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A few large trees existed on the banks of the little brook which then lan through the grounds, and to which, I 8up])08e, the McGill Estate owed / its name of Burnside; and along the brook there was a certain amount of coppice of thorn, young birch and alder, ' but so ciopped by cattle and cut and broken by juvenile ramblers that it presented a very unsightly appearance. So soon as a fence could be erected, steps were taken to lay out the grounds and plant trees. I was induced to give attention to this by the wish to have the surroundings more in harmony with an academical building, and by the hope that attractive grounds might tend to induce efforts to improve jind complete the buildings, might give more public intei-est in the institution, and might lead to a wish to retain the grounds for academical uses rather than to dispose of them for building purposes. To me and my wife the improve- ment of the grounds was a congenial task ; and the late Mr. Baynes, then Secretary of the University, cordially se- conded the effort, while the Board of Governors granted a little pecuniary aid. The old McGill house and garden at that time existed immediately below Sherbrooke Street, though rented to a market gardener. The garden con- tained many good shrubs and herbaceous plants, and was 408 Canadian Recoid of Science. laid iinUor contribution in uid of our plans, and many niitivo trees and shrubs were obtained by collecting on the moun- tain, or by purchase from country people and from (Juil- bault's nursery. At a later date Proi'. Penhallow com- menced a botanical garden on a poilion of the grounds set apart for that purpose. Aid was also received from friends. The late Hon. John Young had imported a large number of European trees for his own property at Cote St. Antoine, and liberally pre- sented many healthy young plants to the College, and the late Mr. William Lunn, whose zeal in gardening is well known, presented rare shrubs and trees. Somewhat later, Mr. Charles Gibb, having commenced his experimental fai-m at Abbottsford, sent a number of rare species, and Major Campbell of St. Ililaire, presented spruces and other trees from his estate. Seeds were also collected, and a little nursery of young trees was commenced in a suitable place in the ravine neai- Shorbrooke Street. Though neither my means nor those of the College were sufficient to provide proper attendance and sufficient labour, and though much damage was necessaril}'- done by the public use of the grounds, yet the}' were beginning to present a creditable appearance and contained a large numbei' of valuable foreign as well as native trees, when the unavoidable sale of land on University Street, and later, the exigencies of more direct educational work, in connection witli the generous bequest of Mr. "Workman, and the princely benefactions of Mr. W. C. McDonald, terminated our aii^-v-^pt to have a College garden and arboretum. It is propel" to state that, before our improvements began (as early as 185.S), the late Mr. Shepheartl of Montreal, in conjunction with the late Mr. J. Symmers, had presented to the College a plan toj- the laying out of the grounds, along with one for converting Sherbrooke Street into a boulevard with four rows of ti-ees; which plans ai-e still preserved. The formation of a central avenue consequent on the passage of the main pipes of the reservoir through the grounds, had rendered this original plan impracticable ; a Trees on McGUl University Grounds. 409 l.ut on application to Mr. Shej.hoard, he kindly consented to lay oul the poi'tion of the ground on the oast .side of the avenue, in a manner suitable to the changed condi- tions, I'iarly in our planting operations, the Graduates' Society at that time recently organized by Mr. Brown Chamberlin and others, took an interest in the matter, and proposed to plant a "Graduates' Walk," extending from the great elm ••ound by the bank ofti.e b.-ook to Sherbrooke Street They prosecuted the work actively and in a few years had the walk stocked with trees, the latest of which was an elm planted in honour of the visit of H. K. H. the Prince of Wales in 186U. The Graduates' Walk is now for the most l)art merged in the ai.proach lo the new W. C. McDonald Physics Building, and most of its trees have disappeared oxc(^pt those at its extremities. Notes have been kept since 1855, of the results of the planting and attempts to introduce foreign trees and shrubs and it was hoped that these experiments and observations' would have been continued by Prof. Penhallow, but since the park and its trees may now be considered as things of the past, and any experiments hereafter made will be car ried on under new conditions in the ground leased from the' Ti-afalgar Institute, or elsewhere, it may be well to record for the benefit of others the results of the observations made. It may be premised here that the grounds ai-e sheltered by the mountain, have a favourable exposure to the south- east, and have three varieties of soil— the sandv soil afforded by the Pleistocene Saxicava-sand toward the fVont, clay soil resting on Leda-clay and Boulder-clay and the alluvial soil in the little ravine, not to mention the rocky ground on Trenton limestone and old quarry pits, which was, for the most part, occupied by the Medical Faculty's building. In noticing the trees and shrubs, I shall take them in no ve.-y definite order, but shall give a list with notes on each .species, taking native trees and shrubs first. 