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 TORONTO /.5™ APRIL /.V.56- 
 
 ( om nu.s.m>n <r o/' ( roivn bnuls 
 
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 I beg to r 
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 RUPOR 
 
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 ^'Suh-o 'l>7" S^ Lanas nepnrtmont hy Albert Poll.v Salter, 
 
 1 n mshcd „, ccnpluu.ce will, the loiter of the llo,, |»,.ovin 
 cml Secretary, dated 31,st March, 185(3. 
 
 JOS CAUCHO^, 
 
 Cotninissioner Crovva Lands. 
 Ciowii Lands Department, 
 
 Toronto, 3rd April, 1856. 
 
 To the Honorable Joseph Cauchon, Commissioner of Crown Lauds : 
 
 ratio' oni!Jz.ur; hS;';;;/^;^^^ s£ '•^^T!? '\?'''' • '- -^ -p'- 
 
 struchons of tl.o 1 i. Juno las^ ; l!^^^.^,:^^^^^ "f" ^'"'^ ^"■ 
 Map, <Ji-a\vn on the scale of one mile to -in inr.) w .1 .,• lu ■^ ".' irormation, a 
 in tbM course of my researches ' "^'"° '^^ '^^^''''^' ''"«« traversed 
 
 Aficr receiving your instructions, I used the; utmost desmfoh Jn 
 necessary instruments and supplies • and on t hi OnTr i ^TF , '" P' '°"""g ^^Y 
 the following morning, accompanied bv Mr D. .^ ^' '''5 H"T" '"■" ^^^^''^'^^ °« 
 Ste. Marie, tl.o point ff^m wh7h J had determined t'o.T"'"'' ^ ^'" ^■"'' '^'' ^^^^' 
 having previously despatched an asSttf tT'enetanSfnTfoT^H^"^ ^ ' 
 
 engagmg men and canoes, with orders to push fn ?hTS» r' ^^ ^^^ 1 "*P°^« ^^ 
 
 On my arrival ac the Sault on Thurs Z the Ih "' ^''' '' ^'''''^^^' 
 arrived, I engaged a party for Mr VRnfTi^.^^ 5th July, as my party lad not 
 proceeded, with that genlman r^ fx.m" c thrl ""/'' "" ''^".. ''""""^'"^ ^^^"day, 
 village. On the following fhuXv 3"' t^^ 
 
 Mr. fee Rottermund. I accompanied hi^ to he ^^0!'^^ ^'"'"'A' ^' '^'' '''^ ^^'^ «^ 
 returned to Garden iliyer. anS a~ ^^^^^^^ ^-ving birr there, 
 
 your'!nsSnTo;Vr4fhT^^ ''< ^ ^ound awaitir. - me 
 
 De Rottermund, as directed, wi separred V hal^M iir'^"^""''^^^.^'^ ^'^ Mr. 
 visioned his party, as well as my owrto that Umf ^'^ ^^l"^^*' P^'^ and pro- 
 
 \s"hsequently ascended the Thessalon, MississLi Rlm^ Q *c . 
 
 French R.vers. making a careful examinatlo^of eaTas 1 ' 5^t"'' ^^^''''^ ^"^ 
 Lake. On my descent from Lake Nini.sin^ Vk ' ^1 ^^, °^ *^^ <^o«st of the 
 season, had been unusually vve^and bSe Z 1^7'^''!!'*' "^^''^^ throughout he 
 longer on the Lake, clange^rous, and I the e ^e dlerJneS .'' /" '''''^'' ^•^"'^'"'^^ff 
 
 f 
 
 
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 2 
 
 The general features of the country bordering on the River Ste. Marie, and 
 upon Lake Huron, are very similar ; at times, bold, rugged, and declivitous, and 
 scantily clothed with stunted spruce, balsam, pine, and birch, the coast affords but 
 slender hopes of finding much land fit for agricultural purposes ; at others, rising 
 gently from the margin of the water, and covered with a fair growth of hard wood 
 timber, birch, maple, and iron-wood, it holds out inducements to an explorer to 
 penetrate before condemning; whilst here and there, extensive tracts of level land 
 are seen, in some places low and swampy, presenting an almost impenetrable 
 thicket of black alder and sallow ; in others, open prairie, covered with a luxuriant 
 growth of wild grass. 
 
 Leaving the shores of the river or lake, at distances varying from two to five 
 miles, the scene changes ; and the topographical features of the country may be 
 described as consisting of rich alluvial valley, varying in width from a quarter to 
 seven miles, heavily timbered witli mixed timber ; crossed at intervals by rock 
 ridges, and traversed by small rivulets of excellent water. These ridges, with the 
 exception of the Gros Cap and Lacloche, form no regular mountain range ; but are 
 short escarpments of rock, seldom more than three-fourths of a mile in length, and 
 varying in height from 30 to 250 feet, rounded on the flanks ; and although bold 
 and declivitous on the southerly sides, are, on the north, easy of approach, as the 
 descent from the summit is regular, and the side generally well timbered with 
 hardwood. On the summits, they are, for the most part, destitute of vegetation for 
 a distance of from two to eight chains. 
 
