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For Ififortnatloti
Regarding the-

MINERAL RESOURCES

-or-

British Columbia

-WHITE TO-

HENRY GROIT,

Rosslaud, B. C.

ik««oc. N. Inst. G. B.,

M. I. M. E., Enufand.

Fninwi rnni' EiperiK in Bisn miml

Mining Properties Managed.

Reports Made on Mines.

MINING IN THB PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 1

mmi Fi Ci INNESp

Mining Broker,

Vancouver, B. C.

All 4eaorlptlon« o< MIbIbk VrwpweHmm nesottated for.
lhpe«i«I mttentlon viTca to SloewB «ad Trail Creek divtrlotab
rmll Hat of ataadard stoeka at lofreat qaotatlona.

Correspondence Solicited.

C7ai>D€l— A, B, O, 0, 4tk Bdltlon, Morelnff A Neal'a.

VERY

MANY

Of 'tke SAtne pros-
pectors and tnlners
who purchased their
outfits from us In
1896 are again ord-
ering from us this
spring.

This MUST prove
that they were well
satisfied.

If you want the

very best outfit that

money can buy (and that Is

the only kind you should

have) can or write to us.

COOMBieiiVY,

Wholesale and Retail Orooen,
104 and 106 Commercial Street,
Seattle, Wash. Pblfodloe
Box m frio* itot maU«« va
«;M>ueatl«a.

109562

MININ©

IN THK PACIFIC N»nTHW»«T.

Ariiona

Gold Mining Co.

if? ^ ip

OFFICERS.

Tinw. FRANKI^URT PrenldeiH

N. W. SCANI.ON Vlce-P»e«lden<

D. M. SOLlflDAY Se«rc<«ry

FHAKTK JOIMT Tr««»iir«»

HEAD OFFICE,

601-602 Pioneer Building:

SEATTLE, WASHINGTON,

The Arliona Oold Mining Company owns the ArlBona and Washington
mlnlns claims, on the headwaters of the north fork of the Snoqualmie River,
In King County, Washington. They are only one mile from the Brooklyn
group on Miller River and the Apex mine on Money Creek, being on the oppo-
•ite Bide of the same mountain ridge and are only a mile distant from
Miller & Sharp's Mastodon mine.

The Arizona ledge Is forty feet wide between walls of granite and the
ore Is sulphides carrying gold, silver and copper.

The Washington adjoins the Arizona and has a ledge fifty fe*t wide,
carrying ore fer twenty feet of its width.

Timber is abundant, a fine millslte can be had on the shore of three small
lakes through which a stream flows, furnishing abundant water power.

A limited amount of treasury stock is -".rfered iut i<al«

W^lte (or prospectus and price of stock.

UmiN* IN THI PACIFIC NORTlCW««T.

THE

Gold Mountain

Mining ConkD'y

OFFICERS,

MTM. VnAJtKVVHT Pr«al««

«. jr. BORGFORD Vlee-Prewl4«kj^

OBO. W. DBVBCMON Se4*retarr aa4

Head Office 601-2 Pioneer Building,
Seattle, Wash.

The (Sold Mountain Mlnlny Company's property ocnBtsts of «lgfit fan*
sized claims, namely: Grand Central, Bonanza Queen, Paymaster, Grown
Point. San Francisco, Red Jacket, Bald Bayle and Happy-Oo-Lucky.

All these claims are situated on Money Creek. King County, Washington,
within about three miles of the Great Northern Railroad and only llfty-two
miles by rail from a amelter. They have large bodies of Iron and copper
sulphide ore carrying gold, which can be made to pay dividends by a small
expenditure for development. Regarding Money Creek the Washington Min-
ing Journal says:

"This -district is In the western slopj of the Ca8ca(!(e Mountains, IB King
County, State of Washington, and Is easily accessible. Skykomish. on the
Great Northsm Railway, Is the nearest railway station. If there were no
other nlines In the State of Washington it could still claim distinction as a
mining state on the strength of Money Creek alone. The large disclosures
of ore in the locality exceed those of Treadwell, in Alaska. The bodies of ore
on the Bonansa Qufliui and Paymaster are believed to be Inexhaustible. Tho
Gold Mountain Mining Company is the owner of both claims, and With its
new and complete equipment of machinery and a force of competent workmea
will record a large output during the prf>Bent year.".

A limited amount of treasury atock for sale.

Write for prosjiwctus and |»rloo of stock.

MINING TN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

CelvHIe
Reservation!

THE RUSH this spring will be to
the ColvlUe reservation. Shares In
good mlnea already develoiu'il are
Bure to advance as the Mineral Hflt
from Trail Creek, B. C, extends
Into the Pierre lake district, and
for richer properties have been
found in this district than have yet
been deiveloped near Rossland.

Investors will make money by
purchasing Treasury Stock of the

BQld EQQie Gold MinlOQ GO.

And syndiGQie Gold Minino Co.

At 10 cents per share. Stock fully
paid and non-assessable. Price will
be advanced by companies as work
progresses. Over 87 feet of tunnel
aWa shaft work already done, and
caotract for 100 feet more of tun-
nel about to be let.

'^or shares and particulars write
to the company, room B., Haller
block, or Wm. D. Perkins & Co.,
m New York block, Seattle.

stocks
And Mining
Investments.

Cjfil<n9 and Stocks Bought audi
Sold. Properties Re-
ported On.

CoAee Used— A. B. C, 4tli fidi-
tl«n, MorelnK A Neail, Kl'Xvill,
Otonarh, Bedford M'Neal.

J. H. WISE

Mining
Engineer.

Reports on Mines, Engineers Devel-
opment, adiflce on Concentration
and Milling of ores. P. O. Box 667,
Rooms 56-57 Epier Block, Seattle.
Take elevator McDonald Block.

Gas and
Gasoline Engines.

STATIONARY AND MARINE.

GEO. SINTZ

1307 Western Avenue,

SEATTLE, WISH.

Mention this ad.

Walling & Tozier

Promoters of

MINING PROPER! lES

Rooms 2 ood i suiiiifon Bido.,

SEATTLE, WASH

MlneH and Stoekn t^ouvht and

Sold. AVrlte Vn tor In

formation.

Edward L. Ensel,

MINES BOUGHI
AND SOLD.

Examlnatlonii and Reporte
Made.
Reference on Application.

319 Cdile SI, ■ • VANCOyVER. B. C. SEATTLE, .... WASH.

DIRECTORY OP MINING COMPANIES.

Some of the Leading Companies Operating in
V' ashington and British Columbia.

ALKI GOLD MINING CO. (LIMITED)— Capital stouk, |76O,00O; treasury Btock.

$160,000; office, Tacoma; property, Alki, Trail Creek. Offlcera: President,
ames J. AnderHon; vice president, John W. Renfroe; secretary, Julius F.
Hale; treasurer, ITobert Q. Hudson.
ALPHA GOLD & CUPPER MINING CO.-Capltal stock, 11.000,000; treasury
stock, $250,000; offloe, room C, Bailey building, Seattle; property, Alpb~,

froup. Index district. Offlcers: President, T. A. Gamble; vice presl-
ent, S, R. Haddock; secretary and treasurer, J. H. Irving.

ARIZONA GOLD MINING CO.— Capital stock, 11,500,000; treasury stock.
1300,000; office, 601-2 Pioneer building, Seattle; property, Arizona group,
Buena Vista district. Offlcers: President, William Frankfurt; vice presi-
dent, N. W. Scanlon; secretary, D. M. Solliday; treasurer, Frank Jobst.

BALD EAGLE GOLD MINING CO.-Capital stock, 11,000,000; treasury stock.
$400,000; office. Room B, Haller block, Seattle; property. Bald Eagle group
of five claims, ColviUe Reservation. Offlcers: President, Harwood Mor-
gan; secretary, W. D. Wood; treasurer, W. D. Perkins.

BALLARD GOLD MINING & MILLING CO.-Capital stock, $1,000,000; treas-
ury stock, $200,000; office, Ballard, Wash.; property, Cle-Elum. Officers:
President, M. Dow; secretary, F. F. Fisher; treasurer, P. C. Sankey;
trustees. Mayor G. G. Startup, W. R. Calderwood, A. Grubb, S. W. Baker,
L. S. Hawley, H. T. Hawley, O. Johnson.

BALTIMORE & SEATTLE MINING & REDUCTION CO.— Capital stock,
$1,000,000; office, 312 and 313 Occidental block, Seattle, Wash.; property, nine
claims in Granite Mountain mining district (unorganized), Miller river,
King county, Washington. President, Andrew Blakistone; secretary, D.
N. Baxter; treasurer, Herman Chapin; Andrew Homrlcb, Andrew Blaki-
stone, D. N. Baxter.

BIG BEAR MINING CO.-Capital stock, $1,000,000; treasury stock, $250,000;
office, box 1136, Seattle; property, Big Bear group, Siiverton district. Offl-
cers: President, A. Kistler; vice president and general manager, Richard
Hussey; secretary and treasurer, E. A. Bridgman.

BIG EIGHT.GOLD MINING & MILLING CO.-Capital tHock, $2,000,000; treas-
ury stock, $600,000; cash in treasury, $1,250; office, 3C8-V Bemwell block.
Spokane, Wash; property. Big Eight group, Twisp district. Offlcers:
President, I. S. Kaufman; vice president, H. J. Martin; secretary, R. Aber-
nethy; treasurer, W. D. Scott.

BLACK HAWK MINING & CONCENTRATING CO.-Capltal stock, $1,000,000;
treasury stock, $400,000; office, 52 Hinckley block, Seattle, Wash; property.
Black Hawk, Franklin, Le Rol and Josie, Howard creek and Index district.
Offlcers: President, I. Hulme; secretary, L.M. Presnall; treasurer, Fred
Furth.

BLACK ROCK GOLD MINING CO.-Capltal stoclr, 1,000.000 shares; treasury
stock, 250,000 shares; office, 905 First avenue, Seattle, Wash.; property, Tht
Black Rock mineral clahn. Trail Creek district. Offlcers: President, w. P.
Boyd; vice president, O. R. Dahl; secretary, W. T. L. Rutherford; treas*
urer, Andrew ChiJberg; general manager, A. W. Anderson; oonsultios
engineer, Ernest G. Locke.

BONANZA MINING & SMELTING CO.-Capltal stock, $2,000,000; treasury
stock, $400,000; office, 36 Sullivan building, Seattle; property. Silver creek.
Officers: Presid<^nt, Peter Chicdo; secretary. Charles Lovejoy; treasurer,
A. Chilberg.

CASCADE L'BVELOPMENT CO.-Capital stock, $1,000,000; treasury stock,
$250,000; offlce, Everett, Wash. Olilcers: President, F. A. White; vice presi-
dent and treasurer, W. G. Swalwell; secretary, S. N. Balrd< Objects: Fur-
nish capital to develop mines, buy and sell mining properties.

CHELAN GOLD MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; treasury stock. 2G0,0(M
shares; offlce, 110 Washington building. Seattle, Wash. ; property. Blue Jay
and Seattle, Chelan mining district, Okanogan county, Washington. OHl-
eers: President, H. F. Norton; secretary, John P. Jacobsen; treasurer,
Andrew (yhllberg; trustees, H. F. Norton, George F. Raymond, A. Chilberg,
N. B. Nelson, Thomas Bowes; superintendent, J. D. IfeDermott.

MININO IN THB PACIFIC NORT H W M T.

Ftr liYestMHts li fkt

Cle-Elum minin6 Dimmer

Everett Mining Exchange

No. a lt«alty Itlofk.
• KVERKTT, WAHMINUTON.

Capital. $190,000.

Officers....

r. A. White, president: W. R.
BtockbrldKC. vice pn-aldcnt; Ed-
ward Mills, secretary; A. J. VVeat-
land, treasurer ; F. J. Cail, asslst-
Mfit treasurer.

Public and private sale of mining
stocks. Mlnfs and Mining clulma
bought and bo'd.

IWoran Bros.

ANY,

Manufacture
A.1I Klfids

Minitig
Machinery.

Seattle, Wash.

GEO. D. SCOTT,

VICTORIA and
VANCOUVER,

British Columbia.

Nines and Fractional Interests
a Specialty.

Personally Inspects all properties
hanc^led. Correspondence solicited.

D. C. JOHNSON,

Mining
Investments.

Office With . . .
A. W. Hawks, Dorche t r B.k.,
Mrtrttt. Watk.

Call t'pon or Write to

M. Qiniycv ^

Mining: Broker,

221-222 WashliiKtOtt Bide
TACOMA.

Judson C. Hi'^bart,

ATTORNEY
AT LAW.

Mining Law a Specialty.

With RobiuHon & Rowell, H«l-

ler Block,

SEATTLE, WASH.

F. J. CALL,

Mining
Broker.

KVERETT. WASM.

THE ORIGINAL

Giant, Judson Improved
And Clipper

BIASTING POWDERS

Also a fnti line of flneit Fase
and caps.

we. B. ADAIR « S«i AlMla.

MIKINO IN THB PACIFIC NORTHWMiT.

lie

CLBOPATRA MINING CO.— Capital atook, $1,000,000; offlM, 811 and US Ooel<
dental block, Seattle, Wash.; property, three olatma In Oranlte Mountain
mlnlne district (unorganized). Miller river, King county, Waahlnflrton.
President, J. T. Hlaktstone; aecretary, D. N. Baxter; treasurer, R. R.
Spencer.

COOK KITCHEN MINING CO. (Tin Mlne).-Offlce, Seattle, Wash. Offlcara:
President. I... Hanks; vice pre;vldent, W. H. Rooks; treasurer, W. B. Hutch-
inson; Mecrctiiiy, (J. I. Case.

CO-OPKRATIVK MIN'INO SYNOICATK. -Capital stock, $50,000,000; office, 114
Columbia street, Seattle, Wash. Officers: President, Charles B. Crane;
secretary, A. HohlnHon. treasurer, A. I'hllberjr; attorney, J. A. Stratton.

DKER TRAII.. MINir '().— Capital .stock. $500,000, jmr value $1 per share;
office, Davenport. Wa , property. Cedar Canyon district. Officers: Pren-
ident, A. W. Turner; » : ,aHurer. I!. O. (Jibson; secretary, E. E. Plough;
directors. A. W. Turnoi B. O. Gibson. E. E. Plougli, D. t.'hlld, F. T. McCul-
lough, C. Golden, A. lobley.

DETROIT-WlNDSr ; MIL'. & MINIVO CO.-Capltal Pt.ock. 1,000,000 sharea of
$1 each; treasi ' stock, IM.OOv; dhares: office. Seattle, Wash.; property,
Detroit, Wlndso. , Detroit >'.. 2, Windsor No. 2, and Bryan ralnei) near
Loomls, Wadi. Trus.'es: President, M. O. liarney; vice president,
John Schram; secrcfuiv A. P. Mitten; treasurer, A. M. Brookes; B. W.
P -mber; A. W. Er. 'e. Mark Bailey. Jr.

KCLIPSB MINING Co.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; treasury stock, $400,000; prop-
erty, comurlsInK iwor'y-sovcn claims In flilvorton district. Officers: Prest*
dent, E. C. Fergason; spTPtary, D. S. SwerdHger.

ELLIOTT CREEK GOLD MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,200,000; treasury
stock, $300,000; ofiice. 52 Safe Deposi. i>'i||dlnp, Seattle. Offieerar. Prosld°nt.
H. W. Coffin; .secretary and treaeurer, I!. C Paige.

EMPIRE MINING CO.— Capital atock, $1,000,000; office. 501-502 Washington
block, Seattle, Wash.; property, near Camp McKlnney, Oaoyoos division,
British Clolumbla. Officers: President. G. E. Hallock; secretary, W. H,
Clark; treasurer, A. E. Nel.son.

BUREKA MINING CO.-Capltal stock, $100,000; office, Anacortes, Wash.;
property. Eureka Rroup, Shi to Creek dlptrlct. Officers: President, Mel-
ville Curtis; aecretary, E. S. Dodge.

EUREKA MINING & MILLING CO.-Capltal stock, $1,000,000; treasury
stock, $448."C0; office, Everett. Wash.; property, Eureka and Eureka
Extension No. 1, Sllverton district; president, P. K. Lewie; secretary,
Alex. Keay; treasurer, Charles Anderson.

46 CONSOLIDATED MINING CO.— Capital stock. $2,000,000 In $10 shares, fully
paid and non-assessable; treasury stock, $750,000; office, Everett. Wash:;
property, 45 group. Sultan basin. Officers: President, W. C. Cox- vice
president, L. A. Dyer; secretary, Louis Henry Legg; treasurer, Schuyler
Duryee; general manager, W. P. Brown.

GOLD BELT MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; treasury stock, $300,000;
office, 33-34-35 Union block, Seattle; property. Sunset, Keremeos district,
British Columbia. Officers: President. G. W. Yancy; secretary, A. B. Ball;
treasurer. A. D. Eshelman; attorney, John P. Miller.

GOLD HILL MINING & MILLING CO.-Capltal stock, $1,500,000; treasury
stock, $600,000; office. Buckley. Waah. ; property. King, Cascade, Axe and G.
A. R., Summit district. Officers: President. Bdw. C. Keith; secretary,
Seymour H. Bell; treasurer, Gwin Hicks; vice president. J. B. Current.

GOLD MOUNTAIN MINING CO.-Capltal stock, $1,000,000; treasury stock,
$200,000; office, 601-2 Pioneer building. Seattle; property. Gold Mountain
group. Money Creek district. Officers: President, William Frankfurt;
vice president, G. J. Borgford; secretary and treasurer, G. W. Devecmon;
superintendent. J. T. Pomercy.

GOLD T'TNNEL MINING CO.— Capital stock. $1,000,000; treasury stock, $300.-

000; ofi e, Seattle Ice Co., Seattle; property. Money creok. Officers: Presl-

> dent, Geo. W. Devecmon; secretary, G. C. Mitchell; treasurer, R. C. Connor.

GREAT WESTERN MINING & REDUCTION CO.— Capital stock. $1,000,000;
treasury stock, $ir'.>.000; office, Ballara, Wash.; property, StiUaguamiBh.
Portuna. Sixteen to One, Mountain View and Ballard. Officers: Presi-
dent, H. B. Pederson; secretary, William M. Curtlss; treasurer, Iiewls
Anderson.

HIDDEN TREASURE GOLD MINING & MILLING CO.— Capital stock.
$1,000,000; treasury stock, $300,000, non-assdssable; office, 114 vesler way,
Seattle; property, Hidd n Treasure mine. Squaw Creek district. Washing-
top. Officers: Prealdunt, James West; secretary, Joseph W. Gregory;
treasurer, H. R. Baylls.

HIGHLANDER QOLD & SILVER MINING CO.-Capltal stock, $1,000,000;
treasury stock, $300,000; office. 412 Balloy block, Seattle; property. High-
lander group. Miller river. Officers: President. D. B. Durie; secretary,
George Low; treasurer, W. W. Easter.

IDAHO & WOLVERINE MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000: treasury
stO' k. $250,000; office. RIalto building; property. Idaho and wolverin*.
Chuian district. Officers: President, George F. Raymond; secretary, T.
Bowes.

IRON IfOTTNTATN CONSOLIDATED GOLD A COPPER MININW •©.-

^m^

P^Wff

vlil

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORtHWBflt.

AlMt Omliaii Boy Gold Mhiln^ C«iii|Mny, Limltod.

Big Bend, goiihhdiq Rivef. 65 Mites From

ReireisK Briiisii coiuoii)!

DAVID F. DOUGIAS, Broker,

Established 1887.

Mines and Mining Stocks. Real Estate and Insurance.

MONEY TO LOAN.

Offices— Masottlc Block, Cor. Camble and Cordova Sts., "^
VANCOUVER, B. C.

Mines, Mining Stocks and Real Estattt.
Write for Weekly Stock List.

Now is "the time" for solid, safe investmenta in VANOOUVBR, BRIT-
ISH COLUMBIA, THE 10-YEAR-O DD WONDER OP THE PACIFIC
COAST.

Quotations on all mining stock 3,
A, B. C. and Ciough Code.

DAVID F. DOUOrLAS.
Masonic Block, Corner Camble St«., Vancouver, B. C.

DIER, DAVIDSOIN & RUSSELL
Mining Brokers,

Head Office, Victoria, B. C.

Branch Office, Hamilton, Ontario.

Mines at Falrvlew, B. C, For Sale.

To^n lots In Falrvlew. B. C, now on the market. If you want to m&k.
money quickly Invest In Mines or Town lots at Falrvlew, the coming ^amp m
British Columbia. " *^ ^

Ctftit Address "ftUONiiJU" Im^ a Nny*, dl^

lll>IlNO IK tHB PACIFIC NORtHWHUW,

Capital stock, 11,000,000; treasury atock, $260,000; office, 62 Hlnoklejr bloek.
Seattle, Wash. ; property, Nest Egg:, Iron Cap, Duke, River Side, Ray-Bell»-
Clyde and War Eagle, Howard Creek and Index district. Offlcera: Presi-
dent, W. H, Moore; secretary, L. M. Presnall; treasurer, J. R. Griffith.

KASLO MONTEZUMA MINING & MILLING CO.-Capltal stock, $1,250,000;
treasury stock, $30O,0CO; office, SeatLle, Washington; branch office, Kaslo,
B. C; property, Montezuma, Mexico, Vera Cruz, Buena Vista, Slocan
mining district. President, C. L. Webb; secretary and treasurer, Maurice
McMlcken; trustees, C. L. Webb, E. C. Hughes, John B. Allen, Maurice
McMlcken, L. L. Patrick.

LIVINGSTONE-ANDREWS MINING CO.-Capital stock, $1,000,000; treasury
stock. $250,000; office, Seattle, Wash.; property. Our Sisters and Pohakaole,
SUverton (Stillaguamish) district. Officers: President, C. Livingstone;
secretary and treasurer, W. R. Andrews.

LOG CABIN GOLD MINING CO.— Capital atock, $1,000,000. $1 shares; office, 601
Pioneer building, Seattle; property. Money Creek district. Officers: Presi-
dent and treasurer, Julius Wegert; vice president, Oswald Meyer; secre-
tary, D. M. Solllday; trustees, George V. Gau, M, W. Scanlon. Julius
Wegert and Oswald Meyer.

MARIETTA MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; treasury stock, $250,000;
office, Everett, Wash.; property. Palmer mountain, Okanogan county.
Officers: President, P, A. White; vice president, J. S. Mcllhany; secretary,
B. P. Gardiner; treasurer, W. G. Swalwell; general manager, Charles Hove.

MAYFLOWER NUMP?3R FOUR GOLD MINING CO.-Capital stock, $1,000,-
000; office, Seattle, Wash.; property. Murphy creek, British Columbia. Offi-
cers: President, J. M. E. Atkinson; secretary and treasurer, F. A. Bell.

MILLBR RIVER MINING CO.-Capital, $1,000,000; treasury stock, $300,000;
office, 628 Pioneer building. Officers: President, George Fowler; secretary
and treasurer, C. A. McKenzie.

MONTEREY GOLD MINING & MILLING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; office,
602 Pioneer block, Seattle; property, Georgle Smith group, Leavenworth
district. Officers: President, Samuel Gibson; vice president. Homer W.
Olts; secretary, D. M. Solllday; treasure, George L. Hay.

NEW YORK & BALTIMORE MINING CO.— Capital stock. $1,000,000, 200,000
shares: treasury stock, 80,000 shares; office, 515 New York block, Seattle;
property, ten claims on Miller river and Money creek. Officers: President,
F. D. Van Wagenen; secretary and treasurer, Frank P. Lewis.

OLD GLORY MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; treasury stock, 333,333
shares; office, Seattle, Wash.; property, Slocan district, British Columbia,
2% miles from Slocan City. Officers: President, J. F. McNaught; secretary,
Francis A. Bell.

PERRY CREEK MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; treasury stock, $250,-
000; office, 119 Washington building, Seattle, Wash.; property, Eurelui,
Cosmopolitan, Maybar, Orient, Copper Queen. Copper King, Eventide,
Olympian, Ajax, Fanny D., Wooley, Rocky, Skookum, Skookum No. 2 and
the J. A. Dorman, Stillaguamish district. Officers: President, Angus W.
Young; secretary and treasurer, George T. Relchenbach.

PICKWICK MINING & DEVELOPMENT CO.— Capital stock, $10,000; office,
Rialto building, Seattle; property, Pickwick group, Leavenworth district.
Officers: President, N. B. Nelson; secretary, Thomas Bowes; treasurer,
Andrew Chiiberg.

PORTLAND & NORTHWESTERN EXri^ORATION & MINING CO.-Capl-
tal stock, $250,000; office, 32, 33 and 34 Washington block, Portland, Or.; prop-
erty, St. Helen's district. Officers: President, P. Abraham; secretary,
Alexander Bv^ruE "^n.

QUADRA MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; treasury stock. $400,000; office.
Safe Deposit building, Seattle, Wash.; property. Lane, .Deadwood No. 1.
Deadvt'ood and Western claims. Flat creek, Northport district. Officers:
President, W. Strohl'; secretary, J. G. Blake; treasurer, J. G. Cotton.

RIVBRiJIDE GOLD MINING CO.-Capital stock, $1,000,000 treasury fatock.
$260,000; office, 715 New York block, Seattle, Wash.; property, DayvUle,
Riverside, East End claim."*. Squaw Creek mining: district. Officers:
President, J. G. Cotton; secretary, Stewart E. smith.

ROSSLAND UNITED GOLD MINING CO.-Capltal stock, $1,000,000; treasurer
stock, $300,000; office, Seattle. Officers: President. T. J. Humes; secretary,
Alpheus Byers; treasurer, R. V. Ankeny.

ST. KBVERNB MINING CO.-Capltal stock, $1,000,000; treasury stock, $200,000;
office. Spokane Hotel, Spokane, Wash.; property, St. Keverne group, Payne
mountain, Slocan district, British Columbia. Officers: President, J. D.
Farrell; secretary, Sid. Norman; treasurer, Sid Norman; trustees, W. S.
Korman, C. G. Reeder and Ben Norman.

SEARCHLIGHT MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; treasury stock, $400.-
000; office, 5 Colonial block. Seattle, Wash.; property. Searchlight No. 1.
Searchlight No. 2, Elgin and Trilby claims. Flat creek, Northport district.
Officers: President, J. Q. Cotton; secretary. George W. Bacon; tjreasurer,
r. M. j'ordan.

SILVER CREEK GOLD MINING CO.— Capital stocic. $1,000,000, |1 shares;
trMMary stock, $300,000; office. Everet^. Wash.; p.'oportir. Silver CrMk dla-

S. UUttVa IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWBST.

Shortest, Quickest, Cheapest

-«OUTE TO-

Lake Chelan, Methowp All Okan-
ogan and Colvllle Reser-
vation Points.

Only direct route to Chelan, Ives, The Twlsp, Gold Creek, Sqiiaw Creek,
flllver, Slate Creek, Ruby, Conconully, Loomis, Golden, Oro, Cfiunp McKln-
ney, Rock Creek, Boundary Creek, and all Colvllle Reservation points.

TAKE STEAMER

CITY OF ELLENSBURG

AT WENATCHEE.

For further Information, any agent G. N. Ry., or write Alex Grlsga, MgT..
Wenatchee Wash.

The Center of the Stillaguaitiish
Mining District.

Dlstrlbtttlne Point for the SILVER GULCH, DEER CREEK
•ttd MARTIN CREEK MINES.

Special inducements to parties seeking business locations
I* tlie ORIGINAL TOWNSITE OP SILVERTON.

Title perfect— U. S. Patent.

SIL.
SL

3YI

W. R. WHITTON, PARKER McKENZlE,

SILVERTON.

WASHINQTM

tKSSSmS''

itntnta in ths PxctPtc tJoKVHwatn:.

tiiot. Snohotnlata county. President. A. J Westland; secretarjr* O. C.
Johnson; treasurer, J. N. Scott.

SILVBR LAKE MINING & SMELTING CO.-Capltal stock. H.OOO.OOO; treas-
ury stock, 230,000 shares; offlce, Seattle, Wash.; property, Monte Cristo and
Silver creek. President, Sol G. Simpson ; secretary, Francis A. Bell.

SLOGAN-RECIPROCITY MINING CO.— Capital stock, J1,000,000; treasury
stock, $200,000; offlce, Spokane Hotel, Spokane, Wash.; property. Reciproc-
ity and Lillian on Payne mountain, Sloean district, British Columbia.
President, J. D. Farrell; secretary and treasurer, Sid Norman; trustees,
J. H. Thompson, W. S. Norman and J. A. Whlttler.

STANDARD GOLD MINING & MILLING CO.-Capltal stock, $1,000,000; treas-
ury stock, $300,000; no personal stock Issued; offlce, 114 Yesler way, Seattle:
property. Standard and Louisa, Methow district. President, Douglas
¥oung; secretary, M. D. Clark; treasurer, C. N. Hutchinson, Gen Mang,
James West.

SYNDICATE GOLD MINING CO.— Capital stock. $1,000,000; treasury stock,
$400,000; offlce, room B, Haller block, Seattle; property, Syndicate group of
hve claims, ColvlUe Reservation. President, Harwood Morgan; secretary,
W. D. Wood; treasurer, W. D. Perkins.

T. & K. MINING CO.— Capitalization, 1,000,000 shares; treasury fund, 250,000
shares; offlce, Everett; property, StlUaguamlsh district, Snohomish county.
President, H. L. Keyte; secretary, Jas. A. McLaren; treasurer, J. W.
Balhly.

THE CLERMONT GOLD MINING & MILLING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000;
treasury stock, $200,000 offlce, Sea^'le, Washington property, Cle-eium
mining district, Kittitas county, \\ ihington. President, O. O. Hamre;
secretary, D. M. Solllday; vice presluent and treasurer, C. F. Kams.

THE COLVILLE GOLD MINING CO.- Capital s^-vik, $1,000,000; treasury
stock, $400,000; offlce, Olympia, Wash. President, T. N. Allen; secretary

THE GOLD BAR MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; treasury stock, $300.-
000; office, rooms 23 to 26 Haller building, Seattle; property, Gold Bar, Little
Diamond, Homeward Bound, Silver Creek district, Snohomish county,
Washington. President, Franklin Bedford, Chicago; secretary, J. W.
Crawford, Minneapolis; vice president, J. O. Robinson, Seattle; trustees,
Judson C. Hubbard, William E. Smith.

THE HAMILTON GOLD & COPPPm MINING CO.-Capital stock, 1,000,000
shares, pu"* value $1 per share; treasury stock, 350,000 shares; offlce, 217
Columbia street, Seattle; property, at Hamilton, Skagit county, Washing-
ton. President, W. P. Stanley; secretary,. F. H. Browning; trustees, W. P.
Stanley, Capt. W. Clark, F. H. Browning, John G. Hunter, C. H. Fuller,
B. Marshall, C. J. Hessler.

THE IRON HOPE MINING & MILLING CO.— Capital stock, $600,000; treasury
stock, $260,000; offlce, Seattle, Wash.; property, the Iron Hope claims. Trail
Creek district, British Columbia. President, Charles O. Scott; secretary,
W. T. Scott; treasurer, Salmon Luuridson.

THE LONDON GALENA MINING & MILLING CO.— Capital stock, 2.000,000
shares, par value $1; treasury stock, 750,000 shares; offlce, 217 Columbia
street, Seattle; property, fifteen claims in Cascade district, Skagit county,
Washington. President, ^apt. W. Clark; secretary, F. H. Browning; trus-
tees, C. D, Chambers, Capt. W. Clark, John Wlllard, C. H, Puller, W. C.
Keith, C. ■-". Smith.

THE MARTIN CREEK MINING CO.— Ciipital stock, $1,000,000; treasury stock,
$334,000; offlce, room 53, Boston block, Seattle; property, seven claims near
SUverton, Wash. President, William Frankfurt; secretary and treasurer.
H. R. Cllsc.

THE MONARCH GOLD & SILVER MINING CO.-Capltal stock, $1,000,000;
treasury stock, $."?00,000; offlce, 217 Columbia street; property. Monarch No. 1
and Monarch No. 2, Granite Mounialn mining district, Miller river. Presi-
dent, W. M. Wilson: secretary and treasurer, F. H. Browning; trustees, C.
B. Hill, B. W. Padley, V. L. Bevington, J. M. Layhue, F. H. Browning.

THE PITTSBURG MINING & OPERATIVE CO.— Capital stock, $2^,000-
treasury stock, $60; offlce, room 20S Pioneer building, Seattle, Wash.; prop-
erty, a placer claim on the Wenatchee river near Peshastln. President,
William Keene; secretary, W. W. RadcMffe; treasurer, E. G. Jackson -
trustees. William Keene, W. W. RadcUffe, E. J. Jackson and A. Q. Jackson

THE ROBINSON MINING CO.— Capital stock. $600,000; treasury stock, $100,000;
offloe, Seattle, Wash.; property, three claims on Cedar river, King county,
Washington. Presld«>tit, E. B. Robinson; secretary and treasurer. B. L
Drew.

THE TBNASKET GOLD MINING CO.-Capltal stock, $600,000, non-assessable,
$1 per share; treasury stock, $230,000; offlce, room 224 Bailey building, Seat-
tle, Wash.; property, Andruss, Okanogan county; Raymond, Sparling, Cur-
lew district, Stevens county. President, Alfred Raymond; secretary and
treasurer, Lawrence Spear; trustees, Alfred Raymond, I<awrence Spear
and William P. Watson.

TSm TSJBASURn l«NINO CO.-Capltal stock, $1,000,0M; treasury stook, $aw,-
006: ofllMK reoih 803 Bnrke bulldlnv, Seattle; propcrtv, Hoim 01m«, Tmm-

xli

MINING IN THE PACIB*IC NORTHWMt.

Iron and Brass founders
and Machinists.

Mannfactnrera and DeRlerM la

Mill and Nlnln^ Machinery,

UlevaturN.

Pumps and Pumping Machinery,

Air ConipreHHurH,

Saw and Shinfile Machinery,

HuIntinK t^nKines.

Raliwiy Machinery & Supplies.

steel BenniB,

Marine and Stationery Engines,

Propeller WheelM.

y/ STAMP MILIiS,
AL.L KINDS
ORB OARS,

ore: skips,

> fj PIT CAHS,

'Z.rsl Z^ ORB CRUSHMJRS,

■ fiS ORUSKING ROia.9,

■^ n\ OONCBNTRATORS,

^ 1;l sijAG oarts,

v "5 tramway*,

a\ RKTORTS.

Have full line of cold rolled steel shafting, cap and set screws, stud
bolts, rough and finished nuts, bolts, journal boxes, set collars, pulleys, re-
torts, mortars, etc., Ha%'e 14"xl4"xl4" secondhand air compressor, com-
plete with air receiver, complete price ^ Ji^oO.OO

Also new 500-pound five- stamp mill In stock $500.00

KINKST STOCK OF PATTKRNS IN THE NORTH'WEST.
Superior in Qualit)'. Prompt Shipment.

Water Front, Bet. Utiioti and University Sts.

Telephone IMk<- «(U. 1>. O. Hox No. 3:U.

TIN
TOI

SE4TTLE,

WASHINGTON.

Prices lowest coualntent «vlth repiituble prodaetM a»d ou*t*mt
rket vala*:>.

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

xill

ure Box, Silver Creflek district, Snohomish county, Washington. Presi-
dent, H. R. Cllse; secretary and treasurer, E. P. McAuUITe; trustees, H. R.
Cllse, E. F. McAuliffe, George F. Ward, E. Petronlo, F. A. Ausman, C.
Ludewig, G. J. Borgford, WUiam E. Smith.

TIN MINE.— 26 governnent mineral claims, setf Cook Kitchen, this directory.

TOBIQUK MINING CO.-Capilal stock, $1,000,000; treasury stock. $200,000;
office. Colonial blocK, Seattle, Wash.; property, Monte Crlsto district; sec-
retary, F. M. Jordan.

TRAIL CREEK MIDT^AND MINING CO.— Capital stock, $1,000,000; treasury
stock, $250,000; princi)>al office. Spokane; property, Clara group, Red Top
mountain, near Northiiort. I're.'^ident, George F. Orchard. Tacoma; vine
president and genera I innnaeer, F. J. Monroe; treasurer and trustee, W.
H. Murray, Seattle; seoretarj', I'. A. Morgan, Seattle.

TUESDAY GOLD MINING CO.— Capital stock. $1,000,000; treasury stock, $2r>0.-
000; office. Safe Depo.'^it building, Seattle. Wash.; property, Sunday. Tues-
day, Wednesday and Thursday claims, i:i Squaw creek, Methow district.
President. J. G. Hiake; .secretary, J. G. CoUon; treasurer, J. li. Powles.

TUSCAN GOLD MINING CO.— Capital stock. $1,000,000; treasury stock, $300,000;
office, Haller block; property in Trail ('reek district, British Columbia.
Presidents Frank A. Pontius; secretary, I". J. Hardy.

UNA MINING & MILLING CO.-Capltal stock, $1,200,000; treasury .stock,
$240,000; office. 619 Pioneer block, Seattle; property, Una group, Bryan
group, Santa Fe group, total of 28 claims on Red Mountain In Leavenworth
district. President, J. T. Ronald, ex-mayor; vice president, George W.
Hall, ex-mayor: secretary. Robert Llveslv.

UNION & DOMINION MINING CO.— Capdiiil stock. $500,000; treasury stock.
$2iiO,000; offlre, 619 Pioneer block, Seattl.-. Wash.; property. Union and
Dominion. Negro creek. President, M. R. Galloway; secretary, J. T.
Ronald; treasurer. George W. Hall.

VAN AND A COPPER & GOLD CO.— Capital stock. $5,000,000; treasury stock,
$3,000,000; office. 108 La Salle street, ChlcaKd, 111., 613 Bailey building, Seattle,
and Victoria. B. C. ; jjroperty, Texada I.^land. British Columbia, 774 acres
crown granted land. President, Edward Blewett; secretary, R. D. Hall;
treasurer, Harry W. Treat; trustees, Edward Blewett, Hon, C. E. Pooley,
Henry Saunders, C. S. Neras, H. W. Trent.

WHISKEY HILL MINING CO.— Capital stock, $5,000,000; treasury stock,
$2,000,000; office. Ellensburg, Wash.; properly, twenty claims and tunnel site
on Whisky HIU near the Okanogan river. Wanlcutt Lake district. Presi-
dent, Charles H. Flummerfelt; secretary. Martin Cameron; treasurer, H.
M. Baldwin; trustees, Charles H. Flummerfelt,, William Lewis and Thomas
Cody. «

WHITE ROCK GOLD MINING CO.— Capital stock, $2,000,000; treasury stock.
300.000 shares; office, 905 First avenue, Seattle, Wash.; property. The Ever-
ett, Crescent and Swan, one-eighth interest In Fortuna, 16 to 1, Ballard and
Mountain View. President, A. W. Andorson; vice president, F. Wright;
secretary, O. R. Dahl; treasurer, A. Grubb.

W ashington . . . .

IWlNINC B EaiSIRY.

13 very M^tilttg Company will find It valuable
to bo certified to by the registry.

SEE PULL PAGE ADVERTISEMENT IN THIS BOOK.

ERNEST E. IING. Umi

. 310. 311

MINING IN TWK PACIFIC NORTMWBWT.

308-310

First Av. South,

Seattle, Wash.

Mauufactnrvrs
And Dealers Ifl

Ninini
And Mill
Machinery

North Mrester«
Agents for

Ingersoil Sergeant Drill Co.,

Pelton Water Wheel Co.,

eOlD KINCi AMALGAMAfOR.

Estimates Made on Partial or Complete Plants.

CORRESPONDENCE SOLlCniD.

Lottg Distance Telephoao Main 89*

INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS.

Page
ASSAYERS AND OHEMISTS.
Bogardus, C. E., Seattle, Wash.... 20
Burkman, A. H., , Northport,

Wash 8>

Dewsnap, S. O., Methow, Wash.... 53

Johnson, A. L.., Seattle, Wash 54

Veil, C. H., Seattle, Wash 26

ATTOR.NBTS.
Hubbart, Judson C, Seattle, Wash. 6

Robertson, F. C., Spokane 40

acott & Ellsworth, Seattle, Wash.. S2

Wlnstock. Melvln O.. Seattle 38

BANKS.

Bank of British North America... 52

CATERERS.

Alladlo, P., Spokane, Wash 20

McKee, 'W. E., Seattle 40

CIVIL. AND MINING ENGINEERS.
Brown, Webster, Seattle, Wash.... 44
Buck & Bouillon. Rossland, B. C. 36

Croft, Henry, Rossland. B. C

Inside front cover

Gardner, Albro. Seattle, Wash 44

Wise, J. H., Seattle 4

DETECTIVES.

West & SurrA'. Seattle. Wash 26

FURRIERS.

Petkovlts, R.. Seattle. Wash 28

GOI..D-BUYERS.
Mayer, Joseph & Bros., Seattle.

Wash 54

MACHINHRT.
Chrome Steel Works, Brooklyn,

N. Y 26.

Leffel, James & Co., Sprlngifleld,

MItfhell. Lewis & Staver Co., Se-
attle. Wash 14

Moran Bros. Co.. Seattle. Wash... 6
Pel ton Water Wheel Co., San

Francisco 44

SIntz. George, Seattle, Wash 4

Vulcan Iron Works Co., Seattle,

Wash ,...12

MINERS' SUPPIilES.
Adair, Geo. B. & Son, Seattle,

Wash 6

Cooper & Levy. Seattle, Wash 1

Seattle Woolen Mill Co 44

Washlnerton Dental & Photogra-
phic Sunnlv Co.. Seattle 30

MINING BRAKERS.

Call. F. J.. Everett, Wash.. 6

Clarke. R. R. & Co., Spokane,

Wash 40

Dier. Davidson A Russell, Vic-
toria, B. C 8

Douglas, David F., Vancouver,

B. C «

Dougla.s. C. S.. Vancouver, B. C... 28
Rnsel. Edward L. Spattle, Waah.. 4

T^^verett Mining Exchango 6

Hflvden, Wiley & Co., Seattle,

Wash 48

Tnnes. F. C. Vancouver, B. C 1

.Tohnson, D. C, Everett. Wash 6

Jones. Allayne A,, Vancouver,

■pQ _ _ gg

Mc^onlhe. l! ' F. . Roslyn! Wa ah . . . 3?

Norman, S. & Co., Spokane, i

Wash Baok of title pace

mice

Pnpet Mining & Brokerage Co.,

Seattle, Wash 82

Rand Bros., Vancouver, B. C 16

Rand & Wallbrldge, Sandon, B. C. 16
RecUlln-Jaokson Company, Limit-
ed, Rossland, B. C 24

Scott, George D.. • Victoria and

Vancouver, B. C 6

Sidney, M., Tacoma, Wash 6

Sparkman, J. M.. Seattle, Wash... 82
Taggart, F. S.. Vancouver, B. C... 4
Thompson, W. T.. Midway, B. C. 26
Walling & Tozier, Seattle, Wash.. 4
Walters Co., Ltd. Ly., Rossland,

B. C 19

MLNfTNG COMPANIES.
Arizona Gold Mining Co., Seattle. 2
Bald Fagle Gold Mining Co., Seat-
tle, Wash 4

Canadian Gold Fields Siyiidicate,

Ltd., Rossland. B, C 18

Cascade Development Co., Ever-
ett, Wa.'ih 40

Co-operative Mining Syndicate,

Seattle, Wash 17-and 18

45 Consolidated Mining Co., Ever-
ett, W^ash M

Gold' Mountain Mining Co., Seat-
tle. Wash S

M.Trletta Mining Co., Everett,

Wash 40

Syndicate Gold Mining Co., Seat-
tle, Wash 4

Van Anda Copper & Gold Co.,

Chicago. Seattle and Victoria 40

Wa.shinpton Mining Registry. Se-
attle. Wash IS and 4C

NEWSPAPERS AND MINING
PUBLICATIONS.
Engineering & Mining Journal,

New* York M

Fllley & Ogden's Mining Laws,

Grand Forks, B. C BO

Mining, Spokane, Wash 48

M'ninp & Scientific Press, San

Francisco 80

Post-IntelHgencer, Seattle. Wash.

TnsldQ back cover

Seattle Mining Herald, Seattle, ■

Wash 42

Shaw-<Borden Co.. Spokane. Wash. 49
Washington MlnVng Journal, Seat-
tle. Wash 40

REAL ESTATE.
Gaston * Johnson. Rossland, B.

C, and Seattle, Wash

Outside back cover

Livermore. C. B., Wenatchee,

Wash »

Thompson. Ross, Roesland. B. C... Bl
Whitton, W. R.. * Parker Mc-

Kenzie. Rllverton. Wash 10

STENOGP \PHEIIS.
Sands. Annie M., Seattle. Wash... 40
Wilson ft WatVins, Seattle. Wash. 26

TRA.NS.POPT A TTON T.;IN:QS.
Central Washington Railroad,

Spokane. Wash 80

■Citv Off Ellen^burg. steamer 10

Everett & Monte Cristo iRollway.. 63
Northern PadHo Railwar W

wmmm^m

■H

snm

I'l i

MINING IN THE PACIFH' NORTH WKST.

C. D. RAND,
D.S.lVAl.I.HRIDt

I O. D. RAND, , -, _ M

iEJ ^"*«"' ■• *'• K. B. RAND, ^ Vanco«T.r. ■. O.

The Rich Slocan

Fifty-tive mines have shipped ore from the
Slocan since Dec. 1, 1896, and the value from
customs returns is our stronj^est argument.

We deal in Mines, Mining Claims and all
Legitimate Stocks.

We Guarantee to Sell Stocks at the Same Rates as
Though Purchasers Were on the Ground.

Sandon is the commercial center for the
Slocan, and the banks of British North America
and British Columbia are established there.

Send your orders to us and your money to
the banks, to be paid over by them in exchange
for stocks or bills of sale of mining properties.

Dividend paying stocks a specialty.

Properties in all parts of the province
bought and sold on commission.

Ask any prominent business man or any of
the chartered banks about us.

Miiii[iijiiie[i[s,siiiiiij.ii.

r«r, B. C.

m the
! from

lid all

ates as

or the

nerica

•e.

aey to

ihange

rties.

ovincc

my of

WASI

AND THE 5(

BRITISH

MINING DISTRIC

Prepared Fr(
an

WEB!

caviL A^

SEATTLl

CLALLAM

WASHINGTON

AND THE SOUTHERN PORTiON OF

RITISH COLUMBIA.

I SHOWING

-MINING DJSTRICTS and LINES OF TRAVEL.

Prepared From the Latest Official Data
and Other Sources.

WEBSTER BROWN ««^4^

OTTIL AND MININO ENCHNEEB

SEATTLE, WASHINGTON.

MARCH.

189X

ov.

uLLOomr L

I Af horof

ttsrt c«>

CLALUM

Mou it Verno(i>

Cf 4L?i«K.^ rllngton

•^

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'*■.•'

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T-^mr

ozmrrmt ,^^,

<CCr«

CLALUM

M ly^- JEFFERSONii

•<^m

aOALM OF MILgm

mmFmmmNom

17. 8. LAHD OFFICBS

County Seats

«M»^V» HARh

WILLAPA HAffdb^

\f^m/,^

lUI

So^

INTBRNATIONAL mOUNDAHV-^

mrATK mOUNOAKV ._..

COUNTY BOUNDART .... .i_..

ItAILWAYm » ■

WAOON '

THAILB-'

ttAILWAYa INDIOATKD BY INITIAL*

BeUingham Bar Ac British Dolumtattt

Seattle it Internationa''

Everett dc Monte Oristo

Northern P«x)iflo

Port Townsend Sonthen

Spokane Falls it Northern

Kelson ft Fort Shepherd

Colnmbia dc Western

Bed Mountain Railway

Colnmbia ^ Kootenay

Canadian PaoiiJc

Central Washington /iT^

C. Disappoint mem

, \

WAHKIAKUM

g).^^»T|£ CajtWamet
Astoria

Av^^

COWtf

liMNa IN THt PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

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VSpitL^I

MINING

IN THE

Pacific Northwest

A COMPLETE REVIEW OF THE MINERAL

RESOURCES OF WASHINGTON

AND BRITISH COLUMBIA

WITH MAPS

Edited by L K. Hodges

^!^~"

THfe'P^ST- INTELLIGENCER

SEATTLE, WASHINGTON
li97

I l^ii ^^p^ tV* *V* ^^r* ^^P* ^V* '^T' '^P' ^^r* *^* '^P' ^

T
t
T

•^

i'f

Bedford McNeil and Clonvh
Telegraphic Addrea*, "NORMAN."

f\V

Co
uu

Memners Spokane and Ro»fl]aii(l
Stock Exchatiges.

Do a (ieueral Mining Bro^^eiaite B""Hlnes9
iA Slocan, Trail Creek, Oka>"~
ogan and Other Stocks.

4^ Mining and Stock Brokeis.

f. SLOCAN-RECIPROCiTY IIIININ6 CO.. Slocan.
? ST. MEVERNE NININ6 CO.. Slocan,

ARUN6110N NmiN6 CO., Stocao.

SXCliUSIVE AOKNT8.

^:p'Sf*^2jf,^:!lf*^^

PREFACE.

The enterprise of the Seattle Post-Intellljfencer in sending the writer on a
tour of the mining districts of the Paciflc Northwest called forth such general
commendation and the articles published in the course of that tour aroused
such wide interest as to suggest the advisability of republishing them in book
form, Such a publication was recpmmended by many readers of the Post-
Intelligencer, who desirad to have them In convenient form for reference.
The canvass for subscriptions abundantly proved that a demand for such a
work existed and the present volume is the result.

The purpose has been to give in a succinct form and with moderation of
statement a description of each mining district in "Washington and in South-
ern British Columt'a, following a general description of each district with a
description of each mine and the more important prospects in that district.
The original plan was to revise the articles and add to them articles on the
more J'.iportant districts which were not on the writer's itinerary, with a
map to illustrate each district. It has been found necessary to enlarge the
scope of the work to such an extent that the original matter has been almost
entirely rewritten and much more has been added than was at flrst contem-
plated. This has required a much longer time than was estimated, but the
public would rather endure such delay than be presented with a hastily pre-
pared and glaringly incomplete work. Kven now It has been found impossible
to do full justice to some districts, without further unduly delaying pub-
lication.

It can safely be said that this is the first attempt to describe with any ap-
proach to thoro'ighnass the mineral resources of this section and to tell vn at
has been done to develop them. The aim has been to collate information on
the subject from the most reliable sources available and to mass the mateilal
facts without p.ny exaggeration or verbal flourishes, leaving them generally
to tell their own story. How far this aim has been attained, it is for the
reader to Judge. The articles on the Trail Creek, Slocan, Nelson and Ains-
worth Distrfcts are mainly coni?ensed from the recent reports of W. A.
Carlyle, Provincial Mineralogist of British Columbia.

An Important ieature of the work is the maps. By studying the large
map in connection with the small district maps, It will be possible to ascertain
the rout© lr.to any district and the location of a mining property In that
district. The maps do not profess to show aJ'. the claims or to be free from
inaccuracies. It would have been impossible to make them so without a
survey and a larger expenditure than was warranted. But it can be said
without fear of contradiction that this volume contams a more complete set
of detailed maps than has yet been published and that the large map contains
a mass of valuable information which has naver yet reached the public.

Some desire has been exprtjsscd that this volume should include the
descriptions of the country traversed by the writer in the course of his tour,
which formed a part of the articles in < he Post-lntelllgencer. This was con-
sidered beyond the scope of a work designed to deal with mining exclusively
and would have unduly increased the bulk of the oook. All such matter has
therefore been osiltted and these pages have been devoted only to the purpose
Indicated by the title.

For valuable a!d In preparing both the reading matter and the maps, the
publishers are Indebted to the officers of the s'ate of Washington and the
Provlnoe of British Columbia, to lh«i United States Surveyor Oeneral, and to
many private indtvlduats. Tht.no latter are so numerous ajid have all taken
•o d«dp an (ntenat in the undertaking, that It would b« tmpraotloable t* nam*

4 MINING IN THB PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

them all and to single out a few would be Invidious. The publishers therefore
take this means of thanking them, one and all.

We believe that this work will be instrumental in giving the people of
the Pacific Northwest a fuller knowledge of the mineral wealth with which
nature has blessed them; and will spread such knowledge lar and wide. We
hope that It will also aid in some degree In promoting the development of that
wealtli. THE BDITOR.

JAAIES D. HOGE. JR.,

L. K. HODGES,

Publishers and Proprietors.

♦♦♦#♦•♦#♦■♦•♦•♦•♦»»

»ra therefore

le people of
with which
wide. We

ment of that

EBDITOR.

INTRODUCTORY.

''^'ij?. ■ ^^^''

A map of the western portion of tWe United States, deslgrned to show the
mineral belt, would twenty years ago have shown "Washington and the adjoin-
ing section of British Columbia as a blank. There might have been a few
spots, such as the Swauk. Ruby and Sultan placers and the Peshastln mines
In Washington, the Cariboo, Rock Creek and Wild Horse placers In British
Columbia, but otherwise this whole broad stretch of country would have been
regarded as barren, so far as mineral was concerned. During those twenty
years the people of the Pacific Northwest have been occupied In filling in that
blank. They have not worked continuously, for many circumstances have
until late years diverted their attention, but for eight years past they have
gradually centered their energies more and more on mining, until now It is
their one absorbing interest, to which every other takes a subordinate place.
They have proved what has been repeatedly dented, that the mineral belt
extends through the whole breadth of Washington and British Columbia, and
discovery has been continually pushed northward through Alaska to the
confines of the frozen ocean. It is now an established fact, which the most
pessimistic skeptic cannot gainsay, that the backbone of the American con-
tinent, from the Arctic Ocean to Tlerra del Fuego, with all its ribs and spurs,
has miner^ for its marrow. This mineral is of every kind, precious a/id base,
and In every combination, and it only awaits the application of mans genius
and industry to be turned to his uses.

A geological survey of this reglsn as a whole has never been made, at least
so far as Washington is concerned, British Columbia being far in advance in
this particular. Thus, what is known on the subject In Washington has been
learned by a number of individuals, each of whom has studied a particular
Bcction as opportuaity offered. These sources of information have established
that the Cascade Range Is mainly built of granite, syenite, diorlte and kindred
rocks. Among them occur broad belts of gneiss, schist, elate, shale and
sandstone and dikes of porphyry and limestone. The same formation extends
eastward through the Gold Range and to the western foothills of the Rocky
Mountains in the eastern part of Washington and the Selkirk Range in the
Kootenai District of British Columbia. The mineral ledges occur, In most
Instances, In fissures in the granite, syenite, diorlte and slate, often cutting
through several of these locks, but are also in cont-ct tatween two of them,
or between one of the granitic rocks and a dike of porphyry or limestone.
Towards the eanl. in the Gold Range, there are numerous areas in which the
eruptive rocks have burst through the older formation and in the latter have
caused fissures, which have either been filled in with mineral-bearing rock or
have been Impregnated with mineral along the walls of the cavities thus
created. The presence of one of these ledges Is generally indicated by a heavy
capping of oxidized iron, or magnetic iron, cften of great width and thickness.
, The ores of this section are almost universally base and of low grade.
The exceptions are the silver-lead belt exten^ng from the Slocan District
through a strip of Washington eaot of the Columbia River as far south aa the
Spokane River, known as the Colvllle and Cedar Canyon -Distrlots; some
ledges on Palmer Mountain which carry high-grade silver ore; the Slate
Crcok District, where high-grade free milling gold ore has been followed to
some depth. Recent development, however, has shown high-grade silver ores
in the ailvi;rton, Sultan, Troubleaome, Miller River and Gold Creek Districts,
the values h«ro being In ruby silver, high grade gray copper and brittle ■llvar.
and the CatcadM promise yet to giv« birth to ■•▼Aral hlgh-grada oampa.
Th*r« ar« other i»ol«t«4 ln»tan«Mt wh«r* tb» otm art rl«h «Dettffb to b*

BSff

MININa IN THB PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

classed as high-grade, and the cutting of ore chutes at depth In some oasM
has been followed by such satisfactory Increase In value aa to Justify the
hope that, as development proceeds deeper, hdgher grade ores will be found.

The minerals are In every combination, the most common being iron and
copper pyrites, arseno-pyrlte, chalcopyrlte, pyrrhotlte, galena, tetrahedrite or
gray copper, zinc blende. The pyrltlc ores carry gold In some proportion
almost (ny'arlably, with a few ounces of silver, and often carry so much
copper I t^ rnake that metal the principal element of value. The galena is
usually r. j. .ver where the ledges are small, the silver value decreasing

in inverse cv j the increased size of the ledge, and the lead value ranges
as high as 76 , .r cent., while such ore also carries a few dollars per ton In
gold. Gray copper is a high-grade silver ore, and when associated with Iron
carries a good gold value, and shows pockets of ruby silver and brittle silver
of high value. Silver also occurs in association with copper in some districts,
notably about Nelson, British Columbia, and in the form of chlorides, bro-
mides and carbonates. It is also found in equal value with gold In dry ores,
southward from the Slocan galena belt. Free gold is often found on the
surface, where the ore has been ^abject to the decomposing influence of the
air, and continues in decreasing ratio as the ore bodies are *'>Uowed down,
but with increasing depth the gold is found more and more in iron and copper
sulphides. The minerals named are found in every possible combination,
sometimes one, at other times another predominating.

It is probable, however, that the developments of the next few years will
give copper as high a place among the mineral productions of Washington
and British Columbia as it occupies in Montana and Michigan. A study of
the large map, in connection with the chapters on the several districts, will
show the reader that a great belt of gold-bearing copper oi'es has been traced
from a point on the coast 200 miles northwest of Vancouver, British Columbia,
across the Skagit Valley between Hamilton and Marble Mount, across the
Stillaguamish east and west of Sllverton, through the Sultan Basin and Silver
Creek, through the Index Range of mountains, through the Miller River and
Money Creek Districts, across the Snoqualmie and Cedar River watersheds.
Ores of like nature have also been found further south! along the western
slope, as far as the St. Helens District. On the eastern slope like bodies of
gold-bearing copper ore have been found in Palmer Mountain, the Methow,
Chelan and Cle-Elum Districts. Further east. In the Gold Range, they occur
of immense size in the Boundary and Trail Creek Districts of British Columbia
and in the Colville Reservation, particularly along the Kettle River and Us
tributaries. The ores of this belt are copper sulphides In various forms, in
which the copper contents rarely fall below 5 per cent, and are commonly over
20 per cent., frequently rising beyond 30 per cent. Bornlte is often found In
bunches, carrying 40 and 50 per cent, copper, and masses of native copper
weighing as much as 1,000 pounds have at times been encountered. These
copper ores invariably carry a good gold value and often a few ounces of
silver.

The ledges In this region have a gangue of quartz, porphyry, porphyritio
quartz, hotnblende or modifications of these several rocks, and in the Cascade
Mountains are exposed to ouch a width as to excite even the most phlegmatic
miners to wonder. Here the exposures occur along steep mountain-sides,
which have been plowed dovsti by the glaciers, or along gulches, of which the
beds are the ledges and the walls are the walls of those ledges. Nature has
done the surface prospecting in these cases. Further east. In the foothills
and in the Gold Range, where the foimation Is covered with wash, the
exposures are not as continuous but are often extremely large, and develop-
ment has been rewarded by the opening of some ore bodies so large as to tax
the credulity of one most willing to believe.

Mining in Washington dates back to the, returning tide of miners from
the Cariboo District of British Columbia in , the early W's. They wqlrked
placers on Rock Creek, north of the boundary, kiid, traveling southward.

IMNINO IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWMIT.

TvashAd gold frofai the grarel bam of th« PMhaatln and Swaulc CfmIm tn
Bastttrn Waahlngion, Ruby Creek and the Sultan River wen of the Camsadei.
The flrHt quartz ledge to be dlacovered, so ftir a:s records go, was the Culver,
on the Peshastln, where the town of Blewett now irtands. This mine, after
many vicissitudes, is still being worked and its product Is reduced at a twenty-
stamp mill. Then mining languished until the early 80's, when the first dis-
coveries of silver ore were made In the Colvllle district and a few prosi>ectorB
strayed up the Cle-Elum. The only notable discoveries ' lii the Interim were
near the sources of the Snoqualmie, where immense cropplngs of iron ore
beivime known as the Denny and Quye iron mines. The Denny mines have
airt ady proved to be copper, and development may yet have the same result
on the Guye mines.

It was not until the opening of Chief Moses' Reservation In 1887 that the
mining business fairly began In Washington, and in the same year the flrst
discoveries were made in the Boundary and Trail Creek Districts of British
Columbia. Development began on the loW-grade silver ores of Salmon River
and on the gold and silver ores of Palmer Mountain. About the same time
prospectors Invaded the Cascade Range on all sides and during several suc-
ceeding years discoveries were made on the Cascade, Methow, at Monte Crlsto,
on Silver Creek, Miller River, Money Cfeek, the Snoqualmie, Summit and
other districts. A decided interest in mining had been ' awakened and it
appeared as though the Industry had already come to stay.

But the first flock of investors was doomed to failure, mainly through
their own fault. They were without experience in mining, for Washington
had been mainly populated by farmers, merchants, manufacturers and pro-
fessional men from the Eastern and Middle Western States, while British
Columbia had absorbed a similar population from the British Isles and
Bastem Canada. The working people were generally drawn from the same
sources. This was not a mining population, for it knew nothing of mining,
having always turned its mind Into other channels. There was a sprinkling
of old miners and prospectors from California, Colorado and other mining
states, but the formation was new to them. A few of them flung aside
precedent and boldly proclaimed the mineral wealth of the 'state and the
adjoining British territory. But the experts, with their heiads filled with
California and Colorado precedents, scoffed at them, saying that the ore was
too base and low grade to pay for treatment and that the formation was so
broken that it would be impossible to follow any ore body from the cropplngs
to any considerable depth. The moneyed men In the cities were absorbed In
real estate speculation and readily voiced the unfavorable opinions of the
experts, being anxious that outside Investments should gO Into their own
schemes and not be diverted into any alluring mining ventures.

Thus the first men to make known the mineral wealth of the Pacific
Northwest "caught on" In only a limited degree. They Induced some Invest-
ments among men of means and caused quite a flurry In the Salmon River,
Palmer Mountain, Cascade and Silver Creek Districts. But a combination of
circumstances forbade success at that time. The surface free gold In the
ledges on Palmer Mountain led to the belief that free gold would continue
indefinitely, and stamp mills were built without concentrators and managed
by unskilled mlllmen. Wild speculation was practiced In some Instances and
there were not lacking evidences of fraud in others. The result was failure.
As ore changed from free milling to base, a larger percentage of the value
was lost in the tailings. Victims of fraud loudly dennune«d the mlnee as
worthless and others took up the cry and repeated It far and wide. Tae fall
In the pi-ice of stiver caused a suspension of work In the low-grade sliver
mines of Salmon River, which had already suffered In the eyes of Investors
from two abortive attempts at reduction of the ore. Only a few persons held
their faith In the Pacific Northwest as a mining region and moot of them were
bankrupted by the panic or the collapse df their m}nlng yenttires; Only In a
lew plaoesvwas development continued, not;9,bly.among^whleh Is. Mont« Crlsto.
For a few years mining languished with every other Industry. -

MINING IN THB PACIFIC NORTirVfTOPT.

Three districts Were notable exceptions. One of these was Slooan, In
British Columbia, where the ores, although almost purely silver-lead, wew
so high in grade that they could be profitably m'.ned under the most adverse
condition of the metal market. Another was Monte Crlsto. whither the
railroad was completed in 1893, the year of the panic, and where development
was prosecuted and machinery installed at great expense as though there had
Uhmi no panic. The third was Trail Creek, where the famous Le Rol and War
Eagle mines became regular shippers in 1895 and declared their first dividend

in that year.

The revival of mining was due mainly to the favorable results attained In
Slocan and Trail Creek, which drew attention to a new field of employment
for industry and capital. Another cause which contributed largely to this
revival was the general stagnation In other lines of business, which had driven
thousands out of business or employment and left them stranded in the cities.
By a common impulse many of them took to the mountains and became pros-
pectors. They returned to their former homes with good reports of what they
Imd found and obtained means to continue work. Thus a movement was
started which caused the renewed operation of properties long neglected, the
development of new ones and the extension of discoveries. The opening of
dividend-paying mines in the Trail Creek and Slocan Districts and the con-
tinued improvement shown by development at Monte Crlsto drew the attention
of the investing public in this direction. Large Investments were made in
British Columbia by capitalists from JBngland and.Bastern Canada and the
stream of i'vestment is now turning to Washington. •

The Pacific Northwest can offer what mining investors are particularly ''
seeking at present— immense bodies of low-grade ore. Forty or fifty feet is an
ordinary width for one of these ledges and some of them are as wide as 200
feet. In the Cascade Range the advantage is offered of ledges exposed
so clearly on the sides of steep and lofty mountains that; they can be opened
at great depth by tunnels running into the mountain-side. This not only
.saves the additional cost of sinking, but of hoisting machinery and pumps,
for it affords natural drainage. Throughout the whole mineral belt in ques-
tion, not only in the Cascades, but In the Gold Range, innumerable rapid
streams furnish abundant cheap power to operate mining machinery and
reduction plants. The presence of such water-power could have been men-
tioned truthfully as regards nearly every mining property described In this
volume, but it would have been a wearisome repetition. This general state-
ment suffices to cover the whole field, and some conception can be formed of
the greatness of the advantage by comparison with the low-grade districts of
West Australia and South Africa, where no water-power exists.

So also as regards timber. The valleys and foothills west of the Cascade
summit are abundantly clothed with fir, cedar, spruce and hemlock. In higher
altitudes, where mines are often opened, there is a smaller growth of larch
and Alaska cedar, too small for merchantable timber, bpt large enough for
mine timbers and buildings. On the eastern slope the same kinds of timber,
of great size, are to be found for some distance from the summit. When the
eastern foothills are reached the high ridgeg p,nd plateaus and the upper
benches are densely clothed with pine timber, often of good size. The same
conditions extend through the Gold Range in both Washington and British
Columbia, except that in many of the valleys and panypns there occurs a large
growth of cedar, hemlock and other timber, together with the pine. The
mining claim is a rare exception where timber for all purposes cannot be
found upon its surface or Immediately adjacent.

The climate of the Pacific Northwest is peculiarly agreeable for travel and
outdoor work In summer. West of the Cascade summit spring sets in early In
middle of June. The summer in that section is not extremely hot and the
nights are alwaysicool. No rain fails from June until late In September and
the equinoctial storms of that period are usually followed by several WMlu
of clear, warm, autumn weather. In the mountaia^ little snow falls uniu

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MONTE CRISTO

and aOAT LAKE,

SNOHOMISH COUNTY.
WASHINGTON.

OOAU W M^LBIn^

J»

aOMTK CB

1. Bed Gulcit
8. Mosgnito

8. Ooid Dust.
4. King.

6. Balsam.

6. Hawtborn

7. Black R«fl
& Moontain

9. Fisher.

11. BannodL

12. Pavonia.

13. TwUigfat

14. Califomia

15. Orient,
l^ Occident
17. Loeknood
1& Pennsylvi

19. Aurora.

20. Wyoming
2t Jonea.
22. Felton.
23u Seattle.
24. Franklin.

26. Prairie.
26.Snnrise.

27. WastainffI

28. Emerson.

29. Sylvan.

30. Junction.

31. Seattle.

32. Condor.

33. 0. B. Mill

34. Marble.

35. Two B 8.

36. Jnanita.1

37. Keystone

38. IvastChai

39. Irene.

40. Silver Bel

41. Red Bint

42. Cascade*

43. Chinook.

44. Leroy,

45. Golden Ei
46« Walsh.

47. Lieatenai

48. Captaia

49. Idalio.
•a Magglt

ft PACIFIC HORTHWEBT.

■^.je^^izsz /i

nMTl<tK wASurtwTOw.

KE,

IfUMa TO IWMBERED CUIMS.

aONTK cBism

1. B«d Oalcli.

8. Mosgnito

5. Ooid Dost.
4. iUng.

6. Balsam.

6. Hawtborne.

7. Black B«ar.

& HoantainGoM.

9. Fisher.

11. Bannotk.

12. Pavooia.

13. TwUigbL

14. Californkk

15. Orient,
l^ Occident
17. Loeknood.
1& Pennsylvaaia.

19. Aurora.

20. Wyoming.
2t Jonea.

22. Pelton.

23. Seattle.

24. Franklin.

26. Prairie.
26.Snnri8e.

27. Wasbintcton.

28. Emerson.

29. Sylvan.

30. Junction.

31. Seattle.

32. Condor.

33. 0. B. urn %u

34. Marble; ^

35. Two R 8.

36. Jnanita.1

37. Keystone Ko. t

38. I.astChanneNo.2.

39. Irene.

40. Silver Bell.

41. Red Blttf.

42. Cascade.

43. Chinook.

44. Leroy.

45. Golden Eagle
46« Walsh.

47. Lieotenant.

48. Captain.

49. Idalio.
•a Maggit

(1. Doctor.

52. Murray.

63. Dandy.

54. Monte Carla

56. Surprise.

56. Fn^ and Bob.

67. Outlet

58. Wonder.

59. Copper Princ&

60. Btud' Mountain.
6L Maud.

62. Milton.

63. Albion.

64. Spokane.

65. Apex.

66. Sunset

67. King.

68. Mario.

69. Last Chance

70. Nettleton.

71. 8. A. M.

72. Silver Rose.

73. Humming Bird.

74. Union.

75. Rattler.

76. Bunco.

77. Oliye May.
78: Florence.

79 Cosmopolitan.
80: Juno.

81. Arena

82. 0. ft B
88. P. AT.

84. Sauk Lode.

85. F. ct M.

86. 0. ft J.

87. Tobiquf

88. TallaBookk

89. Gold Blossom.

90. Sunshine.

91. Cox Placer.

92. Junction Placer

No.l.

93. Junction Placer

Ma 3.

94. Junction Placer

No. 2.

95. Blake Plaecan

96. Ingress.

97. Bgress.

98. Canie Aaderwn.

99. Mountaineer.

100. Ethel.

101. Annie Laurie.

102. Bingo.

103. F. B. Dtvu.

104. Otego.

iOGu La^ of the Lake.

106. yster.

107. Silver Tipi

108. Lake Vievr.

109. Rainbow.

110. Jennie D.
HI. Orphan Boy.
112. Old MorwMian.
US. Remnant Pucer.

114. T^ee.

115. Mechanic.

116. Rainy.

117. Phoenix.

119. West Seattle.

120. pin^
12L Pinto.
122.* Mexican.
123. 0X9.
124 Waverly.

125. Rainbow.

126. June.

127. Eagle's Nest
12& Eyiie.

129. Artisan.
181. Neptune.

132. Utopian.

133. Gothic

134. Hydra.
185. Whistler.

136. Tuscola.

137. Eureka.
1S8. Puriier.

139. Phila

140. Pica.

141. Keystone.

142. Central Fracboa

143. Rantonl.

144. Merchant

145. •Inna.
146 Thomaft

147. Clara.

148. Baltic

149. Mystery.

150. Potomac.

151. asblngton.

152. ( idet

153. i ride- of the Wooda
154 { ide of the Monn-

tains.
156. 1 ffhty-ninei
156. 1 X. L
157. ! de Line.
158.1 amiigan.
151K I tra J.
160.1 \&K

161. i ax

162. ir&

163. ( ilore
164.! IverTip.
165. ! lowflake.
166. 1 )odle Dog.

167. irror.

168. illameda.

169. loDntain Maid.

170. irgonaat

171. fpo,
172. . Ipha.
173. ( nega.
174. 1 annah.
175. 1 Ob Boy.
176. 1 mma Moore
177. 1 Dcle 8aat
178. C flcier.

179. 1 opefbL
180. (met
18L N »tor.
182, 1 onte Crista

183. i licante

184. J merican.

185. ( oida.
186. ' 4.
187. " 5.
18a " 6.
189. 1 anger.
190. 1: BntineL

191. CDngrese

192. £ Buate

193. Sommit

194. Ibex Na&

195. Ibex M. h
196., Iron Town
197. Iron Dale
lf»8. Iron Clad.
199. Ironton.

mi. Iron Crown.
SOL' boA Knight
2031 boB Van.
209. TtUean.
204. Iron Age
206. Iron Cap.

206. Iron Qneen.

207. Iron King.

208. Iron Hat

209. Iron Mask.

210. Fourth of July.

211. Iron Prince

a, b. r, etc Mill Sites

GOAT LAKK.

1. Great Western.

2. Washingtoa
8. Lola Montee
6. Mexican,

6. Nav&ho.

7. Gloiy of the Moon-

tains./

8. Sutter.

9. Union.

10. Nevada,
n. Baltimore.

12. Republican.

13. Eldorada

14. WaterfaU.

15. Black Jack.

16. Golden Star.

17. Little Giant

18. Bon-Ton.

19. WUd Goat.

20. Alama

21. San Francisco.

22. Sacramenta

23. Sunset

24. Blue Rock.
26.*Beaver.

26. GroiA Western.

27. Ide

iH. Three Star.

29. Cornwall Na 4

30. Cornwall.

:^1. Monticello No. 3

32. MoutleeUo Ho. 2.

33. MonticeUa

34. Teller.
,i35. Penn Co.

M. Penn Co.

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-— '^lA.v

*^i3Vi- i-ar--'*^

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lK«* V .^-'V'-' ►,'i'S^

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iiMi

MINTNO IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

April, rainstorms grow less trequent until they cease altogether about the
December, but from that time forward the snowfall la heavy. The snow ha**
usually dlsaprM^ared from the mountains by the middle of May, except at great
altitudes and In deep gulches where It has piled up In slides. East of the
Cascades the nlr Is dry and exhilarating the year around and, though the heat
is sometimes Intense In summer. It does not produce that feeling of chronic
lassitude experienced In the moist atmosphere of the Eastern States. The
nights, too. are alwrys cool, permitting of sound sleep, which prepares one to
endure severe exertion In extreme heat. Spring sets In during April, the
bunchgrnss springs up as fast as the snow goes, and this rich food for horses,
everywhere found In the open country, makes It a prospector's paradise.
There are no thunderstorms or tornadoes west of the Rocky Mountains, so
that a man need burrow into the ground only In search of wealth. There are
no venomous snakes west of the Cascades, but rattlesnakes abound in some
places east of that range. On the other hand, small game and fish can be
found almost anywhere and large game Is to be had for the hunting.

While many districts are remote from railroads, preparations are on foot
for extensions v/hlch will largely remedy this defect. The Columbia and
Okanogan Valleys form a natural route for the Great Northern to tap the
whole of Okanogan County with a branch from Wenatchee. unless the Central
Washington should first occupy the field wl^h an extension from Coulee City
by way of WatervlUe and Orondo, as It now contemplates. The Seattle &
International Is well situated to occupy the Snoqualmle and Cedar River
Districts with branches whenever developments hold out prospect of remu-
nerative traffic, and it can also tap the White Horse District by a branch
along the north fork of the Stlllaguamlsh. The Seattle & Northern already
has the traffic of the Skagit copper belt secured and can be extended up the
Skagit and Cascade Rivers at moderate cost. The Great worthern can draw
the traffic of the Sliver Creek and Index Districts by building a branch up the
Skykomlsh north fork. The fast developing wealth of the Colvllle Reservation
has already Induced the Spokane Falls & Northern to survey a line up the
Kettle River, which may be partly In United States and partly In British
territory. The advantage of having Its main line run through the heart of
the rich Kootenai District, added to the manifold advantages of having a
more direct southern route through the Rocky Mountains and of developing
the rich coal fields on that route, has Induced the .Canadian Pacific to prepare
for the construction of a line through the Crow's Nest Pass this season. A
line Is now under construction from Slocan City, at the foot of Slocan Lake,
to Slocan Crossing on the Kootenai River, where It will connect with the
Columbia & Kootenai branch of the Canadian Pacific. This will form a link
In the connection between the old and new rr ,. Ine. F. August Heinze Is
now extending the Columbia & Western up V '• umbla River from Trail to
Robson and has raised funds for a further extension through the Boundary
Creek District to Pentlcton, connecting with the Canadian Pacific steamer
on Okanogan Lake.

The first requisite for the development of a mining district Is a wagon road.
The first prospectors blaze a trail and the next flight of newcomers aids them
to cut it out and make It plain and passable. This ds as much as they should
be expected to ^o at their own expense. The county should follow up their
work by cutting a good horse trail Into any new district which gives promise
of development, and when that development has assumed Important dimen-
sions find holds forth an early prospect of regular production the trail should
be transformed Into a wagon road. In this manner lines of travel and trans-
portation would be continually Improved to keep pace with the progress of
development.

The Province of Brliish Columbia has set a good example In this respect,
which Washington Is only now beginning *^o imitate. It has built a main
trunk road from Pentlcton through Camp McKlnney, Midway, Greenwood,
Anaconda and Carson to Grand Forks, a distance of 110 miles, connecting at
the latter point with the Kettle River roads to Marcus and Bossburg. on the
Spokane Falls & Northern Railroad. It has also built roads In the Kootenai
country wherever they would reaoh a large enough group of claims to warrant
the expense. Shorter roads In Boundary Creek have l)een built In several di-
rections at the private expense of Robert Wood, owner of the town of Green-
wood. The State of Washington has made a beginning In this direction by
eonatructing a home trail from the mouth of the Twlap, over the TWl«p and

M IflNIKO IN THB PACIFIC NORTHWBBT.

CatesA* P«AMa t« the mouth of the Cascade River, thus oonnootinc the oounty
road ByvtWBB of lOaetern and Western Washington. It han also conatnieted a
road anron the Colvllle Reservation, except for a short aai^, which will be
cloned by an appropriation made at the laat aeaeton. Approprlatlona have
also been made for a road from Wenatchee up the Columbia River to Ivea and
for the wldenlntr of the trail to a wagon road betwean the mouth of the Twlap
and North Creek, and between Marble Mount and Qllbert's Camp, near the
head of the Cascade River, leaving the remainder of the trail to be widened
later.

Unlike their earlier, less careful and therefore less successful predecesaors,
the present Investors In mines In the Pacific Northweat are fully alive to
the necessity of modern economical procesaea of reduction, carefully and
skillfully managed, for the extraction of the value from the ores. Stamp
mills are now seconded by concentrators and slime tables. The employment
of a skilled mlllman Is admitted to be one of the conditions of aucoeaa. The
oyanldo process has been applied with o large degree of aucceaa at one
mino and a plant erected last scaaon nt anothor, will bo put In operation thla
year. Experiments are continually made with new processes of reduction,
from among which. It la hoped, one will bo evolved -apable of cheap applica-
tion on the mine ground. Meanwhile the bulk o 3 ore produced Koea to
the smelters at Everett and Tscoma. Wrsh.; T S^elson and Pilot Bay,

K. C. Coke for (lux Is produceci at the Fair' and Wllkeaon mine*.

Washington, and ai Nanalmo, B. C. Coal In large quantities is produced at
Newcastle, Franklin, Plack L'lamond, Oilman, Ronton and Danville, In King
county; Wllkeson, Carbonmlo, Pittsburg, In Pierce county; Roslyn and Cle-
Elum, In Kittitas county; Blue Ca lyon. In Whatcom county; and Fairhaven
mine, in Skagit county, WasnInGton: at Nanalmo, Wellington and Coraox,
P. C. New discoveries have been mado on Day Creek, Skagit county; the
Skykomleh River, KJng county; Camas Prairie, Kittitas county; on Chum-
atlck ("reek, Okanogan county; also on Rock Creek, Britiah Columbia.

It is a trite, but by no means true, saying that mining is a gamble. It la
only a gamble when a man unfamiliar with the business buys property he
has never seen or of which he does not know the value. It la not a gamble
if entered upon on business principles, with a full knowledge of what is belny
bought, obtained either by personal inspection or through the report of a
reliable mining engineer. _ There is no more reason why a man should buy
"a pig In a poke" in the tnlning business than In any other buaineas. If he
does so and finds that he has not bought a pljj but some other animal, he
must not blame the mining business, but bis own unbusinesslike manner of
engaging in it.

One result of the great size of the ore bodies In this section of the country
has been the necessity of large amoilnts of capital to carry on the prelimin-
ary work of prospecting and make such a showing of mineral as will put the
claims In a salable condition. The locators of claims rartely havlnflr the
necessary capital, this work has been undertaken by development companies,
organized for the purpose of thoroughly prospecting claims in exchange for
an Interest and of then selling them to others, who will further develop them
Into mines. Such companies have filled a decided gap in the miningr com-
munity and are operating with marked success In many districts.

That mining Is destined to fill a leading place among the induatrlea of
Washington and British Columbia must be evident to every observing mind.
It has already taken first rank In British Columbia and is fast ateppin^r Into
that rank In Washington. It must have a decidedly beneficial effect on the
general prosperity of both province and states for it brings with it a number
of kindred Industries and furnishes a ready cash market for the products of
the farmer, stock-i^aiser and manufacturer of various wares. It tends to
diversify Industry and thus to prevent undue reliance of a whole community
on any single means of support. It ieynlres a healthy, active, open-air life
and makes a sturdy, Independent, self-reliant race of men and women.

ttmiM

MONTE OBIBTO.

The namo of this camp hus lonir been on th« tongue of uvery pfiHon
liiten^Ktfd In mining In the Cascade Mountains and every atom of newH
rofrardlntf the canip has been eagerly watched for. The renson Is not far
to seek. Monte Crlato waa the scene of the first mining operations on a
larflre scale by men having ample capital to develop a mine to a paying basis.
These tnlnes and the affiliated Investments represented an Investment of
about $3,000,000, which John D. Rockefeller and his business asBOclalekt had
.staked on their faith In the mining possibilities of the Cascades. They had
»Kme so In the face of adverse opinion from many experts as to the character
i>f the formation and the permanence of the ote bodies. They had found
Kold and silver-bearing minerals of such a refractory nature that they
Int'UM-ed heavy penalties at the smelter and one man described a particularly
troUWe«ome combination of mli ral as "concentrated essence of the In-
ferno." But the Monte Crlsto n Its allied companies persisted In the face
of many difficulties and may no\ be said to have solved the problem for the
whttle Cascade mineral belt. By tapping at a depth of 700 feet one of the
ore chutes t>;alch cropped on the surface, they have proved that the ore
bodies are continuous for a great depth and maintain their size and value.
They have proved that, In spite of Its refractory character, the ore can be
mined, concentrated and smelted at a profit, when handled on a large scale.
They have proved these valuable facts as pioneers In a new mining field
wKefe new conditions had to be met and new problems solved, and they
MaVe-^ertsevePed In spite of many obstacles and much detraction from pessi-
mists, until th6y have found the answer, not only for themselves but for all
others who enter the same field. They have not published abroad the re-
s\)lts attained, for they are In effect close corporations, having no stock to
sell and no objects to gain by publicity except to satisfy a natural curloHlty
on the part of the ct)mmunlty as to an enterprise the success of which means
much for the mining Industry of Washington.

Monte Crtsto lies In a basin In which the south fork of the Sauk River
ri«"ea. Two glaciers form Its source, one sloping from Cadet Peak and pour-
ing Us vlrlpoingB In a cascade down Glacier Gulch to form Glacier Creek, the
other Scoring li.c "Ide of tha lofty ridge south of Wllman's Peak and sending
SeV^ty-!9lx Creek down u gulf'h to join Glacier Creek In the town of Monte
CiMsto. Wllmans Peirtc la a bold, precipitou.s headland Jutting out between
•Qlaeler and Seventy-six Quiches, which the ice has carved out to right and
left of it. -The united stream flows northwest from beneath these peaks to
receive the north fork, which rises on the other side of the ridge, and then
iMltfer the Skagit, fifty miles north.

The Monte Crlsto mines are one of a number of properties which have

been acquired by the Rockefeller Syndicate and are being operated In con-

Jtmetlon. At Everett, where the Great Northern main and coast lines unite at

the mouth of the Snohomish River on Puget Sound, is the smelter of the

Ptlgtt Sotind Reduction Company. From a junction with the Great Northern

lat this point the Everett & Monte Crlsto Railroad has been built to Snohom-

hsh, a distance of eleven and one-half miles. From Snohomish to Hartford,

h'l^ht and two-tenth miles, trains run at present over the Seattle & Interna-

JtJonal Road, the Everett & Monte Crlsto running from the latter station to

monte Crlsto, fifty-two and two-tenth miles, making a total distance from

[BVerett junction of s6venty-one and nine-tenths miles.

I The manner of the discovery of the great mineral ledges of Monte Crlsto

[was not only dramatic, but was itself an evidence of their great size and

[rtchrtesp, Prospectors had for several years explored the Silver Creek dls-

rt^fct, -directly over the divide to the south, and had found the mountains

! everywhere stained with great red streaks, where surface Influences had

; njtidlaed the Iron In the surface ore. .Joseph Pearsall pursued his explora-

i tlons up the ea.st bank of Silver Creek and climbed along and up the steep

[sides of Hubbart's teak until ho could see over the divide to the mountains

forming a jagged amphitheatre around the Sauk Basin. He could look

[sheer down over 2,000 feet to where the two creeks unite to form the Sauk

and where Monte Crlsto now stands. But another spectacle riveted his

attention; this was a broad, glistening streak on the side of Wllmans Peak,

[overlooking Seventy-six Gulch. He also saw that all the mountains which

fshtit In the valley beyond were streaked with broad red bands from summit

[to bsiSe. But that g-litterlng streak more fastened his attention and he

[Examined It from the distance with a field glass, and convinced himself

{'that tt Was ffralena. He was looking for galena, as were all the prospectors

if th^ Cascades In those days, and waving his arms in delight, he exclaimed:

'Itris'rich as >Monte Cristo," and named the mountain after that master of

fabaiofifi' wealth. This happened on the Fourth of July, 1889, and wbfin he

[afterwards climbed lb tne-'spot and made his flrsl location he named It

"Independence of 1776," a name which has become abbreviated to Seventy-six

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHr7EST.

and ts now applied to this claim, the whole ledge and the gulch whlob ax-
poses It and the creek flowing from It.

Mr. Pearsall went down to Seattle and returned with J. M. Wllinans,
who became Interested with him in a number of oth'r loration.s. The thor-
oush exploration of the district and a host of othor loeatlons followed. In
the year 1890 the claims on Mystery Hill, Cadet Peak, Glaolor Gulch. Seventy-
six Gulch and Wilmaiis Peak, with a number 'extending along the ridges on
each .side of the canyon, came into the possession of Hon. H. G. Bond, L. S.
J. Hunt, H. C. Henry, Edward Elewett, .J. M., P. W. and S. C. Wihnans.
all of Seattle. In 1891 Mr. Henry and J. M. Wllmuiis, in retiirriing from the
camp, looked for a railroad route and found that the basin could bf oiUired
from the Sound by either the north or Hotith forK of the Stillagnamlsh.
Their first choice was the north fork route, but they decided in favor of tin-
south fork, although more diflkult and expensive, on account of the many
signs r)f mineral in the vicinity of Silverton. They then had a line surveyed
proving this route practicable. In the summer of 1891 five companies were
organized, owning tho several groups of claims In the basin— the Monte
Cristo, Pride of the Mountains, Rainy, \« u- \w

fall of that year the controlling Interest In the first three companies named
was sold to the Rockefeller Syndicate, which In the fololwlng year bought
all Judge Bond's remaining Interest, the Wilmans brothers retaining control
of the Wllmana and Golden Cord.

Then began development on a large scale, which has been continued
without Interruption throughout the period of depression following the boom
times during which the discoveries were made. Many exaggerated expecta-
tions, formed while the camp was in its embryonic prospect state, have been
disappointed, the halo of romance and the visions of great wealth suddenly
and easily acquired have vanished Into vapory nothingness under the cold,
calculating eye of the business man. What remains Is this: A great series
of ledges of refractory ore of low to medium grade, proved to go down to
great depth and to carry such value, that. If skilfully and economically
mined and concentrated on the ground, they will pay £. > 'd profits after thcs
mine is once really a mine— that Is. sufficiently opened to regularly produce
ore in large quantities. It has been proved that the Cascades are, generally
speaking, not a poor man's mining country, but that a judicious Investment
of large amounts of capital will pay good dividends. Of cou'-se, there are
instances of mines so favorably located as regards transportation, or havinsr
such high grade ore that they can be put on a paying basis by a compara-
tively small investment, but they are the exceptlcn, not the rule.

The Hockefeller Syndicate built the Everett & Monte Cristo Railroad In
1892 and 1893 from Everett to Snohomish along the Snohomish valley, and
from Hartford Junction to Monte Cristo along the south fork of the Stllla-
fTuamish. A large part of the line runs through a oanyon which presented
great engineering difTicultics in Its construction and has been costly to main-
tain, but the Impending development of the Silverton and other adjoining
districts will probably make the road a paying investment on Its own basis.
The smelter at Everett was erected about the same time and has now become
ii paying institution, treating not only the Monte Cristo concentrates but
customs ore from all sides and even from distant Australia.

The Monte Cristo Mining Company has twenty-eight claims, including
mill sites and placers in the canyon, the mineral locations being divided
among Glacier, Seventy-six and West Seattle Gulches. In Glacier Gulch
the ledpres nm east and west between walls of diorlte: In Seventy-six Gulch
their course is northeast and southwest between diorlte and basalt; and In
West Seattle Gulch north and south between diorlte walls. The ledge mat-
ter Is almost always siliclous porphyry. The principal development has
been done on Mystery Hill on a ledge which runs through the ground of
both the Monte CIristo and Pride of the Mountains Mining Companies. The
croppings of this U-dge are in some r-ia^ "s as wide as forty feet, but this is
not mineralized throughout, and the dip averages 70 degrees north. The ore
bodies range In width from two to fourteen feet and average about four feet.

The Mystery Hill mine of the Monte Cristo Company has three working
tunnels 125 feet apart from all of which ore Is being ptoped. The upper one
nuts through Mystery Hill for about 1,000 feet and has developed one long
ore chute averaging about four feet wide, which carries arsenical iron,
Mulphurets of Iron, arseno-sulphurets and zinc blende. The second tunnel is
a little over 900 feet long and would. If continued, run fifteen feet beneath
Glacier Gulch and Into Cadet Peuk. It cuts the same ore chute as the upper
tunnel, 800 feet long and with an Inclination to the east.

The longest and deepest tunnel is the third, which runs through Mystery
Hill on this ledge for 1,600 feet and cut the same ore chute as the two upper
ones. 700 feet belov/ the summit of the hill, thus defining that chute for thlB
depth. This tunnel then turns southward and runs for seventy-five feet as
a cross-cut until 't Intersects a parallel ledge, which It then follows through
the Pride of the Mountains ground for 500 feet. It runs for 280 feet through
un ore chute three feet wide, carrying galena and a little chalcopyrlte. In
addition to the other minerals already mentioned, th* galena somewhat
IncreaBmir the average value. All further developmftnt by the exteotion or
this tunnel will be carried on In the f*rlde ground. *

MINING IN THBJ PACIFIC NORTHWBST.

h whlob 9X-

The Pride of the Mountains mine has been developed on the ledge to
which the longr tunnel has cross-cut, but at a point beyond that "« which this
tunnel has bfeen driven. This is tht- Udge in the croppings oi which Mr.
Pearsall saw pahna l.i the distance. It strikes east and west and Is nearly-
flat, and two tunnels Lave been driven on it, 180 leet apart along its dip.
One Is 600 feet \vnv; and Is 200 feet below the surface, while the other Is a
little over 800 feet long and gains a depth of 380 feet. The ore in this ledge
Qocars in lenses, which lap each other and are always accompanied by small
(juantities of waste on one wall. The Pride of the Mountains Company
owns fourtee.i cla'.ms in all, mostly in this group.

The Seventy-six Mine; of the Monte Cristo Company is on Seventy-six
Gulch and consists of two tunnels. The upper one. 130 feet long, starts 150
feet below the summit of a vertical wall and gains a maximum depth of 200
feet, while the other is 100 feet below and is 800 feet long. Both these tun-
nels show a two and one-half foot ledge, with good in-'icatlo.ns of approach-
ing the ore-chute cropping above, and prospecting ' i the diamond drill
was started in the lower tunnel in the fall of 1896, biit t '.i^v.- prevented any-
' tt ig from being accomplished.

The ore is transported from the Mystery Hill and I---^.de of vhe Mountains
Mine J by two cable bucket tramways, which run to the saine discharge
terminal. One runs from the lower tunnel of the Pride of the Mountains and
over Mystery Hill and is about 6,000 feet long, making a descent of about, 1.800
feet.. It has a span of 1,200 feet across Glacier Gulch, with a central drop of
600 feet, and dts capacity is 2.S0 tons in twenty-four hours. The other tram-
way is 3,600 feet long and leads from the long tunnel In Mystery Hill, a vertical
heifflit of 1,200 feet, to the discharge terminal. The ore la here run throu».rh a
coarse crusher, then loaded on cars and hauled by horses over a surface
tramway to the concentrator, 1,000 feet distant.

The concentrator Is what Is known as a double section mill and has a

capacity of 300 tons In twenty-four hours, or ir)0 tons for each side. The ore

Is crushed by rollers and concentrated on Hartz Jigs, the fine pulps and slimes

passing on to round tables and Frue vanners. The total extraction is about

per cent, of the assay value, which is about |8 for the low grade Mystery

ore and over $30 for the ore in the Pride ledge. The ratio of concentration is

I about four and one-half tons into one. The mill Is run by a 200 horse-power

Corliss engine, which also runs a 100 horse-power generator. The latter fur-

'nlshes power to a motor at the Mystery Hill Mine, which compres.ses air for

' three power drills, while electricity is al.so generated in the engine room to

[light the town and the mill. The ore concentrates three tons Into one and the

mill is producing about l,2uu tons of concentrates a month, with a probable

[increase during the year.

The Rainy Mining Company has ten claims, three of which are on Cadet
I Peak and two on a ledge running up the mountain east of the tramway
[terminal. On a level with the latter, a tunnel runs 800 feet into the mountain.
L'alnlng a depth of 400 feet, and a shaft Is down ninety feet at the mouth of
[this tunnel showing twenty-eight inches of well mineralized ore of the same
Icharacter as that in Mystery Hill.

About 250 men are employed in Mvstery Hill and Pride of the Mountains
iMlnes and In the concentrator.

The Wllmans Mining Company ba.j a group of seven claims on a series of
|ledges cutting through Wllmans ' jak from Seventy-alx Gulch to Glacier
3asln and carrying galena, sulphl ?s and some chlorides of sliver. A tunnel
las been driven through the mouniain several hundred feet below the summit
ind another, 100 feel below, is in 125 feet. A cable tramway 10,000 feet long
stretches from the mouth of the upper tunnel to a point near the concentrator
md a large amount of ore is stored in the bins at this point.

The Golden Cord Mining Company has nine claims on the crest of Wilnians
?eak and on the sides overlooking the town and the concentrator. A tunnel
ibout 500 feet long has developed an ore body about thirty Inches wide, half
3f which is similar in character and value to the Pride ore, while the re-
ladnder Is decomposed and carries a. higher gold value. This ore is worth $36
lo $40 and some of it has been run through the concentrator, but was found to
slime so badly that that process Is not adapted to it. A cable tramway about
4,800 feet long stretches from this mine to the terminal near the concentrator.
Steps are now being taken towards a resumption of work on the Wllmans
md Golden Cord properties, on which nothing has been done since 1885, and
the erection of a plant for the chemical extraction of the value is contem-
Jlated.

The O. & B. group of foar claims is directly across the divide from Silver
-.ake, 2,000 feet above the Everett & Monte CrlFto Railroad, and was bonded
md Jeased by the Packard Mining Company, Cobb & McCrea, John P. Bake-
lan, Oliver McLean and P. M. Headlee to the O. & B. Mining & Milling
Company, which afterwards acquii*ed the interests of Messrs. Cobb & McCrea.
'iakeman and Headlee by purchase. The main ledge, on which are three
claims, runs up the ridge to Silver Lake, Is about eight feet wide and has
from six to twenty-four inches of pay ore. The lowest tunnel, sixty feet. Is
" feet below the summit and shows nine inchfjs of $46 ore, the remainder of
the ledge oarrylnar $3.TC to $fi. The second tunnel, IM feet above, ie 260 feet

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEJflT.

loijg and ran through an ore chute eiighteen Inches wide and forty-three feat
long, with good concentrating ore the rea. of its length. At 200 feet an
upraise was made seventy-flve feet, showing two feet of solid ore. The third
tunnel, 110 feet above the second, is 135 feet long and has an average of Ave
Inches of solid and four feet of concentrating ore. The fourth claiiii is on a
parallel ledge traced for its full length and showing a foot of $70 ore In a
short tunnel. A temporary cable tramway has been built to the railroad, 2,000
feet below, and 200 tons of ore have been shipped, ranging in value from $15
to $35 and averaging $20 gross. The company proposes to erect a permanent
tramway and a concentrator.

On the extension of the O. & B. ledge down the mountain is the P. & I., on
which the P. & I. Mining Company is at work. The ledge ranges fr9m two to
six feet between granite walls and shows from five to twenty-four inches of
pay ore carrying sulphurets and assaying $8.80 to $21 gold and 16 to 38 ounces
silver. A tunnel is in 112 feet near the lower end of the claim and will be
extended 100 feet this year. A tramway will be built 1,350 feet to the railroad,
making a descent of 980 feet vertically.

Directlj'- opposite the O. & B. and within 1,500 feet of the concentrator and
railroad are the Tol>ique and Lalla Rookh, owned by Jasper Compton and
others, on a iissure ledge twelve to fifteen feet between syenite walls. Th«
ledge has been defined by two fifteen-foot tunnels, the lower one of which has
tapped an ore chute carrying sixteen Inches of solid iron pyrites with some
galena, which assays $8 to $30 gold and 6 to 40 ounces silver. Another tunnel
has been run forty feet to tap this chute and to be used as a working tunnel
and shows chlorides, which are gradually giving place to Iron pyrltea. This
tunnel will be continued this year.

On the extension of the Foggy ledge across the divide to Monte Crlsto
is the Whistler group of four claims, owned by the Packard Mining Com-
pany, Bell & Austin and the Lillls estate. The ledge is four to twenty feet
wide and has an eighteen-inch pay streak oi sulphurets, gray copper and
galena, assaying $25 to $45 gold and silver. Tunnels twenty and thirty feet
long and an open cut, at intervals of 100 feet, have made this showing.

The Philo group of three claims, 100 feet south of the Whistler group, is
owned by George Evans, Charles F. Jackson, H. F. Jackson, the Packard
Mining Company, Joseph Barrett and — Trembly. Tunnels twenty an4 forty
feet long show fifteen inches of pay ore carrying arsenical Iron and copper
sulphides and two feet of concentrating ore.

The Keystone group of four claims adjoins the Mystery Mine and la owned
by the Packard Mining Company, A. W. Hawks, A. D. Austin and the Lillts
estate. A thirty-foot tunnel and a twenty-foot open cut show a pay streak,
ten to eighteen Inches, of galena. Iron and copper sulphides, assaying $20 to $$t
gold and silver. The ledge crops four to twenty feet wide In the gulch and
shows twenty-four Inches of galena in an ore chute 300 feet long. A cross-cpt
is In forty feet and will tap this ore chute at a depth of 100 feet In ninety feet
more. A parallel ledge shows six to thirty-six Inches of similar ore In a
sixty-foot tunnel.

In the Seventy-six Basin, adjoining the Golden Cord, are the Argonaut
and Typo, on a ledge which crops seventy to seventy-flve feet wide alongr the
creek and has arsenical Iron disseminated through Its whole width. This Is
believed to be all concentrating ore carrying $8 to $12 gold.

On a ledge parallel with the O. & B. are the Kthel and Annie Laurie,
owned by F. A. Bass, M. T. J. Cnmmlngs and the Dempsey estate, on a ledge
which shows in an open cut eight feet of iron pyrites carrying $A to $31 goW.
A tunnel is in sixty feet for the ore chute and a cross-cut has been driven
twenty feet towards the hanging wall.

On the east slope of the ridge dividing the Sauk, Sultan and StlUaguamlsh
water-sheds, over ooklng Crater Lake, two and one-half miles from Monte
^^\^}°n' i" ^'^^^ ^^} .^^ainpo group of three claims, owned by the Del Camp<'
? « S« . P'J®'' M1"'"K Company. Two claims are on a ledge which Is exposed
for 2,000 feet and crops teji to thirty feet wide, carrying chalcopyrlte, which
assays on the surfaof> $44.86 gold and silver, 13.8 per cent, copper; 34 per cent,
copper and $8 gold. The other claim Is on a parallel ledge cropping 60 to 100
feet wide and carrymg similar ore with more silica. A twenty-flve f<»t
tunnel and several ope.n cuts have shown up each ledge. One mile of cable
tramway would take this ore to the railroad.

^•^•^►©♦•♦•^•♦•♦•■f

MimNa IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWBSrr.

GOAT LAKE.

Thouerh a part of the organized district of Monte Crlato, tliis is prac-
tically a separate district set apart by the formation of the country. It is
the extension eastward of the Monte Cristo mineral belt, traced through
the ridge dividing the south from the north fork of the Saulc and the latter
from Goat I^ake. The latter body of water, less than a mile long, empties
through Elliott Creek into the south fork of the Sauk, and the mountains
at its head and on each side are veined with mineral.

The district is easily accessible from Seattle. Taking the Great Northern
train or a steamer to E3verett, thirty-three miles, one goes thence by the
Kverett & Monte Cristo Railroad to Barlow Pass, sixty-two miles, and thence
by a good road to the foot of the lake, eight miles. From there a trail runs
.'jlong the shorn and a road through the bottom land at the head to the Penn
','amp on the c.lltt above. The distance to the Everett smelter is sixty-two
miles and to the Tacoma smelter 136 miles from Barlow Pass.

The formation of the country Is syenite, granite and schist, with dikes
of quartz, porphyry and slate. The principal ledges cut the schist, ciuartx,
porphyry and granite in a general easterly and westerly direetton. The
led8<6s vary from a clear white quarta sparsely mineralized, to a very dark
quartz, strongly mineralized and very auriferous. They carry a fine grained
arsenical iron of a good gold value, together with gray copper, gateaa and
in some case.'! chalcopyrlte. In sovaf cases gold, and In some silYer, pre-
uominates. J'.irt of the ores are hit. h grade and will pay to haul to the
railroad and ship to the smelter, am. thf remainder will b« conoe»trattoK.
Discoveries began in August, 1891, witli the loeatiop >l the Foggy and parallel
ledges on the divide between Ooat l.,ake and the Sauk's north fork and con-
tinued along the mountains c h sides of the lake.

Development is being pii ' vlgorouBly on the Foggy Kroui>^ of

about forty claims, owned by Mini- ' "ompany. Thf '■• >' -tidt^a

cuts the mountain from the east .g- t * '^'rlato has rly and

has been traced over 5,000 feet, showing ■ solid ore ^ n char-

:icter and value to the Pride ore at M iihco, with '«'d( i - ;iree and

four feet wide running Into it at acute amnios. Th« Fogg as pn ed to be
a. true fissure vein by a number of open cu .in<i sha. aftei which a
orosseut was run 200 feet Intersecting it from 2iK) to JAO feet l"" the lowest
ttropplng and running along it for about 100 feet each way, hi liul Uingth
of th« tunnel at that point being about 400 feet. Parallel witn Utfe on

the south is another about six feet wide with a three ""'ot pay.si- (h. of ore
similar to the Foggy, on which are two claims. Oth- r :>hout seven feet
and three and one-half or four feet cut across the h >f i lie basin, while

In Sauk basin below the Foggy are a number of other.' Having thus proved
the permanence of the main ledge, the company last sprlrtg built a rood
up Elliott Creek to the foot of the lake and repaired thf county road down
the Sauk, took In a donkey pngine to haul supplies up iio 'iff to the site
selected for a permanent camp. 1,100 feet above the !:•
air compressor and two power drills. A crosscut tu
from the Goat Ijake basin to crosscut the series of le<:
and is now in about 200 feet, having tapped the first leu

feet. It will cut the Foggy 800 feet deep and possibly others at greater depth
and will be used as a working tunnel. A survey has been made for a tram-
way down the lake to the falls at Its mouth, where the company owns a mill-
site, and a telephone line has been stretched over this route, which Is two
miles long. An electric plant will be erected at the falls, wWch ha^e a fall
of 360 fpot in 700. and a concentrator placed there to treat the ore. A sutTi-ey
has al J been made for a branch railroad six miles long from Barlow Pass
on the Everett & Monte Cristo Railroad to the mlllsito. When the tunnel
hab oat the ledges, as is expected by next fall, the question of constructing
thlB road will be decided and work will in that event begin the following
spring.

Thio Nevada and El Dorado, on two parallel ledges on the eaitt sldje of th«
lake, near Its head, are being developed by the Elliott Creek Gold Mlnlnff
Company, -vhlch h.as a mlllslte on the level tract at the head of the lake, well
protected fiom snow slides. The Nevada led«e crops three feet wide between
slate walls 1.200 feet from the lake shore and has been tapped by a 60-ioot
tunnel, which ran througrh highly mineralUed quartz and .slate aiid has
continued for ten feet across the ledge, without s;;riltlng the opposite w«kU.
Of thl« width three fwt is hlBh grade and the balance oonoentratlnB ore.
': The El Dorado ledse runs parallel, higher up the movinta>ln, iiind sbowK
i ftv« teM of aulphuret ore In the croppings. A tunnel run* flft«en f«*t on
a two»4it«h streak in the porphyry gangua and shows It to staadUy widen.
The croppings asHayed $«.*1 to »7.8fi gold, $1.7.1 to IB.66 sliver. whU« an iMni»y
from a depth of four feet gave $13.60 gold, $7.20 silver, 21.20 per t«at copper.

1 Installed an

.s then started

t greater depth,

at a depth of 200

WmStt

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWUBT.

Two assays from a foot deeper pave $17.36 gold, $2.77 stiver and I21.S0 sold,
$♦80 silver respectively, while from a depth of elprht feet In an open cut th9
ore assayed $27.2R gold, $1.:!4 silver. Judging from the width and continuity
of the lodges and the correspondence of the exposures on opposite sides of
the mountain, it is reasonable to conclude that these ledges run clear
through the ridge and can be tapped by tunneling at great depth.

One of the best-looking and widest ledges crops out directly under the
granite cliffs a few hundred feet above the north shore of the lake, and on
this and Its spurs the Goat Lake Mining Company has the Glory of the
Mountains group of seven claims. The ledge appears to have been broken
over by slide rock, but in a tunnel, driven forty feet across. It appears to be
straightening up from a pitch of forty-five degrees, and shows twenty feet of
ore divided by a horse of porphyry. The ledge matter is porphyritlc quartz
and is pretty evenly impregnated with white iron and sulphides. A sample
taken across eight feet of ore assayed $21.50 gold, $4.80 silver, and another
from twelve feet further in gave $27.60 gold, $1.80 silver. The company Is
driving a cross-cut from the shore of the lake which is expected to tap the
ledge in 360 feet at a depth of 800 feet, and is row in ninety feet. Three of
the claims are on the main ledge and four are on spurs running east and
west up the mountain from the lake shore, while the Navajo group of three
claims, all of which have good surface showings, are on a parallel . ledge
further up the mountain and would be developed by the Glory of the Moun
tains crosscut.

From this point up the lake, running up the mountain parallel with the
Glory, is a series of ledges extending tf the basin wall. The first of these
is the Lily of the West, owned by Dr. ^cCulloch, J. W. Coffin, Miss H. K.
Coffin and E. G. English. The ledge crops out eighteen inches wide, with a
foot of mineral arsenic beside it, and pitches into the mountain. A cross-
cut to tap it is in thirty-flve feet. The same parties have the Hunter on a
small streak of ore, running into the Lily, and parallel with it J. W. Ooffln
has the Union on a ledge carrying arsenical iron and iron sulphides, which
crops out eighteen inches to four feet wide. A crosscut is being run to tap It
in forty feet.

The B?i.'e Rock group of four claims, owned by Messrs. <^offln and sons, Is
on two parallel ledges running up from the lake. One of these crops five feet
wide between granite walls and shows three and one-half feet of arsenical
iron ore carrying gold, silver and copper in a ten-foot shaft, as well as in a
thirty-flve foot tunnel. The other ledge, 100 feet above the lake, Itf six feet
wide where it has been stripped and crops five to twunty feet wide higher up
the mountain.

Between the Nevada and El Dorado J. W. Coffin has the Baltimore on a
ledge from three to five feet wide, with six to eighteen inches of pay ore,
carrying Iron sulphides rich in galena. Assays from the croppings show
about $6 gold, $3 silver. On a similar ledge, with a cropping of about four
feet of sulphide oro, Mr. Coffin and his sons have the Republican. Above the
El Dorado Mr. Coffin and C. M. Mackintosh have the Waterfall on a five-foot
ledge showing from eighteen inches to four feet of pay ore, and the Black
Jack on a parallel ledge, similar In size and character. Above this, In the
rim of the basin, H. W. and C. B. Coffin have the Brooklyn, showing twelve
to fourteen inches of ore, on which they are driving a tunnel. Under the
rocky promontory in the center of the basin Is the Little Giant, owned by
J. W. Coffin, B. G. English and Dr. McCulloch. The ledge is eight feet
wide, with a pay streak ranging from eighteen inches to its full width, carry-
ing sulphide ore. A cross-cut is in thirty feet, and will tap Che ledge In about
130 feet more.

Running up the center of the basin to the south of the Penn camp Is the
Bon Ton group of five claims, on as many parallel ledges, owned by J. W.
Coffin, E. G. English, Dr. McCu"^ch and C. M. Mackintosh. The main ledge
Is from ten to twelve feet wl.u'. with four to eight feet of chalcopyrlte,
peacock copper and iron sulphides. It crops out for 650 feet, and has broken
over on the surface, but appears to straigliten up and to be running Into the
Little Giant, Assays have sh'Wn $16 to $27 gold and silver, and the other
ledges in the group carry simll.ir ore. On the south side of the basin, running
up under the great glacier, < . B. and H. W. Coffin have the San Francisco
on a ledge about the same wklth as the Bon Ton, and are driving a tunnel <m
*J^ ^^}P^ ***^ glacier. To the south of this Dr. McCulloch, H. W. Coffin. B. G.
English and C. M. Mackintosh have the Sunset on a ledge carrying three feet
of iron pyrites and arsenical iron, which assays $32 to $33 gold and Silver.
A cross-cut tunnel to tap it in 350 feet has been driven twenty-two feet.
The Sacramento, owned by C. B. and H. W. Coffin, is an extension on the
Sunset up the mountain. Further down towards the foot of the lake the
same parties have^ the Three Star on a ledge eight to twelve feet wide, with
three to seven feet of pure hard white quartz, largely crystallized and carry-
'"er Iron sulphides. A tunnel has been started on this ledge.

Messrs. Coffin and sons have ihree mill sites extending from the outlet Of
the lake 900 feet down the falls, in which there Is ample water tor poww.
MiJ ««53i'.*^2L^*"l' *°*'\*®<^ ^Y two prospectors of the fair sex. Miss Coffin aod
Miss Ooodspeed, Is on the divide between the lake and the north fork of th«

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8auk, and has e'
Iron sulphides ca
tin one wall, froi

This district
and of being: so
Us center, wouk
■within an Inner
mineral, and ha
smeltlngr- the dl
Cascade Range,
ample capital to
see it proven a i

To reach thi
train or by ste
Everett & Moi
Seattle by the S
three miles, and
thirty-three milt
to the Clear Cn
half a mile to thi
and from these
over the Marble
four and one-ha
miles and to the

The mineral
twelve miles wl^
cuts across the s
above Sllverton
from the north
White Horse M(
the forks. Cutt
across the Sulta
above the mouth
of Miller River,
been traced fron
where exploratlc
Skykomish have
is a slate belt,
much covered, b
believed to be tl
following the sa
ledges and strir
enormous width,
defined width o
pyrrhotite, iron
carrying gold ar
the other miner)
20 to 25 per cent.
45 per cent., and
in pockets. The
ore bodies so ci
Instances prove
ledges, and nea:
Burface width.

Mineral discc
Hoodoo ledge o
located by Abe
and James Hans
Silver Gulch, a
George Hall and
Gulch. Then tb
by J. F. Bender,

The camp v
coveries, but o
organized at a r
following wtntei
Parker McKenz
They cut a pad
great Helena lei
discovered by L
Perry Creek el a
year the w^agon

(2)

.t.>^?a^/i.v**'"~'~ —

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

Sauk, and has eight feet of solid quartz, mineralized from wall to wall with
Iron sulphides carrying: gold and silver. A tunnel has been driven fifteen feet
%m one wall, from which tne ledge will be cross-cut.

BILVERTON. ,

This district has the advantages of proximity to a railroad and smelter
and of being so compact that a circle drawn seven miles around Sllverton,
Us center, would enclose all the principal properties, while the majority are
within an Inner circle having a radius of four miles. With great bodies of
mineral, and having these facilities for cheap mining, transportation and
smelting, the district has sprung into the front rank among those of the
Cascade Range. Large Investments have been made there by men with
ample capital to develop their property, and the year 1897 may be expected to
see It proven a permanent, producing camp.

To reach this camp from Seattle one can go by the Great Northern
train or by steamer to Everett, thirty-three miles, and thence by the
Everett & Monte Crlsto Railroad to Sllverton, fifty miles; or from
Seattle by the Seattle & International Railroad to Hartford Junction, forty-
three miles, and thence by the Everett & Monte Cristo Railroad to Sllverton,
thirty-three miles. From Sllverton a good wagon road runs up Deer Creek
to the Clear Creek divide, four and one-half miles, and another road runs
half a mile to the mouth of Sliver Gulch. Trails branch out from the railroad
and from these wagron roads to the various mines, and one has been made
over the Marble Pass to the Forty-five Mine, on the Sultan side, a distance of
four and one-half miles. The distance to the Everett smelter Is fifty-four
miles and to the Tacoma smelter 128 miles.

The mineral ledges of this district are contained in a belt of granite about
twelve miles wide, which runs a little east of north and west of south and
cuts across the south fork of the StiUaguamlsh from a line crossing five mites
above Sllverton to another crossing seven miles below. It has been traced
from the north fork of the river and Includes the heads of both forks at
White Horse Mountain, which stands at the upper end of the ridge between
the forks. Cutting across the south fork valley, it has been found to extend
across the Sultan Valley and across Silver Creek, where it shows two miles
above the mouth. It runs on across both forks of the Skykomish to the head
of Miller River. It is cut oft on the northeast by a coal formation, which has
been traced from the StiUaguamlsh south fork to the Skykomish south fork,
where explorations of good coal prospects a short distance above the town of
Skykomish have been carried on for several years. Southwest of this granite
Is a slate belt, of which the contact is not traceable, the formation being
much covered, hut slate is found above the canyon of the Sultan River and Is
believed to be the source of the placer gold of that stream. In true fissures
following the same course as this granite belt, but of course with many cross
ledges and stringers, runs a series of quartz ledges, bome of which attain
enormous width, fifty and sixty feet being qnlte common and 180 feet being the
defined width of one ledge. The quartz is mineralized with chalcopyrlte,
pyrrhotlte, iron pyrites and arsenical iron, all exiremely rich In copper and
carrying gold and sliver, while In some Instances galena Is found mixed wit!i
the other minerals. The ore rarely carries less than 10 per cent, copper and
20 to 25 per cent. Is more common, while rich streaks of black oxide run up to
45 per cent., and bornite, which carries 50 to 60 {ler cent, copper, has been found
In pockets. The gold and silver values are alone sufficient to make such large
ore bodies so convinlently located pay well, though copper will in many
Instances prove to be the principal value. Nickel and cobalt occur In some
ledges, and near the head of Clear CreeK Is a deposit of asbestos of great
surface width.

Mineral discoveries In this region date from the summer of 1891, when the
Hoodoo ledge of pyrltic ore on the right-hand side of Hoodoo Gulch was
located by Abe Gordon and Fred Harrington. Within a few days William
and James Hanset found a great ledge carrying arsenical Iron and galena on
Silver Gulch, and on this they located the Independent. The same fall
George Hall and W. M. Moleque discovered the Anacortes ledge In Anacortes
Gulch. Then the great Bonanza Queen ledge, on Long Mountain, was found
by J. P. Bender, Z. W. Lockwood and J. O. Marsh.

The camp was first named Independence, after one of the early dis-
coveries, but on August 26, 1891, the StiUaguamlsh Mining District was
organized at a miners' meeting and the name Sllverton was adopted. In the
following winter a townsite was established by the late Charles McKenzle,
Parker McKenzle. J. B. Carrothers, William Whitten and John P. BIrney.
They cut a pack-trau to Hartford In November, 1891, and within a year the
great Helena ledges on the divide between Deer and Clear Creeks had been
disroverod by Louis I^undlln, John Jackson and Thomas Johnson, and the
Perry Creek claims had been located by Theodore I^ohr. During the s.ame
year the wagon road had been constructed and the railroad was graded almost

(2)

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

to Barlow Pass, elffht miles to the southeast. In the years 1893 and 1894 thero
was ii lull, due to the panic, but In 189.5 activity In prospectlnK waa renewed
by the dlscoverey of an extension of the mineral belt over Long Mountiiln
from Deer Creek to Martin Creek by A. D. Sperry, William Matadorp, A.
Iverson and GeorRe G Mosber, and In the full of ISOfi this wns followed by
further discoveries near the head of that creek by John Mc<"lellan. The last
notable discovery was t lat of the asbestos deposit on the divide from which
Deer, Maittn timl ( bav Ci' ks all spring, this being made In July, 1896, by
R. C. Myers and Loub, Calllhan.

The Hoodoo group I'f seven mineral claims and six mUlsltes is now owned
by thf Stiliasuamlsh and .SnUan Mining- Comi any, compo.st d principally of
EnsUsh, Scotch and Welsh capitalists. The mnln ledge runs through the
Morrison, Hoodoo. Tenderfoot and Lakevlew claims, and Is fully twenty feet
wide, between "walls of conglomerate and slj'te, being one of the best-tlettned
fissure veins In the district. The ore canifj Iron and cooper p;, rites and
pyrrhotlte, with some bell metal, and Is connived In a lime quartz gangue.
There are two well-defined ore bodies, one eighteen inches to twelve feet
wide and ."JOO feet long, and the ether twenty Inches to twelve feet wide and
200 feet long, showing 5(X) feet fiTther up the mountain. The main tunnel has
"been driven 420 feet on the ^!oodoo ledge, .'<howin(? two to eight feet of solid
ore, and will he continued :<F0 feet to get under the highest cropping, where a
■det)th of 510 feet will be nttnlned e;irly In May. About 200 feet of tunneling
has been done on a stringer and to prospec*^ the ledge Rt other nolnts. This
ore will concentrate .3V" Into 1. making concentrates worth $83 a ton, his value
being divided In the proportion of 4:! per cent, go d, :n per cent, sliver, 2; per
cent, copper. Cn the Pe.ncnck a four-foot ledpe Is shown up by a luiber of
open cuts, and Is trace.iblr- for 400 feet, while the Tenderfoot croa.s-ledKo
shows equal wblth In open cuts. The mine Is reached by three-quarters of a
mile of wagon road from the railroad, and bv seventy feet of exterior rock
cut protected by snowsheds. It Is equipped with two power drills operated
by steam, but at present It Is found to be cheaper »to mine by hand.

The Independent groui^ of three claims, recently Incorporated, has a ledge
cropping to a width of slxtv feet in the bed of a '.^orge running towards the
mouth of Silver Gulch, which has been tracd across the Stlllaguamlsh River
to Long Mountain and across the head of Anacortes Gulc»' n->rmi^h the
Hoodoo Into Sultan Basin. The ledge carries arsi nical iron all through and
contains ten feet of high grade ore and some streaks of g.-ilena. ..s.say3 of
the pay streak range from $17 to $140 gold and average between $70 and $80,
only 3 to 4 per cent, of the total value being silver. A tu'^'n-^l has been driven
156 feet on the leuge at the wesit end of the Independent claim and shows
thirty-eight Inches of solid ore In the face. Anoth; " tunnel 100 feet higher
^as been driven 100 feet on the ore chute, throunrh wnicb n '^ro.ss-'-ut is now
being made, and a recent rocksllde has uncovered a large body of high
.grade ore.

Adjoining this group Is the Cleveland group of four claims, a three-
<iuu.;ei:, li. .crest ill vvt^iieki has been bonde<i by Thomas Wilson and S. A.
Hartrran to Van B. De Lashmutt. E. E. Crookham and others, of Portland,
for $50,000. and Is being developed by them. The Violet is the east extension
of the Independent ledge and is crossed by the Cleveland ledge, running north
and south, which crops in a gorge between fifty and sixty feet wide, with at
least three feet of chalcor^jrite showing. The American and Geyser cross the
Violet in a northeast and southwest course, and. lilce it. carry arsenical iron
and galena. A tunnel has been run seventy-two feet, cross-ciitting the Violet
ledfve at Its intersection with the Cleveland, and will be continued on the
hanging wall of the latter, which It Is Intended to develop. It cut a number
of small streaks of ore all through the Violet and shows two wide pay streaks
on the Cleveland. Some prospect holes on the Cleveland croppings have
shown wide bodies of fine copiier and iron pyrites, of which asnays average
$20 gold, silver and copper, and have shown up two to three feet of crystallized
lime in the ledge, which may also assay and would probably be taken at a
premium at the smelter.

The Everett group of three claims, owned by the White Rock Gold Mininsf
Company, together with a one-eighth Interest In four parallel adjoining
claims and two millsites at the mouth of Deer Creek, is on the extenslo'i of
the Independent ledge over to Anacortes Gulch. There Is a well-defined ledge
of mineralized rock seventy-two feet wide. In which are three distinct miner"!
veins from six to fourteen Inches wide, carrying copper and Iron sulphides
and gray copper. The surface ore assays $11 to $12 gold and silver. Tunneling
on the ledge will begin as soon as the weather permits.

The Anacortes Nos. 1, 2 and 3, owned by George Hall. M. L. Moleque and
Dr. Longstreet, of New York, are on a ledge parallel with the Independence
on the north. Tunnels have been driven 120 and 20 feet, showing thirty lnche»
of pay ore carrying arsenical Iron and som(! steel galena.

On the extension of the Cleveland Joseph Crane, William Hanset, Charlen
Willuson and Peter Johnson have the Summer Coon.

/-. C)n, 'Silver Giilch are also the Granite and Maud, owned by J. B. Vannetter,
c. L.. Clemans, S. W. Munger and A,.W. Hawks, on two ledges three and four

MINING IN THE PACIPIC NORTHWEST.

1»

feet wide. The Granite Bhows eight Inches of white Iron and galena, assaylnR
$43 gold and silver In a forty-foot tunnel and thirty-foot shaft ''~j""b

o *^"c.* -A^"^'/""^ ledge of solid arHenlcal Iron ore which croHses the Summer

Fv?i'^L^n'^""*^*'''K"^.-^-.7''"I}^"'"'' ^- ^ "*^^»*« '^"'^ ^'- I- Clemans have
the New York, on which they have run a tunnel about twenty feet, showing
pre which runs from $15 to $17 In gold, silver and copper. The extension ol
the Summer Coon ledge also crosses this claim.

On a spm; of the mountain south of Silver Gulch Jasper Compton. J B
Vannetter, William M. Kltlell nnd A. W. Hawks have the PaVny, on a
twenty-foot ledge carrying a twenty-two-inch i ay streak of ore similar to
that of the Forty-flv.' Mine, on the Sultan side of the divide. This Is shown
up by an open cut thirty feet long, extended by thirty feet of tunnel. AssavB
range from $12 to $46 gold, silver and copper.

Across the gulcn from the Granite Is the Lula, owned by J. E. Bogardus
of Sidney. A tunnel ha.s been driven forty feet on the ledge and at its mouth
a shaft Is down thirty feet, showing eight inches of white Iron and galena,
assayin^r $43 gold and silver.

I'he Big Four group of seven claims has recently been Incorporated
by the Big Four Mountain Mining Company, which Is preparing for-
the soa.son'8 operations. The ledge Is twelve to fifteen feet wide be-
tween syenite hanging and granite foot wall, and runs through the summit
to the Sultan side, where the Forty-five group Is on the extension. The-
gangue Is blue elate and the pay streak, thirty Inches wide, carries galena,
antlmonlal silver and arsenical Iron, averaging about $50 In value, and th&
remainder of the ledge Is concentrating ore. This Is shown In a tunnel lOO-
feet long, with a depth of 150 to 200 feet, on the Pehakaole. A number of open
cuts (in the other claims show concentrating ore.

The Forty-five ledge Is believed to extend almost to the railroad, through
the Granite Mountain group, owned by the Granite Mountain Gold Mining
Company. It extends down a canyon on Marble Mountain and the cropplngs
show sixteen to forty feet of decomposed porphyry, carrying chalcopyrlte-
and Iron sulphides, a.ssaylng $6.40 to $12, across their whole width. A tunnel
will be driven on the ledge 100 feet.

On Marble Mountain, which forms the Sultan Divide at the head of the
east fork of Bender ( 'reek, D. C. and W. R. Brawley and W. J. Dean, of
Seattle, and W. W. Rhodes and Lou Myers have the Bell and Crown group*-
of seventeen claims, and have cut a Lrall to them, two and one-half mllea.
from the railroad, and will begin opening up the ore bodies this spring. Thre»
claims are on the main ledge, which crops iit least thirty feet, and at one point
eighty feet, wide between walls of porphyry and shale, the ledge matter being
quartz, though a large part of the ore Is mingled with the shale. The ore i*-
copper pyrites, carrying gold and silver, and the width of pay ore Is about
twelve feet, chiefly on the hanging wall, though the whole ledge Is well-
enough mi lerallzed to pay for concentration. The lowest assay was 10^^ per
cent, copper and $8 gold anv silver, and the total value has run up to over $.10.
On a cross ledge twelve feet wide, showing six feet of solid ore, are two
claims, and on another eighteen Caet wide, showing three feet of ore, l»-
another claim, while two more each have about two feet of ore. Another
claim has three feet of ore carrying copper, galena and alnc, which assays
$12 to $40 on the surface.

The Eclipse group of twenty-seven claims on iht pouth side of the river
will be developed this season by the RcUpse Mining Company. Three claims
are on the extension of the Independent ledge, which shows a streak of
arsenical Iron rich In gold. Another ledge covered by three claims runs
twelve to fourteen feet wide up Marble Gulch to the Sultan Divide, and
carries gold, silver and copper. The Little Giant ledpe, on which are three-
claims, runs north and south across the latter one and crops sixty feet wide,
containing bodies of sulphide ore which assay well in gold, silver and copper..
Three claims #re on an east anti.west ledge crossing this one. The company
has two claims on Long Mountain showing five feet of copper sulphides in the
cropplngs. which assay $23 gold, silver and copper, and Is running a cross-cut
to tap this ledge.

The greatest showing on the north side of the river is on the Helena group,
on the divide between Deer and Clear Creeks, owned by the Deer Creek Gold
and Copper Mining Company, The iTest of the mountain is a line of jagged
cliffs, below which the granite Is exposed for several hundred feet down its
side. The cliffs and the mountain side below them are stained a l)rlght red
with the oxidized Iron and copper, and here a series of ledges was discovered
In 1894 by Louis I^undlin, Thomas Johnson and John Jackson. This group is
composed of six claims, making an area 4,500 feet long and 1,200 feet wide.
On Helena No. 1 are four distinct ledges, which have been traced to a width
langlng from twelve to fifty feet right through the mountain, and on the
Helena No, 2 there is .n single ledge 180 fe« t wide, clearly traceable through
the mountain. All carry chalcopyrlte with gold and silver, and in the ISO-foot
ledge are many large pay streaks, one of them twenty feet, as shown in a
cross-cut. The main tunnel, 720 feet below the summit, is in 124 feet, with
drifts sixty feet to the right and yeventy-two feet to thi left. Tlie latter cuts
a twenty-two foot ledge with an ei^^ht-foot pay streak. These drifts run IntQ

nRSHilV

U MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTH WKST.

pBr.iIlel ledKes. shown up by tunnels IW and 100 feet lonK at a point 100 feet
nlKht>r. A tunnel hoB been Htarfed on the main ledno 1,000 feet below th«
main tunnel ami will be piiHhed abeiul to tap the ore body at depth. About
160 tons of ore from near the surface have been Hhlpiied to the Everett
■melter, the first IflO tons refnrnInK $!!» to $H2 Kross. A WHKon road has been
made up Deer ("reek to the foot of the divide, where ore will be loaded from a
chute extendlnK to the mine l.fiOO feet ab(»ve.

The same company owns tlu' St. I.oulu and Jackson on a ledge which la
cut by Deer Creek, and have run a tunnel 127 feet, from whieli a winze haa
been sunk to another tunnel 104 feet long. Koth of these tunn 'N are In solid
ore, with pay streaks from elshteen to tblrty-slx Inches, an . • .ay of which
runs $20 gold. $23 silver and 30 per cent, copper. A cross-cut has been started
2r>0 feet below, which will tap the l^dge In 300 feet. This work l.s being done
by three power drills, with an air 'om|)res8or run by water power from a
Pelton wheel at a fall 175 feet high. This plant will be transferred to the
deep tunnel on the Helena group when the St. I.iOula ledge ha.« been tapped.

(in the extension of the Helena ledges across the divide between C^lear and
Martin Creeks the Three Sisters Mining Company has the '^hree Sisters group
of four claims, on which five men are driving a tunnel. At twenty feet this
Bhowed eighteen feet of ore.

The Glengarry Mining Company has the Glengarry group of nine claims
parallel with the Three Slater.s group, and is tunneling from the Martin Creek
Bide. It shows a forty-flve-lnch pay streak of gray copper ore, an average
■ample of which assayed $4.20 gold. $140.70 sllvei.

The Helena Extension group of five claims, owned by the ? lena Exten-
sion Mining Company, Is on the Helena series of ledges and 1; helnt developed.

The Hannah group of elghi claims, owned by E. C. Hug- ,i. d Maurice
McMlcken, of Seattle, Is parallel with the Helena on the same seiies of ledges.
There la a surface showing of ore eighteen feet wide, and a forty-foot tunnel
on the hanging wall show.^ ore all through, assaying $7 to $10, mostly copper.
Thia tunnel la belrw? extended 100 feet and shows constant Improvement in the
ore, and two prospect holes higher on the ledge have shown ore worth $21 and
$23 respectively.

'the Nonpareil Mining Company has begun development on Its two claima,
on which the supposed southwest extension of one of the Helena ledges cropa
eight to twelve feet wide. . . . ^

One of the most important recent deals was the bonding to Dennis Ryan,
of St. Paul, of the Bonanza Queen group of ten claims by J. F. Bender,
Z »W. liockwood and A. Sutherland. The main ledge, on which are four
claims, crops out sixty feet wide In a gulch running down I..ong Mountain to
Deer (^reek. Us course being from southeast to northwest. It can be seen
cutting across a lateral gulch into the mountain towards the north fork of
the Stillaguamlsh, Its course being clearly traceable wherever the rock Is
exposed A tunnel has been run forty-two feet and a cross-cut from It eleven
feet towards the wall Is all In ore, which carries chalcopyrlte as.saying 26 per
cent copper and upwards, besides gold and silver, arsenical Iron running $27
gold and 16 ounces silver, and black oxide of copper which assays as high as
44 per cent, copper. Another tunnel has been run fifty-five feet at a point 250
feet lower anc! showed ore until It was run to one side Into softer material,
with the Intention of cro.«s-cutting into the ore again. Three thousand feet
northwest of the upper tunnel another tunnel has been driven sixty feet In
ore In the ledge Is a streak of about six feet of crystallized Umo. carrying
mineral, and with the richest streaks on each side, which would be taken by
smelters for flux at a premium. On the Oregon parallel ledge on the east are
four claims of the same group. H Is nearly sixty feet wide, with several good
pay streaks of similar ore, and has been well exposed by a slide which
occur-ed last spring above the camp. A tunnel has been run twenty feet,
showinr,' veins of chalcopyrlte, black oxide and galena. The galena assays
$00 gold, ar.d surface ore taken above the tunnel assayed $27 gold. ItJ ounces
silver and 26 per cent, copper. On a cross ledge of white quartl fourteen feet
wide the same owners have another claim, on which a thirty-foot tunnel
shows two feet of .solid white iron ore. with some copper, as.saying 11 ounces
gold. There are several other good streaks beside that in the tunnel. On
another cross ledge twelve ftet between walls Is the tenth claim. In which a
thirty-foot tunnel shows a wide streak of white Iron rather less in value.
Mr. Ryan haa establlf.hed camp and ordered machinery, ready for vigorous
development, and is meanwhih^ running a cross-cut by manual labor.

On extensions of the Bonanza Queen and Oregon ledges D. K. Sutherland,
J. D. Sutherland and C. K. Anderson have four claims, which they have
bonded for $.'.0,000 for one year from December 1, 1896, to R. B. Symington, of
San Francisco, representing an English company. A tunnel run thirty-one
feet on a soft streak In the Stockton, from which a cross-cut will be made,
and shorter tunnels on the other claims, show ore bodies equal In size and
value to those of the Bonanza Queen group.

Op Long Mountain D. C and W. R. Brawley, W. J. Dean, W. W. Rhoden
and Lou Myers have the Copperhead group of nineteen claims, on a series of
seventeen ledges and stringers. The principal ledge is the Four Aces, on
which are four claims and which Is twenty-two feet wide, with a -pay streak
showlBg on the surface which in one place Is two Inches and widens in places

MINING TN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

to flvft feet. The ore l.s copper pyrites, riinnliifr lower In copper but hlRher In
Kolil llian the (troup owned by tlio name pnrtleH iiero«« the river. asHiiyi
riiiiKliiK from JIO to $40 for all vuluen. Tne ("..pperhcad ledne, on which there
are four claims. BhowH four feet of the .nam" kt'id of ore, and the Idle .mHow*
two to Mix feet of ore carrying white Iron, wKh Rold and Hllvor, but little
copper. The bent ore In the (?roup l.s on the Sunbeam strlUKer, which Is eight
to ten Inches wide and ii.spnys $50 to $70, tncliidlr.t? 10 per cent, copper.

On the Four Aces ledRe OfHir^e H'>difliis iind A. W. Hawks, of Snohomtsb,
have the Mayflower and Loul.ne, on which they have bej-un work.

On the went end of Imwk Mountain H. (". Aiyerw and A. D. Sperrv have the
Dry Creek Rroup of four claims on a nine-foot ledge capped with serpentine,
In which there Is a twenty-four-inch pay streak of arsenical Iron assaying
J2 to $1 jrold and silver and a small percentage of copper. Rich float similar
to this Icdpe was found In the Kulch below It and assayed $400 Kold and silver.
On the extension of the OrcKon ledp:e C. H. Pack.ird. A. W. Hawks and
I). C. .1(1 nnon. of TOvcrctt. fiave the N< mo prroup of five claims on three
.«purs, nil runriInK Into the Oregon ledpc. They have run a tunnel 175 feet on
one spur, which Is white quartz carrylnjr arsenical Iron and copper pyrites,
their iiurr'ose helnjr to strike the ore Iwdy which crops oUt 200 feet above and
to cross-cut the Oreiron ledjre. The tunnel shows about three feet of ore In
spots, assays of which run fit<m $8 to $1.') prold. with very little silver and some
co|>per. The tunnel Is almost at the foot of the mountain, within 150 yarda
of the railroad, so ihat operations will be very cheap.

On one of these spurs J. II. James has the I^lly James and has traced the
ledfe'e from the footwall to a width of twenty feet. The whole width is more
or less mineralized and there are streaks cf white Iron assayluK $7 gold and
silver and upwards. A tunnel has been run eighty feet on the footwall. but
the ledpe has not yet been cross-cut.

Half a mile from the wapon road, on the rlRht fork of Deer Creek, la the
Colts proun of four claims, owned by Bert Horton and David McRae, on a
ledpe ten feet between walls with three feet of rich ore, and the remainder
concentrating. Near the summit are two tunnels, fourteen and sixteen feet,
on the ledge, and .3,000 feet below the summit a cross-cut Is In fifty-five feet
and will strike the ledpe at a depth of 100 feet In ten or fifteen feet more.
The ore Is chalcopyrlte, assaying 2fi per cent, copper, IS'/iS ouncea silver, $3.40
gold. A trail has been cut from the road and development Is In progress.

On the mountains overlooking Deer Lake the Deer Lake Mining Company
has a group of ten claims. The Wildcat, Otlllle and Granite are on a
ledge which runs across the divide to Marten Creek. The ledge Is four
feet wide, carrying chalcopyrlte clear across. A tunnel Is in sixty feel on the
Wildcat and another the same length on the other claims. On the mountain
southwest of the lake they have the Lakevlew on a six-foot ledge, shown up
by a forty-foot tunnel. On the Cameron and Homestake, which run acrosB
the head of the lake, they have a body of quartzlte sev?nty to ninety feet
wide, carrying white iron, and ara running a cross-cut. They are also cross-
cutting a ledge of black aulpljurets eighteen to twenty Inches wide on the
Highland, which Is above the Homestake,

On Clear Creek, beyond the Helena group, la the Grizzly group of four
I claims, owned by the CMear Creek Mining ("ompany. They have two ledges,
twenty-five and six feet wide, carrying hit^h-grade copper ore. Including
ch.alcopyrlte, blacK cxldi and bornlte. Aspays show from 25 to 45 per cent,
[copper, and the value In gold, silver and copper Is about $50. In the smaller
{ledge a twenty-four Inch pay streak Is being shown up by a shaft eighteen
[feet deep and tunnel, on which work Is now In progress, and the larger ledge
ishows several good streaks. This company Intends to extend the Deer Creek
[road over the divide to the ;">roperty, and Is erecting buildings and continuing
[the shaft.

Kxtendlng acrofis Clear Creek, .lust below this group. Is the Asbestos

group of six claims, located In a double line of three each by R C. Myers and

i Louis Calllhan last summer. Against a granite wall running northeast and

southwest Is a grfeat dike of talclc asbestos, varying from 30 to 150 feet wide,

[which stands up seventy-Hvc feet above the rock on each side. This material

Is used to give body to paper and specimen^ examined by .skilled men at the

[I.iOwell paper mill are pronounced superior to that brought from New York

{by that company. On the surface this material Is of a greenish tinge, but

[deeper down Is expected to be pure white, like the New York product.

JAgalnst this dike is a body of mineral apparently carrying nickel and cobalt,

(about 500 feet wide, and throughout Its width are large pockets of very tough

mbrous asbestos. The wall of this deposit Is a serpentine dike 150 to 400 feet

[Wide, In contact v/lth a hard black flinty slate.

j A .series of four or five parallel ledges of white quartz carrying chalco-
Ipyrlte and some galena has been traced from Marti-.n Creek across tiie
[mountain to Deer Creek. The principal ledge Is the Arlington, %vhlch shows
lup seventy feet wide on the Arlington claim and has been traced four miles
lacross Deer Creek, showing more or less mineral throughout. T/ie Arlington
land three other claims on the same ledge have been bought by tfie Marten
ICreek Gold and Copper Mining Company, which has bonded a majority of its
iBtock to Captain C. H. Thompson and others, of Spokane, on condition that
ithey continue development until May 1. A twenty-foot tunnel is all in

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

Bulphide ore assaying $12.60 gold, $6.20 .sllvfr and 35 per cent, copper, and
another tunnel, 1,000 feet below, Is sixty feet in decomposed rock, with 150 feet
further to drive before striking the solid formation. The same company ha»
a claim on another ledge four or five feet wide, in which a twenty-foot open
cut shows streaks of ore aggregating twenty inches, and assaying $11 gold
and 27 per cent, copper. The Climax and Knoxvllle, on the east of Deer
Creek, owned by Hugh Kennedy and others, and the Bunker Hill, further to
the east, owned by Charles Sperry and John McCartney, are also believed to
be on extensions of this ledge.

On a six-foot ledge parallel with the Arlington Joseph Crane and Thomas-
Wilson have the Baby Lode and its extension, on which they have run a
short tunnel.

On the west extension of this ledge is the Doubtful, which, with thfr
White Swan, on a parallel ledge, hbs been bonded by the Cascade Develop-
ment Company. A fifty-foot tunnel is being run on the White Sv.'an, which
is said to have assayed 200 ounces silver on the surface.

A recent rich discovery near the head of Marten Creek is the Now Seattle-
ledge, on which the original claim has lieen bonded by A. D. Sperry and F. F.
Randolph to Captain C. p. Thompson, of Spokane, who is tunneling on it.
It is seven feet wide, running northeast and southwest, and carrying anti-
monial silver and gray copper in a five-foot pay streak, assays of which
average 350 ounces of silver and $5.60 gold. A test car load shipment will be-
made shortly.

On the southwest extension are the four Consolidated claims, owned by
A. D. Sperry, R. C. Myers and Louis Calllhan.

The Bald Mountain Mining Company is developing the two Golden Chord
claims on the Arlington ledge and the Lakevlew extension on the New Seattle-
ledge. On the former a flfte«n-foot tunnel has shown a large body of"
Bulphides and .some galena, the cropplngs of which carry $7 to $9 gold, silver
and copper, but the solid formation lias not been reached. On the Lakevlew
extension a- forty-foot open cut and tunnel i.^ entering the solid formation,
the cropplngs assaymg $8.46 gold, silver and copper.

Parallel with the St. Louis ledge, on Marten Creek, are the Monitor anct
Sterling, owned by the Monitor and Sterling "".lining Company. This ledge-
Is six feet wide, with gangue similar to the New Seattle, mineralized the
whole wliith. with thirty inches of ore carrying gray copper and copper
pyrites. TMs is shown Ir a twenty-font tunnel, which will be immediately
extended fifty feet, giving a depth of 100 feet.

On the divide between Peri-j' Creek and Falls Creek and extending down
both of those streams Is the Eureka group of fifteen claims and three mill-
sites, nwne.i ^y the Perry Creek Mining Company, distant from one to six
miles from iio railroad. One ledge is over 100 feet wide and has cropplngs or
copper pj'-iteF assaying !• to 15 per cent, copper, 4 to 38 ounces silver andt
|1 gold, nil which a lOO-foot tunnel is being driven. Another claim is on a
large body of ore shown by a small tunnel and assaying 9 per cent, copper,
4 ounces silver and a trace of gold. xV tunnel has been started on another
well-defined ledge of concentrating ore twelve feet wide extending through
two claims. A ten-foot tunnel Is on a ledge of chalcopyrlte fifty-four inches,
between walls, assaying 19 to 26 per cent, copper, 5 to V ounces silver and a.
trace of gold. A tunnel has been started on two ledges four feet each,
showing good bodies of chalcopyrlte. the cropplngs of which assay 14 to 30
per cent, copper, in to 25 ounces silver and a trace of gold. A ledge extending-
through three claims has sixteen feet of concentrafing ore carrying Pnf»-
granied steel ^'alena and copper pyrites and averaging 4 per cent, coppeiv
$3 goki and sliver and 3 nor cent. lead. A tunnel has penetrated seventv feet,
showing continued Improvement, and Is being extended. Three other claims
are on a largo led,ge, of which the cropplngs show a good-sized pay streak of
concentrating ore, carrying galena, sulphides and gray co!)nei-. which will be
struck at a depth of eighty-five feel Ijy a twenty-foot tunnel when it has been
driven ter feet further.

ExteneUng from the head of the west fork of Coal Creek down to the
railroad is the Double Kaglc group of four quartz and eight placer claims,
owned by the Double Ragle Mining C^ompany. The quartz claims are on a
ledge of free milling ore varying from fifteen to forty feet in width, assavs of
which range all the way trom $1 to $20 and average about $8. The placers are
on sevenil small tributaries of Coal Crp<'k which wash the ledge.
.>• .^ J*""*" '^^'^ ^'ff V^^ar. owned by the Big Bear Mining Companv, on the
divide between ( lear nnn< Cmyon Creeks, four miles bv tr;<n frorr "tho r.-iil-
road, have a ledge 100 fe-r wide between walls, running "a little north of west
«r«, T ?I '''"J^- .. ^' "ontains a number of streaks of peacock copper,
carrying gold and silver r.nnging in wldtn from four to thirty inches, from
the surface of one of which twenty assays averaged $9 gold. $7 silver.
7,V.^ .' \^"y*" ^r^ run liftv fret ..n the widest and twonty-flve feet on fht
•ni hH,; '■,^" "♦'": ^r^ ';"r~" '^"" "•'f'f^"'<l ^<^ ten in<>he«. This cross-cut
Z\V ^,ni "ilf"**?^ ^° ^^P, ''^'^ ^^^^^- w*^*'^*' ^'"1 'ie defined by drifting. A cross-
ledg^al den?.. '■"'' ''■'"" ^^^ Canyon Creek side of the divide to tap tha

On a ledge runnin ,' r p the mountain at the mouth of Gordon Creek, irom

pper, and
th 150 feet
ipany ha»
•foot open
g %n gold
t of Deer
further to
lelleved to

A Thomas-
ive run a

with the-
! Develop-
an, which

;w Seattle-
and F. P.
Ing on it.
y^lng: antl-
of which
nt will bfr

owned by

aen Chord
?w Seattle-
» body of
old, sUvf^r
Lakevlew
'ormation^

jnitor ancfr
rhis ledge-
alized the
nd copper
[mediately

3ing down
hree mill-
one to six
oppin^s of
silver and?
m is on a
It. copper,
in another
g through
our inches.
Iver and a
feet each,
ly 14 to 3»
extend ing^
■ylnp: finp-
it. (Xippei,
verity feet,
hiM- claims
' streak of
ich win be
t has been

wn to thet
3er claims,
s are on a
, HHsays of
plMcers are

.ny, on the
r th" rall-
•th of west
ck copper,
chea. from
|7 silver,
eet on Jh*.
i cross-cut
, A cross-
to tap the-

reek, from

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point only 150 1
lany has the Wj
Tide between wa
the surface ore i
Bid copper. The
Fall from the ba
fold and silver a
The estimatec
hauling to the n

total cost of $11
a degree varyl

ily additional oc

This district
baying placer di
llacers have dwa
If the several foi

The route to

lailroad to Siilta

Aaliey, and the i

Iho head of the

Julian, while otl

Ihe same distanc

|o the east fork c

mother road ru

tnd a trail conti

Jortliern from S

liles, and to the

le road would i

IrodPction has rr.