410 Canadian Record of Science. \. The Red Oak. Quercus rubra. Several tine HpeciinenH of this tree existed Jilong the bank of the brook — four of which wtill remain intact (1891). The tincHt specimen wan drawn and engraved for the restora- tion of the Indian town of Hochelnga in my book "Fossil Men," in consequence of Cartier's note, that on his visit to the village of Hochelaga, he saw great oaks with large acorns on the path leading from the landing place below the current to the village. Our oaks are not those of Cartier's time. One of the largest, cut down last year, showed 160 rings of growth, so that it may be regarded as a child of the oak fbrestof three centuries ago. Sandy soil, especially with clay underlying at some depth, seems to be specially suited to this tree, whose large shining leaves and spreading form make it one of our tinest forest trees. 2. The White Oak. Quercus alba. This species was not indigenous to the College grounds, but a few tine plants wore purchased. They throve well in the more moist and rich ground, but were only young trees, and all have perished in the progress of improvements. There seems no reason why this species should not be cultivated as a timber tree in the Province of Quebec; but it requires a good soil and exposure. 3. The Overcup White Oak. Quercus macrocarpa. This is not an indigenous species, but a few acorns from the North-west were presented to me some years ago by Dr. G. M. Dawson. One good plant was raised from these and was carefully tended. It grew well and promised to be a tine tree, but had to be removed last year, and I fear has perished. I hove found that oaks do not readily transplant, as we have lost several good trees in this way. This species deserves to be introduced in Lower Canada as an ornamental tree. Its large leaves give ii. a fine appearance. It loves limestone soil. Trees on McGdli Unwerdly Groun(h. 411 4. The EN(}Lr8H Oak. Quercus robur L. Specimens of this Hpecies were presented by Mr. Younf^, and were planted in different noils and exposiiroH; but tbov proved incapable of enduring the winter and all polished; those in the lighter and more sandy ground surviving longest. In any case this tree is not companible as an ornamental tree with our native 8i)ecios, and its leaves hanging withered on the branches in autumn give it an un- sightly appearance. 5. The Beech. Fagus ferruginea. A bed of young plants of this Hne tree was raised from the nuts, and one specimen still i-emains. It grows well bnt not in the sandy soil, and as only very young trees have been on the grounds, little can be said respecting it. It is known, however, to love a rich calcareous soil, and, where this exists, to thj-ive even on rocky ground. Our beech is scarcely so tine a tree as the European beech, the hardiness of which, in Canada, I have had no opportunity of expeii- menting on. 6. The Hazel. Gorylus americana. A plant of this species obtained on the mountain about 1858, has grown luxuriantly and bore fruit every year. Jt was destroyed last year. The hazel is a long lived and beautiful shrub. As one usually sees it on poor ground and cropped by cattle it has a shabby appearance, but under more favourable circumstances it forms a tine element in shrubbery. Its catkins are pretty in the spring, and in autumn its fruit is curious and is edible. 7. The Hornbeam. Oarpinus americana. A fine and somewhat aged specimen of this little tree, native to the place, existed till last year in the lower part of the grounds. It is of slow growth and straggling form. One youDg tree still remains near the head of the aveniio, 412 Canadian Record of Science. and is notcvvoi-thy for the bi'illiant crimHon jukI yellow colours which its k'jives asHiinic in uutuimi ; :iiul as the leaves arc somewhat. ])ersi8tonl, their beaut}- remains till late in the season. S, RiRfii. Betula papi/racea and B. popuUfoUa. Those white birches, so common throughout Kastern Canadii, were native to the soil. One very old and spread- ing tree was probably the tinest in Montreal. Its main trunk was slioi't and the young people used to ascend and use th(^ spreading branches as a stud}- in the warm weathei- of'sumrncM'. The white birches are trees of rapid growth ami extremely hardy. I have specimens growing on some- what poor soil, which, in twelve years, have attained the height of ;>() feet and ai"e beautiful trees. 9. European White Birch. Betula alba. The cut-leaved variety of this tree has grown very suc- cessfully, and its pendulous branches and pure white bark produce a tine ett'ect. Several other species or varieties of foreign birches were presented by Mr. Gibb, but had to be removed to the new botanical garden on the Trafalgar pi-operty. The bronze-leaved variety did well and had a tine appearance. The remaining specimens are of the green and cut-leaved variety. Being more graceful and j>endulous than our native species, and apparently quite hardy, they deserve cultivation. 10. The Yellow Birch (^B. lutea) was not originally on the grounds, but a good specimen was planted on the (Jraduates' walk and has thriven, though perhaps the soil is rather light for this species. I had hopes that it might liuvc gone on to rival our oaks and elms, as when mature, ii is a maje,'>iic tree, one of our tinest native species, but uiirortimately it is too near the line of the approach to the rii)>ics building and probably is doomed to disappear. Trees on McGHI Univerulij Grounds. n. The Arctic IJircii. Betula pumifa. 413 A plant I if this species presented by Mr. (ribb was tended for sevonil years on the terrace in front of the Collcijfe, but did not thrive and eventually died. I planted it aloni^side of a Tamarisk in hopes of reconciling to the same conditions these two trees of so different habitat. Ikit the birch drooped in the heat of sinnincr and the branches of the tamarisk were winter-killed, so the e.\|)eriniont wiis not successful. The tamarisk .survives as a small shrub, send- ing; up shoots fi'om the root. The dwai'f birch is dead. 12. The Aldek. Alnas incana. This common shrub i^rew plentifully on the borders of the brook, f()rin\.ii>; a dense thicket on the flat t^round near University street, under which were many shade-loving ferns and herlmceous woodland plants. It is now extinct. I may mention with it the English Aldei- — A. ylutinosa — u much finer |)lant, attaining to the dimensions of a sn)all tree on one stem. Specimens of this were given to me by Mr. iToung and grew vigorously for a few years, but seemed liable to have the young wood ni])ped by fi'ost in wintei', and finally perished. The cut-leaved variety seems more successful ; and one s))eciinen, presented by Mv. (Jibb, still remains. 