 In the valleys, the soil is, generally, decayed vegetable matter, or a rich sandy 
 loam, with a subsoil of reddish blue or white clay ; in many instances resembling 
 lime-stone in a state of decomposition ; the timber mixed, and consisting of birch, 
 maple, ironwood, cedar, elm, ash, pine, spruce, balsam, hemlock and poplar, ac- 
 cording to the locality. 
 
 The surface rises gradually from the water's edge for the distance of half a 
 mile, in rear of the present village plot of Ste. Marie ; and although partly covered 
 with boulders, produces a fine growth of grass and clover. 
 
 From this point to Root River, the surface is generally level, with a slight in- 
 clination to the eastward, or towards Garden River ; the soil is here a fine sandy 
 loam, and the sub-soil a reddish blue clay. 
 
 The timber has for the most part been destroyed by fire ; where still standing, 
 it consisted of maple, birch, ironwood, spruce, balsam, cedar, elm, and ash. 
 
 Root River, flowing south-easterly, is a small stream, and empties into the Ste. 
 Marie on the westerly side of Little Lake George ; it is shallow, with clear water, 
 rapid current, and gravel bottom ; the banks are about five feet high, and its general 
 breadth one chain. 
 
 The soil on both sides of the river is good ; but near its confluence with the 
 Ste. Marie, it is low and swampy. Northward of the river, for six miles, the sur- 
 face is gently undulating, broken here and there by the rock ridges above described ; 
 the soil and timber being much the same as on the south side. 
 
 In rear of the last range ascended, a valley of seven or eight miles in width 
 extends eastward to the high land surrounding Echo Lake, and westward to the 
 Gros Cap range at the foot of Lake Superior ; its regularity broken here and there 
 by ranges of rock, the soil and timber being much the same as before described. 
 
 Garden River, flowing southerly and south westerly, empties into the Ste. Marie 
 a short distance eastward of Little Lake George. It is a fine stream ; its general 
 width about three chains. 
 
 Immediately at the mouth, there is an Indian settlement of considerable extent, 
 and the inhabitants, unlike this people generally, have turned their attention to 
 agricultural pursuits, there being some fine plantations adjoining the village, on which 
 were growing luxuriantly, oats, maize, potatoes and grass. 
 
ac- 
 
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 The soil on the banks of this river and for a considerable distance inland, on 
 either side is of the best quality, being a fine rich sandy loam, the timber large and 
 thrifty, and much the same in character as that on Hoot River. 
 
 In rear of the Indian reserve, the valley, entered northward from Root River, 
 was again seen presenting the same appearance, and stretching eastwaixl to the high 
 land surrounding Echo Lake, as described above. This valley is crossed by Garden 
 River, and is also watered by several small tributaries of excellent water. I intend- 
 ed to have proceeded a considerable distance into the interior by this river, but was 
 prevented by the swollen state of the stream, caused by the immense quantity of 
 rain which had fallen the few days previously. 
 
 The Thessalon, with its chain of Lakes, flowing from the north west, empties 
 into T<ake Huron about 12 miles eastward. of the Bruce mines, and immediately 
 eastward of the point of the same name, which projects into the Lake for a con- 
 siderable distance. At the mouth of the river the water is shallow, and the approach 
 consequently difficult in boisterous weather. On the westerly side of the mouth, 
 there is a fine sandy beach, and its easterly limit is composed of rock rising gradually 
 from the water to the height of about thirty feet. Nine miles from its entrance 
 into Lake Huron, the navigation is impeded by rapids, and between it and Otter- 
 tail Lake, the first of the chain, there are four rapids and falls, round three of which 
 it is necessary to portage canoes. 
 
 From the third Lake the river still keeps a north westerly direction as far as 
 explored. 
 
 The land on the margin of the river is of good quality and heavily timbered. 
 The surface rises gently from the waters' edge, and at the top of the bank the rock 
 is near the surface ; this continues, however, but a short distance, when it descends 
 gradually, and for several miles to the eastward, the soil is of good quality and deep; 
 the surface roiling, and the timber fine and thrifty, maple, birch, cedar, elm and ash 
 prevailing. Much good pine is also scattered through this section. 
 
 Westward of the river, or in rear of the Bruce mines, the country is more 
 broken and rugged. North and west from Desert Lake the second of the chain, the 
 coast is low and swampy, for the distance of three quarters of a mile, but in rear the 
 surface rises gradually, and, though broken here and there by the rock ranges, which 
 form a marked feature in the topography of this country, affords a considerable ex- 
 tent of land fit for settlement, the soil being deep and rich, and the timber princi- 
 pally hard wood, fine and thrifty. 
 
