. 
 
 Temperature 100°C. (50°F.) 
 
 ''"*' 1 gallon por minute. 
 
 I^^'': Siitiht taste of hy.lroRcn sulphide 
 
 Reaction Alkaline. 
 
 Specific gravity at 1S°C 1 0002. 
 
 Radioactivity Emanation 
 
 Dissolved radium. . . 
 . Emanation in gas evolved. 
 
 Properties of reaction in per cent. 
 
 Primary salinity 19-30 
 
 Secondary salinity 
 
 Primary alicalinity 1 1 . 70 
 
 Secondary alkalinity 69 00 
 
 Analysis. 
 
 280 units. 
 
 Constituent: — 
 
 Sulphuric a 
 
 id 
 icid 
 id 
 
 1 
 
 acid 
 cid 
 
 (S0«) . 
 
 
 Bicarbonic 
 Carbonic ai 
 
 (IICO,).... 
 (CO,) 
 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 (NO,) 
 
 
 Nitrous aci 
 
 (NO,) 
 
 
 Piiocphoric 
 
 (PO,)... 
 
 
 Metaboric r 
 
 (BOi) 
 
 
 Chlorine 
 
 (CI).. 
 
 
 Bron-.ipe 
 
 
 
 Iodine 
 
 (I). .:::::: 
 
 
 Silica 
 
 (SiO,) 
 
 
 Iron. 
 
 (Fe) 
 
 :) 
 
 Aluminium 
 Manga neae 
 
 (Al) 
 
 (Mn) 
 
 Calcium 
 
 (Ca) 
 
 
 Strontium 
 
 (Sr) 
 
 
 Magnesium 
 
 (.Mr) 
 
 
 Lithium 
 
 (Li). : 
 
 
 Potassium 
 
 (K)... 
 
 
 Sodium 
 
 (Na) 
 
 
 Ammonium 
 
 (NH.) 
 
 
 Total. . 
 
 
 
 Total solida 
 dried at 
 
 in solution, resic 
 
 lo'c ; 
 
 ue 
 
 
 Previous 
 analyds. 
 
 Parts per million. 
 
 Gases: Crirbon Uioxide CO, 
 
 Hydrogen Sulphide HiS. 
 
 .5 7 
 123. 
 
 9 
 13 
 
 23-6 
 
 61 
 0.01 
 96 
 17. 16 
 DOS 
 
 C.C. per litre. 
 14 4 
 6 
 
 Total 
 inorganic 
 matter in 
 -solution. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 1. 84 
 61 3(1 
 
 4-93 
 6S 
 
 11 73 
 
 3. 04 
 
 048 
 8 56 
 02 
 
 100 00 
 
 Reacting 
 vuiue. 
 
 1 5.5 
 40 35 
 
 23. 53 
 
 10 05 
 
 002 
 48 
 14-94 
 0-06 
 
 100 00 
 Concentra- 
 tion value. 
 500 
 
 Parts per million. 
 
 33 
 
 1-0 
 
No. M. 
 
 94 
 
 HYPOTHETICAL COMBINATIONS. 
 
 Constituent: — 
 
 Parts per 
 million. 
 
 Sodium nitriit; 
 Sodium nitrate 
 Ammonium rltioritle 
 Potajisium ioUido 
 PotUftaium brotni.JL' 
 l-ltliium rMoriiif 
 l'ol.i>.^iu.u ililuridc 
 Stxiiuiii , III,,, 1,1,. 
 Mamn-smiii I hl.jtidf 
 t alcium chloride 
 SiHlium sulphate 
 .Maitne.siiim .sulphate 
 ' .lIlilllM Milph.ii,. 
 
 M. 
 
 I 1,1, 
 
 irl„, 
 
 t'ahl 
 
 h'le.^i 
 
 I l,i,., 
 
 ,rl».i 
 
 irlHinale 
 Strontium bii..,tKjnate 
 rcrrous l,t,,,rtMtiiatL- 
 Calcium phosph.ite 
 1-errie oxide 
 Alumina 
 Silica 
 
 (NaNOj) . 
 l.N'a.NI),)... 
 I.MIiCI) ... 
 
 IKll 
 
 IKHr) 
 
 Il.illl . . 
 (Kl'l) .... 
 (Natl) . 
 
 (.mkci,) ...: 
 
 (CaCI,) 
 
 ( Na.SO.) 
 
 IMrSI).).... 
 
 IC.i'^D.l . 
 
 IN.ilH IJ.l 
 
 l.\l|i HO),),) 
 (t alllll),),). 
 ISrlHCO.),). 
 (KelliCO,!,) 
 «'a,,lPO.),).. 
 
 (Fc,IJ,) 
 
 (AW.) 
 
 (SiO,) 
 
 I ;7 
 
 15 
 
 06 
 
 1 «J 
 74 
 
 Total 
 inornanit IVevioM 
 
 inariiT in analyort. 
 
 S8 
 07 
 
 n 0,1 I 
 
 (t 91 I 
 10 M 
 
 24 61 
 
 U 2.1 
 
 .16 70 
 
 18 .10 
 
 •>S SS 
 
 47 5J 
 
 2f) 65 
 
 PH.LUDOR SPRING. ST. HVACINTHE, ST. HYACINTIIE CO.. t,l,E. 
 
 (5S) 
 Several springs occur in the neighbourhood of St. Hyacinlhc Philt.rfor 
 
 Naptiloon S,lt. ,n Iht- parish of S,. Hyacin.ho k- ConfLcur. It is" cs 
 
 Ss^:;,x=;ij— -t,t;x=-;£s 
 
 . . Analysis shtjws the water to Ix; a motleratcly ntiner.-.lizetl sodic muriated 
 I car,,„„„ rf, alkatne-saline water. Sodium chloride forms 65 p r „t 
 
 con, I I f , '" ?'"''"'■ ■"^'K""'"'" -J calcium bicarbonate. 12^ 
 cent, and sodium bicarbonate 18 per cent. ^ 
 
 . e ^jIv z iiii «::yi-v:. tsi . 
 
 ^.-■;j-:) - 
 
 
95 
 
 , t . PMILInOR SPRINT, 
 
 Laboratory No. S5. 
 
 S,m,pk. cllecu-d S..p„.n,lH.r, 1014 
 
 rempc-raeurc ^.^,^. „^ 
 
 riow. ... A II 
 
 j.^^^^ A Kulliin ixT miniilp. 
 
 ■ Slighily s.line with indinitions „f 
 
 Reaction... I'Vlrot.™ sulphi,!... 
 
 SpocihcKravity at 15°C.. | n(,4,, 
 
 ''*^"'™^ ;rr"" ""*"'-■ 
 
 IJiss<»lvt*(l radium 4^ 
 
 n • , f'.-ni.inalidii in gas t-vnlvrd 
 
 Properties of reaction in per rent. 
 
 Primary salinity "5(10 
 
 SiTondary sa'inily 
 
 Piimary alkalinity i,j.i;x 
 
 Seeonda'y alkalinity l\':,l 
 
 A.ialysls. 
 
 Constituents: — 
 
 .'iulphuric acid 
 Biinrtionic acid 
 t-'arbonic acid 
 Nitric acid 
 Nitrons acid 
 i'hosphnric arid 
 Mftalioric acid 
 ( hloriiie 
 t^romitie 
 Iodine 
 
 Silica 
 
 Iron 
 
 Aluminiutn 
 
 Man;-anese 
 
 falcium 
 
 Strontium 
 
 .^Iagncsium 
 
 I ithium 
 
 Potasriium 
 
 Sodium 
 
 .Anmior-.inm 
 
 (SO.)... 
 (HCO,)., 
 (CO,).. 
 
 (NO,)... 
 
 (NO,)... 
 
 (I'O,).. 
 
 (B(J,).. 
 
 (CI). .. 
 
 (Br).. 
 
 (I) 
 
 (SiO,) 
 (Ke).. 
 (Al).. 
 (Mn). 
 (Ca) . 
 (Sr) . . 
 
 (Me).. 
 (I.i)... 
 (K).... 
 (.Va) .. 
 (NH,). 
 
 Previous 
 anal>tii9. 
 
 Parts per million. 
 
 Total 
 Inorganic 
 .iiattcr in 
 solution. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Total solids in solution, residu 
 dried at llO°r 
 
 t^artion Dioxide CO,. 
 Hydrojjcn Sulphide H,S. 
 
 19 5 
 1,130 
 
 liW.iO 
 7 
 
 14 S I 
 
 6 
 j4 f 
 trace 
 64 1 
 
 SO.i I 
 1.48.V4 ,1 
 
 ..I 4,;«i).68 
 
 React in, 
 value. 
 
 Pe 
 
 nt. 
 
 41 
 2S SO 
 
 40 ,57 
 15 
 
 ,10 
 10 
 
 01 
 
 1 14 
 
 1 OS 
 .11 01 
 
 27 
 12 .SO 
 
 37 (to 
 06 
 
 1 84 
 3 56 
 
 87 
 43 62 
 
 100 00 100 1)0 
 
 t^'onceiitra- 
 
 I tion vjilue. 
 
 : HS U 
 
 Parts per million. 
 
 # . •:_, . _ 
 
96 
 
 HYPOTHETICAL COMBINATIONS. 
 
 Coiuiituenl;— 
 
 IMrt» per 
 million. 
 
 , Total 
 inorijanic 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 Prevjoua 
 analyiii. 
 
 
 Percent. 
 
 
 Sxlium nifrilc (NaNO»).. . 
 Soiliiim nitra'i (NaNOi) 
 
 trace 
 21 58 
 01 
 
 10 J6 
 
 SO 8 
 3,132-5 
 
 28 82 
 
 868. 5 
 385.7 
 221 
 trace 
 14-95 
 
 14 5 
 
 i <n 
 
 45 
 
 Of!! 
 
 1 37 
 65 42 
 
 60 
 
 18 U 
 8 05 
 4. 61 
 
 0-31 
 
 31 
 U4 
 
 
 Potatwium iodidf (KI), , .. 
 
 
 Potawtiuiii hromidc (KBr) 
 
 
 Lithium t-hloridc (LiCI) 
 
 
 
 
 Sodium chloride {Natl) 
 
 
 ManofBium chloride (MrCIj) ... 
 Calfium chloride (C-i-l,) 
 
 
 Sodium «ulpha(e (Na.SO,) 
 
 MaitneRium sulphate ( MrSO,) 
 
 Call iuni Fulphjte (CaSO,) . . 
 
 
 Sxlhjm hicarbonate (N;tHCO,) 
 
 
 MaKiieaiiini hiairlwnate (MgdKl),),) 
 
 Calcium bicarbonate (('alHCOi)i) . 
 
 
 
 
 Ffrrous jicarbouate (Fe(H('{),),). . 
 
 
 Calcium phoHphute iCai' l'0,)i) 
 
 Ferric t'jude (FejO,) 
 
 
 
 
 Silira (SiO,) 
 
 MatiKinous bicarbonate (MinHCOjJjJ 
 
 
 
 4.78y oti 
 
 I Oil 00 
 
 
 SPRING AT LA PROVIDENCE, ST. HYACINTHE. 
 
 (56) 
 
 The spring, on the farm of the Sisters of La Metairic, at the village of 
 La Providence, is situated at the foot of a slope. It is enclosed in a wooflen 
 casing, and the water is 10 feet deep. Occasional bubbles of gas, chiefly 
 methane, rise to the surface. 
 
 This water is considerably more alkaline and less mineralized than the 
 Philudor water, though they both issue from the Hudson River formation. 
 It tan be similarly classified, however, as a sodic, muriated, bicarbonated, 
 alkaline-saline (carburetted) water. Sodium bicarbonate may be con- 
 sidered to constitute 59 per cent of the total inorganic matter in solution. 
 
 SPRING AT LA PROVIDENCE. 
 
 l. Moratory No. 56. 
 
 Sample collected September, 1914. 
 
 Temperature 9-4°C. (49°F.) 
 
 Flow Small. 
 
 Taste Saline. 
 
 bit 
 
 *■■■■ 
 
 "%J^i 
 

97 
 
 ""•^.'j"" Alk.ilim-. 
 
 >'pccific gravity at 13*C | .0025 
 
 Radioactivitv. . i.-™ „ .■ 
 
 ^ tmana.Mm ,,2 unit. 
 
 Utssolvid radium o-5 
 
 » r. [)crtie!. of reaction in per cent. " 
 
 I'rim.iry salinity 44-80 
 
 Sccomljry salinity 
 
 Primary alkitliniiy. . . . 5206 
 Secondary alkalinity. .. 3.14 
 
 Analyiit. 
 
 fomtituent*:— 
 
 Siil|.hiiriracid 
 (licarlionic arid 
 Cartjonic acid 
 Nitric acid 
 Nitrou* arid 
 Phosphoric ari<| 
 M<-t,i[>oric acid 
 Chlorine 
 Bromine 
 Iodine 
 
 Oxygtn for Ft,0, & AI,0,. 
 
 Pilira 
 
 Iron 
 
 Aluminium 
 
 Manganese 
 
 Calcium 
 
 Stroniiiini 
 
 Magnexiiim 
 
 Lithium * 
 
 PotasHi ,pj 
 
 Sodium 
 
 Ammoniupi 
 
 (SO.l.. 
 (HCO.) 
 «'(),).. 
 
 (NO,).. 
 («)■).. 
 
 (BO,).. 
 
 (CJ).... 
 (Br),.,, 
 (I) 
 
 (A!) . . 
 (Mn). . 
 (Ca),., 
 (Sr).,. 
 (Ms).. 
 (Li).., 
 (K),.,, 
 (Na), , , 
 (NH,). 
 
 Total.. 
 
 '■■olal solij, in solution, residue! 
 dried at 110°C ' 
 
 Carbon Dioxide CO,. 
 Hydrogen Sulphide H,S. 
 
 Prvvinu^ 
 analyi,. 
 
 Parti per million. 
 
 a OS 
 
 l,JW- 
 
 S 4 
 trace 
 
 trare 
 Ml- 
 trace 
 
 14 6 
 11.0 
 
 2,986 52 
 
 C.C. per litre. 
 1-2 
 
 Total 
 inorganic 
 matter in 
 
 ■olution. 
 
 Pert 
 
 ?nt. 
 
 II 117 
 45 84 
 
 ll, 
 49 
 
 024 I 
 J7 
 
 n w 
 
 29 7(1 
 01 
 
 Keacting 
 value. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 II 115 
 
 27 60 
 
 44 
 
 0,1 
 47 50 
 
 100 00 I 10(1, 00 
 
 Concentra- 
 tion value. 
 
 Parta per million 
 
IIYI'OTUKTICAL (OMBINATIONS. 
 
 S..liiliiiiMlril,. 
 S>liuin iiiir.Ltr 
 Atiinioiiiiini ( hliiriile 
 l'<.t,.»»iui„ i,«li,l,. 
 l'c.l..sMiiiii limriii<k. 
 I.irliiijin , liloricli 
 I'lil.issidiii chlnridi' 
 S..linni < hlorlil.' 
 MaKncsiuni chloride 
 (alciuiii chloride 
 SMliiim siilphalL' 
 MaKnosiiin) sulphate 
 Calcium Hulphulu 
 S<Klinni McarUtnalc 
 MaKuesiuui lii( 
 
 Cal.iu .irl 
 
 SlrouliiMt) lii<.irlii>n 
 ymmi,. I.ii,,tl>(.iial( 
 I'alciuiu |.li.)sphalc 
 
 ' uiiiiua 
 
 >ilic 
 
 (NaNO,) 
 
 (NaNO,) 
 
 (NH,CI) 
 
 (KI) 
 
 (KItr) 
 
 (l.iCI) 
 
 (KCl) 
 
 (Nail) 
 
 (MkII.) 
 
 (CiClJ 
 
 INa.SO,), 
 (MliSO,). . . 
 
 «'aM),) 
 
 (N'alK <),),.. 
 iHiualc (MkIIH'<),,)j). 
 I< .illK O,),) . 
 l^i(Hr( ),],!. , 
 (IVllllO,!,),. 
 Ua.d'O,),)... 
 (I-V.,),) 1 
 (AMM / ■■■ 
 (Sil),) 
 
 TariH |H-r 
 
 56 I ; 
 1,015 .»! 
 
 7,fi (H) 
 
 Total 
 iuotKunic 
 tuatter in 
 bolutiun. 
 
 I'er ccril. 
 
 IS 7.! 
 14 60 
 
 P 25 
 0.(U 
 
 1 xs 
 
 .14 (1(1 
 
 59 sn 
 2 26 
 (I 'J6 
 
 53 
 
 Previous 
 analyiiis. 
 
 
 ST. I.EON SPRING, (LUPIEN), MASKINONGE COUNTY, (JUE. 
 
 (57) 
 
 Thi^s|,riiij;is„nlhonirm„fMr, I!, l,u|m-ti, ^nd walcr fnin. it is hottk-d 
 l>y Mr. J. C. R„i,..,.sc,,„, „f ■n,r,.e KivcTs, .is "St. Leon" mineral water. It 
 IS line nnie farther up the Kiviere-iiu-l.nnp tlian the i.riKinal St. I.eiin sprins 
 (.\'ii. .S.i), ,111(1 like it rises fr.im tlielliiilson River fdrmaliiin. There re two 
 sprniKs, l.S feet ap.irt, .iiiil elns,' to the river liaiik; llie liow finii.''e,irh is 
 small. W.iter is pinnped from the deeper spring into liarrels for si.ip|,in,i!. 
 
 (.as is evolved from liolli waters and a sample eolleeled in Scptenilier 
 I'llt, posse.ssed 14S iinils of .r.idioaelivitv. Tlie water is a sironKly 
 mineralized, sodie, muriated, alkaiim'-s.iline (liromie, earliurelleil) water. 
 Sodmm ami polassiiim elilorides eoii^tilute 77 per eeiil of the total solids 
 the rem.iinder is eomjiosed of ealeium ,iiid numieslum l.ir.irhon.iles. 
 
 .\n.ilysi, «,ive ihe followiiii; p.irlieul.irs: - 
 

 >■ -\:"^AW ^T • I- 
 
I 
 
 I 
 
99 
 
 ST. LEON SPRING, (LUPIEN.) 
 Laboratory No. 57. 
 
 Sample collected September, 1914 
 
 Temperature 8-3°C. (47.8° F.) 
 
 ^];=*^' Small. ' 
 
 i,„ .• Strongly .saline. 
 
 Keaction 
 
 Specific gravity at 15°C 1 010.1 
 
 '^■■"''""''"'y .Emana'tion 148 u 
 
 Dissolved radium o-8 
 
 D ^- r Emanation in Kas evolved 4fin 
 
 Properties of reaction in per cen t. ' 
 
 Primary salinity 81-12 
 
 Secondary salinity 0'62 
 
 Primary alkalinity 
 
 Secondary alkalinity 17-26 
 
 Analysis. 
 
 Total soliJs in solution, residue 
 dried at llO'C | 
 
 Gases ; Cirbon Dioxide rOj 
 
 Hydrogen Sulphide H,i. 
 
 Parts per million. 
 1-7 
 
100 
 
 No. 57. 
 
 H\TOTHETirAL COMBINATIOXS. 
 
 Sodium nitrite 
 Sodium nitraie 
 Ammonium < hloiide 
 Potassium iodide 
 Potassium bromide 
 I-iihium chloride 
 Potassium chloride 
 Sodium chloride 
 Magnesium chloride 
 Calcium ch'oride 
 Sodium Bulpiiate 
 Miignesium sulphate 
 Calcium Bulphdte 
 Sodium bicarbonate 
 Magnesium bicarbonate 
 Calcium birjirbonate 
 Strontium bicarbonate 
 terrous liicarbonate 
 Calcium phosphate 
 Ferric oxide 
 Alumina 
 Silica 
 
 AETNA SPr™g, ST. SEVERE. ST. SEVERE TOWNSHIP. ST. MA^.CE CO.. 
 
 (58) 
 
 Lnivcrsity in 1887. -""'Jms d> trot. t. Fafard of Laval 
 
 The following results were obtained:— 
 
 .tv^. 
 
101 
 AETNA SPRING. 
 
 i 
 
 Laboratory No. 58. 
 
 Sai 
 
 mple collected Scp.emher, 1914. 
 
 Temperature S-O'C. (47^ ) 
 
 I}<"^ Small. 
 
 Taste ^r ,. 
 
 „ . V ery saline. 
 
 Reaction 
 
 Specific gravity at 1S°C 1 -0132. 
 
 Radioactivity. . . [.■„.,„ ".- 
 
 ' r-manation gy 
 
 Hissolved radium 2-8 
 
 D .• r I'-manation in gas evoK cd 
 
 Properties of reaction in per cent. >-von>a. 
 
 Primary salinity 85-64 
 
 Secondary salinity 3.(^0 
 
 Primary alkalinity 
 
 Secondary alkalinity 10 . 76 
 
 Analysis. 
 
 Gases: Tarbon Dioxide CO.. 
 
 Hydrogen Sulpliide Vj,S 
 
 ' By F. Fafard. Laval i: 
 
102 
 HYPOTHETICAL CO.MBI.NAl IONS. 
 
 Constituent: 
 
 Parts per 
 million. 
 
 Total 
 inorganic 
 tnatter in 
 solution. 
 
 ^diuni nitrite 
 Sodium nitrate 
 Ammonium chloride 
 Potassium iodide 
 Sodium iodide 
 Potassium bromide 
 l-ithium chloride 
 Potassium chloride 
 Sodiuri. chloride 
 Magnesium chloride 
 Calcium chloride 
 Sodium hroinide 
 Magnesium sulphate 
 Cult mm sulphate 
 Sodium bicarbonate 
 Magnesium bicarbonate 
 < alcium bicarbonate 
 Strontium bicarbonate 
 JeTOUs bicarbonate 
 Sodium phosphate 
 rerric oxide 
 Alumina 
 Silica 
 Manganous bicarbonate 
 
 (Na.Na,). 
 
 (.ViXO.i. 
 
 (.NH.CIJ 
 
 (Kl) 
 
 (Nal).... 
 
 (Kflr) 
 
 (l-iCD... . 
 
 (KCl) 
 
 (NaCI). . , . 
 
 (MgCl.) 
 
 (CaCU) 
 
 (.NaBr) 
 
 (MgSO.),.. . 
 
 (CaSO,). . 
 
 (NaHCO,). 
 
 (N:g(HCO,),). 
 
 (CalHCO,),),. 
 
 (Sr(HCO.),).. 
 
 (Fe(HCO.),).. 
 
 (Nu,(PO,)... 
 
 (Fe.,0,), . . 
 
 (.Al,0,l. , 
 
 iSiU.,) 
 
 (.MndlCO,),) 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 9 
 ,«.9 
 65-4 
 11 7 
 
 2! i 
 
 23. 1 
 
 2W 5 
 
 14, 540. 
 
 495-3 
 
 2,OS3 
 2» 2 
 11 5 
 
 6 
 19.6 
 Hi 
 
 22 
 0.(6 
 06 
 
 12 
 OH 
 
 1 u7 
 81 05 
 
 2. 76 
 
 II 60 
 1 60 
 06 
 
 03 
 11 
 0-21 
 
 Previous 
 analysis. 
 
 91 7 
 
 104 
 550 5 
 
 7,870 6 
 S,M) 2 
 21 3 
 
 5,690 6 
 
 1,707 9 
 122 .i 
 
 25. 7 
 U 7 
 
 ST. GENEVIEVE DE BATISCAN, QUE. 
 
 (59) 
 
 vievf tnT"' f ""''''' '•'""" 'P""«' ""■ l^"™" '" >ht' vicinity of St Gene 
 
 ^s;^ i :^r„;:rr;;r^'- , " ;■ -'"'"' "- '- ^'^^^ -^ ^ ^ 
 
 vicvc It i t! "'*-"' '"'''"S ^"'«" '" "l<-' village of St CetH- 
 
 water. « ,a„o„, "^un;;;," tl,^;;ir'° "'"'""' "^ "'''"-'"" '" '"^ 
 
 AnaMs .hewed the ,as uM ZtJ::^!:::^ '""'' '" ^"" ^ «^'^ ™«-- 
 ilar re!;m:';:;';^::^™;'t„'^>,^r^V Httnt ...fore ,863, with very sitn- 
 centage .,f iodine (0.063 pt'ent! he it' Z,;'"^"'"",' '" ''^' "'"' P"' 
 
 What ^.wer r..o,t is .ho^-n ^i^ , ;^ 7^ ;:;t:T\^ ^'T 
 
 ..sue. fron, the Lower Silurian Ii,„e.t,„.e fortnalitl ' ""■ ^^^ ""'" 
 
 ^^^^Anaiysts .how. it to be a strongly n,i„eralized, «,die, muriated. saline 
 
103 
 
 Alkaline- chlorides form over 82 per .en, „f ,hc ,„,,,! solid n,a,eri>l- in 
 sfKlrum and niaRnesium eliloridc 116 n.r cent It ,lo.. ul ,',''"■ '" 
 of the s,ro„Kly .aline European spa wat^r. l"'k ,s ,t V h T ""T 
 Pyrmontand Bourbonne L Bains '"'''""'■ '^""^'™h. 
 