13. The Basswood. Tilia americana, L. This tree is common on the mountain, but did not exist on the ground •< till |)lanted. it is a rapidly growing and beautiful tree, forming a fine variety with maples and elms, and interesting in spring from its clusters of fragrant flowers on a leafy peduncle, while its large heart-shaped leaves afford a grateful shade. It does not appear to be a tree of long life, and when pruned or wounded is veiy apt to decay in the stem. A large specimen in the avenue, which will have to be removed for the approach to the engineering building, has suffered in this way, and though 414 Canadian Record of Science. by no mi'unH an old tioo, in little more thun a picturescjue r lin. Another Jind younger spool men romuinH and may Horvo to roproHont the intorostiiig hotanical rolationHhips of thoTiliaceffi. 14. The Elm. Ulmus americana. Olio fine Hpecimon stood on the ground in 1855, and was usually known as the " Founder's Tree," having been planted or j)reserved by Mr. McGill. It still stands, and is tall in form and less s|)reading than elms usually are near Montreal, and is now (1891) 10 feet in circumference at two feet from the gi'ound. Many others have been planted, especially along the avenue, whore it was intended to have a row of elms along each side. Great difficulties were found however, in planting them successfully in the drier |)arts of the ground, and in some places they would succeed oidy aflei' digging up a wide and deep bed and filling it with manure. So soon, however, as the roots reached the moist clay of the subsoil the trees grew vigorously. It has happened in this way that some of the dying trees have been replaced by maples; so that our avenue of elms is not altogether complete. An inner row of soft maples was planted at the same time, partly to protect the elms and partly to form a shade in advance of the latter, the inten- tion being ultimately to remove the maples and to leave merely the avenue of elms. The elm is the favorite ornamental tree in the province of Quebec, not only because of its beauty, but on account of its rapid growth. A tree planted in 1858 by Lady Dawson on the east side of the avenue has now a circumference of 6 feet near the ground, and is quite a stately tree. It has grown more rapidly than some of the others on account of the more suitable soil. The rough foliage of the elm i> ninarkably exempt from the attacks of caterpillars. Its worst I m my in my experience is the prickly black faterpilliir of the mourning cloak butterfly — Vanessa Hiitiojia. Trees on McGill l^nwersiliy Grounds, 416 16. The Red or Slippery Elm. fUmus/ulra. In 1855 there was a moribund tree of ihiH Hpecies at the foot of the terrace in front of the coiiegc. I (h roots had been in great part buried under the oxcavatorw' ruhhish UHed in forming the terrace, and it was gradually dying. [ planted at its root the wild vine and the Ampelopsiw or Hve- tingered ivy, which in a few years (•omj)letely clothed itH stem and dead branches, giving it a tine appearance, esp dally in autumn, when (he bright yellow of the vine and the crimson of the Ampelopsis had a most brilliant eflfect. It was one of the chief ornaments of th.« front of the buildings for many years, when, decaying at the base, it was finally overthrown in an autumnal storm. Other trees of this speeies were planted, but their infoi-iority to the ordinary American elm, both in form and statjire wms too manifest to encourage their multiplication. 16. The Corky Elm. Ulmus racemosa. This species is distinguished by the curious corky ex- crescences on its trunk and branches, and by its stiffer and more rigid branching as compared with the ordinary species. A fine young specimen from St. Andrews was presented some years ago by Dr. Harrington and was grow- ing well, but it was one of the victims of the recent im- provements. IT. The English Elm. Ulmus campestris. Specimens of this tree were presented by Mr. Young, and having been planted on good soil grew vigorously ; but the twigs were liable to be wintei- killed and the tree'then sent offshoots from the root, giving it an unsightly appear- ance. It is much stiffer in habit of growth than our elm, with smaller foliage and a tendency to corky excrescences on the bark. It is evidently scarcely hardy enough for our climate, though it has succeeded well inNew England. All those in the College grounds have perished, except one 416 Cana/Han Record of Science. yoiin^ ti'oo ; but I still havo u piuni in my ganlon in Walbrao Place. 18. The Butternltt. Jiu/lans cinerea A row of these ti-eey of large size fornic "ly existod in continuation of the oaks along the hank of tlie brook to the rear of i\Ir. Me(riir.s propiM'ty of Ihirnside. They were probably along the line of an old fence or fai'm road. Five or six of those trees existed in 1855, and were regularly visited every autumn by troops of nutters from the east end of the town. The best of the survivors occupies a largo space in my garden in Walbrae place, part of which was purchased from the rear angle of the McGill ]M'operty. The ruins of another stand in front of the Medical Faculty's building and are at least picturesque. This "A'ee was partly buried by excavated material, but has sur- vived this, though many of its branches were killed. Another stands in front of the Thomas Workman Technical building and may probably be spared. Several young trees intended to renew the old ones have been destroyed, except one near the chemical laboratory of the Medical School. The butternut is a veiy beautiful tree and well deserving cultivation, though it has the fault of leating late in the spring, and dropping its foliage early in autumn. It is easily raised from the nut if planted in autumn, and grows with rapidity. It is quite a common tree on the farms northward and westward of Montreal. The butternut, owing to the food it affords and to the shelter provided in the older trees by decayed spots, is a favourite home of the red squirrel. A pair of these uiimals has continued to maintain itself in the great tree near the AVorkman building for thirty years, notwithstanding occa- sional stoning by boys, and one individual at least still holds its ground up to the present autumn. 