 North and East from Lake Deception, the third of the series, there are extensive 
 tracts of excellent land, timbered chiefly with hard wood ; these tracts extend east- 
 ward to the Mississaga, and southward to within two t..'.\^a mi the coast of Lake Huron, 
 which here is generally composed of flat shelving rocks. Numerous small islands 
 and sunken rocks, lie along this portion of the coast, rendering approach to the shore 
 dangerous in stormy weather. 
 
 The Mississaga, entering Lake Huron about thirty miles eastward of "Point Thes- 
 salon" is, at its entrance into the Lake, a fine broad stream, with a considerable 
 depth of water; and its mouth being protected, eastward, by several islands, affords 
 a safe and commodious harbour. The navigation is, however, totally impeded 
 four miles from its mouth, whore a rock range crossing the river, forms a fall of 
 five feet. Further up, also, in addition to the falls, of which there are three to the 
 point called the " Grand Portage," shoals |or spits of sand and gravel, are constant- 
 ly met, which render access to the interior, by this river, impracticable save in 
 canoes, or boats of a very light draft of water. 
 
 At the mouth of the rivftr, the land is low and swampy, but the surface rises 
 gradually, and at the distance of one and a half miles from the Lake, the banks on 
 both sides are high and the soil and tinjber of good quality, the former being a rich 
 red sand, with a sub-soil of t lue clay, and the latter consisting of birch, hard and 
 soft maple, cedar, poplar, spruce, balsam, black and white ash, and elm. 
 
4 
 
 The banks of the rivpr are in some places, forty and fifty feet high of sand. 
 
 Between the northerly limit of the Indian Reserve, and '• Little White River** 
 a south west flowing tributary of the Mississagn, there is a tract of country of con- 
 siderable extent, fit for settlement. 
 
 Northward of " Little White River," there is a fine block of land, extending 
 nearly to the "Grnnd Portage," and stretching to the eastward for a considerable 
 distance. 
 
 North of the " Grand Portage,'' the country presents a very rugged and barren 
 appearance. 
 
 Westward from this point or towards the Thessalon River, for five miles the 
 land, though light, is of good quality, and the timber fine and thrifty, but beyond 
 this the surface is either rough and broken or low and swampy. 
 
 A river was met about nine and a halt miles westward of the " Grand Portage," 
 flowing through an extensive marsh, which i'rom the direction it took 1 supposed to 
 be a branch of the Thessalon. Being unable to cross it, there being no timber in the 
 vicinity,! passed it to the south. 
 
 The tract of country north of Lake Waquekobing, is considerably broken, and 
 although many valleys of good hard wood land were crossed, they were narrower 
 and less frequent than south of the Lake. 
 
 Much good pine was met on both sides of the Mississaga ; and large tracts of 
 this valuable timber, have, I regret to say, been destroyed by fire. 
 
 The Blind River, forming the easterly limit of the Indian Reserve, enters Lake 
 Huron, about f"ur miles east of the Mississaga. At the mouth a person r.amed 
 Servail has a saw mill, driven by water. This river, flowing generally south easter- 
 ly, takes its rise in lakes several miles in the interior. 
 
 The land on the easterly side, except a very narrow strip, immediately border- 
 ing on the river is rough, broken, and barren, for some distance to the east. 
 
 Narrow valleys of hard wood land were found here and there, but no extensive 
 tracts fit for settlement. 
 
 The pine on the Indian Reserve i« of good quality, but that obtained by Servail, 
 eastward of the river, smaller and not so good. The mill is capable of cutting only 
 5,000 feet of lumber per day, for which the proprietor finds ready sale at the Bruce 
 Mines, and Sault Ste. Marie. 
 
 The coast of the Lake between the Mississaga and Serpent River, diflfers from 
 that westward, inasmuch as spots of sand or gravel beach are more frequently met 
 with, which, rismg gradually from the margin, extend inland a considerable distance. 
 The soil, however, is a very light sand and stony, and although some fine pine were 
 seen, red and white, the timber is geherally of little value, but in the interior tracts 
 of hard wood land of some extent were met. 
 
 Serpent River empties into a deep bay or inlet of Lake Huron, about twenty, 
 five miles east of the Mississaga. The Bay into which it empties is unsurpassed as 
 a harbour, by any I have seen upon either Lake Huron or Superior. 
 
 At the mouth of the river, on the westerly side, the land is of good quality but 
 low and level. Ascending the river the scene is rugged and rough, the rock ranges 
 running close to the margin of the river, and parallel to it. In rear however, on 
 both sides, some valleys of good hard wood land were met, but more particularly 
 on the west, the same being a continuation of the valleys seen from the east bank 
 of the Mississaga, 
 
 The coast of the Lake between the Serpent and Spanish Rivers is rocky and 
 barren, and affords but little hope of finding land fit tor agricultural purposes within 
 any reasonable distance of the shore. This is to be accounted tor from the fact that 
 this portion of the coast is a narrow peninsula, both rivers entering Lake Huron 
 about the same latitude. 
 
 Spanish River empties into a large and beautiful bay of Lake Huron, which 
 being completely land-locked by islands, affords a safe and commodious harbour. 
 