 91 7 
 
 104 
 550 5 
 
 7,870 6 
 KM) 2 
 21 3 
 
 5,690 6 
 
 1,707 
 122 .i 
 
 25. 7 
 U 7 
 
 ■ST.^R" MI.NKRAl. WATKR. 
 
 Laboratory No. 59. 
 
 Sample collected Septetnlnr, 1914. 
 
 lempcrature 8.3°r (47°F ) 
 
 Flow. . , Q II 
 
 ~ ° gallons per minute, 
 
 rill"'- ^'^Ty S'llt and bitter, 
 
 ^'•""'™ .Alkaline. 
 
 Specific gravity at 15°C \n2-iQ 
 
 '*''''™"'^'"' 'H-i™ ,4, „„;,, 
 
 Dissolved ratlium 0-8 
 
 t> , , Emanation in gas evolved 
 
 Properties of reaction in per cent. 
 
 Primary salinity H20S 
 
 Si'condar 
 
 iry salinity 14.40 
 
 Primary alkalinity 
 Secondary alkalinity 
 
 3-52 
 
(S(),). .. 
 (HtO,).. 
 (CO,) , , . 
 (NO,)... 
 (N'O,)... 
 
 (BO,)... 
 
 {("!) 
 
 (Br).... 
 
 (I) 
 
 Sulphurk .Kid 
 Bitarfionif ;uid 
 Carfxinic ;icid 
 Nitric acid 
 Nitrous acid 
 Phosphorir acid 
 Metaltoric acid 
 (.'hloritic 
 Bromint' 
 lodip" 
 Oit»-i-ii for Al,0, 
 
 Silica 
 
 Iron 
 
 Alumintiirn 
 
 ManKancs^- 
 
 Calcium 
 
 Strontium 
 
 Magnesium 
 
 Lithium 
 
 Potassium 
 
 Sodi 
 
 Ait. allium 
 
 Barium 
 
 Total 
 
 Total solida in solution, residu 
 dried at IIO'C 
 
 (SiO,). 
 (Fc) , 
 (Al) . , 
 (Mn) ,, 
 
 (fa) . . , 
 (Sr).,. 
 
 (K). , 
 (Na)... 
 (NH.) . 
 
 104 
 Analyala. 
 
 PrfviouB 
 unulysis.* 
 
 i'arts per million. 
 
 2 95 
 1,12.! 
 
 6 
 trace 
 
 trace 
 16,850. 
 J4 
 7 
 It 
 
 110 
 17 2 
 10 2 
 
 02 
 289 6 
 
 7 J2 
 891 
 
 1 01 
 282 
 
 9,090- 
 55 
 
 28,680 99 
 29,260 
 
 . Total 
 inorganic 
 ntatter in 
 solution. 
 
 26 
 5 4 
 8 5 
 
 696 4 
 
 20J 
 
 909 5 
 
 2 
 
 3 .! 
 
 ',829 
 
 84.2 I 
 
 Per 
 
 cent. 
 
 01 
 3 91 
 
 58 77 
 12 
 02 
 OJ 
 
 04 
 06 
 
 03 
 
 1 01 
 02 
 3 11 
 
 98 
 31 70 
 19 
 
 Reacting 
 value. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 48. 20 
 04 
 
 1 46 
 02 
 
 100 00 
 Concentra- 
 tion value. 
 988 28 
 
 Gases; Carbon Dioxide CO, . . 
 Hydrogen Sulphide HiS. 
 
 c.c. per litre, 
 trace 
 
 Parts per million, 
 trace 
 
HVIIITIIETICAL C0M4INATI0NS. 
 
 Constituent: — 
 
 Sodium nitritr 
 Sodium nitrate 
 Ammonium chloride 
 Potassium iodide 
 Potassium bromide 
 Lithium ciiioiide 
 Potassium chloride 
 Sodium chloride 
 Magnesium chloride 
 Barium chloride 
 Sodium sulphate 
 Magnesium sulphate 
 <'alcium sulphate 
 Sodium bicarbonate 
 Magnesium bicarbonate 
 Calcium bicarbonate 
 Strontium bicarbonate 
 Strontium chloride 
 I;VrrouB bicarbonate 
 Sodium phosphate 
 Ferric oxide 
 Alumina 
 Silica 
 Manganous bicarbonate 
 
 (NaNO;).. 
 (XaXO.,).. 
 (NH.CI). 
 
 (Kl) 
 
 (KBr)., 
 (UCl) . . , , 
 (KCl),.. 
 (NaCI) 
 
 (BaCI,), ' 
 
 (.Na.SO.) 
 
 (MgSO.) 
 
 (CaSO.) 
 
 (NaHCO.) ,. 
 (Mg(H(-0,),) 
 ((■a(HCO.),) 
 (SrIHCO,),) 
 
 (SrCI,) 
 
 (Fe(HCO.),) 
 
 (Na,(PO,) 
 
 (Fe,0,) 
 
 (A1,0,) 
 
 (SiO,l 
 
 (MnlHCO.), 
 
 SPRING AT BERTHIER. BERTHIER CO., QUE. 
 
 (il) 
 
 River at Fcrnt.t^tllc, A wooden tub surrountls it, and there is a consider^ 
 aWe evolut„,n o ^as with the water. The ..range situation of the ,pr „g L 
 
 In wtnter and sprtng the ..ource is covered by the depth of riv.-r water but 
 whe vtstted tn the summer of 1914 there was a strong fiow from the sp ing 
 
 bg rivlTaTer'"*"""' ""''"■'^' '™ '™'" """"""^'^ -"■ ""^ --"-d.' 
 Sterry Hunt stjpposed it to ascend from the Lower Silurian limestones. 
 
 carbu etl7 '7' b """"''^"■':'- '•"'l'^' ■""■•^'•^"■'J. alkaline saline (bromic, 
 earburetted) water, having a primary all<alinily of 5 . 7 per cent The chie 
 o„.t,tuents may be considered to U- sodium chloride, Liun^ bicarb^^na 
 and magnesium bicarbonate. The amount of brotnine in the water U 
 comparattvely high, sodium bromide forming 0-58 per cent of the total sdid 
 
 Anal. sis gave the following particulars:— 
 
'^^^ 
 
 lOTi 
 SPHI.N). AT Ill.RTHILR. 
 
 Tit 
 
 KIo 
 
 TasU- 
 
 Reaction 
 
 Specific gravity at I5°C 
 Radioactivity. . , 
 
 Laboratory No. 62. 
 
 SampI,-,olk.ctefI Sc-ptrrnU-r. I';i4 
 
 rrmiM-ratua- «.o°c. (47»K.) 
 
 .C\>n>iii..r..M.-. 
 I'Nasantly •.aliiii-. 
 Alkaline, 
 1()i)4y, 
 
 [•'"■'"'•f'"" 112 units 
 
 ni-.-olvcii radium traru. 
 
 p Kmanarion in gas tv..lvT.i, 4,^0 
 
 tTopcrtiis of rcartum m per ant. 
 
 Primary salinity 81-82 
 
 St'condary sal'pity 
 
 Primary alkalinity 5.74 
 
 SiTdndarj alkalinity n-44 
 
 Analysis. 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 Bicarljonic acid 
 Carlwuic acid 
 Nitric acid 
 Nitrous acid 
 Phosphoric acid 
 Metalxiric acid 
 Chlorine 
 firomi.ie 
 Iodine 
 Oxygen for 
 
 Silica 
 
 Iron 
 
 Aluminium 
 
 Mangane&e 
 
 Calcium 
 
 Stroniium 
 
 Magnesium 
 
 Lithium 
 
 Potassium 
 
 Sodium 
 
 Ammonitini 
 
 (SO,... , 
 
 
 (HCO,) 
 
 1.21.S 
 
 (CO,) . 
 
 
 (.NO,) 
 
 
 (NO,),.. 
 
 
 (I'o,i. ! 
 
 tl 1 
 
 (BO:).. 1 
 
 
 (CIl.. 
 
 J. in. 
 
 (Hr) . 
 
 .0 (1 
 
 (I) , 
 
 tl I) 
 
 (Al,0,) 
 
 4 44 
 
 (SiO;).. ' 
 
 .15 5 
 
 
 1 16 
 
 (Al).... 
 
 5 (11 
 
 (Mn) . . 
 
 (t.S 
 
 (C%}.. 
 
 
 (Sr) ... 
 
 2 12 
 
 (Mb). 
 
 146 ) 
 
 (1.1) ... 
 
 42 
 
 (K) ..,: 
 
 2 85 
 
 (.\a) , 
 
 2,202 2 
 
 (■VH.) , 
 
 6 50 
 
 Total 
 
 n 02 i 
 17.7.1 
 
 to 
 
 06 
 
 "52 
 002 
 U7 
 
 45 
 
 I) 04 i 
 2 \.i I 
 (> 01 
 04 ' 
 
 M-i}() ■ 
 uy 
 
 01 
 9 o** 
 
 40 70 
 
 (I JQ 
 
 Total solids in soti 
 dried at 110%", . 
 
 tion, residue 
 
 Gases ; Carbon Dioxidf CO- 
 
 Uydrogt-n Sulphide }I,S 
 
 . per litre. 
 
 7(1 
 0.(M 
 5 47 
 hi 
 U.^ 
 4.1 56 
 16 
 
 100 00 
 lOnnntra- 
 
 21 9.80 
 
 Parts ptT million. 
 
 100 00 
 
No. U. 
 
 m; 
 
 IIVF'(]|Ml:il( M 
 
 "Mills \ric)\s 
 
 V.mn iTor 
 
 inilli.ir, 
 
 Total 
 
 ifiitrK.tiiii' 
 
 lll.lltiT ill 
 
 ■<(lij:iuij. 
 f.r ,vM~ 
 
 I'rfvjoti* 
 
 N« "im niirii,. iN.,\(),| 
 
 J^ "im niirau. :\.,\(;^, 
 
 p" """"■■km.lu :\H.(I, 
 
 !■■ ",';,' I"'''', "^'' 
 
 I , '1 '"';■ '•''■'I'" 
 
 .,'"''" ;•"<■:, (l.iCIl 
 
 W .„ „,l,,l,.,„,. lN,„s,,,, 
 
 (■,,',:"i ■,"'"''■'"■■ '^i«"'".' 
 ^.uim 'III;- :;■"'""'■"" im«iii<-im„ 
 
 ^B- ^^■■■■: 
 
 Mjn8.,„„us bicarbonalo (M^lico,,,, 
 
 SPRING AT MASKINO.NCE. MASKINONCE CO., QUE. 
 
 .,., . <") 
 
 ini.. spring was disCDvcml hv Mr I T r ..„ 
 ""li. It rises in a small „„„1 , h f , f ,T' *,"' '" ^ ''™ "^"'"^ '" 
 
 Rive, Maskinong... al.: r' „ ; ''l^ ,", "'" '"■".f '>' '■'"P'"« ''-"I' "' th. 
 
 .. pleasant .aline'a^te. reLm, ;:^' , '^^.^c^T "''"■ '"''^'^ "'"" ^^"l 
 water, when e.xa„,ined in S^.p^c^b ^ , Jl'f ^"'"'""'^ '^^'"' "^ ""■ '^•"'"- 
 
 ^n.-^^"^.:;x::,t:^:t™;;::si— 
 
 1 .'S 
 
 11 0> 
 
 7 yit 
 
 11 ii 
 
 M <l 
 
 ci 111 
 II tt 
 
 
 1) IH 1 
 
 v.'m 1 
 
 /5 7S 1 
 
 1 77 
 
 1 
 II 11.1 1 
 
 ■ Id 56 
 
 7 7i 
 
 N7') /,n 
 
 l.M Id 
 
 I 6 9.' 
 .1 t,5 
 11 46 
 
 12 «11 
 1 70 
 1) 1(1 
 05 
 111 
 
 -l.S 5 
 11 1; 
 
 11 14 
 SI 1 
 
 1 
 
 ft.SftH 2,J 
 
 imi 00 
 
108 
 SI'Rl.Nc;. AT M.ASKINONGE. 
 Laboratory No. 63. 
 
 Sample oillcctal Si'ptombcr, 1914. 
 
 Tempcraturo 80°C. (47°F.) 
 
 F'ow Small. 
 
 Taste PliMsantly Balinc. 
 
 Reaction Alkaline. 
 
 Sptcific gravity at 15°t' 1 0044. 
 
 Radioactivity Emanation 79 , 
 
 Dissolved radium 0.5 
 
 F-ananation in gas evolved. 250 
 
 Properties of reaction in per cent. 
 
 Primary salinity 8204 
 
 Secondary salinity 
 
 Primary alkalinity 5. 12 
 
 Secondary alkalini.y 12-84 
 
 Analysis. 
 
 Siil[)hiirii- ,iiUl 
 Bii.irljdi.ie ;i, ill 
 C.irlMjiiic iici.i 
 Nitric acid 
 Nitrous acid 
 Phosphoric ai id 
 Motdlmric acid 
 Chlorine 
 Hromine 
 Iodine 
 Oxygen for AIjOj 
 
 Silica 
 
 Iron 
 
 Aluminiurr] 
 
 Manganese 
 
 Calcium 
 
 Strontium 
 
 Magnesium 
 
 Lithium 
 
 Potasaiiirti 
 
 Sodium 
 
 Ammonium 
 
 Total 
 
 (SiO,| 
 
 (Fe).. 
 
 (AI).. 
 
 (.Mn), 
 
 (Ca).. 
 
 (Srj . . 
 
 (Mg). 
 
 (Li) . . 
 
 (K) 
 
 (N.I) 
 
 (MI,).. 
 
 Total solids in solution, residue 
 __dricd^at_U(rC._^^___^ ..I 5 , jg,; 
 
 Carbon Dioxide rO» . 
 Hydrogen Sulphide HjS 
 
 Parts per million. 
 6 
 
 L, 
 
1(W 
 IIYPOTIIETICAI. COMHINATIONS. 
 
 Sodium ni . ■ 
 Sodium ni* i'r' 
 AmmoniuiT. . <i ■< ]" 
 Potassium ioaidc 
 Potassium bromide 
 Lithium chloride 
 Potassium chloride 
 Sodium chloride 
 Magnesium chloride 
 Calciuiii chloride 
 Sodium sulphate 
 MaEuesium sulphate 
 Calcium sulphate 
 Sodium hicarbonate 
 
 (sa- n,). 
 
 uNa (:,). 
 (N'li.CI).. 
 
 iri.: 
 
 (KBr).... 
 (LiCI). . 
 (KCI), .. 
 (NaCI)... 
 (MgCI,). . 
 (CaCI,).., 
 (Na,SO,) . . 
 (MgSO,). 
 (CaSO.) . . 
 (Na(RI5,), 
 
 Miigtiesium bicarbonate (.Mp(Ht()jl3) 
 
 Calcium bicarbonate 
 Strontium bicarbonate 
 Ferrous bicarbonate 
 Calcium phosphate 
 Ferric oxide 
 Alumina 
 Silica 
 
 (Ca(H((\,l,,).. 
 (Sr(HC<),l=),. 
 (Fe(HC(l,).l.. 
 (Ca,(P{),h)... 
 
 (Fe.O.) 
 
 (A1,0,) . . . 
 ISiO.) 
 
 I'arts per 
 million. 
 
 271 4 
 4,423 
 
 411 II 
 747 
 illl II 
 
 8 5 
 19 2 
 
 Total 
 inorxanic 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 Pc 
 
 ent. 
 
 (I 0.1 
 1 10 
 . 2,S 
 01 
 l.S 
 O.i 
 4 Ji) 
 71 SO 
 
 6.64 
 12 (10 
 3 2.S 
 
 014 I 
 .11 I 
 
 Previous 
 analysis. 
 
 n. 
 
 ST. BENOIT SPRING, .ST. BENOIT, TWO MOUNTAINS CO., OLE. 
 No. 64. 
 
 The spring rises in a well ir a small wntidcn house, and the small over- 
 ;ow rtmt ,nto a crcel< abt.ut 200 yards awa>-. It is the property of Alfred 
 ^erland, and is bottled by the Canadian Aerateti Co., of Montreal Acrord- 
 ilig to Sterry Hunt the origin of the water is the Potsdam formation (Geology 
 of Canada 186,1, p. 542). Anal; sis shows the water to be a moderatdy 
 mtnerahzed, sod.r, muriated water of the -aline type. The ehief compounds 
 assurned to 1* present ares.,,Hum chloride, 77.6 per eent, magnesium ehlor- 
 ■ile, 10 per cent, calcium chloride and calcium sulphate-both aboiii i per 
 cent. 
 
 ST. BENOIT SPRING. 
 
 Laboratory No. M. 
 
 Sample collected September, 1914. 
 
 Temperature 10- 5°C. (S1°F.) 
 
 Flow Small. 
 
 ^^'i"^ Slightly saline. 
 
 Reaction 
 
 SpcciSc gravity at 15°C 1 004. 
 
no 
 
 Kadionctivity Emanation 28 units 
 
 Dissolved radium — 
 
 I'-"ianation in ^as evnl\ vd. 
 
 t roperties of reaction in per cent. 
 
 IViniary salinity 78-88 
 
 Secondary salinity 19-14 
 
 Primary alkalinity 
 
 Secondary alkalinity 198 
 
 Analysis. 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 Hicarlxinio acid 
 Carbonic acid 
 Nitric acid 
 Nitrous arid 
 Phosphoric acid 
 Mctalxjric acid 
 Chlorine 
 Bromine 
 lodinL- 
 
 Silica 
 
 Iron 
 
 Aluminium 
 
 Manganese 
 
 Calcium 
 
 Strontium 
 
 Magnesium 
 
 Lithium 
 
 I'otasHium 
 
 Sodium 
 
 Aminoniuni 
 
 Total 
 
 Total solids in solulion. residue 
 dried at 1 lOV 
 
 riases: Carlwn Dioxide COj, . . 
 U\droffen Sulphide HjS 
 
 Total ! 
 
 inorganic i Reacting 
 
 matter in i value. 
 
 solution, i 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Per 
 
 2 20 i 
 2 O'J I 
 
 99 
 
 58 >t 
 
 47 6t 
 
 23 
 
 08 
 
 02 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 C 11 
 
 Oil 
 
 OS 
 
 
 a. 82 
 
 4 08 
 
 03 
 
 02 
 
 2 68 
 
 6.35 
 
 t]3 
 
 n 10 
 
 84 
 
 (>2 
 
 30. 54 
 
 .38 55 
 
 oot 
 
 17 
 
 too 00 ! too. 00 
 
 roiictnfra- 
 
 Parts tier million. 
 44. 3 
 8 
 
HVPOTHETR-.M. COM BINATIONS. 
 
 Constituent:— 
 
 Parts per 
 million. 
 
 . Total ! 
 inoFRanic Previous 
 
 matter in I analysis. 
 
 "^•(lium nitrite 
 ^t'lliiim nitrate 
 Ammonium ciiloritie 
 Pot.issiuni iodide 
 Pmassium bromide 
 Lithium fhlorido 
 Potassium chloride 
 Niijium chloride 
 .Matinesium chloride 
 C.dcium chloride 
 S<j(lium sulphate 
 M.t^;nesium sulphate 
 Calciun' 'ph.ne 
 Sodium .,,Larliona:e 
 MaRuesiuni bicarbonate 
 Calcium bicarbonate 
 Strontium bicarbonate 
 Kerrous biciirI)onate 
 Calcium phosphate 
 Ferric oxide 
 Alumina 
 Silic 
 
 M.mKi 
 
 T bicarbonate 
 
 iNa.NO.l I 
 
 (.\a.\(),i, 
 
 (.\n,ci)...; 
 
 (KII.., 
 
 (Kllr) 
 
 (i.ici) ■■■■ ; 
 
 (KCI) , 
 
 (.NaCll... 
 
 (Mgci,) ...;,:;■" " 
 
 'faci :::, 
 
 (Na.SO,) 
 
 i.mrso,!.., ;:::::■■■ 
 
 (Cast),),. 
 (NallCO,) 
 
 (.mb'hco,,!,) ;■' 
 
 ICallICO,),) I 
 
 '^riHCO,),) : 
 
 (l-elHCO,),). I 
 
 ICa,,lPO.),). ... 
 (Fe.lJ.)..,. ■■( 
 
 (.AW).) "■■ 
 
 (Sio,) , , ■ ■ 
 
 (.Mndico,),), .,;;■■■ 
 
 2-4; 
 1(1 ■,12 
 l-,!,i 
 
 17. 85 
 
 7 lit [ 
 
 71 BJ 
 
 .(W.i.ll I 
 
 Hf. 71 
 
 1<».(I() 
 
 124.70 
 
 .i.87 I 
 18 2.i I 
 
 7 5.1 
 0.80 
 
 115 
 .tl . 
 (J.O.i 
 .14 I 
 
 15 
 
 1 .17 
 77 (i2 
 
 2. ,17 
 07 
 .15 
 
 0(4 
 
 01 
 
 5,263.26 
 
 ' RI.NG IN BOW,MAN TOWNSHIP, lABELI.E tO„ OLK. 
 
 No, 152—1915, 
 
 In- .,fficrr-T,f ;'h' n' """"""■ "' ^'" ''"''"'■" '-'""'^' ''- ""< I'-n visited 
 ,n r^ Dfp.,rtmt.„,, ,.„,| , tinK-qtietttly „n radioacti^■o detcrmina- 
 
 T-he water is a ,„„derately ntlneralimi, s.idic, calcic, mttriatcd saline 
 
 SPRING IN BOWMAN TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Laboratory No. 152—1913. 
 
 Sample collected AuRust, 1<)15, 
 
 Temperature 
 
 KIow Sill ill 
 
 o '""-': Sli„lnlv saline, 
 
 ■*"<■""" Alkaline 
 
 Specific gravity at 1S°C 1-0035, 
 
-dJM 
 
 112 
 
 Radioactivity Emanation. 
 
 Dissolved rariiiim. 
 Emanation in gas evolved. 
 
 Properties erf reaciion in per cent. 
 
 Prima; y salinity 48-60 
 
 Secondary salinity 49-84 
 
 Primary alkalinity — 
 
 Secondary alkalinity 1-56 
 
 Analysis. 
 
 Carbon Dioxide COj. . . . 
 Hydrogen Sulphide HjS 
 
 Constituents:— 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Previous 
 analysis. 
 
 Total 
 inorganic 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 Reacting 
 value. 
 
 
 Parts per million. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Sulphuric acid (SO,) 
 
 Bicarbonic acid (HCO3) 
 
 Carbonic acid (COj) 
 
 ■i.<5-4 i 10.2 
 ■vM j 1.6 
 
 0.7 ! ZZ 
 
 trace 
 
 1 734 i e\~n~ 
 
 616 
 U78 
 
 Nitric acid (NO,) 
 
 
 Nitrous acid (NO)),. 
 
 
 
 
 Metaboric acid (BOj). 
 
 
 Chlorine (CI) 
 
 43-06 
 
 Bromine (Br). 
 
 6 . 
 
 U 1 
 
 t.2 ! 
 
 396T I 
 trace 1 
 
 4 
 
 Iodine (1) ... . 
 
 
 Oxygen for FejOj & AUO3 
 
 Silica (SiOj) 
 
 
 Iron (Fe) \ 
 
 Aluminium (Al) J 
 
 
 Calcium (Ca).. 
 
 121 1750 
 
 
 
 3.5 820 
 
 
 trace 
 
 632- 
 18 
 
 
 Pot.issium (K)... 
 
 19. 3 24 30 
 
 Sodium (Na),. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 3,279.48 
 3,096. 
 
 
 
 Total solids in solution, residue 
 driedat 110° C , 
 
 
 Concentra- 
 tion value. 
 113 38 
 
 Parts per million. 
 
 .U 
 
113 
 
 HVI'OTHF.TICAI. COMBINATIONS 
 
 No. 152—1915. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Const 
 
 tucnt:— 
 
 Parts per 
 million. 
 
 . Total 
 inorganic 
 rhitlter in 
 
 Mjlution. 
 
 .''rcvioiis 
 analysis. 
 
