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DOMINION OF CANADA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE DOMINION EXPERIMENTAL FARMS DIVISION OF HORTICULTURE THE STRAWBERRY AND ITS CULTIVATION IN CANADA BY W. T. MACOUN D'lminion Hurtirulturiit WITH SECTIONS ON INSECTS AFFECTING THE STRAWBERRY By the Entomological Branch AND COMMON STRAWBERRY DISEASES BY W. A. McCITBBIN Onictr in Churgr, Ficlj Laboratory „f Plant Pathology, St. Catharinci, Ont. BULLETIN 92 f =r. ;. 1 r. ,, Fxr. Farrt.y r.»^rvi CP I by uuthp-ity of tht; Hon. T. A. Crerar, Miniiter of Agriculturr, Ottawa, Ont. bui. ffp mm DOMINION OF CANADA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE DOMINION EXPERIMENTAL FARMS DIVISION OF HORTICULTURE THE STRAWBERRY AND ITS CULTIVATION IN CANADA BY W. T. MACOUN Dominion Horticulturtat WITH SECTIONS ON INSECTS AFFECTING THE STRAWBERRY By the Entomological Branch A»-D COMMON STR/ BY V, Officer in CharKC, Field Laborat Y DISEASES ninN jtholop St. Catharines, On' BULLETIN 92 Published by authority of the Hon. T. A. Crerar, Minister of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont. 5(m!fJ- 1 Ottawa, Ont., Ff.HHI ARY 10, 1919. Thp Ilnnourable, Tlio ^linistor of Aurieulture, Ottawa. Sin, — 1 1)CK to submit iiorewith for your approval, Bulletin Xo. Oi', of the Experi- nioiital Farms Ropular Scries, entitled ''The Strawberry and its Cultivation in Caiiada," which has bwn prepared Iiy the Dominion Horticulturist. Mr. W. T. Macoun. This l)ulletiu is a revise of our former bulletin No. repare(l by the Kntomological Branch and by Mr. W A. Mev^uhbin of the Division of Botany, respectively, have been incorporated. I would recommei, ; that n large edition of thi ..lletin be issued. I have the honour to be. sir, Your obedient servant, J. II. GRISDALK, Director, Dominion Exycrimental Farms. 50892— li TABLE OF CONTENTS. Soil and Itr Preparation ',.' Fertilizers PIi. its and Tlieir Treatment jq Plantinjf ^^ Cultivation ^ Forinini,' the Mattwl Row j^ Hill System " " " Winter Proteetion Renewi-ig the Plantation ,. Renovntinff tin Old Bed Irrigation ■,, . . 14 \ arieties „ 15 sueeeedm),' Rest in Canada ,^ ,- ,. lt> Hardiest Knslish .'." .' ■■ [[ [[ [[ [[ " '] '[ '] [[ '] [[ ■■ j^ Causes of Poorly-shaped Berries '•'verlieariiifr Strawberries CrowiiifT Strawberries for Home I'se .^l. Cost of (Irowinf? One Aire of Strawberries ."^ Fifty Most Prcduetivc Varieties ",., Deseriptions of Varieties " Promising Varieties Oris,nnated at the Central Experimental Farm, oitawa. " "2;i- '- Aeldj;nieiits InsSS!I, No. :*7 in 1M<7, and Xo. &2 in r.KMI. In addition to tlicr-i.' bulletins, information lias been iniblislu'd in practically every annual report of the K.\perinicntal Farms for the past thirty years, and by means (if papers and circulars. Nearly every one wlio has a pinh'ti, however, is interested in strawberries, as there are few who do not like them, and for tiie area occupied and the capital invested they give better returns than most fruits. Each year, also, there are many persons in Canada bejiinninf; to make gardens, or besrinning to grow straw- berries for profit; thus, because (if the many applications for cipies, even large editions of a iiublieation become exhausted. Hence, it has become iioei^ssary to publish another bulletin on the .-trawberry in which the direction- for tlu? planting and care of this fruit arc brought ii|>-to-date, and in which the results of experiments in test- ing varieties at '')ttawa and the branch Farms and Statinn- and liy jirivate individuals are given. Tliere will be fmiiid in this bulletin, also, di tail.-, in regard to the cost of growing strawberries, which havi' been furnished by growers in dilTercnt parts of Canada, and which will jirove a guide to prospective iil;uit"r?. The strawberry is found wild in Canada from the .Vtlantic to the Pacific ocean, and from the >n\itli' i , boundary as far north as the tilth iiarallel. and large (pniiitities of the wild fruits are gathered. The cultivated varieties are grown succi's' severe. The season in the more southern jiarts of tlie i)rovince of tjuebec is somewliat similar to that at Ottawa, except al 'Ug the b'Wer St. Lawrence, where it is much later, the fruit nut being ripe iiniil about tin- fir-t week of July, and the season e.intinuiiig until the second week of August. The season ii\ Nova Scutia and I'rineo Kdward Island extends into .