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 It has two entrances, the main one being from the westward, through a n<?rrow but 
 deep channel called the "Petit Detour;" it can also be entered on the easterly side. 
 
 For two or three miles from the mouth the width of the river is nearly half a 
 mile; this width, however, is lessened by marshes, formed from the deposit of the 
 river, through which run several channels of deip water. Shortly above this the 
 breadth diminishes to about six or eight chains, but again spreading, the river for 
 several miles is about twenty-five chains in breadth ; and at the first water fall, 
 thirty miles from its mouth, its breadth is five chains. 
 
 At the entrance and for five miles up, the cor itry on either side is rugged and 
 barren, and, with the exception of a few alluvial fiats, destitute of both soil and 
 timber, save a stunted growth of spruce, balsam and pine. Further up, or within 
 six miles of the point at which the Aux Sables, the first tributary, enters the river, 
 the land on both sides is good and weU timbered, pine very thrifty and fine, prevail- 
 ing to a great extent. 
 
 Entering from this point northward, I crossed the Aux Sables and continued 
 as far as Loon and Bark Lakes, passing through a fine section of country, the sur- 
 face rolling and the soil and timber of the best quality ; a few rock ridges were 
 crossed, but the general character of the country was very fine. Crossing Bark 
 Lake I returned to the main river, striking it near the mouth of the second tributaiy. 
 
 Although the country was more rugged and broken on this line, yet much fine 
 land was seen affording an ample field for a fine settlement. The soil is a fine 
 sandy loam, the subsoil a retentive white clay, and in addition to the several hard 
 wood timbers usually met, large quantities of fine beech were seen. Extensive 
 groves of very fine Pine were also seen through this section. 
 
 The River Aux Sables furnishes unlimited water power. 
 
 From the mouth of the second tributary to the first fall, the banks are frequently 
 very steep and high, composed of sand resting on the white clay above described. 
 
 Above the first, and in the neighborhood of all the falls, the country is more 
 rugged and broken ; on the margin of the river it is bold and declivitous, the tops of 
 the hills being mostly destitute of soil and timber. 
 
 Entering northward near the second fall, I pushed inland for several miles, 
 passing through a section of country much the same as that met below; presentir.^^ 
 the same rolling surface, and the soil and timber being very similar, pine of a very 
 fine character being constantly met, and in large quantities. 
 
 Crossing the river below the third fall, I examined the country on the east side 
 to the third tributary, which enters the river imm2diately below the second fall. On 
 this section much good land was seen near the banks of the main river, but further 
 inland the country was more broken and rugged. 
 
 This river, the finest entering Lake Huron, presents advantages not met with 
 on any other part of the country visited. A fine stream navigable for several miles, 
 large tracts of excellent land, extensive forests of valuable pine, cedar and hemlock 
 timber, and water power unlimited, lead one to hope that at no very distant period 
 this section of the country will become one of considerable commercial importance 
 to the Province. 
 
 This tributary takes its rise within a very short distance of White Fish Lake, 
 and, although navigable for canoes, the route is tedious from the number and extent 
 ot the portages. 
 
 The country on both sides is very similar in character to that met on the main 
 branch, at times bold, declivitous and barren, particularly at the points where the 
 navigation is obstructed by the falls, at others flat or rolling and covered with a fine 
 and heavy growth of timber, white oak and elm being very frequently met with. 
 
 Inland on either side the same appearance prevails, and although the hard 
 wood timber is smaller and scarcer than on the main river, the soil is of good quality, 
 and thn^ughout the whole section groves of very fine pine were constantly seen. 
 
6 
 
 On both sides of White Fish, Round and Mud Lakes, there are extensive tracts 
 of good land, the soil being much the pame as already described, and the timber 
 birch, maple, pine, white and red, hemlock, cedar, spruce, balsam, elm and ash, 
 prevailing in the order mentioned. 
 
 In the neighborhood of the last mentioned lake were seen large valleys bearing 
 very fine white oak. The descent to the coast of Lake Huron, by the White Fish 
 River and chain of lakes is difficult, and hazardous, there being twelve portages to 
 cross ; and the approach to some of the falls, except with experienced canoemen, 
 being dangerous in the extreme. 
 
 Leaving Mud Lake, the country on both sides of this route is more rugged and 
 rough, and on a near approach to Lake Huron is essentially so; high ranges of 
 barren rocks, and intervening valleys of alluvial deposit, form the general ieature, 
 the former higher than any yet met, the latter narrower and much broken up by 
 lakes, large and small, and low marshy hollows. 
 
 Pine, however, prevails to a great extent throughout the whole section, and 
 near the point at which White Fish River enters Lake Huron are seen valleys bear- 
 ing good hard wood timber. 
 
 This River empties into a large bay which, being protected lakeward by 
 numerous islands and projecting headlands, affords a safe harbour, but at a mile 
 from its mouth the navigation is totally impeded by a rock range, which, crossing 
 the river, forms a fall of thirty feet, offering a magnificent water privilege. 
 