The cliaractei
)istriet, of whlcl
tiut carrying goh
iide with the gre
k high-grade gi
iistricl is granlt
ledges bearing g
petween walls of
jrphyrltic syenl
Silver Creek, an
topper pyrites ar

Until the yeai

lone by the Still

troup of eight n;

Ihese claims, tw

?hich runs up tli

Copper Lake, ■>
Ireatest in the C

feet wide and
tOOO feet up Littl
|as b(cn traced

ain working tu)
If snowslides, hf
Ire in ore. It h
leven feet to the
leet above, runs I
feet to the left, r
forty-six feel. A
tunneling is in oi
the mountain by
|)oint 200 feet hif
ligh-grade ore, p
copper pyrites, a
running much h
jobalt, the led; e
fcnd Silver Pea. ■
/ide in an opei
|ln a forty-foot tu

The company

scale. It has 2,0<

below the foot o

|pipe line leading:

railroad twenty-;

i^*.* jaafcl*afaVffifti ffhir

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEaT.

point only 150 feet from the railroad, the Gordon Creek Gold Mining Com-
lany has the Wad, Bullet and Hope. The ledpe is twelve to fourteen feeV.
7ide between walls of syenite and serpentine and is traceable for 4,500 feet,
[he surface ore is sulphides and arsenical iron and assays from $2 to $39 gold
aid copper. The company has driven a tunnel thirty-flve feet on the hanging
Jail from the base of the mountain, which has ore in the face assaying |15
|old and silver all the way across.

The estimated cost of mining the wider ledges In this district Is $1 a ton,
Jauling to the railroad four or five miles $2, railroad freight $2, smelting $is,

total cost of $11. Concentration will reduce all of these costs except mining
1 ;i degree varying with the ratio in which the ore will concentrate, and the
Jnly additional cost would be about $1 a ton for concentration.

THE SULTAN.

This district had until six years ago the reputation of being one of th«
laying placer districts of the Cancade Range, but during that period the
llacers have dwarfed beside the developments of quartz near the headwaters
If the several forks and their tributaries.

Tlie route to the mineral belt from Seattle is by the Great Northern
lailroad to Sultan, lifty-flve miles; thence by wagon road six miles to Happy
7^alie.v, and the rest of the distance by horse trail. The main trail runs to
|ho head of the noriti fork, a total distance of twenty-three miles from
Sultan, wliile other trails 'branch off up the middle fork and up Elk Creek,

le same distance from Suilan in each case, while another trail branches oft

) ilie east fork of Olney Creek, a total distance from Sultan of sixteen miles.

iLUother road runs along the left bank of tlie ma;n stream for seven miles
^nd a trail continues up the river to the forks. Tne distance by the Great

Jorthern from Sultan to the nearest smelter, at Everett, Is only twenty-two

I'.Ks. ;inii lu the Taooma smelti r ninety-six miles, and thus the extension ot
\i\e road would settle the transportation problem for the present, or until

rodnction has made such progress as to furnish traffic for a railroad.

The cliaracteristlc ores of this district aie like tliose of liie Sliiiaguamiah
district, of which belt this is the southward extension, rich mainly in copper,
but carrying gold and sliver, with nickel and cobalt in places. But side by
ie wltli the greatest copper deposit at the head of the north fork is a ledge
if high-i^rade gold and silver ore. The formation In this section of the
Ji.stricl is granite, like that of the Stiilaguamish side of the divide, but th«

Ml>^^es bearing gold and sliver across the basin are in a blue slate gangue
bi'iween walls of talcose schist. In the middle fork basin thai formation Is

)rphyrlllc syenite, which forms a contact with the granite and diorite ot

liver Creek, and the ledges are In true fissures In the syenite, carrying
])per pyrites and gold.
Until the year 1896 the most active work on the north fork basin had been
ione by the Stiilaguamish and Sultan Mining Company on tht Little Chief
Irroup of eight mineral claims, with two mllisites in the valley below. Six ot
these claims, two of which are patented, are on a ledge of great width,

iThich runs up the side of bittle Chief Mountain and over its summit, almost
(,'opper Lake, which is drained by Copper Creek. The outcrop Is one of the

reatest in the Cascades, being a cliff of chalcopyrite about 300 feet high and
BO feet wide and showing for BOO feet along the lengtii of the K-dge, at a point
LOOO feet up Little Chief Mountain In Boflder Canyon, up which the deposit

as bten traced for 700 or 800 feet. The lower level, whirn Is designed for a
ain working tunnel, as its location avoids the Phelps Glacier and all danger
If snowslides, has beerj driven WO feet, of which the Itsl seventy-nine feet
[re m ore It has been turned thirty-four feet to the left and again forty-
leven feet to the right, across a number of stringers. The upper ieNel, 265
leet above, runs Into the ledge at right angles thlrty-Hv3 feet, turns forty-five
feet to the left making a cross-cut to the north wall and then follows it for
lorty-six feet. Another cross-out runs forty-four feet to the right. Ail this
tunneling is In ore. The ore body has also been located 120 feet further into
ihe mountain bv 1,200 feet of diamond drill holes. On the south wall, at a
bolnt 200 feet higher, another drift has been run twenty feet, also in very
iigii-giad(^ ore, proving the ore body to be at least 123 feet wide. The ore is
'opper pyrites, averaging about $12 in gold, .silver and copper, at some points
j-unning much higher In copper and at certain points carrying nick.l and
f'ohaU the Uni- e matter being slate mixed in places with quartz. The Stepto
tiiid Silver Pea • are on a parallel ledge to the north, which shows eight feet
fvvide in an opei cut on the latter claim and has eighteen Inches of solid or©
in a forty-foot tunnel on the former.

The company has made preparations to develop the property on a large
.scale. It has 2,000 horse-power in Copper Creek, which has a fall of 1,000 feet
iielow the foot of Copper Lake, and has made a rock cut in which to lay a
pipe line leading to the mlllsites below. A survey has also been made for a
railroad twenty-six miles long from Sultan, on the Great Northern Railroad,

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

to the foot of Little Chief Mountain. This road would not only carry the
traffic of the Little Chief, but that of the middle fork. Elk Basin and Olney
Creek mines, and would develop the splendid body of timber In the Sultan
Basin.

The first mine to ship ore from this district was the rich Forty-flve, on the
opposite side of the north fork basin, now owned by the Forty-flve Consoli-
dated Mining Comi)any. The group consists of eighteen claims, four of
which are on the' Deupree ledge, running parallel with the divide, beside*
forty acres for tramway terminals in the Sultan Valley and forty acre.s for
the same purpose in the Stlllaguamish Valley. Development has been vigor-
ously prosecuted since the organization of the company in April. 1890. and has
shown the property to be one of great value. The principal ledge extends for
over a mile through six claims and runs east and west between walls of
talcose schist, the gangue being blue slate, quartz and talc. On the Deupree
Brothers, l.f'OO feet above the camp, it crops out eighteen feet wide in a gorge
with walls about fifty feet high, formed by the wearing down of the ore by a
small stream pouring througli It and deeply stained with Iron leached out of
the ore. The slide rock in the gorge is nearly all ore, and. If there were a
wagon road to Sultan, a car load could easily be picked up on the surface
rich enough to ship at a profit. From here this ledge has been traced over the.
surface for 1,500 feet, and a tunnel run on the hanging wall for fifty feet Is in
ore, the Intention being to cross-cut from It. On the adjoining claim a tunneF
has been run 163 feet In the hanging wall, with a cross-cut to the footwall.
This shows on the hanging wall an elghteen-lnch streak of solid ore carrying,
white Iron, cooper sulphurets and galena, which runs about $30 gold and
silver. On the footwall Is thirty to forty Inches of decomposed quartz and'
talc, which Is good concentrating ore, averaging about $8 gold and silver, and
Is so soft that it can be very cheaply mined with pick and shovel.

The development of the Forty-five was begun in the spring of 1896, where
the ore crops ten Inches wide about 400 feet below the summit. A tunnel wa»
driven 140 feet on (he ledge, wit'i a cross-cut of thirty-five feet, showing two
pay streaks which aggregate fourteen inches at the narrowest and six feet
at the widest point. The gangue Is mainly dark blue slate, veined with quarts
and considerable talc, and carries galena, white iron and gray copper. At the
face of the cross-cut a shaft was sunk twenty feet In order to get the work-
ings deep enough below the water which (lows over the ledge In the gulch.
A cross-cut was then run to the ledge, which was followed, widening and
Improving In quality, with showings of ruby sliver. The ledge carries three
grades of ore, running about $100, ?30 and $8 -espectively, In gold, sliver and
lead. The first car load of high-grade or^ comprised fourteen tons, and
returned 135.8 ounces of silver, .76 of an ounce of gold, and V^ per cent, of
lead, paying $1,222.85 over freight and treatment. The second car load returned
about $109 a ton. The ore Is carried down the mountain by a temporary
tramway of hempen rope 2,000 feet long, but surveys have be<;n made for
permanent tramways from both the Forty-flve and Deupree Brothers to the
millslte, and also across the range to the Everett & Monte Cristo Railroad
near Silverton, over a route 13,000 fctt long. A cross-cut 232 feet long tappet)
the Forty-five ledge 175 feet below the present tunnel, showing six to eight
Inches of high-grade ore on the hanging wall, which assayed $S1.30 gold and
102 ounces silver. At 214 f' ot this tunnel ptruek a stringer of gray copper and
galena ten to fourteen Inches wide, carrying $1.54 gold and silver.

Preparations have also been made to erect a concentrator for reduction of
the low grade ore at the proposed tramway terminus. The company worked
twelve men throughout the winter on the cross-cut, has left $10,000 worth of
ore on the dump ready for concenlralion and has spent $19,000 on the property
so far.

A thousand feei below the outlet of Copper I-aice Is the Cornucopia group
or fovr (■laims on two ledges of ore similar to tnac ol the Forty-five mine,
owmyl by Peter L. Trout and others. One of these ledges crosses the Forty-
flve and shows eighteen to thirty inches of ore in a thirty-foot tunnel,
carrying galera and sulphuret.s. while a surface cut above shew^'d five feet
•ii.fo^ 1^' ^''l*^ ?; ""'® ^'^''^^ carbonate. An assay from the surface showed
* J^..?^!A ',T^-'*" ^''vt'r, while as the tunnel progressed assays first of $28.90 gold
and $9 to sliver, then of %r,H for both values were obtained. White iron then
came in on the hanging wall and ran $Ki.;;0 geld, $2..-0 sliver. The other ledge
;n,^!?r^9P ° '^°"'' {'^^} ^:J'^^' assaying $4,13 gold, $10.40 silver; $4.13 gold, $26.10

%}.l • ^'ViF,®'", '^f"^- ^^^^' '^^" *™' all values. Only surface work has been
done on this ledge.

t>,«'^.,^°^.;°"K°/ .'ir*' S'"^,'*''"' fo ^he Little Chief has be«>n discovered towards
the summit of Ha 1 s Peak and on It R. M. Burnet. John Erlck.son and otners
have located the ( olumhus group of four claims and have run a short tunnel.
rrJ!?.^ . ® south side of the .same peak a .similar blow-out. capped with copper
m.l. °V'i ^''"eath which the principal values are copper and cobalt, with a
son .ff"/ rnntf r'"' Y^"" '"■r?.*''"?,'] '^^^ summer. On this George W. Ander-

Bit- Pnn;ir^?J^/°'lP1'"v,^?^- ^ *'»"'^ ^' «"^' W. H. Ward, of Snohomish, the
Of the deposit ' "° ^ ^""^ ^^^ *'''''" ''^"^ ^° <^®""^ ^^« extent

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. M

Prospecting on the middle fork dates back to about the year 1889, but most
iiiocatlons were abandoned on account of their Inaccessibility. Among the few
claims which have been held up to the present time by the original locators
are the Sultan Nos. 1 and 2, owred by E. R. Krueger, William Blggers and
A. W. Hawks. They are on a ledge. on Sheep Gap Mountain, which crops out
elgl teen feet wide, carrying copper pyrites and gray copper. A tunnel has
been run forty feet, In ore all the way, with ore also on both sides. Assays
shov ii" per cent, copper, $23 gold, $6 silver, and it Is estimated that the ore will
concentrate 5 into 1. On what is believed to be an extension of this ledge up
the mountain Robert and William R. Blggers have the Hard Pass, on which
they have run a tunnel ten feet, showing good ore of the same kind. On the
divide between the middle fork of the Sultan and Elk Creek W. R. Blggers
and Ben James in August, 189(5, discovered a small outcrop of copper pyrites
in a slide to be a five-foot ledge carrying three feet eight inches of copper
pyrites, with a little black oxide of copper, there being an inch of talc gougue
on each wall. An average sample assayed $6.05 gold, 1^4 ounces .silver, 16 per
cent, copper.

On the same divide R. A. Vaughn and D. B. Taylor In January, 1895,
rclcoated the Helena and Sadie on two abandoned claims having three parallel
ledges running nearly cast and west netween walls of porphyritlc syenite.
Two of the ledges are thirty inches wide, with'au eighteen- inch pay streak,
and the third Is six feet wide, with a forty-inch pay streak, all of copper
pyrites carrying gold and silver. The large vein crops out for 120 feet and is
traceable for 2,000 feet, and the middle one crops out for 300 feet. Assays have
shown $8 to $10 gold, 16 to 20 per cent, copper. Adits have been run on tne
several ledges eight to eleven feet.

The Great Northern group of three claims, which Is being developed by
M. Sheehan, W. D. Simp.son and J. H. Wilson under a bond from Thomas
Lockwood and C. D. Brownlleld, is on a great contact ledge running up
the mountain from the bank of Sultan River, ten miles from Sultan and
three miles by trail beyond the end of the road. The ledge is In a contact
between a bastard granite footwall and porphyry and slate hanging wall, and
gradually widens from sixty feet close to the river to seventy feet at the top
of the ridge, at 3,300 feet greater elevation, its course being north by east and
south by west. The whole width of ledge matter appears to be well mincial-
ized throughout with fine-grained pyrites bf Iron and copper, as shown in a
tunnel running 150 feet on the footwall, giving a depth of eighty feet, and
another forty-seven feet on the hanging wall, both tunnels being in ore all the
way, and in a sixteen-foot shaft. Assays have ranged from $6 to $87 gold, sH-
; ver and copper, and an average of six different assays was $32 gold, $1.76 silver,
$3.45 copper. The footwall tunnel la being driven thirty feet further and the
ledge will then be cross-cut.

The placer mines of the Sultan extend upward from the Horseshoe Bend,
, which is six miles by road and trail from Sultan City. This form of mining
[■dates back nearly thirty years to 1868, when Thomas Lockwood and Jamea
Harris took out as much as $30 a day. They were followed by Chinamen,
jwho worked with rocker and cradle. Tradition has It that two sailors took
I $6,000 in one season from the Sailors' Bar, and that Lawrence Hanson, of
1 Everett, cleaned up $1,200 in one summer. Several parties of men are still
[working and average about $1.50 a day per man.

The largest enterprise of this kind has been cai'rled on during the year

1896 by the Horseshoe Bend Mining Company on 157 acres of patented ground,

Ihalf-encircled by the bend in the river from which the company takes its

lame. Here Is the clearest evidence of the nature of the gold-bearing deposit.

In the hollow of the bend is a bar 50 to 150 high, and similar bars extend along

Ithe banks for some distance up the river. In making this bend the stream

leftters a box canyon formed by a deep Assure in the bedrock and Is here

lapparently fathomless. The explanation of this canyon appears to be that

■some natural convulsion split the rock and opened this new channel and that

Ithe river then left the higher bed now forming the bars and swept its way

Idown through the fissure. The high bar in the hollow of the bend is com-

Iposed of cement gravel, boulders and sand, with streaks of blue clay, all

tcharact eristic of river wash.

In the quite reasonable belief that the deep hole In the box canyon had

Iformed a depository for great quantities of gold washed from the gravel, the

Ifirst owners of this property, the Sultan River Miring Company, in 1889 and

11890 out a tunnel seven feet' wide and 800 feet long across the bend and turned

Ithe river into it for the purpose of emptying and working the present channel,

Ithe work costing $4u.OOO. Soon after the river had been turned into it the

Itunnel was choked wi'h boulders and driftwood by a great flood and the work

[was abandoned until it was taken up again in the spring of 1S96 by the new

Icompany. The latter has made one and one-half miles of ditch and flume

tfrom Marsh Creek, with a fall of 100 feet and a possible fall of 700 feet, laid

1600 feet of eight-inch pipe and Installed a hydraulic giant, fitted for nozzles

franging from one and one-half to four Inches In diameter, which wa.^hes the

lirt into a thirty-foot sluice box over five pole and one Hungarian riffles.

The boulders are" removed by a derrick and the debris is discharged into the

tunnel. Into which two-thirds of the river has been turned by the clearing of

H MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

Its course. At the point where work la In proRresB the dirt Is being washed
down to bedrock, which Is from eight to eighteen feet below the surface.
The whole depth pays from 25 to 40 cents a yard, but the best dirt Is two feet
of blue clay near the surface and some streaks of cement gravel. The gold is
found in rough pieces ranging from 25 cents to $1 each, sometimes with pieces
of quartz attacht-d, and at times bits of native silver and copper ranging in
size from a plnhead to a kernel of wheat are found. The old company took
out $1 2U0 during a temporary suspension of work on the tunnel. Tne present
company Intends to turn the whole stream Into the tunnel by damming the
present channel, and to pump out the canyon and work the dirt 'n its bed,
a gasoline engine and centrifugal pump having been already provided for this

Four miles up Wallace River, wl'lch flows into the Skykomlsh four miles
above Sultan, J. F. Wash and Charlt s Myers have the Gold Bar and Elmo on
a ledse sixteen or seventeen feet wiile, running across the river. There is a
two-foot streak of galena ore on each wall, assaying .$44 to $102 si'ver and
lead, with a little gold, but a twenty-seven foot tunnel shows copper pyrites

*'°"At nresent the mines of the north fork of the Sultan find their outlet to
transportation by trails over Marble Pass to Silverton, about four and one-
half miles Th<- nature of the country, however, makes the Sultan Valley
their natural outlet and the extension of the wagon road would open this
route, while a railroad is by no means a remote pobslbility.

SILVER CHEEK.

Though among the first discovered, one of the richest as regards the size
and value of its ore bodies, and one of the most accessible, this has hitherto
been among the most backward districts in the Cascade Range. This fact is
due to a variety of causes. It was discovered at a time when attention was
centered on real estate and men who had property of that kind for sale went
out of their way to discourage the diversion of capital into mining ventures.
At that time little was known of the character of the mineral belt of th&
Cascade Mountains, and mining engineers scoffed at the ores of this region
as low grade and refractory, and declared that the formation was so broken
that it was Impossible to trace the ore bodies to any d^pth. The attention ot
prospectors was at that time centered on silver-lead and f'-^e milling gold
ores, so that thev passed by the ledges of sulphide ore heavily capper! with
oxidized Iron, which they found towards the mouth of the creek, and went
on nearer its source, where they found galena. Thus It was that the creek
received the misnomer "Sliver," and, when the fall in the price of silver
caused depression in mining for that metal, the camp was almost deserted
and many of the earlier locations were abandoned. Later discoveries and
developments have proved that it is not a silver, but a gold and copper camp,
and that the formerly despised iron caps cover ledges as rich as those which
carry silver. This discovery is due mainly to the riches unearthed from
beneath similar iron caps across the boundary. The mining world has now |
formed a true estimate of the character and value of the ores and develop-
ment has been resumed with such vigor that the camp will this year have
renewed life. '

As a glance at the map will show, this district is the extension of the j
mineral belt southward from Monte Crlsto, where the greatest development
In the Cascade Range has been done. It is reached from Seattle by the Great j
Northern Railroad train to Index, seventy-one miles, thence by the coui|ty '
road up the Skykomlsh north fork to Galena, at the mouth of Silver Creek, j
a distance of nine miles. From that point a horse trail leads up the creek to ]
Silver Lake, on the Monte Ci sto Divide, a distance of seven miles, with
branch trails to the different properties along the route. The county com-
missioners have begun the extension of the road from Galena to Mineral City,
four miles above the mouth of the creek, and will probably complete it thi» j
year. The distance from Index to the nearest smelter, at Everett, is only]
thirty-eight miles, and to the Tacoma smelter 112 miles.

The country rock of this district is mainly granite, which crops out above L
Index and in several places in the creek beds of the Silver Creek Basin, where
the surrounding mountains are mostly composed of syenite and diorlte.
Silver Tip Mountain i^ mostly composed of diorlte, cut by dikes of porphyry
which often reach a width of 200 feet, and this rock extends down the creek
about to Mineral City. The granite extends onward under the glaciers of
Monte Cristo and crops out again in the Goat Lake District. The granite is
alternated with strata of slate on the lower part of the course of Silver Creek.
This formation is cut by mineral ledges in true Assures, which run a little
■outh of east and north of west, and by a series of cross ledges of later date
nmnlng east of north and west of south and intersecting the older ledge,?.
Near the h«^d of the creek the ore is copper and iron sulphides carrying goH
»nd silver, but as the mineral belt is followed down the creek silver-bearing

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

p waahecl
e surface.
H two feet

he gold Is
rlth pieces
•anging In
pany took
ne itresent
nmlng the

n Its bed,
ed for this

four miles
d Elmo on
There Is a
si'ver and
)ei- pyrites

r outlet to
and one-
tan Valley
open this

da the size
as hitherto
This fact Is
entlon was
r sale went
g ventures,
belt of the
this region
3 so broken
ittentlon ot
nllllng gold
;appcfl wUh
L, and went
it the creek
ce of silver
)8t deserted
overles and
3V)per camp,
those which
Lrthed from
:ld has now
nd develop-
3 year have I

islon of the {
ievelopment
)y the Great |
the county
lUver Creek,
the creek to ]
miles, with
!ounty com- !
lineral City,
plete It thl»|
rett. Is only

)s out above [
Jasln, where- 1
and dlorlte.
or porphyry |
m the creek
! glaciers of
le granite 1»
311ver Creek. '
run a little]
:)f later date I
Dlder ledges,
arrylng goU
ilver-bearlniT

galena appears, as In the Morning Star, and In the Vandalla and Lockwood
;group9. Silver and lead predominate In this form, gold and copper taking
second place. Within half a mile below the Vandalla, however, the character
of the mineral again changes, and in the Michigan group, the Anaconda and
Oro Flno, gold and copper take first place and lead and silver are tne lower
values. The ledges generally contain pay streaks of high enough value to be
profitably shipped to the smelter if the wagon road were extended to Sliver
tiake. and In almost every instance the whole ledge is well enough mineralized
to pay for concentration.

The first mineral location of which there is any record was the Norwegian,
made in 1874 by Hans Hansen, who carved the name and date on a tree,
showing that the claim ran up the mountain on the left bank from a point
500 feet above the forks of the creek. Shortly afterward a man named
Johnson discovered a cropping of iron pyrites on the bank of the creek and,
mistaking it for gold, located the Anna. He then carried the news to
Snohomish, causing a stampede among the loggers all along his route, and
Induced E. C. Ferguson, Theron Ferguson, Lot Wilbur and W. M. Whitfield
to spend $2,000 or J.%00O on building an arrastre on the present site of Mineral
City. They produced a piece of amalgam about the size of a goose egg, which
was stolen by one of their employes, and they abandoned the experiment.

Prospecting really began in 1882, when the late Ellsha H. Hubbart cut a
trail to Galena, relocated the Anna, with the Trade Dollar on the extension
and the Morning Star on a parallel ledge to the north. Discoveries then
followed one another in rapid succession, until in 1890 there was quite a boom,
and the towns of Mineral City and Galena were established, a trail having
been meanwhile cut through. It was during the four succeeding years that
the road was cut from Inuex to Galena, partly by the county and partly by
the miners.

The group on the divide between Sliver Creek and Monte Cristo, adjoining
the most southerly claims in the latter district, is the Silver Lake, composea
of six claims, with a mlllsite in Monte Cristo, owned by the Silver Lake
Mining and Smelting Company. A ledge cutting through Silver Tip Mountain
towards the lake Is three to four and one-half feet and is covered by three
claims. A tunnel 150 feet on the ledge shows it to carry sulphurets the full
width, assays running $2 to $14 and proving the ore to be good for concen-
tration. A parallel ledge covered by two claims shows three feet of ore where
It is cut by the creek and is opened by a tunnel 101 feet long at a point 300 feet
higher, where assays of $10 to $43 gold and sliver have been obtained, while the
upper claim shows a large body of ore assaying from $1 to $20. A cross ledge
shows eightee.n inches of ore at the croppings and from two to twelve inches
in a 160-foot tunnel, a flfty-foot cross-cut also tapping the ore. Assays have
ranged from $16 to $140 gold, silver and lead. A parallel ledge cropping four
tu six fc°t will be tanned by a cross-cut now be*ng run. Five tons of hlgh-
l^rade ore are on the duii.p rc^yy <'"'• =h foment.

The largest group in the district and tne one 8ho>.''ng the most develop-
ment is owned by the Silver Queen Mining and Smelt :ig Company. It is
[really two groups, one adjoining the Silver Lake group on the Monte Cristo
[Divide, and the other on Lockwood Gulch near the mouth of the creek. The
[principal ledge in the former group is the Orphan Boy. cutting through the
jdivide and across Silver Creek, which is covered by four patented claims.
lA tunnel running 200 feet into the dividing ridge, where the ledge Is six to
|thirty feet wide, shows eighteen Inches of ore in the face. Thlrty-flve
^amples taken when the ledge was first struck gave assays averaging $26.12,
largely In gold. As work progressed, assays showed $97.05, then $179.75, and
later $130 for all values, but assays generally run from $40 to $60, and average
^bout $45, from a pay streak of eighteen to twenty-four Inches. A second
tunnel started about 125 feet lower struck the ledge in 150 feet and has pene-
trated 286 feet, being exj >j..^+ed to strike the ore chute shown in the upper
tunnel In twenty-five feet more. The first samples gave $20.80 and $72.40,
nearly all silver. A thirty-two foot tunnel on the Monte Cristo side of th«
ridge shows the ledge about «lx feet wide, another on the opposite mountain,
■jicross the creek, Is in twenty-three feet, showing twenty Inches of ore in
loo feet of lecige matter, with indications of a blow-out, and a cross-cut on
the same side of the creek is in 121 feet, but has not yet tapped the ledge.
The Zeta, unpatented, is on three p.arallel ledges on the Monte CrLsto side,
111 carrying iron pyrites, with some copper in bornlte and variegated copper.
^ fifteen-foot tunnel on the upper ledge shows eight to twenty-four inches
)f ore, while open cuts show three to five feet of ore in the middle vein and
three to eighteen inches in the lowest one. Assays from near the surface
5n the middle vein gave $5.16 gold, $11.90 silver, and $6.25 gold, $3.99 silver,
respectively. The Q. T., on a parallel ledge, further down the creek, is owned
Jointly by the Silver Queen and O. & B. Companies, and half of it has been
patented. A ten-foot open cut with eight-foot face shows a wide ledge with
six-Inch pay streak of pyrites and zinc, which assayed near the surface
|36 gold, $3.35 silver. A twenty-five foot tunnel has been run on a small
Stringer running Into the ledge. These claims lie well for development, for
I 1,000-foot tunnel would cross-cut the Orphan Boy and Zeta ledges at a
lepth of 900 to 1,100 feet and the ore could be trammed from it to the railroad
it Monte Cristo.

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

The I^ockwood group has two patented claims on a ledge rongrlng: from
Six to aeventy-iive feet, on which a ninety-foot tunnel shows a piiy streak of
sulphides and galena as wide as thlity Inches, but narrowing at the face to
four Inches, of which assays range from $27.tiO to $!>7.03. A la rue body of ore
Is exposed on the surface about 100 feet ahead of the face of the tunnel. Two
ten-foot tunnels are each on twelve Inches of ore, assaying |23.88. Two
claims on the Wild West ledge have a short tunnel showing ten Inches of
ore on the hanging wall and a talc gouge on the footwall. T'.ie lilttle Lee
shows a ten-Inch streak of ore and two feet of soft ledge matter, well
mineralized. In a thirty-foot tunnel. The company Intends to resume opera-
tions in [h.. early spring.

On the Zeta ledge J. C. Hu)>bnrt and Dr. T. M. Young, rt Seattle, and
John A. Brue, of Everett, have the Stiver Lake, In which elglit surfar-e cuts
show several seams of mineral from fifteen to twenty inches w'.de in a slightly
mineralized dike of porphyry eighty feet wide.

The Dutchman, owned by A. P. Michaud and William Booth, has a ledge
which crops out four or five feet wide on Silver Tip Mountain, with a good
pay streak shown up in a twenty-foot tunnel. Messrs. Hooth and Michaud,
with Edward Elwell, of Snohomish, also own the Wildcat, on a ledge of
Blx and one-hnlf feet of concentrating ore, en which a tutnel has been run
forjty feet, and which assays $10 gold, |1.S7 silver throughout.

The Mlnni>haha, owned by John Campbell, of Port Blakeley, has a ledge
cropping fifteen feet wide on the left side of the lower of two falls having a
combined height of over .^00 feet. The water pours over the iron-stained wall
and has washed out the ledge to form its channel. A .«lxty-foot tunnel is
mineralized across Its whole face and hes a pay streak of six to twenty-four
Inohes, assaying $;?0 to $05 gold, besides silver. Another pay streak is trace-
able on the surface outside of the tunnel.

The Hiawatha, owned by H. C. Niles and Frank Evans, of Snohomish,
Is on the cropping at the other side of the falls, where the ledge shows up
equally well in a forty-foot tunnel.

The Morning Star group of five claims, owned by E. D. Spurr and J. A.
Maxwell, and bonded to A. F. Burleigh, has one of the best ledges on the
creek, which is covered by three claims, with two others on cross ledges.
The main ledge is apparently an extension of the Seventy-six ledge of the
Monte Crlsto District, and runs east northeast and wjst southwest across
the creek, which cuts it and shows it eighteen feet wide. Tunnels have been
Tun on it forty feet on one side and IflO f^ ''t on the jther, showing a pay
Streak of over six feet the whole length, carrying galena, copper and iron
pyrites which assay $40 to $00, mainly in silver. A tunnel has been run
twenty-five feet on the west extension and another twenty feet on the east
extensloin. On the second east extension the ledge crops fourteen to twenty-
four inches of solid ore, assaying $40 to $00, shown in a twenty-foot tunnel.
The Minnehaha ledge dips into this claim from the west, while another cross
ledge eighteen to twenty-five inches wide and carrying sulphurets and arsen-
ical iron worth $24 dips into the first east extension.

On a three and one-half foot ledge parallel with the Morning Star on the
north John Wallace, J. A. Cathcart, H. C. Ewlng and M. A. Green have the
Cora M., in Which a twenty-foot tunnel showt' eighteen Inches of pay ore,
assaying $12 gold.

The Hope, south of the east fork of the creek on Hubbart's Peak, Is owned
by the Hoi)e Mining and Milling Company, and has a ledge twenty-flve to
thirty feet wide, in which a 100-foot tunnel on the footwall shows five feet
of Iron and copper sulphides, assaying $i) to $42. A cross-cut has been run
eighteen feet from the tunnel towards the hanging wall and another cross-cut
of seventy feet tans the ledtre fifty feet bclov/.

A valuable group of twelve claims on Edison Gulch, which runs down the
side of Silver Tip Mountain, three-quartera of>a mile from Mineral City, is the
Edison group, owned by uie Bonanza Mining and SlnelUng Company. Run-
ning through the Iconise and two adjoining claims in an east and west course
is a ledge ten or twelve feet wide, in wlilch two feet of pay ore are shown in
several tunnels aggregating eighty feet, the averatre value being $30 to $40
and the highest assay $1."0 gold. Para'.le! with this, further up the mountain.
Is the Edison ledge, covered by three claims, which Is 125 feet wide and
contains three streaks of ore three to six feet each, shown by tunnels aggre-
gating 200 feet in length. The longest is sixty-eight feet and is being exiended
100 feet further. These streaks show a little free gold in the oxidized iron on
the surface and carry sulphides and arsenical Iron, assays of whlf:h average
$57 gold, 6 per cent. coi)per and a, liltle silver. A porphyry dike 1.000 feet wide
runs diagonally across l)0th the Edison and I^oulse ledges and contains an
ore body'150 feet wide, which has been exposed in a cliff !iOO feet high by the
sliding of the hanging wall in the gulch. Three cuts have been made across
this dike, the deepest being twenty feet, and all are In ore, with no sign of
the footwall. The ore is iron and copper pyrites carrying gold and a trace
of silver, assays having ranged from $2.50 to $132. A cross-cut Is in thirty-five
feet at the base of this ore body to run through It Into the Edison ledge,
wfhich It will strike at a depth of 800 to 1,000 feet when it has gone 450 feet
further. A contract has been let to run it 500 feet. Lower down the gulch
Is the White Rose, on an east and west contact ledge five or six feet wide.

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

ItiK from
strt'uk of
e face to
dy of ore
lel. Two
88. Two
Inches of
-Ittle Lee
ter, well
ni' opera -

tttle, arid
■fiir^e cuts
a slightly

IS a ledge
th a good

Mlohaud,
ledge of

been run

3 a ledge

having a
xined wall

tunnel la
renty-four

is trace-

nohomlsh,
shows up

and J. A.

es on the
iss ledgea.
Igp of the
est across
have been
Ing a pay
t and iron

been run
n the east
to twenty-
tot tunnel,
ther cross
md arsen-

tar on the
1 have the
f pay ore,

:, Is owned
ity-flve to
s five feet
been run
' cross-cut

down the
Mty, Is the
ny. Run-
est course
' shown In

$;!0 to $40
mountain,

wide and
els aggre-
? extended
ed iron on
h average
I feet wide
)n tains an
Igh by the
ide across
no sign of
id a trace
thirty-five
son ledge,
tie 450 feet

the gulch
feet wide.

on which an eighty-five foot tunnel showed an eighteen-inch pay streak of

coppf-r iiyrites assaying $12 to $i:0 gyjld and copper, \< th a trace of sliver.
A parallel ledge north of the Edison la four feet wld and carries eighteea
inches of ore assaying from $10 to $90. A blow-otU I .rty to fifty feet wide
BtUl further north maltee a good surfr.ce showing of pyrites, while on the
south is a parallel ledge two or three feet wide slmll.ir to the Ivoulse. A rross
ledge siven to nine feet wide runs diagonally through two of the Edison ■ ring
of claims and two others, then spllt.4 into two pa, is which run parallel IW
feet apart l>o the summit of Silver Tip. The undivided ledge Ih shown by &
twenty-five foot tunnel, ore from the face assaying $7.40 gold, as against %2 on
the surface. In Its course the predominant mineral ciinnges from iron pyrites
to copper pyrites, sometimes assaying 25 per cent, copper," with pock, ts of
native corper, and carrying about $is gold, the ore being similar to that of
Trail Crii k. The company lias a nii'lslte on the creek.

The H>g Raymond group of four claims, owned by James C. Spurr and
J. A. Maxwell, adjoins tno Rdlson group. Three claims are on the Rig
Raymond ledge, wlii li runs ast northeast and west southwest and averages
fifty ftet In width, uid though it is broken on the surface the mlntrallzed
BtreaUs of ((uartz and-si;ar wh'ch run through It appear to be runnins- together
and at depth will probabl.y lead to i solid ore body. Several tunnels have
been run, aggregating 550 feet, and itie deepest, sixty feet, was In ore all the
way, which assays $2 to $50, while all the ledge matter Is mineralized. One of
the tunnels, thlrty-flve feet long, showed ore assaying $4 to $5fi. while another
of the same length shows some galena. The fourth chi of the group Is on
the Mornlrig Star ledge, which crops iwenty feet wide >nd is opened by a
thlrty-fooi 'unnel.

The Jui ho, owned by Kdwnrd L. En.-iel and lOdward McDade, is on the
southwest extension of the Big Raymond, and has a tunnel 140 feet showing
ore all across the face, of which assays have langKi from $G to $140. .A cross-
cut Is In sixty feet and will tap the ledge in forty feet more.

The northeast extension of the Edison Is the Llda, owned by \V. J, Riley
and A. Vermurler. on which a fifteen-foot shaft shows good ore. On a twenty-
foot ledge joining the l-'Idlson on the m t thwest W. J. Riley and E. Seronl have
the Castle and an exter'slon, where n thirty-foot ti nnel shows four feet of ore
assaying $25 gold. b€sldes sbver. The Whnleback. on a southen'^t extension
of the Edison ledge, owned by W. J. Riley and Peter Chlodo, has fifteen feet
of concentrating ore assaying from $4 lo $10.

The Mineral Mountain Mining ni'.l Milling Company has tl-.e TTtulaunted
group of four claims on Mineral M .iintain. which rises to the west of the
creek, and has projected a main tunnel to cut all the thirteen ledges which
vein this peak. On one claim it has two ledges, one five cr six feet wide,
with six to thirty-six inches of iron sulphuret ore shown in a thlrty-flv. foot
tunnel, assays ranging from $18 to $05 gold. The other ledge Is fifteen i iches
wide, with four or five inches of ore. running $30 to $70 gold and silver. (5n
another claim is an eight-foot ledge in which are small seams of pyrltlc ore
assaying $12 gold. On the Gold Stardnr.l is a ledg(! var.\lng In width from
twelve to forty feet, on which an open lut and tunnel fifteen feet deep show
seams of pay ore aggregating nowhen- less ttian three feet and assnylni?
$12 to $45 gold, besides silver, copper, nickel and cobalt, for which it wajs not
assayed. On the Jessie are three ledges ranging from eighteen inches to
8ix feet, of which the iwc smaller ones are undeveloped, but the larger one
has eighteen to thirty-six inches of pay ore showing in open cuts and assay-
ing $12 to $40 gold. This company Is arranging to begin development in the
spring, wltli a view to shipping ore before August, and intends to patent its
property.

On the extension of the Gold Standard Oliver Blsn^r has the Hancock,
where the ledge shows hfteen to thirty feet wide, with seams, of pay ore
aggregating eighteen to thirty-six inches and carrying iron and copper sul-
phides, with some nickel and cobalt, shown in a forty-foot tunnel.

The Gold Fagle group of three claims on Silver Tip Mountain, owned by
W. J. Caplin, Willinm Hacker and Stephen Tfolbrook, of Tacoma, is on a
ledge sho\. Ing fine-gr.-ilned white Iron sulphides, copper sulphides and gray
copper, averaging $12 to $15 gold across the led.ge, and showing the full width
of a tunnel 175 fept long. Parallel wltn the Gold Eagle on the northeast is the
Last Chance, owned by W. J. Caplin, on a ledge thirty feet wide, in which
streaks of copiter and iron sulphides four to twenty-four inches wide, assay-
ing $14 gold, are shown In a twenty-foot open cross-cut.

The Remonille group ot three claims is on a ledge running up Hnbbart'a
Peak and is owned by Peter Chlodo and W. J. Caplin. It is shown three
feet wide in a twenty-five foot tunnel and widens on the middle claim to
ten feet, assays Kunning about $10 gold. On the Marengo James Peccolo,.
A. Peccolo and Peter Hartle have a large ledge of pyrites cut by Silver Creek,
and the same parties, with 55. T. Holden. hnve the Delcho on the extension
up the mountain. On the Combination, running iown to Silver Creek, Messrs.
Riley and Holden, of Seattle, and Hall, of Chicago, have a twenty-four inch
ledge with twelve inches of pay ore.

Among the discoveries of 189fi in this vlc'nlty Is the St. TiOUls group of four
claims by C. S. Gleason, W. W. Glazier, W. P. Rahcock and A. S. Gibbs.
They are on a ledge ranging from five to fifteen feet wide running through

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

the granite near the bed of the main creek and up the mountain acroos St.
Louis Guloh and the heart of Hancock to the summit of the divide between
Hancock and Molybdenum Oulchcs. As It cnls throuKh both the grranlte of
the creek bed and the syenite of the mountalr, It Is evidently a true fissure
vein of groat stronKth. As It la undeveloped only surface assays have been
obtalneu. A pay streak el^ht to twelve Inches on one wall yields $4.13 gold,
$3.1)1 sliver, $5.05 copper, and a two-Inch streak lies against the other wall,
besides five feet of concentrating ore. J. C. Hubbart and C. S. Qleason have
the Blarkstone on a lodge eleven feet wide, which cuts across Hancock Oulch
and probably runs Into the St. Louis ledge, surface assays showing 4 ounce*
silver, n.9 per cent, copper.

The Jasperson, Bullion King and Sigma, which have been relocated by
Joseph ('arlgnan, A. P. Mlchaud and J. O. Robinson, are on a ledge In many
places as wide as thirty feet, which cuts clean through the mountain and can
be traced from the west fork of Silver C^reek over the Sultan and Stllla-
guaml.^h divides. The pay streak carries Iron and copjM^r pyrites, carbonates
of copper ard galena, assaying from $12 to $138 In gold and silver, with some
copper. A tunnel has been run 175 feet to cut under .in outcrop of ore six to
eight feet wide where the ledge attains a width of thirty feet, but when In
seventy-five feet ran off the pay streak, leaving It to the north.

On. the same ledge Is the (lold P.ar group oif three claims, owned by the
Gold Bar Mining Company, which will begin development this spring.

The Ntitlonnl, now owned by E. Q. Kruoger, has another strong ledge.
Which cuts through to the Sultan Divide. The ledge Is really a dike of
porphyry fully soventy-five feet wide, all slightly mineralized, with a pay
streak of talc ciirrylng iron nnd copper pyrites and carbonates of copper
three to three and one-half feet wii^e. assays of which average about $35 gold
and silver. The talc along the footwall assays $18 go'd and silver, and the
richer strenks one to three Inches wide run $300 and more. A cross-cut has
been run fifty-six feet from the cropping to the pay streak on the footwall,
and a tunnel was then run 185 feet on the pay streak, showing ore all the way.
Above this tunnel three distinct veins of ore can be traced, coming- togther
In the dike.

On the exten.>?lon of the National down to the west fork of Silver Creek
Is the Diamond Hitch, owned by E. G. Krueger, Jasper Compton and H. A.
Noble, Oi Seattle. A tunnel has been run forty-flve feet on a three or four
inch stringer to the ledge.

On extensions of the National ledge J. O. Robinson has the Mllke Maru
■and J. J. Hill. He has run two tunnels, twenty and fifty feet, showing four-
teen to forty-eight Inches of Iron and eopper pyrltefl, which assay $17 gold,
4 ounces sliver, 3 per cent, copper.

On a four-foot ledge parallel with the Jim Hill the Treasure Mining Com-
pnnv li;q the Treasure Box and Horseshoe, on which a pixteen-foot tunnel
1=1 • • tvht Inches of ore nssaylng $17 to $27 gold, besides considerable copper.

'" a ledge parallel with the National, which crops out eight to ten feet
'A'Mc nd carries Iron pyrites, George Probst, of Seattle, has the Wllen and
-Mil on which he has driven a cross-cut tunnel sixty feet, and expects to
tar the ledge In another twenty feet.

The Webster, relocation of the old Trade Dollar, and Its extension are
■>v ned by Messrs. Krueger, Compton and Noble. The ledge has not beeii
•U'flncd, but a tunnel eighty feet on the footwall shows twenty-three Inches
■)f ore carrying steel galena and gold, which assays $45 gold, $8 silver, besldts
■ ead. The pay streak pinched out for a few feet, but has since come In again
IS wide as ever. On the extension of the Webster ledge W. E. Smith, of
Seattle, has the Gipsy Queen, on which there is a twenty-foot tunnel.

On the extension of the Anna ledge Joseph Carlgnan has the Lucky Joe,
With six to twelve Inches of pay ore carrying about $30 gold. On the west
side of the creek A. J. Maxwell and James Spurr have the Ben Butler on a
twelve to fifteen fooi ledge, with pay streaks aggregating twelve to thirty
Inches, on which they navo a tunnel sixty feet. On the same ledge H. H.
Lewis artd W. E. Ledgerwood, of Seattle, have patented the Emma Bess,
running up Hancock Gulch, on which there are two tunnels twenty-five and
thirty feet.

On Stralght-up Gulch is a series of ledges thi "^e to twelve feet wide, on
-which the principal group Is the Crown Point of ■'Ixteen claims owned by
E. J. Loyhed and Floyd Clark, of Seattle, and John t-'tretch, of Munroe. On
■the Crawford claim they have driven a tunnel sixty feet on a twelve-fuot
ledge of pyrltic ore carrying some galena. On the v est side of the creek,
opposite Stralght-up Gulch. Is the Red Cloud group c? three claims, owned
by the Red Cloud Mining Company. All the claims i re on a ledge four to
six feet wide, with a pay streak of pyrites three to nine Inches and a vein of
load carbonates. A tunnel has been driven sixty feet on the Red Cloud.
L. L. Johnson has the jim Dandy group of six claliT<s on a series of ledges
cutting across Stralght-up Gulch. One ledge Is twenty-two feet wide, with
an elght-ltich ray streak of copper and Iron pyrites, assaying as high as $R0
In gold and .silver, shown In two tunnels, one of them forty feet long. The
other ledges are of less width and carry the same kind of ore. exeunt that
-one has a two-foot pay streak of arsenical iron, assaying $16 to $40 gold,
.^besides silver, and in another copper pyrites predominates.

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

:rona 3t.

between

ranlte of

e flasure

Lve bo«n

.13 jrold,

f>r wall,

son have

ck Oulch

ounces

rated by

In many

:\ 11(1 can

.1 Stllla-

RunnlnK up frbm the east bank of Silver Creek Is the Bluff Kroup of flv*
claims, held by A. P. Mtchaud and A. W. Hawka. One haa a four-foot ledK»
with a two-Inch pay atroak carrying gold and copper. Another twenty feet
wide has a four-Inch pay streak of white Iron ore, shown In a twenty-foot
tunnel. The whole ledge Is mineralized and gave an average assay of $7. 50"
gold, besldea some cojtpt'r. The remaining claim Is on a parallel Unlee to the
south, of whi.'h the crojiplngs run well In copper and carry galena, and a
short tunnel shows ore the full width. On tl.e west side of the creek A. P.
MIchaud and Eugene (.'hevrette have the M. ^r H. No. 2 and an extension oiv
the Bluff ledge, with pay atreaka eighteen Inches on the footwall and fourteen
Inches on the hanging wall, assaying $24 gold, besides silver and copper.
They also have the Last Dollar on the west e-vtenslon of another of the Bluff
ledges, the ten-Inch pay streak assaying $18 gold and 7 per c nt. copper.

Below this group, on the west side of the creek, la the Billy Lee group of
five claims, owned by the silver Creek, Snohomish and Port Gardner MInlnjf
Company. Two claims are on a ledge about nine feet wide, with a slxteen-
Inch pay streak of Iron pyrites showing In a 1.'>l-foot tunnel, assays of which-
have ranged all the way from $10 to $210. The other three claims are oi>
parallel ledges.

On another :,dge parallel with these and as wide as forty feet JoV) Fields
haa the Rut>' King, on w.ich he nas driven a tunnel sixty feet and a cross-cut
twenty fi^et, all In whue Iron and copper ore, which averages $;iO gold. Mr.
Fields, with others, has an elght-fnot lodge with a twenty-four Inch pay
streak of similar ore on the Sliver Slipper, which has been tapped by a forty-
foot tunnel. Assays of the pay streak rur as hleh as $80 gold. Messrs.
Northriip and Pa'.rl(>ks, of Snohomish, have the Gold Boy on a ledge sixteen
feet wide, on which n twenty-foot tunnel shows two feet of pay ore averaglnsr
$16 gold. On the west extension of this ledge .John McQloyne and others have
the Jamboree, on which a twenty-foot tunnel and a shaft twenty feet deep
show four feet of pay ore.

Thp Van'dalla group on Cascade Gulch, consisting of five claims, is one
of the few groups In which silver Is the chief value. The claims are on a
series of ledges nut by tue gulch, where the outcrops show plainly. The
Vandalia ledge la twenty feet wide on the lace of the mountain and Is all
slightly mineralized, with a pay streak ranping from six to eighteen Inches
and occasionally widening to three feet, cirrylng galena, carbonates and
aulphureta which assay $'»0 In gold, silver and learf* A mill test gave $27 for
all values over freight and treatment. A fhaft has been sunk seventy-five
feet Oil the ledge and from It two levels have been run, eighty and ninety feet,
to the open air on the side of the gulch. Another tunnel was run forty-five feet
to tap the ledge and then runa along It for 220 feet more. At a point 100 feet
deeper a croaa-cnt tunnel haa been run 355 feet, tapping the flrat ledge at a
depth of 700 feet and showing It two to three feet wide. When extended ID*
feet further It will tap the next ledge at a depth of 1.250 ffeet, and the others
at greater depth ranging up to 3,000 feet. There are 100 tons of ore on ther
dump, 200 tons having been washed down the creek by a flood In 1894, and IE
Is estimated that there are 19.500 tons In sight averaging $20 over freight an*
treatment. The owners "re P. L. Leslie, Edward Blewett, F. A. McDonalcl
and H. A. Noble.

On a ledge about twenty feet wide opposite the Lockwood Gulch A. P.
MIchaud and A. W. Hawka have the Texas group of five clalma, extending
across the creek. On the east end there are a twenty-foot tunnel and a
thirty-foot open cut showing a four-foot pay streak carrying white Iron an*
running high in gold. On another claim an open cut forty feet along th&
ledge shows six or seven ore veins about two Inches wide, which assay from
$46 to $363 gold and a trace of silver, and ten Inches of talc which averages
120 gold.

On the east side of the creek are the Beatrice and Sunset, owned by M. A.
Green, H. T. Hannon and R. M. Crawford, on which is a twenty-foot ledge
showing In a sixty-foot tunnel from three to Six feet of decomposed quartz,
which carries galena and lead carbonates and assays as high as $80 gold and
Bll/er. Mr. Crawford's Interest has been bonde<l by his partners.

On Moore's Gulch William Johns and L. C. Morse have the Mayflower ana
two extensions on a ledge about twenty feet wide, on which a thirty-foot
tunnel shows a pay streak of eight to thirty-six Inches of decomposed pyrites
assaying $12 gold.

The Michigan group of three claims on Michigan Gulch la owned by the-
Michigan Gulch Mining Company. Two clalma are on a ledge about thie©
feet wide, with two to iifteen Inches of pyiites and zinc Ore assaying ,ibout
$70 gold, and the other Is on a cross ledge two to three feet wide, with three
Inches of pay ore assaying about $40 gold. The cross ledge Is shewn up by a
seventy-foot tunnel, which cross-cuts the rrain ledge.

On the mountain above Michigan Gulch P. L. Leslie and J. C. Hubbavt
have the Anaconda, on which there are four parallel and one cross .t. .<*
varying in width from three to thirty feet, with ore bodies from eighteen
Inches on the smaller to iiiteen feet on the wider ledges, shown by a twenty-
foot tjnnel on the largest ledge and open ctits on the others. The ore would
concentrate anywhere <'-cr- '' ''■*'• ■• up to 6 into 1 and the concentrates would.
It is estimated, carry about $42 gold.

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

On the east bank of the creek, a rnUe above Galena, Ezra McLaughlin and
A. D. Austin have the Ironclad group of four claims on a ledge of concen-
trating ore about twenty feet wide, on which an eighty-foot tunnel shows a
small pay streak of white iron running about $t;0 in gold. On a parallel ledga
about eight feet they have the McKinley, on which a forty-foot tunnel shows
a ten-Inch pay streak of decomposed quartz carrying pyrites.

A mile ip the west bank of the creek the Silver Creek Gold Mining Com-
pany has Ihe Westianii <?roup of five claims on tliree ledges of sulphide ore.
One of these, eight to t^l'elve feet wide between syenite and granite walls,
is exposed for 900 feet, an.i in a forty-seven foot tunnel shows three and one-
half feet of pay ore averaging $20 gold, silver and copper. Another crops
twenty to thirty fc-et wide between granite walls, and in a ten-foot shaft
shows concentrating ore carrying $5 to $25 gold, reducing eight or ten tons
Into one. The third ledge is exposed four feet wide for 300 feet, and In a
fifteen -foot tunnel shows arsenical iron assaying $18 to %Zti gold.

The Oro Fino group of live claims, immediately adjoining Galena City,
has a ledge se\cn feet wide covered by three claims, on which an eighty-foot
tunnel show.s four feet of copper pyrites containing masses of native copper
and giving an average assay of $56 gold and copper, the copper ranging from
38 to 25 per cent. On the other claims a thirty-five foot tunnel and fifteen-foot
shaft show three feet of similar ore.

The Evergreen, owned by the Silver Creek Gold and Copper Mining Com-
pany, Is on a ledne sixteen to twenty feet wide running down to tlie creek
from the east, 2,000 feet above Galena. The first work was a thirty-foot
tunnel, which showed up three feet of solid iron pyritec and chalcopyrite,
assaying $25 'o $30. A cross-cut tunnel was then run seventy-five feet below
and tapped the ledge in twenty-five feet. It has been continued seventy-rive
feet alone the ledge and ran through a body of solid ore two to four feet wide,
the mineral being chalcopyrite carrying gold and averaging about $30. On
the footwfjU is another body of ore carrying about $24 gold. Thi copper value
ranges from 3 to 27 per cent, and the gold from $5 to $65, besides a few ounces
of silver.

On lio P. -I., which is on the east bank half a mile above Galena, J. J.
■iheehan, of Seattle, and Frank McCall, of Stanwood, have a four-foot ledge
in which several surface cuts have shown two feet of copper sulphides and
galena, assaying on an average $32 copper, $26 silver. On the Gray Eagle,
below the P.-I., Messrs. Sheehan, McCall and Ezra McLaughlin have a ledge
of the same kind of ore, which they will strike by extending a thirty-foot
cross-cut twenty feet further. At the head of Pole Gulch, on the west bank,
J J. Sheehan, John Wallace, M A. Green and Claud Morris have the Eiditor
on a twenty-four Inch ledge of pay ore carrying galena throughout, as shown
by surface cuts, assays running about $3S silver.

The same mhiers.l belt extends across the divide on the p'ast Into the
canyon of Troubie.some Creek, which enters the Noi'th Skykomlsh two miles
aV-iove Silver Crei'sTc, tlie late J. C. Lillis having made the first discovery.
The format'on there aJso )s granite, with son i slate in the basin at the hea.d,
and the ledges cut it in an east and west tjurse, with some cross ledges
The ore is generally In white quartz and runs higher in silver than most o'
that on Silver Creek.

The principal group Is the Daisy of ten claims, owned by Hon. H. C*.
Struve, Hon. John B. Allen, E. C. Hughes, Maurice MoMicken, of Seattle,
and Hon. John C. Denney, of Snohomish, Five claims are on a ledge ranging
from four to twelve feet Wiv»e between granite walls, which have bct^n stripped
for about 3,000 feet by snowslides. Cn the nurface there la about i wenty-four
Inches of galena and ar.sen!cal Iron ore exposed, of which eight inches is on
each wall, and a fifteen-foot shaft and a fifty-foot tunnel show from two to
three feec of ore on the footwsll, with the possibility of other .streaks v;hen
the ledge is cross-cut to the hanging wall. Assays range from $7 t>j $70 gold
and as" high aa $60 silver, the average being at least $20 for both values.
Two claims are on an eight-foot cross ledge running into the main ledge from
the west. In which an elghtocn-inch pay streak carries 90 to 168 ounces sliver
and $8 gold, while the other claims arf, on small sp 'rs.

The Coron.u group of two claims is on a flat ledge half way up th«
mountain, near the head of the ?f iSdie fork, and is owned by A. C Lincoln.
A. L. Wallera and Ij. Ji. Parsons, all of Seattle. On the surface it had a pay
streak carrying gold and V)roroide of silver, one specimen of which assayed
5,000 ounces silver, while the lowest assay was $60 silver, and the gold vulue
ran as high as ?22. In a sixty- five 'foot tunnel the ledge has widened to six
Jfeet and the pay streak to three feet, but the value is not as high as near
the surface.

one .qnd one-half miles above the Daisy
vei claims, owned by J. N. Scott, William
lett. Three claims are on a ledge capped
between granite and slate walls. It has
Beveral streak.y. throe to eighteen Inches wide, of arsenical iron and sulphides,
assays of which run from $8 to $56 gold, a little sliver and 2 to 3 per cent,
capper. A cross-cut has been run twenty feet Into the ledge and will go
through It in ten feet more. On another ledge about five feet wide, with eight
to ten Inches of Iron sulpnurets, are two more claims, and on a ten-foot ledg*
carrying sulphurets throughout are the two other claims.

On L..0 west side of the basin.

froup, is the Great Scott group of "
tennlson and A. W. Hawks, of • ,'
with iron, twenty to forty feet w

y, ...

ghlin and
f concen-
. shows a
lUel ledga
nei shows

ing Com-
ihide ore.
ite walls,

and one-
her crops
oot shaft

ten tons
and in a

ena City,
ghiy-foot
ve copper
?lng- from
t'teen-foot

ling Com-
tlie creek
hirty-foot
-Icopyrite.
eet below
venty-rive
feet wide,
: $30. On
)per value
jw ounces

ena, J. J.
foot ledga
hides and
ay Eagle,
/e a ledge
hirty-foot
rest bank,
he Editor
as shown

; into the
two miles
discovery,
the hea.d,
ss ledges,
n most of

on. H, G.

)f Seattle,
re ranging
n stripped
renty-four
ches is on
)ni two to
iaks v/hen
tu 170 gold
Lh values,
edge from
ices sliver

ly up th«
\ Lincoln,
had a pay
h assayed
Efold value
ned to six
h as near

the Daisy
t, William
ge capped
la. Tt has
sulphides,
per cent,
id will go
with eight
■foot leog*

-:i-i«rf'^

jSKkiaritttiiLrflaMlf '(;*'*»

i ^ i wiywu i iini

' r^.mimmmwmmmxarsvv^a*

SILVER CREf

SNOHOMISttSCOUNtY.
WASHmfi£|»<i.

min.no in TKg p.-»i3trio i>aniiiw.»'

^mmmmn

R CREEK

INDEX TO NUMBERED CUdKS
P

1. Kmma Miy>n>.

2. Jenuit- 1).

HOMIS||I?COiJNTY.

Sonth of Minernl City

1. Bed Ciond.

2. Cleveland.

3. PorMund

4. St Pftnl.

5. Bluff.

6. Keward.

7. A. P. A.

8. StmstiiRiv

9. Crown Point
10, Crawford.
U. Jim Dandy.

12. Silver Slipper.

13. Kadger.

14. Billy to.

15. Ellen.

16. Ruby King.

17. Era.
la Transfer.

19. Vaudallia.
.2a Blue Bird.

21. Idaho.

22. Oretctien

23. Warwick.
2'L Lock^ood Oronp.
2E, Teiaa

26. Sunset

27. Mayflower.

28. editor.

20. Anaconda.
30. Xichigan.
' L Nest Egg.

32, Olympia.

33. P.-I.
S4. Grey Kajfle.

35. McKinley

36. Maud.

37. Oroflno.

38. King Bee,

39. Everj?reen.

40. Diamond.

<^^ CypiM-r Voeen.

9CA! S Of MILW>

•■TajctruPtJi

3. Orphan hoy

4. Stockton.

5. Dutihmau.

6. Q. T.

7. Wildcat
3. Little Lee.

9. Wild Woisbmaa

10. CoBDiopolitan.

11. 0.4. B.

12. Bingo.

13. F. KDuvw

14. Otsego.

15. Lady of the Lak«.

16. Leater.

17. Silver I'ip.

18. Lakeview.
1!(. Edith

20. Edn;i.

21. Siver Lake.

22. Mascotte.
•=!3. Zeta.
■ii. Rainbow.

25. Boston.

26. Llilie (i.

27. Hettie,
28: Jnmbo.

29. Edison.

30. yda.

31. Looise.

32. Homeward Bound.

33. Gold Bar.

34. Little Diamond.

35. Billy Goat
m. Jim HUl.

37. .Miike Maru.

38. Horseshoe.

39. Trea.sure Boi.

40. .lasperson.

41. C. R. ft M.

42. Signia.

43. .Tessie.

44. National.

45. Diamond Hitch.

46. Barney Barnato.

47. Gold Stjindard.

48. Hancock.

49. White Pine

50. Alki.

51. EUa.

52. Gypsy Qnceu.

53. Daniel Webater,

64, Alice.

65. Katie.

56, Hard Pan.

57. Sultan.
68. Grao!

59. Anna.

60. Lucky Joe.
01. Hnbbart

62. Emma Boos.

63. Ben Botlei^

64. Aalilaud,

65. Jouft

66. BlMJay.

67. Ofcjton.

68. St Loiiia.
69 White Hoonf
70. Blackstoue.
"1 yooen. .

72. LnekvBoy

73. Hurqjitg 8tar

74. !;etti» g.

76. Job.

7C. Monarch.

77. SilV'T OtieiD.

78. Hid'S.ii Wealth.

79. Colorad.)

80. Last Chance.

81. Mountain BeAui>-

82. Gold Kngle.

83. Sew StriPa

84. Jfortonat*.

85. Harrv Loe.

80. Minr.eh»iifu
90. Paorift
m Hope.
92 Liifky fiunsSf*;,
93. Cera M.
m. Trirasipb.
05. LfjjtMope.
(W. EaA^oiiiie.
ill. Groat ISeott
»fl, Coruua.
J9 DwBy.

,rvmm»*mm»m

,.iS5.'«sSri!'ii**.t ftSas ivb?ivi?i*):i*,sfiiS»ii«fe!»^3as.-iaa

The sai
to Salmon
from the e
A. D. Aust
and carryl
others are

The gr
rout i Is n
structed li
syndicate
Galena, a
following- 1
*!ng-lneerin
a river bai
and the tii
road woul(
and woulc
traffic.

■t'

a
c

t:
t<

In grot

districts, t
most west<
ern and s
boundary
carry it al
sessos the
Seattle on
one goes b
by hand, a
further ur
iiino miles
to the hea
north side
at Salmon
and goes Y
Beekler R
Seattle, an
Ing both tl
Is only thi]
at Tacoma

The fo
Brained tr
metamorp
Index alo:
of diorite
slate rock
minerallzie
with a n
i^reat size
another,
nro ledges
nite, gray
fissures, a
por-bearin
pyritic ore
Creek cop.
led- some c
posits of 1
until last j
of these o
taken witi

Howar
from the :
Immediate
Co-operati
of these ii
phide ore,
the way.
feet of fh^
walls, is
galena an(
run a cro!
and 400 fet

MINING IN THK PACIFiC NORTHWEST. U

The same mineral belt has also been traced across the Silver Creek Divide
to Salmon Creek on the west. On Dominion Gulch running into Salmon Creek
from the east, Is the Dominion group of seven clainis, owned by J. J. Shcehan,
A. D. Austin and A. P. Michauu. Four of these are on a ledge three feet wide
and carrying galena ore, which r\ins northwest and southeast, and the throe
others are on a parallel ledge of the same size and carrying similar ore.

The great need of this district is railroad transportation, for which the
rout i Is not difficult, and there is some prospect that a road may be con-
structed In the next two years. A survey was made in the fall of 1896 by a
syndicate Interested In the district for a narrO'W gauge line from Index to
Galena, a distance of nine miles, and to the Troublesome, two miles beyond,
following- the valley of the North Skykomlsh as closely as possible. The only
*ingineerlng difficulties would be two blue cl.ay cuts and some cribbing alongf
a river bar half a mile long, thn only rock work being on a hill near Galena,
and the timber along the right of way being ample for construction. Such a
road would also tap the rich copper belt in the Index Range across the river
and would so stimulate development that it should soon have a lucrative
traffic.

INDEX.

In grouping the unorganized mining country of the Cascade Range Into
districts, tliat section lying in the lofty spur of which Mount Index Is the
most westerly peak and the two forks of the Skykomish River are the north-
ern and southern boundaries, is naturally sot off by Itself. The eastern
boundary remains undetermined, though later discoveries will probably
carry it along the main divide of the range, The district is compact, pos-
sesses the same general characteristics and Is easily accessible. Leaving
Seattle on the Great Northern train and going to Index, seventy-one mllea,
one goes by road five miles up the north fork, crosses by a cable ferry worked
by hand, and travels by trail four miles up Trout Creek; or g«es two miles
further up tne south bank and up Lost Creek; or proceeds along the road
nine miles to Galena and there crosses by ferry and goes by trail four miles
to the head of Howard Creek. These are tVie routes to the prop, rties on the
north side of the range. In order to reach Eagle Creek, one leaves the train
at Salmon Station, seventy-seven miles from Seattle, crosses the south fork
ind goes by trail eight miles, almost to the head of the creek. In going up
Beckler River, one leaves the train at Skykomlsh, eighty-five miles from
Seattle, and goes three miles by wagon road and eleven miles by trail, cross-
ing both the south fork of the Skykomlsh and Beckler River. Index Station
Is only thirty-eight miles from the smelter at Everett and IC© miles from that
at Tacoma,

The formation of this district is metamorphlc granite diked with fine-
grained trap and conglomerate, and overlaid with magneslan limestone and
metamorphlc slates. Extending along the backbone of the range from Mount
Index along the course of Trout Creek Is a geologic fold, where a belt
of dlorite has, been thrust through the metamori' io ft rmation of schist,
slate rock and quartzite and has formed a line of ' ity peaks. A series of
mineralized ledges cuts this form&tion in a northw ; st and southeast course
with a number of cross ledges running north and south, generally of
great size and strength, traceable through the mountains from one creek to
another. In the primary rocks, apparently in contact with lime and slate,
are ledges carrying iron sulphides, ohalcopyrite, copper In the form of bor-
nite, gray copper and some red and black oxide of copper, while in true
fissures, also in the primary rocks, ai'e ledges carrying free gold. The cop-
per-bearing ledges are generally capped with Iron, like those of the belt of
pyritlc ores in British Columbia and the Colville Reservation, and on Trout
Creek copper is found in association with specular iron. The Iron capping
led some of the early discoverers to Imagine that they had found large de-
posits of iron ore and for lack of thorough prospecting this error prevailed
until last year, as It did on Money Creek and on the Skagit. The true nature
of these ores has now been made plain and development has been under-
taken with commendable vigor on several properties.

Howard Creek rises in Howard Lake and flows generally northward
from the Index range into the ncrtii foik, in a course of about four miles.
Immediately below the lake it cuts a system of parallel ledges, on wliich thq
Co-operative Minijig Syndicate has the Howard group of eleven claims. One
of these is porphyritic quartz carrying sixteen feet of clean solid Iron sul-
phide ore, which assays $7 to $120 gold. A sixteen-foot tunnel is In oro all
the way. On the same string of claims is a parallel ledge carrying eight
foot of the same kind of ore. A lower parallel ledge, lorty feet between
walls, is well mineralized with Iron and copper sulphides, gray copper,
galena and zinc and has been traced for over four miles. It la intended to
run a cross-cut this year which will give a depth of 100 feet on- this ledge
and 400 feet on the sixteen-foot ledge.

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

The Copper group of four claims Is on a ledfre of black quartz 100 feet
Vide, Identical in formation with the Silver King at Nelson, B. C, and the
'Coney In New Mtxico. It shows streaks of bornlte widening at frequent
Intervals into large botlles, which carry about 30 per cent, copper and some
«rold and sliver, twenty-four inc'hcs of solid bornlte taken from one point
having carried $147 in all values. This group, together with the Howard
group, has been bonded by the Co-operative Mining Syndicate for |15,000.
with the condition that development is to be prosecuted continuously.

The Black Hawk group of four claims, owned by the Black Hawk Mining
and Concentrating Co., runs down the west slope of Iron Mountain to the
creek, one and one-half miles above its mouth, on two parallel ledges capped
■with iron and carrying gold-bearing iron and copper pyrites. One is eighteen
to twenty feet wide and has an elghteen-inch pay streak in the center.
Shown in a ten-foot cut. This cut Is to be extended by a 200-foot tunnel, for
which a contract has been let to VV. F. Chadbourne, and after the completion
of which patents will be secured. The second ledge is seven to edglit feet
wide and has six to eight inches of pay ore. Shipments will begin as soon
aa the road is repaired.

The Iron Mountain group of six claims, owned by the Iron Mountain Con-
solidated Gold and Cop))er Mining Company, is on a supposed extension of the
Copper group ledge within a mile of the west bank of the North Skykomlsh
River. There is a series of six well-detlned ledges with several stringers
which have been traced four miles east and west. They range from four to
ten feet in width and carry ore similar to that of the Black Hawk group,
though one shows free gold on the surface. Open cuts have been made ten
feet deep on each ledge, and a contract has been let to W. F. Chadbourne for
150 feet of tunnel, most of it to be on one ledge, with the intention of securing
patents Immediately. A tramway will be btlilt to the road and shipping begin
as soon as the latter can be repaired.

Across the creek from the lion Mountain group la the Commercial group
of two claims, owned by J. A. Cathcart, H. C. Ewlng, M. A. Green and John
Wallace on a ledge of iron and copper pyrites and chalcopyrite four feet
between walls, which has been traced about 600 feet on the surface, where it
assays $15 to $20 gold and copper.

On the west side of Iron Mountain, sloping down to Lost Creek, the
Lost Creek Mining Company has three claims on a ledge which follows the
same course as the Iron Mountain group. The locations were made in 1895
by Peter Rucker, who mistook the deposits for iron ore In consequence of
the iron capping, and sold tliem to N. Rudebeck as such. Their true char-
acter was discovered in 1896, when they were acquired by th§ company.
The ledge is shown by a fair amount of surface work to be twenty feet wld»
and carries copper pyrites, a mill test of which showed 16 8-10 per cent,
copper. The ore makes 43 per cent, concentrates, v/hich assayed 26 per cent,
copper. This sample was taken from the foot of the bluft. Into which a
fifty-foot tunnel is being run. The same company has two claims on th»
right bank df the north Skykomish, four and one-half miles from Index, on
a similar ledge four feet wide.

In a basin within a mile of the head of the west fork of Trout Creek and
on the mountains on its left bank is the Copper group of twenty-six claims,
owned by Col. Benjamin R. Townsend and Andrew Merchftnt. Running
diagonally across the valley below the basin, including Merchant's peak and
showing at the base of Headquarters peak. Is the belt of sedimentary rock
tn which occurs the geologic fold already mentioned. In the schistose
formation is a series cf contact ledges running north and south and in the
dlorlte occur a series of east and west ledges, which are in true fissures.
The two principal groups of claims are on the contact, the ore bodies in
which are rich in chalcopyrite and carry gold and silver.

The group lying in or near Copper Gulch, which scores the face of the
rjdge between Quartzite and Headquarters Peaks, Is composed of five claims.
The main ledge belongs to the north and south series, though its course is
northwest and southeast, and is about 100 feet wide, crossing the gulch near
Its head. The north end of the ore body occurs along the contact. It out-^
crops in the gulch, where the twin falls unite upon it, and on one side shows
up a rich ore body five or six feet wide at a point .300 feet above the bed of
the gulch, where it assays over 20 per cent, copper. Adjoining this rich
r^iW^*^ "^^^^ ^?^^-?** '".^^F ?^'^^^ "'■e- On the other side of tlie gulch is
ftf^l^^^°J ^'^^ nearly 2o0 feet high and in the bed and in the slide at the foot
SL'k®/"'*^'V®, Pl"''^/'"''' '^^ chalcopyrite which have been broken from the
h«^^ 1,/a 'r^*^ ^^''']' ^'°?;? are wortli many thousands of dollars. This ore
?lfl1m« if^3n'i ^^^'?^,^^^.° ^^ per cent, copper, and on It are located three
claims. Running up the Copper Gulch from its mouth is another body of

fnto^'u^J/'. n TJ'L'lTJl^^''''^, V'^^''' J^*"' ^ ^P"'- twelve feet Wide! running
mto it at an acute angle, which has been shown up by a thirty-foot tunnel

Sicriid^e'^^nT" "?f. wr" ?'^-'^ on Quartzite ^eak, and shoring up^ok
each side and ir. the !x)ttom. is an ore Ix^dy at least fifteen feet wide, which

Is probably on the same contact

with that in Copper Gulch and on which

are two claims. This ore body l.s all ciialcopyrite very rirh In eoppe^ and
carrying silver and gold. An east and west ledge n rtrue flssureX dior le
runs up Lost Treasure Gulch, on the side of HeldqSarters Peak, Ind s cov-

tz 100 feet
., and the
: frequent
and some
one point
3 Howard
:or $15,000,
isly.

I'k Mining
lin to the
es capped
i eighteen
le center,
unnel, for
ompletlon
elglit feet
n as soon

tain Con-
Ion of the
kykomlsh
stringers
m four to
vk group,
made ten
Kiurne for
f securing
3lng begin

ilal group

and John

four feet

where it

reek, the
Hows the
tie in 1893
luence of
rue char-
company,
feet wide
per cent,
per cent,
which a
)s on the
[ndex, on

'reek and
X claims,
Running
peak an<3
ary rock
schistose
id in the
Assures,
bodies In

^e of the
e claims,
course Is
ilch near
It out-
(le shows
le bed of
this rich
: gulch is
the foot
from the
This ore
ted three
body of
running
t tunnel,
ig up on
le, which
>n which
3Per and
n dlorlte
d is cov-

i«"t« IN TM rMna mmnmm.

- 4

HUtV

i «>i-U,>.

ViSx'Ai:tlKi.

Li*T CRMK
Cann lii!;<» On)^^

?li

MINING IN THK PACIFIC NORTHWEST. M

ered by three clalmH. The Irdge Is trn to twelve fopt wide at the surface,
and a tunnel has been run on It forty-five feet In chalcopyrlte and Iron
pyrites ore, assayinK ti to 15 prr cent, copper and four to sixteen ounces
silver. An outcrop of another ledge twelve or thirteen feet wide has recently
been found parallel with it.

Further down the creek are three claims on two east and west ledges of
specular iron, carryiniif silvrr and copper, fifteen feet and twenty to thirty
feet wide. On those two ledges tvnnels have been run fifty and seventy feet.
A parallel ledge of the panie kind of ore crops out to a width of at least
flftocn fe» t, ns-says showing 7 to 8 per cent, copper. Another parallel ledge
of great width and In some places cropping out to a width of forty feet, is
shown up iiy a gdod dtal of suiface work. A fourth parallel, fourteen feet
wide, carrying iron pyrites. Is covered l)y two claims and is shown up by a
fifty-foot tunnel. The other claims cover ledges of less size and value, aa
well as the water power of the north fork of the creek, which has a fall of
250 feet to the mile. Mr. Merchant's half Interest in this property Is under
bond to M. E. Downs.

One of the natural curiosities of the district is a natural tunnel In the
basin near the head of Kagle Creek, on the Golden Tunnel group of four
claims, owned by Pc nry Olsen and C. J. Ingram, ( f Skykond.«h. On this group
are three parallel ledpes out ny the cveek, one of which has been prospected
by nature in a peculiar manner. A tunnel sixty-five feet long, fifteen feet
high and twenty feet wide was found to run through a porphyry dike almost
straight, Into the mountain and on the roof and walls are streaks of high

frade copper pyrltis in large crystals carrying gold and silver. On the sur-
ace above this tunnel are a number of stringers of mineral from one to
twelve inches wide which appear to be running together. The natural tunnel
has been extended eighteen feet on a two-Inch streak wnicii carries fM gold,
85 per cent, copper. One of the other ledges is eight feet with an eight to
ten-Inch rny streak carrying U) per cent, copper, $8 gold, |8 stiver, shown up
by a twenty-eight foot tunnel. The other ledge is about ten feet in a small
shaft.

Cropping to a width of 2.^0 feet up the side of a mountain, twelve miles
above the mouth of Becklor River and four miles east of the Coppn^r group
on Trout Creek is a prent eonper ledge dl.acov( red In the fall of 189r) bv J.
Frank Bleakle;, and Charles Shepp, who have the Anaconda group of four
claims on it. This ledge Is cut and exposed liy the river and luis been traced
for 3,000 feet In a north and south course, pitching slightly to the west. It
Is in a contact between r'orphyry .-ind slate anel carries chalcopyrlte and cop-
per pyrites, with bunches of hornite mixed with porphyry, spar and quartz
stringers, and is pronounced by men familiar with the ore of Anaconda,
Mont., to be exactly like it. Three tunnels have been run from the foot wall
to cross-cut the ledge, one of them being in thirty feet, and assays run from 5
to 32 per cent, copper, five to eleven ounces silver.

Development is already in progress by Lot Wilbur and others of
Snohomish, on the recently discovered Pride of Index group of two
claims, near the base of West Index, one mile from the Great Northern
Railroad and two miles due south of the town of Index. The ledge
runs through a small mountain north of West Index and crops from
twelve to twenty feet wide, beinpr traceable VOO to 800 feet en the surface.
A tunnel was started on the ledge and showed eight feet of mineralized
ledge matter, but as it gave too little depth a new tunnel was started
on the hanging wail 200 feet below. This ran through slide rock for the first
twenty-one feet, but for the next twenty feet has been in the solid ledge,
showing chalcopyrlte across the whole face, with bunches of hornite all
through and with mineral also on the walls. Th^re is a pay streak of four-
teen inches of solid chalcopyrlte, which assayed 38H per cent, copper, $4 gold,
129.90 silver, a total value of $112.10. A test carload shipment will be made in
June.

Two miles south of Index, on a small stream running Into the main Sky-
komlsh river, is the Alpha group of three claims, owned by the Alpha Gold
& Copper Mining Company. One ledge, on which are two claims, generally
follows the course of the stream and has been uncovered by it for several
hundred feet. It is twenty feet wide, heavily mineralized with iron pyrites
on the surface, the ore in places being, almost solid and assaying $5 to .$6 gold
and copper. The indications are, however, that, as depth is gained, copper
will preeloniinnte. The third claim Is on a fortv-foot cross ledge running re
right angles to the first and containing concentrating iron pyrites for its
entire width. Both ledges can be opened by tunnels at great depth, the
upper end of the property being 2.000 feet above the lower, and a bucket
tramway two miles long would transport the ore to the railroad.

A recent diFcovery of the same kind of ore was made by A. W. McRee
and the late Bud McRee three miles west of Index and one-quarter mile
north of the Great Northern Railroad. Three claims were taken on a series
of parallel ledges of copper ore of great size, surface specimens of which
assayed $15 gold and copper.

< -

mmmmmmaaams..

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NuRTHWEST.

MILLER RIVEB.

Although the people of Seattle are too broad-minded and energrotlc to
con line their efforts to the develoi)ment of the mlniiit^ OlHtrlcts of llieli- own
<'ounty, ino dlHtrlft Uialned by the streams flowing nortViward Into the Sky-
komlsh south fork has a peculiar Interest for them, for it is close to their
home and in King county. To arrive at it, they have only to take the
<Treat Northern train to Skykomlsh, eighty-ttve miles, and then go by road
five miles, and by trail two miles further, to reach me head of Miller River,
to which the road will be extended this summer. Skykomlsh Is distant llfty-
two null s from the Juverett smelter and i;!6 miles from the Tacoma smelter.

If any man has any doubts as to the strength and permanence of
the ledges of this district, ho has only to visit them and he will be
convinced. The country rock on the backbone of the ridge in which
the lodges are found is granite and syenite, and the mineral-bearing
rock has filled fissures In these strata, only to be worn down by snow
and water as it is decomposed by the action of the air, leaving perpendicular
walls 100 to 200 feet on each side. Thus the ledges are usually found In the
beds of narrow "orges in the basins at the head of the strea.ms or on the sides
of the mountains which form the canyons, and are easily traceable from base
to summit of the range. The ledge matter is generally porphyrltlc quartz,
often so uniformly mineralized as to pay for concentration on the ground, and
carries nay streaks rich enough to pay for shipment, even with the present
costly means of transportation to the railroad. The ore carries Iron and
Oopper sulphides, eray copper and galena, carrying gold and silver, the pay
streaks elvlne I'sually from $50 to $fiO a ton. the second grade ore from $10 to $20.
Some of the ledges, however, are much richer, those on the Cleopatra Basin
carrying sjt.:verai iiunuieu ounces in srlver, and those near the summit over-
looking that basin running high In copper. Further northward, towards the
mouths of the streams, are dikes of dlorite, in which occur ledges of pyrltic
ore carrying native copper and gold near the surface; also dikes of dolomite
and porphyry with ledges of sulphide and gray copper ore. The ledges of
pyrites are heavily capped with magnetic Iron and are rich in copper and gold
and often carry silver.

Prospecting in this district began while the Great Northern Railroad was
under construction in 1892, by W. L.. Sanders and Archie Williamson, and
successive .dscoveries have shown such v/ealth that active development by
outside capital Is In progress ana the district can now boast of the posses-
sion of the second power-drill plant in the Cascade mountains. Its principal
mine, which is being developed by this plant, has already made large ship-
ments giving conclusive evlderce of its value. This Is the Coney mine,
owned by the Baltimore & Seattle Mining & Reduction Company. It is on
the basin at the head of Coney Cieek, which Hows into Miller River from
the west and Is six miles from the Great Northern Railroad. The group
consists of nine claims on three parallel ledges running diagonally up the
basin lo the summ't, ten, seven and six feet wide respectively, two of them
uniting on the summit In a blow-out 100 feet wide and all three being traiMJ-
able across to the Snoqualmie side of the divide. A strong spur runs up tfte
center of the basin into this series of ledges and Is the point where develop-
ment began. The ledge matter Is porphyrltlc quartz carrying auriferous ga-
lena and iron sulphides between syenite walls. The spur above mentioned
cropped five feet wide on the sui-face and a tunnel has been run along it for
225 feet. This tunnel cut a;i ore chute thirty feet long and live feet wide
forty feet from the mouth, and eighty feet further the ledge widened to
fourteen feet wide, half of which was good ore. From the first chute forty
tons was shii^ped in 1895 and returned $58.70 per ton over freight and treat*
ment. In the fall of 189G a power drnl plant of three drills op^-ated by com-
pressed air was installed, power being generated by a dynamo driven by a
water wheel at the falls of Coney Creek and conducted to a motor in
the tunnel, which is connected wltli the power house by telephone. The
machinery was put in operation on January 12, 1897, and after being supple-
mented with a fan to clear away smoke after the blasts, contliiued the tun-
nel at the rate of nine feet a day. After penetrating 180 feet it cut a second
chute of concentrating ore eight feet wide and twenty-two feet long, carry-
ing iron sulphides and galena. After cutting through a granite horse, it
ran into soft rock heavily mlneralired, five and one-half feet wide between
straight and smooth wall.«. This turriel, while developing good bodies of ore
in the Cone> spur, sufficient to pay Its cost, is designed to cross-cut the main
ledges, the first of which it will tap 800 feet further at a depth of 800 feet,
the second 150 feet further still at a depth of about 1.000 feet and the third
300 f-^et further at a depth of 1.200 feet, wlille a further extension under the
highest point will give a d-'pth of 2,'/00 feet. The company Is putting In a
larger drill to work in the hard rock av.d intends to use the smaller ones for
soft rock and stoping. Twenty men are employed on double shift.

IST.

-rh

and energotlc to

lic-ts f>f Liieir own

arci Into the Sky-

t Is close to their

only to take the

then go by road

d of Miller River,

sh Is distant ilfty-

Tacoma snaelter.

d permanenoe of

in<l he will be

ridge in which

e minef/al-bearlng

n down by snow

Ing perpendicular

;uully found in the

ims or on the sides

liueable from base

porphyritlc cjuartz,

on the ground, and

n with the present

e carries iron and

ind sliver, the pay

' ore from $10 to $20.

he Cleopatra Basin

' the summit over-

iward, towards the

ar ledges of pyritic

dikes of dolomite
ire. The ledges of

in copper and gold

;hern Railroad was
e Williamson, and
ve development by
oast of the posses-
ains. Its principal
/ made large shlp-

1 the Coney mine,
lompany. It is on

Miller River from
iroad. The group

diagonally up the
ively, two of them

three being trace-
g spur runs up the
lint where develop-
ring auriferous ga-
r above mentioned
en run along It for
and five feet wide
ledge widened to
le first chute forty

freight and treat-
s opt^rated by com-
>rnamo driven by a
;ed to a motor In
)y telephone. The
after being supple-
continued the tun-
eet it cut a second

feet long, carry-

1 granite horse, It
feet wide between
good bodies of ore
ci'oss-cut the main
L depth of 800 feet,
feet and the third
stension under the
my is puttinfr in a
le smaller ones for
bio shift

Rail

Tral
Siimi

1. Mo

12.11c

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6. U\

1 7. W,

18. Ja
|9. M(

£a

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IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

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U£ 1^ 12.2
2.0

1.8

1.25 nil 1.4 IIIIII.6

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HiotDgraphic

Sciences

Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

kT^^

'/.

^u*^

»j ^M n. < i f m Uk " ^-T'- -

niller IRIver, Hoiniey Creek

and

Bifleea Vista,

KINO COUNTY, WASHINGTON.

Railways.:
Wagtm Road)*.;

Trails.

Summit liwK

INDEX TO NUMBEMEO CUIUS.

12.
113.
(14.

lie.

MILLER RIVER.

Hona
MoKiiiley.

Lynn.

Belle.

liittie Una.

War Eagle.

Jay Hawker.

Monntain Lion.

Blncher.

Hif^hlander.

Mountain Goat

CaptAin

Easter.

Clara K.

Great Nortllenk

BobtaU.

Grand Central

Le Roy.

v^ashini^toa.

Seait?a

Ace8 Up.

Lncky Jim.

Cleopatra Groof,

UinnecadoM.

Baltimoro.

U.P.

Condor.

CoaejGrevp.

MONEY CREEK.

1. Red Coat

2. Chicago

3. Pinto.

4. San Franeiscoi

5. Apex.

6. Damon and Pytiilas,

TOLT RIVER.

1. Black Chief:

2. Mammoth.

3. Baltimore.
i. Lady Bella

NORTH FORK

SN0QU4LMIE.

I. Fletcher WebatM*.
1 Red Clond.

3. North Fork.

4. Betsy Rosa.
6; Paradise.
6(. Monitor.

7. Copper Qneea.

8. Banker HllL

9. lllihois.
10. West Virginia.

II, Bay View,
U. ilUanoa.

SCALE OF MILfiS

«n i^^:l>ACi|Hi^«i*«M>MiAi|f '

•^iiTWWt

mmf

■iM(>n ^i.^m'^eMin

tiii&

{

j:!*;r

■»i;"i; ■!«!-• >

.-•-'

1(1/

j5^»Ah-

l»>i';

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

The Brooklyn gro^ip of thirteen claims, owned by Andrew Hemrlch, D. N.
Baxter, George A. Pratt and Dexter T. Sapp, Is on two ledges twenty-flv©
and ten feet wide, traceable along a canyon which runs into the basin front
the west and extending over the summit. They show on the surface streaks
of high grade ore two and four feet wide, with smaller streaks through the
gangue. The ore is Iron and copper sulphides carrying 8 to 12 per cent,
copper, 110 to $20 gold and silver

On eastward extensions of the Coney Basin ledges is the Tornado groui>
of three claims, owned by Frank Campbell and George M. Bonney, showing
pay streaks six to twelve inches wide, on which a shaft is going down- and
tunnels pre being run.

The property next in rank to the Ccney, so far as active development
Is concerned, is the Cleopatra gioup of three claims on the King Solomon
Basin, owned by the Cleopatra Mining Company. The three claims are on
one ledge, which crops to a width of forty feet between the perpendicular
granite walls of a gorge wnich cu\s the basin clear over the summit, the walls,
which are 150 to 200 feet high, making its course clearly traceable. On th»
hanging wall an ore chute Is ex^josed five feet wide and at least thirty feet
long, carrying antimnnial silver chlorides of silver and gray copper ore, an
aver.age sample of which assay d 368 ounces silver, $10 gold. There are sev-
eral other pay streaks assaying $35, $46 and $107 gold and silver, and the whol»
ledge la will enough mineralized with iron sulphurets to pay for concentra-
tion. A cross-cut has been run 129 feet, striking a stringer which runs into
the ore chute. The tunnel was then turned to follow this stringer, which
showed streaks of galena and .sulphides in all the seams of the ledge matter,
and ran along it for 299 feet, when all the stringers ran together in a streak
of ore two to three feet thick and the tunnel pierced the hanging wall of
the ledge, with quartz carrying streaks of sulphurets and gray copper in th»
face. The ore in the feeder was left in the tunnel wall and drifting is being;
continued for twenty feet on the ledge before cross-cutting to the foot wall.
In which the ore chute crops. An assay of one stringer ran 581 ounces silver,
flO gold; another of gray copper carried 45 ounces silver and $6 gold; whila
the quartz in the ledge proper carried $7 gold in sulphurets, but no silver.

On extensions on the Cleopatra group down the mountain and on parallel
ledges the Miller River Mining Company has seven claims, located In the
fall of 1896. Work was continuecl until wlnt r and will be resumed in iiie
spring. Three tunnels were driven about fifteen feet each, one showing two
feet of ore which assayed $10 to $70 gold and silver in gray copper, sulphides
and a little galena; another showing a twelve-foot ledge carrying streaks of
ore which assay $16 to $66.

The Cleopatra ledge is paralleled in another similar gorge by a seven-foot
ledge which runs into it near the summit, and by a third on five feet of ore.
George A. Pratt and F. D. McNaughton having the Cataract group of three
claims on them.

The two Unicom claims, owned by 8. J. Marquis and Albro Gardner, Jr.,
are on a ledge ranging from six to eight feet wide, carrying sulphides ana
Sray copper, which has been traced half a mile up the Cleopatra Basin,
while Mr. Marquis has the Sphinx on another twenty feet wide and the
Ironsides on one of twelve feet, all of similar character.

Oi>. the summit of the Cleopatra basin and extending down 90th liie Sno-
qualmie and Miller Tciver sides of the ridge, Dr. L. M. Lessey and A. 8.
Nickerson hav^ the Romeo groufi of seven claims. One of these is 'on the
Cleopatra ledge, with as good a surface showing as that property, unsaying
187 gold and silver in gray copper, galena and antimonial silver. Two more
are on a parallel fifteen foot ledge with numerous feeders running into it.
The other four are on a ledge of the same character traced from the snmmit
down to the base of the ridge, an open cut showing It to widen from eight to
ten feet with only plight depth.

To the east of the Cleopatra Basin Is a forty-foot ledge of porphyritic
quartz and spar between walls of granite and dtorlte, showing six feet of
copper sulphides and white iron, on which T. F. Townsley and J. W. Perkins
have the Etta. On the summit of the basin T. A. Woodworth and Al Eurich
have the King David on a ledge of dulphide ore which crops eight feet wide.
These are recent discoveries which there has been no opportunity to develop.

A ledge which promises to be as rich as the Cleopatra, though with less
showing, is cut by King Solomon Creek a little below the Cleopatra Badiu
and is held by the Sunday and another claim of W. L. Sanders. E. B. Palmer
and H. S. Phlnney. On the surface It showed several streaks of gray copper
and antimonial silver broken by granite horses and assaying 50 to 77 ounces
silver, $10 to $16.40 gold. Two cross-cuts opened a streak of gray ccpper six
to twenty inches n-ide, which assayed 366 ounces silver, $2.40 gold. A tunnel
was then started further down, on which the ore is coming in.

During the summer of 1896 discoveries were extended to the basin at th»
head of tne west fork ot Miller River, one mile east of the Cleopatra Basin.
The Highlander group of four claims, in a block 1,200x3,000 feet, and a mlHstte,
owned by the Highlander Gold & Silver Mining Company, has four ledges
running through it. ranging in width from six to fourteen feet, the wldtst
heing traced the whole length of the claims between well defined walls. All
•how streaks of sulphurets, gray copper and some gale'ia, assaying $6 to 128;

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

jirincipally In gold. The discovery was made too lute In the season tj allow
of much development, but trails were (^ut, camp built and a runnel started
in readiness for thorough work this season. »

The Clara K. group of live claims on this bosln, under bond to William
Garrard, has a series of lerlgcs on which conslderalile prospf siting was dona
before winter. One ledge Is ten feet with a ten-'.nch streak of ore on each
wall; another is covend Dy two t laims and is six f' et, with six Inches of ore;
a third shows six Inches of pay ore In a thirty-Inch ledge.

The Mountain Gom group of four claim.s, owmd by G. W. Morley, hns two
ledges each cropping eight feet wide and carrying suit jrots. One of them
gave an assay from the surface of $20 gold, $4 silver. Dlri;t!y :i<iotH the
river from them he has the Jumbo on a body of pyrites covered wltli an iron
cap fifty feet wide.

The two Bobtail claims, which Frank Campbell, G. M. Bonney, Pat
Campbeil and Bat Wilkinson have on the west of Miller River, are on a six-
foot ledge with eight to sixteen Inches of pay ore similar to that of tno
Cleopatra, the remaining ledge matter carrying enough mineral to pay for
•concentration. A late discovery was an eight-foot ledge with a sixteen-lnch
pay streak of similar ore, on which Fr.irk Campbell, R. K. Anderson aitd
John Corrlgan have the Aces Up.

On a mountain-top eight miles from the moutn of -Villler River is a grtat
blow-out of Iron covering a blanket ledge at 'east 100 feet wide carrying
pyrites, which gives surface assays of $35 gold and <••. llttlv> co'^per. F'nrther
down the mountain is another similar ledge running along the chor*; of a
small lake and partly under water, the exposed iiart being six feet wl.lo and
carrying pyrites which assays $8 gold. This was only discov'^ri: 1 in October,
1896, and Is covered by the Twin Lakes claim, which the Cynosure Minlniir
Company has bought and Is preparing to develop.

Cropping on both sides of Coney Creek Is an iron-capped ledge which was
originally located for iron several years ago and which shows in many places
seventy feet wide. Its ordinary width being twelve feet, with twenty feet of
^my quartz beside It. On this ledge the Mount Cleveland Mining Company
has the Le Rol and War Eagle, from the surface of which it has taken ore
assaying $17 gold, $6 silver, besides copper. The company intends to cross-cut
the ledge In tne spring to define its width and character.

The Katie group of three claims, held by Henry Nute, covers a four-foot
ledge, with eight to ten inches of pay ore carrying galena, sulphides and gray
copper, on which he is tunneling.

Development has been pushed to good purpose on the Triune group of six
-claims by W. L. Sanders and Frank Wandschneider. On one ledge from
-eighteen Inches to six feet wide are two claims, on which a 140-foot tunnel
shows twelve Inches of ore, assaying $40 to $60 gold and sliver, and four feet
of concentrating ore full of streaks of sulphides, arsenical Iron and galena.

The pioneer locations by W. L. Sanders are the two Lynn claims, on a
ledge running nearly north and south In a canyon on the left bank and
cutting across the stream. It Is three to six feet wide and has been traced
2,000 feet, showing sixteen Inches of sulphides, galena and gray copper. The
supposed extension runs through the two Belle claims, owned by Messrs
Sanders and Schlegel. A twelve-foot ledge with four or five Inches of $24 ore
carrying copper, lead and sulphides r".ns through the two Hawkeye claims
and a stringer with six to eight Inches of $11 ore carrying gold and sliver la
held by the remaining two of the Hawkeye group.

Another strong ledge Is on the Lone Star group of four claims, owned by
Archie Williamson and William Tlmpe. It runs northwest and southeast
across Great Falls Creek, between walls of granite, and Is twelve feet wide.
with four streaks of pay ore aggregating fifteen to twenty-one Inches which
carry Iron sulphides and gray copper and assay $57 silver, $10 gold with
concentrating ore filling the remainder of the ledge. A sixty-foot tunnel on
the footwall shows one pay streak to widen to sixteen Inches with galena
-coming In. On extensions are the Mlna, by James Doughertv and Hu«rh
Mcintosh; the Spider, by William Lee. A. L. Bayliss and A. William^n
and the Markley, by James Dougherty and William Lee. On two narallel
ledges, two and four feet wide, with four and six Inch pay streaks Mr
Williamson has the Double Stamp, and on another five feet wide with thrM
or four inches of ore, H. ia. Phlnney and E. B. Palmer have the McKlnlev

Adjoining the Lone Star Is the Little Una group of eight claims owned
by W. L. Sanders and M. L. Ransom, of Toledo. Ohio. The grout, has thrlS
Iron cap ledges, two parallel ones varying from thirty to slxtv feet and i!
cross ledge twenty feet. The mineral is iron pyrites, with some coDDer In
ore chutes fifteen to twenty feet wide, and assays ^ive $3 to $11 Lid on thS
surface and all the way from $2.50 to $62 gold at greater depth. A cross-cut
tunnel Is being run to tap the ore chute on the widest ledge. »-to»» oui

Another 'of the early discoveries Is the Mono, by Archie Wllllamaon on m.
ledge of pyrites forty feet wide, carrying ore which assavs 7 "o Ifl^^^' cilrt
copper, $f to $36 silver, $5 to $8 gold. This ore shows In tu^nnels twe^y-el«?ht
and sixty feet across the ledge which have not reached the waU Extenlona
«f thl . ledge are the Orphan Boy. by Duncan Graham. J. J. Ferguson JamSS
£?d ^oSghertJ Willfamson. and the Orphan Girl, by Messrs. WUitanSSS

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

The large Investments of outside capital in the principal properties :a this
district are an assurance of continued development, and the showlnt;;* so far
made warrant the expectation of further investment to put the mlnest on a
producing basis.

MONEY GREEK.

The series of mineral ledges which Is exposed at the head of Miller River,
and in the mountains through which it tiows, extends beyond the sources of
Money Creek through the ridge dividing the SkykomldU and Snoaualmi»
watersheds, the Toit flowing southward Into the latter river from a point
whence Money Creek flows northward into the BKykomlsh. The mineral
discoveries extend along the mountains on each bank of Money Creek, havlns
begun with the Apex leUge of galena, gray copper and sulphurets on the
headwaters by Alexander McCartney in 1889. Further down the stream and
on the tributaries which leap down precipitous gorges, there are grear. bodies-
of sulphide ore carrying gold and copper, which from their proximity to the
railroad are likely to be early developed. The route from Seattle is by the
Qreat Northern Itallroad to Skykomish, elghty-Hve miles, by road one mile,
and by trail six miles, to the head of the creek. The distance from the
Everett smelter is flfty-two miles; from that at Tacoma, ninety-three miles.
Communication will b« much improved this season by the construction of a
wagon road up tne creek within a short distance of the most remote
properties. ,

The first discovery was aldo the first property to be developed and ship
ore. This was the Apex group of five claims, recently bonded by Alexander
McCartney, G. R. Procter, Edwin Stevens and Miss Fanny Stein to J. R.
Stephens, of Spokane, lor $20,000. Four of these claims are on one ledge,
which crops in the gorge of Milwaukee Creek between syenite walls and has
been traced up the mountain and over the summit to Lake Elizabeth. At one
point in the gorge it crops forty feet wide and at another thirteen feet
flride. but the richest ore is found on the side of the Milwaukee Basin, 700 feet
above, w'.iere the ledge Is three to live feet wide between strong walls. It has
been opened at the latter point by means of two tunnels, the upper 118 feet
and the lower 300 feet, with a lift of seventy feet between them. The lower
tunnel was driven forty feet through the slide rocl^ and cut three ore chutes,
each about forty feet long with a six-Inch pay streak of smelting ore. The
third chute has been stoped out from the upper tunnel and for a lift of flfty
feet from the lower tunnel, the ore being shipped to the smelter and returning
an aggregate of over $13,000. It carried about 2hi ounces gold, 6 ounces silver
and 4 per cent, copper, being steel galena, gray copper, sulphides of iron and
arsenical Iron. The other two chutes carry $43 and $46, respectively, in gold
and sliver and have In sight over $15,000 worth of smelting ore. Beside the
pay streak Is a streak of concentrating ore from six to forty Inches wide
assaying about $12 a ton. There are several hundred tons of seconU-gra,de ore
on the dump. The ore shipped has paia for development In the face of a cost
of $13 a ton for packing seven and one-half miles to the railroad.

The same parties have the Damon and Pythias on a four-foot ledge oC
similar ore, and on Uoat Basin, four miles above the mouth of Money CreAk,
they have the Sockless and Solomon on a ledge seven or eight feet wide,
with twenty inches of high-grade ore similar to the Apex, which assays $17 to
$60 in gold, silver and lead, chiefly gold. A forty-foot tunnel on the ledge
shows good ore all th*- way.

The Bonanza Queen group of eight claims, owned by the Gold Mountain
Mining Company, consists prirtclpa..y of several properties on a gulch run-
ning down to irioney Creek s left bank. The Bonanza Qu6en itself is on a
ledge which crops on the face of a perpendicular cliff to a width of about
seventv-flve feet, with a dettned hanging wall of soft granite, the footwall
not having been found. The ledge matter Is porpayry and Is shown by a
tunnel run twenty-flve feet along the hanging wall to be veined througnout
with sulphide ore carrying $5 gold and copper, while a sample taken across
the face of the '.unnel assayed about $25. Half a mile further up this guloh
Is the San P'rancisco on a mass of similar rock striking Into th face of a
bluff. A tunnel sixteen feet In this rock shows a streak of six to twelve Inches
of solid sulphide ore. On a parallel flfty-foot ledge of porphyry, three-
quarters of a mile further up the creek, is the Paymaster, on which two
tunnels have been run about thlrty-flve feet apart. One starts near the
footwall and has run forr.y-flve feet through mineralized rock, and the other
has run thirty-five feet towards the hanging wall on heavy sulphide ore
similar to that in the Bonansa Queen, which will pay well to concentrate,
the value beitig about $S fold and silver. The other claims have good surface
showings, but are undeveloped.

One of the strongest showings en Money Creek Is on the Chicago group
of four claims, owned by C. W. ij'risbee, Malcolm McFees and Mike Earles.
of Seattle, A. D. Smith ahd Jbsepli Rudderhom. The first discovery was a
ffreat deposit of magnetic iron in the rocky peak at the summit of a mountain

4e MtNINO IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

rising 1,500 feet above Money Creek, four miles above Its mouth, and In a^org*
down the slope, and It was proposed to mine the ore for the iron, a tunnel
bi-lng run forty f « et on it. A tunnel lower down the mountain last summer
ran Into a body of fine copper and Iron pyrites carrying flakes of native copper
and some peacock copper. The outcrop Is In a ravine between high wails of
<»orlte and 18 fully tifteen feet wide, but further down the pyrites tself wa«
found cropping to a width of eight feet. Three claims are on this Uidge, the
ore In which assays 20 per cent, copper, besides gold and .silver, and the
fourth claim Is t.n a similar paiallel leuge. 'thorough development will be
carried on this year. , „, .- , ._ ^^

On the east fork of Money Creek H. H. Darst and W. M. Lee have the
Vandalla, on which a twenty-live foot tunnel shows a twenty-Inch pay streak
carrying <23 gold and silver In a seven-foot ledge.

SNOQUALMIE.

The mountain ridges among which the several forks of the Snoqualmie
River How to their eoniiuence near North Bend have long been the .scene of
prospecting trips on the part of the settlers In the valleys and the inhabitants
of the surrounding country, including some of tne pioneer re.sldents of Seattle.
a.nd It has been proved beyond doubt that great bodies of mineral existed
there. A number of reasons can be assigned for the failure to transform
these promising prospects .alo niines. The first was, in the early times, the
dilflculty of access to the country, for not oniy wore there no railroads, but
the country was "without wagon roada until the toll road was constructed
through the Snoqualmie Paas. The valley-s were a jungle through which
dimly traceable Indian trails led, and, there being no gmss for horses, men
had to pack their supplies on their backs. Another reaaon was that the
country was settled by farmers, who knew little or nothing of mining, and
they did not readily turn their hands to this unfamiliar and laborious occu-
pation. A third reason was that the ore bodies, wnile large, were of low
srrade and could not be mined prolitably without large Investme,.'. of capital,
which cQuld not be obtained in the country, eapeclally in days before low
^rade mines had come into demand among Investors.

But these difflcuities are fast being surmounted. The Seattle & Inter-
national Railroad runs from Seattle lo Sallal Prairie, far up the Snoqualmie
Valley, and a road has been built some distance up the middle fork. The
settlers are adapting themselves more and more to the new industry and the
general demanu for mining pix>perty has encouraged them to develop their
claims, which they are showing lo be equal In morlt to those In other districUl
In the Cascade Mountains. With roads, intelligent work and capital, the
Snoqualmie District will tane rank with the other promising districts to the
north, south and east, ana will be able to boast of mines instead of prospects.

The route to this district from Seattle is by the Seattle ca International
Railroad to North Bend, sixty miles, for the north and middle forks and the
claims on and around ..^ount SI, or to Sahal Prairie, sixty-three miles, for
points on the south fork. From the latter point the Snoqualmie Toll Road
leads up the south fork to the pass, thirty miles, and trails branch off at
short Intervals to the various claims. From North Bend to the Everett
smelter Is ninety-three miles and to the Tacoma smelter 101 miles.

The geology of the Snoqualmie Basin has been little siuuleq, the first
attemirt to describe It being made by Professor W. H. Ruffner in hla "Report
on Washington Territory" for the Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern Railway
Company, published in 1889. He says:

"The core of these high ranges (the Cascades) Is chiefly rock origrlnallT
stratified, which has been metamorphosed by heat, and nerhaps Inside of all.
ivith branches bursting out at various places, are plutonlc rocks which have
never been stratified. This Is the state of things on the top of the Cascade
Tlange near Snoqualmie Pass, as well as on some subordinate peaks and
ranges. On Mount Logan, the Denny Mountain, etc.. are large bodies of
syenitlc granite, whose a>re I have no means of determining. Associated
■with this are quartzites of fine grain and extremely hard, porphyries and
serpentliiold and chlorltic rocks of different sorts, in which are imbe^'^ed the
magnetic iron ores; and also large beds of crystalline limestone, both t 'e and
coarse grained. Crossing these at various angles are veins containing the
precious and base metals.

The rocks forming this section are described by a well-informed prospector
as granite, gneiss, diorlte, talcose slate and chlorltic talcose s.late, with large
dikes of porphyry, and he says that In the contact between theee dikes and
the talcose slate the mineral ledges are mostly found.

The flrst mineral discovery in this district of which there is any record
was on Denny Mountain, nineteen miles from Sallal Prairie. Ic is reached by
xollowing the Snoqualmie wagon road to a point four miles west of the pass
and then taking a trail for one mile. It was made by Arthur A. Denny,
rather of the City of Seattle. In 1869. from Information obtained from the
Indians. He went to Snoqualmie Pass in search of plumbago, which h*

"^mi

if tA^lO '

<M ^^Y'^tr f

■:'■'* '

,i(

/ V

^flI»l«MeM t'*«*^ ■

1'
1-

■'■.&i:

INDEX TO mmm cumi

I. Leta.

3. CleTeland.

4. Legal Tender.

6. Aaoteu
•.Oregor.

7. ElliaAKeU7

8. Bald Hornet.

9. Green Mountain.
10. Lost LodeL

IL Lanra lindBsjr.
1%. Delia Lane.

13. Laat Chanc&

14. Chair Peak.

15. Copper Cblef.
IS. Emma.

17. OommonweaUta.

18. Onje.

19. Deni».

M. BU^PriMMk

' ' - • I ..

UNA IN THI PtMFtC NOATHWItEK

BailwajM.

Wagon RntMlB.

Traite.

Bwaiait Lines. <->- _

SCALE OF MILU

CIVIL AND MIHINO tN<UN(«t.

puppoBPd thei

JRHH, br> obPI

lountaln, wl

round u ... fm

loRreeii at Its

rhifh were ^

adies of thlH

leveral clalmt

In 18«2 Mr

Jeremlnh Bon

|o make local

If the same c

\t the falls, tl

Bet wide and

JUff liode. ar

fhey located i

pilmax Lode,

ton Mines Cc

In 1883 abt

tunnel waH

I ' .re, H8 It

itaftit'd from

BBayers. Ar

lorus ana It

ibjected to w

Bed marble f

llphur and p

the Dennj

/elopment,

Jrjfe quantitii

aHHny mac

Bnny Lode, f

ir he put a

the Korge, Ii

Ito the cliff

)rouj?h what

]y of carboi

Ills ore and li

lo pronounc

season of

|e snow out f

bed. In 18

Ir smelting a

irkland, but

»d has not b

Another ea

Ippinp of a I

^orlooklng Si

renty-Hve m

ten taking a

|rphyry, dlo

ithwest cou

cliff on this

seventy fe<

)pplng is IW

jstalllc Iron,

metallurfrl

{>unt;iln, 300

feot wide,

tensions of i

If. Briggs a

Another b<

kned by F. ^

lese are on

>m Saual Pr

Bt perpendlp

mite, but th

lether the

rries 69 to 72

|lh are almos

Yet anothe:
[Ave claims,
^d at Sallal
ishlng's ran<
t»m Its havlr
^n elghty-tw
>untain and
will proba

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

fupposort they used to paint their faoeii. and, cltmhlnR n mountain nfar the
»HH. hi' ol>p<TVP(l a prcat ntroak of Iron ruat In a RorK<* on the oppoalte
lountaln, which has since heen named Denny Mountain. CIlmblnR to It, he
)Uiui . ... gorffe to t)e a rift In the Hide of the mountain, pItchInK about ¥>
JpKrceH at Ita foot. On raoh side was a vertloal i-llft aliout IW) feet hljfh. In
rhich were vertical ledj^oa of mnjrnetic Iron about Blxty feet wide, largre-
D<lles of thiH mineral beInK alao found on the top of these eltfCs. He located
Bveral claims, but did nothing to Improve them.

In 18«2 Mr. Denny, Angus Mackintosh, l". 1). Boren, James Taylor and
leremlah norst. the last three of whom have since dle<l, went to this mountain
lo make locations and, on further InvestlKHtlon, found three parallel ledKe*
\t the same character. The one first dlscove'-ed which crosses Denny Creek
U the falls, they named the Denny I-ode; anot. - i "00 feet south, which Is 132:
H wlile and stands out In a cliff several hundre ^t hlfrh, they named th»
Jllff Lode, and the third, about six feet wide, wu,' calleci the Climax Lode,
[hey locate<l nine claims, four on the Denny, thrc^ n the Cliff and two on the
Climax Lode, and Messrs. Denny, Mackintosh aru others organized the Denny
Ton Mines Company, which still owns the » ^up.

In 1883 about |7,000 was spent In develo. .^nt and pa'"nts were obtained,
tuinel was driven 100 feet on the Climax Lode, pr vlnji it to be valurlcss a»
' ,re, as It carried white arsenical iron, Sevcra' fiiuusand tons of ore were
5iod from ^he cliff on che <'llff Lode and lest w.c made by a number of
Bsayers. Anulyals showed It to carry the i^ii.m.um ol sulphur and phos-
lorus anu It was pronounced the best quaM'.y of Deasemcr ore. It was also
ibje<>ted to working tests by the Moss Ray ^ron *, ompany, of Englanil whlcH
Bed marble from one of the walls as a flux, and w.i'i proved to be free from
llphur and phosphorus. Some surface work was done on the several clalm»
the Denny Lode, and C. K. Jenner, of Seattle, who had dirge <'f the-
k'elopment, determined t..at It was of no value for Iron on accoum of th»
ge quantities of sulphur It contained, even on the surface. In 1885 he had
assay made of a piece of peacock copiwr float, believed to be from the-
my I.,ode, and It carried $20 prold, $8 silver and 33 per cent, copper. In that
ir he put a force of men to work on this ledge an 1, finding a deep snowdrift
the gorge, he tunneled through it to the bottom of the ledge and then drilled
Ito the cliff for a width of fourteen to twenty feet. In doing ar he ran
)rough what proved to be an Iron capping three or four Inches thick into a
Jy of carbonates, copper sulphurets ond pyrites. Mr. Jenner took a ton of
ore and had a working test of it made In San Francisco by an assayer,
lo pronounced it the highest grade of precipitating copper ore. Later lu
5 swasion of 1.S85 the members of the company Vi^ent to the scene and found
J snow out of the gorge and th9.t the workings were forty or fifty feet above-
bed. In 1890 and 1891 steps were taken towards the mining of the Iron ore-
Ir smelting at the blast furnace and steel works then under constnictlnn at
Irkland, but when that enterprise failed during the panic, work was stopped
Id has not been resumed.

Another early dlpc6very of Iron ore, which may also prove to be only the-
Ipplng of a body of copper pyrites, is the Guye Iron Mines on Ouye's Peak,
^orlooklng Snoqualmle Pass. It is reached by following the wagon road for
.enty-flve miles from North Rend to a point directly west of the pass and
len taking a trail for one and one-half miles. The mountain Is formed of
|rphyry, dlorlte and quartzite and the ore bodies follow a northeast by
uthwe«t course in a formation of porphyry and marble. Near the foot of
cliff on this mountain the body of magnetic iron crops to a width of sixty
seventy feet and has oeen stripped to a depth of 100 feet, while another
Spplng Is 100 feet deep and 150 feet wide. The ore carries 60 to 72 per cent,
btalllc Iron, with only traces of sulphur and phosphorus, and is pronounced
metallurjrists to lie first-class Bessemer iron. On the summit of the
>untiiln. 300 feet higher, is a round knoll of similar ore 300 feet long and
feet wide, but not as rich in 'ron. On these several croppings and the
tensions of the ledges F. M. Gu>e. Hon. Thomas Burke. Hon. John Leary,
[F. Brlggs and John W. Guye have twelve r^lalms patented.

Another body of what is, on the surfwct Iron ore is on the six claims,
>ned by F. M. and John W. Guye and known as the Green Mountain group,
lese are on the mountain between the middle and north forks, six milea
>m Saiial Prairie. The deposits are red hematite and magnetic Iron thirty
perpendicular and twenty-five feet wide In a formation of porphyritic-
mlte, but they have only been stripped and thus It has not been ascertained
lether the ore changes character with depth. The magnetic Iron ore
rries 69 to 72 per cent, and the iictuaiiLc S*? *o 65 per cent, metallic iron and
|tb are almost free from sulphur and phosphortis.

Tet another similar body of magnetic iron exists on the Chair Peak groui^
[five claims, owned by the Chair Peak Mining Company. Leaving the r.-iil-
pid at Sallal Prairie, one goes by the wagon road up the middle fork tct
jshlng's ranch and by trail up Tuacohatchie Creek to Chair Peak, so named
)m Its having the form of a great arm-chair. A great oliff of magnetic
in eighty-two feet wide ris'-'s from Snow Lake on the east side of the
buntain and also crops on th. west side. It shows copper in the croppings.
Id will probably change to copper -ore -when the capping Is pierced. Thefe

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

are on the same mountain deposits of marble and limestone, but the fonnar
has been so shattered by convulsions as to be commerciauy woruiless.

On the next ridge to the east of Chair Peait Lon Jose and others, of North
Bend, have a similar surface showing on the Copper Chief group, from which
they have run a tunnel 300 feet in the form of a horseshoe, for the purpose or
reaching the solid formation, and have shown sulphide ores and some galena.
Adjoining this e-roup Victor Penberthy and others have the Emma group, on
which a tifty-foot tunnel has shown a body of copper sulphides, and on Red
Mountain, to the northeast, J. W. Walrath and Robert IMamond have the
Commonweaithi on which a 250-foot tunnel has shown a large body of copper
pyrites.

Returning to North Bend, we And a number of claims on Mount SI, the
bold shoulder of the ridge dividing tne north and middle forlis, and on the
continuation of that ridge.

On the north forli side of Mount Si, three and one-half mllee from North
Bend, iMed li.ilis and Aib. rt iv» liy, of Ntw ioik, have two claims on a ledge
which is said to crop eighty feet wide and in which a seventy-foot tunnel
shows a sixteen-inch strtak of sulphides with some galena, assays running
as high as |20.

On a heavily iron-cappeu ledge traced up this mountain W. C. Keith, W.
H. Clark and F. Henderson have the Annie group of three claims. A fifty-
foot tunnel is in sulphide ore and chalcopyrlte all the way between well-
dettned walls pitchlnR SO degrees, and a seventy-five-foot tunnel Is also in ore
almost its whole length, whue an eight-foot shaft shows the ledge seven feet
between walls. An average of several assays is about %'ZS gold and silver.
Another ledge crops on the middle claim, but has not l>een defined.

On a parallel ledge John B. Gregor has shown similar ore in a sixty-foot
tunnel, and in a new tunnel started lielow it in the fall of 1896, he struck two
feet of fine sulphide ore, while further down the mountain he discovered a
new ledge containing three feet of ore, which assayed $75 In all values

The Copper Bell and i^eta are new locations by Sherry McElroy, Joseph
Sher«, George Sharlk and Charles Baxter on what was formerly well known
as the Black Jack ledge, two and one-half miles from Sallal Prairie on the
north fork. The ledge is a large one, in the contact between granite and
gneiss, and carries low-grade concentrating ore in the form of sulphides,
which assay about $10 in gold, silver and 6opper, while four cross ledges, one
to four feet wide, carry ore of higher grade, which is free milling on the
surface. A tunnel was run 136 feet on a stringer and showed the ore to change
from free milling to concentrating. A drift from this tunnel ran forty feet
to the left and then ran sixty-eight feet to strike the contact of the main
ledge. Another tunnel is in 170 feet on a stringer, 200 feet below, to tap the
same ledge. The owners propose to erect a small mill this spring to reduce
the free milling ore.

On Mount Tenerlffe, aoout half a mile further up the north fork, W. C.
Kedth and W. B. Akers »iave the Clevelana and Legal 'i-^noer on a iwenty-
foot ledge, carrying fine sulphurets of iron and copper, vhich assay about
$40 gold. The ledge has been cross-cut for sixteen feet, and a thirty-foot
tunnel follows the pay streak on the hanging wall.

Near the foot of Chair Peak is the L^iura l^indsay, one of the oldest loca-
tions in the district, now owned by the Bowker brothers. It has a four-foot
ledge of sulphide ore in a soft talcose gangue between walls of granite and
slate and a 250-foot tunnel shows ore carrying $30 to $40 gold and silver.

On Taylor river, a tributary of the middle fork, Thomas Nlles has the
Lost Lode, on which an eifhty-foot cross-cut has tapped a strong ledge, but
has not struck the wall, showln? ore woll mineralized with gold, silver, lead
and molybdenite, generally associated with hornblende.

The Last Chance group of three claims on McCiellan Butte Is on a true
Assure ledge of quart.''., oarryir.g pyrites, which has been traced for a mile.
Three tunnels, the longest one of which la sixty feet, have shown four feet
of ore between strong walls, assaying $7.50 to $15 in gold and silver.

On Profile Mountain, so calleri from a big cllfi which, when seen at a
certain angle, forms a perfect profile of George Washington, the Pac!:lo
Mining Company has the Oella Jane group of seven claims, 'ihe ledge Is a
true fissure two feet wide, a.s shown in a twenrf;y-foot cross-cut, and carries
about $17 free gold in decomposed quartz gangue. Another ledge of the same
size and character runs Into a porphyry dike and has been opened by a
iseventy-four-foot tunnel. This company Is preparing to resume work this
«prlng.

At the Star Oabln. twenty-six miles from North Bend on the south fork,
'SV. C. Weeks and George W. Tlbbetts have the Black Prince group, on which
they have done a good amount of work.

The miners along the south and middle fork of the Snoqualmle have
organized the Summit Mining District, but it is generally known as the Sno-
qualmle district, and that name has been adopted to avoid confusion with
the Summit District in Pierce County.

iunruT.

PIERCE and YAKIMA COUNTIES.
WASHINGTON.

•Mil... *=^

> iNOmm^

8.
4.

5.
K.
7.
8.
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la.
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IS.

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15.
16.
17.

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28.

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Knox.
Comet
Pntor
Ophlr.
Kalrrtew.
fioode'ionjfU.
VaionioCb.
Cainnbtill Oroap.
Hswiis.
Ntptune.
Terror.
Cnrreat.
FJura
O. A. R.
BtHck Kawk.
White Elephant
v.',Vit« (j'uiUl
ViliM or Sf«r OnopL
(little (h:a.
M.uttodoa.
Jtmin^ Star.
UighlcuJ Kai;.
FofTWt A Farreira
ttn>ap

miMna cuins.

8». ColU Sprinc.

2«. Parrot

87. Forest Qneaa,

W. Tip Top
2H. Kmma
SO. HilTer ReeC

31. Bloe BelL

32. Cittwg fulnt
3:i )Varr<>».-> Mm^

S-1. liry8priDsr.
3>«. Dam Kina
SO. Gold Sprint

37. liamaoR k i

38. CoBistock.
3!). LaRNtta.
41). Gold Hath.
41. Boston.

41 \M\y of tht l«k«b

43. nonainsa.

44. Smninit Co.

4.5. RIacIc Uiamnad.
4t). Rortba Ofori(t«.
47. Hollfij.
a. ''ombiiMtlaB.
4». eiizab«tb.

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

BXJENA VISTA.

This district lies along the north fork of the Snoqualmle river and Its
tributaries and Is an extension across the ridge of the Miller and Money
Creek districts, having iiia same characteristics. In fact, many of the
principal claimS are on extensions of the great ledges of Miller river and
Money Creek traced through the ridge to the Snoqualmle side— a striking:
evidence of the strength and permanence of the mineral, bodies of the Cas-
cade Range.

It is only within the last year that much work has been done on the north
fork, its distance from tae railroad— about twenty-flve miles— being an
obstacle, though the extension of the road by King County would do much
to make it accessible. The route to it is by the Seattle & International Rail-
road to North Bend, sixty miles from Seattle, then by road for nineteen miles
and the remainder of the distance by trail.

A notable instance of the tracing of a series of ledges th.-ough a lofty
mountain ridge is the Mastodon group of eleven claims, near the head of the
north fork. These are on the extension of the Brooklyn series of ledges from
Coney Basin in the Miller River district. On one of these work has been
continued since June, 1896, having begun on a small scale in the previous
year. A shaft is down fifty feet, cutting a ledge ten or twelve feet wide. In
which there is three feet of copper sulphurets and gp'ena assaying as high
as eighty ounces silver, $20 gold and 29 per cent, cop r. The other ledges
are of the same character and equally strong. This g oup Is owned by J. M.
Sharp, the estate of John Miller and J. L. Warner, of Rossland, B. C.

One mile from this group are the Artzona and Washington, owr.^J b; the

Arizona Gold Mining Company, which are on the extension of the Money

Creek ledges through the ridge, being one and one-half miles from the Apex

and one mile from the BrooKlyn. The Arizona has an east and west ledge of

porphyry forty feet wide between walls of granite which stand up 100 feet

perpendicularly on each side and carries a body of copper sulphide ore assay-

• Ing $35, mostly gold, on the surface. The Washington has a similar ledge

: fifty feet wide, mineralized thiougnout and carrying twenty f^et of pay ore,

i being clearly traceable up the face of the cliff. The company has a mlllsite on

two small lakes 400 feet south of the Washington, thai outlet of which will

I furnish water power.

f One mile above the mouth of the middle prong of the north fork is the
iFletcher Webster group of nine claims owned by Andrew Hemrich, Philo
iRuthprfora and others. The main Fedge is eight feet wide in the croppings,
ll)ut widens at one point to forty feet. An open cross-cut and a forty-foot
Itunnel snow it to be mineralized enough throughout to pay for concentration
land to carry four feet oi pay ore averaging $."52 in gold and silver, from a
Inumber of assays. The mineral on the surface is iron sulphides, but changes
|at depth to galena ore. with Increasing value. This change in character Is
general throughout this district.

On Ill.nois Creek, a tributary of the main north fork. George A. Pratt and
)avid Rushing have the Belle of Tennessee group of nine claims on a ledge
twenty feet wide, showing in the croppings an ore chute forty feet longr,
^xrrying $15 gold, $S.60 silver on the surface.

SUMMIT.

Deriving its name from its position on the summit of the Cascade Range
imong the foothills of Mount Rainier, this district, which was organized in
1891, occupies the northwest corner of Yakima and the eastern part of Pierce
ipuntles. On the west It Is at the sources of Sliver Creek, flowing into White
River, and on the east its waters form Morse and Union Creeks, which unite
In American River, an aflSuent of Bumping River, which empties -into the
pTakima. Accessible alike from the east and west, It has been explored by
the people of Tacoma and Buckley on the latter, and of Yakima on the
fopmer side, but the western men have the majority of the properties. The
feountry formation is mostly of crystalline eruptive rock, although slate and
limestone are to be found. The ledges are large and well mineralized
throughout, carrying gold on the surface which has been made free . by
oxidation, but as depth la attained the ore will probably become base, afi tn
nher districts on the Cascades. The ores also carry a smaJl silver valuer

nd galena and iron sulphides are also f ounu associated wltlx the precious

letals.

Tacoma Is the headquarters of those Interested In the district, and

luckley, thirty miles east on the Northern Pacific Railroad. Is the out-

(UnK point. Theiice a good horse trail leads up Whtte river and Sliver

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

Creek to Gold Hill, at tM head of the latter stream, a distance of flfty-flv«
miles. From North Yakima on the east, the district Is entered by horse trail
sixty-eight miles long, up the Yakima River and its upper tributaries to the
summit. A movement is now on foot to construct a wagon road from
Buckley to Yakima by way of Greenwater River, White River, Silver Creek,
to the Silver Basin, then down the Yakima watershed on the eastern slope.
This would reduce the distance from Buckley to Gold Hill to forty miles
and the Buckley people have by voluntary effort constructed six miles of It.
The state legislature has made a liberal appropriation for an extension from
the summit to Yakima. . . . . .

The first mining in this district of which there is any recdrd was done In
1880-82 on some placer ground near the head of Morse Creek, below the
present Comstock Mine. Here H. L. Tucker, George Gibbs and others, of
North Yakima, took out good wages, one nugget of $80 having been found, a
17 nugget being taken out last season and $1 nuggets being not uncommon.
This mine came into the hands of Robert Fife and others, who lately sold it
for $3,000. The first owners of this mine, however, found that somebody had
been there before them, for an old cabin stood far up the west fork of Whita
River and some trees on the west side of the east fork of that stream were
marked with old blazes.

Led on by float dn White River, George M. Brown, Frank W. and George
W. Glbbs, of Tacoma, and Thomas and Robert Fife, of Yakima, made. the
first ouartz location in the summer of 1888 on Gold Hill and have since proved
them to be among the best in the district. Other claims took up the hill and
epread all around it, making it the center of a fast-widening circle of activity.
One of their first locations was the Comstock, already mentioned, on which
the ledge has not yet been defined, though a pay streak shows the full width
of a sevent; foot tunnel and in several open cuts, and has given an average
assay of $3!t.iO gold and sliver. This claim, together with thirty-five other
quartz claims and one placer claim, is now owned by the Summit Mining and
Reduction Company, of 'lacoma, which In 1896 purchased it, together with a
number of claims on Gold Hill owned by Mrs. Emily Knight, of Tacoma.
Much money has beei. spent on these claims In the way of cutting trails and
building cabins, but little has been done to prove the value of the ledges.
That they hawe much merit is shown by the following assays made at the
Tacoma smelter from the principal ones:

DESCRIPTION.

Sailor Queen
Blue Bell ...

Boston

Current

Comstock ...
Blue Grass .

Per Ton or 2,000 lbs.

Ounces
Gold.

4.04
8 per cent

13.20
4 per cent

1.80

/ 40

Ounces
Sl'ver.

44.00

48.30

1.20

3.60

5.00

17.60

Value Per Toa
of 2,000 n>s.

1110 72
48 ^4
264 81
10 44
39 40
69 96

This company now controls the ground In the vicinity of Gold Hill and
will begin development In the spring.

The Crown Point, a little west of the Comstock, owned by George M.
Brown, has a seven-foot ledge In which a thirty-foot tunnel and several open
cuts have shown ore averaging $38 gold and sliver, though assays have run
as high as $60 gold, 6 ounces sliver. East of the Comstock Mr. Brown has the
Lolette on a four-foot ledge, on which a tunnel has been driven fifteen feet,
showing ore which averaged $36 gold. From a four-foot ledge on the Eva he
has also obtained assays of 4 ounces gold and 44 ounces sKver.

The Fife brothers retained their faith in the district when all others lost
heart, and remained at work until late In December, only leaving when
supplies ran out and hunger drove them back to civilization. At that time,
too, they had no roads, nor even trails, and had to find their way by blazes.
Their best group is the Blue Bell of six claims at the head of Union Creek,
a mile west of Gold Hill. The Blue Bell ledge Itself is on the summit of
the range, the ore being In a porphyry dike, with a seam of quartz and a
seam of porphyry. All of this carries value, but the quartz assays) high in
free gold. A roughly constructed arrastre was erected several years ago on
Union Creek, below the mine, and has made a run each season. Ten tone
of ore was milled last season without any pretense of sorting and a little
over eight ounces of amalgam was cleaned up Robert Fife also has the
Blizabeth, on Morse Creek, on which a five-foul ledge has been opened In
several places, giving an assay of $72. Mr. Fife and J. J. Armstrong, of
Takima, have run a tunnel twenty-five feet and made several small cro»«-
cuts on a similar ledge on the Morning Star and Bonanza, just below the
Comstock.

James A. Farrell and J. R. Forrest, of Tacoma, made their advent in th«
dkitrlct in 1891 on a hunting trip, but turned their attention to proepectiliff

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

and made a number of valuable discoveries on a mountain spur near the
head of Silver Creek, which they named Pick-handle Point. They have done
as much as any two men to open up. the district. This mountain seems to be
transversely cut by numberless narrow but very rich parallel ledges. On the
Blue Grouse and Sure Thing there Is a network of parallel ledgee two to
three feet wide, opened by a twenty-foot shaft and numerous cross-cuts.
Their first aaoay was $3 gold, but last year they took out ore running $62 gold
and 31 ounces silver. On the Damfln o and Dry Spring they have free milling
ore which carries US gold and 2 ounces silver, and have also some good
placer ground on Morse Creek. On this mountain is the Little Gem, owned
by Edward Collins, of Buckley, and below it on Sliver Creek he and William
and Alexander McNlcol, of Buckley, have the Collins.

Near the summit of the range, two miles south of Gold Hill, George Sedge,
of Takima, has a group of claims on which he has driven a tunnel 110 feet,
exposing ore which averages $33 gold. Below this claim Willlai^ and Alex-
ander McNlcol and M. B. Compton have the Blazing Star on an eight-foot
ledge, in which a twenty-five foot shaft and a cross-cut show a three-foot
pay streak assaying $190 gold and 10 ounces silver. The Highland, with three
and one-half feet of similar ore on the surface, has the same owners. The
Evening Star, owned by John Shantz and George Fuller, is on a thirteen-foot
ledge, believed to be an extension of the Blazing Star.

In 1894 exploration was extended by E. K. Current and his son, J. B. Cur-
rent, of Buckley, John Wilkeson and Samuel Fletcher to Crystal Mountain,
an extension of the Summit ridge dividing White River on the west from
Sliver Creek, its tributary, on ^he east, and rising to an elevation of 8,000 feet.
This mountain Is formed of gthy and purple porphyry, dotted with crystallized
feldspar, and Is cut by ledges of decomposed porphyrltlc quartz ranging from
twelve to twenty feet dn width, carrying free gold on the surface, and assayers
pronounce the ore first-class free milling. As In other parts of the district.
' the gold is chiefly found in the form of fine sulphur ets and is f^ee on the
I surface only through the oxidation of the iron.

One of Mr. Current's groups, comprising nine claims, is owned JoJnMj by

ihim and his brother-in-law, James Gebert, of New Iberia, La., and they nAV«

pushed development during the past year. On one of their claims a shaft it

[down elghty-nve feet, showing a fourteen-foot ledge, all pay ore. Assayt

I range from $15 to $103 gold, but the most reliable returns are three mill test*

[giving an average of $13 free gold. A twenty-foot tunnel on an extension

{shows the ledge eight feot wide with ore assaying $4 to $28 gold, mostly tree.

iOn an immense parallel ledge, of which the walls have not been traced, are

Ithree claims. On one of these a forty-five foot cross-cut has shown ore

assaying $8.75 to $150 gold and silver, mostly the former. Another has the

ledge defined to a width of nine feet, and from a forty-foot tunnel assays of

^ gold and 5 or 6 ounces silver have been obtained. A sixty-five foot tunnel

on the th'ird claim showed ore assaying as high as $28 gdld. Another claim

ts on a large ledge of low grade ore, assays from a twenty-five foot tunnel

iveraglng $25, It Is intended to erect a stamp mill on this group during the

The Cr- 3tal Mountain group, owned by Mr. Current, In conjunction with
L W Frater and A. W. Hawks, of Everett, comprises five claims south of
le Current group and 1,500^ feet below it, along Silver Creek. On one
these the ledge is twenty-two feet wide and a ten-foot shaft Is down
ore assaying from $10 to $250. Another has a six-foot ledge assaying from
J to $44. and the others make good showings on thti surface. The seme
Jirties have some valuable placer ground below these claims, and Messrs.
Frater and Hawks have three other claims on the same mountain. It Is
roposed to erect a stamp mill on this group also during t..e summer, ditches
^vlnc been cut and bull<Mngs erected In readiness. Despite the great height
if the mountain, it will not be difficult to transport machinery over zlz-sag
rails up its sides. ^. _. _. ,„ .„,.

Another group of six claims, owned by John Campbell, of Yakima, covers
ne Kood-slzed ledges on Crystal Mountain, which assay well on the surface,
lut little work has been done. North of the Crystal Mountain group William
I Dooley Herbert Recuse and John Stone have a group of claims, on one of
rhlch a seven-foot ledge has been stripped for eighty feet and shows ore
«.nning well, vnough no assays have been made. Adjoining the Frater-
Surrent group on the southeast, Mr. Presby, of Goldendale, has the Nell,
which a small amount of development shows good ore, carrying free silver,
Adjoining the Current Group No. 2 the Gold Hill Mining & Milling Coim
my has the King Group of three clairns on exten^ohs of three of the princit
a\ ledires. which are shown by development on other properties and by 8nr>
ifee cuts to be three to fifteen feet wide, carrying free gold and some nati*"
liver. Assays range from $8 to $60 and averag« about n2-

Other ledges that have been located neap the Curreot group No. 8. and «t

amewhat similar formation, are the French, the Thompson, the^ Bjfjnf .

MonMng to g«ntlemen whose names they respeetively bear, and t^ ^™»>

med by E. K. Current, of Buckley, and Dr. Fletcher, of North Taklna.

f«Be arc all large and prominent ledges. , „• «

On the summltv south of Gold HUl. J. A. ni«J,.W. S. Vilw. L. W. Rogers
»d H. F. Rogers, of North YaKima, have the Star group of four clrims on
(3)

iMii

MINING IX THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

a contuot ledRe between granitu and slate, and have done considerable
development, showing ore which assays from $7 to |60.

The Black Hawk group of three claims, owned by the Northwest Mining
Company, lies three miles southwest of Gold Hill, and will begin operations
in the spring. On one ledge it has two claims and two tunnels .ibout thirty-
flve feet each and a third twenty-five feet long are in ore assaying $33 to $101,
mostly in free gold. The third claim is as yet undeveloped, but the surface
ore pans well. Near this group Thomas Baker, of Goldendale. and Spencer
Jacobs, of Yakima, have the McKinley on a seven-foot ledge, which pans
well on the surface.

W. J. Knapp, T. J. Sullivan, William Dougherty and Professor Fred
Chamberlain, of Buckley, have the Welcome group of four claims on a ledge
wMch averages about four feet in width and assays from $2 to $S gold, on the
east branch of White River.

Messrs. Knapp and Chamberlain are owners of the White Glacier and the
Cascade lodes, near the glaciers. In this locality are also the Lone Star,
White Pawn and Esther, owned by W. .T. and Guy Knapp, the walls of which
are thirty-two feet apart, and assay, copper $25, silver 42 ounqes and gold
$29.70. Together with Professor Chamberlain and Drew Jones they also own
the Blue Marmot and the Blue Wednesday, situated between the Crow Creek
and Silver Creek Basins. Mr. Knapp has a promising placer claim, which he
Intends working with sluices next summer, situated very close to the glaciers
of the east branch of White River.

William A. Rainey and A. W. Tweedem, of Tacoma, are also on Upper
White River and own the Gold Standard group of four claims. In the same
vicinity F. C. Brodie and William Hart, of Goldendale, have six claims, from
wMch they have taken good ore.

Late last summer a number of claims were located west of Gold Hill, on
which no work has yet been done, but which prospect well on the surface.
Chief among these are the Parrot and Forest Queen, owned by George Brown,
T. Sullivan and T. L. Baker; Ihe Forest King, owned by Herbert Morris:
the Tennis, by A. R. Scott; the Ethel, by.W. Froggett, and the Florence and
Mahapac, by Charles E. Gregory.

A group of six claims was located along the headwaters of Rattlesnake

Creek, on a range of mountains called the Nelson's Peaks, in August, 1894, b;
F. E. McDougal and S. P. Bennett, of Buckley. The ore carries $20 g(
16 ounces silver and 2 per cent, copper. P. Henning, John T. Davis and C. B.

Talbot, of Tacoma, have covered 220 acres of nickel ore territory, situated
twenty-five mlle^ eastward of Buckley and on the lower Green Water River.
While these groups are not in the Summit District, they are naturally tribu-
tary to it.

A remarkable discovery comes within the same category, for it is tributary
to Tacoma. Th^^s Is the Vanguard group of four claims In the canyon of the
Big Mashell River, one and one-half miles from EatonvlUe, which is reached
by the Mount Rainier wagon road, thirty-two miles from Tacoma. This Is a
ledge of volcanic cement about 400 feet, running northwest by west and south-
east by east between walls of trachyte, the rock being similar to the tufa
channels on the Forest Hill Divide in Placer .'Jounty, California. It shows
only sixty feet up the sides of the canyon, being capped with gravel wash
from Mount Rainier. Two or three feet bel^w the surface Indications of
copper appear in the shape of prills, or small grains, of copper. As a shaft,
which iy down sixteen feet, was sunk it encountered sheets of copper, thin bm
paper, wherever there were any cracks or seams in the rock, and the propor-
tldn of copper has increased 300 per cent, in sinking. This strange deposit is
owned by C. P. Toplift, William Foran and Wilbur Todd, of Tacoma, who
have bonded it to Spokane parties.

Although the whole of the Summit District was Included hi the Pacific
Reserve in 1892, this fact has not deterred the minerf; from continuing opera-
tions, and they have taken st^ps to obtain exemptions from interference with
their work.

CEDAB BIVEB.

This district has peculiar interest for Seattle people, since it is tributary
to the Seattle & International Railroad, one of the chief feeders of the city's
trade, la at the head of a stream flowing down to that city's suburbs and the
mining properties are almost entirely owned in Seattle. The route to It from
the city is by the Seattle & International Railroad to North Bend on the Sno-
qualmle, by a good wagon road to a point six miles below the confluence of
Bear Creek with Cedar River and thence by trails, one running up each of
those streams. The commissioners of King county propose this season to
extond the road to the mouth of Bear Creek, the mining men agreeing to
make further extensions to their properties.

The mineral belt is an extensiori 6f the granite and syenite formation
which has been traced north and soutu through the backbone of the Cauioade

m iV

CEDAR RIVER.

SEAT!

KINO COUNTY.

WASHINOTON.

Sanamarpiah Lake.

NORTH BEND."

Jl ( NAP SHOWING HOUTE TO MINES.

RENTON.

kPLE VALLEY.^ C*cfar

'%..

IftBaMy.

,«-'

k^«W»''' ***

l*-

\x*

kLE OF MILES.

niMX TO mMuaoB cuin.

I. 8eatU&

3. lastChancft
»■ Btefflwinder.

4. Ophir.

S- Frederick.

«.EtU.

7. Sin FnuMiMtt

aSanJoM.

9l BtoMjM.

10. Los Animlw

11. Nickel Plate.
1& On Line,
la Wood Line.
11 Rneka.
!&• Brown Bear.

16. Mar Karliart

17. Exi No. I.
t& Btt, Ma 2.
19. MaM.
iO. La Veta.
•21 Capital.
28. Alee a
2& Onaha.
24. Nebnaka.
ih. HoOeBan.
S«. Citole.
37. Bridal Veft

Bailwa]u>
Wagon Rondu,-

IVtlla

SiuBmit Uneti. -

I THE MClFtC NORTHWiar

•unt.1 ««■„

— ' ' J

inmNO IN THB PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

Range almost the whole width of the state. The course of the ledires Is
generally northeast, and southwest. The original discoveries were Iron and
copper pyrites carrying gold and silver, but more recently great ledges of
free mllUng quarts have been found to parallel them. Discoveries began In
1891, and haves been steadily continued, with the Inevitable lull during the
panic years, to the present time, and development wan prosecuted with
renewed vigor during 1^. The principal discoveries were made by B. B.
Robinson, P. K. Mills, Harry Barhart, Sherry McKlroy, William and James
Irving, B. C. Ives, Fred Turner and J. M. Hamilton, the more recent by L.

The May E>arhart mine, which promises to become the first producer,
consists of Mx claims half a mile up Cedar river from the confluence of Bear
Creek, and is owned by the Bbbinson Mining Company. The Iftdge has been
broken over on the surface, so that It Ues almost flat, cropping out on the
river bank to a great width under an iron capping, and is in a cor aot
between granite and syenite. The first work done was to sink a shaft lu
which the widthof t|ie ore was seven feet.. As, the accumulation of water
oauned trouble in this shaft, a tuhnel wliiirun eighty-nine feet Into the hllL
on a level with the top of the shaft, and diagonally with the course of the
ledge, but over the top of the ore body. This shows the ore body to be fully
forty feet wide, with no hanging wall in sight. Work was then resumed on
the Shalt which is now down forty feet and shows the ledge to have
straightened up. The ore la copper and iron salpnides, with a laxge propor-
tion of silver and copper glance and pockets of bornite, and also contains a
large quantity of hornblende carrying gold, the gangue being porphyry easy
to mine. An average of four assays made from samples taken from the
dump gave (14.98 gold, twenty-nine ounces silver. At that time the shaft was
only down sixteen feet and there were 125 tons on the dump, from which
thirty tons could be sorted averaging |100 a ton, the remainder averaging
about $30. The shaft has since. been sunk to a depth of forty-three feet on
the footwall, and is all the way In high-grade ore, which continually Improves
in quality with depth. Assays made at various times during operation have
shown much higher values than those given above, but the company is con-
lent to rely upon these moderate results. There are about 300 tons of ore on
the dump, of which about one-fourth is of high enough grade to ship. Two
claims are on a cross ledge.

The Brown Bear and Bureko, on the north extension of the May Barhart
ledge across Bear Greek, are owned by B. C. Ives and othen. The ledge
cropped out In the sldehlu with only four tnches of ore on the surface and a
two-Inch stringer twenty feet distant, which is making for the ledge. A
twenty-foot shaft showed the main pay streak to widen to sixteen inches
and a ten-foot shalft on the feeder showed it to widen to eight inches, the ore
being of the same character in every respect. as that taken from the May
BKrhart shaft. .,,,.„.

A short distance further up Cedar River are the Woodline and Online
owned by B. B. Robinson and John Curry, on a thirty-foot ledge containing
several streaks of sulphides. From a small shaft ore assaying about 190 gold
and 14 per cent, copper has been taken.

The most development work in the district has been done on the San Jose

> group, now owned oy T. F. Townsley and .others, and perseverance In the

I face of many discouragements has been rewarded by the discovery of a lai'ge

I body of ore in the last tunnel. The main ledge crops out on the right baalc

lof the creek, and running across, shows up again on the other side and runs

|up the mountain diagonally from the left banK, with a blow-out on the right

niank. The ledge niatter is porphyry and is forty feet wide where it shows

In the solid granite formation, and the ore carries Iron and copper sul-

lides, black oxide of copper carrying gold and silver. The course of the

Ige Is about northwest and southeast, with a pitch of 95 degrees east.

„ The first work done was a cross-cut 300 feet through the granite on the

left bank, showing one ore body eight, feet wide and a number of stringers,

anging from one to eight Inches. A shaft was sunk thirty-four feet on the

ight-foot ore body, and a stope was raised thirty feet from the tunnel Imme-

lately above the shaft. Assays of this ore averaged |9 to |U gold, sliver and

3pper, and a badly sorted shipment of ten tons made in 1894 returned 112 a

Dn from the smelter. A shaft was then sunJc on the solid cropping to a

epth of twenty feet, but proved not to be in the pay chute and was aban-

oned. A cross-cut was next started on the left bank and continued for 180

leet, cutting through about forty feet of ore in a uroken formation, which

parried |2 to |6 gold )ind would concentrate forty to one. A short tiinnel wim

Itarted further up the creek, with a view to f oilQwlng a striifger eight to t6n

.ches wide Into the main ledge, and In this ore was struck averaglhg pO to

' for all values. The following year a cross-cut was 'started on the Si&n

ITose with a view to striking the ledge, but after It had been run 800 ftet

ork upon It was suspended, as the cropplngs on the creek proved to be In a

Ide which had crushed the ledge matter nearest the surface. Tills fact,

had misled the owners as to the strike of the ledge. The proximity of

lie main ore body was evidenced by the fact that the tunnebcut seven or

rbt stringers, from four to eighteen Inches wide, the lowest assay from

aich was 922 for alt values, white an elghteen-inch stringer showed an

»;ei»ige of. $00 for all values. Including 27 per cent, copper. A shaft was* then

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTH NVPJST.

sunk on the mountain above, where the Btrlnpef was supposed to run Into
the ledge, and the Junction was found In a brotcen formation. A tunnel was
Btarted Immediately below this, and at the end of thirty-four feet entered a
broken ledg« of talc and crushed quartas, highly mineralized with pyrites or
Iron and copper, chalcopyrlte and pockets or bornlte. It was continued for
180 feet through this broken ledge matter, with frequeoit large bodies of
chalcopyrlte ore, and then ran Into an unbroken ledge and continued alons
the wall for fifteen feet. The gangue In this ledge Is porphynltlc quartz con-
taining patches of white quartz and some calc-spar, and Is fairly well miner-
alized with iron pyrites and some chalcopyrlte. The depth now gained Is
■eventy-flve feet and the tunnel will be continued along the wall, gaining
depth rapidly. The general rnn of the ore in this property will well pay for
concentration, and much of it is of high enough grade to pay for smeltlnK,
whenever the road is extended to the mine.

The free milling quartz claims located by L. Lewis last year are also
owned by Mr. Townsley and hds as.sociates, and, though no work has yet been
done, the surface showing Is so large and strong that development may prove
them to eclipse the San Jose group in value, with the further advantage that
they are evidently in the solid formation. The Ophir and two extensions are
on a ledge, or rather dike, cropping in a great bluff up the mountain side,
half a mile from and parallel with the San Jose ledge. The rock is quarts,
carrviner feldspar, and In many places highly crystallized, and the dike is
fully sixty feet wide. Several pieces knocked oft the surface at various
points across the ledge gave an assay of eighteen ounces of gold and seven
ounces silver. The Stemwinder aiid an extension are on a similar ledge,
cropping to a width of at least 100 feet In two gulches which it crosses, only
a few hundred feet from the Ophir ledge. Further up the same mountain a
solid mass of the same kind of ore is exposed, 400x200 feet, on which the
Seattle is located. This season's prospecting on these doposits will shotr
the amount and value of the pay ore they carry, but they are certainly
promising prospects.

The Christina ledge, further up Bear Creek, below Bear Lake, is of good
width, as yet undetermined, and Is in a broken formation; but a tunnel
driven fifteen feet on It shows ore all the way, with one wall of slate, from
which great cubes of quartz are taken. The ore carries copper pyrites and
go'd, but, unlike the other ledges, contains no hornblende. Assays show (6 to
♦30 Si.'"' ^° ^° 20 per cent, copper, one giving as much as 75 per cent, copper.