\ugu>t als'i. In some jiarts of the Prairie Provinces also the season is not over until August. The later the siiring and the cooler the >ummer, the later the strawberry riiH-Mis, as u rule. Mill, .Wn ll'H fllKl'.MlATKlN. The site for tlie strawberry plantation should be .'losen, if possible, where snow will lie in winter, unless planting is done in a |iart of Cana(hi where there is little or no snow. A (food covering of snow usually ensures a go.ul crop of fruit where the winters are cold. If there is a clioict? of sites in parts of Cainida where injury from spring frosts is likely to occur, low ground or jwH-kets where there is not good nir dniinage xlKHild be avoided, a* the enip is often much re(hu'ed by spring frosts. One of the most important reipii-ite-i in a foil for sfrawlicrries i-i thorough druiinige. as. where water lies on or near the surface, the plants are sure to suffer either in sunuiier or winter. A sheet of ice over the plantation often causes the death of the plant-. \V!i::!- ton jiiUt-h tir i lure i; bad, too iiffie iiioi.uure is inif.iV.Juralile to the .irvil.ip- ment of fruit, hence a soil ^hould be reteiiti\e of moisture, while not saturated witli it. In some purls of Canuda there i- friH|uently u spell of hot, dry weather during 'be fruitinff season, and if tho soil becomes dry, the strawberries will suiter badly, and what had promised to be a good crop may become a very jtoor one. Warm sciils such as sandy loams will produce early fruit, but friable clay loam will usually prod\ice tiie best crops. Much, however, depends on tho riclincss of the soil, as strawberries need an abundance of available plant finid to (tive the best results. Soil which will grow pood crops of roots will usually prow good strawberries. A soil should be chosen if possible wliich dues not bake naturally, ur which l>.v thorough tillage may be brought into such good condition tiiat it will not bake. It is difficult to keep the i)lantation free from weeds where there is a soil which bakes, and it is also hard to conserve moisture in such soil in a dry time. Soil should bo chosen, if po.ssible, where there was u crop of roots the jircvious year for which the land had been heavily manured. After the roots, or other croi)s, have been runoved iti the autunni, it is a goud plan with rather stiff soils tu stir the soil deeply with tlie subsoil jilough, following rather shallow ploughing, as deep stirring of tlie soil is desirable; but if ploughing deeply with tho ordinary plougii will not bring the subsoil to tlie surface, deep ploughing will bo sufficient. Clover sod jilougbed in the autumn is also good ns the clover furnishes nitrogen, but grass sod land slmuld be avoided as there is great danger of injury from white grub, if such land is used. In the spring the soil should be brought into good tilth with the harrows, and in some cases it may be desirable to jilough in spring. It is im|M)rtant, however, not to have the soil very loose at jilanting time as it is liable either to dry out, or settle, both unfavourable to the establishment of strawix-rry i>lants. An even surface to the soil is desirable so that the plants may be set at tiie proper sh nianurc is not as siitisfai-tory as niannru well rotted, for it may make the soil too loose, causing it to drv out and make the conditions unfavourable lor newly-set plants. On heavy soils, fre-b iTianure may be used with better re-ults than on lighter soils, but as there are likely to be nniny weed* grow if gri'en inaiaire is n«ed it will have beconic more thnrotiirlily mixiHl with the soil liy phintilig tim(> if it is applied the previous autuinii. Wood ashes nre very u«efnl for a top dres-ing, anil from ."lO to 100 Im-hels per acre nuiy be applieil broiideust ciirly in tlie spring when tho land is being liarrowed. An application of oven twenty-tive bushels should give beneficial re pounds of muriate of |>otash, if wood a-bcs i-annot be olitaini'd; phosphoric iieid. by the use of gnunul bone iit the rate of from L'OO to .'KM) or more pounds per acre before jilanting. Nitrate of s>>ilii is also Useful for furnishing nilrogi'ii. although it emi be obtaiTied in n chen|)er form liy the u^i- of bnr!i- varil maniiri' or leguminous crops. .