19. HiCKORr. Garya porcina. A few fine specimens of this beautiful and sl'^tely tree s Irees on McGill University Groun, and sowed in our little nursery on the flat near Sherbrooke street. All the three species above named are on the grounds. The first is the most stately and enduring, but of less rapid growth than the others. In autumn its foliage is variegated with red and orange. The red maple, a moi-e rapid gi-ower but less grand and enduring, has the most brilliant red leaves in autumn. Those of the white maple, A. dasycarpum, are yellow in autumn. The belt of red and white maples along the east side of the grounds, all from seed sown by ourselves, was one of the finest bits of woodland foliage about Mont- real, but was destroyed to make room for the Thomas Workman building. The thinner belt on the west side of the campus is also a good feature, but much inferior to the other, owing to poorer soil and the injury done to the trees by boys and spectators on occasion of games and athletic sports. 21. The Mountain Maple. Acer spicatum. This tree, better suited to the colder and more bleak portions of the country, has been naturalized on the college 418 Canadian Record of Science. gi'ounds, where one plant still Hurviven. It is of small stature, rather a largo shrub than a tree, but its white bark, its peculiar li<^ht green foliage and its beautiful spikes of green uiid reti samaras in autumn, entitle it to attention as an ornamental plant, ft is easily cultivated and an excel- lent shrub for hiding palings or other unsightly objects. 22. The Norway Maple. Acer platanoides. Several specimens of this ti-ee were presented by the Hon. Mr. Young, and it proved the finest of all those given by him as an ornamental tree. Our only remaining example is that near the Peter Redpath museum. This tree somewhat resembles our sugar maple, to which it is nearly allied, hut it has larger and deeper green foliage, is earlier in putting forth leaves in spring, and i-etains them longer in autumn. It seems perfectly hardy, and is in all respects one of the finest ornamental trees from abroad ever introduced into this country. A seed bed was established for the sake of propagating plants for distribution ; but the plants had to be removed owing to building operations. A number of them, however, still exist in care of Prof. Penhallow. No tree better deserves the attention of arboriculturists. It would probably yield sugar, but I am not aware that its properties in this respect have been tested. 23. The English Maple. Acer campestre. This very beautiful small-leaved maple was introduced by Mr. Young, and a number of specimens wore planted on the grounds. All those on the richer and less sheltered ground were so much winter-killed that in a few years they perished ; but a few plants which happened to be put on the dry terrace, sheltered by the buildings, have held their ground, not however as trees, but as shrubs. Their beauti- ful and singular foliage always attracts attention. It is deep green in summer and pale yellow in autumn. They have never borne fruit, and every spring require pruning Trees on McGill Universitij Grounds. 419 of dead twigs. The variety which has biu-ceeded best is that having the roughest and most corky bark. The ])lant8 now in front of my residence, though mere shrubs, are about thirty years of" age. 24. The Sycamore Maple. Acer pseudo-platanus. A fine healthy specimen of this ti-ee was presented by the late Mr. (libb and proved to be hardy and a vigorous grower, while its great glossy leaves were more showy than those of any of our other maples. It had attained to a height of more than thirty feet, and was a beautiful and shapely tree. Being a little removed from the new build- ings I had hoped that it might be preserved ; but on occa- sion of cutting down some common trees which were in the way, the workman extended his commission to this tree also, and I arrived on the ground too late to save it. 25. The Ash-leaved Maple. Neyundo aceroides. Our experience with this handsome tree is of interest, as showing the difference in hardiness of specimens from different localities, a point to which attention has recently been directed by Mr. Fletcher, of the Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Desiring to introduce the tree as a botanical specimen, in consequence of the peculiar form of its leaf, I purchased some plants from a nursery in the State of New York, but was much disappointed with the result. The ends of the twigs were winter-killed and the trees soon began to lose their beauty in consequence, so that I regarded the experiment as a failure. A little later some seeds from Manitoba were sent to me in a letter by Dr. G. M. Dawson and produced healthy plants, which showed no sign of winter-killing, and now I have healthy and vigorous trees perfectly suited to the climate. They have already borne abundance of seed which has been cultivated by Dr. Harrington, and numerous plants have been distributed by him. He has even found that this progeny of the North- west Negundo will grow successfully as far to the North- 420 Canadian Record of Science. east as Little MetiH on the Lower St. Lawrence', wliere lie has phmts ten feet high. (.)iie of my original Negiiiidos Btill exists in the College grounds, and I hope will bo Hpaied to become an old tree. Di-. [larringtoii has asrer- tained, fi-om specimens on Mc(rill ColleL;e grounds, the pro- portion of sugar yielded by this tree, as compaied with the sugai- maple, which is so considerable as to warrant its culture as a producer of sugar.' 