The Bridal Veil, owned by Sherry McElroy and William Irving, has a
ledge cropping out under Bridal Veil falls, two miles above the May i!<arhart.
The cropplngs show oxidized iron to a width of sixty feet, and a 100-foot
tunnel on the ledge Is in white quartz carrying iron and copper sulphides,
assaying from |6 to »12 gold and silver, besides copper. Below this ledge is
a parallel one, on which the same parties have the Oriole. They have
ST* IJ.^ *",""«• 200 feet on a syenite wall, with ore the whole width, assaying
17 to J15 gold, and have not cross-cut to the fcotwall.

„— „. ^® **i5 Bridal Veil Joseph Llnz has the Victoria op a four-foot ledge,
carnrlng gold and copper and assaying $31 for all values.

«™Z!i®K *^* ?'4?"*'^ ''" * •*'^^^ ^^'^ ^y the river above the Victoria, Is
«rr,fir,.?.^//J?'' ^^"^"'■'■2,1 ?„"•' Michael Wise. They have about six inches
of sulphide ore, carrying $38.50 gold and copper on the surfade.

o..,o *Ovt''°"'®./*'"^'*'-*^ ^y the wagon road from North Bend would be a good
2?J?i, f i^ a railroad for the pass over the divide from the Snoqualmle south
i?,mT«.f oS^^K '^^'^f 4^..'°^V with a plateau of considerable width on the
to nvir^n^l^^^rS!?*^ 9.®^*i'" Lake the difficulties are not great, nor expensive
l*t^^^l^^^r.Z^%F°^^'"}'}^ f" ^"^^^ So""** Railroad might also be
nf tn« ^^o^ ?^^^^ ?'^*''' without great difficulty, whenever the development
of tne district promises enough traffic to offer an inducement. ^'"i'""'"'

ST HELENS.

one^f%h« Ufl^/'Sil'do*"? f^^V;'*^* Is among the foothills of Mount St. Helens.
wLwn^rtS^ «*n^^^^^ °,' **^® Cascade Range, near the southern boundary of
S^Snd mfl^k^'*«?r°'llS''*fK ^ ^S ^'■^^ °' ?*»»"* l-'^ square miles in the middle
Vau^^ I^Aaf^T?^ ^^ *^.t **""®® ^««^t extinct volcanoes-Mounts RaiBler.
^eS^^on nnrth"n^f12«7^"£?''S**,^^P'°^J'o» *^^« n*' " extended much beyood
i« h^fht iK^u °' ^°^?J- ^i- Helens. The route to this district from Seattle
Btaleto r^^c^^'^^J^ltl ^^"'•"^d to Winlock Station. 108 miles, thenc© by
stage to loledo, six miles, where parties outfit for the mountains From
Toledo a road runs up the Toutle River about twenty-six mUMtSthe^n-

^fut t°he nor'?h'"for£"t'!,^*''^'" '>°'^^. ^'•°"' thTs po'lnt two Ms dlvelS.
T^t« L VL ar*lr'?'^'' *° Samson's, the other up the middle fork via SpWt
mnp« aI^L?!.. ^^'^rn ^'^""P' ^H <»stance In each case being about tlilt^
miles. Another trail leads up the Cispus RlVer and Quartz Creek, m

% .

ST. HELENS

LEWIS. COWLITZ and SKAMAMA COL'NTIES.

MAP MIOWINQ itOUTi; TO MINM

1 A

1 W»;. ««

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1 ^
t ii <

|v*'*<

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'-irar

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WASHINGTON.

.<?

I. Owttateni., ^. oriMMA

:.'. Veanrain Kio^.

v. Moonttia Qumo

4. Ttied

elens.

S. iMtliopa

«. Black Filb.

7. OfllBMilL

& WwKagltk

A. TtpTopb

10. OofaMiidt.
U. CifldocUa.
It. iNMUd.
IS. Ortaly.

14. OreMlUnr.

15. Venai.
IS. CtptaL

17. MimiaAUph

la Atkaw

». FMwJaekMa.

)^ Nonnqr.

11. Kmdnt

n. Xoairt laWw.

S8. aiteftt..

3k Haatiit fttir,

M. Ifajr.

27. JaekPgi

»■ Hojrain^

29. Juib«k

30. fcnkiL
SI. OoodMivr.
Si!. llonia({8Mi
8S. Callfttait.
Si Aisai

8». CoprerBiMMV,

S8. BoiMaBm

ST. WtosMii.

SIL QwrtUriK.

40. eMr&

4L Suimk

a OMik.

4S. PaiMlHta
41 IbHtBoti

41. IS«MMQm«k

^ WT^ ^:^ ^w^s j^.'-v'-"w.^ii

IfXNINa IN TBB PACIFIC NORTHWB8T.

opening up. of the country is due mainly to the proapectore and lettlen,
who found It a pathless Jungle.

There are evidences, however, that In the M's California gold-hunt -)ra had
visited the region In search of placer gold, and that the Indians had dug out
the bright crysrtals of pyrites from the mineral cropplngs. About ten years
ago W. W. O Connor, of Toledo, discovered placer gold on thd middle fork of
the Toutlo and worked It for several years, but, despairing of securing means
of transportation, abandoned his claims. In 1889 K. Ludloft, of Toledo, war.
sent up Into the mountains by the Northern Pacific Land De|Mirtmen» to
report on the resourcee of the country, and on the banks of the Nor '■ Toutle,
near the mouth of Devil's Creek, found a piece of gold-bearing cntver ore
hanging to a piece of ayendte. No attempt was made to foUcrw u>. t'?e dis-
covery for some time, but It ultimately induced a Mr. Witt, of Orcison, Veter
Koontx, a hotelkeoper oi Toledo, and Ed Burbee, u merchant oi tliut tcwn,
to go Into the wilderness. They returned for several succeeding years, but
kept silent about their discoveries until othevs had penetrated the district,
when they made a number of locations. In the meantime settlement had
extended Into the foothills and lower valleys of the North Toutle. the new-
comers being mostly Swedes and Oermans, and they cut tr^Ms and opened
the way Into the mountains.

The credit of making the mineral w^ltli of the district known to the
world belongn to W. W. O'Connor, Botert Brown and A. Hoofer, who went
up the North Toutle In the spring of 1892 and made several good locations
on the main spurs of St. Helens. They were followed In a few weeks by
Al Maker, Mr. Duffy and others, of Chehalis. Some exoltement followed and,
the ledgeu being of large slae and carrying gold, sliver and copper, extrava-
gant expectations were Indulged by those unfamiliar with the character of
the ore. When they learned that it was refractory and could not be treated
by the crude processee applicable to free milling ore, enthusiasm cooled
somewhat, but prospecting continued and proved the district to abound In
copper ore, rich In gold and stiver. The prospectors helped themselves before
seeking the aid of others, and have enlisted Eastern capital to some extent' In
the work of development, the principal Investments coming from Milwaukee.

The country rock of the higher altitudes Is gneiss and schist, but in various
localities porphyry occurs In dikes and overflows. The ore liodles are many
and large, as shown by the comparatively little development which has been

Judiciously done, and are equal to those of any other district in the Cascade*,
["he mineral belt extends through. all the mountain spurs of the district, but
the ore of each locality has its peculiar cha,racterlatlcs. That of the Samson

froup differs from that of nearly every other locality, while on the upper
rortn Toutle the ore Is in true liseure veins of quarts averaging about nv
feet In width and carrying much Iron sulphide, with frequent occurrences o(
tolack sulphurets, and copper in many combinutions. This looalitj, however,
has but little development. The Stack l|(punta4n Belt has well-denned fissure
veins carrying iron pyrites, of which assays average fiiO gold, |30 silver.
. The Shovel Lake country has an altitude of about 3,000 feet above the valley,
[■crater lakes bedng an evldenoe of great volcanic disturbance. Some fuM
I fissure veins have been opened, showing ore which carries sulphurets and
lanagnetlc iron and assays about $70 gold, silver and copper. The Spirit Lake
TBelt ... in a formation which gives evidence of great volcanic action. V^ry
(limited development has shown bodies of ore carrying arseno-pyrlte, iron
pyrlites and 4n some ledtses copper pyrites, all bearing gold. On Mining Creelc,
Rrhere the first discoveries were made, development has in every instance
ihown marked improvement in the ore, which carries copper, gold and silver,
1th copper predominating, and some galena, assays ranging from $2 to
" gold.

The Samson group comprises eighteen daims and one tunnel site on the

j>per North Tovtle, near LudlofC's Pass, on the south slope of the Opat

fountain Range. The whole mountain, about 3,600 feet high, is mineralised

rith pyrites. On the Samson is a deposit so large that X8,000 expended In

levelopment has not yet denned its extent. A tunnel has been run 190 feet,

cross-cut 103 feeit and a shaft sunk thirty-seven feet at the bottom of a

ilch, which is 100 feet deep. This shows a mass of talcose matter carrying

on and copper pyrites, gray copper, traces of galena and native copper.

Bsays of which run as high as |10 gold, several dollars silver, $60 copper.

new tunnel has been started at greater depth. In one of the quartaMta

.dges were found pockets six feet high, four feet wide and eight feet deep,

ined thickly with cubes of Iron pyrites, quite regular and often as large as a

dan's hand. The discovery was made in a guloh, and at the foot of the

ountaln the decomposed ore, mixed With pulveti'',ed pumice stone and sand,

18 been f'eposited to a depth of twenty feet. This deposit assays 34 to $8

Did and lb held as placer ground.

The Golconda group, southeaitft of the Samson, Includes two claims and a
innel site, covering a body of ore in talcose slate and quartzite, of which
psays run as high as $30 gold. A sixty-foot cross-i-ut shows ore the whole
' inoe tfin^ar to iSa' SiuSibii,

ihe Sweden and Norwur ^oup, oomptlslng four claims on the northeast
r Of Spirit Lake, are iHi OVe Assure teins wit% wMl-deflned walls. A thirty-

p^ar^.ii^ "M-f'.fT"

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

foot tunnel showed rich copper ore carrying $5 gold, and the ore shows con-
tinuous improvement. Some fifteen test pits around the lake show good ore.
On the divide between the heads of the North Toutle and Le vis Rivers
veins of free milling gold quartz were discovered last fall, one of them con-
taining red ore similar to that of Cripple Creek.

The St. Helens Gold Mining Company, of Milwaukee, owns two groups of
claims on Mining Creek, on which It has established a camp and done a large
amount of prospecting, preliminary to vigorous work this season. The Minnie
Alice lode embraces four well-deflned veins between syenite walls, all pointing
to one center, which will be reached by a 300-foot tunnel at a depth of 100 feet.
A tunnel tot this purpose has been run forty feet. Each of these veins has
its distinctive characteristics. One has quartz gangue carrying much copper
and iron oxides, and some copper and Iroi. pyrites; another la much decom-
posed and stained with copper and iron; another has heavy spar gangue
carrying argentiferous galena.

A mile further up Mining Creek this company owns the Athens group of
ten claims, on each of which prospecting has been done. On the Copper
Bottom a timnel has been started and a shaft sunk eleven feet, showing very
fine copper ore carrying gold, silver and some lead. On the Bumble Bee a
twenty-foot shaft shows a well-doflned fissure vein four and one-half feet
wide, with eight and ten inch pay streaks carrying copper, galena, much
iron pyrites and some blende. Jn the Wisconsin a. shaft is down six feet,
showing three feet of iron pyrites and arseno-pyrlte. A twelve-foot shaft
on the Snowfiake shows three and one-half feet of ore carrying galena and
some blende. A four-foot ledge on the i'uck Hornet carries iron and copper
pyrites. All these claims will probably bf (!cJveloped by a tunnel about 2,000
feet long, which would tap the main group at a depth of 600 feet and from
that point would gain foot for foot In depth.

Near the head of the Norch Toutle, live miles south of the Samson, A.
Hoofer, T. W. Shultz alid Victor Carlson have the Chicago, on which a
twenty-foot open cut shows a ledge twelve to fourteen feet wide between
syenite walls with six to seven feet of solid copper ore, native copper showing
in bunches throughout.

The Mountain Fairy, owned by the Bennett sisters; the Mary, Jackpot,
Royal Flush, Tran.svaal and Mount Hood, are in the vicinity of the Chicago
and are nearly all of the same character. These ctalms are mostly new
discoveries, with little development, but the Mountain Fairy shows a fine
body of ore.

The Toledo group consists of six claims, owned by Charles and Joseph
Schmand, E. C. Weiler and J. H. Spanglor, on the North Toutle five miles
west of Camp Samson. On the Toledo tunnels sixty and twelve feet long
show a five-foot ledge carrying iron and copper pyrites. A tunnel on the
Bonanza shows a Iwlge averagings, two feet, with eight Inches of galena and
iron pyrites. On the Carbonate a cross-cut tunnel has been started to tap
the ledge at a depth of 120 feet. The Last Hope shows a body of pyritic ore
about 100 feet wide, carrying some copper, on which a tunnel is in twelve feet
On the Cinnabar a shaft is down twelve .'cet on similar ore. but the width
of the ledge Is not defined. A sixty-foot tunnel on the Star shows two feet
of ore.

On Grizzly Creek, two miles south of Camp Samson, is the Grizzly, owned
by J. W. and Gertie Shultz. A twenty-foot tunnel shows a well-deuued ledge
of heavily mineralized quartz six to seven feet wide.

Messrs. Koontz, Witt and Burbee have sunk a shaft thirty-six feet on the
Crystal and done considerable work on the Black Falls, showing good bodies
of copper ore.

The Polar Star, owned by W. Gray, Thomas Gray and James Pyron, Is one
of the best copper properties, assaying as high as $30 and $40 in gold alone.
Frank Thorne and James Pyron have fine prospects on the Cross Lode and
Kentucky Belle, assays running about $55 silver. Many other prospects have
good surface showings.

The district is now comparatively accessible through the opening of about
150 miles of pony trail with easy grade, Including the three main trails already
described. Two packtrains are running regularly, one up the North Toutle
the other up the Olspus and Quartz Creek. The development of this district
will ere long justify the construction of a branch railroad, which would also
draw much traffic from the opening of the coal fields in the foothills.

L30

WHITE HORSE.

The whole watershed of the north fork of the Stillaguamlsh River, cover-
ing a strip from Arlington, at the confluence of the fork^ of that atr^jn
including Whit 3 Horse Mountain, on whicHhe north fork has fta mS^S!
and extending oyer to the Sauk River near Darrlngton Is comDrlBwl within
an unorganized district. Like the adjoining dlstrictf on the non*h and SuthI

tMI P*Clt-'ii NOflTHWSIT

MIJtlKrO IK THfi PACIT'. KOftl^BWflflT.

tt has granite and porphyry as the country rock, with frequent belts of slatK
this formation bring cut by numerous ledges of iron and copper pyrlteS' an«
arsenical Iron, of grewt strength and traceable over the mountains for great
distances. One of these ledges, forming the backbone of White Horse Mount-
ain, Is fully 100 feet wide and is richly mineralised with copper pyrites, and
on Oold Mountain, near Darrington, a dike of cinnabar carrying quicksllvei*
has recently been discovered. These properties are generally in the bands
of the original locators and only a limited amount of development has been
done on them, but It has usually made good showings, sufficient to warrant
further exploration of the ore bodies.

The White Horse District is easily accessible from Seattle. The outfitting
point is Arlington, on the Seattle & International Ra;Ilroad, sixty miles froni
Seattle. Thence a county rua/d leads up the north fork to the headwaters
and oyer the ridge to Darrington, a distance of twenty-eight miles f another
road leads down the Sauk to Sauk City at its mouth, twenty-six miles, and
another up that river to Monte Cristo, at the head of ite south fork, twenty-
seven miles. Thus the district is quite accessible from several directions,
and the Sauk City road is a good one, teams having hauled 3,300 poundo over ii;.
It is also within easy reach of a smelter, Arlington being only thirty»foar
miles distant by rail from Everett and lOfiT miles from Ta^oma.

This mineral belt begins about four miles east of Arlln:^ton. As was th"?
case with most mining districts in the Cascades, the *'..st prospecting was
done for placer gold, borne pay dirt was found in clay benches and bar»
along Deer Creek, which enters the north fork from t'le north about twelve
miles east of Arlington, and an attempt was made to reduce it to a condition
for washing, but the process was too slow and the attempt was abandoned*
as cradle rocking and sluicing were out of the question.

The pretence of float in the Stillaguamlsh first led to prospecting fof
quartz ledges six years ago, when the Welman, on White Horse Mountain,
was discovered by Charles Welman and "Victor Thorp. It has a fourteen-inch
ledge of sulphurets carrying $94 gold. Aroused by this discovery, the pros-
pectors pushed their explorations, and the Schloman ledge, carrying threes
feet of iron and copper sulphides, was located in 1892. A twenty-seven foot:
tunnel on this ledge has showrt ore assaying $27.70 gold, $9.80 silver, and a..
mill test showed $17.75 gold, $7 silver, $5.60 copper, a total of $30.35.

Meanwhile Charles Burns, Knute Neste and Sorcn Bergersen had in May^.
1890, .made a number of discoveries on Jumbo Mountain. The country roolc
is here syenite and quartzite cut by serpentine dikes. The two Hunter ctalmis
are on a true fissure ledge running a little south of east and north of west^
three feet wide and having on the walls a nine-inch pay streak of sulphld4
ore carrying gold and silver near the summit. A thirty-foot tunnel l.SOO feet
below the summit shows galena, gold and silver, assaying $20 gold, 8 to 4V
ounces sliver, 10 per cent, copper and 4 per cent. lead. The White Qender
ledge, which Is considered the best on this mountain, and on which Ai Hi
Andrews, of Toledo, Ohio, has two claims, carries three feet of solid' o«Mi
arsenical iron and copper pyrites carrying gold and silver. Three claims oil
two parallel ledges complete this group. On the Pelican ledge a twelve-foot
tunnel shows twelve inches of white arsenical iron carrying $12 gold. On the
Kejrwlnder a seventy-five foot tunnel 1,500 feet below the summi/t shows thre«
feet of quartz carrying copper sulphides with gold and sliver. A ten-foot
tunnel on the Courtney shows a three-foot ledge carrying $8,50 gold, 14 per
cent, copper, 15 ounces silver and 4 per cent. lead. On the Mttnley a 130-foot
tunnel 800 feet below the summit shows a thirty-six inch streak of copper
pyrites carrying $8 gold, though copper is the predominant value. A tunnel
has been started 600 feet lower, showing the same width of ore between' yfteHU
defined walls of quartzite. ,

What appears to be the mother lode of White Horse Mountain wa» dta-
covered by Charles Burns in July, 1895, and is covered by the Hannah group, of
five claims, owned by Albert H. Andrews, of Ohio, Knute Neste and SbreA
Bergersen. It cuts the granite formation for over two miles, for ^HOMft
distance it can be traced to the almost uniform width of three feet, as apjlBkirs
whenever openings have ben made on it. For the whole width It is solVj oi«b,
assaying $19.85 gold, 41 ounces silver, 30 per cent, copper. Adjoining the
Hannah ledge on the east is the Highland group of five claims, owa«|t. by
Messrs. Andrews and Neste, showing eighteen inches of similar ore, etdJWfl^ng
$20 gold, 16 to 40 ounces silver, 18 per cent, copper. The Jesse shows nine to
eighteen inches of pay ore carrying the same minerals.

In the Buckeye ledge, extending through two claims, Messrs. Tvete and
Johnson, of Arlington, Knute Neste and A. H. Andrews have a small pay
streak on the surface and in a nine-foot tunnel on the Buckeye Bai^n 2,500 feet
below the summit, where silver is the predominating vaiUe.

The Qreen Crown ledge runs north and south through ttro clalnUt and
forms the backbone of White Horse Mountain. It Is about 100 feet WldeTwith
nnmerous stringers of blackish quartz about ten inches thick, and is 8ot:?nS
In copper pyrites that a blowpipe test leaves a button of purS oopi
flourtk; the siae of the original piece of ore. Assays run about '
SiMtuuMs Bilv«r, 2< to 4B per cent, copper.

The meat recent vai««bl« discovery in this district was made in. July, UgKt

lie

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWHST.

by Charles -Burns on Gold Mountain, on the east bank of the Sauk River,
within half a mile of Darrlngton Postoffice. All the claims on this mountain
are owned by Mr. Andrews, with the exception of two.

There are three main groups on this mountain, chief among them being
the Gold Mountain group of eight claims. Three of these are on the Burns
ledge, which is readily traceable over the summit and down the east side,
showing four feet of ore carrying $26.65 gold, 8 ounces silver, 18 per cent,
copper. On the Moline ledge are three claims, which have an eighteen-inch
streak of chalcopyrite carrying |18 to $36 gold, 14 ounces silver, 32 per cent,
copper. The two other claims in this group are on a ledge showing three feet
of gray copper ore which carries $20 gold and a trace of silver. The mineral
has broken through the capping In many places on all these ledges and crops
for several hundred feet. The side of the mountain is covered with float,
some pieftes weighing a ton or more.

The Myrtle C. group consists of nine claims on seven parallel ledges.
Three claims are on a ledge showing a nine-inch pay streak of gray copper
ore on the surface, an assay of which ran $20 gold, 26 per cent, copper, a trace
of silver. Another string of three has a twelve-inch streak of copper pyrites
carrying $26 gold, 18 per cent, copper. The other three claims have a three-
foot vein of gray copper ore on the north line; a six-foot ledge of solid
chalcopyrite carrying $18 gold, 18 ounces silver, 30 per cent, copper, lies
aeVenity-Hve feet to the southward; a ledge carrying ninfe Inches to three feet
of gray copper ore runs along the center of the string of claims. On the south
side of these claims are two other ledges of gray copper ore, each carrying a
three-foot pay streak, beside which there are bodies of reddish quartz ten
to twelve feet wide, carrying $8 to $12 gold. On the north of some of the pay
streaks is a body of cinnabar, heavily charged with quicksilver, and showing
tree gold to the naked eye. Assays on the whole group range from $8 to $26
gold, 8 to 41 ounces silver, 18 to 32 per cent copper.

The Justin group of three claims is on the southeast side of the mountain
and has a ledge showing twelve feet of red iron capping 2,000 feet down the
side and three feet of gray copper ore at the summit, carrying about the
same value as the other groups. O'l the Forest Hope ledge, where Stacy B.
Emens owns two and Mr. Andrews one claim, there is eight feet of ore crop-
ping for 1,000 feet. About 500 feet bolow the summit it splits Into three ledges,
four, five and six feet wide respectively. About twenty assays have been
made, ranging from $6 to $36 gold, 8 to 41 ounces sliver, 10 to 18 per cent, copper.
On the north wall of this streak of mineral lies a dike of cinnabar from which,
it Is said, one can break a piece and, holding one's hand under it, can caich
enough quicksilver to till the palm. The ledge has be>en prospected by nature
ao thoroughly that a small amount of labor would give vast bodies of Ore
in sight.

Gold Mountain has one peculiarity which gives it a great advantage for
mining purposes, in that it faces towards the southwest and thus catches the
full force of the warm ocean winds from that direction. This melts the snow
from its whole slope as early as from the valleys and prevents such a depth
of »now a*= will interfere with traffic or mining operations.

THE SKAOIT GOFFEB EELT.

Oae

le of the most notable discoveries of the past year was that the greait
gold-bearing belt of copiier ore, which is being worked in the Coast district of
British Columbia on the north and in the SUverton, Sultan, Index, Money
Creek and Cedar River Districts on the south, crops out in the foothills of the
Cascade Range for miles along the Skagit River. The presence of the capping
of magnetic iron has been known for years and has led to the erroneous
Impression that this mineral ran down into the earth, but only recently has
it been proved that it was merely ine capping of the copper ores similar In
character to those of Trail Creek, Boundary Creek, the Kettle River District
of the Colville Itesorvation, the SUverton, Sultan, Index and other districts
west Of the Cascade summit.

ThlB district has the advantage of being eTisily accessible and of having
the mineral depo.slts at so low an elevation that snow rarely lies any length
of time and worli can be continued without difficulty the year round. The
Iirinriijal discoveries are on what Is known as Iron Mountain, on the south
bank of the Skagit River, opilosite the town of Hamilton, but prospecting
h 3 rapidly traced the belt, even in midwinter, along the foothills to Marble
Mount and up the S.iuk River. Hamilton is the eastern terminus of the
Seattle & Northern Railroad, nnd is distant only ninety-four miles by that
road, and the Seattle & In.drnatlonal road from Seattle, while the former road
extiends to tide water at Anacortes, thirty-four miles west, and the latter
connects with the Everett & Monte Crlsto Railroad at Snohomish. Thus a
haul of slxty-efght miles would take the ore to the smelter at Kverett, and
135 miles to that at TacQma. The Skagit River Is navigable for good-sized
.steamers as far as Hamilton, and for light-draft steamers as far as Portage,

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

forty-two miles further and eight miles above Marble Mount. The ore from
Iron Mountain could be dumped almost from the mines on board steamers,
which would take it by water to the smelter at very low rates. With both
fallroad and steamer transportation at its doors, the district has every
opportunity of rapid development.

Iron Mountain, the scene of the principal discoveries, is also the scene of
the most active developmemt. It is the easterly one of two rounded peaks
rising 2,500 feet above the river and 2,800 feet above the sea, almost directly
from the south bank of the Skagit, opposite Hamilton, Cumberland Creek
nowing between them. The more westely of the two peaks Is known as Coal
Mountain, its geological formation being entirely different from that of Iron
Mountain. It is of sandstone and contains numerous veins of coal, henoe its
name. Iron Mountain and the country six miles eastward, as far as Birds-
view, is formed of schist and dlorltj, which Is cut off near the latter place by
the granitic rocks of which the main trunk of the Cascade Range Is built.
This belt Is cut by ledges of copper pyrites, carrying gold and a little silver, in
a coursp ""i degrees south of east and north of west, with a dip to the south-
west.

Th J first mineral was discovered on Iron Mountain in 1881 by J. J. Connor,
whose attention was concentrated on iron ore. He found magnetic iron on
the surface of the Mabel claim and brought it to Seattle to be tested. He
obtained a button so thickly coated with copper that he at first thought it
was entirely composed of that metal. He then had assays made which showed
the ore to carry 4.80 per cent, copper, 35 per cent, magnetic iron, 4% ounces
silver and a trace of gold. Considering the ore of too low grade to work for
gold, silver and copi^er, and having his mind fastened on iron, he continued
his explorations in search of richer iron ore. He discovered the Tanoma ledge
in 1887 and shipped twenty tons from the surface to the Irondale smelter, lear
Port Townsend, but in the course of his mining he again struck iron and
copper sulphides carrying gold. Still bent upon having an iron mine, he
avoided this point also in his search for mineral.

Others made the same mistake, for W. D. O'Toole, now register of the
United States Land Office at Seattle, patented seven claims in the same
vicinity. L. F. Menage, of Minneapolis, obtained patents to 900 acres, organ-
ized the Puget Sound Iron Company, and in 1890 and 1891 spent a large amount
of money on surface prospecting, but only gained slight depth. Thus the
true nature of the mineral remained a mystery, for Mr. Menage failed in the
panic of 1893 and his operations on Puget Sound came to an end. These
deposits of magnetic iron were the subject of frequent comment and gave
ri.se to the belief that they might be made the basis of a great Iron and steel
Industry on Puget Sound.

These discoveries long ante-dated the similar discoveries In the Trail and
Boundary Creek Districts of British Columbia, but It remained for the latter
districts, through the pluck and persistence of a coterie of Spokane lawyer.s,
to prove the wealth concealed beneath the capping. Mining experts have
examined the Skagit deposits and made learned reports on them as iron
deposits. Other experts examined the capping of magnetic and oxidized iron
on the ledges of Trail Creek and declared them worthless as gold mines.
Development has proved them to have been wrong in both cases and they
• .tve since been occupied in revising their opinions to fit the newly discovered

ri:e credit of the discovery of the true nature of the Skagit mineral belt
hrM.>r's:s to E. C. Strong, a miner of long experience in Colorado, who now
resiiiofc tl Hamilton. In October, 1896, he visited anotner supposed iron deposit
in the Cleveland group, on Mount Cleveland, Money Creek District, and found
that In prospecting those claims Peter Cysen had uncovered a clearly defined
ledge of Iron and copper pyrites on the side of the mountain. He examined
the capping and found It similar to that of the Skagit ledges. On his return
to Hamilton he questioned Mr. Connor on the subject of indications of copper
and the Information he thus obtained confirmed his opinion. Further con-
flrmation was furnished by an examination of the croppings and he then
prospected systematically for copper signs. He sank a shaft by contract wlih
the owners of the Everett claim and at slight depth ran through the magnetic
iron into copper sulphides, thus proving finally the correctness of his theory
that the magnetic Iron was merely a capping. Assays have since proved
that the ore is valuable for gold, silver and copper. The highest obtained
from the surface was 20 per cent, copper, % ounce gold, b ounces silver, the
aggregate value being $44.

The news of this discovery caused a general renewal of activity and
attracted numbers of prospectors, who have traced the copper belt along the
Skagit foothills beyond Marble Mount and southeast for fifteen miles up the
Sauk Valley, fully 150 new locations having been made. After vears of
neglect, the district is at last in a fair way to be developed and the prospect
is that several camps will be opened this spring.

Iron Mountain, the scene of the discovery, is votned throughout with sreat
ledges of the character already described, rarg;ing In width frotn e:»ilit ta
thirty feet, with chutes of ore ranging from 100 \o 300 feet long. The Evt let'
on which Mr. Strong made his notable discovery, is owned by W. M. Mt.^ck-
intosh and Dr. Q. B. McCulloch, and has a ten-foot ledge on which the snart

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

is just beg'lnni'nc to show the change from magnetic Iron to copper pyritM.

The most vigorous development Is In progress on the Hamilton group of
five claims, owned by tho Hamilton Copper and Gold Mining Company. Four
of these claims are on one ledge varying from eight to thirty feet in width,
while the fifth shows croppings six feet wide. Six men are sinkii\g a ahktt
on an ore chute in the main ledge, and at a depth of ten feet took out ore
aBsaying from $18 to $44 for all values, including 7 to 20 per cent, copper.
At this writing the shaft is down twenty-flv© feet and the ore carries coKPer
pyrites, with chalcopyrite coming in.

On the same mountain J. J. Conner and E. C. Strong have the Last Chance
ajid Star on a parallel ledge with the Everett and an extension on that le44;e,
and Mr. Conner, H. S. Conner and Judge Henry McBride have the Tacona
and Scottish Chief on a third ledge, on which they are sinking a shaft. The
Little Pittsburg group of three claime, owned by W. H. Hainsworth and
Pnmuel Thompson, is on a ledge varying from eight to twelve feet, and seveml
open cuts have been made through the capping and shown copper ore carrying
firold and silver.

The O'Toole group of seven claims, which has been patented by Reerister
W. D. O'Toole of the Land Oftice as Iron property, lies mostly on one ledgre
along Marietta Creek, two and one-half miles southeast of Hamilton, and the
ledge will be croas-cut by a tunnel which has now penetrated between fifty
and sixty feet.

Six miles further up the south side of the Skagit, above Old Birdsvlew,
David Kellogg and others, of Seattle, have fourteen claims on a series of
ledges from five to twenty-five feet wide on the surface, which they have
traced from the river to the summit of the mountain, in every case showing
copper stains and in some places streaks of chalcopyrite. In the bed of a
oreek near Birdsvlew Mr. Kellogg found pieces of float in which chalcopyrite
and galena were mixed. In the same vicinity Messrs. Thompson and Fitz-
gerald have seven claims and Harry Tappan has three.

The recent influx of prospectors has traced the same belt onward beyond
Marble Mount. A. Von Pressentin has four claims near Sauk City, twenty-
four miles above Hamilton, and on the foothills north of Marble Mount, ten
■ailes further up, E. C. Strong, William Perry, of Anacortes, F. S. Backus, of
Hamilton, and John Russner, of Marble Mount, have begun work on a group
of eight claims, with ledges cropping eight to fifteen feet wide.

On Dispasi Creek, which runs into the Skagit five miles above Marble
Mount, C. H. Landers, A. E. Hardy and John Siegfried have during February
located six c'lalms on a Jedge of quartz carrying copper and gold, with some
.Indications of nickel. f o rr » -^

THE CASCADE.

Among the earllesi mineral discoveries In the Cascade Range was the

faiena district at the head of the Cascade River, one of the headwaters of the
kagit. Tradition dates It back to one of a party of soldiers, who were cominsr
across the summit from Port Colville to Fort Vancouver, about twenty years
i§°' ct'v.^ ""^^ found a piece of rich float and afterwards returned and located
the Soldier Boy claim. But it was not till many years later that the dis-
coveries occurred which led to the Inrush of prospectors, for the district was
then almost inaccessible, and only 4n the early 90's were trails made from the
east and west to open it to packhorses.

i?'**®^®^^'^? '^^i' routes into the district. One is by the Seattle & Inter-
national Railroad to Woolley, eighty miles, thence by the Seattle & Northern
Kallroad to Hamilton, fourteen miles; thence by wagon road to Marble Mount,
thirty-four miles; thence by road six miles, and by trail twenty-four miles,
«■ *"! Cascade Pass. From the east the district may be reached from
Wenatchee, on the Great Northern Railroad, by the steamer City of Ellens-
^l^hl?f l^t^^^^^^}]^ Landing, forty miles, and stage to Chelan, two and
?!?nJ!«io„ iif^i.®"^ *J^^ steamer to Chelan Falls, thirty-nine miles, and sta,ge
iffie^Ch^eYal.!^^^^^^^^^^^

]^a%l^a%*o^ll'"danc1otl'hfrVLML^"'^ °-'- "^ «*-*«^-" *° **>« C-^**-
I. n^rfh?„°a"t"nn*;?\l" fl?'^ district are formed of granite, of which the direction
IL^^ !iS^^L^ ^"^ southwest, and are cut in the same course by true fissure
i?2^?^ '''aI"^'^**.^*'^'"^^*?^ »^'^"*' '""O" ••^"<J copper sulphides and some gray
S?^*?.!r-» fl^ °^^f^ districts, the croppings occur in the rocky beds and wS*
Srith't.S^n 'Jilffl^Pu °\i^^ ^i'"« ^.'^°^e timber line, so that they "« tracl^le
with small difficulty, though at times covered by soil or rock^ldBS Feeder*

SSd sontK^^T?ifi".l'*^ff^ f°™ ^." <l"-e<=tions, thMnclpal"S^8 r^nlij SSth
and south. The granite formation carrying this galena belt has been mSaS

MlXldf ^tJ^2J!^*^^' and Horseshoe Basinf^rt of th^m^" S^
te the divide between the north forks of Thunder and Bridge Creeks, ^i

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John C. Rouse v.
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that ledge.

The Boston, <
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thickness of the
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Below the Be
sulphides In the i
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great depth, and
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Charles Simpson
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South of the
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landre and Lan^
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ithem.

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jinother there ar
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ife claims near
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The other claim
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MININO IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWB8T.

mlleH from Cascade Pass and southwest through the whole watershed of the
Cascade's several forks to their confluence.

The discovery of the Cascade District was made by Oeorge L. Rouse,
John C. House and Gilbert Landre In September, 1889, while tracing across
the summit the great ledges exposed by the glaciers of Horseshoe Basin and
on the rim of Doubtful Basin, i ney discovered the Boston ledge cleaving the
summit and cropping far down the eastern slope, and the Rouses located the
Boston claim and Mr. Landre the Chicago on Its west extension. In November
of that year Oilbert Landre and John Russner also located the Buffalo on
that ledge.

The Boston, owned by George Sheckler, Q. h. Rouse and J. C. Rouse, has
the greatest showing In the district. The ledge crops on the west side of the
Boston Glacier, which in places has worn away one of the walls, leaving a
great body of galena exposed In a cliff to a height of forty feet. The ledge,
which is divided In the middle by a three-foot horse of black porphyry, crops
at this point to a width of fifty feet. A cross-cut of eighteen feet from the
side of the glacier showed ore for ten feet, and a tunnel sixty feet along the
wall showed galena and sulphides almost solid for the whole width, A thirty-
five foot tunnel at a point 150 feet higher made a similar showing. The
thickness of the ors body where it has been exposed some distance higher Is
four feet. Assays run as high as tlO ounces silver, 60 per cent, lead and a
Uttle gold, and two tons shipped to the smelter returned |92 sliver and lead
i)er ton.

Below the Boston the ledge forks, with galena predominating in one and
sulphides In the other fork, and Is covered by the Chicago group of six claims,
held by Gilbert Landre and C. H. Landers. Several short tunnels have been
run to strike the ore bodies in ledges which run about six feet wide, showing
streaks of galena and sulphides.

Southeast of the Boston and on the eastern rim of the glacier is th«
Ventura, or San Francisco, group of four claims, owned by the Cascade
Consolidated Mining Company. They have, parallel with the Boston, a well-
defined three-foot ledge with six Inches of galena showing In a small tunnel,
samples from which assayed as high as 104.26 ounces silver, 40.1 per cent, lead
jind 14.40 gold.

West of the Boston William McKay, John Millett and others have the
lEldorado group of five claims on a parallel ledge four feet wide, well defined
-for some distance down the mountain, and carrying a pay streak which runs
<well In gold. An eighty-foot cross-cut will, when extended, tap the ledge at
great depth, and a forty-foot drift shows good ore bodies, of which the main
one assays $70 gold, sliver and lead. On a parallel ledge William Mertaugh,
Charles Simpson, George W.- Boles and Alexander Munroe have the Bunker
Hill and Sullivan, with three or four Inches of high-grade ore, of which assays
fliave run Into the hundreds of ounces of sliver.

South of the Boston and traceable over the summit is a ledge on which
■Gilbert Landre and others have the Denver group of three claims. The ledgo,
•which is nine feet wide and Is broken by granite horses, carries eighteen Inches
of ore on one wall and two Inches of mineralized talc on the other, shown in
a twenty-foot tunnel. Assays run as high as X40 ounces silver and a trace of
gold, and It Is claimed that the ledge will average nearly $60. All of Messrs.
Landre and Landers' Interests, comprising fifteen claims, ha,ve been acquired
by the London and Galena Mining and MliUng Company, which will develop

The largest single Investment in this district has been made by the Silver
•Queen Mining and Smelting Company, which has fourteen patented claims in
several groups. The Midas group is a mile west of Cascade Pass and has two
claims on a ledge opened by tunnels fifty and fifty-eight feet, with twelve, to
sixteen inches of ore on the footwall assaying $47 in sliver and lead, and a
two-inch streak which carried $604 silver, $12,50 lead, a total of $616.50. A cross-
Jedge is covered by three claims, on one of which a twenty-foot tunnel shows
one to four inches of ore assaying $98.90 and $101.80 from two samples; on
another there are a twenty-foot cross-cut and a thirty-foot tunnel, with two
to ten inches of fair ore showing on the floor all the way ill, while the race

Sal the dri-^ Is in ore of lower grade. The Soldier Boy group is composed ot
five claims near the pass. Three are on the Soldier Boy ledge, the pioneer
[Ration of the district, in which a twelve-foot tunnel shows ten to fourteen
ches of good ore carrying some native copper and assaying $21. A cross-cut
has been run seventy feet to tap this ledge in 250 feet at a depth of -m feet.
A ten-foot cut nine feet wide on another claim shows four feet of ledge matter
<wlth a two-inch pay streak on the hanging wall, and another cut eighteen feet
Jong and twelve feet deep shows five inches of iron sulphides and galena.
The other claims are on a parallel ledge. In which a sixteen-foot cut Shows
four lEchts of iron pyrites and a little galena. The Johnsburg group consists
0t tovu- clUms on a ledge running up to the summit from the south bank of
ihH Cascade River, three miles west of the pass, and cropping on the side of a
gulch. A tunnel Intended for a main working tuntoel has heett run flfty feet
at a point 1.600 feet above the valley, but is not yet through the slide rook.
Inather tunnel has been driven 200 feet at a point m feet higher and shows
agool str™ledgo four feet wtae, wUh eight inches of ore, wJlUe Jk 'teird
tunnel is in flf tr»et at a point 800 fM>% higher and ihows three feet id SOlld

M MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWB8T.

galena. Samples taken for the full width between the wall» In e^ch of thes*
tunnels, nn.l k«<»"u1 toRether. Kave an aBHay of |fil.7& for all valueH.

A number of ledRes parallel with the Soldier Boy cut the curve of the
baHln but have had little work done on them. On one of these R. A. Osterly
and others iSivo the Orand Republic group of thre^> claims on which tunnels
iwenty-live and rtfteen feet and a twenty-tlve-foot open cut show a nine-Inch
pay Htreak carrylnR about |40 for all values. On other ledge« with about aa
much pay ore are the St. Patrick and Nip and Tuck.

The sail .■ mineral foriTiatlon extends acrosH to the middle and south forkj
of the Cascade, where the granite Is cut by dikes of (iiiartzlte, gnelsa and
schist The largest group, consisting of six claims, Is the Fourth of July,
owned" by Josei)h Rlgby, of Omaha. One ledge shows twenty-four Inches of
ore In a fourteen-foot shaft and fifteen-foot open cut, carrying galena, car-
bonates and sulphurets to the value of $,''.0 and upwards In gold and silver.
Another ledge showing twelve Inches of $S0 ore In the cropplngs will be tapped
by a cross-cut, now In forty feet. Another ledge shows sixteen Inches of pay
ore In a thirty-five foot cross-cut, as.^ays showing 13 per cent, copper, besides
good gold and silver values. Below this, on the Granite, Thomas Barrett,
of Woolley, has shown up sixteen Inches of pay ore In a four-foot ledge by
means of a ten-fool sliaft, and on the Jumbo he has ten Inches of pay ore,
though a forty-foot tunnel on the ledge has not penetrated to the ore chute
showing In the cropplngs. Half a mile below this he has the Homestake on
a Hvo-foot ledge, in which several small streaks aggregating sixteen to eigh-
teen Inches assay from $40 upwards.

tniarlea L. Pollard has the Michigan group of five claims on two parallel
ledges which have been traced for L.'iOO feet. One of these is live feet wide,
with a sixtcen-lnch pay streiik showing on th wall of a tunnel run sixty-five
feet along the ledge. Two assays show i;i2 ounces silver, fiO per cent. lead and
tS gold- 204 ounces silver, 40 per cent. !■ id, $;i gold. Southwest of this group
Thomas Barrett has the Black Canyon on a four and one-half foot ledge, in
which an open cut twelve feet long shows twelve Inches of good galena ore.

A great blow-out of oxidized Iron which has been traced 4,000 feet up the
mountain from the south fork Is covered by Richard Joy and Joseph Peraud
with the Cascade group of three claims. A s:xly-flve foot tunnel shows a
ten-inch streak of black sulphurets and iron pyrites carrying gold and silver.

SLATE CREEK.

By D'j ii^lass Allmond, of Anacortes.

The mining reylon? of t. ^ Skagit Valley, for the sake of convenience, may
be divided into five dl 'Irot districts, as follows: Slate Creek District, em-
bracing the couptri' iv v .' oen the Slate Creek summit and the mouth of Ruby
Creek; Thunder Crttl: L»lstrict, including all that section drained by Thunder
Creek; Cascade District, the country about Cascade River; Monte Crlsto
District, at the headwaters of the Sauk, and Hamilton District, including all
that section of the valley from Marble Mount to tide water.

The route to the Slate Creek District from Seattle is by the Seattle & Inter-
national Railroad to Woolley, eighty miles, and thence by the Seattle &
Northern to Hamilton, fourteen miles. From Hamilton a good road can be
followed up the Skagit Valley to Marble Mount, thirty-four miles, and from
that point a pony trail leads to the mouth of Ruby Creek, the western
boundary of the district, twenty-nine miles, and to the headwaters of Slate
Creek, twenty-five miles further, with branch trails to the various sections of
the district. From the head of Slate Creek a trail leads down the Methow
Klver for fifteen miles and a wagon road thence to Ives Landing, seventy-flve
miles.

The Slate Creek District Includes Ruby, Canyon, Granite, Mill and a num-
ber of lesser streams and the country north toward the International boundary
line. The principal mines, however, are near the headwaters of Slate Creek,
hence its name. The first discoveries in this country were made nearly twenty
years ago by a man named Rowley. Then prospectors looked for placers only,
but as the placer ground was limited, the creeks were difficult to handle, the
cost of getting to the camp was enormous, and the trip extremely hazardous,
the camp was short lived, although upwards of 2,B00 men went In the first
season an-, fully $100,000 worth of dust was taken out. In those days the only
route to the diggings was through British Columbia.

After abandoning the district for twelve or thirteen years, prospectors
again went in, and not succeeding very well In getting at the placer gold,
turned their attention to prospecting for ledges. On and on they pressed,
until, on nearing the source of Slate Creek, they found that some of the gold
In the creek carried particles of quartz. But at first the ledges could not be
found, so It was determined to dig for them. The result was that a number
ot blind leads were located, some of them proving very rich.

One of the first and also one of the most valuable finds was the Eureka

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MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

group, which was located In 1893, Its owners Incorporating under the name of
the Eureka Mining Company of Anacortes In 1895. In this group are six quartz
and two placer claims. These are all situated on the eastern slope of Slate
Hill, and, except the Lowman, are extensions on the Eureka lode. Slate Hill
is a part of a spur of the main Cascade Range, and with Benson Mountain
forms the divide between Slate Creek, the waters of which find their way into
the Skagit, and the headwaters of the Similkanrieen River. After running
westerly about three miles this spur turns to the south and forms the divide
between Slate Creek and Canyon Creek. The spur Is composed mainly of
slate, with poryhyry overlying or capping the summit In places. The Eureka
lode, the only one on Slate Hill on which any systematic mining has been done,
is probably the principal lode of the hill. Nowhere does it show any out-
cropping, being covered with from four to eight feet of earth, the top two
feet being soft earth and the rest a hard cement compounded of clay with
oxide of Iron. At the Eureka this surface dirt was stripped off for about forty
feet in length and thirty feet in width, exposing the ledge. In this process of
stripping the cement was washed through a primitive cradle and yielded good
wages. The ledge thus exposed is thirty feet between wallo. The quwta,
which extends from wall to wall with verj little slate intermixed, is much
decomposed and mixed with oxide of iron. The entire ledge assays high in
free milling gold. Seemingly there is little difference in value of any part
of lit. Pieces picked up at random, being broken, usually show free gold.
The ledge run ; nearly north and south, parallel with Slate Hill, dipping to the
east about 70 degrees, the walls, so far as exposeu, being well dteflned. A shaft
5x9 feet, starting on the east side or hanging wall, was sunk in 1895 to a depth
of fifty-four feet. At this depth a cross-cut was run six feet to the footwall,
s 4d was then run in the opposite direction twenty-four feet without reaching
tue hanging wall, making thirty feet of solid quartz, all well mlnerallzeu and
assaying well in gold. The ledge shows ir the shaft to a depth of twenty-five
feet the same brown iron oxidized ore as on the surface. At this depth It
changes to a hard white quartz, impregnated with fine iron pyrites, carrying
gold apparently in a free state, as several tests show It will amalgamate to 80
per cent, of the assay value. Work in this shaft was abandoned late In the
fall of 1895, owing to the difficulty of hoisting the ore by hand. A tunnel was
then started further to the east and below the shaft. Work was continued
in 1896 and the tunnel is now In 270 feet. This will cut the ledge at a deptb of
124 feet perpendicular below the shaft. The mine can be easily worked; by
comnaratlvely short tunnels to a depth of 1,400 feet, this being the level of
the creek. The ore carries $30 in gold, apparently ft«e mUlbig even when In
sulphuretr.

The Back group of five claims is situated on the western slope of Benson
Mountain, a part of the «ame spur as Slate Hill, and Is distant from the
Eureka g Dup about three miles. There are two parallel ledges, about' 400
feet aparr, with three claims on one and two on the other. These claims are
owned by Melville Curtis, A. M. Barron and H. H» Soule, all of Anacort«s>
The veins run northeasterly and southwesterly, with a dip of 80 d^re«B
northvresterly. The outcrop Is well defined and is traceable through all tl«*
claims. The qua: tz shows •.rom three to six feet in width, with a slat» Jdot-
wall, and porphyry in places on the hanging vail. The quartz is generally
white, carrying very little oxide of iron. It carries gold, silver and a snan
quantity of copper, an average of fpurvan^c^ys driving 8% ounces goldand'Sl
ounces silver. Tunnels have been started on three claims and are In from
iwpnty to fifty feet. Situated on the nMehlll, all these claims can be worked
from one main tunnel to a depth of 1,200 feet.

The Mammoth, also on Benson Mountaln» and near the Beck group, iM
owned by Messrs. Risley and Wobdin. It is a foiir-foot ledge, from which
some very rich ore has been taken. Very little development work has been
done, however, although the surface showing would seem to warrant It.

Northerly from the Eureka group and on the Canyon Creek slope of Slate
Range, Is the Excelsior, owned by Mesrrs. Benson and Templar. This Is a
six-foot lead, well defined, but of comparatively low grade, shown by an open
# cut and short tunnel.

Four mUes northwesterly from the Eureka is whi^tlSi knowa as the^jApf-
corteu grouDL near ! he headwaters of . Cascade branch, of Canypn Creek.
Probably thirty claims havo be*n here located, andwlthoiU; douM some, of
the richest ore ever taken from any raining camp came fronoH some of the
iMgee.of this locality, fhe first location waf* ma4e In IWJ, In 1895, ten pounda
olTore froffi the Ahaoortee claim yielded $76.^ In gold. The ledge, f rota wbwm
thl*,rlch rock w«us taken runs through foMr claims otth#_Ai»cprteagrot«t.
which, with four others, are owned by J. H. Youipg,, T, B. ChJW*. P- ^'}i»lm^
D.. M, Woadbuxy. M, S. Smith, John Ruasner and Douglass AUmoaC, The
le^tee 4a ^mall, not aho wing over twenty inohes. hi any .pi»<»- Eleven nu^^ed
f^ up tlie hifl from where the rich rockef i8«5 was taken the ledce waB,a«pM»
uiMio.verad and very rich rook struck* Surface work only, has been don«^0|t
ttii^ property.

TlieJoTOvnt.PetniLaiapgBlde the AnaoorCes, has. a, ledge four feet b«ftMM»i
w»ite>t1S^g*nirtt« belW<luartR mixed with black slate, "V^^ carry*w«ol<l'«*»*.
a little silver. The owners, R. C. Sylvester, C. I. Carpenter. W. J. Farrell and

•8 MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

C. Ashley, have carried on development work aystematlcp/ily from the begln^
ninsr. and have a sixty-foot tunnel.

Other promising claims of this group are the Gold C'jin, Kootneai, What-
com and Gold Coin.

The Alameda group Is southerly of and across Cascade branch from the
Anacortes group. Unlike most of the other mines of the Slate Creek country,
which are blind leads, the Alamedas show on the surface a three-foot ledge of
white quartz. The Alamedas are owned by P. E. Nelson, J. C. Phelps, G. B.
Smith, of Anacortes, and others. Prom the assays it would seem that the
ore runs from $28 to $35 per ton In gold, and that 't Is free milling. The find
Is a late one and very little work has been dore.

The Whistler Is on Crater Mountain, f.ve miles southeast of tho Eureka,
and is owneu by J. W. Romaine, R. A. Maxwell and John Leedy, < ' Whatcom.
The ledge is about twenty feet in widtt , with a flfteen-i;-xc'' ati ^r: >. )f rich
ore, carrying gold in a free state and alst) in black sulphur^t 5>.V • nt^3 of
ore have been made, yielding, it is said, $100 in gold per ton.

The Rockefeller, owned by John McCullough and Jamu >. ■ , *s on
Slate Hill. A ton shipment of ore yleldec' good results. The 'iEmi» -ck group
of four claims on Slate Mountain is own?d by C. F. Megquiei, H. Havekost
and P. W. Law. A flfty-foot tunnel has been run on a four-foot ledgo. The
ore carries gold and a small quantity of silver and copper.

While placer mining on a small scale will not, in all probability, over be
a success on Ruby or Canyon or their tributaries, there Is every reKson to
hope that with proper appliances, hydraulicking will prove remun<Tatlve.
Gold can be panned from almost any of the benches along the creeks, and
nuggets weighing as high as $20 have been found. During the past season
F. J. Scougale worked a group of fourteen claims near the mouth of Ruby
Creek with a small hydraulic plant and in six weeks took out $950 In nuggets
ranging from 10 cents upwards. Frank Ledger and others built a ilume a mile
long and worked the Old Discovery claims near the mopth of Canyon Creek
for about a month, employing seventeen men.

But the placer ground can only be worked thoroughly on a large scale,
and this will be done during th'i coming summer by the Ruby Hydraulic Gold
Mining Company. This company has bought the Scougale claims, extending
a mile up Ruby Creek from its mouth and covering an area of 420 acreo.
It has a depth of auriferous gravel ranging from thirty-five to 200 feet, esti-
mated to contain from 15,000,000 to 20,000,000 cubic yards, carrying from 25 cent?i
to $1 in gold per cubic yard. There are several prospect holes on the property
one of them being eighty feet deep. At the bottom the gravel runs about .'
cents to the yard in coarse gold and the gold grows finer as the suri'af** '■-.
approached, but It shows good colors all the way down. On the north ijit'c
or the creek the ground Is broken in places by rock, tiie gold is coaraei pxS
bedrock is frequently exposed.

The company proposes to equip this property with a complete hydraulic*

filant. It will make about three miles of ditch and flume, with a capacltv -*"
,000 miner's inches, giving a pressure of 300 feet, lay 1,000 feet of twev.ty-four
Inch steel pipe, with giants, install a dynamo for electric lighti-jj, in order
that work may continue night and day, and build a sawmill to cut the neces-
sary lumber. A five-foot tailing flume will carry the debris into the Skagit
Canyon, where the river is swift enough to carry off the largest boulders.
Estimates of the cost of this plant and of the necessary buildings range from
$16,000 to $30,000, and It is estimated that it could move from 4,000 to 6,000 cubic
yards of gravel every twenty-four hours.

There is a prospect that a similar plant will be erected on Canyon, near
Boulder Creek.

THUNDER CREEK.

By Douglass Allmond, of Anacortes.

Not uiitil late in vhe fall of 1891 dl1 the pJo.«pjc^.- i; .netrate to the head-
waters of Thunder Creek. This stream ha. .♦" ■^our .-ir at the backbone, of the
main Cascade Range, a little north of east ■ ,. r,Iarbk :■ . tt, in Skagit County
and, flowing northw( sterly for twenty m'.es, empti ,i ii,to the Skagit River
about four miles so^'ih of the mouth of Ruby Crefk. The headwaters of
Thunder Creek and Cascade River (the next large stream to the south) are
not more than four miles apart, but the divide is rugged in the extreme well
deserving the name of Sawtooth Jlange.

In 1891 John Russner and two other prospectors crossed the Boston Glao'er
at the head of the Cascade, climbed the Sawtooths, and descending the
northerly slope crossed another glacier that really forms the head of Thunder
Creek. The trip was a dangerous one, but tbe men were rewarded by finding
a "good prospect," although they did not then have any conception of the
richness or extent of their find. Cascade District prospectors had found only
galena ores, and this was what Russner and his companions were looking for'

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

ao when they located a ledge of green ore, not having any of the attractiveness
of brlsrht galena, they put In their stakes simply because the lode was well
defined, and carried away samples, having only a faint hope that these might
show some value, although there did not seem to be anything to cause
enthusiasm.^ The locations were called Willis and Everett. To the surprise
of all, however, this greenish ore proved to be very rich in silver, some assays
running as high as 3,400 ounces.

In 1892 there was quite a rush to the new camp, and many more good finds
were made, although galena ores predominated. Six more claims were located
on the Willis and Everett lead and covered the entire distance from these two
claims, which were at an altitude of about 7,500 feet, down to Thunder Creok.
The works at the lower claim are near the creek, and at an altitude of perhaps
2,500 feet above sea level. At this point the ledge carries galena.

Perhaps several dozen claims in all have been located In the Thunder
Creek country, but the amount of development work done Is very limited.
In the fall of 1892 the Skagit Mining and Milling Company was formed and
obtained control of the Willis and Everett claims. This company shipped
several tona to the smelter, the returns being 190 ounces in silver. But not-
withstanding the richness of this ore, it was found unprofitable to ship,
because of the heavy charges for packing, etc., and mining was not again
resumed. This was the only ore ever shipped out of the district, owners of
claims contenting themselves, on account of the low price of sliver, with
merely doing assessment work.

A. E. Hartay and others own two good claims at the head of Thunder
Creek Basin. They are northerly of the Boston, In Cascade District, and it is
believed that the Boston lead cuts through the Sawtooth Range, again crop-
ping on the Thunder Creek side, where Hartay made his locations. Assays
show about $140 for all values.

Among other promising locations in the district may be mentioned the
Hartford and extensions, on the Willis and Everett lead; the Ice Gate group,
a high-grade galena; th^ Major, Silver Queen, Jasper, St. Louis and Puget
Sound.

The Tltunder Creek country may well be said to be a camp of great
promise, although difBcult of access, only awaiting the quickening touch of
capital and energy. It can be reached by two routes. One of them Is by
trail up the Skagit; the other via Lake Chelan. From Marble Mount to the
mouth of Thunder Creek is about twenty-five miles, and from the mouth to
the headwaters is about twenty miles. It is about forty miles from Lake
Chelan to the headwaters of Thunder Creek. This latter route is up the
Stehekln to Park CreeH, thence up the latter stream and across the main
Cascades via the Park Creek summit.

BUTH CREEK.

Prospecting in this district only dates back to the cloae of the summer of
1894 but the few discoveries so far made are an earnest of what remains to
reward more general and thorough work and an evidence that the mineral
found further north and south in the Cascade Range extends through the
whole width of Whatcom County. The district lies between the main range of
the Cascades and the loftier parallel range on the west, of which Mounts
Baker and Shuksan are the principal peaks, and is drained by the Nooksack
River and Its tributaries. Most of the ledges so far discovered crop in the
south slope of the ridge closing in the Ruth Creek Valley on the north, and in
and about Hannegan Pass, which crosses the divide between the headwaters
of the Nooksack and Chilllwack Rivers.

The exploration of this region began in 1894 with the partial construction
of the state trail up Glacier Creek, due north of Mount Baker,* for twenty
miles eastward, with the Intention of crossing the Baker Range north of
Mount Shuksan, thence down Beaver Creek to the Skagit, across the main
ranpe and down the Methow. This route was abandoned in fjivf r of the one
bv way of the Cascade and Twlsp Passes, over which the trail t/as last year
constructed, but Its partial construction by the Hannegun Pass route opened
the way to prospectors. Whatcom County has followed up this work by
buildlne bridges across the north fork of the Nooksack and converting the
trail Into a wagon road, thus making it possible to haul supplies within
fourteen miles of the camp. Tho route from Seattle Is by the Seattle &
International Railroad to Deming Station, 112 miles, thence by wagon road
twonty-slx mlies and by trail fourteen miles. , „, . .. t -^r tt , ** .■

Late in the summer of 1894 E. H. Thomas, of Bla ne, and J. W. Hulett made
the flfBt discovery, on which they located the Hulett. This was a ledge of
great width, heavily capped with Iron at frequent intervals, which crops high
on Burnt Mountain, north of the nineteenth mile post. The walls are in^nite
and hornblende and the ledge is easily traced for several miles over the
morntalns. The ore carries Iron and copper pyrites "IJil jirserilcal Iron. »"$
assays from surface specimens range from a trace to $23 gold, with traces of

MINING IN THK PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

silver and a small percentage of copper. This was the first of five parallel
ledges, all heavily capped, running through Ruth and Granite Mountains.
The country rock Is granite, in which large masses of hornblende occur, but at
the base of Ruth Mountain is a trap overflow. On one of the parallel ledges,
with a large heavy capping, are the Granite and Edith, which have been little
prospected. On another, near Hannegan Pass, Messrs. Galloway and Shoe-
maker, of Lynden, have several claims from which good gold assays have
been rbialTied. A good prospect was found In the Marine, located in Septem-
ber, 1 ' bv J. W. Barber and others on Burnt Mountain, half a mile east of
the K "^n the cropping was twenty inches of honey-combed guartz

carrying s and arsenical iron, of which three assays of surface samples

ran 15.60 , v24.58 silver and lead, 6 per cent, copper; |23.20 gold; $19 gold,

respectivei; .tn an eighteen-foot shaft the ledge widened to five feet and
carries five inches of solid mineral.

Last season George Longdon and others discovered near the head of
Beaver Creek a small lake formed by a dike of granite against a mass of
quartz 300 feet wide. This quartz constitutes the bed of the lake and Is
plainly visible through the clear water, evidently carrying mineral.

THE C2IC0 TIN MINES.

A great deposit of tin ore cropping near Wildcat Lake, four miles from
Chico in Kitsap county, has for some time been the sMbject of much specula-
tion and Its value has been attested by such authority among mining engin-
eers aa to warrant the organization of the Cook Kitchen Mining Company to
develop It. The deposit is held under twenty-six mining claims, covering 462
acres of land, with a water right on Wildcat Lake, a sheet of water covering
160 to 200 acres.

The deposit consists of a great body of killas carrying casslterite, or
pyrites of tin, native oxide of tin, with considerable wolframite, tourmalin,
arsenlous iron and mica. It. is over 400 feet wide and of much greater length,
running six degrees north of west and south of east, the contact south about
one mile being gray sandstone, and north a hard calcine dolomitic rock. Pqur
shafts are down for depths ranging from twenty-flve to eighiy-flve feet, the
deepest being at the footwall with an extension now In progress fifty feet
deeper. One of these shafts shows solid tin ore on all four sides, increasing
In value as it goes down, while a small cut near the footwall shows rock
richly impregnated with arsenlous iron, sulphate of iron, casslterite or tin-
stone and brlttlts argentum, the casslterite crystals being in plain sight. An-
other cut shows more malachite copper than the first mentioned. A number
of assays have been made, showing the percentage of tin In the ore taken
from the deepest shaft to range from three to five and one-half, while sam-
ples from one of the cuts carried traces of tin, iron and copper, and from
another cut ten ounces silver and 4 per cent. tin. An assay from a depth of
twenty-flve feet in the shaft ran: Silver, 39% ounces; tin, 4% per cent; copper
sulphides, 9A per cent., and another assay for gold and silver alone showed
JS.72 gold. $2.32 sliver.

This deposit is peculiarly accessible, being only four miles distant by road
from Chlco, on Port Washington, a branch of Puget Sound. With deep water
Navigation thence to any railroad the cost of transportation will be at the
minimum.

In order to reduce the ore, it is proposed to crush it and wash out the
lighter waste, then roast the concentrates remaining dn order to get rid of th«
arsenic and sulphur and oxidize the iron pyrites, which is removed by a
second washing. Oxide of copper will be extracted with diluted sulphuric
acid and the copper In the solution then precipitated with iron. The purified
ore, known as black tin, will then be shipped to the smelter.

GOLD CHEEK.

A short distance east of the summit of the Snoqualmie Pass is a mlntngr
district, of which little has been heard but where much has been done with
satisfactory results. At the head of Gold Creek, which flows Into Lake
Kltchelos, the source of the Yakima River, the granite and syenite country
rock Is out by true flssure ledges, running almost north and south, with the
line of the divide, and sometimes cutting both granite and syenite In their
oourae. The surface ledge matter Is porphyry, but as one goes down Ih It, it
changes to quartz. The mineral carries gold and silver in the form of sul-
phides, bromides of silver, ruby silver, steel galena and carbonates of leikd.

The nearest route by rail from Seattle is by the Northern Pacific to MMrtln
Jltatton, 161 miles, thence northward on the Snoqualmie wagon road along
the east bank of Lake Kltchelos, ten miles, and by tra:ll up Gold Onek,

I M TM» r Aotrio m

GOLD CREEK

KITTITAS COUNTY,

WASHINGTON. V

imex TO MinacB cuiM.

1 Mildred.

% Granite King.

:). ()ri);inal.

4. Sail Praneisca

5. Oranite Point.
ti. Highland.

7. Revington Oroop.

8. No. 15.

9. Ha»inA.

10. Victoria.

11. Brown Peak.

12. Superior.

13. Kittita*.

14. State of Washington

Tr a /'/a ■

I M THC f MtriO NCWTHWMT, ,

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

eight mlies. The district can also be reached by the Seattle & International
Kailroad to Sallal Prairie, sixty-three miles, and the Snoqualmle Pass road,
thirty-four miles. Prospectlngr began In the year 1890 and has been followed
up by a large amount of development.

The principal property is the Esther and Louisa group of twelve claims,
owned by the Gold Creek Mining Company of Seattle. One of tho main ledges
running through two clainiH has widened from thirty-six to forty lnch«is in th«
face of a thirty-foot tunnel and carries concentrating ore ranging m value
from $10 to $40, according to various assays. Two lower level.s havi^ been run
seventy feet each on this ledge and two feeders have been opened. Several
shipments of sorted ore aggregatbig about ten tons were made to the Tacoma
smelter in 1896 and the returns snowed an average gross value of about $100
a ton. A parallel ledge has been opened, varying in width from two to three
feet, with a pay streak of eight to twenty-two inches. On another ledge
extending through two claims a twenty-foot tunnel has shown a pay streak
of six to eight inches and ^ 100-foot tunnel on another ledge has shown six to
twelve Inches of ore assaying from $20 to $100. This company has two power
drills, operated by steam, and an ore breaker. It will this season erect a
concentrator and put in a water power plant to run all the machinery.

On the right bank of the Creek is the Granite King group of six cialms,
owned by the Granite King Gold Mining Company, two claims being on each
of three ledges. One of these has three tunnels, the upper 180 feet, the second
seventy feet long 150 feet lower down the mountain and the third thirty feet,
showing It to be about four feet, mineralized for the full width between strong
walls and carrying twelve to twenty Inches of highly mineralized rock. A
second ledge runs Into this one from the right and has twelve Inches of pay
ore carrying gold and copper. The third shows galena and copper sulphides
in a twenty-foot timnel. Assays from these several ledges have never gone
below $26 and have run as ^Igh as $180. Work was continued far Into the
winter, until the cabin was carried ".Tr&y by a snowsllde and the occupants
had a narrow escape with thel»* lives.

On the Good Luck, Lon Jose and Mrs. Revlngton have run a cross-cut
100 feet to tap a good ledge, cutting a number of stringers ranging from six
to twelve Inches and carrying rich galena ore, on one of which tney have run
a drift. The same parties have run a tunnel tfilrty feet on the Fourth of
July ledge, showing a good pay streak.

CLE-ELUM.

The great belt of copper and gold ledges which runs through the backbone
of the Cascade range crops with great strength on the mountains drained by
the Clo-elum River and extends northeastward across the Teanaway to the
base of Mount Stuart and west tO Lake Kahchees. In the same belt ai^e
many ledges of quartz carrying free gold and sulphurets, with galena In Its
various forms. Further southeast, down the course of the river. Is a belt of
pyrites ledges capped with magnetic and hematite Iron, which have caused
them for years to be miscalled the Cle-elum iron mines. The district has been
legally organized and extends from the headwaters of the river to Cle-elum
Lake and from Kahchees Lake on the west to the Teanaway divide on the
east. Recent discoveries have, however, extended beyond the latter line to
a connection with the Negro Creek unorganized district among the foothills
of Mount Stuart.

The district is easily reached from Seattle or Spokane. Prom the former
city one takes the Northern Pacific tralu to Cle-elum, 122 miles, and the
branch line to Roslyn, four miles distant. A wagon road leads thence to
Cle-elum Lake and up the Cle-elum River to I-l-ass Lake, near Its source,
thirty miles away. Trails branch off from the road up all the principal creeks
and traverse the district to the summits on the right and left.

The country rock of the district is granite, syenite, porphyry an'^ slate,
with dikes of serpentine and the mineral ledges cut in a generally no thwest
and southeast direction, with some cross ledges running east and wes . Dis-
coveries in this district began about 1881, when A. ". Boyls. the presf>nt
venerable but vigorous mining recorder, In company with S. S. Hawkins and
Moses Splawn, traveled up Camp Creek and on Hawkins Mountain traced
three parallel ledges carrying iron sulphurets. From that time forward
prospecting traced the belt twenty miles down the Cle-elum from its head ana
east and west for fifteen miles as already outlined.

The best developed propert" is the Aurora group of five claims on Mam-
moth Mountain, owned by John and Timothy Lynch, which carry high-grade
gold and sliver ore. The mountain is composed mainly of metamorphio rock,
cut diagonally by dikes of granite In which are fissure ledges of quartz run-
ning east and west. One ledge haa bee% traced five feet wide over 2,000 feet
and carries free gold and sulphurets, being heavily oxidized to a depth of
fifty feet. A shaft fifty feet deen on the hanging wall cut a twelve-Inch
sttlnger at thiny-fl'Vte feet and stioWWd OM aV*rBt|5«rr iWTroW. ' "ft tfUSWIUBB

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWKflT.

feeder widened to eighteen inchesi In a stxty-foot tunnel, from which a winie
1b being sunk. A twenty-foot dike of porphyry crops out very distinctly on
'tfie west and carries decomposed red oxide of copper and Iron, with two feet
of red ochre on the hanging wall carrying $114 gold, 8 ounces silver. On a
parallel five-foot ledge, enclosed In a porphyry dike, a tunnel is In twenty feet,
Bhowlng fr«e gold and sulphurets. Another ledge four feet wide runs parallel
and will be tapped by a tunnel now in seventy feet. An average of the crop-
pings shipped to San Francisco returned $126 gold, $1.09 silver and assays
nHVe shown $200, $269, $229 gold, with a trace to $1 silver. On another parallel
ledge three feet wide and traced for 1,000 feet, a tunnel has penetrated sixty
feet showing ore the full width, after cutting a slate horse carrying pyrites,
and another tunnel is In 115 feet at a point 100 feet deeper, while a third tunnel
Is in twenty feet and shows good mineral. A shipment of twenty tons from
the two last-named ledges returned $66 gold and a trace of silver. A mill of
four 320-pound stamps and one four-foot concentrator was erected In 1896 on
a millsite at the foot of the mountain and made a successful run, exact
results of which were not obtainable. The running of a 2,000-foot cross'^cut to
tap al Ithese ledges at depth Is contemplated for this season.

West of this group E. P. Gassman has the American Eagle group of four
claims on a parallel four-foot ledge with two feeders, and a shaft Is down ten
feet on It showing ore which assayed from $27 to $125 gold. A cross-cut has
been run sixty feet to tap the main ledge, which would also be struck by the
proposed cross-cut on the Aurora group. On a twenty-four Inch ledge on the
Vldette, A. P. Boyls Is sinking a shaft showing similar ore.

On another parallel ledge to the southwest P. A. Stanton and James Orleve
have the two Bronco claims. A thirty-foot tunnel has been driven on a
four-foot ledgp of sulphurets and arsenical iron, and 100 feet below another
tunnel is in 110 feet, striking a 26-Inch feeder. A sackful of ore shipped to
the Tacoma smelter returned $13S and assays have run $140 to $180.

Also on Mammoth Mountain, J. H. Topping, of Seattle, has the Topping
on a six-foot ledge of free milling and concentrating ore, on which an inclined
shaft is down thirty-three feet, and a cross-cut has been started. Two
assays ran $60 and $37 gold, $23 and $3 silver. The Prince group, owned by Mr.
Topping, J. A. Johnson and Mrs. J. F. Cummings, of Seattle, comprises five
claims on a ledge of sulphuret ore traced through the whole string across
the head of the river, with one claim on the Topping ledge. A tunnel has
been run a short distance.

On the south side of Mammoth Mountain is the Fish Eagle, owned by
James Grieve and K. W. Dunlap, on a great outcrop of copper ore stained red
with oxidized iron, blue with bromide of copper and black with oxide of cop-
per, at least forty feet wide. A cross-cut tunnel has been driven 262 feet to
tap the ledge at a depth of 190 feet and 4s expected to strike it in twenty-flve
or thirty feet more.

On a sharp granite peak at the head of one of the forks of the Icicle but
reached by a trail branching off for three miles from the Cle-elum road Is the
King Solomon Mine, owned by James .Grieve, K. W. Dunlap and August
Basse, where development has been prosecuted with fifteen to twenty men
The ledge cuts through this peak In a north and south course and is of white

2,f?ir*«' fto'i^ i'^^^ '^^^ ^'i^- ..f* '^^'••^^^ /^'«"a' antlmonlal silver and gold
with a trace of copper, and will average $133, mostly In gold. Assays of the
rich streaks give $180 gold, 60 ounces silver, 22 per cent. lead. A tunnel wkS
first driven 300 feet from the summit and is now In 130 feet on the ledge Ind IS
upraise has beea made for twenty-two feet, from which the ore is belS2
Btoped out for smelting The same ledge has been traced 1.200 feet over thf
summit of the peak and down a gulch on the north side, in which °t croM
eight feet wide between granite walls 100 feet high. A tunnel has p "en drlvS!
fifteen feet at this point, where Mr. Grieve has the Silver riend. and a cross-
cut will be driven 200 feet to tap the ledge near the King Solomon line On
an eight-foot ledge parallel with the Silver Fiend, and carrylnTsiml^ar ore
Messrs. Grieve, Gassman and Dunlap have the Humbug on which th^v are
tunneling. On the next gulch east of the Silver Fiend Messrs rtriiif J «,Ih
Basse and Mrs. Churchill have the Last Chance on a s^x-foot Tedg? c^^^
gold lead and plumbago, assays giving $4.30 In gold. A cross-cSt' hfTfeSS
run thirty feet and a shaft sunk twenty-five feet On another ««*/««♦ liSS

parallel
feet on
several

twenty feet long, which assavs ahonf J?l in ITv!:^! ^f,"®^ by tunnels forty and

K,5.T„"n^s x?S^ EfJi^^^^^^

.V*

■\ OS
• M

:«»

.11.

M
M
M
M

.SS
iS8

.sr

-.ST

■ >"'

^->i»iii|ii m jii i ii M i ilMn itti.-.

INOtX.
i. I'riiiue.
'I TuppUif.

3. Vlileltti.

4. Kugla.
b. Aurora.

6. Hroiicu.

7. Laat Uafle.

8. Whllu Star
V. Bllvur

I'lend.

10, Kliit.

Hulumon.

11. LuMt

Chance.
U. 131b UuS-

13. Kooky

Point

14. (jueen of

the Hills.

15. JuHt ln_^

10. Qold

Mountain.

17. Maytlower,

18. Mountain

Chief.

19. Mountain

Uellu.
30. Qoldcn

KaKle.

21. Piper

HledHleck.

22. St. Paul.

23. Mount

Whistler.

24. Morning'

Star.
m. Sliver

Queen,
fill

26. Red fiirdV

27. Fountain
^ of Qolrt.

28. Ballard.

29. Jted Eagle.

30. Family.

31. Sherman.

32. Wlslahln.

33. Ohamer.

34. Standard.
36. Klnsr of

Sweden.

36. Eureka.

37. Grey EagU

38. 'nptop.
3». Twin.

40. Jumbo.

41. White

Water.

42. Rushing

Water.

43. Ruhy King

44. Lake City.
46. Trio.

46. Nugget.

47. Mountain
43. Helm.

49. Orphan.

60. Jo\i Bug.

61. Midway.

62. fTuckle-

berry.
hi. lia KImore
54. Jllver

Dump.
56. 3rown

Bear.
.W. :;ascade.
67. auby.
58, 3eaver.
69. tfaud C.
60, ::ie-Elum.
81. ?awk.
62. 'I Ass.
6! I Bpha.

65, 5oyle.

6i lohnson. '

66, Iwayne &

halght.

66. Jrown

Point.

67. 3utte.

68. Irand
View.

Chesapeake
Ceystone.
ron Duktt.
ron King,
ron Boss.
^e River,
ron

Monarch,
ron Prince
ron

Monitor,
ron Clad,
ron Ship.
«adea

Queen,
leader,
■on
. Tankee.
he Ta-

coma.
unset,
ard-

scrabble,
onqueior.
'orninsr
r -Star,
far Eagle.

John.
k; I'Uke.
horp.
ihn C.

69.
70,
71.
71
71
7t
15.

76.
77.

78.
79,
».

• tOi)

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MIKINO IN THH PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

Ian «lghtecn-lnch pay streak aaaaylng $8 to $60. Th« Mcond ledge bHowh three
I feet of ore In an open cut and the third Hhowa thirty inches on the surface.

On the divide between l<'ortuno Creek and the Teanaway the Hallard Gold
Mining A Milling Company has the two Tip Top claims on parallel ledges.
I One Is Shown by a thlrtv-flve foot shaft to widen from three to eight feet and
[carries $14 to $20 gold, silver and copper in sulphurets and carbonates of c jp-
lpi»T. The other ledge Is similar In character. The same company has the
lOoid Mountain near the mouth of the creek, on which a small tunnel shows
I two feet of free milling ore.

A mile above the mouth of the creek the Mountain Chief Gold Mining
ICompany has the Mountain Chief on a three and one-half foot ledge of talc
■between walls of graiilto and black quartz. An Incline following the ledge at
Ian angle of 46 decrees shows black oxide of copper assaying from 10 to 40 per
loent. copper, and a trace to $104 gold, the average being about $30 gold. On
|Qtge»ten»lon up the mountain the Fortune Creek Mining, Milling & Smelting
ICompany has the Mountain Belle, In which an open out makes. an equally
|good showing.

The Mayflower, which Is on the extension of one of the Rocky Point

iledges, Is owned by Dr. C. S. Emery and H. F. Welse, of Ballard. It has a

lledge of crystallized quartz. In which two small tunnels have shown about

■thirty Inches of pay ore carrying $14 gold, larK«'ly free. On the extension of

lone of the Rocky Point ledges to the river, wltli wo others parallel, Mr. Welse

|and 8. Kedzie Smith have the Big Bug. On >edge Is seven feet of quarts

carrying ruby silver and bromides, another of undeflned width carries copper

pyrites; the third carrier 'itrtaks of Iron and copper sulphides In a black

luartz gangue. On the &!ayflower ledge Mr. Welse has the Just In Time, on

rhlch a ten-foot shaft has shown six feet of free milling ore assaying $46 to

178 «old and a little silver.

The Queen of the Hills, owned by John Kelly and John Bailey, has a flve-
Coot ledge on which a tlfteen-foot tunnel has shown free gold and sulphuret
»re, assaying $0.46 gold. On the WhlppoorwIU, R. S. Ward, of Ballard, has
Ihown three and one^half feet of similar ore to the Mountain Chief on an
Bight-foot opt ii out.

The Standard and Ohamer, owned by George W, and B. H. Terwllllger and
)le Ohamer. of Ballard, are on three parallel ledges, two about three feet and
the third twenty inches. Kxtenslve open cuts have been made on all three,
Bhowinp Hulphldes carrying gold, sliver and copper. The twenty-Inch ledge
issays $13 gold and contains a rich one-Inch streak carrying native lead.
There are fifty tons on the dump. Adjoining these the Terwllllger brothers
ind Ralph Miles have the two Ruby King claims on a six-foot ledge discov-
ered In September, 1896, on which an eight-foot shaft has shown seven inches
it sulphides and antlmonial sliver, one assay running 643 ounces silver, $M
fold. On a twenty-four Inch ledge of sulphides crossing the Ruby King the
rerwllllgers have the Lake -Olty. - Above these -the two Rushing Water
plalms, owned by the Terwllllgers, are on a forty-foot ledge of quartz carry-
^g free gold and sulphurets and assaying $5 gold and silver on the surface.
>n the Twin group of four claims, the Terwllllger brothers have three parallel
knd two cross ledges. One of these carries two feet of copper sulphides In a
Bfteen-i'oot tunnel, an assay showing $23 gold, silver and copper, and another
brops thirty feet wide and shows quartz carrying galena and sulphides In an
Wght-foot cross-cut. At the head of the north fork John Berg and John
Kelley, of Roslyn, have the Tip-Top No. 1 on a thirty-Inch l«ge, carrying
lold, sliver and copper In sulphurets, which a flfteen-foot shant shows to be
Hdenlng. John Orosso, John Somers and Adolph Eisner, of Roslyn, have the
lary on a seven-foot ledge which assays $9 gold, $6 silver, 1 per cent, copper,
^d Is believed to carry nickel.

On the left bank of the creek, running to the summit, Is the Family group
>f four claims on a great body of low grade ore, owned by E. O. Marsh,
Lndrew Teuke, Henry Langenbacher, Charles Sears, of Ballard, and A. C.
powman, of Seattle. This body of ore crops eighty feet wide on the summit
Id 225 feet wide at a lower point, where It Is cut by a small creek, and has
syenite hanging and granite foot wall. The ledge matter is talcose quartz
"ith talc gouge and Is mineralized throughout with flne-gralned white Iron
ilphurets. A tunnel has been driven thirty-three feet, running Into a hard,
irk quartz, and. a cross-cut runs ten feet towards the hanging wall, all In
re which assays $1.80 gold, 20 cents sliver. On a supposed spur from the
immtt outcrop of this ledge Thomas and Don Smith have the two Don Tom
^Ims, on which surface ore assays $2.27 gold and silver. On the same gulch
the Family group William McKasson, John H. Corblns and Mayor H. P.
Ipgh, of Roslyn, have the two Mountain Whistler claims on a parallel ledge
: similar ore fourteen feet wide, shown In a surface cut twenty feet long
ud twenty feet deep.

On the next gulch below, the Clermont Gold Mining Company has the

liver Queen group of two claims on two parallel ledges, one of which shows

Tree and one-half feet wide in a fifty-foot tunnel and carries $16 gold, $2.30

|ver In sulphurets. There are seventy tons of ore In the ore house. Above

ese «51alm'B*'Terwllllger brothers and Ote Ohamer have tbe-tw<>Gk>J«lbug

ilms on a foui -foot ledge showing free gold In an eighteen-foot open cut.

M-NING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

Li. F. McConli a, of Roslyn, and W. E. Head, of Seattle, have a four-foot
ledere of sulphuret ore assaying $18 gold on the Gambler's Dream.

At the mouth of Fortune Crsek the Fortune Creek Mining, Milling and
Smelting Company has erected a mill with two 600-pound stamps, of which
the wcfj^ht and number of drops will be Increased by coll 8pi;Ings forcing
them down. The river has been dammed to produce fall enough to run a
water wheel, which was ready to turn last summer, but was carried out by
the fall floods. The company has also shipped in a pyrltlc water-jacket
smelter of twenty tons dally capacity, which will be erected In the spring.

The great copper belt extends for seven miles northwest and southeast
from the base gf Mount Hawkins through the Teanaway watershed to the
source of IngaHs Creek at the base of Mount Stuart, and Is covered with loca-
tions for the whole distance. Therji are two main ledges, which have been
traced on the surface at intervals, one being tlfteen to twenty feet and the
other five feet and upwards, v/ith walls of granite and porpnyry on one side
and granite and .serpentine on the other. Both carry red and black oxide of
copper and masses of native copper weighing 400 pounds and upwards, the
ore always having a considerable gold value as well.

The most easterly group is the Grandview of three claims, owned by
Paul Gaston, J. T. Hamilton and Dr. R, C. Corey, on which one ledge crops
ten to twelve feet wide. In a tunnel sixty feet long at a depth of eighty feet
is a pay streak elohteen to forty-eight inches wide, in which bodies of native
copper frequently occur, surrounded by black oxide. The lowest assays have
shown 10 per cent, copper and $6 gold, and the value has run as high as 60
per cent, copper and $15 gold. A cross-cut has been started to tap this ledge
at a depth of 140 to 150 feet. Ther come the Butte group of three claims,
owned by the Anaconda of Washington Copper & Gold Mining Compt'.ny,
on which two open cuts have defined the smaller ledge to be three to fourteen
feet wide, and the Crown Point group of five, owned by Messrs Gaston, Corey
and Hamilton, where the ledge is shown up by an open cuv ^nd has been
stripped. The Swayne and Haight group of seven claims, bonded to D. N.
Baxter, adjoins on the west, having a 120-foot tunnel showing good r' . in one
ledg e. The Johnson group of eight claims, owned by Messrs, Gaston, Corey
and Hamilton, has a, fifteen-foot shaft and several open cuts showing a streak
of native copper two to twelve inches wide for the whole length. The Boyls
STOup of eight claims on both ledges, owned by A. P. Boyls is Vionded to
Messrs. Corey and Hamilton. The wider ledge has been opened by tunnels
forty, seventy, ninety and 20O feet, giving a depth of 300 feet and blocking
out 1,000 tons of ore °imllar to that in the Grandview and assaying 10 to 48
per cent, copper. On the smaller ledge are tunneW thirty and 100 feet, ore
from which carried 48 per cent, copper and about JIO gold and silver. A ledge
o* free milling ore eighteen to thiriy-slx Inches wide and assaying from ^5
to $li5 go''! on the surf ace' crosses these two at right angles.

The first discovery ort Mofmt Hawkins was three parallel ledges . rylng
iron sulphurets, on each of which two claims have been taken. • In i^.> Cle-
Blum and Hawk group A. P. Boyls find VV. B. Kelly have four claims, two
on each of the lower two ledges. One shows two to five feet wide in a i1*ty-
foot inclined shaft, from which assays averaged about $50, though a sample
across the bottom is said to have shown,$455 gold. A 120-foot cross-cut will
tap this shaft in thirty feet more, On the other ledge an Incline of thirty
feet shows it to be eight to ten feet wide, carrying $25 gold and a little silver.
The I-i-ass, owned by P. J, Flint, is on the third ledge, which is defined as
forty feet wide by a cross-cut, and has a pay streak In the cropplngs four
or five feet wide, assaying $25 gold and upwards, with a little silver. On the
extension Moses Emerson and John O'Nell have t,he Kpha and an extension
showing four to six feet of quartz carrying $7.20 gold and an ounce of silver
on the surface.

On the west spur of Mount Hawkins is the Ida Elmore, owned by Messrs.
Hawkins, Grieve and Dunlap, on which a tunnel ci.'-ty-six feet shows a ledge
eighteen to thirty-six Inches, assaying $45 free gold and $82 gold In sulphurets.
A cross-cut has been run 23G feet to tap it. On a parallel ledge la the
Maud O., owned by A. D. Olmstead, C. O. Bwayne and A. W. Haight, of
Roslyn, E. W. Wilson and C. W. Sill, of Seattle. A tunnel and Incline have
been run 147 feet on the ledge, showing eighteen inches of solid free milling
ore, of which an average assay gave $74 gold and $1 silver. A small stamp
mill has TSeen bought for this property and will be erected when tie snow
goes off. Near the mouth of Camp Creek J. C. Jackson and Charles Eaton
have the Beaver <in a four-foot ledge between granite walls, on which a
tunnel is In thirty-five feet. The ore assays $18 gold, sliver and copper In
sulphurets.

The Ruby group of two claims has five closely parallel ledges, which have
been traced acrous the rJver to Goat Mountain, and is owned by H F Weise
and S. Ktdzic Smith. One ledge of great size has a fifty-foot tunnel along
the hanging wall, which shows iron sulphides on the wall .and line-grained
arsenical iron in a number of strrnks. assaying $7.35 to $28 gold and silver
Another ledge Is nix or hq\"^a feet between walls and shows eleven similar
seams, of arsenical iron and nulpbldes In a small tunnel. A third ledge is
similar ih size and character and the two appear to be running tocwther
Another ii* !?Ixleen fort wide, Flmilar in all respects, and the remaining «wo'

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

thirty inches and five feet wide, are also lllce them, exoept that thev carry
more copper, assays running $13 to $20 silver, $4 to $5 gold and 10 n«T cent
copper.

Three of these ledges show very prominently on the extension up Goat
Mountain, on which Messrs. Weise and Smith have the Brown Bear proup of
three parallel claims. The widest is sixty feet, cropping in a gully where a
waterfall pou.^ over a cliff of ore twenty- five feet high. A ten-foot tunnel
shows "alena and sulphides assaying $4 ,.85 gold and silver and h per cent
lead, and sixteen feet of ore shows in he cropplngs and assays $63.40 gold
and sliver. The two parallel ledges are tiiirty and forty feet wide, and carry
more galena, being similar in other respects to the first. On the extension
of the same series down the mountain to the river the Jackson brothers
located the Cascade in the fall of 1896 and by their tlrst shot took out $65 ore
carrying more galena than on the other claims.

On Goat Mountain a good showing of galena ore has been maJe by Curtis
Homer, of Roslyn, and Michael McHugh, of Buckley, on ^s Sli^'er Dump
nearly opposite the mouth of Camp Creek. A tunnel ha- ^ e" dnvon forty
feet c the river bank, and shows an eighteen-inch pay ittik of solid
galena, assaying $63 silver and some gold. Near this claJr. Uavid Tayne
Robert Babcock and Charles Roberts, of Roslyn, have a ledgo of grcit width
which assays $35 gold, $6 silver and 3 per cent, copper. On the southeast
end of Goat Mountain William McKasson has the Hardscrabble on a six-foot
ledge carrying Iron pyrites and capped with iron-stained porphyry. On a
ten-foot cross ledgo of sirailar ore John H. Corblns has the Mattie.

A great belt of ledges runs across H.owson Gulch and up the mountain
on the left bank opposite Red Mountain, In a northeast and southwest course
cutting the granite, wh.'le a number of cross ledges run almost at right
angles. The most active work is being carried on by the Morning K<ar
Mining Company, which has seven claims on three ledges One >>t these
measures sixteen feet and a 100-foot tunnel shows the ledge niatcer mineral-
ized the full width. An assay a few feet from the mouth showed $9.60 go'd
besides copper and silver. Another ledge crops eight feet wide and shows
white iron sulphides carrying $5.70 gold In a flfte.in-foot tunnel, which Is being
driven 100 feet. Another ledge eight to ten feet wide is being opened by a
tunnel, ore from which assays $7 gold and silver.

On the same belt John McDonald, of Seattle, and William Campbell of
Port Blakeley, have the War Eagle group of twenty-eight \;lalms, whJch they
are developing. On the War Eagle ledge, six feet wide, are four claims, and
a sixty-foot tunnel shows iron sulphides the full width, assays running about
$40 gold and silver, mostly the former. Another seven-foot ledge runs
through four claims and a thirty-foot tunnel shows sulphurets and molyb-
denite. Another claim is on a twenty-six foot ledgf, on which a fifteen-foot
tunnel shows galena and sulphurets its whole width, assaying $8 to $10 gold
and silver. An eight-foot ledge running through two claims is opened by a
ten-foot tunnel, now being extended, and has been stripped, the surface ore
carrying $5 free gold. A forty-foot tunnel shows galena ore carrying $8 or $9
gold and silver in a six-foot ledge and a tunnel of the same length shows
sulphide ore in a four-foot ledge.

At the head of Boulder Creek, on the summit of the rldg^ between the
Teanaway and the Cle-Elum. Is a gre. porphyry dike running southeast
and northwest, which is fully 100 feet \ :de and spreadj at one point to a
greater width. It is veined with qu»' ;z ledges four to twenty feet wide,
carrying gold, silver and nickel. On t> i Keystone group of ten claims, owned
by Adolph Eisner, John Grosso and Joi.n Somers, of Roslyn, is a ledge
twenty feet wide, in which a twenty-foot shaft shows a twenty-four Incli
pay streak assaying 8 to 18 per cent, quicksilver, $2.40 to $16 gold. On an
eight-foot ledge a twonty-eight foot tunnel shows six Inches of talc on each
wall, which assays 214 to 8 per cent, quicksilver, $5 to $24 gold, besides nickel.
A cross-cut has been driven thirty-two feet. The Chesapeake group of five
claims was located In 1896 on the northeast end ot the dike by John Mulligan
and others. The surface ore assayed $13 gold.

One of the famous claims of this district is that located by the late Elvin
Thorp ten years ago on Red Mountain and now owned by Edward Pruyn
and J. B. Davidson, of Ellensburg. The ledge Is iron pyrites twelve feet
wide under a red lion cap, and assays have ranged from $18 to $165 in gold,
silver and copper. A tunnel was run 240 feet on the ledge by the ori^nal
owners. On the northeast extension J. S. MoConlhe and Jacob Welsh have
the John C and on one of the peaks William McKasson ann J ihn H. Corblns
have the St. John and St. Liike on a ledge eighteen feet wide.

The famous Cle-Elum Iron Mines, which may yet turn out to be gold and
copper mines, are on a seven-foot ledge showing red hematite and magnetite
In the croppings, which assays 56 per cent, metallic iron. It has been traced
two miles down the river and boars eastward across the Teanaway to the
headwaters of the Peshastln. On this ledge the Pacific Investment Company
has twelve patented claims, on which It ran a number of tunnels and surface
cuts.

Placer gold is found throughout the bars of the Cle-elum River and has
been mined spasmodically for many years, but the gjld is mostly fine and the
best pay would probably be found on the bedrock ot the old channel. Several

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

parties are working to reach bedrock, among them Mcdsrs. Hicks and Jones
near the mouth or Fortune Creek, L. F. McConlhe on the Princeton bar,
John H. Corblns and William McKasson at the Battle Ax camp. The high
barsi on the sldehlUs are evidently old river wash and skill and persistence,
backed by money, migrht show good pay on bedrock, but It Is probable that
only hydraullcking on a large scale would be profitable. Until the last year
work was confined to the low bars, from which Theodore Cooper, James
Wxight and John Lind took |400 in 1895 In coarse gold with some pieces of plati-
num at the China camp. R. De Witt and William Taylor have wing-dammed
the channel at Big Salmon le Sac and taken light gold from bedrock.

THE ICICLE.

The mountain walls between which this stream flows from the snows of
Mount Stuart Into the Wenatchee offer an inviting field to the prospector, m
which he has barely begun to uncover the mineral. If the discoveries already
made may be taken as an earnest of what remains to be found, this is as
rich a part of the Cascade mineral belt as many already described. It lies In
a direct line with districts which make good showings, on the north, south
and west, being divided by a single mountain ridge from the headwaters or
the Cle-elum.

The district is reached from either the Northern Pacific or the Great
Northern Railroad. The former is left at Cle-elum, 122 miles from Seattle,
a branch line follov.ed to Roslyn, four miles, and the wagon road followed
up the Cle-elum Valley, twenty-five miles, to the mouth of Scatter Creek.
Thence a horse trail leads three miles over the divide to the headwaters of
the Icicle. The Great Northern Railroad may be taken to Leavenworth,
151 miles from Seattle, and thence a trail leads up the Icicle thirty miles to
its head.

The greatest discovery, and the one having most development, is on the
Pickwick group of thirteen claims, from which the Pickwick Mining and
Development Company expects to ship ore this season. This is a great deposit
of decomposed quartz, carrying copper carbonates, sulphides and bornlte,
which covers a great but undefined area in the basin at the head of Phantom
Creek, an affluent of the Icicle near its source. It has been traced over a
space 6,000 by 145 feet and its boundaries were not found. From an open cut
thirty feet long a shaft was sunk forty feet and cross-cuts made from the
bottom seventy-five feet one way and forty-five feet the other, and all the
rock cut through had the minerals already mentioned disseminated through
it. A mill test of this rock showed it to carry 15 per cent, copper, $14 gold,
$5.40 silver, a total of $34.40. At another point a tunnel was driven 100 feet
and a cross-cut forty-five feet each way, and all this work was in ore carry-
ing a smaller percentage of copper but more gold than that taken from the
shaft. The company has recently bought two adjoining claims and will make
a road to connect with the Cle-elum Valley road, with a view to shipping'
ore this season.

A number of locations— probably fifty— have been made during the past
year on the two forks of Jack's Creek, which enters the Icicle about twenty
miles from Its mouth, and on some of them work was continued until snow
fell last winter. On one of these A. F. and F. D. Estes ran a thirty-foot
tunnel on a twelve-foot ledge assaying $28 gold and copper. L. A. Parker
and H. C. Castlebury have snown gray copper In a sixtean-foot cross-cut on
a ten-foot ledge, where they have the Bald Eagle and Gray Eagle. A five-
foot ledge carrying arsenical Iron, on the mountain overlooking the left fork
of Jack's Creek, gave a surface assay of $1.3,80 gold, and extends through the
Blind Lead group of three claims held by John Bjork, A. Van Epps, H. L.
Farle.v and Caraille Massey, and four extensions held by Ed Gonsur, with
MesBrs. Massey and Farley. On the left bank of the right fork of Jack's
Creek a dike of dolomite and quartz is slightly mil erallzed throughout with
white iron and sulphureta, carrying gold, silver and nickel, and is opened
by a twenty-alx foot tunnel. On this ledge are the Nevada and Excelsior,
held by MeBsrs. Bjork and Van Epps.

THE SWAUK.

In other sections of Washilngton placer mining has quickly become
dwarfed in importance by quartz mining, hut on the Swauk and its trlbu-
tarioB the former system still holds pre-eminence. It is only dbring late
yeans that discoveries of mineral-bearing rock have distracted attention from
the auriferous gravel which has yielded nuggets large enough to become the
tulk of th- state. The district is easily accessible, considering its distance
from a riilTttSm: Fi"Olrt' Seattle the route is tty the Northern Parlflc Railroad

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MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

to Cle-elum, 126 miles, and thence by a good wagon road sixteen miles to
Liberty, the center of the district; or by the samos railroad to BUeasburg,
161 miles, and thence by an equally good road to I^lberty, thirty-six miles.
From Liberty roads branch out up the several creeks and buggies can be
driven thrrough the open, grassy pine woods in many places where no roai
has been made.

The gold of the Swauk's placers Is believed to have come from Table
Mountain on the east and the Teanaway Range on the west, and is found in
the bars which cover old creek channels along the banks of Williams, Boulder
and Baker Creeks, and of Swauk Creek between Baker and First Creeks, a
distance of three miles north and south and about the same east and west.
The country rock is sandstone and slate, with dikes of basalt and porphyry,
the bedrock of the old channels being slate, with occasional dikes of sand-
stone and basalt, carrying 2 to 3 per cent, of iron, which is locally known as
iron rock. One theory is that the gold in Williams Creek, and in the Swauk
below that creek, came from the summit of Table Mountain, for on this
level plateau there is said to be good pay dirt, and all its drainage runs Into
the Swauk, and all the valleys and gulches carry more or less placer gold.
However, the fact that little gold has been found in the Swauk above Baker
Creek, and that all the coarse gold is found on the bedrock of old channels
between this stream and First Creek, leads to the conclusion that the gold
deposits in the Swauk Itself were not washed down by that stream, but by
its tributaries, Baker, Williams and Boulder Creeks. The upper dirt carries
only fine gold in most instances, and the miners do not take the trouble to
attempt to save it, but in the old channel big nuggets are found. The char-
acter of the ground above Baker Creek is also different, for it is all hill wash,
while below that stream it is evidently channel wash, with boulders of a
different character. The nuggetd range in size from a pinhead up, the larger
ones being generally rough, flat pieces about three-quarters of an inch thick,
or in the shape of a network of wires, mashed together by the action of the
water. They are found in the three or four feet of dirt next to the bedrock.
The product of Williams Creek is worth $1.50 to $2 an ounce more than that
of Swauk and Baker Creeks, as the latter carries considerable silver. The
Swauk gold Is worth $13.50 an ounce, and that of Williams Creek $14.50 to $15.
The good pay in coarse gold has led the miners to despise fine gold as not
worth the trouble of saving, yet It has been proved by panning the dumps
that they will pay well for working ove--, and that more careful and sys-
tematic work would bring good results. Experience has shown that the gold
is finer towards the mouth of a stream and thus it is that the nugget hunters
have only worked the bars for two miles below Liberty. That there Is good
pay in the gravel bevond that point Is proved by the fact that Chinamen who
worked there many" years ago earned $2 or $3 a day to the man, and that
shafts sunk deeper than their workings showed dirt carrying twenty colors
to the pan.

The Fraser River miners passed through this district on their return
southward without discovering Its wealth. Bent Goodwin, a deaf-mute, made
the discoverv by accident in 1868, while hunting. Going to the creek for a
drink at a point a little below John Black's present mine, he fished up a piece
of gold worth $10 or $12, which he found lying on the bedrock. He and his
companions went to work and their success soon caused a rush of miners,
who located the flats all along the creek. Among them were M. Cooper,
Frank Gibbs and John A. Shoudy. The oldest pioneer now working is John
Black, who came about twenty years ago and finally went to work on the
high bars, half a mile above Liberty. In 1893 he replaced his primitive outfit
with a hydraulic plant and has since worked on a large scale on a bar
twenty-five feet high. He uses six Hungarian rlflles in thirty feet of sluice
box, with no quicksilver, and saves nearly all the gold in the first two riffles,
making no effort to catch the fine gold. His biggest nugget was worth $586,
while others have weighed 23 and 20 ounces respectively.

The placer claim furthest up the valley now being work«jd Is on the hjgb

bar north of the mouth of Baker Creek, which has the honor of having

: produced the champiop nugget, v.-eighing $1,004. This claim is now owned

[by Gus NUson, who has been drifting on bedrock. On the other side of

Baker Creek is a range of six 200-foot claims, from which the late J. C. Pike

itook out a $745 nugget. These claims, which aggregate thirty-seven acres,

lall high bar, with ten to eighteen feet of dirt above bedrock, are now owned

Iby W^ A Ford. A tunnel has been run 136 feet due west from the rim of

bedrock until it reached a point where it dropped off nine feet at an art^e

at 45 degrees and the water drove tMe miners out. This is suPPOsed to be ttie

Bid channel, from which the gold has been washed up *« th« high rim Mr.

"i^ord is usine a hydraulic and has found nuggets of $5 up to $300 on bedrock.

He foiind snots of blue eravel which seemed to run back under the mountain

to the welt a?idth 3 fact, together with the discovery In the tunnel, leads

b thi billed that the old channel ran from northwest to southeast obliquely

Icross the present one This theory will e^rj«;*" the„f allure to figf P^V «»"

In the Swauk above Baker Creek, although the prbspectlng in that part or

'%'he'trex^t^foufclk?ms*S?'t"f east belo% Black's at^ owned by the Orften
IrelMlXg Spany of TVoma -»»«ch hft* at times leased them on shttWo.

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

but is now tunneling on bedrock. At tlie forks of Swauk and WilUama
Creeks Gus Nilson has tunneled 600 feet on bedrock and drifted 900 feet,
taking out about $30,000. L. H. Jansen, of Tacoma, is drifting on bedrock on
the two next claims. H. C. Jones and H. C. Dennett, on the two next
adjoining claims, are drifting on bedrock under a bar seventy teet high and
ftnd the pay cHrt closer to bedrock as they go down stream. Beyond them,
David, Thomas and George Livingstone have run a tunnel 170 feet to bedrock
on three claims and have started another, taking out nuggets as large as
11 ounces and averaging about 60 cents. From one of their claims three
nuggets were taken ten years ago, the m/gest of which weighed $400 and the
smallest $200. Next below them John Mayer has sunk twenty feet to bedrock,
which is here below the present channel, has erected a pump and raises dirt
by a whim from three tunnels, one of which Is 300 feet long. On the two next
claims Dexter Shoudy has a tunnel 400 feet, and the furthest work down the
creek Is being done by two gangs of Chinamen, who strip off the surface
dirt and wheel the pay dirt to sluice boxes.

The placer mines of the Swauk were extended up Williams creek in 1868
by H. M. Cooper, who found gold about a mile above the mouth of the creek,
on ground now Included In Thomas V. Meagher's claim, and the workings
now extend two miles above the mouth. The first prospecting was done in
Che creek bottom, but this was found to give poor pay, and not until the
bedrock of the old channel was struck were good results obtained. It runs
a little south of west and north of east and is cut diagonally by the present
channel about a mile from the mouth. The gold is all coarse, in pieces from
10 <;ents to 17^ ounces, and is in flat, smooth nuggets. It Is nearly all found
in the six or eight Inches of dirt next to bedrock; and the miners rarely
work the upper dirt.

The first claim above the mouth is owned by Andrew Flodin, who has run
about 400 feet of tunnel on bedrock. Thaddeus Neubaur Is drifting on bed-
rock. H. C. Jones' claim, next above, is being worked on shares by John
Doyle, each taking half. He has run a drain race 484 feet across the bedrock
and struck the pay streak, on which he has since been tunneling. He finds
that the bar pays only on bedrock, but thinks it would pay all the way
through If worked in conjunction with the claims below. It now pays S3 a
day to the man after deducting the owner's half, the nuggets weighing 828
and less. Thomas F. Meagher has three claims next above, at ^he mouth
of Lyons' Gul< , taking in all the old channel, from which he took out over
$15,000 in 1895 wiih a hydraulic. He has about 3,000 feet of tunnel and is now
drifting on bedrock from an open drain. His gold is generally coarse his
largest nugget being $222, but there is fine gold all through the bar. '

G. E. H. Bigney has some extensive workings on the eighteen acres next
above Mr. Meagher's on the high bars on the left bank. He has aunte
an Inclined shaft to bedrock 136 feet on the upper Mge of the claim and nut
down an air shaft ninety-three feet. He has done 2,805 feet of tuniielliiW on
bedrock, and struck the old channel 160 feet from the face of the bar at «
depth of twelve feet belov/ the present channel, so that he has to Dufnn to
keep clear of water. The dirt is raised by a water-power hoist f?om the
Incline and by a whim from the other shaft. He got the mine in shan« t«
produce in 1892, and In 189.1 took out about $16,000. William H Elliott oSthS
next claim, has drifted BOO feet on bedrock from one side of the creek to tht
other, but has not yet reached the old channel, and, although he has struck
some gold, he does not expect pay dirt till he does so. Nls Jensen whn««
claims adjoins Mr. Elliott's^ has driven a tunnel on bedrock 250 feet from thi
old channel and another 107 feet, which proved to be twenty feet abovphoS
rock but has not yet reached the pay streak. He finds "hit the whole b«
carries gold, as large as plnheads near the surface, and in nugget! runnhS
up to $7:25 near bedrock. Louis Quletsch, next abbve Mr Jensen hn« i»f
a tunnel 125 feet and drifted either way on bedrock, but, while he found fln2
gold, thrre was not enough to pay. and he has lately turned h?a at?Anti««
to quartz mining. George D. Verdln, who owns the last ninni^ fi i~ °"
Williams Cre.k.%as driven a bedrock" tS^inelTnd sunkXote^sbifh^
transferred his energies to quartz claims. snaris, but has

Placer gold was first struck on Boulder Creek bv W R Ha..* <». tom
shaft was sunk for bedrock and struck the rim. from whl^h a cross-c^t '
started, but water forced a stoppage of work. The gold was in smalf nulx
the largest weighing one-half pennyweight. The LlvlneBtnnPH r>r^^l>^"i'^°i
these claims eight years ago aAd found mdderatllyL„"5„-.*''"o,d ^fr^^^''^^
feet below the surface downward. This claim with anothpPn^iJ^?'" ^^'i
two on a gulch leading down to them froni the right blnkisnn^°'^"*^*i!^'*
Thoma.M p! Meagher. C. C. Whitaker and A F ?ork n.'.H.,!?*?' "Wned by
hydraullcking on the gulch claims they took out n?a?lv $?oa) fhl'^H*).?'""**"'
Ing gold from the grass roots down. It Is in the form of haV^'Jr^L^u^ *'"!!■
and wire gold. anJ ranges down to flour gold ThTlarirPHtnw2°3?„""^*^^
lieC; others weighed $98. $95 and $45. and there was oSfte a nnn,T«2 ^i'"^
mosgets. The product brings about $15 an ounce It the nfm^T^nl..®^ *?
silver bringing down the value. AdJolnlnK the V^oiiiripr ??^S ^'. . P®"^ c®"^*'
firm Mr. Hart has two others one on whVh he has fhrprm „°'**'"", <>' I^»■
sinking a shaft to bedrock, wh he on the^ther two men arl r^nn«n1,™i''i?''i^ *?
dram. On the claims next below thf g"ulch jImeTLTherCd"fnd aS^^^^^

891. A
was

nuggets,

MINING IN THK PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

Zlegel have sunk a shaft sixty feet to bedrock and are tunneling from It.
They found one nugget of $24 and got $10 or $12 In the bottom of the shaft,
but have not so far found enough to pay. Their work Is hampered 1/ wa^er,
as bedrock Is sixty feet below the level of the present creek, whlCii t>ie old
channel seems to parallel. Prospecting \r also going on above Mr, Hart's
claim and in the adjoining gulchta, but nowlurc lias the old channel been
reached or pay dirt been struck.

The miners of the Swauk have hitherto shown a decided repugnance to
the invasion of outside capital, which would work the placers ou a largo scale
by modern methods and therefore more economically, but efforts are being
made in this direction. Although hundreds of thousands of dollars have
been taken out, t ie ground has only bet n worked enough lo prove its value,
only about one-ti ith of the gravel having been worked. In fact, It may
fairly be said that .he work so far done Is practically equivalent only to
thorough prospecting. The consolidation of the placers and tiieir operation
as a whole, with proper water pressure, would make good paying pioijcrty
of all the placer ground, while now the co.st of handling the dirt is so high
in many places that it only pays ordinary wages.

Discoveries of free milling quartz, which is now diverting attention from
the placers, date back to 1887. when Thomas Tweed and William Johnson
found a pocket on the east bank of Swauk Creek, opposite the mouih of
Baker Creek, which carries wlTe gold in nuggets ranging as high as $6, and
was apparently a broken quartz iedge. A sixty-foot tunnel showed a number
of stringers running Into one, but no main ledge in place. They built an
arraatre and ground between $10,000 and $11,000 worth of rock In It, twelve
tons yielding $2,200.

Later discoveries show the quartz ledges to extend from some distance
up Baker Creek across the Swauk and through the hllla cut by Williams and
Boulder Creeks and Kruger Gulch. The general course of the ledges is
w-orthwest and southeast, the walls being slate and the ledge matter blue
and bird's-eye quartz. The ore carries enough free gold to make It pay well,
and the miners grind It in arrastres, being content to let the sulphurets
escape In the tailings, but as the ore grows baser at depth this crude lirocess
will have to J&e abandoned.

George Hampton located the first claim, the Red, on the hill between
Kruger and Lyons Gulches In 1889. It is n three-foot ledge carrying about
$16 gold, mostly in sulphurets. He sank shafts seventy-nve and fifty feet
and cross-cut 200 feet, taking out about fifty tons of ore.

Two years later Andrew Plodln located the First of August on a four-foot
ledge of bird's-eye quartz between solid slate walls. He has sunk a shaft
ninety-six feet, showing a pay streak twelve or thirteen Inches wide, with
well-defined walls. He has also run a cross-cut 170 feet, which will strike
the ledge at a depth of 140 feet in seventy feet more. In 1894 he built a water-
power arrastre on Williams Creek, with a capacity of 3,200 pounds a day,
and averaged $21.23 a ton tn a year's run. On the southwest extension of
this ledge he has run three cross-cuts, r f which the longest struck the ledge
in eighty-five feet. He is sinking a shaft on another ledge on the same claim,
of which he has not defined the width, the ore being black slate veined with
quartz.

The Brown Bear group of two claims at the head of Kruger Gulch, owned
by Keith W. Dunlap, Mrs. M. A. Chapman, Whitson & Parker, Vestal Snyder
and Matt Bartholet. all of North Yakima, has a ledge about three feet wide
which has assayed from $100 to $140. A shaft is down forty-five feet and will
be extended before drifting begins. Below. the Flodln claims on Kruger Gulch
William Queltsch has the Dandy on a six-foot ledge and has run a tunnel
twenty-five feet on a stringer, which returned from $20 to $2B at his arrastre.

On the Morning Dr. O. M. Graves has two ledges of bird's-eye quartz, one
sixteen to twenty-four Inches and the other three to four feet, the smaller one
assaying $12.50 free gold. A tunnel has been driven fifty-five feet toward the
face of the ledge and will strike It In fifty feet more, having cut two small
feeders already. 0». Graves has put In a steam stamp mill, with one 750-
pound stamp for prospecting purposes. . , „ ,

On the extension of the Morning ledge Louis Queltsch has the Bunker
Hill on which he has five veins ranging from seven feet down. » A thirty-foot
tunnel on the widest shows good fni^ milling ore. ^ , ,.

The ledges have been traced over the hlus on both sides of Kruger Gulch
and development Is proceeding there also. A. B. Morrison and Daniel Morri-
son have started a tunnel on the Livingstone ledge adjoining the First of
August on the northeast. On the south side ol Williams Creek they have
sunk a shaft seventy-five feet on a four-foot ledge on the Bullion, run a cross-
cut tunnel over 100 feet and another sixty feet at a point fifty feet further
dotvn, yielding $8 a ton. Gus Nllson and H. C. Condon, of Yakima, have two
feet of ore on the Great Wonder. A shaft Is down twenty feet on the ledge
and a forty-foot tunnel has cross-cut it. A few tons milled gave $35 a ton
and they nave built a one-ton arrastre. On another claim an eijrhteen-lnch
cross ledge of $32 ore. on which a shaft Is down eighteen feet, with a tunnel

The Great Western group of two claims, owned by Gus Nilson. Evan
St ander and Charles Klneth, has a fourteen-foot ledge, from which the

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWICST.

four feet next the footwall carries $6 freo gold and a higher value in sulphur-
ets, which tiiey have tapped with a flfty-foot cross-cut. Another ledge four
feet wide has a twelve-inch pay streak carrying |18 free gold, shown In a
sixteen-foo.. shaft.

On the mountain south of the south forlc John H. Price has the Wall
Street group of six claims on a series of parallel ledges, two of which are
cut by the creolt. One of these shows up seven feet wide in a forty-foot shn,ft
and sixty-foot drift and carries $8 free gold, besides aulpliurets. Anothor Is
thirty Inches wide in an eighteen-foot shaft and carries $4 to $5 free gold.
Another, five feet wide, is cross-cut by a ]4.'">-foot tunnel, which also cut a
series of stringers two to twenty-four inches wide, the main ledge assaying
$4 free gold and the smallest stringer $10.

George W. Verdln has taken some of the richest ore in the camp from the
two forks of the widest ledge of the Wall Street series, on which he has the
Gold Vein and Badger. One of these shows a foot of ore in tunnels eighty and
100 feet and a small shaft, the average value being $;!0, though pockets have
run as high as $1 a pound and several thousand dol'ars were cleaned up from
one run of an arrastre.

A little to the left of the forks of Williams Creek G. W. Seaton has the
two Gold Leaf claims on a ledge of free milling ore. A shaft is down sixty
feet and Is Intersected by a tunnel of the same length. Another tunnel forty
feet long taps the ledge at a depth of fifty feet and a third tunnel has been
run 100 feet on the ledge. This work shows it to widen to three or four feet
and fifty tons milled in a one-ton arrastre averaged over $30.

On the gulch running into Boulder Creek, from which they made their rich
strike of placer gold, Messrs. Whitaker, Meagher and York have the two
Bertha claims on a ledge of porphyritic quartz, similar to the rock found in
the placers and carrying free gold of the same character. It crops out Ave to
Blx feet wide, between walls of basalt and iron rock. They have stripped a
stringer from four to eight inches wide running into the ledge, which is richly
studded with small nuggets. They also have the North Star on a three-foot
tedge across the gulch.

Irt me next gulch above the Bertha, Albert Tallicut has the Josle on two
small seams of ore which he is milling in an arrastre, one pocket containing
25-cent nuggets. South of Boulder Creek Mr. York has the Uncle Sam on a
three-foot ledge, carrying $8 free gold.

Free milling ore was discovered in the spring of 1896 a mile above the
mouth of Baker Creek by George F. Nv Watson. He has the Green horn on a
three-foot ledge between walls of porphyry and iron rock, which gives 1,000
colors to the pan In fine round shot gold. The Bobtail, on the norlh extension,
owned by Irvine Liggett, Isaac Zeran and Dr. H. B. Runnels, shows twenty
inches of similar ore in a twenty-foot shaft. The Mary Ellen, owned by the
same parties, Is on a parallel ledge fourteen to twenty-four inches, showing
well in a twenty-eight foot shaft. The Big Bear and Little Bear, on a four-
foot ledge traced f jr .'?,000 feet, are owned by F. D. Wilson and B. J. foung,
and show ore rich In coarse and flake gold.

E. J. GafCney and F. W. Clayton in 1896 discovered a ledge four to sixteen
inches wide on the west bank of the Swauk below Liberty, assays from which*
range from $26 upward.

Some of the more progressive miners in the Swauk district are already
preparing to erect stamp mills and concentrators and another year is likely
to see quite an increase in production following upon such Improvement in-
methods.

WENATCHEE.

This city is known chiefly as the outfitting point fon the districts in Okan-
ogan county north of it, being the connecting point Of the Great Northern
Railroad and the Columbia River steamer line, but it also has the making of
a mining caitip at Its back door, within throe miles of it by wagon road The
ore is low grade, bearing gold and a small proportion of silver but Is in such
large deposits that, if worked on a considerable scale with modern methods
and skillful management, it would pay handsome dividends. The deposit la a
great dike of porphyry in which are numerous veins of quartz, and extends
over three miles in an almost due north and south course from Squilchuck
Creek to Canyon No. 2, directly back of the town, among the foothills An-
other parallel dike of almost equal size has been located for a distance 'of five
miles. The principal work in this district has been done on the Golden Kina
group of three claims located by M. .1. Carkeek, of Seattle, t.nd owned by thfr
Golden King Mining Company, of Seattle. '

The dike is a veritable landmark In the Squilchuck Canyon, standing out
on the north side, one mile from tne Columbia, from 100 to 150 feet wide be-
tween walls of bastard granite rising In a great cluster of plnnaoles and soiro*
of bright red, yellow and brown to a height of 150 feet above the road and
growing taller toward the crest of the hill until It reaches an elevation of 50»

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

feet. The whole dike Is more or less mineralized, the DorDhvrv oarrvino- nhnm-
12 gold besides sUv.ir, but the best value Is in the QurrtzstrlnKers which mn™
m width from six Inches to seven feet, and have given assaylmnelnefro^w
to lie The dike is so thoroughly mineralized from th? very s^u?face S.a'^
it could be mined very cheaply, in fact it could be quarried out and with «
large stamp mill could be reduced profitably. qu'^riiea oui, and with a

The Golden King Mining Company has a mill with Ave 500-pouiid stamns
operated by steam power, and In 1894 began to mill the surface ore which wrh
quarried. The intention was to mill only the quartz, but It was norcarefuUv
sorted, so that a large proportion of the less valuable porphyry went throii^h
the battery and the milling at times was not over-sklllfUl Durinl a Z?v
days' run of four tons every twenty-four hours 11,600 in bullion was taken ont
The mill was then shut down in October, 1894. and a tunne was started at fh«
foot of the hill on the roadside to develop the deposit at depth It rX for th«
first 100 feet through surface wash and slide rock, which requires heavy tim-
bering to prevent caves, and th«n runs for eighty-six feet through the dike at
an acute angle, cutting thirty feet across at right angles to the course of th«
deposit. In this eighty-six feet about forty seams of quartz from six to thlrtv
Inches wide were cut. their width on the surface running as high as seven feet
This quartz Is the pay ore and there is plenty of it to keep a mill busy without
the lower grade porphyry. Since the mill shut down only assessment work
has been done on the tunnel and several offers to lease the property have been
declined. '

Adjoining the Golden King on the south is the Charlotte, owned bv D P
Blgelow. of Seattle; Thomas Groves and P. M. Scheble, of Wenatchee ' oii
which prospecting shows seventeen feet of porphyry veined with quartz
assaying $6 to $8 gold and silver on the surface. Parallel with the Golden Klni
on the west is the Last Chance, owned by J. M. Rae, on which a tunnel has
been run a short distance. On the main dike, extending northward are the
Gllman, owned by D. H. Gllman, of Seattle; the Eureka, running down to Dry
Gulch, owned by Angus Mackintosh; the Sunrise, on ths opposite side of Dry
Gulch, owned by M. J. Carkeek; the Tibbie, owned by P. P. Shelby the Bagley
owned by C. P. Converse, of Seattle. The only work worth mentioning on
these claims is a surface cut forty feet across the dike on the Tibbie. On a
parallel dike of the same character and carrying ore of the same value 200 feet
In width, extending from Squllchuck Creek, across Dry Gulch and Canyon No
2 to the Wenatchee River, a distance of five miles, claims have been located by

William Parry, D. A. Curry, W. B. Reddy, Lunn. W. H. Merrlam. Arthur

Qunn, George Evans and B. Ross, but the only work has been done by Mr
Lunn, who holds two claims and has sunk a shaft forty to forty-flve feet from
the highest outcrop.

PESHASTIN AND NEOBO CREEKS.

Almost midway between the two transcontinental railroads which traverse
the state from east to west lies the district where the first stamp mill in
Washington was erected. Taking the Northern Pacific train from Seattle to
Cle-elum, 122 miles, one can ride or drive to Blewett, the center of the district
a distance of thirty-two miles over a good road ; or taking the Great Northern
train to Leavenworth, 160 miles, one can go over a good road fourteen miles
to the mouth of Ingalls Creek and thence by trail five miles to the camp
furthest up Negro Creek or four miles to Blewett, A road four miles long
would close the only gap in the road between the two railroads.

The mineral belt through which Peshastin Creek flows northward Into the
Wenatchee River, receiving Ingalls and Negro Creeks as tributaries from the
west and Ruby Creek from the east, has a totally different geological forma-
tion from the country north and south of it. To the north, from a line cutting
across the Chlwah River some distance above Its mouth, is a sandstone
formation which terminates on the northwest about the mouth of Icicle Creeks
a granite formation lying north of It up thei Chlwah River to Red Hill, About
seven miles up the Peshastin this sandstone gives way to a series of strata of
metamorphlc rocks, Including serpentine, syenite, dtorite, magneslan lime-
stone, talc, porphyry, porphyrltlc quartzlte and granite. In the dikes of
porphyritlc quartzlte occur ledges of nickel. Silver and copper ore and some
gold with gouges of talc, the dikes having a general trend from northwest to
southeast, but bending generally more to an east and west line. On the one
Bide this belt terminates two miles southeast of Blewett &nd to the west it

fradually widens toward the base of Mount Stuart, which peak It Includes;
t extends into the Swauk district, where It forms a badln and swings to the
northwest.

Mineral was first discovered in this district abbut 1860 by a party of miners
returning from Fraaer River, but they only worked the placers and gradually
drifted away, one of them, a negro, who foolc oUt $1,100 in a season ff-om the
bars at the hiouth of Nesro Creek, giving that stream its name. It was rot
till 1871 that the first quartz legge was discovered. In that ycr.r John Shafer

if-wpppip'^plllii

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

located the Culver on a ledge of free milling ore near the summit of the moun-
tain dividing the Negro Creek canyon on one side from the Culver draw on the
other, but was a short time behind Samuel Culver, who located the Poleplck
on a parallel ledge. Culver then took the Humming Bird on another leave.
James Lockwood staked out the l^obtall adjoining It, and John Olden and
Peter Wider took the Fraction; John Olden and Samuel Culver the Little
Culver. All these claims, except the Poleplck and Little Culver, were shortly
afterward bought by James Lockwood and his son, E. W. Lockwood. and
H. M. Cooper, who erected a slx-stan-ip mill with one Frue vanner, which they
operated by water power. The mill reduced eight tons of ore in twenty-four
hours and the clean-up from the first nine days' run was |2,10O. The company
also had an arrastre with a capacity of 1,000 pounds a day, of which the pro-
duct aveEaged $70 a day. After running the mine and mill for eight years this
company^old H to Thomas Johnson, who shut down after a short run. Then
arose the dl.spuio as to the ownership of the property, which culminated in the
killing of William Donahue by Thomas Johnson In 1896, but this did not pre-
vent the sale in 1891 to the Culver Gold Mining Company. This company
erected a ten-stamp mill with four Woodbury concentrators and stretched a
bucket cable tramway from the mill to the Culver mine, one-flfth mile.
Some ore was shipped before the completion of the mill, one lot returning $800
a ton.

In 1892 the Culver Company sold out to the Blewett Gold Mining Company,
composed of Seattle capitalists, and this company set to work to thoroughly
develop the mine and mill its ores.

On the Culver group are three parallel ledges between walls of serpentine
and porphyry, that of the Culver Itself being from two to ten feet wide, with
occasional bunches of ore sixteen feet wide. The body of the ore Is a reddish
gray quartz and there occasionally occurs on the walls a transparent green
talc with white crystals, through which, as In a magnifying glass, the flakes
of free gold can be plainly seen. The Humming Bird and Bobtail ledge is two
to four feet wide, and contains a blue quartz carrying a larger percentage of
sulphurets than the Culver. The Fraction ledge is of about the same size and
character and runs higher in Iron sulphurets. As depth Is attained the free
gold runs out and the ore becomes base. The value runs all the way from $8
to $20 in free gold with occasional pockets as high as $700, and It carries a trace
of silver. The group has been developed by a number of tunnels aggregating
several thousand feet, the longest of which Is 600 feet, attaining a depth of 350
feet on the Humming Bird.

The company has erected a twenty- stamp mill at the mouth of the Culver
draw, near the old Lockwood mill, allowing space for twenty more stamp»>
and has four Woodbury concentrators, the whole plant having boiler capacity
for forty stamps. The bucket tramway was moved to the new siii and the
mill equipped with every labor-saving appliance, such as self-feedeis to the
stamps. A steam sawmill was erected three miles up the creek with a capacity
of 10,000 feet a day and sawed lumber for the mill buildings, the mine and
repairs to the road and bridges over which the machinery was hauled from
Cle-elum. The development of the mine and operation of the mill were con-
tinued together by the company until 1894, when the system of leasing sections
of the mines to small associations of mlnerH was inaugurated, and has been
continued with good results ever since, it being found that when miners have
a direct Interest In the product they sort the ore more carefully than when
working for wages. The company still runs the mill and charges a royalty on
the product and a milling charge, graduated up to a certain value. Above
that figure the company ivnd the lessees simply share the product on a
graduated scale, the company's share increasing the higher the value of the
ore. Under this system about sixty men are employed In mine and mill When
both are in full operation. During the year 1896 the mill reduced 2,469 tons of
Culver ore, from which the extraction averaged $12.62 a ton, and 473 tons of
customs ore, from which returns are not obtainable. The product of the
Blewett Company in bullion was about $60,000 for the year 1896.

It having been found that with the most careful milimg the arsenic in the
ore floured the quicksilver on the plates and thus prevented It from catching
the gold; also that much of the fine copper sulphides escaped in the slime in
the shape of foam, the tailings have been reserved In dams, with a view to
further treatment by some improved process. This was established in th«
summer of 1896 and is a small cyanide plant erected under the direction of A.
J. Morse for Rosenberg & Co., one of the partie-- of lessees. It has a capacity
of ten tons a day and throughout the winter has been treating the tailings, of
which 600 tons, containing from $3 to $30 a ton In gold had accumulated, and
has extracted from 70 to 75 per cent, of the value. This plant has demon-
strated the presence in the ores of substances which prevent close saving of
their values and some modern process such as the cyanide will be finally
adopted by the Blewett company.

In 1878 the Culver ledge was traced over the ridge to Negro Creek and the
Olympia group of five claims was located on it, its width averaging about four
feet. These claims were sold to the Cascade Mining Company, which ran a
tunnel southward on a stringer to the right of the ledge on one claim and
sfruck two bodies of ore, of which It followed the wall. On another claim it

••*"» IN TMt MCWto Mtm

••'""» IN TM MOWIO NomHWWT.

Tan ft sixty
It, ar.d ran
since raved
the Columl
erected wit
of snvInK tl
about fifty
sulphides a
stnali perof
death of M
has never
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Culver, of \
several opt>
Culver ledj
syenite, wh

Much ol
three of wJ
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Thomas Jol
of canvas
thirty-six i
no to $132
cross-cut tl
the way.
level, on w

Adjolnii
owned by ]
showing or

On the (
of Seattle,
quartz at (
levels 100 fe
highest leA
milled at tl
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William D
years ago.
who also le
through al
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Shoudy &
tunnel into
which yielt
$100 a ton.

On wha
have the L
They have
Pine Tree.

A short
Dexter Sh(
two to five
which the J
porphyry c
yielding ns
though not
on the oth(
and on wh
arrastre bi

The Po
been bonde

On the
wide and c
160 feet on
the other 1
he has drll
foot ledge
ounces of :
the ledge,

Betwee
Donahae'B

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHW^CST.

Tan » »lxty-foot cross-cut tunnel In l:.> direction of the ledge, but did not tap
U, arsd ran a tunnel about llfty feet on the ledge near the summit, but It has
since caved In. A two-stamp lIuntlnKton mJll was hauled from The Dalles on
the Columbia by team and over the mountain by block and tackle. It was
erected without concj^ntrators and was run by water power <n the expectation
of saving the free gold. It was run for a couple of months iv 1880 and reduced
about ttfty tons of ore, but the assay value of $10 to $70 a toa was chiefly In
sulphides and very tine gold, so that only about $4.50 a ton was saved and the
small percentage of copper was also lost. A year or two later, owing to the
death of Marshall Hllnn, the organizer of the company, the mill stopped and
has never rr sumed. For a time the property was under bona to Edward
Blewett, who ran a tunnel 200 feet In an endeavor to trace the ledge Into the
Culver, of which It has the characteristics and the same value In free gold, and
several open cuts have been made, showing ore In a number of places. The
Culver ledge spreads out towards the summit, and Is divided by horses of
syenite, which rock forms the hanging wall, and then disappears.

Much of the gold In early days was lost by the milling of ore In arrastrefl,
three of which w'ere built and one Is now In operation at Intervals. When It
Is remembered that the fine copper sulphides which go oft In foam cannot b«
saved even by cyanide and that only pan amalgamation la effective with them,
one can Imagine how much value Is lost by such a rude mill as an arrastre.

In the spring of 1896 the Blewett Company sold the ten-stam?) mill to
Thomas Johnson, who has been milling tho Poleplck ore In It, with the addition
of canvas tables. This mine has a quartz ledge varying from eighteen to
thlrty-slx Incher and occasionally widening to five feet. Assays range from
JIO to $132 In free gold, and average about $27. Development began with a
cross-cut tunnel 237 feet, from which an upraise was made 147 feet. In ore all
the way. A drift has been run 100 feet west from the upraise at the 100-foot
level, on which stoplng Is being done, and another upraise h&a been started.

Adjoining this claim on another ledge three feet wide Is Poleplck No. 1,
owned by Dexter Shoudy & Co., on which a tunnel has been run eighty feet,
showing ore which assays $28.

On the Culver draw Is the Phoenix, on which D. T, Cross and John F. Dore,
of Seattle, and the late Wdllam Donahue tapped a flve-foot ledge of brown
quartz at a depth of 100 feet by cross-cutting 125 feet. They have run threo
levels 100 feet long at Intervals of twenty feet and have stoped the ore from tl^e
highest level to the surface, having taken out In all 1,000 tons, which was
milled at the Blewett mill and returned about $20 gold on the average. Some
of this ore was reduced In 1895 In a small mill with four 250-pound stamps and
a Blde-jlgger concentrator, which was erected by the California Milling and
Mining Company, but the cost of operation was out of proportion to the
possible product and it has been shut down for nearly two years.

The Peshastln Is on a three-foot ledge, also on the Culver draw, on which
William Donahue, Dore and Cross ran a tunnel and stoped some ore some
years ago. In 1894 they bonded the claim to George W. Martin, of Minneapolis,
who also leased the Blewett mill and built a chute down the hill to It. He ran
through about 100 tons, but It was so poorly sorted that It did not pay for
milling and the company canceled the lease. He then gave up, and Dexter
Shoudy & Co. bought the mine. They ran a tunnel through the Fraction
tunnel Into the west end of the claim and took out about eighty tons of ore,
wWch yielded about $21 a ton In free gold and eight tons of concentrates worth
$100 a ton.

On what Is supposed to be the Culver ledge J. L. Warner and his associates
have the Lightning, with the White Elephant and Plnfe Tree on parallel ledges.
They have simply kept up assessment work, driving a thirty-foot tunnel on the
Pine Tree.

A short distance above the Culver draw, on the west side of the canyon.
Dexter Shoudy & Co. are working the Black Jack on a ledge of blue quarts
two to five feet wide. They have run a tunnel over 200 feet on the ledge, from
which they have done some stoplng, and are now cross-cutting toward a red
porphyry dike which shows on the surface. They have found some cinnabar,
yielding native quicksilver. About 260 tons of ore was milled last spring, and
though not well sorted, yielded $8 a ton. The same parties own the Eureka,
on the other side of the canyon, on a three-foot ledge which assays $16.64 gold
and on which a tunnel has been driven forty feet. The owners bought the
arrastre built by John Shafer slxtten years ago, and are milling the ore In It.

The Poleplck, Peshastln, Black Jack and the Johnson mill have recently
been bonded to parties In the East, who contemplate working them together.

On the Marlon Charlea Donahue has three veins, one of which Is eight feet
wide and carries $6 free milling and $9 concentrating ore. He has run a drift
150 feet on a small stringer and has cross-cut eighty feet to the ledge. One of
the other ledges he has Identified as the extension of the ^o'epick, and on t*4«
he has drifted sixty-five feet and cross-cut eighty feet On the Gem is a hve-
foot ledge of concentrating ore which assays $8 to $16 gold an^ ^5 cents to M
ounces of silver. A cross-cut has been run sixty feet, but has not yet tapped
the ledge, and a tunnel is in twenty feet on ore. „„„„,, k„ wtiuam

Between the Peshastln and the O^m Is the^ Manistee, owned by William
Donahne'B heirs, Dore and Crojs. A tunnel has been driven 140 feet on a

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

broken horse on the surface and the ledge lias not been found in place. About
eighty tons was milled in an iirrastre In 1S90 and paid $16 a ton.

On the east side of the oreelt John Bomaster has the I. X. L., on which he
has run a tunnel forty feet on a blanket ledge six or seven inches wide and
assaying about $20 a ton.

On the west mde of the creek E. E. Keyes, of Menominee, Mich., has the
Caledonia group of four claims on three parallel ledges. One of these has
ledge matter on the surface, on which a tunnel driven twenty feet has not yet
struck ore. On another, twelve feet wide, a shaft has been sunk thirty feet,
in which iron pyrites is coming in. On the third there l.s a two-foot cropping
of gray copper tapped by a cross-cut tunnel of about 120 feet. On the Goat
there Is a two-foot ledge of white ouartz carrying free gold, from which some
assays ran over $100. A shaft, fifteen feet deep shows the free gold to continue.

Near the Tip Top, at tiie head of the basin and crossing the divide to Ruby
Creek, Oliver Cloud and John Giimore have tho Sunset, on which is a six-foot .
ledge carrying gold and copper, and in two tunnels sixty feet and thirty feet
on the ledge there Is a showing of sulphurets on the face.

On the east side of the canyon is the Tip Top, which i;as had a varied
career. It was first worked by the Tip Top Mining Company, which sank a
shaft seventy-live feet and drove a cross-cut tunnel .^XO feet quartering with
the ledge and another 400 feet a short distance below. The ore was sloped out
from the fll"st two levels and run through the arrastre, its value averaging $40,
while some ran up to $90. The company abandoned the claim in 1888, and in the
following year T. J. Vinton relocated it, and held it until 1895. He then leased
it to James Kirk, who took out considerable ore, from which the extraction at
the Blewett mill averaged $22. It is now leased to George W. Porter, who
realized $10 a ton out of sixty tons milled.

Just below the new mill, Peter Anderson and Thaddeus Neubaur have a
vein of clear white talc ore, in which the free gold is plainly visible, similar to
that of the Culver ledge. They have driven two tunnels, aggresraiing 400 feet,
showing up the ledge well lo ;i widtli vai ying from six inches to three feet.

Within the last few years John Kendle has been prospectinK in the camp
by means of an instrument which, he claims, betray.s the p-oximity of an
auriferous ledge by electric attraction and which has gained. credit with some
prospectors. His instrument is supposed to disc^over gold, silver and copper
and to indicate witiiin certain limits how de*'P it i.s beneath the surface. It Is
a brass or silver cup cof.taining a secret composition of acids, rrom which a
tube of the same inaterial extends an inch or more- and then turns at right
angles. Into it is cemented a copper wire eif;ht inches long, which ends In a
flat circular brass elbow. F rom this another copper wire extends six inches at
right angles, so that It is parallel with the cup, and by this last wire the pros-
pector holds the instrument as he walks slowly over the ground, pressing his
finger ends tirmiy against i he wire.

Mr. Kendle claims to i,. vo located over twenty ledges by means of this
Instrument and to have priM-ed its accuracy by .showing ore on development,
seven of them beii.'p, on his jwn claims. One of these (ilaims is the Snowttake
located under eight feet ui snow, where other men had in vain run crosscuts
thirty, forty and sixty feet to strike the ledge. He ran a tunnel on it for
twenty feet and found six feet, of quartz between walls of quartzlte and
porphyry, which he says carries $7 gold and some coi)per. He and Henry
Weinmann, hi.s partner, have a Dodge mill with a capacity of twenty tons In
. twenty-four hours which they propo.se to set up at the mine and run by water
power to crush the ore, treating the pulp with cyanide. Another ledge located
by this means and covered by two claims, is the Sunset, fifteen feet wide and
carrying $10 to $15 gold. This is owned by Messrs. Kendle and Weinmann
who also have, in p.^rtnership with Patil Fein, three claims on the Yankee
Doodle ledge, to strike which Mr. Weinmann had previously run cross-cuts
150, 125 and 100 feet. They have run a tunnel lie feet on It, showing nine feel
of talc and three of white quartz carrying $4 dee gold. Mr. Kendle claims to
have aiso located by mean.s of his in.strument a four and one-half foot ledge
for Jaines Smith, who struck it with a forty-foot cro.ss-cut; a five-foot ledge
for Jam. s Giimore, who struck it in a tunnel drivon to Its face; and a third for
McDonai 1 & Perry, who struck it two to thn-f and one-half feet wide carry-
ing ore worth $19 to $22. by iriving twenty feer.

The mineral l)elt cut anc exposed by the deep ranvon of Negro Creek differs
In many respectr. from that on Peshastln Creek, although only a high ridge
divides the streams. Interest in this district languished after the suspension
of work at the '.'ascade Mining Company s mill and did not revive until the
great red buttes which stand out from the canyon walls of Negro Ingalls and
Peshastln CreekK attracted attention in 1S92. Prospectors soon found that the
dikes of which these buttes were the highest points contained chutes Of
porphyrltlc quartzite. between walls of lime and porphyry, the chutes ranging
in width from three to thirty feet, and several occurring across the width of
the wider dike.s The qnartzlte carries not only rr.;.! and some silver but
nickel to an average of 2% per cent. It also i-ar-les cobalt, and' the walls
carry traces of nickel. Some of the ledges f'.rthest up the crook arc distinctly
copper ore, car-n-ing 25 to :!0 per cent, of tnat mineral, and one ledge carries
cinnabar In which there Is native quicksilver. Prospecting has cone on

MINmO IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

steadily and has extended the belt across the divide at the head of Negro Creek
to Palls Creek, across the north wall of the canyon to and across Ingallo
Creek, down the Peshastin a mile below the latter stream and across Ruby
Creek, an eastern tributary of the Peshastin. A large amount of development
has been done on many of the claims, but lack of capital and the need of a
wagron road has prevented the district from becoming a producer.

About a mile up Negro Creek, which cuts it ir. two, is.a ledge of porphyry
forty feet wide, on which is the War Kagle yrcup of four claims, bonded by
J. F. Buttles, George Hood and Jemes Grant to the- Co-operative Mining Syn-
dicate, of Seattle. It cuts through the granite, I'iate and serpentine country
rock in a course slightly east of north and west of south, from the summit
overlooking the Culver draw, on one side of Negro Creek, to that overlooking
Ingalls Creek on the other. It is veined with quartz and carries value
throughout Itrf width, gold predominating where it cuts the ffr.inite. An
average assay from a shaft twenty-Hve feet deep on the Ingalls Creek divide
shows $4.t;o gold and numerous assays have run from $20 to $00 gold, some of
the ore also carrying nickel. A tunnel has been run twenty feet from Negro
Creek on the lodge and l.= lielng continued through well-mlnerallzed rock.

On the divide between ingalls and Negro Creeks, opposite the Cascade
Mining Company's property, \V. S. Newland and Henry JtJrenard have the
New lork group of thlrtten claims, lorming a square on which is a mass
of quartzite carrying gold, .silver and copper. Only assessment work has
been done In the shape of a shaft or tunnel ten to fifteen feet deep on
each claim, and none of these have defined any ledges. Specimens taken
at random from the surface of one claim assayed $4.60 gold, 3% per cent,
copper and a trace of silver, and the Nellie assays $4 gold, $30 silver,
besides nickel. The group could be worked from a tunnel on each side
of the mountain, and a tramway half a mile long would take the product
to Ingalls Creek.

Across the creek from the Cascade Mining Company's group are the
Eagle and Iowa, owned by Henry Bllnn, of L,eavenworth. They have a
ledge three and one-half feel wide of quartz carrying iron and copper
pyrites, which assaj'S $7 gold. A shaft is being sunk, and shows improve-
ment in the ledge.

Next up the creek comes the Daisy Dean, owned by the Donahue estate
and F. H. Osgood, on a twin ledge between walls of serpentine and dU" ite.
One ledge three to four feet wide assays $32.30 gold, the other, three and
one-half feet wide, carries $8 silver and 60 per cent. lead. Two tunnels
have been run about twenty feet each at different levels.

Going up en the creek, there next comes the Kalnler group of thirteen
claims, with two mlllsites, owned by the Negro Creek Nickel and Copper
Mining Company. The Rainier ledge is covered by four claims and Is
a dike running northwest and southeast across Negro Creek, three and
one-half miles above its mouth. A cross-cut 170 feet on this dike struck
a series of five nickel-bearing ledges from ten to thirty feet wide. The
ore in the tunnel assays 2V^ to sVi per cent, nickel -and $5.20 gold. The
Tacoma has a quartz ledge four and one-half feet wide running into the
Rainier series, and carrying copper and iron pyrites, with $8.20 gold and
a ft-w ounces of silver. Red Butte No. 1 and No. 2 arc on a deposit of
wliite talc thirty feet wide, carrying about $5 gold, of which a red butte
forn.H one side, and a ninety-foot tunnel has shown up a large chute of
aickcl ore. The Montana i.s an a spur southwest of the Gordon ledge,
carrying nickel, free gold and silver, twelve feet wide. Fractions A aal
B ar^ extensions of spurs of the Ontario and Meridian. The South On-
tarl" arid two others cover a large dike of low-grado nickel ore about thirty
feet wide TliLs company constructed an extension of the wagon road
up the Peshastin from the mouth of Ingalls Creek two years ago, amd
partly constructed it to the Rainier group. It also surveyed a lino for an
electric rond up the Peshastin and Negro Creek, thirteen miles, to the
Rainier group, and three miles further, to the park on which the i'ersingcr
group abuts.

Adjoining Red Butte No. 1 and No. 3 are the Union and Dominlan,
which are three-quarters of a mile up Bear Creek, on the north of Negro
Creek. They have been bonded by W. T, Karey, G. S. Merriam, George
Beam. Jamts FuUweiler. C. Striker and H, .youder, to George K. Ward, of
Seattle, who is to erect a plant and begin development by April 1, 1887.
They have a ledge of free milling and concentrating ore east and west, cut
by Bear Cre«'k. Twelve samples were taken ot dhlerent grades of ore
acn.sa the ledge and ihe assays ranged from $10T.4S> gold and $1.10 silver up
to $875.63 gold and $6.50 silver. Kight tons sl»ipped to tho Tacoma smelter
only returned $11.30 a ton, because they were not sorted and were take»
from a poir.t bi.yoiid the ore chute. A tunnel has been run 100 feet on the
ledge, siiowlng It to range from eighteen Inchts to four feet, wlln gnod ore
all through. Aoroa.i l^eiir Creek from these claims is llie Anago, owned
by Gus Guoin, S. W Elliott and Charle.s Harvtj, on a live-toji Itdge of
copper sulphuri'l.s rt.nning north* ast and southwest, wiiich assays on the
surface $2.75 to $tt.40 gold and silver.

Adjoining the Union and Dominion or Hear Creek are the Gordon and
an extension, owned by Supreme Judge Gordon, W. I. Agnew and G. E.

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

Filloy, all of Olympia. It has a ledge forty feet wide, running north and
south and assaying 10 per cent, nickel, with tree gold and silver. A tunnel
flfty-nve feet long has cross-cut the ledge, defining its width. , . ™ „

Following up Negro Creek conies the f. P. Nickel, owned by Tony
Pcesfon, of Leavenworth. A shaft is being sunk on the hanging wall,
where Is three or four feet of quartz, carrying 11.50 gold and a good per-
centage of nickel. . ^ , ,. .

A little further up, on the north side, is the Ontario, owned by Martin
Lew's cin-^ Mr. Morrell, who have a ledge forty li.et wide, between walls
ot serpentine. The o.-e carries ?7 to $8 gold, 3 per cent, nickel and 3\/^ per
cent, copper In .sulphides. A shaft is down about twelve feet on the hang-
ing wall, a tunnel has been run ninety fiet on the stringer, cutting towards
the main ledge, and a tunnel is In seventy feet to cross-cut the main ledge,
which It Is expected to strike in another hundred feet.

On the south side of the creek, next above the Ontario, comes the
Meridian, owned by George Persinger, of l.,eavenworth, and John Lindsay,
of St. Louis. It has a ledge of dark blue quartz, forty feet wide, between
serpentine walls, the ore carrying gold, silver, copper, sulphides and nickel.
The outcrop is in iron-stained red and blue cliffs on the wall of the canyon.
A tunnel has been run sixty feet on the ledge and a mill test of the ore,
made in St. Louis, gave JlO.'iO gold, $5 silver, 12.50 copper and 2 per cent,
native nickel, besides nickel sulphides.

The North Pole group of ten claims Is next In order, and Is owned by
George Persinger, Michael Callaghan, John McKenzle, Andrew Stoughton
ana Williara Lee, of Leavenworth; George Kline of Wenatchee, and John
S. Jurey, of Seattle.

North Pole No. 1 and two other claims are all on one ledge ninety-one
feet wide running due north and south, which crops out In big red buttes
on the Cinnabar King claim. The ore is red and blue quartz between walls
of serpentine, and carries, gold nickel and quicksilver. A tunnel has been
run ninety feet on the hanging wall on this ledge, and there was 200 tons
of ore on the dump on the creek bank, when a flood swept half of It away
In the spring of 1895. There is now, however, 150 to 200 tons on the dump.
The Champion and Idaho are on another ledge four and one-half feet wide,
which runs east and west, and joins the North Pole ledge at an angle on
tho east. It assays ?12 gold and 10^^ per cent, copper. A tunnel run forty
fee^ to cross-cut the ledge has not yet tapped it. The Persinger Copper
LMe and Gray Eagle are on a ledge running northwest and southeast,
which outcrops three feet wide on tlie summit and contains copper sul-
phide ore carrying gold and silver. Assays range from ri2 to 32 per cent,
copper, $5 to $16 gold and 3 to 5 ounces silver. A tunnel twenty-ttve feet
on the main ledge on the top of the hill shows good ore all through, and a
cross-cut Is being run 100 feet below, which is tn litteen feet and will tap
the ledge in about twenty feet more. The Ivanhoe No. 5 is west of tha
Rainier group on the north side of the creek, and has a live-foot ledge of
copper sulphide ore assaying about 20 per cent, copper with a little gold
aod silver. A cross-cut taps the ore in forty feet. About 20C feet of new
tunnels has been completed on this group in the last year, and has shown
up extensive bodies of copper pyrites.