 
 Percent, 
 
 
 Sodium nitrite 
 
 (NaNO,) 
 
 04 
 0-54 
 
 1,608 
 440-5 
 666 
 
 475 6 
 
 00 
 
 1 8 1 
 12. 1 i 
 
 49. 1 
 15 (J 
 20 J 
 
 14 5 
 
 2 1 
 
 ! 
 4 , 
 
 
 Sodium nitrate 
 Arnmoniuni chloride 
 
 (Na.NO,) 
 
 (NH.Cl) 
 
 
 Potassium iodide 
 
 (KI),.. . 
 
 
 Potassium bromide 
 
 (KBr) 
 
 
 Lithium chloride 
 
 Porassitim chloride 
 
 (1-iCI 
 
 IKCI) 
 
 
 Sodium chloride 
 Maftnesiiim chloride 
 
 Calriiim chloride 
 Soilium siilph^it.- 
 M.iKnciiim sulph^ite 
 
 (XaCl) 
 
 (MkCU 
 
 (CaCI.) 
 
 iNa.SO.) 
 
 (My^O,| 
 
 
 Ciiciuni sulphate 
 
 
 
 Sofiiiini bifMrl)onate 
 
 (XaHCO,) ... 
 
 
 MannesiiirTt l)icarl>onat(. 
 C.ikium birarlionato 
 
 (M^;,HrO,M 
 
 (ralHCO,,)j) 
 
 
 Slroiiiiur Mcarhonate 
 
 (Sr'MCOa).) 
 
 
 Ferrous bicailtoiidte 
 Calcium phosphate 
 Ferric oxide 
 
 (F.iIKO,!,) 
 
 «a.,a'f»4],) 
 
 (Fe..Oil, . . V 
 
 
 Alumina 
 
 (AUih) 1 
 
 
 Silica 
 
 (sioi) :| 
 
 
 
 .1.279 4S 
 
 UH) 
 
 
 Al.KCRIA 
 
 Siyral ..trontjly sulin.. sprij.K- im kncmn in M,,< kcnzk^ l,.,.i„, and have 
 teen referred to in ge«l„Kical reports l,y Sir J. Rkhardst.n. Mr. R. G Mc- 
 Cr^nell ,„d m^. c. Can.seli. TItey have n.orc rerently Ixen described by 
 Mr L H. Lole who Knes complete references to earlier descriptions, but 
 no analyses ha\ e previously been made. 
 
 In 1916. Mr. Charles Camsell of the Geological Survev ma.ii an exam- 
 mation of the gypsum Ijcds exposed on the lower part of the Peace river 
 on Slave river and on Salt -.iver in northern .AlU-rta, and in the course of 
 h.s work collected samples from several sprinRS rising in that region, with 
 the object ,f ascertaining the possibility of potassium salt deposits being 
 .tssociated with the gypsum. Of the five springs of which analvses were 
 made, three arc brines; and Mr. Camsril states his opinion that the saline 
 constituents are derived from the solution of salt crystal dissi'minated 
 tnrough the gypsum rather than from interstratified salt beds, the more 
 usual ongm of brine springs. 
 
 Ic™.';, ",'J1' ^',°"»»l" °' f«"»<l»- Mi""-" Branrh. Ropon No. 32!, pp. 83-M. 1»1.!, 
 
•!=t 
 
 Hm 
 
 Vi-M 
 
 114 
 
 ^"" '■■' Kl^'h^fd from two „f ,hi. spnnRs by ihc Hutls„n's Bay Company 
 
 15 pr..ci|,„..„,l (n.r.i ihf l,ri„c i , , ," f , ' n i " ■ J ■■'• "".cvaiJora.ion, s,,lt 
 
 an- us.ialK I 15 or 30 f, H n £„ t? ' '" ^■"''"''d at thfse poinu. The basin, 
 
 dike at day or Kravcl I ,o J (c« hig , Th.Zu, n,'"('','h,"lnr' "'T''"''j'' K ' """"■'' 
 of silt of var\ ing thickncs. In ,,,h..r . ..J^ n i , '"V'-'J-iils art- Hooted with a . eposit 
 .p to i feet i„ height trcFornted at tf,c"pr!n;f'' "' '"" '^ "" " '"' '" dian.eter'^n.l 
 
 charaaer'^Th'i't'T ^P™fV^^f,'"-'« I'- mineralized, and tlifTen-nt in 
 tharac T. Tha from Sulphur P„i„t may be classified as a mcder ttely- 
 m.nera .etl ca etc- sulphatetl saline (sulphuretted) water, and s. t^wl at 
 
 h.gher than ,t those waters. Sulphides are prtibably also present, but no 
 mllio c'r; "'■'""""""•" "' •'"™ -- '-""I ""'■ The water from IC 
 e" wa ;'^ '^ ' '"""''' """"""^•"' ^""■•■' -■'™'«'. -■■- (-IpHur. 
 
 HL'DrON'S BAY SPRIN'OS. 
 Silmled at Ihc forts of Sail Riier. 
 
 Sample collected August 21, 1916. 
 
 Temperature 4 ^"C, (40°K). 
 
 '"^ I'-i gallons a minute from 
 
 _ ''-Th of eight sprinRs. 
 
 I," ""i Strongly saline and bitter. 
 
 Reaction 
 
 Specific gravity at 1 5°C 1 . 204 
 
 Radioactivity Emanation. 
 
 Dissolved radium. 
 . , Emanation in gas evolved. 
 
 Properties of reaction in per cent. 
 
 IVimary salinity 98-2 
 
 Secondary salinity 1 .g 
 
 Primary alkalinity 
 
 Secondary alkalinity 
 
 . Sum, Rep. igi6. p. 141. 
 
"i^ii^Li 
 
 ^r/t^-^ 
 
f:- 
 
 (,:-«„v. ' 
 
 'mmjmt^^Ai 
 
 116 
 HYPOTHETICAL COMBINATIONS. 
 
 Constilucnt; — 
 
 ScKlium nitriU' 
 Sodium nitrate 
 Amntoniuin thloride 
 Pola.s:iiuii] itxjidf 
 Potassium bromide 
 Lithium chloride 
 Potassium chloride 
 Sodium chloride 
 Magnesium chloride 
 Calcium chloride 
 Sodium sulphate 
 Magnesium sulphate 
 Calcium sulphate 
 Sodium bicarbonate 
 
 (NaNO,) , 
 (NaNO,)., 
 (NH.Cl).. 
 
 IKI) 
 
 (KBr).... 
 (l.iCl), , . , 
 (KCI) ... 
 (NaCl)... 
 (MgCI,).. 
 (CaCI,)... 
 (Na,SO,). 
 (MgSO.).. 
 (CaSO.) .. 
 iNaHCC). 
 
 Magnesium bicarbonate (Mg(HCO,),j 
 
 Calcium bicarbonate 
 Strontium bicarbonate 
 Ferrous bicarbonate 
 Calcium pho-uhate 
 Ferric oxide 
 Alumina 
 Silica 
 
 (Ca(HCO,),).. 
 (Sr(HCO,),).. 
 (Fe(HCO,),).. 
 (Ca,(PO,),)... 
 
 (FftO.) 
 
 (/.1.0,) 
 
 (SiO,) 
 
 I Total 
 Parts |)er inorgani'. 
 million. matter n 
 
 soluticn. 
 
 ICiO 
 
 25«.(HIO 
 
 8UII 
 
 P.. cent. 
 
 3 
 97 7 
 3 
 
 01 
 
 16 
 
 Previous 
 analysis. 
 
< r^. -mM.^ 
 
 Previoi 
 
 117 
 
 MISSION SI'KIN(;S. 
 Ahcul ,ix ml,, ,„«/;, „f ,4, ,„!,, „) v„„ ^;,,^ 
 
 Sample collcctol August 26, 1916 
 
 Temperature 1.70^. ^ ,,0^ 
 
 Flow 1 „ II ' ■ 
 
 ^ '' gallons a nimute. 
 
 „"**;: StrmiRlv saline ami bitter. 
 
 ^'■'''""'" Neutral. 
 
 Specific gravity at 15°C i -202 
 
 Radioactivity Knunation. 
 
 r)ir.solvt'H radium. 
 
 Knianatinn in gas (aoIvcH, 
 Properties of reaction in per cent. 
 
 Primary salinity 93.2 
 
 Secondary salinity 1 .g 
 
 Primary alkalinity 
 
 StTondary alkalinity 
 
 Analysis. 
 
 I 
 
i 
 
 No. 149 1. 
 
 118 
 
 HYPOTHETICAL COMBl.NATIONS. 
 
 Conulil 
 
 jent: — 
 
 Parti per 
 million. 
 
 Total 
 tnorRanic 
 ' nutter in 
 oo'iition. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 IVfviouB 
 jn^lyniB. 
 
 Sodium nitrite 
 S<>dium nitrate 
 Ammonium chloride 
 
 (N-NO,) 
 
 iNaNO.J 
 
 (NH/.i). . . . 
 
 800 
 ? 56, 300 
 
 4,200 
 
 O-.l 
 97. 7 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 
 I'uta^tHium itxlidc 
 
 (Kl) 
 
 
 Potassium bromide 
 Lithium chloride 
 Polawium chloride 
 ScHlium chloride 
 
 (KHr) 
 
 (l.iCI) 
 
 IKCI) 
 
 iNaCi) 
 
 
 MaRtiesium chloride 
 
 (MgClr 
 
 
 Cal< ium rhIori<le 
 
 (CaCl,. 
 
 
 Sodmin sulphate 
 
 (Nii.SU.) 
 
 
 M,l■^lu'^,ilH11 Huliihate 
 
 (MgSO*) 
 
 
 1 .iliiunt MilplMte 
 
 
 
 S(jdi»m bitarlHJiiate 
 
 (NaHCO.1 
 
 
 Magnesium l»icarl«nate (M([(HC6,),j 
 
 Calcium bicarbonate (CaiHCOi),) 
 
 Strontium bicarlH)nalc (Sr(Hi:Oi),) 
 
 Ferrous bu-irbc-nate (Ke(HrOj),) 
 
 Calcium phosphate (Ca.( VOa), 1 . . . . 
 
 
 Ferric oxide 
 
 (Fe,0,), . 
 
 
 Alumina 
 -iii^-a 
 
 (AIO)) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 262,300 
 
 100 
 
 
 .L. 
 
I'rtvioi 
 andlyxi 
 
 SNAKE MOUNTAIN M'K1N(.S 
 Abavl • mills msl uf Hi,„cH .Sprtnii. 
 
 Sample <oncri,.,l AiiKust 2'). 1016. 
 
 TcinptT.iiure 4-4°C. (4(rK.) 
 
 ':'""' ■» 1" Vkallnns i»T niinul,.. 
 
 i'""'' StnitiKlv >.!lini- .Hid hill, r. 
 
 Reactlitn Ni-iitr.il 
 
 Sporifir ijravity al 15'C 1 2112. 
 
 Radioailivily Kmanaliun. 
 
 Dissnivcd ratljiim. 
 
 I'iiiaiialioii ill ^as cviilvi-il. 
 I'riipertii> of ri-ariicii in pi-r am, 
 
 I'riniarx saliiiily 
 STiimlary salinity. 
 
 I'riniary alkalinity 
 
 Sromlary alkalinity 
 
 Analysis. 
 
 l'8 
 
 lol.il 
 
 ri;.iriir Kt-.iilinn 
 
 ni.iltvr ill v.iiiic. 
 
 Mtluliiin. 
 
 ■Millilliirir ,11 id 
 Hn.irlHuiie .u-i<l 
 t .irljtmir .icid 
 .\ilric acid 
 Nitrous acid 
 Phosphoric atiil 
 McMboric acid 
 t hlorini- 
 liroiiiinc 
 iodine 
 
 Silica 
 
 Iron 
 
 Aininininni 
 
 Manganese 
 
 talcium 
 
 Strontium 
 
 .Magnesium 
 
 Lithium 
 
 Potassium 
 
 Sodium 
 
 ■Ammonium 
 
 Total 
 
 (sOil 
 IIKd,) 
 
 l(ll;,l. 
 
 I NO,,).. 
 
 (Nt),),., 
 
 (I'll,), 
 
 (1)1,,) 
 
 (fl) 
 
 (Br) ;. 
 
 (1), ,, I 
 
 (SiO,),. j 
 iKc), ,. 
 (.M)..,.' 
 (Mn), , 
 (Oi) ,, 
 (Sr),, , 
 (Mg) 
 (Li) , 
 (K),, 
 (Na),,, 
 (NH.), 
 
 1 
 
 200 
 
 
 >llll 
 
 100 
 
 too 
 
 7(10 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 in 4 
 
 (1 1 
 49 (1 
 
 100 
 
 KH) 
 t'onct'ntra- 
 tion valui". 
 
120 
 HVKJTHKTICAL COMBINATIONS. 
 
 (.'uiutitucnt:— 
 
 Sodium nitrite 
 Stxlium nitratr 
 Ainmnnium chloiide 
 I'olaMiiuni iiMlidr 
 PotaMium I)rnmi(lf 
 Lithium rtiloridr 
 I'oti'wiuin chloride 
 SHJiuiii chloride 
 Mugnesiuni chloride 
 Cakium chloride 
 Sodium sulphate 
 Magnewutil fiulphato 
 CiAlciuni sulphate 
 Sodiutll hii-arlionate 
 Magneji'im hirarlionate 
 Calcium bicarlMnate 
 Strontium hirarbonalo 
 FerrritiB bicarbonate 
 Cakium phosphate 
 Ferric oxide 
 Alumiita 
 Silica 
 
 (NaNO,) 
 
 (NaNO.) 
 
 (NH,CI) . . 
 
 (Kl) 
 
 iKUr) 
 
 (l.iCI) 
 
 (KCI) 
 
 (NaCI) 
 (MgCI,) 
 (CaCI,) ,, . 
 (Na.SO,; 
 IMgStJ.) 
 
 ICaSO,) 
 
 (NallCO,). . 
 
 (MgdiCO,),), 
 
 I'adKlW,)., 
 
 lSr(H((»,),) 
 
 (Fc(H(0,),), 
 
 (Ca,(PO.),) . 
 
 (FcO.) 
 
 (A1,0,) 
 
 (SiO,) . 
 
 I'arts per 
 million. 
 
 tS6.0m 
 800 
 
 Total 
 inorganic 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 I) .1 
 
 97 ; 
 
 U i 
 
 II I 
 
 16 
 
 Previous 
 analysis. 
 
121 
 
 srr.piii K POINT M'nrN(; 
 
 SUuoM ,m Ih, nulk ,hn, „f UrKi! Slae, Uhi. 
 
 laboratory No. 24S 2— 1916. 
 
 Sampli- c«llcct.-d AuKU~l 4. V>U,. 
 
 Tiniprratun? 
 
 *■'"* 2 Ballmi^ a minu.,-^ 
 
 i""'*: Strcinijly sulphunius. 
 
 Reuctton 
 
 Specific uravily at U'C I (XU 
 
 Radinaclivily Kmanati<,n 
 
 l)i>M,lvi-il r.Kliui], 
 Km.in.ititjn in gas evc.lv-i-,!. 
 
 I rnpertics of rfaction in per t ciif . 
 
 IViiii.iry salinity 202 
 
 S<Tiinilary silinity 66 
 
 I'rim.iry alk.ilinity 
 
 S.'C(imlary alkalinity 1)8 
 
 Analyaia, 
 
 Constituvtits;— 
 
 Sul|ihuric acid 
 Hiairbonic acid 
 Carbonic acid 
 Nitric acid 
 Nitrous acid 
 Phosphoric acid 
 Mctaboric acid 
 t'hiorine 
 Bromine 
 Iodine 
 
 Silica 
 
 Iron 
 
 Aluminium 
 
 .M.JPKancse 
 
 l.ilrium 
 
 Strontium 
 
 Magnesium 
 
 Lithium 
 
 Potassium 
 
 SwJium 
 
 AmmoniuiB 
 
 («!,). . , 
 IHCO,), 
 (LO,!... 
 (NO,)... 
 (NO.)... 
 (PO,)... 
 (BO,)... 
 (CI) . . 
 
 (Dr) 
 
 (I) 
 
 Previous 
 analysi.-.. 
 
 Parts per million. 
 
 1,500. 
 -!70. 
 
 (SiO,). . 
 (Fe).., 
 (Al)... 
 (Mn).. 
 (Ca)... 
 (Sr).... 
 (Mg)... 
 (Li).... 
 (K).... 
 (Na)... 
 (Nil.),. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Total solids in solution, residu 
 JtwdM UO'C. 
 
 i rital [ 
 inorxanic Reacting 
 
 m:itlt.r in | value, 
 solution. 
 
 Pit cent. 
 
 I Perc 
 
 51 8 
 128 
 
 56 2 
 6 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 (Concentra- 
 tion value. 
 86 8 
 
 Ciasear Carbon Dioxide CO, 
 
 Hydrogen Sulphide H,S. 
 
 c.c. per litre. 
 26- 
 
 Parts per million. 
 
122 
 HYPOTHETICAL COMBINATIONS. 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 Parts per 
 
 inorganic 
 
 Previous 
 
 Constituent; — 
 
 million. 
 
 matter in 
 
 analysis. 
 
 
 
 
 solution. 
 
 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 
 Sodium nitrite 
 
 (NaNO.) 
 
 
 
 
 Sodium nitrate 
 
 (NiiNOj) 
 
 
 
 
 Ammonium chionde 
 
 (NH,CI) 
 
 
 
 
 Potassium iodide 
 
 (KI) 
 
 
 
 
 Potassium I)romide 
 
 (KUr) 
 
 
 
 
 Lithium chloride 
 
 (i.ici) 
 
 trace 
 ,151- 
 
 
 
 
 (KCI) 
 
 
 Sodium rhtoridf 
 
 iNaCl) 
 
 
 Magnesium chloride 
 
 iMk<'i.) 
 
 191 
 
 6 6 
 
 
 Calcium chloride 
 
 ((■a<i.) 
 
 
 
 
 Sodium sulphate 
 
 (NiiiSO,) 
 
 
 
 
 Magnesium sulphate 
 
 (MkSO,) 
 
 04 1 
 
 22 ,1 
 
 
 ( alriuni sulphate 
 
 (CaSO.) 
 
 1 , 22*1 ■ 
 
 ■i2-2 
 
 
 Sodium bicarljonate 
 
 (NallCOa) 
 
 
 
 
 Magnesium bicarbonate 
 
 (MgdlCO,),),. 
 
 
 
 
 ( alcium bicarlionate 
 
 (CalHC(),,)s)., . 
 
 
 
 
 Strontium bicarlwnatc 
 
 (SrdU'O,),). . . 
 
 
 
 
 Ferrous bicarlmnate 
 
 (Fc(H(.0,).)... 
 
 
 
 
 Calcium phosphate 
 
 (Caid'O^h). ... 
 
 
 
 
 Ferric oxide 
 
 (i-ejOO 
 
 
 
 
 Alumina 
 
 (AWX,) .. ,,, 
 
 
 
 
 Silica 
 
 (SiO:) 
 
 
 
 
 
 2,S*)2 
 
 10(1 
 
 
I PeaiL' River. 
 
 12.< 
 
 VERMILION Clll'Ti;s SPRINT,. 
 From a b,,r, hok >6S ;,cl al Vermilwn Chatcs „ 
 
 Sample colk-cte.1 |„|y ,, ,y,f, 
 
 Tcm[K'rature ,v 5°c (42° F ) 
 
 ■•- (jalluns a mimili'. 
 
 Salint' ant! ^truii^K- j)!' Iiy- 
 
 tlniKi-ti siilphidt'. 
 
 Flow 
 Taste 
 
 Reaction 
 
 S[x-ilfic gravity at 1,S°C ] .im 
 
 Raclioaelivity Kmanation. 
 
 Dissolved radium 
 
 Properties of reactii 
 
 >n in per ( i tu. 
 
 manation in Ras eyoKed. 
 
 Primary salinity 87 
 
 Secondary salinity 12 ■ 
 
 Primary alkalinity 
 
 Secondary alkalinity 
 
 Analysis. 
 
 ■ ^ 
 
 Parts [v 
 lOU 
 
 S,,i4n. 
 
 im 
 \m 
 \l 
 
 4. -60 
 
 Prcviuus 
 analysis. 
 
 r iiiillidn. 
 
 .tolaf" 
 ini)r>;.inic 
 
 Milution. 
 
 
 t'onstilucnts; — 
 
 Reacting 
 value. 
 
 
 Per cunt . 
 
 .,. 
 
 Si (.huricacid (SO,) . 
 iii. arbonic acid (HCO.) 
 t .irlwnic acid (CO,) 
 
 
 1) ; 
 
 60 9 
 
 2 1 
 
 14 
 
 0.1 
 ,!4 H 
 
 04 
 
 Nitric acid (No,) 
 
 Nitrous acid (NO,) 
 
 I'liosplioric acid (PO,) . 
 
 
 M. Mljiiric acid (BO,) 
 
 
 '''I'"-!'"-- (CI) j 
 
 In.iiiiiie (Br).., 
 
 '"'I""- (1) ■; 
 
 49.6 
 
 Silica (SiO,) 
 
 
 1""' (Kc),, 
 
 
 Ml iiilniiiiii (;\|) 
 
 M.II1K.II1CSC (Mn) 
 
 
 •■■'i™"" (Ca) v.;.' 
 
 
 sinintiiim (Sr). . 
 
 3.0 
 
 M.HiicMuiii (Mg).... 
 
 
 I.ithiiiiii ([ j) 
 
 i'"i.i,"i,im IK,;;; 
 
 ^"1""". (Na) 
 
 Tola! . . 
 ''drld'aMIOT""""'""' "^"'^"1 
 
 3 2 
 
 2 
 43 6 
 
 IJ.MII. 1 
 IS.i.SO 
 
 
 IIH) 
 
 too 
 
 ;ascs; r-arlion Dioxide CO,. 
 
 Hjclrogei, Sulphide H,S ; : 
 
 c.c. per litre 
 25U 
 
 
 'arts per iiiiUi 
 400. 
 
 on. 
 
124 
 
 HYPOTHETICAL COMBINATIONS. 
 
 No. 345 I. 
 
 
 
 
 Constituent: — 
 
 Parts per 
 million. 
 
 Total 
 inorganic 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 Prevloub 
 
 analysis. 
 
 
 Pei i-ent. 
 
 
 Sodium nitrite (NaNO,) 
 
 22 
 12,Ui(i 
 
 688 
 143 
 
 02 
 
 88-4 
 S 4 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 
 Ammonium chloride (NH,CI). . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lithium chloride (LiCl) 
 
 
 
 
 Sodium chloride (NaCI). . . 
 
 
 MaRnesium chloride (MrCI^) 
 
 
 
 
 Sodium sulphate (Na,S04) 
 
 
 
 
 Calcium sulphate (CaSO*).. . 
 
 
 Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO,) 
 
 
 Magnesium bicarbonate (MgfHrOji))) 
 
 Calcium bicarbonate (Ca(MCO))i). . 
 
 
 
 
 Ferrous bicarbonate (Fe(HCO,)v) 
 
 
 Calcium phosphate (CaifPO*)!) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Silica (SiOi) 
 
 
 
 
 
 13.692 
 
 1000 
 
 
 SULPHUR SPRING, JASPER PARK. ALBERTA. 
 
 (140) 
 
 The following analysiy is a sample of water coUectcd from a newly dis- 
 covered spring in Fiddle Creek Canyon, Jasper Park. Alberta. 
 
 Only a trace of hydrogen sulphide was detected in the water owing to 
 the fact that three month? had elapsed since the collection of the sample. 
 
 It resembles some of the Banff waters in being a calcic, sutphated, 
 saline (sulphuretted) water. 
 
125 
 
 Laboratocy No. 140. 
 
 Sample collected 
 Temperature .... 
 
 Flow 
 
 Taste 
 
 SULPHUR SPRING. 
 
 .May, 1915. 
 
 Slight taste of hydrogen 
 sulphide. 
 
 l*"-'"''™ Alkaline. 
 
 Specitir gravity at 1S°C 1 -0004. 
 
 Radioactivity Emanation 
 
 Dissolved raflium 
 
 Emanation in gas evolved 
 1 roperties of reaction in per cent. 
 
 Primary salinity 26-20 
 
 Secondary salinity 18-16 
 
 Primary alkalinity 
 
 Secondary alkalinity 55-64 
 
 Analysis. 
 
 Not 
 tested. 
 
 Carbon Dioxide COi , , , 
 Hydrogen Sulphide HiS 
 
 Parts per million. 
 