26. The White Ash. Fraxinus americana. A great number of trees of this species were raised from the seed, and have been planted in various pai-ts of the grounds. The belt of trees on the east side of the Medical building consists of this species, and presents a fine mass of foliage in summer, through the trees ai'c still young. The ash sutfers in some years from the attacks of the tent catei'pillais (Clisioca/npa), and is rather straggling and slender in its habit of growth, but it is easily cultivated and is a i-apiil grower, especially in moist ground. 27. The Knolisii Ash. Fraxinus excelsior. A few specimens of this 8j)ecies were presented by Mi". Young. One still survives in front of the east wing, but is in danger of death from being embanked in eai-th. It grows vigorously and stands the climate well, but j)ut8 forth its leaves very late in spring, so that a casual observer, seeing it bare attoi- other ti-ces are in leaf, would suppose it dead. It is a finer and more stately tiee than any of our species, and desei'ves cultivation. 28. The Mountain Ash Pyrus Americana and P. aucuparia. The first named species is the native mountain ash and the second is the biUropean species. Both are handsome small ti'ees and produce beautiful pinnate leaves and rich clustei'S of scarlet beriies in autumn The American spe- ' Trans. Royal Society of Canada, vol, v, 1888, p. 39. * Trees on McGill Umvetsiit/ Grounds. 421 cicH is the moro luxuriant gi-owei- and has hii'i;er and more .shining leaves. The English species is more delicate and graceful. Both are peifectly hardy, of rapid gi-owth and easily propagated, and are not uncommon in gardens and shrubberies in and near Montreal. We had young trees of both species on the grounds as well as some varieties with peculiar leaves presonlod by Mr. Gibb, but they had to bo removed to the botanical garden. 29. Hawthorn. Crataajus. (Species.) In 1855 the most abundant shrubs on the grounds were hawthorns, whoso spines had enabled them to resist the attacks of cattle and boys. They also sheltered wild vines and other climbers. There were three species; the most abundant was C. crusyalU, the cockspur thorn, but C. cocci- nea, the crimson-fruited thorn was also present though rare, and one specimen of it still survives near the Medical build- ing. The finest species, however, was C. tomentosa, the apple or pear thorn, which becomes when full grown a small tree, throwing out its branches horizontally with a very fine effect, and presenting an object of rare beauty when covered with blossom in spring. One of the finest specimens I ever saw was on the east side of the grounds toward University street. When it was proposed to sell lots on this street, Mr. D. Davidson/ then a member of the Board, declared that one of his chief objections to the sale of these lots was the probable destruction of this tree. It survived this ordeal, however, being a little beyond the limits of the building lots, but now its place knows it no more. A very fine, though younger, specimen still exists in front of the Libi-ary at the foot of the terrace. Some years ago I suggested to the trutekceper to plant a row of seedlings of this species along the Sherbrooke street front, in hope that they might replace as a hedge the old ' While these pages were in the press the news arrived of the death of this venerable and true friend of education, to whom both the University and the High School of Montreal are most deeply indebted. 422 Canadian Record of Self we. ])aliiig along that front. The attempt wna <]iiite successful and the he ^^e still stands, though the paling li:is hecn replaced by an iron railing. When in England in 1865, I procured some jiliints of the pink and crimson double hawthoi-n, so oi-namental in that country in spring, and planted them in different parts of the grounds. One of them, planted in a rich und sheltered spot, grew well and flowered several times. The others were less successful, and eventually all succumbed to the rigour of the winter. The common variety of the Fiiiglish thorn is however more hardy. iJO. June-Berry. Wild Pear. Amelanc/iier canadensis. This beautiful little tree was introduced to the grounds many years ago, and was the first to gladden our eyes in spring with its white blossoms, though the wild plum was sometimes about as early. I took special care of one speci- men training it on a single stalk and cutting away the shoots which this tree is so pione to form at the base. The result was a specimen of unusually large size and beauty, which >overal botanists infoimed me was the finest ^hey had seen. It was destroyed to make room for the engineer- ing building. On our grounds the delicious fruit of this ti-ee, so much prized by the Indians of the North-West, could not be obtained, owing to the constant depredations of a grub which destroyed oi* rendered it unsightly, and the bii-ds quickly dispo.sed of the remainder. I had hoped by culture to improve the fruit, but could nevei- obtain it in any quantity. 31. Poplars. Populus. (Species.) The Abele or European white poplar and the Lombardy poplar were early introduced on the grounds, and have grown vigorously. The foi-mer is too rapid in growth and too wide-spreading for limited grounds, and both are very exhausting to the soil in their vicinity. Of the native Trees on McGill University Groimch. 