 The coasts of the Lake, from the mouth of White Fish River to the harbour 
 Shebahonahning, now called Killarney, is grand, bold and precipitous, being a high 
 range of rock hills, a portion of the Lacloche Mountains. 
 
 Shebah-onahning, or Killarney, a small trading post or village containing about 
 forty inhabitants, is situated nearly midway between Penetanguishine and the Sault 
 Ste. Marie. 
 
 The harbour is a narrow channel or strait, bounded on the north by the main 
 land, on the south by a large island, and is protected to the westward by several 
 smaller islands, which, in all weathers, ren:ler it perfectly secure. 
 
 Immediately in rear of the post there is an area of about nine square miles of 
 tolerably good land, behind this, however, are seen the mountain ranges and high 
 lands passed in descending the White Fish River. I would respectfully submit 
 that should you decide upon surveying this country, that this point would be a de- 
 sirable position for a small Town, or Village plot. Between this point and French 
 River, the coast and islands are, for the most part, low rocks, chiefly destitute of 
 vegetation of any kind. 
 
 Midway between Shebah-onahning and French River, a small stream called 
 the Mahzenazing empties into "Collins inlet," On this River Messrs. Waddell and 
 Murray have erected a saw mill driven by water power, and working two up- 
 right saws, a circular or edger, and a siding machine. 
 
 The mill is a fine structure and the machinery of the most approved kind. 
 The Proprietors exported during the season of 1855, one and a half million feet of 
 Pine lumber. 
 
 The River flows, generally, southerly, and south-easterly, and rises in lakes some 
 distance inland ; not being able to proceed up for drift wood, 1 obtained from an 
 Indian a sketch of it which I have placed on my plan. 
 
 The country on the margin of this river is rocky and broken, and timbered 
 chiefly with small pine, spruce and balsam. Further inland, alluvial flats are met 
 crossed by groves of fine pine timber, but there are no tracts of good arable land 
 of any extent. 
 
 This River resembles White Fish River in one respecjt, in as much as it is a 
 chain of long narrow lakes connected together by straits. 
 
 These lakes are studded with islands, some of which are of considerable area. 
 Passing through these, the waters of Lake Nipissing join those of Lake Huron by 
 
 % 
 

 four main outlets ; and at Hcvcml points ascending the main channels a number 
 of sm iller outlets branch o(f', whicli, toKothor, divide the country at the mouth of the 
 lliver, into numerous Hrnull islfUids, arrion;^ which the inexperienced voyageur has 
 considerable difficulty in thr'jading hiH way. 
 
 Ascenling the north chdtimd iho country is, generally, rocky and barren. Im- 
 mcdiiiu^ly on t!io rriarj:in (»f (hi! Ilivcr, the- Ij'niks are !il)ru[)t and pi-ecipituus, rmug 
 
 in luanv places 
 
 iin 
 
 1. clothed with a stunted nrowrh of 
 
 a sterile and barren 
 
 to til.! hi.'ii^ht ol Mixly leet ; 
 red and white pine, cyprcSM, birch and poplar, they present 
 appear; I nee. 
 
 A short distance inland on the westerly side of the river from "Owl Point," 
 there is a fine tract of land of considerable extent reaching to the southward, 
 nearly to the Recollot Falli*, and to the Northward, nearly to the Chaudiere Island, 
 this tract, as I was informed by an Indian chief, extends to within a short distai.ee 
 of the deep bays at the wftHterly t-nd of Lake Nippissing. The soil is a fine sandy 
 loam, the sub-soil clay, and the timb«!r principally hard wood, remarkably fine and 
 thrifty. Basswood and elm of very large dimensions were also constantly met 
 with on this tract, also grovcM of very fine pine. 
 
 Ascending the River from this point, the land on either side presents the same 
 sterile appearance as below to the entrance of Lake Nipissing. 
 
 The Southerly and wostorly coasts of Lake Nipissing, are indented by numer- 
 ous bays and narrow inletH, which, on the margin, are low and swampy, and with 
 the exception of these Prairies in which were frequently seen wild rice beds, the 
 remainder of the coast consiHtH of level plateaux of rock sparsely timbered with 
 cypress, red and white pine, poplar, spruce, balsam and a few birch. Inland 
 the surface is higher but the »amo appearance prevails both as regards soil and 
 timber. 
 
 The northerly coast of this Lake, westward of Sturgeon River, is also low at 
 the margin, and when the waters of the lake are high, id, from its appearance, 
 submerged. 
 
 The " River Beuve,'' or n» it is sometimes called " West River,'' empties into 
 Lake Nipissing, about (our milcM westward of Sturgeon River. 
 
 At the mouth there are prairies of considerable extent, covered with a fine 
 growth of grass. Ascending the river the surface rises slightly, and above the falls 
 is rugged and broken. Surrounding the prairie tracts of white oak, mixed with 
 soft maple were seen. The former timber is, hov^ever, of little value, being 
 stunted in growth. 
 