On the Ivanhoe ledge John and William Ii>ncli have the Leo, with four
feet of ore assaying 2^ per cent, copper, with somu gold and silver. They
ran a cross-cut tunnel sixty feet, following a two-foot stringer into the
tncMn ledge.

At the north end of the Everett are the Cinnabar King, owned by
Qeorge Persinger, Harvey Sender and Charles Striker, on a dike 200 feel
wide, which crops out in a line of jagged rod cliffs on the north wall of th«
canyon. A surface cut across the dike shows it to be all mineralized red>
and blue quartz, with serpentine walls. An assay .sliows it to carry 93.59
gold, besides nickel and cinnabar.

On the first dike which cuts across the Pesh.istln canyon on tho north l8
another string of claims. On the right bank are the Monarch No. 1 and No. 2,
owned by Ralph White, of Rossland, Tim O'Learv, the contractor, and Mr.
Walker. The dike Is porphyrltlc quartzlte seventy-five feet wide, running
tlightly north of east and south of west. A mill test of a ton taken from a
ninety-foot tunnel gave $90 returns In nickel, cobalt and gold, and assays
range from $4 to $5 gold, 2% i>er cent, and upwards in nickel, 1% to 2^ per cent,
cobalt. On the opposite hill and on the same ledge, George Persinger, Tony
Preston and Michael Callaghan have the Red Butte group of three claims,
extending along the outcrop to the summit, with a fourth on a parallel led.^e
on the southwest. A tunnel has been run into the ledge at the base of tho hill,
ore from which assayed as hl.^h as \2'^ per cent, nickel, 2Vi per cent, cobalt and
IIS gold. In the valley between the Monarch and Red Rutte groups Is the
Rattlesnake, half of which Is held by the owners of each group.

This dike has been traced across the mountains and one and one-half mllM
eastward to Ruby Creek, where It crops out on part of a group of thirteen
claims held by Charles Harvey, S. W. Elliott and H. C. Ca.stlebury On this
group are four parallel ledges from twenty to .sixty feet wide l>etween walls of
a«rpentine and conglomerate, marked by red buttes like those on the rest of
the belt. Assays average 8 per cent, nickel, gold and silver not being showa.

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

At the north end of this group are the Red Cloud and Tralee, owned by W.
Kelly, of Spokane; C. King, of Kalispell; Charlea Harvey and Charles Moriar-
Itq, of Leavenworth, on a sixteen-foot ledge assaying |25 copper. $6 gold, as
well as nickel and cobalt. Further up Peshastin Creek, below the mouth of
Negro Creek, F. D. Eates and John W. Miller, of Leavenworth, have two
claims on a seven-foot ledge of sulphide ore carrying $6 and $8 gold on the
surface, besides copper.

Five miles above the mouth of Ingalls Creek is the State group of six
claims, owned by John and William Lynch. They are on two parallel
dikes sixty feet wide, which are cut by the creek.

The nickel-bearir^ formation has been traced anrnsis the Negro Creek
divide to Falls Creek, a tributary of Ingalls Creek from tno south. W. F.
Patterson and Charles Newberry, of Piewett, have located the Bonanza
and Deadwood, near the head of the creek, on the largest dike ssc fs»" dis-
covered in the district. The creek runs between the two locations, and
the dike rises almost perpendicularly from it. The owners are cutting
across the face of these cliffs to expose green ore. The surface ore assays
about 5 per cent, nickel, fS.CO sold and a trace of copper. Adjoining this
group and running to the forks of the creek, also extending westward to
Cascade Creek, Is the Nickel Plate group of twelve claims, owned by John
and William Lynch. Tlie main ledge is sixty feet wide and is covered by
five claims, on .vhich prospect holes have been sunk, while the other claims
are on spurs from t'.iis and the Bonanza and Deadwood ledges, ranging in
width from ten to t'.ilrty feet. The ore Is of the same character and value
as the Bonanza and Deadwood.

The placer ground from the mouth of Peshastin Creek far up towards its
head is still being worked with a fair measure of success. The deposits of
grid- bearing material are gravel hills built up in the course of%ge3 on old
ri.er channel?, running sometimes parallel, at others across the present
channel of Peshastin Creek. In the old channels the gold is mostly coarse,
and thereforf easily saved, but where the present streams have acted on It
it is fine and requires more care and skill. One of the largest enterprises of
this kind is leing carried on by W. M. Keene and O. A. Benjamin, of Seattle,
on the flats Oeside the Wenatchee on its right bank, one and one-half miles
below Peshastin. Mr. Keene began by sluicing back from the river bank,
taking water from a point half a mile up that creek. He found that the old
channel bedrock sloped back from the present river channel, and thus his
ground was flooded. Being joined by Mr. Benjamin, he put In a hydraulic
and a pump to raise the d'.rt from beneath the water on the old channel.
The dirt pays well, even for manual work, good streaks running as high as
%l a yard. At ihe mouth of Ingalls Creek Mr. Hensel, a farmer, is working
several claims with good results in fine gold. On the right bank of the
Peshastin, at the mouth of Ruby Creek, James and Thomas Lynch, Riley
Elsenhour and Thomas Medhurst have worked six claims with a big hydraulic
giant at high water and ground sluiced at low water.

Where the canyon narrows below Negro Creek the late J. H. Crawford,
W H. Wilcox and Frank B. Holley had four claims on the left bank, to which
they built 2,000 feet of ditch and flume from Negro Creek, with 150 feet of fall,
and hydraulicked down to the old channel bedrock, which is thirty feet above
the present channel. The gold is coarse. In nuggets as large as $6.75, and they
are working with only wood rlfT.es and no platas or quicksilver, not attempt-
ing to save the fine gold.

A mile above Negro Creek George W. and J. M. Bloom, two brothe.rs, and
John Snyder are working three good claims which take in all the bai ground
on both sides of the creek, on the old channel. The Bloom brothers started
in 1893 by sluicing out the dirt on the right bank of the creek and took »79
from a space fifteen feet square. In 1895 they took $20 from the space next
below ten feet square and at the most eighteen inches deep, and were last
year joined bv Mr. Snvder. They cut a ditch for a bedrock drain, but failed
to reach bedrock, and then started a tunnel to cut across from rim to rim
of the old channel, which is In twenty-eight feet, keeping the water down
with a bucket wheel. Fror; the first eight feet of this tunnel they took $4.20,
and they have a be of gravel twei»ty feet deep, which they say carries
25 cents a yard fi-om rim to rim and surface to bedrock. The gold is nearly
all coarse, but thiy save the line gold by means of pole riffles placed length-
wise of the sluice box, with cleats underneath which raise them an Inch
above the bottom. This arrangement causes a continual boil in the water,
which thus sucks the gold under the cross-pieces. On the lowest claim they
are driving a tunnel back to the old channel, of which they have not yet
found the bedrock, the dirt running as well as on the upper claims. They
propose to dig a ditch one and one-fifth miles along the creek, with a capacity
ot 1.000 hiches. and wHl put in a six-inch pipe and hydraulic.

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

LEAVENWOBTH.

The last five years have proved the presence of a great mineral zone In
the mountalria on each side of the Chlwah Canyon, as In other parts of the
Cascade Range, and development is proceeding with such vigor that a year
or two more should suffice to make the district a regular producer.

The Leavenworth District is easily accessible from Seattle. Leaving that
city on the Great Northern train, one goes to Leavenworth,. 151 miles, and then
goes northward by a good road to Shueart's ranch, ♦'ourteen miles, and by
trail to either the Phelps Basin or the Chlwah Basin, thirty-eight miles in
each case. These basins are one at each side of a high ridge ten miles long,
known as Red Hill, the Chlwah llowlng down ono side and Phelps Creek
down the other, to unite at the tail of the hill. On this mountain, called
Red Hill to distinguish It from Red Mountain in the Trail Creek District,
is the greatest minei-al zone with the most active work.

The first discovery of mineral on this mountain was made in 1893 by
George N. Watson, who found in a low saddle on the summit, between
porphyry and granite walls, a ledge of iron pyrites four feet wide, running
a little east of south and west of north, with a slight eastward dip. He
located the Emerald, and this lodge has since been traced on the surface
through a string of claims for about live miles. On a parallel ledge he and
Dr. L. L. Porter, of Roslyn, have the Esmeralda, which a shaft forty-two
I'eet deep a»id drifts twenty-six and twelve feet have shown to widen from
e'ghteen inches on the surface to five feet. The ore is arsenical Iron and
copper sulphides and assays $11 gold, 33 per cent, copper and a small amount
of silver.

The thorough prospecting which followed on Mr. Watson's discovery and
extmliiHtions by mining engineers have shown the mountain to be formed
of rranltlo rocks, with cliffs of gneiss on the side of the Phelps Creek Basin,
a,nd to be a great mineral zone, in which the ledges, carrying chalcopyrlte
ajid pyrites, have been traced by croppings of ore and by locations for five
mile across country. The ledges are true fissures of great size and strength,
but 1 ave not yet been defined by development,

Tlie largest property on tlie mountain is the Red Cap and Bryan groups
of twenty claims, owned by the Una Mining and Milling Company, of Seattle,
covering over 500 acres from the Phelps Basin southward and from the summit
down to Phelps Creek, with a tunnel site on the Chlwah side, two of the
claims being placers In the flat at the confluence of the Chiwah and Phelps
Creek. The majority of the claims are on the main ledge or system ojf ledges,
while five run continuously for 7,500 feet along the main cross ledge, which
has a course south of west and north of east, breaking through granite,
gnelsa and syenite and dipping slightly to the northwest into the mountain.
It shows well mineralized chutes of ore on tlie surface, carrying chalco-
pyrlte, pyrites of Iron and copper and some manganese. The lowest assay
from the surface was $3.73 gold and the highest $72 gold, but copper will also
form a large part of the value. The main ledge has ore bodies showing in
numerous places, heavily charged with arsenical and sulphide ores, assaying
from $3 to $180 gold. The average value of the ore through the mountain is
$69 gold and silver, on the basis of a number of assays. A tunnel Is hi fifty-
two feet to cut the broad main mineral zone at a maximum depth of 1,500 feet
and is being continued with a double shift of miners. At 112 feet it will cut
the first ledge, which shows three and one-half feet wide on the surface,
carrying sulphides and black sulphurets and assaying $45 gold, silver and
lead, and a little further will strike the second, which is seven and one-half
feet wide and well mineralized on the surface with copper sulphurets, copper
oxides and buncnes of native copper, assaying $48.60 for all values. The
Bryan group lies on the south edge of the company's holdings and has a
ledge showing three and one-half feet of solid ore, heavily charged with
copper sulphurets and native copper in bunches. Another ledge further up
the mountain shows twenty-five feet of talc carrying sulphides, and will b«
tapped at great depth by the cross-cut tunnel, and yet another, which cut*
the red cliffs forming the rim of the basin, has been defined to a width of
seven feet, with only the hanging wall found. A tunnel has been started on
this group also and will be pushed this season, when a tunnel will alio be
driven from the Chlwah side of the mountain. This company has already
expended over $3,000 on development.

The company which had been most active in development untU the advent
of the Una was the Red Hill Mining Company, which owns ten claims on the
two main ledges running across Phelps Creek south of the Una property.
On the Black Bear a tunnel has been run sixteen feet, showing a twelve-foot
ledge carrying copper and iron sulphides, which assayed $2.50 to $29 gold and
silver; on the White Swan ledge, traced for some distance to a width of eight
feet, a forty-foot tunnel showed arsenical iron assaying $12 to $18 gold, sliver
and copper.

I. North Star.
I. BUUl
1. Bontr.

& Lwt C

«. Kwiitit^
7. IbrcridL
t. Ro LMWtqr.
«. Owieton.

10 lUk. ^_^

11 Hur jorie 8l*li«t.
18. 0«wjto 8^»^
IS. KMkxta

14. 8»ow»j Whltfc

15. Corkn.

IS. Ud« (Mtf.
17. BoU; 0«*.
It. UmOKs.
ISl RmMUL
W. Rdlj BIy.
iU. fltsclta

22. Soanlt.

23. BatMllL

24. Blaur.
n. UUgnn
M. Mra.

27. Cull.

28. lAwk'i Weil.
2». BAieki.

SO. tom.
SL Datcoa.
.12. Smwt.
8*. Wj»Mop»Oi««P»
M. AUBklUfOop.
85. TJm OKOTIk ^
S8. Bed ManntalB Ot.
St. B«< Bill Cci
M. HIUwArraata.
}y. Bnn«6iMV>

40. P.- 1 anwik _
U UtUeOiutOnift

LEAVENWORTH

OKAiNOQAN COUNTY
WASmNOTON

VtHMKI IN THI r/tOI'IO NOKTHWnt

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

The Red Mountain Mining Company also owns ten claims on the two
main ledges, but has not as yet done any development.

Among the other extensions on the Emerald ledge are the Spokane by
J. D. Wynkoop, Capt. Benton and Henry Carpenter, of Yakima; the Emerald
No. 2, by H. D. Watson and Tony Preston; the Standard, by G. N Watson
and Albert Medhurst; the Great Eastern, by D, H. Watson; the Eveleen and
Ohio, by H. EUnn. On the Esmeralda ledge D. H. Watson has the Esmeralda
No. 2 and on a cross ledge the Northern Light. On the latter an open cross-
cut extending twenty feet from the footwall has not struck the hanging wall
and shows Iron sulphides assaying $8 gold. Turner & Co., of Spokane have
the Fourth of July group of six claims on three parallel ledges. Running
over the summit from the head of Phelps Basin to Red La,ke, Frank Reeves
and others have the two Alaska claims on a twenty-five foot ledge showing
sulphides clear across the cropplngs. The Smuggler ledge has been traced
up the hill and on it Carl Chrlstlanson has located the Standard, John M.
Miller, William Nack and Carl Christiansen have the Morning, Custer, Liver-
pool and Cariboo. On another ledge Tony Preston and John W. Miller have
the Queen Victoria group of three claims, and Turner & Co. have the two
Great Northerns. On the Chlwah side of the hill, below the Emerald ledge,
are the Mountain Goat and its extension by Frank A. Losekamp & Co., the
Sacred Faith and its extension; the Portland and its extension, by Emil
Frank & Co.; the German, by Sig. Frudenstein; the Black Diamond group of
four claims, by Losekamp & Co.; the Black Man, by John W. Miller; the

Black Crystal, by Karbs, of Spokane, and the Eagle, by William Nack

and Carl Christiansen.

Until the last year but little development had been done on Red Hill, but
the movement which has begun may be expected to spur owners on to show
what thefe is beneath the surface.

Near the mouth of Maple Creek Charles Allen has the Champion group
of five claims, where there were evidences of the presence of white men as
early as the year 1866. One ledge cropped eight to ten feet wide, showing
Bulphurets, and former ownera had run a cross-cut 310 feet to tap it and then
abandoned it for lack of funds. The other ledge shows pyrltlc ore and is
well defined to a width of fifteen to twenty feet between walls of syenite and
porphyry running southeast and northwest, assaying $4 to $7 gold on the
surface, and has an east and west spur on the summit. A cross-cut has been
run about 300 feet to tap it at a depth of 250 feet. Further up the mountain
Philip Hatch and others have the two Drummer Boy claims on a ledge show-
ing four feet wide in an open cut, where the ore assays J5.68 gold and silver.

On the Rock Creek Canyon, half a mile from the Chlwah, is the P. -I.
group of two claims, ownod by Frank Schuenemann, of Pasco. The surface
showing Is a gneiss blow-out of oxidized iron, carrying gold and sliver, and
one streak of ore assayed 444 ounces silver. A cross-cut tunnel is in sixty- '
seven feet.

On Fall Creek, still further down the Chlwah, A. W. Purdy has the Big
Elephant group of six claims on a large ledge of hematite ore, defined by a
twelve-foot open cut, carrying gold, silver and copper, which assays on the
surface $3 to $9 gold and $3.75 sliver.

On the summit of the range between Mad River and the Chlwah Is another
section of the same district, of granite and shale formation, which is reached
from Leavenworth by fourteen miles of road and three miles of trail. On this
range are two great parallel ledges of light green schistose talc between
granite walls, carrying free gold. The Monterey Gold Mining and Mllllns
Company has nine claims, comprising the Georgie Smith group. Eight
claims are on a ledge of light grreen talcdse quarta sixty feet wide, with no
defined pay streaks, which was tapped in thirty-five feet by a cross-cut last
summer. The gold is said to be all free and assays of surface specimens
have run $3.25, $125, $!S50 and $3,128 gold. The other claim is on a seven-foot
cross ledge. The company Is about to erect a ten-stamv mill and will begin
milling ore this spring. , ^ . , ,,. . ^

On the extension of the Georgie Smith ledge the Cable Mining Company,
of Seattle, has five claims, which with two on a second ledge on the east
bank of Mad River, are known as the Palmer group. The main ledge on tbl9
group is thirty-five feet wide and shows a pay streak of twenty-four Inches
at a depth of eleven feet In an open cut, ore from which assayed $186 gold.
A cross-cut tapped the main ledge in forty feet, but has not cut through It
This ledge crops so strongly that It can be readily traced for 15,000 feot. The
second ledge is also a true fissure in granite. , , „ ^ , .

J. C. Parsons and Bickford & Son have the two Hawk's Nest claims on
the Georgie Smith ledge. On a twenty-foot ledge of free milling ore Louts
Heuch, Charles Blazier, Charles Lllygren and Max Spromberg have tha
Mother Lode group of four claims, on which they have run a ertxtoen-root
tunnel. . „

At the mouth of Deep Creek the Deep Creek Mlnln« Conipany has a jfroup
of thirteen placer clalnas. on which four men were employed last iiummer
with a hydraulic g^ant. The dl» carried about 2«_oentB a yard and about
«0 per cent of the value isaaved in the sluice boxes with silver pUtes, though
the. gold In the Chlwah RShrer bars is generally so fine that It can only b«
saved by great care and skill.

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

The extension of the wagon road from Shugart's ranch to the head of th«
Chlwah River or Phelps Creek would not be attended with any great diffi-
culty and would do much to facilitate work. It 1h understood that the people
of Leavenworth contemplate making this improvement, as it would redound
greatly to their benefit.

LAKE CHELAN.

y K ■

Development is fast proving that the precipitous mountains which shut
In this beautiful body of water on each side are full of mineral equal In
abundance and value to tho mineral belt which is cut by the Columbia
River and extends east and west along the boundary line for an indefinite
distance. The principal ore bodies opened so far carry gold-bearing iron
and copper pyrites, but there are also in close proximity rich narrow ledgee
of silver-bearing ores.

The district, while not tapped by any railroad, is easily accessible. From.
Seattle one goes by the Greac Northern Railroad to Wenatchee, 174 miles*
by the sttamer City of Ellensburg to Chelan Falls, thirty-nine miles; by
stage to Chelan, three and one-half miles, or to liakeslde, live miles- or
steamer City of Ellensburg to La Chapolle, forty miles, and stage to Chelan
two and one-half miles; by steamer Stehekln to Meadow Creek, flfty-two-
miles, or Railroad Creek, the same distance, these two streams emptying
into the lake almost opposite one another. If one wishes to make a more
extended trip to adjoining mining districts, the Seattle & International train
can be taken from Seattle to Woolley, eighty miles; the Seattl.- & Northern
train thence to Hamilton, fourteen miles; stage thence to Marble Mount,
thirty-four miles, then go on horseback over the state trail, which runs up
the Cascade River, over the Cascade Pass and down the Stehekin River ta
the mouth of Bridge Creek, forty-one miles. Leaving the state trail here,
one would go sl.'cteen miles over another trail to Stehekin,, at the heart of
Lake Chelan, where the steamer Stehekin would be taken and one would
go in the reverse direction over the route first described. Taking this route,
the traveler would make a circuit of 471 miles and would pass through the
Skagit copper belt, the Cascade and Stehekin silver belt, the Lake Chelan
gold, copper and silver district, and the Wenatchee low grade gold diatrlct.
This trip would at the same time give an opportunity to see the Switzerland
of America and enjoy unrivaled hunting and fishing.

The country rock of this region is granite, amid which lie great dikes
of porphyry, and the ledges are usually in the contact between these two
rocks in tho Meadow Creek District, their course beinj? slightly south of west
and north of east. The first prospecting was done in 1891 from rowboats on
the lake, whence the croppings of mineral could be descried on the mountains
on each side, but In the following year the heights were scaled and explored
in a more thorough search.

The first discovery has so far proved t he greatest, thanks to the energetic
development of the last year, though others may yet rival it. This Is the
Blue Jay, on the east bank of Meadow Creek, 1,000 feet above the east bank
of the lake, discovered by Capt. Charles Johnson, of Lakeside. It is now
being developed to a depth of l.W feet by the Chelan Gold Mining Company,
which has bought it. The red iron capping of the ledge rises in a ser^s of
big swells on both sides of and above a slide in which the orumLied, Iron-
stained rock slopes for !iOO feet down to the next bench. It is a clearly defined
ledge of iron and copper pyrites from thirty to forty-five ffet wide between
walls of granite and porphyry, the line of cleavage being inarked by seams
of quartz. Of the ledge eight feet is white quartz and ten feet is diorlte
exactly like tnat of other sulphide districts. An assay of the surface ore
showed it to carry $8 gold, 12 per cent, copper and a little silver.

An open cross-cut and t mnel were run on the ledge for seventy-two feet,
giving a depth of fifty feet, and cross-cuts were then run twenty-six feet to
the hanging wall and fifteen feet to the footwall, defining the width of the
le<ige as forty-six feet. A winze was sunk on the hanging wall for nine feet
to ascertain whether the ore chute widened. It proved that the chute widened
from eighteen inches of broken ore at the roof of the tunnel to twenty-eight
Inches of solid ore at the floor of the winze, with a total width of seven feet.
This improvement occurred in a depth of fifteen feet between the roof of the
tunnel and the floor of the winze. There were also in the width of the ledge
four other streaks of lulid ore, one three feet wide composed mostly of oxide
of copper, with de omposed quartz and iron pyrites; the three others, twenty,
six and four inches wide respectively, of solid iron and copper sulphides, the
last being against the footwall. The ledge is also mineralized throughout,
and through It run various streaks of soft Iron and copper sulphides, having
a greater dip than the wider pay streaks an^all tending towards the footwaU
—an indication that at depth they will come together. Assays from the
average of the pay streaks In the winze range from $18 to J37 for all values,

) the head of the

any great dlffl-

cl that the people

t would redound

alns which shut
nineral equal in
y the Columbia
for an Indefinite
old-bearing Iron
h narrow ledgea

ccesslble. From'
tehee, 174 miles:
'^-nlne miles; by
', live miles; or
stage to Chelan
Creek, fifty-two-
reams emptying
to make a more
ternatlonal train
ttle & Northern
Marble Mount,
, which runs up
ehekln River to
state trail here,
at the heart of
and one would
iklng this route,
ass through the
ha Lake Chelan
de gold district,
the Switzerland

He great dikes
ween these two
ly south of west
om rowboats on
a the mountains
ed and explored

to the energetic
It. This Is the
e the east Imnk
ilde. It Is now
Inlng Company,
!S In a series of
crumLied, Iron-
i clearly defined
(t wide between
arked by seams
1 feet is dlorite
the surface ore
^er.

iventy-two feet,
enty-slx feet to
16 width of the
ill for nine feet
e chute widened
to twenty-eight
h of seven feet,
the roof of the
1th of the ledge
mostly of oxide
others, twenty,
r sulphides, the
sed throughout,
ilphldes, having
rds the footwafi
3says frora the
r for all values.

-J

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1.'

I' -^ NG IN rue PACtnc

Tndex to Num-
bered ClalniB
South of Lake.

North etar
Group.
Agnes.
Monarch.
Mystary.

6. Mystic.

6. Deer Park.

7. W. T.

8. Sunrise.
.9. Sunset.

to. Stockholm.
U. Gold Bug.
t2. H«rU>n.

13. Goerleke.

14. MonteRosa.

15. Dawn.

16. Mary G.

17. Black Cap.

18. White Cap.

19. Blue Cap.
30. Sis4 Gap.

a. Tenderfoot.
22. Emma.
22. Minnie.
24. A. M. H.
2(». Irene.
2(J. (Jold Bug. '
yr. Buckskin.
2.1. CJhelan.

29. Copper Mtn

No. 1.

30. Copper Mtn

No. 2.

31. Lulu H.

32. Lottie.

33. SKy Rocket.

34. MaryOreen.

55. Iron Dyke.

36. Last

Chance.

37. Raymond.

38. Marcus
Stein Group.

39. D.T.Denny

Group.

North c

1. MOB(

2. 8ilv<

3. Busi

4. 'Nebi

5. Clay

6. Phy

;. Orui

MRMHM

eivii A!%o MiMiNo SNaiNaA. I

Iron Dyke,
last

Chance.

Raymond,

Marcus

Stein Oroup.

D.T.Denny

Q-roup.

North of Laka.

1. Moscow.

2. Silver Bell.

3. Buster.

4. 'Nebraska.

5. Clayton.

6. Phyllis.

7. 0rumrlne.

8. Emma Lee.

9. MattleJane.
!0. Wolverine.
U. Idaho.

12. Canada.

13. Devonshire.

14. Mastodon.

15. Ellephant.

16. Hard-

scrabble.

17. Lake View.

18. Emma.

19. Diamond J.

20. Gem.

21. Blue Jay.

22. 'Blue Jay

' 'bought.

27. Chub.

28. Unique.

29. Black Bear,

30. New York,

31. Confidence,
^. Seattle.^

33. Slsmarck.

34. Johnson,

35. Iowa.

36. Carrie A.

37. Orphan
Boy.

Hunter.
39. Silver King.

^^.

• /

>/!r«.I )=^'f' ij^f »<->5 i

— l !•«. I It .'>■!« >

^*Av^ { >)..H

••virt'-vn .C

.ajrohocn .fir --•iP'^M .a -miit^ oi

gold predomlr
Bhowert 18'/4 P*

A coiitnict
and tup the le
will be oompl)
eroBB-cut to ti
where the cro
enters the led
ore 8up«'rlor t
a comproHHor

The Hlu.!
feet on th<' Iv
extenHlon, ow
and tuniifl ah
119 Kold aiid
the IfdK*' thrt
fliilms of Mc8
extension E.
Gibson iind P

At least n
Home of them
Kmma Lee, o
wide In a por
open cut and
]■> per cent, co
and the Iron (

The Phylll
Crumiine, S.
of Seattle, for
Ing several \n
Inch streak (i
copper, $C.50 g
open up the 01

The Nebn
eighteen feet
hanging wall
galena to wk
21 ounces sllvi

The Idahc
Development
wide between
and crops 1
croppln^K s
gold, 16 ount
In the hanRi
200 feet of de

Another
runs through
feet along th
feet of 01 ca
11 ounces slH
the tunnel Is
Nlcol and N

The rtust
Is on a ledge
native silver
Creek M. M
shaft have
the Blue Jay
Boyd, who h
long. The t
doch, are pa
pings.

Crossing
are four par
group of th
four-foot le(
Phelps has
twelve Inche
claims, on
Seattle Gold
and on one
four inch ch
Ave feet on
500 feet. TH
on a great
as high as 6

The first
and thus dri

MININO IN THK PACIFU' N'TITII NVK8T. |1

gold predomlniitlng. The hlRhPHt usnay wnH from tho copper nulphl(Ie» and
nhowed 16',a por icnt. < oppt-r. $lfi.So Kold. the rt-mulndcr Hllvcr.

A contract hfiH bee^i 1<M for 100 feet of croHn-cut tunnel to follow ii feeder
and tup the IcdKe at a de;Hh of 220 feet, after runntnK 200 feet. This contract
will be completed by May 1, when another will he let for un extension of the
croBB-cut to tap the ledRc. The feeder to be followed cropH two IncheH wide
where the crosH-cut enterH It and widens to three feet at the point where It
enters the ledge, in the llrHt thirty-three feet It widened to elpht Inches of
ore BUiM'Hor to that In the main ledge. The company Is ineparlng to erect
a comprcHHor plant and power drIllH In the spring.

The Mine Jay ledge haH been traced < tward, where it widens to sixty
feet on the two Oem claims, owned by ('.4,it. Johnson, and on the Blue Jay
extension, owned by O. (Jraham, of Anucortes, where a thirty-foot open out
and tunnel show It to be well mineralized, with u pay streak' carrying $10 to
$19 gold and half tiiat value In silver. Further extensions eastward trace
the ledge through the Winnipeg, owned by A. Crunirlne, the two Iron Cross
claims of Messrs. Turner and Bull and onward to the Hummlt. >n the west

extension K. F. Christy, A. H. Murdoch and Buckingham have the

Gibson and Frank LIghtner the Granite.

At least five distinct ledges parallel with the Blue Jay have, been traced,
some of them to the summit of the Methow Range. On one of these Is the
Kmma Lee, owned by S. J. Gray and E. J. Wilder, where It crops fifteen feet
wide In a porphyry dlV', and shows three feet oi' solid mineral In a fifty foot
open cut and ffunp' 1. The surface ore assayed $14. .V) gold, fi ounces silver,
15 per cent. copr.»'. The Mattle Jane, owned by 8. J. Gray and "Bill" Rasnic,
and the Iron Crip, by S. J. Gray, adjoin.

The rhylUs group of three claims on this ledge has been oonded by Andrew
Crumrlne, S. J, Gray and L. H. Millard to J. B. Bowles and J. G. Cotton,
of Seattle, for development. The ledge crops at least thirty feet wide, show-
ing several jiay streaks, and a tunnel 112 feet along it shows a two to seven
Inch streak of copper sulphides on the hanging wall assaying 21 per cent,
copper, $G.50 gold, 8 ounces sliver. It Is intended to cross-cut at 100 feet and
open up the other pay streaks.

The Nebraska, on the same ledge, is owned by I... H. Millard, and has
eighteen feet of mineralized porphyry, with a thlrty-slx foot tunnel on the
hanging wall showing a pay streak of copper sulphides, gray copper and
galena to widen from four to eight Inches, surface ore assaying $1.25 gold,
21 ounces silver.

The Idaho group of two claims, owned by the Seattle Gold Mining and
Development Company, l.s on a parallel ledge of porphyry over fifty feet
wide between granite walls, which has been traced to the Sawtooth Range
and (^rops In a gulch running to the lake. It Is capped with Iron and the
cropplngK show three feet of sulphides and gray copper, assaying $8 to $16
gold, 16 ounces silver, 16 per cent, copper. A tunnel has been run seventy feet
in the hanging wall, and when It is In 100 feet the ledge will be cross-cut, with
200 feet of depth. The Canada, by William Bigger, is on the extension.

Another mineralized porphyry dike of great width, 1,000 feet northwest,
runs through the Moscow, owned by Andrew Crumrlne. An open cut thirty
feet along the hanging wall is being extended In a tunnel and shows three
feet of oto carrying copper sulphides and peacock copper which assays $8 gold,
11 ounces silver, 7 to 11 per cent, copper. The whole ledge Is mineralized and
the tunnel is being extend'^d with a view to cross-cutting. A. Crumrlne, J. W.
Nicol and N. B. Church have the Silver Bell on the east extension.

The Buster group of thre<.' claims, owned by H. JI. Hunt and Ole Olsen,
Is on a ledge near the head of Fish Creek, carrying pyrites, associated with
native silver. On a parallel six-foot ledge of sulphide ore crossing Meadow
Creek M. M. Kingman and R. N. Pershall have the Chub, and In a thirty-foot
shaft have .shown ore assaying $14 gold, $18 silver. A four-foot ledge crossing
the Blue Jay is covered by the Emma group of three claims, owned by Spencer
Boyd, who has shown three feet of sulphides in two cuts, ten and twenty feet
long. The three Bismarck claims, owned by W. P. Robinson and A. H. Mur-
doch, are parallel with the Blue Jay and show copper sulphides in the crop-,
pings.

Crossing Cascade Creek, which empties half a mile below Meadow Creek,
are four parallel ledges, on three of which J. Robert Moore has the Cascade
group of three claims. T\70 ten-foot luniiels have been run, one showing a
four-foot ledge carrying two feet of sulphides mixed with galena. W. H.
Phelps has the Iowa on a parallel ledge. In which a forty-foot tunnel shows
twelve Inches of ore assaying- $60 gold, 200 ounces silver. The two Silver King
claimb, on another ledge cut by Cascade Crock, have been bonded by the
Seattle Gold Mining and Development Company. The ledge is ten feet wide
and on one side shows Iron and copper sulphides and on the other a twenty-
four Inch chute of galena ore, carrying a little copper. A tunnel Is in thirty-
flve feet on this ore chute and when extended to 200 feet will give a depth of
500 feet. The Elephant and another claim, owned by J. M. Scheuyeaulle, are
on a great body of ore 50 to 100 feet wide carrying silver, assays having run
as high as 60 ounces. , , ,

The first ore shipped from Lake Chelan had silver for Its principal va. v^- .
and thus drew attention from the great ledges of pyrites on the heights. The

MINING IN THK PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

MIN

Sunday Morning, owned by J. Robert Moore, is on a twelve-inch ledge of
quartz croj)ping on the water's edge at the foot of a granite cliff, and a
seventy-foot tunnel showed it to widen to five feet, with a v>ay streak carrying
galena and ruby silver two to four inches wide. A shipment of 4,600 pounds
to the Omaha smelter returned $250 a ton Kro.ss. The tloor of the tunnel is
now being lowered three and one- half feet and the ore taken out in doing so
is sacked for shipment, the latest assay being 2,005 ounces silver and $71 gold.
When this work is completed the tunnr 1 will be extended. Mr. Moore in also
driving a tunnel on the Happy Though , adjoining.

The Little Jap group of four cluims is on ii !< dge of porphyry four feet
wide and carrying two inches of high-grade ruby silwr ore, cropping 250 feet
above the lake, with a cross ledge of the same width currying iron and copper
sulphides. A tunnel thirty-five feet showed the pay streak to widen to four
Inches, with iron sulphides of smal value throughout the ledge matter. A
cross-cut has been run ttfty-tive feet to lap both ledges at depth.

On the Hunter group of two claims D. H. Lord and A. W. La Chapelle
have a four-foot ledge with a foui-inch .streak of gray copper and ruby silver
cropping near the mouth of Cascade Creek. A fifteen-foot tunnel has shown
ore assaying 140 ounces silver, Sifi gold.

The Railroad Creek discoveries show ledges of galena on the summit of
the Entiat Range, where this district adjoins Red Hill in the Leavenworth
District, the Chiwah and Phelps Creek flowing south from one side and
Railroad Creek flowing east from the other. The latter stream has Its source
in Red, or Nellie, Lake, and Green, or Jackson, Lake, and makes a leap of
1,350 feet at Bv<;echer Palls into Rodgers L;ike, two miles further east. On
the summit, near the two former lakes, eighteen miles from Lake Chelan,
the Cascade Range Mining Company has the North Star group of eight
claims, six on one ledge and two on another, the formation being granite and
the course southwest and northeast. The main lodge has a pay streak of
fifteen to twenty Indies, assaying 100 to 140 ounces silver and 33 1-3 per cent,
lead, shown in tunnels tAventy-five and thirty-three feet long.

A great deposit of gold-bearing copper ore was discovered in July, 1896,
by J. H. Holden, of Seattle. Thi ledge is at least seventy-five feet wide
between dlorite w.alls and runs northwest and southeast from the base of
Cougar Mountain across Railroad Creek and through Copper and Irene
Mountains. The ore body is from thirty to fifty feet wide, containing five
distinct streaks of copper and iron sulphides close together, carrying $4 to
$.10.20 gold and 2% to 1.S per cent, copper. There are intervening streaks of
copper carbonates carrying 19 per cent, copper and $9.50 gold. On this ledge
Mr. Holden has the Irene group of three claims, on which he has recently
resumed work.

Ten miles from the mouth of the creek a ledge has bf-.a exposed by a
slide in the bed of Wilson Creek between granite walls and shows in the
croppings four feet of quartz carrying ant.lmontal silver and fine-grained
pyrites. The Seattle Gold Mining and Developirient Company has the Ray-
mond, and Marcus Stein has two claims named after himself, from the
Hun'aoe of which he took ore assaying high in gold and silver, but he has
done no development.

STEHEKIN DISTBICT.

With a story of a lost mine dating back to 1880, this district has a mining
histor.y beginning in the year 1885. Ifextonds along the summit of the range
northward from Cascade Pass and includes the whole watershed of the
Stehekln River. Discoveries began on Doubtful .Lake, north oi' the pass,
then extended to Horseshoe Basin, then along each side of the Stehekln
Canyon, next up Park and Bridge Creeks, flowing from the right, and then
up Agnes and Company Creeks on the left. Development has proceeded far
enough to prove the presence of smal! ledges of rich ore and large ledges
of low-grade ore In clos^e proximity, but hitherto the many handicaps which
beser. the progress of a mining camp have prevented any mine frori becoming
a producer. Yet the high-grade ore would pay a handsome profit on ship-
ment to the smelter. The ore Is of two kinds— one carrying galena, gray
conper and sulphides in which silver Is the principal .alue, though there
Is a large admlxtti.re of gold; the other carrying iron and copper sulphides
nnd^.r the familiar Iron cap, which has heen fouijd a sure sign of a mineral
deposit throughout the Cascades, as in the Gold Range, The sulphides are
always of low grade, at least on the surface, their value being divided amonn-
gold, copper and silver, usually In the order named. While the 8ulphld»>i
Iedg<»M are of great size, those carrying mainly sllvrer-lead o'-pn are of no
mean proportions, often spreading to a width of ninety feet 'm 1*16 surface
TLe ledges near the headwaters of the Stehekln generally . -n from east to
west and cleave the granite country rock so strongly t' . ; they can be
traced with the eye by the break in the line of the latter on the Jagged
summits for mllea.

The mcpt convenient route to this dHtrlct at present la the most cir-
cuitous. Going by the Great Northern train to Wenatchee, 174 niil«a one

lakes the steamer
forty miles, goes b:
Ive.ly, and then by
the head of Lake <.
to ride thirty miles
to Doubtful Lake,
oft" to Compan.v ar
Creeks on the right
Seattle & Internal
Seattle & Noriherr
up the Skagit Vail
forty miles, then o'
In the one case the <

On the basin sii
Rouse in Septembei
black sulphiirets "an
feet, while it spreat
traced by the red
Basin and runs -w«
■where it crops on
claims are on tlie
quite as clearly tn
Lake and I'^lora or
claims are now ov
Adolph Bebrens, ol
120 feet on rhe leds
more or less minen
On the Doubtful ti
iu:;hes of ore which
lead, while the rest
a six-foot led^',(> asf
extenBions or liaral)
and George Taylor

In 1889 and sue
traced through to I
who found the Quii
Pershall, Ed Persl
ledges was located,
in width from twel
on the same ledge
have run a tunn.il
$3 to $5 gold and
Basin, with two
W^arrior group and
cut tunnel is in 12!
first 075 feet furt
ledge to be at least
tV) ounces sliver aur

Below the >onf
crops twelve feet
located across the
is on this ledg(:
Mav and Mrs lies
the ledge, showin
700 ounces sliver
dump, where it h
years, returned $60

On the same 1
and Charles John
thirty to flfty feet
thirty-foot open ct
gray copper, and
Vam. under the
Iso'etta group, and
sions Albert Persl
Keller the Viola.
Flamingo, owned
run up to $3 goifl.
same owners have
copper, 3 ouncos si
Shyall on a ledge
10 ounces silver a
from eight to flft
and his associates
high as 'IfjO gold.
leago about twent
and are owned by

The Crown Pr
others, of Spokan
cross-cut :t by tu

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

takes the steamer City of Elleiisburg up the Colombia to Chelan Falls,
forty mili-f, fe'oes bj' stage to Chelan or Lakeside, four or five miles respect-
ively, and then by the steamer Stehekln to the postoflflce of Stehekln at
the head of I.<ake Chrlan, sixty-eight mlli-t'. There horses can be procured
to ride thirty miles over the trail to Horseshoe Basin, or the same distance
to Doubtful bake, in each case un the Stehekln River. Trails also branch
off to Company and Agnes Creeks on the left and up Bridge and Park
Creeks on the risht. A shorter route with a. longer horseback ride is by thq.
Seattle & International Railroad to V -"ollny, eighty miles, and by the
Seattle & Northern to Hamilton, fourt .. miles, over a good wagon road
up the Skagit Valley and six miles be^ 'nd Marble Mount, a distance of
forty miles, then over the state trail twenty-five miles to the Cascade Pass.
In the one case the distance Is 317 miles, in the other 169 miles.

On the basin surrounding Doubtful Lake George Ij. Rouse and John C.
Rouse in September, 1885, located the Quien Babe on a l«-dge carrying galena,
black sulphurcts 'and copper sulphides, its unbroken width being twenty-five
feet, while it sprtuids to 150 feet where broken by granite horses. It can be
traced by the red iron stain eastward through the sawteeth lo Horneshoe'
p.asin and runs -westward through tlie summit into the Cascade District,
Ti'here it crops on the Boston, at the side of the Boston GLicier. Two
ciaims are on the extensions. On a parallel ledge twenty -feet wide and
quite as clearly traceable east and west they took the Doubtfvj! and the
Lake and I'^lora on smaller ledges parallel with it. The two Qulen Sabe
claims are now owned jointly by the Rouses, C. C. May, of Davenport,
Adolph Bebrens, of Seattle, and Harry Frank. They have run a tunnel
120 feet on rhe ledge, showing two feet of ore, with the remaining gangue
more or less mineralized, but have not cross-cut to find othe»- p.ay streaks.
On the Doubtful tunnels have been run 110 and 30 feet, shov ing eighteen
inches of ore which averages JIBJO gold, 37.80 ounce.-; silver an<! 44 p^r cent,
lead, while the rest of the ledge would pay to concentrate. The Fl-vra has
a six-foot ledge assaying $28 gold and 40 ounces silver on the surfaoe. On
extensions or isarallel ledges Britanus Stennls has the Sunnysid" and Genne
and George Taylor the Gertie.

In 1889 and succeeding years the Doubtful Lake series of ledges waa
traced through to Horseshoe Basin by M. M. Kingman and Albert Pershall,
who found the Qulen Sabe ledge cropping in the lower basin, and by Ijloyd
Pershall, Ed Pershall and Ed Christy. In the end a series of thirteen
ledges was located, cutting across the upper and lower basin and ranging
In width from twelve to thirty feet. The Davenport and two otht>r claimB
on the same ledge are still owned by Messrs. Kingman and Pershall, who
have run a tunnel fifty feet, showing ore which assays 60 to 90 ounces silver,
$3 to $5 gold and 40 per cent. lead. The other twelve ledges on Horseshoe
Basin, with two claims on each, are known as the Blue Devil and Black
Warrior group and are owned by Henry Rustln, of Hazelton, Pa. A cross-
cut tunnel is In 125 feet to cross-cut all twelve ledges, and will strike the
first 67?; feet further at a depth of 440 feet. Open cuts have shown th*
ledge to be at least twenty-five fr-et wide and assays show $4.50 to $7.50 gold
iW ounces silver and 14 to 17 per cent, copper.

Below the confluence of Horseshoe Creek with the Stehekln. a ledge
crops twelve feet wide in a gulch on one wall of the canyon and has been
located across the river and up the opposite mountain. The laoletta croup
Is on this ledge and is being developed by J. D. and R. N. Pershall. C C.
Mav and Mrs Hess, of Walla Wallx. A tunnel has been driven 215 feet on
the" ledge, showing four and one-hilf feet of pay ore, which a-ssavs 300 to
700 ouncep silver and $3 to $7 gold. A shipment of 2,200 pounds from the
dump, where it had been exposed to the action of air and water for two
years, returned $60 a ton.

On the same ledge, across the canyon, R. N. Pershall, M. M. Kingman
and Charles Johnson have the Homestake and Star, on which it croDS
thirty to fifty feet wide, with a body of ore four feet wide shown by a
thlrtv-foot open cut. This ore carries chloride and bromide of silver and
gray copper, and assays 112 to 400 ounces silver and $15 gold. The Twin
Falix, under the falls of Horseshoe Creek, i.s owned in common with the
Iso'etta group, and has shown un three f.M^t of gray copper ore. On exten-
sions Albert Pershall and M. Ri Kingman have the Christy, and F *'
Keller the Viola. The same ledge crops ten to twenty feet wide on the
Flamingo, owned by J. M. Scheuyeaulle and others, where assays have
run up to $3 gold, 20 ounces silver, 8 per cent, copper. Adjoining thin the
same owners have the TiOttle S. or. an eight-foot ledge assaying 9 pei- cent
copper, 2 ounces silver, and on Sh; .all Lake Mr. Scheuyeaulle has the Lake
Shyall on a ledge r.O to 100 feet wide, c-"' which assays have run S? gold
10 ounces silver and as high as 7,") per c-'n";. copper. On a ledge varvln*
from eight to fifty feet wide, which cro8'->3 JTla-t Creek, Mr. Soheuyeau'fc
and his associates have the Sunset group of three claims, giving nssavs &«
high as '$60 gold. The Mountain Sheik and ar tther claim are on a paVall*)
ledge about twenty feet wide, as; aylng 15 oiit.oes silver. 10 per cent, copper
and are owned by the same parties.

The Crown Prince and Free Coinage, owned by Cook & Clarke and
others, of Spokane, are on a ledge running into a steeT> cliff, and the.v will
crosH-cut '.t by tunneling on a stringer, which has already widened from

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

nine to twenty-llirep inches In a cut of only twenty-eight Inches. The ora
is copper sulphidis carrying 31 per cent, copper, $4.85 gold and 3 ounces silver.

The galena Icdgts plowed down by the glaciers ofHoiseshoe Hasln nave
been traced twelve miles eastward to the head of Bridge Creek, twenty-
three and one-half miles by trail from Stchekln, but there thev are found
parallel or associated with ledger, of pyritic ore in a formation of granite
and porphyry. Of the Tiger group of seven claims, owned by K. b.
• Ingraham, H. O. Hollenbeck, Van Smith, Professor Piper, Lieorge Voung,
H. Willis Carr and othoni, three claims are on a ledge fully Hfty feet wide,
running northeast and .southwest n(>ar tho head of the north loik. flie
cropplngs show three pay streaks, twenty-four, eighteen and six inches wide,
two of them carrying galena, steel galena, gray copper and sulphurets, as
shown in a twenty-foot open cut, while a twelve-foot shaft shows the third
to change from large galera crystals to sulphides. Assays range from 103
to 176 ounces silver and uniformly show about $24 gold. Three other claims
are on a parallel ledge five foet wide, in which a twenty-foot tunnel shows
a fourteen-inch streak of white iron assaying ?6 gold, $8 silver, besides copper.
On two of the claini.s cuts have been made preparatory to tunneling and have
shown a quartz gangue, but in the other the gangue is porphyry carrying
six inches of cube galena on one wall and a streak of iron sulphides on the
other. The remaining claim is on a parallel ledge of hard crystallized quartz
about ten feet wide, carrying sulphides, which assay $5 gold and silver on
the surface.

The Minneapolis is held by William Keho and Joseph L/athrop on a ledge
of iron and copp< r pyrites cropping fifty feet between walls and carrying
mineral tha full width to a value of $18 gold, silver and copper. A cross-cut
has been driven forty feet and will top the ledge In another si^ity feot.

The Defender group of three claims is held by M. A. Allmandinger,
Daniel Devore and others on three small ledges, each about two feel wide.
The main ledge was supposed to carry ruby silver, but a cut to bo continued
by a tunnel showed a two-inch streak carrying gray copper and sulphides,
which a.ssayed 100 ounces silver. Another ledge showed four Inches of
galena in a twerit.v-foot open cut.

Among the other leading claims on Bridge Creek are the Mayflower on
a thirty-foot h'dge and the East Side on one five feet wide, both owned by
William Keho and Henry Quinn. M. Bushman and W. I. Lyle have the
Jefferson and Tennessee on parallel ledges about eight feet wide, carrying
galena. In the Maple C!"eek Basin John Ferguson has the Prince of Wales
on a four-foot ledge carrying eighteen inches of antimoniai and ruby silver,
Qllkey & Co., of Edison, having the Lulu on the extension, an assay from
which ran $180 gold and silver, while ten other claims trace it across the
mountain to Bridge Creek. Gilkey & Co. also have two claims on a four-foot
ledge with eighteen Inches of ore which averaged several hundred ounces In
silver, and have the Sailor Boy on one thirty inches wide carrying $25 gold,
18 ounces silver. At the head of Bridge Creek Is the Gray Eagle on a
four-foot ledge assaying 140 ounces silver and $4 gold, the owners belny
Rogers & liowe, of Watervllle. Oscar Johnson and Peter Dalberg.

The great deposits of sulphide ore extending across Company and Agnea
Creeks near their sources and tlirough the Intervening ridge were first
discovered eight years ago by Peter Goericke, of Conconully, but he strove
In vain to find them again on a second trip and nearly lost his life in the
attempt. Dennis McDonald and William Stlllwell continued the search and
In 1894 discovered s, ledge of iron pyrites sixty feet wide, cut by Company
Creek. They located the Well-known group of claims on this and parallel
ledges.

ueven of these claims on one ledge comprise a group which has been
acquired by the StehekUi Mining Company. The ledge Is over 100 feet wide
In walls of blue porphyry and the center claim is on both sides of the deep
canyon of Company Crtek, with perpendicular porphyry walls for over 60«
feet, in which a 500-foot tunnel would give 2,500 feet of depth. The ledge is
clearly traceable on both these walls and the quartz and schist gangtie is
impregnated throughout with Iron and copper pyrites, assaying $2 to $7
gold and 2 to 15 per cent, copper.

The belt was then traced through the mountains from the head of
Railroad Creek across Company Creek to the head of Agnes Cfeek. On
another iedge, nowhere less than 100 and often 300 feet wide, and on spurs
and lesser parallel ledges, J. M. Scheuyeaulle, J. W. Horton, Gus Anderson
and J. E, Merrltt have the Goericke group of ten claims, while on a parallel
ledge from eight to fifty feet wide tney have three claims. Surface ore on
the wider ledge has assayed as high as $45 and on the smaller one as high
as $G0 gold, but the assays from these bodies of sulphi<?e ore have generally
averaged about $7 gold. As little work has been done, these a-ssays are
all of surface ore, and the precedents of other similar districts where depth
has bepn galn^'d warrant the belief that higher values will be obtained when
work has oeen carried on some distance below the surface.

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Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

33 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, NY. 14580

(716) 872-4503

9 ^D

l-?.

METHOW

«iUNOOAN COUNTY,
^MASUINQTOR

rd 5l,irt &«^*Ph|" Mill

• aiLTSB.

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BALD KNOE

OKANOGAN COUNTY,
WASHINGTON.

Vtfm RoMis.<
Tnilh.

'^4S^4e^U*L.^

\ ml THC »«Oiri« MORTHWfST

Index to Numbered Claims,

Korth of
Sann-w Creek.

1. Liverpool.

3. London

5. Oreenga«e.

4. Black QBoy.

6. Storm Kins.

e. Big 4. «

7. Crystal.

8. California.

9. Milly. i
10. Seven Up.

U. Twilight.

12. Badger.

13. Lou»e.

14. (Standard.
16. Columbia.

16. Yaktma.

17. Hidden ; Treasure.

18. iSunrise.

1». Grey Billy.

ao. Seattle.

81. Austin burg.

22. Balance.

23. Dead iSaot.
34. Lookout.

25. Sailor Boy.

26. Hunter.

27. Jefferson.

28. Washington.

29. Virginius.

30. Buckhorn.

SL Highland Light

12. Cora.

23. Irene.

S4. Chicago.

26. Just-in-time.

86. Henrietta.

37. Philadelphia.

38. Gold Dollar.
89. Mary Ann.

40. Dry Gulch.

41. Central.

42. Podunk,

43. Old Rye. i

44. Snow Ball.

45. Auro"-.

46. Trilby.

47. Methow Queen.

48. Paymaster.

49. St. George.
60. St. Patrick.

51. Full Moon.

52. Snowflake.
63. Lincoln.
54. Voltaire.
56. Okanogan.
56. Ophir.

67. Spring.

68. Grubstake.

59. Yes I Know.

60. Jeff Davis.

61. Eureka.

62. Spike Team.

63. CMton.

64. Small Change.

65. Drumlummon. '

66. Derby.

67. Elkhorn.

68. Sicily.

69. iRansomet.

70. Golden Eagle.

71. Homestake.

72. Golden Chariot.
76. Tiger.

74. Doubtful.

75. Little Fellow.

76. Seattle.

77. Second Thought.

78. Copper King.

79. Missing Link.

80. Inland Light.

81. Grand View.

Soath of
StinaTr Oreelc.

1. Tiptop.

2. Excelsior.

3. iNip and Tuck.

4. Mountaineer.

5. O. K.

6. 'Alf an* 'alf.

7. Moonshine.

8. Ben Hur.

8. Lily
10. Eler
U. Cric

12. IMan

13. Old

14. Old

15. Blac

16. Blue

17. Porl

18. Selk

19. Orig

20. 66.

21. Old

22. Bon

23. Mea

24. Gr<

26. Heh
S». Lasi

27. Smi

Metl

L man

2. Em<

3. Met

4. Yell

5. Jos(

6. Las

7. Cha

8. Ren

9. Albi

10. Sun

11. Moi

12. Bos

13. The

14. Bevi

15. We*

16. Thv

17. Sun

18. Tue

19. Moi

20. Ber

21. Par

22. Pai

23. Na^

24. Sa>;
26. Dla

red Claims, Methow District.

ueen.

,nge.
ion. '

Lgle.
lartot.

low.

lovight.

Ing.

ink.

rht.

sw.

of
reek.

CHiok.

>er.

ilf.
i.

8. Lily.
10. Blepliant
U. Crlchton.

12. iMammoth.

13. Old Man.

14. Old Woman;

15. Black Canyon.

16. Blue and orey.

17. (Portland.

18. Selkirk.

19. Original.

20. 66.

21. Old Crow.

22. Bones.

23. Meadow LArk.

24. Grey Bagle.
26. Helensburg.

26. Xast Chance.

27. Smuggler.

Eiumt of
Methow IUTev>

L Bluebell.

2. Bmerald.

3. Methow Chief.

4. Yellow Duke,

5. Josephine.

6. Ijast Chance.

7. Charleston.

8. Reno.

9. Albert Lea.

10. Sunny South.

11. Monte Cristo.

12. Boston.

13. Thompson.

14. Seven Eagles.

15. Wednesday.

16. Thursday.

17. Sunday.

18. Tuesday.

19. Monday.

20. Beno.

21. Parallel 1.

22. Parallel 2.

23. Navarre.

24. Savage Queen.
26. Diamond Flush.

26. Monitor.

27. Carnival.

28. BlsmarcK.
n. Blue Grouse.

30. Friday.

31. California Boy.

32. Decoration.

33. Humboldt.

34. Ida May.

36. Cripple Creek.

36. DryvlUe.

37. Riverside.

38. East End.

39. Blue Rose.

40. Twins.

41. Schultz-Chesney.
41 Saturday.

Nortbern
Seetton.

1. iRed Shirt
1 Brooklyn L

<. Pride of the Hills.

4. Black Warrior.

5. Crockett.

6. Mike Maloney.

7. Silver Bow.

8 Brother Jack.

9. Panic.

10. Safe Deposit.

11. Spokane.

12. North Star.

MoFarlane
Creek.

L Guy.

2. Bryan.

8. Damifino.

4. iBlack Jack.
6. Lucky Boy.

6. Jiunbo.

7. Tesler.

8. Western PridA.

9. Northern Ligrht.

10. Albion.

■">■

'■J'

This district

mining among tl

properties are o^

After suffering t

dlately following

an era of steadj

proof that It is v

The route froi

Is over the Great

City of Ellenabui

five miles. Then

the left bank lea

seven miles furt

Methow, in the i

miles has been c

miles further. A

the other side of

The mineral 1

the Methow flows

wide, extending 1

acterlsties are th

"The country

cut by dikes of

mostly strike noi

few degrees from

at an angle of abi

the veins at the

depth below. Th

the surface of th

glacial cement, v

Is only seen at ]

backs not coveret

the dip of the ve

left hand at an a

of the belt proper

are some veins ir

the north side of

mile wide, in whi(

none of whicl) ha

belt of syenite, ej

Creeks, in which

and much riches i

carrying much m

main veins, whicl

nearly six miles i

seam of diorite po

sl.oving the diorlt

occurs In chutes f

"The charactei

tlte, filling the cr

of the different s

metallic gold Is v«

ara generally foui

terlstlcs of the ori

talllzed, contalnln

zinc and arsenic

quite a little copi

a further sulphui

position, carrying

mony, arsenic and

The first miner

on Poleplck Mour

Shirt mine. The

wide, and a shaft

at the bottom. T

Inch ledge, while

showing Its width

copper sulphurets

bought in the sui

ertfcted a twenty-«

dump. It crushes

has also begun a c

feet, expecting to

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

THE METHOW.

This district was the first to feel the effect of a revival of interest In
mining among the people of Seattle dur'ng the year 1896 and the principal
proijerties are owned in that city and being developed by Seattle capital.
After suffering the effects of ill-advised ventures during the period imme-
diately following the first discoveries, it appears now to have entered upon
an era of steady, careful development, and every day's work gives added
proof that It is well worth the confidence being shown In it.

The route from Seattle to the Methow District, like that to Lake Chelan,
is over the Great Northern Railroad to Wenatchee, 174 miles, by the steamer
City of Ellensburg to Ives Landing at the mouth of the Methow, seventy-
five miles. Thence a wagon road runs up each bank of the river, that on
the left bank leading to Sliver, twenty-five miles, and i.o the Twisp Ferry,
seven miles further, while that on the right bank leads to the town of
Methow, in the center of the district, eight miles, and when a gap of six
miles has been closed, will extend to the mouth of the Twisp, twenty-five
miles further. A stage runs to Methow on the one side and to Silver on
the other side of the river.

The mineral belt through which discoveries extend and through which
the Methow fiows, is about twenty-five miles long and at least three miles
wide, extending through the foothills on each side of the river. Its char-
acteristics are thus described by S. G. Dewsnap, the mining engineer:

"The country rock of this belt is secondary granite, which is crossed and
cut by dikes of bird's-eye porphyry, feldsite porphyry and dlorlte, whioh
mostly strike northwest and dip southwest. The vein formation strikes a
few degrees from east and .west and dips northerly, cross-cutting the dikes
at an angle of about 30 degrees. In many cases the dikes are not broken by
the veins at the surface, but are found to have been broken at some little
depth below. The cropplngs of the quartz veins are mostly blind, that Is,
the surface of the rock formation Is largely covered by soil underlaid bjr
glacial cement, which makes prospecting rather difficult, and the bedrock
is only seen at points where the dike contacts have left ridges or hogs-
backs not covered by detritus. Standing on the footwall and looking down
the dip of the veins, the ore Is found in well-defined chutes dipping to the
left hand at an angle of 60 to 66 degrees from the plane of the vein. South
of the belt proper, in Black Canyon, which runs parallel with Squaw Creek,
are some veins in whioh the oxidized iron Is magnetite, not hematite. On
the north side of this belt is another of soft feldsite porphyry about half a
mile wide. In which a number of locations have been made on quartz veins, .i
none of which have been proved by development work. Beyond this is a
belt of syenite, extending north on the divide between McFarlane and Gold
Creeks, in which are veins carrying a little galena, misplckel and stlbnlte,
and much rlche: in silver than the ores of the south belt, some tetrahedrlte
carrying much more both of silver and arsenic. The quartz in the three
main veins, which form the letter N and have been traced and located for
nearly six miles east and west, seems to have followed in Its formation a
seam of dlorlte porphvry, which is broken and replaced by quartz, sometimes
sliovlng the dlorlte to the hanging wall, sometimes to the footwall. The ore
occurs In chutes following the line of breaks in this dlorlte porphyry seam.

"The characteristic mineral on the surface is a wax-like compact hema-
tite, filling the crevices In the quartz, probably arising from the oxidation
of the different sorts of pyrites which are found at greater depth. Free
metallic gold is very rarely found in the quartz, but fine colors of free gold
ara generally found in the hematite Iron of the surface ore. The charac-
teristics of the ore in depth, unoxidlzed. are a pyrites, compact, hard, crys-
tallized, containing a little gold, a grayer, softer pyrites carrying traces of
zinc and arsenic that is rich in gold; a further pyrites mineral carrying
quite a little copper; traces of arsenic carrying moderate values In gold;
a further sulphuret mineral resembling tetrahedrlte of complicated com-
position, carrying considerable silver and gold, with a little bismuth, anti-
mony, arsenic and zinc." . , ,, „

The first mineral discovery In this belt was made In 1887 by J. M. Burns
on Poleplck Mountain, near Silver, and has now developed into the Red
Shirt mine. The ledge was cross-cut at VO feet and shown to be five feet
wide, and a shaft sunk on It for 150 feet showed five feet ten Inches of ore
at the bottom. The cross-cut was extended 210 feet and cut another thirty-
Inch ledge, while drifts were Vun 400 feet each way on the main ledge,
showing its width to range from four to nix fpet. The ore carries Iron ana
copper sulphurets and assays about $20 a ton In gold and sliver. K w"*
bought In the summer of 1896 by the Red Shirt Mining Company, which
er^'cted a twenty-stanip m'" a«<i began reducing the 1,700 tons »' ore pn the
dump. It crushes sixty tons a day and concentrates 33 into 1. The company
has also begun a cross-cut 160 feet below the upper tunnel and has run It VK-
feet, expecting to tap the ledge In another 200 feet.

■MtSMi

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

There are several promising prospiH'ls on the same and parallel ledges.
On the Brooklyn, the extension of the Red Shirt, Mr. Burns has sunk a
small shaft on the ledge. Frank Benson has sunk fifty feet on the two
Pride of the Hill claims, on a parallel ledge, showing four feet of quartz
assaying $30 gold. On the Capital, Love Hedge has sunk twenty feet,
showing a five-foot ledge.

The next discovery near the Red Shirt was made In 1890 by Mrs. M.
Lelser and is now owned by J. S. Cro<:kett. who has extended the forty-foot
tunnel run by the former owners and shown up a ledge of quartz and
crystallized lime carrying a good value in gold and si'ver. Then followed
the discovery of the Black Warrior, also owned by Mr. Crockett, where a
small shaft shows eight feet of pyritlc ore between walls of dlorlte. Several
adjoining claims have good surface showings, but, the extent and value of
the ledges Is not apparent for lack of development. Among these are the
Mike Maloney, by W. H. I-illcy and O. S. Booth; the Silver Bow, by James
McCann and Sims Connelly; the Brother Jack, on an iron cap assaying
$20 gold on the surface, and the Panic on a parallel ledge, both owned by
Charles Klemmo and J. J. Snyder.

Five miles northwest of the Red Shirt, at the head of Bear Creek and
Pipestone Canyon, near Winthrop, Is the Safe Deposit group of four claims,
owned by the Safe Deposit Mining and Milling Company. The ledge runs
north and south and, as the property Is due north of the Red Shirt, la
believed to be an extension of that ledge. The gangue Is quartz and the
mineral is copper pyrites carrying gold and silver, between walls of por-
phyry and granite. Assays range from $7 to $14 and the ore will concentrate
30 Into 1. A twenty-foot shaft is down on one claim and on another Is one
of sixty feet, which is being continued with a double shift, each showing
the ledge to range from three to thirteen feet and the ore to Increase In
value with depth. When the course and pitch has been defined, u cross-cut
will be run 200 feet to tap the ledge at a depth of 240 feet. The company is
negotiating with the Red Shirt Comi)any to concentrate fifty tons ,of ore a
day at Its mill, a wagon road within half a mile of the property making
transportation easy.

It was not till 1892 that discoveries extended southeastward to Squaw
Creek, where J. W. Draa and Nels Johnson made the first discoveries, but
so broad a belt of mineral was soon revealed in that vicinity that it became
the center of Interebt and has since remained so, except for a lull during
the year 1895. The principal ledges were first found cropping on Johnson
Mountain, on the left bank of Squaw Creek, but they have now been traced
across the Methow almost to its mouth and over the mountains to Gold and
McFarlane Creeks in one direction and to Black Canyon in the other. The
three main ledges are those already described as forming the letter N, But
they are paralleled by a number of others and Intersected by several cross
ledges; showing the whole country to be veined with mineral-bearing rock.

The greatest depth so far attained in this part of the district is on the
Highland Ught, owned by the Highland Light Gold Mining Company. This
is on one of the main ledges crcpning near the summit of Jolinson Mountain
and has been developed by a shaft 140 feet deep, which cuts through an ore
chute dipping towards it from the west iind remained in it for the first fifty
feet. A drift was run twenty feet at the twenty-five foot level and the ore
above stoped out. Another drift was run forty-five feet at the fifty-foot
level and from it some stoping has been done on an ore chute cropping east
of the shaft, which ran $92 for all values. A drift was run fifteen feet to
the east at the 100-foot level, showing thirty inches of similar orei At the
bottom of the shaft drifts were run sixty feet to the west and forty feet to
the east. The west drift cut the ore chute through which the shaft was
sunk and defined It as three feet wide and carrying ore worth about $45.
There are 400 tons of ore of all grades on the dump, which is being reserved
for local treatment, either in the existing five-stamp mill on Squaw Creek
or by some other approved process. While much of the ore la rich enough
to pay for shipment to the smelter, it is essentially concentrating ore and
can he more economically reduced on the ground.

The property showing the next largest amount of development, although
work han been suspended during the winter. Is the Friday group of five
claims, on the left ban of the Methow, owned by the Friday Gold Mining
Company. At a point on the mountain side 225 feet above the river a tunnel
no feet long taps the ledge, with drifts sixty-five feet to the east and fortv-
three feet to the west, the former showing the width to be ten feet the
latter twenty-two feet between walls. The ore Is better where the ledge is
narrower. The main station Is at the Inner end of the tunnel and from it
a double compartment shaft has been sunk eighty-four feet The ledge has
been cross-cut at the bottom of this shaft and is twelve feet wide and drifts
extend fifty-eight feet to the east, forty-three feet to the west the west
drift shov/lng fourteen feet of well-mlnerallzed quartz, with lenses of hlirh-
grade .-julphuret ore. Ten tons of this ore shipped to the Everett smelter
recently yielded $70 a ton. Above the main station are two stopes each
34x18 feet, exposing ten feet of solid ore of varying quality, a shaft extending
from them to the open air. The ore is mainly iron pyrites, chalcopyrito
andmlBplekei, witli rare bits, of .zinc, blende., In AU,.sixty-two„and one-half

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWKST.

**"?ni*'.°''® ^^^^ ''^?? Shipped, returning an average of about $80, and assays
of $9( have been obtained frequently, |140 repeatedly and $406 oecaslonally.
Ihe ore Is essentially a gold ore, carrying from a trace to six ounces of silver
and as hlgli as 2 per cent, copper. There Is a large quantity of ore on the
dump, which is to be reduced by a stamp mill and concentrator to be erected
this season. rhe ledge Is tapped by a seventy-ttve foot tunnel on another
claim and a drift has been run thirty feet to the west, showing good ore.
On a third claim a ninety-foot shaft shows good prospects

On the Friday ledge on the west la the Diamond Queen group of two
claims on a bluff overlooking the river, owned by the Diamond Queen Gold
Mining Company. Two tunnels have been driven on the ledge, one sixty
feet showing It six feet wide and the other fifty feet at a point 300 feet lower,
which will In twenty-live feet more cut an ore chute cropping on the surface.
The ledge Is well defined for 1,400 feet on the surface. An assay from crop-
plngs of the ore chute returned gold $10.80, silver 61 cents, and assays from
the upper tunnel ran $3.65 to $32.70 gold.

Beyond this group and on the same side of the river is the Emerald group
of three claims, owned by the Emerald Mining and Milling Company. The
ledge crops five and one-half feet wide between granite walls and has been
traced for 3,000 Jeet. A sixty-foot tunnel, attaining a depth of sixty feet,
shows it to widen to nine and one-half feet, with a thirty-inch pay streak.
The surface ore as.sayed $25 gold, silver and copper, while samples taksn from
the face of the tunnel at fifty-three feet assayed $122 and $157, the ledge
matter outside of the pay streak being mineralized to the value of about $10.
A contract has been let for a 200-foot tunnel, 300 feet below the upper tunnel,
to be used as a working tunnel, and is being continued day and night.

Another property which has shown up well for a large amount of develop-
ment Is the Hidden Treasure, adjoining the Highland liight, owned by the
Hidden Treasure Gold Mining Company. An upper tunnel has been run
200 feet, gaining 120 feet In depth, and has cut ore chutes sixty-five, thirty-
five and twenty-five feet long respectively, being now in the fourth, which
shows thirteen Inches of ore. A second tunnel fifty feet below has been
driven 115 feet through good concentrating ore and Is now In the main ore
chute, carrying twenty-six Inches of high-grade ore. One shipment of seven
tons of $70 ore was made last season and there are 100 tons of $30 ore on the
dump. The company has built a wooden tramway down the mountain from
the rnine to the road, down which ore will be transported by gravity.

Another well-developed property is the Okanogan, one of the pioneer
locations on Johnson Mountain, owned by the Okanogan Mining Company.
A prospecting tunnel was first driven fifty feet on the ledge and a new
tunnel was then started forty feet below. This is now in 165 feet, showing
six feet nine inches between the wahs, with twenty-six Inches of copper
sulphides at the 111-foot mark. A winze Is being sunk from the face of this
tunnel and is now down fifty feet, giving 130 feet of depth below the surface.
The winze is now running through an ore chute three feet wide, assays of
which run from $20 to $28 gold, and assays generally have ranged from
$10 to $97.

The Hunter, the first location on Johnson Mountain, has also shown well
under development, and has been bonded with two other claims for $10,000
to F. S. Mack, of New York, A tunnel has been run 200 feet on the ledge,
gaining a depth of sixty feet and showing nine feet four Inches of quartz
carrying copper sulphides between perfect walls. The value averages from
$16 to $20 gold and 8 to 12 per cent, copper.

The Methow Mining Company has the Washington group of seven claims,
all but one of which are adjoining. Three of these are on the Hunter ledge,
which Is shown to be six to six and one-half feet wide in an open cut fifteen
feet long and ten feet deep on one claim; four and one-half feet wide In a
twelve-foot shaft on another, showing oxidized and decomposed quartz, and
from four to four and one-half feet In the third, wh?re It is well mineralized
with copper sulphides on the surface and where two stringers rurv Into It.
Another claim Is on a stringer three to eighteen Inches wide, carrying high-
grade ore with free gold often showing, and yet another has a ledge seven
to ten feet wide cropping the entire length, though quite undeveloped. The
last claim of the. group Is the Bill Nye, and, although three miles west of
the others. Is probably on an extension of one of the main ledges, showing
five feet of similar quartz, partially decomposed, in a fifteen-foot shaft.

The Gray Eagle group of three claims, owned by Fischer Brothers, of
Seattle, has made a good showing, being rn the Friday ledge. A shaft has
been 'umk 140 feet, with a drift at the fitty-foot level driven 100 feet west
and ten feet east, with a stope twenty-seven feet high on the west drift.
At the 100-foot level there Is a drift seventy-three feet to the west with an
upraise of eighty-nine feet. All this work shows a vein from four to eight
feet, with a dlorite dike shoving It first to one wall, then to the other.
Several oar-load shipments of high-grade ore have been made and about
200 tons are on the dump. ■■ ,. t «

Adjoining the Gray Eagle group Is the Last Chance, owned by J. «•
Esmond and Edward L. Enael, on a well-defined ledge three and one-half
feet wide with talc gouge on the walls," wWch- are rt?o' ♦♦e-and ^btrdS8««ye
porphyry. A tunnel was run forty-five feet on the ledge by the tormer

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

bers have run

traced across

sroup of three

owners, who sloped out the ore above and shipped three car loads to the
Everett smelter, netting $39 pold and a little silver. A shaft was sunk nrteen
feet from the tunnel, showing sixteen Inches of ore all the way, wMcn
assayed $31 gold and a little silver. . , . „ ,

The Hunter ledge also shows up well on the Sailor Boy, on which NelB
Johnson and Alexander McKlnnon have sunk sixteen and twenty-foot shafts
along the foot wall, showing four feet of good oxidized ore: on the Tjookout,
where John Summers and Thomas McLaughlin have sunk sixty feet; the
California, where Andrew O'Malley. Richard Malone and William O Nell
have run a twenty-foot cross-cut; the Mills, where A. li. Johnson, S. P.
Richardson and William Gogglns sunk Inclines Hfty feet and eighteen
Heet. showing the ledge to be at least six feet wide, and making a ship-
ment, which returned t?,l'. on the Crown Point, owned bv A. McKlnnon;
on the Kadc.er and Its exteiiriion where I^loyd Pershall and
a tlfty-foot tunnel and sunk twenty fe< t. The ledge was t'
the river and Me.^srs. Joh,ison and D-aa located the Joseph'
claims In that direction..

The Standard and an extension, both on the Highland lAaht ledge, owned
by the Standard Gold Mining and Milling Company, have the ledge shown
four to four and one-half feet wide where it has been stripped for twenty to
thirty feet. There Is ten to fourteen Inches of ore, average samples of which
assayed $38.60 gold and a little sliver. Judging from adjoining properties,
there Is probably 5 per cent, copper. The company will tunnel on the ledge
and by driving for 1,000 feet will gain 700 feet In depth.

Among the other properties on the Highland Light ledge, v/hlch forms
the OSS stroke of the letter N described by the three main ledges of John-
son Mountain, are the Columbia, owned by the Cable Mining Company,
where It crops fourteen feet wide and carries some free gold on the surface;
the Big Fraction, owned by John and Frank Welsh and others. The Gray
Eagle ledge is the southern parallel stroke of the N and has been traced
onward across the river through the Diamond Queen and Friday groups.

On extensions are the California Boy and Decoration, by C. li. Martin;
the Humboldt, by Daniel Murray; the Ida May, by Daniel Murray and
Harry Hayward, and the Cripple Creek. To the west the same ledge was
extended by the location of the Mountain Lily group of five claims, owned
by T. W. Robinson and J. R. Esmond. On this group a shaft is down nlnety-
Hve fe't. with a fourteen-foot drift at the bottom, cross-cuts have been run
fifty and thirty feet, defining the ledge to be four feet ten Inches to seven
feet wide, and an elgbteen-foot shaft has been sunk.

On a parallel ledge to the north are the Parallel group of two claims,
owned by C. R. Martin. Thomas Warren and A. F. Burleigh; the Reno
fraction, by C. R. Martin; the Monday, by Charles Durr and Chris Stll-
recht, and the Tuesday group of three claims, owned by the Tuesday Gold
Mining Company. This ledge h.TS so far been merely nro3j)ected, the most
work being on the Tufsday group, and has been defined to a width langing
from -two to seven feet. The Tuesday Company has sunk sixteen feet on
the footwnll, with ore the full width and no hanging wall In sight, and has
defined the ledge by a ten-foot shaft in another place. Assays range from
$58 gold \!pwards. Beyond these is the Riverside group of three claims, near
the wagon road, owned by the Riverside Gold Mining Company, where the
ledge shows four feet wide In a fourteen-foot shaft, with sixteen Inches of
pay ore. while the whole ledge assays $13 gold and silver.

Parallel with the Friday ledge the Ben Lummon Gold Mining and Milling
Company has a claim on a four-foot l^dge, and on the opposite side of the
river, below the Gray Kagle, has two other claims on twin ledges, each six
feet wide, with five and one-half feet of black slate between them and with
porphyry walls. The ore Is similar to the Gray Eagle and assays $15 to $18
gold on the surface. These three compose the Ben Lummon group.

Among other propertlfs on parallel ledges showing well or development
Is the Ocean Wave, owned by Jacob Durr's heirs, L. W. Barton and Lee
Bowen, where a seventv-foot shaft shows a six-foot ledge, on which another
shaft Is down twenty feet and several open cuts have been made. On the
Chicago Andrew O'Malley and William O'Nell have stripped an elghteen-
Inch ledfTP for 300 feet and sunk eighteen feet, showing ore which averages
about $100. three tons having returned $57.49 over freight and treatment.
One of the famous pioneer claims is the Paymaster, adjoining Methow town,
on wMch Claude and Burrell Johnson ran ti'nnels 235 and 65 feet and sank a
shaft 106 feet, showing forty inches of ore which assayed $23 to J!60. On this
ledge J. M. Scheuyeaulle has the St. Patrick, In which thirty feet of work
has shown three feet of ore assaying as high as $187 gold. On the Yes or No
Melton Woods and P. H. Farley have shown three feet of ore In a fifteen-foot
shaft. On the north side of Johnson Mountain Nels Johnson has sunk a
ninety-foot shaft on the London, showing a ten-foot ledge, and J. R. Esmond
has sunk a shaft on a parallel ledge six feet wide running high In copper
sulphides.

The Just In Time group of two claims on Johnson Mountain Is owned by
the Just Gold Mining Company and has a tunnel 108 feet, showing up the
ledge from five to six feet without the footwall. the ore assaying $24.40 gold.
Another tunnel fifty feet higher taps a parallel ledge three to four feet.

MINTNO IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

The company is drifting west on tlie iower tunnei to locate -an ore chute
which appears to be about forty feet west, then will tuntiel further down the
mountain and cut the ore chutes to a depth of 400 feet.

On Blue Rose Mountain, directly acrosH the river from the Friday, the
'Sque.w Creek Mining Company has elRht claims, commonly called the Schulz
and Chesney yroup, after their locators. They are on a series of parallel
ledges ranging from four to six feet wide, shown In a number of small shafts
and open cuts-, and carrying pay streaks of galena, gray copper and azurlte,
assaying 40 ounces and upwards In silver. A forty-foot tunnel has shown
up ore carrying $60 to $70 gold, and development is now In progress on a ledge
which has widened to twenty feet and carries leiitleular bodies and pockets
of copper pyrites and gray copper, often of high grade, besides large bodies
of concentrating ore.

On the same series of ledges A. J. Dexter has the Blue Rose; R. S. Ells
the Montana; William Noble und J. M. Sparkman the Overlook; Fred Sim-
mons and George Gates the Idaho; E. A. Sartor the Lizzie; Fred Simmons
and R. S. Ells the Ninety-five; Fred Simmons the Lone Star; Fred Simmons
and Michael Long the Major and Summit; Rev. Mr. Thomas the Annie.

On Treasure Mountain Is the Nip and Tuck group of four claims, owned
by the Treasure Mountain Mining Company, of Seattle. A tunnel forty feet
and another elghty-flvo feet at a point fifty-five feet below are on the middle
one of three veins into which the ledge has split, and showed from three to
twenty-five inches of ore. thirty tons of which reduced at the Squaw Creel'
mill was worth |16gold. It is intended to cross-cut for the other two vtins Intu
which the ledge has split. Lee Ives and others have the Excelsior on the
same ledge and have sunk twelve feet, showing it to be twelve feet between
walls, with a number of stringers, the pay ore assaying $23.50 gold, $6 sliver.

On Gold Point Hill, two miles west of Methow. Alexander McNeil and
M. M, Kingman have the Larsen group of four claims on two ledges. One
of these shows forty inches wide in a double compartment shaft forty-five
feet deep, ore from which assayed $22 to $78. On the other ledge a fifteen-foot
shaft shows sixteen to twenty-four Inches of ore assaying $25 to $60. On the
two White Elephant claims M. M. Kingman and R. N. Pershall have run
a 100-foot tunnel on a five-foot ledge. Mr. McNeil has also the Chippewa
group of three claims, two on a four-foot ledge on which he hts sunk ten
feet and the third on one five feet wide, shown by a similar shaft. The two
Sacramento claims of C. J. Ogden and W. A. Bollinger are on a three and
one-half foot ledge, showing In a twenty-foot shaft.

The most recent developments are on McFarlane and Gold Creeks, to
the west of Squaw Creek, and good ore bodies are being shown up. On the
Black Jack S. G. Dewsnap has run a tunnel 150 feet and has cross-cut from
footwall to hanging wall, showing four feet of quartz well mineralized with
^old. silver and copper for its whole width. The Damfino has a sixty-foot
tunnel showing fort ylnches of similar ore. On the Parallel a forty-foot
tunnel showing forty Inches of similar ore. The Catherine, on McFarlane
Creek, makes a good showing on an eight-foot ledge. The O^lbla, on the
Gold Creek Divide, shows up six feet of copper and gold ore. On the Oregon
«roup, on the south fork of Gold Creek, an incline shaft is down fifty feet,
showing five feet of arsenical iron ore, which carries $10 to $40 gold. On the
north fork of Gold Creek a number of discoveries have been made and
development Is being carried on with very encouraging results. On the
North Star a ninety-foot shaft shows the pay streak to widen from two
Indhes to four feet, surface ore assaving $20 gold, 234 ounces silver.

That the same mineral belt extends through the Methow foothills far up
the river is shown by the discoveries in the Spokane mine at the mouth ot
the Twisp, owned by Morgan, Nichols & Co., of Minneapolis, who are actively
developing It. The ledge is between four and five teet, between walls of
porphyry, and runs northwest and southeast nearly perpendicular, with a
slight pitch to the west. Prospecting was begun with a shaft sunk forty-
feet, showing ore all the way and a widening ledge. A tunnel was then run
above the top of the shaft, which was covered up, and is now in eighty feet.
A drift is being run lOh feet lower and will be used as a working tunnel,
from which an upraise will be made for a shaft. The work so far has shown
twentv-four to thirty inches of solid mineral on the footwall, sometimes
crossihg to the hanging wall. The pay streak carries about $50 gold and
silver and the whole ledge carries good value. It is proposed to erect a
matting plant on the ground this season. ^ ^, ^

Development in the Methow District would probably have proceeded
much faster but for the ill-effects of some early experiments in the treat-
ment of the ore. Some slight showings of free gold on. the surface led the
prospectors to the erroneous conclusion that it was a free gold belt and
they proceeded on that assumption. A five-stamp jnill with one concen-
trator was erected on Squaw cfreek and two arrastres were built. Twelve
tons of Paymaster ore rUn through the stamp mill barely paid expenses.
and fortv-flve tons milled at Charles Austinburg's arrastre sent down tail-
ings which assayed $45, assays of the ore having ranged from $23 to $60.
The arrastres are now abandoned and the stamp mill has been bought by
J. A. James, of Seattle, who contemplates some Improvements with a view
to doing a customs business. Experiments are, however, being made with

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

a view to the adoption of the cyanide o' some other leeching process, and
some such mothod will be adopted where the percentage of copper does not
run too hiKh. The country rock of the district Is ordinarily ho hard that
tunneling costs $10 to |12 per foot and shafting by contract costs $16 per foot
down to the 150-foot level. While the ore Is rich enough to pay a good profit
over cost of mining, freight and treatment, much better results can be ob-
tained by the erection of a reduction plant on the ground, and the question
ns to the best process now occupies the minds of mining men. The small
proportion of free gold Is In extremely minute particles, rendering amalga-
mation not worth while, except In connection with concentrators, and the
values are mainly In aulphurets. The percentage of copper ranges from 2 to
13 per cent., and where It does not exceed the former figure and the action
of the solution Is not hampered by other Ingredients, the cyanide procesB
may be successful. However, experiment will settle this question, and. now
that the mining men have become aroused to the fact that the problem Is
not to find the gold-bearing rock, but to extract the gold after they hare
found It. ultimate success Is assured.

THE TWISP.

While the llrst mineral discoveries on the ueadwaters of the Twlsp River
were made jis long ago as 1884, general prospecting has only set in within
the last two years, and the last flock of prospectors has defined the character
of the country's mineral. Development began in earnest last year and will
bo continued with vigor during the coming summer, a large numbei* of Spo-
kane citizens having taken interests there.

The country formation Is granite, as In other sections of the CascadeB,
and is broken by numerous dikes of porphyry. The ledges have assumed
a reddish hue from oxidation, which makes them easily traceable, and carry
free gold on the surface In most instances, though the change to sulphurets
is already becoming apparent in the limited amount of development so far
done. Towards the headwaters of the Twlsp and on the Twlsp Pass the
ore Is sulphide, rich in copper, and having the same characteristics as the
older and more developed sulphide ore belts.

There are two routes to this district from Seattle. One Is by the Great
Northern Railroad to Wenatchee, 174 miles; by the steamer City of Ellens-
burg on the Columbia River to Ives, seventy-five miles; on horseback over
a wagon road up the loft bank of the Methow to Twlsp, thirty-three miles;
on horseback over the state trail to Gilbert's Camp on North Creek, twenty-
four miles, and onward to the Twlsp Pass, six miles further. The legislature
has appropriated funds for the widening of the trail up the Twlsp Into a
wagon road this season, a change which will greatly aid development.

The first discoveries wore made in 1884 by E. W. Lockwood, of Wenatchee,
Ed Shackleford and H. M. Cooper, who located what Is now the Washington,
but despairing of success on account of the remoteness of the district, aban-
doned It. They then went to the lake forming the source of North Creek
and made a discovery there, but made no location.

.Tohn Gillihan was the next prospector to penetrate the district and In
1892 he located the Oregonlan group of eight claims. In company with F. S.
San ford iind James CSaston. This group is at the head of North Creek,
near the glaciers which feed that stream, the walls being usually of por-
phyry. One ledge crops two to four feet wide for 800 feet. A twenty-foot
shaft shows another four feet wide, traceable for 1,500 feet and carrying
ore which assays $60 to $600 gold. Another has been traced for the same
distance to a width of twelve feet and in an eighteen-foot tunnel shows ore
assaying $11 to $114 gold. On another, which la held Under two claims, a
shaft twenty-five feet deep has shown three feet of ore carrying $16 gold.
Another has been traced the whole length of two claims and Is six feet
wide, a ten-foot shaft and twenty-foot tunnel showing ore which assays
$16 to $4.1. An assay from an average sample of the whole group showed
$27.50 gold.

The next location was the Derby, by P. B. Shonafelt and R. P. Dolsen,
who have bonded It for $10,000 to Franli Rosenhaupt, of Spokane. The ledffe
crops near the Oregonlan twelve feet wide and In a sixty-foot shaft and
forty-foot tunnel shows quartz carrying $8 to $10 gold throughout, with a pay
streak of eight to twenty-two Inches on the hanging wall carrying $100 srld
and upwards.

In the summer of 1895 discoveries extended from North and South Creeks
up the Twisp to the summit of the pass, and In 1896 development was In-
augurated. On Gilbert Mountain were found eight parallel ledges, on which
al^cjut thirty locatl-na have been made, while the same belt has been traced
acroKs North Creek to Clark's Mountain. On Goat Park Mountain are two
great main ledges with many cross ledges.

On Gilbert Mountain the pioneer claim Is the Mountain Goat, owned by
P. Gilbert, A. Raub, Uelson Clark. Henry Piummer, George Wltte and
Frank Tbompeon* It has two ledges five and three and one-half feet wide,

one of tl

standing

has show

surface a

On th

and Milli

through i

ledges ri

Mountain

ore assay

phurets I

extension

On th

has a fiv

mineraliz

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ledge sho

$13 free g

tunnel ra

feet of w

la held b

showing f

The tl

of granit*

have beei

for a tote

Quartz ca

runs into

besides gc

The O

four clain

three and

showed te

mill test

sulphides,

defines its

On the

Company

One claim

others are

which an

a nlne-foc

gold, sllvt
Igh in g(
from' $4.1J0
On Bei
Johnson _
of copper
claims on
and C. F.
gold with
On the
and R. A.
Commerce
the Daisy
P. P.- Yoi
brown anc
appears to
Abernethy
ford have
Frank hav
Abernethy
of solid or
with two 1
a three-fo(
on an Iroi
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and Samu<
On the
has three »
of porphyi
Ing on the
Adjolnl
owned by
cropping {
tunnel on
eight-foot
from a tre

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

one of them with a cropping so stronp that It wan visible a mile distant,
standing twelve ft-et high In a perpenalcular cIlfT, and a fifteen-foot tunnel
has shown three feet of free mllllnK ore similar to that of the Derby. Four
Burfuce assays showed from $95 to J387 gold.

On the same belt Is the HIg Eight group, owned by the Big Eight Mining
and Milling Company, on which the two main Mountain Goat lodges run
through three claims from base to summit of the mountain and eight parallel
ledges run through the whole group. A fifty-foot tunnel on one of the
Mountain Goat ledges shows It well mineralized throughout, with surface
ore assaying from $27 to $280. The surface ore shows free gold, but the sul-
phurets Incroase with depth. A contract will be let this spring for an
extension of the tunnel.

On this belt the Washington, owned by Nelson Clark and R. J. Danson,
has a five-foot ledge, which a twenty-foot tunnel shows to be fairly well
mineralized. The Portland group of seven claims, owned by the Consoli-
dated Twlsp Mining and Milling Company, has three claims on a six-foot
ledge shown by a fifty-foot tunnel, and two on cross ledges. The ore larrlea
113 free gold throughout, though two assays made of the drillings from the
tunnel ran $1,500 and $1,900. On another ledge a ten-foot tunnel shows six
feet of well-mlnerallzed quartz. The Mobile, on the Mountain Goat ledge,
Is held by P. B. Shonnfelt and R. P. Dolsen and has a iwenty-foot cut
■bowing a good pay streak.

The three great ledges on Goat Park Mountain cop out between walls
of granite and gneiss on the side of a deep gulch on the north slope, and
have been traced down the face of the mountain and jp over Its summit
for a total distance of 12,000 feet. On the surface they si.ow red oxidized
auartz carrying free gold, but at two to ten feet below the surface the ore
runs Into copper and Iron sulphides. Surface ore assays from K to $88 gold,
besides good copper values.

The Orient Gold Mining and Milling Company has the Orient group of
four claims on two of these ledges, which crop 250 feet apart, one thirty-
three and the other twenty feet wide. A surface cross-cut twenty feet long
Bbowed ten feet of ore In one of these, carrying free gold and sulphides, a
mill test giving $15 gold. A cross ledge seven feet wide, carrying copper
sulphides, has been shown by a fifteen-foot cut, and a cut on the other ledge
defines its width as twenty feet.

On the same series of ledges the Ben Lummon Gold Mining and Milling
Company has six claims, on which It will begin development this spring.
One claim has three ledges six to twelve feet wide of gold d copper; two
others are on a ledge carrying gold and silver, and thoroi.o ily mineralized,
which an open cross-cut defines to a width of seven feet; the fourth is on
a nine- foot ledge of similar ore; a fifth as a sixteen-foot ledge carrying
old, sliver and copper, which on an adjoining claim carries ore assaying
jlgh in gold and silver; the sixth claim is on a seven-toot 'edge carrying
from" $4.1)0 to $37 gold and a small percentage of copper.

On Bear Creek, at the foot of this mountain, E. W. Lockwood, O. D.
Johnson and F. M. Scheble have the Cumberland on a sixteen-foot ledge
of copper sulphide ore. J. H. Shepard has the Crown Prince group of four
claims on a four-foot ledge, and George and Edward Witte, Henry Ramm
and C. F. Wilke have the Marshal Ney on a four-foot ledge showing free
gold with black suiphurets and iron and copper sulphides.

On the Lone Star and Cathedral, on Clark's Mountain, J. H. Shepard
and R. A. Lee have a ledge four to six feet wide, and on the Chamber of
Commerce and Jennie Lee they have one of about the same size, while In
the Daisy they have a good showing of gray copper. On the White Bear
P. P- Young, Bert Young and W. C. Campbell have a two-foot ledge of
brown and white quartz showing sulphides, with a two-Inch streak of what
appears to be crystallized lead. On the Chamber of Commerce ledge Elmer
Abernethy has located the Broadway, while Nelson Clark and B. R. Staf-
ford have a ledge six to eight feet on the Latah, and Mr. Clark and his son
Frank have the Everett on a small lead wlilch shows good mineral. Elmer
Abernethy has the Lulu on a four and one-half foot ledge carrying a foot
of solid ore, which can be traced several hundred feet; has the Green Eye
with two ledges, one of which Is the same as the Lulu, and the Flossie, with
a three-foot ledge. He and D. M. Henderson have the Summit and Princess
on an Iron cap of :great width covering three and one-half feet of pyrltic
ore On the west end of the mountain the Yellow Jacket Is owned by John
and Samuel Dimlck, B. L. Tozler. A. L. Tozier and E. R. Gilbert.

On the summit of the Twlsp Pass the Three Links Gold Mlnmg Company
has three claims on a twenty-foot ledge cropping for 3,000 feet between walls
of Dornhyry and granite. It shows sulphide ore for Its whole width, assay-
ing on the surface $4 to $12 gold, 2% ounces silver, 4 per cent, copper.

Adjoining this group Is the Gold Bar group of five and one-half claims,
owned by the Gold Bar Mining Company, on several ledges of sulphide ore
cropping about twenty feet wide down the mountain side.. A sixty-foot
tunnel on the hanging wall of one ledge is in ore the whole length, and an
eight-foot cross-cut did not strike the footwall. Assays run all the way
from a trace to $600 gold, with some coppet. the average value being about

M MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

$40. A flfty-foot Rhaft on another ledge showB four feet of Blmllar ore.,
carrying from $40 te |60 gold.

On thrt Hiimn Hcrles of ledges the Oolden Triangle Mining Company has
nine clalmH, which It will develop this HcaHon. The lodgos arc of groat bIm
and carry flne-gralncd white Iron BulphidoB, showing free gold on the
surface.

The TwiBp River Mining and Milling Company has the Hattle group of
three claims on Elmer Mountain near the Derby, on three ledges of free
milling ore carrying gold and a little silver, which were discovered late In
1S96. One lodge crops twelve feet wide and has been traced acroBS the
mountain, while the others are of less width. Several assays have ranged
close to $100.

SALMON BIVEB.

This district was once the center of mining excitement In Washington
and is likely to be so again, for the presence of large mineral deposits has
boon so conclusively proved that its eclipse can bo but temporary. Its chief
drawback Is Its remoteness from means of steam transportation, but the
development of other districts to the north, south and west Is likely to
bring this ever nearer.

The route from Seattle is by the Great Northern Railroad to Wenatchee.
174 miles; thence by steamer City of Ellensburg up the Columbia and Okan-
ogan Rivers to Brewster, eighty-five mileh, and stage to Ruby, forty miles,
ConconuUy, forty-six miles; at high water, steamers to Johnson's Landing,
130 miles; thence by stage to Ruby, sixteen miles, and to ConconuUy, six miles
further.

The first mineral discoveries of this district were made after the opening
of the Moses Reservation, in the fall of 188C, in Ruby Hill, a steep mountain
rising to a height of 3,800 feet above the town. In a country rocV of granite
and gneiss were found ledges of quartis, carrying sliver In ali ost all its
forms, with a small quantity of gold, the cropplngs being stained with Iron
and copper. The ledges run a little west of north and east of south, and
pitch about 22% degrees east, and are on the summit of the hill, ranging In
width from six feet upward. The ore Is principally sulphurets, carrying from
10 to 100 ounces of silver, with rich pockets of native, wire and ruby silver
running much higher, and an average of about |3 gold. The first discovery
was made by Jack Clonan, 'Billy Milllgan, Tom Donan and Thomas Fuller,
who struck a ledge about eighteen feot wide, which ran uniformly from wall
to wall about $14 gold and silver. They located the Ruby on it, and this
proved to be the lowest grade mine on the hill, for Dick Blklerback and his
father, Pat McGreel and Will Chllson, located the First Thought on a
parallel ledge further east, which was thirty to forty feet wide on the sur-
face and which ran about $28 gold and silver for Its whole width. The dis-
covery of the Fourth of July, showing the richest ledge on the hill, and tne
Arlington, both by the same party, came next. The discovery of the Peacock
by John Pccar and the Lenora by James Robii .wn and James Ollmore, on
Peacock Hill, to the northeast of Ruby Hill, then OUerted attention.

About tht same time the mineral belt was fo.md to extend northward
beyond ConconuUy to Mineral Hill, which is an extension of the sanie ridge,
shutting tn the Salmon River Canyon on the west, and is about two mlTes
northwest of ConconuUy Equally valuable discoveries were made on the
opposite side of the canyon and through the lime belt, which runs noith of
Johnson Creek and east of Toat's Coulee up to Wagon Road Coulee, ea.it of
Loomlston. The ore in the lime belt Is ali high grade, carrying black 3Ul-
phuretH of silver and showing copper stains.

After sinking a flfty-foot shaft and running a 100-foot tunnel, both v»n
the ledge, and discovering a small stringer running into the main Udgc, with
a rlc^ pocket at the Junction, from which $1,000 wu« taken, the discoverers
of the Ruby sold it to Jonathan Bourne, Jr., of Portland. This was the
beginning of a heavy Investment by a large company of Portland people,
headed by Mr. Bourne and by others who followed his lead. Ti'ie First
Thought showed $28 ore in an eighty-foot shaft, ani was sold to Mr. Boumci
and his associates for $40,000 cash. On the Arlington the locHtors sank a
forty-foot shaft, showing a six-foot vein, which ran about $40 gold and silver,
and In 1888 sold for $45,000 cash to the Arlington Mining Company, of whic>i
Mr. Bourne was president. Mr. Bourne incorporated the Rubv and Flrsv
Thought, each separatelj, organized the Washington Reduction Conpany
to put in a concentrating plant to treat the ores, and acquired other cla'iis,
so that he and the corporations which he controls now own twenty-iteven
contiguouA claims on Ruby hill.

The Arlington Mining Company did about 800 feet of development In the
shape of shafts, drifts and tunnels, reaching a depth of 226 feet, at which
the letige"waJs the same In size and character as on the surface. The com-'
pany then started the erection of a leeching plant, but, after expending
about $130,000 on this and other' work, discovered that no water could be

I h

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INDEX TO NUMBERED CLAIMS,

Map of Twisp District.

jtfr'

Z.O

WeMt ct A'ortn
Creek.

1. Gtolden Eagle.

2. Jack Knife.

3. Twlsp King.

4. Bamboo Chief.

6. Chief Moses.
0. Three Links.

7. I. X. L.

8. Anita May.

9. Surprise.

11. Anaconda.

12. Sarah.

13. Lucky Jack.

14. Chelan.

15. Copper King.

16. Gold Bug.

17. Tiptop.

18. Granite N(.. 2.

19. Chief.

20. Iron Horse.

21. Granite No. 1.

22. Accident.

23. Vincent.

24. Black Bull.

25. Last Chance.

26. Snowflake.

27. Climber.
'.}. Daisy.

29. Ivy.

30. Theretia..

31. Iron C!..at.

32. Mountain &c«ai.

33. War Eagle.

34. Thurs lay,

35. "Wa.shingrton.

36. Fra'ikHn.
3:. Quartettii,

38. Rockford.

39. Mobile.

40. Pioneer.

41. Copper King,

42. Alaban.a Cocn.

43. Roynl Ann.

44. First Glance

45. WaJtar B.
4(5. James Earl.

47. Orejvonlo.n.

48. Fay D,

49. E3. X. U
60. Derby.

51. E. X. L.

52. Alp£ne.

53. Equinox.

54. Snowstorm.

66. E. X.

56. Lady of the L.

67. Spokane.

"18. St. Laurence.
J». Roller Mill.

60. C. ft C.

61. Bertha.

62. 4th July.

63. MoKlnley.

64. Yellow Rom.
66. Bryaiti.

66. Snow 611d«.

68. Cap. Joe.

69. Sitting BulL

70. St. Anthony.

71. Ben. B.

72. White Lily.

73. Admiral.

74. J. B.

75. M. J.

76. Hoosler.

77. St. Paul.

78. Minneapolis.

79. Franklin.

80. Dick.

81. Portland.

82. Trilby.

83. Norfolk.

84. Highland Chief.
X5. Beatrice.

86. Allen J.
S7. Bloomer.

88. Jack B.

89. Twisp Chief.

90. Oro.

91. M. & M.

Kant of ISortli
Creek.

92. Liza.

93. Josephine.

94. The .Fountain.
95 Flossie.

96. Elmer.

97. Green Eye.

98. City O'f Salem.

99. Yellow Hornet.

100. Yellow Jack.

101. Robert.

102. Little Fellow.

103. Lulu.

104. Golden Gate.

106. Buckeye.

107. Gilbert.

108. McCord.

109. Summit.
UO. Prince.

111. iMary.

112. Hattle.

113. Greenhorn.

114. Falcon.

115. Bryan.

118. Bright Bye.

117. Tenderfoot.

118. Vulcan.

119. Constitution.

120. Continental.

121. Constitution.

122. Ethel.

124. Dan Logan.

125. B. D. Baker.
128. Shamrock.

127. Myrtle.

128. Granite.

129. Delan*^.

130. Referendum.

South Mf Tvrl»t

RiTer.

1. Ben Franklin,
a. Iv£ .,,ioe.
I. Mayflower.

4. Q. D. Q.

6. Jennie.

f. Porcupine.

7. Cultus Jim.

8. Bandana.

9. Big Boy.

10. Mountain Lily.

11. Greenhorn.

12. Gold Bar.

13. No. 8.

14. Gold Brick.

15. Jessie.

16. Eva.

17. June.

18. Gladstone.

19. Golden Triangle.

20. Highland Scot.

21. Skylark.

22. Uncle Sam.

23. Kangaroo.

24. Union.

25. Nellie.

26. Cumtux.

27. Crown Prince.

28. Crown King.
28. Cornucopia.
30. Ella.

31 O. K.

^. St. Paul No. 2.

33. St. Paul Globe.

34. Burlington.

35. Waverly.
"6. Tiunasza.

37. DeTTdrop.

38. Helena.

39. Irene.

40. Boston.

41. Good Enough.

42. Lucky Boy.

43. Daisy.

44. Blueblll.

46. Lost Boy.

47. Estella.

48. Bluebird.

49. Bull's Bye.

50. Cascade.

51. White Rose.

52. Columbia.

53. Bula.

54. CJarfleld.

55. Mingo Chief.

56. Peachblow.

57. Exchange.

58. Michigan.

59. Alpine.

60. F. & B.

61. Orient.

62. Little Giant.

63. M. & G.

64. Ben Harrison.

66. Florfince Grace,
fi6. North Star.

67. WindEor.

68. Comstock.

69. Ben Lummaa.

70. Wldta.
72. Bridge.
76. Gamett
7«. :^nk Bar.

5.'

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MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

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obtained on the site selected, although there was abundance in the creek
260 feet below. Work on the plant was puspended, mining: stopped and, of
the several hundred tons of ore which had accumulated, the best was con-
centrated at the Washington Reduction Company's mill.

On the First Thought Mr. Bourne went vigorously to work. He first ran
tunnel No. 3 900 feet, tapping the ledge at a depth of 400 feet, and then up-
raised a shaft to the surface, 234 feet. He ran another tunnel about 1,000
feet on the fooiwall, and made a cross-cut 112^ feet, all through ore.
Another tunnel was run 800 feet on the hanging wall, which gave a d«pth of
200 feet. A number of drifts from the tunnel on the footwall to that on the
hanging wall showed the ledge to be from thirty to sixty feet wide. It
averaged from six to ten ounces silver and $3 gold, though there were rich
streaks and pockets, showing native und ruby sliver, which ron up to 1,000
ounces.

Meanwhile the Washington Reduction Company erected a concentrator
at Ruby and built a cable bucket tramway a mile long, from the First
Thought mine. It has two rock crushers, two Dodge pulverizers witn
screens, eight Frue vanners, canvas strakes, and an electric dynamo run
by water power, the whole costing about $70,000. It ran for abort three
months In 1892, and, after a suspension during the winter, started again In
the spring of 1893 and ran until July. As silver then fell below To cents, the
mill was stopped after producing about $40,000 In concentrates, clear of
freight and treatment charges, and has not since turned a wheel.

The Fourth of July was bought by a syndicate which Incorporated, leaving
out Mr. Bourne's one-eighth, as he refused to sell. The company sank
about 780 feet, ran d'-lfts for some 500 feet and sloped about 800 tons of ore.
This was the richest ledge on the hill, being fifteen feet wide, with a D«.y
streak four feet wide, from which one shipment of twenty tons paid $480 a
ton gold and silver, while specimens of ore carrying native and wire sliver
were carried away, which would aggregate thousands of dollars In value.
About 200 tons of ore were shipped and 300 tons were treated at the Ruby
concentrator.

Among the first locations on Ruby Hill was the Wooloo Mooloo, by Hugh
McCool and others, who found a ledge eight feet wide, carrying black sul-
phurets, the first two assays from which ran 3,000 and 5,000 ounces sliver.
They sank a shaft 160 feet on the ledge and then lost it. The War Eagle,
owned by a number of St. Paul men, has an eight-foot ledge of low-grade ore
on which a shaft has been sunk 150 feet. On the Idaho, George Turner,
W. N. Drumheller and M'illlam Pfunder have a shaft about 150 feet deep
on the same ledge.

The discovery claim on Anaconda Hill was the Anaconda, located by
Thomas Hlgstrun, on a twentv-foot ledge of chloride ore, showing well on
the surface and assaying 200 to 300 ounces. Hlgstrun sold it for $10,000 to
John Rudberg, who resold to Hale & Smith, Xenophon Steeves and J. C.
Moreland, of Portland, for $:'5,500, he retaining a one-eighth interest. The
new owners sank a shaft thirty-five or forty feet and then lost the ledge.
They ran a tunnel lower down the mountain to tap It In about 400 feet, at
a point below the shaft, but did not strike it there. They have been con-
tinuing assessment work and have run on the ledge ogaln, showing up good
black sulphurets.

About the same time that the first discoveries were in».de on Ruby Hill
a similar body of ore was found near the foot of Conconuily'ijake by "Texas"
George Runnels and J. C. Boone, who located the Lady of the Lake on it
the day the Moses reservation was opened. They bonded it to O. B. Peck
for $40,000. and he made about 100 feet of drifts and cross-cuts, but forfeited
the bond.

The Lone Star, on the west side of Salmon River, about a mile i;bove
Conconully was located by Henry C. Lawrence, who interested Allen C.
Mason, of Tacoma. There Is a ledge of galena ore about twelve feet wlae
which assays about 100 ounces of silver, on which a shaft has been sunk 350
feet, and drifts have been run each way on the ledge at every 100 feet,
aggregating 1,000 feet, about $40,000 being 8i>ent and a considerable quantity
of ore taken out. . . „, ,. », ^ „ .»

Directly across the river from the Lone Star la the Tough Nut, owned
by H. C. Thompson. Mllo Kelly and others. The ledge Is about .six fejJt wide,
showing black sulphurets and galena like the Lone Star ore. and the work
on it consists of a 100- foot shaft and a tunnel 150 feet, both en the ledge.

The Homestake, adjoining the Tough Nut on the south. Is owned by Ben
Everett, Charles Ulmann und Otis Spiague. of Tacoma. 'Ihey ran a tunnel
150 feet through n twenty-foot ledge, well mineralized with jsllver-iead ore.
and have 200 tons of ore m the bins. ^

Adjoining the Lone Star on the north is the John Arthur, owned by
James Robinson, of EUensburg, and Deputy Collector of <-"s*?"'s /• ia5*°-
Donald, of Oro. A shaft Is down 126 feet aa the same ledge as the '--one ftar.
showing the same kind of ore. The north extension on the same ledge. 19
the St. Clair, located by Thomas Hanway and -— Dudley, who sank a
100-foot shaft near that of the John Arthur und on the same "J^^. ''.?"!?•„ „„

The greatest development in thin section of the district. howi^\e«, was on

neral mil where the Brldiiei>ort Milling & Mining Company bought five
(5)

Mineral

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

clainiii. Double compartment shafts were sunk 125 feet on one claim and 130
feet on another, and a luhnel was run IW) feet on the hill above the latter.
Shafts were also sunk on the otlior thiee. A pair of hoisting engines, boilers,
air compressor, two niacliine drills and a sawmill were erected, the whole
property rei)resentlng an fxpenuiiure of $:(0,000 on mines and machinery. All
the claims have lodKes three to six feet wide ot hlsh grade silver-lead ore,
of which a ten-ton shipment ran $iiOO, |20 of this being gold and the balance
silver.

The Buckhorn, adjoining tliis group on the west, is owned three-quarters
by the Bridgeport conipiiny and one-giiartir by A. C. Cowherd, .and has a
ledge forty to fifty feet wide on the surface.

Among the noted ri<>h cliilms on Mineral Hill is the I>a Euna, for which
T. L. Nixon, of Taconui, paid $10,000. It has a small ledge of very rich ore,
of which a live-ton shipment from a forty-foot shaft gave returns of 398
ounces per ton.

Mineral Hill also boasts of the Mohawk, for which H. C. Lawrence re-
fused an offer of $;!0,000 and on which a tunnel 200 feet has shown a three-foot
ledpe of high grade ore, running over 300 ounces silver. On the Independence,
John Stech. of Seattle, who paid $4,uoo for it, has a 100-foot shaft on a four-
foot ledge of similar ore to tliat in the liridftcport group, and is keeping up
his assessment work, (n the Pointer, adjoining the Tough Nut on the south,
Messrs. Hargrove and Stukesberry have a tive-foot ledge, running loO to 150
ounces silver, on which tb.ey have a l.')0-foot tunnel.

It was about the time that the first discoveries wore made on Salmon
River that the late ex-lieutenant governor. Charles E. Ijaughton. organized
a company to build a concentrator to trtat their ores on the customs plan.
He erected a building in the eai.yon between the Tough Nut and Ijone Star
mines and put up a plant consisting of a rock crusher, a set of rollers to
pulverize the rock, drum screens to sizi,^ the material, wooden jigs and wooden
bumper-vanners. But much of the mineral escaped with the tailings, so
that the latter were richer than the concentrates, less than half the value
being saved. Al>out fifty tons from the Tough Nut and a little from the
Homestake were concentrated, and then, as the assay value failed to show
up, the mine owners refused to furnish more ore. and after a two weeks'
run in 18S9 the machinery stopped, never to rtm again. Some time later the
machinery men foreclosed tluir mortgage and Allen C. Mason bought the
mill, but has never run ii. He has sold some of the shafting and parts of
the machinery.

In the lime belt the principal group is the Silver Bluff of t'^n claims,
owned by fhe Silver Bluff Mining and Milling Company. On the surface
the ore In this grouj) runs in great bunches of high value, and a large
amount of prospecting has been done in the endeavor to find where it lies
in the country rock below. Work was going on last summer, and one car
load was shipped which netted over $100. The Belcher is another claim on
the lime belt, owned by the Belcher Mining Company, about one and
one-half mih s from the Silver Bluff. A shaft has been sunk 275 feet and
drifts run at the 100-foot level and at the bottom.

That Salmon River cuts some free gold ledges is evidenced by the dis-
covery of gold in the sand at several points on its course. Charles H. Ballard
and J. R. Wallace found gold in the sand of a bench about a mile square
one mile below Conconully and took out $20 in prospecting it. The" ground
carries from one-tenth of a cent to 10 cents to the pan, and would make good
hydraulic ground. Eight miles above town, at a place called the Meadows,
on the north fork of Salmon River, I.,ayton S. Baldwin, L. Irwin Baldwin,
H. A. Wilder, John Armstrong, of Conconully. and J. p. Gleason. of Seattle,
located claims on a bar which appears to be an old river l)ed and where the
dirt carries shot gold to the amount of 10 to 15 cents a cubic yard.

OKANOGAN LAKE.

With a railroad penetrating Its center and a steamer connecting with it
on the lake, this district has every cause to look for rapid developme\it. The
Canadian Pacific Railroad runs from Vancouver to Sicamous, 335 miles, and
thenoe a branch runs to Vernon, forty-seven miles, and to Okanogan Land-
ing, fifty-one miles. Vernon is In a rich valley with good roads branching
from it, and the construction of others to new camps will be Inexpensive

The mineral belt of this district runs through, the hills which shut In the
Okanogan valley on the east and west. The country formation consists of
belts of dioritc. granite and C4uartzlte, cut by dikes of lime and porphyry.
Running through this in a generally east and west direction are iron-capped
ledges carrying gold, galena, iron and copper sulphurets and ranging In
width from two to fifty feet. There are also large bodies of low grade free-
milling quartz which carries gold, with little or no silver.

The pioneer mine of this district Is the Monoshe«>, on the north .tide of
Monoshee Mountain, about fifty miles southeast of this town and over-

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

with it
eiit. The
4lleB, and
xn Land-
iranchlng
naive,
ut In the
mslsts of
)orphyry.
>n-c-apped
nglng In
•ade free-

h side of
rid over-

looking Cherry Creek, '.n which placers have been worked for about thirty
years. It was discovered about ten years ago by Donald Mclntyre, and has
a ledge of free milling gold quartz about three and one-half feet wide. Mr.
Mclntyre, with F. G. Vernon and a Mr. Rlskle, drove five tunnels on the
ledge to a length of fifty to 200 feet, and stoped out the ore thus opened.
They erected a mill of an old style and ran about 200 tons of ore through It,
and, finding It did not save the value, stopped operation and have never
resumed.

The next important discovery was not made till 1891, and has the prospect
of being developed on a large scale through the Investment of a largo amount
of English capital. This Is the Swan Lake group of six claims, discovered
by the late Capt. F. D. Shorts and W. J. Armstrong, of Vernon. These
claims are on a great deposit of free-milling quartz which crops out in
steep buttes and bluffs through the hills sloping down from the east of
Sw;in Lake, four miles north of Vernon. One of these outcrops has been
opened in a point o' "ock on the roadside, and the ledge can be traced far
up the hill. It ar •» to be an almost flat deposit, and has been traced on
the surface over ^ square mile of ground. A shaft has been sunk fifty feet
at a point 600 feet below the highest outcrop, with a twenty-foot drift from
the bottom. All this work is in ore, which has given assays ranging from
$3.25 to $13 In free gold, with a trace of silver. The deposit is pronounced
to be similar in extent and character to the great Treadwell mine In Alaska,
and with the Canadian Pacillc railroad running along the lake shore only a
few hundred yards distant, has every facility for cheap development and
operation. The group is now owned by the Swan Lake Mining and De-
velopment Company, which has bonded It to Arthur H. Craven, the rep-
resentative of London capitalists, for $120,000, and he has examined the
property and tested the ore with a view to deciding the course to be taken
with It. If the ore will average $4 a ton 'n gold he proposes to erect a Ilfty-
stamp mill and chlorlnatlon works and reduce the ore by the method In use
at Treadwell.

In the fall of 1895 the BX group of seven claims, adjoining the Swan Lake
group, was located by Leo Simmons, E. C. Simmons, Charles Casterton
and E. C. Thompson, all of Vernon. The greatest showing is where BX
Creek had cut through the ledge down to the granite footwall and where,
by stripping, it was exposed for a width of sixty feet. Assays from this
■olaoe gave $6 to $<S gold and a little silver, wihch Is a fair example of the
•"irhole group. The country rock, which Is chlorite. Is Itself mineralized,
having given an assay of $6.50 gold. A twenty-flve-foot shaft sunk on a
four-foot ledge showed plumbago mixed with the broken surface rock.

A little later. In December, 1895. James McClellan found a ledge of free-
mllllng ore similar to that at Swan Lake on his ranch about eight miles
north of town, and with Alex McArthur, J. Brown and Tom Clinton located
the Larkin group of three claims. On an eight-foot ledge a hole has been
sunk fifteen feet, assays of $1 to $S being obtained from surface rock, while
a parallel ledge is ten feet wide. A short distance further north, near Lumby,
large bodies of free-milling ore were discovered by A. J. McMullen and
Samuel Mcllvanie In April, 18<t6.

Explorations had meanwhile turned southward along Oka.iogan Lake,
and one result Is the creation of Camp Hewitt, on a mountain 1,500 feet high,
overlooking the lake fro.n the west and sixty miles south of Okanogan Land-
ing Here. In June, 1895, Gus Hewitt and Alexis C. Broth found a cropping
of free-milling quartz three or four feet wide In a porphyry dike in a granite
formation, In which free gold was plainly visible, and located the Dandy
and King Solomon on parallel ledges about four feet apart. The surface rock
was much decomposed, and Messrs. Hewitt and Broth spent much of the
summer in panning gold out of It and got good returns. In the winter of 1895
they ran a cross-cut tunnel 115 feet on the Dandy, but have so far been
unable to locate the ledge, and will now drift from the tunnel for it. On
the King Solomon the surface rock Is dn a slide, but the ledga in place has
been traced for 6,000 feet through four claims and a cross-cut tunnel Is being
run The Winifred, a Supposed extension of the Dandy, located by C. Booth
and R U Venner, has a shaft twenty feet deep on a ledge three feet wide.
On a parallel ledge Is the North Star, owned by George Bell and Donald
Mclntyre There wps a cropping three and one-half feet wide carrying free
gold but a ten foot shaft has shown galena carrying about $20 gold, and
also 'copper. With the Stag, an exten.sion of the North Star, Henry Hardy
and C B. Casterton have had a similar experience, for, while they had a
three-foot cropping of free-milling ore between granite walls, they ran Into
galena carrying gold and silver with copper and Iron su^phurets, from which
they got assays of $14 to $20 gold. The Mountain View, two miles nearer the
lake discovered by Me.sars. Hewitt and Broth In April, 1896, has a ledge of
galena ore five or six feet wide In a lime formation, running cast and west
with a dip to the south. An Incline shaft has been gunk thirty feet.

Another place where the old placer workings have led to discoveries of
quartz ledges is the ridge between Slwash and Six-Mile creeks, on the west
side of Okanogan Lake, for the bars of Slwash Creek have been worked for
over twenty years. Joseph Hitchler located the Jumbo and William Clark
the E. S. on a ledge of Iron and copper pyrites In a lime formation, running

99 MINMNO IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

almost due north and south. From the decomposed quartE at the outcrop,
aud from the fact that a cross-cut tunnel on the E. S. has been run thirty
feet without finding the walls, It la believed that the ledge Is at least thirty
feet wide.

Still nearer the town, on the point which divides the east arm from the
main body of Okanogan Lake, a cropping of galena ore was found last
spring by J. N. Norden and his two sons, which was six feet wide on the
surface and was traced for 100 feet. It runs a little west of a north and
south line In a badly shaken formation resembling syenite. The first shot
showed up ore, which assayed $10.80 gold, $54 sliver and a little copper. The
Mordens located the Morning Glory with the Jumbo on the north, and
adjolnir-if the Jumbo E. Harris located the Hardup. The south extensions,
following the ledge to the water's edge, are the Morning Star by the Mordens
and the Chieftain by P. H. Latimer. On another ledge, which runs at right
angles to the Morning Glory, are the Close Call and Old Iron, owned by

A. N. Pelly. This ledge is nine feet wide on the surface and ten feet on the
face of the cliff overlooking the lake, and has assayed $3 to $17 sliver, a good
percentage of copper and a trace of gold. Mr. Pelly is driving a tunnel on
the ledge in the face of the cliff and will sink a shaft from the bench above.

Prospecting then came closer to the town, and in December Camp Lefroy
was established on tae hills to the northwest, with locations reaching within
one mile of Vernon. The mineral Is in a belt of four parallel ledges three-
quarters of a mile In width and well defined for a distance of three miles.
The ore is quartz, carrying gold, copper and magnetic Iron, with a little
galena, and is between well-dettned walls of slate and schist. The first
location was the Mabel May, by Richard Shook and G. Milligan, who found
rich float showing free gold, but have not yet found the ledge, though they
have made a surface cut and are running a cross-cut tunnel. On the exten-
sion and on a parallel ledge further up the hill is the Babel group of four
claims, owned by F. H. Latimer, F. M. Klrby, James Martin and G. A.
Henderson. On another parallel ledge are the Warrior and Maverick,
owned by H. F. Parke, F. H. Latimer and F. M. Klrby, and the Big D, by
J. G. Webster and H. F. Dennlson. Further west is the Little One, by
Messrs. Klrby and Latimer, on a four-foot ledge, the Chariot, by Mr. Dennl-
son, being an extension on It, while on the southeast Is the Blue Jay. owned
by Messrs. Klrby and Latimer, with an elghteen-lnch ledge. All these
ledges are from one to five feet wide and carry iron pyrites and gold, with
a little arsenical Iron, while the Falcon also shows galena and copper. Sur-r
face ore has assayed as high as $10 In gold.

On the hills between Okanogan Lake and Long Lake on the east, a num-
ber of locations have been made on ledges of Iron and copper pyrites carry-
ing gold. Among these are the Silver Queen and Barney Barnato, by Simon

B. Ord; the Aberdeen and Coutite.ss, by John Howard and William Appleton;
the Alexander, by George H. Meaklns; the Sunset, by — Colbee and J. O.
Williams; the Gold King, by J. K. Johnson; the War Horse, by F. H. Barnes
and William Haupt; the IXL, by J. K. Johnson, and the Lark, by William
Johnson.

Along both banks of Deep Creek, four miles west of Okanogan Lake and
two and one-half miles southwest of Hewitt's Camp, a number of parallel
ledges of iron and copper pyrites and galena carrying gold, between well-
defined walls, have since been the scene of much work. On the north side
of the creek Is the Panorama, owned by J. L. Webster, showing a little free
gold. Next on the west Is the Little Duncan, owned by Mr. Webster and
J. Walker, in which an open cut five feet deep showed ore assaying 101
ounces silver. On going fifty feet lower and starting an Incline, ore was
obtained which assayed $6.40 gold and $11.90 silver. On the same ledge is the
Major, owned by J. L. Webster and James Martin. On the south side of
the creek is a succession of ledges on which have been located the Stella,
by G. A. Han key and others; the Iron Mask, by Mr. Webster; the Farmer,
by Messrs. Dennlson and Latimer, on which a small shaft shows galena
and copper pyrites widening from eighteen to thirty-six inches, and the
Blind Man, by Messrs. Webster and Walker, which (stands on the side of
the gulch.

Further south and within twelve miles of Penticton, on the west shore
of Okanogan Lake, Alexander Thompson In May. 1896. located the Aberdeen
on a ledge of pyrites fifteen feet wide, which has been bonded by W. T.
Thompson. Extensions on this ledge are the Rambler, by Joseph Thurber,
and the Scrambler, by H. E. Walker.

EST.

TtB at the outcrop,
tias been run thirty
je Is at least thirty

east arm from the
)re was found last
Ix feet wide on the
eat of a north and
lite. The first shot
i little copper. The
on the north, and
le south extensions.
Star by the Mordens
which runs at right
31d Iron, owned by
and ten feet on the
to $17 silver, a good
driving a tunnel on
)m the bench above,
ember Camp Lefroy
ons reaching within
arallei ledges three-
Eince of three miles.

iron, with a little
d schist. The first
Milligan, who found
■ ledge, though they
nnel. On the exten-
Babel group of four
I Martin and Q. A.
rior and Maverick,
, and the Big D, by

the Little One, by
ariot, by Mr. Denni-
:he Blue Jay. owned
h ledge. All these
rites and gold, with
la and copper. Sur-r

on the east, a mum-
opper pyrites carry-
j Barnato, by Simon
d William Appleton;
— Colbee and J. O.
rse, by F. H. Barnes
»e Lark, by William

Okanogan Lake and
number of parallel

gold, between well-
On the north side
showing a little free
jy Mr. Webster and
'ed ore as.saying 101

an incline, ore was
he same ledge is the
)n the south side of
n located the Stella,
Webster; the Farmer,

shaft shows galena
six Inches, and the
ands on the side of

I, on the west shore

located the Aberdeen

;n bonded by W. T.

by Joseph Thurber,

<■ i4

*'****>»***«^4«*»-*i^^

'"A'i

MmmO IN THf PACIFIC NORTHWtST

OKANOGAN COUNTY,
WASHINGTON,

VVagoH Roads.
Trails.
StsmpMMln. i

SCALE OF MILta

490^ AMD WININO KNOINtlP

■

■'~S'2;--.-

^^?f'

;|.. r-^?

li)
*=*•

1 *.■"

•"■--^..

MININ(

This name Is Klven

boundary, comprlslnR

hekln JllvtT to the mi

river on the east to 1

miles Mcjuare. Mineni

by the late "OlianoKi

mountaltiH alons: the

from the Rovernment

in 1880. As he refuse

lines so as to »jc(!lu(i(

boundary and runnln

fact that this strip w

then thinly settled ter

vation was thrown oi

lowed one another in

be among the richest

ore as in the size of i

the state have been

ores, then it was tur

the oxidized surface «

soon replaced the fre<

to save the sulphuret

Ing the last year gre

have been discovered

lowing deeper mining

prospectors were too

worliing out rich pod

block out large bodh

plants for reduction.

Ing results that it is

manence and value, a

The center of the <

To reach It from S^a

174 miles; the steamei

Landing, eighty-five i

the beginning of Aug

miles ' f I'Orh Brewste

Golden, on the east <

from Brewster and t

the confluence of the

miles lurther. From

Northern to Wenatch

or by the Central W

stagre fifty miles to Oi

and thence by the sa

Palmer Mountain

south and about six

cliffs of white dolorr

southern slope, exten

this Is Intersected b>

tion consists of slate

noticeable through i

dikes of wildly cont

black slate is only Y

has resisted glacial

tions. On the easier

centage of gold in cc

slate run on north

which are the Triun

the mountain, in th<

grade silver ore, as

Ivanhoe, Empire am

which extend on th«

overlook Palmer I^a

mountain, among w!

the south end in tli

centape of silver, on

tral, Grand Summit

southeast. Iron ca]

Identical formttion

large size in diorite

through Aeneas Mot

Palmer Mountain s^

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

PALMER MOUNTAIN.

ThiB naire is Klvt'n to u diHtrlct of Okanogan county directly south of the
boundary, comprlHlnK the ureu which extends southward along the Slnla-
hfkln Itlver to the mouth of Horse Spring Coulee, and from the Ckanogun
river on the east to Mount (,'hapaca on the west, a territory abo'it fifteen
miles square. Mineral was first discovered there nearly thirty j'ears ago
by the late "Okanogan" Smith, who made a number of locations in the
mountains along the Simllkaniecn Itiver and claimed heavy compensation
from the government when they were included in Chief Moses' reservation
In 1880. As he refused the sum offered, $2,';0,000, the government drew the
lines so as to ejcc-lude a strip extending fifteen miles southv.ard from the
boundary and running across the whole breadth of the reservation. The
fact that this strip was open to mineral entry did not become known in the
then thinly settled territory, and prospectors did not enter it until the reser-
vation was thrown open In 1886. Then it was that mineral disiioverles fol-
lowed one another In rapid succession, and this remote tract was found to
be among the richest In the United States, not so much in the value of its
ore as in the size of Its ore bodies, though some of the richest discoveries In
the state have been made here. At first attention was centered on silver
ores, then It was turned to free gold, which was found In rich pockets in
the oxidized surface of the quartz ledges. As depth was obtained, base ore.
soon replaced the free-milling ore ot the surface, and the lack of equipment*
to save the sulphurets brought disaster to several pioneer enterprises. Dur-
ing the last year great bodies of Iron and copper sulphides, carrying gold,
have been discovered and have shared attention with the good results fol-
lowing deeper mining on the other classes of ore. The earlier miners and
prospectors were too easily contented with gophering on the surface and
working out rich pockets, but the present movement Is all to gain depth and
block out large bodies of ore for mining, then to erect carefully designed
plants for reduction. This new movement has already brought such gratify-
ing results that It Is safe to pronounce the ore bodies to be of assured per-
manence and value, and the destiny of the district to be beyond question.

The center of the district is Loomis, at the south end of Palmer Mountain.
To reach It from Seattle, one takes the Great Northern train to Wenuvchee,
174 miles; the steamer City of Ellensburg up the Columbia River to Brewster
Lianding, elghty-flve miles, or during high water from the middle cf May to
the beginning of August, to Johnson Creek, 130 miles; and the stage seventy
miles' fi'orti Brewster, or twenty-eight miles from Johnson Creek. For
Golden, on the east of Palmer Mountain, the sUige trip is eighty-two miles
from Brewster and twenty-eight miles from Johnson Creek, and for Oro, at
the confluence of the Okanogan and Simllkameen rivers, the distance is six
miles lurther. From Spokane the district can be reached either by the ureal
Northern to Wenatchee, 174 miles, and thence by the route already described,
or by the Central Washington railroad to Coulee City. 12r> miles, thence by
stage fifty miles to Orondo, on the Columbia river, six miles above Wenatchee,
and thence by the same route as from Seattle.

Palmer Mountain is a great, broad ridge, ten miles long from north to
south and about six miles across, with numerous small peaks inarked by
cliffs of white dolomite. The formation of the mountain Is diorlte on the
southern slope, extending as far as the summit, and on the northern portion
this Is Intersected by dikes of black slate and serpentine. The eastern por-
tion consistp of slate capped with dolomite, which forms high v;hl''
noticeable through all the country around, while further east are lar^e
dikes of wildly contorted dolomite extending to the Okanogan Rivpr. ine
black slate Is only here and there overlaid with dolomite, where the latter
has resisted glacial action. Minerals have been found in all these forma-
tions. On the eastern slope are veins of silver-lead ore carrying a good per-
centage of gold in contacts of dolomite and black slate. Through the biacK
slate run on north and south lines great quartz veins carrying gold on
Which are the Triune. Spokane and Wehe groups. On the northern part of
the mountain. In the black slate, are large, prominent ledges ca"^»"« "J?^
grade silver ore, as well as a good percentage of gold, on which are "le
Ivanhoe. Empire and Bullfrog. In the serpentine and black slate contacts
which extend on the northwest side to Mount EUemeham and o", the west
overlook Palmer Lake are some of the richest gold-bearing veins on the
mountain, among which are the Leadvllle group and the Bunker HIU. on
the south end In the diorlte are gold-bearing veins carrying a small per-
centage of sliver, on which are the Black Pear. War Eagte, Wisconsin^ Cen-
tral, Grand Summit and a large number of others, coiirslng northwest and
southeast. Iron caps are found In the diorlte identical in character and in
Identical formation with those across tlie boundary, and they also occui or
large size In diorlte walls In the syenltic formation to tne West which i^^^
through Aeneas Mountain, Douglas Mo.jntaln. GoK1 HIU and Mount Chapaca.
Palmer Mountain shows surface disturbances which account for the breaK-

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

IriK ovfT of Home of the 1p(1k«'». for iist depth In atlalnnd It 1b found thnt thejr
art' pfrmiineiit and that the break-over Ih meroly a mirfaoe d1«turhance.
ThiH Ih proven In the Hhick Hear, where the Kreatent depth has heen reaehed,
and nRrees with the experlen<'e at the Cariboo mine iit Camp McKinney, B.
('., whicli Ih on the Hanie Keolotcleai formation and sli jwb the Biime Hurface di«-
pUK't-nient. TheHc (ilHturl)anreH oauHod many pronpectorH to think their
ledKeH near the Hurface hud Kiven out, and Hcared away POme timid inveatora
who were Inexperienced In minlnK.

Wiien It WHH thrown ojjen to entry, iron caps were found ail over the
OkanoRan eountry, but tiie Kreat wealth of mineral which they conoeal had
not then been made known, and as the surface ore Rave such low values
that It would not pay to shi!) in a country where lonR wuRon hauls shut out
all but the hlKhewt Rrade ores, they were passed over or abandoned after a
little work hn(l been done. 'Ihe prospectors turned their attention to the
frce-mlllluK (luartz and bluh KfiiJe silver, and soon found enouRh to occupy
them.

The first strike which attracted notice was the Jessie, on the east side
of the rldg-e, near the summit, by C. H. Schepstur, William M. Townsrind and
Charles Cole, and now owned by Mr. Townsend and Adell^ert Hart. Here
they found a four-foot ledRe of hlKh prade ore, havinjc on the surface a Kreat
quantity of decomposed (piartz carryinR free roUI. The owners pounded U5>
some of tills rock in a hand mortar, panned out the sand and melted down
quite an amount of i)ullion. 'I'hey ran a fifty-foot tunnel on hbrh Kra<ie ore
all the way. A number of similar discoveries followed, and then came the
Krent sIlvcr-bearlnK led^e of the Ivanhoe proup. It is only wi; hin tht- Last
year that the ledges of sulphide ore capped with iron have received the atten-
tion which development has proved they well merit,

• The first property to attract general attention was the Bla<'k Bear and
War Eagle group of five claims on the south end nf Palmer Mountain, now^
owned by B. J. N. Hal« and others, of Spokane. They have several parallel
ledges, oxidized on the surface so as to free the f,ola, but growlnK base at
depth. A shaft was sunk 190 feet on one ledge and cross-cut-: were run at the
100-foot level to two other ledges, all being two to four feet wide and assaying
$28 gold and upwards. Drifts were run each way on each ledge on this level
and also on the IfiO-foot level, showing pay ore of Increasing size and value.
On another ledge a shaft is down 100 feet and a tunnel In l.V) feet, showing
twenty-four inches of good ore between strong walls. A five-stamp mill was
erected at Loomiston, and In five months' run in 1892 produced $li;{,tK)0 in gold,
but it was badly managed, and, having no concentrators, sent all the suiphu-
rets away in the tailings, from which one assayer says he has taken an assay
of J4.'?.fi0 gold and another J12.04 c.^ld and thirty-six ounces silver. In 1855
O. S. Stocker and others did the at ^leBsment work in return for what ore
they could take out in doing so .ml -nlU. After repairing the dilapidated
plant, they milled forty-five icnf wad cleared a nice profit.

The depth attained on this grt-ap .a far proved the permanence and value
of the ore bodies as to encourf'i'. i* i enterprise which will In a year or two
prove these facts beyond dlsjp'iu>. This Is the great main cross-cut tunnel
which is being driven into the bowels of the mountain from its south end by
the Palmer Mountain Gold Mining & Tunnel Company. The company haa
acquired twenty-seven claims in a solid block, on which are sixteen known
true fissure ledges, parallel or nearly so, and carrying gold, both free and in
sulphurets of iron and copper. The company is driving a tunnel seven feet
high and eight feet wide, with double tracks and steel cars, from a point one
mile from Loomis and 120 feet above that town, with the intention of cut-
ting all these ledges at a continually increasing depth until the furthest la.
tapped at a depth of 1,200 feet at a distance of 3.600 feet from the portal.
It is also expected that many blind ledges will be cut, as geologists eatlmEte
that only a small proportion of mineral ledges crop on the surface. Th's
expectation was confirmed by the tapping of two such ledges of flne-lookiiit''
ore in the first 150 feet of work. The tunnel has at this writing penetrated
250 feet and its face is a mass of pyritic ore, carrying veins of white quartz
running with the tunnel, an indication of the proximity of a rich gold-bearlng^
ledge.

Mining is at present being prosecuted with hand drills, but the company
will, when weather permits, construct a flume from Toats Coulee Creek, one
mile west of the portal, and thereby conduct water from that stream which
will develop 1,100 horse-power. This will suffice to generate electric power
for a compressed air drill plant, tramways and reduction plants, aa well as
to other adjoining mining properties.

The ledges In this group contain free gold, auriferous Bulphides, usually
pyrite, small quantities of galena and silver. It is proposed to erect a plant
at the mine for the reduction of these cres by modern methodic and ihus
dispense with the necessity of shipping anything but bullion.

A kindred enterprise of almost equal magnitude has been undertaken by
the Whiskey Hill Tunnel and Mining Company on the east slope of Whiskey
Hill, a continuation of Palmer Mountain, about eight miles to the northeast
of Loomis and one mile west of the Okanogan River. This companv ^^wns
twenty-one claims on which are nine well-defined ledges running j'^irly
parallel in a generally northeast and southwest course. -It will run a crodS-

MINING IN. THE PACIFIC NORTH WKST.

9»

cut turin* 1, I'iKht feet wide and seven toet hlxh, 3,200 feet Into the niountiiln,
tapping" the Kioiip at a maximum depth of 900 feet. ConBldcrable prospecting
work has luen done on the different ledgeB. Or one a shaft Ib down elshty
feet and a »!xticn-foot cross-cut at the bottom has not found either wall.
The IfdRp matter is whlH> quartzlte, heavily Impregnated with Iron and lime,
and In places carrying some galena, and ihe ore assays $37 gold and 57.20
stiver. The company expects to strike many blind ledges, and from ihe
fact that quartz encuiuntored In facing up the tunnel site assayed $12.76 gold,
It is believed that Whiskey Hill contains great masses of rock which will
pay to mill. A gravity tramway one mile long will convey ore or concen-
trates to tho Okanogan Ktver, where It can bo transported by boat four
months In the year and, whenever the government removes the obstructions
from this river. It can be navigated all tho year round except during mid-
winter. The preliminary work is now In progress and the driving of the
tunnel will begin very shortly.

The greiitj'St depth so far attained Is on the Ivanhoe group of four claims
by the Ivanhoe Company, and the work done has been amply repaid by
results. Whore iiscovered, the ledge was almost flat on the summit of
Palmer Mountain and the surface soil was stripped off It with a plow and
fcraper by A. C. Cowherd, the original owner. This exposed In an area
of 175x50 feet a ledge twenty inches to four feet thick, carrying brittle, ruby,
mallealile and native silver and considerable free gold. From this cui anout
l.OOfl tons of ore was taken and shipments of sorted ore were made with the
following results per ton: 6,899 pounds, 1.62 ounces gold, 572 ounces silver;
13 521 pounds, I ounce gold, 278 ounces silver; 26,500 pounds, 1 ounce gold,
326 ounces sliver. Several thousand tons of low-grade ore remaining, a ten-
ton rnlll with Dodge pulverizer, amalgamating plates, concentrator and sllme
tables was erected at the foot of the mountain and considerable ore was
reduced. But the plant was not adapted to the ore, which needed more
skljful treatment, and Is to be replaced by a more modern mill this season.
Purlng the last year the Incline shaft, already started, has been sunk to a
depth of BOO ff f>t, showing the ledge seven feet wide and very strong, with
three and one-half feet of pay ore, which In places 's phenomenally rich,
one assay runiih.g over 9,000 ounces silver and 3 ounces gold, and the pay
orf! generally running from 500 to 1,000 ounces silver. A drift had already
been run seventy feet at the 120-foot level, showing the ledge six and one-half
feet wide, and others have been run forty-flve feet each way, all In ore and
showing an increased width. Much of this ore was so rich In native sliver
that it was sacked in the mine. There are over 2,000 tons of shipping ore
on the dump, besides a large quantity In sacks, awaiting the opening of
navigation for transportation to the smelter.

The only regular producer of bullion In the district at present is the
Triune mire, which is equipped with a ten-stamp mill and four Frue vannei.,
operated by steam. This ledge has also broken over to the west and at this
point carries much free gold, though sulphides are also mingled with it.
Shnf^ts were first sunk thirty-six and nineteen feet, the first showing no
walls and the second not cutting the ledge. A tunnel was then run 125 feet
on the blanket, only ten to twenty feet below the surface, and the ore anove
was stoped out and milled. The mill then, however had no concentrators,
and more than half the value, being In sulphurets, was lost in the tailings.
It was in 1895 that the mine was properly equipped and tht mill put unaer
skilled management by the Triune Gold Mining Company, which then
acquired th" property. It has since run a cross-cut 165 feet, which cuts the
ledje at an acute angle and taps the thirty-six foot shaft and has cut a
feeder three feet wide. Drifts have been run on the main ledge, above which
the ore was stoped. An open cut has also been made on the blanket, from
which forty-four tons of ore were milled • leldlng $450 free gold, besides
concentrates. A tunnel has been run 2?5 feet, tapping the ledge at a depth
of eight feet higher up the mountain, following the blanket In that direction.
In order to trace the solid formation down into the mountain below the
break-over, a shaft has been sunk 150 feet, which showed it to straighten
up ond followed down a number , of stringers carrying $68 gold, 12 ounces
silver until they united in six f^et of solid ore. To the south of the mill
Is a cropping of rose quartz twenty feet high and thirty feet wide, averaging
$1 Kold according to a mill run. The inill In 1896 produced about $40,000 In
bullion 'and after a suspension in November, enforced by frost, was started
on February 1 and is now making a large monthly product of bullion.

Adjoining the Triune on the south is the Spokane group of three claims,
owned bv J. Barnett Mcliaren, of Vancouver, B C., who has a ten-stamp
mill on the shore of Wannicut Lake, a mile distant from the mine. A tunnel
has been run ninety feet on a three-foot ledge, with a drift sixty feet south,
a third sixty feet from the first, and a fourth connecting the first and third.
A thirty-four foot winze has been sunk at the face of the ninety- foot drift
and from it some of the richest ore in the^tnlne ha^ been taken. A forty-
foot tunnel has been run on a twelve-Inch stringer 500 feet further south and
a twentv-foot shaft is down on a four-foot ledge carrying galena which
assjays 20 ounces silver, $6 gold, The mill was run for six tnonths in 1893 on
ore often carrying $100 goldj. but much of the value was in sulphurets. to save

100

MINING IN THE PACIl'IC NORTHWEST.

which concentrators were needed, and financial troubles followed during
which work has been suspended. , , , , , ;■

Adjoining the Spokane is the Standard group of six claims, also ownea
by Mr. McLaren, on three parallel ledges. One of these is tapped by a
130-foot cross-cut and averages four feet wide, carrying about $4 gold. On
another a forty-foot shaft shows eight inches of $6 ore, and the third makes
a similar showing in a thirty-foot tunnel. , , ,„ ^ ^ , . -

Among the well-developed properties is the Leadvllle group of four claims
and two fractions on a series of parallel ledges, owned by John Judge. On
one of these, five to six feet wide, an elghty-flve foot shaft showed a twenty-
four inch pay streak to often widen to six feet. A tunnel ha3 been run 333
feet at a point 155 feet below and has been connected with the shaft by an
upraise. This gives a large body of ore in sight, which averages |20 gold,
though pockets of free gold have run as high as $5,000. Another ledge 18
shown to be ten feet wide by an open cut and has a pay streak assaying
$20 gold, on which a shaft is being sunk. The third ledge, five feet wide, 1»
shown up by a forty-foot shaft and has a pay streak from the croppinga
of which free gold can be taken and which assays $100.

One of the richest discoveries on Palmer Mountain was the Grand Summit,
which was located directly on the summit by John Enright and William
Tow) ?, The ledge is two to three feet wide and had a rich pocket near the
surface which assayed $39,000 a ton gold. A tunnel is in tlfty feet on the
ledge and a shaft is down forty feet, showing good average ore, of whlcl
fifty tons milled at the Ivanhoe and Black Bear mills, avoraged $20 gold.

Another fine showing has been made by John Malnwaring and Stephen
Naggy on the Gladstone group of three claims, through which run four par-
allel ledges, eighteen, fourteen, twelve and thirteen feet wide, bet'. -'en walls
of dlorite -^nd porphyry. About 500 feet of tunnel and drifting has been done,
one tunnel running 300 feet on one ledge, which could be tapped at great
depth from the base of the mountain.

On the summit of the mountain east of the Triune Is the Bullfrog group
of eight claims, bonded by Mrs. Adelbert Hart and Mr. J. Deu' to Mr.
Stevens, of La Grande, Or. Through them a seven-j-'oot ledge has ijeen
traced 3,000 feet along the apex of the mountain and a tunnel has been run
160 feet to cut the lead, and is now in ore, while two shafts forty and thirty-
six feet have been sunk on the lead. A shipment of 4,600 pounds returned
about $150 a ton in gold and silver, and twenty assays averaged $160 gold and
silver. Work is being pushed on the tunnel and shipment continues.

To the east of the Bullfrog is the Bellevue group of foi'r claims, on which
T?o<"y Brothers, of Pittsburg, have done over 250 feet of development work,
showing a high grade of gold and silver sulphuret ore and considerable
telluride. .Several tons shipped to the smelter have netted over $100 per ton,
while some of the ore bodies have assayed $400 to $500 per ton.

On the Ninety-two, between the Ivanhoe and Grand Summit, William
Deuel and William James have driven a tunnel 160 feet, showing three feet
of free milling ore which assays $12 to $15 gold.

One of the noted properties is the Rainbow group of ten claims, which
after many changes has come into the possession of the Anglo-American
Gold Mining and Milling Company. It was bonded in 1892 by H. A. Noble
and others, of Seattle, who erected a ten stamp mill without concentrators,
but through lack of skilled management failed to extract the value from
the ore and abandoned the property, selling the mill. The main ledge Is
shown four feet wide in a tunnel IHfv feet long, from which a winze was
sunk sixty-flve feet and a cross-cut I'as been run 312 feet, taoplng the ledge
128 feet below the surface. From thrse workings there are from 400 to 500
tons of ore on the dump, and asnays range from $5.61 to $323.94. On another
claim a 316-foot cross-cut taps the !' d^e at a depth of 110 feet, showing It
two to four feet wide, and a sixty-fort tunnel above is all in ore. Shafts
eighty and tea feet deep and a thlrtv-foot «p<n cut are said to define an
ore chute 180 feet long. Assays from this ledge ran In gold, $4.72. $295.84. $270.21.
On a third ledge shafts are down thirty and thirty-five feet, showing two to
three feet wide of ore carrying $25 In free gold and sulphurets. The six
remaining claims are undevelojed. Th*" company proposi s to erect a ten-
stamp mill this summer and, if conci ntrators are added and skilled men are
employed, may be expected to make it profitable.

Adjoli'ing the Rainbow S. J. Sincock has the Lancashire T^ass group of
four claims, on extensions of two of tlosi' on thf Rainbow and on a cross
ledge, running east and west. < On the latter a forty-two foot sh.ift shows
three feet of ore assaying $2"> gold. An eighteen-fcot shaft shows a number
of streaks of ore running ijito another ledge. Another ledge has a body of
Iron pyrites exposed by an open cut thirty feet long and six feet wide, with
no walls in sight.

Up the mountain fi^m this group is the Contention group of five dalmd,
owned by Mosher & McL. -,4ld, of Seattle, on two ledges crossing one another.
A ninety-five foot shaft s^nows thret; feet of free ninilng ore. on "vhlch a
drift has been run at the flfty-foot level, another drift at the bottom being
headed for the junction of the two ledges.

A mile north Is the Chicago group of four claims, which J. F. Jordan is
developing. A sixty-foot cross-cut has tupped a body of sulphide ore carry-

-MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

101

Ing gold and silver, the cropplngs of which have been traced for half a mile.
A thirteen-foot shaft on this ledge shows ore assaying $16.40 silver, $3.60
lead, $64 gold. A tunnel shows another deposit of sulphide ore and a twenty-
foot shaft shows a twenty-four inch stringer, and another three-foot ledge
Is opened by a twenty-foot shaft and several open cuts. Further south on
the mountain Mr. Jordan has the Oro Fino, on which a thirty-five foot
U oMned shaft shows a five-foot ledge carrying gold, silver and platinum to
the value of $22.75.