423 HpecioB the only one to whicli I gave attention wuh the F. (jrandidentata, the large-t(K>thed iiH^en, bocuu.se of its resem- blance to some fossil sj^ecies, and the wondertui variety in Ibrm and texture of the leaves on shoots and branches of dif- ferent ages, as illustrating the diversities of foliage in these fossil species. The ti-ee is, however, of straggling and irre- gular habit of growth, and scarcely worthy of cultivation except for its tremulous leaves, in which property it is sur- passed by its ally, P. tremuloides, but this also is a straggling and usually ungi-aceful tree. 32. AN^iLLOws. Salix. (Species.) Some plants of native willows existed originally in the grounds, and seemed to have been loss attractive to brows- ing cattle than most other shrubs. The bright yellow cat- kins of the male plants formed an attractive feature in early spring. They appear, however, to be of short life and require to be frequently renewed. In recent years some foreign species of fine appearance wei-e presented by Mr. < nbb. Two of these, more pai'ticnia.-ly, agray or olive-leaved species and one with shining dark green leaves, were espe- cially atti-active and pi-oved hardy and rapid growers. They are well deserving of attention where beautiful foli- age is desired in a short time and where the soil is moist. The same remark may be made as to some of the finer varieties of the white-leaved poplar. The beautiful golden willow was early planted along the side of the brook, and though for some years it was impossible to protect the l)lants from the knives of schoolboys, they eventually over- topped their assailants and grew to the stature of trees, which formed a very pleasing variety in contrast with the maples and spruces. ;}3. VVfLD Cherry and Plum. Primus. (Species.) The choke cherry (Primus vinjlniana), the black cherry (Prunus serotina), the common wild red cherry (Prunus pennsylvanica), and the wild plum {Prunus americana), 424 Oinadian Record of Science. were all indigenous ')n Mie gi'ounds, (»r ojirly inti-oduced, and flowered and fruited every yea?'. A few s])ecimonH still remain. "^Plio wild red plum, still used for [U'eserving, was an articde of food willi tho old |)0O|)le of nocliolaga, as the Htones are found in their Uitchen-niiddenH. It pro- bably grew plentifully along the base of the mountain. The plants on the college grounds had apparently been sown by birds, and were principallv interesting as har- l)ingers of spring by their eai'ly blossoming — their fruit being usually destroja'd by the curculio. 34. The Locust Trees. visco&a. Robinia iiseudacacia and Ji. Slips of these trees were obtained from triends at an early period of our planting, and throve well, esijocially the for- mer, which, from its habit of sending u|) shoots from its roots, became almost a nuisance. The chunniy acacia (U. viscosa) was more tender and liable to have the twigs win- ter killed, but it often bore abundantly its beautiful clusters of reddish flowers. A plant of the latter species still le- mains, but all those of the former had to give wa}' to tho new buildings. 35. The Catalpa. C. bignotiioides. For several specimens of this beautiful and interesting tree we are indebted to the late Charles (iibb, and all are fortunately planted in portions of the gi'ounds not as yet invaded by building. They require a sheltered ])Osition, and some specimens seem perfectly hardy, while others, perhaps less favorably situated, have the shoots winter- killed. None of the specimens have yet flowered, and, as their growth is not rapid, it maybe several years before we can have the pleasure of seeing the beautiful blossoms. I have observed that this tree has in Toronto been planted along some of the streets. AVhether it would stand here in such situations is uncertain : but it deserves attention in ornamental grounds. Ti-ee^ on MrGill Unwenity Crnunds. 425 ;{n. The hoawooD. Cornus. (Species.) Of our dirt'ei-ont species of dogwood, that which soems most deserving; «»f cultivation as an ornamental d'eo i.s C pamrulata. A fine tree-shaped spi-citnen with voi-v spread- ing branches is in the grounds, and is sliii vigorous though thirty years of age. '^ '''he Elders. .57. Sambunvs canadensis and S. rac.emnsa. iJoth species are cultivated in the College grounds. The latter is perhaps the most important. It grows very vigor- ously, is the Hrst shrub to ])ut forth its leaves and its not very showy blossoms in spring, and when in fiuit is gay with its bunches of scarlet berries, it tends to have a straggling habit of growth, but is easily pruned and kept in shape. Its early vegetation in spring entitles it to special consideration in our 'dimate; and though it prefers somewhat rich ground, it will grow well on dry banks. ;38. The High (Jran berry. Vihurnum opulus. Two specimens of this plant presented by the late C. Dunkin, Esq.. still exist in the grounds, and their fruit, remaining over winter, produces a pretty appearance and provides a meal to wintei- birds. The double variety known as the snowball is a common ornamental shi-ub everywhere but the brilliant beri-ies of the single variety entitle it to consideration as an ornamental plant, though its flowers are much less showy. 39. The Sheep- Berry. Viburnum lentayo. This species, indigenous on the mountain, is the only other viburnum we have cultivated except the common snowball. It grows well and flowers and fruits freely, and is among other shrubs a pretty variety. In some parts of the country its berries are used as fruit, but are of little value. 426 Canadian Reau'd of Science. 40. Thk WdODHiNE ott FiVE-FiNaERED 1 vY. Anipelopsis t/uinquep)lia. TliiH wpecios ^low frooly amoii^ tho thoin bu.shes and was used as a climljitig plant as it gonorally is in Canada, with f^ood otl'oct. I owe to tho kiiidnosis of my tVioiid, the hito Prof. Gray, some Hoei II inring, though it does not fruit. It is very well suited for this purpose, and 1 am surprised that it is not more fre(|uently cultivated as an ornamental climber. When trained artificially, however, it often fails to fruit. It is not only a very beautiful climber, but has the merit of escaping the attacks of the minute insects so destructive to vines. I. u-ied to boast that it is altogether exempt from insect ravages ; but only last spring 1 found some of the slender young shoots covered with the common black Aphis. It is an interesting example of the almost instinctive attraction of some climbing plants to supporting bodies. Its long red roots pass for a considerable distance underground, and when- ever they come near to a post or tree stem, send up young plants though they may showno tendency to this elsewhere. 