126 
 HYPOTHETICAL COMBINATIONS. 
 
 Constituent: — 
 
 Sddiuni nitrite 
 Sotliiim nitr.ili' 
 Aninioniitm rhioridc 
 Potiissiimi ifjdide 
 I'oI.TSsiuiii liromidu 
 Lithium (-hioricJL' 
 Potiissium rhloridu' 
 Sodium ciiloridc' 
 Magnesium cilloride 
 Cakium chloride 
 Sodium sulphate 
 Magnesium sulphate 
 Caleium sulphate 
 Sodium bicarbonate 
 Magnesium bicarlionate 
 Calcium birarbonate 
 Strontium bicarlxinate 
 Kerrous bicarbonate 
 Calcium phosphate 
 Ferric oxide 
 Alumin.i 
 Silica 
 
 (N.iNO,) . 
 (NaNO,).. .. 
 INH.ll). . , , 
 (Kl). .. 
 
 iKBr) 
 
 (I.iH) 
 
 (KCI) 
 
 (NaCl) 
 
 (MgCl,).. . 
 
 (CaCI,) 
 
 (Na.SO,), .. 
 
 (MgSO.).... 
 
 (CaSOJ . . 
 
 (MaHCO,) ... 
 
 (MgCHCO,),) 
 
 (CadlCO,),). 
 
 (Sr(HCO,),). 
 
 (KetHCO.),). 
 
 (Ca,(PO,).).. 
 
 (Fe,0,) 
 
 (Al,0.,) 
 
 (SiO,) 
 
 Parts twr 
 million. 
 
 .54 4 
 100 
 
 13 3 
 J4'( 
 
 7 3 
 
 8 9 
 
 Total 
 inorganic 
 
 2 2 
 56 7 
 
 12 
 14 
 
 Previous 
 analysis. 
 
 I 
 
 THK HOT SULPHl'R SPRINGS AT BANFF, ALBERTA. 
 
 Si'vi-n hoi springs in the neighbourhood of Banll in the Rocky Mountains 
 National Park, form the ihird group of spring.s investigated. They were 
 visited in Novemlter and December, 1916, when many tests were carried 
 out— especially in connexion with other radioactive properties. As the 
 famous Harrison Hot Springs an<l Halcxiin Hot Sp;ings in British Columbia 
 have not yet Ix'en examined, the Banff Springs are the only thermal waters 
 that have Iwen investigated in Canada. The origin of hot springs is the 
 subject of much discussion among geologists, even at the present il.iy, and 
 nuttierous theories have lx?en |)roposed to account for the phenomena of hot 
 springs and geysers. In the case of the Banff Springs, the explanation may 
 most reastjnably Ix' sought in the high temperature of the earth's crust in 
 Ihat neighbourhood due to the tremendous stresses and strains that have 
 been set up during the formation of the mountains.' Water in its under- 
 ground circulation, over heated rock-masses, will become heated, and issue 
 as hoi springs. 
 
 ' Camacll, C. The CrtMJogy of tlie Canadian .Vaiionai Parks. Dominion !>arka Branch, p. IS, 1914. 
 
127 
 
128 
 
 The radioactive determinations show the Banff Springs to be the most 
 activeof any yet examined in Canada,' although the results obtained are not 
 as high as many of the most important European springs. 
 
 Individual descriptions of the springs follow. There is a great rimilar- 
 ity between the waters from the various sources, a>. mi^ht be expected. They 
 may all be classified as moderately mineralized, calcic, suipliatcd. saline 
 (sulphuretted) waters. Save in the Basin Spring water, calcium sulphate 
 forms about 60 per cent, magnesium sulphate 18 per cent, and calcium 
 bicarbonate about 15 per cent of the total solid matter in solution. The 
 waters somewhat resemble those of the famous Bath Hot Springs in Kngliml, 
 and wouM, therefore, be of similar therapeutif v.ilue. Some notes on the 
 therapeutic properties uf sulphur springs arc included after the analyw-s, 
 and a brief account of the way in which the Bath waters are employed in 
 the treatment of disease. 
 
 THE UPPER HOT SPRING. 
 
 The Upper Hot Spring rises on the northeast side of Sulphur mountain' 
 at an altitude of 5,000 feet above sea-lc\el, and about 500 fit i aliove the 
 valley of the Bow river, it is therefore, the most elevated of .my of the 
 spring.?, and was called the Upper Hot Spriri; to distinguish It Irom those 
 lower down the mountain. This sprinij; was the tirst to be used by invalids, 
 who bathed in a hole dug in the ground close to the source of the water. In 
 the early days, many a discarded crutch was to be found in the vicinity, 
 bearing eloquent testimony of the healing powers, of the hot sulphur waters. 
 
 Tin- spring is reached to-day, by a well-made road windini; up the pine 
 covered slopes of Sulphur mountain— a pleasant three mile walk or drive 
 from the town. Starting from Banff avenue, one cntssos the Bow bridge, 
 turns to the left along Spray avenue — the road to the Banff Springs Hutel-- 
 tiil a road branching off to the right is r. ached. This road, called Mountain 
 avenue, is followed, winding up the mountain with many a curve and lurn, 
 passing the Club House of the Alpine Club of Canada, aiiout a mile from 
 the fork of the road, until the Hot Spring is reached. Rustic pavilions along 
 the roadside afford both shade and r-^st. There is also a pony trail through 
 the wood, which can be followed. The road ends at the I pper Hot Springs 
 Bath House, but a bridle path continues for another two mites to ai. jser- 
 vatory on the summit of Sulphur mountain, 9,484 feet above sea-level. 
 
 In this building self-registering instruments record the temperature, 
 barometric pressure, and other data which prove of great meteorological 
 value. The instruments have to \)C attended to every week, and one can 
 well imagine that the trip from the town in the depth of winter can hardly 
 be enjoyable. The summit of Sulphur mountain is a favourite spot for all 
 night excursions to witness the sun's rising, an experience well worth the 
 exertion of the climb. 
 
 'SattiTly and Elworthy. Mineral SprinBs of Canada, 
 Springs, Minea Braitth. Bui. 10. p. 39, 1917. 
 
 Pt. I.— The Radioactivity of Some Canadia 
 
129 
 
 Vi Jv-n""' ^P""«\"''"l-whi.-h is open all tho y...,r r,M,„,l, and (iran.l 
 V.C.W Villa, a summer hntc.|, are bo,h situated close t„ the I'pper H„t Sprine' 
 
 s,de of the r,,ad. The v.ew from the site of the I ppir Hot Spring looking 
 down the valley of the Bow river is magnifi.-i nl. 
 
 The .prins itself rise, in a briek.-d well about thr,-.. f, , , .q„are, and is 
 the only spnnK source at Banff which has in any wa^ hen nxed „p jL 
 ma,n volume of the wat.r is carried l,y a pipe for about (iftv feet down hill 
 and across the road, where i, runs into the swimnung p„ul of the fpn-'r 
 Hot SpnuK bath house. Another pipe, three-fourths of a mile in Ict^h 
 .onye>^ the water ,„ the B.,n,r SpriuKs Hotel swimming bail,, and to the 
 Brett Hospttal. When the flow fron, the sprin, is a, its nuximun, these 
 p.pes do not carry away all th.. water, but an ovc-rllow runs in ., strean d™" 
 the h,l s,de. I he channel of this stream is lined with a vellowish, s 1 h m 
 ■ke suostance f,,rnu.d by d.posi.ion of material from the water. T e W f 
 
 const„uents of th.s substan.e ate calciun, carbonate or limestone, cal ium 
 
 sulphate or gypsum, and sulphur, together with organic material con i Z 
 
 of the algae, which espetialK' aboun.l in sulphur sprints. 
 
 The swimming pool is about 20 feet wide, a,.,l -10 fee, lonj;. Although 
 
 heat ,s lost tn the passage of the water from the soune in,,, ,l,e ba,h ii. 
 
 almost as hot as one can U'ar, its temperature being about 'J^.'Ib'V There 
 
 ::^:: :n- :t" '^"^'- '- '"-" ''■"-"'■ '-"■ -■"■"■' "- ^- -"r>hur 
 
 Th,. following par,icul,,rs were „l„ain,.,l a- ., r.'.ul, of ,h.. .v.mination 
 and analysis of the water frem the Upper Hut Spring:- '""'"•""-" 
 
 THK UPPER HOT SPRI.NG. 
 
 Laboratory No. 6S. 
 
 P.ampl,.s collect,.,! ' DecemlKT. lOK,, ,„„l J.inuarv. VH7 
 
 l.-mperatur,' 46°C. (115°K.) 
 
 n 
 
 Taste 
 
 120 gallons pir niinule. 
 Flat with slight evi,ience of 
 hydriigen sul|>hi,li-. 
 Ke.ictuin 
 
 Specific gravity at 15°t" 1 002. 
 
 Radioactivity Emanation 221 
 
 Dissolved radiiun 8- 
 
 . Emanation in gas e\-,jlve,l. 
 
 Properties of reaction in per cent. 
 
 Primary salinity 2 
 
 Secondary salinity . 
 Primary alkalinity.. . 
 Secuiida"/ a!kaiinil\ , 
 
 16 
 .8.1 42 
 
 .I592 
 
130 
 Analysli. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 j 
 
 tonslitutn 
 
 
 
 
 inorKanic 
 
 I Keacting 
 
 
 
 Previous 
 
 matter in 
 
 value. 
 
 
 
 
 analysis.* 
 
 solution. 
 
 
 
 Parts per million. 
 
 Percent. 
 
 Percent. 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 ISO,) . 
 
 6i4. 
 
 660 
 
 57 60 
 
 42 14 
 
 Biciirbatiicacid 
 
 (HCO.) 
 
 Ui- 
 
 
 12 OK 
 
 6 96 
 
 Carljonic acid 
 
 ICOil , , 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 (NO,) .. 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 Nilrousacid 
 
 (NO:).. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Phosphoric acid 
 
 (TO,). , 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mclaiwric acid 
 
 (Bt),) , . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chlorine 
 Bromi 
 
 (CI)... 
 (Br).. 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 91 
 
 90 
 
 Iodine 
 
 (1) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 Silica 
 
 (SiO,).. 
 
 31 
 
 33 
 
 2 H2 
 
 
 Iron 
 
 (Kc). . .1 
 
 
 
 
 
 Aluminium 
 
 (Al). . / 
 
 17 
 
 
 15 
 
 19 
 
 ManjianeHC 
 
 (Mn).. . 
 
 01 
 
 
 
 
 
 Calcium 
 
 (Ca). . 
 
 239- 
 
 254 
 
 21 71 
 
 38 07 
 
 Strontium 
 
 (Sr). .. 
 
 V2 
 
 
 29 
 
 23 
 
 Magnesium 
 
 (Mg) . 
 
 39 7 
 
 41 6 
 
 3 61 
 
 10 43 
 
 Lithium 
 
 (l.i) 
 
 1 
 
 decided trace 
 
 
 ') 04 
 
 Potassium 
 
 (K) 
 
 3 7 
 
 } 6 6 
 
 034 
 
 . „0 
 
 So^lium 
 
 (Na) .. 
 
 Si 
 
 048 
 
 73 
 
 Ammonium 
 
 (NH,).. 
 
 1 
 
 
 01 
 
 01 
 
 Total 
 
 I.IOO 81 
 
 1.001 2 
 
 100 OO 
 
 lOO 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Concentra- 
 
 Total solids in S4)! 
 
 lion, residue. 
 
 
 
 
 tion value. 
 
 dried at 1 IO°C . 
 
 ..... 
 
 i 
 
 1,(WS. 
 
 1 
 
 
 31 34 
 
 Carbon Dioxide COj 
 Hydrogen Sulphide HiS 
 
 c.c. per litre. 
 25 3 
 12 
 
 Parts per million. 
 49 8 
 1 SJ 
 
 • By Dr. A. McGUI. OtUwa. 1696. 
 
HVPOTHETICAf. ( OMBINATIONS. 
 
 Conatitupni: — 
 
 Swliiiin nitrite 
 Sodium nitratf 
 Ammonititn chloride 
 1'otas.sium icxiidc 
 I'otaitHium hromidc 
 l.ithiiim chinridc 
 Potiissium rhioride 
 S'Klimn chloride 
 Majjnesiiitti chloride 
 falcium chloride 
 Sidium sulphate 
 M.-iKni-8iuni sulphate 
 (-alciiim sulphate 
 Sodium bicarbonate 
 
 (N'aNO,).. 
 (NaNO,).. 
 
 (NH.rij.., , 
 
 iK\) 
 
 (KHr) 
 
 (I.iCh 
 
 (KCIj ... 
 
 (NuCI)..., 
 
 (MrCI.) 
 
 ((-■afi,) 
 
 (Na.SO.)., .. 
 
 <MkS(),). 
 
 (CiiSO,).... 
 _-.._ (NaHU),),, . 
 
 IMaKnesium bicarlxinate (Mk(HC(>,),) 
 (alcium bicarbonate (CalHCOa),) ' 
 
 Strontium birarbonati 
 KiTrous bicarl>onat( 
 Ciilcium phosphate 
 Ferric ..xid" 
 Alumina 
 Silica 
 
 (Sr(H((),),). 
 (KedU'O,),). 
 K'a.tl'-l,),),. 
 
 (Fe^Oj) 
 
 (AM),) 
 
 (SiO:) 
 
 _ Tote! 
 
 7." '*'' inorganic 
 
 milhon. matter in 
 
 I solution. 
 
 Per cent, 
 
 27 
 
 5'J 
 7 OK 
 9 82 
 
 4 4(] 
 106 SO 
 672 20 
 
 IfiS 80 
 7-65 I 
 5 4,1 
 
 Previoua 
 
 anulynik. 
 
 05 
 M 
 8'; 
 
 15 07 
 W 
 49 
 
 THE KIDNEY SPRING. 
 
 (66) 
 
 «nl> a .hort <l,.,a„ce from ihc road up Uu. mouotuin sulc. The rhLnd 
 
 he road ,u.st l,cfore ,he I pper H„. Spring is reached. In coU weather 
 
 and In the tree.s m ihe vicinuy-white with rime 
 
 No use ,s made of the water which issues from several small basins 
 n y a foot or two ,n diameter. The tlow is eomparativeiv small, appr "i! 
 
 low h;n"th : r rr?' ''"T "" ''™^- Th^' .-peratoreis slightly 
 ower hau that of the I pper Hot Springs; hut analysis proves the water 
 to be almost Identical in composition and properties 
 
THE KIPNEY SPRING. 
 Laboratory No. M. 
 
 Sample collcrtod Dccinilicr, 1916. 
 
 Temperaturi' 39 0°C. (101°K.) 
 
 Flow 20 gallons p*!r minute. 
 
 Ta»te Flat with evidence of hydrogen sul- 
 phide. 
 
 Reaction 
 
 Specific gravity at 1 J°C 1 002 
 
 Radioactivity Emanation 392 units 
 
 Oissolvcd radium 8-5 „ 
 
 Emanation in gas evolved . — 
 
 Properties of reaction in per cent. 
 
 
 Secondary salinity 
 
 Primary alkalinity 
 
 Secondary alkalinity 
 
 Analysis. 
 
 81-54 
 
 16-78 
 
 Constituents:— 
 
 
 Previous 
 analysis. 
 
 Total 
 inorj^anic 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 Reacting 
 value. 
 
 
 Parts per million. 
 
 Percent. 
 
 IV-r cent. 
 
 Sulphuric acid (S0«) . . . 
 
 S87. 
 IS4 
 
 10 D 
 
 31 
 0.7 
 
 01 
 2.10. 
 3.5 
 WO 
 01 
 20 
 4 
 2 
 
 
 55 32 
 14 SO 
 
 0^ 
 
 2 92 
 006 
 
 21 67 
 33 
 
 3 67 
 
 19 
 38 
 02 
 
 40 67 
 8. 39 
 
 Bicarbonic acid (HCO.) 
 
 Carbonic acid (CO,) 
 
 Nitric acid (NO,) 
 
 Nitrous acid (NO,) 
 
 Phosphoric acid (PO,) 
 
 Metaboric acid (BO,) 
 
 Chlorine (CI).. 
 
 94 
 
 Bromine (Br).. . 
 
 
 
 Slica (SiO,) 
 
 Iron (Fe) 1 
 
 Aluminium (Al) J 
 
 Manfjanese (Mn) 
 
 08 
 
 38 16 
 026 
 
 10 66 
 OS 
 17 
 0-58 
 OO-l 
 
 Strontium (Sr) . . 
 
 
 Lithium (Li) 
 
 Potassium (K 
 
 Sodium (Na) 
 
 Ammonium (NH,) 
 
 - . il 
 
 1.061.5 
 1,064. 
 
 
 100 00 
 
 100 00 
 Concentra- 
 tion value. 
 30 08 
 
 Total aulids in solution, residue 
 dried at 110°C 
 
 
 Gases: Carbon Dioxide CO, , 
 Hydrogen Sulphide H,S. . 
 
 c.c. per lit 
 21. 2 
 16 
 
 re 
 
 Parts per i 
 
 41 .v 
 2-4(1 
 
 lillion. 
 
1-58 
 lO-l 
 
 133 
 
 HVPOTHRTICAL COMBINATIONS. 
 
 Comtituent;- 
 
 Partii per 
 
 mil lion. 
 
 So«limn nitritr 
 Stxlium nitrate 
 Ammonium (hlortcli' 
 I'utiiHiiium iodide 
 I'otaasium liromide 
 Lithium chloride 
 I'otassiuni chloride 
 Si^dium chloride 
 Magnt-aium chloride 
 Cakium chloride 
 Sodium sulphate 
 M.iKne»ium sulphate 
 Cairium sulphate 
 Sodium hirarhonute 
 MdRncsiutii biiartronate 
 Calcium bicarbonate 
 Strontium hicarlwnale 
 Krrrous bJcarfxinaic 
 Cilniim phosphate 
 ^^■^^i^■ oxide 
 -Muiiiina 
 Silica 
 
 (NaNOil. 
 
 (NaNO.i. 
 
 (NH4CI) ... 
 
 (KI) 
 
 (KBr) ,, 
 
 (I.iCl) 
 
 (KCI) 
 
 (NaCI) 
 
 (MgCI.) . . 
 
 (CaCI,! 
 
 (Na,S(),) 
 
 (MrSO,). 
 
 (CaSO,) 
 
 (NalUO.) 
 
 (Mk(M((>,),). 
 
 (fiUHCO,!,) 
 
 (Sr(M(0,),j. 
 
 (FedlCC),),).. 
 
 (C"a,(F'0,),).,. 
 
 (Fi'/)i) , , , , 
 
 (AI,0,) 
 
 (sio,). . ..,: 
 
 Total 
 inorganic 
 ttiatter in 
 solution. 
 
 Percent. 
 
 Previout 
 analysii 
 
 59 
 
 .1 HO 
 10 17 
 
 1 S2 
 
 615 87 
 
 196 42 
 
 8 28 
 2 22 
 
 06 
 J6 
 96 
 14 
 
 IS 00 
 58 00 
 
 18 51 
 78 
 21 
 
 1,001 46 
 
 100 00 
 
 THE MIDDLE SPRINGS. 
 
 (67) 
 
 In f.II"',h!^v''!.t ^Trr ""•""^'^^d, an<l ..ill in ,;,eir natural state. 
 f..ct thc-y are so little known, that they are seldr.m .een by visitors to 
 
 Mckra ble possibilities of their utilization exist on account of the considerabV 
 •1.™ of water and the terraced nature of the ground in the vicinity 
 
 C M , "''^'''' '" ""^ ■■'''''"■ ^'»'" ""--■ "'il'- -'bove the bridge 
 
 ™ a^inC;' 1:7- ■''■'"■ '°"r' ''""'■ ■" '""^ neighbourhci ar 
 
 .. most d"iv near ,h "'"'" Z""" "' '^' '""' ''"' ""^^ >* encountered 
 
 V „ 1 1 '''VP""8s. The accompanying photograph (Plate VII) 
 
 "^LT t, f "^ "PP" ^'"P<^ "< Su-^hur mountain. The 
 
 ;. w 1 ^^ .?f ""*' '"" ""■ ™"^" '" " '"-" «h-- ■" spread! 
 
 •he vln'v J A 7 "".' '"'■•■'" '™'''"« '^"*" ™ BanIT and across 
 
The waters innuc from (wo sourrt's; ont*. in a ra\r. rininji; in a ptMil, the 
 surface of which x* coniilantty aKit;,(t-(l by ritilntt bubhtcH of K^t^i the other, 
 even more voliirninouM. from uruler a lar^e rock 4it the mouth of the rave. 
 The streams join, t jmhlinj; in a ^leep dewent, till ihey run a more leisurely 
 course over the terraii' and less steep slci|H-fs of the lower mountain lo the 
 river, Varieties of al^ae, vcKetable Krowths, that es[H'( iaily abound in the 
 waters of hot sulphur sprintts, euat the sides of th<- ihatinels, and adorn the 
 rocks with v.iri-eoloured filaments. IVrhaps ntme of the spriuK^ '" Han'.i 
 can comfH'te with the Br)rneous » olourings of the famous paint [mts of thr 
 Vellowstone National Park. Tlir -ireanis are usualK too rapid to allow 
 of much KHiwth. The follow' ^ olwrvation-- l)y \V M. WVed.' writing; ol 
 the alKae abounding in the H tlow>tone I'ark. apply to the Hanfi springs- 
 
 Thr ni^ntT ,1 -. ;..iii:.- lit riiliMiri i» wrll iMiHtr.itcil liy ttir iMrurntui' uf ■•m ti jjrowth" 
 in ovitHow ■tnaci \ uh a lonhiant voUinir, inch ^ii tlu' outli t .i( the hlink s,inH (.1 '•firioK 
 in Ytrlliiwitonc I'ark/. As the wiiler frnm this ^|>ririhc iIum ilutix ir-< < li.iiinri it in rapiilly 
 chillfil liy lonuct with the air and l>y t'v-ii[»raiujii, .irid \> mkhi <imjI i-iioui^h ki [irrmit die 
 Ifrowth (if the mure riiclinu-nlary foriiiM which Ww ;il tlir )iik'h<'>t (riii|)i-f.itLtrf. Thi'w 
 appear first in skt'irm of ilclicalc whiti- tiLuiifnt^ which tfaduaUy t han)(i' lo p;ik- Hrsh-pitik 
 further duwnNtrcam. A^ the water iHtoim-!* cijcik-r thin pink Lerunu-n ik'C'iNT, and a brtt(tii 
 orange, and clo«.'ly adherent fuuy growth, rari-ly filanit>ntnuN, apjiears at the lx>rtkT of th4 
 stream, and finally rcpla<rH the ftr«tt mciuioned furnis. Thi» nuT^e" inio \(ll<»ttish-urfiii 
 which hh.icli- into a rich i-niertUl farther dnwn. this IxinK the Kinminii culmir i>l fri-h- 
 w.tlt-r alK-ic !■> Ihc ipiii't w^ttiTnof tin- iKHiMcd liy this <4t ream the .il^.n' priMiit a ililfireni 
 dcvi'lupnu'nt, toinniiK leathery sheet" of IhiikIi Kelalimms in.iten.il with <nr.illoid and viisc 
 shaped forms risina lu the hurface, and often hllintf up a lartje |),iri of the |Kml. Shitis i-l 
 brown or green, kelpy or leathery, alwt line the ba-in- of warm ■ipriiiK- whose temiXTatiiri' 
 dm-s not exceed 140 F,, bnl in sprinu" havtnn a hi^;he^ tcm|HTaliire the iidy vimtatiun 
 present forms a velvety. Rotrkii -yellow Ium upon the |K)ttiiMi and sides ol the Uml. Tlti-' 
 growth is rarely noticed in siirinns where the water exceeds 160° except at the edge of thi 
 pool. If the h.iHin is funnei-sh.iped with tlarint; nr s.iucer- shaped expanoion, aluae Krou 
 in the cooler and iihannwer water of the ntarxin, forming concentric ring<i of yellow, ohl 
 go.. I, and orantce, shadinu into salmon-rol ,<nd 1 rim>u>n, and this to brown at the Imrder uf 
 the spring. Around huch springs the growth at the margin often forms a raised rim ui 
 flponKv, HtilT jelly, doiiiettnieH almost rubber-like in consistency, and red or brown in colour. 
 
 THE MIDDLKSPRINd. 
 
 Laboratory No. 67. 
 
 Sample collt-cted DeccmlK'r. 1916. 
 
 Temperature 33-5V. (Q2°F.) 
 
 Flow 50 gallons per minute. 
 
 Taste Slight taste of hydrogen sulphide. 
 
 Reaction Neutral. 
 
 Specific gravity at 15°C 1-0017 
 
 Radioactivity Emanation 294 units 
 
 Dtssolve<l radium 8 6.. 
 