The Wehe brothers have a group of fourteen claims on the east slope
of the mountain, some of which carry rich ore. A shaft forty-five feet deep
Bhows one ledge four feet wide with two feet of steel galena ore assaying
50 to 200 ounces silver and 1 to 2 ounces gold. A twenty-foot tunnel has
shown six to eight inches of galena in another ledge. Shafts twenty-five
and twenty feet deep show another ledge of three to four feet carrying galena,
with free gold on the surface, assays running $6, $37 and $120 gold and silver,
while bunches of tellurlde ore of course run much higher. Another ledge
forty feet wide, with three to four feet of pay ore, i? shown up by a forty-
foot cut and a tunnel of the same length. A forty-five foot shaft snows
six fec-t of ledge matter on another claim, with only one wall found. A
twenty-foot shaft shows another ledge carrying galena five feet wide, and
a fifteen-foot cut shows another eight feet wid^, of which the pay streak
carries $30 gold. On the Uncle Sam, a little to vhe south, Andrew O'Malley
has run a cross-cut eighty feet to tap a small ledge carrying galena. In
which a twenty-five foot shaft has shown ore assaying $4 gold, $41 silver
and 15 per cent. lead.

On the north end of the mountain, half a mile east of Patoier Lake, la the
Empire group o' four claims, owned by the Empire Mining Company. A
shaft eighty fc^t shows a ledge three feet and a tunnel sixty-eight feet
shows it six feet wide. The ore carries iron and coppe: pyrites and galena
and is free milling and concentrating, averaging $22 gold. A smaller vein
runs $160 gold and 300 ounces silver and shows native silver and free gold
on the cropplngs.

Attention has recently been fastened on the deposits of sulphide ore,
which the earlier prospectors passed over as worthless, on account of their
low surface values. The first rediscovery of this kind was on the Copper
World group of four claims on the summit, south of the Ivanhoe, which
John Wentworth and William Riley are now developing. The main ledge
has been traced for over a mi'e and is shown to be at least twenty-five feet
wide by a surface cross-cut, the surface ore assaying $5 gold, $2.50 silver,
33 per cent, copper. A phaft has been sunk fifty feet on the hanging wall
and drifting has so far not reached the footwall, this work all showmg
chalcopyrlte and Iron pyrites. On the extension of this ledge John Went-
worth and B. W. PembeT have the Copper King, showing eight to ten feet
of ore, which would be '.uf by an extension of the preat tunnel.

Adjolnipg tho Copper World Thomas Brown and William Riley have the
Ben Butler group of three claims on a ledge which Is widening from fifteen
inches In a twenty-fcot shaft and carries gold and copper, a surface assay
showing $7.80 gold.

Another great showing of sluphide ore has been made on ..he Kalamazoo
group, at the base of tho mountain, two miles from Loomis, by Messrs.
Harris and Boyd. After running an open cut thirty feet through cement
gravel, they cut two feet of white quartz, heavily charged with Iron and
Lopper sulphides and native copper. They then sank on it and defined it to
be at least fifty feet wide, of increasing value.

Another discovery of the same nature was made last October, one mile
north of the Ivanhoe, by George King and P. H. Pinkston, who have taken
tho Ironmaster and an extension. The ledge has an iron capping from 20 to
250 feet wide at various points and the cropplngs show iron .-•ulphldes and
a little copper, aesaying $6.19 and $4.19 gold and silver from two samples.

On the Defiance, on the south slope, the ffiverett Mining Company has
sunk 112 feet on a three-foot ledge of free milling ore, and at the ninety-seven
foot level has drifted forty feet south an;' forty-two feet north. Near this
J. M. Sparkman, Lotka & Allen and J. H. Sexton havo tunneled eighty-three
feet on a twelve-Inch vein carrying $10 gold and some copper in pyrites, on
which they have the Baltimore grouj, of threo clilras. In the same vicinity
George Paskel and the estate of John M. Hoi have the Combination on a
Bixteen-foot ledge of Siilphide ore canyir.g $12 gold and 5 ounces silver, which
will be cross-cut at a denth of 175 feet by a t-n-iel now in 200 feet. A twenty-
Inch stringer has already been cut by the tunnel. , ^ ..

Since the death of Okanogan Smith, all his claims along the Slmll-
kameen have come Into now hands. On the San Francisco group of three
Frank Orogan has run a tunnel sixty feet on a six-foot ledge of galena
carrying a little gold. On another lodge of galena eight or nine feet
wide John McDonald has timneled 100 feet and sunk ninety feet. Two milea
below th!8 la the Cabba, another of the Smt<^h c'.rJras, on a twelve-foot ledge
well mineralized with galena, on wMJn a shaft is down 100 feet. On the
Julia, on the north slope of Mount Ellemeham. Allan Roiste and Guy Fruit
have sunk eighty feet on a six-foot ledge of sulphide ore with a little gai-na,
four feet of which carries $60 gold, 112 ounces silver.

102

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

Tho mopt work on the Slmllkamoen has been done by the Wyandotte
Alining, Milling and Smelting Company on the Wyandotte grou'j of six
olatma and two millsltes, running up the mountain from the left ba.ik of the
river, three miles south of the boundary. Near the summit of the mountain
i« a blanket ledge of free milling ore carrying $20 gold and $10 silver, twenty-
live to thirty inches wide, between granite walls. An inclined tunnel was
first run on the ledge and a few tons of the ore crushed in an arra&tre. From.
a shipment of one ton was rf alized $50 above freight and treatment charges.
Most of the work was done further down the mountain. The rir?t ledge
struck was iron pyrites between walls of porphyry and cryi^callized t:late,
running !0 degrees east of north and west of south, almost straight up and
down the mountain. At the surface it is six feet wide, but in an inclinea
tunnel it widened to fifteen feet in 150 feet. At this point a stone was madi
to get the tunnel level, and then it was turned westward to develop the leiis:.
Near the surface this tunnel cut a blanket ledge of white quartz tvc f ,6«
thick carrying free gold, whioh cut across the pyritiiS ledge, and eight' - ~*.
higher up" the mountain Is another blanket ledge c.ipplng 45 degrees i; ;.r
east, on which a tunnel has been run 400 feet. The pyrites ledge is co i ed
black with graphite and carries $8 gold, but no silver, while the lower bla.ikfct
ledge runs $15 to $20 gold in the discovery shaft, changed to 80 ounces sliver
in the course of the tunnel and afterward back to the original gold value.
On a parallel ledge of about the same size and character is a tunnel twenty-
live feet. Another parallel ledge between granite walls widened in a fifteen-
foot inclined shaft from ten inches to two feet, and increased in value from
SO ounces silver and no gold on the surface to 1 ounce gold and a trace of
silver in the first ftve feet, the gold value continuing to increase with depth.

The company last 'summer erected a cyanide plant of 100 tons' daily
capacity, undjer the direction of Dr. Paul Langhammer. It is operated by
a sixty-horsepower engine .nnd has an electric plant to furnish 200 lights.
The ore will be brought to the crushers by a 400-foot cable tramway, and a
cable ferry transports supplies across the river, thus shortening the distance
to Loomis to ten milts. The plant •'.vill be put in operation this spring and
meanwhile development Is being pushed to prepare large bodies of ore for
treatment.

The Wyandotte group is adjoined on the south by the Mammoth group
of three claims, on which the Mammoth Mining Company has sunk thirty
feet, showing an eight-foot ledge carrying pyrites which assays $36 to $18
gold. On the Pennsylvania J. E. I.,ongacre, W. E. Meek and J. A. Meek
have a blanket ledge twenty-eight inches wide, carryi.ig $42 silver and a
trace of gold, a twentj'-five foot tunnel showing It to turn into the mountain.
On the summit of the mountain they also have the Juanita on eighteen inches
of ore assaying $32 gold, $2 silver.

Following down the left bank of the Similkameen, one comes next to the
Curlew group of five claims, whtch Otto Hausing. Theodore Wilken and
Joseph liinton have taken on three parallel ledges of gold-bearing quartz,
each two to three feet wide on the surface between granite walls. Assays
from the surface give $40 to $80 gold and a little sliver, but one ledge carrf-^
galena and another a streak of high-grade brittle silver. Next below these
are the three Rlverview claims, on which Mosher & McDonald, of Seattle
have sunk 100 feet on a four-foot ledge of low-grade ore. '

. Across the river, on Mount Ellemeham, Stephen Cloud, William Bou-
chard, C. J. Sadcnwater and others, of Michigan City, Indiana, have th»
Hoosler group of three clnhns on a ledge forty-seven feet wide, which they
have traced from base to summit of the mountain.

On Kruger Mountain, which overlooks Oro f om the north and Is crossed
by the boundary, .ire ten or twelve parallel Iridges running east and west
carrying iron and copper sulphides, the country rock being hornblendic diorite
with dikes of schist and granite. The first locations were the Allison grouts
of five claims, nov owned by Dr. Langhammer, who is developing them and
has secured the power of Similkameen Falls to operate an electric plant
which he proposes to install, both to run a 100-ton cyanide plant and to light
t:.e town of Oro. A good body of gold-bearing sulphide ore has been shown
up in a sixty-foot shaft, the average value being $45 In gold with no silver
There are four veins, two five feet and two four feet wiCo. v>^!ch are beinff
opened by a 200-foot tunnel 192 feet below the i rfa''?. '

The Mammoth Mining Company has the Black Y 'niur or; " "« mountain
on two parallel ledges, each fi\e and one-half feet wide, "'if ' rylng Iron
and copper pyrites, the other carrying galena. On- ledste is uimost flat and
the hanging wall appears to have been carried away by gidcicrs three shafts
having been sunk on it. The galena ledge assays $60 gold and silver and
20 per cent, lead, the pyrites ledge $53 gold, 220 ounces sMver.

Joseph Bertrand has, on the Warsaw, a six-foot ledge of free mlUInfr ore
carrying $18 gold, 20 ounces silver, on which he has sunk an Inclined shaft
Blxty-flve feet and which he has traced 600 feet. mcunea snart

On the British side of tho mountain the fl.'st discovery was the Gold DuHt
by George A. Engel and W. F, Keller, who have two claims on four parallel
ledges and one cross edge, one of which they have cross-cut for eighteen
feet without striking the footwall. The ore assays from $4 gold, 6 per cent.

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

103

ndotte
of six
of the
untaln
wenty-
el was
From,
tiarges.
K ledge
I trtate,
up and
ncUnea
a mad-^
PI leUs-
sr(i f'.V'

it: - -*■

CO t '-'li

bla.ik«=t
■s silver
i value,
twenty-
flfteen-
ue from
trace of
h depth.
is' daily
rated by
lights.
y, and a
distance
ring and
t ore for

th group
ik thirty
S16 to $18
A. Meek
;r and a
tiountaln.
en Inches

xt to the
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g quartz,

Assays
fe carr'Crt
low these

Seattle,

iam Bou-
have the
hlch they

g crossed
and west,
die dlorlte
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them and
:ric plant,
id to light
een shown

no silver.

are being

rillllng ore,
lined shaft

Gold Dust,
mr parallel
jr eighteen
6 per cent.

copper and 2 ounces silver up to $20 gold, 18 per cent, copper and 5 ounces
silver. The Dividend is on the extension of these ledges and George Bauer-
man and Benjamin Anderson have stripped the northerly one to a width of
sixteen feet and the southerly to a width of twenty feet, the ore assaying $12.
The same parties have the Lakeview, on which a twenty-foot tunnel snows
four feet of ore and a cross-cut defines the ledge as eight feet wide, assays
running $14 gold, 4 per cent, copper. On the Lakeview extension W. T.
Thompson haa four ledges, a cross-cut showing one to be ten feet wide.
Another Lakeview, on the American side of the line, is owned by E. J,
Goddard and B. O. P. Farrar and has a ledge three feet wide on the surface,
showing a good deal of free gold, which has been traced for 300 feet, but a
shaft which is now sixty-five feet deep shows it to have split Into two
two-foot ledges. They are believed to come together again deeper. Assays
average $12 gold, 12 per cent, copper, 4 ounces silver, though some specimens
have run much higher. On the Calumet James Anderson and K. D. Boeing
have a ledge twenty to thirty feet wide containing rich streaks of two to
three feet carrying petzlte. This mineral is 23 per cent, gold, 43 per cent.
Fllver, 34 per cent, tellurium, and picked pieces of ore assay as high as $l!>,000,
the average, however, being about $40. The ledge has been cross-cut. On
the Gold Hill, bonded to Capt. Hall, of Rossland, for $8,800, a twenty-flve foot
shaft showed six feet of quartz, with only one wall in sight. On the Inter-
national, bonded to George Canfleld, of Oakesdale, and G. H. Norton, of
Kettle Falls, a twenty-flve foot shaft shows a four-foot ledge assaying 27
per cent, copper, $4 gold. The Satellite, bonded to Capt. Hell for $3,000, has
a drift on the ledge about fifty feet and several open cuts, showing four
feet of ore which averages $10 gold. The Copper King, also under bond to
Capt. Hall, has a cross-cut four or five feet long, showing eighteen to twenty
Inches of copper sulphides, which assay $12 gold and 6 per cent, copper. The
Copper Queen, which Is believed to be on the Copper King lead, has a three-
foot ledge of quartz, carrying copper sulphides, but no work has been done
and no assaj's have been made. The New York, which Is bonder' to Mr. Can-
field, has a shaft twelve feet deep and a crosscut on a five-foot ledge, which
shows well In gold and copper, though no assays have been taken. The
Frosty, which Is on the American side adjoining the New York, has a shaft
ten feet deep on two and one-half feet of ore similar to the Gold Dust, which
assays $9 gold and 15 per cent, copper.

On the steep face of Mount Chapaca, directly opposite the Wyandotte
ird 1,500 feet above the river, is the Rush group of three claims, located on
:r true fissure vein running almost north and eouth, and owned by the
i-apaca Mining Company. A shaft was sunk on the ledge and a drift
•!>a 200 feet northward further down the mountain, where there Is a
age four to six feet, which aMays from 20 to 200 ounces of silver and some-
,.,i.:ca as high as $20 gold. An inclined shaft Was sunk 175 feet and drifts
w>-ro run both ways at the 100 and 175 foot levels, showing the ledge from
f,- to eight feet. The compnny then started a tunnel to strike the ledge at
;, 'J«pth of 400 feet and cut three ledges with it, one of which did not show
on the surface. At the point where it was struck, the main ledge was quite
small, but drifting north and south showed It to widen to fifteen feet, aver-
aging 200 ounces. The other two ledges were twenty-two Inches, running
$"22 gold, and three feet, running $8 gold. A shaft was then sunk 175 feet
from the upper drift for the purpose of connecting the two drifts, and In
places it showed ore fifteen feet wide. Altogether, about 1,600 feet of develop-
ment work has been done.

The next largest showing on Mount Chapaca has been made by J. W.
Miller and George Redpath, of Seattle, on the Grandview group of eight
claims, with two mlllsltes. They have one great ledge of free milling
quartz nineteen and one-half to twenty-two feet wide, running diagonally
across four claims, on which they have run an open cross-cut and tunnel,
showing two to fifteen Inches of decomposed quartz on the hanging wall,
which assavs $115 to $484 gold, and five to six feet in the center assaying $6 to
$i.i gold, a" thirty-three foot shaft also showfi up this ledge. A parallel ledge
Is shown fourteen feet wide by an open cut and tunnel of 110 feet and carries
ore in the center of five or six feet, from which gold can be- panned. A three-
foot cross ledge has four to eighteen inches of ore in a thirteen-foot shaft,
assaying $33 to $270 gold. Three small parallel seams of similar character
have merelv been prospected. Another similar ledge is shown from six
inches to five feet wide bv open cuts twenty-eight, twonty-nine and thirty-six
feet long, and assays from $37 to $280 gold. Two parallel ledges, eight and
Ihirteon feet wide, on the same two claims, have not been developed. In the
f.ill of 189C one of the ioeations was made on a latge iron capping, of which
the surface ore assayed $2 to $6 gold and 5 to 29 per cent, copper, being tjplcal
copper sulphldep. Another ledge is two and one-half feet wide and a twenty-
nine foot open cut and tunnel shows twelve to fourteen Inches of Smelting
ore carrying about $'* gold and silver, besides quite a per centage of copper.
Half a mile south of the boundary, on Mount Chapaca, Allan and George
Relste have the Golden /one and an extension on a ledge which a 150-foot
tunnel shows to be widening, with a continuous chute of ore carrying free
gold and sulphurets. One ton of ore from the croppings milled $22 on the
plates and assays average $40. On the Summit J. D. Llndburg and Clay

104

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

Taylor have a 140-foot tunnel on a six-foot ledge assaying $22 free gold.
on the south end of Mount Characa is an iron cap fifty to seventy feet wide,
which has been traced through four claims— the Copper King, by George
Mlllberg; the Mammoth, by "W. A. Berry; the Eclipse, by Peter Berg, arid
the Double Standard, by VV. P. Kurtz. On the Double Standard, which w^
only discovered last spring, a shaft Is down ten feet on copper and Iron
pvrltes and la being continued. Surface assays on the Eclipse show $11 gold,
and the oxidized cropplngs on the Copper King show $12 and $16 gold, with
traces of copper and silver.

Separated fi n Mrtunt Chapaca by Teats Coulee on the north Is Gold Hill

on which free a
4 000 feet above t. (
to eight feet wide •
northeast and soiiti;
to the northwest. Th

ilscovered in lfc92. The ledges are at an elevation oi
ad 2,000 leet below the summit, and range from four
;d porphyry dike, cutting the formation. They run
', and are almost perpendicular, with a slight dip
quartz carries free gold, but most of the gold value
is contained in hematite of Iron, there being but little silver. Assays average
$10 gold, though specimens have run as high as $2,000. The plon.jer location
was the E Plurlbus, by D. O. Chilson, of I.,oomls, and the Moody brothers,
of Spokane, who have sunk shafts ten to twenty-six feet on the led^e, show-
ing It to be four to ten feet wide. At the bottom of the deepest shaft the
ledge is seven and one-half feet and averages $10 In gold. The northeast
extension of the R Pliiribus Is the Frankie Girl, owned by .'Jenjamln Hall
and Daniel Mulcahy, of Loomls, and W. R. Hensley, of San Francisco. Tliey
have sunk several shafts ten to eighty-*' ;e feet. In the deepest of which the
vein varies from four to seven feet, of the same grade as the B VlurlbuB,
though some assays run very hlgii. A narrower parallel vein nuu .irough
these two claims and Is equally rich. On a parallel ledge northeast of the
E Plurlbus Henry Wellington and Ij. D. Burton have the CTieve and have
made a twenty-foot open cut and started to extend It with a tunnel, showing
about fifteen feet of low-grade ore. On another parallel vein Ijoster Sly,
William Robinson and W. R. Hensley have the Golden Fleece, on which they
have sunk shafts flfty-five feet on the hanging wall showing two and i>ne-
half feet of ore, and thirty-five feet on the footwall, showing three feet of
the same grade as the B Plurlbus.

Fifteen miles west of Loomls, at the head of Toats Coulee, D. G. Chllson
has the Oceanic and Majestic on a six-foot ledge between granite walls,
which has been traced 3,000 feet. A shaft twenty feet and openings along
the ledge are said to show ore the full width, twenty assays of which range
from $10 to $90 gold and silver. Of this value 65 per cent Is free gold and the
remainder In sulphurets.

West of Gold Hill Is the El Dorado group of three claims, owned by Lee
Brothers & Barney, through all of which a ledge at least ten feet wide can
be traced. A shaft Is down fifteen or twenty feet on each claim and openings
along the ledge show free gold on the surface, assays ranging from $10 to
$3S, mostly In gold. The same owners have the Sunnyslde a mile further
west, on a ten-foot ledge of free milling ore, which assays $15 to $20 gold and
sliver from a twenty-live foot shaft.

Flowing into the Sinlehekin from the south side of Gold Hill is Cecile
Creek, which has on Its banks some rich ledges of Iron and copper pyrites.
On the Little Falls H. M. Redmond has a two-foot vein of quartz exposed
throughout the depth of a fifty-foot shaft, and assaying from $20 to $350 gold.
The Hercules, owned by the Hercules Mining Company, of Pittsburg, has an
iron cap eighty feet wide between walls of dlorlte, running east and west
and pitching north about 45 degrees. Several cross-cuts on the cropping ha.ve
traced the cap rock for over a mile, for which distance It has been located.
Surface assays give $2 gold, 5 to 9 ounces of silver and traces of copper, and
development, which Is now being prosecuted, shows high-grade gold-copper
ore.

On Douglas Mountain, south of Cecile Creek, are a series of ledges of
quartz running high in gold. The country formation is granite, like that of
Gold Hill, and the ledges are in a porphyry dike running northeast and south-
west, carrying more copper than those of Gold Hill. The first location Wa«
the tJtlca, by D. G. Chilson, John Boyd, Daniel Mulcahy and H. M. Perdue,
who have a shaft fifty-eight feet on the hangln£ wall, showing ore the full
width of five feet. An open cut from the footwall seventy-five feet from the
shaft runs thirty feet toward the latter and Is all In vein matter heavily
impregnated with hematite. Assays average $12 to $15 In gold, silver ana
copper. On the Oro Fino, the northeast extension of the Utlca. D. O. Chilson
and John Woodruff have a cross-cut twenty feet and a shaft fifteen feet,
showing a vein four feet wide, which assays as high as $60 gold. On the H6d
Jacket, a mile north of the Utlca, R. H. Redmond has a shaft forty feet on
a three-foot vein of fine ore, from which he sorted and shipped two tons of
the highest grade and obtained returns of $80.

Across the Sinlehekin from Mount Douglas and Gold Hill is Aeneas
Mountain, a ridge extending many miles south of Loomls and rising to a
height of 2,800 feet above the town, on which are a series of parallel ledges
of iron and copper pyrites, carrying gold and wearing red Iron caps. The
ledges run northeast and southwest across the granite and dlorlte formatloil.
Seattle men are most active on this mountain, having Joined with Loomto

^ININO IN THE PACIFIC KORTHWBBT.

•1(16

eitlaens to form the Detroit-Windsor Mill and Aimlngr Company and develop
tbe Detroit-Windsor group of five claims, seven miles south of X^ooittiS.
iniree claims are on a ledge capped with Iron for a width of fourteenTifcei.
with granite and dlorlte for the hanging wall and granitic porphyry t&v tMe
footwall, the ledge cutting the formation up the mountain and being tlfat&M
through the three claims. A shaft Is down 100 feet, showing Iron and copper
pyrites, and a crosd-cut at the ninety-foot level shows It to have widened to
eighteen feet. Assays have ranged from |10 gold and 2 per cent, copper to
135 for both values, the copper ranging from 2 to 5 per cent, and the average
value being $15 to $20 for the whole width of the lodge. The two other claims
are on a parallel ledge lower down the mountain. The work so far done has
demonstrated the permanence and value of the ledge. The shaft will now
be continued to a depth of 120 or 1.10 feet and then a cross-cut will be run to
tap the lea re at a depth of 400 feet. The nature of the ground makes It
possible to i.ttaln a depth of 1,000 feet with a l.BOO-foot cross-cut.

. The two ridges of Aeneas Mountain which shut in Horse Spring Coulee
have become the scene of mineral locations for a distance of six miles. The
principal group here Is the Treasury, of six claims, on which M. P. McConkey
has been working for five years and in which he lately Interested a Seattle
company. Four claims are on a twenty-four foot ledge of rose quartz, on
which a shaft is down eighty feet in ore assaying about $80 gold, and a
number of open cuts have been made. A cross-cut has been run 200 iteet
and has cut a parallel ledge, the expectation being that in 800 feet more It
will cut the main ledge at a depth of 500 feet. Assays run from $8 golcl
upwards and some of it has been milled in an arrastre.

Further to the east, on the same ridge, Ed Manuel and a number ef
others hava located a string of claims on a belt of iron-capped ledges of
sulphide ore, which has been traced for three miles north and ?outh and tor
a width of two miles east and west. The ledges are twenty to thirty feet
wide between dlorlte walls, and surface assays show $2 to $4 gold and 8 oer
cent, copper, while some have run as high as $70.

THE COLVILLE RESERVATION.

This broad stretch of country, comprising the central part of the northern
half of Washington, had long been a forbidden land to the ubiquitous ores-
pector, when, on February 20, 1896, the northern half of it ^as thrown open
to mineral entry. It Is usual to exaggerate the unknown, and the great min-
eral discoveries made on the north, east and west had given good ground
for the general belief that this land, given over to the Indian farmers and
hunters, abounded in mineral deposits of great wealth. Actual observation
has confirmed this belief, and development on quite a number of claims dur-
ing the past year has proved the previously accepted theory that the area
of eruptive rock ve^lned with sulphide ore. which has made Trail Creek fa-
mous, Is only one of a series of such areas extending throughout the country
to the south and west. Many of the ledges of sulphide ore have proved to
be equally rich In gold with the average of those In Trail Creek, and some far
richer in copper than the best In that district, nor do they yield anything In
the size of the ore bodies. On the eastern border of the reservation is a belt
of galena ledges, and over to the northwest, on Myers Creek and its tribu-
taries, and on the head waters of Eureka Creek, Is a belt of free-miling ore
bodies of Immense size. The sulphide ore belt seems to cover the greater
part of the country opened, for it has been traced through the whole stria
extending from the boundary south to Kettle Falls, between the Columbia
and Kettle Rivers; also along the watershed of Kettle River, where It flows
meandering from west to east.

The reservation Is fast being made accessible from all directions by means
at roads, although no railroad as yet enters Its confines. From the weet
the Great Northern Railroad will take you 174 miles to Wena + ^hee, and the
Columbia River steamer City of Ellensburg will carry you on to JOhniu>n
Creek, 130 miles, during the period of high water, which is from May 1*0
August 1. Thence the Journey must be made on horseback, ten Miles up
the Okanogan River road to Tenasket schoolhouse, thirty-three and one-htftf
miles by the state road to Curlew lAke and thirty miles down Curlew Crm^
to Kettle River. From the east the starting point If Spokane, whence the
Sjiokane Falls & Northern Railroad will take you 102 miles to Marcus, ]
miles to Boasburg a ISO miles to Northport. The state road runs fta
Marcus up Kettle River and across country to Curlew Lake, which la
center of the northern half of the reservation, to which all roads lead. Ho
also cut ac/oss country from BoSsburg and Northport to Empire Camp, p<|
Lake and other mining centers which have sprung up within a year, fori „
crossing the OoltMflabla at all these towns. The route from the south is 'by
the Central Washington Railroad from Spokane to Wilbur, ninety-one nilli^,
and thence by rood across the Big Bend and up the Sans Poel River to
Eureka Camp, sisty-two miles, this road connecting with t'.aat leading down

loe

MININQ IN THE PACll IC NORTHWEST.

Curlew Creek. The Sans Poel & Columbia River Perry & Transportation
Company has established a free ferry on the Columbia at the mouth of the
Sans Poel, and will complete the forty-eight miles of road to Eureka Camp
by the end of April. This will materially reduce the distance by the present
Sans Poel trail.

Reliable Information an to the geology of this great area 1h scanty, and la
•only obtainable In scraps as to restricted tracts of country which have come
under the personal observation of some Individual. The simile applied to
the Trail Creek country by Mr. Woodhouse, quoted In another chapter, would
seemingly apply here also. As water pours through a hole broken In Ice, so
the eruptive rocks have burst through the older formation In patches and
are generally veined with sulphide ore ledges, the richest of which are found
•along the edges of the area of eruption. The country rock is generally
dlorlte, as In Trail, and the ledges have the same characteristics in the
sulphide ore belt. This description applies to the eastern and northeastern
part of the reservation. In the northwest different characteristics prevail,
which will 09 described later in this chapter.

Within a few miles of the boundary, on the mountains through which
Sheep Creek flows from Red Mountain Into the Columbia River, there Is an
extension southward of the Trail Creek formation, In which mucn develop- .
ment work is being done. On a series of five iron-capped ledges, ten to fifty
feet wide, running northwest and southeast between walls of syenite and
dlorite, is the Bh-^.on group of twelve claims, owned by the Blrton Gold Min-
ing & Milling Company. A shaft is down thirty-five feet on one ledge, show-
ing the gold value to increase from $3 on the surface to $10, in Iron and
copper pyrites, and a contract has been let for 100 feet more on this shaft.
The property Is only one and one-half miles from the Red Mountain Rail-
road and six miles from Northport, where the erection of a smelter is under
contemplation, and In that case freight and treatment would cost only $7.

Adjoining the B' con, the Fidelity Gold & Copper Company has the
Fidelity group of six claims on an elghl-foot ledge. A seventy-six-foot shaft
shows thirty Inches of pyrltic ore, assaying $12.80 gold, 4 per cent, copper, and
two smaller shafts and a thirty-foot tunnel show low grade ore throughout.

On a mountain rising from Sheep Creek, three miles by wagon road from
the Red Mountain Railroad and twelve miles from Northport, is the Rich
Four group of four claims, which the Rich Four Mining & Milling Company
is developing. Three claims are on an iron-capped ledge cropping forty to
110 feet wide through their whole length in a ravine with perpendicular walla
fifty to 150 feet high. The ledge Is slate mixed with white quartz, all more
•r less mineralized with gold, one streak of quartz showing near the hanging
wall. The other claim is on a similar ledge sixty feet wide, across the sum-
mit of the mountain.

The greatest showing so far on this part of the reservation is on the Big
Iron, one and one-half miles from the boundary, five miles from the Red
Mountain Railroad and eight miles north of Pierre Lake, which the Big
Iron Mining Company Is opening. Some conception of the extent ot the
garface showing can be formed from the fact that the location was made
ky a man so ignorant of the mining laws that he only covered the actual
area of the outcrop, and yet this is a tract 450x250 feet. This is a huge blow-
•ut of blue iron, in some places twenty to thirty feet thick, covering a body
•t gold-copper ore, of which diligent development has failed to define the
extent. A shaft Is down seventy-five feet, all in mineral, and a cross-cuv.
Ut feet Is also all in mineral and has not struck either wall, passing through
two good pay streaks seven and two feet wide. The pay ore is iron and
copper pyrites, assaying % to IV^ ounces gold, 2 to 5 ounces silver and 3% to 5
per cent, copper, while the ledge matter Is very slUcious, with the mineral
apparently free, carrying $1 to |10 gold and very little copper.

Adjoining this property, on the same and parallel ledges, is the Little Iron
group, owned by L. D. W Shelton, W. C. Morris and Edward Maloney.

Ore of the same character as at Trail Creek, but often running higher
in copper, is being taken out of a number of properties around Pierre Lake,
which Is about midway between the Columbia and Kettle Rivers, some miles
south of the boundary and sixteen miles from Bossburg. The ledges in thla
district are enclosed in porphyry dikes filling true fissures In diorlte and
•yenlte, striking northeast by southwest.

The Little Giant Mining Company has sunk 100 feet on the Little Giant,
following three feet of copper pyrites, which assays over $100 gold ." nd copper.
At forty feet the shaft broke through the supposed hanging wa! into more
•re of the same grade. A drift Is being run from the shaft and 100 sacks
•f ore have been shipped, being hauled over a road built by the company.

The Bald Eagle Gold Mlnlnp' Company Is developing the Bald Eagle
croup of five claims in the same district. Three claims are on a ledge which
has been traced through them and through ten adjoining claims. It oropa
ten feet wide and shows somewhat greater width in a thlrty-flve-foot shaft.
Another claim is on a parallel and the fifth on a cross ledge, which have
been clearly traced by cropplngs. Work on the shaft was stopped by water
and ore gaa— the latter a favorable Indication— but will be resumed when a

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

107

pump and fan have been erected. The surface ore assayed $7 gold and 4.14
per cent, copper.

The Syndicate group of five claims, owned by the Syndicate Gold Mining
Company— an allied corporation to the Bald Eagle— has two claims on paiallei
ledges cropping three to six feet wide and running through into a third claim,
which is located crosswise. A cross-cut, which Is in twenty-flve feet, will
tap one ledge in fifteen feet more, when drifts will be run both ways. An-
other claim in the group has an iron capping four or five feet wide, thoroughly
mineralized, and a fifth has four feet of ore in a fifteen-foot shaft, assaying
|13 gold, $2.17 silver and 19 per cent, copper.

The Little Gem group of four claims, three miles northwest of Pierre
Lake, owned by the Lincoln Mining & Development Company, has a quartz
ledge cropping two and one-half Inches wide and increasing to nine inches
in a seventy-flve-foot shaft. Assays have run 34 ounces silver, $3.60 gold and
6 per cent, copper.

Two miles east of Pierre Lake the Colville Gold Mining Compa.iy has the
Mackinaw group of four claims. Three of these are on an Iron-capped ledge
thirty feet wide, traced for 2,000 feet, which a short inclined shaft shows t«
be heavily charged with chalcopyrite, increasing every foot. Another claim
Is on a parallel ledge of the same character, on which a shaft Is being sunk.
The same company has the Fldalgo on a twenty-flve-toot ledge at the foot
of Jumbo Mountain, one mile south. Near the head of Pierre Creek this
company has the Eldorado group of four claims on three ledges which have
been traced for over a mile, and it also has two claims in the Curlew Camp
aaid three in the Eureka Camp. The company proposes to sink a shaft on
the Mackinaw group.

Near the head of Pierre Creek and eight miles from the Spokane Falls &
Northern Railroad, the Churchill Mining & Milling Company has the Churchill
group of four claims on three lodges of sulphide f^ro of great width. A shaft
Is down thirty feet on one of these, in a good body of ore, carrying gold, with
gray copper and chalcopyrite coining In. Assays at five feet were $6.40 and at
thirty feet $18.60 In all values.

Five miles southeast of Pierre Lake and ten miles northwest of Bossburg,
the Centennial Mining & Smelting Company is sinking on the Centennial
group of ten claims, which has an iron cap over six feet deep. A sixty-foot
shaft cut three streaks of arsenical iron ore, assaying $8 to $18 gold and copper.
The shaft will be sunk forty feet more and then a drift wi.l be run on the
dip of the ledge, which is expected to show the streaks all running togethes'.

Near the sources of Flat Creek, ten miles west of Northport, the Quadra
Mining Company will this spring begin development of the Quadra group of
four claims. The cropping is an iron cap twenty-flve feet wide and a
twenty-eight-foot cross-cut has pierced the footwall and run three feet oh
mineralized ledge matter, assaying $4 gold, $1.17 silver, besides copper.

West of this group the Searchlight Gold Mining Company has the Search-
light group of four clalihs on two ledges, which crop about forty feet wide.

On the north fork of Fifteen-Mile Creek the Alert Gold Mining Company
has five claims on as many different ledges, ranging from ten feet upwards.
A forty-eight-foot cross-cut has shown four feet of ore in one of them, carry-
ing $6 gold, besides silver and copper.

On Iron Mountain, at the head of Flat Creek, R. B. Lane and Ledgerwoo4
Bros, have the Lafayette group of four c laims on an iron capping 100 feet
v/lde, and on the divide .atween Flat and Pierre Creeks they have the X-Bjuy
group of eight, on which an Iron cap forty-four feet wide has been trace*
2,000 feet.

The Seattle Gold & Cooper Mining & Milling Company will this season
develop the Lucky Dog group of seven claims on sevo-ral ledges between
Pierre Lake and Saratoga Mountain, with a placer claim on Kettle River.
Two claims are on a ledge near Pierre Lake cropping four feet, on which a
fifteen-foot crotjs-cut shows streaks of sulphide ore aggregating eighteen
Inches. This cross-cut is being continued to strike the ledge In sixty feet,
when drifts will be run. Four more are on two similar ledges two and one-
half miles from Bossburg, and another is on Toulou Mountain, west of the
Kettie River wagon road, which shows pyrites in the cropping^, but has not
yet been defined.

The Kettle River Mining & Milling Company has the Saratoga group ot
six claims on the ridge between Kettle and Columbia Rivers, from two to
five miles up the road from Marcus. The Saratoga Is on a mountain of the
same name, on which there is an iron cap 200 feet wide. A sixty-foot crosa-
cut shows the whole ledge to be mineralized with copper and iron sulphidea,
and has cut three streaks of solid ore, each about six Inches wide, assaying
$47.80 in gold, sliver, copper and Ifead. The five other claims are all on one
large Iron-capped ledge two and one-half miles further south, in which an
open cut 200 feet long and ten feet wide showed ore assaying $4.95 gold, and a
trace of silver, besides copper.

The Sunnyslde Group Mining Company has great ore bodies on its seven
claims, immediately south of the last-named group. There are two parallel
ledges, with four claims on one and three on the other. A cross-cut, after
running fifteen feet through dlorite, has passed for forty-eight feet through

108

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

ledge matter carrying streaks of sulphide ore, and has not struck the hanging
wall. A shaft Is down twenty feet In ore, four assays of which ran from
$31 to $48 In gold, silver and copper, Including 14 per cent, copper. The com-
paoy Is InBtalUng a steam drill and hoist.

On the Nest Egg, at the rock cut In the stage road fifteen miles from Bos»-
burg, T. S. Burgoyne, Hon. W. C. Jones, Dr. Edward Plttwood and W. W.
Stearns have an iron-capped ledge In which a 100-foot tunnel shows good ore,
carrying gold, silver and copper.

On the Scotia, on Toulou Mountain, a 200-foot cross-cut has tapped an
eighteen-foot ledge of sulphide ore.

Adjoining the Sunnyslde Is ihe Empire group of four claims on a ledge
of sulphide ore cropping thirty to eighty feet wide, the iron capping of which
carries from $4 to $7 gold. The Empire Mining Company is now beginning
development.

On the mountain fronting Northport from the east bank of the Columbia
River, and within one and one-half miles by wagon road from the Red
Mountain Railroad, is a series of ledges of galena and sulphide ore, of great
size, which were the prize of a hot race between prospectors on the night of
the opening of the reservation. They crop very clearly for over a mile
parallel with a broad silicate dike, which is plainly visible from the. opposite
bank of the river, and runs northeast by southwest. The first location was
the Mountain View or Contention, which Is the subject of a contest among
rival claimants. It shows elKht inches of galena In the croppings, and in a
forty-seven-foot shaft on the side of the mountain shows a good body of
galena and sulphides.

On the extension of this ledge and on parallel ledges, the Coiville Reser-
vation Mining Company has the Mountain View Extension group of four
claims. The Mountain View ledge has been tanned by a seventy-flve-foot
cross-cut, which shows four feet of ore carrying galena and sulphides and
assaying $11 to $64 In gold and silver, but has not yet reached the further wall.
A winze will now be BU.ik from the face of the cross-cut.

The Coyote group of three claims, which has been bonded for develop-
me>nt by William Adams and others of Northport to John Leary, Oeorge
Kinnear and A. H. Manning, of Seattle, has a cropping at least fifteen feet
wide and in a fifty-foot shaft shows ten to thlrty-slx Inches of ore, carrying
$?J gold and silver. This shaft will be sunk to the 200-foot level this summer,
und a test shipment of twenty tons will be made when spring opens.-

The White Horse, owned by A. W. Ryan, Is on the Mountain View ex-
tension, and the Bald Eagle, by Messrs. Harris, McFadden and others. Is on
the supposed extension.

On one of these ledges, ten to twenty feet wide, between walls of slate and
dlorite, the White Otter Gold & Sliver Mining Company has the White Otter,
which will be developed this year. The ledge matter is lime quas-tz, with
streaks of porphyrltlc quartz, and one ore chute of gold-bearing galena Is
exposed In the croppings. It cuts an abrupt hill at right angles, so that,
by tunneling, great depth can be attained at short distance.

On three of these ledges the Northport Development Company has the
Iron Horse group of nine claims, through which the quartz has been traced.
On the Mountain View ledge a cross-cut of forty feet Is all In mineralized
qnaurtz. with eight feet of ore, and a shaft Is down forty-five feet. Another
ledgfe has an Iron cap thirty to forty feet wide and the third is three or four
feet, showing galena. Surface ore assayed $14 to $25 gold, sliver and copper.
The company will run a 400-foot cross-cut, tapping two ledges at a depth of
360 feet.

The most famous series of mineral croppings on the reservation is on La
Fleur Mountain, at the head of Koos Moos Creek, directly south of th»
boundary, being an extension of Smith's Camp in the Boundary Creek dis-
trict. The La Fleur was discovered years ago, and numbers of men have
since been carrying specimens of peacock copper from It as evidence of the
inineral wealth that awaited development In this closed country. The result
was the systematic movement in the winter of 1895-6 for the opening of
the northern half of the reservation to mineral entry, which was crowned
with success on February 20, 1896. A race for the La Fleur from Marcus
followed between several rival claimants, and contesting locations were made.
Tbo ground of one claim was that congress had opened the reservation by an
«ct passed In 1892, and that the president's proclamation was unnecessary,
aU locations made in the Interval being valid. This claim was sustained by
the United States courts, and the contest has recently been compromised
iKitween the Comstock and La Fleur companies, the La Fleur being now held
aaithe Butte, together with its extension, the Oomstock, 1 - the Comstock
liining & Milling Company.

The croppings of this ledge were great masses of poacock copper or
bomite forty to fifty feet wide. A shaft fifty feet deep shows the ledge flv*
feet between walls, with two and one-half feet of solid ore averaging |75 a
ton, viz., 30 to 45 per cent, copper and the remainder In silver. On the Com-
stOMtk a shaft has been sunk making a similar showing.

The Lone Star and Washington group of eight claims la on the ^ztenston
•f the La Fleur ledge to within 154 feet of the boundary, and la ht&ng ex-

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■^1

INTERNATIONAL

BOUNDARY

wntAHT
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LA^T SHOT

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4(1 LCMr UAID
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in JtlCAWBEl^

no AUHIItAl.
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ai LC«T CXAUI

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pomn.AHD

h£««* Copper MutinUln

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MININO IN TM£ >>« CIFIC NORTHWEST

f - ^;S-

.^i^'

-m

r^iWwMTHW^'

--xi^llgr^

(eiwively develc

ledffe crops thli

copyrlte. A tu

waa run 144 fe«t

shaft la down 10

and u cro88-cMit

Hlternatcly with

eHtlmated that I

$40, though asHa:

copper beiriK 10

Within one

Seattle; J. N. £

of twenty claim

which an open

body of chalcop

The Edith g

surface showing

iH. J. lllalne, W

I On Lono Rar

• ket Gold Mining

Cttaps, of which

'^creased value w

One of the gi

. Camp, along \-l\x

thlrty-nve miles

' This mineral

. miles In length,

north and soutl

: some blow-outs i

' rock. This sun

pj uartz Is encoui

1 On the Gre

i iuartz ledge fll

^■/hlch they have

ijide assayed $64

<^i $16 and J20.

'Ine, one and oi

jet through the

W feet long anc

nd sulphurets

he snow is gon

On the two i

lan, of Alma,

thers, of Seatt

n the Lone Ptr

1 the strongest

)ot parallel leq

lelng covered

ther claims ai

'eflned by surfs

The Knob iq

ross-cut by _

On the Paul
.xty feet wide,l
opper.

A great Iro
.In Mining &
edge with a cal
he footwall, cul
)een started.

On the crosJ
fountain Boy,]
peclmen assayl
roved by the c
On another
- F. Rogers i
_;t a depth of
1 silver.

_ On the ,

he Gold Dust I
uartz, assayli
'he company 1
Another sei
overed in thel
fary Ann Cre{
uhnson Creek |
illes from the
)&a for twej,>
These ]«<:

■it 4

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

(MWlvely developed by the Reservation Mining & Milling Company. The
ledge crops thirty to forty fuet wide, and carrlcH copper pyrites and chal-
copyrlte. A tunnel was run in It for 12(> feet, all In ore, when u f'oaa-cut
waa run 144 feet east and thirty-five feet west, showing llfty feet of ore. A
shaft Is down 100 feet from the mouth of the tunnel, In ore the whole distance,
and a cross-cut eighty feet westward from the bottom shows .-itreaks of ore
Hlternately with serpentine hands. There are SOO tons on the dump, and It la
estlmaled that the ore In sight Is worth tl,500,()OU. The value averages J30 to
$40, though assays from the west drift from the tunnel ran |96, the average In
copper bmng 10 per cent., silver 3 ounces, the remainder being gold.

VVlthIn one and one-half miles of the La Fleur, Kdward L. Ensel, of
Seattle; J. N. Scott and A. W. Hawks, of Everett, have the Mascot group
of twenty claims on three Ifon-capped ledges over 100 feet wide. In one of
which an open cut thirty feet long and seventy feet deep shows a great
body of chalcopyrlte ore.

j The Edith group of four claims on Koos Moos Creek also has a good
. surface showing of copper sulphides, and has been bonded by A. E. aQlleger,
iH. J. Ulalne, William Btoll and others to English capitalist for $10,000.
! On Lone Ranche Creek, live miles south of Grand Forks, B. C, the Tenas-
•• k*t Gold Mining Company has the Sparling and Raymond on two large iron
caps, of which the surface ore carries small values, giving promise of In-
" (.reased value when development, to be made this ■ ur, attains depth.

One of the greatest showings of free-mlUlng or -us been made In Eureka
. Camp, along Eureka Creek, and near the headwai is of the Sans Poel River,
thlrty-flve miles by wagon road from Grand Forks.

This mineral belt has been traced four miles wide and located for fifteen
miles In length, the two principal ledges being traced for that distance in a
north and south course. These ledges are twenty to fifty feet wide, with
some blow-outs of much greater width, and are capped with Iron and volcanic
rock. This surface rock carries little value, but when It Is pierced a blue
pij uartz Is encountered which assays quite well in free gold.
j On the Great Republic, Patrick, James and Dennis Clark have a
I juartz ledge fifty feet wide, traced by the cropplngs for 1,000 feet, on
•^'•/hlch they have made a long open cut ten feet deep. Nine feet on the east
i>id« assayed $64 gold, another nine feet $24, and the west side showed values
jf^f $16 and $20. The Clarx brothers have also cross-cut a ledge on the Lone
*ine, one and one-half miles from the Great Republic, and have run lifteen
jet through the ore body without striking the hanging wall The tunnel Is
10 feet long and gains 100 feet In depth. This ledge assays $10 in free gold
nd sulphurets throughout. The Clarks will erect a stamp mill as soon aa
he snow is gone.

On the two main ledges, and on others parallel with them, Harry Kaufl-
lan, of Alma Dr. Klttlnger. of Wilmington, Del., and W. J. Qrambs and
thera, of Seattle, have the Admiral group of nine claims. The Admiral is
a the Lone Pine ledge, which Is thirty to forty feet wide at this point, and
< the strongest In the camp. The Treasury and Blue Jacket are on a twenty*
lot parallel ledge; the Seattle Belle has a largo ledge of undefined width,
,elng covered with wash; the Rebate haa a large body of good ore; the
ther claims are on large parallel ledgea in the same belt. They have been
'eflned by surface work and this year the Admiral will be cross-cut.

The Knob Hill, on the north extension of the Lone Pine ledge, Is being
ross-cut by Portland, Or., parties.

On the Paul and Brimstone Robert Nelll and others have a ledge over
txty feet wide, of which the croppinga average $16 gold, besides silver and
opper.

A great iron cap 160 feet wide covers a ledge, on which the Copper Mount*
lin Mining & Milling Company have three claims, with another on a crosa
edge with a capping fifty feet wide. A tunnel has been driven 132 feet along
he footwall, cutting several rich stringers, and a cross-cut from the face has
)een started,

On the cross ledge the Safe Deposit Mining & Milling Company has the
fountain Boy, with an iron cap cropipng for its whole length. A surface
peclmen assayed $340 gold, and the extent and actual value of the ore will be
roved by the development this year.
. On another cross ledge eight feet wide F. C. Robertson, J. M. Hamilton,
I. F. Rogers and others have the Bryan and Sewall and are sinking on it.
t a depth of six feet the shaft showed ore throughout, averaging $45 gold.
1 silver.

On the headwaters of Teroda Creek, three or four miles further west,
he Gold Dust Mining Company has two claims on a ledge of free milling
uartz, assaying $14 upwards in gold, one assay having run as higM as $2,673.
he company intends to develop this ledge during the summer.

Another series of free milling quartz ledges of great size has been dls-
overed in the northwestern part of the reservation, on Myers Creek and
[ary Ann Creek. In order to reach this section one leaves the steamer at
Dhnson Creek and goes by road thirty miles to the government sawmill, five
dies from the head of SawmUl Creek, then takes the Kettle River wagon
>ad for twelve miles to the head of Maxy Ann Creek.
These iMg^a extend in a belt northward from the three-cornered divide.

.1 ,i i

,'^

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

from which Mary Ann Creek flows east to Myers Greek, Rock Creek flows
east to Kettle River and Sawmill Creek flows southwest to the Okanogan
River. It cuts through a series of four gieat, bald buttes extending north-
ward. In diminishing size, from Mount Bonaparte to the boundary, and
formed of quartzite. The country rock is metamorphic slate, cut by dikes of
porphyry.

The Hehe group, five miles southwest of the Hehe stone, is owned by A.
E. Anrud and J. H. Calvert, and covers five parallel ledges of free-mllUng
quartz. One ledge is fourteen feet wide, and in a ten-foot shaft shows ore
carrying $30.80 gold and silver, only a small part of the value being silver.
Another ledge twenty feet wide runs up the mountain from Hehe Stone, and
assays $6- to $S free gold on the surface, while a third shows several seams
of quartz carrying $4 to $8 gold on the surface.

Five miles southwest of this group and due north of Mount Bonaparte,
Messrs. Calvert and Anrud have the Porphyry group of five claims on a.
porphyry dike eighty feet wice and parallel with it. In this dike a sixteen-
foot ledge of quartz crops on three claims, as defined by an open cross-cut,
and shows colors in panning, while an assay ran about |12 gold.

The greatest and richest showing in this vicinity ds on the Big Hole, at
the forks of Mary Ann Creek, eight miles south of Camp McKlnney, owned
by George King, Charles Armstrong, C. P. Devlne and Neal Undem, of Seat-
tle, who have resumed work. The ledge is thirty to forty feet wide, of honey-
combed quartz, and carries from a trace to |18 free gold, with two feet of pay
ore, the lowest assay of which was $108.50 golt and the highest $600 gold, 218
ounces silver. The indications arc that at depth the ore will change to galena.
The same parties have the Cleopatra, on which an open cut shows eleven
feet of ore with only one wall In sight. A number of small streaks of ore run
through, assaying $18 to $20 gold and 8 to 18 ounces silver, and small particles
of galena carrying gold and silver are discovered all through the ledge matter.
It is intended to sink fifty feet on each ledge and then cross-cut to define the
width.

On the extension of the Cleopatra, A. Walker has the Wenatchee, on
which the ledge crops twelve feet wide between slate walls, and carries free
gold and a little sulphurets in a slate and quartz gangue. A small shaft
showed ore assaying $12 to $28.

The Columbia, on the boundary, has another great body of quartz 250 feet
w'de, an average sample of which showed $10 free goM.

On the Poland China, Neal undem and Jerome Haskins have stripped the
ledge Tor 100 feet in width and have not found either wall. The quartz carries
free gold i>roughout, assaying all the way from $2.50 to $600.

Eight miles up Mvers Creek from Kettle Kivcr and one and one-half mile&
from the boundary, P. H. Pingston has the Pingston claim on a blow-out of
arsenical iron 50x100 feet, of which the decomposed surface rock assays $4 to
$16 gold.

The Chicago and New York are on a ledge of sulphide ore, carrying $4 to
$12 gold and copper in a quartz gangue, which a ten-foot open cross-cut shows
to be nine feet wide.

Near the source of Myers Creek. Senator Turner, Congressman Jones,
United States Attorney Brinker and Deputy Marshal Vinson have the Bi-
metallic on a seven-foot ledge of sulphide ore, assaying 12 per cent, copper,
61.^ ounces silver and $2 to $3 gold.

Another great body of white and grey honeycombed quartz crops 200 feet
wide on the Andruss, one and one-half miles south of ♦he boundary and
fifteen miles northeast of Oro, the owner being the Tena.^ket Gold Mining
Company. Surface prospect holes have shown free-milling ore assaying
$2.62 to $74.80 gold.

Placers are extensively worked during the summer or- Myers, Fourth of
July and Deadman Creeks, and in some Instances have ptvld good wages,
even for work with pan and rocker. Deadman Creelc is located for eight or
nine miles, the dirt panning as much as 40 cents a yard, not only in the
creek-bed but in the nigh bars, rising 250 feet above it, and hydraulic mining
ought to be profitable here.

NOBTHPORT.

This town is not only the junction of the several branches of the Spokane
Falls & Northern Railroad leading to Trail Creek and Nelson, but is the
center of an organized mining district extending from the Kettle Rtver
eastward to the Metaline District and from the boundary southward to
Bossburg. The part ofthls district between the Columbia and Kettle
Rivers is described In the chapter on the Colville Reeervation. The section
east of the Columbia comprises part of the belt of silver-bearing country,
of which the Slocan, Ainsworth and Nelson Districts on the north and the
Colville and Cedar Canyon Districts on the south have experienced most
fleveJopment. The principal work now in progress is on Red Top Mountain,

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

«ast of Northport between the forks of Cedar Creek, and on the headwaters
of that stream and on Deep Creek. At the head of Deep Creek the ore lis
principally pa'.ena and carbonates, with some aznrlte of copper, red oxide
of copper and gray copper. At the head of Cedar Creek the ores are ail
silver-lead and carbonates, while directly east and south of Northport the
ores are leac and gray copper, and at Little Dalles are of the same char-
acter. The 'district has the advantage of wagon roads to Northport, making
transportation .o the rallroRd cheap and easy, ard the contemplated erection
of a smelter at that town by the Union Smelt ng and Refining Company,
comoosed of strong capitaiists, holds out the p/ospect of reduction almost
on the ground.

On Red Top Moimtaln, three miles in a direct line and five miles by
wagon road from i^cundary Station on the Spokane Falls & Northern Rail-
road, is the Clara group of four claims, owned by the Trail Creek Midland
Mining Company, which is actively developing. Ol the two ledges, on^ is
in the contact between porphyry and slate and the other betwe' gran'te
and slate, the gangue being quartz carrying gold, silver and v ••- A
tunnel is in ver 125 feet on one ledge and will be continued to ;;0'; it<>t,
when an uprExse will be made of ^30 feet and stoplng will begin. A j, cas-cvt
will also be driven for IRO feet to tap the parallel ledge, when both will bs
worked from this tunnel. This work has shov/n nowhere lcs.3 than six
inches of good silver sulphide ore, the width frequently Increasing to six
feet and averaging between eighteen and twenty-four inches. A thirty-five
foot winze from the tunnel at the 100-foot line shows improved value. A
shipment of fifteen tons to the Tacoma smelter in October, 1896, returned
$63.70 in gold, silver and copper. Ore of less value than $30 la held in the
dump awaiting the erection of the smelter at Northport, ten miles distant
by rail, and meanwhile the company is Investigating a newly invented
smelter with a view to erecting one, if a test should prove successful. The
property can be developed entirely by tunneling and therefore at slight cost.
The Lakovu'W group, owned by the Lake view Mining Company, consists
of two clalnsM on the same ledge and one on a cross ledge. The main
ledge has been stripped for 150 feet, showing twelve to twenty Inches of ore,
while a 180-toot tunnel, an eighty-foot incline and a fifty-foot incline show
twenty to forty inches o]' ore, three shafts six to ten feet deep making a
similar showing. The ore carries chlorides, sulphides and bromides of
silver anc" some native silver, and a number of assays, not only of the
solid ore out of the ledge matter intervening between pay streaks, range
frora $8 silver and 80 cents gold in the slate gangue to $386.40 silver and
$15 gold in the chlorides and bromides. One car load of this ore is said to

have netted $1,100. , „, , ^ v * i .

The Red Top Mountain Mining Company has two claims on the same
mountain, on which a shaft is down 125 feet, showing the ledge to widen
from seven to eight and one-half feet, with eighteen inches of galena assay-
ing $78 in silver and lead, with a little gold, the remainder of the ledge being
good concentrating ore. „ ^ ^ , , .>«*,..

On Deep Creek George Poster has a claim named after himself, on a
iGdee cropping twenty feet wide, on which he has worked intermittently for
eieht years A number of open cuts, a tunnel of about forty feet and a
shaft of about fifty feet have shown a goou ody of ore carrying about

40 °^"*^^^g^j7o1i' Horse, also on Deep Creek. ,. C. Taylor has a good ledge
of iron and copper sulphides, on which he I vs sunk a small shaft, showing
fire assaying $2 gold and 2 to 4 ounces silver.

On Onion Creek, which liows into the Columbia from the east seven
miles below Northport, is a belt of gold-bearing sulphide ore in a quartz
eaneue cut bv the creek from a point two miles above its mouth. On the
Alice May I.^essrs. Hansen, Paulson, Sherman and Roseberry have a ledge
rrAnn'njr twenty feet wide, in which a seventeen-foot shaft shows five feet
of Biilnhide The Lisburn Gold Mining Company has sunk twelve feet on
the Lisburn showing the same width of ore, and good results have been
obtained on'the Etna" Occidental, Wall Street and several other claims.

*' =

COLVILLE.

This district has reached a more advanced stage of development and
nroducod more ore than any other silver district in Washington It formi
the smUh^rn half of a belt extending about ten miles east from the
Onlumb a River n cross the Col^;llle, and from the headwaters of Cedar and
DeenCrlekswWch empty into the Pend d'Oreille River near the boundary,
r„^ftJ,wor^ for aeventv-flve miles. terminating In that direction n the
southward for sevemj "J®, ™' I'-^^gpribed in another chapter. Like all
X'V n^Sr dEcoveries irhas had its alternate periods of activity jind
torpSr.^ and now apjear^ to have become the scene of renewed develop-

112

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST,

ment, In sympathy with the movement generally prevalent thrjughout the-
Pacific Northwest.

The formation of this belt of country Is granite, lime, slate and quartzit«^
and is veined with a belt of bodies of silver-lead ores, runnlag aouiietinipp^
north and south and others east and west. These occur either in conta<;t»
between granite and lime, slate and lime, or slate and quartzite, or In
fissures in the slate or lime. Where they occur in the lime formation the
ledges show a good deal of surface disturbance, but at depth settle into
permanent bodies of ore, either in chutes or veins. In thf: slate formation
the ledges are almost invariably in place.

The first discovery was mada In 1883 at the Embry camp, two miles east
of Chewelah, by a party of prospectors sent out by John N. Squire, of
Spokane. The ore in that section carries galena, sulphide of silver, some
carbonate of lead and chloride of silver, mixed with iron and copper pyrites.
A rush of prospectr.rs followed within two years and explorations extended
northward. Thus followed the discovery of the Old Dominion, seven mlleft
from Colville, where the ledge is In a contact between granite and lime,
the ore carrying bromide, chloride and sulphide of silver, with occasional
bunches of galena. Then followed the discoveries at the head of Deep
Creek and Cedar Creek and along the range east of the Columbia to Little
Dalles, this territory being Included In the Northport District. Fifteen
miles further .south. In the Young America at Bossburg, the ore is lead
and silver entirely. Five miles further southeast, in the Big Bonanza, wo
fliifi a heavy mixture of galena and iron pyrites, carrying about 40 per cent,
lead and 10 ounces silver. Still traveling southward, we come to vjold Hill,
two miles east of aiarcus, where the ore is copper pyrites carrying gold.
On Rickey Mountain, five mil^s more to the south, there is a great quantity
of gray copper ore, but it is very much broken and no solid bodies liave
yet been found. Going fifteen miles onward to the south, we come to the
Summit camp, where the ore carries galena and lead carbonates, and five
miles to the southwest of this camp is the Wellington, with the same
class of ore. Five miles south of this is the Cleveland mine, where the
ore is galena carrying about 40 ounces silver. This mine Is treated of In
the chapter on Cedar Canyon, of which it Is the pioneer. All the ores of
this belt are high grade, except those of Deep Creek, where tby carry
from 25 to 40 ounces silver and 40 per cent. lead.

The best developed and most productive mine In this belt Id the Old
Dominion, which embraces a group of claims covering the whole movmtaln
and which Is owned by the Old Dominion Mining and Concentrating Com-
pany. It la reached from Spokane by the Spokane FaHw & Northern Rail-
road to Colville, eighty-eight miles, whence a wagon road leads to the mine,
seven miles distant. The ore chute crops on the surface to a length of 400'
feet In the contact b. tween lime and granite, and in chambers forty to fifty
feet wide. The mine was first developed near the surface by a series ot
tunnels aggregating 3,000 feet In length, attaining a depth of 2.50 feet. A
tunnel was then driven 3,000 feet on the contact at a further depth of 40O
feet and at the end of that distance struck a chamber of ore, which is now
being developed. A cross-cut has also been started and has opened other
small veins, ranging from six inches to twelve feet. The ore carries bro-
mide, chloride and sulphide of silver, with some native silver, and Its
contents range from 2.'> to 125 ounces silver, with 30 per cent, lead and (3 gold.
There is on the ground a concentrator with a capacity ot seventy tons a day
to treat the low-grade ore. The smelter returns show that about $2,000,00i>
has been taken out of the mine and, when shipping regularly, it produces
about $10,000 a month gross, or $12,000 net, employing seventy-five men.

The Young America group of four claims Is a quarter of a mile northeast
of Bossburg, on the Spokane P'alls & Northern Railroad, 110 miles from Spo-
kane, and is owned by the Young America and Cliff Consolidated Mining
Company. The whole property Is covered with float and a ledge croppingr
tjvelve to twenty feet wide runs across all four claims. A tunnel was run 12^
feet soon after discovery, at a depth of only thirty feet, and ore sloped to the
grass roots. From this slope ore netting $40,000 at the smelter was taken, at a
time when freight and treatment cost $30 a ton. After a long suspension, the
mine was worked by lessees, who operated in the wasteful manner to be ex-
pected under that system when not properly controlled, and shipped ore ag-
gregating $2.5,000 in value. The old tunnel exposes a chute fifty l^eet long and
five feet wide of high-grade silver-lead ore carrying 90 ounces silver, 50 per
cent, lead, and the entire face of the tunnel Is In solid shipping ore. A
cross-cut Is being run to tap the ledge at a further depth of seventy-flve

5eet. The cropplngs of a parallel ledge have been discovered, showing six
eet of carbonates and two and one-half feet of galena.

Thti Bonanza, which Is e.leo reached from Spokane by the Spokane Faljy»
& Northern Railroad to Bossburg and by wagon road five miles In a south-
eaflt*;rly direction from that town, recently fell Into the hands of a numbw
of miners who held liens and who have leased and bonded It for two year*
to John Hanley. The cropplngs show a true fissure ledge of low-grade ore
frpm ten to forty f .et wide between walls of slate, with an ore chute 800 to
300 feet long. A sraft is down eighty feet and an incline 150 feet, the latter

po Ii
it a

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

on a continuous body of ore, and a 100-foot drift connects the two. Several
thousand tons of ore have been shipped, its character making It desirable
for fluxing, and three or four car loads will be shipped before the comlne
May.

Traveling, on southward, we come next to the Summit group of Ave
claims, owned by the Summit Mining Company, ten miles by wagon road
from Addy Station, which Is seventy-four miles by the Spokane Palls &
Northern Railroad from Spokane. This group Is on a series of five parallel
ledges of sulphide and galena ore, one of which Is In the contact between
slate and dlorlte, while the others are In fissures in the slate. All are dip-
ping Into the mountain at such angles as to encourage the belief that they
will unite In a great contact vein at a depth of 600 feet or less. In a 130-foot
shaft one ledge widened from thirty inches to five feet, maintaining the
latter width for the last sixty feet, and five drifts on It are each thirty feet
long, all in ore. An iiverage sample of hand-sorted ore assayed 50 ounces
silver, 53.2 per cent, lead, and the whole ledge will concentrate. On a four
and one-half foot ledge, 120 feet to the west, a shaft Is down 110 feet, showing
quartz mineralized throughout with galena and carrying occasional bunches
of that mineral, with perfect walls. A flfty-foot shaft on the same ledge
125 feet further north also shows it equally strong and well defined, con-
taining ore of which the concentrates will carry 1% ounces silver to the
unit of lead. Another vein eight inches wide is shown by a 125-foot shaft
to be solid ore carrying gray copper, silver and gold, and assaying $90 to
$1,000, one shipment having returned $155.15 gross, or $136.15 net. About 160
feet of drifts have been run from this shaft and a cross-cut is in forty feet
to tap the ore chute shown in the croppings. A thirty-foot shaft on another
ledge show, three feet of quartz carrying gold and silver. The company is
continuing de elopment, shipping the high-grade ore and reserving the
second-grade, of which tht re is over 1,000 tons oi the dump, for concen-
tration by a plant to be erected in the fall. This to will go 6 into 1 and
make concentrates worth about $70 a ton.

Three and one-half miles by road northeast of Cheweiah, in the Colvllle
Valley, which is sixty-five miles by the Sp
frpm Spokane, is the Eaglfe group of six
C. D. Tde and C. W. Ide. The cropping
and sulphides of silver in a limestone formati(
deep respectively have been connected by a
making an aggregate of 2,500 feet of development
chutes ranging from eighteen inches to eight feet iii

Falls & Northern Railroad
vned by I. S. Kaufman,
rge deposits of galena
1 si I and 115 feet

rlfc,: if the ledge,

.. . • ■ .V shows ore
iiJcknes.s, connt' ted
by stringers, and about $20,000 worth of ore has been taker mt, rangin in
value from 26 to 100 ounces silver, 40 to 70 per cent. lead.

The Buck Mountain group of eight claims, owned by the Buck Mountain
Mining Company, is four miles north of Cedar Canyon and twelve miles %■
road from Sprlngdale, which Is forty-seven and one-half miles from Bnokai. ,
on the Spokane Falls & Northern Railroad. One ledge is six feet t in a
twenty-two foot shaft and in tunnels sixty and forty-five feet, wi how

eight Inches of solid galena and bunches of that mineral throu^ ,c the
ledge, growing more solid with depth. One car load returned ii ounces
silver, 77i>^ per cent, lead, and assays have averaged about that figure.
Another ledge Is seven and one-half feet between lime and granite walls
and in a thirty-foot shaft shows chloride and gray copper ore throu-rho'
assaying 64 ounces silver, $3 gold, 8 per cent, copper. Another ledr
ten feet wide and carries chlorides, which assay 36 ounces silver, 12 ■^.

copper, $5.20 gold. Three claims are along another ledge between sla .la,

which a forty-foot shaft shows to widen from three and one-half t. s^ven
feet. Three assays from samples taken at increasing depths showed 40, Si
and 64 ounces silver respectively.

Two miles southeast of Sprlngdale by road Is the Honest Johns group
of three claims, owned by the Honest Johns Mining Company. The crop-
pings sliow a sixty-'oot ledge containing lead carbonates. A cross-cut has
been driven 280 fet . *o tap the ledge 175 feet below the surface and will dO
so in about 100 feet „nore. It has cut a tlUrty-Inch stringer carrying 41 ounces
stiver, 31 per cent. lead and $2.20 gold, besides 20 per cent, iron, which makes
it a good fluxing ore.

m
1

♦•♦♦♦♦♦•♦•♦ • ^^♦•f

CEPAB CANTON.

About most of the mining districts of the Pacific North^^est there Is
Utile of the romantic to make their names live in history, but Cedar Canyon
is an exception. Tl\e greatest discovery there was made accidentally by a
bankrupt farmer who knew nothing of mineral, and in the face of ridicule
he persisted In shipping some apparently worthless sand to the smelter.
When it netted him good returris, other bankrupts like himself went Into
the distilct, and moat of them are now comforta^ off, antt regard the

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

foreclosing of mortgages on their farms as the beginning of their good
fortune.

For Cedar Canyon the starting point Is Spokane. The Central Wash-
ington train may be taken for Davenport, fifty miles west. Then a horse
or buggy will take one over a good road for thlrty-flve miles to the head
of the canyon, which is in the Huckleberry Mountains north of the Spokane
River. Over this road the ore is hauled to Davenport In half a day, It
having been greatly improved and shortened in the last year. An alter-
native route is by the Spokane Falls & Northern Railroad to Sprlngdale
and thence by a wagon road twenty-two miles, which ^^ill be shortened
and Improved this season.

A precursor of the discoveries on Cedar Canyon proper is the Cleveland,
which was found in June, 1894, by Messrs. France, Finsley and Lingenfelter,
who have bonded It to Messrs. Monahan, King and McAulay. The ledge Is
eight feet wide, carrying galena, with antlmonlal silver on the surface,
and was tapped by a 200-foot cross-cut. From this a drift was run 150 feet,
a winze sunk sixty feet and an upraise made for twenty feet, the ore being
-then stoped out.' The lodge occasionally pinches to two feet, but has pro-
duced about 1,500 tons of ore, of which 800 tons shipped to the smelter assayed
$2*? to $80 a ton in silver and lead. The main ledge has been struck forty
feet higher up the mountain and carries 25 ounces silver and 59 per cent,
lead. This mine is now operated under lease from the owners.

On what Is probably the extension of the Cleveland ledge Dr. J. P.
Turney, A. W. Turner, C. G. Snyder, H. H. McMillan and C. E. Ricnard,
of Davenport, have the Bland. It is six to eight feet between lime walls,
as shown by a cross-cut, and carries antlmonlal silver, cafbonates of copper
and azurite, assaying 52 ounces silver, 5 per cent, lead and a trace of gold.

These locations were the forerunners of the most valuable discoveries
on Cedar Canyon, in the course of which the extent and character of this
mineral belt has been pretty clearly defined. The country rock is aue'lte
syenite overlaid with quartzite 100 feet thick. The ledges associate closely
with phosphate lime, which varies In thickness from 4 to 100 feet. The ore
Is in quartz and Includes sulphurets, which assay 500 to 2,500 ounces of silver
galena carrying 20 ounces ot silver to each unit of lead. Tne lead carries
considerable copper, which decomposes and colors the quartz with car-
bonates of copper and lead, azurite, malachite and yellow carbonates of lead.
In some ledges there also occur silicate of copper and sulphide of silver in
streaks, as well as a little zinc and brittle silver.

The discovery of the Cleveland stirred up interest in Davenport, and
George Gibson, B. O. Gibson, Charles Golden and W. O. Vanhorn went
prospecting In Cedar Canyon In August, 1894, and Golden located the Deer
Trail and Royal. One day, while pursuing two deer, Vanhorn stumb'ed
over a big quartz boulder carrying f-;alena, and immediately went prospect-
ing down the mountain, where he and lils brother, Isaac L. Vanhorn, located
the Deer Trail No. 2. They had pieces of the boulder assayed and found it
carried between 70 and 80 oimces silver to the ton. A tunnel was then run
for 100 feet from the crupplngs, partly through a solid formation and partly
through red sand and gravel, but showed no regular ledge and therefore
was stopped. W. O. Vanhorn panned down some of the red sand for gold
but found strings and flakes of native silver. He then sacked two and
one-half tons and hauled it to Davenport. After enduring much ridicule
and with great difficulty he raised enough money to pay the freight, and
received in payment about $150 a ton. He theii shipped nine tons more
which brought him $1,360.

The Deer Trail No. 2 Is now the principal one of twelve adjoining claims,
all owned by the Deer Trail No. 2 Mining Company, and has developed Into
one of the best paying mines In Washington. It lias been shown with
tolerable certainty that the red sand, gravel ai : boulders into which the
tunnel ran is part of a true fissure ledge whicli h&a either broken off and
settled with the settling of the mountain, or has been heated and decom-
posed by the slaking of the lime walls. The reak-over pitches into the
mountain at an angle of only 15 degrees, so Uiat the face of a 200-foot
tunnel Is only seventy-five feet beneath thi- surface. The red sand is
simply rich mineralized quartz, decomposed and acted on by fire due to
the slaking of the lime. The croppings carried 28 ounces in the form of
black sulphurets and galena. A tunnel run 180 feet Into the mountain
from this point showed the ore in a vein one to six t<et thick '■uttlnr
through lime and quartzLte and pitching east about 15 degrees, winle the
country formation ran almost perpendicularly Into the hill. As the tunnel
ran In the ore grew richer and began to show green carbonates of copper
azurite, malachite, oxycarbonate of lead, native silver In strings and flakes
and steel galena. The flakes of native silver are sometimes as large as a
silver dollar and thin as tin foil. The first car load from near the mouth
of this tunnel netted $237 at the smelter, the second over 1600, the third SI 000
and they Inbreased in value until one car load netted over $2,900. A Quaker
of a car load shipped later carried 6,600 ounces to the ton. As the tunnel
advanced up the hill on the pitch of the vein, the latter grew thinner, until
at last it raq, out altogether.

»«t8 '■!. nic »«oi

INDEX TO MIMEMD CUIMS.

t. Bater Hilbert.

la. Brooks.

2. Nancy Hanks.

19. Dixit Qneen.

3. Home Stake

20. Moonshine.

1. kairview.

31. Elephant.

6. Bin* (!r(Hi»e Ext i

22. LcKAl Tender

6. Horn Silver.

28. Victoria.

7. Plata hna.

24 ProviUence.

8. ruta Rica.

21'). Bao;on.

9. SuMla/ Morning.

26. Deer Trail .So. 2.

10. Saturday Nigbt

27. Royal

11. CloBter.

28. Deer TraU Na l.

12. Silver Daain.

29. Hoodoo No. 2.

13. Brittle Silver.

30. Hoodoo No. 1.

14. Sbaata.

31. Hoodoo Eit.

16. Lone Star

32. Josephine

16. Teoderfont .

33. Idaho.

17. Silver Qi^eea.

M. Cleveland.

CEDAR CAiWON

8TEV£N9 COUNTY.
WASHINGTON.

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

The theory as to there being a ledge In place was confirmed when Nc. S
tunnel was started further south, for It was found close to the mouth,
running down almost perpendicularly with the country formation between
walls of lime phosphate and syenite. Several tunnels have been run Into
the ledge 100 feet below the highest workings, where it is still three to ttve
feet wide and Is straightening up, dipping at an angle of 40 degrees. From
one of these tunnels a drift has been run 100 feet one way and fifty feet the
other, showing up more solid ore, carrying sulphides and galena, of about
the same value as that above. This proves the permanence of the ledge,
which evidently charges ItP pitch according to the disturbance which liaB
occurred in the mountah.

When development began on a large scale tunnels were run at five dif-
ferent places, showing up the ledge for about 600 feet in length. There Is
now an extensive system of tunnels and drifts aggregating about 2,000 Caet.
As the ledge Is almost level, the ore was stoped out from the side of the
tunnels and the old workings were filled up with the waste material. Aa
work progressed. It showed the ore varying in thickness from one to Six
feet. It is richest at the thinnest points, the red sand carrying most val'ie
and being either distributed through or lying on top of the other mlneraL
The ore Is so soft that It can be mined with pick and shovel and often
crumbles In the fingers, but the increased cost of timbering and sorting
offsets the saving In powder. Smelter returns have averaged about $150 a
ton and have ranged from l.'H) to 500 ounces of silver, from $2 to $20 gold and
7 per cent, lead, but some s.ssays have run as high as 3,000 and as low as 10
ounces. Only ore running over 80 ounces In silver has been shipped and
there Is now a quantity' of this low-grade ore on the dump estimated to
contain 500,000 ounces. In addition therg Is a vein of sand In the mine
fourteen inches wide above and below the main ore body which contains
about 20 ounces silver per ton and which has not yet been disturbed. Nego-
tiations are in progress for the erection of a concentrator In the district to
do a customs business and treat this large accumulation of ore.

Dividends have been paid aggregating over $40,000, in addition to the
amounts divided among the owners before the property passed into the
hands of the corporation.

The Deer Trail ledge has been traced to the south through the Jolly Boy,
owned by W. A. Crawford, J. A. Cameron and Seth T. Emerson, and the
Elephant and Moonshine, and to the north through the Royal.

The discovery of another ledge on the other side of the canyon followed
that of the Deer Trail and this has been traced through a string of claims
for 16.500 feet. It was found by C. W. Burdsal and C. T. Porter, who located
the Saturday Night, Sunday Morning and Plata Rica. On the Saturday
Night a 100-foot shaft and thirty-five foot drift showed two to five feet of
ore, tVvo tons of which, shipped from the fifty-foot level, returned 71 ounces
silver at the smelter. In the second fifty feet the shaft ran through ore
carrying 150 to 200 ounces, on which a drift is being run at the 100-foot level.
A ledge eighteen inches wide is shown up In a cross-cut and a fifteen-foot
shaft on the Sunday Morning, with streaks one to three inches wide carrying
sulphurets running into it. A shaft la down on the Plata Rica ledge six
feet wide, carrying streaks of ore two to twelve Inches wide, and a cross-out
taps the ledge below In about 330 feet, one shipment giving good returns.

.As good property on the same ledge is the Plata Fina, owntd by Messrs.
Burdsal, Porter and T. Q. Small. An eighty-foot shaft shows three feet
of ore, on which considerable drifting has been done ana the first shipment
gave good returns. On the Delaware Harvey Jones has tunneled about
100 feet on a four-foot ledge. The Vanhorn brothers have sunk eighty-five
feet on the Silver Queen, showing four feet of good ore; Mr. Keeler has
tunneled on the Pride of the Valley with yood repultf?; and the ledge has
been cross-cut on the Oro Pino by J. F. Conkllng. The Esther Hilbert group
of seven claims, owned by Len Coombs, Fred Lauer, H. Al en, I. Brtslauer
and Charles Young, has a shaft down fifteen feet on a thin streak of ore
carrying 40 to 200 ounces silver, and the ledge has been cross-cut 100 feet
deeper by a 160-foot tunnel, from which a drift has been run 100 feet on

Discoveries were extended last year In all directions from Cedar Canyon.
At the head of Ovopathan Creek Alfred Hughes and John O Le^^y have the
Highland Chief on a four and one-half foot ledge betveen walls of granite
and lime, the ore carrying carbonates of copper and sulphurets of silver^
and assaying 120 ounces silver. On the^ Rattler group of two claims seven
miles west of Cedar Canyon. Dr. J. P. Turney and others have a large
broken ledge of decomposed quartz carrying n *« 300 ounces silver. A shaft
is down sixty feet on the broken ledge and another thirty-e ght feet on the
solid ledge matter. , , , a ^i^^^t a^<»«»ur

This district has the distinction of having been developed almost enUr^ly
by the original prospectors with the money they took out of the Krcuad,
the sole exception being the Deer Trail No. 2, which '« PYJ"^,ftHl.*^lrii|"the

Ano<j..«r section tributary to Davenport Is^the ^rypt District, n^r^ the
confluence of the Spokane and Co "^bla Rlvo-s, where great ledges ^o^
quartzlte jut out In the canyon walls. At the toot of Pitney Butte is th*

11«

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

Egrypt, owned by Charles Grutt and sons, of Davenport, on which a four-foot
ledge of galena is tapped by a 120-foot cross-cut and is opened by a tunnel.
On the Silver Queen, Greenville Blake has shown eighteen Inches of galena
ore, assaying 60 to 130 ounces silver, besides copper and lead, by sinking a
forty-eight foot shaft, from which he has drifted sixty-five fett. On Mill
Canyon, ten miles from Davenport, C. G. Snyder, H. A. P. Myers, Dr. J. P.
Turney, H. H. McMillan and Charles L. Young, all of Davenport, have the
Iron Crown group of five claims on four parallel ledges, assaying from $3.3
upward in gold. One ledge is shown thirty feet wide by a thirty-foot shaft
and thirty-foot cross-cut at the bottom. A cross-cut 100 feet below has
tapped the second ledge, sixteen feet wide, assaying 7 per cent, copper, and
is being extended to the first ledge. A mile south of this group C. L. Young,
W. K. Snyder, C. G. Snyder, Q. E. Brown and J. T. Young have the Elkhorn,
on which a forty-foot cross-cut has tapped eighteen Inches of galena ore.
On the United Workman group of two claims Dr. Q'urney and C. L. Young
have sunk a shaft twenty-six feet on a six and one-half foot ledge carrying
gold and silver, while a tunnel showed ore in ten feet, assaying 12 ounces
silver, $3 gold. The John L., near Fort Spokane, owned by Col. William
Ridpath, has a 125-foot shaft on a ledge carrying galena, a sample shipment
of which netted $135. A tunnel is being run on the ledge.

MINERAL CREEK.

In a broad belt of limestone cut by Mineral Creek and on a spur from
Mount Rainier,, between Green River and the Summit district, is a. scries of
mineral ledges carrying gold, silver and copper in various forms, principally
galena, on which citizens of Tacoma, Centralia and Chehalls have done a
large amount of development. The first discovery was made in July, 1891, by
John T. Davis and James A. Evans and prospecting has traced the belt across
to Washington and Bear Creeks. The country rock is dolomite and the ledges
are In fissures In slate, running northeast and southwest, the gangue being
•calctte and talc.

The district is tributary to Tacoma, being fifty-four miles southeast of that
city. The route Is by the county road from Tacoma to Elbe, on the Nisqually
rlyer, the Lewis county road thence to the mouth of Mineral Creek and a trail
for seven miles to the head of the creek.

The first discovery wa? the Waterfall, by Messrs. Davis and Evans, on
the middle ledge of five which are cut by Mineral Creek and are almost
parallel. On these the Davis & Evans Mining Company has fourteen, claims,
which it Is developing. Nearest the mouth of the creek is the Iron Mine,
which shows brown hematite, cii frying gold and silver in the cropplngs, and
Is said to have sixteen feet of soild ore carrying flo to $18 gola and silver. A
thirty-foot shaft is down on the ore body. The Contact has a twenty-foot
ledge with several streaks' of galena aggregating four feet and assaying about
$40 gold and silver. Tunnels have been driven 140 and 100 feet and connected
by a winze and a shaft is down seventy feet, with several cross-cuts and drifts
from It. From these workings a large quantity of ore has been taken and is
ready to ship. On the Waterfall a thirty-foot shaft and tunnels twenty and
forty feet have shown four feet of ore of the same grade as the Contact.

On the south fork of Mineral Creek this company has the Tacoma on a
body of ore seventy feet wide, which a surface cross-cut shows to have
sulphides of manganese disseminated throughout the ledge matter, while
assays show It to carry $4 and more in gold.

On the Eliza, the Mineral Creek Mining Company hi^s a twenty-foot ledge,
on which a tunnel over 1C»0 feet long shows three to four feet of galena ore.
The same company has driven a tunnel forty feet on the Goldle, showing a
still larger body of ore.

On the Mary Ann, Dr. C. B. Martin has three ledges, eighteen inches to
four feet wide, showing good pay streaks In tunnels fifteen, tv/enty-flve and
forty feet long.

On the Mashell river, within three miles of the wa«on road, the Co-
operative Mining Syndicate of Seattle is developing the Jessie Harper group of
nine claims. These are on a ledge of free milling quartz, wMch has been
oncovered at several points, and is thus shown to be continuous for over 500
feet, while a twenty-foot shaft and several surface cross-cuts show eight feet
of gold-bearing quartz. The surface ore averages $3 to $5 gold and assays
have run aa high as $02. A cross-cut, now in 105 feet, will tap the ledge thirty-
five feet further at a point below the shaft. Gold has been panned out of the
creek below this property and Is presumed to have been washed out of the
ledge.

The wagon road could be extended to the Jessie Harper and up Mlnural
Creek at moderate expense.

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

TRAIL CREEK.

The element of romance in the business of mining, which Kives it a fas-
cination for those unfamiliar with its dry technical details, is partlcularlv
strong in the history of the development of Trail Creek. It is the story of
Bj few pluclcy, determined men in an almost bankrupt city engaging in a min-
ing venture in a wild, remote section of the British Columbia mountains and
proving to be of Incalculable value mineral deposits which men of 'lon^
training and experience had pronounced worthless. It is the story of per-
severance in the face of poverty, the incredulity of neighbors and every
natural obstacle. The climax of this story is the dividends paid by the
principal Trail Creek mines, the return of prosperity to Spokane, whose
citizens had pinned their faith to and risked their scanty means In those
mines, the growth of the city of Rossland in the mountain wilds and th&
haste with which mining experts revised their theories to fit the indisputable-
facts. A new era of mining activity in the Pacific Northwest began with
the development of Trail Creek, and to Spokane belongs the honor of having
opened that era when doubt and fear paralyzed the energies of other com-
munities.

The Trail Creek Mining District is in the Gold Range of mountains and
extends six miles northward from the boundary and seven miles westward
from the Columbia River, its center being Rossland, at an elevation of 3 200
feet above sea level. The trail built by the British Columbia Government
on a line surveyed by Lieut. George Dewdney in 1865, in order to open a way
from the Coast to the Wild Horse District during the placer mining excite-
ment, passes through the district and gives its name to Trail Creek. The
principal mines are on a line of rounded peaks north of RosslanJ, of which
Red Mountain is the chief, with Spokane and O. K. Mountains on the west
and Monte Cristo and Columbia Mountains on the east; also on Deer Park
and Lake Mountains south of the town, through which runs what is-
known as the South Belt. Discoveries have also extended to Grouse Mount-
ain, four miles to the south, directly on the boundary, and eastward to
Lookout Mountain, overlooking the confluence of Trail Creek with the
Columbia River. It is now accessible by two lines of railroad. From Spo-
kane the Spokane Falls & Northern and Columbia & Red Mountain Railroads
run trains through to Rdssland, a distance of 147 miles, a ferry conveying
the trains across the Columbia River pending the erection of a bridge. An
alternative route is to leave the railroad at Northport and take a steamer
up the Columbia River twenty-five miles to Trail, and then go by the Colum-
bia & Western train thirteen miles to Rossland. Prom Vancouver one goes
bv the Canadian Pacific to Revelstoke. 379 miles, thence by a branch line lo
AVrowhead and by steamer down the Arrow Lakes and the Columbia River
to Trail, whence the Columbia & Western train will take one to Rossland.

The geology of the district is described in much detail in a report by
R. G. McConnell to the British Columbia department of mines on the south-
ern half of West Kootenai. He says:

"The most notable feature in the geology of the district examined Is the
marked predominance of rocks of igneous origin. Two great series are rep-
resented, of which the older consipts mostly of porphyrites, diabases, gabbros,
tuffs and agglomerates, and the younger of granites."

Further on, he thus describes the eruptive rocks in and around Rossland:

"At Rossland, the central member of the group, is a fine to coarse-
grained gabbro, apparently passing in a couple of places into a uralitlc gran-
ite. The gabbros occupy an irregular-shaped area with a length of about four
miles and an average width of one mile. They extend from Deer Park
Mountain eastward to the westward base of Lookout Mountain. Thfe line of
junction between the gabbros and bordering porphyrites, commencing at the
northwest corner of the area, runs south through the Cliff, War Eagle and
Ijs RoI claims, then, turning to the west, circles round a spur from the main
area which covers part of Deer Park Mountain and continues eastward in
a sinuous line, passing about a quarter of a mile north of the Crown Point
mine to the foot of the west slope of Lookout Mountain. The northern edge
of the area runs from the Cliff mine eastward to Monte Cristo Mountain,
then bends more to the south, skirting the southern base of the Kootenal-
("olumbla Mountain, continues in a southeasterly direction towards Lookout
Mountain. The eastern edge of the area has not been precisely defined,
owing to the absence of sufficient expu^sures. The gabbros are fringed with
a varying width of augite and uralite porphyrites, and fine-grained diabases.
The passage from the porphyrites to the gabbros is nowhere sharply defined
and the two rocks have apparently originated from the same magma, but
have cooled under different conditions. »

"The gabbros and bordering porphyrites are Important from an economic
f=tandpolnt, as most of the ore bodies at present being -vVorked are situated
either on or close to their line of junction. In passing outward from the-

118

MINING IN THE rACIFIC NORTHWK8T.

gabbro area, a section taken at almost any point shows a borderlngr zone
of brecclated porphvrltes ami diabases of varying width, but seldom exceed-
ing a mile, beyond which comes an alternating series of porphyrltes, tuffs
and slates, and still farther away agglomerates, associated In places w th
fosslUferous limestone, make their appearance. Slates and luffs occur with
the porphvrltes on lied Mountain, on Kootenai-Columbia Mountujn and south
of the gabbro area on Lake and Hald Mountains, and the ridges running
south from them. Agglomerates make up the main mass of Sophia Mountain
and occur with slates, tuffs and porphyrltes on Granite, Spokane, (.rouse
and Lookout Mountains, and on the ridge immediately east of Sheep Creek. '

Mr. MeConndl believes the ore bodies to be replacement veins along
lines of rissurlng and gives his reasons In the following langiutge:

"The blunt irregular outlines of some oi' the ore bodies and their llssure-
llke regularity In others, the presence in most cases of a singli! wall which
Is often meaningless as a confining line, and the occasional lack of any wall,
the gradual blending of tbe ore with the country rock and the presence of
the latter as the principal gangue, are all characters consistent with the
disposition of the ore from ascending heated waters, which have eaten away
portions of the country rock along lines of fracturing and replaced it by
the minerals held in solution. The definite and approximately parallel direc-
tion and dip of the majority of the Rossland leads, the sUlclous characver
of many of the ores and the presence of calcspar In seams and Irregular
pockets, tell against the theory of original segregation, which has of lafe
years been applied to somewhat similar depotiits in dlffewmt parts of the
world, while the ordinary earmarks of fissure veins, as usiially understood,
are seldom observable."

The geological formation Is described in language which will appeal more
to the ordinary mind by C. C. Woodhouse, the mining engineer of Rossland.
He describes it as a patch about four by two miles. In which the gabbro
••ock broke through the older formation and overflowed, Just as water pours
through a hole broken in Ice. The richest ore bodies are on the line of frac-
ture In the original formation, and other belts of gold-bearing chalcopyrlte
and pyrrhotlte In gabbro and diorite are found where similar eruptions have
occurred.

In this formation the ledges are easily located In almost every Instance
by the red capping of oxidized iron, varying In thickness from a few Inches
to twenty feet. Ihls contains but little gold or sliver and this fact caused
the condemnation of the ore bodies as worthless by the experts. But when
the capping is broken through, the ledges are found to contain great bodies
of pyrltlc ores— pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrlte, arsenopyrlte — carrying gold
in increasing quantity as depth is attained, with about 3 ounces of silver,
and copper ranging from 2 to 22 per cent. Towards the west, tl.'> ores are
more sillclous, as in the O. K., I. X. L. and other mines, and Are frea milling
and concentrating, pyrites occurring only In streaks. On the South Belt
the sliver value Is much higher than on the north belt, and galena Is not
infrequently associated with the pyrites. The average value of the ore so
far shipped Is about $37, though In the deeper levels of the Le Roi and Center
Star chutts have be£n struck which ran over $100 In value.

In his report of August, 1S96, on this district, William A. Carlyle, the pro-
vincial mineralogist of British Columbia, says:

"Much prospect work has shown clearly that here is a large system of
lines of fracture w'lth an east by west and northeast by southwest trend,
and a persistent northerly dip. along which more or less ore has concen-
trated, either as bodies of solid sulphides or sulphides scattered through the
country rock. Some of these fissures can apparently be traced through
several 1,500-foot claims, and along them are the large ore chutes now being
mined or developed, the maximum width of pay ore so far being about thirty-
five feet, and maximum length 310 fett. Many of these fissures have been
or are now being prospected, and In many instances with surface indications
of the most unfavorable character, the improvement has been very marked
in the increase of the amount of ore and Its value, and the great probability
that more rich ore chutes will be found by following these fissures has made
all such property valuable, and is deciding the commencement of extensive
exploratory work. Again, large chutes of low-grade ore, mostly the coarse-
grained magnetic Iron pyrites or pyrrhotlte, assaying from traces to $6 to $8
In gold, have been found and are being explored for better grade ore, and
so far with some success."

Mr. Carlyle classifies the ores as follows, exclusive of the free milling
quartz of the O. K. mine:

"(a) Those large deitoslts of coarse-grained massive pyrrhotlte, locally
known as the 'Iron ore,' In which very little or no value In gold is carried.

"(b) The ore found in many claims on the South Belt, as the Lily May,
Homestake, Mayflower, Curlew, Gopher. R. B. Lee, etc.. In which the sul-
phides are not pyrrhotlte, but iron pyrites and marcaslte (white Iron), with
In some of these mines much arsenopyrlte, and also zinc blende and even
galena, in which case the silver value exceeds the gold, and the percentage
of copper Is very small or nothing.

"(c) The, typical ore of the camp as sold by the Le Rol, War Eagle,

Afiil

MmiNQ IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

Ill

Iron Mask, or Josle, in divided Into nrBt-clans and second-class. The flrst-
class conalsts of nearly masalve fine-drained pyrrliotlte and copper pyrites,
osmetlmes with a Itth masnetlte, or misplokel, with more or less quartz
and calclte. In this crlass of ore, as Rot from the lowest workings of the
Li6 Rol. the amount of quartz Is muoh higher, tho nmelter retiirnH eivlnir
41 to 52.8 per cent, silica, and 20.6 to 2U.8 per cent. FeO., but this is provlni
the best ore In the mine. The average smelter returns were on 1,200 tons,
2.6 ounces of gold, 1.8 ounces of sliver, and 2.5 per cent, of copper, or $53.05
net per ton, while some shipments went as high iis 4.06 ounces In gold

The second-class ore, and the bulk of the ore of the amp shipped will
be most probably of this character and value, is a dloritc with a compara-
tively small percentage of these sulphides, but the value is still very good'
1,800 tons of the Le Kol. second class, yielded bv smelter returns an average'
of 1.34 ounces of gold, 1.4 ounces of sliver, and l.C per cent, copper of $27 97
net per ton."

The first discovery In this district was made In 1887 by George Bowman
and George I.ayson, who had assays m.ide showing the ore to run nigh In
silver. They kept their secret so well that, although others followed their
trail, It was not till two years later that Oliver Bordeau and Newlin Hoover
traced it to a ledge on the South Belt, on which they located the Lily May

The first locations on Red Mountain were made on July 7, 18S0 by Jo.se'ph
Bourjouis and Joseph Morris, and were the Center Star, War Eagle Idaho
and Virginia. They also staked out the Le Rot and took samples for assay
These gave such low values that they readily accepted an ofter of E S
Topping, the mining recorder at Nelson, B. C, to take one of the claims lii
lieu of his fees. B'lng offered his choic.\ he took the Le Rol. About the
same time the Josle was located by Harry Sherrin for himself and R. E
Lemon, of Nelson.

Mr. Topping obtained samples from the Le Rol and, taking them seventy
miles to Colvllle, Wash., received assays showing as high as $500 gold. He
showed his specimens to George M. Forster and Col. William Ridpath two
Spokane attorneys who were attending court, and they induced him to go
to Spokane and show the oi-e to Oliver Durant, an experienced mining en-
gineer. That gentleman bonded slxteen-thlrtleths of the claim for six
months for $30,000. and was Joined in the venture by a coterie of law vers, in-
cluding Messrs. Forster and Kldiiath, Senator George Turner, CoL W. W. D.
Turner and Frank Graves, agreeing to do $3,000 worth of work during the six
months. This was In November. 1890, and In the following sprlni? a shaft
was down thirty-five feet in ore which ran as high as $472. The bond was
taken up. Mr. Topping's remaining interest was bouglit and the Le Rol Min-
ing & Smelting Company was organized. In the fall of 1891 the first car load
was packed out and shipped to a smelter at Butte, where It returned $SG.40 In
gold, sliver and copper.

Despite this evidence of the possibilities before the Le Rol, the stock was
long a drug on the n irket, and stories abound of liow It was accepted at a
few cents a share with much grumbling, in payment of debts to persons who
have since been made rich by it. A boarding-house keeper took It in pay-
ment of a board bill hopelessly In arrears, a sten<i);rat)her accepted It for
arrears of salary because It was "Hobson's choice": a tailor took it In pay-
ment for a suit of clothes. All accepted it under protest, hut stored it away
in the hope that "it might be worth something some day." uiul many have
thus acquired unexpected riches.

The Le Rol Is not only the bonanza but the pioneer of the camp, for it
was not until 189;i that the development of other properties began, and In the
summer of that year a wagcn road was cut to Trail landing, and the first
load of Le Rol ore was hauled out. The construction of a road down Sheep
Creek to Northport, sixteen miles distant, soon followed, and the camp
emerged from the prospetit In^ to the mining and shipping stage of its career.
Early In 1896 the Columbia & Western narrow gauge railroad was bnllt from
Trail, on the Columbia River, to Rossland, by F. August Helnze, who has
also built a pyrltic smelting plant at Trail with a capacity of 350 to 100 tons
a day, and Is continually enlarging It. Last year also the Columbia & Red
Mountain Railroad, standard gauge, was built from Northport to Rossland.
as an extension of the Spokane Falls & Northern, and thus the camp now has
all-rail connections, which will receive their finiHhIng stroke with the com-
pletion of the bridge now under construction across the Columliia at North-
port.

The Le Rol property Includes two claims and a fraction on lUd Mountain,
having »> cappdng six to fourteen feet wide, tracable for 200 to 300 feet
in a northeast and .'(outhweat direction. This capping covered a chute of
pyrrhotlte and some chalcopyrlte for the whole distance, until at the west
end the ledge branches into two or three smaller ones, which can be traced
onward. A shaft was sunk on this chute, at first at a pitch of 45 degrees, but
gradually increasing Its pitch until at 535 feet it is nearly vertical. This
shaft Is all in ore, and drifts have been run from It at eacn fifty feet from the
150-foot level downward, showing the ore chute to widen out. Its sreatesf
width being thirty-five feet at thf west end of the 450-foot level. !• <>m thla
level a stope Is being worked up to the 360-foL level, and has all ore under-

\h4

'pw

120

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

neath. The ore chute was cut off by a fault on the went, but the drift on the
600- foot luvel has been extended through It, and has now advanced 125 feet
throuRh the hlRheHt Krade ore yet discovered in the mine. Five aBsays of
sampleB taken on January H from the face of the drift Ave feet wide gave an
average of S136.tJ4 gold, and ten assays from tho bottom of the shaft on th«
same date gave an average of $68.96 gold. On the 4()0-foot level the stope
averages twenty-five feet wide, but at a distance of 172 feet from the fault
in the west level the ore Is cut off by another fault running through the upper
workings. Tho ore body has beon again discovered beyond this fault twelve
feet wide on the 450-foot and llfteen feet on the 300-foot level, and the same
conditions have been found on the lower levels. The ore has been stoped
for sixteen to twenty feet from the 4t)«-foot level and Is twenty-five to thlrt;
feet wide In the roof, thirteen to fourteen feet of it being of first grade. A
300- foot diamond drill-hole has been sunk on the pitch of the ledge belov/ this
level. On the .SiTO-foot level the stope averages tv ?nty-flve feet wide for 170
feet, and a drll-hole In the hanging wall shows twenty feet more of mixed
ore. On the east side three drill-holes were put In, one showing twenty-six
feet of low-grade ore beyond twenty feet of barren rock In the footwall; an-
other forty feet straight ahead beyond a fault Into a fine body of or^^. In
which a twenty-foot chamber has been cut. On the west this stope Is In
twelve feet of good ore, with ten feet of mixed ore In the hanging and Ave
feet In the footwall. On tho 300-foot level a wide body of good ore has been
stoped, and much hecond-grade ore Is now being mined.

It has been recently discovered through excavations for a 600-ton hoist
that the rusty red Iron-stalned rock has a width of 110 feet, dipping into the
mountain at an angle of 4r> degrees, under a dlorlto dike. About 800 feet
west of the old workings a tunnel known as the Peyton tunnel has be n
driven forty feet, and at twenty feet struck pay ore which now shows a soli,
face of eighteen feet. A platform and oreblns are being erected, and a
wagon road Is In course of construction to deliver this ore to the smelter.
Its value runs about $10 gold and copper, and the management believes It has
here as largt; and good a (rhute of ore as In the old workings.

It was estimated on J inuary 1, 1H97, that fully 3,500 feet of work had beon
done In the mine, anc' ti.at 6,257 cubic fathoms of ore and waste, equal to
93,654 tons, had been noisted. The mine Is now shipping 150 tons of ore dally,
fifty tons going to the Trail smelter, and the remainder going to Tacoma,
Kverett and Kast Helena. A new forty-drill compressor plant Is now in
satisfactory operation, and before this book Is published a new hoist will be
In operation, capable of delivering 1,000 tons a day, this new machinery having
cost $80,000.

The mine employs ICO men and pays $15,000 a month In salaries and wages,
and $20,(100 a month for fuel, supplies and other expenses. It has not only
paid for its development and equipment, but has paid $350,000 dividends, which
are being declared at the rate of $50,000 a month.

The most Important recent discovery in regard to the Le Rol ore Is that
it Is changing character at depth, and becoming susceptible of reduction by
the free-milling and concentrating process. This was proved by a recent
mill-test at the O. K. mill with a lot of ten and one-half tons of an assay
value of $16 gold and silver. Although the ratio of concentration— 6 to 1—
was f.o low that there was not sulHcient concentrator capacity to treat the
pulp of all ten stamps, and closer saving could have been accomplished with
five stamps, the result was satisfactory. The total value of goid and silver
saved on the plates was $67.85 and in concentrates $43.82, an extraction of 66
per cent. A further test with fifty-one tons 429 pounds of ore assaying
$8,93 1-3, resulted as follows:

Gold saved on plates $200 69'

Silver saved on plates , S 4^

Gold saved in concTtrates 127 80

Sliver saved in concentrates 6 4J

Copper saved In concentrates 7 91

Total value saved $346 2S

Percentage of extraction, 76.1. Ratio of concentration, 6% Into 1.

The next famoii> mine of the camp is th(? War Eagle, which was recently
bought by the Goodc rham-P.lackstock syndl,-ate for $700,000. This syndicate
also bought the Crown Point group, and Richmond In the South Belt and has
transferred the property to the War Eagle Consolidated Gold Mining Com-
pany.

The War Eagle was first bonded in 1893, together with the Iron Mask and
Virginia, by Austin CorWln, W. J. C, Wakefield, E. J. Roberts end others,
of Spokane. They ^'ta^ted two tunn(})s and a shaft, but owing to a wide
discrepancy in assays threw up tho bond. Mr. WakeP.eld, however, secured
another bond for the company, which had been formed under the name of
War Eagle Gold Mining Company, with the result that work was resumed
and an orf* chute was struck forty feet long and four or five feet wide,
assaying $18 to $2-1 gold. Negotiations were pending with Patrick Clark to
tak*^ up flevelonment In return for a half-interest when the bond was again
forfeited and Mr. Wakefield only held the property until these negotiations

MINING IN THE I'ACIFIC NORTilWEST.

wUh Mr. Clark and John A. !• im-h wtTo cloHod, by tiiktiiR a thirty days'
option. Then work was ri'sunud and In Dectmber, 1894, a Krcat chuto of
ore 75 to 100 fuet long and four to twelve feet wide, avernKing nearly $50 a
ton, was struck. From the tunnels and an upraise rin on this chute the
company In 1895 produced JfiOO.iXHl worth of ore, out of which It paid |132,500
In dividends and paid for the mine. Us development and cqtilpment.

Tho original shaft was sunk over seventy feet In No. 1 chute of ore
assaying $12 to $16 gold, the veins running nearly east and west. About
800 feet west a splendid ore chute, No. 2, averaging 2% ounces gold from
tho surface, was stopid to the surface from tunnel No. 1. 120 feet long and
eight to twelve feet wide, with two to four and oni'-half feet of ore remain-
ing In the floor. Beyond thlf-. Is a fault, and then comes No. ."! chute, of lower
grade^ forty feet long and five feet wide, which has been stoped to the
surface, with t^roe to four feet of ore still beneath. Tunnel No 1, 'JOO feet
long, passed through these chutes, as well as through the ore tappe<l by the
shaft, which averaged three and on< -half feet wide for eighty feet. The
second tunnel, 140 feet on the depth of the ledge below No. 1. is 1,100 feet
long, and near Its mouth a shaft Is down thlrty-flve feet In a chute of good
grade ore, which follows the door of the tunnel for 1«0 feet as If It were the
apex of another chute. In this tunnel chute No. 2 has Increased to 310 feet
In length, of high grade ore, and from two to fourteen feet wide, much of
which averaged $57.60. About S.OOO tons of this ore has been shipped from a
fitope about sixty-five feet high. No. 3 ehute has been struck on this level,
a raise made through It to No. 1 level, and two slopes are being made on It,
Its average v'dth being six feet and Its length eighty fi-et on the uppvr and
forty feet jOn the lower level. A winze has also been sunk 225 feet on No. 2
chute and drifting started east and west along it. The No. 3 tunnel is a
cross-eut through the Iron Mask groimd and In 1.050 feet taps the chute
exposed In the mouth of No. 2 tunnel at a depth of 2.")0 feet on the depth of
the ledge, showing ore of a higher grade, of an average value of $25 gold,
Bllver and copper. A spur has been run from the ikilumbia & Western
Railroad by way of the War E:agle to the Le Ilol and ore bins have been
erected on It. At present twenty-live tons a day are being shipped, but the
quantity will be Increased to an average of 1,500 tonn a month for the year
1897. A twenty-drill compressor, power drills, steam plant and pump are
on the Iron Mask ground and are used Jointly by the War Eagle and Iron
Mask Companies.

On the Iron Mask, which adjoins the War Eagle and has been developed
largely In connection with It, a shaft followed a narrow crevice down for
twenty feet, from which point It widened to nearly the full width, with fine
high-grade ore averaging 2.3 ounces gold. The shaft went down 100 feet, and
then fifty feet of drift was run. A tunnel was then run from Center Star
Gulch on an ore chute exposed by a road cutting, and ran for nearly 120 feet
on mixed ore. After connecting with the shaft. It turned to the right under
War Eagle tunnel No. 2, to which an upraise Is being made on the ore body,
A double compartment shaft Is being sunk at the mouth of this tunnel, with
three and one-half feet of ore showing.

The Virginia, owned by a sister company to the Iron Mask, has a 400-foot
cross-cut, run to tap an ore body exposed In a small shaft above, and has cut
a/ chute of low-grade ore five feet wide and forty feet long, but work at this
point has been suspended for surface prospecting. The Poorman fraction,
separately incorporated by the same parties, has a tunnel about 230 feet long,
connecting with a ninety-two foot shaft. The latter Is within five feet of the
Josle line, and the Josle Company Is continuing the tunnel through its own
ground. Shipments aggregating nv, tons have returned about 1 ounce gold,
HV*. ounces silver and 2\(, per cent, copper. „ , , ^ ^ ,

The Centre Star and Idaho, which lie east of the War Eagle and Le Rol,
have the distinction of being a fully developed mine from which not a ton of
ore has ever been shipped, the owners, the Centre Star Gold Mining & Smelt-
ing Company, preferring to reduce the ore on the ground by some process yet
to be adopted. The ledge Is exposed thirty to fifty feet wide in a dlorlte bluff
on the east side of Centre Star Gulch, with a smaller ledge on each side of It.
The main tunnel runs from tMs point Ism feet to the Le Roi end line, gaining
350 feet of depth and traversing several large bodies of low-grade ore, one ot
which Is 147 feet long and fourteen to .sixteen feef wide, while another Is nearly
seventy feet wide, and 200 feet from the end line a large body thirty feet wide
and apparently of great length was .-truck. Five feet of ore In this chute
carries over 20 per cent, copper and averages over $100 gold; the remainaer or
Its width Is more slllclous and averages about $24 for all values. ^<,ross-cuts
are being run north and south from this tunnel to the side lines, and have cut
the north ledge four to six feet wide, of good c re. running high *" copper, at
280 feet, and the south ledge, of less width, at la. feet. A double compartment
shaft taps the main tunnel 410 feet from Its mouth, near the Intersection of
the drift, and Is used for ventilation. Another tunnel Is t^luK run to the
gulch to Intersect the north drift, and there Is In all about 3.000 feet of uiider-
ground work. The-e are over 7,000 tons of ore on the dump, and Oliver
Durant, the manager, estimates that there are between 20aM0 and mOW tons
of ore in sight In the mine. It Is .intended to sink a three-compartment shaf^
on the hill near the north side line to a depth of 200 feet below the present

< \m

l;ti

,1,' J

122

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

tunnel level. The mljie has a steam engine and seven compressed air drills..

The Josle, north of the Le Rot, is being developed by the Josle Gold Mining
Company, and has two ledges, the main and the north. The main tunnel be-
gan In ore, but this was soon cut off, and the tunnel ran on between smooth
walls and through a fault, beyond which It cut an ore chute one to four feet
wide, sloped up thirty to forty feet and ninety feet long. A 100-foot shaft
here connects with the surface. In a short cross-out. 250 fact from the tunnel
mouth, a diamond drill located ore 107 feet to the north. The tunnel then
runs for about 100 feet, with ore In the roof, sometimes three feet of solid
pyrrhotitp. with much sulphide scattered through the dlorite. Then occurs
another fault, where a cross-out runs 100 feet north to connect with a shaft
which ha.s been sunk sixty feet in ore in the north ledge, and which has 100
feet more to go down. A cross-cut to the south showed ore for twelve to
fifteen feet, and the tunnel, in "00 feet, showed low-grade ore for over 200 feet,
which would pay to sort and ship. Consloerable ore has been tak.^n from
a slope on the surface, 120 feet long and three to four feet wide. A two-
compartment shaft has been sunk 120 feet in ore at the mouth of the tunnel,
and 100 feet of drifts have been run at th^ eighty-five foot level, the ore taken
out being sorted and shipped to Tacoma. A -rosB-cut run from the Le Rot
boundary taps this shaft at 100 feet. The shaft will be sunk 500 feet, and drltta
will be run at the 200-foot level. The Poorman tunnel has been continued
through the Josle ground for 150 feet, striking an ore chute sixty feet from the
line, which is forty feet long and averages Kucteen feet wide. This tunnel
Is 100 feet above the main tunnel on the other side of the mountain. The
first shipment of seventy tons from the Josie returned $43 at the smeltei*.
other shipments ran $47 and one car load ran $68. The mine is equipped with
seven compressed air drills, steam hoist and pump.

The St. Elmo, owned by the St. Elmo Gold Mining Company, has a largre
cropping of quartzose rock, containing calcite, zinc blende and Iron and
copper pyrites, east of which a 100-foot tunnel runs on diorlte, well mineralized
with pyrites. The main tunnel runs 300 feet on an east and west wall through
Consolidated St. Elmo ground .ind for the last forty feet on St. Elmo ground,
where a depth of 300 feet is attained. The ledge is then '.ross-cut and Is
twenty-two feet wide, of $10 ore.

The Monte Crlsto gave Its name to the Monte Crlsto Mountain, and shows
eight to twelve feet of solid pyrrhotite directly beneath the Injn capping, on
which a shaft was sunk sixty feet. Tunnel No. 2 Is In 290 feet to a depih of 125
feet, and twelve feet from the mouth cut a chute of or*) which continued for
seventy feet, and is six feet wide, but carried only a trace to $3 gold. Striking
a fault, the tunnel diverged to the northeast for fifty feet and again struck
the ore chute, which It still has In the face, the value having increased to $12
to $30. Tunnel No. 1, 300 feet below No. 2. Is in 300 teet. and was run north of
the ledge to catch the dip, a cross-cut to the south tapping the latter and flit-
ting the first ore chute str.fk to the upper tunnel. The mine, which Is owned
by the Monti Crlstc Gold ^Vllaing Company, has an engine, seven-drill com-
pressor and two oow?r IriJls.

The California, owneu by the California Gold Mining Company, has two
east and west ledges and two cross ledges running north and south. A tunnel
has been run 165 feet on one cross ledge, which has widened from six to thirty-
six inches, with decomposed (juprta giving place to solid ore, of $15 value.
Another tunnel is in thirty feet on the same vein. 100 feet higher. The lower
tunnel will be extended to cross-cut the east and west ledges, one of which
has been opened by a fifty-foot shaft. The second north and south ledge has
been stripped for 200 feet and is sixteen feet wide, a tif ty-four-foot shaft show-
ing $15 ore In it. The company Is putting in pumps and power drills and con-
tinuing the main tunnel.

The Nickel Plate Mining Company is pushing development on Its claim
and a fraction. A shaft is being sunk on the ore with a drift at the 100-toot
level, 100 feet east and 110 feet west, showing more or less ore. A (;ro8S-cut
has b^en driven 285 feet north from this shaft. Intersecting at 110 feet a chute
of hlbi'-grade pyrrhotite and copper pyrites, which is two to three fe«t wide
In a st^ T)e twenty-five feet high. An air-shaft is being sunk near another
cropping and will connect v/lth the cross-cut. A hoisting plant and power
drills are being installed.

The (Mty of Spokane, owned by the Lillooet, Frastir River & (^arlboo Gold
Field Company, lies across Centre Star Gulch, partly on Red Mountain and
partly on Monte Crlsto Mountain, and is being developed on the latter side
with a three-d-111 plant and steam engine. A tunnel .325 feet long, with a
depth of eighty feet, struck an ore chute u.t sixty feel which j)roved to be
ninety feet long and thirty-four feet wMe, of saveral forms of pyrltic ore,
averaging $12 to $64 gold. A cross-cut aaghty feel to the north at a point 170
feet from the mouth cut several streaks 'Vf ore, one jts wide as two feet, while
the south crosH-cut Is In forty-three fffet Another ledge crops two feet
wide, assaying on the surface $S gold, 4 iwr cent copper. The main tunnel
will be driven "HO feet to thf east, and a winze wU' be sunk 100 feet to It.

The Red Mountain, west of the City of Spokane, has been equlpp€<l with a
seven-drill pterrr- and steam eirrlne by the Red Mountain Mining Company.
A shaft Is down sixty feet on the north ledge, with a drift forty feet west at
the bottom, showing eighteen Inohcu to four feet of ore which averages $88.40,

'-'-^x^'mmmmmm^mmmM

TRAIL CREEK, ^^•

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carrying 10 to 12 pe

ledge at a depth of

the west and an i

south. Several ca

The Cliff, on th

e«orge C. Whartc

ledge, easily trace

shaft have shown

cuts, runs for the i

^, then after a si

shows a stringer 1

300 feet, and for si

m places, then, b<

been shipped, and

a shaft Is down t'

other shaft, forty

ventilation. The;

cent, copper. Th<

Elmo Consolldat«j

extension of the C

cut at the bottom,

to tap the ledge.

ledge, »50 feet belo

On the View, t

on a ledge widen

and Is continuing

The Jumbo, oi

owned by the Jui

to the I-ondon G<

Gertrude and Ma

cropping showed

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about 300 feet of

gangue, and cutt

end of 150 feet th«

about $14. Anot

feet, and is just c

passed over it.

which is pronoun

Near this min

of the Jumbo ore

Nevada, across tl

ore chute higher

On the south

Gold Mining Coir

of quartz carryii

tunnels have bet

depth of 37,5 feet,

aggregates l.fiW) f

166 to $215, and t

worth $12 to $40.:

ore, and are wol

ore goes to a tw

three six-foot Id

ledge, of which

regarded as the

at a depth of &

eaulpped with a

car tram 800 feel

The l. X. I...

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foot tunnel ran

wide, with the

Mining Com pun

I X. I' on the Si

South of the

foot shafts on a

other shaft Is c

tlfty-foot level a

similar to the C

Active devel

Mountain, in ai

Eagle ledge, he

a steam hols a

on the 100-fo a i

$160, an avera.r*

On the west

have the Marlp<

ised. A cros8-(

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

carrying 10 to 12 per cent, copper. A cross-cut has been ru i ^OO feet to cut the
ledge at a depth of 2B0 feet, and will be connected with the snaft by a drift' io
the west and an upraise of 190 feet. A parallel ledge crops 220 faet to tho
south. Several car loads of ore from the shaft have been shipped to Tacortia

The Cliff, on the east slope of Red Mountain, is owned by S. M. Wharton"
G«orge C. Wharton, John R. Cook and E. L. Tate. It has a well-deflried
ledge, easily traced through It, and several open«cut3 and a lorty-ttve-foot
shaft have shown hfgh-grade ore. A 400-foot tunnel, with 100 feet of cross-
cuts, runs for the flnit ninety feet through soild ore four feet wide, worth |6' to
18, then after a slip continues sixty-five feet, when it becomes broken tiii6
Shows a stringer two to ten Inches wide. Tunnel No. 2, 100 feet lower,- I'sln
300 feet, and for slxty-Hve feet runs through low-grade ore, thirteen feet Wide
IKi places, then, beyond a fault, for ninety feet more. Some of this ore has
been shipped, and returned a small profit. Below the mouth of this tunnel
R shaft Is down twenty-five feet In ore, and 150 feet above the tunnel 'Is' an-
other shaft, forty feet In ore, which will be cnnected with the tunnel for
ventilation. There are about 500 tons of $30 ore on the dump, carrying 16 per
cent, copper. The mine has a three-drill compressor and an engine. The St.
Elmo Consolidated, owned by Messrs. Wharton and others, is on the W6st
extension of the Cliff ledge, and has a fifty-foot shaft with a fifteen-foot cross-
cut at the bottom, showing ten feet of ore. A cross-cut Is in seventy-five feet
to tap the ledge. The St. Elmo Company has driven a tunnel 300 feet on the
ledge, 350 feet below on this claim, to run through into its own ground.

On the View, the Rod Mountain View Company had a forty-flve-foot tunnel
on a ledge widening from fifteen inches to nearly three feet of mixed ore,
and Is continuing development.

The Jumbo, on the left side of Red Mountain overlooking Sheep Creek, is
owned by the Jumbo Gold Mining Company, which has bonded It for $500,000
to the I-ondon Gold Fields Syndicate. The same company lias bonded the
Gertrude and Maryland, adjoining, for $145,000. A thirty-flve-foot shaft on a
cropping showed some low-grade ore and some ttllurides In streaks and
bunches running $1,000 and more In gold. A tunnel was then run 260 feet, with
about 300 feet of cress-cuts, showing fifty feet of sulphide ore In a quarta
gangue, and cutting two of the three parallel ledges on the claim. At the
end of 150 feet the tunnel entered and continued for fifty feet on ore averaging
about $14. Another tunnel, about 200 feet north and 175 feet lower, is in 300
feet, and is just coming into an ore body on the ledge, the upper tunnel having
passed over it. Five car loads of unsorted ore have been shipped as a test,
which Is pronounced satisfactory.

Near this mine, a tunnel is being run on the HlRh Ore for the continuation
of the Jumbo ore chuto. and a tunnel is being run for the same purpose on the
Nevada, acrofs the creek. The Gold Hill has run a tunnel 350 feet to strike an
ore chuto higher up. , ^ ,,.

On the south slope of Spokane Mountain is the O. K., owned by the 0..,K.
Gold Mining Comjmny, on which Is a true fissure ledge five to seven feet wide
of quartz carrying free gold, iron and copper sulphides and galena. Three
tunnels have been run, 233, 400 and 335 feet respectively, the lowest giving a
depth of 375 feet, and with cross-cuts an'i connecting winzes the development
aiTKrcgntes 1 fiOO feet. On the footwall is one to five feet of smelting ore. worth
$^) to $215 and the remainder of the ledge is milling and concentrating ore.
worth $12 to $40. The concentrates range from 2 to 10 per cent, of the crude
ore and are worth $Gfi to $157, carrying 8 to 10 per cent, copper. The milling
ore'gotL-s to a twenty-five-stamp mill, of which ten stamps are In operation.

three six-foot improved Frue vanners saving the sulphides. A
wlue of which the cropping.'^ are visible above the ledge now
regarded as tho main ledge and source of the smelting ore, and ivil
L depth of 500 feet by the extension of the owest level. T
nued with a five-drill air compressor and a diamond drill, an<
trHm 800 feet long brings the ore to the mill.

irani ovi, ^^ owned by John S. Baker, J. H. Scott. Edwr^rd Brehn and C. P.
n is" liener'aliy believed to be on the extension of the- O. K. ledge. A 126-
'iintifM ran Into it twenty feet from the mouth ar.d showed it four :eet

thirty-foot
worked, is
rt-B^arded as tho main ledge ana source oi ine smemiiB u.^.-, anu will lie tapped
at a depth of 500 feet by the extension of the lowest level. The miiie is
('miinned with a five-drill air compressor and a diamond drill, and a gravity
car tram 800 feet long brings the ore to the mill.

2!J,'!'";inner ran into it twenty feet from the mouth ar.d showed it four :eet
^Vd^wl^h the same characteH as the O. K. The St. Lawrence Gold

Mining Company Is preparing to develop the Gold King, which adjoins the

^' ■^■r,uth"of'the'"o!'K.rthe'Norway Gold M*nlng Comp.any has sunk two thirty-
foot shans on a large body of low-grade sulphide ore assaying $6 to $12. An-
other shaft Is down fifty-four feet and a cross-cut thirty-seven feet at the
fiftv-foot level shows only one wall. The ore is sulphides in k quartz gangue
Kimllar to the O. K., and a number of assays average $20.

Active development Is being pushed on a numboT of properties on Red
..„,v;,tain In -uldition to those already described. The Monlta, on the War
Fagle ledge has b^n "quipped by the Monlta Gold Mining Company with
, sfeam hoU and two power drills, and a shaft U being siink and a dilft run
on the 100-fo >t level, showing thr.M> feei of ore assaying from a trace up to

*'%rthVwesf exSl'o^'cff one of the W Rol ledges, G. H. Randell and other,
have the Mariposa, on which a fifteen-foot shaft shows the rock well min-^nil-
ized A cross-cut Is being run to tap the ledge.
(6)

'•.y
m

Lt"

t f .

-I

-y

ill

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

The White Bear, which has been equipped by the White Bear Mining &
MlUlng Company with two power drills and a steam hoist and pump, has an
eteliteen-fopt cropping of what Is believed to be the Le Roi ledge. A shaft Is
down fifty-flye feet on the footwall, In well mineralized rock, and a cross-cut
win be run at the 100-foot level.

The Annie fraction Is also believed to be on one of the I-ie Rod ledges, and
shows good ore In a fifty-foot shaft sunk by the Kootenal-London Mining
Company ,

The Surprise and Lucky Queen, owned by P. Porter and Peck Bros., of
Chicago, adjoin the St. p:imo and Red Mountain. They have two ledges ex-
posed, on one of which a 200- foot tunnel shows five feet o ' ore at a depth of
sevent>-flve feet, and surface cuts for 600 feet up the mountain make the same
showing. .The other ledge is exposed for 900 feet by surface cuts, being thirty
feet wide, with ten feet of ore averaging about |8 gold and 2% per cent, copper,
this ore chute showing also in a thirty-foot shaft.

The Butte, on the south slope of Red Mountain, is traversed by a strong
Assure ledge from east to west, and a nlnetytwo-foot shaft cut through three
ore chutes assaying |8 to $22 gold, and showing eight to twenty-four Inches
of sllicloug ore on the footwall. The third chute shows three feet of solid ore.
The Butte Gold-Copper Mining Company Is sinking to depth and drifting on
the ledge.

The Cracker Jack, owned by the Cracker Jack Mining Company, has a
shaft down eighty five feet, showing four feet of ore In the bottom, while a
twenty-flve-foot shaft is down on another ledge, assays ranging from $12 to $15.

The Northern Belle, owned by the Northern Belle Mining Company, Is on
the north slope of Red Mountain, and has a twenty-foot ledge, with two feet
of solid ore and numerous lesser streaks, tapped at a depth of eighty feet by
a cross-cut of ^14 feet. Assays average from $12 to $15 gold. A seventeen-
foot shaft shows four feet of $25 ore In a parallel ledge.

The Mab«l Gold Mining Company has run a tunnel 100 feet on the Mabel,
which slopes up Red Mountain from Centre Star Gulch, has sunk a winze
twenty-two feet and cross-cut five feet In ore assaying $12 to $60, and has not
struck the footwall. A cross-cut is in 160 feet at a further depth of 166 feet,
and will also tap a smaller parcllel ledge.

The Big Three Mining Company is opening up the Southern Belle and an-
other claim, adjoining the Cliff on the north. A shaft was sunk and in thirty
feet showed the pay streak, after widening from six to twenty-four Inches,
to split. The footwall was followed twenty feet more, and then a cross-cut
encountered the other streak and showed three feet of $38 ore. Another five-
foot ledge 500 feet north will be tapped by a cross-cut, now in seventy-five feet,
and a third ledge! Is exposed.

Adjoining the California is the Giant, which the Giant Mining Company
is developing steadily. Two large ledges f inverse the claim, and a shaft on
one of them is in shipping ore from the ;itart, eleven assays ranging from
$14.40 to $58.40 gold. A tunnel is also being driven on this ledge, and every foot
of penetration shows Improvement In the ore.

The Morning Star has a shaft down 100 feet on a flifty-foot ledge of ore
similar to thf low-grade ore of the Lc Rol, and is extending It another 100 feet.
A steam hoist, pump and two-drill compressor are being Installed.

The Evening Star Gold Mining Company has on the Evening Star, on
Monte Crlsto Mountain, a large exposure of decomposed rock through which
two ledges appear to run, and from one of these twenty-two tons of surface
ore have been shipped to Tacoma and returned $32.80 gold. A fifty-foot tunnel
on this ledge showed a small stringer carrying free gold to widen considerably,
and a tunnel has been driven 300 feet from a further depth of sixty feet to
strike this ore body, and to be used as a working tunnel. Work on this cross-
cut was suspended until a shaft was sunk on a known chute of high-grade ore
on the summit, and at thirty feet this had widened from six inches to three
feet and in a drift to four feet. Shipments of 100 tons have returned $26.33,
and two car loads weekly are now bedng shipped, making this the sixth claim
In the camp to give promise ot regular shipments. The shaft and drift are
both being extended.

On the C. & C, south of the Evening Star. J. H. O'Leary and others have
sunk a shaft thirty feet, all In low-grade mixed ore, and .are pushing work
vigorously.

The Northern Belle Mining Company takes Its name from a. claim on Bed
Mountain which shows three ledges on the surface. One of the three showed
continuous improvement in a small shaft and has been tapped by a 100-foot
crosK-cut. Another ledge has a short tunnel, all in $28 ore. A cross-cut to
tap all the ledges at a depth of 500 feet will be run this season.

The Georgia Gold Mining Company has on the Georgia a 100-foot tunnel
running through four or five feet of mixed ore and rock, with cross-cuts to
the west forty and sixteen feet.

The Iron Horse, on the south slope of Monte Crlsto Mountain, has a tunnel
140 feel, from which a twenty-foot drift to the north struck an ore body, while
a cross-cut to the south sixty-four feet from the surface, opened an ore chute,
two car loads from which av«>raged S.'JO. An upraise has been made from this
tunnel to connect with a thirty-six-foot shaft sunk by the locators. A wlnsie

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

haa been sunk sixty-eight feet on the ore chute, and la being extended to the
surface by a shaft from above and an upraise to meet It, the intention bela*
to make' this a double compartment shaft. A hoist has been placed at tHe
shaft and power hired from the Columbia & Kootenai.

The Iron Horse fraction, the name of which has been changed to the Alkl,
Is owned by the Aikl Gold Mining Company and Is on the west extension fit
the Columbia & Kootenai ledge on Monte Crlsto Mountain, with extensioae
of the Evening Star and one of the Georgia ledges. A sixty-foot shaft shows
five feet of solid ore, on which the shaft is being sunk another fifty feci,
with the intention of then Installing power drills and an air compressor and
drifting. Another shaft Is down twenty feet on four feet of ore In the same
ledge. Assays have ranged from $10 to $40.

The Iron Colt, on the extension of the Columbia & Kootenai ledge, is owned
by the Iron Colt Mining Company, which has bought two-power drills to be
operated by compressed air from the Columbia & Kootenai. A shaft is down
seventy-five feet, showing ore all the way down and the full width, averagl»g
$15 gold with very little copper on the surface, but improving to about $25, with
2 per cent, copper at the bottom. This shaft is to be extended to a depth of
at least 500 feet. A cross-cut is in sixty feet, and In 380 feet more will tap
the ledge at a depth of 176 feet.

The La Belle, also on the west extension of the Columbia & Kootenai ledge,
with four other known ledges crossing it. Is owned by the Rossland La Bette
Mining & Development Company. A cross-cut is in sixty feet, and will strik«
the Columbia ledge twenty feet further.

On the north slope of Monte Crlsto Mountain is the Delacola, owned by the
Delacola Gold Mining Company. A sixty-eight-foot shaft in the hanglag
wall ds In mineralized rock for its whole width, assaying $3 to $8 gold and 4
ounces silver, at a depth of twenty feet, with two feet of pay ore, and a fifteen-
foot shatt on another 'edge shows a streak of magnetic iron to widen from
half an Inch to eight inches, carrying $2.60 gold, 4 ounces silver. Both ledgpee
show a little peacock copper. The shaft is loeing extended to the 100-foot level,
where drifting will begin.

The Columbia & Kooteuai group of four claims is owned by the Trail Min-
ing Company, the stock of which has recently been bonded by F. August
Helnze for $500,000. Mr. Carlyle says that this property has an ore-bearing
zone running northeast by southwest with decomposed masses of sulphide ore
exposed on the surface. At the north end of the Columbia is a porphyry dike
that can be traced with almost a certainty for over two miles running north
and south, with solid sulphide ore on both sides. The highest tunnel is 186
feet long, and at 100 feet an upraise was made thirty-nine feet to the surface
and a winze sunk twelve feet, on a ledge of about two feet, from which two
car loads returned $11.50 and $51.20 respectively. A second tunnel 145 feet below
is in 425 feet, and at the face has fifteen Inche^i of high-grade and thirty-three
inches of mixed ore, an average assay across the face being $14. At the 126-
foot mark, a winze Is down twenty feet on ore assaying $40 gold, and an up-
raise has been made for sixty-five feet. A forty-foot cross-cut, 100 feet further
in the tunnel, cuts the main ore body, two feet of which averages $40. A third
tunnel, ninety-seven feet below, is In fifty-two feet on a chute carrying eight
to ten inches of mixed ore assaying $23 free gol 1, the maximum depth attaJned
being 300 feet. Another ledge of twenty inches of free milling quartz haa
been traced by a flfty-one-foot tunnel and a twenty-eight-foot shaft, on which
work is being continued. Some of the ore shows nlckellferous pyrrhotlte
carrying about 2 per cent, nickel. The mine has a thirty-drill compressor
and hoist.

On three ledges parallel with the Columbia &. Kootenai, the Big Three Gold
Mining Company has the Mascot. A 140-foot tunnel has been run for ov^
eighty feet on solid ore, and a winze makes an equally good showing. A shaft
Is down over forty feet to connect with the tunnel 150 feet from its mouth
at a depth of 260 feet. Ore from this shaft assays $33 to $48 gold. A parallel
ledge shows eight feet wide In a fifteen-foot open cut, and a third ledge, to
the north, crops five feet wide the whole length of the claim, showing solid
pyrrhotlte ore. assaying $12 on the surface, and la being opened by a shaft.

The South Belt, extending through the valley of Trail Creek below Ross-
land and over Deer Park and Lake Mountains along the ridge to Lookout
Mountain, above the town of Trail, is declared by Mr. Carlyle to have the
same system of east and west ledges, with ore of fair value. Ihe ore on most
properties carries very little pyrrhotlte, but much iron and arsenopyrlte, with
Bome zinc blende and galena, the silver value exceeding the gold. The Colum-
tia & Western Railroad runs through the heart of this belt. ui u «-

The principal property Is the Crown Point group of five claims, which is
owned by the War elagie Consolidated Mining & development Company, or-
ganized by the Gooderham-Blackstock syndicate to operate this Propejty. tnf
War Eagle and the Richmond. On the surface a dike thirty to forty feet wide
Is exposed, with 'hree to eight feet of sulphide ore on each side, which was
struck at sixtv feet by. an inclined shaft. This sh-ift wis sunk on seven feet
of ore, which narrowed at thirty-five feet to three or ^0"^ fe^t and Is
now m feet. At the seventy-foot level a drift was ruii ninety feet along the
dike. In ore for sixtv feet, and at sixty feet along this drift a winze was sunli

■till

f ■•"',1

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

126

■irtt .-''

twenty ffy-t, huvlnR four feet of ore In the bottoin. At the bottom of the ahaft
a <irlft runs 100 feet west und Hoventy-Hvid feet eaat, each with a flfty-foot
cTQ^-cut and all Ln barren porphyrlte. A main tunnel Is now In 500 feet to tap
th*, pre chute 150 leet west of the dike and 170 feet below the surface, and Is
expecte<l to strike the ledire any day. One hundred tons of ore shipped
returned an averiuge of about $24. The supposed extension of the Crown
PQinJ, ledKe runs through three of the other c'alms, and two shafts showed
BOUkfi low-grade ore, whlh;, an open cut showed three to four feet of good grade,
wHV^' a tunnel and criSss-cut failed to strike below. A long cross-cut la
tKnvJp 300 feet to tap this led^e at depth.

The R. E. I^ee groui) of three claims is owned hy the R. E. Lee Gold Mining
Company, control of which has passed into the hands of a Toronto company,
and Is equipped with a seven-drill compressor and a steam hoist. A main
shaft Is being sunk to the 100-foot level, and shows three feet of ore assaying
$l(\,lo $35 gold, 4 ounces sliver. A fifty-foot level runs forty-seven feet east
and a cross-cut twenty-four feet north from this shaft, and a thirty-foot
tunnel, with twenty-foot drift, shows two to three feet of mixed ore at another
po4nt on the ledge. Twelve tons shipped from the tunnel returned an aggre-
gate of $4.')8 gold. A sixty-foot shaft Is down on the Gopher on similar ore,
and a tunnel 5x7 feet is In 100 feet on th » same Unlge, all in arseniciil Iron and
copper pyrites, carrying $18 gold and copper, with a little silver. This tunnel
is being extended day and night by air drills operated by power from the
Hopiestake, and at 800 feet will enter the Homestake, which has the same
ledgtj. It pas.ses under a thirty-seven-f jot shaft, all in ore assaying $8 to 122.

On the Homestake, the Homestake dold Mining Company has traced the
same ledge 700 feet by open cuts, and two shafts, one of which Is over 100 fe«t,
have been sunk and connected by a drift. One of these shafts Is being con-
tinued to connect at 300 feet with the main tunnel from tlie Gopher, which
starts 1,300 feet distant. The shaft shows three and one-half feet of ore,
ass^yl^g $26..'i4 gold, silver and cop|)er, of which 150 tons will be shipped as
soon as the railroad Is extended and chutes can be built.

The Nest Egg and Firefly are being developed by the Nest Egg-Firefly
Gold Milling Company, which has equipped them with a four-drill compressor,
hoist and pumps. There are two ledges, on one of which are two small shafts
300 feet apart, showing pyrrhotlte iind copper pyrites, while a fifty-foot shaft
and twenty-tive-foot drift on the other are all in ore. assaying $20 to $5=i. This
shaft is being continued to 200 feet, and drifts will be run to the 100-foot level.

Tlie Mayflower, owned by the Mayflower Gold Mining Company, ha« three
ledges, of which the middle one has been most developed. A 200-foot tunnel
with a seventy-two foot shaft at the portal, shows twelve inches of ore. For
thirty feet along the tunnel the ledge carried carbonates, which gave place to
Iron pyrites with much galena, some zinc blende and calclte. A car load
netted %:S. viz., $40 silver, $10 gold, $fi lead, and from th* bottom of the shaft
twelve Inches iwsay 100 ounces silver, $12 gold, the remaining twenty-four
inche,s 37 ounces silver; $8 gold, the whole averaging $H5 for all values. On
the north ledge, thirty inches wide, a fifty-foot shaft shows eighte^,j inches
of $.W ore. Work is being continued on the shaft and tunnel on the main ledge.

On the Phoenix, the Phoenix Gold Mining Company has three ledges of
which the center one Is being developed. An eighty-foot shaft shows five
and one-half feet of mixed ore: another of thlrty-sIx feet has a ten-foot drift
all In ore. assays of which run as high as $45 gold; the third, which Is now
being sunk to the 100-foot level, has the ledge nearly ten feet wide.

The Blue I'.ird. on the west extension of the Mayflower ledge, shows two
to three feet of mixed ore in a twenty-two-foot shaft. On the Curlew be-
yond It. John Karle and Joseph Vogel have a forty-three-foot shaft showing
six to ten Inchts of ore which carries $6 to $10 gold, 70 to 80 ounces silver. On
the Zllor, half a mile west, E. Morrison, of Victoria, has sunk three shafts
one In barren diorite, another of thirty feet showing considerable ore and a
third of sixty feet which passed through good ore Into barren rock and again
Into ore. The Hattie Brown, adjoining the Blue Bird, has a shaft showing
pyrites and arsenopvrlte half Its width at the forty-five foot level.

The Trilby group of two claims Is being opened by the Gold & Sliver Mines
Developing Company. The ledge, two to four feet wide, was first stripped
for several hundred feet and defined by a twenty-five-foot shaft, all In ore
Another h-haft. now seventy feet deep, ran Into solid low-grade ore at the forty-
fool: level, carrying iron pyrites ant. galena. Surface assavs averaged $5 to $6
but value has increased with depth. At fifty feet considerable galena came
In and assays between fifty and sixty feet averaged $28, while one at sixtv-flve
feet ran $18 silver, $22.50 gold. ^ ^

The Southern Cross group of three claims, owned by the Southern Cross
& Wolverine Consolidated Gold Mining Company, has a well-defined fissure
ledge carrying two or three feet of solid sulphides In two tunnels, seventy-five
and ninety feet long, and ten feet in the longer tunnel a winze was sink
twenty-five feet on two or three feet of low-grade ore. along what apnears fo
be the Crown Point dike.

The I.lly May, the pioneer location of the camp. Is being developed bv the
Lily May Gold Mining Company with a ten-drill comi)rassor plant and s'tearn
hoist. An incline shaft Is down 108 feet on the ledge, and Is tapped at forty

MINTNO IN THK PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

127

feet by an flghty-Hve-fooi tunnel from the Hurface on an ore chute two to alx
feet wide. A thlrty-flve-foot drift to the northwest fihows solid ore across
the face assaying ,J22.10. A second shaft forty-five feet on a parallel ledgo
shows ore the full width, carrying gold, silver and copper. A third shaft
struck a six-Inch pay streak at a depth of ten feet, and this widened to four
fi^ot at a depth of seventy feet, with increasing gold values. The following
assays were taken In the early stages of development, but those taken recently
show practically th same value, gold having almost entirely replaced silver;
42 ounces silver, $4 gold, total $32.15; 06 ounces silver, $4 gold, 26 per cent, lead,
total $85.18;35 ounces silver, $2.40 gold, 7 per cent, lead, total $29.80.

The Deer Park has one of the largest ore bodies Inthe canip, but It was
of dlscouraglngly low grade until the Deer Park Gold Mining Cfompany took
hold of It and began sinking to depth. The surface assays ran no higher
than $6 from pyrrhotlte and little Improvement was shown for fifty feet
down the shaft, though a cross-cut showed forty-eight feet of ore with no
walls In sight. But from a depth of seventy feet onward the value began
to Improve, the lowest assay below that point being $16, while as much as
$220 has been shown, chalcopyrlte having come In. A cross-cut will be run
at the 120-foot level to determine the size and course of the ledge.

The Commander, which has been bonded by the Commander Mining and
Smelting Company to the London Gold Fields Syndicate for $250,000, has
another great ore body. A shaft sunk on a smooth wall beside a por-
phyry dike to a depth of 200 feet Is In a continuous chute of ore and
at the lOO-foot level a drift for 1.50 feet to the southeast shows the ore body
to be two to three feet wide, while a cro.ss-cut at the bottom of the shaft
shows the ledge to be at least seventy feet wide. Of this, four feet Is pay
ore assaying $20 to $40 gold and copper, and the balance Is mixed oxidized
Iron, quartz and decomposed diorlte, running from $3 to $7 In value. The
mine has a steam engine, pump, four-drill compressor and two power drills.

A six-foot ledgo has been traced east and west across the Palo Alto by
the Palo Alto Gold Mining Company and a thirty-one foot shaft showed
oxidized matter for the first seventeen feet and three feet of flne-gralned
iiisenopyrlte for the remainder of the distance. On the San Joaquin, the
San Joaquin Gold Mining Company Is sinkink on a narrow crevice, In which
at a depth of eighteen feet the diorlte had become much more mineralized
with pyrrhotlte and copper pyrites.

The St. Paul, on the north slope of Deer Park Mountain, is owned by the
St. Paul Gold Mining Company, and has three known ledges, one of which has
free-milling ore. On the first a shaft Is down twenty-five feet, and a cross-
cut both ways from the bottom shows sixteen feet of mineralized ledge matter.
Two other ledges were exposed In the cuts for the Red Mountain Railroad,
and one of these has been explored by a twenty-two-foot tunnei and tapped
In 160 feet by a cross-cut, which will tap the first-mentioned ledge In 250 feet
more, at a depth of 150 to 200 feet. The third ledge has not been explored, but
shows free-milling ore similar to that of the O. K. A three-drill compressor
plant Is pushing the cro.ss-cut ahead.

On the Red Eagle, the Red Eagle Gold Mining Company has tapped a
two-foot ledge at a depth of fifty feet with a ninety-five-foot cross-cut, show-
ing twelve Inches of Iron sulphide and galena ore. assaying $27 to $35. A forty-
foot shaft on the snme l<'dge shows six inches of solid ore on the hanging wall
and ten Inchefi on the foot wall, assaying $40 to $110 in gold, silver and copper,
with three and one-half feet of mineralized quartz between. A steam hoist,
|)ump and two steam drills have been installed. The same company has sunk
fifteen feet on the Red Pole, which Is on the Sliver Bell ledge, showing streaks
of galena and sulphides throughout, averaging $25 to $,'!0.

The Kootenai-London Mining Company has been developing the Comet
No. 2. In which a twelve-foot shaft showed ore the full width, with neither
wall In sight, assays running from $8 to $12.

On the Trallhunter, the Cromwell Mining & Development Company Is sink-
ing a shaft, which at twenty feet showed sulphide ore the full width, assaying

The Iron Hope group of two claims, which the Iron Hope Mining & Milling
Company is developing, has four well-defined ledges, on two of which work
has given good results. On one a ten-foot shaft showed four feet of ledge
matter highly mineralized with Iron pyrites carrying $2..')0 to $3 gold. Another
shelved heavv arsenical iron on the surface assaying $5.40 gold and silver, and
in a fifty-foot shaft this has widened to thirty Inches, as.saying $25 to $35 gold,
iH'sides silver. The ore follows the granite hanging wall, which is smooth
and well defined, and between It and the footwall Is a great dike of hornblendlc
rock, which at the bottom of the shaft Is heavily loaded with Iron pyrites and
sliows some copper. ^ », , „ * t„ i, Kr.i.-.o'

Th." Sunset group of two claims, also on Deer Park Mountain, Is being
.U-veloped by the Canadian Gold Fields Syndicate, which has contracted for a
live-drill comi)res.sor plant, eighty-horse power boiler, hoist and PU/nP- ^"6
ledse exposed on the surface for 1,100 feet averages two feet, an'^„at>he mouth
of Uie main shaft Is eighteen inches. This shaft Is down seventy feet, and
snows u1o widen to four'f'Jet of solid pyrrhotlte and 'ron pyrites rorn the
twenty-foot level downward. Assays range from $22 to $G8.5o'^;j"^^^'(f <Xwa
silver, and average about $40 gold. Another shaft, twenty feet deep, shows

1 1*

i:^

^ f.

128

MINING In the pacific northwest.

ore assaying $36 gold, 3 per cent copper, 3 to 4 ounces sliver, and a third, of
thirty fiet, 1h In ore carrying still higher values. A drift has been run Boventy-
flve feet from the sixty-foot level In the muln shaft, which will be continued
and win connect at the 100-foot level with a tunnel driven 200 fe«t on the ledge.
The Bl.'ick Rock, on the northwest slope of Deer Park Mountain, Is half a
mile from the Le Rol, and Is believed to be on one of the Le Rol ledges. It Is
four feet on the surface, and continues that width In a 30-foot shaft, on which
work Is about to be resumed. Near the surface the dlorlle was Impregnated
with mineral, and at twenty feet streaks of solid pyrrhotlte besan to come In,
so that a decided Improvement may be expected on the assay of $4.20 gold,
made at seventeen feet depth.

The Rossland Trail Creek Gold Mining Company has three ledges on the
Oolden Crown group of three claims on Luke Mountain. In one a forty-ftve-
foot shaft shows two feet uf chalcopyrlte assaying $2 to $2X gold, and on an
other an ^'"ven-foot shaft and a thirty-seven-foot open cut showed a body
of well ..ilnerallzed quartz, an assay of which from an adjoining claim showed
$96.

The Grand Prize Mining Company Is developing two cross ledges on the
Grand Prize, which has the northeastern extension of the Deer Park ledge.
The north ledge Is nine feet wide, and a fourteen-foot shaft has developed
streaks of ore aggregating fourteen Inches and assaying $8 gold and 9 per cent,
copper. The south ledge Is thlrt}' feet wide, and a thirty-foot shaft shows a
ten-Inch streak of mineral carrying $18 gold and 6 per cent, copper. The value
and size of the Deer Park ledge are being shown up on the Deer Park property,
so nothing Inis been on It.

On the mil Top, a direct east extension of the Mayflower, the Hill Top
Mining & Milling Company has two very large ledges running east and west.
The north ledge, In a forty-foot shaft, shows an average gold value of $8.
Numerous surface cross-cuts and a 220-foot tunnel have shown the south ledge
to be fully fifty feet wide, of highly slllclous ore, averaging about $9 gold,
besides copper. This Is believed to bo first-class concentrating ore. Work
Is still in active progress.

The largest block of mining ground In the camp owned by a single com-
pany Is the Fourteen group, which has been surveyed and made accessible by
wagon roads by the Fourteen Gold Mines Consolld.ated Company. It com-
prises fourteen claims and seven fractions, aggregating 700 acres In area, on
the north slope of Deer Park and Lake Mountains, artd, while undeveloped,
Is surrounded by some of the most promising developed properties, the ledges
from which run Into this ground. Among these are the Red Eagle, Curlew,
Mayflower, Homestake, R. K. Lee, Lily May, Hill Top, Gopher and Crown
Point, already described. The Red Eagle ledge has been opened on one of
the Fourteen claims by a thirty-foot shaft, showing high-grade shipping ore.
This company Is preparing for extensive development this season.

Lookout Mountain, six miles east of Trail, has during the last year become
the scene of .active development, large Iron caps indicating the presence of
great bodies of ore running northeast and southwest with a northerly dip.

The principal work so far done Is on the G. R. Sovereign, which "Rocky
Mountain" Ryan and Messrs. Peterson and Murphy have bonded to Gen. J.
Warren and others. A shaft was first sunk, following down a body of low-
grade pyrrhotlte In dlorlte gangue. In which copper pyrites, quartz and calclte
gradually came In, with rising gold value, which at fifty feet was about $i)0.
A cross-cut Is In 17.') feet to tap the ledge at a denth of 2u0 feet, and at ninety
feet struck a cross ledge carrying several feet of ore.

Adjoining the Sovereign on the southwest, the Joker Gold Mining Company
has sunk fifty feet on the Joker, and is drifting from the bottom toward the
ledge, on a stringer which assayed $42.