42. The Fhost (J^rape. Vitis cordifolia. Thi^ L^rew abundantly among the thorn bushes, often Trees on McGUI f'ninersifi/ Grounds. 42" weighing thotn down with its niiisHos of t'oliai^o and fruit. Ah already stated, it was used for training on dead treen, etc., hut hittorly it was much atlbcted, and its l)eauty dos- troyed hy tho attackw of a minute vino-frctter (Tetti(jonla). Its fruit is useless <^\eept for tho pItMitiful colouring matter which it contaiiiH. 43. The Judas Tree. Cercis canadensis. We owe specimens of this shrub to the hite Mr. (lihl). It has, however, proved tendei-, oven in a wholtei'od position, and has not flowered. It does not seom to ho suited to our climate. Oiir largest specimen has hoen removed to tho new botanical garden, whore, perhaps, it may bo mcn'o successful. 44. The Sumach. Rhus tijphina. This beautiful little tree is one of our best ornamental plants and will grow on poor stony soil. Its straggling habit of growth can bo corrected b}' cutting down tho tops of the young shoots annually for a few years. The female plant is much the best, being of morocom|)actand vigorous growth and retaining its dense panicles of rod fruit thi-ough the winter. En autumn the brilliant rod leaves have a fine appearance. The fruit, though tlry, is greedily eaten by some winter birds, and it is probably by tho agency of these that the species is so plentifully disseminated over the lower part of the Mountain Park. Young plants trained separately on single stems and pruned as above directed, have a very line appearance on exposed banks. 45. The Shrubby Hollyhock. Hibiscus syriacus. I was much struck with the beauty of this plant as culti- vated in tho surburbs of Boston, and ondeavoureil to intro- duce it on tho College grounds. The attempt was, however, unsuccessful. The tips were winter killed, and though 1 suc- ceeded in having flowers for a few years, the plants ulti- mately perished. 428 Canadian Record of Science. 40. 'PiiE ANdELiPA Tree or Siirubiiy Arai.ia. Aral! a Wo owe this curious pliint to Mr. (iild). Wlun ^rowiii^ vi^oui'ously jukI in ^ood cotiditiou it is liij^hly oi'iiainontui, Itut it is liiiblo to luivo the torminal l»U(l wintor killed, and it hsi8 a bad habit of spreading t'looly from the root. It ro(|uiros moist iijrouiid. Qui- Ixist s|io('imcns have had to be romovod, atid some havo been planted in thi' r(!a.' of the grounds near tlie Medical building. 47. Paulownia. Paiiloirnid imperialis. This tree produces magniricont loaves and is very orna- mental, but unfortunately its large shoots are annually killed down. It has been on the ground for about twelve years and sends up vigorous shoots annually. It is deserving of cultivation even as a herbaceous plant, because of the beautiful foliage. Our best specimen has been destroyed but a smaller one still survives. 48. Shrubby JEydranciea. Hydraru/ea arhorescens. This beautiful, shrub presented by Mr. Gibb, has proved ([uite hardy and flowers profusely. Its large cymes of flowers ai-o very showy in autumn, and if taken into the house can be dried and will remain fresh over winter. It has now been introduced into many private gardens. The best specimens I have seen are in the grounds of Mr. J. 11. H. Molson. 49. The Horse Chestnut. jEscuIus hippocastanum. Specimens of this tree, presented by Mr. Young, have been giowing for many years on the grounds and flower fi-eely. I had hoped also to inti-oduce the red variety, so much cultivated in England ; but the specimens imported pi-oved too tender to endure the winter, thougji Mr. Lunn, perhaps from some difference in soil or exposure, was moi"o succes-sful, and had vigorous specimens lor many years. Trees on MrClill Univemly Gronnth. 420 50. 'I'hk Spri;oe8. Abies. (Spooios.) Wo had oii^riiijilly no Mpnices on tho «,q-nuii(ls. The hito •Major ('jitn|»l)oII of St, llilaii'o was kind ciiou^Mi lo send a cnr-load of voun^r Hpnicos to tho Collci^'e many yoai-H h<,'o. principally of tho Mack spnico, A. niijra. Tlioy weio plun-rowth of this tree, which seems to be extremely slow, a fact perhaps connected with the very durable character of the wood. Our specimens are only a few inches in diameter, while (he elms and maples planted at the same time are a foot or more, and the spruces planted long after are twice their size. 52. The Larch. Larix americana. L. Only a few specimens of the American larch were planted on the gi-ounds, and 1 believe all have been destroyed. A rine specimen of the Kui-opoan larch still exists, but is too near to an intended roadway to be permitted to survive. The European larch is a finer and more compact tree than ours, and with more pendulous branches and larger and brighter coloured cones. It is perfectly hardy. The native larch has in many places been destroyed by the ravages of a catei-pillar. I have not yet observed this to attack the English species. 430 Canadian Record of Si'ienre. 5I}. 'WiK Jumper, Juniperus communis. I brout^ht a Hpocimen of tliis plant from Capo Klizaboth about 18()5, and planted it in what seomed a favoiirablo s|)ot. It grew and has continued to live up to last year; but its growth is so slow that in twenty-five years it was a low bush, with a total diameter of oidy about thi-eo feet. T feared to attem])t to transplant it, and had hoped to pre- serve it by placing guards around it, but in my temporary absence it was buried under a pile of stones and destroyed. 