 Both sides of this river, about four miles above its entrance into Lake Nipissing, 
 afford a fine growth of Pine, both Red and White, and inland the same timber 
 prevails ; but few hard wood flats were met, and, on the whole, this section, save 
 for its Pine forests, is uiiinterfixling. 
 
 Surgeon River, emptying into Lake Nipissing nearly due north from Point 
 Wabishcaunk, the entrance to French River, is a fine deep stream and its average 
 breadth about six chains. 
 
 The fir. t fall which Impedes the navigation is about six miles from its mouth. 
 
 The land at its entrance into Lake Nipissing is low and swampy, consisting 
 
 on both sides of open prairie ; and on the westerly side there is a cranberry marsh 
 
 of considerable extent, from which are gathered, yearly, a large quantity of this 
 
 valuable fruit. 
 
 One miie from the mouth, on the Westerly side of the river, is a post of the 
 Honorable Hudson's Hnv Company, and from this, ascending the river, the surface 
 gradually rises, and with tli(j oxception of the points at which the rock ridges cross 
 the river, and from the several fulls, the land on both sides is of good quality ; the 
 soil a rich sandy loam, the uub-soil a clay, and the timber birch, soft maple, pine, 
 hemlock, cedar^ spruce and bajgatn. 
 
 Inland, for several miles, the appearance of both soil and timber is the same, 
 and large extensive troctu of very fine pine timber were met on both sides of the 
 
river above the first fall, and near it some fine white oak were observed. No hard 
 maple was observed on this section. 
 
 tic„l.,rIv''./Th'"'''"! '' very sliallow and studded with numerus small islands, par- 
 ticularly at the western end, and a very slight breeze renders the navigation ini- 
 practical)iri with a loaded canoe ^"x> i^'i^^iun im- 
 
 six and a ImlI'miir ^'''"' ^^^'^'^^''^^^^^^ ^o (he mouth of Sturgeon River is about 
 
 i\ipiss"ng! ^"'^ ^'''''' '' "" ^''"°^ ""'"^ ^°'"^ °" ^^^ south-east coast of Lake 
 
 On examining the country southward of this, I discovered a tract of con^^ider- 
 
 able extent stretchmg several miles to the south and east, but turning wc^^on the 
 
 ne traversed where within four miles of French River, the same sferTe couVtrv 
 
 nn,?/lT ^heRiver; bare ridges of rocks, or sparsei; timbered vvicype^^ 
 
 TJl:!nt ""'1 ^"''''"■' "'■"'•'?^ ^y "^^'-"^^ g'^'-g^^ «*^«^ J^nd generate 
 
 ing tamarac or cedar, are general I'eatures. ^ 
 
 \n ihlH: '""^'f ^""T ."^"^ *^'''"'''' '" '''^^^^'"" *° th« timbers described as prevailing 
 in those sections of the country where land fit for agricultural purposes wartbrd'' 
 a large quantity of fine thrifty birch was met. P"' puses as tound, 
 
 nn. F^'^'Tfl ^"^ ^^''^ ^^'"■''"' ^'y ^ ^''^""^1 ^""her to the eastward than the 
 one ascended, the same appearance prevails as on the north channel, and S the 
 
 mentCas In" '' ''"""^' " * ''"'^' '" '"''^" ^''''''' "« '^"^ ^t 'oTttle! 
 
 On my descent to Lake Huron, for the reasons given in the opening part of 
 thjs report, I closed my work for the season. "Ptnmj, pait ot 
 
 In prosecuting my field operations. I found the traces of the several places of 
 Mr. Murray the Assistant Provincial Geologist, iurnished me for my guidance of 
 very essential service and gladly bear testimony to their great acc^acy I have 
 also avaded niyse f of them in preparing my plan, and the Thessalon Missis £ra 
 o^Zfe places." " ""'""'' "'' ""^' ''""•^' "^ ' ^^^ '^''^ ^'^^ down, are "S 
 
 The White Fish, Serpent Sturgeon and other small rivers, as also the southerly 
 and westerly coasts of Lake iXipissing, and the easterly channel of French river 
 are protracted from my own notes, the bearings having been ?aken by a box 
 b^Twatci; '"*'"'' "'''"'^' ^' " ''^ ' '"^' '^' '^'^ °f -y ---« bTingUrk^S 
 
 The posations of the small inland lakes were determined by keeping the eeneral 
 course travelled from known poiats, and estimating the distanceVth^e Ume tSed 
 allowance having been made for the nature of the country traversed wEihlu 
 no. cntically correct, may serve to give you some idT/f r g^ntjtl^^^^ 
 