The Vlnon, northwest of the Sovereign, owned by T. M. Beamish and Frank
and Charles Young, of Vancouver, B. C, has a large surface showing of ore
averaging $13. A cross-cut, now In twenty feet, will tap the ledge In sixty feet.
The first claim staked on I..ookout Mountain was the Red Point, located In
1893, and now being developed by the Red Point Gold Mining Company. The
Btirface ore assayetl $r,8 gold, $10 silver, and the ledge will be tapped In twenty-
five feet more at a depth of ;i.")0 feet by a cross-cut, which Is In 275 feet.

The NIplssIng group of three claims, owned by T. M. Beamish, has three
Iron-capped ledjres crossing It, the first of which will be tapped in sixty or
seventy feet more by a cross-cut, now In 140 feet. This cross-cut was run
on a feeder one to two and one-half feet wide, assays of which ranged from a
trace to $68 gold.

The Ida Queen Gold Mining Company has run a tunnel fifty feet on an
eight-foot ledge on the Ida Queen, assaying $14 gold, and Is extending It night
and day.

On the Stemwlnder group of four claims, the Rossland Columbia Gold
Mining Company has sunk twenty-two feet, showing an elghteen-lnch streak
of copper pyrites, assaying $16 gold and copper, and widening with depth,
and has tunneled forty feet from the surface.

The Bruce Gold Mining Company has also been sinking on the Bruce, and
has fifty tons of free-milling ore on the dump, the lowest assay of which ex-
ceeded $60 gold.

MININO IN THE TACIFIC NORTHWEST.

Ill

In addition to Its Deer Park Mountain clalmn the nnnBian<i t-.m n, %.
Gold Mining Comimny haa the Emma CV group oMhrte ctt? on I ilj?/-*®^
heavy Iron caps en tho northwest slope of llookout Mountain h.ft h[^f" °J
yet begun development. liOOKoui Mountain, but has not

The l.lttle Giant Kroup of four claims, owned by iie Canada Mutual Mlnln.
& Development Compuny, has three ledge« In whi, . .■xtenslv. m,en cuts havf
shown beneath the capping arHf>nl<-al and aulphM.- ore two to three f^t w1d2
II 40 Koid " "*^ ' • "'■*'"''""»*^ "*'«''>•« ''•«'" '^'^ Hurfac-e showInK $11 7C tS

Lookout Mountain has peculiar advantageH for cheap transportation and
reduction, for a cal.l.. tramway one and one-half miles long wSulU lake the
ore from a., the properties dlri-ct to the Trail .smelter. wuuiu laKe wie

Within the last

The most dev.lopment has been done by the Helen Gold Mlnlnir Comnanv
1^.^,"''';:".*\' '.T ^H'l'll 'iL*.'!""' through which a ledge eighteen TnTi

on mo ii< •> ii (Si WH ui I line v;ia.iiii.t, mriiuKJi wnicn a leagf elKhtcen Inchna

to twelve feet wide has been traced. An Incline shaft Is down e ifhtv fee^
which will connect with a 200-foi.f tunnel at a depth of '.m feet Thp tunnei
shows fron> twelve to twenty-four Inches of ore, assaying about $12 sold with
a little silver and a trace of lead, though some assays have run aa hl'^h m
$1,200. A test shipment of two car loads will be mad'' tnls spring.

The. Knight Templar, owned by the Knight Tempi lold Mlnliiir Comnanv
has a IGO-foot tunnel, from which a winze goes down .^ixtv-flve fc t showing
a larg. body of low-grade ore, assaying no higher than 126 K'dd. The wlnzl
win be ink to the 100-foot level, whei. drifts will be run eacli way. *'"*«

The aeattle & Grouse Moumaln Mining Company has done a larv amount
of surface work on the Jim Mlaine. .st ven miles south of Rossi ipI md four
miles from the Red Mountain Railroad, and has shown a well-deflned flBSiira
ledge two and one-half feet wide cropolng the entire leni^iii. Tlie Mary
McCormlck adjoins It on the north and has given assays of 86 ounces silver
$4 gold a few feet from the .surface. The Jumbo, on the Helen extension'
has a Hve-foot ledge of free milling ore croi'i>lng clear across the claim'
and tlie Acme, beyond It on the same ledge, Is sinking on ore which averiteaa
$30 to $36 gold. ^'-swi

On Sophie Mountain, seven miles southwest of Rossland, are some great
bodies of gold-copper, on which ievelopment Is In progres.s. The Victory-
Triumph, the principal scene of operations, has a ledge stripped for sixty
feet and defined for twenty feet between walls at anotter point, showing
rich cropplngs of copper ore. A twelve-foot shaft, all in ore, gave assays
Ifi.S per cent, copper and a trace of gold on the surface: 22.1 per cent, copper
$3.20 gold four feet down, and 30.4 per cent, copper, $3 gold at a depth of eight
feet, while the country rock carries malachite and assays 9.7 per cent, copper
A forty-foot tunnel shows nine feet of mixed ore, with streaks assaying
$19.50 gold, silver and copper thirty l\ « t from the mouth. This tunnel is now
in 125 feet and shows a full breast of ore averaging $38.

The two Olga claims are being opened by the Olga Gold Mining & Milling
Company and adjoin the Victory-Triumph. There are three ledges, one
averaging six or seven feet, and another, which is now Jielng opened, eight
feet wide. Assays of surface ore from the latter have ranged from $2 27
gwld and silver to $2 gold, $8.13 silver, 54.55 per cent. lead.

On a parallel ledge the Abe Lincoln Mining & Milling Company has the
Abe Lincoln group of three claims. The ledge striking southeast and riorth-
west, has been traced over 1,000 feet and Is defined by a cross-cut to be forty
feet wide, the gangue being quartz carrying gold and galena. A flfty-foot
shaft Is down on the footwall and a cross-cut has been run at the bottom for
forty-two feet, from which drifting has begun.

The year now opening also promises development directly north of Ross-
land, both sulphide and free milling ore being found there.

On the Falu, on Green Mountain, a shaft seventy feet on the hanging
wall, from which a cross-cut struck the footwall In twenty feet, shows a
body of pay ore assaying $38 to $48 gold.

A mile further west are the Highland and Sierra Madre, recently bonded '
to an Austrian company for $32,000. They have a large body of low-grade
siliclous ore, carrying a good percentage of copper and well adapted to
concentration.

At McDonald's Camp, In the same section, Ross Thompson, John Donahue
and E. W. Johnston liave the three Red Cloud claims, two of which are
oh a forty-foot ledge running east and west, showing four feet of sulphide
ore in a number or cuts, and an eight-foot I»dge of similar ore, traced by
surface cuts. The surface ore assays between $3 and $4 gold, and a tunnel,
now being driven, shows Improvement.

The annual report of Hon. James Baker. Minister of Mines for the

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST,

Province of HrltlHh Columbia, KlveH th*- i>ro<lu«;tton of the Trail Creek D\a-
trk't for the yturH 18!»5 and 1896 aH followH:

Total

Value.

t 702.467

1.243,361)

Year— Ore— TonH. Gold Silver. Copper.

1896 1!',B93 | 629,910 |3().49« <42 021

1896 38.075 l.iW.FOO 59.830 79,030

To this may be added nearly $1,000,000 as the production from the Hrat
shipment of the l-.e Rol In 1891 down to Jaauary 1. 1895, for which period
there Ih no exact record. ThiH would brInK the total close to $3,00t),000, a
large proportion of which waH Hhlppcd to smelters In the United Btutes.
The growth of buHlness, both Import and export, Is shown by the fact that
the customs collections at Rossland In 1896 were $92,629.20 and at Trail (the
month of December lacking) were $60,896.40.

A year ago the most sanguine mining men anticipated an <wen greater
production for 1896 than Is shown by the above figures. While the increase
has been great, the returns given show only the metal extract* d, and do
not take Into account the much larger quantity of ore taken out but not
shipped to smeltt?rs. Had all this been shipped. It wbuld have greatly
swollen the total production, though It would not have borne out the extrav-
agant predictions made.

But the shipment of this ore would have brought small profit to the mine
owner In proportion to Its value, and that brings up the problem which con-
fronts the Trail companies and has prompted tht-m to hold their low-grade
ores on the dump or In the mines. That Is the problem of cheap reduction
of low-grade sulphide ores on the mine ground. They find that the cost of
freight and treatment bears too high a ratio to the value to permit of ship-
ment under present conditions, the capacity of the Trail smelter being
unequal to their needs. The solution is that, like Rutte, Rossland must
become a great smelting center as well as a great n Ining camp, with smelters
and concentrators on Sheep Creek and the Columbia River, where there is
abundant water and power. On this subject Mr. Woodhouse said to the
writer:

"The miners have very large quantities of low-grade ores which must be
worked by the combination process, that Is, smelting, milling, concentration,
chlorlnatlon and cyanide. The ore carries, on an average, about half and
half silica and sulphide. Those ores which are rich enough In sulphides to
be smelted will not concentrate to advantage because they are already con-
centrated by nature. Those ores which carry about half and half sulphides
and quartz should be concentrated In six sizes and Cie tails crushed to
thlrty-mesh screen, passed over gold plates and reconcentrated with Frue
vanners or revolving tables. Those ores which are 10 to 15 per cent, sulphides
should be crushed to thirty-mesh .u-reen, passed over gold plates and the
free gold saved, while the tails should be concentrated with Frue vanners
and revolving tables. These processes will save about 40 per cent, of the
gold In concentrates and 40 per cent, free on the plates. This will require
large crushing and sizing mill capacities, large area of gold plates. Jigs,
Frue vanners and revolving tables. When the ores are worked by tltose
processes, Rossland can turn out more ore and bullion than any camp on
the Coast, in the ca.se of ores containing no copper or olher meiaU which
interfere with the cyanide process, cyanide could be applied with advantage.
The chlorination process would be adapted to high-grade ores which did hot
carry much copper or other metals Interfering with Its operation, but they
could be smelted to better advantage."

SLOGAN.

Paradoxical as it may seem In these days of low prices for sliver, the
most productive mining district In the FaclHc Northwest during the year 189G
was the Slocan, an almost exclusively silver district, with forty-seven ship-
ping mines to Its credit. Not only that, but It promises to hold the same
rank with a largely increased production In 18.^7, for all the producing mines
are increasing ', heir output and many others a/e stepping foiward into the
ranks of the producers. The following table, taren partly from the leport
of W. A. Cariyle. Provincial Mineralogist, iind parilv from the annual report
of the Minister of Mines of British Columbia, shews the rapid increase In
production:

Gold, Silver, Lead/ Grosrf

Year— Tons. Ounces. Ounce.s. Pounds. Value.

1894 4,417 ... Cl3,92e 5,623,(121 $ 572,350

1^*95 9,649 6 l.iyi,04;> 9,751,464 1,057,677

1896 18.215 152 2,141,088 19.210.666 2 01U,048

Some conception o? the probable rate of increase for 1897 can be formed
from the fact that the value of ore .shipped from the West Kootenai District
In January, exclusive of the last week's returns from Revelstoke, was $74?,000.
and that nearly all of this came from Slocan. It is estimated that there will

MINING IN THE PACIFIC N0RTHWB:ST.

lit

be fully Heventy-flvo shipping mliu'« In tho dlfltrlct thia year and that the
original forty-Beven will Hlilp 50,000 tons, worth $5,000,000

lhl« (llHtrlct coniprlH.a Uw. strip of mountulnouH country between Kootenul
.ako on the e.iHt and Sloean Lake on the west, a distance of tlfteen mliea
nd extendInK the whole length of the latter lake-about twenty-three m ea

I
and

across the range from Arrow to Slocan Lake and from Slocan to Kootenai

native of the Columbia & Kootenul Railroad between Robson and Nel.son:
thence by the Kuslo & Slocan Railroad to Sandon, and by the Nakusp &
Slocan. Railroad to Slocan Lake. Steamers ply up and down the latter lake
In connection with the trains. The other route Is from Vancouver over the
Canadian PaclHc Railroad to Revelstoke. 379 miles, and by a short branch
to Arrowhead, t'.lrtv-two miles; then by steamer down Upper Arrow Lake
to Nakusp era by the Nakusp & Slocan Railroad to points on Slocan Lake
and Sanil'-.i. where connection Is made with the Kaslo & Slocan Railroad for
Kootenai Lake points. The Canadian I'acinc is now building a branch from
Slocan City, at the south end of Slocan Lake, to Slocan Crossing on the
Kootenai River, opposite Nelson, connecting at the latter point with the
Columbia & Kootenai Railroad. The Provincial government has been very
liberal in building roads and trails to the new camps and the nature of the
country favois this work. The cost of roads is estimated at $1,000 a mile
and of trails at $80 to $125 a mile. The steep even grades of the mountains
favor the transportation of ore in rawhides over snow trails, and thus the
heaviest shipments are made during the winter.

The geological formation of the district Is best described in the language
of Dr. George M. Dawson, of the Dominion Geological Survey, who says In
his report of 1889:

"A large part of the West Kootenai District is occupied- by granite and
granitoid rocks, the main area of which includes the whole basin of the
Lower Arrow Lake, and extends thence eastward nearly to Queen's Bay on
Kootenai Lake. Besides this granite area, there are several others of smaller
dimensions, as well as numerous dikes and eruptions. It is In fact probable
that about one-half of the entire region here reported upon is occupied by
granite and granitoid rocks. • • fv The granites which are supposed to
be of the greatest ag« were found in sOme places underlying the lowest beds
of the gneisses and mlca-sciiists, or Shuawap series. The granites which,
however, oc6upy by ifar the largest area are of coarse texture and are chiar-
acterized by black mica, with frequently much black hornblende. * ♦ •
These granites ' are evidently intruaive and of much later date than the
stratified rocks, which are altered at contacts."

In his summary report for 1894, R, Q. McConnell, also of the Dominion
Geological Survey, aftn" deBcrlblng the eruptive rocks and granites, adds:
"In addition to the mam areas of eruptive rocks, numerous dikes, some, of
them connected with the main areas, others much younger, as they cut
through everything; are met with In every part of the district."

In his summary report of 1895, Mr, McConnell adds that "the region be-
tween Blocan Lake and River and Kootenai Lake la covered mainly by granite
fringed on the north and east by a border of slates and schists. « • *
The principal geological boundary in the district is the sinuous line separating
the granite area from the bordering slates."

Mr, Carlyle, writing of the whole section from Kaslo south to the bound-
ary, says:

"It Is of great Interest that in all of the geolgical series represented here
are veins or mineral deposits, especially of silver and sliver-lead ores, and no
longer are the prospectors limiting their researches to sj>eeial formations or
parts of these districtu, but energetic prospecting is being done with success-
ful results all over this par*, of West Kootenai. For a long lime these men
refused to enter the granite areas, until finally the discovery by some less
skeptical of the silver-lead, and the gold-and-silver, or -dry ore," veins on
the watersheds of Springer and Lemon Creeks, east of Slocan Lake, and the
Kuccess of the Poorman gold mine near Nelson, led to a rush of men into
the granite regions with gratifying results. • * * ^ .. . .^

"There is no reasbn why mineral should not be found in all of these for-
mations here present, or In any part of this region, unless It has ao happened
that the conditions have prevailed by which the mineral-bearing solutions
have' not had openings or fractures along which to ascend and deposit Ihe^r
burden of precious ores, either' by tilling up pre-existing caviiies, oi- v
leaching Into or impregnating the country rock with valuable minerals On
one or both sides of the channel or crevice; The finding of rich veins, of ore
in either of the series, sucfH as of silver-galena- ore, points strongly to the
fact trat as dettth Is obtained In n^ttlUB/' the ic^tlnulty of ttoevpajo: chutes

132

MINING IN THE PAOIKI'J NORTHWEST.

is assured. The veins may be "in and out," as the miners icrni It, or h;ive
perfectly barren parts alotig the lissure, but more or less work will disclose
other ore chutes if this work is pushed ahead along this fracture in tho rock,
which has permitted the passage of ore-bearing solutions and the formation
of ore bodit s along it elsewhere."

Mr. Carlyle divides thi veins of the Slo'?an Into four classes, viz:

"1. The argentiferous-, galena, with zinc blende and some gray copper, In
a gangue of quartz and spathic iron. These veind cut across the stratified
rocks and through the dikes of eruptive rock, where, in many cases, there la
a good body of ore, and they also occur in the gi-anlte area, and some have
been traced for 3,000 or 4,000 feet along the strike and one for nearly two miles.
In the Slocan slates, it has not yet been proven that, as the vein cuts through
shales, slates, limestones or quartzltos, any one of the series has been more
favorable to the formation of ore bodies than another, as In the different
veins it will be seen that good oro chutes may have the wall of any of the
rocks mentioned. The ore has been deposited along Assures, both In the open
lissure cavities and by impregnation of the country rock. ♦ » » Most
of the veins are narrow, varying from two and three inches to fifteen and
twenty inches in width, with occasional wldenings to three or four f(iet of
solid ore, and oven much more. The ore chutes are not persistent horizon-
tally, as is characteristic of nearly all veins, but ore Is often continuous for
several hundred feet, and where it then pinches a thin stnak of oxides la the
Index usually followed in the search for more ore, which seldom falls to
reappear with more or less work. The mistake is made sometimes of follow-
ing along a slip-wall or crevice that may cross the vein crevice at a flat
angle and thus lead the miner a.stray. Besides the solid ore, some Veins liave
associared with them two, three or more feet of mixed ore, gangue and
country lock, which may be of such grade as to pay well for concentration.
• • * The product, or concentrates, is silver bearing galena, but any
value contained In the decomposed material that may enter the mill will
In all jirobability not be saved, likewise that in much of the gray copper,
whlc 'i apparently slimes badly and escapes. * • • It might be well to
be or tl^e look-out for gold, remembering the good gold values found in the
galena ores of the Monitor mine, which yield from $2 to $14 In gold per ton."

Mr. Carlyle then gives a statement of the value of ore, based on smeller
' returns from the principal mines, tiie lowest being 40 to 125 ounces silver and
15 to 13 per cent, lead, and the highest 83 to 730 ounces silver and 19 to 67 per
cent. lead. He adds that in mo.'st of the veins the zinc blende carries a small
silver value and is sorted or concentrated out of Ihe ore. He then gives ihe
three remaining classes of ore as follows;

"2. The veins of argentiferous tetraht drlte, or gray copper, and jameson-
ite and silver compounds in a quartz gangue.

"3. The dry ore veins on Springer and Lemon Creeks, In the granite,
with a quartz gangue containing argentlte, native silver and gold. These
veins are now attracting much attention, as high assay ret irns have oeea
secured as per smelter returns.

"4. The gold-quartz veins in the southern [lart of the granite."

The change from silver to gold as the predominant value occurs in going
from north to south. Near Sandon there is little gold In the ore; at Eight-
Mile Creek, gold is first noticeable; on L'.mon Creek, the ore is almo.^t, If
not entirely, gold-bearing and of high grade, assays from different ledges
ranging from $75 to |200.

The Slocan Star group, consisting of eight clai-Tis. and owned by the
Byron N. White Compar:y, is acknowledged to be th>> greatest mine in the
district, and indeed is the" greatest ,'3ilver-lead mine in British Columbia.
The discovery was made in September, lS9t, by Bruce White and others. In
the bed of Sandon Creek a mile from the present tows; of Sandon, of a
thirteen-foot ledge of quartz and spathic Iron interspersed wiih galena, zinc
blende and slate. The croppings of the lar,?e ore chute now being worlced
were discovered SOO feet west. The ledge, vary! g- from a few feet to twenty
or thirty feet in width, cuts the slate, quart ite and limestone formation
almost at right angles, in an ea.st and west coujae, and has a large porphyry
dike running parallel and at places found withlii it. It contains Tn the large
chute from a IVw feet to twenty-five feet ot mixed ore, and b<idles of solid
galena from two to ten feet wide have been mined. The first-class ore, which
is shipped direct to the smelter, is almost pure galena, averaging 93 ounces
silver, 72 to 75 per cent, lead The concentrating ore Is spathic Iron, quartz
gangue, with galena, a little gray copper and some sliver sulphides, most of
the 7lnc blende being sorted out. The concentrates average 80 ounces silver,
TO per cent. lead.

In development, a tunnel was first I'un fifty * er Into the croppings and
a Btope made thirty feft to the surface. Then a c ■ '-.sa-cut was driven KM) feet
and a drift 100 feet, fzom which ore was sloped co the upper tunnel eighty
feet long and four to ten feet wide. The third tunnel, seventy feet below,
cut a feeder at seventy feet, on which a twenty-five foot drift was run and
then cut the mnin kdjre at l.iO ftet. A i.lft-foot drift to the went ran throuirh
low-«rrnde ore and then entered high-gmde ore, on which a 110-foot slope to
the cu.-il almost connected with the short drift on the feeder, leaving a forty-
foot pillar of concentrating ore. The drift is 430 feet long, mostly on con-

MINING IN THE PACIFrC NORTHWEST.

133

jy the

In the
mhia.
rs, In
of a
sine

/brked
wenty

nation
phyry
large
solid
which
Uhces
uartz
est of

silver,

centrating ore, and the stope Is 180 feet long, four to seven feet wide and
worked to the upper level. The fourth tunnel tapped the ledge at 575 feet,
where it was ten to twelve feet wid'i, and a seventy-nve foot drift west
op)ened eight to ten feet of mixed . until a fault wa.s .struck. From a drift
100 feet tast an upraise was made . j feet to the next level, In god mixed ore
which was fourteen to sixteen feet a\, the tunnel level. A cross-cut at 150 feet
In this drift showed twenty-five feet of mixed ore, with .several feet of solid
galena, but at 225 feet the chute narrowed to three feet. The lifth tunnel
will at 800 feet tap the ledge 210 feet on the ledge below the fourth and la
being driven with four air drills. An eighty-foot tunnel near the cropping;
in the creek showed consideratole ore, but in broken ground. The ore la
hauled by a 1,600-foot gravity tramway to the mill, whence a half-mile road
leads to Sandon. The mill is operated by water power from a 3.000-foot
flume and has a crusher, four sets of rolls, twelve jigs and two alime tables.
Its maximum capacity being 150 tons in twenty-four hours. The mine shipped
to December 1, 1896, 11,350 tons of ore and concentrates, wortl at th*- smtlter
$990,000, and during the winter shipped 1,000 tons a month. It naa paid $aiiO,0U«
in dividends.

The Eureka, on the extension of the Slocan Star up the mountain, is
owned by Byron N. White, Bruce White, John A. Finch and Charles Cham-
bers, who have tunneled 20O feet on it and shown the same grade of ore a^
the Slocan Star.

On the Slocan Star ledge, which has been traced Into It throu^ the Eureka
for 2,500 feet, is the Richmond, one mile from Sandon. A tiftv-foot tunnel
has shown the ledge two to six feet wide, carrying galena, z'nc blende, spathic
iron and quartz, which assays $75 silver, 60 per c-nt. lead. Another tunnel
will be driven liJO feet below, attaining a depth of 600 feet on the ledge.

The Ruth group of three claims and a fraction, half a mile from the
Slocan Star, Is owned by D. E. and W. H. McVey and by H. M. Foster, of
England, who paid $166,000 for a two-thirds interest. The ledge cuts the
slates northeast V)y southwest and ranges from Uiree to nirie feet wide,
carrying coarse galena in a gangue of spathic iron and quartz, which runs
from 100 to 120 ounces silver, 54 to 76 per cent, lead, and on the surface carries
carbonates running 30 to 65 ounces silver. The lower tunnel follows the ;^idge
for 360 feet, but had not reached the ore chute stoped above. The second
tunnel, 740 feet long, showed little ore for the first ninety feet, then the ledge
b*ame more defined for sixty feet and after this a stope 160 feet long runs
up for forty feet on an average of three to three and one-half feev, an up-
raise of eighty-five feet connecting with the third tunnel. Another .-tope
fifty-five feet long and thirty feet high is in four and one-half feet of galena,
spathic Iron and carbonates, and a third stope 160 feet long and forty feet
high has three and one-half to four f ■ et of ore, while the tunnel beyond
shows eight feet of ore for twenty-flve feet and an eighty-foot upraise, at 83»
feet in, is also In ore. The third tunnel, 330 feet long, is in a narrower ore
body all the way, but shows thr.^e feet of galena and carbonates in the face-
About 1,500 tons had been shipped up to August, 1896, sixty tons a day are
fcc'ng shipped and $50,000 In dividends hav<- been paid.

The Wonderful group of th/ee claims, a mile further wfst, owned by the
Wonderful Group Miring Company, Is well named, for it has also been called
the galena hydraulic. Origina)ly 600 feet of tunnels, with a series of cro.'^S-
cuts, drifts and upraises, had been driven to define the main ledge, but with-
out success. Ore 'ay scattered plentifully through the surface wash and
shattered slate, and therefore, when B. J. Field took charge as superintend-
ent for the company, he brought water by flume from both Miller and Tribu-
tary Creeks to sluice off this surface wash and expose the solid formation.
Water was turned on the wash and, rushing down the mountain to Carpenter
Creek, swept It clean to bedrock. It was found that pieces of galena ore
were loft In the bottom of ♦he cut and periodical clean-ups resulted in the
shipment of ore worth $43,690 :rom this hydraulic, one boulder of solid galena
weighing 1,300 pounds. This ore assayed 113 to 133 ounces silver and lO to 76
per cent. lead. The mineral-bearing wash was only 100 to 120 feet wide and
the pay dirt, containing much decomposed ore which was swept aw»y, was
much narrower. This washing finally exposed a .solid ledge in place near
the railroad, running aouthwpst and northeast, twelve feet wide. The longest
tunnel In the old workings, ««,3 feet, was then extended 500 feet and a cross-cut
made fifteen feet wide, showing no mineral at that point, a depth of ^00 fwt.
A drift now being run on the ledge Is in 200 te^Jt and struck ore at 100 f«.>t In
stringers, which are becoming more abundant and give evidence of the prox-
imity of an ore body. Two '^ir loads have been shipped from this Umu<'\.
Another tunnel, now In 210 feet, will strike tho ledge 100 feet below the .••»-
posure in the wash. Sluicing will be resumed this spring. There are two
other ledges higher up the mountain. u ^^ -» ».,♦ 4>«,.™

The Argo group of three claims is on » le?8;« 0"!^ j^.f^w ^""^r'-d fopt frnm
Snndon and was located In the summer of \m by William biiowden Jehn A.
Whlttier and Alexander McDonald on a ledge showing thrro to four feet of
solid ore. A tunnel Is being run to explore the ledge, and has recently
struck eight inches of solid galena. n^^,„^ T5«it.D. a-a nn a

The two Monitor claims at Three Forks, owned by George Pe^tv.^'ire on a
northeast and southwest ledge erosslng the slate at rlglit angles near a

= I.

iLin

184

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

■'^i'W

porphyry dike. The ledge varies from a few Inches to three and one-half
teei ot gaKna anu carbonates, 'ihe lowest cross-cut, 161 feet, has not struck
the led^e, but lifteen feet higher a tunnel runs 27.5 feet on the ledge, with ore
for 1&5 feet from three to thirty Inches wide. A cross-cut lo the west Will
catch the ledge again beyond a rifty-foot fault. A tlfty-foot cross-cut 100 feet
higher struck the ledge again, but much broken. Another crosscut seventy-
three feet long tapped the ledge 110 feet higher and from It drifts were run
both ways, with a stope seventy-Hve feet long and thirty-eight feet, to the
surface on twelve to sixteen Inches of ore, besides much shattered slate
cemented with g.ilena. The ore differs from others In Slocan In carrying
gold, shipments having returned '$2 to $14 gold, 142 to 30 ounces silver, 37 to 55
per cent. lead. The average of eighty-eight tons of carbonate ore was $L3
gold, 12S.4 to 323.8 ouncis silver and 19 to 33 per cent. lead. The mine haa
yielded an estimated prolit of 115,000.

On the west extension of the two lower Wonderful ledges, which are
exposed In the deep canyon of Miller Creek, the Miller Creek Mining '
pany has a group of two claims and a fraction aggregating 130 acres, on ' r.
100 feet of work has been done and development Is about to be resumea.

The idler, at Three Forks, GOO feet above the Nakusp & Slocan Railroaa,
is being developed by the Idler Mining Company, and has .unusually good
surface indieaiiony. A tunnel cut the ledge twelve feet below the suriace,
showing it twenty inchts wide, with six inches of galena, fifteen assays of
which avragcd 1430, the balance being impregnated with carbonates of Silver
and lead. A cross-cut is being run to tap the ledge 125 feet deeper and,
including offshoots, is over 200 feet long. Another large ledge further down
the mountain will he developed this summer.

In the Alamo group of eight claims the Alamo Mining Company has. In
the opinion of Mr. Carlyle, one of the largest and most productive ore chutea
yet mined in the Slocan. It strikes east and west across a deep spur from
the main ridge in the Alamo Basin, three and one-half miles up Howson
Creek, and from the lissure eight to nine feet of solid galena, mixt'.' with

gray copper and carbonates, have been stoped, and much mixed ore haa
een concentrated. The lowest tunnel, 300 feet along the ledge, showed little
ore, but a drift 130 feet northwest and thirty-four feet southeast appar^tly
atruck it again beyond a fault. In the next tunnel, 340 feet, and the third,
a large amount of ore has been stoped from a chute four to six feet wide,
with mixed ore occupying the remaining space between two smooth walls.
The remaining tunnel, 240 feet below the summit, is in several hundred feel
and stoplng extends tnirty to forty feet above this level. Another cross-cut Is
being run to tap the l^dge in 1,000 feet at a depth of *W0 feet and compressed
air drills are being installed. Other good ledges are being developed in other
parts of the property. A three-rail tramway 340 feet long transports the ore
to bins, whence it Is hauled three miles by wagons to the head of a similar
tramway 7,100 feet long, which transports it to the concentrator on the rail-
road. The mill, owned by the Slocan Milling Company, is operated by water
power from Howson and Carpenter Creeks and has a capacity of fifty tons a
day, the machinery being modern and complete.

The Idaho Mining Company, under the same management, is mining the
extension of the Alamo ledge by extensions of the Alamo tunnels through
the Idaho and St. John ground. In the upper tunnel Is a stope twenty-flve to
thirty feet to the surface on ten to thirty inches of ore, and a sixty-foot
upraise to the surface is on twelve to fifteen inches of ore, while there are
two feet of solid galena and four to five feet of mill ore in the face of the
level. Another k-dge runs northeast and southwest across the Idaho Basin
and much good ore has been taken from the upper cuts and tunnels, but the
main tunnel, 550 feet long, .showed little ore, but ten to twelve feet of alate,
quartii, calcite and Iron i)yrites. The profits of the Idaho to March 1 are
estimated at $132,000.

The Cumberland Mining Company has five clalrna on either the Idaho
ledge Just mentioned, or a parallel ledge, and in its third tunnel has sloped
a narrow vein of almost solid galena and blende for 350 feet, and is mining
a four to ten inch streak of calena in an underhand stope. A cross-cut la In
600 feet to cut two small ledges several hundred feet lower. Ore is shipped
by the Alamo road and tramway and milled at the Alamo mill.

The Alamo, Idaho and Cumberland ledges aro said to extend through the
Hustler and Silver Bell, on which a Victoria syndicate has done some work
and will do more this summer.

The Sunshine Mining Company shipped several car loads c; galena In 1894
and 1805 from the Yakima group of four claims In the next basin east of the
Alamo. On the Wild Goose and Corinth, J. Ollhooley, A. J. Mu- ^hy and
A. Behue have shown six to twenty-four inches of solid galena by dtrfpplng
for 20O feet and are tunneling on the ledre.

Thorough exploration Is In progress by John A. Finch, R L.arsen, ■William
Glynn and J. H. Moran on the Queen Been gfroup of seven claims on the ^;aot
slope of Howson Creek. There are four ludjes within 500 feet. A 20(l-foot tun-
nel showed the east one to bo small and uecomposed, carrying ore forty tons
»x "S^ll'S'^ shipped In 1893 returned 9C ounces silver and 74 per cent. lead.
At 300 feet In this tunnel the leJgg was cross cut, twenty-flve feet between
walls, showing two feet of eolld ialTia on the hanging wall, which carries 11»

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

are

ounces silver and 65 per cent lead. Another tunnel, driven 350 feet, taps the
teilge 150 feet lower and has twelve inches of ore of the same grad6 in the teiOi.
The west ledge runs northeast and southv.-est and from a sixty-foot tunytel,
from which a stope was run twenty to thirty feet, produced galena ore
assaying 141 ounces silver and 75 per Cent. lead. A winze is down eighty
feet at the face on two leaders of galena separated by four feet of slate.
The third vein has been stripped for 200 feet and is a wide zone h^kVlly iron-
stalned, carrying a little galena and assaying $4 to JC gold. The fourth JlB^ge
shows on the surface six inches of carbonate ore assaying CO to 60 oilncea
silver and as much as 40 per cent. lead. Shipments aggregate 180 tons, which
averaged 143 ounces silver and 75 per cent. lead.

The Canadian group of five claims, owned by Mr. Adams, of Sandoii,' kn«J
W. H. Brandon, of Slocan City, is on the summit of the rldgo between muth
Carpenter Creek and Four-Mile Cretk and has several small galena l,e<lS8:es.
One of these, a few inches wide, can be traced north and south for soriie flls-
tance. Another, oarrying galena, in calclte and quartz, crops four to twelve
inches wide and in the lower of two short tunnels has three to live feet ot
mixed ore. Another nortii and south ledge shows solid galena in the crop-
pings and Is traceable several hundred feet, and in a tlilrty-Ilve foot ti^niicl
on the hanging wall shows coarse calclte with some galena.

Adjoining the Canadian on the east are the Ivanhoe and Elgin, which thf
Minnesota Silver Coni<)any Is developing. Two cross-cuts connected by a
seventy-foot upraise, and with drifts from both, opened an ore chute Blxty
to seventy feet long and containing as much as five feet of solid and concen-
tratlnt,' ore. A third cross-cut has been driven 150 feet below and fifteen
car loads of ore were shipped last year.

The Adams group of four claims and a fraction, owned by Capt. L, C.
Adams, of Montreal, and others, is on the same ridge as the Canadian group
and has a number of closely parallel veins of galena. An open cut shows
one to be fifteen to thirty Inches wide, of mixed ore, with four to fourteen
inches of solid ore on the summit and another vein crossing It. A tWelve-
foot tunnel has been driven on four to twelve inches of pure galena where
three or four narrow veins almost unite. A twenty-foot tunnel is in on one
of several small veins on the north slope, showing four feet of mixed ore,
and in the cropplngs this ledge shows eight feet of mixed ore, with small
stringers. Another ledge shows four feet of mixed ore. Tunnels have been
run to tap these ledges, one of fifty feet, 150 feet below the summit, having
six or seven feet of concentrating ore, and another of 245 feet, 400 feet below,
following ore for the last forty feet.

The Noble Five Consolidated Mln\ng & Milling Company has five cluims
on one ledge and three on another, with a possible third, three and one-haU
miles by trail from Sandon. The main ledge has cropplngs of iron rpck,
carrying galena, spathic Iron and blende, which In the mine run in bands
along each -wall by turns. The ledges run northeast and southwest tiirouJTh
slate and limestone and carry their best oro chutes where they cut porpjfjvry
dikes, the ore being galena, carbonates and oxides In spathic fron and qMrta
gangue. The mine was at first crudely worked by means of small drifts,
but Is now being thoroughly developed. A sixty-flve foot tunnel end al^ort
, cross-cuts first resulted in the finding of gool ore, but on account of snow-
'slides work was started in a new place. Tunnels have been driven aggre-
gating 1,380 feet, opening the ledge to a depth of 600 feet, and the hlgh-gTada
ore has been sloped to a width of six to eight feet, leaving sevev to nine feet
of concentrating ore In the drifts. \ main tunnel has been ilriven 200 feet
lower, cross-cutting the ledge wheie there is a strong cropping of gaJeTUi,
and will be connected with the upp°r tunnels by winzes. On the Dcacfttian
ledge three tunnels have been run ind twenty-six car loads of ore taken
out, the carbonates assaying 63 ounc s silver and '6 per cent. lead, and, th«
solid galena as much as 2B5 ounces sll .er and 69 per cent, lead. The anioiilnt
of ore shipped up to December 1, iM6. was 2,000 tons, and between that data
and May 3, 1897, It was estimated that i\0':0 tons were shipped to the concen-

of the Slocan Star and has a capacity of 120 tons a day. The net profits of
the mine are estimated at $50,000 to March 1, fronr $125,000 'o |150,000 worth
of ore having been taken out prior to August 1, 18!6.

On the Last Chance group of four claims and a fraction itie Last Chance
Mining & Mlliir.g Company has '.wo small parallel ledges running northeast
and Bouthwo.'^t. west of the Noble Five group. On one ledge is a 240-foot
tunnel with cross-cuts and drifts on feeders and is tapped 100 feet below by a
180-foot cross-cut, from which drifts run I'iO feet, and which ha.s been e.xteneed
to the other ledge. An Incline on the ledge W;iS extended as a drift midwiBy
betv/een the two tunnels and ran through high grade galena a few inches to
three feet wide, mostly loUd but partly In quartz gangue Near the surfarca
the ore was -'ch oarbonatcE, Bilpments In 1895 aggn^ated nine carloads
Rfsaylng 186 to 191 ounces silver and 71 to 'i8 per cent, lead, and In 1896, 17 ca*"-
loads averaging 182 oun«,!es silver and 6? per cent. lead. The ntiiie, like others
In the Plocan has palfl not only for its development, equipment and purchase
of adjoinlne claims, but $50,000 In dividends.

136

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

From the American Boy, adjoining. Thomas McGuigan has phlpped Ave
carloads and from the Ajax, Matthews & Braden have shipped high grade
ore. as well as from the Ruby J: ver, north of the Noble Five. Dr. Hendryx,
of Nelson, is cross-cutting a iedge on the Galena, which la the supposed
extension of the R. E. Lee ledge.

The Reco group of live claims, immediately east of the Noble Five, which
la owned by the Reco Mining & Milling Company, has two ledges, the Big and

Se Small. Three tunnels liave been run on the former, one 650 and another
I feet long, a 125-foot upraise connecting the two. The ledge varies from a
flS'w inches to several feet wide of decomposed ledge matter and from it were
shipped in 1895 four carloads of galena averaging 179.8 ounces .sliver and 71 per
cent, lead and nine ca,rloads of carbonates yielding from 89.3 to 161.6 ounces
stiver and 23.2 to 37.1 per cent. lead. The Small, or Goodenough, ledge has

8 elded some of the richest ore In the district and has been mined Jointly with
e Goodenough by three cross-cuts, from w.iich drifts have been run. The
Rsdge is from two to twenty Inches of solid ore, at times becoming only a
■arrow streak of iron-stained matter, and is richest where It crosses the
porphyry dikes. The galena ore runs from 225 to 730 ounces silver and t)7 per
cent. !"'i and the carbonate ore, of which twenty carloads have been shipped,
yielded 230 lo oZ'.2 ounces sliver and 19 to 28 per cent. lead. This mine, like the
li^st Chance, has paid for itself and adjoining claims and paid 93^\000 dlri-
dends. The ore shipped up to Decembei 1, 1896, aggregated about $200,000 In
9»lue and to this another $200,000 was added during the winter, the average
ralue at the smolter being $200.

Below the Reco, on the same veins, is the Sovereign, on which John
A. Finch has tunneled 75 and 30O feet, gaining 150 feet of depth and showing
from one to twenty Inches of carbonates in several chutes. He has shipped
8ve carloads running about 100 ounces silver and GO per cent. lead.

On the Goodenough and anpther claim, John A. Whittler, J. H. Thompson,
J. M. Martin, A. W. Goodenough and C. F. ICent have been working in
Qonnectlon with the Reco. The lowest working is a cross-cut, 275 feet, from
which, where it taps the small vein, an upraise for 169 feet has been made to
the fourth level on several Inches of high grade ore and a drift runs Into the
Beco ground with good ore for 110 feet above and below. The ore has been
ail stojied from the upper tunnels to the surface. The ore shipped ranged
flrom 277 to 507 ounces sliver and 48 to 67 per cent, lead for galena, and 168.5 to
92.5 ounces silver and 2 to 34 per cent, lead for carbonates. The mine shipped
90 tons up to December 1, 189G, and 2!50 tons more during the winter, worth at
the smelter $400, and has paii": *35,000 in dividends.

Adjoining the Reco and Goodenough, the Blue Bird Mining Company has
the Blue Bird and another claim on a ledge cropping thirty feet wide with a
number of spurs from both directions. In prospecting for the pay streak
JW.OOO worth of surface ore, carrying 135 to 138 ounces filver and 72 to 75 per
oent. lead, was taken out and shipped. A shaft was sunk seventy-five feet
•nd a drift run 150 feet on what appears to be the true ledge four feet wide,
With four to eight Inches of ore carrying as high as 425 ounces silver. Two
. Oiirloads have been shipped carrying 175 ounces silver and t;5 per cent. lead.

The Chambers group of four claims soutli of the Goodenough, owned by
Charles Chambers and others, is on a ledge of concentrating ore forty to sixty
wet wide, which run.^ from Carpenter Creek up the mountain. About 500 feet
at development has been done and one carload was shipped In 1890 which
returned 89 ounces silver and 70 per cent. lead.

The R. E. Lee, five miles by trail and road from the Kaslo ft; Slocan Rail-
road, is being developed by Lorenzo Alexander of Kaslo. The ledge is a
•arrow one of galena striking northeast and southwest and shows eighteen
Inches wlje in some places. Two tunnels, one of them 500 feet long, are
aonnected by an upraise of ninety-five feet and an incline runs down from the
tower tunnel. Three carloads were shipped last year, averaging 130 ounces
aiver arid 75 per cent. lead.

The Slocan Boy, leased by S. K. Green and others to T. M. Oib-son and
Lang Keith, has two ledges, one of which, small but rich, is worked by three
tunnels, one 140. another ICO feet. The other is the southern extenssion of the
Washington ledge and is tapped at 100 fef^t by a 200-foot shaft, from the bottom
tf which a drift runs 235 feet, connecting with a 170-foot tunnel, run on the
fcdge from the surface. Ten carloads of galena and carbonates have been
shipped, of which thirty tons from the small ledge gave 3314 cunces silver
and 75.4 per cent, lead and the ore from the other ledge averaged over 100
ounces sliver and 68 per cent. lead. The mln« Is estimated to have paid $25,000
profit.

The Payne, now the principal claim in a group of four, Is the pioneer
location, as well as one of the best paying mines !n the district, and Is now
jwned by W. A. McCune, of Snit Lake. Throupii an error ai« to the '*rend of
ftie vein, which is northeast and southwest, the Paynt^ is iocatert acfoSH It.
▲ 300-foot tunnel follows ore continuously, with a maximum width of thro©
feet of high grade ptalena. Another tunnel nf good lenniti has been run I'-'wer
dov,-n the mountain and a third runs in higher, with slopen to th? siurface,

?,nd drifts on the ore-chutes in both tunnelB allowed both chutes to continue
or over 200 feet. Mr. McCune has begun vi^joruus development, an'1 shi!>-
ments up to September, 1896, aggregated JlOO.uOO, and were MoW in Deceiaber,

$100,000 in JanuJ
1,148 tons, nettil
year. The caiT
lead and the gs
March 1 are est|
The Payne
Becipi-ocity grc
Company is heL
gulch having tl|
of the ledge.

The Ramsde

Sapphire and G\

There Is a flfteJ

of the ledge maj

and one hundrel

from them. Oil

two more carlol

has ore in the fJ

The two Wif

on Payne Moui

has built a gra\l

capacity. Thei

& Slocan Ralln

to twelve feet ■w

and quartz. T

decomposed ore

ledge, which wi

of concentrating

ore assays 108 1

centratea, of w

ounces of silvei

been about $360,

$20,000.

The Best gro

P. Larsen and

Dardanelles Bai

ridge is seamed

northwest and

galena, a little Y

is down seventy

three feet. A 3

ore at 100 feet ar

upraise was in e

Also on the T

owned by the P

pany. It has t

similar to the I

and porphyry c

In a tunnel. T

to t>e Best led

carrying gray o

foot tunnel with

tons returned 4!

Bay smelter. <

of high grade g

win he continu

lower tunnel is i

In six inches tc

chute cut by tl

been started at

425 feet. The c

five feet of ore

Shipments havi

from galena or

carbonates, IJ

Active oper

claims or the !

Ryan. The let

tons have been

March 1.

Alexander H
which is under
The Ruby F
Matthews .^ B
assaying 19S.2 o
assaving 2B«.4 o
On the Eur
foot ledge, froi
1896, and bad 6

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

$100,000 in January and $110,000 in February. Tlie shipments in March were
1,148 tons, netting $100 a ton, and fully 1,000 tons a month will be shipped this
year. The carbonates assayed 80 to 100 ounces silver and 35 to 40 per cent,
lead and the galena 175 oinces silver and 70 per cent. lead. The proflta up t«
March 1 are estimated a^ $250,000.

The Payne ledge almost certainly extends southwest into the Slocan-
Reclprccity group of two claims, on which the Slocan-Recipro<;ity Mining
Company is beginning work, for galena float in the bed and on one .side of a
gulch having the same course as the ledge extended indicates the proximity
of the ledge.

The Ramsdell Mining & Milling Company has begun shipping ore from the
Sapphire and Gem, two miles northeast of Sandon, adjoining the Payne group.
There is a flf teen-foot ledge containing eight Inches of solid galena, the rest
of the ledge matter being concentrating ore. Three tunnels are in thirty, fifty
and one hundred feet, all in an ore chute, and are being continued, with stopes
from them. One carload returned 210 ounces silver and 76 per cent, load and
two more carloads have lately been shipped from the 100-fcot tunnel, which
has ore In the face. Three carloads monthly will be shipped af.ter June 1.

The two Washington claims, with a controlling interest In three others
on Payne Mountain, are owned by the Washington Mining Company, whiih
has built a gravity tramway 1,450 feet to the concentrator of eighty tons dally
capacity. Thence a three-mile road leads to McGuIgan Station on the Kas>i
& Slocan Railroad. The ledge strikes northeast by southwest and is thr««
to twelve feet wide, with five to six feet of galena in a gangue of spathic Iroi
and quartz. There are also bodies of clfian galena, but little carbonates or
decomposed ore. There are three tunnels, giving n depth of. 330 feet on the
ledge, which with connections and drifts aggregate 1,540 feet, and 20,000 toae
of concentrating ore have been blocked out, reducing five into one. The cruAe
ore assays 108 to 136 ounces silver and 62 to 66 per cent, lead and the com-
centrates, of which fifty to sixty carloads were shipped In 1896. yielded 9
ounces of sliver and 60 per cent, lead, and the total production to date haa
been about $350,000. The estimated profits prior to incorporation were about
520.000.

The Best group of two claims, owned ^y A. W. McCune, George M. Hughe*,
P. Larsen and Scott McDonald, Is on the ridge separating Best Basin fro»
Dardanelles Basin and is four miles from McGulgan Station. This granite
ridge is seamed with quartz ledges from a few inches to six feet wide, runnl»«
northwest and southeast, and carrying tetrahedrlte and jamesonlte, with
galena, a little blende and copper and Iron pyrites in placts. An Incline shaft
Is down seventy-five feet with a drift twenty-five feet, both In ore as wide as
three feet. A 312-foot tunnel 120 feet below struck six to eight inches of goot
ore at 100 feet and followed It for sixty-five feet, and at 215 feet a fifty-five t«oi
upraise w^as In eighteen Inches of galena, gray copper and blende.

Also on the Best Basin is the Rambler group of four claims and a fraction,
owned by the Rambler & Caribou Consolidated Gold & Silver Mining Con»-
pany. It has two distinct series of ledges, two in the granite carrying ose
similar to the Best, and a small seam of galena running through the sli.^
and porphyry close to the granite contact, which has widened to three I'vm
In a tunnel. The ledges in the granite are »• raceable 400 feet at right angii*
to t>e Best ledges, one of them showing three to twenty Inches wide and
carrying gray eoppr and JHmesonlte, and being continuous In a sevenly-ftT*
foot tunnel with two to twenty inches of fine gray copper ore. Of this ela:hte«m
tons returned 499 ounces silver, $7..')0 gold and 2 per cent, copper at the Pilot
Bay smelter. On the silver lead ledfees a tunnel is in 220 feet, with five feet
of high grade galena and pyrites ore In the bottom for the first 165 feet, and
win be continued to tap another ore-chute showing on the surface. The
lower tunnel Is a cross-cut for eighty feet, then runs seventy feet on the ledR«,
in six Inches to five feet of ore, and in fifty-five feet more will tap the oi*
chute cut by the upper tunnel at a depth of sfiventy feet. A cross-cut bac
been started at a depth of 325 feet below the lower tunnel to tap the ledge In
425 feet. The dry ore vein which is being worked on the Best, where it ha«
five feet of ore assaying 600 ounces silver, also extends throuph this property.
Shipments have yielded 79.6 to S73.? ounces silver and 31 to 64 per cent. leM
from galena ore. and 166 to 178 5 ounces sliver and 22% uer cent, lead froai
carbonates. Dividends of $4i,000 have been paid.

Active opemtlonp are a\^o in progres.-s en the Antome gro"p of thrw
elnlma on th? Surprise Basin, by C. H. Green, of Saginaw, Mich., and J. C
Ryan. The ledge carries three feet of ore assaying about $250 and about 6w
tone have been shipped. A dividend of about $10,000 had been paid prior to

Alexander Smith, of Kaslo, Is making regulai shipments from the SurprtB&.
■which Is understood to hr-vc paid Mm about $20,000 profit.

The Ruby Silver, dlrrotlv north of the Noble Five, Is being develofed h^
Matthews .^ Braden, of Koslo, who In 18S6 shipped eleven and one-half ton*
assaying 198.2 ounces silver and 46 per ceat. lead and thi/teen and one-half toict
assavlng 2B«.4 ouncea stiver and 66 per cent. lead. ^ -r^ ,.

On the Eureka croup of six claims Messrs. Gte^n and Ryan have a foirr-
f-)ot led^c, from which they hnd shipped 800 tons jf $150 ore up to Decembe-i',
t896, and bKd 600 tons In sight,

IBS MINING I.N THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

The Dardanelles gror.p of four claims on the Dardanelles Basin between
Best and Jackson Bas'.na is being developed by the Dardanelles Mining &
Milling Company. The first work was done on a ledge cutting across the
slates and porphyry dikes and consisted of a 22&-foot shaft and 1,300 feet of
drifts, from which shipments of over 250 tons averaged 265 ounces silver and
83 per cent, load, and seventy-six tons of second-class ore returned over 75
ounces sliver and 26 per cent. lead. Smelter returns ranged from 145.8 to
470.2 ounces sliver and 15 to 56 per cent. lead. A steam hoist and pump have
been put in the shaft and development is now proceeding on parallel ledges.
The mine had paid considerable profit before incorporation last summer, but
the amount could not be ascertained.

The Jackson group of five claims, formerly the Northern Belle, on Jackson
Basin, five miles south of Whitewater Station on the Kasio & Slocan Railroad
and five miles by trail from Sardon, Is being developed by George Alexander.
The ledge cuts through carboniferous shales, slates and limestones and along
the footwali has from a few inches to three feet of zinc blende, then galena in
various form's in quartz and spathic iron gangue, including as much as
eighteen inches of solid ore and several feet of milling ore. The highest
tunnel, fifty feet, ran on a big outcrop of decomposed vein-matter and blende;
the next, sixty feet below, runs 250 feet on the ledge and has been the source of
most ore; sixty feet below, a cross-cut taps the vein; the fourth tunnel, 135
feet lower, runs 340 feet on a smooth wall, with a small amount of ore; the
fifth is being nm from a strong cropping on Jackson CreeTi, which shows two
feet of black jack against the wail, then three to four feet of eruptive rock,
and then twelve to twenty-four inches of steel galena, which continues to the
face- The ore averages at the smelter about $80 and the six tunnels have been
continued, 1,200 tons being shipped during the winter. The estimated proflta
to March 1 were $20,000.

The two Whitewater claims, one and one-halt miles by road from White-
water Station on the Kaslo & Slocan Railroad, have paid for themselves and
yJalded about $40,000 profit to their owners, J. C. Eaton, J. L. Retallack, J. L.
Montgomery and W. C. Pierce, of Kaslo. The country rock being shattered
for ten to twenty-five feet from the fissure, no blasting is required, but the
tunnels need thorough timbering. Along the footwali is as much as five feet
Of spathic iron, then a streak of galena and then carbonates or oxidized iron,
often scattered through the shale for twenty feet. The ledge has been stripped
for 800 feet and several carloads of iron oxides and carbonates shipped. The
upper tunnel runs thirty feet along the ledge, the second, 260 feet below,
follows it for 200 feet, with little ore; the third, seventy-five feet deeper,
Is In 400 feet, with a small stope near the mouth, from which three or
faiir carloads have been shipped, an almost barren stretch of 340 feet fol-
l^ing. Then the ore chute widens to six inches to six feet of solid
ore. The fourth tunnel, ninety-six feet on the ledge- below, was 425 feet lonf
and had four to ten Inches of ore for 20O feet, then In a cross-cut had
twenty feet of barren shale with steel galena on each side. A narrow
streak of carbonates was followed for forty feet near the mouth, then a
fifteen-foot winze and a short tunnel followed good ore. The fifth tunnel, 104
fef*t .lower, is In 175 feet and has two feet of spathic iron in the face and In a
forty-foot stope showed six to twelve inches of steel galena, besides coarse
broken galena. The first shipments from Slocan via Kaslo consisted of six
lots from this mine at a time when the cost was $100 a ton for all charges. The
value of carbonates ranges from 72 to 298.5 ounces silver and 11 to 30 per cent,
leadf that of galena from 75 to 362.6 ounces silver and .35 to 65 per cent, lead, an
avjajage for the whole output for 1896 of 114 ounces silver and 30 per cent. lead.
In the same vicinity development is In progress on the Elkhorn, the east
extrusion of the Whitewater; the Charleston, by J. Mitchell; the Corean, from
which ore is being taken; the Lone Star, by the Hansa.rd Mining Company, the
Sunset and Colorado, on the extension of the Wellington; and the Eldon group
oftwo by the Eldon Gold & Silver Mining Company.

t The Wellington group of seven claims, two miles by road and trail from
the Kaslo & Slocan Railroad, is being developed by the Kootenai & Columbia
Prospecting & Mining Company. There are two ledges in slate formation,
oxie running northeast and southwest, the other a wide crushed zone carrying
Btrln&crs and pockets of quartz, spathic Iron and calcspar, runnlnsr east and
vi^st. A 170- foot cross-cut taps one ledge at a depth of forty fet,. and an 800-
foot cross-cut taps the other at 550 feet at a depth of 200 feet and all the work-
I39C8 are connected at this level. The ground, being soft, requires no blasting,
b\it needs thorough timbering. The ore is carbonates and galena with gray
copper and zinc blende and returns 125 to 328 ounces silver and 10 to 55 per cent.
lead 4f)0 tons having averaged 173 ounces silver and 30 per cent. lend.

O; he extension of the Wellington ledges to Bear Lake, the Santa Maria
Silver Mining <;ompany has developed the Santa Maria by tapping the ledge
Ift three cross-cuts, thirty, sixty and 120 feet long, gaining a maximum depth
at, eighty feel. Much of the ore is high grade, running 600 to 700 ounces silver
a^d «0 per cent, lead and there is four feet of concentrating, ore carrying about
IS ot»fic«8 silver.

Also on Bear Lake I.3C0 feet south of the railroad, William Brade^n and B.
J. Matthews are developing the Lucky Jim group with three power drills.
The led«« i» 4e8crlbt<i as in a fauited contact, beiweei|.9lat« »nd Itmeston*.

.'.■:T-- (iT , ;<>■( Cv ...

MINING IN THE SACIF.W NC^RXHWEST.

\.> .'V

?r.

•fi^ ^

HTilOW^/!/ '-

\ ■■

/ /

;

'-,

mmmmmmmii

iNotx.:

1. Multle

ilUghi!*,

2. Mt. Chief.
.>. t.uiiluiiuii.

«■ AlpHa.

a. iauno Cum-

. . berland.

•• Alaiiiu.

'• gueen Beam

*• Ivy hWit.

>• Heed A

•tl- Auuiim.

\\j 8 ooan star

U. iioluiiUei
>*■ tUtieblrd.'
iJ. ChumbeiM.
1*. Keco.
17. Nuble Flv
.^^' ;V""iniotii.
1». Payne Boy.
:'0. Slocan Boy.
21. L,ucKy Jim.

-w. Kumbler,
24. Northern
„ , ^ Belle,

..- . r Hill.

27. .VtelUngton.

*• Irene.

». MetlaRatla

M. Oltiiwti.

31. Jardlne.

iZ. Alice- utlca
33. Muiuezumu
I 34. Surelle.

I 36. Bartleth

Bros.

36. Uilndle.

37. BoBton.
:t8. Thomson.

39. Fiaher

Maiden.

40. Vaneouvur.

41. Galena

Farm.

42. Currle.

43. IJalsy.

44. Granite

MountaUi.

45. Mountain

View.

46. I.. H.
:4T. Silver

,„ ^ Band.

48. Topaz.

49. KalLspell.
!iO. Edmonton.
51. DiilliouBle.
.'>2. Nepawa.

53. Enterprise.

54. M'e.stmount
•Vi. I.,one Star.
M. U & I.

57. Conundrum

58. Ada Rehan
Mt. St. Fitul.

60. Arlington.

61. iBondholfU'r
«2. Ottawa.

61 Tamarack.

64. Star.

65. Dayton.

66. Old Glory.
IT. Nancy

Hanks.

t.y 1X1...

551, Republk!.
;o. Scot.'^man.

1. Ranger-

Skylark.

2. Exchange.
'3. Chiiplean.

4. Howard

Fraction.

5. Almar.
B. Two

,. „ Friends.

?• Silver King

»■ Crusader.

!' C. P. R.

0. Alpine.
1 1. Blac^

„ ,, lf>lnc«.

^ Meteor.

'• f'cean.

I I Wakefleld.
' • Retriever.

i Pearl l.,ulu

■ Rarly Bird.
T Hkyllne.
*'■ Sweden
, , , Lakevlew.

'■ HiRhVand.

; .lefr DavLs.
Potlatch.
Mllp Point.
I Hohtail.
8 . Jen e May
' • I'oii ih.
' ■ '"res *ent.

tttimm

[k pacific NORTHWESy

»<_ I . ■ » ■- ■ '•/_."■■

=r^yV'Wil>lK.WMWWii.^-'*?W<IMi^fat^.,i-^>jfc;j

and galenn, zli
and side llHsurc
C9,2 to 75 ounce.'
produce concon
The Noiiiiiiri^i
J. G. McLt-an i
•wide shown In i
four to fourtee;
225 ounces sllvc

The Londor
railroad, Is beli
pany. A forty
four-foot ledKe
been driven 350
the rldgo and h
from 150 to 267
have to be con(
this spring.

On the sout
Creeks Is anoth
tween the slate

Beginning {
Hughes shippc(
Ing 130 ounces s
caught up agal
shipped last fa

On the Gra
McKenzle have
nels. The Mgl
an Incline, and
A third tunnel,
and a fourth, e
for 110 feet, but
running north
decomposed m£
avet^g:Jng 115 o;
conveys the ore

A mile nortl
J. Marino and

The Reed ,!
ownership, alor
miles from Sllv
110 feet on the 1
and several ln<
Jenny Llnd, Pt
have cut It dla
cerilratlng ore
g&lena' Ih 189S
tunneled forty
the Wakefield
h«i*e tunneled
galena, with c;
Mining Compai
to thirty inchej
35 to 66 per cenl

Seven mlles^
acquired by til
east and soutlf
two small tun I
th*se, a 100 foJ
drifts aggregat
■with native si|
ounces silver
24 per ceht. 1o^t|
entire output i

The Galen?
one and one-hl
scattered over]
now owned bj
and west and
Iron carrying ,
fifty-foot shafi
east and sevel
high grade gal
drift was An n
sixteen Inchesl
sink slxty-flv|
north and soi;
fe«t. This 01

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

139

and galena, zlno blende, Iron pyrites and carbonates occur In larRc pookota
ana side flssures penetrating the UmeHtone. Tlio value of 110 tons shipped was
59.2 to 75 ounces sliver and r.O to 56 per cent, load and the second grade ore will
produce concentrates carrying 60 to 75 ounces silver and 55 per cent, lead.

The NonparoU group, adjoining, which has been bondtvd by W. C. McLean,
J. G. McLean and W. A. Flager to W. N. Rolfe, has a ledge four or five feet
wide shown in a 300-foot tunnel and 100 feit of open work, with a pay streak of
four to fourteen Inches of galena, sample shipments of which ran from 200 to
226 otinees silver.

The London group of three claims and a fraction. 'three miles from the
railroad, Is being developed by the London Hill Development & Mining Com-
pany. A forty-foot tunnel has been driven near the summit of a ridge on a
four-foot ledge carrying gray copper and silver sulphides. A cross-cut has
been driven .^O feet to tap the ledge at a depth of 200 feet on the other side of
the rldgo and has cut several small quaftz veins. Forty tons shipped returned
from 150 to 267 ounces silver and there la much second grade ore which will
have to be concentrated. A cable tramway will be bullf down the mountain
this spring.

On the south slope of the ridge between South Carpenter and Four-Mile
Creeks Is another series of mines, the latter stream forming the boundary be-
tween the slate and granite formations.

Beginning at the west Is the Mountain Chief, from which George W.
Hughes shipped a large amount of galena ore In 1893 to 1895, the value averag-
ing 130 ounces sliver and 70 per cent. lead. The ledge was then lost and was
caught up again only after much prospecting. Several carloads of ore were
shipped last fall and a long cross-cut Is being driven to tap the ledge.

On the Grady group James McNaught, Alexander McKenzle and James
McKenzle have a ledge running northeast and southwest, opened by five tun-
nels. The highest Is about 300 feet long, with three upraises, cross-cuts and
an incline, and another runs fifty feet In another direction on the same level.
A third tunnel, Immediately below. Is connected by stopes with the upper ones,
and a fourth, eighty feet below, taps the ledge at 100 feet and Is then a drift
for 110 feet, but shows no ore. The fifth, below this one, follows another ledge
running north and south for 110 feet, with several Inches of Iron oxides or
decomposed ipatter on the jyall. Over 1,000 tons of ore have been shipped,
averag:ing 115 ounces silver and 70 per cent lea4. A 1,200-foot gravity tramway
conveys the ore ip jthe road, two an(^ one-half miles from Sllverton.

A mile northwest or the Grady Is the California, from which J. McDonald,
J. Marino and B. C. Van Houten shipped a carload of ore last fall.

The Reed & Robertson group comprises a string of claims, of various
ownership, along a strong ledge running north and south across the ridge six
miles from Sllverton. On the two Reed claims. C. W. Callahan has a tunnel
110 feet on the ledge showing ten to twelve feet of milling ore In calclte gangue
and several Inches of solid galena, which also crop 300 feet above. On the
Jenny Llnd, Paul and Charles Anderson have 800 feet of the same ledge and
have cut It diagonally by a 150-foot tunnel showing Irregular masses of con-i
certlratlng ore andL stringers of solid galena. They shipped thirty tons of
galena' Ih 1895. Oh the Robertson, Willdam Robertson and others have
turineled forty feet, showing eight to ten feet of calclte with little galena. On
the Wakefield group of three claims, George Falrburn and William Smith
hate tunneled 125 feet and at eighty feet had sixteen to twenty inches of apUd
galena, with calclte beyond it lying almost flat. On tha Buffalo, the Buffalo
Mining Company has shown by a twenty-foot shaft and several cross-cuts six
to thirty Inches of galena and carbonates carrying 170 to 352 ounces silver and
35 to 66 per cent, lead and is continuing development.

Seven miles east of Sllverton by trail is the Fisher Maiden {.roup, recently
acquired by the Fisher Maiden Mining Company. The ledge running north-
east and southwest crops In syenitic granite on both sides of a gulch and In
two small tunnels was stoped to the surface one to three feet wide. Below
th*se. a 100-foot tunnel with cross-cuts had been run on the south and four
drifts aggregating 400 feet on the north, showing zinc blende and some galena,
with native silver along the seams. Fifty tons shipped In 1894 returned 180
ounces silver and a later shipment of thirty tons yielded 367 ounces sliver and
24 per ceht. lead. A coritract has been made with the Everett smelter for the
entire output to May IB. „, , ,

The Galena Farm, composed of five claims a mile from Slocan Lake and
one and one-half miles from Sllverton, was so named from the finding of pre
scattered over a plateau and the subsequent discovery of a large ledge, and la
now owned by the Galena Mines Company of London. The ledge rups east
and west and has been traced for 1,600 feet by cropplngs of quartz and spathic
iron carrying galena and zinc blende twelve to. fourteen feet wide. From a
fifty-foot shaft a cross-cut tapped the ledge In twelve feet and drifts sixty feet
east and seventy feet west shoWed a large body of concentrating ore, with
high grade galena on the hanging wall. A forty-five foot winze in the west
delft waa-dn tdaxr feet oC'^blid galena and an open cut 500 feet west sJaoWed
sixteen inches of galena on the footwall. A two-compartment shaft has, been
sink sixty-flve feet to strike the ledge «.t 130 feet and at forty-one feet cut a
north and south cross ledge of concentrating ore, which It followed for ten
feet. This oro concentrates five lnt6 one, the product carrying 123 oimces ,

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WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4S03

140

MINING IN TKT5 PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

silver and 62 per cent, l-'ad. At 100 feet this shaft struck two feet of shlpplnc
ore. The shaft has been equipped with a hoist and pumps and Is being sunK
600 feet with cross-cuts to the lee ge at every 100 feet. The ore is milling and
concentrating, though a shipment of sorted ore returned 98. ounces silver and
FT per cent, lead, and a IBO-ton concentrator will be built and operated bjT
water power. . ......

The Noonday la believed to have the east extension of this ledge. A
number of other cl.aims surrounding the Galena Farm are being opened and
the L. H. has a zone of schJHtose rock on the tine of an east and west fissure in
the slate, which Is twenty to forty feet wide and is Impregnated with arsenic,
mlsplckel, pyrlte and pyrrhotlte, though a twenty-two foot tunnel has so far
shown little mineral.

The Enterprise group of two claims, eight miles up Ten-Ifcfclle Creek, was
recently sold for $.300,000 by John A. Finch to David M. Hyman and others of
Colorado. The ledge, though small, has been traced through the two claims
and strikes northeast and southwest between granite walls. The ore is galena
with much zinc blende In a quartz gangue and Is generally found on the
footwall. Four tunnels have been driven on the ledge, leaving the ore on the
s'.de. The lowest, 500 feet, opens a chute averaging seven Inches and con-
tinuous for 40u feet. The second tunnel, 170 feet higher, la In 500 feet with ore
for 300 feet, where an upraise to the surface follows over eight Inches of ore
for eighty feet. At 330 feet a fault was struck, but the ledge has been
picked up beyond It and carries ore for 150 feet further, eight to eighteen
inches wide, which Is being stoped. The third tunnel, twenty-flve feet higher,
Is 310 feet long and follows six to twelve Inches of ore for 260 feet. The fourth
tunnel, 400 feet. Is ninety feet higher and is In six to fourteen Inches of solid
ore. These tunnels have thus traced a continuous ore chute for 1,000 feet
along the ledge. Shipments have returned from 153.7 to 179.5 ounces sliver and
18 to 80 per cent 'ead and now average 250 tons a month. Shipments to date
aggregate twenty-six carloads, averaging !'1,900 to $2,000 a car, net.

The same ledge has been traced into the Iron Horse and United Empire on
the northeast and Is said to have been found on the Alexandria. The ore
has been struck in an open cut on the Iron Horse, 300 feet from the Enter-
prise line. On the Oregon City, John Thompson, L. Parkinson and othera
have struck seven to eight Inches of galena In a fifty-foot tunnel and P.
Griffiths, G. West and others have tapped an ore body with a cross-cut on
the Westmount.

The Bondholder group of four claims, owned by the Bondholder Mining
Company, Is near the ildge south of Ten-Mile Creek and Is reached by the Ten-
Mile Creek road and a trail, or by the trail from Slocan City. The ledge is
supposed to be the extension of the Enterprise, running northeast by south-
west, and has been traced Vy cuts and cropplngs for 4,000 feet, showing twelve
to sixteen Inches of qvartz. Iron oxides and galena. It has been defined by
600 feet of tunnels and drifts and a sixty-foot shaft to be four feet wide, with
seven to twenty-one Inches of high grade ore carrying argentlte, galena and
antlmonlal sliver, assaying 63 ounces from average samples of one claim and
816 ounces frori another. The shaft shows four feet of ore averaging 213 ounces
silver.

The Kallsp?ll, on Ten-Mile Creek, one mile irrom Slocan Lake, has a north
and south ledge in quartzite and Is owned by William Lardner, of Deadwood,
8. X>. A seventy-five foot tunnel shows ga'.ena, ruby silver and other stiver
minerals and svime ore has been stoped, eight tons returning 289 ounces and
three tons returning 212 ounces silver.

Great activity is promised for the coming season on Twelve-Mile. Springer
and Lemon Creeks, up which trails branch off from Slocan City and Brandon.
It Is In this region that dry oi'e begins to take the place of galena, the forma-
tion being granite.

The Two Friends, savsn or eight mllea from Slocan City ot; the divide
between Springer and Lemon Creeks, ow.ied by the Two Friends Mine Com-
pany, has a ledge of h.gh grtide galena striking northeast by southwest, A
twenty-three foot cro»s-cut taps tho Itdge at a depth of twenty feet and shows
It four feet wide with a twelve-Inch pay streak. A drift flftv feet east shows
galena next the footwnll and zinc blende on the hanging wall, the width vary-
ing from a narrow streak to twelve or fourteen Inches of solid ore, and a
winze proved the permanence of the ledge. A 206-foot cross-cut then tapped
the ledge at a depth of 100 feet, here three feet wide with ten to twelve Inches
of high grade zinc blende, but In an upraise of twenty-flve feet It changed to
high grade galena. A drift was run eighty feet east from this cross-cut and
the ore, after pinching out at twenty feet, was comlni; in £UEaln at seventy
feet. Thli ty-nlne tons shipped to Tucoma returned |164 to $237 net and thirty-
eight carloads were shipped during the winter.

The Arlington and Burlington, on the north slope of Springer Creek, are
owned by the Arlington Consolidated Mining &. Smelting Company and have ft
ledge of mlnerullzed grarite four to six feel wide striking northeast by south-
west through both claims. This ledge is full of stringers of fine-grained
{;alenu and zinc blende. In which are rich specimens of native sliver. A shaft
B down seventy feet on ore, with drifts seventy feet at a depth of thlrty-flve
feet, and thirty-dve feet at sreator depth, both In ore. An average of four

MHBMi

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

141

assays from different parts of the mine was 154 ounces sliver and 2214 per cent
lead.

The Howard group of four claims and two fractions on the divide hptwppn
Springer and Lemcn Creeks, is being developed by A. G. Teeter William
Price. V. T. RatcUffe and others. The ledge runs east and/ west fhrouKu ihe
granite, dipping 10 to IB degrees north. An incline follows it down 115 feet
except where faults have occurred, and shows twelve to twenty Inches of
honeycombed quartz carrying argentlte. Considerable ore has been stopdd
sorted and shipped to Pilot Bay, returning 163 ounces silver and JIC gold up to
1206 ounces silver and $26 gold.

Another dry ore property which is now being rapidly developed is the Old
Glory group of seven claims, on the west slope of the foothills from Slocan
Lake, two and one-half miles from Slocan City, the owner being the Old
Glory Mining Company. Between quartzite hanging and granite footwalls,
four wcill-deflned parallel ledges of great strength, from three to sixty feet
wide, ran the full length of the group, 5.100 feet. The ledge matter is horn-
blendlc schist, highly impregnated with cube iron, and the pay streak la
capped with quartz carrying arsenical Iron and white iron sulphurets— a good
indication of large ore bodies. Assays of six samples from the surface ram
from 8.22 to 114 ounces silver and $1.50 to $22 gold and an average sample ot
forty pounds gave 130 ounces silver, $9 gold. Three shafts, twelve, eighteen
and forty-four feet, have been sunk on the several ledges and a cross-cut, for
which a contract was let In November, 1896, to be run 200 feet, and which was
in fifty feet on January 1, 1897, will cut all four ledges at depths ranging from
40 to 150 feet.

A number of other properties in this section of th« district aie being
opened. On the Meteor John A. Finch and John Sheran have sliowr a twonty-
inch ledge of high grade dry ore by surface work. Mr. Sheran has sold his
interest to C. L. Hoffman for $4,000 and work Is to begin as soon as weather
permits. On the Silver King, C. Faas and M. Heckman have run a crosi'-
cut 120 feet to tap the ledge. On the Crusader group of three claims, O.
Faas, R. N. Clay and others uncovered a ledge of two and one-halC
feet of quartz carrying silver glance. Iron pyrites, some native silver and
gold, and then sank thirty-three feet on it. They afterwards sold a
half Interest for $12,500 to W. H. Hellyar and W. H. Smith. The Alpine
group of four claims, on the mountain above Summit Creek, has a
strong gold-bearing ledge two to three feet wide, very Hat and traceable
through three basins, and has been bonded by C._Faas and others to A. B.
licKenzle and A. Dick, of Rossland. The Ocean group of three clalm.s thr'ee
ai. ' one-half miles northeast of the Crusader group, has a dike mineralized
with silver glance and galena and a three-fourths Interest has been bonded by
W. R. Your.g, W. R. Richmond and others">to Alexander Dick, of Rossland.
The Republic group of three claims, bonded for $25,000 to W. L. Parrlsh and
W. J. Lindsay, has a ledge eighteen to thirty inches T.ide, carrying galena,
Iron pyrites and gold, on which a shaft is being sunk. The Esmeralda group
of four claims has been sold to J. A. Thompson, of iNorthwest Territory, for
$20,000.

The most active new development has been made with gratifying results on
the Montezuma group of four claims on the south fork of Kaslo Creek, eight
miles from Kaslo, by the Kaslo Montezuma Mining & Milling Company, ot
Seattle. Several open cuts wei-e first made and the ledge uncovered for a
distance of sevent • feet, showing fifteen to thirty feet of spathic Iron and
other gangue with zinc blende and galena disseminated through the entire
width. The first tunnel, 115 feet long, shows a large body of concentrating ore,
estimated at 4,000 tons, for the entire distance. A tunnel was then driven
along the hanging wall for about forty feet and connecting with the main
tunnel by a cross-cut of thirty-two feet, showing the ore body to be that
width. Ano^.her tunnel, 100 feet below, was driven 256 feet on a parallel ledge
and at 200 feet a cross-cut was run to the main 'edge, which was struck in
thirty feet, proving to be twenty-three feet between walls. A winze was
then sunk in ore all the way to connect the two levels, showing the ore body to
be continuous, and drifting has since been extended north and south, snowing
an ore chute 140 feet long, with ore in both breasts. The average width of the
ore body in the ui)per tunnel Is six feet, In the lower tunnel. JOO fPet jloeper. It
Is fifteen feet. Assuming it to be no more than 140 feet long, this gives 20,000
tons of ore in sight, averaging 23 ounces sliver and 18 per cent lead This will
concentrate four into owe. giving 5.000 tons of concentrates which, allowing
for loss In milling, will average 80 ounces sliver and /> per cent lead, a value of
$92.90 a ton. In addition to $3 gold in each ton of crude ore-sufflcient to pay for
mining, milling and tramming. A shipment of thirty tons of sorted ore re-
turned 67% ounces silver, 63% per cent, lend, and there are 1.000 tons on the
dump? wofth? when concentrated, at least $20,000. The winze Is being con-
tinued below the lower tunnel and drifting continues bothways on the leiige.
As soon as the snow Is off another tunnel will be started 200 feet lower, which
will tap the ore body In 500 feet. The character of the ground permits of
tunneling to a vertical depth of fully 1.800 feet. Plans are being prepared for
a cable tramway one and one-quarter miles ong, from the m^ne to the south
lork of Kaslo Creek and for a mill which will cost $40 000 to $60,000.

The Jennie, eight miles from Kaalo and half a mile from the railroad, In

142

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

beiner opened by the Canadian Gold Fields Syndicate. In a forty-foot shaft
the ledge widens from four tc seven feet of concentrating ore, whlph assays
on an average 100 ounces silver, $6 gold and 3 per cent, lead, A cross-cut will
be run to tap the ledge at a depth of 100 feet.

The Silver Bear, on the south fork of Kaslo Creek, was recently bought by
the Reddin-Jackson Company, of Roasland. for $25,000 and has three ledges
shown by two cross-cuts. One cross-cut shows the first 'edge flfteen feet
wide, carrying seven Inches of high grade carbonates and five to six feet of
talc carrying kidneys of galena which assay 200 ounces sliver. The second
ledge carries three feet of pyritlc iron, galena and spar and two feet of talc,
and the third has three feet of spar and four inches of carbonates carrying 100
ounces silver. The second cross-cut Is forty feet and has cut the first ledge,
which carries eighteen Inches of carbonates assaying 200 to 300 ounces 8i!ver»
A twenty-foot shaft shows fourteen to sixteen inches of carbonates In the first
ledge, the remainder of which averages 19 ounces silver. Shipments are now
being made.

T'ie two Gibson claims, owned by the Gibson Mining & Milling Company,
are on South Kaslo Creek, eleven miles from Kaslo and reached by sis
miles of trail from the railroad. Three parallel ledges will be tapped by a &0-
foot cross-cut, which has already cut the first at thirty-five feet and will
strike the second at fifty and the third at 2."^ feet. A tunnel eighty feet on the
third ledge shows It four feet six Inches wide. Assays of the par ore range
from 112 to 149 ounces silver and S3 to 75 per cent, lead and the ledj 3 matter In
genera' assays 48 to 80 ounces silver and 35 to 75 per cent lead.

The Brlggs proup, nine miles from Kaslo 'and four miles from the railroad,
has recently been sold by Brlggs Bros, to E. J. Kelly, D. Holzman and R. N.
McLean for $20,000. A 235-foot cross-cut taps a four'and one-half foot ledge 260
feet deep and drifts In both directions show galena ore assaying 130 ounces
sliver and 70 per cent. lead. Two parallel ledges have been defined by open
outs, one of them, capped with Iron and carrying galena, being six feet wide.

The Black Prince group of three claims has a four-foot led'^e of rose quarts
traced through it, carrying high grade galena which has r, high gold value.
From a twenty-foot shaft and a drift from a fifty-foot crosscut ore has been
taken assaying $76 to $232 gold, sliver and lead, 82 per cent, of the value being
free milling and only $3 of the highest assay being silver.

On the Iron Crown and San Bernardino John A. Finch has tunneled 300>
feet showing as much as three feet of ore In places, carrying 80 ounces silver.
Two shafts of about fifty feet each are down on the ledge.

On the two Phoenix claims, the Phoenix Consolidated Mining Company is
stoping out ore from a ledge four to seven feet wide, which Is worth $140 at the
smelter and has shipped about 300 tons during the winter,

On the Echo group of three claims J. M. Martin and Whltaker Lynch have
tunneled 170 feet and sunk twelve feet on a ledge eight to sixteen feet wido,
which has four to fourteen Inches of pay ore carrying 166 ounces sliver and 76
jjer cent. lead.

Discoveries were made in the fall of 1896 on Kokanee Creek, which ap-
pears on the map as Yuill Creek, and this will be the scene of much work
this year. The Molllc Gibson group of four claims, in contest amons sr eral
claimants, has a ledge showing four feet of high grade galena and sulptadM.
On the north extension, the Smuggler and U. S., bonded for $80,000 by
Charles Faas, C. W. Greenlee and N. K. Franklin to William Olynn. this
ledge has been uncovered by open cuts at Intervals for 400 feet, showing
eight to twenty-four Inches of galena and sulphides, and is traceable tor
1,000 feet.

Prospecting has about covered all the territory between Slocan and
Kootenai Lakes and has extended to the country on the west between the
Slocan and Arrow Lakes. It has already revealed on this divide and In the
basin of Cariboo Creek, which flows Into the narrows of the Columbia betwten
the two Arrow Lakes, a great gold basin, where the ore carries $1 gold to each
ounce of sliver, though there are exceptions where the ore Is almost ex-
clusively silver and is very rich. Ore can be shipped In considerable quantity
which will carry $100 gold and 100 ounces sliver; also ore which carries 100
ounces silver with only $2 to $3 gold. There is also quite an area of gold placer
ground on the tributaries of thie Cariboo, which Is too low grade for the pan
and rocker, but will pay well for sluicing. On' Six-Mile Creek, almost
directly acrors Slocan Lake from New Denver, discoveries have recently
been made of sulphide ore carrying gold and sliver, and many prospeoton
are waiting for spring to make locations.

A steamer 24B feet long has been built by the Canadian Padflo to ply OB
Slocan Lake between Roseberry and Slocan City, and will be launched about
May 1. The same company is building wharves at New Denver, Blooaft
City and Roseberry, which will greatly improve the facilities.

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

141

AINSWOBTH.

Though outstripped 1,4 development and production by Its younger neigh-
bors, Alnsworth holds Us own and will this year be the scene of renewed
activity. Mr. CarlyJd attributes its comparatively slow progress to the
attractions offered by the high grade ores of Slocan, to the waiting policy o(
men who have crown granted low grade properties and were discouraged by
lack of transportation and smelting facilities, to disastrous forest flres whioh
destroyed several good plants, and to an ui A^arranted lack of contldende in
the probable permanence of these veins and ore bodies, especially of those In
the limestones, which have been considered as "merely pockets and local."
On this point he continues: "To one who has worked in silver ore bodies in
limestone, as in Colorado, this pocket theory is not so alarming a bugbear, as
the general experience is that, when one ore-chute is found, others are almost
Invariably discovered on prospecting further along the line of break."

The geological formation Ks the same as that of the Slocan district, some of
the ledges running with tliS stratification and others cutting across It In true
Assures, while others again are formed by the Impregnation and replacement
of the country rock by ore and quartz, and sometimes calclte. The ores vary
from a solid galena with zinc blende, though not often enough to exceed the
smelter limit, through quartz and calcite carrying sulphides with little galena
and zinc blende; quartz and lime carrying silver In other compounds; galena
with gold disseminated through the quartz; tetrp.hedrlte In quarts with
galena; to a low grade ore carrying galena, iron and copper pyrites and pyr-
rhotite.

From the south, the district Is reached by the Spokane Falls & Northern
system from Spokane to Nelson, 200 miles, and the Columbia & Kootenai
Navigation Company's steamers up the Kootenai River and Lake to Alns-
worth; or the train may be left at Northport and the steamer taken up the
Columbia and Kootenai rivers, at a greater expenditure of time. From the
west and north the Canadian Pacific carries one from Vancouver to Revel-
Btoku, 379 miles, the Arrow Lake branch thence to Arrowhead, twenty-eight
miles, the steamer to Nakusp and the Nakusp & Slocan and Kaslo & Slocan
Railroads thence to Alnsworth. The mines are at comparatively short dis-
tances from Kootenai Lake, on which steamers ply, and many of them can
tram ore down to the lake shore. , . . ^^ .. »

The Number One group of two claims, an Interest in three others ana a
millplte, has been developed by the Britannia Mining Company, of Windsor,
N. S., and is four and one-half miles by road from Alnsworth. The ore body
Is developed by stopes nearly 300 feet long and four to twelve feet wide, W
enclosed by limestones, shales and slates and In places lies almost flat. Its dip
being changed by faults. A crosscut taps the ore body In 375 feet and from It
8 drift follows a fault wall 157 feet with a thirty-flve foot winze to the stopes
abdve. This drift is being continued and in 100 to 120 feet is expected to tap
the ore body. An incline from the stope is now^down thirty-flve feet to con-
nect with It. A mill of eighteen to twenty tons dally capacity Is run by water
bdwer from a small stream and by steam at low water. Some flrst-class ote
to shipped, but most of the product Is reduced eight tons Into one of concen-
trates; which carry 295 to 3d0 ounces sliver and four to eight per cent. lead.
This mill will concehtrate fifteen to twenty-ounce ore at a profit. About 1,000
tons of ore and concentrates have been shipped. . , . „ « ri„ii„„ i- -.,»»<»»

A mile from the Nuzhber One Is the Dellle, on which S.S. ?ai'ey Is running
a 800-foot tunnel to connect with a 100-foot shaft. From the Lilly May on the

iwned by Arw kcCune, has alhaft down on a galena ledge betweon wall,
of limestone. On the Neosha a tunnel Is being run to connect with a shaft,
from which 100-ounce dry ore has been taken. xT«t-^» i.. »»«^

The Skvllne group of three claims, six m les by road from Nelson, Is owned
l)y A W ScCune! of Salt Lake City. The ledge Is In a slats and limestone
fofmatlon and runs almost north and south and occupies '^ctured zones
impregnated with ore. The ore bodies are fattened and ten to twelve feet
thick, often crossing nearly horizontally from foot to hang^^^ the two

dine has been sunk eighty-seven feet on the ledge and a shaft 20O feet, tne two
belnV conneotea by 1» feet of drift and an upraise forty feet to the Inclln^
The ore Is areentlte native silver and galena, with some gray copper and Iron
and cMoer DvrUas and av^^^^^ forty to fifty ounces sliver. The output la
ten to fl?teera8 a d^r and^^^^ to the' Pilot Bay and other smeltew.

Over low toM shipped In M»-« averaged 64 ounces silver and leae than 6 per

'— "The^irlff. thMe-<luarter« of a mile by wagon road from the la^e and one
will« south of AInswor'ii, Ij owned by William Braden, of Helena, who is thor-
SShirexptoiffl^tb a view to wtematlc development. The ledge run.

144

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

north and south between schist and quarlzlte and has been traced by cute and
stripping Into adjoining claims. From one of these cuts forty-flve tons vere
shipped and yielded 30 ounces silver and 55 per cent. lead. From this cut an
inollne Is down 100 feet and for eighty feet followed twelve to thirty Inches of
solid galena, which continues In a forty-live foot drift to the north. A bed of
quartzlte twenty-flve to thirty feet thick, which forms the foot\ d, shows
galena in an open cut and is uiought to carry enough mineral for concent.ra-

From the Mile Point, on the lake south of Alnsworth. A. Stalberg Is ship-
ping ore which carries 106 ounces sliver and 4 per cent. lead.

The Highlander, owned by Max Stevenson, of Philadelphia, is on a bluff one
and one-quarter miles southwest of Alnsworth and 1,000 feet above the lake
and has two ledges between schist and quartzlte walls. A cross-cut taps one
of these at eighty feet, and drifts twenty and ten feet show four to eighteen
inches of galena, zinc blende and a little arseno-pyrite In it. The main ledge
is tapi)ed at 120 feet and a drift 270 feet, now being extended, sho'irs concen-
trating ore carrying galena and blende. From a slxty-saven l->ot winze,
twenty-seven feet from the tunnel, a crosscut strikes the first ledge In flfty-
two feet, showing five to six feet of low grade concentrating ore. An upraise
of ninety-one feet from the drift to the surface shows eight to ten Inche'i of
good ore and two to four feet of concentrating ore. Twelve tons shipped to
Everett returned 70 ounces silver, with very little lead.

The Little Phil fraction, one and one-third miles on the main wagon road
from Alnsworth, has been bonded for $20,000 by I. McQnvern and Capt. Htfy-
ward, of Alnsworth, to Hon. N. Clark Wallace, of Ontario. The 1- Ige cutg
the schists northwest and southeast and is cut at seventy-two feet by a cross-
cut 442 feet long, and a drift 200 feet shows six to twenty-four Inches of ^ralena,
with some carbonates, averaging 30 ounces silver, while a short upraise showd
three feet of solid ore. The cross-cut taps another ledge 282 feet further In,
which has been followed 100 feet and carries a small amount of mixed galena
and considerable concentrating ore.

Considerable work has been done by John F. Stevens, of St. Paul, on the
Black Diamond and Little Donald, the south extension of the tJttle Phil, and
260 tons of ore were shipped in 1895 w^iich yielded 33 ounces allvor and 66 to 70
per cent. lead.

The Highland group of four claims, one and one-half miles north of Alns-
worth, owned by E. D. Carter and others, has a tunnel 680 feet along a well-
defined fissure ledge, showing ten feet of concentrating galena ore in the face.
There is some ore for fifty feet towards the moiiTTi and an upraise 120 feet
shows six to twenty-four Inches of almost solid galena for 106 feet, as also does
a ninety-foot shaft connecting with it. There is more or less ore for 235 feet
more along the tunnel, where an upraise is made 160 feet to the surface. A
few tons of the best ore returned 40 ounces stiver and 75 per cent, lead at the
smelter. Surveys have been made for a cable tramway to a millslte at the
mouth of Cedar Creek.

The Amazon rtoud of four claims at the mouth of Woodbury Creek,
three and one-half miles north of Alnsworth, is owned by the Canadian
Pacific Mining & Milling Company, of Minneapolis, which is developing with
machine drills. The property has several well-defined fissure ledges striking
east and west across the gneiss formation in which the creek nowv. The
ledges carry four inches to four feet of galena and zinc blende In quarts
and calclte gangue. and in places there is six to sixteen inches of solid galena.
Almost at right t^n^les to these ledges is a cross ledge, which will be' cut
at depth by two tut;nels being driven on the main ledges. One tunnel runs
sixty-five feet on L-ock seamed with ..mail quartz veins, carrying a little Iron
and copper pyrites and some galena, with )3 to >5 gold. This ledge and an-
other crop twenty-five feet apart and the intervening rock carries a small
percentage of sulphides and is believed to be concentrating ore. Another
tunnels runs sixty feet through surface wash, from which boulders have
been taken carrying 30 to 40 ounces sliver In galena, and a forty-flve foot
tunnel follows a small galena vein. A 120-foot tunnel follows another ledge
carrying eight to fourteen Inches of solid galena and zinc blend m quarts
and calclte and Is being extended to where the ledge crops four feet wide
on the cliff, and carries pyrrhotlte. On another ledge, fourteen to twenty
inches wide, tunnels have been driven 140 feet on one side and 120 feet on
the other side of the creek, A shaft Is down 140 feot on another vein of
mixed galena ore, four to twerly-four Inches wide, carrying: a good gold
value. A concentrator with seventy-flve tons dally capacity stands one-
quarter mile from the lake, water power for It and the twelve-drill com-
pressor being furnished by 1,200 feet of flume from the creek. A tramway l,4So
feet long carries ore and concentrates to steamers on the lake.

The Sliver Glance, two miles up Woodbury Creek, Is on an east and west
ledge discovered In August, 18%. by William Franklin, Alexander McLeod and
F. L. Fitch. A tunnel Is being driven on the ledge, which carries four to
sixteen Inches of galena. Iron pyrites and marcaslte in quartz gangue, with
two to three feet of mlnernllzed coun.'ry rock. Assays rans'e from 60 to 232
ounces silver and $18 to $20 gold.

The Blue Bell group at Hendryx on the east shore of the lake, consists of
four claims owned by the Kootenai Mining & Smelting Company. The min«

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

IIS.

IB on a band of cryBtalllne limestone in the schists and the ore is mostly low
grade galena and pyrrhotite, with some blende, Iron and copper pyrites It
occupies Irregular chambers, often of great size, In the limestone, the ore
body now being worked measuring 200 feet long, seventy feet wide and 150 feet
high. In the year 1895, 40,000 tons were shlpjed to the Pilot Bay smelter,
eight miles down the lake, and there are vast quantities in sight

The Pilot Bay plant, which is owned by the same company, consists of a
fully equipped concentrator with a capacity of 200 tons in twenty-four hours,
four reverberatory furnaces of twelve tons capacity each in twenty-four
hours, and one 100-ton water Jacket blast furnace. A 160 horse-power engine
runs the concentrator and sampling works, an eighty-five horse-power engine
runs the blower and a thirty horse-power engine the dynamo, which lights the
works. The plant employs 200 men.

At the head of Hooker Creek, on the divide between Kootenai Lake and
St. Mary's River, ten or twelve miles from the lake. Is the Commonwealth
group of three claims, under bond to the London & British Columbia Gold
Fields Company. A tunnel runs 150 feet on a ledge of quartz four to sixteen
feet wide, carrying galena, gray copper, sliver sulphides and some gold.
On the Expre-ss, adjoining, a cross-cut has been driven ninety feet to cut two
ledges, two to two and one-half feet wide, carrying galena and gray copper.

After a period of litigation, due to Its location on the townslte of Alns-
worth, the title to the Jeff Davis has been cleared and development has been
tal-en up by the Jeff Davis Mining & Milling Company. It has two parallel
If'dgeB i-unning north and south through lime, shale and slate, one of them
allowing two feet of galena In a thirty-foot cross-cut and being defined hy
many open cuts. Assays show 19 ounces silver and 78.9 per cent. lead. The
west ledge is only twenty feet distant and has been defined by open cuts,
small shafts and tunnels for a width of sixteen to forty feet and a length of
400 feet. It carries sulphide ore assaying $2.75 gold. 94.2 ounces silver, 9.1 per
cent, copper. A contract has been let for a 100-foot cross-cut to tap both
ledges at a depth of seventy-five feet and hoisting machinery has been
ordered.

Development has also been resumed by the Ellen Sliver Mining Company
on the Ellen, on whlcii a seventy-five foot tunnel has gained a depth of
Beventy-flve feet on a six-foot ledge. The whole width averages fifty ounceB
silver and 48 per cent, lead and will pay to concentrate, but eighteen Inches
is clean shipping ore, assaying 80 ounces silver and 75 per cent. lead.

Adjoining the Ellen is the Bonanza King, on which C. F. Clough & Co.
have sunk sixty feet, showing four feet of galena ore, of which ten assays
average 192.20 silver and lead.

NELSON.

Including the territory drained by the Kootenai River between Its outlet
from Kootenai Lake and Us confluence with the Columbia River, also the
watershed of Salmon River as far south as the boundary, this district haa
both gold-copp<>r and silver-copper ore bodies of great size,, as proved In the
Hall mines on Toad Mountain and In the Poorraan group. After being out-
stripped. In the amount of product'on by the newer districts of Trail and
Slocan, it has recently awakened revived Interest by the extensive dlscoverlef
along the Salmim River and Its tributaries.

The Nelson & Fort Sheppard Railroad runs through its center along
Salmon River to Nelson, 200 miles from Spokane. From Vancouver. B. C.,
the route Is by the Canadian Pacific to Revelstoke, 879 miles, by a branch
railroad to Arrowhead, twenty-eight miles, by the Arrow Lake steamer to
Kobson and by the Columbia & Kootenai Railroad to Nelson. ^ m

The greatest mine of this district is the Hall,: or Silver King, on Toad
Mountain, eight and one-half ^ules by wagon road south of Nelson, owned by
the Hall Mines Company, of London. The property consists of eighteen
claims, of which the original four are on the silver-copper belt and the
remainder on the gold belt. The silver-copper lode strikes east and west
through the diabases and has no distinct walls, the ore-bearing solutions
having probably Impregnated the country rock on each side of the flsaiira.
The development Is on the main ore-chute, 200 to 225 feet long, but smaller
ones are now being explored. The ledge has been traced almost continuously
for nearly 8.000 feet and appears to have branched on the east, one Io»k nin-

l'he"prM?nt company has been extending the workings of the old com-
pany. conBlstlng of I.IOO feet of tunnels. 345 feet of cross-cuts and.sfveral
winaes. and ban continued exploration by means of 22.000 feet of diamond
dr.'U-holes. The highest tunnel, near the summit. Is elghty-flve feet Ions and
■hewed good ore. particularly In short wlnsos. The second tunnel, m feet.
Is t short distance below^and Is connected by two wi"«f8 with the lower
worWngs. It has produced much high grade and considerable n>e<l>">n,|f'^°*
ore. In the main tunnel, 870 feet below the surface and extending 911 feet

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

ennt along the ledge, a flmall amount of mixed ore was ntruck at eighty-five
ftet and continued until, at 175 feet, three to four feet of good ore was
followed down for Bcventy feet by a winze, which showed two to three feet
of good ore, alHO encountered In a 100-foot drift and believed to be In a second
chute. A compressed air holHt Is used in sinking this winze to a connection
with No. E tunnel, 210 feet below. At 346 feet the main tunnel enters a great
ore chute and cuts It for over 200 feet. At first six to nine feet of very high
grade ore was mined, but lower grade ore is also taken out now from a slope
thlrty-flve to fifty feet wide and thlrty-flvo to forty feet high, showing fifteen
to thirty feet of medium ore In the roof, the chute narrowing at each end to a
few feet. Half way along this stope another winze has been sunk on the
hanging wall. 135 feet, and from It two levels extend, one at thirty feet with
170 feet of drifts and sixty feet of crosscut ard another at sixty feet, with
seventy-five feet of drift and 110 feet of crosscut, both being connected by
another winze. Considerable high grade ore has been stoped from these
levels, with twelve to fifteen feet of lower grade remaining. Another body
of good ore ten to twelve feet thick, is struck at thirty feet In a cross-cut
fifty feet beyond the stope In the main tunnel and Is again tapped, slk feet
thick, by a diamond drill-hole from a cross-cut 100 feet east. The new tunnel,
300 feet west, shows two to three feet of mixed ore, carrying more galena
than Is found In the other workings, A sixty-five foot shaft with 120 feet of
cross-cuts on the Kootenai Bonanza claim shows considerable good ore,
believed to be In the extension of the Silver King ledge.

Mr. Carlyle grades the ore into two classes: That carrying a high per-
centage of value-bearing sulphides and lower grade country rock impregnated
with a smaller amount. There Is a rich zone In the chute, shown In the upper
workings, consisting of bornlte, some tetrahedrlte, copper and Iron pyrites
and a little galena and zinc blende, and of this ore 200 tons averaged 190.9
ounces silver, 18.17 per cent, copper, and 1,160 tons shipped by the present
company averaged 119 ounces silver, 12.9 per cent, copper. When the smelter,
to be described further, was built, 5,000 tons of ore on the dump apsayed 46.44
ounces sliver, 5.92 per cent, copper. The grade of ore since produced has been
lower, because It has become profitable to mine lower grade ore and because
the bulk of the high grade ore In the present chute has beer, mined out. Thus
the average value of 15,000 tons mined in 1896 was 20.52 ounces silver, 3.64 per
cent, copper.

The mine is equipped with a steam engine, twelve power drills and two
compressors, and a sawmill and planer. From the bins below the sorting
floor, the ore is carried 700 feet down a three-rail gravity tramway to the cable
tramway which makes a descent of 3,750 feet vertically in a distance of four
and four-tenth miles and has a capacity of 145 tons in ten hours. This traiti-
way extends from the mines to the smelter at Nelson.

The smelting plant consists of one water-jacket blast furnace, to which
is being added another with a capacity of over 200 tons a day, while the
building has room for five stacks, brick dust chamber and stack; a r^ampling
works, consisting of crushers and ro!ls; a refinery, consisting of revcroeratory
calcining furnace and roverberatory smelting furnace. In the latter of which
the calcined matte will be reduced to blister copper; an eighty !iorse power
engine; and a masonry reservoir, with a capacity of 150,000 gallons. This
sme^ter was in blast for 255»i days from January 14, 1896, to January 1, 1897,
and smelted 30,131 tons of ore, producing 632,960 ounces sllvet-, 57?.l ounces gold,
2,262,921 pounds copper. Of this quantity 271 tons was customs ore and the
average value of the remainder is shown to be 21 ounces sliver, 8.7 per dent,
coppfer, This smelter was blown in on March 1 and will go into the custoiris
bqslhess for the treatment of Trail Creek ores, while thG new stack will be
equipped for the treatment of sliver- lead ores from Slocan.

On the west extension of the Silver King ledge A. H. Kelly has beeti
developing the Dandy. A seventy-five foot tunnel shows the ledge three and
one-half to four feet wide, c£^rrylng copper pyrites, bornlte, galena and spathic
Irdri. A cross-cut of sixty-five feet taps the ledge at another point and a
drift of 170 feet shows copper ores and galena, as in the othfer. A flfty-fdot
open cut exposes the vein three or four feet wide and a 170-foot tunnel follows
It for 100 feet.

The Iroquois, owned by J. E. Boss, of Spokane, appears to have i parallel
ledge of the same character, which has been explored by means of tunnels,
open cuts and diamond drill-holes. ' '

On the Grizzly Bear the Stadacona Silver-Copper Mining Company has
traced the east extension of the Sliver King ledge and has shown good ore In
a shaft, but in 800 feet of tunnels and cross-cuts has failed to tap the ledge. '

The Silver Queen Mining Company, of Victoria, has resumed prospecting
with the diamond drill on the Silver Queen, which Is believed to have oWe or
the branches of the Sliver King ledge. There are good Indicatldns ifl Several
open cuts and silver-copper ore has been struck in a shaft. ' •

The Poorman group of six claims on Eagle Creek, six miles west of Nfelson
and two miles from the Kootenai River, Is owned by N, L. Davenport and
others, and has two ledges of freo milling and concentrating ore stn^m'f
about north and south through hornblendio granite. The main ledse, Wnnfi
varies In width from a few Inches to five or six feet, Is tapped by a nmety-»«Jt'
cross-cut, tTpia w»fl(^h drifts run 180 feet south and 8» feet north. ' It the

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

147

■outh drift the ore varies from a stringer to five or six feet, with alx to eight
Inches In the face, and has been ntoped practically to the surface In th«
north drift Is a stope seventy to eighty feet long and averaging two feet wide!
A second cross-cut to tap the ledge In 450 feet at a depth of m feet. Is In 140
feet and has cut a fimall ledge from which fifty tons of ore have been mined
In a forty-foot drift. A tunnel has been driven 140 feet on the other tedge
showing In one place two to three feet of ore and in others only two amal
veins, carrying Iron and copper pyrites and galena. About eighty tons of
this ore have been milled, giving somewhat higher returns than the other.
The mine Is equipped with a three-drill <!ompref<8or, a ten-stamp mill and
three vanners, run by water power, the water being brought by flume and
pipe from Kagle Creek. Wattr Is only sufficient from April to July Inclusive,
but Sandy Creek would furnish more by two miles of fluming and the Koo-
tenai River would give ample power. Aboui »100,000 has been taken from the
main ledue. the ore averaging a.)out $16 and concentrating about ten Into one.
As depth la gained, the value goes more Into sulphides. •

The Royal Canadian group of three clalmr, a mile west of the Poorman.
has two quartz ledges In granite, on one of wIMch a 206-foot tunnel shows six
to forty-two Inches, with an average of sixteen .'nches, carrying J12 to $14 gold,
while fight assays ranged from $8 to »51. This o-e carries 8 to 12 per cent. Iroii
pyrites and some copper pyrites. Another tunntl, fifty feet above. Is In sixty-
six feet, showing the same ledge four to twelve Inches wide. On the other
ledge a short tunnel shows the parallel ledge two to twelve inchs wide, carry-
ing some iron and copper pyrites and fifteen tons «. f this ore yielded $14.50 free
gold at the Poorman mill.

On the south extension of the Royal Canadian !s the Muldoon, on which
M. Monahan haa shown a small stringer in a tunnel.

The Majestic, owned by John Miles, shows eight to tTilrty-slx Inches of
quartz, carrying little pyrites, In a 120-foot tunnel. A parallel ledge twelve to
sixteen Inches, carrying free gold, shows In an open cut.

The Starlight group of six claims, 4,000 feet above the Kootenai River,
has two auriferous schistose bands. One of these is shown by a tunnel 209
feet to be 148 feet wide between two porphyry dikes and assays |3, of which
35 per cent. Is free. At 158 feet a drift was run fifty-nine feet east and
seventy-two feet west on a parallel ledge of quartz, six to thlrty-t;)x inches
wide, assaying $2.50 to $32 gold, which can be traced 700 or 800 feet on the sur-
face, ninety feet above. The other band of schistose ore is opened by a fifty-
foot tunnel.

The Fern group of three claims and two fractions, under bond by Frank
Fletcher and Capt. Duncan to the Montreal & British Columbia Development
Company, is four and one-half miles by trail from Hall's Siding on the Nelson
& Fort Sheppard Railroad and has a ledge averaging about two, feet. and
carrying Iron and copper pyriteR, between walls of porphyry and schist. The
lowest working Is a twenty-fout cross-cut, from which a drift runs twenty-
five feet on the ledge, in two to three feet of decomposed quartz carrying free
gold, and a winze is down twenty-two feet. The ledge is shown above this
by an open cut and ttfty feet higher by a fifteen-foot shaft in which it la
twenty one inches wide; (Ifty feet higher still, it Is eighteen to twenty-four
Indies In an open cut. The longest tunnel is ;?50 feet, driven 200 feet above the
lowetit tunnel, and shows the ledf,'o four Inches to three and one-half feet,
while an ore chute thirty inches wide has Just been entered, which is said to
assay 12 ounces gold. A third tunnel, sixty feet higher, runs 160 fact on the
ledge, which widens from three Inches to three and one-half feet. A two-
stamp prospecting mill has been erected, but is not running. A shipment of
twenty-flve tons to the lllot Bay smelter returned $39 gross.

The Athabasca group of four claims on Morning Mountain, two miles from
Nelson, has been acquired by the Athabasca Gold Mining Company. Seven
ledges have beeji opened, ranging from one to eight feet wide, all showing free
gold with some Iron and copper pyrites. The company has begun develo^J-
ment and Intends to erect a stamp mill. * »». u u. w

The more recent discoveries have shown the mountPa^s through which
Salmon River Hows southward Into the Pend d'Oieil!" from the same ridge,
which drains northward Into the Kootenai, to be equally well veined with
mineral Hero the sulphide ores are found in some instances to be equally
rich in gold and silver and to have galena and native silver associated with
them There are also great bodies of iron-capped sulphide ore in a dlorite
formation, similar to those In Trail Creek on the west.

Development is In progress by the Dundee Gold Mining Company on the
Parker group of three claims between Wild Horse and Porcupine Creeks,
three-quarters of a mile from the Nelson & Fort Shept.ard Railroad. The
ledge crops fifteen feet wide betw^n a granite footwall and a hanging waU of
black aupltic rock, and an elghty-flv^ foot shaft on the hanghiK wall shows
six feet of quartz carrying Iron sulphurets and a little galena and assaying !>23
gold and two ounces silver. The shaft is being extended to the 100-foot level.

'^^^ A p%Spomwhi^h"h''a« attracted rmich attention by its rich su,rf.ce .h«w-
ingf is the Elsie, five miles by trail from the railroad, which Is oelng devel-
oped by the Ells4 Gold Mining Company. The ledge is six feet wide between
slate walls and carrie.s two to three feet of pay ore, the mineral being iron

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWKgT.

and copper sulphldos, galena, black sulphurets and native sliver. Three
aamples across the pay struuk ut places ten feet apart assayed: Oold 960.80.
■liver 116 ounces; gold 180.80, silver 37 ounces; gold $88, silver 17 ounces. Ten
assays from vnrioiis parts of the ledge ranged from $7.20 gold and 1 ounce
•llwr up to $1,046 Kold and 234 ounces silver, an eleventh assay having shown
■enly a trace of gold u id 6V<i ounces silver.

The Cromwell, on the north fork of Salmon River, fifteen miles from the
railroad, with a wagon road within three miles. Is being developed by the
•Cromwell Mining & Uivelopment Company. A twelve-foot shatt shows three
feet of quartz carrying pyrites, which ussays >80 to $140, mostly In gold.

The Salmon River Qo.d Mining Company has the Swlnker group of three
claims twenty-eight irilles east of Waneta Station. They are on the south
slope of a high, rounc'ed mountain und in a diorite formation have four wide
Iron-capped ledges running east and west. A number of open cuts have
shown tnelr character and In one Is almost four feet of solid pyrrhotlte,
Assaying 50 cents to %Z gold on the surface, such values as have been shown on
the tiurface of simllai ledges In Trail Creek.

The B^ar Cre«;k A' Inlng Company Is developing the Portland group of four
claims on the divide between Hear and Beaver creeks and many other prop-
erties In the same district are making good showings in the course of develop-
tuent.

BOUND ART CREIK.

This dletrlct. occupying the middle ground between the Okanogan River
and the Trull Ureek mining district, and including an ar^a of 1,'jOO square
jnlles Immediately north of the boundary, has risen into prominence during
the last few years and is now the scene of as much activity as Trail Creek
when the latter's wealth hud been proved but had not been poured forth in
the form of dividends. Its development has been retarded by Its remoteness
from trunsportution, but this defect Is likely to be soon repaired by the
extension of the Columbla& Western Railroad from Uossland throu.^h the
heart of this country to a connection at Pentlcton with the Canadian V'actflo
steamer on Okanogan Lake, which connects with the Slcamcus branch of that
railroad. The road Is now under construction up the Columbia Riv'jr from
Tr'^il to Robson, a distance of twenty-tive miles, and Sl.CiOO.OOO has been raised
fo/ the further extension across the mountains, down Christina Lako and the
North Kettle River, up Kettle and Okanogan Rivers to Pentlcton. The
Spokane Falls & Northern has also made surveys for a line from Marcus up
Kettle River to run partly through Wa.Hhington and partly throv.gh British
Columbia.

T"^-" present routes Into this country are from Vancouver, B. C, by the
Canadian Pacific Railroad to Slcamous Junction. 331 miles; thence by the
Blcanious branch to Jkanogun Landing, Jlfty-one miles; from there by the
steamer Aberdeen to Pentlcton, eighty miles; then by stage to Midway, elghty-
flve miles; Boundary Falls, eighty-nine miles; Anaconda, ninety-two miles;
Greenwood, ninety-three miles; Carson, 105 miles; Grand Forks, 110 milea, In
each instance from Pentlcton. The other route Is from Spokane by the
Spokane Falls & Northern Railroad to Marcus, 102 miles, or Bossburg, 110
miles, thence by stage to Grand Forks, forty-five miles, the distanoea to
other points being obtained by reckoning along the first-named route In the
opposite direction. Robert Wood, of Greenwood, has built a wagon road
from that town to Greenwood and Wellington Camps at a cost of $5,000 and
has also extended the road from Dcadwood Camp &n far as Copper Campb
Another road hag been built from Midway to White's, or Central, Camp,
shortening the distance to five miles, and the British Columbia Prospecting
Synldcate has made one up Boundary Creek to Long Lake Camp. Bxten-
Blons are being continually made, and trails lead to the remaining campk

The Boundary Creek district comprises the area between the mouth of
Rock Creek on the west and the north fork of Kettle River on the east,
between the boundary on the south and the source of Boundary Creek, twelve
miles north.

The geology and mineral formation of this district are best described by
Samuel S. Fowler, a mining engineer of Chicago, In a report prepared for
W. T. Thompson, of Midway, after an examination extending over nearly a
year. He said:

"The basal rocks of the district are quartzites, mica and hydro-mica
schists, some clay slates and bands of limestone. 1 have assumed these to be
of the Cambrian or pre-Cambrian age. They are highly tilted and altered
and extend from just west of Boundary Creek eastward. From this western
limit we find more recent, probably Devonian or lower carboniferous lime-
stones, and further west again cretaceous sandstones, shales, etc., appear.

"All these stratified rocks are penetrated and disturbed by an extensive

series of eruptive rocks of different ages and nature. These Include granite,

syenite, trachyte, porphyry and diorite. These eruptives are more or lesi

■ «atimately connected with almost all the mineral depuslts examined. No

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

■yBternatic geological survey has been undertaken he and until It has been
It will be Impraetk-able to Interpret the geloglcal evidence IntJll gently
o,„ i" '^ Keneral way. however I may say that the granites along boundary
Creek seeni to be accompanied by the dry silver and pold ores nhown In Provi-
dence and Bkylark Camps, etc., while the diorlte bells running nearly east and
west are accompanied by the basic sulphides In considerable bodies along
contacts. In this respect the district Is somewhat similar to Trail Creelt
although there the dlorltes are found to penetrate the granite rocks rather
than the metamorphic series. •«»i"«j«

"As a whole the ores of Boundary Creek may be classed as gold. They
consist largely of mixtures of various Iron sulphide*, with small amounts U
copper pyrites, all more or less ai'riferous. There are exceptlo.is. which will

"In Copper Camp we And an essentially straight copper ore. It consists
principally of copper glance In quartz, with more or less red oxide or native
copper near the surface. In Deadwood Camp the mosr prominent feature Ij
a large body of magnetic Iron (often polarlc). through which Is disseminated
auriferous copper pyrites. Passing east over the Boundary Creek valley to
Greenwood Camp, we tlnd again largo bodies of magnetite on .lome claims- in
Others, at less elevation, (iuart7. accompanied by specular Iron and calclte In
each case copper pyrites Is present, with more or less gold. White's Camp
and Wellington both show considerable amounts of Iron and copper sulphides
golrt-bearhig In all cases. In the north part of the district the L.ong Lake
Camp Is found In a gi-anlte and schist belt with radically different ores. Thes*
are quartz, carrying free gold at the surface. Below we ttnd sliver glanc«,
tellurides of gold and silver, native tellurium, along with blende, and amaU
amounts of galena In some of the veins. Again In Providence and Skylark
Camps, on both sides of Boundary Creek, quartz veins In the schists or
granite or In the contacts, carrying the dry ores of silver, are i. lund; also
occasionally small amounts of galena, etc., are present. Graham Camp
exhibits purely copper ores; here, however, these are almost entirely copper
pyrites Instead of glance, as In the Copper Camp.

"The great number of claims located within three or four months have
been principally on ground in or near the largest of the diorlte belts. The
great majority of these are practically as they were found, and I have seen
but few of them. There is much ground that has yet never even been walked
over; much of it Is covered by dense forest; In many places the 'wash' is
heavy, and >et mineral in place continues to be found, whether or not lead
ores will be found in any more than the limited quantity shown at present la
doubtful, but from what is already seen the district Is essentially one of
copper and gold, and in which more or less dry silver ores are incidental."

Mr. Fowler goes on to discuss the principal claims In detail, and then sum-
marizes his facts, as follows:

"From the foregoing we find: One camp producing copper ore, as sucli«
with little precious metal. Again, in and near the Boundary Creek valley, a
belt of dry silicious silver-gold ores, carrying practically no copper. East of
this many groups ol claims with mixed pyritous ores, containing gold and
copper. These In many cases are not In need of preliminary concentration;
in others again they are. Roughly speaking, they average 4 to 5 per cent,
copper and carry %f. to $3 gold to the unit of copper."

Prospecting extended gradually eastward from the placers on Rock Creek,
which are described In another chapter. L. M. McLarren, of Boundary Falls,
worked placers on Boundary Creek In 1884 and In 1885, on a mountain over-
looking his home located the Tunnel claim on a two- foot ledge of quartz,
carrying Iron sulphurets, gold and galena. He ran a tunnel sixtar feet on it
and got various assays, running about |12 gold and 28 ounces swver, in one
place finding a little nickel. The lack of transportation caused him to
abandon the claim In 1890, but meanwhile in 1887 W. T. Smith had located the
Nonsuch on the same mountain and gave the place the name Smith s Camp.
On the surface he found three feet of slate, carrying galena, iron, gold and a
little gray copper. He has run two tunnels seventy-tlve feet apart, one elpMy
feet and the other 200 feet long, giving a depth of 500 feet and showing a ledge
of free milling ore two to three feet wide, which on a mlll'iK test jja' a .v^
gold, but at depth changes to iron sulphurets. The Last Chance, the north
extension of the Nonsuch, has a shaft about sevnty-flve feet deep showing
two to three feet of \con pyrites, with galena near the surface and In places,
as depth was gained, carrying native silver in sheets, this ore being worth ae-
hlgh as $75. The Republic, a northwest extension of the Nonsuch, had twelve
Inches of $40 gold and sliver ore showing In a twenty-foot shaft. These three
claims have been incorporated by Mr. Snilth and his partners. . . .

The Northern Chief, located In 1892 by James Atwood Avowed twelve
inches of free milling ore In a ten-foot shaft The Sookane&Grea^^
Mining Company bought it. erected a two-.itamp mill and milled the ore until
at forty feet of depth it changed to sulphurets.^ The claim was theij
abandoned and the mill removed. , In 1896 J <>hn Winters a"^ others relocat^
it as the Boundary Falls and, sinking the shaft six feet further, ran into $S»
free milling <>re. ^ Hecla, J. C. Haas, of Greenwood, and James

McNlcoI. of MfdwayTrvf sho^n by a twenvy-flve foot tunnel a four-foot

irio

MININO IN THK PACIKIO NORTHWK.8T.

l»'<lg€t currying co|iper and Jron pyrlteii and gnlpna, nHHUvinK |3 to $8 fold. 10 to
60 ountH'8 Hllver. On the OoU-oiula. a twenty-foot shaft ahowD a niteen-foot
lotlK*!. in which the poy ore asHiiyH |3 to |15 gold.

On the oppoHlte fllde of Houndary Creek the Ruby, owned by Momini. Cook
and MiMiihon. haH a forty-foot nhaft with a good Bliowlnir of ore, which has
urimiyed as high aB W to $C gold and 23 per cent, copper. The American Boy,
adjoining, owned by It. LouIm Hutter. of Spokane, has a ledge isixteen to
■oventeen IniheH wide on which a Hhaft ban been Hunk Beventy-ttve feet. Two
or three tooH have bet'n ahlppcd to the amelter and ran about 200 ounces In
silver and $ao in gold.

Traveling up Boundary (reek, one comes next to the section eu.led Provi-
dence Camp, which cxtendH from the conllnes of Anaconda northward one
mile beyond (Ireenwood and to the crust of the ridge on each side of the
canyon, and contains Mmall ledges of very high grade ore. The tlrst discovery
was the Providence, made In 1S92, by F. A. Bartholomew, and now owned by
the 8i>okane <% Great Northern Mining Company. There is a series of rich
streaks of gold-lM-arlng galena, one of which shows twelve to elgl.teen inches
thick In a sixty-rtve foot shaft. Several carloads of ore were Hhl.>pe<l to the
Tacoma smelter and yielded from f)Vj ounces gold and 2:18 ounces sliver to ^
ounce gold and 43« ounces silver. The same company also owns tho Defiance,
the vein on which carries rich suliihldes of silver, and made two shipments In
1893, yielding respectively 3S0 and t^'u ounces silver h:icI 1.8 and •< ounces gold.

The Texas, owned by J. I-. Wiseman and Charles Vanness. of Orand
Forks, has three prospect holes on a ledge of pyrltt-s. 8<.> far shown to bo
twenty feet against a trup footwall. with the hanging wall not In sight, and
traced on the surface lor 800 feet. The ore assaj* from 4 per cent, copper, fl
gold and 2 ounces 'liver to ;! per cent, coppt r, $11 gold and 4 ounces silver, and
ore has been s'luck carrying native silver. The Master Mason, owned by
F. A. and C 10. Bartholomew, ha^* a three-foot ledge of ga.ena and pyrites
between wail* of slate and ()uartz.te. A (Ifiy-foot shaft has been sunK with
a fourteen-loot drift from the bottom, showing the vein to hold Its width and
Improve In quality. It assays $10 to $:18 gold and 75 to 125 ounces sliver. F. A.
Bartholomew also owns the Combination, on which there Is a two-foot ledge
1 etween slate and tjuartzlte with a six-lnoh pay streak of very rich ore,
carrying native silver, galena and free gold, and assaying 100 ounces silver, $25
gold. A shaft has been sunk twenty-five feet, showing the native sliver to
Increase with depth.

A parallel ledge runs north and south on the east side of Boundary Creek
below Greenwood and two miles on the west side, being cut by the creek. The
original location was the Black Bess, by Mr. Dlckman, In 18M, on a twelve-
Inch ledge abutting on Anaconda town, and It was relocated In ISiM by A. N
Symons and Joseph Wallace, who shlp|>ed eleven tons of unsorted ore. It
returne<l IVz ounces gold, 29 our.ces silver and %\^ per cent. lead. Extensions
were then located north and south.

On the .Houth the Capital Prize, owned by Thomas Humphrey, has a shaft
six feet deep on a four-foot ledge of galena carrying about $100 gold and
sliver.

The lA^iid Kln.'t. owned by A. N. Symons. has a nine-foot ledge traced for
1,000 feet on the surface, the High Kicker, by J. Wilbur, being a south exten-
sion. The Coming Man. by Harry Morgan, has Jifteen feet between walla on
a parallel lead to the Lead King.

To the north Is the Mammoth, owned by Fred Dlttmer, who sank a shaft
twenty-tlve feet and ran a tunnel thirty feet on a twelve-Inch ledge which
assayed 11)7 ounce.s silver and $22 gold.

On the Dundee, next to the nort)), Robert Wood and James Sutherland
have sunk a shaft thlrly-tlve or forty feet on a twelve-Inch ledge of quartz.

The G. A. R. group of ol^ht claims to the north, on the west of the creek
Is owned by the Boundary Creek Mining Company, and are all supposed to
be on the same ledge, as they have similar while quartz carrying galena
between walls of diorlte and occasionally lime, wherever walls have been
found. One claim shows eleven Inches of ge.lena In u twentv-foot shaft and
carries $20 gold, 8 ounces sliver. A parallel ledge twenty-five feet Wide
has only been uncoverc*! and not assayed, and another ledge ten feet wide. Is
undeveloped. On another ledge a shaft is down thirty-five feet showing U
four to twelve feet wide, with an eight-Inch pay streak carrying 'galena
native silver and free gold. A shipment of four and one-half tons to Tacoma
returned about $100 and assays have ranged from $.S0 to $100. Another ledge
shows twelve Inches of galena and wire silver In a small shaft, assays ranging
from 50 ounces silver and $8 gold upwards.

The Anaconda, owned by Thomas RlcDonald and W. G. McMynn and the
J. A. C, owned by D. A. Holbrook, adjoining the G. A. R.. are both copper
properties, carrying gold and stiver, and show surface Indications of a large
leflge.

A tour of the district naturally takes one next to Dendwood Camp two
and one-half miles west of Greenwood. The discovery claim was the Mother
Lode, one of the greatest in the district, and dates from 1891, being found
by William McCormlck. M. K. Ingram, W. 'T. Thompson and W. W O bbs.
It has beon bonded through W. T. Thompson, of Midway, to Col. John Weir
of New York, who Is now devt loping It. It has a contact ledge between

MININU IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST,

151

"wallu of lime and wyonlte, capped with matrnetlc Iron (often polnric), and
hu3 betn trac»!U for 1,200 feet and to a width of over 100 foet by croijulnga.
The gurface oro uHaayt>d H.M to |1B gold (rarely the latter), but km depth waa
attalnid In a l!»<>-f(iot croHB-out, of which IGO feet la In ore, tho maKiulIc Iron
gave place to pyrrhotlto richer In gold, and thlH to pyrrhotlte, with quart!
and sine blendt^, with Htlll hlKher gold valuets. Uoyond the walla, the aurfhce
country rock Ih Hllghtly mInerullBeJ for a width of 000 feet.

The Crown Silver and Bunaet, on two parallel ledgea of tho aamo^char-
•cter, have been bonded by W. W. Qlbba and Jamea Bchotleld to u Montreal
syndicate for $16,000. The Bunaet iedge la 760 feet between wuUh of porphyry
and quartzlte, and haa been traced fur 400 feet; the Crown Etilvcr haa a crop-
ping tifty feet Wide and haa been traced the Mume distance. The Bunaet
haa a tunnel In twenty-tlve feet, a ahuft elghtetn feet and an open cut forty
fe«t acroaa the vein, all In ore of the aame character, and though the vein
hai not been cruaa-cut both walla have been found. The Crown or haa
a twelve-foot ahaft and a twenty-foot tunnel, ahowtng u atlU better '^e of
ore and well-detined walls. The Sunset ore la copper sulphides aus. ) ag IS
to $10 gold and 10 per cent, r^opper.

The Great Hopes, > )n-ted by J. P. Harlan and others to the Qr> it Hopea
Mining Company for $''-{000, haa a vein of arsenical Iron, which >i be "aced
for nearly the wl jle l<^ngth of the claim. The ore chute la ►se anu ono-
half feet wide, traced for 400 feet and aaaaya an ounce of gotu. Nur^^eror >
open cuta have be«n ade, u ahaft Is down twenty-ttvo fuet and a v maei
on the vein forty : all showing the aume wlJth and Quality of o;'t The
Uem, owned by W. Mctyormick and John Dui:n, who have bon' J ,i naif
Interest to '^'arland & Hayes, of Portage la Prairie; the Iron T«i) and Gold
Drop, by juiiii Dunn and Samuel Larsen, alao have good showings.

The Morrison, owned by George T. Crane and others, of fcpokane. has a
ledge carrying arsenical Iron and copper pyrites and assaying $6 to |-U o'old
and as high as 40 per cent, copper. A shaft has bien sunk aoout lii'ty feet
to the ledge showing a large body of ore, but Its width has not bten defined
by a croaa-cut.

The real beginning of the movement Into this district was the discovery
•of Copper Camp, three and one-half miles further west than Deadwood along
the same road from Greenwood, on the divide between Copper and Ingram
Creeks. Locations had been made as early as 1880, but local historians date
discoveries from 1887, when George Bowman and George Laysun lound a
great contact ledge carrying red oxide of copper, bla"': oxide of copper,
some copper carbonates and pyrrhlc oxide of Iron, carrying gold and silver,
native copper and copper glance. They located the Blue Bird on it in the
following year, but lost It through not doing assessment work, and in 1889
Austin Hammer and John Moran located the Copper Mine, includlr.g half
the Blue Bird, and William Austin located the Last Chance. Including the
other half. The King Solomon Is owned by the Spokane & Great Northern
Mining Company. The Last Chance, Enterprise, by T. Humphrey, Kwlng
Kelghtley and Scott McRae, and Honolulu are extensions of the King Solo-
mon lead; the Yucatan, by George Rlter, on the Copper Mine extension; the
Copperopoiis, by Mr. Rlter; the Jumbo, by T. L. Savage; the Cuprite, by
Scott McRae and others; the Paramatta, by Robert Burrows, and the Har-
otiehla, by Martin Grlftln. All these claims are on the northt^st extension
of the Copper Mine lead, tracing it for over 13,000 feet In that tilrecton,
while six or seven other claims beyond are supposed extensions southwest
from the Copper Mine, and adjoining its south side Is the Last Cnanse.
from which the lead extends to the Sycamore, located by Frank Bcauc.iene,
other locations stretching miles to the nouthwest. '1 he K.ng Solomon and
Copper Queen are on parallel ledges east of the Copper Mhie, and the Copper
Bottom, by George Rlter. Is " i the same aide. , ... » ,

The Copper has been houued tor $27,000 to Col. John Weir, of the American

tal Company, who sa.ik a Hfty-foot shaft In lime on the footwall and a

ety-foot cross-cut run to the porphyrjr hanging wall, showing '^^"jy*

Metal

aeven feet of ore between walls, continually Imi.n "ing with depth

this ledge are others of similar ore, which can be cross-cut «it a-^ffPt"„ °?
over 500 feet frora the bottom of the shaft. Assay.-* show per cent, and
upwards In copper. The main ledge Is nowhere Jess than twenty feet wioe,

flat "to 20" degrees and the cour-^- Is Misi .. T" " „„' K„f -thnsp so far

the whole ledge are posislble till both walls are shown up, but those so rar
obtained run from $5 to $125 gold silver and coPPP';-„„,„,„ .„ .he ea'^t one
Returning to Greenwood and climbing the mountain to the east, one
comes In tw5 miles io Skylark Camp on the divide between fwhia^^^
Creeks, where large pyrltc a 1. dges are found in '-»»«; ««f^,'''^,''\"^^
The first discovery, made In 1893. was a th>'ee-lnch streak of f ^lena, on wnicn
Samuel Bloyer and James Atwood located the fj'y'a'^*^ ^"^^Vl^^LSoo to 1 2W
Thomas Wake t he Denver. It widen-d with depth a^^ *1f ^-^Jf^ ^^^ % ^"^
ounces silver i¥> to 4 ounces gold. The S»^>i»'^„;*^^V?"%u/f«et am^
Walters for $5,000. and he lea^d It io others, ^ ho sank fortj-four i<»<^t ana

162

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

made a shipment which returned $158 gold and silver. Then the Spokane ft
Great Northern Mining Company took It and shipped sixty-two tons via
Mujcus, which yieiaed 1,892 ounces silver, 15 ounces gold per ton, freight
being {30. The r .Ine had so far paid for its development, but the ledge belnc
broken, it was returned to the owners. They sank seventy-five feet further,
structe it agai!i thirty-two inches wi^e and sold to the Lexington Mining
Company. It carries gray copper, steel galena, ruby sliver anu about 7 per
cent, lead, assaying from 50 to 2,000 ounces silver, |iO to $50 gold. Develop-
ment is being continued and shows Increasing value. On the Denver, also
sold to the samt^ company, a thirty-foot shaft and a cross-cut showed thirty
feet of iron pyrlte, also running through the Skylark.

The Silver King, owned by Thomas Wake and James Atwood, has several
parallel ledges of pyrrhotite with streaks of galena one to four inches wide,
and a crcjs-cut fifty feet from the footwall has not reached the hanging
wall. Assays of the pyrrhotite show $4.25 to $5.25 gold, besides copper. On
the same ledges are the Santa Anna and T. & B.

The Last Chance, owned by George Cook and Messrs. Reed and Cole, of
Spokane, had ^'vo to six Inches of galena on the surface, which widened to
twenty-four inches in an eighty-foot shaft.

The Golcen Crown and Lookout, owned by Richard Watson, both have
ten inches of galena, assaying $5 gold and 9 ounces silver, and a ten-foot
snaft on the Golden Crown shows it to maintain its width.

East of the Skylark are the Lulu, Nellie Cotton, Blue Jay, Smuggler,
Red Rock and Skyline, all with good surface showings of quartz, carrying
$11 gold. The Nellie Cotton has a thirty-foot shaft showing thu ledge thirty
inches wide.

The Crescent, owned by William Dlttmer and Robert Mack, has twelve
to eighteen inches of galena, on which there is a twenty-foot shaft. Assays
have run from 116 to 1,12(5 ounces silver and $22 to $64 gold. The Mexico, the
west extension of the Crescent, owned by Scott McRae and others, has a
ten-foot shaft on the same ledge.

The Nightingale and Mayflower, owned by C. Christy, have a capping of
magnetic iron sixty feet wide, which h.\s assayed $8 gold, 7 per ceat. copper
and some silver, but only surface orospecting has been done.

The Trilby, bonded by W. H. Norris and Randolph Stuart to W. Nelson,
of Boundary Falls, has a twenty-foot shaft, a twenty-flve-foot cross-cut
on the Mayflower extension.

,Two and a half miles further east, on the? divide between Llnd and Fourth
of July Creeks, is Greenwood Camp, noted for Its ledges of pyritic ore^ equal
in size to those of Deadwood. The Stemwlnder, located by Robert Tjrfnxlcr
and James Atwood, and sold for $12,000 to the Pyrlte Smelting Company, of
Butte, has two parallel ledges, twenty feet and seven or eight feet wide, of
iron and copper pyrites, which has given assays ranging from $6 to $t)0 gold,
5 to 6 per cent, copper and 1 to 8 ounces sliver. The owners have sunk a
double compartment shaft sixty feet between the two ledges, drifted twenty-
five feet from that point eastward, cross-cutting the small vein and then
sur.jv. They have also sunk a shaft fifty feet on the larger vein.

On the same ledges are the Gray Eagle, owned by James Scholield and
John Steven;:; the Knob Hill, owned by H. P. Palmerston, Henry White, C.
J. Lundy, John Stevens, John Hotter and A. B, Jones, of Spokane, who have
given a bond for $30,000; the Old Ironsides, recently sold by the Old Ironsides
Mining Company for $15,000; the Phoenix, owned by Thomas Tighe, James
Schofield and Thomas McDonald; the Montezuma, owned by Ewen Keiglitley.
On these claims the ledge shows up fifty to 100 feet wide, and development
on a larg6 scale is in progress on the Old Ironsides. On the Montezuma are
two shafts, twenty and twelve feet deep respectively, and th^ ledge has
been traced to a width of sixty-six feet. Assays show $4 to $38 iold and 11
per cent copper.

The "reatfist development has been done by the Montreal & Vanoouvsr
Prospecting & Development Company on the Snowshoe group of three claims,
which were bonded for $fi8,50C'. There are three distinct ledges, running
nearly north and south, ranging from fifty to 200 feet wide, of Iron and copi>er
pyrites, carrying gold and silver, between walls of dlorlte. About 225 feet of
development work has been dene, one shaft being down 110 feet another
seventy-five feet and a number of prospect holes six to twelve feet, the ledge
cropping out 100 feet wide and assaying $6 to $53 gold and 13 per cent, copper.
The company ran a number of diamond drill holes, sank shafts forty and
seventy-flve feet, and cross-cut fifty to sixty feet from the footwall towards
the hanging wall, showing ore which carried $16 to $25 gold, 3 to 10 per cent
copper. The cross-cuts showed 122 feet of ore of various grades In the Oold
Drop, and some of the diamond drill cores assayed $50 gold. The company
took up its bond on this claim and dropped that on the Snowshoe and Mon-
arch. The Monarch was bonded to R. E. Brown, of South Africa, who also
bought the Tamarack for $4,000 cash and bonded the Dandy for flO.OOO, and
is preparing for development.

Adjoining the Stemwlnder on the west Is the Brooklyn, owned by Joseph
Taylor. George Bumberger and Stephen Mangltt, who have cross-cut eighty
or ninety feet from the lime footwall, and not yet found the hanging waU.

West of the Monarch Is the War Eagle, owned by Robert Denzler and

MiNINa IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

Thomas Johnson, which Is locally known as the mineral ranch, every atake
being in mineral. A shaft has been sunk twenty feet in one ledge of un-
known width and an open cut runs across another ledge, which it shows to
be twenty-ttve feet wide, with no hanging wall yet discovered. The ore
assays $2 to $6 gold and 3 to 11 per cent, copper.

The Vitoria, owned by John Stevens, adjoins the Old Ironsides on the
east, and has a ledge fifty feet wide, on which a shaft is down fifteen feet,
and a number of cross-cuts have been made to find the walls.

To the south of this Is the Etna, owned by George Kumberger, and be-
tween the Etna, Monarch and War Eagle is the Missing Link, owned by
George Rumberger and Harry Morgan, who have run a cioss-cut on the
ledge, but have only one wall.

In 1895 prospecting was extended up Boundary Creek to Long Lake, one
of its sources, by Louis Bosshart, Fred Dittman, C. Thomet and Spencer
Benerman, and they discovered a series of gold and silver-bearing ledges on
JlQth shores, running northeast and southwest through schists, quartzite and
dikes of diorite. The ledges carry iron and copper pyrites and galena, with
occasional tellurldes of lead and silver. On the Gold Drop, Messrs. Bossh.iri
and Dittmer have sunk twenty feet on three to four feet of ore, giving very
high assays. The North Star, on the north extension, owned by Robert
Wood and J. W. H. Wood, by C. Thomet, shows a ledge three to five feet
in a thirty-flve-foot shaft, assaying from $30 upward, and the shaft has been
extended seventy-five feet and a tunnel run 100 feet. Beyond this Is the
Oolden Eagle, by Messrs. Benerman and Peterson, and Mr. Benerman has
the Silent Friend, in which a small shaft shows thirty inches of $50 ore. The
Jewel was located on a parallel ledge by Messrs. Bosshart and Dittmer, who
have shown $26 ore in four small shafts, while a lower cropping shows $46 ore.

On the extension of this ledge are the Anchor, Ethiopia, Robert Emmet
and Enterprise fraction, and beyond these is the Dlnero Grande, on which
Messrs. McArthur and Shonquest have a five-foot ledge well mintralized,
shown in a shaft and cross-cut. The Jewel and Dlnero Grande have been
bonded for $60,000 to Leslie Hill, for the British Columbia Prospecting Syndi-
cate, who has erected a steam hoist, pump and power drills and is sinking
a shaft.

On the north end of the lake, C. Thomet, Robert Wood and J. W. H.
Wood have run a tunnel over 100 feet on a ledge on the Lakeview, which
widens to three and one-half feet and carries hessite, native, leafy and wire
copoer, surface specimens having assayed $60 gold.

On the west side of the lake, A. B. Jones, of Spokane, John Powell and
Mrs. Robert Wood, of Greenwood, have the Roderick Dhu on two ledges
twelve and forty-eight inches wide. On the smaller, a fifty-foot shaft
showed galena which assayed $80 gold and 80 ounces silver, and on the wider
vein two cross-cuts showed antimonlal silver, somewhat lower In value.
On the Samson, Mr. Galloway, of Vancouver, B. C, has two to three feet
of ore running $20 in gold

In traveling from Greenwood to Grand Forks, one comes to Wellington
Camp, nine miles from the former place, the characteristic ores being pyrrho-
tlte and copper pyrites. The first discovery here was the Oro in 1892 by
Joseph Taylor on a three-foot ledge of silver-bearing quartz. Then W. J.
Peter and Thomas Russell located the Golden Crown on a ledge of free-
milling ore three or foir feet wide, which a sixty-foot shaft and several
open cuts show to widen, the ore assaying from $7 to $200 gold, and averaging
Seo gold at forty feet ieep. This is under bond to the Golden Crown &
Brantford Mining Comr '.ny for $30,000. This company has also bonded the
Calumet for $18,000, on which is a twelve-foot ledge carrying pyrrhoilte, assay-
ing $4 to $32 gold, besldos copper. ^..^ „,.^

The Winnipeg, adjoining the Golden Crown, is owned by Duncan Mcintosh
and has a ledge seventeen feet wide, on which shafts have been sunk thirt., -
five and sixty fe^-t witli a drift of thirty feet at the fifty-foot level, on ore
averaging $50 gold. One shipment of eight tons has been made. The Calumet,
adiolning the Winnipeg, is owned by R. F. McCarren and has a twelve-foof
ledire carying pyrrhotite, which assays $4 to $32 gold and a little copper.

On the Keystone group Joseph Taylor has sunk shafts twelve to fifteen
fee* and run several cross-cuts, showing sixteen feet from the footwall with
no hanging wall in sight, assays running $4 to «5 gold and 5 per cent, copper.
On the northf^st extension Taylor & Co. have sunk twenty-five and fourteen
f^t on two .tiges assaying $8 gold. John Myer and Daniel McLean have
shown a four-foot ledge carrying galena in a twenty-five foot shaft on the
Keno, assays running 2 to 3 ounces gold, 45 to 55 ounces silver. John Myer
and Ben Burgunder have a ledge of pyrites on the Colorado, where a twenty-
foot cross-cut has failed to find either wall, and also have an elghteen-inch
atreak of galena assaying $45 gold and silver. On the Buttercup John Farrell
has shown eight feet of pyritlc ore in a small shaft and seveiral surface cuts.
George Cook Is sinking on the Jim to show up a ledge of oyrltes at least fifty
feet wide, assaying 18 to 20 per cent copper and $10 gold, xhe Outburst, owned
^ W A Glover, has a true fissure vein of white quanz about twelve Inches
wide, wh'ich assays V, ounce gold 3 per cent, copper and 45 ounces sliver. On
exteAslons of this vein are the St. Charles owned by George M. Miller and
the St. Jbroeg, by W. A. 01oV#i» and James B. Walker.

164

MININQ IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

In the newer part of Wellington Camp, development has made some of
h^ largest and most valuable showings In the district. The most prominent
it these has been found by George Coolt on the Jim, which has fifty to
seventy-five feet of solid ore In a contact between Ume and diorlte. The
surface ore is pyrrhotite and chalcopyrlte, carrying large gold and copper
values, which Increase with depth. Mr. Cook is actively developing.

On the divide between Single and Douglas Creeks, nine miles from Grand
Forks and five miles from Midway and extending to the boundary, is White's,
or Central, Camp, of which the ores are mainly high grade gold and silver.
James Atwood made the first discovery on the Lexington, now owned by
Joseph Taylor and others, and on the City of Parts. On the former a 100-foot
cross-cut, giving a depth of 100 feet, has been run to tap an eight-foot ledge
of pyrites between walls of dolomite and serpentine, assays of which show
^26 gold, 12 ounces silver, 6 per cent, copper.

The City of Paris, bonded by an English company, has a parallel ledge,^
shown to a width of sixteen feet by a flfty-slx foot shaft and several cross-
cuts, assays running $18 gold, 5 to 20 ounces silver, 7% per cent, copper. The-
City of Lincoln, bonded by the same company, has an eight-foot ledge tapped
by a 100-foot cross-cut, a shaft seventy feet and a tunnel 150 feet, and a ship-
ment of a few tons to the Omaha smelter returned $21 gold, 3 ounces silver, 8
per cent, copper. A small shaft anrl some surface cuts have shown a ten-foot
ledge carrying pyrites on the No. 4, owned by H. P. Pelmerston and Henry
White, assays showing $12 gold and 8 per cent, copper. The Gold Dollar,
owned by James Atwood and John Douglas, has a ledge of white quartz four
to twelve Inches wide, carrying free gold, between walls of dlorite and blue
lime. Considerable work has been done during the winter and has made a
good showing. Assays run all the way from $10 to $300.

The Mabel has three shafts down on what are supposed to be three distinct
ledges of free milling and copper sulphuret ore, showing ore in two of them
which carries $40 to $100 gold and 5 ounces silver, and In tha third from $!(►
upwards In gold and 5 to 300 ounces silver. The Oro, the south extension of
the Mabel, has had much development done, showing good gold values and
rapidly Increasing copper value In an easily mined gangue.

Col. John Weir, representing the American Metal Company, has been
vigorously pushing work on the No. 7 group of three claims, which have two
parallel ledges running their full length and carrying gray copper and galena.
One of th;fse is two feet wide on the surface and a continuous ore chute aas
been traced in the cropplngs for 800 feet. A shaft has been sunk 150 feet
showing ore which steadily improved in quality and quantity as depth wa»
gained and a 200-foot drift at the 150-foot level Is In ore the whole distance,
assaying about $80 gold, 75 ounces silver. A cross-cut is being run from the
shaft to tap the parallo) six-foot ledge, in which shafts twenty and thirty feet
have shown even richer ore. This property, which cost $20,000, now has over
$70,000 worth of ore in si,?ht.

On the New York, owned by Douglas & Co., thi3 ledge is shown up in 200'
feet of tunnel and shaft.

On the Jack of Spades group of three claims, a French company repre-
sented by M. Gire has a lodge at least fifteen feet wide with neither wall
shown in two thirty-foot shafts. The ore carries streaks of gray copper
assaying $60 gold, besides silver, and development is showing a fine body of
ore. A tlvo-foot ledge containing similar ore shows in a thirty-two foot
tunnel and u thirty-foot sliaft, a small shipment having returned $300 gold,
i ounces silver.

The Golden Rod, which has lu-en sold to the Pyrlte Smelting Company,
shows a large body of pyritos and gray copper ore in an eighty-foot shaft
and a seventy-foot drift.

The Cornucovna has a strong iron-capped ledge plainly traceable for 70*
feet, on which a forty- foot shaft shows a strong body of mineral.

An evidence of his faith In this camp la the fact that Prof. Fowler haB
bought the Norfolk and No. 9. adjoining the No. 7, for spot cash.

On the divide between FLsherman and Eholt Creeks, three miles north of
Greenwood, W. A. Corbett U\ 1801 discovered two parallel ledges of pyrites
twelve and fifty feet wide, en which he located the Oro Dinoro and thus
founded Summit Camp, lie sank a shaft Itftcon feet and made a cross-cut
sixty feet. Hhowing lar^e bodies of copper sulphurets which average $10 gold
and 12 per cent, copjier. John M. Burke has bought this claim for $30,000 and
is sinlcing on the led>.'e, showing richer ore with depth.

On these ledges also the Pyrite Smelling Company owns the Kmma. on
which H >l)aft Is own over HiO feet, with cross-cuts of thirty feet each at the
fifty and one hundred- foot levels.

Adjoining the Oro Dinoro, John H. Manly and C. A. Cummings, of Grand
Forks, and 10. W. .lohnslon, of Seattle, have the Mary L.. on which they
have stripped a forty-foot ledge assaying $12 gold on the surface. On the
Mountain Pose tlM» Pyrite Smelting (Company has a parallel lodge, of which
the walls did not appear in a thirty-fool cross-cut.

The R. Boll group of three claims, bought by J. K. Bamberger, of Salt
Lake, has an eighty-foot shaft showing six feet between wells, with $80 ore
and inoreepipg value. ''-1?^. Adams, of Montreal, has stunk thirty feet on a
forty-foot ledge on the Cordick, siiowing up ore worth $46 gold, besldep silver

i *• * •',.

-^'^'•mimAlf^iilS^m^m^^

MmSa^

THt PACIFIC NOBTKWE8T

. ii . iiii>w)ii M iii n wiiiii n ij f iiiii y. w

m o i m ii *m ' ^*}ii > *im

Index to Numbered Claims,

Skylark Camp.

1. Dundee.
2. Dandy.

3. Mammoth.

4. Nightingale.

5. Alhambra.

6. Tipton.

7. Helen.

«. Capital Prize.

9. Big Deluth.

10. TrTlby.

11. Maple Leaf.

12. Coming Man.

13. OlympTa.

14. Livingstone.

15. High Kicker.

16. Jim Crow.

17. Vancouver.

18. Lead King.

19. Iron Gold.

20. Clover.

21. Vera,

22. Herbert Spencer.

23. Mt. Elgin.

24. Independent.

25. Ruby.

26. American Boy.

27. Sue.

Central Cantp.

1. Copper Star.

2. Snow Drop.

3. Deer Trail.
|. Gold Dollar.
5. Stanly.

«. Minto.

7. Boston.

8. Stanton.

9. Mabel.

10. Souvenir.

11. New York.

12. No. 7.

13. Rob Roy.

14. Cornucopia.

15. Oro.

16. Falcon.

17. Gold Rod.

18. Puyallup.

19. St. Lawrence.

21. Excelsior.

22. Jack of Spades.

23. Queen of Spades.

25. City of London.

26. City of Paris.

27. Lemingto^.

28. Martin.

29. No. 4.

30. Lincoln.

31. Cuba.

32. St. Maurice.

33. Orphan.

Providence Caiap..

1. Big Window.

2. Combination.

3. Texas.

4. May Scott.

5. Master Mason.

6. Twin Brothers.

7. Elk Horn.

8. Providence.

9. S. P.

10. L. B.

11. Uncle Sam.

12. San Bernard.

13. Defiance.

14. La Cruz.
IB. Swiss Boy.

16. Lake.

17. Crescent.
28. Key Stone.

19. Last Chance.

20. Old Mexico.

21. Mountain View.

22. Silver Cloud.

23. Premier.

24. Chancellor.

25. Hope No. 2.

26. Silver King.

27. Denver.

28. Morning Star.

29. Iron Duke.

30. Skylark.

31. Santa Anna.

32. Meadow Lark.
S3. Ottawa.

34. T. & B.

35. Climax.

36. Prince Albert.

37. Contract.

38. St. Genevieve.

39. Holyoke.

40. Monteiiuma.

41. Brooklyn.
Ala. Standard.

42. Stem-winder.

43. Idaho.

44. Phoenix.

45. Old Ironsides.

46. Victoria.

47. Fourth Cft July.

48. Nugget,

49. Knob HlU.
60. Aetna.

51. Gold Drop.

52. Snow Shoe.

63. Pheasant.

64. Gray Sjagle.
55. "War ESaKle.
66. Monarch.

B7. Rawhide.