 Kmanation in gas evolved. 1910 „ 
 
 'Weed, W. H., Forn»tum of TravrrtUir and Siliceous Sinter by the VrftrUtio 
 Geo! Siirv.. Minih Aan. Res., cp. 657HS5S. 1S99. 
 
 of Hot 5p(ing». 1' 
 

 Vj4 :-*"-t 
 
 Im^Mi 
 
1 
 
 135 
 Properties of reaction in per cent. 
 
 Primary salinity 2- 10 
 
 Secondary salinity 83-94 
 
 Primary alkalinity _ 
 
 Secondary alkalin-'rv 13-96 
 
 Analysis. 
 
 =^=^^ -=^^= 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 Constituents: — 
 
 
 Previous 
 analysis. 
 
 Total 
 inorganic 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 Reacting 
 value. 
 
 
 Parts per million. 
 
 Percent. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Sulphuric acid (SO«).,.. 
 Bicarbonicacid. tHCO,).... 
 
 Carbonic acid (COi) 
 
 Nitnc acid (N0») . . 
 
 610 
 I2S 
 
 8 
 
 27 6 
 3 3 
 trace 
 228 
 
 
 57 9.) 
 12 16 
 
 76 
 
 2 62 
 .11 
 
 21-65 
 10 
 ,1 69 
 02 
 1) .)1 
 43 
 01 
 
 42 27 
 6. 98 
 
 Nitrous .icid (NOj 
 
 
 
 Phosphoric acid (FOt) 
 
 
 
 Metaboric acid (BOa) 
 
 
 
 Chlorine (CI) 
 
 
 
 Bromine (Br) 
 
 075 
 
 Iodine (I) 
 
 
 
 Silica (SiO,) 
 
 
 
 Iron (Fe) i 
 
 Aluminium (Al) f 
 Manganese (Mn) ." 
 Calcium (Va) 
 Strontium (Sr) 
 
 
 
 ,17 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 39 
 84 
 
 Magnesium (Mg) 
 
 
 0/ 
 
 Lithium (Li) 
 
 02 
 
 3 3 
 
 4 6 
 
 1) I 
 
 
 65 
 
 Potassium (K) 
 
 09 
 
 Sodium (Xa) 
 Ammonium (.NH«) 
 
 28 
 66 
 
 
 02 
 
 Total solids in solution, residue 
 dried at 110°C.,, 
 
 1,0530 
 1,059. 
 
 
 too 00 
 
 100 00 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Gases; Carbon Dioxide COi 
 
 Hydrogen Sulphide H.S. 
 
 c.c. per litre. 
 19 2 
 2 2 
 
 Parts per million. 
 
 37 7 
 3 3 
 
HYPOTHETICAL COMBINATIONS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 Parts per 
 
 inorganic 
 
 Previous 
 
 Conatituent: — 
 
 million. 
 
 matter in 
 
 analysis. 
 
 
 
 
 solution. 
 
 
 
 Per cent . 
 
 
 Soiiiuui nitrite 
 
 (NaNW 
 
 
 
 
 Sodium nitrale 
 
 (NaNO,) 
 
 
 
 
 Ammoniuiii chloride 
 
 <NH,CI) 
 
 27 
 
 03 
 
 
 i*uta»hiinii iudiile 
 
 (KI) 
 
 
 
 
 Potassiiirii (jroiiiidi- 
 
 (KBr) 
 
 
 l.itiiiuni cliloriilo 
 
 (LiCI) 
 
 110 
 
 11 
 
 
 lV)t;issiiinnh!oridc 
 
 (Kcn 
 
 6 26 
 
 .S9 
 
 
 Sodium chloride 
 
 (XaCl) 
 
 b i7 
 
 60 
 
 
 Magnesium chloride 
 
 (MrCL) 
 
 
 
 
 Calrium chloride 
 
 (CiiCU) 
 
 
 
 
 Sodium sulphate 
 
 (Na^StM 
 
 6 46 
 
 0-61 
 
 
 Magnesium sulphate 
 
 (MgSO,) 
 
 192 SI 
 
 18. 29 
 
 
 Calrium sulphate 
 
 (CaS(M 
 
 640 78 
 
 60 86 
 
 
 Sodium bicarljonalc 
 
 (NaHC(h) 
 
 
 
 
 Magnesium bicarlmnate {Mg(H("Oj),) . 
 
 
 
 
 Calcium bicarbonate 
 
 (CalEICO,),).. , 
 
 158 66 
 
 15 07 
 
 
 Strontium bicarbonate 
 
 (SrCHCO,);)... 
 
 2 41 
 
 23 
 
 
 Ferrous bicarbonate 
 
 (Fe(HCO,),) ., 
 
 10. 50 
 
 1 00 
 
 
 Calcium phosphate 
 
 (CaJi'O,),)..., 
 
 
 
 
 Ferric oxide 
 
 tFesUi) 
 
 
 
 
 Alumina 
 
 (AhO,) 
 
 
 
 
 Silica 
 
 (SiOi) 
 
 27-6 
 
 2-61 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,053 01 
 
 10000 1 
 
 1 
 
 THE LAVE AND BASIN SPRINGS. 
 
 (68 and 69) 
 The Cave and Basin Springs, within easy access of the town, are 
 undoubtedly the best known and most popular of all the hot springs at 
 Banff. They lie, not far apart, on the lower slope of Sulphur mountain, 
 overlooking the Bow valley and Vermilion lake. Crossing the Bow 
 bridge the road from Banff turns to the right and ascends the gentle islope 
 for a mile until at the crown of the hiil it emerges from the shady avenue of 
 pine and fir, allowing full view of the splendid new swimming bath and the 
 valley beyond. Leaving the swimming pool for further attention the first 
 object of interest is the Cave. Discovered in the fall of 1880 by sur- 
 veyors enagaged in locating the track of the Canadian Pacific Railway, it 
 has never since failed to attract attention and interest. The Cave is nearly 
 circular in shape, about 40 feet diameter, and 20 feet high. A pool of bub- 
 bling, seething water, four to five feet deep, forms the greater part of the 
 floor, and i?^ roughly in the shape of a horseshoe, about ,?0 feet across at 
 its widest diameter. Entrance to the cave is obtained through the south- 
 easl lx"lvedere of the new bath house, by means of a well-lit tunnel, .10 
 feet long; at the end of the passage a flight of a few steps 1' '.ds to the plat- 
 

)i 
 
' ii. 
 
137 
 
 form at the sidp ,.f the pnnl. A htik- in the roof of the cave, through which 
 the early exiilorcrs gained entrance, affords a dim iliuminaticai as well as 
 an outlet for the steam and Bases riM.ij; from thi' p(,ol. It is said that the 
 walls of the cave were originally .vAvod with stalactites of several feet in 
 length, the icicle-like crystals formed by the drip of water depositing 
 calcium carbonate, but these have l.mn since been can led away. At 
 present, the walls are coateil with a (-rystalline deposit, chiefly composed of 
 calcium sulphate or Rypsurn formeil Ijy the constant evaporation of water 
 containing calcium sulphate in solution on the sides and roof of the cave. 
 
 The walls are irregular in shape, and with the obscure lighting, consti- 
 tute a wonderful field for the imagination to picture almost anv fancy, an 
 art the late Mr. Gal.itly— the p,.pul,ir (,ld Scotch guide to the Cave- 
 possessed to the utmost. His lectures on the Cave had become almost as 
 famous as the Cave itself. 
 
 The floor of the pool is covered with black sand, consisting of quartz, 
 limestone, and hornblende, and the various sources of the water, swirling 
 and bubbling up through the <iuicksand, can easily be made out. Gas 
 bubbles, rising throughout the poi]l. agitate the waters every few wconds. 
 
 The temperature of the water of the pool is lower than that of the 
 other hot spiings, being 8S°F.. while that of the Basin is about 95°. A 
 considerable influx of colder water ilrips down at the back of the Caw 
 pool, cooling it and lowering its content of dissolved matter. 
 
 The flow from the pool is very great, being almost .?00 gallons per 
 minute. The water runs off from the pool down the tunnel, continually 
 renewing the water of the swimming bath just outside. 
 
 The following particulars were obtained as a result of examination 
 of the water of the Cave Spring: — 
 
 THE C.WE SPRING. 
 Laboratory No. 68. 
 
 Sample collected Januarj-, 1917. 
 
 Temperature 29-S°C. (85°F.) 
 
 '^'"*' 250 gallons per minute. 
 
 "^^^^^ Flat, with trace of hydrogen sulphide. 
 
 Reaction 
 
 Specific gravity at 15°C 1-002 
 
 Radioactivity F.manation 470 units 
 
 Dissolved radium 8-5 „ 
 
 Emanation in gas evolved . 3340 „ 
 
 Properties of reaction in per cent. 
 
 Primary salinity 2-78 
 
 Secondary' saUnity 81 '54 
 
 Primary alkalinity — 
 
 Secondary alkalinity 15-68 
 
Constituents; — 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 Bicarb«nic acid 
 Carbonic acid 
 Nitric acid 
 Nitrous dcid 
 Phosphoric acid 
 Mctaboric acid 
 Chlorine 
 Bromine 
 Iodine 
 
 Silica 
 
 Iron 
 
 Aluminium 
 
 Manganese 
 
 Calcium 
 
 Strontium 
 
 Magnesium 
 
 Lithium 
 
 Potassium 
 
 Sodium 
 
 Ammonium 
 
 (S().)., 
 
 (HCO,). 
 
 (CO,). , 
 
 (N0.1.. 
 
 (NO,).. 
 
 (PO.) 
 
 (BO,).. 
 
 (CI)... 
 
 (Br)... 
 
 (I).... 
 
 (SiO,). 
 (Fe) . . 
 (Al) . . 
 (Mn). 
 (Ca).. 
 (Sr)... 
 (Mg). 
 (U) . . 
 (K)... 
 (Na).. 
 (NH,). 
 
 Total. 
 
 Total solids in solution, residue 
 dried at IlOX 
 
 I.i8 
 
 Analysis. 
 
 Previoo 
 analyeis 
 
 Parts per million. 
 
 14(1 
 
 Total 
 inorganic 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 .(6 4.) 
 l.i <ii 
 
 2 28 
 15 
 
 21 It 
 
 .ss 
 
 3.81 
 02 
 II 44 
 .58 
 01 
 
 100 00 
 
 Reacting 
 value. 
 
 41 20 
 
 7 84 
 
 100 00 
 Concentra- 
 tion value. 
 29 31 
 
 Carbon Dioxide CO, . 
 Hydrogen Sulphide H,S. 
 
 c.c. per litre- 
 20 75 
 16 
 
 Parts per million. 
 40 8 
 2 49 
 
 •M 
 
l.)9 
 HVl'OTHKTK Al. ( OMIIINATIONS. 
 
 
 Total 
 
 inornjnic | I'rcvioi 
 
 S<«iiiim nitrilo (N.iNO , 
 
 Scxliuiii nitralf (NaNO.l 
 
 Ammuniuiii L-hloridc 1NH4CI) 
 
 Potassium iixlidi; (j^[, 
 
 Potassium hronii<le (KHr) 
 
 Lithium rhioriile (IJCI) 
 
 I'otassium ctiloridc (KCI) 1 
 
 Sodium chiorifje (Natl) > 
 
 Magnesium chloride (MkC!,) 1 
 
 Calcium chloride (I'lt 1 I ' 
 
 Sotlium sul|)halc (Xa.SO.l j 
 
 Alagneslum sulphate (MgSOi) f 
 
 (alcium sulphate (CaSO,), .'/, j 
 
 N»dium bicarljonate (NaHCO,) ' 
 
 Magnesium bicarbonate (.\lg(Hro.l,) , ; 
 
 t aicmm bicarbonate (CaCHfO,),) 
 
 Strontmm bicarbonate (Sr(Ha),l,) I 
 
 H-rrous birarl)onate (FeCHCO,),) , I 
 
 I alcium phosphate (Cai(PO,),i 
 
 Ferric oxide (Ke^,, | 
 
 ™,C™"" (Al,0,) . 
 
 ^'I"a (SiO,) . 
 
 1 
 
 1<> 
 
 ( 
 
 j; 
 
 7 
 
 ■8J 
 
 9 02 
 
 114 
 
 M 
 
 5W 
 
 «4 
 
 iro 
 
 S7 
 
 14 
 
 46 
 
 4 
 
 SO 
 
 It 
 Hi 
 76 
 
 S8 
 
 IX S7 
 5-. 77 
 
 16 59 
 1 41 
 46 
 
 TIIK BASIN SPRING. 
 
 (69) 
 
 '"H..X "f ho, „alc.r bul,l,linK up fr„m hclow a/ , he ' v "'^' f ""« 
 
 ':T.:;Tt '-'■ T '"' 7-----^ ■''- ^K^rttS: 
 
 11.™.,,, h. Ih- ..vcflow, „t.,,rK „s sreat a. from the Cave sprin. 
 M.™. „,,,. the mw sw„n„„„« p„„l „„i „1,| bath, at the opposite enti ,,f the 
 ;..-. .ha, was used p. „„us to „,c eontplctiot, of the Z^^^:::^!:^ 
 
 c 1 I - ■ "•'*'"*' " '"'"^'^ '" ""^- "•■•-"' "he ^■t■ar round 
 
 J 
 
140 
 
 The wait-r v( the Basin Spring was found to contain a larger proportion 
 of constituents than the other sprinK^. and approximates, closely, to the 
 water of the King's Spring, Bath, in its composition. 
 
 The following particulars were obtained on examination: — 
 THE BASIN SPRING. 
 
 Laboratory No, 69. 
 
 Sample collected January, 1916. 
 
 Temperature M-5X'. (94'F.) 
 
 Flow 150 gallons p<;r minute. 
 
 Taste Flat, with evidence of hydrogen sul- 
 phide. 
 
 Reaction 
 
 Specific gravity at 1S°C 10026 
 
 Radioactivity Emanation 232 units 
 
 Dissolved radium 8-5 „ 
 
 Emanation in gas evolved. 2370 „ 
 
 Properties of reaction in per cent. 
 
 Primary salinity 1-50 
 
 Secondary salinity 87-64 
 
 Primary alkalinity — 
 
 Secondary alkalinity 10-86 
 
14t 
 
 Analytlt. 
 
 CoiwtituentB:- 
 
 Stilphurlc acid 
 
 (S().), .. 
 
 Bicarbonic acid 
 
 (tICO,) 
 
 C.irlKinii- arid 
 
 (fO,) 
 
 Nirric iiiid 
 
 (NO.) . 
 
 Nitron, arid 
 
 (Nf),!.. 
 
 Phosphitrir arid 
 
 (I'O.I 
 
 Mil.iljoric a, ,d 
 
 (BO,),. 
 
 t-h.'orinc 
 
 «'l). . , , 
 
 Bromine 
 
 IBr)... 
 
 Iodine 
 
 (1) 
 
 Silirj 
 
 (Sio,) . 
 
 Iron 
 
 (Fe)...\ 
 
 Aluminium 
 
 (.AD . ; 
 
 Manganese 
 
 (Mn). . 
 
 
 
 Strontium 
 
 (Sr) 
 
 Magnesium 
 
 (Mg) . . 
 
 I.ithinm 
 
 (l.iT,. 
 
 Potassium 
 
 (K) 
 
 SotJium 
 
 (\ji 
 
 Ammonium 
 
 (Nil,).. 
 
 Total 
 
 
 Total solids in sol 
 
 ution, residue 
 
 dried at llOX. 
 
 
 
 I'.irtB per million. 
 
 1,121) OU 
 175 
 
 31. 
 4 II 
 
 4011 
 « 
 71.0 
 
 3 i 
 
 6.3 
 04 
 
 Total 
 
 
 inorRariic 
 
 Ki uiiiiK 
 
 m.uipr in 
 
 
 M:>tuliun. 
 
 
 I'lTicnt, 
 
 I'lr ccnl. 
 
 bl 2H 
 
 5S 
 
 44 0'» 
 S 4J 
 
 -— 
 
 1 — — 
 
 — ^ 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 V) 
 
 4K 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 1 71) 
 
 
 2J 
 
 17 
 
 .'1 -SS 
 1) 44 
 
 37 70 
 3.S 
 
 3H« 
 
 11 ()3 
 
 ]H 
 1) J.) 
 02 
 
 ()3 
 It) 
 II 52 
 ()4 
 
 Carbon Diuxidp CO*. . . 
 ijydrc^n Sulphide H|S. 
 
 c.c. per iitn 
 20- 
 3-2 
 
 Parts per million, 
 .W 4 
 4 '89 
 
U2 
 
 HVI1)THF:Ti( Al. I'OMBINATIONS. 
 
 CiinNtituint : 
 
 Nktiiini tiirriii- 
 
 NhIihiii (liir.itc 
 
 iiMhli.ruIr 
 Ml- 
 
 I'.! 
 
 I'..l...~luni l«..ri>i<lr 
 I Hill. UN .lil..rl.l.' 
 l'i,M..mi<i.lil.>iM.' 
 NHliiiin.lil..n.l,' 
 M.,Kil.-i»i" . IiIhii.I.' 
 C.il. iuill .lll..ri,ll; 
 S..IIM... .I.l|,l..ll>' 
 
 \;,,KM,-rU.,i -Nl|.l.,,U. 
 Cil. iiiiii ^ul|.h..U' 
 
 SkI I.i. .irlN»i.ili' 
 
 M.iKi"*i'ii" liii.irlNin.il 
 
 < .il. 
 Sir.. 
 
 (iTrii 
 Alun.i 
 Silka 
 
 irlH 
 
 irlKiiiiti 
 
 . |.l„„|,h„ 
 
 iNaNO,! 
 (N.iNO.) . 
 (MMII 
 iKIl 
 iKIIri 
 Il i( Il 
 iKl II .. 
 iNaCI) .. 
 iMuCI,),. 
 il ill.l 
 iNajNU,) 
 
 i\Ik^).) 
 
 U aM),l 
 l\alll(),l 
 .■ lM]illl(<M, 
 llaimX),),) 
 ISrllll (),),). 
 iK.ill'l),!,! 
 Ua.d'll.l,! 
 |K,-,().1 
 (AWW .. 
 (SliO) 
 
 milliun. 
 
 n 51 
 6 Iti 
 
 .151 61 
 1.180 10 
 
 212 >2 
 
 11 IK I 
 
 Twal 
 innrKailk 
 nulItT in 
 MilKlHjn. 
 
 Ppr c*nl 
 
 1.828 Ul I 
 
 II 
 
 1)1 
 
 II 
 
 14 
 
 11 
 
 4.1 
 
 II 
 
 '4 
 
 1') 
 
 24 
 
 M 
 
 57 
 
 11 
 
 61 
 
 1 
 
 in 
 
 II 4,1 
 
 
 GASES EVOLVED FROM THE BASIN POOL. 
 
 A con side rabk' quantitj- of gas buhhle.-* up in the H.imk: tlir amount, 
 it is ^.ii(i. is dt'pi'mlrnt to sonu- t-xlunt on the h;trttmctric pn >^llrl'. 
 
 TIk- ^.ls was found to Ix* radioactive, that is containing radium t-nian- 
 ation. The value for its radioa* tivily ohtaim'd was 2..*70 unit^. Analysis 
 of the K'ls showed il to lie mainly c<'nipo^«'d of nitrojien. almut W, ; while 
 the reniainini; (onsiiiut-nis were carhon dioxide, nuthane, r>xyiien. and 
 a •.race of hydrogen. On account of ihe larne p< rcmiaKe of nitromn and 
 its radioactive character, it seemed of interoi to e\anirne it for the presence 
 of the rare ^ases of the atmosphere, esiK-cially for heliiMii, which heinij one 
 of the priKiucts of radioactive decump(jsiti<in, i> almo.-.t cer'ain to l>e present. 
 
 As a result of tests it was proveil that about 1 -.V '. of the nitrogen was 
 ar^;()n. the tir>t of the rare ^ases of iht- atmosphere -in which it occurs to 
 the t-Ment of O-'J.i \()lunu's per huudr. d \-o!un-. ■> ,,i air — to W discovered 
 by Sir William Ram-^ay and Lord Rayleij;!! in 1894. A trace of helium was 
 also detected in the jjas. 
 
 The complete analysis of ihe gan-s trom the lla^in. ilie (\i\e, and xlo 
 Middle Sprin^i^. is j^iven Ih-1ov/, together with an ai\alysis r.f fne ^-as from the 
 KinK.- Well. Bath. particul_irs of which have already Ixen staled: — 
 
143 
 
 Middle. 
 
 Mdlianc i I, .1 
 
 "jdroKen [': o,,, 
 
 Oxvk™ . [ „„, 
 
 iartjon dioxide. ... I t IM 
 
 NilroKi-n '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'] 
 
 Argon and helium H 
 
 King's* Well, Bath. 
 
 Oil 
 09 
 
 45 
 
 1 II 
 
 98 24 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 04 
 
 
 .W 
 
 
 1 J4 
 
 3 60 
 
 96 6« 
 
 95 45 
 
 1 25 
 
 95 
 
 A study of ihe comprisition of iht'se gasfs loatls t„ the cnnrli,.i„„ that 
 
 of iron pyr„o. and of orKanic matter with whici, i, eontes i„ ,, ,, l^ Vi," 
 
 relat vely ntore eoncentrated in the ,.a,ses which (inalK- en„. J The 
 Kreater argon mirogen ratio of the gas compared to the proportion" ,' which 
 .hey ex.. ,n the atmosphere is owing to the greater solu, .'ih-tv „ g^ t 
 
 THE CAVE AND BA.SIN SWI.MMINC BATH. 
 
 In 1014 a magnilicent swimming pool was completed by the Rockv 
 Monntams National Park authorities. The bath is Is fee, wife hy SO 
 
 allowing fulvtew of the snow-capped mountains iK-yond T>v„ rrace^ 
 run the full length of the opp„si,e side, under which are the ume" 
 
 .ast end of the pool, a sun room alTor.ls a pleasant resting plac- ,f -r le 
 
 :;;re:;;,^^.^:tth"'-"'"-"" --— .M^,::e.r:;;: 
 
 Ihe water of the luth. at a lentperalurv of OIPK. .,„d „f vtrvinL. hue 
 n,m a^nul y ..pphire l.ue to a ,leep emerahl green, constanti; ^..^'^^ 
 h. o erilows from the ( ave an,l tlie Basin Springs is most invitine Th 
 b..h is sa,.i „. Ik. .me of the tines, in AmerC. and i" is " ; ,,,/,^ 
 swtmnung pool co„l,i have n,„re pic„„cs,|ue surroundings.' 
 
 WA-«.\I .SPRING ON A, TO.MOBII.i; ROAD. 
 
 l70i 
 T« 1, other springs exis, within a shot, disiance of Hanff, which hiye also 
 been examined. One of ,hese, a sulphur spring, rise-s close to the sh-'re ol 
 
144 
 
 Vermilion lake on the side of the automobile road, three miles out of Banff. 
 Its flow is not large, and its temperature as well as its compositon are 
 lowered by the influx of colder surface water. It rises in a small pool, and 
 spreads out into a wide marsh, seldom freezing over even in the coldest 
 weather. On this account it proves an attractive watering place for 
 animals. During the winter months mountain sheep may constantly be 
 seen in its vicinity. 
 
 Particulars of the examination made upon it are as follov/s: — 
 
 WARM SPRING ON AUTOMOBILE ROAD. 
 
 Laboratory No. 70. 
 
 Sample collected December, 1916. 
 
 Temperature 19-4''C. (67^.) 
 
 Flow 50 gallons per minute. 
 
 Taste Fiat with slight indication of hydrogen 
 
 >nlphide. 
 
 Reaction Alk.iline. 
 
 Specific gravity at 15X. . 1 ftOlS 
 
 Radioactivity Kmanation 640 units. 
 
 Dissolved radium 23-5 „ 
 
 Emanation in gas evolved. 
 
 Properties of reaction in per cewf. 
 
 Primar\- salinity 1-94 
 
 Serondar\' salinity 60-70 
 
 Primary alkalinity — 
 
 Secondary alkalinity 37-36 
 

 145 
 Analysis. 
 
 
 
 Constituents: — 
 
 
 Previous 
 analysis. 
 
 Total 
 inorua nil- 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 Re.K ting 
 
 
 Parts per million. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Sulphuric acid (SOO, , , 
 Bicarbonic acid (HCO,). ... 
 Carbonic acid (COji . 
 
 147-5 
 15.S. 
 
 trace 
 
 trace 
 42 
 
 12-4 
 0.7 
 
 95-0 
 trace 
 
 115 
 1-1 
 2 
 
 (1 3 
 
 
 30 -Tf 
 
 32 .;: 
 
 S-77 
 
 2 ^0 
 (I 14 
 
 4 Ml; 
 
 11-23' 
 0-42 
 II or) 
 
 22 62 
 IK 68 
 
 Nitric aad (NOji 
 
 Nitrons acid (NO.) 
 
 
 
 Phosphoric acid {PO,], . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chlorine (CI).... 
 