 It next becomes my duty, in compliance with your instructions, and in further 
 ance of he service with which I have been entrusted, to speak of he resources of 
 he country, and while I approach the subject with diffidence, feeling myTnab' itv 
 do justice to It. I must say that after a further examination, and matur^reflect on^ 
 
 mivJlTh"^ '"^'l''^^- ^""'T' f'^^' ^' ^" agricultural country; Secondly as a 
 mixed timber and mineral producing region ; and Thirdly, as reiardhs fisheries 
 
 o/l^r:^et:^to^h7Snr "^ -^>'---«p-iod,thi^;ectioi?wii;L:!tre' 
 
 As an agricultural country, although it is true that on the coast of the Lake 
 and for some miles inland, the country is, in most places, rugged and barren and 
 equally true that further in the interior the valleys of-ood amble land .^I^rA ^ 
 by rock hills, presenting the same sterile appearLce, felrralrdltnfvrtr't' 
 were found with a deep alluvial soil, furnishing material for t^e form'ation ofj I coS 
 
 — .fei«*K>?iaf«wV' 
 
sider, at least sixty fine townships of thirfy-six square rnilcs area each, capable of 
 producing to perfection, rye, oats, hnrley, maize, grass and all kinds of root crops. 
 
 That, this is no theoretical view is substantiated from the fact, ihat in many 
 places rude Indian clearings were met, where several of these crops were seen 
 grovvmg luxuriantly, and IVom this I think I may safelv arrive at the conclusion 
 that, were the country settled hy a class of industrious ar;riculturists, that which is 
 now produced under the rude husbandry of the Iialf civilized savage, could be profit- 
 ably grown by those accustomed to tilling the soil. 
 
 1 have not mentioned wheat, autumn or spring, because from the length of 
 the \vmter, and the great depth of the snow, I am oV opinion tiie former cannot be 
 cultivated t advantage, and that the latter would, in many instances, be a precarious 
 crop; but in expressing this opinion, I will mention that from a person named 
 " Walker," settled on "Campment D' Ours" near Port Lock Harbour, I learned that 
 wheat had been successluliy cultivated, three years in succession, on St Joseph's 
 Island, which, as a crop, botii in quality and quantity, [iroved remunerative to the 
 grower. 
 
 As a timber region, many extensive tracts of pine, of a very fine quality were 
 seen, both red and white, and this valuable limber is scattered 'to a greater or less X 
 extent throughout the vvholecountry, and further the bird), tamarac, cedar and spruc^ 
 of which timber there is no lack, all serve to enhance its value as a lumber coun- 
 try. 
 
 Pine the most valuable of all is more frequently met with in the most broken 
 and rugged sections of the country. 
 
 That I do not exaggerate the value of this country as a timber region the 
 following quotation from the " Democratic Press/' an American newspaper, 'will 
 shew. 
 
 "The lumber trade of Chicago is one of her most important and leading branches 
 of business. Next to the grain trade, that in lumber, claims pre-eminence, and main- 
 tains a most powerful rivalry. During the year large additions have been made to 
 its extent and value, and it may now be well questioned, whether there exists in the 
 United States, a greater lumber market than Chicago. Her supplies are drawn from 
 every direction, and from the most distant localities, from Pensylvania an(^ the 
 valley of the Susquehanna, from Michigan and Wisconsin, from Canada and the St 
 Lawrence. 
 
 The demand from the whole grov.'ing region about her is immense anld is 
 yearly increasing. The receipts of lumber in 1847 were 32,000,000 feet, in iris's 
 they were 300,000,000. < 
 
 To the market of Chicago this region has ready access during the summer 
 months, as from its geographical position, lumber can be delivered there more 
 readily, and at less cost, than from any other portion of Canada. The markets of 
 Toronto and Oswego are equally accessible, and with an increased demand for 
 lumber, extensive forests and water power unlimited, I cannot think this section of 
 Canada will long remain in its present unimproved state. 
 
 Of the mineral resources of the country, as I am not a professional Geolotrist, 
 it would be prcsumptioa in me to speak, particularly after the careful examination 
 which has been made of it by gentlemen so eminently qualified for that service, but 
 I may be permitted to say, that, in the most sterile sections, indications of mineral 
 were constantly met which would lead me to hope that, at some future period, these 
 portions will serve to increase the revenue of the country. 
 
 The Fisheries, though of minor import to the subjects above treated of, 1 feel 
 it my duty to touch upon, as they at present furnish the principal staple production 
 of the country, many hundred barrels of white fish and trout being yearly exported 
 from the several Fishing stations on the Lake. 
 
 The principal parties employed in taking the fish are half-breeds, who resort to 
 the tame grounds year after year; and no reasonable douht can ha entertained hut 
 
 \ 
 
10 
 
 that there are many other stations on the coast, now unfrequented, which, if worked, 
 wouhl considerably increase the take and export of this article of commerce. 
 
 The resources of the country may then he summed up in a few words. 
 
 The coiist, rugged and rough as it is, affords employmcni; to those who, unable 
 or unwilhng to follow any other line of business, devote their time to the taking and 
 curing of fish for export. 
 