58. Curlew.

59. Tamarack.

Deadvrood Camp.

4. Sunset No. 2.

5. Monster.

6. Washington.

7. White Star.

8. Christmas.

9. Klldee.

10. Kootenay.

11. Anaconda.

12. Sentinel.

13. Lancaster.

14. Columbia.

15. Anaconda No. 2.

16. G. A. R.

17. EafflP.

17a. Marguerite.

18. Last Chance.

19. Plutonlon.

20. Great Hopp.^.

21. ButtP City.

22. Greyhoimd.

23. C. E R.

24. D. A.

25. Gold Bus:.

?fi. Lfttle Britan.
-7. Decembpr.
28. Big Ledge.
28a. O. B.
1?0. Fred T>

30. C. O. D

31. Mother Lode.

32. Crown Silver,

33. Sunset.

34. Hidden Treasure.

35. Principal.

36. B. C. Central.

37. Primrose.

38. Morrison.

39. Gold Bug.

40. Gem.

41. Spotted Horse.

Summit Camp.

1. Body.

2. Chlckaman.

3. Horaestake No. 2.

4. 21.

5. Advance.

6. Minnie Moor.

7. Brayfogle.

8. Red Girl.

9. Copper Queen.

10. Jumbo. -

11. Mountain Rose.

12. Idaho Trinket.

13. Swamp Angei.

14. Homestake.
16. Emma.

16. Aspen.

17. Silver Plume.

18. Oro Denoro.

19. Mattie Davis.

20. Lancashirei Lass.

21. Last.

22. Iron Dollar.

23. Prens.

24. Goldfinch.

25. Topeka.

26. Gibraltar.

27. Park.

28. 85. • .

29. Mammoth.

30. Blue Eell.

31. LansinjT.

32. Klma.

33. Shaw.

34. 34.

35. Maple Leaf.

36. Remington.

37. Duplicate.

38. Cordick.

39. Erwall.

40. Jennie Dean.

41. Redcoat.

42. R. Bell.

43. Red Mountain.

44. Piastre.

45. Stanly.

46. Boulder.

47. Mountain View.

48. Ingersol.

49. Cumberland.
."jO. Alexandria.
51. Elsie.

BTana Camp.

1. Black Tartar.

2. Ontario B05.

3. Gibraltar.

4. Horse Fly.

5. Path-Finder.

6. Era.

7. Standard.

S. Wellington.
9. Lost Horse.

10. Q.

11. Tiger.

12. Standard Extension.
1.?. Pumpkin Seed.

14. Nellie.

Greenweoil Camp.

1. Uncle Tom.

2. The Dumphy.

8. Mineral Hill.

4. Jumbo. •

R. Golden Star,
fi. Jim M.
7. Big e.

!>. Remlnerator.

a. Hard Cash.

10. Golden Crowi

11. Beaver.

12. Wellington.

13. Hill-Top.

14. Hecla.

la. Winnipeg.
15a. Calumet.

16. Davenpoit.

17. Iron Clad.

18. Dlorlte.

19. Monday.

20. Iron Chief.
LI. Rabbit Paw.
^. Algiers.

23. Iron Sheet.

i4. McKlnney.

25. Broken Hill.

£6. Famous.

27. Krlh.

2S. Valley.

20. Orphans Home

30. Blue Grouse.

31. Fool Hen.

Welliugrton Cai

1. Vancouver.

2. Columbia.

i<. Little Giant.
4. Silver Wave.
6. Keno.

b. Montana.
V. Keystone.

8. Ophlr.

9. Oro.

10. The Queen.

U. Jim.

12. Union.

].*?. Prince Albert.

14. Lone Star.

15. Emma.

16. Crown Point.

Nortli Fork Casi

1. Wolford.

2. Fawn.

3. Trapper,

4. Tiptop.

5. Iron Mountain.

6. Sunset.

7. Stray Colt.

8. Pilgrim.

9. Mt. Monarch.

10. Belle of Ottaws

11. Winchester.

12. Spokane.

13. Beetle.

14. Lee Metford.
Ih. Rouge-et-Noir.
1«. Btitte.

17. Tacoma,

18. Seattle.

19. Standard No. 2.

20. Bismarck.

21. Golden Butterfl

22. I. X. L.
2et. Montana.
24, Everett.

15. Drum., Lummon
28. Iron Horse.

27. Wellington Sq.

28. Snow Bird.

29. Morning Star.

30. Webfoot.

31. River Blbow.
31 a. Glasgow.

32. Granite MoUnta

33. Grub Stake.

34. September.
36. Bijou.

laims, Map of Boundary Cfeek.

8. Rerainerator.
a. Hard Cash,
lu. tiolden Crown.

11. Beaver.

12. Wellington.

13. HIIl-Top.

14. Hecla.

15. Winnipeg.
15a. Calumet.

16. Davenpoit.

17. Iron Clad.

18. Diorlte.

19. Monday.

20. Iron Chief.
II. Rabbit Paw.
i2. Algiers.

23. Iron Sheet.
'tA. McKlnney.
2b. Broken Hill.

26. Famous.

27. Krih.
2S. Valley.

2'J. Orphans Home.

30. Blue Grouse.

31. Fool Hen.

Welliuarton Camp.

1. Vancouver.

2. Columbia.

\. Little Giant.
4. Sliver Wave.

6. Keno.
b. Montana.
V. Keystone.

8. Ophlr.

9. Oro.

10. The Queen.

11. Jim.

12. Union.

13. Prince Albert.

14. Lone Star.

15. Emma.

16. Crown Point.

Nortfa Fork Camp.

1. Wolford.

2. Fawn.

3. Trapper.

4. Tiptop,

5. Iron Mountain.

6. Sunset.

7. Stray Colt.

8. Pilgrim.

9. Mt. Monarch.

10. Belle of Ottawa.

11. Wlnche.ster.

12. Spokane.

13. Beetle,

14. Lee Metford,
1.^. Rouge-et-Noir.
18. Butte.

17. Tacomd,

18. Seattle.

19. Standard No. 2.

20. Bismarck.

21. Golden Butterfly.

22. I. X. li.
2o. Montana,
24. Everett.

^. Drum., Lummond.

26. Iron Horse.

27. Wellington Sq.

28. Snow Bird.
^. Morning Star.

30. Webfoot.

31. River Blbow.
31 a. Glasgow,

32. Granite' Mountain

33. Grub Stake.

34. September.
36. Bijou.

36. Morning.

37. Rattler.

38. Log Cabin.

39. Free Coinage.

40. Galena. ,

41. Coin. '^

Lonjc Luke Camp.

1. Mountain View.

2. Cumberland,

3. Amand.

4. Alice,

5. Robin.

6. Lydia,

7. La Belle.

8. Mammoth.

9. La Belle.

10. Iron Mask.

11. Magnet.

12. Queen Bess.

13. Snow Slide.

14. Trade Dollar,
16, Pauper,

16, C. O, D,

17, Lion.

18, Monarch.

19, Beatrice.

20, Roderick Dhu.

21, Uncle.

22, Lake View,
%^. RLsIng Sun.

24. Lady of the Lake.

25. Agnes,

26. Electilc

27. Sabbath Day,

28. Abnor,

29. Sansoa, : j

30. Mortimer. '

31. The Smller.

32. Black Diamond,
•>3. Mazie.

34. Gold Dust,

35. Silent Friend.

36. Portuna,

37- «ol<J^Condy,
38. Maud S,

2n l^ospector's D'm.

40. Idaho.

41. Black Prince.

42. Last Chance.

43. Boulder.

44. Fisher.

45. Lakeside Fract'n.

46. ^.obert Emmet.
4<. Idaho,

48. Ethiopia.

49. Golden Eagle,

50. North Star"

51. Anchor,

52. Gold Drop.

53. Enterprise,
54> La-jira.

55. Jewel,

56. Denero Grand, ;

57. Cleopatra. I

58. Nap. Bonaparte. '

59. The Boys. I
^. Twin Mountain. \
61. Great Lacey.

62* Fisher, I

nrovvn'd. Camp, I

1. Yale. \

2. Amazon. i

3. Bunch Grass. j

4. Blue Monday, !

5. Original,

6. Mona,

7. Daisy.

8. Strawberry.

9. Buckeye.

rale."!.

10 a. Little Maggie,

10. The Oriental:

11. Thursday,

12. LitUe Gem.
12 a, Jenny May.

13. Wolverine.

14. Bay State.

15. The Chief.

16. Hoosier.

17. Western Star.

18. Sailor Boy.

19. Robinson Crusoe.

20. Echo.

21. Mary L.

22. O, K.

a. Humming Bird.

24. Black Bear.

25. Acorn.

26. Rismg Sun.

27. Gem.

27 a. North Star.

28. Netta.

29. Acme.

30. Hilda.

31. Bertha.

32. Highland Chief.

33. Cock Robin.

34. Black Monday,
55, Trilby,

36, Dandy,

37, Marjorie,

38, Francis.

33 a. King Bird.

40. Criterion.

42. Le Rol.

43. Surnmit.
^1 Volcanic.
40. Prince of

46. Iron Cap.

47. Jumbo,

48. Moss Rose.

49. Red' Rose,

CnrBon Camp.

1. Alhambra.

2. St, Charles,

3. The Copper,

4. Canyon,

5. Copper Girt,

6. Eagle.

7. May Queen,
A- i;^*' Over.
9. Slocan.

}?• Last Chance.

12. Gladstone.

13. The E, E.

14. Yankee Boy.

}\' l^?^*^ee Q»rl.
16. Birdina.

18, Bunch Grass.

19, Possum.

a: coSS.'"''^'^'' ^"'^"^•

22. Park.

Grnna Forks
Camp.

1. L4vlta.
2- Boneta.
f Coolc.

4. Dolly.

5. Vermont.

6. Daisy.

7. Iron Chief.

8. Sunny Side.

9. Mammoth.
10. Mountain View,

11. Yellow Metal,
g; |^"^-«g* Nellie.

14. !Sarat(»a.
Jf- fron King.

16. Lily.

17. Double Standard.

18. Bonanza Lode.

19. Sovereign

20. Silver Con.

21. Riverside.

22. Lincoln.

23. Stanford.

24. CelUc.
^. Grand Forks.
2f- Grey Eagle,
27, Whalebaok,
^. L tue Bell,
^. Blue and Gray.

30, Ja«k Knife,

31, Montana.

Copper Camp.

\' St?.- Jonathan.

2. MUbum.

3. The Sydney.

4. Dinner Bucket,
n. Paramatta.
«, Virginia.

7, Harqua Halo.

8, Curita,

9, Lucy.

10. Calumet.

11. Jumbo.

12. Cppperopolis.

13. Honduras.
\i' i^catan.

16. Enterprise.
tS* ^PPe*" King.

17. White HorsI,
10 S.°PPer Mine,
19. ^n^^ Solomon.

21. Last Chance
**• Sycamore.
». Honolulu,
p. Copper Queen,

25, Can iSarez,

26, Treasurer.

27, Winning Card.

Graham Camp.

3. Potter I»alraer.

4. Virginia.
0- Texas.

6, Boston.

7, Bovine.

8, Laldlaw.
8. Bruce.

'"• Magnetite.

H. Will-o-the-Wisp.

Shnlth's Camp.

1. Magnltlte.

2, GrizBly Bear.
•]• ]va Lenore,

K lJJ^?y°S General;
6. Highland Queen.
6. Great Hesper.
'• Hecla.

a J^i Chance.
9. GoM Bed.

10. RepubUo.

11, Non-«uoh.

ii' M.***"*®^ Treasuri!.

13. Tunnel.

14. Mountain Chief,

.Ifev

. *

f.- .
a

' I

, ^ f.* i«^ *-i — J V-'.K^^-f ."^

-W

*MWf

?S.5

.-»>.■

■•:::^;>NS,ft-ii;

and coppex'. '
has parallel lei
twenty-flve fe<
ounces silver.

On Ingrain
ary, Joseph "V
Camp. The
bornite and ch
the west side <
eight claims, <
and has done i
copper and Is
mountain Mr.
orte in several j

Since June,
the mouth of
Lake, some fli
gold, having 1
Adirondack sh<
suts showed es
showing has bi
and on other c
Winter.

Another ne
Kettle River t
In July, 1896. J
wide and tracs
from 60 to 600
making similai
British Columt

On the mou
south to join til
ore which ecllp
cannot be even

This distric
Railroad to Ms
Forks, forty-fl^
nm^ty-on^ mii<
Poel River to c
River to Grand
by the Canadis
tttlles, steamer
tty drand Fork
River almost ti
over that line.

The greates
miles above Gi
and towering a
a tfreat red Iro
mfies down the
eut by dikes ol
this peak R. A
and Iron Cap c
bat five years 1
has made eevei
long cross-cut (
penetrated 345 t
■eodme Interest
Klels Larsen.
pings and last f
df <Chi(t»go capi
develop the pre
dvApfflngs all ai
that they feel
ciamtraction of
three great ore
and the value o

On the othei
Mr. Brown has
a(M>we up*600 tei

The suppose
nMMe i>t> Kettte

mmmmmm

mmr

MININO IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

and copper. The Swamp Angel, owned by Robert Taylor and Carson Maolv.
has parallel ledges forty and eight feet, on the latter of which a shaft Isd^
i!r2I?*y"".y® '®®'' showing up ore carrying |e.y& gold, 5 to 6 per cent. coppepTi
oanees silver. *^*^ '

On Ingrani Mountain, three miles west of Midway and close to the boun*-
aiy. Joseph Wallace in 1834 found copper deposits and created Graham's
Camp. The ledges are gash veins In motamorphlc rooks and carfr
bprnite and chalcoclte In bunches, besides being mineralized throughout. Cto
the west side of the mountain E. S. Graham has the Potter Palmer group of
eight claims, on one of which he has opened a small vein with two tunnelB
and has done some prospecting with diamond drills. The ore is very high In
copper and is worth about 1175. On the Bruce claim on the east side of th«
iQountain Mr. Wallace has a large deposit of copper pyrites showing good
ore In several places, which averages 10 per cent, copper and a little. gold.

Since June, 1896; Klmberly Camp has been established sixteen miles alMre
the mouth of Boundary Creek, on the ridge between that stream and l^a
IMM, some fine showings of chalcopyrlte and pyrrhotlte, carrying |3 to ^60
gold, having been made. A shaft on one of two parallel ledges op the
Adirondack showed six feet of clean ore and no footwall, while several cross-
3Uts showed each ledge from ten to fourteen feet wide of solid ore. A similar
showing has been made on the Big Pour on the other side of Boundary Creek
and on other claims, work aavlng generally been prosecuted throughout tlw
Winter.

Another new camp Is the Crown Point, on James Creek, seven miles up
Kettle River from Rock Creek, where the Crown Point was discovered late
In July, 1896. An ore chute of galena and iron pyrites twenty to flfty^flve feet
wide and tracsd for 200 feet in length has been discovered, the value. ];ahging
from 60 to 600 ounces silver and $4 to $7 gold. This claim, with two otSers
making similar showings, has been bonded to the Prospecting Syndicate of
British Columbia, which is about to develop them.

NOKTH KETTLE BIVER.

On the mountains at each side of the North Kettle River, which flows due
south to join the main stream at Grand Porks, are a series of ledges of pyritic
ore which eclipse even those of Greenwood and Deadwool Camps, and which
cannot be even prospected without the resources of a capitalist.

ThiH district Is reached from Spokane by the Spokane Falls & Northern
Railroad to Marcus, 102 miles, or Bossburg, 110 miles, and by stage to Qrasd
Forks, forty-five miles; or by the Central Washington Railroad to WlllNUr,
ntli^ty-one miles, and by a wagon road now under construction up the Sftnfe
Poel River to connect with that already built down Curlew Creek and KetlSe
River to Grand Porks, about eighty-six miles. From the west, it is reacheA
by the Canadian Pacific Railroad from Vancouver to Okanogan Xianding, 3tt
tttiles, steamer down Okanogan Lake to Pentlcton, eighty miles, and etaae
iuy Grand Forks, 110 miles. Trails lead up both banks of the North Kettle
River almost to the headwaters and the wagon road is now being extended
over that line.

The greatest showing In this district is on Volcanic Mountain, twelve
miles above Grand Forks, a peak jutting out Into the valley from the east
and towering abruptly 1,500 feet above the river. The summit of this peak to
a gVeat red Iron cap, which makes it a clearly distinguishable landmark Mr
mfles down the valley. Around the sides, below this cap, the pyrites crops,
eut by dikes of blue lime and bounded by walls of trap and porphyry. On
this peak R. A. Brown, locally known as "Crazy" Brown, has the Volcanlto
and Iron Cap claims. The discovery was made in 1884 by ^ames McConnell,
but five years later the claims came into the possession of Mr. Brown. He
has made several deals at different times and has continuously worked on a
kmg cross-cut tunnel to tap the ore bodies at a depth of 1,300 feet. This hfcd
penetrated 345 feet when he and R. L. Causton, of Keremeos, B. C, who hao
Become interested with him, leased the property in 1896 to Edward Blewett and
Kleis Larsen. They have done a large amount of prospecting on the crop-
plngs and last summer joined with Messrs. Brown and Causton and a number
d(«Chidago capitalists in organizing the Olive Mining & Smelting Company t«
develop the property. They have made a number of prospect holes on tee
&t4pfflngn all around the mountain and showh up the ore in such quantltlM
trhat they feel justified In erecting a smelter on the grpund . whenever tne
(*«Btructlon of a railroad makes it practicable. , Mr, Larsen savB there are
three great ore chutes runnlg through the mountain, one of them 600 feet wiae,
and the value of the ore Is about $13 in gold, silver and copper.

On the other side of the canyon, two and one-half miles to the southwest,
Mr. Brown has the Wolverine, on which he says one of the Volcanic ledges
8lM>WB up*600 feet wide In places. . ^ , »«-^

The supposed extension of the Volcanic ledge has been located for IWr^
doe up Kettle River. The Thirty-one, owned by Robert Burrows, is o» »

n»tt<w up

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWBJaX.

MBftll spur running from Volcanic Mountain, and has a ledge fifteen tu twenty
flMt wtde. wlileli han beoii utrlpped. Thon come the Dandy Marlorle. Blaok
Monday, Cock Itobln, Highland Chief, owned by John Fox, Bhowlng Blllcates
of copper; the Bertha, owned by O. C. Qunderson, Fred Farquhar MMl
WlUfam Ketchum.

Tt> the southwest of the Iron Cap about three miles Is the Seattle, owned
Inr itobert Clark, a former Seattle bricklayer, who has bonded it to a corpora-
tton organized by Charlen A. Cummlngs and John H. Manly, of Orand Forks.
It baa a surface showing 200 to 300 feet wido, which has been traced for 1,200
ftet. Assays have given all the way from ll.SO copper and a trace of gold up
to $20 gold and 5U i>er cent, copper, from two feet below the surface. The
■ew company is nlnking a shaft on each wall to define the ledge and the
er» Is showing up well.

Tt;^ north ektension of the Seattle la the Accidental, owned by SJ. W.
JMknsiOO, of 9ee*^tle, Qeorge P. Mims, of Grand Forks, and Mrs. Robert Clark,
mwtA beHeve \ to be an extension of the Seattle ledge. A cross-cut is being run
tn tap the ledge. The same parties also own the Monte Carlo at the head of
Hardy Creek, on which .several prospect holes have shown twelve feet of ore
cMu;t>iiLg iron sulphides throughout and assaying as high as $12 gold and
copper.

"The Seattle ledge has been traced through a long string of claims, in each
dtmeticn, cxopptng strongly at frequent intervals.

Brown's Camp had also been extended west along Pass Creek, on the
■erth of which .<itreain Con Cosgrove and Pnc Burns have the Mono group of
ttairee elatms; On the Mono are live leads of iron pyrites— forty, fifteen, eight,
atjc and three feet wide, respectively, some of which have been traced across
thfi clatni and o?i to the adjoining Strawberry claim. A tunnel has been run
a C te u M fe«t on the fifteen-foot ledge, and the highest as.aays obtained are $10
to $18 gold, 7 ounces silver and 6 per cent, copper. On another claim are two
Veclgea twenty and fourteen feet wide, which assay about the same as the
Biono. Two and one-halt miles northwest of the Volcanic, on Pass Creek, is
tbe iron Cap No. 1, owned by \V. A. Glover, on five parallel ledges, which
ttEtend over a width of 500 feet and have been traced the full length of the
claim. The surface ore is iron and copper pyrites. Mr, Glover has also the
Buncfagrasa, one mile further south, on which a ledge has been traced 250
feet wide and for a length of 300 feet. On the south side of Pass Creek James
B. Walker has the King Bee, on which there Is a blowout ten or twelve feet
wide, and the Garnet, on which there is one of twenty to thirty feet.

The Strawberry is owned by Jake Ritter, Thomas Stevenson and Mr. Cody,
all of Roseland, and has a twenty-foot ledpe of Dyrltes assovlner *4 *o $7 told
and 3 per cent, copper on the surface. A shaft is being sunk on each walL

The great s*howtngs at Brown's Camp led, in July, 1895, to discoveries three
Biles further up the north fork, where Rvans' Camp was established, named
after Hvan Bvans. the pioneer, who located the Stfini^nrd. Tbt» mlnernl I*" at
tb» same chai'acter, the ledges being supposed extensions of those branching
•at from Volcanic Mountain. The Standard has a ledge of Iron pyrites
seventy-live feet wide, which has been traced for 500 feet, and the ore assays
as te tgh as %IS from the surface. On the Pathfinder Thomas Parkinson and
Wmtam Pfetfer have stripped the ledge for 5W) feet In length, and 1" one soot
tar twenty-ftve feet In width, and It appears to be 100 feet wide. They baye
Bade a number of cuts, and sunk shafts from ten to twenty feet. They have
assays of $51 gold and 2V^ per cent, copper, and have had as high as 23 per
etmt. cof)per. On the Nellie, owned by George T. Crane and F. C. Loring. of
Sp^cane, there is an iron cap of great size, and the nurface ore> assays $12
nld »ind as hlsrh as three ounces silver. On the Ontario Boy adinlnine the
Pathfinder on the north, M. F. Folger has a twenty-foot ledge of quartz traced
dear across the claim, which assays |11 to $17 gold from a ten foot cut. The
Hidtten TrDaswire, by Messrs. Parkinson and Pfeifer, adjoins the Standard on
the soath, and has a big ledge which has not yet been defined, though three
bole!^ have been sunk eight to ten feet on It.

The saroe belt has been traced southward to Grand Forks, where it shows
•n Obsenration Mountain and other peaks overlooking the town. A mile and
a half nertheast of the town D. P. Mitchell. Con Cosgrove and G. Miller have
the Irofi Kmg and the I.lly on a forty-foot ledge of copper pyrites. They
hare roaiie several cross- cuto and obtained assays of $9 to $15 gold and 2 to 3
aainces ^Iver. On another mountain to the east of the town "Cap" Rogers
has the Lilncoln on an eighteen-foot ledge carrylnn: arsenical iron nnd ''opoer,
assaylug $13 to $45 gold and 12 per cent, copper, and on the same ledge Stephen
flaateru has the Sanford. On another ledge onlv one-fourt*i of a mile from
town Charted Stewart has the Blue and Gray, with six feet of ore assaylnjr tfi.7
paid and a trace of copi>er, and Stephen Sanford has the Old Steve, on which
he baa not found the walls and which assays $12 gold and silver. The Last :
Chaace. an extension of the Blue and Gray and Old Steve, owned by W. W.
Whitbeck, bas been cross-cut seven feet without showing walla and assays

fS In gold, silver and copper. The Eagle, owned by James McConnell and
raalc Btshter, has a ledge forty to fifty feet wide carrying galena, on which
fowr .shafts assay 8fi ounces sliver and 72 per cent. lead. The Bonlta, on
(MbeervaMon Mountain, which is owned by a company of sr^hool teachers, has
shewn up solid peacock copper and iron pyrites assaying $30 gold, 11 per cent.

MININO IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

S?e^»Vn" o%*?i?e"'LT,KiSi'''lf T ZKn^'^'i^'''^ Empire, wh.ch I.
Which la down fifty feet. ^'*' *"** °'***" "« "Inkln* a »t

th«
■haft.

'f^f#f#i«'f«^<f#4»>

CAMP M'KINNEY.

th«^Bo*i\?d"y®cfree'k'duJHn/"^i,°»»,V'® geological formation charact«rtetlc of

others canSed'wi.h''^;:^'"^ ^^^ «°'? anrsBurets in cl^^'^p^SSSl^"
oiners capped with iron and carrying pyritic ores Ciunn MAirinri7'« tC*
headquarters. la on the headwaters of that creek Ind is X ben?«^ of o^J^
?n"KfttirRive?'' ^^Irt'^^^^'^P' ^''^-"<i^'' «long Irs'bL^ni^'ui ^^S
Roiirni^ q?^%^n „ 7*'®c.'^°"^® ''"I™ Vancouver is by the Canadian Paclllc
Railroad, 336 miles to Sicamous Junction, and fifty-one mU^toOk^o^

C^mD"l§oKTnl^„^Tf!^ Z Okanogan Lake to Penticton and^y^ft^Se thtS^
NortL^n R«S,i'M^^ '^"vf^- ,^."°'i^«'' """"^^ "•o'n Seattfe is by the Gr«U
♦ft T«^«=3^''i°*'l,}° Wenatchee. 174 miles, by steamer Ellensburg in lumxner
itaS. efghty-four I"!ios" '"' O^^^^'^Kan River, about 120 mlle^ the.^^l^

♦..o.??iJJ*!Jf„?P ^%^ ''"■*■•* '•*',^^" '" 1861' when the placers at th« mouth at-
r*Tii1.^."^nH^Tr^'^ IK'ui.U' and was revived in 1886. when H. Whtte. " CoopS^
«;,♦ il^mS"'^ J-i^'f*'''' '""'* "'"'"^ *2.000 from White's bar and next year t^ll
out 125.000, employliiK iwiive men who averaged |20 a day each. In ttka
meantime. POoerieke, of Conconnully. haU made the iirst discoveiy of
SU'nni.^®" *^® Victoria, four miles east of Camp McKinney. on a Ied«e ot fr«e
milling ore in a talcose schist formation. Associating the late Judxe HaMMai

°i 9f",^n°/' P' S,- ^^^ O- ?•. ^'^^^- °^ P«'l Townsend. with hUnriie .-a.Ti
shaft 110 feet and made a shipment of 1.000 pounds, which returned HOT eoM
and silver, and another of 1.200 pounds, which gave |187. while a third, contais-
Ing tellurldes. yielded $480 gold and 50 ounces silver. This propexty, wtalck
Is crown granted, has recently been sold, with two other claime, to th« lUck
Creek Gold Mines, Limited, which has resumed development. A cross-cut,
which win be used for a main working tunnel, taps the eight-foot I«dg*» H\
267 feet at a depth of 150 feet and an upraise is being made from It to oor i
with a seventy-foot Inclined shaft, while another cross-cut 150 feet long tajw
the ledge 750 fset distant. The shaft shows eighteen Inchets of emelting ore
carrying |S5 gold and the remainder of the ledge is milling and oonoentrating
ore. which will reduce in the proportion of eight to one Into ooneentxatce
worth $83.

Adjoining this on the north. Henry Nicholson and Edward James have tfc«
Old England on a twenty-two foot ledge between walls of porplyrltlc etaXa,
on which they have sunk eighty feet. Southeast of the Victoria, Thomas
Elliot and Edward James have two ledges on the Snowdon. on© f«ur feet
wide carrying $22 gold, which has been cross-cut at a depth of 120 f«et.

The discovery which brought the camp into permanent life was that oV
the Cariboo and Amelia in May, 1887, by Al McKinney, Fred Hice, WHUam
Burnham and Edmund Lefevre. This has a ledge two feet wide tn a dike of
porphyrltic slate, the ore carrying free gold and sulphurets. It is owned Igy
the Cariboo M'nlng & Smelting Company, which has erected a ten-stamp mSU
with four Woodbury concentrators and a steam hoist and has develeped tl»c
mine to considerable depth. Beginning with a tunnel at a depth of MO feet,
above which the ore was sloped, the company now has a shaft down 8W feet
with dr-.s every fifty feet, the one at the 200- foot level extending 300 feet each
way and showing the ledge to have widened to eight feet. The ere cariiee
$15 to $25 a ton free gold and produces concentrates worth $90 a tOT^. TSw
monthly product Is about $10,000 In bullion and $1,800 concentrates aad the
mine has paid $40,000 in dividends.

West of the Cariboo are the Alice and Emma, owned by the Alice ^nd
Emma Consolidated Mining Company. The ledge is shown seven feet wide tn
a sixty-three foot shaft and averages $10 to $12 gold. On the Maple l>eat,
James Lynch has a forty-flve foot shaft showing four or five feet of similar
ore. Adjoining this is the Eureka, owned by a New Tor. syndicate, on
which a shaft Is down 153 feet, with a seventy-five foot drift at the M0^<><»t
level, from which 800 tons of ore are on the dump. The Pontenoy. owned tgr
D. A. Cameron, has a shaft down eighty-three feet, showing a six-loot ledge
which carries galena ore assaying $24 gold and sliver. The Anarchist, two
miles west of the Cariboo, has been bonded by Richard Sidley to Chartee H.
Ballard, of Conconully. and shows a ledge widening from three to six feet
in a Blxty-foot shaft, assays running $9 gold, 5 ounces silver. On the Saitor
Boy, thr«ie miles to the southeast. Charles DIetz has a ledge five or six feet
wide In a sixty-foot shaft, shown up also by a number of open cuts. It
carries some free gold, besides sulphurets containing gold, silver and enpper
and assays as high as $60. The Highland Chief, owned by MessHi. Edward^
Bennett. Sutter and Smith, shows a four-foot ledge carrying* Sflphurets on

irtoce and a cro/««-q«t 1h Jn nJjpety feet toward* the lfi<UW- On iJhf J^ftn-
JttToup of two clalma Capt. Jdiin Irvtn», of VlctoH*. MTik a •)utft*ln th«
IH® and obtained a crown Rrant, after which ho etopped ODeraUon*.
/iillam Younkln, JameH Copelnnd and Oporgc Cook have a forty-foot ahaft
on a stringer hIx to tw«nty-fuur Inches wide carrying galena and aasayinff
$7 gold In Hulphurets, and are running a crosH-cut to tap the main ledge.

The flrat discovery of pyrlllc ore under Iron capping was made on th*
Dolphin, west of the Kureka. owned by William Edwards and C. A. R.
Lambly. The ledge is four or five feet wide on the surface, where It carrlM
■ome free gold and assays 130 to $40, and will be tapped by a cro88*out, whiok
Ip In sixty feet. In May, I8!M!, William Younkln and James Copeland dlscOT-
■red a Wg blow-out of the same kind, 150 feet each way, on the ridge b«twe«B
the forks of Rock Creek, on which they have the Le Rol and War Balrle.
Thehr first shot brought out ore assaying $26 gold, sliver and copper, th« pro-
portion of copper being 9V4 per cent.

^he placer ground la still being worked at Intervals the whole lenfftAi of
the creek, where gold In found In the bars, but the bed Is virgin !»oll to th«
inlner. Many attempts have been made to reach bed rock, but the n»lnera
wer0 poor men with only such primitive appliances as wooden pumps an4
wheels, and water and quick sand have always foiled them, though with
modern appliances they wotild have reached bottom long ago.

Extending one and one-half miles above the mouth of the creek Is a tract
of placer gi'ound on which the Laura Hydraulic Company erenteil a hydraulic
plan,t, two miles of flume and piping, and a sawmill. Some good clean-nps
were made, but the cost of removing large boulders without proper facilities
eHminated the profit. The property Is now held by Messrs. Monaghan, King
and McAulay, who have put In a larger plant and are working on an extensive
BcaJe.

" Seven miles above the mouth James Copeland and William Tounktn.
who have a'clalm 2,000 feet wide and 1,000 feet alon^ the stream, are running a
bed-rock drain tunnel under the bed of the south fork to tap the bedrock.
The great trouble hitherto has been with quicksand and water, and they are
MMklng to overcome this by tunneling at water grade. Their observation la
that the su<*face dirt on the benches Is secondary wash and carries fine Quartc
gold, the beat pay be4ng heavy coarse gold In the old wash, patches of which
Were left behind In crevices when the secondary wash came down, most of It
being swept into the bed of the stream. They have made 100 feet of open drain
and 200 feet of tunnel and are now thirty feet below the bed, having passed
through eleven feet of quicksand and having three feet more to penetrate.

On the north fork, about eight miles from the mouth. Is Dletz's bar, from
the surface of which from $75,000 to $100,000 has been taken. Donohue & Co.
are sluicing down to bedrock at this point and two or three other parties are
working the benches and some Chinamen are using the cradle and rocket* on
abandoned claims.

The construction of D. C. Corbln's projected railroad up Kettle River and
orer the range to the Okanogan River would give this district such improved
transportation facilities as to greatly stimulate development. Hitherto the
only producing property has been the Cariboo, but this hAs served to show
the possibilities which await development.

FAIBVIEW AND KEBEMEOS.

One of the first camps to feel the effect of the revival of the mining Indus-
try has been Pfilrvlew, in the mountains west the Okanagon River, eighteen
miles north of tne boundary. It Is a free gold and sulphuret district of gre«t
promise and Its development has only languished on account of the blunders
of. the early Investors and the general depression prevalent for several years
ps^t. The prospeciors who made the discoveries have never lost faith in It
ai^d have continued development on their own resources, making test ship-
ments and mill-runs which have given ample proof that their confidence Is
nqt misplaced.

The most expeditious route to Fairvlew Is by the Canadian Pacific from
Vapcouver to Slcamous Junction, 331 miles and by the Sicamous branch to
Okanogan Landing, fifty-one miles. A steamer there connects with the train
arid runs down Okanogan Lake, eighty miles, to Pentlcton, whence a stags
runs twenty-eight miles to Fairvlew. From points In central Washington
th? route Is from Wenatchee by the steamer City of Ellensburg up the Colum-
bia River to Brewster's Landing, eighty-five miles, or during high Water to
JohMon Creek. 130 miles, and thence by stage, 108 miles from Brewsters. or
■Ixty-four miles from Johnson Creek.

The Fairvlew belt of ledges In in a formation of granite, mica schist and

Suartz s,chlst, through which a small stream flows down Reed's Gulch to the
tkaiiogan. The ledges crop on the hills on each side of this gulch for a dis-
tance of about three miles and strike northwest by southeast, the belt Jia^ng
a known width of about two mileB. The ore is free milling quarts. cari*ying'

MlNBNa IN 1HB PACBPIC HORTMWBBT.

« Mttlo Bllver and shoving Iron suinhuroiii whi^k »iii i. ...

proportion an greMt^r depth »8 Kuin.^i Th^ «r-. ^.*'" P'o^'**''/ Increaie la

three Darallel Indues irtx to twelve f«et wWp «n w f^"** .F'red Qwatklna. on
the mother lode of the dUtrk* whlrh runH klnn^tl- hn \'^. ''"'*• »*"«*» "
and the Okanogan valley. PanTllel wltr^t on th« nnrt'LI'lV^^T" **^« «"'«»•
line of hlllB Is another ledRe. tnicKi throuirh IoV-h Hn«^°/^**'!?"*' *^*^''« another
the opposite, or ..outhwest. sWe of the ru oh ^s ?h« Sm. Il^^ "V'!."^- '^"'^ °"
through four claims, with several claims on suoooMri nJ^ln? T J*"*«« *'»«=«*

The largest Investment until recent vearH*^ w^! J?^J*"k' '^^«^!;
Mining Company, which bought he Brown Bear «r* un of hv«^, ^^« Strathyr.
a ten-stanrip mill and concentrator S P„™n'k^l■lT„^^f X'vfii^'^ and built

and tunneled 100 feet to tap "Ur'Ashaft wdnSn^sl^JivM^. '*''"; ,°" ''"^ !«**«•
and a tunnel driven m feet on It Some of the ore wn« mfiwl H'^.^^S^ '«''««

SaMn'e", '^^'^" '^'"'^ ^ ^"«^°-« ^-""-« -aTus^^nVd'"o^ira^'s .TTti

BtJZ Kh%"n'K|rt\ '/n^^'^lXflySc^E'ia 'The'/^^nn^n^ll^ ^,7" •."«
shaft seventy feet, striking the west ledge at a denth .ff "",? ,„°'.P*"^R®",^'^"'»r
It to be twelve feet wlde.Vhlle they'Xle Vn S ^c'^u't^'^'roet'-' """^'"«^

this ledge crops In a blanket along the gulch the hanKln^vnnhn^'.'^J^K^''®
washed off. 'they also sank a 140-foot shaf on the east led^e i ^aVJI^ ^f^
foot drift at the bottom. After having some small lot, nf^^L''^tl^\^. l^Z
Strathyre Company, they leased th
ore, which pnl them an aggregat

1895, but haVf ince shipped two (.mutiua m aiinpn nr^ tn 'itior>^„ „i,. 1 -,

returns of ab, ut $100 gold and silver mostly the^ormer ThlsXlm^nrt*^?
adjoining one on a narallel ledge, showing four and one-half feet o?^n?«1n^
thirty-live foot shaft, have been bonded by W. B. Powell of Vemon rhh-h
Coljimbla. who contemplates erecting a stamp mill on them ^•''^"°"' »'^'"8»»

The Stemwlnder, the pioneer claim, has been sold for J20nftO tn Po,,f
Mitchell, of Victoria, and Is being developed. An eighty-foot eros<, c^it t^'Ji;
all three ledges, while a tunnel Is in 150 fe^t on one of them and IshftfV do^
fifty feet on another. This work shows all to be well defined carrvlneTr2
which assays |10 to »15 gold and 1 or 2 ounces silver. "^""^0. carrjing ore

The Silver Crown, on the mother lode, owned bv Edward Elewett and m
H. Ammldown, has a 300-foot cross-cut tapping all three main ledges

Another property on which much development Is being done Is the Tin
Horn group of two claims, owned by the Tin Horn Quartz Mining Comoanv
which Is erecting a twenty-stamp mill. A ninety-foot cross-cut tana the led«»
two and one-half to four feet wide and a sixty-foot shaft shows It four fe«?
wide. Thirty-eight assays show an average value of $112 30

The Silver Bow Is also being developed, having been acquired bv the Sllv«r
Bow Quartz Mining Company from William Dalrymple, and has a goi^
showing.

The Joe Dandy and Atlas have b«en purchased by Lord Sudley bavins
proved good value by mint returns. From shafts seventy and sixty feet
from which seventy feet of tunnel and cross-cuts run, about 400 tons of ore
were milled, averaging $26.

The Gold Hill, on the three mam ledses, has been taken up by the Gold
Hill Quartz Mining Company and has siv^n as: ays of $7 on the iiurface $43 to
180 at a depth of four feet and $123 at ten fetl. ' '^

The Western Hill, owned by William Dalrymnle, has an open nut showing
the mother lode nine feet wide, with pay ore assaying $49 gold, 29 ouncM
silver. From the Susie George A. Guess and J. J. White took eight tons of
ore whljh netted over $60 at the smelter, their ledge being seven feet wide.

The Smuggler Is the most promising property on the southwest side of
the gulch, %vlth the possible exception of the Tin Horn. The locater, Thomas
Elliott, sank HO feet on It, showing seven feet of quartz with only one wall
and made a test shipment of thre tons to Tacoma, which returned $175 gross
per ton. He sold the claim a year ago to Capt. Mitchell, of Victoria, for
$20,000 and it Is now being developed.

The Mayflower group of three claims owned by tha Occidental Mining
Company has a shaft on one ledge, from which four tons of ore returned %W
gold. On another claim a thirty-foot shaft shows a flvo-foot ledge carrying
free gold and assaying from $30 to $50 on an average.

The development of this camp has been taken up by Victoria and Van-
couver people, who have bought up or bonded some forty promising prospects
and are putting large forces at work on them.

Free mllHng ore has also been discovered on Keremeos Creek, eight miles
west of Fairvierw and twenty-one .lilies southwest of Pentlcton, and though
the dlscoverioa are too recent to allow time for much work to define the size
and character of the ledges, development Is in progress on several properties.
The course is s^nerally northeast by southwest and the country formation Is
gray dloflte.

The Sunset, owned by the Gold Belt Mining Company, is on a blanket ledge
of free milling and concentrating ore sixteen feet wide, showing heavy ooppnr
stains and carry $7 to $84 gold. , ^ , , ^ ^ „ ,

The Sunrise, which has been bought from C. J. Jordan by a Spokane com-

160

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

pany, has two feet of ttee milling ore shown by a thirty-foot tunnel at the
foot of a mountain and 180 feet above, a shaft is down twenty feet on it, the
average ab»uys being about $44 gold.

The Dominion group consists of one claim on the Sunset and two "in the
Sunrise ledge. The former crops two to six feet wide, carrying copper and
iron sulphides and carrying 5 per cent, copper on the surface. The other two.
claims have a similar showing to the Sunrise, that ledge being traceable by
nroppings tcr two miles, although undevelopt^d.

A party of Montana men has begun sinltlug on the Buckeus, which they
have bonded from John Buclteus and which has a ledge of sulphide ore
covered by an iron can twelve to fifteen feet wide.

On the Dolphin J. M. Pitman has a sixteen-foot ledg<e of the same kind
cropping at three points and assaying $31 gold on the surface, and has sunk
twenty feet on It.

THE COAST DISTBICT.

By John R. Wolcott, Seattle.

The Coast mining region of British Columbia extends In a northwesterly
direction from Vancouver Harbor (Burrard Inlet) to the Alaskan boundary
and Includes the western slope of the Coast Range Mountains, togrether with
the ad.iacen\ Islands, comprising a territory over 800 miles in length and vary-
ing from 23 to 130 miles in width.

The physical features are unlike those of any other known mining district.
The region may be fairly described as a mining camp set in the ocean; a few
of its characteristics being a succession of Islands ranging from a few
acres to many square miles in extent, with bold shore lines and usually deep
water close to shore. The channels are deep and have strong tides, in places
becoming dangerous at certain stages of the tide. Many of the Islands are
deeply Indented by bays or Inlets, in some Instances almost cutting the island
in two. The mainland Is also Indented by inlets and arms, ranging from two
to sixty-five miles in length and usually having a nortiiorly direction. These
greatly faellltate the exjiloration of the country; for cutting so deeply Into
the mountains, and usually across the formation, they offer exceptional op-
portunliies to the prospector. There is practically no level land f i the district,
the tntre res"lon, both Islands nvd mainland, being very rugj'ed, tne mountains
rising from the shore ut from 20 degrees to vertical. Frequently forty fath-
oms depth Is oblainable within 100 feet of shore. The country possesses an
ample supply of timber for mining purposes and fresh water la abundant.
There are many fine water powers in the district. Exploration has so far
been confined to the 140 miles between Vancouver and Loughborough Inlet, and
has been of the most cursory nature, but little tliorougli systematic work hav-
ing been done. Prospecting lias been done with canoes and the examination
confined (with but few exceptlon.s) to the mineral outcropping at the water's
edge.

The surface rocks of the district consist chiefly it gray granite and
granitoid material, some genisses and other aohists being occasionally asso-
ciated, with at times a belt of slate or lime showing. .

On Jervls, Toba and Bute Inlets are places where the underlying rocks
are exposed, showing slates, dlorlte and porphyry overlaid with granite; while
the channels and inlets indicate serious seismic disturbances. The rock»
show both lateral and longitudinal foldings to have occurred, and are as a rule
more or less base, frequently being so far off their description In geological
works as to give the prospector ample reason to believe that the maker of
' the rocks and the writers of the books seriously disagreed.

The district contains large and numerous bodies of quartz containing gold,
copper and silver. The ores, as far as known, are smelting, many of them
being concentrating. Copper will unquestionably he produced in large quan-
tities. Oenerally, the ores may be classed as lew prade, i. e., there are large
bodies of ore that range from J5 to $20 per ton and will concentrate from three
to fifteen tons Into one. There are other proiieriles sufflclpntly dt'veloped to
demonstrate that they will produce shipping ore. The Van Anda, Raven. Vic-
toria and Sliver Top properties on Texada Island are producing ore 11 ,'t aver-
ages over $40 per ton. The Phillips Arm Mines Company has both shiptnng and
concentrating ore; tlie Queen Bee on Valdez Island assays from $20 to $160
per ton in gold. The big vein back of Estero Basin Is both shipping and con-
centrating.

It has been krown for a number of years that iron and copper existed; also
that there were strong veins of quartz, but it was not "free milling," and
base ores were not in demand. The mert traversing the district were chiefly
loggers and were not Interested In mlni.jg. Surface samples only were brought
in and the assays were low, and until the establishment of smelters at Tacoma
and Everett, base ore propositions would not be entertained— hence the few
men who attempted to interest capital In Coast minlntr were unsuccessful.

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

1 at the
a It, thfr

3 in the
>per and
ther two
eable by

ich they
hide ore

me kind
las sunk

iwesterly
boundary
ther with
md vary-

; district,
in; a few
m a few
lally deep
In places
lands are
the Island
from two
a. These
icply Into
tlonal op-
e district,
nountalns
)rty fath-
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vork hav-
imlnatlon
le water's

mite and
lUy asso-

Ing rocks
Uo; while
he rocks-
i\s a rule
geological
maker of

nins gold,
of them

rpe quan-
are large

rom three
eloped to
ven, Vtc-
V.'t aver-

pjnng and

120 to $150
and con-

isted; alse
Ing." an<*
>re chiefly
•e brought
it Tacoma
e the few
cessful.

C. R. Graves, of Vancouver, a Provincial surveyor possessed with a fair
knowledge of geology, made numerous attempts to interest oartles In some of

i^1»?t*"n7l.P n^.P,"^!."""," ^^'"^ ^« ^"""^ discovered but wlthoSrsuccessC B
Priest of Nanalmo also a surveyor. In 1889. succeeded In forming a syndi-
cate to purchase a tract of land on Texada Island for Its deposits of copper,
but was unable to secure cap tal for its development. C. R Miller has per^
slstently held to the Golden Slipper and other claims on Texada Is'.i.nd for ten
years past; the expenses of his family, and coat of development on his claims
being defrayed by the gold he had washed out of the decomposed surface
vein matter of the Golden Slipper claim. A. Raper held to the Victoria on
Texada Island over seven years; the Comox syndicate, a party of prospectors
who pooled Interests, have also held on for fully seven years, and are now
developing one of their claims— the Surprise— into a mine. The late Prof.
Bredemeyer, of Tacoma, in 1892 and 1893, made an extended examination of
the deposits on Texada Island and reported favorably thereon ami attempted
to interest capital. In 1893, J. J. Chambers located the Tilly on Phillips Arm,
now being developed by the Phillips Arm Mines Company, and also made other
locations. His enthusiasm regarding the mineral resources of the Coast Dis-
trict gained him the name of "Crazy Chambers"- a title he is far prouder of
now than In 1893.

The first development work in the district was during 1896, and as a whole,
has proven so satisfactmy that the attentior of capital is being strongly di-
rected to tne district; tiuH 'CKion presents the unusual feature of English
capital taking hold of undovolop' d properties in a district in which but a com-
paratively small amount i f dcvt lopment work has been done. A number of
English mining engineers, nuii-t of them with a South African and Australian
mining experience, have inspected the district during the past year with the
result that five or more English companies have acquired holdings and are
arrangng for development during 1897; some already being at work.

The Indications for paying properties and prosperous camps at a number
of points are excellent. Several properties are already sufficiently advanced to
warrant the belief that they will become dividend paying mines. The large
bodies of ore. much of it capable of being concentrated and situated for econ-
omical handling, c ■.mbin<'d with the certainty of low freight rn,tes, all tend
to make this a most Inviting ,ield for capital. Freight rates on ore to Everett
or Tacoma are $1.25 per ton in fifty-ton lots; freight on camp supplies is mod-
erate.

The country Is practically unprospected, and to the practical prospector Is
a most inviting field.

Howe Sound— Twelve miles from Vancouver, is from two to seven miles
wide and projects into the mninland in a northerly direction over twenty-five
miles. Near the entrance are Bow.m, Gambler and Anvil Islands. On Bowen
Island there is a gnup of thirteen claims, the property of a syndicate repre-
sented by Cowan & Shaw, of Vani'ouvc?. Several veins are Included in the
property; the principal one being some eight or nine feet wide, carrying gold
and sliver. The property Is now being developed, there being at present a
forty-foot shaft and sundry open cuts. This is considered to be a valuable
property.

A number of other claims have been located on the Island, a Tacoma com-
pany owning a group on which some development work has been done. On
Gambler Island, Stokes and Hartley own the Gold Standard, which has a four-
foot vein between slate and granite walls. The ore assays from $50 to $80 per
ton gold. G. S. Logan, of Seattle, owns the Nulla Seounda; Dr. S. F. Martin
and John R. Poster, of Seattle, the Wall Street, these being extensions of the
Gold Standard. Near by Messrs. Stokes. Hartley, Martin and Fo.stc-r own the
Vancouver, Thorley. Ecclefechan and Westminster on a v/ell defined vein
eight to teA feet wide of lose qi.anz, assaying from $S to $15 gold. The Croe-
sus owned by Dr. Martin, of Toronto, is a fine property, surface assays being

the aouna opposue ».Taimut-t iduh.u, ^■'. ,-. ^ T"i„ut >„„*!« wlrltv. in B-ranltB
nf Mpnttle hiive three claims on a vein six to eight feet in wlrttfi m gramie

Si S-Sn VKSlIe and 1» rwiii'a by a Smtch symUcnte who are dovelo.iiiiE It.

S'^?'

f' ' ■■••

162

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

being over sixty miles In length. Some seventy claims have been located,
chiefly in the neigliborhood of Prince of Wales Reach, and at the head of th«
inlet. The best known property in the district is a group of five claims known
as the Pltzslmmons group, and recently incorporated as the Treasure Moun-
tain Mines. This property Is on the east side of Prince of Wales Reach, three
miles south ot Vancouver Bay and seventeen miles from the entrance to the
inlet. The property Is thus described by Col. T. H. Tracy, of "Vancouver:

The vein Is a chalcopyrlte carrying copper, silver and gold. It runs In a
northwesterly direction along the face of the hill, the hlghe.st point being aliout
1,300 feet above sea level; the average distance from the shore is about 2,000
feet. The ore shows in the bed of a small stream, also in numerous boulders
which have been broken off and rolled down a short distance, and In other
places almost continuously for about a mile. In places, the iron capping,
which resembles that met with in Kootenai, has slipped down, owing to the
steepness of the hill and to partial decomposition. It Is Impossible to say what
the width of the vein is without first doing considerable surface work, but It
appears to be from ten to twenty feet wide.

G. F. Monckton, member of the North of England Institute of Mining En-
gineers, made an examination in January, 1897, and states that he found a very
large body of rock carrying pyrites and extending over 3,000 feet, at its
greatest width 100 feet. The ore body lies in a belt of diclte between granite
and slate. The ore bears a strong resemblance to Rossland ore. Assays have
ranged from two to sixteen and one-half per cent, copper; 1 to 15 ounces sliver,
and from a trace to S-pv^nnyweight gold. A crew of seven men has recently
been started at work on this property and it is expected that development
work will be actively pushed.

C. W. Davidson, J. R. Seymour, H. Darling and other Vancouver gentle-
men, comprise a syndicate owning some fifteen claims in Jervls Inlet. They
have the Vulcan group r' seven near Vancouver Bay In a dlorlte, slate and
granite formation. Outcrops Indicate an ore quite similar in character to that
of the Fitzslm:.Tions group. The vein Is eight feet or over, well defined though
no work has been done. On the opposite side of the* inlet they have one
claim, the Wideawake. At Deserted Bay they have three claims on a large
body of white auartz In granite and slate.

Opposite Princess I.oulse Inlet they have three claims on a ten-foot ledge
of quartz carrying gold and silver. At the head of the inlet they have the
Victoria, a large body of quartz; some work was done on this property four
or five years ago by Mr. Davidson, and it is understood to assay nigh.

On Nelson Island, near the entrance to Jervls Inlet, twenty-five or thirty
claims have been located during the past sixty days, several of them showing
free gold.

Texada Island lies In the Gulf of Georgia, the southern end being forty
miles from Vancouver; It Is five miles from the mainland and twelve from
Vancouver Island. It Is thirty miles In length by five In breadth, and Is ap-
parently an upheaval. On the southern half the mountains are very steep,
on the northern half they are more rolling. Commencing at the southern end
and going northerly along the western side, the formation first shows an
amygdaloid which changes to an Igneous conglomerate; next comes several
miles of Vancouverlte, a sort of trap rock ha\'lng a greenish color on a fresh
fracture; next Is a belt of black limestone containing large quantities of fos-
sils; near Gillies Bay there Is a small Intrusion of the coal measures, both the
shale and sand-stone appearing. From GUlles Bay to the northern end of
the Island Is crystallne limestone with porphyry showing In places and several
rich mineralized dlorlte dikes projecting through the limestone. Develop-
ment work at the Van Anda, Kirk Lake, Silver Tip and Surprise mines Indi-
cates that the limestone Is a surface rock overlying dlorlte and porphyry in
place.

The known mineral belt occupies the extreme northerly end of the Island,
embracing about twenty-five square miles of territory. The steamers land
at the Van Anda mine, as the principal work so far done is easily accessible
from this point.

Commencing at the steamer landing at the Van Anda .Tfilne, the land rises
at thfe rate of about twenty degrees, attaining an elevation of sixteen to
eigliteen hundred feet. Near the water on the easterly side, the formation is
very much out of place on the surface. On the westerly sloe the rise from
the water to the highest elevation Is very sharp, the full elevation on this side
being attained within a mile ^/om the shore.

There are no developed mines on the Island, the largest amount of work
having been done at the Van Anda. This property embraces fifteen or sixteen,
claims, and has several known veins; work, however, having been done on
only one and the work to date having been largely of an exploring nature. A
shaft has been sunk 125 feet, partly on the vein and partly through the adja-
cent lime, ore having been developed to a depth of sixty feet. It is<«xpectad
the shaft wili again strike the vein in about thirty feet. The ore taken from
this vein has ranged In value from $2 to t3 at the surface to over $1,000 assays
on picked samples. A recent shipment of fort)- tons to the Everett smelter
gave returns of: Copper, I8V2 per cent; gold, $18.6(i; silver, 11 ounces.

At the date of my visit. January 18, 1897, thtre Were about thirty tons of

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

fit °the''maS/^^kTmld ^n!frf.^' '"'/j ^5 P^^ cent, copper. Edward Blew-
sWpment abovl allXd To Whnl Y°"'*^ ''Vlu'""^.*^ ^«"er in gold than the
tons of ore were hoi«?^rt fknf^'^"^,i "^^^ ^* ^^^^ ™*"e, betweetj, four and five
largely bornlteP Th« v^in "-aoT"'*^ average fully 40 per cent copper (being
feet of sWDDlnfforJ Pnmr!,„',,^f ^^''v?^ developed. ha.s shown from tone to four
ore Increasing In v«in«."^H"^'"?K^^''"* ^^.^^^^ 'eet below the surface and the
run 180 feet a? the^iltl f^^.*^,*'^*^ as well as In quantity. A drift has been
from thl^drtft Vrlrn^;^??^ ^^'^^^' ?^".^ the bornlte ore above alluded to came
and in a svs[emnHp^^nl'°i'^?'■^ being made for pushing the work actively
will bP in nprmn!,ilJ"?""®'^7.'^ ^S'"^ ^^^ Opinion of Mr. Blewett that they
It -theintPnt^nf«"i„'£'"'"^"°," ^^r.}-^^ ""'6 the 200 foot level Is reached
ent • one shlnmi.n7 h^i^^''® regular shipments once in two weelcs for the pres-
M At fhfi m f^«?1*"^wu'^^ °^ ^^ ^^«='*^' March 3 and one of 330 sacks March
At tht tim« Mr ?j^iJf'i?',*?-.® cross-cut fortyflve feet struck the ore body and
ore In f h? f J^f-^^'f.^®" '^" ^'J ^^^'"''^ 1^ there was three and one-half feet of

n^ ^ ® °^ "'® cross-cut with the drills still working in ore.
a hiif JTi^o*^" F°^P*?^. ^"^^ Claims lies southerly from the Van Anda one and
inS rv.JlJl!f^"„ ^ ?*^^"^ is contracted and work commenced by the Raven Min-
o»Lr:?-.^£.^^^r , ^ tunnel has been run over 100 feet cutting the vein about
fjf .^PiLlf®* "^'""^ the surface. The ore from this property Is quite similar
in general appearance to that from the Van Anda.

r^^^^il'i^,*^®* ^u^^}, one and one-half miles westerly from the Van Anda Is the
S,^?f ®*u^ S-^, \^^ Texada Kirk Lake Gold Mines, consisting of over 200 acres,
witn the Kirk Lake water power, estimated at 500 horsepower. A number of
promising veins show on the property. A shaft has been sunk on a fine vein
.^u.^"°'"I. . ® ^°^^ ^"^ assays from $40 to $200. Paralleling this vein and
within a distance of 200 feet, are numerous veins, so many and of such a
character that the general Impression is that the entire 200 feet will pay to
work. Development will be pushed this season.

F. W. McRady, who has supervision of the development of this property,
also manages a group about a mile distant controlled by W. L. Challoner, of
Victoria, also property in the Kootenay country owned by the syndicate
controlling the Kirk Lake mines.

The Nut Cracker corners on the Kirk Lake Company's -rroup to the
southeast. A well defined vein shows running north of west. Work consists
of a fourteen-foot shaft which has developed a vein of about four feet. The
same vein is found in the Yellow Jacket, where about the same amount of
•work has been done, showing a similar class of ore.

The Lorindale adjoins the Nut Cracker and has a well defined vein. Work
has been done on thia property, which, had It been done in a legitimate man-
ner, would have meant at least a 150-foot shaft. The property, however, has
been badly "gophered," every effort, evidently, having been directed to an
attempt to obtain samples of free gold, with apparently no Intention towards
the systematic development of the property. The property merits very differ-
ent treatment from what It has received.

The Surprise presents some peculiar featues. The shaft Is down seventy-
two feet and a drift run sixty-five feet. The vein la well mineralized Its f^ll
:^ld.th, five feet, and has both walls well defined. This property Is owned by a
party of men from Comox, who are developing It on the co-operative p"
The result of their work showp what men of llmlmted means, but with a
position to develop tlieir property, can do.

The Golden Slipper la on the westerly side of the Island and about a
northerly from the iron mines and Is now controlled by C. S. Douglas, of V
couver. Mr. Miller has done a good deal of general prospecting work on U«
property and has uncovered the vein at several points. At one place he n&s
a shaft about fifteen feet deep, phowlng the vein to be a strong one nine f^t
in width. This property lies on a steep hillside and in a position \o >;»
developed economically, and there is every indication that with develoMnentW
will prove most valuable. Mr. Miller has taken free gold from the surface for

V6£LI*8

The Tip Top adjoins the Golden Slipper on the northerly side, the G<rfd^
Slipper vein extending through it and be^g readily traceablethe length qf^the
^.alm. There are
cross-vein extends
Baby,

are two other veins on the property nearly parallel to lt,J,ndA
ends across this and also across the Copp^er King aijp NIa[gW

The Cooper King adjoins the Tip Top on the northeast. There are tmo
jng! wefldeflp'd veins bearing north,w.e8terIjf. and the one referred ^ as
«f^mTn/fhl and other i.roBerty. which boars southweaterly. , A sh^t

urth4^^ve[n*ha8''diveloped"nSwlV" flv« feet "of good lo«>klhk

strong,

cross-cutting thi
fifteen feet deep

^'*Thn silver Tin adlolns the Surprise on the north.w«at and is croased pw

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

energetically, and la acquiring oth«r properties on the island, and proposes to
develop its holdings Into paying mines.

A St. John's, New Brunswick, syndicate, managed by J. C. Keith, of Van-
couver, is operating in the Coast District and more particularly on Texada
Island. The syndicate Is operating on lines of great advantage to a mining
camp, viz: It bonds promising looking prospects, puts on the development
work necessary to show the property, and then sells the claim to parties who
will continue the work. It took hold of the Silver Tip; sank a sixty-four foot
shaft, and did other exploring work— then sold the property to the Texada
Proprietary Company. The syndicate controls some fifteen claims on the
Island and Is just closing contracts for development work on the Summit, Rlno
and Marguerite claims.

The Tip Top, Copper King, Volunteer group of six claims and several ad-
jacent properties, have recently passed under control of Thomas H. Fraser,
Mining Engineer of London, and arrangements are being made for active
development.

A large number of claims have been located in this minteral belt on which
little or no work has been done. It can safely be said that there is not a
claim on the Island that has been fairly prospected and it is doubtful if the
number of veins actus My existing in any of the claims Is known to the owners.
The formation Is of such a nature that. If sitiiated near the famous .-Cripple
Creek, Colorado, camp, there would be a rush on the part of capitalists to get
men and machinery on the ground for a thorough exploitation of the territory.
It is not a poor man's camp, but one that requires capital to put properties on
a paying basis.

While the formation Is readily traceable through a clalm'and from one
claim to another, well defined walls are rarely encountered until some depth
is reached. One can travel along a vein and can dig through the decomposed
vein matter, which Is usually three to five feet, and can take the material so
excavated and wash out from a few colors to a dollar or more of gold. This
is true of various claims and at almost any point on the vein where oxidation
has occurred to any extent.

The camp presents an Inviting field for capital and indications are such as
to warrant a liberal expenditure In exploration and development, but the work
should be under the direction of mining men backed with capital sufficient to
properly develop a property.

During the past summer considerable prospecting was done along the
Coast and the various Inlets between Jervls Inlet and the Phillips Arm Dis-
trict; while a number of claims were staked, some with very promising surface
showings, but little work has been done on them.

Monckton and Colquhoon, Mining Engineers of Vancouver, are developing
a property on the southern end of Redonda Island that Is making an excellent
showing, having a three-fool vein, assaying from $25 to $134 In sliver, with
some lead and copper. On the same claim they have a fine looking copper
ledge. A claim owned by D. Carmlchel and situated near the above, assayed
$13.90 In silver and gold surface outcrops.

A number of claims have been located on Redonda Islands, Cortes, Reed
and In the vicinity of the "Hole-ln-the-Wall" on Valdez Island.

Bute Inlet, 110 miles northwest from Vancouver, is two to three miles wide
and sixty-five miles long, the general direction being northeasterly. It cuts
the Coast Range at nearly a right angle. Is very mountainous, some of the
peaks rl-sing to a height of 8,000 feet; extremely precipitous and cut by deep
ravines and pullles filled with slide matter from the heights above. These In-
tersect the line of direction of the Inlet, generally having an easterly and
westerly direction. Volcanic disruption Is evident in many places.

At the entrance to the Inlet on the northwestern shore, at Arran Rapids, is
a small belt of broken slate with several small veins of quartz containing iron
pyrites and some sulphides of copper. This belt crosses to Stewart Island,
which lies across the entrance to the Inlet and Is cut by a well defined vein
running In a nortneast and southwest direction through about the center of the
Island. This vein carries a large per cent, of copper, and assays in gold and
silver.

On the first ledge are several claims owned by Charles and Fred Thulln
of Lund, and the Gulf of Georgia Prospecting Company. On the Island are
four claims located by Fred Buker, J. A. Robertson, O. W. Rafuse and C. R.
Graves, of Vancouver. The Buker property has recently been purchased bjr
John (^obeMlok, of London, who has. during the last few months, ac(|uired
extensive holdings In the Coast district for English parties. Assays on the
four claims ran^e from $12 to $20 In copper and gold.

Passing north along the Inlet. th«i formation Is granitic, cut in all direc-
tions by slate dikes for some four miles, when the formation becomes more
regular and more defined granite. In which are within the next two miles two
ledges of gneiss highly mineralized, and showing strong copper stains. Ahout
three miles further on there Is a narrow strip of low land separating Bute
Inlet from the Estero Basin, formed by slide matter, and It Is evident that at
one time Bute inlet and Frederic Arm were connected by what Is now
known as Estero Basin, a body of water some two miles wide by five In
length. For a mile and three-quarters from this point the formatlin is

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

16S

gray g;ranlte; then It Is cut by a belt of fine slate having an easterly and
westerly direction across the Inlet, and Is about a quarter of a mile In width.
This belt Is traceable through to the other Inlets, both to the north and south,
and contains several strong, well mineralized veins of quartz traceable for a
mile on either side of the inlet, through claims controlled bv C. R. Graves, of
Vancouver. Next to the slate lies a belt of porphyry thirty to forty feet
wide and about half a mile long, In contact with a volcanic conglomerate, with
which is found some lava. Next to this is a small belt of slliclous rock;
then dlorlte and granite, which extend seven miles up the inlet and contain
several unprospecteu veins; above this is an unbroken stretch of gray slab
slate for nearly seven miles, then the character of the slate changes to a finely
laminated green slate, containing numerous large pockets of quartz: then
gradually changes to an almost black slate containing a large quantity of
iron and looks like a mass of Iron rust clear to the summit. There are three
claims on this owned by S. Harlon. Next comes porphyry considerably min-
eralized. In this is a vein of da- k bluish gray quartz about six feet wide, well
defined and traceable for a ■ ilderable distance, which contains Iron and
copper sulphides. About IC teet farther on the south side is a strong vein
some twenty feet wide, of pale bluish quartz, showing much iron on the sur-
face. There are four claims on this vein owned by C. R. Gr.aves and others.
About a mile farther up the inlet E. D. Blanchfield. C. R. Graves and others
have four claims containing a three-foot vein carrying galena and gray
copper, which runs into a mountain 6,000 feet In height. Just north of this the
formation changes to granite, which continues to the head of the inlet. Two
large rivers enter the head of the Inlet through valleys that extend back to the
Chllcotin country, a region from which Indians have brought out specimens
of coarse placer gold; also quartz containing free gold. But little prospecting
has been done on Bute Inlet, the claims herein referred to having been located
within the past few months.

The Phillips Arm District extends from Bute Inltt northwesterly to Lough-
borough Inlet thirty miles and Includes Valdez, Thurlow and other Islands
-and the adjacent mainland. Between this district and Vancouver Island Is
Johnstone's Strait, the route of the Seattle- Alaska steamers; while between
the islands and the mainland is Cardero Channel, with sundry channels con-
necting it with Johnstone's Strait; while the mainland Is intersected by Phil-
lips Arm and Frederic Arm, each four or five miles long. The district affords
exceptional facilities for the economical handling of ore. , . .

The mountains rise sharply from the waters' edge, attaining elevation of
2 500 to 6.500 feet, with navigable water close to shore. Surface rocks are
e'hleflv granite and syenite, with occasionally some dlorlte. Two slate belts
are nromlnent, also a body of limestone. More prospecting and exploration
work has been done in this district than in any other portion of the coast
region.

The chief prospecting to date has been by canoe, the quartz showing at
the water's edge, and to a large extent the veins are capped over, the Quarta
w-eaklne through in places. The veins are strong, well defined and readily
traceable: the more tL country Is explored, the more thoroughly It Is found
tnhfl mineralized. The character of the ore varies with the locality, the
westlrW Kof the btlt being ouartz, heavlly^charged with sulphurets carry-
k>g gold, sliver and usually a little copper--the latter Increasing with deptK
while the easterly or mainland part of the district shows more copper at the
surface. Iron is present In all ore so far found. .,, ,,

T- T.,T,o iRQi T T Chambers located the Tilly, now known as the Alexan-
^Hn nn ?h4 Snlknd on the wes^ Phillips Arm; during 1894 and 1895,

SJi^inartlcuKln the fall of 1895. Dan Leahey. Dan McCallum P. J. Smth.
OeorKriloward Mr. Archibald. Mr. McNerhcny. Walter Moore. Tom O'Brien.
A T Imlth^and a few other pioneers In the district made a number of loca-
i^ons chiefly on Valdez Island, abut'lng Cardero Channel on what Is locally
♦LJ^;,?fhfi "black slate :'• this is located for over five miles, but the claimii
termed the DiacK siaie. "" ^^ within a few months assessment work
j!*''^,2orLne L a numL^n sorne instances developing promising working
has been done on a numoer. m Hu^ Seattle, made a number of location*

leads. _,In the fall f't^gflaQW Willis, of Van(;ouver, In them. The Channa
^inJnir^romrany" of VancouveV^. C w'aa formed, acquiring the Griffith and
?ome otherprSpertleland the •company did. during 1S96, a large amount of
deve!opnr.ent work ^ , ,^,„a extending over a mile on the vein.

The Alexandria ana anjuiiuiiB V „. j j Vancouver, development was
having passed under control oj^J^^^Xtlnued steadily, except for an Inter-
Btarled a^o'Jt J«"uary 1. 1M6, ?"^ ^^,^,f ""'^"rm Mines Company being formed
r"'V'°".J?v*il»7'^ This U» the rtritp^^^^^^^ »n the district on which develop-
in January. If®]- . This was J"« "^„^^ formation shows at the water a jyldth
ment work was done, .The mmerauzeo ror . ^^^^^^ ^^^^ „^ ^^^^

of sixty-eight feet. A tunnel has '"^^^^e^^^" ranging from fifteen Inches to
straight haok from tWe water the I^aystreaKriiKi^ cross-cut was run
over fo.ir feet «" ,;*«1th. At '^'^''^/^'^fX entire sixty-eight feet would
across the formation. Fu ly w P^uenav streak Is shlpp ng ore, averaging
^£jGri»'pSrTo^n.'''ffipro'irV Sf-htt about 100 "tUs. and U making

'mil

ipft.

^Ml^''

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWBWT.

■Qf^ll re^rular shipmeins. An air compresaor plant will be eatabllahed earljr
tn the sprinK nnri the development of the property pushed actively.

The Channe Mining Company was the next to commence operations andi
ha« done more development work than any other company In the district, hay-
ing: at one time owned some fvtTity claims. On the Bobby Burns group, on
Valdez Island, the development to date Is:

Bobby Burns-Tunnel 80 feet, open cross-cut 36 feet, open cut 40 feet. Tun-
nel 12 feet, open cut 38 feet.

Hetty Oreen— Tunnel 50 feet, shaft 30 feet; tunnel on second level 38 feet.

Daniel Webster— Shaft 32 feet.

The Poodle Dog, owned by this company and situated on Channe Island,
ha,B an eighty-foot t'.nnel. The IngersoU, also owned by the same company
and situated on the easterly side of Phillips Arm. shows a good body of
chalcopyrlte ore carryJng gold." Development work Is being pushed, there
being several open cuts and over 100 feet of tunnel work.

The British Columbia Development Company, in which Lord Sudley is a
large shareholder, has acquired holdings on which it has run about 150 feet o(
tunnel.

In Septeml>er last Ernest Grant-Govan, of London, visited the district and
arranged the purciiase of a number of properties from the Channe Mining
Company, by the Gold Fields of British Columbia Company. Mr. Grant-
Govan is managing director of this company and Is understood to be sn route
from London, the head office of the company, and upon his arrival a thorough
system of development of the company's holdings will be Inaugurated.

J. Cobeldlck, of London, representing parties whose investments In mines
In South Africa, Australia and New Zealand amount to several million pounds
sterling, has purchased several properties. In the district, the most important
being the Mountain Sheep and Portage on the copepr belt back of Estero
Basin. The ore body shows on the Portage over 100 feet wide, and in the can-
yon is exposed over 200 feet high. This vein was discovered by Fred Buker,
of Thurlow, B. C, late last fall, and snow fell before there was time for a
thorough examination. Mr. Cobeldlck, however, has had five or six men on
the Portage for the past six weeks and, although having bad weather to over-
come, they have made a very thorough examination of the ore In the canyon.
This ore body consists of two veins. Next to the dlorlte foot wall Is a quart*
ve?,n twenty to twenty-five feet wide, assaying |4.50 to $10 per ton, and concen-
trating more than twelve to one; then about fifty feet of granite; then ninety-
six feet of copper ore, a few feet of this being a handsome chalco-pyrlte and a
shipping ore. The balance is lower grade and will concentrate from eight to
fourteen into one, a cording to tests made. Mr. Cobeldlck has started a tun-
nel to cross-cut the vein matter about 200 feet below the outcrop. He leaves
Boon for England to ponfer with his associates as to method of developing
this property, which ' he says is the largest body of ore he ever saw. He
also considers that to work it to the best advantage requires systematic open-
ing of the property and erection of an extensive plant, It being the purpose
to treat the ore on the ground.

R. C. Forsyth, of Chicago, has two claims on the same vein and is preparing
to open them. North of the Cobeldlck property C. S. Douglas, of Vancouver,
controls two claims; next to these are three claims bwned by P. J. Smith and
Dan McCallum, of Thurlow, B. C, considered to be fully equal to the Cobel-
dlck property.

The formation, as shown In the canyon on the Portage, is a footwall of
dlorlte, slate hanging wall and back of the slate, granite; on the surface th»
granite overlies the vein matter and accompanying rock. Ore only shows
occasionally on the surface, except In gulches or other places where erosion
has occurred.

The copper properties located on Jervls Inlet, Toba Inlet, Estero Basin
and Loughborough Inlet are practically In a line, although covering a distance
of over seventy miles. Before the close of 1897 It is probable that the Estero
Basin property will be sufficiently developed to give an Idea of Its great value.

On Valdez Island, near the Bobby Burns group, the Bully Boy and Queen
Bee. both very promising properties, are being developed by Costello & Mc-
Morran, the cannerymen, associated with whom are Mr. 'Jrean, Dr. Carroll and'
Q. B. Harris, prominent Vancouvei capitalists.

There Is a fifty-foot shaft on the Queen Bee; the vein Is a strong on*
three and one-half feet wide and assays from 115 to $150 In gold.

The Channe Mining Company 5s opening the White Pine on Thurlow
Island. A tunnel has been run 140 feet, cross-cutting a thirty-eight inch vein,
and Is expected to soon reach 8 second vein of six feet.

The Northern Belle Mining Company, of Seattle, owns the Electric and
Union claims on Thnrlow Island. A twenty-foot shaft has been sunk on th«
Electric In an eight-foot vein of quartz that three or four feet from the sur-
face assayed over $27.

The Beaver Mining Cv>r.ipan3r ia opening the All Up and has driven a tun-
nel over 100 feet.

Considerable work has I oen done on the Coon near Fanny Bay, the Coon
group of six or seven claims being the property of the Fanny Bay Mining
Company, of Vancouver. This '•ompany owns a number of other claims la-
the dlBtrlct, on which more or less development work has been done.

MiKmd IN THE PACfPiC NORTH WBST.

llf-'

k..*'^.^"in.^'' ?' claims were located on Loughbofough Inlet late In tH* »»
buM>o work has been done. Vei-y fine safiipl6'a of copper were brourfit hi'
rrOE^some of these claltna.

ji JS°^h,^?^}^ ^^ ^°^^ °" ^ ^^^^^ number of claims throughout thl8 diiktflM
""'JBRP "^'' '" som^ Instances on an extensive scale.

Tfiere Is a steamer service from Vancouver to Phillips Arm twice a week, 8.
°v,P<?«»2,x o' "^"^ Union Steamship Company, of Vancouver, lea:vlng Vitf-
co^ivet Tuesdays and Fridays.

^,T2»® entire Coast District affords an excellent field for the prosptect**,
white to the capitalist seeklnB a safe investment in mining. It oftlers thfe ni-
ducement of large bodies of low grade ores that will pay a good profit AM
situated where transportation charges are so light as to be merely nomltiftL
With development, the district is showing that, in addition to its low g'rafle
ores, It also possesses higi grade ore in quantity and that, while the aUStiy
vaiiue as a rule Is low on the surface, the ores increase in value as depth u
attained. On Tcxada Island, where a half dozen shafts are down sixty tim
or over, the "run of the vein" Is over $40 per ton.

HABBISON LAKE.

This beautiful body of water, which empties into the Fraser throngs
Harrison River near Agasslz Station «n the Canadian Pacific RaUroad, htut
until recently been known only as a pWasure and health resort, «Ie mlnera)
springs near its south end being the chief attraction. But during the iaat
summer gold and silver-bearing ore was found on the steep mountains rlaliv
from Its shores and it Is now attracting many prospectors. It is quite ao-
ceSBlble, for the Canadian Pacific will take one from Vancouver to Agasste,
seventy-one miles, and a dally stage runs thence to the Hot Springs, fl!v«
miles. From Seattle the route is by the Seattle & International-and CanadloJo
Pacific Railroads to Agasslz, 163 miles, and thence by stage. The lake to
navigable for steamers and durins high water steamers can run down Harri-
son River into Fraser River and thence to the ocean, so that water transpor-
tation can be used to the smelters at Everett and Tacoma.

The discoveries were only made last summer, but already development la
In progress with a view to shipping this summer from one property. This It
the Providence and Silver Bell, on the west shore of the lake, twenty-thret
miles from Hot Springs. An accidental discovery of silver in a piece of flOOtt
by James Trethewey led his father, Joseph O. Trethewey, to have It assayed
and It was found to carry »ia4.74 gold and silver. Prospecting caused th«
discovery of a ledge of gray quartzlte, traced up the mountain through tbrat
claims. A carload of surface ore was snipped last fall to the Everett smelter
and returned $28 gold and sliver, being found particularly acceptable, as It
contained considerable lime. The two claims named are now owned by th«
Providence Mining & Developing Company, which proposes to sink fifty feet
on the ledge and drift 300 feet Into the mountain, thus gaining 150 feet In depth.
Much higher assays have been obtained a few feet below the surface and •

Sarallel ledge twenty feet wide has been discovered, assaying from a few
oUars to $155, chiefly In gold. . . ^ ^ . . ^ .^

The Star, on the extension up the mountain, has been acquired by th»
Harrison Lake Star Mining Company and will also be developed this year.

THE SMELTEBS.

Th« distance of the Pacific Northwest from the smelting centers and tb«
comparatively low grade of the bulk of the ores have combined to Induce tht
•rectlon of smelters In this section, within easy distance of the mines. Th*
smelters at Pilot Bay and Nelson, British Columbia, were erected men
oartlcularly to treat the ores produced from the mines of the companlet
which own them, although they also do some amount of customs busineai.
These smelters have been briefly described In connection with the mlnee d
which they are an adjunct. There are also three large smelters, which do »
mainly customs business, at Everett and Tacoma. Wash., and TraH, B. C,

The Everett smelter w^.s erected by the Puget Sound Reduction Company
at a cost of nearly $250,000. and stands on the south bank of the Snohomlirt
River near the point at Everett. In addition to the usual crushing and
■araDlIng mill. It has two roe sting furnaces of a combined capacity of eighty
tons In twenty-four hours, and a third Is under construction, of seventy-fl*»
tons dally capacity. Ore is also roasted in heaps in the open air, when
Beceasltv reaulres. The smelting is done in three forty-two Inch water-jacket
bfastfu^naTs. to which the blast is furnished by No. 7 Root blowers. Only
two furnaces are now in operation, for lack of sufficient roasting capacity,
Sa thramount of cTude ore treated dally la slightly under 200 tons. Tto*

?4 h

1«8

MINING IN THE PACIFIC f^ORTHWEST.

woiilil b« greater If more oxidized ores could be procured and wilt be increaaed
to :«X) tons as soon as the completion of the new roaster permits the third
funiMt-e to be blown In. The two sampling mills have a combined dally
capiiclty of 400 tons, so that they can supply a much larger roasting ana
furriiiif plant. The smeller Is now treating sulphide ore from the Le Rol
tnlnf In Trail Creek, galena ore from the SIbcan district, concentrates from
Monte Crlsto and low grade silver ore from the Broken HIIJ mine in Australia,
t>eHltlt» miscellaneous shipments from various parts of Washington, British
Coliinihia and Alaska.

The Tacoma smelting works, owned by the Tacoma Smelting & Reflning
Coni('i«ny, are on the water front between Tacoma and Point Defiance park.
It hai!< a lartje crushing and sampling works, a roasting furnace for treating
suli'liiile ores and two furnnces with a capacity of 160 tons a day, while the
building has capacity for three more stacks. The product of this plant, like
thai of the Everett works, is lead bullion and copper matte, in which gold and
silver lire carried hy the baser metals.

The smelter of the l?rltlsh Columbia Smelting & Refining Company la
iltt.ited on a bluff overlooking the Columbia River at the mouth of Trail
C^reek. It has a sampling mill of l.">0 to 200 tons daily capacity, an automatlo
jaiiiniiig furnaie of fifty tons dally capacity and six circular calclners, a
lust iliamber ISO feet long, four reverberatory furnaces with a capacity of
foit> tons each In twenty-four hours, a circular water-jacket furnace of
fon.v-live to Bfty-tive tons caiuuily, and a 200-ton rectangular blast furnace.
Two engines of sIxty-Hve and forty horse-power operate the machinery.
.Adiliiions made recently and now under construction will Increase the ca-
paeliy to SCO t» 400 tons a day and a refinery is also being erected.

All these three smelters have both rnll and water transportation. The
Everett smelter is on deep water near Puget Sound and is reached by the
3rtiit .Vorthern im<) F\erett »*l Monte Cristo Railroads, the latter connecting
:»itti the Northern raoKic and Canadian Pacific through the Seattle & Inter-
lation.il The Tacoma smelter Is on deep water on Puget Sound and the
Nontiern Pacific tracks enter the plant. The Trail amolter Is entered by the
Coliiniliia * Western narrow gauge railroad from Rossland, and has the
naxiiuiilile Cohimbhi River at Its front, with the Nelson &. Fort Sheppard Rail-
.rojitl on the opposite hank, by which connection is obtained with the Northera
Paeitic. Oreat Northern and Unkn Pacific Railroads. The Columbia River
*ieiiii..Ts Klve connection with the Canadian Pacific system.

The erection of smelters at Northtiort, Wash., and Vancouver, B. C, la
il.»o projeeted. the former being designed to treat both sllver-leau and pyrltlo
we Construction Is delayed however, pending the action of Congress on the
dtii.x on sHver-lead ores, of whleh the chief supply, for the present at lea«t,
would cone frein the Slocan district.

.Jt\

,r '

MINING TN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

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DIGEST OF THE MINLNG LAWS OF THE ITNI'.TSD STATES,
WASHINGTON AND BRITISH COLUMBIA.

By Melvln G. Wlnstock, Attorney. Seattle, Wash.

««.3ll®"®^®'" " ^?^^^ '^''•''*"' concerning any questions relative to an Intereat
ooMult a responsible attorney, if his advice Is worth ha\'lng. he will ckaimt
you a fee, but In the end this will prove an economy. Don't Mttenrot lo
draw your own legal contracts. Many a fortune has been lost in the attempt
or the mining man to be his own lawyer.

Definitions.

Ore,— Certain minerals In their natural condition.

Mlneral.-That which Is secured from a mine, from rv wklng In the ermamA.
«nd legally It Includes f?alt, coal and similar substance*.

Lode or Vein.— A llattened mass of metallic or earthy matter, a flaeuM is
the earth's crust filled with mineral matter.

A Mine.— A way or passage under ground.

Vein or Tunnel.— The first working vein found In the tuaael.
* Location.— The act of appropriating a parcel of land according to oertalB
established rules. A mining claim may contain one or more JoenttOTn

LAWS OF THE aNITED STATES.

Who May Locate.

Mineral lands are open to exploration and purchase by all dtlzene at tte
United States without n gard to sex and those who have declared their ts-
tentlon to embrace citizenship. All persons born or naturalized In the XJuMmC
States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, and none others, axe citUeBe.

What Lands May Be Located.

The right to mine can be given only in public lands, and said lands omat
eontain valuable mineral deposits.

Extent of Ground Open to Location.

No claim located shall exceed ±,500 feet along the vein nor shall It ^eeefll
too feet on each side of the middle of the vein at the surface.

It Is not necessary that the locator should be present on the groHni.
One may locate as agent for another.

Description.
The location must be along the vein or lode, It must be distinctly market
on the ground so that its boundaries can be correctly traced, that the reeort
contain reference to some natural object or permanent monument to ideatUy
the claim and that all the lines shall be parallel. Remaining details are
governed by rules and regulations established by the miners of each district
not Inconsistent with national or state laws.

Extent of Work Necessary.
One hundred dollars' worth of labor shall be performed on Improvement*
made each year. Where there are several owners and one or more fails to
do his share, he must be served with a personal notice or by publication in m
newspaper published nearest the claim, once a week for ninety days. If at
the expiration of such time said delinquent shall fall to do or perform lite
Share, then his Interest becomes the property of such of his co-owners tm
have performed the amount of work required by law.

How to Obtain a Patent.

Applicant must file in the proper Land Office an application for a pateat
under oath, showing a compliance with the law. He must file also a plat
and field notes of the claim or claims In common, made by or under the diree-
tlon of the Surveyor General, showing accurately the boundaries, which slutl
be distinctly marked bv monuments on the ground, and shall post a copy oC
such plat, together with a notice of such application for a patent. In a
consnlt uous place on the land or claim In question. This posting must be
done ptior to the filing of the application for a patent. He must aMo itte,
when he applies for his patent, ihe aflldnvlt of at least two persons that suob
notice .has been duly posted together with an exact copy of sucli notice.

The Register of the Land Office then causes to be published in a news-

^IH MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

paper, by him designated as the neaieut to the claim, for sixty days, a notlo«
that such appltcrntlon for u patent has been made. He must for the Bame
period also post such notice In his office. -

At the time of filing his application, or within sixty days, ciflimant must
file with the register a certificate of the surveyor general that $500 worth of
UHbor has been exp«»hdcd ori Improvements made upon the claim by himself
or grantors, that the plat Is correct and shall give such other description as
Is necessary for Identlflcatlon, to be Incorporated In the patent. At the
aiyi of sixty days claimant must file his affldavlt showing that plat and notice
■bsve been posted In a conspicuous place on claim during the period of publi-
cation. If no adverse claim Is filed within said sixty days, the law assumes
the applicant to be entitled to his patent upon payment to the proper officer
pf |5 per acre, for the land embraced within the claim.

How to Make an Adverse Claim

When an adverse cinim Is made during the sixty dy? period of publica-
tion, it must be under oath of the person or persons making the same and
•hall show the nature, boundaries and extent of such adverse claim and all
l^roceedlngs, except publication of notice and filing affidavits thereof, are
•tayed until the controversy Is settled by a court of competent jurisdiction or
the adverse claim Is waived. Within thirty days after filing adverse claim,
contesting party shall begin proceedings to determine the question of rl0bt
of possession and shall prosecute the same with reasonable diligence to nnal
Judgment. Failure so to do operates as a waiver. After such Judgment, the
ttarty entitled to possession may file with the register a certified copy of the
Jadgment roll, together with a certificate from the surveyor general that
the requisite amount of labor has been done on the claim and the description
required In other cases, shall pay to the register $5 per acre of such claim,
whereupon the whole proceedings and Judgment roll shall be certified by the
register to the general land commissioner and the patent issues.

Before Whom Oaths May Be Taken.

All affidavits required under the mining laws of the United States may be
made before any officer authorized to administer oaths within the land dis-
, trlct where the claim may be situated, and all proofs may be taken before
any such officer.

Miscellaneous.

The owner of a quartz mill or reduction works not owning a mine In
connection therewith may also receive a patent for his mill site, at 16 per
acre.

No one individual can enter or locate upon more than 160 acres nor c^n an
aaoociation enter upon more than 320 acres.

The government before patent issues requires payment for mining land
at. the rate of $10 per acre where claim is situated more than fifteen miles
tPom a railroad, and $20 per acre where such claim is located less than fifteen
miles from such railroad.

WASHINCtTON CININO LAWS.

In the State of Washington there is a mining board constotlng of' the
Bovernor, lieutenant governor and the btate treasurer, the object of which is
to collect Information concerning the i^roduction of all precious and rmejnil
■rtnerals of the state, and to perform sich otner duties as Will adva&oe the
mineral interests.

Hinlng Claim Governed by Law in Forpe at Time of IjitQ^t^tlf^:^
All mining claims upon veit.s or lode.i of quartz or other roclj: in i^9/>e>
t>earing gold, silver or other valuable ninerul deposits heretoforA lopkiM,
shall be governed as to length along the v<')in or lode by the cimton^, r«^4|ui-
tlons and laws in force at the date of sucl, looation.

Form and Extent of Miniug Claim Limited.
A mining claim located upon any vein or lode of quartz or other rock la
iplace, bearing gold, silver or other valuable mineral depostta^ d4itfit tlie
approval of this act by the governor, whethetr located: by one or moieiinMr-
sons, may ef<ual, but shall not exceed, 1,500 feet in lenirth alaiOK tha wetn er
lode; but no location of a mining claim shall be made UDtU the- dlMaKei3r<oC
the vein or lode within the limits of the claims located. Ne c^'i^lni shall ax-
tend more than 300 feet on each side <^ the middle of the vete at tlua suataoe.
Dor shall any claim be limited by any mining regulation to leea than 'iUi|ir.4eet
of surface on each side of the middle of such vein or lode, &t tlM suvta^i
excepting where adverse rlghta, existing at the ds<te of the-«pi)iyMral. edt tMs
tact, shall make such limitation necessary. The end Unofi 9^ ahbJi -daim shall.
<tM parallel to each other.

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

Bight of Possession of Mining Claims.
The locators of all mlnlnK locations heretofore made, or hereafter made
under the provlslona of this chapter, on any mineral vein, lode, or ledge on
the public domain, and thtlr heirs and assigns, so long us they comply with
the laws of the United States and the state and local laws relating thereto,
■hall have the exclusive right to the possession and enjoyment of all surface
Included within the lines of their location, and of all veins, lodes and ledges
throughout their entire depth and the top or apex of which lies within the
surface lines of such location, extending downward vertically, although
such veins, lodes or ledges may ao far depart from the perpendicular In their
course downward as to extend outside of the vertical side line of said surface
Location.

Work Bequired on Mining Claims — Local Begrulations.

The miners of each mining district may make any rules and regulations
froverning this (the) location and amount of worli necessary to hold posaea-
Bion of a mining claim, not In conflict with the laws of the United States or
of this state; but on each claim it shall be necessary to do at least |100 worth
of work each year and the tlrst year shall date from the date of location of
such claim. A failure to comply with this requirement shall work a forfeit-
ure of the claimant's right to such claim, and the same shall become subject
to relocation.

Becorder of Mining Districts — Becords of.
The miners of each mining district may elect a recorder of the said
district. When so elected, such recorder shall provide books of record, In
which it shall be his duty to record all notices of locations or transfers,
bonds, conveyances or assignments of mining claims within his district when
the same shall be presented to him for record. Such records are public rec-
ords, open to inspection, and shall have the same force and effect, ao far as
notice is concerned, as the record of deeds and mortgages.

Election, Powers and Duties of Becorder.

Wlien a recorder shall be elected, he shall hold his office for a term of one
year from the date of his election, and until his successor is elected and quali-
fied. He shall, immediately after his election, file with the county auditor of
the county In which his district is situated, an oath to the effect that he will
faithfully discharge the duties of his office. He shall be a certifying officer,
and certified copies of his records shall have the same force and effect aa
similar papers certified by other officers of this state. His fees shall be the
■ame as those of the county auditor for similar work, and should the office of
recorder of any mining district at any time become vacant, it shall be the
duty of the person last holding said office, and of any person into whoae
noasesslon the same may come, to forthwith transmit all records, papers and
Slea of said office to the auditor of the county In which said district la located,
wid such auditor sha'l thereafter keep the same as part of the records and
flies of bin office.

Location Notices, Etc., to Be Becorded by County Auditoi:,

All location notices, bonds, assignments and transfOTS at mining clftlins
■haU ba recorded In the office of the county auditor of the county whera Jme
ISme la sHuatcd. within thirty days after the execution thereof; proyi^.
^at all recoMs of nrinlng claims and of as^nments, deeds, bonds &j0
^nafers heretofore made (that Is prior to ISffl) by any recorder of Any
fi^Ui* district, or by any county auditor, are valid.

Aliens.

Aliens are not prohibited from acquiring mineral land*.

Water for Mlninjg.
The use of the waters of this state for irrigation, mining, and manufao-
turing purposes is deemed a public use.

B«i8i9« C9T ftiAt, AU, fioal.
Borlnir for salt. «* and coal may be done by the county commissioners
by ?ped^ ta* levy, on presentment of proper petition and after election la
-:^vor of the same.

Taxation of Mines and Jltolng Fropeyty.

fitates are subject to taxation. . ^ ,. ♦

il"f.'*'i?!!uSd"aSS**et"c? ln^'th?toprovementa thereon shall be
a«|l"dlt%e''pricraf wh%h t^^^ would^sell at a fair voluntary sale

-i^onsh.

ii.A

172

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

Miner's Li«n.

All persons doing work upon or furnishlnK mat«trlaln for mtnen or mliilns
claims nave a lien upon tne same for the worjc done or matHrlals furnished.

Contractors and builders are deemed agt^nts of owners.

The claim of lien must be tiled with the county auditor within ninety day*
from the time of last work doi.u or last materials furnlshod.

A lien binds property for eight months unless proceedlnga be comraenoed
or time be extended.

Evidence.

Certified copies of recorded Instruments are received In evidence the same
•a the originals.

Mining recorders and county auditors may certify copies of Instrumentft
of record concerning mines and the same may be used In evidence.

Crimes.

The fraudulent sale of mines, or salting or misrepresenting to accomplisb
the sale, Is a felony.

Fraudulently changing samples or assays with Intent to defraud, la
felony.

Making or giving a false assay or sample with Intent to d*>fraud Is felony.

Robbing a vein, sluice-box, quart7.-mlll, etc., or trespassing upon a mining
claim with Intent to commit a felony, is felony.

Deed of Mining Claim, XJuited States.

THIS INDENTURE. Made the day of

in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety

BETWEEN

.the part.... of the first part, and

part.

the part of the second part, WITNESSETH: That the said

the first part, for and in consideration of the sum of

DOLLARS of the United

Stn'ss of America, to In hand paid by the said part of the

second part, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, ha granted,

barsnined, sold, remised, released and forever quit claimed, and by these

presents do grant, bargain, sell, remise, release and forever quit-claim

unto the said part of the second part, and heirs and assigns.

TOGETHER with all the dips, spurs and angles, and also all the metals,
ores, gold and silver-bearing quartz, rock and earth therein; and all the
rights, prlvllegea and franchises thereto Incident, appendant and appur-
tenant, or therewith usually had and enjoyed; and, also, ail and singular the
tenements, hereditaments and appurtenances thereunto belonging or In any-
wise appertaining, and the rents, Issues and profits thereof; and. also, all
the estate, rlsht. title. Interest, property. poHsesslon, claim and demand
whatsoever, aa well In law as In equity, of the said part of the first

Sart, of. In or to the said premises, and every part and parcel thereof, with
le appurtenances.

TO HAVE AND TO HOLD, all and singular, the said premises, together
with the appurtenances and privileges thereunto Incident, unto the said
part of the second part, heirs and assigns forever.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the said part of the first part ha....

hereuiito set '. '.'.'."•'.*. '.V.'.'.U'handV.'.V and Beal'.'.'.*."t'he day and year first above

written.

Signed, Sealed and Delivered in the Presence of

.(Seal.)
.(Seal. I
.(Seal. I
.(Seal. I
.(SeaL)

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

Location Cei-tiflcat&— Lode Claim.

Know all men by these protents, that I,

of the county of State of claim by right of dis-
covery and location fpet, linear and hoiizontHi measurement, on

the lode, along the vein thereof, with nil Us dips, variations and

anKles; together with ftet In width on each aide of the middle of

said vi'ln at the surface, and all veins, lodes, ledges, deposits an J surface

ground within the lines of said claim; feet on said lode running

from the center of the discovery shaft, and feet running

from said center of discovery shaft.

Said claim 1b situated In the of , In mining

district, county of Sta^e of , and Is bounded and

described as follows:

Date of discovery, , 189.. Staked and located 189.. Date

of certificate 189..

AttuBt:

>s a part of this form, and in addition to the data therein given, the
claimant Is required to ft' te the names of adjoining claims, and if none ad-
join, the relative posltloio of those nearest, or show by affidavit or otherwise
why this Is not done. This is an essential requirement.

This notice must be recorded In the office of the mining recorder and in
the office of the auditor of the county In which claim Is situate.

Location Certificate — Placer Claim.

Know all men by these presents, that I

the undersigned citizen of the United States, resident of the county of
and State of having compiled with the provi-
sions of chapter 6, title 32 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, and
with local customs, law.«< and regulations, claim by right of discovery an,1
location, as a placer claim, the following premises situate, lying and being In

mining district (or county), county of and State or

, to wit: (Description.)

To be known as : (Name.)

Located 189... Date of Certificate 189...

Contract to Sell and to Buy.

I vendor, hereby agree to sell to • .

and I purchaser, agree to buy of the said

the lode mining claim, situate, etc

The agreed consideration of said sale Is % cash In hand paid, the re-
ceipt whereof Is hereby acknowledged; $ to be paid within dayil

from the date hereof, and $ within days from such date, making

* ^B'ald''v^ndory°^\°hln^f;.^^■:.^. days from date, will deliver to purchaser or
his attorney an abstract of title duly certified by the clerk and recorder of
■aid county, or by some reputable abstract office together with all the original
title papers which are In his possession or within his power to prpduce.

And within said time will place In escrow In a good and sufflclent

warranty deed conveying to said or such person as he shaU

nominate, the said premises, clear of encumbrances, to be by ';;'°h •.•■.. •.•:;•:•
held In escrow until Anal payment be made under this contract or defauU U
made under the same. Deposit with said •••••••:"•••: ^o the credit c. venaor

■hall be eaulvalent to payment of any said installment.

Time la the eMence of this contract as to each and every Instalim^rt, and
»f ftnv installment or Installments be not paid within the time or times hereby
llmUed therS all prevlouVln.stallments shall be and remain the property
l» ill^ «onHnr Vh« deed in escrow shall be returned to him for cancellation,
Snrt.hAnronertyshafi remain h^^^^ unaffected and unencumbered by thU
^^ntrart*^ Xt If he fa\f to delWer at.atract within said period, or to deposit
Sr^ .f^Pd m escrow or f his title prove encumbered or otherwl.'^e not inarket-
Shle vendee S^ecovVr any an^ Installments paid, or may sue for spe-
Slflc'performS and for a perfect title, or for damages, or otherwise ^ h«

'^^Vunew'^'thS-hand. and seal, of «ald parties thl day of

A. D. (Seal.)

!!!"!"!..! (SeaL)

Bond and Ajrreement for Sale.
Thl. agreement m.de and «n|,fSe'^Snty of' •.•.•.'.•.. .*^. BtaVe of-.V.^!!!:::
te^.^Si-r fli^t-Hnnrand;^^^^^. of the county of

ih9 said Pn'-tr-- "' *t?,^!?°"ay Srcause to he nald to the «Hld part.... of
'^O"* /'It *'"!.•«*' t*' ^ (I ) dollars \n gold coin, he will, upoa

' ^ '

i- ,'

■1

lH'

M1N«]»& IfT -mE PACIJWC WOI«"^WB«P.

second part the title to all of th.. certain lot, piece or psroel of land sUuatCL

lying and being in the county of State of bounJed OMa

parOTJUlarly described as follows, to wit:

The said part., of the first part further agree., that the said part of

the second part agents, employes or assigns may at any time durlngt

said period of enter upon said premises and work, mine and prospcKst

the same in such manner as may deem best, and mill any ore that

may be taken therefrom (provided all work done thereon shall be done In a

good,, workmanlike manner), and may place thereon (and remove at

pleasure) such machinery and fixtures as may be necessary for the convenient
working thereof.

The .said part of the second part hereby agree., that In the working:.

mining or prospecting of said premises will not suffer or permit any

lien to attach thereto for or in consequence of any indebtedness may

incur for labor, materials or Improvements may employ, purchase or

place upon said premises during the said period of ; and that in caso

they shall fail to pay or cause to be paid to said part of the first

part the said sum of $ within said period of will, at th«

expiration of said period of time, quit and surrender to said part of the

first part the said premises, and will within days thereafter remove

any machinery ard fixtures that may have placed thereon.

It Is mutually understood and agreed that the stipulations and agreements
herein contained shall apply to and bind the heirs, executors, admlni."itratora
and assigns of the respective parties hereto.

In witness whereof, the said parties have hereunto set their hands and
Beals the day and year first above written.

(Seal.)

, (Seal.)

How to Incorporate a Company.

Under the laws of uie State of Washington any two or more persons may
make and subscribe written artit les of inccrporation in tripllcjte, and
acknowledge the same before any oflicer authorized to take acknowledgement
of deeds. One copy must be filed in the office of the secretary of state, one in
the office of the auditor of the county in which the principal place of bu.sinesa
of the corporation is to be located, the other remaining in the possession of
the corporation. Said ai deles shall state the corporate name of the company,
the object for which the same shall be formed, the amount of its ca3ltai
Btock, the time of its existence, not to exceed fifty years, the number of
shares of which the capital stock shall consist, the number of trustees and
their names, who shall manage the concerns of the company for such length
of time (not less than two nor more than s'x months) as may be designated tn
Buch certificate, and the hame of the city, town or locality and county In
which the principal place of business of the company is to be located. No
corporation shall commence business or Institute proceedings to condemn
land for corporate purposes until the whole amount of its capital stock shall
have been subscribed for. Stock of corporations is deemed pei-sonal prop-
erty.

BBITISH COLUMBIA.

The greateat particularity Ib required under the mining: laws of British
Columbia. The act concerning mines at present In force throug:h Brltislli
Columbia was passed April 17, 1896.

Interpretation of Terms.
The following is the interpretation of terms used In the construction of
the mineral act:

"Mine" shall n.ean any land In which any vein or lode, or rock In place,
shall be mined for gold or other minerals, precious or base, except coal.

"Mineral" shall mean all valuable deposits of gold, silver, platinum,
iridium, or any of the platinum group of metals, mercury, lead, copper, iron,
tin. zinc, nickel, alumi;.um, antimony, arsenic, barium, bismuth, boron, bro-
mine, cadmium, chromium, cobalt. Iodine, magnesum, manganese, molybde-
num, phos|ihoru.s, plumbago, potassium, sodium, strontrlum. aulphur or any
combination of the aforementioned elements with themselves or with any
other elements, asbestos, emery, mica and mineral plgmenis.

"Limesiorie. marble, clay or any buMding stone, when mined for building

purposes." shall ;iot l>e considered as mineral within the moaning of the act.

"Kock in place" shall mean all ri> k in place bearing valuable deposits oiT

mineral within the meaning of the act.

"Vetn" or "lode"— Whenever either of these terms Is used In the act, "rock
in place" shall be deemed to be included.

"Mineral claim" shall mean the personal right of property or interest 1»
any mine.

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

••Mining property" shall Include every mineral claim, ditch, mlU-slte or
water right used for mining purposes, and all other things belonging to a
mine or used In the working thereof.

"Legal post" shall mean a stake standing not less than four feet above
the ground, and square or faced on four sides for at least one foot from th»
top, and each side so squared or faced shall measure at least four Inches oa
Its face so far as squared or faced, and any stump or tree cut oft and squared
or faced to the above height and size.

•'Mill site" shall mean a plat of ground located as defined by the act for
the purpose oi erecting thereon any machinery or other works for trtuis-
portmg, crushing, reducing or sampling ores, or for the transmission of
power for working mines.

''Streams" shall Include all natural water courses, whether usually con-
taining water or not, and all rivers, creeks and gulches.

'•Ditch" shall include a flume, pipe or race, or other artificial means for
conducting water by its own weight, to be used for mining purposes.

*Ditch-head" shall mean the point In a natural wate^- course, or lake or
oth^r source, where water is first taken into a ditch.

"Free miner" shall mean a person, or joint stock company, or foreign
company named In, and lawfully possessed of, a valid existing free miner**
certificate, and no other.

"Record," register" and "registration" shall have the same meaning, and
■hall mean an entry in some official book kept for that purpose.

"Full Interest' shall mean any mineral claim of the full size, or one of
•everal shares Into which a mineral claim shall be equally divided.

"Cause" shall include any suit or action.

"Judgment" sh ,11 Include "order" or "decree."

"Real estate" shall mean any mineral land In fee simple under any act
relating to gold mines or to minerals other than coal.

"Joint stock company" shall mean any company duly incorporated for
mining purposes under the "Companies Act," "Companies Act, 1890." and any
company duly Incorporated In British Columbia for mining purposes under
the "Companies Act, 1862," (Imperial), and shall Include all companies,
whether foreign or local, registered or Incorporated under the "Companle*
Act," 1894. C. 32, S. 2.

Free Miners and Their Privileges.

Every person over 18 years of age and every joint stock company may
become a free miner by tak'ng out a r-'lner's certificate, the cost of which ti
)6 per annum.

Minors who take the benefit of this act are regarded as of full age in all
mining transactions.

Miner's certificate to a jol it stock company must be issued in its corpor-
ate name. Such a certificate may be issued for one or more years and can-
not be transferred. . .

A fine of $26 is provlced as a penalty for such as work at mining without
first obtaining the necessary certllirate.

rbvery owner of a mine or contractor for the performance of work upon
a mine must take out a licence certificate for each and every employee or
updn conviction pay a penalty of one hundred dollars, in addition to the
unpaid license fees.

A free miner may kill game for his own use.

A free miner may obtain a now certificate for one lost on paying 11.

Should co-owner fall to pay for his free miner's certificate, his interest
goes to his co-owners pro rata according to their former interests.

A shareholder in a Joint stock company need not be a free holder.

A free miner may claim 1,500 by 1.500 feet. But all angles murt be right
angles and all measurements must be horizontally.

A free miner may cut timber on Crown lands, ,...•» ♦!..

A free miner may obtain a f.ve-acre miU-site upon Crown lands in the

A clainf^lnay "be held from year to year by work being done to the value

** Two claims ln°each'"mlning division, i;ot on tha sp.mo vein or lode, may be
held, and more than one on the same vein, if held '.ly a purchaser

A claim must be marked by two legal posts, each ^our inches square and
DJt less than four feet above the pround They n-ust be numbered 1 and 1.

A legal (lost marked "Dibcovery Post" must also be placed on the lode

^^'on No'^YnJ^rmusf be written: (1) Initial Post. (2) The name of the
claim (8) Th'; name of the locator. (4) The date of loMtion. (5) Approxl-
mati heHrlDK of No 2 noft. (6) Length and brt"»dth of the nlatm. (7) The
dumber of feet to the rSfht and the number of feet to the left of the location

""on No. t post must be written: (!> TVo name of the claim. (J) The name

Of tiie looBtor. (S) The date of locfltlon. „._i,j^ h« M>aln« trmttM nr

The line from No. 1 to No. 2 must be distinctly marked by biasing trees or

pUwting peetBi

176

• MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

Locations made on Sunday or public holidays are not for that reason
Invalid.

Lodes discovered In tunnel may be held If recorded In fifteen days.

A free miner may, on the payment of $500 In lieu of expenditure on claim,
obtain a Crown grant.

Any miner may, at the discretion of the gold commissioner, obtain a
water right for a term of twenty years.

No transfer of any mineral claim or interest shall be enforcable unless
in wr'ting, signed and recorded.

No minor shall suffer from any act of omission or commission, or delays
on the part of government oflicials.

No claim shall be open to location during the last Illness of the holder,
nor within twelve months after his death, unless by permission jf the gold
commissioner.

A mineral claim must be recorded within fifteen days after location, if
within ten miles of office of the mining recorder. One additional day Is al-
lowed for every additional ten miles or fraction thereof.

Partnerships, unless othtrwise specified, will be deemed to be annual. The
business shall pertain to mining and to mining only. Partnerships can lo-
cate and record one claim for each partner.

If any partner should fail to keep up his free miner's certificate, his prop-
erty in the partnership shall revert to his partners pro rata according to
their former interests. A partner owning any part of a share Is entitled to a
vote, but the result of- the vote shall be determined by the full interests voted
upon. A majority can make assessments. Assessments must be paid within
thirty days.. Any partner failing to pay assessment will be permanently
liable to the partnership and his interest may be sold to satisfy the assess-
ment. But a partner may, by proper notice to the foreman or manager,
abandon his interest, after which he will not be liable for assessments.

Limited partnerships may be entered Into; but "Limited" must become a
part of the partnership name.

Necessary Labor to Be Done.

Work on each mining claim to the value of onfe hundred dollars must be
done every year from the date of record of the mineral claim. An aflldavit
made by the holder, or his agent, setting out a detailed statement of the
work done must be filed with the gold commissioner or mining recorder, and
a certificate of the vvork obtained and recorded before the expiration of each
"•onr from the date of record of said claim. A free miner holding adjoining
l■.:^ "n I may, subject to filing notice of his intention with the gold commla-
e\r m ■• or mining recorder, perform on any one ot more of such claims, all the
At ", required to entitle him to a certificate of work for each claim. Th«
ss'ie provision applies to two or more free miners holding adjoining claims la
rtnershlp. In lieu of the above work the miner must pay one hundred
dollars and get a receipt and record the same.

Itaw Concerning Placer Mineft.

Placer claims shall be divided Into creek diggings, bar diggings, dry dig-
gings, bench diggings and hill diggings.

Every free miner shall be entitled to locate and record a placer clplm
on each separate creek, ravine or hill, but not more than two claims In the
same locality, only one of which shall he a creek claim. He shall be allowed
to hold any number of placer claims by purchase.

A "creek claim" shall lie 100 feet long, measuring the d'rectlon of th«
general course of the stream, and shall extend in width from base to baM
of the hill or bench on each side, but when the hills or benches are less than
100 feet apart the claim shall be 100 feet square.

In "bar diggings" a claim shall be a strip of land 100 feet long at high
waler mark, and In width extending from high water mark In the river to Itfl
lowest water level. Dry diggings, 100 feet square.

In "bench diggings" a claim shall be 100 feet square: provided, that th«
gold comnilsrinr.er has authority, where a bench Is narrow, to extend the
llmltR of a claim beyond the limits of the bench, but not to exceed 100 fee".
■Quare.

In "hill diggings" a claim shall have a base line or frontage v-i liH f«e'<.
drawn pBrnllel to the main dlrertlon of the stream or ravine or which «
fronts. Parallel lines drawn from eaoh end to the line at right arglen th^f^t-
to. and running to the summit of the hill, shall constitute the side !in^
thereof. Legal posts shall be placed 100 feet apart on hoth the base line ana
tl>e side lines, and no claim shall extend beyond the posts so placed.

If any free miner, or party of free miners, discover a new mlno. placer
claims or the following sir.es. In dry, bar. bench, creek or hill diggings shall
he nllowed, vIk: to one dlocoverer. one claim 300 feet In lenpth: to a party of
two dli«<'f>verfrH. two claims, amounting together to «fl0 feet In length; to a
party of three discoverers, three ctnlms. amounting fo WW feet Ir length; to
a r>arty of four rtlscnverers. four claims, amciintlng together to 1.000 feet In
length; and to ea«'h member of a party beyond fotir In number, a claim of the
ordinary sUe only. ▲ creek discovery claim iball «xt«nd on «ach aide of th»

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

c«nter of the creek as far as the nummlt of the hill, but not exceeding l.OOO
feet.

A new stratum of auriferous earth, grravel, or cement, situated in a local-
ity where a)l placer claims are abandoned, shall be deemed a new mine.

In defining the size of olacer claims, they shall be measured horizontally,
irrespective of inequalities on the surface of the ground.

Any location made on Sunday or any public holiday shall not for that
reason be invalid, any law or statute to the contrary notwithstanding.

How to Locate Placer Clailins.

A placer claim must be as nearly as possible rectangular, and marked by
four legal posts at the corners. The posts must be at least four inchea
square. One post must be marked "Initial Post," and on that post a written
notice must be placed stating: The name of the claim, the length of the
claim in feet, its general direction; the date of notice and name of locator.
"If any side line extends 100 feet in length, legal posts must be placed on such
line not exceeding 100 feet apart.

What Must Be Recorded.

Placer claims must be recorded within three days after location, if within
ten miles of the mining recorder's ofiice, and one additional day is allowed for
each additional ten miles or fraction thereof.

Placer claims may be recorded for one or more years on payment of fees
— ^2.B0 for each year.

Transfers must be in writing signed by the transferer and recorded In the
mining recorder's ofHce, and within the time required for recording placer
claims.

The holder of a placer claim has no right to any vein or lode within lt»
limits, except by location and record under the mining act.

Taxes on Mines.

An annual tax of 25 cenLs for every acre and fractional part of an acre
of land conveyed by the crown must be paid on the 30th day of June and said
tox becomes a charge upon the claim and In default of payment said claim
-n »y be sold. Such taxes are remitted if the owner proves to have clone $:iOO
•worth of work on the claim for the year during which said taxes are assessed.

ly^ V Legal Forms.

J.ider the law of British Columbia the government has prescribed cer-
'^},« Vorms and these must be followed absolutely: Such as Location Notice,
(i ■ u'-d of Mineral Claim, Record of Partnership Mineral Claim, Application
".f ''- rtlficate of Work, Certificate of Work, Certldcate of Improvements,
in!' ation for Certificate of Improvements, Certlflcute of Improvements,
i^V i-r Recorder's Certificate, Mlli Site (notice). Mill Site (affldavit of appll-
caat prior to lease), Lease of Mill Site, Mill Site (affidavit of applicant prior
to Crown grant). Mill Site (certificate of Improvements). Tunnel or Drain
License, Mill Site (application for Crown Grant). Water Notice, Water (grant
of water right). For a Full Claim. For a Fractional Claim. These may be
found in the act relating to gold and other minerals excepting coal. Passed
April 17, 1S96.

Scale of Fees to Be Charged.

For every free miners' certificate (for each year) J5.00

Every substituted certificate LW

Recording any claim • |W

Ifecorrting every certificate of work is.ou

Bflcordlng any 'May oyer" or every other record required to be made in ^ ^

ilev'ordiiig e^v^iTi^y almndonmenti'i'ncViidinVthe'memoran^^ be written '

For ^a nv o\'l?e? record made' in "the" '''R'ecord of" A bando A menVs;': ! ! ! ! ! ! ! V ! ! aiso
For recording every afhdavlt, where the same does not exceed three folios
of 100 words ••••• ^-S

FS*'alVm"ordamade In the "Record of Conveyances." where the same do

FoV e^^TfolVrover^fclVfurihefc^^^^^^^^ " '

For an cop'es or exiraciH from any record In any of the above-named
books where such a copy or extract shall not exceed three 'oIIob. per ^^

W-V.^re Kurh copiei' or extViL;jtB exceed ' three filiosV W "ients per "f oiii for
•very folio over three. m

For fllln,r any document """I!!!!.!!!!.. B.'oO

For s Crown grant

'i ''

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

MINERAL OEFICERS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA.

Minister of Mines— Hon. Col. James Balcer.
Provincial Mineralogist— W. A. Carlyle.
Public Assayer— H. Carmlchael.

Mining Recorders.
Nanalmo — M. Bray, Nanalmo.

New Westminster — D. Robson, New Westminster.
East Kootenay— J. Stirxet eonald; F. j:. Lang, Golden; G. Golilie, Wln-

M. Phillips, Tobacco Plains,
velstoke; Corry Mlnhennick, Lardeau;
aslo; W. J. Goepel, Nelson; J. Kirkupu
Taylor, Trout Lake; R. J. Scott, lUo-

dermere; C. M. Edwards, Fot

West Kootenay— J. H. Gra j
A. Sproat, New Denver; Jolm K
Roesland; J. C. Rykert, Rykert's:
oillewaet.
Cariboo— W. Stephenson, Quesnelle Forks; J. Bowren, Barkervllle.

Yale— W. Dodd, Yale; L. Norris, Vernon; C. A. R. Lambly, Osoyooa; "W?
.McMynn, Midway; H. Hunter, Granite Creek; Q. C. Tunstall, Kamloops.

Llllooet-C. A. Phair, Lillooet; F. Soues, Clinton.

Cassiar— Ezra Evans, Manson Creek Omineca; Jas. Porter, Laketon.

>: Iberni— Thos. Fletcher, Alberni.

Vntorla— W. S. Gore, Victoria.

Gold Commissioners.
For ti.e Province— W. S. Gore.
Alberni- -Thos. Fletcher, Alberni.
Cariboo- Tohn Bowren. Richfield.
Cassiar D, strict-James Porter, Laketon, Cassiar.
Lillooet District- Frederick Soues, Clinton. *

Bast Kootenay District— J. F. Armstrong, Donald.

West Kootent.y District— N, Fitzstubbs, Nelson; J. D. Graham, Rer*!-
■toke.

Yale District— Cimrles Lambly, Osoyooa; G. C. Tunstall. Kamloops.

Assayer?.

£ub]lc Assayer, H. CarmichapL Victoria; W. Pellew Harrey, Vancouv^;
MaoFarlane, Vancouver; Robblna & Long, RosslancL

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

THE EEDUCTION OF ORES.

By C. E. Bogardus, of Seattle.

In treating this subject, It Is undertaken with some misgivings, as th«
scope is oroad to place In a short article; to give a clear Idea of the propw
items. No doubt some readers will miss what to them are Important points,
but when we stop to consider the vastness of the field and that large volumea
are written up-^n one single process the Indulgent reader is asked to overloolt
the lR,cking features.

The use of the metals by man dates Into ancient history, and necessarily
the separation from the ores has, since their first use, always been a problenL
At first It was how to get the metal, now it is how to cheapen the process;
either by modification of the present systems or by entering new paths
of research.

In the commercial world the metals are divided into precious and base.
There are only three of the precious metals, gold, silver and platinum, while
the list of base metals includes the balance, lead, iron, copper, zinc, anti-
mony, etc.

Space will permit only a synopsis as to how gold and silver are separated
from the ores. In connection with them lead and copper are of necessity
joined. W"*.h the copper also come nickel and cobalt.

Gold and silver occur in nature free and combined. The free metal
or native is when it is in the form as used in commerce, the metallic state, as
placer gold or as pieces of "the real stuff" in quartz. In combination, they
are united chemically with some other element and must undergo a treat-
ment. Gold and silver ores are In general treated alike, as they occur In
the same oi-e and consequently both must be extracted together, although
there are some sold ores and some silver ores each having special processes
to obtain the value.

Platinum is so extremely rare In ores, the most being obtained from
placers and then usually in connection with gold, that its metallurgy will not
be dealt with here.

Silver occurs to a limited degree native, but usually in chemical combina-
tion, the most common being chloride, bromide, sulphide, tellurlde, antl-
monial sulphide (ruby silver and brittle silver), argentiferous galenas and
argentiferous gray coppers, all of which must be separated by one of the
many processes.

Gold is found as native and in chemical combination with tellurium, called

tellurides, which are extremely rich. It is also associated with sulphurets,

known as iron pyrite, pyrites, sulphurets and iron sulphurets, being a chem-

■ leal combination of iron and sulphur. The gold in this case Is not chemlo*

ally combined but mechanically held.

Free gold or free silver ores are treated by a variety of mills, each work-
ins with the same end in view, to separate the gold or silver from the rock
by amalgamating them with mercury. There is a long list of them, but 1
shall put them into two divisions. First, stamp mills, which work by a large
weight 500 to 1,000 pounds, called the stamp, dropping rapidly into an in-
closed mortar. The pulp, when about the size to pass through a forty-mesh
screen, splashes through the screen onto a ocpper plate, the plate having
first been coated with mercury. The gold and silver are held by the mercury,
while the balance of the material washes on off the plates. There are «>■«•▼-
Ity stamps, spring stamps and steam stamps. The second division of mills
Includes all the balance, Huntington, Crawford. Merrill, etc., each differing
from the other in the manner of pulverizing the ore, some accomplishing It by
large wheels, some by centrifugal revolving weights, others by revolvlug
balls each having its merits and being adapted for special ores, while the

gravity stamps are the most successful with general ores and are usualtar
Dieferred The mercury on the plates, when it contains consider cole gold.
Is acraped off and placed in a chamois or buckskin sack and squeezed dry,
the excess of mercury passing through the chamois. The residue, dry amal-

gam consisting of the gold and some mercury, is put In an iron retort, from
IrhTc'h the meFcury can all be distilled at a low red heat, caufht in water
rnd used again; wnile the retort contains the gold. This is melted in a black
fead or clay crucible, run into bricks, and is ready for markat. ^ . , . ^
At this point it might be added that there is quite a mistaken Idea of
wh^ a mill test Is A mill test is a test made on a sample of ore to see how
3^?.^{. frAi^rolri it contains and the percentage that can be saved by amal-

.*..S^l.T.h"™lph:™« ' ThKowS not culht by .h. morou.,, b«. ..

! t

\'l\

s-ttJ

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

carried off of the plates. In a free gold ore the suIphureU are usuallj^ a
small percentage of the ore, running from 2 to 30 per cent. When less than
2 per cent., it does not as a rule pay to save them unless quite rich. When
above 30 per cent, the sulphurets interfere with the amalgamation and there
is too great a chance of loss in concentration besides.

To save this value the pulp is carried over concentrators, which are ma-
chines arranged for separating, by gravity, the use of water and a shaking
motion, the heavy mineral from the light gangue, which is worthless, the
quartz, porphyry, etc. In handling an ore carrying about 10 per cent, gul-
phuretf", for every ten tons of ore crushed and run over the concentrators,
there will be one ton of concentrates carrying the value. There is always
some loss, varying with the nature of the ore; in future treatment there Is
the cost of working only one ton in place of ten. The concentrates from a
cold ore will yield their value by the following methods, pan amalgama-
tion, cyanide, chlorlnatlon, bromlnation, smelting or some of the new pro-
cesses, the means used to be determined by two points, cost of treatment
and percentage of value saved. Some ores take one. others another.

For pan amalgamation the concentrates are thoroughly roastisd, then
placed in large pans with mercury, stirred and ground until the gold is
amalgamated; steam heat is often used, while occasionally salt and blue-
stone are added, especially when silver is present. The pulp is washed away
and the mercury handled the same as when taken from the plates of the
stamp mill.

I would state here that no one process, except smelting, will treat all
ores and any piocess needs some modification for each ore treated. They
often treat one ore to perfection and are worthless for another. Ores are indi-
vidual in character, no two alike.

Chlorination depends upon the fact that gold is soluble in chlorine gas,
forming a chloride of gold, acting when the ore is roasted perfectly, but inert
on the raw pyrites; roasting Is burning off the sulphur, changing the iron
from a bisulphide to a sesquloxlde, whereby the gold is freed. The roasted
pulp is placed in a perfectly airtight chlorlnatlon barrel or false bottom vat,
moistened and a current of chkilno, generated by using salt, sulphuric acid
and dioxide of manganese, passed through it. When the action is complete,
the gold chloride, being soluble in water, is leached out of the pulp, and
precipitated with ferrous sulphate. After being allowed to settle, the liquor
is drawn off, the gold collected, usually by the filter press, melted' and cast
into bars.

Bromlnation is on the same principle, forming bromide of gold instead
of the chloride. It is used by a few companies, the claim being that it is
cheaper and simpler than chlorination.

rimelting will be taken up In connection with general ores.

Cyanide process, by which concentrates are often treated, is given in full
In another chapter in this book.

Wh<^n an ore oarrips no free metal, the ore as a whole is considered and
the best means will depend upon its nature.

The gold and silver In Washington are usually associated together, and
the ore must be treated to save both metals. When there is no silver of
value, the ore is handled the same as the concentrates from the stamp mill.
It is concentrated when it will permit. In such cases the ore is pulverized by
the stamps or Cornish rolls; rolls seem to be preferred as the product is In
a more even and better condition for concentration.

We now come to the treatment of the genera! ores carrying gold and sil-
ver mixed with iron sulphurets, coj)per sulphurets or galena.

Smelting or matting will handle all ores. But by this means the
object in view is only half accomplished; the precious metals do not come out
of the furnace pure and ready for use. but are assoclfited with some imde
metal as carrier, from which they must be separated. The aim in smeltinv
is to make the gangue melt and be thin enough for the valuable metals to
collect and settle to the bottom. The ore will not melt by itself without such
extreme heat as to endanger loss of value by volatilization, so tne proper
Ingredients are added to obtain a fusion at a moderate temperature- this
is called fluxing, the materials added being called fluxes.

Smelting is classified according to the carrier used to collect the gold and
silver, being lead smelting, copper matting and iron matting or pyritlc. Lead
and copper smelting methods merge into each other, for now ai many places
they are both accomplished in the same furnace at the .same time, while on
the other hand copper and pyritlc smelting pass imperceptibly from one
into the other.

Lead smelting or the use of lead as a carrier is the old reliable and today
is in most general use. It Is the one place where all ores are taken ex-
cepting possibly some high grade copper oxide or carbonates, and they can
be handled by other means, although they can be used in .small quantities at
a. time at the lead smelter. It was not many years ago when the lead fur-
nace superintendent would refuse a great many so-called base ores This
term has a different meaning when used In the various branches of mining
A free gold man, in si)eaking of a base ore. means one from which he cannot
extract tlie e-old by mercury. To thf smeitpr foreman it Is the ore contj'lninK
metals which interfere with his saving value. Zinc and antimony are base

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

today readily takeV; ""Before'"'"" -'^^i-^*^--®-'"*'^^ * ^^^ y^"-" *^° ^''^

clean withAnt alf, ^"^P^ng ore Is either the pay strc

S wWch il lelecTr ?]fi^,!;!^l^^'"? i«lxed with It. or is separated by sort-
brlkkZg when neclsfarv nHo^nf^^^^^ *h« hammer for

throwlnl It over t"hTdS'do^llf 't'^l '^^^.''.^lf'.l%„Yl''' ^^^ '^'^'^^ ^'^^^ °^

ores for the lead furnace.

Thel-^ K^Vco'^rpW^ln ^^^^^^ ',^t i^'^'^^^lofeB^^m n'oT be Tn" J^s'^

«inc is an aid Inst^lToVa detriment ^^""'"^ '^^^ ^^ ^^^ ""^ °^ ^^^^^ *"■•"**=*
smeltlr.'^'" "°^ '*^''* ^"^ ^" "'••« a'' the mine and carry it through the lead

and^*efufe.'"^Hls^8hlDDrnl''n*lt',?Tv,^''^l!«« °^ "''«• shipping, concentrating
oA^ur. t.,iVr-:.,,*"Ir..^_"iPP'"& ore Is either the pay streak, which breaks down

1 with It.

shipping

., _-■ c= — .^..^.a^ice wit

Thia~q*.»»minn-Nr„r "IP ^°f^ the ravine as refuse,
a mine A we^f-t^rifnTrt^^^il^'r' " '" ^^ot one of the important ones about
quick percenTlon an r^hf^^o" l^ necessary for the position. He must have a
be tested for him H^ «ho„Yi''' ^*"•*'f-^ ^,'*^ °''°^- ^^^''y variety of ore should
carries value h\Pt\n^%^^?^^^, "°^ °'?*y ^""^ that a certain appea-ing piece
Conner with' th^ ^n^ ^^^^ Y*^]"^ s there, whether as ruby silver, in the gray
dozen ^^r«n«;lil.'^^*f carried with one of the sulphurets or some of the
lars ?h?lwn down "th*i°"^ Possible. Many a mine has had thousands of dol-
WhUe at ^h^ mlnf '^^t'""^ ^'■°?' «=areless sorting by men who "knew ore."
but with a ^mnlI^il?.•J*^ second grade had better be treated, if low grade,
the ^Inhnr^?^ If. P^'^centage of mineral, it can be concentrated the same as
be thorough V uLl.^?^^ a"""^ °i^ mentioned. In concentrating, the ore must
and how to or„«h^'^'^l^°°'^ ^^ to where the value lies to know what to save
llv Rnd if nnf nl™ ??'"^ minerals of high value are brittle, pulverizing eas-
t)hu?Pts hnV ^f'^i^'^'^'"'"/ handled the value will be lost. An ore high in sul-
of thi fm^.r.?^ ^?*^ ""^^"^l *l^" °"'y he treated by some of the chea
or tne future, it cannot be concentrated bv mechanical means.

nhiirota K.,* „* i„ ■"' """"•>'",'•"<= vaiuc will ue losi. An ore nign in sui-

of th*: fnf^f..,?. ?*^ ^^'"®. *l^" °"'y he treated by some of the cheap processes
Pflnnnt hi J,?; », ^^^^°^ ^6 Concentrated bv mechanical means. Ore that
thP Vn«« n,,5Hl f^^® °TJ?°^^ *"to one is not worth doing anything with, aa
nicely ^'^ the gain. Galena, iron pnJ copper sulphurets handle

p,r, Jf^„^ concentrates are sacked and shipped with the regular ore to the
l^f^til' ^ P°." arrival, It Is weighed and the ore shoveled into an ore
oreaker. Coming from this, it is shoveled into cars or conveyors, every tenth
f>J?.y^„ : helng thrown aside as a sample. If the concentrates are a large
^i?,, 5!^ 1 * ^yei'y tenth sack is set aside as a sample. The ore sample Is
crushed again and taken to a sampling floor, thoroughly mixed and cut into-
quarters, tlie two diagonal quarters taken, the other two thrown away. The
part siived is remixed and quartered again and this process is continued until
inere is about 100 pounds, when it Is quartered and the two halves sacked.
Jn?^ X. 1 labeled and put away for future reference in case of a dispute,
ihe balance is taken to the sampling room, crushed finer and quartered
down to between one and two pounds, when it is dried, pulverized to pass an
eighty-mesh screen and sent on to the assay room, where, after thorough
mixing, it is divided into three samples, one for the smelter, one for the seller
and the third to be sent to a reliable assayer as umpire in case of a dis-
agreement. The assays usually check (agree) but sometimes a shipment will
have to be resampled and it occasionally takes a year to settle satisfactorily
to both parties.

All samples are tested by the smelter for gold, silver, lead, copper, iron,
lime, zinc, silica and antimony when present. The ore Is not put in the
furnace and the seller paid for the ounces of gold and silver extracted, but he
Is paid entirely upon the assay of sample taken. Part of a shipment may not
be smelted for two or three months after receipt and then never smelted in
the furnace alone. As stated, each ore must be fluxed. In lead smelting this-
is the proper combination of silica, iron and lime. To the superintendent the
oro has four parts, precious metals, valuable base metals, worthless base
metals and the gangue. Saving the highest percentage of value at the least
cost is his aim. Ores are bought which can be mixed and the proper com-
bination of silica, iron and lime obtained if possible, for by so doing so much
ore is being melted instead of the same amount of dea.d flux, which must be
added in case of a deficiency; iron ore for the lack of iron, limestone for tho-
llme, and quartz for silica. In most cases there is an excess of sil'ca, which
necessitates the purchase of iron and lime. The smeltin? charges are made
accordingly. A fixed rate is made on a neutral basis: wlien the silica equals
the iron and lime. When the silica is in excess a charge o* 15 cents per each
unit in excess Is made, but W cents is paid for each unit the iron and lime
are in excess of the silica. In regard to the detrimental mevalo, zinc and'
u-.timony, a limit is established, in the amount allowed in an ore (at preset'-
In Washington this limit is 10 per cent.). Below this limit the ore is treated
without extra cost, but above that an additional charge of fiO cents for each
per cent, in exccs.s— a 12 per cent, pine ore would cost $1 extra.

In making up his mix, the metallurgist adds a certain per cent, of galena,
for a carrier to save the gold and silver. About 12 per rent, la used now.

Most of the iron occurs in the ores as sulphurets. The sulphur in a lead
smeker is out. of place and must be eliminated by roasting. In roasting,
what it takes nature years to do man accomplishes in a few hoursj When,
she finishes, there Is left the red streak of iron stain on the mountain side, by
which the prospector spots his ledge.

111?

■r'

itf.^B.

vmtf

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

All parte of the charge, ore, flux auu 'uel, which Is usually coke, ar«
weighed and fed In regularly at the top of the furnace, a force draft belnff
used to keep up the combuatlon. The process Is continuous, the slag being
drawn off from one point at regular intervals, while the lead la taken out at
« lower point when necessary. From January to January, it stops not ex-
cept for an accident, which, if it stops the furnace, is quite expensive. The
lead bullion is now ready for the refinery, where the gold, silver and lead are
•eparated.

When there is copper in an ore that goes to a lead smelter, sufficient sul-
phur is left In the charge to form a copper sulphide or matte and the copper
' saved in the same form as in copper smelting. As all lead smelters buy ores
carrying more or less copper, they save it in this way, putting them in with
the regular ores, but ores without copper are preferred. This matte la
drawn out with the slag, from which it separates on standing, for, being
heavier, it settles to the bottom, and when cold it is broken off and saved.

In smelting there is a small loss, in the slag, from volatilization and in
the dust. The last is mostly regained when good dust chambers are used,
but the first and second, especially the first, it is the object of the superin-
tendent to make as low as possible. They vary with the fluxing and the
manipulation of the furnace.

One method of rettning the lead bullion will be given. The bullion is
melted in a large iron kettle with a certain percentage of zinc, the zinc
having a greater affinity for the gold and silver than the lead. They liquate
on cooling. The zinc with the gold and silver Is taken off, and the lead again
treated. When the lead has given up all the precious metal, it will contain
some zinc, from which it is freed in a cupel furnace, and is then ready for
market. The zinc is separated from the gold and silver In the cupel furnace
by distillation and oxidation. The precious metals are placed in a sulphuric
acid bath and heated, the silver passes into solution as silver sulphate, while
the gold remains undissolved.

The silver solution is decanted, the gold washed, dried, nicltGd and cast
Into bars. Pure copper sheets are suspended in the silver sulphate and by
metathesis we obtain metallic silver and copper sulphate. When all of the.
-sliver is deposited it is washed, d. led and melted and run Into bars. The sul-
phate of copper solution is evaporated and crystallized. This is a large
Bource of the blue vitriol of commerce.

The other forms of smelting are copper smelting and pyritic, alike in their
products, both being mattes, a sulphide product having the precious metala
dissolved in them. In consequence they need more of a subsequent treat-
ment to yield a flnished product. They verge into each other, varying from
a matte high in copper with but little iron, to one mostly iron and a small
amount of copper. A strictly iron matte can be made and Is made at
Deadwood, North Dakota, but as a rule a small amount of copper is de-
sirable.

Pyrltlc smelting is designed to concentrate the value of pyritic or sulphide
«re8, by heat, using the sulphur as a part, if not all, of the fuel, fluxing away
the gangue and the metals of no value. Part of the iron form.s a sulphide,
making with the copper sulphide the matte carrying the gold and silver with
them. The process is In successful operation at a number of places, but it
Is not an easy plant to conduct. In fluxing, the range is greater than in lead
smelting and theoretically it is quite simple, but practically it takes an expe-
rienced man to obtain good results. No preliminary roasting is needed, as
the sulphur is used for the fuel.

The matte product w^lll yield Its value by three different treatments. A
Straight iron matte can be roasted and pan amalgamated the same as gold
sulphurets are often treated. When there is sufficient copper to pay to save
It Is shipped to a lead smelter, roasted and treated the same as a sulphuret
ore, the iron acting as a flux. The copper forms a copper matte, while the
gold and silver are taken up by the lead. The arsenic and antimony are
made use of In pyrltlc smelting, whereas in lead and copper furnaces they
are obnoxious. They pass Into the iron matte, forming arsenides, antl-
monides, sulpharsenldes and sulphantlmonides with the iron taking place
of so much sulphur which may be used for fuel.

As the copper Increases, we pass into copper smelting, which, though it
In turn verges Into lead .smelting, the iron on one side and the lead on the
Other, still has its own necessities and is distinct.

Copper smelting is used to treat all copper ores and is simply one step In
♦he concentration process which is taken, step by step, until metallic copper
to obtained.

Copper occurs as native in a few places. This ore is treated qul*e simply,
being crushed, concentrated, melted and cast into Ingots. This copper
ranked higher than that from other ores until electricity was introduced for
refining.

Copper smelting, or matting, as it is usually called, because the i -^act
in most cases Is a matte, has within the last few years made a great advance
the Americans being far in the lead.

The sulphuret ore must be roasted, as the extra sulphur is nnt used as
ftiel, but a small amount is necessary to unite with the copper and iron to
make the matte. Roasting is conducted in a variety of ways, from me

MIKWQ IK THfi PACIffIG NORTHWQBT.

(10

It
the

as
to

tn«

«h6«P crude method of heap roast, known from antiquity. t» tlM modem
automatic reverberatory furnace.

The heap roast la made by properly piling the ore in heaps Ux46x( upon »
bed of fuel with correctly arranged draft holes and chimneys. Only suflwlent
fuel is used to get it under way, when the burning sulphur keeps it going.
From sixty to seventy-five days are needed to burn a heap of this size. Th«
pvoduat Is an oxide of iron, oxide of copper, some copper sulphate wtth»a
email amount of unroasted material. When cool enough to handle, the mix-
ture goes direct to the furnace. In the reverberatory furnace of today, ^he
ore Is pulverized and fed at one end, where a flame plays over it. The
sulphur immediately begins to burn, and the material is now slowly moved
along the furnace, getting hotter and hotter as it approaches the fire. Unless
the melting is done in this furnace, it is withdrawn in the form of a pow-
der, the sulphur all gone and the metals in the form of oxides. The most
Improved furnaces now have automatic stirrers and automatic dischargers.

In copper smelting it is not the object to get as high grade matte as
possible, for two reasons— subsequent treatment can be conducted better and
the precious metal saved closer. About a 40 per cent, matte is the first prod-
uct. The fluxing is different from lead smelting in having a wider range as
to slag, not being bound down to a fixed limit. The aim is to have a slag
fluid enough for the matte to settle through and not too thin, vt the matting
will not be perfect.

The furnaces used are water jacket shells of copper, cast or wrought iron.
Some brick ones are in use, but they are losing ground. The charge Is fed
continuously at the top and like the lead smelter there Is not a stop except
for accidents. During fusion the copper unites with the sulphur, making
copper sulphide, the balance of the sulphur combines with iron and the two
sulphides form the matte. The percentage of iron sulphide determines the
crade of the matte and that is fixed by the amount of sulphur. When an
excess of sulphur is allowed, it takes too much Iron into the matte and
robs the slag of necessary iron; if sulohur is deficient, the grade of the matte
Is too high and the slag gets the iron, making it too thin.

In the old style furnace the matte was allowed to settle to the bottom and
was drawn off at Intervals, as was also the slag, the matte being then re-
fined by roasting and resmeltlng, slowly raising the grade by eliminating the
sulphur and the iron until pig copper was obtained.

Today at the most advanced works the separating of the slag and matte
Is done in another furnace, a reverberatory hearth, where they are allowed to
run in a molten state and kept so. The slag is tapped off and the matte
maintained in a fiuid state. As needed, it is conveyed to the large Bessemer
converters, where the purification into metallic copper is accomplished in
one operation, by burning out the impurities, the iron being carried into the
slair The copper is cast Into large plates ready for electrolytic treatment
«or separating the gold, silver and the small traces of other metals. These
laree nlates are suspended in a sulphuric acid bath as the anode, aivd a thin
Ah^t of pure copper is the cathode. As the current is turned on the impure
anode dissolves and perfectly pure copper deposits at the cathode. The gold,
silver and impurities drop to the bottom of the tank. . . , , , ^ ^

In treating oxide and carbonate ores the product Is black copper Instead
of matte. At times the raw sulphuret ores are smelted without roasting
owing to certain conditions, but roasting is the rule. Nickel and cobalt, when
tai an ore. are saved in the copper matte. ^ * *, , , ,

Comlner back to silver, there are two processes for treating exclusively
sUver ores which deserve mention. One, known as the Russell process Is
«B«^ when the sliver is as a chloride or bromide, soluble In a hypetyposulphlls
SffodksSlutlon The silver Is precipitated as a sulphide, which is washed,
dried mlued and run Into bricks. Some of the ores, such as sulphides, etc.,
can be converted into a chloride by roasting with salt or salt and copper
SSu)lmte Then there is the old Mexican or Patio method of amalgamation,
for the ores that are chlorides or can be converted Into chlorides by roasting,
ioirifh^ ■Russell nrocess The ground pulp In the form of a mud Is placed in
S^AlS^^th mercury In America a large amalgamating pan or barrel is
It=L? ThP tnlxture Is stirred Und ground until the amalgamation is com-
Sf^' -rSn Bilvpr chloride Is 2hanged to metallic silver, which amalgamates,
^-hlf silver Imalgam Is treated the same as gold amalgam. As worked lu
M«ioo the orocels is crude, but it Is used with great success there.
*A2f^tv,«nPw methods it might be added, they are becoming as numerous
As to thenewmeinoas, uiiiiBiii " ^,„.„_. _'^ amolter men. electrinlana

as
an<

na~tpnt car couplers. Hundreds of mining and smelter men, electricians
/?;;vSntors are working to solve the problem of a cheap means of extrao-
«An nf^ the va!ul Tom orM. Some are branching onto new lines, others
J*°V „ t^ i™«w!vp the old bringing to their aid electricity, chlorine, bromine.
^Wrt^anTothlr chemical s&ts together with new ideas in furnaces
f^rf^nt nroducers combinng different methods with various results. The
and heat proaucers, '^"'"V"""^ " ,, niant can be placed, on the property, In
goal 4s a means by which a s^'^^" ^P^'^^ti-eTlt cheap This would solve the
the mountains, tieai^H°J?^^"®„!.p at a standstill-ore, where lack of trans-
problem for camps ^^Ich today are a^ a swn^^^^^^^ ^ ^^^ railroad, but

portatlon facilities prohibits „?! ?he oroflt on the low grade ores. It would,
where the freight rate takes all the proni on im;.^ ^^

*** ^Zfi:"^^rilmiii'lm^^^^^^oZ6&B^'u. ne^ed, n^t more th^a •

184

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWBBT.

and also treat ores of low value, but too high in Hulphurets to be concen-
trated.

There are now in the West, to my knowledge, about h dozen of the revo-
lutionizing processes, most of them claiming to extract the value for $1.50 a
ton at the mine. Many of tlie same pass into history each year. Some one
will solve the problem and for the man who does It there is an unlimited
'fortune awaiting him locked up in a stronger vault than any bank. Who
will find the magic key?

At this writing no one has proven that he has such a pronenn. Before this
Is with the reader, some one may achieve this end. If so, it will be a boon to
the mining man of small means. It means wonders for Washington.

CYANIDE TREATMENT OF OBES.

By S. G. Dewsnap, Methow, Wash.

In the onward march of science^and art, there is no branch which has
made greater advancement within the past quarter of a century than the
reduction of ores. This advance has been made in the improvement of old
processes and the finding and adoption of new ones.

In the old processes the advance has been in machinery which rendered
the processes more efficient in extracting a greater percentage of the value
and in reducing the cost of treatment.

Among the new processes the treatment of ore by cyanide has made most
rapid progreBs.

The cyanide process is based on the fact that gold and silver are soluble
In a solution of cyanide of potassium or sotlium In water.

"The discovery of this fact has been attributed to Hagen In 1806. Dr.
Wright, of Birmingham, England, used cyanide of gold solution for electro-
plating in 1840."— Dr. Scheldel.

Since that time numerous experiments have been carried on with the
Idea of extracting gold and silver from ores by the use of cyanides, with other
chemicals, electricity, etc., but it remained for John S. McArthur and Robert
W. Forest to complete the process and adapt it to successful metallurgical
operation. For this they rpcHved patents in the United States in 1889 an*
about the same time patents wore taken out in nearly all other countries.

The scope of the process is a broad one, but by no means universal. Its
application is limited to ores (by ores is meant native rock, bearing precious
metals, whether in their natural state or as concentrates or tailings from
other processes) which either have no decomposing action on the cyanide
solution or can by a preliminary treatment be rendered Inactive to the cyanide
solution. Gold and sliver exist in ores in many different forms and combina-
tions. From some of these combinations cyanide solution will dissolve the
gold and silver and from others it will not. There are in some cases mechani-
cal dlfpculties in the way of treatment of an ore by this process, as a tendency
to slime, rendering It almost impossible to pass the liquid solution through
the ore mass. This renders the operation so slow as to require the plant to
be of such large proportions that it would become unprofitable, even when a
very high percentage of the value is extractable by the solutions.

However, ores that are adapted to the process can be treated by it at a
much less cost than hy any other known process. Ores in which gold exists
as metalics, but in such a state of division that it Is impossible to amalgamate
It, yield excellent results from cyanide treatment. Many sulphide and arsen-
ide ores give up their gold and silver to cyanide solutloik without changing the
sulphides in any way.

The principal chemical reaction upon which the process rests Is the
formation of double cyanides of gold or silver and the alkaline metal. These
double salts are soluble in water and when formed can be washed out of the
ore. The following formulae represent the reactions in their simplest forms:

2 Au
Gold

2Ag
Silver

4KC N

Potassium

cyanide

4KCN

Potassium

cyanide

4- O +
Oxygen

+ O -+-
Oxygen

H,0 =
Water

2 Au K (C N),
Cyanide of gold
and potassium

H2O = 2AgK(CN), -H
Water Cyanide of silver

and potassium

2KOH
Caustic
Potaab

2KOH
Caustlo
Potash

While these reactions are taking place, there are many more reactiona
going oh with the other metals and minerals of the ore, which complicate the
result. According to this equation, 15.12 parts of gold should be dissolved for
each ten parts of cyanide decomposed, while In the best works by actual test
from forty to forty-five parts of cyanide are decomposed for one part of sold
extracted. This difference la to be accounted for by many reactions which
take plBn«» l)etween thef cyanide solution and the ingredients of the ore, the
water ahd the air. Some salts of iron, alumina, manganese, magnestum uiA

«
^

tlons
e the
>d for
1 test
golA
vhlcb
the
and

^MININa IN THE PACIFIC NORTH WKflT. M

copper, which I'.re found In all precious metal ores to a greater or leaa extent,
have some decc nposlng action on the cyanide Bolutlon *^'^°*"'^ °'' '**" ®*^*°^

DaB8e8\"nolnt"a^ whlnh'u^i!" ".^''^'"^ ^^°'" * ^«'"y '^""t'' »» a strong solution
S?oblblv'due to'*t^«^fnot^ 1*^*"^ maximum power to dissolve goldf This la
SivKen iras frori th.. „ir *^*k. ^ ".^^''^ so utlon has no power to dissolve
evanlde fnd th«^-.,M ^li .Ti"''*'.u^ essential to the reaction between the
Sre^from onp t«n'h tnlw f^'^M"^^^'?""'* '"""^ efficient differs with different
ores trom one-ten h to six-tenths of 1 per cent.. . e., from one nound to sir
pounds of cyanide of potassium to 1.000 pounds of water When the value
to l^gSfd "■• * ^'""°" *•*" ^° ^^ stronger than when the ore vllnt

The solutions are separated from the ore by pei eolation or filtration and
the precious metals recov..red from the solutions bj precipitation by metalllo
ainc or alumina. The following formula will lllustr.te the chemical rSom

a Au K (C N),
Cyanide of gold
and potassium

Zu
Zinc

Zn K, 'C N)«
Cyanide '3f zinc
and pott>9slum

2Au
Qold

According to this formula, one ounce of zinc sl'^ould precipitate about
Blx ounces of gold, but In practice It requires six to t i-elve ounces of zinc to
precipitate one ounce of gold. This solution of zinc- is due to the caustic
potash generated In the solution, as indicated by prev.oua reaction, and also
by other leactlon due to other ore Ingredients. The gyld precipitated is never
pure, but contains impurities carried into the solution* by the cyanide and by
the caustic potash and which are precipitated along v'th the gold and silver.
When zinc is used as u prccipitiint, some of thl.s al-ays remains with the
gold, as weil as some slimes which are mechanically carried along with
current of solution. The pniclpitated gold is treated with acid to remove zinc
or other soluble Impurities; is dried, roasted and smelted with the proper
fluxes, and cast into bars.