 —— 
 
 Bromine (Brj 
 
 
 Iodine (I),,. 
 
 — — 
 
 Silica (SiOj). 
 
 
 Iron (Fe) \ 
 
 Aluminium (AI) / 
 
 Manganese (Mn) 
 
 0.18 
 
 Calcium (Ca). 
 
 
 
 Strontium (Sr) 
 
 
 MaKHCsium (Mg) 
 
 
 
 Lithium (Li) .., 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sodium fNa).,. 
 
 
 Ammonium (NH*) 
 
 
 
 
 Total 1 
 
 Total solids in solution, residuo' 
 dried at 110°C 
 
 470.05 i 
 434 ! 
 
 
 ii'uod 
 
 too 00 
 
 ( oncenlra- 
 
 tion value. 
 
 13-60 
 
 Oases: Carbon Dioxide COj. 
 
 Hydrogen Sulphide HjS. . . 
 
 c.c. per litre 
 5-0 
 04 
 
 
 Harts per million. 
 63 
 
3.\.if:"mi. 
 
 146 
 
 HVI>()THr.TirAI- rOMBINATIOSS. 
 
 Sofiiiini nirriu- 
 Sodium niir.iif 
 Ammonium i-hlnriiit> 
 Potassium i.Mli(|.- 
 Pi)r;i!<>inni liroiiiult' 
 Lithium chliiridi' 
 Pot.i»ium rliliiriilr 
 Sodium <liluri.|p 
 Magnesium rhlorid.^ 
 Cdlrium i hloriilc 
 Sddium sulph.itc 
 MaRncstuiii sulph.it. 
 ( .ilrium •iiilphiitr 
 S(Hliitmtii.,,rUm..i' 
 MjRncsiiuii !iir:,irimiiait 
 Calcium hrr.irl.Dnatt- 
 Sintiilium iurarlMitiiit-' 
 I'trnm* hic.irtwniite 
 allium phcwph.ite 
 
 Alumina 
 
 oxide 
 
 Parrs per 
 QiiUion. 
 
 Total 
 inorganic 
 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 Per rent. 
 
 iNaNO.i 
 
 
 
 (NiNO.l . .. 
 
 trail- 
 
 
 INH.CI) 
 
 086 
 
 It. 
 
 (Kl) 
 
 
 
 iKIir) 
 
 
 
 iLiCI) 
 
 
 
 IKCI) 
 
 2 09 
 
 0.44 
 
 iNilil 
 
 SOT 
 
 106 
 
 fMBl'li) 
 
 49 76 
 
 10 39 
 
 KariJ 
 
 
 
 (Na,S<).) 
 
 
 
 IMbS",) 
 
 50. 98 
 
 10 64 
 
 (Cu^Od 
 
 151. ;.t 
 
 .il 66 
 
 'NaHCO,) 
 
 
 
 MglHCOs),).. 
 
 
 
 1 a(Hr(>,),).. , 
 
 20J.-9 
 
 42 52 
 
 'Sr IHCO,),) , 
 
 
 
 Fo'HCO,),). 
 
 •23 
 
 046 
 
 !<'.„(PO,l,). 
 
 
 
 lFe;(>,) 
 
 
 
 lAliO..) 
 
 
 
 (SiO,l 
 
 12 4 
 
 2. 59 
 
 Previaya 
 
 unalyitn. 
 
 It i> rcadilv seen In- the analysis, that thi?. wat^r resembles, to sutne 
 exteii!, the uthcr water^^ in ennipositiun ; but it i> li .-s ( onccntrated anrl 
 coniiiiii- a rclati\'-K- greater amniint of c.ilrium bicirbonate, ^riiuntini; 
 f(»r the !iii>:her sermwt.iry alkalinity. 
 
 ! he radi"artivit\- i-. riimi)arativeK hijih, Imt --uch surface vaters 
 cfii-n loiil.iin rclativxlv lariie amounts nl rman^ticn. 
 
 ALPINK CLUB SPRINC 
 
 {7V 
 
 1 Ills :-[)rini;. rinf..- ..l-an lifty \ariU up iIk> mountain side at the bark 
 "i il,r <liili hoij-^' ol ih. Alpine Club of CnMd.!. i-n Mnuntain avenu- 
 The v\,ihT i- pifH-d tiouii ■ . ttie houw, but tile prpe was di>r'inneeted n' 
 the uiiitif linn- whrn tlif ^pr'nu \va>- examined. 
 
 Tlu' !l(i\\- \v,i- ilu-n about ISd -altons jtut i.oiir 'I here wa no taste 
 of In (lroi;,ii -iilphide iiii^. and \\\v renn>*-r<>iurc n' il.- vv,ii*-r was that of an 
 ordinary r.M sprini^. The -prini; i^ probably of ..^i-ilU.w or surfatv oriyin, 
 and iikr many ^-prinfjs nt that n-.ture. [j.^sesM.'s .i 'omf^.rativeK hi^U 
 tenipi'iarv ra(!ioartivity, but no rr.n nf di.ssotved radium. 
 
 IIh' iiartieuLirs are a.> tolltiw^, — 
 
J47 
 
 AI.PINECI I f. Sr'RIN'G, 
 
 Laboratory No. 71. 
 
 Sample colir-ted IWn.U-r. 1916 
 
 FIoT''"''"'* 7°C.(40-,, 
 
 Xis„. ^*5--3f*KaiIons per minute. 
 
 „" Frt-sh. 
 
 (. ■ . Alkaline. 
 
 ^IKHihr j.ravity ai ISX .. . j -001 
 
 ^ Kmanation 475 „nit- 
 
 iJlss/Jved radium 
 
 Pn.iH.r.i w .■ • ^-man^fK.n in ^.i^ fvolv,^. 
 
 I n.iMTlir nt reacUon in per cfnt. 
 
 Frimar. -aliriji, 96- 
 
 '^cf>ndary >aliite.'. jg,^ 
 
 '^rimar\ alkalinitv 
 
 ^'■'■ondary alkalinii;, 522 
 
 Constitiwms 
 
 '■iiiphurii- acic (SQ.j i ,,. 
 
 Hicartjonir acid (rtCO,. > 710 
 
 '-arbonic acid (('O,) I 
 
 Mtrir aciV) ■ .\0]) ' ■ ■ ■ | 
 
 Nitrrms arid .\0-^ "" 
 
 Pilosphoric .icid PQ.'' 
 
 Metat„.ricad.| (BO,;,; ' i 
 
 ( hlonnt- (ri).._. ■ I . _ 
 
 Dmniint; (|^; "'"' 
 
 Iodine ([ I 
 
 Aluininrum r^j) M 
 
 MangaticBP (\in) ' ' 
 
 ("alciiim () ,,| 
 
 ^itrontium (Srj 
 
 Magnesium (Mej "-i?** 
 
 i;'"'i"m (Llf-;; I "■ 
 
 lotassium fK) I'l 
 
 ^lium fNa);::" I 151 I 
 
 Ammonium iNH,). fti 
 
 ■''°"' ! ^;^' 
 
 Total jwlid, i„ „!„,! resi.luei 
 dned a. IIOX\__ J--__ll_^^«l I 
 
 U«: Cartan n,„xi,ic TO, ' '' •"',??■ 
 
 Hydrogen Sulphide H.S -_ 
 
 PrevKMni 
 
 Pans per iBttiion. 
 
 Total 
 
 mofganic »k,^in, 
 matter in •-.liw. 
 
 solution. 
 
 I'ert 
 
 4.1 05 
 
 2-49 
 
 0-22 I 
 
 U 81 
 
 111 
 IIX) IKJi 
 
 PW C**»»T 
 
 it J 
 
 if. I 
 
 ir 4 
 
 48 
 
 Pans per million. 
 
 24.; 
 
 KKI 
 < nnrentra- 
 linii value. 
 IJ 67 
 
HVPOTHF.TICAI- COMBINATIONS. 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 Parts per 
 
 mofRanic 
 
 Previous 
 
 Constiiiient;— 
 
 
 million. 
 
 matter in 
 solution. 
 
 analysis. 
 
 
 IVr cent 
 
 
 Sodium nitrite 
 
 (NaNOi) 
 
 
 
 
 Sodium nitrafp 
 
 (NaNOj) 
 
 
 
 
 Ammonium chloride 
 
 (NH.CI) 
 
 26 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 (KI) 
 
 
 
 
 
 (KBr) 
 
 
 
 
 Lithium chloride 
 
 (l.iCI) 
 
 
 
 
 
 (KCl) 
 
 
 
 
 Sodium chlor"''f 
 
 (NaCU 
 
 3. 80 
 
 75 
 
 
 Magnesium chloride 
 
 (MgClj) 
 
 
 
 
 (.alcium chloride 
 
 (CaCh) 
 
 
 
 
 Sodium sulphate 
 
 (Na.SO,) 
 
 42 00 
 
 
 
 Magnesium sulphate 
 
 (MuSO,) 
 
 143 50 
 
 2S 34 
 
 
 Calcium sulphate 
 
 (CaSO,) 
 
 14-56 
 
 
 
 Sodium bicarlmnatc 
 
 (NaHCOO 
 
 
 
 
 Magnesium bicarbonate (Mg(HCOi)i). . 
 
 
 
 
 Calcium bicarbonate 
 
 (Ca(HCO.)j)... 
 
 286 20 
 
 56 52 
 
 
 Strontium bicarbonate 
 
 (Sr(HCO,)i). . . 
 
 
 
 
 Ferrous bicarbonate 
 
 (FL-(HCOi),)... 
 
 .V47 
 
 068 
 
 
 Calcium phosphate 
 
 <Ca,(PO0.).... 
 
 
 
 
 Ferric oxide 
 
 (PeiO,) 
 
 
 
 
 Alumina 
 
 (Al,0.) 
 
 
 
 
 Silica 
 
 
 126 
 
 2 49 
 
 
 
 
 
 506 39 
 
 100 00 
 
 
 I 
 
 THE RESEMBLANCE BETWEEN THE BANFF AND THE BATH HOT SPRINGS. 
 
 The most interesting comparison is to be made tx'tween the waters at 
 Banff. Canada, and the hot sprin^-s at Bath. England— the famous spa 
 that dates its foimdation from the Roman occupation of Britain. 
 
 Especially during the eighteenth century, Bath flourished, when it was 
 the most fashionable resort of society in England, and the centre of attrac- 
 tion for all the famous people of the period. 
 
 In recent years the springs have been the subject of e.^iamination by 
 several prominent scientists, especially by the late Sir William Ramsay, 
 who directed attention to their radioactive properties, and to their value 
 on that account. 
 
 They were ^-hown to tx- the richest in radium and radium emanation 
 of any spring in (ireat Britain, and no expense has l)een spared in developing 
 the springs to the fulU-st extent that they might successfully compete with 
 the continental spas, 
 
 Therr are three springs at Bath, all of similar composition. The 
 temperature r,f the hotti -^t is 120°K.. sHghdy higher than that of the I pper 
 Hr)t Spring .it Banff. Each spring is enclosed by bath houses and pump 
 rooms; buil«lings dating from the eighteenth century; a great contrast to 
 
149 
 
 the wild and natural surroundings ,.f ,lu- Banff Springs. Bu, a .-..n.para.ive 
 studj .,f ,h.. co„„„u..„ts „f ,iK. wal.rs, n-vc-al, ,hc- similarilv IkuLu he 
 .i-nnj^, .he ch,e sul.,a„c.., pr.«.n, in b.,.h wai.r. In-in, ca^ I™, ^ 
 'run ? "";";;"^'"™.-"'' -"" --' i" .he Ba,h waUTs, an,, ,h" ,■„„„: 
 
 ::::;h:l^!i:'s;;:;"""^"" '^ ^' """ -'■^"" ■"- - ^'" ""■ »••"" --- 
 
 P„,f7'" *^^*'- ""'™' f™n> 'iH' Had, SpriuK. have Ix-en inve.,i«aled l,v 
 Pr,fe.s„r h,r Jame. Dewar, wh„ ,ien,„ns,rated .he presen-e ,?. rl, , 
 ndTio Z'^ -;; -'--.he rare «ase. „, .he a.^c.^phe;, i!, ZZ 
 ami later 1,> S,r VVilharn Ramsay, who showed their high radio utivilv 
 The compns.t.on of .he BanlT ^ases is almost simil ,r "^"/■"""""^">- 
 p.Ke ,43 show. Therefore, al, \u.a appli^'.^thH ™d w ,:::' ofl^h 
 IS equally true of the Banff waters. 
 
 VALUE OF THE .SULPHUR SPRIN<;.S AT BANFF. 
 
 The ^alue of the sulphur springs al M.mff m,,v be estimated from two 
 
 "th h: sZt h"Iv ; " "Z ""' ""^"' ™P™v™en,s inVonnexl™ 
 Xst ,„ r , n^ , "■■"" ""'■ ■'■'" ^"" ''«"'■"« -.nl.li.hment* 
 
 rust on the Lor.tmen.-one m.i;ht almost say in the world-.h m tf* 
 -^ -d B-'" P'-''. and the swimmin. baths at th.- Banff S ri„ "„ ,^ 
 surrounded a.s ,Wv .n- l,y Ri^antic peaks an,l sn„„.eap,„ m, un.a n ' 
 and led by con.mual streams of warm sulphur «.„er 
 
 But thee may also be considered from ihe m,di.„,,,I stmd-K.int 
 
 ;:::™ >: Vf -' i'" ^^•■™' ^"'™''"« 'feir radio" ^n": 
 
 with the .^''^"'•" ,■?"'"- 'h^-r.-.Peu.ic valu,- o, the sulphur waters. ,o,. her 
 »..h the bracmR chmate ol the mountain-, combine to make Banll one o 
 the finest health resorts in America. 
 
 THE THERAPELTICS OF SULPHUR SPRrNG WATERS. 
 
 .A brief outline„f the therapeutic value of eert.un waters. ,Iue ,o their 
 
 wil 'n tT rT'"'' '■■" ■''"■"''>■ '«■" «'^""' -''■ 'h-efore, bis .,''« 
 .11 not be further irea.ed. The following; remarks, howev-er. on .he^ise 
 
 Thrro is. of rnuvM; nn .li.ui.t ih.u ilu> drinking nf lart:,-' nu mfiii -. nf 
 vvMtrr than usual has nrnM-K-rahlc hvnvln-iA * tT. , '. ''^'^S:* ■ quantili. s of 
 i..".w,inK ntruMdal fMert- m w ishmj; out the 
 
 piled by John Uaitoi 
 
 of tlio Bntlis. 
 
 ' Th^ H.n Springs of Bath 
 Dei;[»-hc« Jlaiierbuoh 
 
ISO 
 
 alimentary lanal, and in tht' ih)utii<n n{ thi' s<'<'rc?iim*i v*it the livtT and 
 kidneys. 
 
 In the drink cure with a >u!ihur J^prin^ water, it seems to \v (li no 
 impt>rtanee whether sulphur i* mnlained in the K>mi of free hydrogen 
 sulphide or ot sulphitks. In the Banff watvi^ it tx-curs as hydrdgen 
 sulphide). In Kith ea^ •-, sulphur is .d>st>rK\l tr.,m the stomaeh and 
 intestines. In the U'h >l water lor baths, it is as.-.uniod that hydrogen 
 sulphid ■ enters intc iN.- ImkK throunh th*- skin. In \he blocHi iron sulphide 
 will be fnrrmxi through the iron of the NVxxi an^l ecnsequently a normal 
 reformation of Nt)od gltpbules will Ix- quick*, m'd ind assiniulatitm stimulated. 
 At tht same time, a strong inHiKMi.-e takes place upon the liver, the bile 
 seereti'in hetnii; greatly inrrfasi-i) 
 
 It , nbahle that mim*ral nuiriiiK-nt can be given to the system by 
 the o'hcr usual constituents of suli»hi-'' waters, such as calcium salts and 
 silic Fntni 100 to MXK) r.c.. x»p ti., two pints) of water is the usual 
 amoii ; drunk d,oK at contiiKUtal >p.^s. taken cold or warm, sometimes 
 with hot milk. Baths are tafcen at a temperature of 90°F. to QST., and of 
 different duration; Ixtikwn 10 and 40 minutes. Pndonned baths for 
 three hours, as are us.^.ti at some health resorts in Switzerland, are not 
 given in Oermanv. lUhough it is said they have an antimierobic effect, 
 and so prolongcti sulphur baths have had a high reputation for ages as a 
 \ iluahk rtmedv for wounds. 
 
 THE THER.\PEUTIC L'SE OF THE HOT SPRINGS AT BATH. 
 
 Attention has already been drawn to ihr similarity of the Bath and the 
 
 Banfl w, iters, and. therefore, the observations that ha^■e l>een made on the 
 
 value .tnd use of the Bath hot spring waters apply equally to Banff. The 
 
 folkmin^ extract is from a report on the springs, published by "The Lancet" 
 
 the chief British medical journal: — 
 
 The thermal waters of Bath exert a distinct solvent action on unr acid. In rrnr 
 experiments, for example, it was shown that Bath water dissolved ovir live times tiic 
 amount of iiric acid that distilled water would similarly take up al bleed heat, i.e.. just 
 under lUOT. Since the waters .in* drunk hoi and used hot fot 'athin, purpose", thi* 
 fact niay have an iTTi[K)rtant relation to the therapeutics of Bath waters in rli' treatment of 
 chronic gouty atTections and rheumatism. 
 
 It has been pointed out by Hr. Luff' that, owing to the undoubted 
 fact that sodium .salts are dircct!> detrimental to the removal of gouty 
 deposits, those spriiii:s should Ix' axuided which owe their acti\ity to thu^t 
 salts \\\\vu the removal of the deposits is the main obit it ti- be attaimd. 
 The springs which contain no smliuni -alts or trace uiiiy are the ones 
 suital>le for surli cases. 
 
 Hath water-- ha\*e a coniparati\el\' Inw -ndium content, and in the 
 Banff waters, stxlium is yet less in amount. The inferince is simple. 
 
 ' Gout. Its FiillitiluKv and Treaimenc. 
 
151 
 
 baths, holding 800 In 900 galhms of water: re.lini„K baths; various form. .If 
 continental douches; and vapour baths; b-'sides lar,;e swimming baths 
 
 In tf,,. Grand Pump Room, reminiscent of the historic .lays .,f ,he 
 e.ght...nth century, drinking water is s,.rved from a n.anv s,,ray,.,l f.umlain 
 supphe, ,l,re,., from the Ki„/s spring. During the sUM,n„ r seas.,n, wate 
 .s serve,! from the (.olonn.ule fountain, in the Institution gar,!,,,. 
 
 The Kadnnn Inhalaloriun, eont.iins ,.|,|Mr.,lu. I.y « hi. h Ih,. r,„li.,aetivc 
 water, ,,tom,ze,l l,y stent, ,,ir, or even 1,n ,h,. n,,tur.,l ra.li.,.,. tiv,- gas,.s 
 themselves, can be tnhaled. Other fornts ..nable nasal spra>s an.l .loueh,:. 
 car and eye douches to Ik.' similarly Kiven. 
 
 All th.>e ways of u.-ing the hot sulphur waters can Ih' ...lualK w.U 
 adopK.l at RanlT when the .lemand arises. 
 
 In a young country like Can.ul,,, no leisur,,! class v.t evi-t- from 
 
 at Banff will cater more to the tourisi than to the inv,,li,l, Th.T,. ar,- 
 
 niiil nuidituins obtain. 
 
 we-lt^h^'!" ■"''"''''■ I'""',"" '"' """'""""'I'- ■'■"' "I'M lrav,.lling, tnany 
 wcJ hy tour.sts ami .ek. r. after health n,ay l,e ..ttrac.e.l fron, the aMi<.d 
 <ounln,-s of Kun.pe to li.inlf, wh. n Ihey „ .k („r substitui,., for Ih,. spa. of 
 
 sibHitu"'' ""' '^"'"'''' '^''"' '"'""' "' ""'" '^ '■■•""='" "'"' '^'•■■" 1"- 
 
 THi; Ri;i,.\Tio.\ i)i. TH1-; c iikmk \i ciNSTrrn nts t<i 
 (■.i:(;i., i(;ic fokm.xtidns. 
 
 r„,.l-^"'" "'"fl'I"'."'; "f ■' """"^'' «.,l,r ,l,p,.,ul on ,1,.. natur,- o. th,. 
 r,Kks ov,.r wh.ch ,t l,a> p.,ss,.d in i,s u,„!ergrou,„| p.,,.,,^,., ,,n,l t her, fore 
 some smnlanty would be anticipat.-.l l„.,w,.en ,l„. subst.m.v. pr,..e„t in 
 1 u wat.-r an,l the consl.tuents of th,- n„ks. But th,- nvulions ll,,,t ,.,ke 
 pla,e when w„t,r from one formation pen, tr;,t,> r,..-f f ,1,11, rent , om- 
 posltiou, ,,re eompkx, an,l can only be Mu,lie,l in indivl.hi,,! ,;,m . 
 I . U. Cl.trke' states; — 
 
 lli-,.M-,T,iinKly,li||K.|,lt ,',K>'n,T,lia-on„.|,„i,„K|„,„,,,..,,i|,. ,.,„,„,, ..■„„. , , 
 
 ^' .;;:."tti':;n- , i;u;:':r "'''i' '"'■■ "'"' "-" ^"'" ""■ '-'" •-""' ■■•-'^ 
 
 ■.„rf.,cc. A s,„,„g „,ay be a bl.-nd („,„, ,lifl,r,,„ „„r.,..- -.,i,|,„ ., ,,„„ , ' :" "„ ,' , 
 
 sol„„„„ tram which ingredfe,l,h.,v,. I., .„r.,„.,v,,l-„„li, , K , , 
 
 m iri„rpr,-l.,li„„„[,he|ihci, uij,,„,l,cl „|. ' " "'" " '''"" " 
 
 S,.v,Tal broa.l gener.iliza.ions, ho>„ v,-, . m.,v 1„- -Uiu-.l. Waters from 
 
 se unentary ..rmations are usually mo,e e -entrated. and ..o;,,!:™ 
 
 ma'tiCl '■■ "'"'"'""'"•■ •*'■'" «■"•■- i-"inK from ign,.,a,s for- 
 
 'F, W. C'lait.-. Dalaol i^t 
 
 htmiatry. Hu|. ivi, Jnd c 
 
tS2 
 
 Primary and secondary salinity are thr principal pnipt-rtipH | ^>>*"*sfd 
 by waters fn.ni linu-^lonc strata, that is, .xliuin. calcium ami nia^;ru'!*iuni 
 salts of the stronjt acids, hydrm-hloi u and sulphuric, prcddniinati , while 
 in waters frotn arRillaceouH strata, hicirlKmatcs nf the alkalies .md the 
 alkali earths— resulting' in the properties primary and s*^cnndary alkalinity — 
 are found in K"Mter iiuantity. 
 
 Most of the waters treatefl in this re[>ort arc -ituated in (he great 
 paleozoic plain, forming the basin of the St. Lawrence and the |,ow,r 
 Ottawa Valley. They especially (H'cnr in the more distributed eastern 
 reKiim. Kewer sprinRs exisi in the Ic^s di^turk-d western area; those ■ 
 St, Catharines, Preston, and Mallowell. JK-lnR the chi. f. 
 
 Dr. Sterry Hunt exhaustively studied the oriicin of ni.iny of the eastern 
 waters, as outlined in the chapter on niimrul -^prtPMs in "The ( ieolo^y uf 
 Canada," 18ft.?; and as developed more extensiveh in ,i series of ess.tys, 
 entitled Chemical and Crf-oloRical Kssays. (Scientihc Publishing Company, 
 New York. 1897). C.msideration of the recent an.dyses amply confirms hi- 
 statements and opinions. 
 
 The chief formations of the I'pper Cambrian and theOnlovician und< r- 
 lyinK the St. l-awrence plain are the followinR, in descendinK order 
 
 Lorraine or Hudson Kiver: .-^liyhtlv biiuminous >amly shal. - and 
 
 thinly Uvlded lime^loms. 
 I'lica shale: thinly lamin.in d. black and brownish shah -. 
 Trenton ^roup; dark urey liniestMnes, with some ar^'illaceous material. 
 Chazy limestone: ^rey. semi-cr\staHine limestone, with interstr.itified, 
 
 shah' la\ers. 
 Beekmantf)wri or Calciferous sand rock: greyish, semi-crystalline dnl(»- 
 
 mite, ^;enerally arenaceous, iind sometimes a^^,'illaceous. 
 Potsdam; largely evenly straii'^ed. finejirained quartzose .sandstone. 
 
 Kxiendcd descriptions of these formations are yiven in "The Geology 
 of Canada" 186.1. chapters 3, 4, 5. ft. 7, 8, 9, 10, and 13. and in other reports' 
 issued by the Ceolojjic.il Survey, since that date. 
 