 The rivers with their magnificent water-power, and the more rugged and 
 broken portions of the interior, hold out inducements to capitalists to employ their 
 means in the manufacture of lumber, or to the dcvelopement of the mineral resources 
 of the country ; while to those who prefer agricultural pursuits, an ample field is 
 offered for ol)taining the monns of subsistence (or themselves, and of supplying the 
 Wants of those whose inclination leads them to embark in either of the other 
 callings. 
 
 In offering a few suggestions respecting the developement of the resources of 
 this country, [ shall not, I trust, be exceeding my duty; and under this head I 
 embrace the survey and settlement, should it be deemed advisable to subdivide it. 
 
 First, with regard to the method of survey, 1 would respectfully recoh.mend the 
 ' \ plan adopted in the United States. 
 
 ""'^^ The principal recommendation of this system is, I think, its simplicity, and to 
 tha-A portion of our country under con.sideration, I consider it peculiarly applicable. 
 \Jii commencing the survey o( a new tract of country, two principal lines are 
 run firom such points as may be deemed the most convenient, the one called "The 
 Princljpal .Meridian" is due North and South, and the other at right angles to it, or 
 East ind West, called 'The Base Line." 
 
 |:)orrection lines, parallel to the base, are run at the end of every ten townships, 
 and lorm bases for all townships north of them. This is done to correct the error 
 which,would arise from the convergency of meridians. All these lines are run 
 astronomically, and careful observations are taken at the end of every mile, or 
 oftener if necessary, to detect or prevent error. 
 
 Upon the principal meridian, at the end of every mile section corners are 
 established, and at every sixth mile a township corner. From these corners on the 
 base line, range lines are run parallel to the principal meridian, on which section 
 and quarter section corners are established, and at the end of the sixth mile a 
 temporary post is set, but at the end of the sixth mile on the most Easterly range 
 line of the tract to be surveyed, a township corner is established. From this corner 
 a. line is run due West to intersect the temporary posts set on the range lines 
 jBreviously run, and exactly at the intersection of the range lines, whether it be at 
 j/the temporary posts or not, the corners of the several townships are established. 
 
 Each township is then divided into thirtj-six sections, each containing six 
 hundred and forty acres, which are again subdivided into quarter sections, or one 
 hundred and sixty acres. Any further subdivision required, is made at the expense 
 of the purchaser or proprietor. 
 
 No allowance is made for roads in the surveys, but they are established by 
 Municipal law. Where practicable, the township and section lines are always 
 taken for the public roads; and should there be natural obstructions which would 
 render a divergency from these lines necessary, it is done by the Municipality. 
 The proprietors of the property through which such road may be formed, other than 
 the General Government, claiming damages from the Municipality, provided they 
 can prove that the injury done to their property is greater than the benefit they derive 
 from the construction of such road. For a further and more accurate elucidation 
 of this system than I could give in a Report, I would respectfully refer you to the 
 sketches and explanatory noiec forwarded herewifii, which were kindly furnished 
 to me from the Surveyor General's Office of the State of Michigan. 
 
 I would further respectfully suggest that only such townships as are found to 
 contain a large proportion of arable land should be nubdivided* but that the outlines 
 
 n 
 
11 
 
 of all should be run and the corners marked by cairns of stone, or other durable 
 monument. My reason for this is, that many tracts of the country will be found 
 valuable only for their timber or minenil productions, and although the benefit to 
 be derived from them will not at present be commensurate with the cost of 
 subdividing them into small sections, the outlines being marked and established, 
 will enable parties the more readily to explore them, in order to develope their re- 
 sources. 
 
 In order to facilitate the settlement of the cultivable portions of the country, 
 T would respectfully recommend that the land should be offered to actual settlers 
 at the lowest possible price ; and that, as far as possible, speculation in them should 
 be prevented. 
 
 A bar to the ready settlement of the country will, I fear, be found in the posi- 
 tion of the Indian reserves, they being generally at the mouths of the rivers, and 
 although the land in rear is much better in character, I apprehend it will be diffi- 
 cult to induce settlers to penetrate and open up the interior, while large tracts un- 
 improved, or only very partially cultivated, lie between them and the front. I allude 
 more particularly to the reserves at the Gurden, Thessalon and Mississaga Rivers. 
 
 In conclusion, Sir, I would again respectfully refer to a subject mentioned in 
 my report of 30th July, relative to the necessity that exists for the appointment of 
 an officer and staff for the administration of Justice at the Sault Ste. Marie. 
 
 Although the inhabitants are generally peaceable and orderly, yet cases from 
 time to time occur, which call for magisterial interference. 
 
 I have thus, Sir, endeavoured, as briefly as possible, to give you a faitful descrip- 
 tion of the country, its resources and its wants, as far as they were brought under 
 my notice, and to perform to the best of my ability the responsible duty with which 
 you were pleased to intrust me, 
 
 And have the honour to be, 
 Sir, 
 Your very obedient servant, 
 
 (Signed,) ALBERT PELLEW SALTER, 
 
 Provincial Surveyor. 
 Chatham, January 26tb, 1850. 
 
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