As no two ores are treated In exactly the same way to yield best results.
so the methods of procedure differ at different works. In general, the ore
must be In a sufficient state of division for the solution to come In contact
with the gold. The coarser the ore can be ground and attain this end the
better, because the easier It can be percolated. Ores differ greatly in the
grinding necessary; the proper llneness can only be determined by careful
laboratory experiment.

The ground ore is treated either by agitation or by percolation.

In the agitation process, the ore is placed with the necessary solution,
either In a vat with a power stirring apparatus, or In a revolving cylinder or
movable box, and kept in motion for some hours until the cyanide solution
has dissolved all the precious metal that the ore will yield to it. The charge
to then transferred to a lUter and filtered and washed, first with a weaker
solution of cyanide and lastly with water. The filtrate and first washings
are passed through the zinc boxes for the precipitation of the gold and silver
they contain, and then passed to the storage tanks to be renewed by ad'^'ing
enough fresh cyanide to bring them to the proper strength. The qua' .« a
oi ore operated on are small and the time required much shorter tha' 1 »
the percolation process. Agitation is adapted to the treatment of high h-^uu
concentrates and rich slimes.

In the percolation process the pulverized ore or tailings is charged Into
▼ats with filtering bottoms, care being taken to distribute the ore as uniformly
as possible. The cyanide solution Is run on In sufficient quantity to cover the
ore and it slowly filters through the charge and passses to the precipitation
boxes and the storage tank to be renewed and again passed through the
charge. It is usual to use comparatively strong solution for the first percola-
tion and to follow bv weaker solutions until thoy are finally washed once or
twice with water to "remove any of the solutions remaining In the ore. Much
time Is needed for the slow passage of these solutions, so that economy re-
quires that the vats be large. The rapidity with which a solution will pene-
trate dependd eaitirely on the character and condition of the ore. If the ore be
coarse ground and tree from slimes, thirty to fifty hours will suttice to work
off a vat of ore. but ordinarily the time required will be from three days to
two weeks The size of the vats depends on the amount of ore to be treated
and the time required for the treatment of any given ore. In many Instances
the ore has to undergo a previous treatment to remove substances which have
a decomposing Infiuence on cyanide. Ordinarily talUngs which have been
exposed to the weather are acid, due to the action of the oxygen or the air on
the sulphur of the ore. This la removed by a washing with water or treatment
with lime or aoda. An excess of alkali added invariably causes a loss of zinc

^ The^stzXf^vatlS^'in different parts of the world varies from .10 to 600
tons capacity and they are constructed of wood, brick, stone and cement or
concrete. They are chargca with ore from the top. ordinarily from cars
dumping from overhead tracks. The vats are emptied either from n aide or
hftftorn onenine the tailings being shoveled into cars on a track below or

wher^Vatlr is'^ava fabfe t^^^ T,u ^* ^^^

Urglt plants »t the Raid (Witwater«r*|id) In South iAfrica. th* taUln^sjire
handled by steam shovels or machine cranes and loaded into railway cars to

i .i

^ i"

MINING IN Tiro PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

b« dlBchargid some distance from the mills. In this district over forty cyantd»
lilantB are at work on the tulllngs from the Btamp mills, from which, during
the tlrst six months of 1894 317,950 ounces of Kold, worth $4,769.2.10, was renlleed.
Further, only about 60 per cent, of the talllnKB are treated by the cyanid*
process; the balance Is slimes, which, owing to the difficulty of percolation, ar«
allowed to run to wast*.

Tlo number of puints for the treatment of ore by this process Is Increasing
In t'lO United States and will Increase more rapidly as more Is known of th«

? recess. Many different devices have been tried for the recovery of the gold
rom the solution, but the greater part of It Is now recovered by the use ot
tine. The metallic zinc Is shaved Into very thin, loose shavings and these ar«
placed on a perforated Iron plate, two or three Inches from the bottom of a
Lox, which Is twelve or fourteen Inches square and about the same depth,
a.id a series of twenty or more of these boxes are so arranged that the solution
flews upward through each of them, 1, e,, the solution passes from the top of
on^ box to the bottom of the next. The zinc Is renewed as fast as disaolvea by
parsing forward and putting new zinc In the last box. The precious metal
con\es down as a brown or black slimy precipitate. This precipitate is
removed from time to time by changing the flow of the solution to another
set of boxes, while the one set Is cleaned up, and the precipitated bullion
washed, dried, refined and melted into bars. These boxes are usually mads
of wood, but sometimes ot iron.

The refining Is done by placing the dried precipitate on the smooth hearth
of a small reverberatory furnace and giving It a thorough roasting. It is thon
charged with a mixture of borax, soda and nitre Into black lead cruclblos,
where It melts down and the base metals are oxidized aiid removed by the
slag. Hy proper treatment bullion from 850 to 950 flna Is obtained. Ordinarily
the bullion is about 780 fine.

The causes of loss of gold in treatment by this process are many and too
careful management of the plant cannot bie had. These losses occur by
leakage of solution, by Imperfect washing of the tailings, loss of cyanide by
decomposing action of the ore or the water, loss of zinc by alkaline solutions,
loss of line particUs of the precipitated gold by being carried away by air
currents during the process of drying, refining and smelting.

The cost of the process Is variable within certain limits. For ore In which
the value Is principally gold, treated at American works, it ranges from $1 t»
^ per ton. The average of twenty-three lots of ore handled by different works
gives the cost as $2.30^ per ton.

The cost of a plant is given by Dr. A. Scheldel, in Bulletin No. 5, published
by the California State Mining Bureau, as: "For a plant of fifty tons per day
capacity, 125,000; a 100-ton plant, about $40,000. At Johannesburg, South Africa,
at J6.25 for each ion of ore H is intended to treat per month."

"The general arrangement of the plant may be of different kinds. The
most convenient method Is to have solution vats, leaching vats, extractors, and
dumps in four tiers, so that each series may be completely drained into that
next below It. By this means sufficient solution can be stored in the solution
vats, and sufficient room left In the dumps to enable work to proceed for from
twelve to twenty-four hours without pumping. Many plants, however, have
the solution vats and dumps on the same level as the leaching vats. In this
case the solution Issuing from the leaching vats Is passed through the precipi-
tation boxes Into a small tank and Is continually pumped back as required."
See "Notes on Gold Extraction by Means of Cyanide of Potassium, as Carried
Out on the Wltwattiorar.d Gold Fields," by W. R. Feldmann.

Laboratory Work.— The most Important part, viz., the determination of
the fitness of an ore for cyanide treatment. Is left till last, while in actual
practice it Is the beginning. The reasons why some ores will give up their
precious metals to cyanide solutions while others will not have never been
satisfactorily learned. The fact remains that under favorable circumstance*
some ores will give up all their gold and sliver to the cyanide solution, others
a part and others again none at all. The only way to determine whether they
will yield their metal or not Is to make careful laboratory tests on Well selected
samples. The writer first makes a preliminary test to determine If the ore is
acted on by cyanide solution ; If no solution of precious nretal takes place, it Is
useless to go farther. If such solution takes place, then a number of experi-
ments are made to determine if there are substances in the ore which decom-
pose the cyanide solution, and, if so, the cheapest method of getting rid of
them— washing them out or neutralizing them. Then follows the deternilnatioD
of the proper strength of solution to give most economic results as re.'icei to
time required and to the fineness of crushing necessary.

The treatment of cyanide is a chemical process and to undertake the
process without chemical knowledge of it Is sure of failure. In the operation
of a cyanide plant there Is constant employment for a good chemist. Careful
analysis should be constantly made to insure uniform good results. There Is
no other process in which so great an advancement is likely to result from
patient investigation.

That a very considerable number of the ores of Washington can be treated
by this process to, advantage the near future will demonstrate. Many ore*
Which cannot nov/ be treated by this process will yi^W'thelr metal when the
conditions which operate in the treatment and the reactions which take place
ar* better understood.

L».-^ 4 »■

MlNINri IN THK PACliflO NORTHWBST.\

state oC
sr of man

BLOWPIPE ANALYSIS.
avK„ ., . . ^^ CharleB H. Bebb, of Seattle.

Walhlnltori^nW Rr Jf7l.°r?/"^"l°' '^« '"*"^'-^' resources of the
who are dally exKnJ^„nL"'^°'^^ *"'^ naturally attracted a number oi men
Many of them are old *^.rn^,n[!o.'^I? ^V""."'* '" '""^''''^ "' the preclouJ nietMii.
tureM to whSm th« nrP/Ji ' *''^\°"' ''"'. "''^"y '"0''« 'i^e enterprising a4v^
traction. the prizes to be won In the gold Helda are ajwaj^ m dt-

•coJedoe's'not^Dretin'd *;!.">?<. ^^''^ ^'I'vf '^'""^'^ '« primarily Iritertded. aa4 It.
tatelllgence wlt'h th« w«=°f '"°Ii*' ^i^"", ^ "o»fh to enable a m<n of av»r«se
presence or ^bs^no^ Jl'l^\ ^"^^ simplest o? appliances. to/determln« tia
eoDneror?Ld^«=»,3?..?i^?'"''J® °J,°''« ""^^er examlnntlon 'of goW. 8llv«r,
«f hla assats with ♦ho°^'»l?'^° ^^ ^^'? to determine, b omparini the remttl
ore He shm.i^ rp,^»t,r*i°'^ amount tested, the comp atlve rlchn«i8 of Uia
wwk w?th th« hiow Tnf i^i'"*!!^''^';''' ^^^t for anything i.ke exact qu«ntlt*tl«S
worK with the blow-pipe months of atudy and laboratory work are n«oe«»i«*ry.

termtofatln^ti nn^nn'^^'"*' 'f * '"'^^^ '=''"'««' tube of metal, usuallytn^w
It win >1 «^,,^^^„°'^"''^'^ '^^ l^V'%^ "^^ ^ ^"^ needle: simple as, It Is. If well iim£c
fr^cin^trned *"^''" ^ ^*"' ^^ '*'" " the purposes df this V?S3S

Of*mof8t°ur1!"oi7p/Mn'2 ?n h'^wPlPe «8 fhown In figure 1, althouffh tbi danker
^o?^S^n ^ collecting In the tube and being thence blown lr%o the namf Is
r?,i®rf'^JiL'l^^^",^'* ^y ''.'i"'"^ the pipe In two at the point, marked (a) tutlog
^hSwn \n (b)'' flgur^e''^''. ^""^ ^^'"^ Inserting It [ftrnlly dn the Wld«t aS

•»«r,!l*'*£of'?l'u blowpipe Is similar to the common dlowplpe In prln^irfe,
?.^.?fP^ i^u,^ ^^^^^?- chamber near the end which collects the condt^naeJ mols-
ISi,™^ ^"« chamber Is shown at A In figure 2. It also has movabl* Jeta,
and cleareif"''^ °" "^""^ ^' ^' ^hlch can reailly be taken htt

Where possible, one should have the chemical blowplpp, but w^ere It
cannot toe obtained, or becomes Injured In any manner, a contrivance similar
to that shown In figure 1 affords a fair substitute. •

After obtaining a blowpipe, the beginner must spend ia-few hours in
learning the proper method of blowing. His object will be toi^alntiln a
steady or uninterrupted stream of air from the jet for several Abiutesat a
time. This Is not so difficult as would appear at first. Distend the clteeks
and breathe slowly through the nose for some time, keeping the cheeiae In-
flated and the mouth shut. When one can accomplish this reaclilyj tlie
mouth piece may be applied to the lips, and the operation repeatc-U, without
attempting to blow, or do more than keep the mouth full of air. As the Mr
flows out through the blowpipe, the cheeks fall together and must "be Again
distended without Interrupting the flow of air through 'the tube. To ac<*«n-
plish this, shut the communication between the mouth and lungs by the
palate and Inhale through the nose. No energy should be wasted In hard
blowing, for the beginner will soon see that the stream of air may be jmIb-
tained with scarcely more forc^ than is supplied by the natural tendency
of the inflated cheeks to collapse.

Where obtainable, gas is the most convenient combustibl« for the Ijlowpipo
flame, bUt rape seed oil In a lamp (figure 3) Is the best for general use. as i( ■
can be packed in small compass and weighs but little. Candled may also be
used when no better material Is at hand, and of these highigrado steanne are
the best, for purafflne candles, although giving a hlghec hfat, are apt to
soften in warm weather. In i^ome Instances even tallow candles will ansuvr,
but th«y require constant snuffing. ;

In an ordinary flame, as from a lamp or candle, the combustion otily
takes place on the outer rim of the flame. When a stream of air is btc^m
Into it from a blowpipe, however, the combustion takes place In the Interior,
Is more complete, and an intense heat is prodaced. When the beginner caft
maintain a steady stream of air for several minutes he should seat hlmsolf
at a table with his arm resting on the edge, and the lamp llrrhtod m\i
trimmed, so as to produce a full, steady, but not a smoky, flame, slightly fy}
the left of his face. He should then hold the blowpipe lightly between the
thumb and first and second fln*ers of his right hand, and direct the jet "of
small end to the edge of the flame just above the wick. T3y reguiutlng the
blowing a steady flame should be produced which will be regular and conical
If the jet be well shaped. .. • . . . ^ . _^

When the lamp bums, the oil Is sucked up by the wtck and vaporiB«p.
These vapors unite with the oxygen In the air and burn on the outer edfe
•f the flame, tHrMng a hot coat— a, b, c in flgure 4.

A»the Qxyeen does not penetrate inside this coat, the vapors within a*|
Kl^ly h*Rt^ out ol contact with the air. and any metallic oxide plotAi
(8)

t
I <

■1

, .»

7 I

'^i

fi -ft

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

ISt

within It will, when hot, tend to part with Its oxygen to the carbon and hydro-
carbons of the tiame. This Hame Is known m blowpipe analysia ad Die
"reducing flame, " abbreviated to "R. F." Figure 5 shows how It is pro-
duced with the blowpipe. ,he whole flame being deflected by a gentle bliist
so regulated that 1* maintains it: yellow color and Is luminous. As shown
In figure 5, the jet is outside of the flame. No soot should be deposUed on
the assay and only the extremitj oi the h:mlnons ran should ervplim it.

The other flame used in blowpipe analysis is known as the oxid'zing tlam*
abbreviated to "O. F., ' and the manner oi producing it with tne uioWj-.ije
is shown In figure 6. As Is there shown, the jet is thrust somewhat Into
the flame, the blast made a little stronger, and the carbon more completely
consumed. The inner blue cone of the flame is sharply defined and Is --ur-
I'ounded by a nearly colorless envelope, corresponding to the coating a c
in figure 4, at the extremity of which metals may' be Intensely heai-'d 'W
contact with the a>, and rapidly oxidized. No luminous streaks should ^H
allowed to appear . ^ the flame, and assay should be kept as far from the l.i'io
point of the Ilame as 's consistent with a temperature high enough for rapid
oxidation.

Before passing fram the subject of the flame, it must be remembered that
the heat is most intense at the *lp of the blue cone just referred to and thla
is used to test the fusibility of substances without regard to chemical action.

For the purposes of this article but five methods of supporting the assay,
or "supports." as they are technically termed, may be considered— charcoal,
platinum, wire ani forceps and open and closed glass tubes. Charcoal
should be made from hasswood, pine or willow and should be of even textura
and cut into rectangular blocks from one to three inches in width, the same
in thickness and not to exceed six inches in length. The assay should ba
placed either on a tiat surface, or In a cavity prepared for it at right angles
to the rings of growth.

When an excav:ition Is made for the reception of the assay, it should ba
cup-shaped, shallow, smooth and regular. This may be effected by picking
a hole in the charcoal with a knife, and revolving In it the rounded end Jr
the nsate pestle.

Platinum win- is usee for supporting beads made from fluxes. The size
known as No. 27 Jewelle s' hole 12i/. is best. It should be cut In pieces three
inches long and a loop made in one end similar to that shown In figure 7.
Care should be taken that th3 loop Is no larger than the actual size shown In
the figure when an oil k.mp is used, although it should be not more inaa
half the size when a candle Is employed. After using, the looi)ed enda
should be thrust In a bottle of sulphuric acid, and before use they should be
rinsed with water and thoroughly cleansed.

Platinum forcejis of a shape shown in figure 8 can be readily made by any
Jeweller from elastic brass wire, the tips being made of platinum wire ham-
mered, or .soldered, or riveted on for holding splinters of substances in tlw
flame to ascertain their fusibility and the color imparted to tiie llame.

Open Tubes.— A piece of straight glass tubing not exceeding one-quarte»
of an Inch in diameter and slightly bent as shown in fit ce 9, about one Inch
from the end. This slight angle helps to prevent the at .^ay from falling out.

Closed Tubes.— A closed tube may be readily mr ■■ by heating an open
tube (six Inches long) in the middle and drawing !' ouc. Thus two closed
tubes three Inches in length are formed. The ord.-iary shape is shown in

figure 13

In addition to the above-named articles a certain amount of accessory

aoDaratus Is necessary, Including: , ^ , ^ ^ j, ^

An asate pestle pnd mortar, to be used for reducing ores to a fine powder,
but It should be "sed for grinding only, never for pounding hard bodies. Its
shape If given in figure 11.

A lm"a'ii''r"tangiflar"block of hardened steel to be used as an anvil. On
this after first wrapping them In stout paper, the harder ores may be
pounded into pieces of suitable size for grinding in the agate mortar.

A dozen test tubes of hard glass of standard size. k. ^ .i „

Substances used to produce chemical changes in bodies by which th^r
are recognized are known as blowpipe re-agents or fiuxts. But small Quanti-
ties are needed and it is best to purchase them from responsible druggL^ts so
flfi tn heTure of their puilty. Those most commonly employed and the only
Snes necessary to be mentioned in this article are sodium carbonate, hereafter
spoken of as Vodablborate of soda, or borax and phosphate of soda, ana

"•"two ouncSoYsoda wlfrhe ample to have on hand at a time and it should
be K^n a'^giass-stoppered bottle, so as not to absorb moisture from th«

air

The
ordi

rhp same Quantity of ordinary commercial borax is sufficient and to

dip it m the borax """l /"s^,^ Vn^ Vhen cold, after heating In each flame.
tl^'^.^r^J^llTLl'ltn. oerfectly colorless and transparent, the "borax hi

and If the bead remains perfectly
pure

■I

■^■

MININa IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

half an ounce, and tt, like soda and borax, should be kept in a tightly atop-
peiwl boMle and labelled. „. ^ ^

l-»ure or "test lead" must also be purchased. Eight ounces will be flUIH-

Flaely pulverized bone ash for making cupels, as will be hereafter ex-
• platned, must be bought; eight ounces will be sufficient.

The beginner's list of apparatus may be concluded with a two-ounce gla^
stoppered bottle of fuming hydrochloric acid, one of concentrated sulphurio
acid and one of pure nitric acid.

Let UB swppose that the beginner has procured the articles already enum-
eeated, and has obtained a measure of proficiency in the use of the blowpipe.
' ITe has found, or there has been given him, a ple<;e of rock which by its

weight or by the appearance of minerals with metallic lustre contained In It,
he suspects to be rlph in valuable metals. How shall he proceed to deter-
mine whether it contains gold, silver, copper or lead, or all, or none of these
ii .<''. elesients? Also which ones, if any, are present in sufficient quantities to con-
stitute rich ore. Where possible, a sample of ore weighing at least two
pounds should be taken and cracked into fragments the size of a hickory
nnt. Three of these should be taken at random, and further crushed into
particles the size of an apple seed. Half of this should be taken, wrapped
fa clean paper, labelled and laid aside. The remaining half should be
wrapped In stout paper and further crushed on the steel anvil, after which
It should be fi"*"Iy pulverized in the agate mortar, and also wrapped, label-
led, and laid aside.

Suppose, for example, that it is desired to test the fragment under
exomination for gold and silver. A piece of charcoal is slightly bored, as
deacribed before, and a small portion ot the pulverized mineral Is placed
fD the bottom of the cavity. The lamp and stand are placed In front of the
©pi^rator t+lightly to the left. The lamp is inclined downward to the left so
tltift the O. P. envelopes the assay, which is held below and to the left of
th« lamp.

The assay, after roasting, as described hereafter, should be kept in the
CX P. for several minutes, when If none but volatile metals are associated
with the sold, the former will be driven off, and on examination with a mag-
nifying glass a minute malleable gold colored globule will be found at the
bottom of the cavity. While being heated, the gold assumes a peculiar
grodnlsh hue resembling melted copper. It is a good plan to add a small
portion of borax and continue the flame for a few minutes to remove traces
ot oxidizing metals and brighten the globule. A little soda may also be
added, as it hastens the elimination of sulphur and arsenic, If present In
small quantities.

When gold is present, but associated with reducible metals, such as silver
or copper, the gold must be reducod by a process known as cupellatlon.

Prepare a piece of charcoal as before described, except that the cavity
should be slightly deeper. Place a small portion of the assay In the bot-
tom of the cavity together with six or seven parts of test lead, and one
to two parts of powdered borax glass (In proportion to the amount of the
assay). Raise the vsick of the lamp so that the flame smokes slightly, and
turn upon the assay a moderate R. F. As soon as the globules of lead
begiin to run together, the whole assay should be covered with a hot R V.
Tl« object of the operation is to collect the gold and silver, If any be pres-
ent, together with all the reducible metals. Into one globule with the lead,
and vcrfatllize or slag off any others. Tt Is readily seen that the top of the
assay may be easily heated, but in order to properly heat the bottom the
assay must be turned over. This cannot be done if any lead is oxidized and
dls.^olve<l in the melted body, for the latter will then stick to the charcoal.
It te thus apparent that great care must be exercised, particularly In the
beginning of the process, to keep the assay always under R. P. After about
twa minutes In the reducing flame, the gold and reducible metals are collected
Into a "button" with the lead, and the flame Is then changed to a pointed
O. P. and directed upon the button. The latter bubbles and bolls actively
under the flame for another two minutes, during which time all sulphur, anti'
moay or arsenic present In the original ore Is removed. The lead button Is
then poured out on the anvil, freed from slag, if any adheres, and is ready for
cupellatitMi.

For cnpelllng, a smooth cavity Is bored In the charcoal a quarter of an Inch
in depth and five-eighths of an inch in diameter at the top, gradually decreas-
ing- towards the bottom so as to render It cup-shaped. A small amount of
bone ash Is then mixed Into a paste with water and pressed into the cavity
wit* the broad end of the agate pestle, so as to leave the bone-ash surface
slightly concave and nearly even with the coal. The bone ash Is then heated
slowly to redness In the O. P. to remove any trace of moisture, and the lead
button Is placed In the cupel so formed, the O, P. directed upon It. When the
lead button has become fused, the coal cavity is brought nearly vertical,
and the O. P. Is directed on the bone ash. Just in front of the button, rather
tl).Tin on the button Itself, so that the ash may be hot enough to absorb the
fused litharge, none of which muFt remain on the surface oi the cupel. By a
proper direction of the flame and turning of the charcoal, Ihe button Is slowly
driven about until a considerable amount of silver Is shown by a play of ooiom

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

fjJttnn nrpv m,cil i^^l^®; J^ *^? *=°""? «' ^^^ "^^^ few seconds the lead
In thfl ^iPnpT ^h?l fll^„^°^''"L"°* ''^'■y '"strous, becomes bright and fixed
vUitfon hn« nnf l^iLM^.l"? should occuT on a portion of the cupel on which the
thA ?««» mn^oJ f^'°r'?l '■ested and the brightening Is more effectual if at
the last moment the button is almost touched with the tip of the R. F. to
J^fJ^o^Lw?" ^"^^R"^ °» litharge. After it becomes bright, the button is slowly
IJ?, f^^t ?"?,.l'^*^ "''^™^ ^"^ examined with the magnifying glass to detect
S^iL^J^ f,l '^^^J,^?^^^'*^^ ^°"''^ 8:Ive the silver-white lustrous button a
?^f.i f^ fL K ^.^.- ^°]^l^^ present in sufficient quantity, would give a yellowish
hue to the button. This should not be confounded, however, with the yellow
due to the fllm of oxide of lead, which latter is at once removed by treating the
assay for a few seconds in the R. F. If on the contrary the color is due to
gold. It will remnin unchanged in the R. F. A large button should not be
cooled rapidly, as it Is apv to "sprout" or throw out branch-like projections,
thus losing .sliver. If heated too strongly after brightening, the button loses
silver by a combination with lead oxide, forming a rose-colored coating on the
cupel. This latter, however, must not be mistaken for the bright orange red
coating frequently formed by the litharge alone near the rim of tno cupel.
Should the button have a pure deep gold color it may, for the purposes of this
article, be considered pure gold, as 2 per cent, of silver will give gold a brass
yellow color, and a comparatively white globule may contain as large a per-
centage of gold, as 40 per cent. It is therefore necessary to separate the silver
from the gold.

When gold is present in an amount not to exceed the proportion of one part
of gold to two and one-half parts of silver, it Is separated bv a process known
as "parting." The globule is heated with moderately stro! t; nitric acid, and
all the silver is dissolved, leaving the gold a dark residue. Even If the button,
after fixing and brightening, Is silver-white and lustrous, it may still contain
4 per cent, of gold, and therefore nil globules obtained from cupel action s^imuld
be parted, and in order to be on the safe side an an nt of pure silver should
■be added and fused with borax glass on ch.iroo with the globule,

varying from two and one-half times the weight > on in cases of a

brags-yellow globule to hal* the weight in that oi r-whl» globule.

In this fusion a moderate R. F, should bo used and ouected upo'i the siMHI
until the metals are well fused and thoroughly mixed.

The resulting globule should be gently heated In a test tui »vith diluted
<three-quarter strength) nitric acid and the silver dissolved out, le; Ing the
gold in a dark brown or black spongy mass or in separate particles.

The cessation of bubbles indicates that the silver has been dissolved and
the acid should then be boiled a short time, the solution poured off and the
proportion of gold present estimated from the amount left in the test tube in
-comparison with the whole amount tested.

After a portion of the ore under examination has been tested as descrlb»
'In the preceding sections for gold and silver, take in the platinum forceps
small part of the rock that has been put aside and labeled, moisten it wiiii
hydrochloric acid, and heat it in the tlame. The latter should be colored a
beautiful blue if copper be present.

If this reaction is not obtained, a small amount of the powder should be
used to saturate a bead of microcoamic salt on platinum wire and adding
chloride of sodium (salt), when the blue flame should result if copper b'
present In appreciable quantities.

When the presence of copper is ascertained, a small portion of the fine
powder is mixed with three times its volume of soda and a little water into a
stiff paste. A moderately deep cavity is then made in a piece of charcoal
and the bottom covered with this paste. After two or three minutes treat-
ment with a strong R. F.. if the substance is not readily fused the assay
may be cooled and powdered and a little more soda added. On a second
treatment one or more me* illlc buttons should have been collected, which
can be separated by a kni ■ -olade from any slag or fused soda that has not
sunk into the coal.

The metallic globules so reduced are either pure copper or an alloy with
other reducible metals. .,, ,, i,,*„-

Where the globule is pure copper, the surface is often darkened, but may
be brightened and a copper color obtained. If rubbing fails to show the true
•color of copper or one of Its alloys, the globule should be heated for a minute
or two In the inner edge of th^ O. F. and. when cooled, hammered out and

^ It then the true color Is not obtained, but the globule is still dark, add a
small portion of borax and treat it again in the O. F. to brighten and remove
traces of sulphur. Too short a treatment of soda in the beginning is often a
cause of failure to beginners In this test.

Although copper and most of Its compounds are easily reducible by the
above process. If the presence of copper is ascertained by coloration of the
flame in the platinum .'orceps. or with microcosmlc salt, but cannot be reduced
to a metallic globule, the ore is probably a sulphide, arsenide, or selenide of
>coDper and should be first roasted. To roast the powder, make a wide,
shallow cavity in a piece of charcoal and spread over it a layer of the pow-
dered^ubslancor pressing it down gently with the end of the agate pestle.

■: '^ll

192

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

Heat gently at first with the O. P. to avoid fusing and then bring it to a low
red heat until the garlic fumes of arsenic or sulphur fumes are no longer
perceptible. Then treat alternately in the O. P. and R. F. until no fumes
escape. The powder will then usually form a crust, which .should be carefully
turned with a knife-blade and the bottom treated in the same manner.

After portions of the ore under examination have been tested for silver,
gojd and copper, as before described, a small portion of the powder is placed
In a shallow cavity on charcoal and the lamp turned downward, so that the
ticxine can be directed downward upon it. In the O. F. lead is volatile and
In the R. P. is is also volatile and colors the flame an azure blue.

Near the assay a dark yellow lemon coat is left on the charcoal, while at a
distance the coating Is sulphur yellow. Lead fuses easily, and when sulphide
or chloride are heated before the blowpipe on charcual, they fuse and deposit
a white coating outside of the yellow coat above described. The white coat
is volatile in R. F. and tinges it blue.

Lead li metallic globules may be readily obtained from Its oxides and
most of Its salts by the reduction tests before described. The globule Is a
light bluish fe^ay In color, malleable and soft. The characteristic reaetlong
are the coatings it gives the coal and the azure blue tinge It Imparts to the
R. P. Lead Is ei-slly volatilized and very fusible, yielding a metalMc globule
very readily, so th.xt care must be taken to continue the heating no longer
than necessary to obtain the metal. When lead Is reduced on charcoal. It may
safely be said that the first globule to appear Is lead, and the assay may be
cooled and the globule or e-IoV)ulef" may be detached from the slag and unfused
I M'Ps with the knife blade. Their weight compared to that of the assay
will determine the proporuon of lead in the ore.

LIST OP APPARATUS.

1 common blowpipe (brass).

1 blowpipe lamp and stand.

1 pint rape seed oil.

1/^ dozen wicks to fit lamp.

1 mortar and pestle.

1 dozen standard size blowpipe Char-
cot

3 piece:- platinum wire 3 Inches long,
jewelers' No. 12»4 hole.

1 pair brass wire forceps, platinum
tips.

1 4 ounce hammer.

1 piece lV2X>/<!x3-!nr'h hardened steel.

1 dozen % test tubes, 6 inches long,
of hardened glass.

1 magnifying glass, double lens.

1 roll stout wrapping paper (5 yds).

CHEMICALS.
2 ounces blborate soda.
? ounces blcarbonffcte soda.

1 ounce mlcrosmlc salts.

2 ounces concentrated sulphuric acid.
2 ounces concentrated nitric acid.

2 ounces concentrated hydrochlorlo

acid.

(All In glass-stoppered bottles.)
8 ounces pure test lead.
2 ounces pure silver.
8 ounces finely powdered bone ashi..

[THE END.l

p..

MINING lU THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

zvU

i^a. S.rf^^!^^J "/^'°r y*'"'" oonsiaera.lon the plan of The Co-operative Mm-
■iJ!,^»,w?^^ I^ ^ i '^^f''"® ^° ^^^^ y°"'" aitention to Its economicdi, safe and
S^*^. 1., ^'^".°?? °^ accumulating money for the development of mining
piuperiy, and the equitable division of the profits derived from Its succeddful
Investment,

"Vvhen nien of small means found out that a buslneos enterprise which
no one of tnem could conauct alone, was possible for theia by uniting tnelr
Jabor and tntir cap-ral, they discovered tne secret of co-operanon."

1 he plan Is neunei new nur untried, and Is based upon tne oounuest busi-
ness principles. No mining coinpauy can be safer or sounoer. ino obliga-
tions are assumed beyond such as can be absolutely met. The Syndicate la
purely co-operailve, and each memuer is Interested In all the asaets in pro-
portion to tne number of snares of stock he holds.

L/BJl!iC'r.— The Co-operative Mining bynuicate Is organized with the
object In view:

First— To furnish a convenient and economical method of accumulating,
and a sate, scl'.nurtc and proiiiabie method of Investing the funds inirusiwl
to It, in tne deveiojinient of the woiiuertuily rich mining resouices of the
fltaic of Washington and British Columbia.

Second--To arrange its plan of opt-iation so that the golden opportunity
to realize handsome prortts is within tne reach of all, the poor ana the rich
alike.

Third— To keep the wealth of our mines at home rather than see It go to
foreign countries.

Fourth — 'lo uuy and develop as many mines as ^an be economically
worked, and thus entirely eliminate the uncertainty attendant on the
clevelopment of one mine. In other words, by scattering our investment!
we are certain to secure one or more rich mines.

Fif til— Tt, get the values out of the ground, Instead of from fluctuatioiu
of stock, oy which unwise plan Peier is so often robbed to pay Paul.

Sixth— To divide the prortts among the people who furnian the money
and the labor tor the work. Instead of giving the lion's snare to so-caiied
piomoters.

PL.AN OF OPERATION.— Members are all stockholders i* The Syndicate,
on an equitauie basis, and pay lot tueir stock by Installments in small -uma
each moi.tn. Thus the capital is gathered together for invetstment. Kach
share of stock has a par value of J60. When The Syndicate has received
from installments, and the pro rata share of prohts du<> a share, a suiticient
amount to equal its par value, the share Is fully paid, and thereafter non-
assessable, and entitled to its full pro rata share of the profits in cash.

All the I.) vestments of The Syndicate are made only after a tnorough
Inspection by tellable experts, and the work of development done under the
Bupervlslon of and by experienced miners. To do mining successfully re-
quires experience. The mer;e finding of a t'ecc of mineral-bearing rock
does not prove that you have a mine, even If it does assay well. Without
the knowledge and experience, th d hnder's own money and the money of hU
friends may be squandered without results, and his falsely raised hopes
vanish.

EXPENSES.— The expenses of this Syndicate are paid out of the profits.
No portion of the payments of the members can be used to pay office rent,
or office expenses, or salaries to the officers or employes of The Syndicate,
either dlre<tly or Indirectly. Every cent must go to pay tor property
bought or to the emyrtoyes engaged In developing that property, and their
eupplles. The officers are conservative and economical in the management
of the affairs of the Syndicate. Large expenses mean small proiits; but low
expenses mean Increased prollts ana satisfied members.

QUARTERLY EXAMINATION OF THE BOOKS OF THE SYNDICATE.
—It Is th«- duty of the advisory board to meet In January, April, July and
October each year. They shall at each meeting appoint an auaiting commit-
tee of three to examine the Investments, books and accounts of the Syndi-
cate and make a full sworn report of their Investigation to alt tho members.
This advisory board consists of twenty members, none of whom can be
trus-^ees. The board also will advise with the trustees as to purchase or
eaie of all properties. _ ,_ .^, ,

WHO MAY BKCOMB MEMBERS.-Any person, upon subscribing for or
In any way becoming tiie owiiui of a fraction of a share, or one or more
Bhaea of the aock of this Syndicate, shall become a member thereof, and
as such shall be entitled to all the benefits and profits as prescribed by the
articles of Incorpomtlon and by-laws. Provided that minors or corporations
may become members and hold stock In the name of a trustee. Bach stock-
holder or trustee, on receiving his certificate of stock, shall be considered aa
binding himself, in all respects, to comply with the articles of incorporation
and by-laws, and all regulations adopted under them. Applications for stock
must be made on a blank form f u rnlslied by The Syndicate.

-,, -. ui< Si'Oi K.-The sto.;k of The Co-operative Mining Syndicate
Is divided Into shares of $50 each, payable In Installments. Wnen the Install-
ments Mid and profits credited amount to $dO, the share Is fully paid. No
more Installments will be required, and the share wilt receive its dividends
thereafter li. cash. The Installments are: . »v. ^_

Erther $25 00 per share a year; or $12.50 per share ev^ry six months; or
46.26 p<r share every three months; or $2.00 per share every month.

r 1 * J

lis

4
if

^ !

MliWli^b IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

The profits are credited on contributing stock only. The non-contrlb-
utlng stock Is held in trust by three trustees for the benefit of all fully paid
and contributing members. The terms of the trust agreement are such that
the trustees shall divide all the profits accruing from premiums derived
from the sale of this stck and all the dividends apportioned to this .stock,
share and share alike, a', .ong the members. Thus the unsold -^tock is pooled
not for the benefit of all the promoters, but for the benefit of all the mem-
bers who get all the dividends that accrue to It, as well as its advance In
value.

All shares earn pro-rata dividends or profits, and all dividends are divided

PAYMENTS ON CONTRACTS NON-PORFEITABLB.

The payments made on a contract to purchase stock In the Co-operative
Mining Syndicate cannot be forfeited.

. The smallest amount received $2, buys a full paid, non-assessable cer-
tlflcate of stock for 1-25 of a share, or a like proportion, no matter if the pur-
chaser is paying on one share or more

TRANSFERS.— The regular fee of twenty-five cents is charged for each
certificate of stock transferred. No transfer Is valid unless made on the
books of The Syndicate.

METHOD OF INVESTING MONEY.— First— It is an iron-clad rule of
our Board of Trustees to never purchase a "prospect" for cash; and it is our
plan to always arrange for a certain portion of development work as a first
payment on any property we bond, demanding In the "bond" ample time to
discover values before making a payment of any material sum.

Second— The expenditures are limited to development work only, until a
property shall show up sufficient "pay ore" to guarantee the investment In
machinery for operating It. Each property is handled on its own merit and
expense stopped as soon as we have reason to doubt its value.

Third— A number of our best miners carry stock and are Interested In

making a dollar go as far as possible. Knowing that we are continually

opening properties, they do not hesitate to recommend the stoppage of work

on any given property, If they ha\ reason to do so, as they are sure of

'employfnent.

EXPENSES OF INVESTMENT.— Our expenses are limited to inspections
of new properties, and thfe superintendence of those under development.
Each property is inspected semi-monthly by our experts, and every care is
taken to avoid wasting a dollar. Situated as we are, In close contact to the
properties we are operating:, we have ready access to them, as a Board of
Trustees and Officers, and by our personal attention can have perfect knowl-
edge of all the details. In which we have great advantages over many syndi-
cates and corporations who conduct such matters through agents, often
thousands of miles distant.

HOW MONEY IS HANDI^ED.- Every protection possible has been given
to the funds of The Syndicate. All officers who handle money are placed
under ample bonds or furnish Fidelity Insurance in some reliable company.
The receipts collected by the Treasurer and his agents are deposited dally to
the credit of The Syndicate in the Scandinavian-American Bank. The Treas-
urer can not check them out. This money can only be paid out on checks
signed by both the Secretary and President of The Syndicate. Money is not
allowed to accumulate In banks, but is invested as rapidly as It can safely
be, after careful examination Justifies Its Investment.

BOARD OF TRUSTEES AND ADVISORY BOARD.— The Syndicate has
a Board of seven Trustees and an Advisory Board of twenty, all of whom
must be members of The Syndicate. They are elected at the annual meeting
of the stockholders, on the second Tuesday In February of each year.

Members who have one paid-up share or more have one vote. Members
who are not able to be present at the annual meeting may vote by proxy.
No prescribed form of proxy shall be necessary, but any written authority
stened by a member, substantially delegating his authority to vote, shall be
sQliicient. The officers will take pleasure in explaining everything connected
with their methods of doing business to shareholders or others desiring to
become members. The Board of Trustees is made up of business men, whose
records all who intend hocomlng members are invited to investigate.
^BRANCH SYNDICATES.— Branches of THE CO-OPERATTVE MINING
SYNDICATE may be established In towns where sufficient business Is done
tQ warrant it, by five or more shareholders associating themselves together-
aiid electing a president, vice rresldent, secretary, treasurer and not more
than seven trustees. These officers shall be deemed the agents of such
members, and not of The Syndicate. Syndicates from their nature cannot
bp successful In small towns; accumulations are too slow. This chief ob-
jection Is removed by a large and general business. The officers of theae
nranches should consider themselves, in some sense, representative of the
ittcrests of the membe'Ti In the locality, and should correspond freely
W^th the central office of The Syndicate, and examine the books, paperap
uid records. The Syndicate looks to Its branches for great assistance 1»
the sale of stock, at.i their services will be fully appreciated.

THE CO-OPERfiTIVB MINING SYNDICATE, 112 Columbia Street, Se-
attle.

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

The Canadian Gold

Fields Syndicate, Ltd.

mCMVMUIBB UK^'A THi IHPnUL ACT, It62.

i:i>;u|1

Kxploratton a»« Mlmlnv Syadleivte Nmw Opesmtlnir tke Brnmrnti
Gr*M» •■ Dear Park BI*«a^«lB wt Itoaalamd, aad th* JmuU*, A
•liver Property la tk« Slocan.

Caplt«lizat1«tt of 10,000,000 snares of tk*
Par Valu* of 10 Cevts Bacli.

jly

ty.
ity
be
ed
to
)se

»er-

)re

lot

)b-

Stock sold only at par. Absolutsly non-assMsabla and no personal naMllty.

go prcmoters' sharu, all the stock being In the trtasury for the purpeawi oi
• company.
It iB only Intended to sell two million sharea of the atook at present, tha|
belnr ■ufficlent te pay for the properties now under bond, equip them wlta
machinery and provide ample worklnc capital. The remalnlns snares In thf
treasury do not participate In the profits, but can be sold at any time ttut
Syndicate desires to acquire other flrst-class properties.

Purchasers of Syndicate shares at pur, ten cents, participate In the profltl
Of every transaatlaa ef the eompany.

THE SUNSET GROUP

Oa Dear Park Veuntaln. adjolnlnc Rossland, la now beln« aotlrelr darelepat
by the Canadltn Oeld PMelds Syndicate, Limited. ^ . ^ ^. .

The shaft on the Sunset No. 2 Is now down 70 feet, and the whole shaft la
In pay ere.

Tlve assays made from fair samples olear acroee tb« shaft five tli* folo
lowln« results In told: No. 1, $44.00; No. 2, $42.00; No. 8, $60.40; No. 4, $4S.0i|

"is'thereanother shaft In the eamp th*t win tlv« wiperlor resultiT

Flans fer a comj»l«te stesm holsl, air compressor and four-drill plant Mf
under way, an4 as leon as equiiiped the extraotlon and Rlilpraent at ptty M*
In quantity will be cemmenced. ...... < m.. tt w ^

A sears and samplse of ore can be seen at the office of The Waltere Ca.
Intending purchasers ef stock are oordlally Invited to oall at the compaar'a
office, when they will be taken to examine th# mine. »., . -

•ukecrlDtlons are now Invited for the fully paid, non-aeseesable aharaa el
the Can.dlsn Gold Fields Syndicate. Limited at 10 cents per share.

No ordar filled for less than five hundred shares Swid ordere and rwnlt-
tanoee direct or through any bank.

THE WAITERS CO., LTO. LY.

GENERAL MINE BROKERS,
ROSSLAND.

Aqents Wanted.

C.We-"Walter. •• Rossland. U» aottlh'i, Llobor'a. Moroln* * Noal^l
-aad Jledford-McNem'a Cede/i.

( ■■ ■ -

^pa

1:,

XX MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

Assayer and Chemist . .

C. E. BOGARDUS,
CITY CHEMIST.

Analyser ot ConI, Watem, Paints, 011», Poisons, Milk, Etc. Chem-
loal work of all kinds done.

00 COLVMDIA STREET, DEiTWEElV WESTERN AND FIRST AVBJ-
NLES, SEATTLE, WASH.

Central Washitigtoti Railroad.

€. p. CHANBERLIN.

Receiver.

The cheapest and only direct route between Spokane, Wash., and the D«»er
Trail and Cedar Canyon Mines, the ColviDe Reservation, Methow, Goat Creek,
Olianogan couniry and Waterviile, Close connections maae with stage
lines at Davenport, Wilbur and Coulee City.

Trairs leave Snokane at 7:45 a. m., and arrive at Coulee City at 2:15 p, m.
dally, except Sunday. For further information call on or address Agnnt*
Central Washington Railroad.

F. R. HANKE, General Passenger Ageflt.

Telephone 004.

Open All NUrht.

Cafe Alladio

.Snooeasor to SCIFFEIRT BR01»

The Leading Cafe and Bar In the City.
All Brands of Imported Wines, Liquors and Cigars.

P. iiLLf.D:o. Prapneior. no ond i 12 N. howqki si., mm. m

TABLE OP CONTENTS.

m.
InU

Pasre.
PREFACE . 3

INTRODUCTORY '. $

MONTE CRISTO "..'". U

GOAT LAKE '. ". 15

SILVERTON *"/"', ". 17

SULTAN '. .^^"^11"!".!!!!!!!!]!!!!!!!"]!!!!]!!!!!!!! 23

SILVER CREEK [ !..!!!!!!...!!.!!]!..!.!!.!! 28

INDEX ". !]!!!!!!!!..!!!!!!!!.....!!. 83

MILLER RIVER ', ^

MONEY CREEK ', ". ". 39

SNOQyALMIE 40

BUENA VISTA 43

SUMMIT 43

CEDAR RIVER 4S

ST. HELENS 48

WHITE HORSE 50

THE SKAGIT COPPER BELT 52

THE CASCADE 64

SLATE CREEK 68

THUNDER CREEK 68

RUTH CREEK 69

THE CHICO TIN MINES 60

GOLD CREEK 60

CLE-ELUM 61

THE ICICLE 66

THE SWAUK 66

WENATCHEE 70

PESHASTIN AND NEGRO CREEKS ^ 71

LEAVENWORTH 78

LAKE CHELAN 80

STEHBKIN DISTRICT • 82

THE METHOW 85

THE TWISP W

SALMON RIVER 92

,OKANOGAN LAKE 94

PALMER MOUNTAIN 97

THE COLVILLE RESERVATION 105

NORTHPORT ^0

COLVILLE

CEDAR CANYON ^^

MINERAL CREEK JJJ

TRAIL CREEK J"

SLOGAN Vf

AINSWORTH I™

NELSON ,"

BOUNDARY CREEK |^

NORTH KETTLE RIVER ^

CAMP McKINNEY t?l

FAIRVIEW AND KEREMEOS \^

THE COAST DISTRICT JJJ

HARRISON LAKE ^g^

THE SMELTERS ' ^gj

DIGEST OF MINING LAWS ^^

THE REDUCTION OF ORES ^g,

CYANIDE TREATMENT OF ORES -^^

BLOWPIPE ANALYSIS '

ISC' -

zxil

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

'^^>tTHEvva-

Dou&las Mlnin^p Investment

and Brokera^ Co., Ltd.t

Vancouver, B. C. 139 Cordova St.

C. S. DOUGLAS, - - - Managing Director

Mining Prooerties Bcught and So!d In
All the Mining Districts ef
British Columbia.

W« have mining properties In the following camps that are worth th»
attention of investors: Texada Island, Shoal Bay and Harrison Lake, wher«
cost of mining and transportation Is very low, owing to water transportation
the year around to coast smelters; LUlooet, Clg Bend of the Columbia (free
milling gold propositions). Boundary Creek (free milling gold proposition),
Blocan and Trout Lake.

Quotations given on mining shares in all companies operating in British
Columbia.

Prospectors having mineral claims which they want to sell, or have de«
reloped, are invited to correspond with us.

Correspondence with investors invited.

Agents for the following companies:

Big Bend Gold Fields, Ltd., owning six mineral claims, or 818 acres of
mineral ground, traversed by numerous quartz ledges carrying free gold,
Situated on the headwaters of the famous McCuUough Creek (whose placers
have yielded over half a million dollars in gold). In the Big Bend of the
Columbia, Kootenay. Capital, $2,000,000, In 2,000,000 shaits of $1 each, fully
paid up and non-assessable. One ni'illon shares set aside for development.

Hegina Mining Company of Slocan. Ltd. Capital, $200,000, In 400.000 share*
of 50 oen.L8 each; 100,000 shares In treasury. Mine on Two Friends Mountain,
on Springer Creek, Slocan District, Kootenay. Ore runs 201 ounces silver
and }2.'> gold.

Albernl Mountain Rose, a free milling gold proposition. In the wonderfully
rich Albernl District, Vancouver Island. Capital, $2ou,000. in 260,000 $1 shares;
100.000 nharea sot aside for developing property, which is being done as rapidly
as puastble.

The Harrison Lake Star Mining Company. Capital, |500,0UO. In 600,000
■bares of |1 each; 260.000 shares in the treasury.

Capital, $600,000, In 500,000 shares of H eachj

Four mineral claims on east side Harrison

ing gold proposttlc.

Prospectuses of above companies and price of shares sent to any address
•u application.

favorable terms will b* made with responsible brokers In United Statsa
aad Canada for handling blocks of stocks In any of the abova comoanlea.

eegistered Cable Address: "Stanford."
odes: A B C , 4th edition, and Morelns * NsaL

wuireB oi ti eacn; icou.uuu snares in inc
Cliff Uold Mining Company. Capl

E.OOO shares in tlit treasury. Four
ke. Free milling gold proposition.

INDEX TO MAPS.

WASHINGTON AND SOUTHKRN BRITISH COLUMBIA. .. .Opp. title page

MONTK CRISTO AND GOAT LAKE Qpp. p. " 8

8ILVERTON Opp. p. ,8

8ULTAN Opp. p. 22

SILVER CRHEK Opp. p, 32

INDEX ; Opp. p. 34

MILLER RIVER, MONEY CREEK AND BUENA VISTA Opp. p. 36

SNOQUALMIE Opp. ». 40

SUMMIT Opp. p. M

CEDAR RIVER Opp. p. «

ST. HELENS Opp. p. IB

WHITE HORSE Opp, p. iU

CASCADE, THUNDER AND STEHEKIN DISTRICTS Opp. p. 04

SLATE. RUBY AND CANYON CREEKS Opp. p. 68

GOLD CREEK Opp. p. TO

GLE-ELUM Opp. p. C

SWAUK Opp. p. N

NEGRO AND PESHASTIN CREEKS Opp. p. 12

liEAVENWORTH Opp. p. ffi

LAKE CHELAN Opp. p. »

THE METHOW Opp. p. g4

THE TWISP Opp. p. Be

PALMER MOUNTAIN Opp. p. 98

RESERVATION Opp. p. 1(»

CEDAR CANYON Opp. p. IM

TRAIL CREEK Opp. p. 122

SLOGAN Opp. p. 138

BOUNOARY CREEK Opp. p. IM

If'.

H.1

zxlv

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

-IN

ossland

VrVj HANDLE MINES. STOCKS AND REAL. ESTATE AND ARE
ACKNTS FOR ORIGINAL TOWNSITE OP ROSSLAND AND THE RAIIi>
WAY ADDITION TO ROSSLAND. LET US

Invest Your Money^

WE ARE THE LEADING INVESTMENT BROKERS. REFER TO TH*
RANKS OF ROSSLAND OR ANY MERCANTILE FIRM, WE HAVB
MADE THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS FOR OUR CLIENTS IN ROSSLAND
ShXURITIES. LET US MAKE YOU SOME. INDICATE YOUR PREF-
ER RNCK-MINES. STOCKS OR REAL ESTATE. AND WHETTHER TOU
PRBFCR LONG OR SHORT TIME INVESTMENTS. WRITE US. WB
WILL GLADLY ANSWER ALL QUERIES.

The Redd in -Jackson Co.,

LIMITED LIABILITY

108 Columbia Av., Rosslaiid, B. C.

P. O. BOX 397. CABLE ADDRESS "REDDIN."

USE CLOUGH'S. ABC AND LIBBER'S CODEIS.
C. O'BRIEN REDDIN. President. C. P. JACKSON, See'y-Trewi.

INDKX TO MINING CLA1M8.

\bbrevlatiouM: gr., group; cr., croek; r., river; mt., mount; mtn.,
mountain; t., lake; C, camp; pi., placer; ext., extension.

A. Page.

Abe Lincoln, Trail cr 19

Aberdeen, OKanogan 1 96

Aces Up, Miller r 88

Accidental. North Kettle 156

Acme, Tiall cr 129

(Vdams gr. Slocan 135

Adirondack, Klmberly C, Bound-
ary 155

Admiral gr., Reservation. 109

AJax, Slocan li<6

Vlameda, Slate cr R8

lame gr., Slocan 134

Alaska, Leavenworth 79

Alert gr.. Reservation 107

Alexandria, Coast 165

Alexandria, Slocan 140

Alice & Emma, C. McKinney 157

Alice May, Northport Ill

Alkl, Trail cr 125

Allison gr.. Palmer mtn 102

Alpha gr., Index 36

Alpine gr., Slocan 141

All Up, Coast 166

Amazon gr., Slocan 144

American Boy, Smith's C, Bound-
ary 150

American Boy, Slocan .....136

American Eagle. Cle-elum 62

Anaconda, Providence C, Bound-
ary 150

Anaconda, Silver cr 33

Anaconda gr., Index 35

Anaconda, Salmon r 93

Anacortes gr., Sllverton 18

Anacorles gr.. Slate cr 67

Anarchist. C McKinney 157

Anchor, Long Lake C, Boundary.163

Andruss. Reservation 110

Anna, Sliver cr 27

Annie, Methow 89

Annie. Trail cr 124

Annie gr., Snoqualmie 42

Annie Laurie. Monte Crlsto 14

Antolne gr.. Slocan 137

Ap«x gr.. Money cr 39

ArRO gr., Slocan 133

Argonaut, Monte Crlsto 14

Arizona & Washington, Buena

Vista 43

Arlington, Snimon r 92

Arlington, Sllverton 21

Arlington gr.. Slocan 140

Asbestos gr.. Sllverton 21

Athabasca gr., Nelson 147

Athens gr.. St. Helens 60

Aurora gr., Cle-elum.... 61

Babel cr.. Okanogan I ■• M

(Baby L«v1e. Sllverton n

Barisrer. Methow »

Bagley, Wenatchee 71

Pag«.

Bald Eagle, Xclcle 86

Bald Eagle gr.. Reservation 108

Bald Eagle, Reservation 108

Bald Mountain. Sllverton 28

Ballard pi., Salmon r. M

Baltimore, Goat 1 IB

Baltimore gr., Palmer mtn ICd

Barney Barnato, Ukanogan 1 M

Battle Ax, Cle-elum US

Beatrice & Sunset, Silver cr 3B

Beaver, Cle-elum M

Beck gr., Slate cr B7

Belcher, Salmon r 94

Bellevue gr.. Palmer mtn 100

Bell & Crown gr., Sllverton 13

Belle of Tennessee gr., Buena

Vista 48

Belle, Miller r SS

Ben Butler gr., Palmer mtn IQl

Ben Butler. Silver cr 3t

Ben Lummon, Twisp 9i

Ben Lummon gr., Alethow 88

Bertha, North Kettle r ISB

Bertha. Swauk Tt

Best, Slocan 13V

Big Bear gr., Sllverton Vi

Big Bear, Swauk jEO

Big Bonanza, Coast IQ

Big Bug, Cle-elum n

Big Copper. Sultaii 24

Big Eight gr., Twlsp St

Big Elephant gr., Leavenworth... 79
Big Four, Klmberly C, Boundary. 15S

Big Four gr., Sllverton J3

Big Fraction. Methow 88

Big Hole, Reservation ....JJ9

Big Iron. Reservation IV

Bigney pi.. Swauk n

Big Raymond, Silver cr 3

Billy Lee, Silver cr n

BIrton gr., Reservation Iw

Bismarck gr., Chelan 8L

Bismarck gr.. Slate cr G8

Black Bear. Palmer mtn .SB

Black Bess. Providence C, Bound-
ary 150

Black Canytn. Cascade '91

Black Crystal. Leavenworth 7*

Black Diamond, Ainsworth 141

Black Diamond, L.;avenworth 19

Black Brails. St. Helens W

Black Hawk gr„ Index 34

Black Hawk gr.. Summit 41

Black Jack, Goat 1 If

Black Jp.ck, Methow f9

Black .lick. Peshastin T1

Black Man. Leavenworth 78

Plaok Monday. North Kettle r....l5<

Black pi., Swauk Kt

Black Pr!nce gr., S'ocan .....14J

Black Prince gr., Snoqualmie 41

Black Rock. Trail cr ]»

Blackstone. Silver cr 3fl

Black Warrior, Metbow St

Is;:

JU.V1

MINING IN THE3 PACIFIC NORTHWEST,'

' 4

:t:^^J'^A<!.j0^i

ADAMANTINE

8ho»8 and Di4^4 and ciirome

C«r<4t Mcfi Ciams T.ipiHits,

bosses, Eol 1 8h«ll4 and

Crua.ier Plates.

Tk««* oaattnya ar« axtenslvely used In all the Mlntng
Btat*« and Teirttorles o' North and South America.
Ouarantred to prove better and cheaper tlian any
•lilt r.i '■■■'^r« ■elicited »iibJeot to above condltlotis.
W>ien orderl -tg send sketch with exact dimenstoni.
Aeiid f»r II icirMie-i circular to CHROME STEEL.

,\V«>KK6, Brooklyi;, N. Y., Kent Avenue, Keap and
U»oper Sts. C. P. Mau^hlan, President; F, E. Canaa,

.Vice r>r«>iii>tent: C. J. Canda, Secretary; J. G. Dun»>

. CBWl^, Traaaurar.

W^. T. TOOMPSON.

Associated M. A. I. M. B.

Fiaaeer aa<) I/'adin i Hmin; Bruksr of Bonnlary Creek Distriat, B«C
.-^ MTD^ATAY, B. O —.^

ABC, Moreinc A Ncal's, and Clough't Codea.

Thereuffli k.iji vvipdue of uiiil iunipl«<^<^ data rurnlahed refardlnr any 9r9f»
*«rty In f)knno»aii. Boundary Creek, Slmllkani-en, Tuiamaen, or any part •(
Tale DUtriot. ProiiprHea examined and renorttd on. No "wild-cat" clatnMI
iMUfcht, selil er handled. Correspondence solicited. Netary PuMlo for Prai^
vlMie of British Columbia. Seventeen years' roMdanoa la tlia dlatrlat •<
Ta)«. B. C.

MAUDE J. WILSON.

B. .2EWELL WATKIlfS.

Stenographers and Copyists

• Niilil IVerk a SpMslaity. Ntawt^rurii WtrlL.

'a'«l«ption.« Rmdi mti±.

Roojn 315 Bailey Building:.

Seattle, Wash.

ASSAYifR AND
CHEMIST.

All bustnoM etrlotly
and acftiraoy (uarant**u

•« *lt

expreaa samples. Prlco tiaC «a.
pllcattaa.

Office wild Laboratory RoortiH, .)4-35 Roxwell BuHdlac
Cor. First Ave. utid Columbia St., Seattle, Waah.

(gatahttrtiort Is iMQ^

D. »»' V\ w*!. Ohl^f of Detective System.
H. Surry. Chief uf Patrol System.

, WKST cfe SUKKY,

Puuct f^oiind Deteuttve Agencv atid IVIerchaats' PoHcd Patrol.

(Clock Hysteai).

l...,^,.,,v,.p fiiiaiBhed to work in any part uf the r««ino Noiliiwest. Corr*'
•iM>i>a«uv>« •uUclLBd from abroad. Kooma Sl-U Unloa block, deattla, WaaJk

MINING IN THE PACITTTC NORTHWEST.

Page.

'Black Warrior, Palmer mtn 102

Black Warrior. Stehekln 88

Bland, Cedar Canyon 114

Blazing Star, Summit 45

Blind L.ead gr., Icicle 6«

Blind Lead ext.. Icicle 68

Blind Man, Okanogan 1 96

Bloom pi., Peshastln 77

Blue and Grey, North Kettle r.,..156«

Blue Bell gr., Ainsworth 144

Blue Bell, Summit 44

Blue Bird, Slocan 138

Blue Bird, Trail cr 126

Blue Devil, Stehekln 83

Blue Grouse, Summit 45

Blue Jay, Chelan 80

B)ue Jay, Okanogan 1 96

Blue Jay, Skylark C, Boundary.. 1B2

Blue Jay ext., Chelan 81

Blue Mnrmot. Summit 46

Blue Rock gr.. Goat 1 16

Blue Rose, Methow ^

Blue Wednesday, Summit 48

BItiff gr., Sliver cr 88

Bobble Burns gr., Coast 166

Bobtull, Miller r 38

Bobtail, Sw iuk 70

Bonanza. Colvllle 112

Bonanza. Summit 44

Bonanza. Negro cr 77

Bonanza King, Ainsworth 145

Bonanza Queen gr.. Money cr.... 39

Bonanza Queen gr.. Sllverton 20

Bondholder gr., Slocan , 140

Bonlta. North Kf>ttle r 1S6

Bon Ton gr.. Goat 1 16

Boston. Cascade B5

Boundary Falls, Smith's C.

Boundary 14>

Boyl's gr.. Cle-elum 64

Bridal Veil. Cedar r 48

Bridgeport gr.. Salmon r »...1I8

Brlggs gr.. Slocan 142

Brlm?;tone. RpHprvatlon l"*

Broadway. Twisp 91

Bronco. Cle-elum 62

Brooklyn. Goat 1 W

Brooklyn, Greenwood C, Bound-
ary ...,1.^2

Brooklyn, Methnv 8(!

Brooklyn gr . Mir«r r 37

Brothi-M- Jack, Mpthow f^

Brown Bear. Cedat r 47

Brown npnr gr., r'l#-««1t»m..., 65

Brown Bear gr.. Falrvlew 1S9

Brown Hear, Swauk 69

Briire. OfHlhxm'f C. Boundary.... I'tS

Bruce. Trail cr 128

Bryan A SewHil. R<»«<»Pvatlon 109

Bryan gr. I.piwpnworth 78

Buckhorn. Salmon r , 94

B'lrkeve, Whlip Hor«« 61

BiifkeuH, Kerpmeos ......IW

Bii(Tfil.-t, Slociin 1^

Bilker gr . Const 16J

Biiik mtn. gr. f'olvll1« 11X

Biillfrou gr.. Pnlnur mtr. Iw

piillioii Kinu, Htlver or *3

Bullion. SwHiik W

Biillv Bov. PoaJtt 1J«

BtimhlP Bee. Rt »^\-nn w)

Bnnchgra.su. North Kettle r »W

Bntikpr Hill A PnlllvHn. Ciiaead*.. 55

B'itikpr Hill Ptivftrtun «

Bnr.kor H'll. i'wuuk r W

Buxrer gr., ro.<l«n fl

Butte sr., Cle-alum M

Buttercup, WcHlngton C, Bound-
ary i58

B. X. gr., Okanogan 1 9S

C. &C., Trail cr U4

Cabba, Palmer mtn 101

Caledonia gr., Peaha^^tln 74

California Boy, Methow 88

California, Methow 88

California. Slocan 139

California, Trail cr 128

Calumet, Palmer mtn 108

Calumet, Wellington C, Bound-
ary 158

Campbell gr.. Summit 45

Canada, Chelan 81

Canadian gr., Slocan 135

Capital, Methow 86

Capital Prize, Providence C,

Boundary 150

Cariboo, C. McKlnney 157

Cariboo, Leavenworth 79

Cascade gr., Cascade 84

Cascade gr., Chelan 81

Cascade, Cle-elum fli

Cascade, Summit 46

Castle, Silver cr 29

Cataract gr.. Miller r 87

Cathedral, Twisp 91

Catherine, Methow 88

Center Star, Trail cr 121

Centennial gr.. Reservation IU7

Chair Peak gr.. Snogualmle 41

Challoner gr.. Coast ....168

Charleston. Slocan „.. 138

Chamber of Commerce, Twisp 10.

Chnmhera gr., Siocnn ..,.181

Champion gr.. Leaven worth.. 7»

Chariot, Okanogan 1 1M

Che«Hpeake gr., Cle-elum.. 81

Chicago gr.. Cascade SS

Chicago gr.. Money cr 39

Chicago. Methow 88

ChicKgo gr„ Palmer ir.in 100

Chicago, Reservation ..., 110

Chicago. St. Helen's H

Chv-I.«tle, Stehekln 88

Chippewa gr., Methow 81;

Chub. Chelan 81

Churchill gr., Re.xerv»,tlon 107

CJvinabar King. N'ckto cr 71

City ot Lincoln. White's C. Bound-
ary 1S4

City of Paris, White's C, 8ound>

ary , liil

City of .Spokane, Trail cr 128

Clara gr., Norihport....... lU

Clara K., Miller r 88

Cle-elum, Cle-eliim 64

C|pni)aira gi., Miller r 87

Chcimtra, ReservHtlon V.9

Clpveland. Pedar C«nyon il4

Clpveiniiil er.. .''Ilvi-rion IS

Pipvelanil Sno<jiMlmle

rif>ve. Pnlmer mtn Irt4

CSilT. Tnitl cr m

Cilmasi;. Sllverton n

Clon^ Call. Okanoenn 1 98

Cock RoMn. .Vorth Kettle r i(f

Coillns. Summit 4g

Colojrt'lfl. Slocan J.W

Cch*. Sllverion il

<?oli.\!nM.\ A Konft^nal gr., Trail or.m

CoIiii"IiI>!h. M««thi>w us

Cotuuibia, K«««rvatlon 110

xxvlli

MINING IN THK PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

R. PETKOVITS

MA!VLFAt;Ti;Hli:UM OF

Importer of Skins.

AInnlKi, Sonlnkin Guniienta a speolnlty. HlgrheH't price paid tor
raw fur.

MARION STREET,

between TFlrnt nnd Second. SBJATTOiEJ, WASBU

LIVERMORPS
SPECIALS

••••••O

pon iNPouMATioiv ow MiNiiva iJivKS'nirEiirrs and murB

ItANDS IN niONATCUlCIi] VAl.Liav, ADORKS0

C, B. Livermore

Wenatchee, Washingtoti.

MININOr IN THK PACIFIC NOUTHVVR8T.

kxlx

Page.

•Columbus, Sultan iii4

Combination, Provldenne C„

Boundary njo

Combination, Silver or 29

Comet No. 2, Trail cr 127

Commercial gr., Index 34

Coming Man, Providence C,

(Boundary ifiO

Commander, Trail cr 127

Commonwealth gr., Aln9worth...,.145

Commonwealth, Snoqualmlo 42

Comstock gr., ReHervatlon 108

Com.stock, Summit 44

Coney gr., Miller r 86

Consolidated gr., Sllverton 22

Contact, Mineral cr ik;

Contention gr., Palmer mtn 100

Cook Kitchen gr., Chloo 60

Coon gr.. Coast .......166

Copper Bell, Snoqualmie ,.,.. 42

Copper Bottom, 'Copper C, Bound-
ary 151

OoppiT Bottom, St. Helens BO

Copper Chief, Snoqualmie 42

Copper gr., Howard cr.. Index 34

Copper gr., Trou* cr., In,6 x 34

Copperhead, Sllverton 20

Copper King, Coast 163

Copper King, Palmer mtn 101

Copper King, Palmer mtn 103

Copper King, Palmer mtn IM

Copper Mine, Copper C, Bound-
ary l.^l

Copper Mtn., Reservation ,...109

CopperopoUa, Copper C, Bound-
ary 151

Copper Queen, Palmer mtn 103

Copper World, Palmer mtn 101

Cora M.. Silver cr zx

Cordick, Summit C, Boundary 154

Corean, Slocan 1S8

Corinth, Siocan 134

Cornucopia gr,. Sultan 24

Cornucopia. White's C, Boundary.154

Corona, Silver cr 32

Countess, Okanogan 1 98

Courtney, Whiti* Hor««e 5l

Cowan Ac Shaw gr,. Coast l«t

Coyota gr.. Reservation 108

Cracker Jack. Trail, cr ,....124

Crawford pi.. Peahaatln 77

Cresicen», Skylark C, Boundary... 162

Crowbill Cotnt ...161

Cromwell N'<»l9on 148

CroBH Lode. St. Helens M

Crown Point, Crown Point C,

Boundary 155

Crown Point gr.. Cl(»-«1uni 64

Crowr. Point, Mevhow W

Crown Point. Summit 44

Crown Point gr.. 3llv»»r cr W

Crown Point, Slat<» rr , W

Crown Point gr., Trad cr m

Crown Pi'nce, 9feti<»Vln w

Crr»wn Prince. TwWp 91

Crr'wr ailves', Deadwood C.

Boundary |^

Crusader gr.. Sloinin 141

Crvmal mtn. gr.. 9umn»It.^,..r^..*... *»

CrvKtal. St. Hp1i»n!» .,,....,., »

Culvf'i' BT-, pMh.T'In »»»•..••••••»

Cumb«^lnr1 rr.. aiocan r.,^....lW

CumN'rIanrt, Twtwp -••••• ,?}

Cunrlte, Copn^r C. Ttotindarf M

Cnr!.-w gr.. P;»!mer mtn {(JJ

Cfiricvr. Trail f^ .....»....f..<..l2

Cujrrent ^'., au<i»inlt .,...».... •

Custer, Leavenworth If

•*• Page.

Daisy, Twlsp Bi

Daley, Silver cr .4..... SB

Daisy Dean, Negro cr

Damtlno, Summit

Datnlino, Methow

Damon and Pythias, Money or..... .W

Dandy, Nelson 149

Dandy, Okanogan 1 95

Dandy, Greenwood C, Boundary.. 188
Dandy Margery, Nor^.l Kettle r...lB9

Dardanelles gr., Hl,'.'an 138

Davenport, StelieKfn M

Deadman cr. pi , Reservation liO

Deadwood, N^^ro or 77

Decoration. Melhow 88

Deep CrecK pi., Leavenworth 7#

Deer L^Ke gr., Sllvprton 21

Deer Park, Trail cr I27

Deer Trail, Cedar Canyon II4

pee: Trail No. 2, (Jprl^r Canyon.. 114

De/ender gr., Stehekln 84

Djfiance, Palmer mtn tVH

Delacola, Trail cr 135

Delaware, Cedar Canyon 116

Del Campo gr., Monte Cristo. 14

Deloho, Sllvpr cr 29

Delia .Tane gr., Snofjualmlp 42

Dellie, AInsworth Un

Denny Mines. Snoijualmip 40

Denver gr,, Cascade 55

Derby, Twlsp go

Detroit-Windsor, Palmer mfn 105

Diamond Hitch, Silver cr Si

Diamond Qup«n gr.. Methow 86

Dinero Grande, Long Lake C,

Boundary 158

Disprtssi, Skflgit M

Dividend, Palmer mtn 16

Dolphin, Keremeos , ifl

Dolphin, C. McKlnn^y M

Dominion gr., Keremeos ifl

Dominion. Sliver cr.... ff$

Don Tom. Cle-elum S|

Double Eagle gr., Sllverton t»

Double Stamp, Miller r M

Double Standard. Palmer mtn 1?4

Doubtful. Sllverton a

Doubtful, Stehekln «

Dry Spring. .<?ummlt #

Drummer Boy, Leavenworth....... 7f

Dundee, Providence C, Bdundary.lW
Dutchman, Silver cr n

r..

K«Rle, North Kettle r m

Eagle, Tjeavenworth ...-.,... ,, 79

Eagle gr,. Cclcnie ITS

Ertgle and Tawa. Negro cr 78

Kfl>'hnr'. Cedar r 47

Kfl.-r Side. Stehekln :. H

E<'clefechan, Coast !«

Kcho gr.. Slocan .Ifl

E^'ilpse, Palmer mtn..,. .,...,,.1fti

Kcllp"* gr,, Sllverton .,..,... W.

Edison gr. Silver er....,^,,,. ff

Edith. Ruth er .,...,..,...«

Ednh gr. Reserv^at Ion. .r „.,,,..>•..,. rt

Editor. Sllvpr t ,,*,*.«...,.

EMon gr . SL>cnn ..*^,v,'..v..

EI Dorado gr, C(5sc,-id«< i-..v.,ii...-,.

El Dorndo, (Joai Laife... ,

El Dorado gr.. Palmer mtn l<Vf

Electric, Coast

Eleph.HU, Cedisir Canyflt*

Elephant, Chelan .«...„

9^'

MINING IN THE PACrFIC NORTHWEST.

MInini and Scientific Press.

ESTABLISHED 1860^

'The oldest and most widely circulated weekly journal of Its ciass In th*
flfnlted States. Its conservative and reliable course has made It an excepttonallf
strong advertising medium among the largest buyers in the Pacific States and
ISjrritorles, Mexico, South America and Australia. A glance through St*
columns will convince anyone of the estimation in whtch it is held by I*ad«n»
In -business.

Send for Sample Copy.

Jte^.,»..»^MINING AND SCIENTIFIC PRESS,

220 Market Street, Sau Francisco.

Elevator, 13 Front Street.

Every

Prospector

SHOILD HAVE A

CAMERA

WK HAVK ALL STVIiSS AND 9IZBS.

We also keep Dlovr Pipes and SapiiIleN.

Washington Dental and Photographic Supply Co.,

Sll CwHaiuItlM. St., 0|>p. P«MitafBoe,
SeAttlw, Wa»k.

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

„ Pave.

Elgin, Slocan 135

EUse, Nelson 147

Elizabeth, Suminit 44

Elkhorn, Cedar Canyon 116

Elkhorn, Slocan 138

Eliza, Mlnera". cr U6

Ellen and Alkl. Silver cr 32

Ellen, Alnsworth 145

Elliott pi.. Swauk 68

mils, Snoqualmle 42

Elmo, Sultan 2S

Emanuel gr.. Palmer mtn 105

Emerald gr., Methow 86

Emerald No. 2, Leavenworth 79

Emma gr., Snoqualmle 42

Emma, Summit C, Boundary 154

Emma gr., Chelan 81

Emma gr.. Coast ..161

Emma Bess, Silver cr 32

Emma C. gr., Trail or 129

Emma. Lee, Chelan 81

Empire gr., Palmer mtn 101

Empire gr.. Reservation 108

Empire. North Kettle r 157

Enterprise. Slocan 140

Enterprise. Copper C, Boundary .l.il

Epha, Cle-elum 64

E. Plurihus. Palmer mtn 104

E. S.. Okanogan 1 95

Esmeralda gr.. Sloran 141

EsmernWa, Leavenworth 78

Esmeralda No. ?.. Leavenworth.... 79
Esther and Louisa gr.. Gold cr.... 61
ciSther Hilbert gr.. Cedar Canyon. 115

Ethel. Summit 46

Ethel. Monte Crlsto 14

F»>^loPfi. Lonrr Lake C.. Boundary.153
Etna. Greenwood C, Boundary,... In3

Etna. Northport Ill

Etta. Miller r 37

Eureka gr., Slocan 137

Eureka, Wenatchee 71

Eureka, C. McKInney 157

Eureka. Slocan 133

Eureka gr.. Slate cr 57

Eureka. Peshastln 73

Eureka ar,.. Sllverton... 22

Eva. Summit 44

Eveleen. Leavenworth 79

Evening Star. Trnll or 124

Ev#>nlng Strxr. Summit 45

Everett. Skagit 53

Everett, Twlsn 91

Everett gr., Sllverton 18

Everjjreen. Silver cr 33

Ewtng gr.. Summit 46

Excelsior, Slate or 17

Excelsior, Methow 89

Palii. Trail cr 129

Pftmlly gr.. rt*>-elum 63

Fanny. Sllverton 19

Farmer, Okanogan 1 96

Fern gr., Nelwnn 1<?

Fldatgo. Reservation 107

Fidelity c'-- Re«erv<»tlon 106

First of Aiiguat, Swuuk...... 69

Finit Thought. RalTron r 93

F1«h Eagle, Cl^-olnm ......... fa

FIshsr Maiden. Slocan 1S9

Flmptmmonx gr.. Toast 1^

Flamingo. StPhekln "*

Fletr^e*- Webster gr., Buena Vlstm 43

Flodin pi.. Swnuk ^

Flom. Btehektn •• ^

Florence, Summit ...<.•••••'•••• **

Flossie, Twisp tt

Foggy gr.. Goat 1 1^

Fontenoy, C. McKinney UT

Ford pi., Swauk fff

Forest King, Summit M-

Forest Queen, Summit M

Forsyth gr.. Coast IM

4j, Sultan M>

Foster, Northport Ill

Fourteen gr.. Trail cr iSt

Fourth of July gr.. Leavenworth.. 7>

Fourth of July, Cascade 6<

Fourth of .July pi., Reservation.... 110

Frankle Girl, Palmer ml:n 104

Free Coinage, Stebekin St

French, Summit 4S<

Friday gr., Methow 81

Galena Farm gr., Slocan 181

Gambler's Dream, Cle-elum 6*

G, A. R. gr.. Providence C,

Boundary 150

Garnet, North Kettle r 168

Gem, Chelan 81

Gem, Peshastln <•

Genne, Stehekln 8S

Georgia, Trail cr ....124

Georgie Smith gr., Leavenworth. 79

Geiman, Leavenworth T9-

Gertie, Stebekin 88

Gertrude, Trail cr 125

Giant. Trail cr 124

Gibson, Chelan 81

Gift, Goat 1 10

Oilman, Wenatchee 71

Gip.sy Queen. Silver cr 81

Glad.^tone gr.. Palmer mtn 100

Glengarry tjr., Silverton 20

Glory of Mountains gr.. Goat 1... 10

Goerlcke gr.. Siehektn 84

Goleonda gr., St. Helens 40-

Gold Boy. Silver cr 88

Gold Bar gr.. Sliver cr 81

Gold Bar, Sultan f>

Gold Bar, Twisp «1

Gold Bug, Clp-elum it

Gold Coin. Slate cr Si

Gold Dollar, White's C, Bound-
ary .W4

Gold Drop, Deadwood C, Bound-
ary .•-^51

Gold Drop, Greenwood C-. Bouru-

ary 15*

Gold Drop, Long Lake C, Bound- _

ary ]2

Gold Dust. Paln^r mtn HU

Gi'li Dust. RpsPivatlon IW

Gold Eagle, Silver cr 28

Golden Cord. Monte Crlsto 18

GoWen Crown, Skylark C, Bound-
ary ,..lnl

Golden Crown gr., Trail cr -••!**

Golden Crown, Wellington C.,

Boundary •••^•*

Golden Eagle, Long Lake C.,

Boundary 1w

Golden P'leece, Palmer mtn 104

Golden King, Wetiatchee W

Golden Rod. White's C, Bound-

ary JJl

Golden Slipper. Coast W8

Golden Zone. Palmer mtn 188

Gold Hill. FalrvlPW 1»

Gold Mill. Pnlmer mtn 1|5

Gold Hill Trail or , !»

Goldie, Mineral cr •Ul

xxxil

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

W. WALLACE R4DCL1FFE, President and 6eneral Nana&cr.
6E0. GOE, Mining Expert.

The Puget Mining and Brokerage Co.

CAPITAL . . . $25,000
Office, 208 Pioneer Building, Seattle, Washington.

Skiers In MInes and lHlln!n$ Stocks of SterUng Worth.

Correspondence solicited. MINKS examined and reported npon.
Information fnrnlslied by this company will ever be reliable in
every detail.

We are In perfect touch with the prospectors In the best mining district*
of Washington and British Columbia.

We are well posted on the most promising properties in course of develop-
ment. This information we impart to our correspondents to their great
advantage.

We are in constant correspondence with the leading canl*allsts and brokers
In Eastern and foreign money centers. We will Buy, Bond, Develop and
sell Amines and Mining l-Tospects of sterling worth.

We bring the prospector and the capitalist together on an equitable basis.
The stocks offered by us for sale are Al investments, as we expert propertiea
before listing stocks.

The Pittsburg Mining & Operative Company is under our management,
and will pay a dividend for the month of June, 1897. This consists of 60
prres of rlacer, 15 fpet doep. going 35 cents a cubic yard; and the Rainy Creek
Group, Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4, on a 50-foot mineral bearing lode or vein,
assaying well in gold, copper, silver anu nickel.

A. H. Burkman,

ASSAYER and
ANALYST,

IfORTHPORT, W>ASB.

Prompt and accurate retarna
guaranteed.

J. M. Sparkitiati»

Office, 00.% Bailey Balldlnflr,
tea.tUe, Wa«ta.

L. F. McCONlHE,

Miiiiiig
Broker. ,

OLE-BLUM DISTRICT.
Ros'lyn, "Wash.

VV. I. SCOTT-^v
P. C. ELLSWORTH,

Attorneys at Law.

30, S7 and 9fl Occidental Dlds*..
Seattle, Wash.

ICspeclal attention flrtveu to
mluJuir bajtiuemh

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

xxziil

Page.

Gold King. Okanogan 1 %

Gold King. Trail cr 123

Gold Leaf. Swauk 70

Gold Mountain gr.. White Horse.. 52

Gold Standi rd. Coast 161

Gold Standfrd gr.. Summit 46

Golden Triangle, Twlsp 92

Golden Tunnel, Index 35

Gold Vein & Badfeer, Swauk 70

Goodenough, Slocan 136

Good Luck, Gold cr 61

Gopher. Trail cr 126

Gordon Creek gr.. Silverton 23

Gordon, Negro cr 75

Grady gr.. Slocan 139

Grand Prize. Trail cr 128

Grand Republic. Cascade 56

Grand Summit, Palmei- mtn lOO

Grandview gr., Cle-elum 64

Grandvlew gr.. Palmer mtn 103

Granite, Cascade 56

Granite, Chelan i>l

Granite, Ruth cr 60

Granite, Silverton 18

Granite King, Gold cr 61

Granite mtn., Silverton 19

Graves gr.. Coast 105

Grey Eagle, Greenwood C, Bound-
ary 152

Grey Eagle gr., Methow 86

Grey Eagle, Silver cr 32

Grey Eagle, Stehekln 84

Great Eastern, Leavenworth 79

Great Hesper, Smith's C, Bound-
ary •••149

Great Hopes. Deadwood C,

Boundary • 151.

Great! Northern, Leavenworth 79

Great Northern gr.. Sultan 25

Great Western, Swauk 69

Great) Republic, Reservation ..109

Great Scott. Silver or. 32

Great Wonder. Swauk 69

Gregor. Snoqualmie «

Green Crown. White Horse 51

Green Eye, Twlsp 91

Greenhorn. Swauk ;••;••• 1?

Green Mountain gr,. Snoqualmie.. 41

Green Tree pi. Swauk oT

Grljzly, St. Helens 50

Grlzly, Silverton jj-

Grizzly Bear, Nelson. 148

Q. R. SovcrelgTi. Trail cr 128

Ouye gr., Snoqualmie 41

Hamilton gr.. Skagit : 54

Hancock. Silver cr ^

Hannah. SHverton «»

Hannah gr., White Horse |1

Happy Thought, Chelan g|

Hard Pass. Sultan.. »

HardscrabHe. Cle-elnm »

Hard-up. Okanogan 1..... • ™

KarqueHla. Copper C, Boundary.151

Hart pi.. Swauk......... »

Hartay gr.. Thunder cr B9

Hartford. Thunder cr w

Battle gr.. Twl.=r) --^

ITftttle Brown. Trail cr iw

Hawk. Cle-elum ••.. "J

Hawksnest. T.pnvenworth *»

Hawkeye. Miller r............. »»

Hecla. Smiih's C. Boundary 1«

Hehe gr.. Repervutlon i^

Helen gr . Trail cr ig

Helena, Sultan »

Pag^

Helena gr., Silverton 1$

Helena ext.. Silverton 20

Hercules, Palmer mtn 104

Hiawatha. Silver cr 2*

Hidden Treasure. Methow 88

Hidden Treasure, North Kettle r..lB»
High Kicker. Providence C,

Boundary 150

Highland gr., Ainsworth 144

Highland, Trail cr 12»

Highlander, Ainsworth 144

Highland gr. White Horse 51

Highlander gr., Miller r 37

Highland Chief, C. McKlnney 157

Highland Chief, North Kettle r...l5S
Highland Chief, Cedar Canyon.... 115

Highland Light, Methow 80

Hilltop, Trail cr 128

Homestake. Salmon r 93

Homestake. Trail cr 126

Homestake. Cascade 56

Homestake. Stehekln 83

Honest Johns gr., Colville 113

Hoodoo, Silverton 18

Hoosier gr.. Palmer mtn 102

Hope. Silver cr 28

Horseshoe, Silver cr 32

Horseshoe Bend, Sultan 25

Howard gr.. Index 33

Howard gr., Slocan 141

Huckleberry. Cle-elum 62

Hulett, Ruth cr 59

Humboldt. Methow 88

Humbug, Cle-elum 62

Hunter, Goat 1 16

Hunter. Methow 86

Hunter, White Horse 51

Hunter gr., Chelan 82

Hustler, Slocan 134

Icegate. Thunder cr 59

Ida Elmore, Cle-elum 64

Ida May, Methow »

Ida Queen, Trail cr, 128

Idaho, Methow g

Idaho gr., Chelan ^81

Idaho, Trail cr 121

Idaho, Slocan 134

Idler. Slocan 1^*

I,rl-ass, Cle-elum 64

Independence. Salmon r 94

Independent, Silverton 18

Ingersoll. Coast 16»

International. Palmer mtn IJjS

Iowa, Chelan M

Iowa, Trail or IM

Irene gr., Chelan 8»

Iron Cap No. I. North Kettle r....lr>6

Iron Cap. Chelan 81

Ironclad. Sliver cr 82

Iron Colt. Trail cr 1»

Iron Cross. Chelan 81

Iron Crcwn, Slocan 142

Iron Crown gr.. Cedar Canyon. ...116

Iron Hope gr. Trail cr 127

Iron Horse. Northport HI

Iron Horse. Slogan lll>

Iron Horse, Trail cr 124

Iron Horse gr.. Renervatlon !<«

Iron King. North Kettle r 15«

Iron Maok. Okrinogan 1 W

Iron Mask. Trail cr 121

Ironmaster. Palmer mtn IftI

Iron Mines, Cleeliim «5

Iron Mine. Mineral cr 116

Iron Mountain gr., Index U

^I'l

aixxiv

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

J C Consolidated

Nlnin$ Company,

EVERETT, WASH.

Incorporated wader tlie laws of the State of Vfnih*ttfrt(m,
. , Capital str«Qk $2,000,000, fully paM and non-assessable.

P<-ef erred stock, 149,999 shares; common stock, 60,00^1
«]iare8; par value, $10.00 per share.

W. C. Cox, PMsId^nt.
L. A. Dyer, Vice Presiclent.
Wm. P. Brown. General Managrer.
Louis Henry Legre. Secrotary.
8. M. Kennedy, Treasurer.
Bv«r«tt National Bank, Depository.

TRUSTEEBt
W. C. Cox,
L.. A. Dyer,
Wm. F. Brown,
Mark Swinnertoa,
W. H. Ward.

Chas. K. Jenner, Attorney.

Ttj« mines comprise a group of twenty-flve claims located In SnoliomWh
Cftunty, In the Cascade Mountains, at the head of a branch of the Sultan
Sanin, two and one-half miles from Sllverton, and are at an elevation of
4,100 feet above sea level. Development work has been in progress for over
a y«ar, tunnels and shafts driven opening up a true Assure vein extending
through the group of claims 7,500 fi^et, that varies In width from six to
eighteen feet, on the hanging wall of which there is a chute of hlsrh-grad*
ore averaging eighteen Inches In width, from which two car-load shipments
have 1»«an made te the Everett Smelter, the flrsi returning $105.96 and the
second tlM.Ot per ton. These figures speak better than assays, of which w«
hav« a great variety, ranging from J2,0OO per ton down. The rich ore chuto
values lie In brittle silver, gray cepyer, ruby silver, gold and galena. There
Is an unlimited quantity of low-grade ore that will run from $8.00 to KIO.OO
per ten. This Is good concentrating ore and is being stored on the dump,
awaiting th9 erection of a concentrator, when it can be handled at a grt^at
profit. Two hundred and flfty feet of Tunnel No. 2 has jUwl been completed,
tapping the ore vein 17B feet below Tunnel No. 1, which runs 181 feet on ora.
One thousand feet east a seventy-two foot tunnel has been driven, and 1,000
teet farther east a ItSS-foot tunnel. These are on ore all the way.

A train Is under construction from Tunnel No. 2 to the mlllslte, the com-
mon converging point for the dlflferent workings, from which ore v/lll bO
packed by horses until such a time as the large tram can he con^iructed to
Bllverton. The company has an abundant supply of excellent tlnih«r on tho
premises for all mining and building purposes, and also has two water powers
With a fall ef over 700 feet each, which are utilised in furnishing all power
required for the operation of electric light, saw mill and other plants.

This Is the only Mining Company In the Cascades that has bet- n running
all winter withuut niisHiiig a shift, and they will commence the s^poiei^t of
ero la May, when the packtraina can b« regularly run.

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

Pare.

IronsMea, Miller r 87

Iron Top. Deadwood C., Bound-
ary 151

Iroquola. Nelson 148

Isoletta ffr., Stehekln 83

Ivanhoe Rr.. Palmer mtn M

IVAnhoe. Slocan ,,186

I. X. L., OknnoKan 1 96

I. X. L., Trail cr 128

I. X. L., Peshastin, 74

J. A. C, Providence C, Bound-
ary IBO

Jack of Spades iirr.. White's C,

Boundary 154

Jnrk Pot. St. Hplen's 50

Jackson pr., Sincan 1SR

JaokPon. Sllvprton „..". 20

Jasper, Thunder cr 69

jnfinpraon. Sllvprton 82

Jeff Davis. Alnsworth ...145

Jefferson. Stehekln 84

Jennie, Slocan 141

Jennie T^ee. Twisp 91

Jenny L.1nd. Slonan ....1S9

Jensen n1.. Swank 68

Jespp. WhUe Horse 151

Jessie. Pnlmer mtn 98

Jessie Hflrner pr.. Mineral cr lifl

Jewel. T.on? 1.. Boundary .....IKS

«.Jlm. Welllnptnn C. Boundary F4

Jim Plnlne. Trail cr 129

Jim Dandy. Silver cr 32

J. J. Hill. Sliver cr 32

Job Dandv. Fnlrvlow l.'^S

John Arthur. Salmon r 93

JoVin Tj.. Cedar Canyon 116

John<tNirff. Cnofade 55

Johnson arr.. rie-elum fi4

Joker. Trail cr 128

Jolly Bov. Cpdar Canyon 115

Jones pi.. Swauk 68

Jonpa * Dpnnett nl.. Swauk 68

Josenhlnp e-r., Methow S8

Josle, Swfltik 70

Josle. Troll cr 122

Julia. Pnlmpr mtn ,101

Jumho, okanogran 1 96

Jumho. Trail cr 129

Jumbo. Pfioc«dp 56

Jumho. fonnpr C, Boundary 151

Jumbo, Sliver cr 29

Jum^o. Oknnoean 1 98

Jumho. Tra" or 1?3

Justin e-r . Wh1»p Horse 52

Just Tn Ttmp. Pip-plnm 63

Just In Time, Methow 88

Kalamazoo pr., Palmer mtn 101

Kallspell. Slocan IjW

Katie. Miller r , ^

Seenenl.. Peshastin ^77

; Ceno. WelHnffton C. Boundary... 153

Centiickv Belle. St. Helen's 50

Ceystone fcr., Cle-elum 66

iCeyatbne gr.. Monte Crlsto........ 14

Ceysione gr., Wellington C,

Boundary Ig'

Kevwinder. White Horse ol

King Bee, Nor.h Kettle r IBg

KIne- David. Miller re....... W

Kln,T gr.. Summit «

King Solomon, Cie-elum w

Klg Solomon, Copper C, Bound-

ary 151

King Solomon, Okanogan 1 96

Kirk Lake gr.. Coast .....ISt'

Knight Templar. Trail cr 121

Knob Hill, Qreenwood C, Bound-
ary 151

Knob Hill, Reservation 1»

Knoxvllle. Bllverton Bl

Kootenai, Slate cr... 38

Krao, Alnsworth 14>

La Belle, Trail cr IM

Lady of the Lake, Salmon r St

La Kuna, Salmon r 94

Lafayette, Reservation 107

Lake, Stehekln 8t

Lake City, Cle-elum 6t

Lakeview, Palmer mtm lOt

Lakevlew gr., Northport Ul

Lakeview, Long Lake C., Bound-
ary 15S

Lakeview ext., Palmer mtn 10}

Lalla Rookh, Monte Criato 14

Lancashire Lass gr., Palmer mtn.. 100

Lark, Okanogan 1 96^

Larkin gr., Okanogan 1.... 9S

Larsen gr., Methow 89

Last Chance, Cedar r 4S>

Last Chance, Cle-elum 62

Last Chance, Copper C, Bound-
ary t 151.

Last Chance, Methow ($6^

Lust Chance, North Kettle r 156

Last Chance, Skagit 64

Last Chance, Skylark C, Bound-
ary ISL

Last Chance, Sliver cr 29

Last Chance gr., Slocan 136

Last Chance, Smith's C, Bound-
ary 149-

Last Chance, Snoqualmle. 48

Last Chance, Wenatchee 71

Last Dollar, Silver cr SS>

Latah, Twisp 91

Laura Lindsay. Snoqualmle 43

Lead King, Providence C, Bound-
ary 160

Leadville gr., Palmer mtn lOO-

Legal Tender, Snoqualmle 42

Leo, Negrc cr 70

Le Rol, Trail cr....... , 119

Le Roi. Miller r 8S

Le Rol, C. McKinney 158

Leta, Snoqualmle 4k

Lexington, White's C, Boundary. 154

Lida, Silver cr 29

Lightning, Peshastin 7»

Li Hung, Coast 161

Lillie May, Alnsworth 14S

Llllle May, Trail cr 124

Lily James, Silverton 21

Lily of the West. Goat 1 1«

Lincoln, North Kettle r 1S6

Lisburn, Northport Ill

Little Chief gr.. Sultan 22

Little Duncan. Okanogan 1 96

Little Falls. Palmer mtn 104

Little Gem, Summit ^. 4E

Little Gem gr., Reservation IVt

Little Giant, Goat 1 11

Little Giant, Reservation Ittl

Little Giant gr.. Trail cr 13|

Little Ironifr., fteaie^^'ati<Jn 10

Little Jap, Chelan

Little One, Okanogan 1

zxxvi

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

Arthur M. Donlllon,

Civil Bngrlnner and Draughtsman.

KaJTaa Dnek, M. A. I. M. B.

BUCK 6 BOUILLON,

Mining and Civil Engineers,

DRAUGHTSMEN AND BLUE PRINTERS.

Reports furnished on mining properties. General supervision of mlnM
attended to.

We publish the following new mining maps:

Map of Trail Creek MInlfg Division, from Columbia river west to Christina
Lake, showing clalm.s. Size 27x36. Price 11.60.

Map of North Fork of Salmon River and Wild Horse Creek, showing
claims. Size, 23x34. Price $l.r)0.

Map of Murphy Creek and Sullivan Creek, showing claims. Price 1.00.

Map of th€> boundary Creek District. Kettle River Division, from Christina
Lake west to Rock Creek, also showing a ten-mile strip of the Colvllle Indian
Reservation. Price Jl.FO.

New Map of the Trail Creek Mining Camp, giving more Information than
any map ever published, and showing the groups of claims owned by the
Incorporated mining companies; artistically drawn and without a doubt the
best map of the camp ever published. Price 11.00.

IN PRFJPARATION: New map of the Slocan Mining Division. Other
districts made from time to time, as we are able to procure reliable In-
formation.

We also httndle other publishers' mining maps, so no matter what district
you wanL call on or write to us and we will procure It If possible.

The Engineering
And iiining Journal

OF NEW YORK.

The most useful, progressive, widely circulated and Influential paper in
the world devoted to the mineral Industry, and no one engaged in any depart-
ment of that industry can afford to be without It.

Absolutely indispensable to the Prospector, Miner, Chemist. Engineer,
MetaHurglst. Merchant, Manufacturer, Banker, Investor and Legislator.

Subscription price: For the United States, Mexico, and Canada, J5.00 per
««num; for all other countries In the Postal Union, $7.00.

The Mineral Industry,

ITS STATISTICS, TECHNOLOGY AND TRADE IN THE UNITED STATES

AND OTHER COUNTRIES:

Vol. I.~From the Earliest Times to the close of 1892 ■....$2.50

vol. II.— Supplementing Vol. I., to the close of 1893 5.0«

Vol. III.— Supplementing Vols. I.. II.. to the close of 1894 5.00

Vol. IV.— Supplementing Vols. I., II., III., to th€ close of 1895... 5.06

Vol. v.— Supplementing Vols. I, II.. III., IV., to the close of 1896 5.00

These are the most thorough and exhaustive works on the statistics and
progress in mining and metallurgy that have ever been published, and no
person at all intere.sted in the Industry can afford to be without them. Each
volume Is complete In itself. The Information contained In one is supple-
irented but not repeated in the other. Send for complete catalogue of Im-
portant scientific publications.

Vbe Sclentlflv PaliUithiuir Co., PabliMtaer«, 2S3 DroadTirn.y, New York.

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

xxxvil

.00
.M

Page.

Little Phil, AInsworth 144

Little Plttsbuig, Skagit 54

, Litile I'liii, Miller r 38

Liverpool, Leavenworth 79

LlvlnKstcne, Swauk 69

Llvlngsiono pi., Swauk 68

Lizzie, Methow 89

Lockwood gr.. Silver cr 28

Lolette, Summit 44

London, Methow 88

London gr., Slocan 139

Lone Pine, Reserv tlon 109

Lone Star, Methow 89

Lone Star, Miller r 38

Lone Star & Washington gr., Res-
ervation 108

Lone Star, Salmon r 93

Lone Star, Slocan 138

Lone Star gr., Summit 46

Lone Star, Twisp 91

Lookout, Methow 88

Lookout, Skylark C. Boundary..,. 1.52

Lorindale, Coast 163

Lost Creek gr., Index 34

Lost Lode, Snoiiuali. " 42

Lottie S.. Stehekln 83

Lucky Dog gr.. Reservation 107

Lucky Jim gr., Sloeaa 138

Lucky Joe, Silver cr 32

Lucky Queen, Trail cr 124

Lula, Silverton 19

Lulu, Skylark C, Boundary 152

Lulu, Stehekln 84

Lulu, Twisp 91

Lynch pi.. Pesha.stin 77

Lynn, Miller r 38

Mabel May, Okanogan 1 96

Mabel, Trail cr 124

Mabel, White's C, Boundary 154

M. and H. No. 2, Silver cr 33

Mackinaw gr.. Reservation 107

Mahapac, Summit 46

Maje.stle. Nelson 147

Major, Methow 89

Major, Thunder cr 59

Mammoth gr.. Palmer mtn 102

Mammoth, Palmer mtn 104

Mammoth, Providence C, Bound-
ary 150

Mammoth, Slate cr 57

Manistee, Peshastin 73

Manly, White Horse 51

Maple Leaf. C. Mc Kinney 157

Marcu.s-Stein gr., Chelan 82

Marengo. Silver cr ?!♦

Marine, Ruth cr 60

Marlon. Peshastin 73

Mariposa, Trail cr 123

Markley, Miller r 38

Marshal Ney, Twisp 91

Mary Ann. Mineral cr 116

Mary, Cle-elum 63

Mary Ellen, Swauk 70

Mary L., Summit C, Boundary.... 154

Mary, St. Helens 50

Maryland, Trail cr 123

Marv M'-Cormlck, Trail cr 129

Mckinley, Miller r 38

McKlnley, Summit 46

McRee, Index 35

Mascot gr.. Reservation 109

Mascot, Trail cr ...126

Master Mason, Providence C.,

Boundary 150

Mastodon gr., Buena Vista 43,

Piige.

Mattie, Cle-elum 65

Mattle Jane, Chelan 81

Maud O., Cle-elum 64

Maud, Silverton 18

Maverick, Okanogan 1 96

Maytlower, Cle-elum 63

Majillower, Fairvitw Vt9

Ma.\ (lower. Sliver cr 38

Malliower, Silverton 21

Miyllower, .'^kylark C, Boundary. 1.52

Mayflo\\ r, '1 rail cr 128

Mayflo. er, Stehtkin «4

Meadow pi., Salmon r 94

Meaghtr pi., Swauk 68

Monitor, ^Slocan 133

Monitor and Sterling, Silverton.... 22

Montana, Methow 89

Monte i;irlo. North Kettle r I."i6

Monte Cilsto, Trail cr 122

Montezuma, Gricnwood C, Bound-
ary 15J

Montezuma gr., Slocan 141

Montreal, Coast 161

Mono gr.. North Kettle r ir.«

Mono, Mllier r 88

Monoshee, Okanogan 1 94

Moonshine. Cmlar Canyon 115

Morning Glory, Okanogan 1 96

Morning, Leavenworth 79

Morning Star, Falrview 159

Morning Star gr.. Cle-elum 65

Morning Star, Silver 1 28

Morning Star, Trail cr 124

Morning Star, Summit 44

Morning, dwauk ^9

Morrison Deadwood C, Bound-
ary 151

Moscow, Chelan 81

Mother Lode, Deadwood C,

Boundary 150

Mother Lode gr., Leavenworth 79

Meridian. Negro cr 76

Meteor, Slocan 140

MpxIco. Skviirk C. Boundary 1'2

Michigan gr., Cascade .56

Michigan gr., Silver cr 33

Midas gr.. Cascade 55

Miike Maru, Silver cr 32

Mike Maloiiey. Methow 86

Mile Point, AInsworth 144

Miller Creek gr., Slocan 134

Miller River gr., Mllier r 137

Mills, Methow 88

Mina, Miller r 38

■Minneapolis, Stehekln 84

Minnehaha. Silver cr 28

Missing Link, Greenwood C,

Boundary ^ 153

Mobile, Twisp 91

Mohawk, Salmon r 94

Mollie Gib-^on gr , Slocan 142

Monarch, Greenwood C, Bound-
ary 152

Monarch gr.. Negro cr 76

Monday, Methow S8

Monita. Trail cr 123

Mountain Pelle. Cle-elum 63

Mountain Boy. Re'-ervatlon 109

Mountain Chlpf, Clp-elum 63

Mountain Ch|pf, Slocan 139

Mountain Fairy, St. Helens BO

Mountain Gem. Millet r 38

Mountain Goat. T,eavenworth 79

Mountain Goat, Twisp 90

Mountain Lily gr., Methow 88

Mountain Rose, Summit C, Bound-
ary 154

KXXViit

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

Alfred Allayne Jones,

stock and Mining Broker,

VANCOUVER, B. C.

Golden Caclie, Two Frlenda and all reliable MtookH bongrht ajvd
ttoid on CuiunilHNlon. Mlnlnv proitertles negotiated.

Codes Vaedt CIouffh*«, Moerlns A Neal, A II C, 4tli edition, aaA
■•dford-HoNelll.

Mining Practice a Specialty.

Melvin Q.Winstock

Attomey-at-Law,

Offices 236-237-238 Occidental Block.

lr#I«pliione Red 271.

SISATTMS. WAJMB.

lUNINO IN THH PACIFIC NORTHWBBT.

xxxix

Page.

•fountain Sheep, Coaat I6t5

Mountain Sheep, Stehekln 83

Mountain '. low Extension gr., Res-

ervatloK log

Mouiitfin View, Okanogan 1 95

Mouiita'.n View, Reservation 108

Mountain Whistler, Cle-elum 63

Mt. Hood, St. Helen's 60

Muldoon, Nelson 147

MyerH cr. pi., Rpservatlon HO

Myrtle C. gr.. White Horse 52

MysKiry, Monte Crlsto 12

National, Silver cr 32

Navajo gr.. Goat 1 16

Nebraska, Chelan 81

Nellie Cotton, Skylark C, Bound-
ary 152

Nellie, North Kettle r 156

Nell, Summit 45

Nelson pi., Swa>-.« 67

Nemo, Silvercon 21

Neosha, Alnsworth 143

Nest Egg-Flretly, Trail cr 126

Nest Egg, Rfiservation 108

Neubaur bl., Swauk 68

Nevada, Goat 1 16

Nevada, Icicle 66

Nevada, Trail cr 123

New Seattle, SUverton 22

New York gr., Negro cr 75

New York Palmer mtn 108

New York, SUverton 19

New York, Wnlte's C, Boundary. 154

Nickel Plate gr., Negro cr 77

Nickel Plate, Trail cr 122

Nightingale, Skylark C, Bound-
ary 162

Ninety-five, Methow 89

Ninety-two, Palmer mtn 100

Nip & Tuck, Cascade 66

Nip & Tuck gr., Methow 89

Nipissing gr. Trait cr... 128

Noble Five gr., Slocan 135

Nonpareil, SUverton 20

Nonpareil gr., Slocan 139

Nonsucn, Smith's C, Boundary.... 149

No. 1 gr., Alnsworth 143

No. 4, White's C, Boundary 154

No. 7 er., White's C, Boundary. . .154

No. 9, White's C, Boundary 154

Noonday, Slocan 140

Norfolk, White's C, Boundary... 154

Northern Belle, Trail cr 124

Northern Light, L<?aven worth...... 79

Sorth Pole gr., Negro cr 76
brth Star gr., Chelan 82

North Star, Long Lake C, Bound-
ary : 153

North Star, Methow 89

North 'Star, Okanogan 1 95

North Star, Swauk 70

Norway, Trail cr 123

Norwegian, Sliver cr 27

Nulla Secunda, Coast 161

Nutcracker, Coast 163

O. & B., Monte Crlsto K

Occidental, Northport Hi

Ocean gr., Slocan 141

'Oceanic, Palmer mtn 104

Ocean Wave Methow »

Ohio, Leavenworth 79

Skanogan, Methow * 86
. K., Trail cr ....123

Page.
OKI Discovery, Slate cr 68

Old Dominion, Colvllle lU

Old England. C. McKlnney 1B7

Old Glory gr.. Slocan 141

Old Iron, Okanog.in 1 96

Old Ironsides, Greenwood C,

Boundary 161

Old Steve, North Kettle r 16«

Olga, Trail cr 12»

Olympla gr., Negro cr 72

Ontario, Negro cr 76

Ontario Hoy, North Kettle r 156

Ophir, Cedar r 48

Oregon City, Slocan .. 140

Oregon gr., Methow 89

Oregonlan gr., Twlsp 90

Orient gr., Twlsp 91

Oriole, Ceuar r 48

Oro DInoro, Summit C, Boundary.lS4

Oro FIno, Cedar Canyon 115

Oro FIno, Palmer mtn 104

Oro FIno, Silver cr 32

Oro, Wellington C, Boundary 158

Oro, White'-s C, Boundary 154

Orphan Boy gr.. Silver cr 27

Oriihan I!oy, Miller r 88

Orphan^ Girl, Miller r 38

Osiola, Methow 89

Outburst, Wellington C, Bound-
ary 163

Overlook, Methow 89

P. & I., Monte Crlsto 14

Palmer gr., Leavenworth 7*

Palo Alto, Trail cr 127

Panic, Methow 86

Panorama, Okanogan 1 96

Parallel gr., Methow 88

Parallel, Methow 89

Paramatta, Copper C, Boundary.. 161

Parker gr.. Nelson 147

Parrot, Summit 46

Pathfinder, North Kettle r 156

Paul, Reservation 109

Paymaster, Methow 88

Paymaster, Money cr 89

Payne gr., <Slocan 188

Pelican, White Horse 61

Peshastln, Peshastln 71

Phllo gr., Monte Crlsto 14

Phoenix, Greenwood C. Bound-
ary 16S

Phoenix, Reservation 78

Phoenix, Slocan 141

Phoenix, Trail cr 128

Phyllis gr., Chelan SI

Pickwick gr.. Icicle 66

P. I. gr., Leavenworth 79

P.-I., Silver cr S3

Plngston, Reservation 110

Plata Fina, Cedar Canyon 115

Plata Rica, 'Cedar Canyon 115

Pointer, Salmon r 94

Poland China, Reservation 110

Polar Star, St. Helens 60

Poleplck, Peshastln 71

Polepick No. 2. Peshastln 71

Poodle Dog. Coast 106

Poorman gr.. Nelson .\ 146

Poorman, Trail cr 121

Porphyry gr.. Reservation 116

Portage, Coast 166

Portland gr.. Nelson 1«

Portland, Leavenworth 7»

Portland gr,, Twlsp 91

Potter Palmer gr., Graham's C,

si MINING IN THE3 PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

ANNIE M. SANDS,

STENOGRAPHER and
TYPEWRITER.

MINIXG WORK A
Sl'ECIAL/rY.

Hotel Butler.

Tel. Main 202.

W. B3. McKee, Proprietor.

The Horse Shoe

SAMPLE ROOMS AND BILlJARaa
PARLOR,

81 1 Front St., bet. Jan»e» and
Cherry, Seattle, Wash.

M CAFE IX COXNKOTlO!>i.

1 handle no blended goods. All
whiskies sold by me .ire guaran-
teed to be unadulterated, strictly
pure and high proof. I sell no whls-
kleri unoer ueven years of age.

W. E. M'KEE.

U £. CL4RHE % C0»,

Ro«ln?i"y «I«1Hm SpoUanet Wash.

Miners and Brokers.

We buy and develop, also buy
and .-;ell selected mineral claims.

Wherever we find ciainiw that em-
body LEAST COST AND LEAST
HAZARD, united with vast ore
bodies and greatest possibility of
reward. THERE WE OPERATIil,
after personal in.spection. We take
cur pa.tronf: with us on the ground
floor. Write us. Call upon us.
R. E. CLARKE & CO..
Rookeiy Bldg., Spokane, Wash.

The Washtisitoiri

Is the oldest, largest and best min-
ing publication in Western Wash-
ington. Monthly, $1 a year. Send
for .sample copy. Editors and can-
va.ssers should write :>r clubbing

rates.

W. D. I'RATT,
Editor and Publisher,
114 Marion St.. Seattle. Wash.

VAN ANDA Cf>PPER and
bOLI) I'O iPANY

Cniiltal, ^m.OOO.OOO, in slinrca of

Jpl.OO each.

TreaMnry StoeU, $3,000,000.

Edward Blevett President.

C. S. Neeros Vice-President.

H. W. Treat Treasurer.

R. D. Hall Secretary.

Trustees— Edward Blewett, C. S.
Neeros, H. W. Treat, Hon. C. E.
Poc liv and Flenrv Saunders.

Offices— 108 La Salle St., Chicago;
613 Bailey Bldg., Seattle; Victoria
B. C.

F. C. Robertson,

m. 1 8. mmii

SPOKANE, WASH.

PraetHees In State and Fed-
era) CourtM.

MARIKITA mmH^.a COMPANY,

Evo)'<»tt, Wash.

OFFICERS— Francis A. White,
President, Everett, Wash.; Jame»
S. Mcllhany, Vice President, Ever-
ett. Wt'.sh.; E. P. Gardiner, Sec .•?-
tary, Everett, \V\tsh.; William a.
Swalwell, Treasurer, Everett,
Wash. Charles Hove, General Man-
ager, Everett, Wash.

TRU'STEEiS — Schuyler Duryee,
Charles Hove, S. S. Gardiner, Ev-
erett, Wash.

P. E. Thian, Consulting Engineer,
Everett, Wash.

Mines In Palmer Mountain MInlngf
Dlst^rict, Okanogan County, Wash.

F. A. White, President; W. Q.

Swalwell. Vice President and Treas-
urer; S. N. Baird, Secretary.

Pevefoiimef^t Co.

Everett, Wafh.

TTJU'STEES— F. A •''hite. W. G.
Swalwell. S. N. Baird, A. S. Taylor,
A. O. Kelly.

Furnish capital, develop m:ne«»
buy and sell mining properties.

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

nas*i

^ :. Page.

Boundary ., 155

P. P. Nickel, Negro cr 76

Pride of the Hills, Melhow 86

Pride of Index, Index 35

Pride of Mountains, Monte Crlsto. 13
Pride of the Valley, Cedar Can-
yon 11,5

Princess, Twisp 91

Prince gr., Cle-elum 62

Prince of Wales, Stehekln 84

Princeton, Cle-elum 66

Providence, Harrison 1 167

Providence, Providence C, Bound-
ary 150

Puget Sound, Thunder cr 59

Quadra gr.. Reservation 107

■Queen Bee, Coast 166

Queen Bess gr., Slocan 134

Queen of the Hills, Cle-elum 63

Queen Victoria gr., Leavenworth,. 79

Qulen Sabe, Stehekln 83

QuietBch pi., Swauk 68

Kalnbow gr., Palmer mtn 100

Rainier gr., Negro cr 76

Rainy, Monte Crlsto IS

Rambler, Okanogan 1 96

Rambler gr., Slocan 137

Rattler gr., Cedar Canyon 115

[Rattlesnake, Negro cr 76

Blaven gr., Coast 163

Raymond, Cholar. 82

Raymond, Reaervation 109

R. Bell, Summit C, Boundary 154

Red Buue gr., Negro cr 76

Red Cap gr., Ijeavenworth 78

Red Cloud gr., Silver cr 32

Red Cloud gr. Trail cr 129

Red Cloud, Negro cr 77

Red Eagle, Irail cr 127

Red Hill gr., I^avetiworth 78

Red Jacket, Palmor mtn 104

Red mtn.. Trail cr 122

Redonda Island, Coast 164

(Red Point. Trail cr 128

Red Pol", Trail cr 127

Red Rock, Skylark C, Boundary. 152

Red Shirt, Methow 85

Red Top gr., Northport HI

Red, Swauk 69

Reed. Slocan 139

R. E. Lee, Slocan 136

R. E. Lee gr., Trail cr 126

Remonille gr.. Silver or 29

Reno, Ml thow 08

Republican, Goaf 1 16

Republic gr., Slocan 141

Republic, Smith's C Boundary.... 14b

Rich Four gr.. Reservation 106

RichmoMd. .'Blocan 183

Reco gr., Slocan. 136

Riverside gr., Methow m

Rlverview gr., Palmer mtn 102

Robert Emmet, Long Lake C,

Boundary 153

Robertson, Slocan 139

Rock Creek pi., C. McKlnney I08

Rockefeller, Slate cr 58

Rocky Point, Cle-elum 82

Roderick Dhu, Long I.ake C,

Boundary 153

Romeo gr.. Miller r...... 37

Royal Canadian gr., Nelson 147

Ro.vtil, Cedar Canyon Ho

Pago.

Royal Flii'h, St. Helens BO

Ruby Cretk gr., Negro or 76

Ruby gr., Cle-elum 64

Ruby Hydraulic, SliUa cr 68

Ruby King, Cle-elum 63

J -^y King, Silver cr 33

' 1' y, Salmon r 92

Ki!.->y Silver, Slocan 136

Ruby Sliver, Slocan 137

Ruby, Smith's C Boundary 150

Rush gr.. Palmer mtn 108

Rushing Water, Cle-elum 61

Ruth gr., Slocan Ul

Sacramento, Goat 1 16

Sacramento, Methow X9

Sacred Faith, Leavenworth 7»

Safe Deposit gr., Methow 86

Sailor Boy, C. McKlnney 157

Sailor Boy, Methow 88

Sailor Boy, Slehekin 84

St. Charles, Wellington C . Bound-
ary 158

St. Clair, Salmon r 93

St. Elmo Con., Trail cr 128

St. Elmo, Trail cr ..122

St. Helens gr., St. Helens bO

St. James, Wellington C, Bound-
ary IBS

St. John, Cle-elum 66

St. Louis, Silver cr 29

St. Louis, Silverton 20

St. Loui-s. Thunder cr 59

St. Patrick, Canead(* S«

St. Patrick, Methow 88

St. Paul, Trailer 127

Samson gr., St. Helen.'? ^

Samson, Long Lake C Boundary. 158

San Bernardino, Slocan 149

San Francisco, Goat 1 16

San Francisco gr.. Palmer mtn. ...101

San Francisco, Money cr W

Sanfon' North Kettle r 166

Sanilac, Coast 16i

Santa Anna, Skylark C, Bound-
ary 162

Santa Maria, Slocan i;i8

Sapphlre-Oem, Slocan 187

Saratoga gr., Res«*rvatlon 107

Satellite, Palmer mtn 103

Saturjay Night, Cedar Canyon 115

Schlonian, White Horse Bl

Schulz &Chesney gr., Methow 89

Scotia, Reservation '..106

Scrambler, Okanogan 1 96

Searchlight gr., Reservation 107

Seattle, Cedar r 48

Seattle, Coast 161

Seattle, North Kettle r J5g

Se'lge gr.. Summit 46

Seventy-six, Monte Cri.sto 13

Shoudy pi.. Swauk 68

Sierra Madre, Trail cr 13»

Sigma, Silver cr 3S

Silent P'rlend, Long Lake C,

Boundary IBS

Silver Bell, Chelan 81

Stiver ncll. Harrison 1 167

Silver Bell, Slocan 134

Sliver Bear, Slocan 142

•;th'er Bluff fJ"- . H>i'»"on r 04

Silver Bow, Fairview 159

Silver Bow, Methow 8«

Silver Crown, Fairview 1B9

Silver Dump. Cle-elum 66

Sliver Pieml, Cle-elum 62

Jli\i

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

ITS WKAVS X»
Aim HBa.iaCBI>B.

IT 19 IKBAS) BY
THOUSANDS
WKtiT AND BAST.

f.'.:.

)■ •' '

MINING IN THE PACIB^IC NORTHWEST.

xim

1?^ •

Page.

Bllver Glance, Alnaworth 144

eilver King, Chelan 81

Bilvfer King, Nelson 145

Bilver King. Skylark C, Bound-
ary 152

Bilver King, Slocan 141

Bilver Lake gr.. Silver cr 27

Silver Lalce, Silver cr 28

Bilver Queen, Egypt ....116

Bilver Queer;, Cedar Canyon 115

Bilver Que-in, Cle-eluifi 63

Bilver Queen, Nelson 14G

Bilver Queen, Okanogan 1 96

Silver Queen, Thunder cr 59

Silver Slipper, Silver cr 33

Silver -Tip, Coast 163

Sir JohUj Coast 161

Skylark, Skylark C, Boundary. ...151

Bityiine gr.. Ainsworth 113

Bkyline. Skylark C. Boundary. Ii2

Blocan Boy, Slocan 136

Blocan-Reclproclty, Slocan l:i6

Slocan Star gr. Slocan ViZ

Smith & McCalluni gr.. Coast 166

Smuggler & U. S.. Slocan 142

Smuggler, Fairview 159

Smuggler, Skylark. C. Boundary.. 15;{

Bnowden, C. McKlnney 157

Snowflake, Pt^hastln 74

Bnowflake, St. Helens 50

Bnowshoe, Greenwood C, Bound-
ary 152

Sockless. Money cr 39

Soldier Boy gr.. Cascade 55

Solor.ion, Money cr ,. 39

Southern Cross gr., Trail cr..,.....126

Southern Belle, Trail cr 124

Sovereign, Slocan 136

Sparling, Reservation 109

Sphinx, Miner r 37

Spider. Miller r 38

BpoJtane, Leavenworth 79

Spoacane, Methow 89

SpcataTie gr, Palmer mtn 99

Btai, Okanogan 1 95

Standard, Cle-elum* 63

Btandard, Leaven wocth 79

Bt&ndard, Methow 8S

Standard, North' Kettle r 156

Standard gr.. Palmer mtn.j 100

Btar. Harrison 1 167

Star. Stahekln 83

Btar gr., Summit 45

Btdrlight gr.. Nelson 147

State gr., Negro cr.. 77

Stehekln gr.. Stehekin 84

Stella. Okanogan 1 96

Btemwinder, Cedar r 48

Btem winder. Fairview 159

Btemwinder. Greenwood C,

Boundary 152

Btemwinder. Trail cr 128

Stockton. Sllverton 20

Strawberry, North Kettle r 156

Strong gr., Skagit 54

Budloy gr.. Const 166

Sultan No. 1 and 2. Sultanv 25

Bummer Coor. Sllverton IS

Summit gr.. Colvilivj US

Summll, Pnlmer mtn..» WJ

Bummlt. Twisp »1

Biinday, Milter r 37

Biindnv MnrnlnK. Chetr.n . 8i

Sunday Morning, Cedar Canyon... 115

Bnnnyside gr,. Reservation i"*

BnnnvairtP, 3tPhekln «'

Butirt««, Kefemeos 159

(9)

Pass.

Sunrise, Wenatchee 71

Sunset, De^dwood C, Boundary.. Isl

Sunset, (ioat 1 •. 11^,

Sunset, KoromtoH l»t

Sunset, OUtenogan 1... W|

Sunset, Pesha.'stin 7f^

Sunset Ncft- 2, Pe^lia«tln 74!

Sunset, Slcrcan 188#

Sunsei gr., Stehekln Wv

Sunset gr., Trail cr tW'

Surpri.sc. Coast !♦!»'

Surprise, Slocan Iw

Surprise, Trail cr 1^*

Sure Thing, Summit j*}

Susie, Fairview 1w

Sutherland pi., Swauk . •*

Swamp Angel, Summit C, BoOMd'

ary Inf.

Swan Lake gr.. Okanogan i .9i-

Svvayne & Halght gr., Cle-ehim W

Sweden & Norway, St. Helens 43

S winker gr.. Nelaon tISr

Syndicate gr., Reservation IW'

Syndicate gr.. Coast.. 161

Tacoma, Mineral or tli

Tamarack, Gieenwood C, Bound-
ary t!3

Tappan gr.. Skagit M

TrU'lt. Ainswonh I*

T. & B., Skylark C. Boundary.... la

Tenne-ssee. Stchc-kin 81

Texa.-?, Provi.-lence C. Boundary.. iiJI

Texas gr.. Silver cr •

Thompsonj Summit 41

Thompson & Fiizgerald gr., Skagit 54

Thoriey, Coa«t 1«l

Thorp, Cle-elum W

Three Links, Twisp SIC

Three Sisters, Sllverton !&

Three Star,- Goat 1 If

Thulln gr.. Const 164

Tthhie. Wenfltrhee TL

Tiger gr., Stfeht-kln M

Tin Horn. Falrvhrw t59

Tiptop. Cle-elum ..-.^

Tip Top No. 1, CJfr'eJum.ji

Tiptop. Coast

Tiptop, Pe.'^hnstin 74

Tohi«)ue, Mont^ Crtsto 14

Toledo gr.. St. Helens/ A

Topping. Clerchim V

Tornado, Miller r ■

Toronto, Connt. 1<J

Tough Nut. Salmon r , II

Trade Dollar. Stiver cr 11

Trail hunter. Trail cr. IW

Tralee, Negrocr T)

Transv, 3l, St. Hflenn 1BD

Tren=!ir Box, Sllvrr or SB

Trpi irv gr.. Palmer mtn M6

Tril y, Slcylnrk C. Boundarr ^J^

Trll;iy gr.. TrntI or IM

Trtune gr.. Mtlter r M

Triune gr.. Pnlmer mtn,. 59

Tuppdny gr., Methow H

Tunnel gr . Pnlmpr n fn %

Twff^ A .Johnson. Swiuk W

Twin gr.. Cle-elnm <t3

Tw'n Fnlti. fffof^'-V-tn «J

Twin Lakes. Miller r S|

Two Frlrndfi. RIoonn 140

Typo, Monte Cristo li

Uncle Sam, Palmer mtn 101

MttV

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

St»nufaotur«ra of All
Kinds of

liners' Clothing,
Heavy Wool Blankets,
Mackinaw Shirts and Undenrear.

III9FIISI Ave., seat, nsiL

Webster Brown,

t: Safe Deposit Building, Seattle.

leads and Mittiag Properties L^xaral«ed and Reported On.

Heferetices In Seattle, New York, Edinburgh and Glasgow.

TER WHEEL

AlforAs th* most efficient, economical and reliable power for mining and
•il athar purposes under any conditions as to head and water supply.

7.000 VVHKRI..S NOW nUlVMlVU.

FMI^TON WHEEI^S are operating almost without exception EVERT
IWNINO PliANT ON TMK PA* IKIC COAST where water la available for

r^w^r. NO OTHKR WTT.I. RE COVSIDERED where the advantagea of ttl«
ii:i,fON sre underatood and appr .^elated.
'^•tsloKues furnl.^hed on applicitlon. Address, statin? oondftlonis o(

•*'^^'*^*" PELTON WATER, WHEEl. OOHIPANY,

tB Main Street. San Pranclsco. CaL

— ———.—— — I —I »»»i~— 1^

Albro Gardner...

: BWlliilSiRm

Seattle, Wash.

KESIDENCE NO. 2221 FIFTH 4V£Nm

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEaT.

XlT

Page.

Uncle Sam, Swauk 70

Undaunted. Silver cr 29

Uniforn. Miller r 37

Union. Coast 1()6

Union, Goal 1 16

Union and Dominion. Negrr cr... 75

United Empire. Slocan 140

United Workman, Cedar Canyon.. 116
Utica, Palmer mtn... 104

Van Aiida, Coast 162

Vancouver, C. McKlnney 158

Vancouver, Coast 161

Vandalia, Money cr 40

Vandalia gr.. Silver cr 33

Vanguard gr„ Summit 46

Ventura gr.. Cascade 65

Verdin pi.. Swault 68

Victoria gr., C. McKinney 157

Victoria, Cedar r 48

Victoria, Coast 162

Victory Triumph, Trail cr 129

Vidette. Cle-elum 62

View. Trail cr 123

Vlnon. Trail cr 128

Viola. Stehekln 83

Virginia, Trail cr 121

Vitorla. Greenwood C, Boundary .153

Volcanic. North Kettle r 155

Volunteer gr.. Coast 16S

Von Pressentin. Skagit 54

Vulcaa gr., Coaat 162

Wakefield gr.. Slocan 139

"WaH Street. Coast 161

Wall Street gr., Swauk 70

War EaKle. C. McKlnney 168

War Eagle gr.. Cle-elum 66

War Eagle. Greenwood C. Bound-
ary 162

War Eagle, Mlllpr r 38

War Ragle gr., Negro cr 75

War Eaele, Palmer mtn ^

War Kagie. Trail cr iw

War Horse, Okanogan 1 96

Warrior. Okanogan 1 9*

Warsaw. Palmer mtn 102

Washington gr.. Methow 86

Washington, Slocan 137

WHMhinkTton. Twtsp 91

Waterfall, Ooat 1 1«

Waterfall, Mineral cr llj

Webster, SUver cr •■

Pagvv

Wehe gr.. Palmer mtn 10'

Welcome gr.. Summit 4S

Wellington gr., Slocan ISS

Wellknown pr., Stehekln 84

Wellman. White Horse 61

Wenatchee. Reservation 110

Western Hill. Falrvlew 161

Weptland. Silver cr St

Westminster. Coast ICl '

Westmount. Sloean 140

Whaleback. Silver cr 29

Whatcom. Slate cr S8

Whip-poor-will, Cle-ehim 6S

WhI.'skey Hill pr.. Palmer mtn.... 98

Whistler gr., Monte Cristo 14

Whiatler. Slate cr 68

White Rear, Trail cr 1S4

White Bear, Twisp n

White Elephant. Methow 89

White Gander. White Horse 61

White Glacier, Summit 4€

White Otter, Reservation 108

White Pine. Coast Jfi«

White Star, Cle-elum 62

White Swan. Sllverton 22

Whitewater gr., <=ilocan 138

Whittaker-York & Meagher p!.,

Swauk , 88

Wideawake. Coast 181

Wildcat. Sllverton 28

Wild Goose. Slocan IS4

Wllmans, Monte Cristo 13

Willis & Everett, Thunder cr 69

WInlf'-ed, Okanogan 1 9S

Winnipeg, Ohelnn tt

Winnipeg, Wellington C, Bound-
ary 168

Wisconsin, St. Helens SO

WvMv^rlne. North Kettle r 161

Wonderful gr.. Slocan 138

WovxlIIne. Cedar r 47

Wooloo-Mooloo, Salmon r 93

Wyandotte gr., Palmer mtn 101

Taklma gr.. Slocan 184

Yankee Doodle, Peshastln 74

Yellow Jacket. Const 188

Yellow .Tacket. TwIsp 91

Yes or No. Methow 88

Young America, Colville 112

Zllor, Trail cr 1*

l»f^

riXl ^^' MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

■> >;

WASHINGTON^*

locorpoffltefl under itie Laws oi itie sioie oi MmMi

CAPITAL

$100,000

TRUSTEES;

Uanrlce McMlcken, President of the Flrcit IVatlonal BanSc,

B. W. AndreTvs, President of the Seattle National Bank.

Hon. J. P. Hoyt, I^ate Chief Justice of the Supreme Court*

Dr. W. A. Shannon, Physician.

John W. Pratt, of Pratt & Riddle, Attorney*!

Carroll C Rwnillntrs> of Nemr York.

ERNEST E. LING. Secrot^iry.

Mtnca and mining: eomipanles In-restlarate^ and reporteA
wpon CONFIiDE!NTIAI.I*T(.

Investors vvlll find this an ABi^OLVTEIIiV RI@I4IABI.Bi
means of ascertalnlnar the value of shares or claims.

Preliminary reports made npon RE:AS0NABUB: TBRSU^
which can be aaoertalned In advance.

INQUIRIES ANSWERED.

Tke object of the RI3GISTRY is to protect Investors froxn tvlld-
•at seheniea and to promote the development of the legitimate
minlnff lntere»t« »i (be »itate of Woslilntrtos, territory «><f Alaska
and province of Britiiih I ulambia.

Oifices: 309~3!0-311 Bailey Building, Seattle, Wash.

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWKST xUa

We...
Recommend

THENOeTHERN
PACIFIC RAILWAY

▲• the direct Un« from all K»8tem points, a« well a« from the Pacific CoMi^
to. all the mining districts mentioned In this publication. The Spokar.*.
Kootenai mlnos, Colvllle Reservation, etc., are reached via Spokan« on tbt
Northern Paclfio.

Coming from the East to the Western Washington Mining Districts tak*
the Northern Pacific direct to Seattle or Tecoma, not only for Western Wash-
ington points but for the great Alaska MlHes on the Yukon, Cook Inlet and
Of recently discovered and rich Klondike placers.

Consult their agents, as shown below, and your passage will be arranged
to destination:

General and Special Agemts.

319 Broadway New York Cltjr
I^'ranclsno. Cal.

Tf, P. MERSHON, General Agent Pass'r Dept

T. K. STATELER, Gen. Agt. Pass. Dept....fi38 Market sit.. Sar

P. H. POGARTY, Gen. Agt .210 (after May 1— 208> S. Clark St., Chlc««»

H. awiNFORD, Gen. Agt Depot Building, Water st, Winnipeg, Man.

R. A. EVA. General Agent Duluth, Minn.

A. D. EDGAR, General Agetvt ,.,Cor. Main and Grand sts., Helena. Mont.

W. M. TUOHY, Generpl Agent 23 B. Broadway, Butte, Mont.

P. D. GIBBS, General Agent Spokane, Wa«h.

J. G. BOYD. General Agent Wrtllace. Idaho

k. TINLING, General Agent 925 Pacific ave., Tactoma, Wash.

I, A. NADF^AU, General Agpnt Seattle. Wash.

F. C. JACKSON, Assistant General Agei,f .: V/eni Superior, 'Wli.

H. GAZE & SONS, European Tourist As'ents ...142 I9trand, London, Eng.

P. A. GROSS 830 V/jshington St.. BoatfJH

J. H. ROGERS, JR 47 South Third St., Ph!ladell5hl»

L. L. BILLINGSTvEA 47 South Tlilrd St., Philadelphia

WILLIAM G. MASON 215 Eltfcott square, Buffalo

CHARLES E. JOHNSON 817 Carnegie Building. Pittsburg. Pa.

THOMAS HENRY 128 St. James fit., Montreal, Quebeo

W. H. WHITAKER 153 Jefferson ave., Detroit, Mich.

J. J. FERRY 32 Carew Building, Fifth and Vine sts., Cincinnati, O.

JOHN B. TURNER Jackson Place, Indianapolis

C Q LEMMON i'O rafter May 1—208) South Clark st., Chicago

P.' h' NOEL .Room 210 Commercial Bldg., cor. Sixth and Olivs^ Std., St. Louis

J. N ROBINSON 377 Broadway, Milwaukee, Wis.

O VANDBRBILT 603 Locust St., Des Moines, Ta.

GEORGE D. ROGERS ...^... .......St Paul Minn.

GEORGE W. McCASKEY ..S3 York st., ToJonto Ontario

P O'NEILL 266 Jftewlson St., Portland, Or.

b' L RAYBURN «* Morrison St.. Portland, Or.

kl L CRATG AsKi^tnrt Oerr-roi "^loVpt Au-ent St. Pniil. Minn.

B. n", AUSTIN, Assistant General Passenger Agent St. Paul. Minn.

A. D CHARLTON, Asslatani oeii.rai i^assenger \gent Portland, Ore.

J. M. HANNAFORD,

General TrafHc Manai.er,

CHAS. S FEE,
General Passenger and Ticket Agent,

8T. PAUL. MINN.

.. .(<

xlvlll

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST,

$1.00 PER YEAR.

10 CENTS A COPY

MINING

JOUENAL OF THE NORTHWEST
MINING ASSOCIATION.

L. K. ARMSiRONG, Editor.

ePOKANB, WASHIIfOTOn.

nUS JVVKNAL !S THE f NLY . . .

ONTHLY

INING

AGAZINE

.... PUBLISHED IN AMERICA.

rrs OWN OORiRKSPONDEIIVTS SUPPLY THE WETITS FROML EVBIIT v

Mining district in Washington, u>aho, Montana, orkgon
and british oolumbiia, ^vhich is thei greiatsat minino

riEUiD ON ELlLRTH.

ADVERTISERS

PROSPECTORS. ASSAYERS, 3IIIjL
MEN, SMEI/rERS, MI5TAI^l.lIR-
GISTS AND CITIZENS ARE ITS . .

SHOULD CONSULT THEIR OW^lf
INTERESTS BY ASKING FOB
RATES. THE LEADING MINERS,

SUBSCRIBERS

Oorreiipoitdeii«c* luid rsmlttances should be addreased to

L. K. ARMSTRONG, Spok«n«, W^Mh.

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWKST.

1
J

%/•

PRINTERS,

STATIONERS.

BOOKBINDERS

Spokane, - - Washington.

Hsadquarters for SupDlles for Mlnem ami MlnSql

Companies.

150 Stock Certificates ',*. flO M

WO Stock Certlflcatea 1« IIS

Corporate Seal 8 09

Stock Journal 2 t§

Stock Ledger 2 Ot

Record or Minute Book f.... IN

Pay Rolls per dozen 9

Bock of 100 Time Checks 9

CB. C. Mining Bill ot Sale, doz S

B. C. Mining Deeds, doz ,.... V

American Min'iig Deeds, doz S

Bo. d for American Mining Deed, doz 9

Mining Books and Maps.

dough's Mining Code (cipher) I 2 Qt

Copp's American Mining Code SI

Copy's Pro.-fpector's Manual 9

Latest Mining Laws (B. C. and Wash.) 60

Mulkey's Guide to Gold Flf-Ids uO

Annual Report Minister of Mines (B. C, 1896) in

New Boundary Creek Map. bound 1 2B

Kootenay District Map, bound 1 M

East Kootenay Map, bound , 100

Colville Reservation Map, bound ; IM

fehaw-Borden Trail Creek Map, bound 1 M

Combined Trail Creek and Reservation 1 M

Meadows' Kaslo-Slocan Map, bound 1 «•

Kenwav'3 Trail Creek Map, bound 1 <

Bakker's Trail Creek Map (surveyed claims) I

Government Map of Kootenay District ««.....

MININU IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWK8T.

Filley

& Os:den's

Complete and Authentic

MINING LAWS

'WW

-OP-

British Colniiibia,
Utiited States and
State of Washington,

Wltli E.eg«l Forms, Def lultlotts of Mining Tertns,
Custottts Duties, Etc.

M Pnc!or. Miner. loKesiof m Lawyer Siiouid HQife One.

PRICE, 50 CENTS.

Ask your newsdealer or wrl. to FILLEY &
OGDEN, Brokers and Real Estate, Grand Forks,
British Columbia.

%^^^'

MININO IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

THE CITY OP R0SSLAN1>.

Four years ago It was a tract of wild mountain land, covered with p1n««,
Md a log cabin, built two years previously, was the first human habltallon.
This cabin was the home of the founder, Ross Thompson, whoae foresight and
•ndurance have been rewarded by the growth of a thriving, buslllng mining
aity of 7,000 people on the alto he selected.

The founder of Rosaland, Ross Thompson, Is yet a young man and has had
0fk experience similar to that of many another successful Western man. Com-
lOg west from Brant county, Ontario, during the construction of the Canaillan
Pacific Railroad, he had the usual ups and downs until. In 1890, he left Seattle
without a dollar and got a fresh start by working as foreman of Charles
CroBsman's sawmill at Bonner's Ferry. Moving to the embryo camp on Tral
Creek, he did his first work as a miner In the Centre Star Mine, under Mr.
Oliver Durant. Seeing the opportunity for a town to grow up under the
shadow of Red Mountain, he located a pre-emption claim of 320 acres and built
• cabin where the city now stands.

Two years later he obtained title to his claim, ,)lattPd It as a townslte and,
«(th the aid of all the men employed In the cp.irp, proceeded to build the

Clifton House, the llrHt hotol.
Among those who helped him
as carpenters was Bhillp As-
plnwall, who took In payment
of $40 wages a lot which he
could now aell for $.S.0<M) cash.
The town was at flr.st named
Thompson, but there being an-
other town of the same nam*
in British Columbia, the pres-
ent name of Rossland waa
Anally adopted.

Wagon roads were cut In
in 1891 to Trail Landing on tha
Columbia River and In 1H92 to
Northport, all communlcatloa
having prevloiiP'y been, bjr
trail. The population grew ta
about 300 In the summer of
1894, but not until December of
that yoar, when the great oro-
chute lii the War Eagle Mine
was sti-uck, did the people
make up their minds that the
camp would live. In 1894 John
B. Cook, Frederick Rltchlb,
EUlng Johnson and James An-
derson became Interested with
Mr. Thompson In the townslte
and a year later the Interests

were segregated. .^ ,

By thi? spring of 1?95 the
population had grown to about
500 and from that time it In-
creased rapidly. Then regular
.shipments from the principal
mines began, dividends were
declared ny the Le Rol and
War Eagl<?, and population In-
creased faster than buildings
could be erected, so that In
Mr.rch, 1896, it was fully 3,000.

ROSS THOMPSOIC.

The

..nnatmiptlon of the Columbia & Western Railroad to Trail was completed
taMarS&argi^reg^^^^^
River & Red Mountal
kane Falls & Northe

^'^^v^lL^i* -It^Tn^Art tn" -Robson where it will connect witii me Arrow j-.»kb

». ^ilTi^'^ilmmtain lalTroad was c^m^^^ of the Sno-

oit-uii.c.o "^v^.^^j.------- ^^ ^ connection witn tne »janauiaii

through the Bo""«^5X„';;;i®® „ Lake This will make Rossland not only a
Pae ftc steamora on Otonogan Lake im^ railroad center.

mining center for the \'^'('_^^lf^^^'^^^^^^^ flSng oft the swaddling clothes

Rossland is now a i"'^ "^^^f'i^'^' iij^^^^^^ of civilization— rallroado, tele-

of a mining camP. «;"^ has all the resources or^c^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^

craphs. telephones chh banks ana nrstc_a ^^^ ^^ rigidly-enforced.

first been aii orderly town, for tne "^T^'^V^jTut deeds of violence are severely
All '■'-asonahe recreations can l^eenjo^^^^ ae|a^^ ^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^

5SSSlc1«.<^.ntTn^-^ l!j%Sthe'^-l>ad*man with a gun" la promptly p^
where he is harmless.

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

{./

,*l^

.V ^

1.0

■"US IJ^

■^ 1^ 1 2.2

•" -- IIIM

1.8

1.25 1.4

1.6

-« 6" —

►

'^A

Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, NY. M580

(716) 872-4503

7. ^^

*/.

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWBST.

BANK OF.

British North America

'ineorporated by Ror*l Obarter.

Paid-Up Capital, - $4»866,666
Reserve Fund, - 1,338,333

LoBdwii Office i 3 Clements* Lane, Lombard Street, B. 0^

kmentm In the United ■tatea.

Spokane: Traders' National Bank, and Old National Bank. New Tork
Wall street) W. Lawgbn and J. C. Welsh, Ban Francisco: (144
Street) H. M. J. McMichael and J. R. Ambrose.

Branches In principal citle* In Canada and Brlttah Oolaotblat

Rossland, Kaslo, Sandon, Trail. Vancouver and Victoria.

Through its head office In Ifondon, England, and lt« conneotlom Im tlM
Bast and Its branches through British Columbia, tbla bank offsn
faollltles for mining business. _

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

ft tlM

GOLD, SILVER, COPPER

Every character of ore la found In the rich mining dlstrloU mi the' Sauk
«Qd StUlaffuamish Rivers, penetrated hy

The Everett*
Monte Cristo Railway.

Thia to the only line to the flourishing mining camps of Oold Basin, Oordoa
CrMk. Martin Creek, Sllverion, Deer Creek, Goat I#ke and Monte Cristo.

It Is the scenic route of the Cascade range, traversing a section of countrr
nnrlvaled in beauty and the various sources of material wealth, an Ideal trip
tor •portsmcn, tourists and ouUng parties. The bracing mountain air, tta*
div«rsined and enchanting scenery, the cold sparkling streams flUed wltfc
tJTout and the hillsides covered with a rich heather and palatable berries, ope*
A new Held for summer pleasure unsurpassed In any lecallty.

Reduced rates to tourists and excursion partlee. _.. , -

For special Information, accommodations, etc., apply to nMtrMt Ie<w|

S. N. BAIRD,

Oen. Prt. and Paser. Agtn Everfttt, Wasli.

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

NOT A PROSPECT;
A FACT..

H y©w mrt) lntere»ted In MlWIlfO
tk«rc !■ only one paper In the State
of Wa«l«Ui«tO(n that publlehee the
kind «t nei»e yon want.

I 1

It dOTOtea morr npaxie, 'Otaployo

more Bpecial writer* on the »reat

.mtntac tnd-UBtrjr of thio Beetlon

than any three dally paper* la tho

Paellle Noirthweat. '^

Has More Vhmn Doubto tbe Circtttetlo* *df %itj

OthOi Dally Paper Itt-Washiagtoxi. Ad-

vartieers Kaow Tlila.

8UBSCKIPV10FI RAIlSi

Dally and «anday, ner »•*». •♦ tj*
Daily and Snnday, irtx luoniftB. . 4S«>
Dally a«d Sunday, -one yBmae. . . . 7.50

■nnday «dltlon, one ^ear JOO

aanday and Weekly, <»« ye*r. . «J»
Weekly Bdlitlon, one year l.«0

ADDRESS •

PosMntelfl^encer, Seattle, Wash,

JfS. D. HOGE, a«., Mananer.
KBUffD FOB, aAMPLa ootnT.

MINING IN THE PACIPIG NORTHWBWT.

WE PRIMTED THIS BOOK

Prlntino and
ino 6&.

DEXTER HQRTON BANK BUILDING, SEATTLE, WASH.

.^te^

We Would Like to Print

...For \^u.

•«

' ' "" •■ *<^|jpf^

Mining Stock Boolcs and High-
class Prospectuses our Specialty

MINING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWBJ8T.

A. L. JOHNSON,

Assayer and Chemist,

SEATTLE, WASH.

114 YwMr W«T.

.*FV«^-^'

Occldeutet Bloolb

We Buy 6old

And Pay UtiUed Stateg

Wo have a Completa

Platit of FMrtt.accs.^JgS
Stneltiwff and Refitiiiig
Gold,

Jos. Mayer & Bros.

■aaifadtvlit Jewelers, Dealers ta Dlaaeiids.

Watches, aecks. Jemlry and Jewelers* SnpftOMb

f 09 ItocKMid AT«««e,
tlS61i«rrjrBtrMt.

8BATT1

-f

0k.

for

w^^mi^pw-W^^

mmmmmgm

NOT A PROSPECT;
A FACT.

ir TOO are interested In MlNlWa
there In onl) one paper In tbt* .State
of Waablnston that pnbllaboa the
kind of ne'TTS you ivmnt.

It deroten more »ita4*e, emplor*
more npeolal %rrlt<TM on the irreat
mining: indnatry of thin neffion
than any three dally paper* In (he
Pacific NorthTreat.

Has More Thmn Double the Circulation of Any
Other Daily Paper In WashluKton. Ad-
vertisers Know This.

SDBSCRIPTION RATCSi

Dallr and Sunday, per month, .f .75
Dally and Sunday, alx month*. . 4.00
Daily and Sunday, oae yeaar. . . . 7.SO

Sunday Bdltlon, one year 2.0O

Sunday and lireekly, one ye«Mr. . U.50
Weekly KdMlon, one year l.OO

ADDRESS

Post Intelligencer, Seattle, Wash.

JAS. D. HOOB, JR., J^iananer.
amfD FOR sAMPi'B oocrr.

v'i >S > V!. 's. ^^SSSSSS'!. ^'> 'vS'v'iSSSSSVSS^SSSSSSSVMW®*******

*(<^ +
^ • •

I::

MM -

§::

^ > •

fi J.

I' M 1 M - ( ' I - M - 1I I - H l - l - l - II - M - M I M IMl - M M - M M - M - +++

t\%

Sfl T

PAUL GASTON.

MOBSLANO. a C.

E.W.JOHNSTON. ••

• CArTLK.

"(:

51LVERTON

51 rUATED on ilie ^Everett & Monte Cristo Railroad, in
the center of the Stillagiiamish Mining District, is
the diflributing point for the Deer Creek. Silver Gulch,
Anacortes Gulch, Coal Creek, Wisconsin Gulch, Bender
Creek, Perry Creek and Martin Creek Mines, some of
which have become famous in the past few months —
namely, the Forty- live, Bonanza Queen, St. Louis, Helena
Group, New Seattle, and Independent, with a hundred of
others too numerous to name. I

Spokane and Rossland parties are directing their atten-
tion to this district, which iheir experts have told them will
rival Cripple Creek and I rail Creek districts in the next
few months.

1,-— »-{-♦ —I— .O^i^r*^-*-- ■*^'^ — •

SPECIAL INDUCEMENTS TO PARTIES SEEKING
....BUSINESS LOCATIONS....

Over 15 Bulldinjcs in Course of Construction Upon the •f

Property

.. O

For further information address

GASTON & JOHNSTON

MINING AGENTS
Sllverton - - . . Washington

Or H. S. TURNER, Room C, Bailey feldg, Seattle Agent
IM M - MM - M I ' M I I - M - I H « M ' M ' M"M ' M - MM ' M ' M ' M '' 1 - H '

^ ' I ' l ' IT ' l ' l ' l - l ' I ' l ' I ' l ' l ' l ' l i"i ' l ' fl ' l ' FI ' l"l ' iWl ' i - |"l * l ' i ' l"in ' 'lM"l ' l * ITI ' IMM ' S '