 Dr. Sterry Hunt ■-hows that the normal reaction of surface water in 
 argillaceous strata will Ik' conducive to the retention of principall" alkali 
 and alkali-earth carlxmates in the water, while the -ource of the neutr, ' 
 salts which consist of alkaline and alkaline-earth chlorides is the limestone 
 and other strata from the Potsdam to the Trenton. He .supposes that most 
 of the rnin'^ral sprinK?^ are combinations of the two classes of water, and 
 proposes a classification- based tm this assumption, which is quite satis- 
 factory from a geochcmical standpoint. Springs are often found risint; in 
 
 1 Kll3, R. W., Rppurt on a portion of the Province of Qurbcc. comprurd in thp wiuthwcsl gheet of ihe 
 EaPt-Tii lowTistiips. C*ol, Siirv. Can.. Vol. VM. 1896. pp. 44-.'!0, 74-7.''. RS-86, 
 
 Ella, K. W,, Report on the (Wnjloay of a ponion of Runteri) Ontario, Ann. Rep., Vol. XIV. Pari J. IW4. 
 
 Adam*, F, D , and LrRoy, O. E. The .^rWHian and otiier deep wclU on the (aland of Montreal. PartO 
 Ann. Rep . Vol. XIV, vm. [.p. It-li. 
 
 ' Steriy Hunt. Chenuial and Geoloitu-al Esuya. p 1 14, 
 
and 
 
 I S.I 
 
 cliwi- prcxihniy, an.l yi^l ^liowins- «"■>< ■liir,nn(f in , ,.iii|,.r,ili..i Ihi, 
 .s .•xpl .im-,i l,y ,h.. f,.,., ,1,.,, ■- l,il,. ,«.rlu|,s „„ly ., I, , f.,., ,„„„ , ,1, . ,1^. 
 r„ni ihihnnl -iMt... ..r ni.,r, . ,|„.„ an. mixiur,., ..| wut.T- lr,„„ il,.. ,|,ll, „.„t 
 lnrn,,it„,n>. Thv Kmup .„ Cil.-ilonu SprinKs hIutc ., -ylphiir ,,r..i ,, „,< „e 
 spnriK n>.. iIom- CLKithi-r. ull.,r,ls an ilUi»lraii„n. Tlu- ,|,i,„i,., ai I .,.1 „| 
 Sprinnr. cilTiT ani.lhcr ami .vm nuiri- »lriliinK fxanipli- Th, Maui v, mr 
 fr.m,a,onsid..ral.^.>l^.plh,is«lr.,nKl^ valine, wliil,. iw.-nty var.i, awav! iho 
 s<Hla -piM,^ i-u.s. ,|uii,. (Ii(f,„.nl ,,i r.inipositinn and >hara.li r The 
 ^lilpliur and l.ithia arc iMt.Tm..lial,- in <hu™ tc r ami prn,KTti,- a,„l un- 
 dr>nl. Icily arc lilcraU „l ihc -aline ami the alkaliri. wal.r. 
 
 The f„ll„«i„K ,al,lc Kivcs the pr.,l,al,le K,.„|„Ki,- f„nnali„n l,..n; which 
 the varum, waters i-Mic, an,l a!-,, include, their cla>.i|-,cal...n ac,,.„linB .,. 
 
 OuH. I'alim.r'v meth,»l, < la.. I contain, alkahne ,i. ,, alkal, ,li„e 
 
 water.; ( la.. Ill .alim water.. \„ other t>|., . were found, lh..UKh sexcral 
 are ..n the U.rder line „i I. U-iuK tm.re m.irlv .aline than alkalincalinc 
 Acconhnu to the p-neralization ju.t |>ul forwar.l, water, ri .iiiu Ironp HmUon 
 Riwr or rtica .hale, .hould ,1' lall int.. (la.. I. while tho..- i-M.Mle from 
 lin,e.t..ne. .h..nhl !«■ .aline ,.r . .Ml water., Thi- l„,l.l. lor the .,,rin..» 
 ri.uiK front Ih, .hale., I,nt then ,• ,„,„„ exception. i„ ,h,. ca.. ,.f w,,ters 
 li.ivinK their orimn in the rrenl..ii linie.li ... .. 
 
 Ilii.i...n Kivt-ror llh.i stiiiU-. 
 
 v., I c ■ llas.i- 
 
 ^°- i h[>r"ig. licaiiciii. 
 
 10 |Carl..b.id .Vxl,! [ 
 
 IS . Suli.tii]. 1 
 
 2" . LitliM I 
 
 Ift - Magic Ill 
 
 •; iRumcl l.ithia I 
 
 'Ai? mar j 
 
 44 Abenaki- \\V,*t House,., HI 
 
 fo ,- " ^■-•'"' *'""'* "I 
 4n IVarennes. , . i i 
 
 49 [Richelieu i 
 
 5J !St. Leon icM) |[| 
 
 57 St. Leon (Lupien) [l| 
 
 55 |St. Hyacinthe, Philudor , I 
 
 La Providence | I 
 
 58 St V'vere ■ jji 
 
 50 ,Blii.'l)onnets. , , I ■ 
 46 [St. Bruno j 
 
 63 Maskimm^e. ... | , 
 
 ClasHi- 
 ! licaliiin.' 
 
 6 
 
 Horili«i.k, 
 
 Ill 
 
 Lt :l)ominHif] 
 
 HI 
 
 14 SaniliiriH . 
 
 
 2ft taUdonia Sulphur . 
 
 J 
 
 25 1 » Saline 
 
 
 27 i „ (.,-,s 
 
 I 
 
 2« r Dunran. 
 
 
 ^'* - Arteoian Sulphur 
 
 1 
 
 
 III 
 
 ,*,( <.iinl s more Siiline 
 
 HI 
 
 •U l.uril's less Saline. . 
 
 1 
 
 42 iViauvillc, , 
 
 I 
 
 St La'irenlian Spring, 
 
 I 
 
 $2 
 5Q 
 
 Railnor 
 
 lU 
 
 Si. (Vfnevieve 
 
 b2 
 64 
 
 BtTthicr - 
 
 
 St. Bennit 
 
 HI 
 
 III 
 
 65 UanH, Cpjxr Hot Sprini;. 
 
 66 . „ Ki.lnt-v 
 
 III 
 
 67 1 . Middie _ . 
 
 HI 
 
 68 
 
 - Cave 
 
 
 W 
 
 „ Basin „ , 
 
 
 10 
 
 , Auto Road „ , 
 
 HI 
 
 71 
 
 fl Alpine Club „ ... 
 
 HI 
 
 ' According to Chucc Paliii.-i « method. 
 
MICBOCOFY RISOIUTION TBT CHART 
 
 (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No 2i 
 
 1.0 If I- 1^ 
 
 ^ ^" III 1.8 
 
 1:25 ■ 1.4 
 
 1.6 
 
 ^ .APPLIED irvUGE 
 
' ! 
 
 '-M ■ ■ ■) 
 
 154 
 
 Although it is conjectured that the Trenton formation was put down 
 under long-continued and oceanic conditions, it contains a considerable 
 amouni of argillaceous material, in many cases even forming thin layers. 
 These strata would be less permeable to water than limestone, and thus 
 would react relatively longer with the circulating water than the lime- 
 stone. Therefore such a cause might be put forward to account for the 
 frequent addition of alkaline constituents to an otherwise saline water. 
 
 Relations between radioactivity and geologic formation have been 
 sought for, but as tl - waters principally issue from two sedimentary for- 
 mations, the I'tica shale or Trenton limestone, both of which have a very 
 small and similar radium content — Professor A. S. Eve' of McGill Uni- 
 versity found 0-92 units radium per gram of rock for the Trenton lime- 
 stone in the neighbourhood of Montreal — little radioactivity would be 
 expected. It has been shown^ that the most radioactive waters rise from 
 primary formations. 
 
 THE THERAPEUTIC VALUE OF MINERAL SPRINGS. 
 
 From the earliest times mineral springs have been known for their 
 curative properties. Greek and Roman liti rature contains many references 
 to the value and use of such springs, and at no time in history have mineral 
 waters been held in such high repute as they were in the davn of the Roman 
 Empire. Remains of magnificent baths built by the Roman invaders are 
 found to-day at many of the principal mineral sprini; resorts in Europe, 
 and arc eUHjuent proof of their habitual use of such waters as remedial 
 agents. 
 
 Almost every mineral spring of note is the subject of innumerable 
 legends and tales, telling of its discovery by wandering hunters or Inilians, 
 and relating the miraculous restoration to health of all invalids carried to 
 the source to be cured by its healing waters. 
 
 The beneficial effects of mineral waters, however, have been much 
 overrated in the past, though nowadays there is, pcrhapr,, a tendency to 
 minimize their therapeutic value; a reaction in this scientific age against 
 the atmosphere of quackery so often surrounding mineral spring resorts. 
 The mineral constituents of spring waters are often accredited with the 
 sole responsibility, when the beneficial effects contributing to speedy restor- 
 ation to health have been due to other potent influences. Change of air, 
 of scenery, of climate, of habits, of diet, and especially stimulated auto- 
 suggestion, play a not inconsideral>le part in the work of recovery; potent 
 influences that have received tor Httle attention in the past. 
 
 One of the chief curative agencies of mineral waters i^, undoubtedly, 
 the water itself. A greatly increased amount of water is imbibed by the 
 patient at a spring resort; an action itself attended by good results. It is a 
 
 ' Eve. A. S. Phil. Mag.. Aug.. p. 231, IWT. 
 ■ Part I of this report, pane 48. 
 
 i''^„:iL.^. 
 
Again, many mineral waters contain substances whieh reiHilv ..t 
 .he ,n,es„nes, stimulating the kidneys ::„J bowels, and .1 ere fore e^e n" 
 
 bo,j:;:a;tsrrei-:,"^ -"™"'^"- - ^-^ ^n -. 
 
 metabolism, augment the action nf, I, lI^ «tomach, mcrease 
 
 deposits, especiX i lithil ' ^"'"''y^' ''"'' '"^^"'^"^ ""<: acid 
 
 alkalies presfnttn^hJaterTt"" ' t^'^r''^ '"«'' "^"P""'"" "' 'he 
 conditions of th mucrs memlr n7"' "T^"'""' ^'"'■■«>- "^^'^ '" "''-hal 
 The most celebrated ^ro^r ^a^^^ "onrr afe" AK^'^ T^T 
 rilir^-n?"- P; - -^ '" ^™»V, and Vich^^^^^r! E^^^^tj 
 
 Eur<::r':r^eX^:^^t;;::sX rt;'* ^"^-' --'^"^ <- 
 
 mostly nearly approach ''hV"' '"'" '"'' '-''"'™"^" Spring waters 
 
 .. j.kaH^ ~o!::„:::^Sbr^-!rc2::j"- 
 
 acid tonf c"S Tyn^re^l-'-'^V'^^^"^ ^^'^ '°" ^^ -™^ 
 in catarrhal condi&nT IftheT '' "^'■^■""l"'"^' P°^^- -l-dal value 
 biliary passages, a^Turinarv tracTT-d "T ""'■' '*'""''^' '"'^■^''"-=. 
 andpow'erof'dige til ThVrugmemte'fl '";''" ''''"' '"^ ^P'"""^ 
 ofthe mucous membrane anr/oroTlt a^\t th:;irrs:d^r;re 
 
 ^J?L^- "■ ™'°- "• "'»-' ^»'^- o' "" V.,,^ S..,„ .^ c™... CH.p„„ . „, . ,™ 
 •See pay i60. 
 
 - -. -"^ini.,, 
 
156 
 
 treatment of scrofula, gout, chronic rheumatism and tlyspepsia. The mosi 
 notable foreign waters are those at Kissingen, Homburg, NauheJm, Wies- 
 baden and Baden Baden in Germany, Bourhonne les Bains, Royat and La 
 Bourboule in France, and Saratoga Springs in the United States. 
 
 Many springs of this class occur in Canada, the chief of which arc the 
 Sanitaris, ( 'arlsbad Lithia, Russell Lithia, Caledonia Saline — bottled as 
 Magi — Caledonia water, Caledonia Sulphur and Gas, Richelieu. Philuclor 
 at St. Hyacinthe, Maskinonge, Varennes and Laurentian waters. 
 
 Man\- inuriated, strongly saline watcis occur in Canada: such waters 
 increase the appetite and have a general stimulating effect on the organs 
 of the digestion. Some, containing principally the sulphate radicle or, 
 magnesium, have a cathartic effect, and are much used as purgatives. 
 The Caledonia Duncan water Is a good example of this type of water. The 
 most widely known European waters of this character are Aesculap Apenta, 
 and Hunyadi Janos. 
 
 No chalybeate springs are included in the report, thougn such springs 
 occur in Canada, at Tuscarora. These waters find their principal applic- 
 ation in anaemia, and general debility. 
 
 Sulphur waters, such as the well known Banff Springs, are found in 
 considerable frequency. The chief therapeutic agent is assumed to be the 
 hydrogen sulphide gas, the substance responsibk for the unpleasant "bad 
 egg" smell and flavour. Such sulphur waters are taken internally or are 
 applied externally by bathing in the heated water. The chief ailments for 
 which sulphur waters are stated to be efficacious are: diseases of the skin, 
 gout, chronic rheumatism, and syphilis, for the treatment of stiff joints, 
 and gunshot wounds, besides in cases of chronic poisoning by mercury or 
 lead. The Banff waters, Potton. Viauville, Caledonia Sulphur, and Carls- 
 bad Sulphur, are waters of this nature. 
 
 Fu'ther details on the medicinal value of sulphur waters will be found 
 on pages (149-150), describing the Banff springs. 
 
 The subject of the therapeutic value of springs, on account of their 
 radioactive properties, is treated in Part I of this report, pages 50-51. 
 
 THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF CANADL^N MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 STATISTICS.— 
 
 The value' of mineral water shipped from mineral springs in bottles 
 or barrels during 1916. amounted to $127,806. as compared with 8115,274 
 in 1915; $134,111 in 1914; £173,677 in 1913; and S172.465 in 1912. These 
 figures do not include the value of the mineral waters used at spring resorts 
 for drinking or bathing purposes, nor, of courM\ the money spent by visitors 
 to such resorts, primarily attracted there by the proximity of the springs. 
 
 ' John McLeigh, Annual Wpport a 
 Dept. of Mines. 
 
 the Mineral Production of Canada during 1916; Canada Mines Branch, 
 
157 
 PhL' imports of mineral and at-rateil waters durhnr ,h,. n i i 
 
 n,in::^,:;.:;rS^„rwe;:^'r;L'::'si'; ""■"'"'■ ^^r t^^ "' 
 
 in 191,S; S2,367 in 19H; and S^We in ,,1 5 ' "'"''••■"■•' *'"■ «■'•"'< 
 
 '■""herstatisticsoithepRKluction, imports, and exports are .iv 
 
 Mitsr[^:™-™rr''''-''"" •"---••■------ 
 
 denoted by a dagger have ...n analysed t the^^re^lnhist:': "' """ 
 
 99 
 
Ij ,> 
 
 i'i 
 
 i i 
 
 
 gSt-ga.g _i ; 
 
 3-6 ■ = 
 
 m 
 
 
 ■y=? 
 
 
 
 !-3 .-If ■ :S,^i_) adjj- 
 
 s^i 
 
 m h^ m 
 
 SI 
 
 :"" I? ■ 
 Jl|fip||||£| III 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 .! 
 
 II sill 11 I 111 1 
 ^3Sj£j£l I I X I 
 
 56i 
 
 
 
 ;s<2s 
 
 Soils s 5-; - I 
 jfSiJSjsl? i5 5 •< 
 
 
159 
 
 3 J 
 
 I Hi 
 
 M ^ 
 
 .5 u 
 
 -3 
 
 III , 
 
 IH 
 
 ■1^ 
 
 9 
 
 ■ i r 
 
 :!i 
 s ^ J 
 
 -^1 1 
 ' " I 
 
 I 
 
 
 a 5 
 
 c o 
 
 3 S t 
 
l^JE 
 
 160 
 
 IHK DKVELOl'MKNT OF CANADIAN MINKRAI. WATERS. 
 
 In fomparatively newly st'ttled countrit-s, such as the Tnilt'd Slates 
 and Canail.i, mineral springs are eonsitiered much less* worthy of attetiiion 
 than they ari' in I iiro[x'. Many springs wht(:h are allowed to run to wa^tc 
 in Canada w^ulil U- oi considerable value in (jermany. France, or Italy. 
 They form a small hut not inconsiderable fraction of the natural weiilth of 
 a country, and the lime is opportune to draw attention to "ossibililiis of 
 development of (ini.iiliaii mineral sprin^;s. 
 
 Mineral springs may l>e developed in two direetiuii,--: water from the 
 springs may Ik bottled and sold as table or aperient waltr. according to its 
 compf)sition. or sanitoria may be established near the --prinns to enable 
 patients to drink the waters at the source. The waters may sometimes be 
 used for baths, especially in the case of sulphur 'vai^rs. I'nfortunately, 
 there are no statistics to show the relati\e value of 'he two methcKls. In 
 Europe it is probable that greater financial return^ a-;' obtained from the 
 development of mineral springs as health resorts or spas. Vet some oi the 
 European bottling plants have a ver>' large trade. In 1''12 for example, 
 the Apollinaris Company in (Germany had an output of thiity-seven million 
 bottles of water. 
 
 MinerpI waters, both table and aperient waters, have been imported 
 into Canada in increasingly large amounts, especially from Kuropi', and a 
 glance at the statistic-t shows that e\"n now the value of the imported waters 
 is greater than that of the domestic waters consumed. In this report, it is 
 shown that attempts have been made to Pnd Canadian waters of equal 
 value, which can replace the impf)rtcd waters. 
 
 A list has already Ix'en given of the chief proiiucers of bottled mineral 
 waters in Canada, and re.'ercnce has been made to such of those waters as 
 have been analysed in the course of this mvestigation, and which are on the 
 market. The chief of these are Borthwick, Saniiaris. Rusf^ell Lithia, 
 Caledonia. Magi, Adanac and Duncan, Laurentian, (iurd's Caledonia 
 water, V'iauville, Richelieu, Radnor, St. l-eon, St. Severe, and St. Genevieve. 
 These arc chiefly used as table waters, especially after they have l[)ecn 
 carbonate<l. They are more saline than most of the popular European 
 table waters, chief among which are Vichy, Apollinaris, Perrier. St. C.almier, 
 Taunus and Seltzer waters. Such waters are alkaline, and highly charged 
 with carbfjn dioxide. 
 
 Of these, Vichy and Apollinaris arc imported in the largest quaniity. 
 The chief constituent of the Vichy waters is sodium bicarlwnaic, and tJie 
 quantity of solids in solution is small — only at>out 400 parts per million. 
 None of the waters included i his report have a similar composition. 
 
 The three principal springs at Vichy are the Grand Cirille. Hfipital, 
 and Celestins, all under the control of the Frencli Government. They 
 yield thermal waters which contain much free ' irbon dioxide, but little 
 mineral matter in solution. Springs of smiiLir composition, unless they 
 were also the thermal, might fail to attract attention in Canada. It is not 
 improbable, however, that similar waters exist. 
 
 j^\ /;.* 
 
•^„.^*r. 
 
 lii 
 
 Analyim of Imr .d Table Waten. 
 
 Hypolhcdiiil ('ombination!*' 
 
 Sodium thliiridf 
 
 So<]iiini sulphate 
 
 Sodiiini phiMphate. ..'...,. 
 PotasBium hicarbonate 
 Sodium bicariionale 
 Magnesium bicarbonate . , . 
 
 Caleium bitarbonate 
 
 Strontium bicarbonate. 
 Ferroun bicarlionutc. 
 Silica 
 
 Vichy* 
 (t'eleBtinfl). 
 
 Parta per miltitj 
 
 Ajmliinaris. f 
 
 .ill l> 
 
 111 6 
 
 5 1 
 
 18 
 
 m 7 
 
 2(,-4 
 .1 
 .1 
 .14 
 
 411 
 
 4.« 
 li7 
 
 2,015 
 
 «S(i 
 4(IU 
 
 S4 
 .111 
 
 Parts [jer 
 million. 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 Bicarhonic acid 
 PhoKfjhoric acid 
 Chlorine 
 
 Silica 
 
 Iron 
 
 Calcium 
 
 Strontium 
 
 Magnesium 
 
 Potassium 
 
 Sodium 
 
 (SO.).., 
 (HCO.). . 
 
 (PO,). ... 
 
 (CD 
 
 (SiO,).. 
 
 (Fe). .. 
 (Ca)... 
 (Sr)... 
 (Mg).. 
 (K).,,. 
 (.Vi). 
 
 11 2 
 
 258 6 
 3 
 18 6 
 
 ,i.4 
 1 
 
 6 5 
 1 
 
 .1 ; 
 
 7 
 90 4 
 
 Reacting 
 
 values 
 IJCr cent. 
 
 Parts pir 
 million. 
 
 2.2b 
 41 72 
 09 
 52 
 
 04 
 ,M9 
 
 167 
 
 2,,S,(8 1 
 265 4 
 
 30 
 26 4 
 98 8 
 
 141 6 
 
 804 7 
 
 Reacting 
 values 
 JXT cent. 
 
 .1 30 
 39 60 
 7 10 
 
 89 
 4 69 
 
 II 09 
 .53. 33 
 
 Concentration value 
 
 Properties of K^actioii :^~ 
 Primary s.-i'inity . . 
 Secondary '"ilinity 
 Primary alkalinity 
 
 Per cent 
 16 56 
 
 Secondary alkalinity ...... ! '.'//,', [^ 
 
 Analyst 
 
 Per cent 
 20 SO 
 
 45 86 
 33 34 
 
 b^ C A.'S^KSrS^^Slt^^S^I';^;^?^ fZ ■- ^■'"-' -«' derated Water,, 
 flbiJ: reference to analysis by Kyll (1907), p. 29. 
 
 the Mineral VVater.s of the Unitt-d States," issued by the U.S Den 
 Agriculture, Bureau of Chemistry, 1907. " 
 
 Several of the Canadian waters already examined, have a somewhat 
 similar eomposition to the well known imported Ap„Ilinaris water, though 
 
 con:,itue:f "',"' "•"" r''''' '^ ^"P''-"^'' ""»'"-'"»= '"e numerous 
 constituents of a mineral water and the complex conditions of its formation 
 
'Mi 
 
 162 
 
 While the inrip.il rcinstitutnt uf Apollinaris water may lie tnn»i<lcTc<l to be 
 sodium bif.irl«)nate, nther »alt!i, such aa sodium ihloridf, aiKlium »u!ph.ite, 
 caliiuni and maRni-sium liiiarlxinates, also form part of ihi "iral 
 
 matter in solution. Siveral Canadian waters, such as l.a. .o, 
 
 ,16); Bluebmnets (No. .VI); Ki.h-lieu (No. M); Mount Kruno (No. 46); 
 Will, neaudrySl., Mi.iiir.al, (No. ,17); I'hiluilor (No. 5.5) and l,.i 
 (No. 56) minhl repl.ici- ,.\pollinari.i, though almost .dl of these 
 waters contain r itively more sinliun. chloride .ind less scKlium biearlionate, 
 iM.iny mineral w.lteis find their chief v.ilue as aperients; esperi;dly 
 when sulphates of sodium or magnesium form a considerable proportion of 
 the saline c<.nstiiuent>'. The lic'st known Kuropean waters of this character 
 are .Apc^nta. Hunyadi Janos, and Aesculap, the sources of which are all situ- 
 ated in Hungary, These have l»eu imported in larnc (luantilies, and have 
 had a considerable sale. Pluto conccntrati-d w.iter— the source ol which 
 is at French Lick, Indiana— is also popular. (Jther imported American 
 aperient waters are Red Raven, and Moun- Clemens. All these walers 
 are concentrated, and conta;:' large quantities of magne.ium and sodium 
 sitlphates. No sin 'ar Canadian walers have as yet been examined. 
 Vi.iuville ■'■Iter, Montreal, somewhat resembles them, though it is much 
 less concentrated, and cont.iins a larger proportion of scxiium chloride. 
 Concentrated Caledonia Duncan water is, however, successfully replac 
 the foreign waters to some extent. 
 
 Curd's 
 Provide; 
 
 lacnig 
 
163 
 
 Hypothetical 
 
 (^"omhi nations, 
 
 Srolium sulphiirt' .. 
 Putassiuni milphatP, 
 
 Magn«jiirtnulphitt- 
 
 Calcium Niilph.itv 
 
 Lithii iilphau- ., .. . 
 