54. The (tinicgo 'I'ree. Ginkgo biloba. I was naturally desirous to have this tree on the grounds, as an example of a taxine tree with bi'oad leaves, as the sole representative of its genus, and as a modern example of a type which in Cretaceous and Tertiary times was repre- sented by several species in Canada. A specimen which 1 obtained mau}^ years ago from a nursery in the United Staiois still stands, but it is too large to be ti-ansplantcd with safet}', and T fear is so near to a contemplated road cmhankinent that it may be destroyed. A few smaller exainj)les, presented byMr. (iibb, have been transplanted to the new botanical garden. Miscellaneous Shrubs, it would be tedious to refer to a variety of othei' orna- mental slirubs cultivated or experimented on. Among those successfully inti-oduced are ^he golden cui-rant, the flowering raspberry, the Western white flowering rasp- berry fi'om Lake Sujjerior (^Rubus puthanus), the silver-leaf {Ebvaynus anjtntea),^ the lilacs, of which we had at one time Ave or six varieties, the species of Philadel))hus or " Syringa," the burning bush {Euonymua), the tringe-ti-ee (Chionanthus), various species of Spiriva, etc. Many of these, as well as Canadian herbaceous plants, have been transferred Ui the new botanical garden. ' This species, usually eiiiisidered a Western plant, is also found locally in Eastern Canada, as, for instance, on the banits of Metis River, and it grow.s very vigorously and would easily run wild at Montreal. Irees on McGill Univenity Gro/mds. 431 I have always i-egarded the sight of trees and other l)eautiful or impressive natural ohjeets as an educating influence of no .snnall value, and all the more needed in a country whose tradition is the destruction, not the culture of trees, and where, even from n utilitarian point of view, arboriculture should be encouraged far more than it has been ; while the love of rural beauty, tbi- its own sake, at l)resent so lamentably deficient among us, would be an influence not only elevating but tending to the best kind of patriotism. For this reason I had hoped to leave behind me, in connection with Mcdill, a college park, which, if not large, should be attractive and instructive from its variety and the number of interesting trees contained in it, where our young men could learn to know and love the useful and ornamental trees of our country, and whence some of them might go forth to take up the pursuits so admirably carried out by our late lamented graduate and friend, ( 'harles (iibb. This portion of our educational work has for the present been suspended, except in so far as it can be renewed on the l^i-afalgar property ; but I hope that the slender and imperfect record of it above given may aid those who may have opportunity to continue it under bet- ter auspices, and may possibly ff^vA to induce some large- minded benefactor to bestow on the University a sufficient tract of land for a botanical garden and arboretum, like those connected with some of the greater universities on this continent and abroad. For the present we have secured, as a refuge for a portion of our collections, the use of a desii-able property on the mountain, belonging to the Ti-afalgar Institute ; but this is only temporary, and it is evident that to make adequate experiments on tree culture, and to perpetuate the evidence of our results, requires a permanent property, and this of some magnitude and with somewhat varied soils and ex- posures. Our botanical department, as now organized under Prof. Penhallow, would render this beneficial not only to students, but to the country at large. 432 Canadian Record of Science. Addenda to Sir W. Dawson's Paper on the Trees G-rowing on the G-rounds of MoGiLL University. In the diHCUssion I was i-eminded that I had omitted two of GUI- raoHt useful and beautiful shrubh*, the Mahoniu,, Berberis aquifolium, and its ally, B. vulgaris, both of which may be said to iiave been naturalized on the College grounds and spread themselves at their own discretion. The former in particular is interesting as our best substitute for Holly, which in its foliage it much resembles. It is an evergreen, but its leaves are liable to be killed in win- ter if not covered with snow. When planted in a low and sheltered place, likely to be well covered with snow in win- ter, it sjireads freely and its leaves pi-esei-ve their greenness, so that it may be gatheretl at Christmas ; and it will come out bright and uninjured from under the snow in spring. With a few of the berriee of the tree cranberry, which remain red and perfect all Avinter,it may be made to do duty very well for thi traditional boll}' of the mother country. It was also noticed in the discussion that the growth of trees in this climate is very rapid. A young man who plants well selected trees may, before he is middle aged, have large and useful plantations; and belts^^of forest trees, if judiciously planted, besides their other uses, are invaluable for shelter and for protecting fruit trees. Young seedling trees are the best, as they soon gain on older trees which have been removed, and are more beauti- ful and shapely. Many of our best forest trees are quite easily propagated from the seed, and abundance of healthy f^eedlings can often be collected under old trees. Much is to be said, both on the score of economy and beauty, in favor of hedges instead of fences ; and if the native thorns are to be used, the best will probably be C. tomentosa, the pear or apple haw, from its vigorous growth and compact habit. Some varieties of this species also produce a large and edible fruit. A pleasant feature connected with such trees ae the s=o Addenda to Sir W. Dawson's Paper. 433 Sumach, the Rowan tree and the Trec-cranbeny, is that hey attract vvinterbh-ds, and thu« enliven the shrubbery .it a time when hving things are least abundant in our woods and grounds. 1 he planting and culture of trees, and the disposal of them for utihty and adornment were referred to by severa speakers in the discussion, and it is hoped may form the «ub)ect of a separate paper by some member having the requuite experience and scientific knowledge.