 Swiiti ..lionalc .... 
 
 t alciuititarbonate 
 
 Magnesium cartwnatr 
 
 Manganout carbonate. 
 
 rerroufl c.irUinaie. 
 ^wdiiim liii.ir(«^nate 
 f alciuni hirarUinate 
 >'ronmmi hit arbonate, 
 hLTmut l>n.irl«jnate 
 -Todium cJilariiJc 
 Magneuuni bromide 
 
 Alumina 
 
 Silica 
 
 j^^ rf Imported Aperient Watere. 
 
 I I .. ... : ^ ^^~ —' 
 
 Apcnta.l 
 
 |R.MCtingj I Reading I 
 
 g^r cent:^ 
 rin-.ary salinity 
 Secondary salinity 
 Piimary alltalinity 
 Sx-condary alkalinity 
 
 40 90 
 56. 56 
 
 : Analysis by Mohr. n. 5J ...... 
 
 Waters K.f (^~ a""\/^'/'. ^^ munoti 
 waters, by c. A. MncheH, expressed i 
 
 : Analysis by Mohr. p. 22 ,„ .^ , 
 
 Ibid: Analysis >y Tichbourne, p. 22 
 
Rcfert'nrt' h.ij» alrcaijy IxM'n madt' to the nimilarity of ntmw of tne. 
 Mtroiinly -.ilitir WiitiT-", «U('h .l^ tin- AU-niiki« watrrx, Si. (ii-ncvii-vc, St. 
 S'MTc. Nan-nr:'-'.. .itid St. Leon, to thf htronKl>' ^.ilini' Kuroptan waters, 
 partkul.irly tho»i> at HonilmrK, Kiff*inKi'n, and Naulu'im. 
 
 W'hfii niorc of the prinrip.J Canadian niini-ral !>priiiK!t have Ufn 
 examined --t-stM-ciaMy those in the Niagara (H'ninNula. and in British ("olum- 
 Ilia— it irt prolial)!f th.it I'anadian waters ^ill Im- found e(|iial tn e\ery ri'sfxct 
 to any of the fariir)u?* Kuroptan wateri* aljove r'ferred to, 
 
 ( ANADIAN MINERAL SI'klNCi RESORTv 
 
 Not more than a df)/en mineral sprinn rt'Sfirts In Canada are open at 
 the pft'M tn lime. Several have Ix-en temporarily <los*'d on actrmnt of the 
 falling oil in l>ti^ines>> due to war conditions. Many of rhi- following sprin^^H 
 at which -sanitriria have Irhmj c><lal^li^hed are included amongst those 
 descrilK'd in this report, .ind it is hoped thai the remainder will eventually 
 be the subject of a similar examination. 
 
 Passing from east to west, Atn-nakis Spring!^. Qiie.. on the St. Francois 
 river, in Yamaska county, is one of the few health ^e«orl^ in QuiIh-c. A 
 description of the sprinj;^ has already lx*en given. They yiel<l saline waters 
 md somewhat resemble those of Kissingcn or Nauheim Spas in C.ermany. 
 A sanitorium is also establishwl ar Potton Springs in Hromc county. Que. 
 Potton sulphur spring i^ a calcic, ilkalitie (sulphuretti-d) water. 
 
 Caledonia Springs is the site of an hotel and sanitorium, under the 
 management of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The hotel is situated close 
 to three of the springs — the Caledonia Saline, Sulphur, and (ias springs. 
 
 A sanitorium is established at Carlsbad Springs, near Ottawa. Further 
 particulars are given in the description of the springs, which range from 
 alkaline to strongly saline, with intermc<l^tc mixtures of the twt) types of 
 waters. 
 
 St. Catheiines, near Niagara Falls, is one of the oldest of Canadian 
 mineral water resorts. One spring is reported to have been in use since 
 1812. Several sanitoHa enable visitors to utilize the waters with the 
 greatest benefit. The springs yield strongly saline, bromic, and iodic 
 waters, and resemble the celebrated waters of Krcuznach in Prussia. No 
 work has yet I>een done by the Mmes Branch on these waters, nor on the 
 Preston mineral springs, which are a group of sulphur waters situated in 
 Waterloo county, Ontario. 
 
 A sanitorium is also situated in Winnipeg: the Winnipeg Mineral 
 Springs Sanitorium, under the direction of Dr. A. D. Carscalten. No 
 examination of these springs has yet been made. 
 
 The most famous of all Canadian springs is undoubtedly the group of 
 hot sulphur springs at Banff, Alberta, full details of which have already been 
 given, and attention has been drawn to the great possibilities of Banff 
 as a health resort, combining as it does magnificent scenery, bracing climate. 
 
 wjr ^l^^ 
 
ML-MmZ^W^'^d^' 
 
 h'''f^i 
 
 f*- 
 
 W>r.n«-M„„l,' M„.„u„f,l„,,.,i (.'r *"•>"•""■•""' '"-l.- ... Il..nll 
 
 ■" pr.s..,„ i,..,„„ ,„,„ _ ,:'„;;''^';'' ■'"''''•''■''''''"' ""• ■^'""■•■«i' 
 
 -PnriK-. Ili~,i,>ir.il.ic||^ 
 
 'I'Uiin-Mlu.lUHl .11 In.th 1,1 
 
 |,.f " ';," ''''"•l"l™'-nl .,n,i i,n|m,v,.,n, „!., hnw.v.-r will I 
 
 l«-l"r.- ihcs,. iiiimT.i sprint n-s ,ri» .. ""«<Mr, uill I,. ,„.„■,,,,; 
 
 y'M.MK ., ,.„„nlry mu, h atl.-nii,,,, w„ul, .^ ' >'X|Kr„.,l ,|,;,t in s„ 
 
 ■iWy with similar l-„rn,».,n «.■ .,. r V .' ''"' »■"''•- ''■'"Par.. fav.M.r- 
 
 -Mfidala,,r.,,.M-,„,s Tu. ::„C' ^'l' ;"-" . ""l ''" '•> -is-.s, such 
 
 I- <.-.al.lislu.,l. '"'■'"" ''""■'^' """'"'"•' ■'n.i Lalhs will s„„„ 
 
166 
 
 Table of Springs Arranged According to Class. 
 
 FACE 
 
 Alkaline: 
 
 Bicarbonated — 
 
 Watson Foster Well, Montreal, No. 43 70 
 
 Bluebonncts Well, „ No. 50 74 
 
 Celestins Springs, Vichy, France 160 
 
 Calcic — 
 
 Adanac, Bourget No. 30 61 
 
 Guaranteed Niilk Go's Well, Mon- 
 treal. No. 35 63 
 
 Potton Sulphur Spring No, 54 92 
 
 Alkaline-Saline: 
 Muriated — 
 Sodic. 
 
 Bcrthier, Que No. 62 105 
 
 Caiedonia, Artesian Sulphur No. 29 55 
 
 „ Duncan No. 28 53 
 
 „ Gas No. 27 50 
 
 „ Saline No. 25 45 
 
 „ Sulphur No. 26 48 
 
 „ Gurd's less saline Wo. 34 59 
 
 Carlsbad Lithia No. 20 39 
 
 Soda No. 19 41 
 
 „ Sulphur No. 15 37 
 
 Laurentian Spring, Montreal, No. 36 65 
 
 Maskinonge, Que., No. 63 107 
 
 Mount St. Bruno, Que., No. 46 72 
 
 Richelieu, Chambly, Que., No. 49 86 
 
 Russell Lithia, Bourget, Ont., No. 17 30 
 
 Sanitaris, Ont., No. 14 28 
 
 St. Hyacinthe, Que., Philudor No. 55 94 
 
 „ Que., La Providence, No. 56 9f) 
 
 St. Leon, (Lupien), Que., No. 57 98 
 
 St. Severe, Que., No. 58 100 
 
 Varcnnes, Que., No. 48 84 
 
 Sodic and calcic — 
 
 Gurd's well, Beaudry St., Montreal, No. 37 68 
 
 Saline : 
 
 Sulphatfd — 
 Calcic. 
 
 Banflf, Alpine Club Spring, No. 71 146 
 
 „ Automobile Rd. Spring, No. 70 143 
 
 „ Cave Spring, No. 68 137 
 
167 
 
 Banff. Basin Sprinfi, j,,.,, g, 
 
 " Kidney Spring, N„. fifi '" 
 
 „ Middle Spring, No. 67 „ 
 
 » Upper Hot Spring, \o. 65 ,,„ 
 
 Jas,K.r Park, Fiddle Creek Spring,No. 140 „ 
 
 Muriatod — IM 
 
 .Sodic. 
 
 Abenakis Spring. Que., West HouseNo 44 
 
 Ab™akisSpring,Que.,E,astH,)UseNo. 45 I, 
 
 Borthwick Spring, Ont., No 6 
 
 Caledonia, (lurd's strong saline. No.' 3i 11 
 
 Carisbad Magic Spring, N„ jg ^° 
 
 Dominion Spring, Pakcnhani, Ont.No 13 „ 
 
 Hudson's Bay Spring, Peace River, 
 
 in,-. No. 245-4.... ,,. 
 
 Lafleur Spring, Labelle Co., Que., \„. 152 , 
 
 Mission Spring, Peace River No 245- i , I 
 
 Radnor Forges, Que., No. 52 '', 
 
 Snake Mountain Spring, Peace River, 
 
 r. „ . No. 245-5.., no 
 
 S-Benoi,,Que., n„, « [^ 
 
 St. (^enevieve, Que., Nn 50 
 
 St.Le„n,Que., No' 53 '"' 
 
 Viauville Spring, Montreal, No 42 !? 
 
 Vermilion Chutes, Peace Uiver, No. 245-1. '.'.'.'. ,33 
 
168 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF METHODS OF CLASSIFICATION OF 
 MINERAL WATERS. 
 FRENCH AND ENGLISH CLASSIFICATIONS. 
 
 Based on the predominating constituents of the italers. 
 
 Ingram and Roy'e. "Natural Mineral Waters: their properties and uses," 
 
 12th edition, London, 1911. 
 Mitchell C. Ainsworth, "Mineral and Aerated Waters," Van Nostrand, 
 
 1913. 
 Dictionnaire des Eaux Min^rales, Paris, I860. 
 Mayer, Henri, "Les Moyens de d^-couvoir les Eaux souterraines et de les 
 
 utilizer," Paris, 1912. 
 
 GERMAN CLASSIFICATIONS. 
 
 Fourteen or fifteen classes depending on the predominating 
 constituents. 
 
 Hans Hofer von Heimhalt "Grundwasser und Quellen," Braunsweig, 1912. 
 
 Deutsches Baderbuch, 1912. 
 
 Ishizu "The Mineral Springs of Japan," 
 
 Tokyo Imperial Hygienic Laboratory, 1914. 
 
 AMERICAN CLASSIFICATIONS. 
 
 Walton, "The Mineral Springs of the United States and Canada," p. 34 
 
 1892. 
 Ander&on, "Mineral Springs and Health Resorts of California," pp. 21-38, 
 
 1892. 
 Crook, T. K. "Mineral Waters of the United States and their Therapeutic 
 
 Uses." p. 30, 1890. 
 Schweitzer. "Geological Survey of Missouri, vol. Ill; Report on Mineral 
 
 Waters." pp. 23-25, 1892. 
 Peale, A. C, "A System of Physiologic Therapeutics," edited by S. S. 
 
 Cohen, p. 302, vol. 9. 
 Haywood. J. K. "Mineral Waters of the United States," U. S. Dept. Agr., 
 
 Bur. of Chem.. Bui. 91, p. 9, 1907. 
 Skinner, W. W. "American Mineral Waters: The New England States," 
 
 U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. of Chem.. Bui. 139, 1911. 
 
 ^«JI'j 
 
 ■^ ^ 
 
169 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 and, 
 
 les 
 
 ). 34 
 1-38, 
 ;utic 
 leral 
 i. S. 
 Vgr., 
 tes," 
 
 au 1- ■ ^ Page 
 
 Abenaki3 Bpnngg -o g. i * 
 
 Adunac spring, Bourget 'V. «J, 164 
 
 /Etna spring. St. Severe ,°J. 
 
 Alberta : saline springB J™ 
 
 Alkaline springs J *J 
 
 n saline springs. . . J^ 
 
 Alpine Club spring, ^anff '.'. JJJ 
 
 Analysis: Abenakia springs en o? 
 
 » accuracy of 9n 
 
 Adanac spring, Bourget. ..'.'.'.'.'.'. TX 
 
 /Etna spring water .Sf 
 
 Alpine Club spring. Banff i^l 
 
 artesian sulphur spring. Caledonia Springs. , . s= el 
 
 Kanff : warm spring on automobile road. . , iic 
 
 Basin spring, BanlL !*J 
 
 Berthier spring :7* 
 
 Borthwick mineral spring ^xj 
 
 Bowman township spring , , J 
 
 Carlsbad lithia spring .'.'...'. in 
 
 magic spring '■■...'.....'.'.'.'.'.'.'. za 
 
 " f, soda spring .^ 
 
 > n sulphur spring ... ,u 
 
 Cave spring, Banff .^l 
 
 „ distinction between mineral and sanitary . ? 
 
 „ Dominion spring Jt 
 
 Duncan spring, Caledonia Springs.".'.'. t^ ii 
 
 Elizabeth spring, Homburg ^'*' 21 
 
 Gaa spnng, Caledonia Springs =n ^7 
 
 ga«;3, Basin .spring, Banff ^"',? , 
 
 -. » Cave spring, Banff Ji, 
 
 „ King's well. Bath lli 
 
 „ ' J- '^''^*^'^ ^P""g' ^''"'ff 141 
 
 n Ourd 3 less saline water, Caledonia 5[ irings. . In 
 
 „ saline water, Caledonia Springs « 
 
 Guaranteed Pure Milk Co.'s well ... *, 25 
 
 Hudson Bay springs, Salt river °"*',?t 
 
 imported aperient waters ,i^ 
 
 . .« mineral waters Iftf 
 
 « ionic form of *°i 
 
 Kidney spring, Banff „5 
 
 La Providence spring gi 
 
 Laurentian spring, Montreal rt? «? 
 
 Magi water 7Ci 
 
 Maskinonge spring ,no 
 
 methods of . ... ,,^"^ 
 
 Middle spring, Banff '■\\l 
 
 Mission springs. Salt river t,7 
 
 Montreal Jockev- Club well 7, 
 
 Mount Bruno Floral Go's well 7, 
 
 » Philudor spring Li 
 
 „ Potton spring o^ 
 
 ., Raduor Forges spring oq 
 
 B Richelieu spring 07 
 
 Russell lithia water. ... \i 
 
 St. Benoit spring ['_ .^f. 
 
 St. Genevieve water ',['/, .AT 
 
 „ St. Leon spring ' ^X: 
 
 c ,■ " . " (I'Upien) 00 
 
 , Saline spring, Caledonia Springs '.'.'.'.'.[" 47 
 
Ik 
 
 170 
 
 Page 
 
 Analysis: Saline well, 112 Beaudry St., Montreal W 
 
 „ Sanitaris water 29 
 
 , Snake Mountain springs 1 19 
 
 „ statement of rc^^ults of chemical 8 
 
 „ Sulphur Point spring 121 
 
 „ Sulphur spring, Cal^onia Springs 49 
 
 „ n 1 Jasper park 125 
 
 „ Upper hot spring, Banlj 130 
 
 , Varennes spring 85 
 
 „ Vermilion Chutes spring 123 
 
 „ Viauville mineral water 77 
 
 „ Victoria sulphur spring 44 
 
 „ Watson, Foster Co.'s well, Montreal 71 
 
 Arsenic iii mineral waters 7 
 
 Artesian sulphur spring, Caledonia Springs 55 
 
 B 
 
 Banff and Bath hot springs: resemblance 118 
 
 „ cave and basin swimming bath 143 
 
 „ future of 151 
 
 „ hot sulphur springs - . 126 
 
 „ rare gases of atmosphere absent 17 
 
 „ springs: most famous in Canada 164 
 
 „ sulphur springs; value .... 149 
 
 „ warm spring on automobile road 143 
 
 Baril. Dr. G. H. — analysis made of Richelieu spring , , . , , 86 
 
 „ n resemblance between Viauville and I'riagt- waters 78 
 
 Basin spring, Banff 139 
 
 Bath hot springs, England 148 
 
 Bell, Wallace: well at St, Bruno drilled by 72 
 
 Bergeyin, Daniel: owner V'iauville mineral well 76 
 
 Berthier: mineral spring at ■ 105 
 
 Bibliography 168 
 
 ' " " ■ ■ ■ "■ ' " 74 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 Bluebonnets: Montreal Jockey Club well. . 
 
 Borthwick mineral spring 
 
 „ Wm. — owner mineral spring. . 
 
 Bowman tp. — spring in 
 
 Boyd, Thomas: owner Carlsbad spring,- 
 
 Caledonia Springs 44, 164 
 
 „ Mineral Water Co 45, 61 
 
 Camsell, Charles: samples collected in Alberta 113 
 
 Canadian Aerated Co ■ 109 
 
 Carlsbad Springs 33, 164 
 
 Cave and basin springs, Banff 136 
 
 Chambly Basin, Que. — Richelieu spring 86 
 
 Chemical elements in mineral waters 6 
 
 „ tests -_ 16 
 
 Clarke, F. W. — relation of chemical constituents to geologic formations 151 
 
 Cole, L. H. — saline springs in Alberta U3 
 
 Diamond Park spring, Arnprior. . . , 
 
 Divina mineral water 
 
 Dominion spring, Pakenham 
 
 Duncan spring, Caledonia Springs 
 
 28 
 100 
 25 
 53 
 
 Economic value of Canadian mineral waters . 
 Eve, Prof. A. S. — radium in Trenton limes'' 
 
 156 
 154 
 
 Fafard, Prof. F. — ^tna spring water analysed by 100 
 
 Ferland, Alfred: spring at St. Benoit 109 
 
171 
 
 Fluorine prpsfiu in most mineral waters ^'*' 
 
 hreseniusr conslitucnu o( mineral waters ..'.'.'. ' 
 
 6 
 
 C 
 
 Galatly, Mr.— guide cave spring, Banff 
 
 Oas: St. Genevieve mineral spring used to run' enirine '" 
 
 (.as spring, Caledonia Springs u tun engine i,,, 
 
 ( . ises evolved from Basin pool, Banff 50 
 
 t..lian, \V.— owner Dominion sprinir 142 
 
 Guaranteed Pure Milk Co.s »i.|| 25 
 
 Gur<l, Charles and Co.-owner, Varennes spring " 
 
 saline well, Montreal, ... ** 
 
 ,■".. ,. " "ells at Caledonia SDrinifs ** 
 
 Gurd a ,alm.. waters, Caledonia Springs '^ * S' 
 
 . less salmc waters, Caledonia Springs. .'.. " 
 
 Halcyon hot springs, B.C. 
 
 Hardmg, Dr. K S -p..per „n Caledonia Springs ■« 
 
 Harrison hot sulphur springs, B.C « 
 
 Hudson s Bay Co. springs.. 11, 14 
 
 Hunt, Dr. Sterry: analysts Caledonia Springs waters "< 
 
 examination Richelieu spring •'5 
 
 St. Genevieve spring. !! ,?5 
 
 . , ", . Varennes spring *"* 
 
 I- .. study of mineral springs. . , *4 
 
 " origin of eastern waters, !!,.. ^ *' ^ ^ ;■ ' ^A 
 
 Introductory 
 
 Ions I 
 
 Kidney spring, Ba.iff 
 
 Kings Well, Bath: analysis of gases 131 
 
 143 
 
 l.acerte, A.-.€tna spring on farm of 
 
 .alleur, Lugene: owner of spring Bowman tn >"> 
 
 |-a i rovidence: spring at. . "^ Ill 
 
 Laurcntian spring water, Montreal '6 
 
 Lemyre,J. T. -Divina water bottled by 65 
 
 LupienfB.-spri^Kill'^P'S'i:^!^"™''"''^' ■■■•■••■-:■■ ^^ !S? 
 93 
 
 Mcintosh, Dr.-radium in ViauviUe water 
 Magi mineral water -uviue water . 
 
 MflEnnir'"'"""' ?P™S'o„ farm of ! ! . 
 Masknonge; mineral spring at. . 
 
 Middle .springs, Banff. 
 
 Mineral springs: descriptions of'.'. ' '. 
 " « develonment of. . . 
 
 resorts.. 
 
 M 
 
 table of arranged according to class, 
 classification of 
 
 76 
 15.45 
 
 20 
 
 30 
 107 
 133 
 
 22 
 160 
 164 
 166 
 
 11 
 
 " .. constituents of. 
 
 definition of 4 
 
 " n economic value. , 3 
 
 " list of producers, 156 
 
 „. ; : f£^i;;!/5sr''=™='''"=«^"»»'°8i''<>™a.k,n..:;:;::::; !|? 
 
 Mission springs. Salt river. Alberta. ..;,.; ; "4 
 
172 
 
 Page 
 
 Montreal Jockey Club well. DluebonnetB 74 
 
 Mount Bruno Floral Co.'i well, St. Bruno 72 
 
 Muriatcd springs 167 
 
 Organic compounds in eonie waters . 
 
 Palmer, Chase; method of classification W 
 
 Philudor sprinij, St. Hyacinthe 94 
 
 Plantagenet mineral spring 44 
 
 Potton spring, Potton tp 92, 164 
 
 Preston mineral springs 164 
 
 Radicles: present in mineral waters. . 
 
 Radioactive tests 
 
 "Radium" water 
 
 Radnor Forges spring, {Jue 
 
 „ mineral water , , . . 
 
 „ Water Co 
 
 Reacting values 
 
 Richelieu spring, Chambly Basin, Qw 
 Rousseau, J. C. — St. Leon mineral water , 
 
 Russell Lithia Mineral Water Co. . 
 
 „ lithia spring 
 
 Ruttan, Prof. R. F. — analysis Duncan spring, Caledonia Springs, . 
 
 „ „ „ gas spring, Caledonia Springs 
 
 a a investigation Caledonia Springs waters . . . . 
 
 6 
 16 
 76 
 
 10 
 
 86 
 98 
 30 
 30 
 55 
 SO 
 45 
 
 St. Benoit spring 
 
 St. Bruno; Mount Bruno Floral Co.'s well . 
 
 St. Catherines mineral springs 
 
 St. Francois du Lac; Abenakis springs 
 
 St. Genevieve de Batiscan 
 
 St. Hyacinthe Mineral Water Co. . 
 
 St. Leon 
 
 Philudor spring 94 
 
 Mineral \V'ater Co 90 
 
 109 
 72 
 
 164 
 79 
 
 102 
 94 
 94 
 
 90 
 
 100 
 45 
 
 166 
 68 
 
 „ sprmg 
 
 „ „ (Lupien) 
 
 St. Severe: /Etna sprin,^ 
 
 Saline spring, Caledonia Springs 
 
 „ springs 
 
 „ well, Montreal 
 
 Salt: gathered from scline springs in Alberta 114 
 
 „ made from mineral spring at St. Genevieve 102 
 
 Samples, collecti >i of 16 
 
 Sanitaria mineral wa* ..r 15, 28 
 
 „ Mineral Water Co 28 
 
 Sisters of La Metairie: spring on farm of 96 
 
 Snake Mountain springr. ! 19 
 
 Soils, Napoleon : Philudor spring on farm of 94 
 
 Spring water as distinguished from well water 3 
 
 Star mineral water 102 
 
 Sulphur Point spring, Alberta 121 
 
 „ spring, Caledonia Springs 48 
 
 „ , Jasper Park, Alberta 1 24 
 
 Tetreau, George: owner Richelieu spring 86 
 
 Therapeutic value of mineral spr'.igs, 154 
 
 Therapeutics of sulphur spring 'vaters 149,150 
 
17i 
 
 Upper hot ■pring, Banff. . . ''"'' 
 
 I2g 
 
 V 
 Varennes spring 
 
 Vdlkt L). and Co.-8pring ai St. (Wnrvievt, \ , *• 
 
 Vermilion Chutes mineral water '02 
 
 ,,, ",„ •• spring 114 
 
 Viauville mineral water 123 
 
 Victoria Sulphur spring. Caricton (.o. . ' 15, 76 
 
 W 
 
 S";";;/?""- Co', well, Maiwnneuve 
 
 «alt W . E.— Abenaki, springs. . ") 
 
 Sk.''' "-''-alBac of Yellowstone p.irk: :; ," 
 
 \\ nte, Robe.-t and Co.-owners Laurentian spring ' JJ 
 
 |&S;i^;^;gyiisii;sLS'''"^---"' ■■ ■ •■ ^^ ^ ,« 
 
 wnght, J. A.— aanitoriura at Potton Springs. ... ^ . . '" 
 

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