\n applientlon of l(tO to IM) pounds nitrate- of da per aero broadeastcd just before the flowers open is sometimes de^iralde if the platifs nre not nuiking vigorous growth, Imt 'he importnnt titne for the iilants to have .■iv;n!;tb!i- plaiit fuoil in wlirii fliiy an- making tlirir rrowns iii tin- previoii- \i-iit. ai the application of a fertilizer in the spring of the fruiting year i* not likely to inrrenne the numlier of berriw produe<>d. but to inerousc the size of the berries. Much nitrogeti may eaiiM) the berries to be too Koft. riinto by Frank T. Shutt. StniwlH'iTy PInntution, <'pntr;il Etpcrimontal Fiirm, Ottawa. Mulclieii fur winter. .MJS!ta_iJ l>hi>lo liy I'ruk T. Mhutt. .''trawlH'rry I'lantatiun. Cpntrnl Eipcrimpnlal Kariii. Ottawa. Illiioinimi H<>*ad or packed against the roots so that the soil will not dry out. If lonsely lieelr.] in they are very likely to dry out and the pbuits die. It will help to keep the iilaiit> alive if they are partially shad<>e h('('l>' iiiclics apart, in rows :\\ feet niart, i-i almut s,."!(IO, and to lirovidc f(ir luss in shipment at lca>t x.-MU) should be unli rod. If a frec-|.'ant maker like Senator Dunlap is iilaiitcd, tin- j>lants ikh^I not bo Ic-s tb.in two feet apart, and tl.,"i{K1 iihiiits should be stitlicicnt to order. The bist jiliints for aufiinni lilnntingare what are known as pot plants. TIk se arc obtaiiutl by sinking two and a lialf-ineh pots to flic rim in tl.e ground several weeks licfore the jilnnts are to be rooted, the pots IniTig tilled 'vitli rich friable soil and sunk from >ix t. .i^'lit iiK'lu's from the original plant. As -..on us the new runners nnch the jxits tliey are jiliiced over the soil and soon root and make good plants by late Munmer. The advantage tliey have over plants r ..ted in the ordinary way is that when they are transplanted, they are taken from tiie pot and replanted with u ball of earth wi'licat disturbing the roots. Heiiec they are but little el ked and will soon go on growii'g again, nuiking strong jilants which will bear tnori' fruit than thos,. rooted in the ordinary way. Before iihinting it is a good iilan to nniove all tln> develop, d leav(>s of the plants '■\ecpt about two of tlic healtliiest ones. This prevents t.io rapiil transpiration of moisture from the plant before it becomes established, and may often save it wliiii ilry Weather sets in iinmedinti ly after ] l.hting. Long and striggling roots may al-o lii' I'Ut off at this time, the removal of about one-third of tlu' roots being a good l.ractiee. When !■ s,]!,],., one'-* own plants should be Used, as they are mueh niori' likely to live tiiaii ilio-e proeiiri'd from a distance as the former r'nii be dug and )ilanled uitbin a frw hour-, while .till fri'sb. The best plants t.. Use are the stronuest of tlio-o whieh hiive bi'cn inadi- the previous year. Plants whieh have already fruited should i!ot be used as they ari- ""leh mor< ditflmilt to trans]ilanf, and their vitality has been v.eiikcned iiy tlw produce i of runnci ■. It is a good practice, if it can hi- manageil, to grow i)lants for settlnir in a spi.i-iiil propagatinir hid. the old plants in v.hieb, not being allowed to fruit, make strongir nniners nnd p' iiit* than do the fruiting om s. riirtherinore the i vtrn nttr-ntion to tin- I'ultivntion o' the soil iiik] to the pbieinir of the runners in sn.li m lid will insure irood jihint-. 11 PLANTISO. While successful planting may be done either in the spring or autumn, early in the spring is, as a rule, the more satisfactory time, as, if the plants are set then when the soil is in good condition and cool and moist, they will make rapid growth and niiiiiy runners during the summer, if properly cared for, and produce a full crop of fruit tiie following season. If planted in the autumn there will, as a rule, be very little fruit the following season, and unless the season is very favourable, and the soil moist when the plants are set, many may die if planted in the autumn, unk^s pet fliinti; i.rc used. Where, however, one has his own plants thoy may be set out at a favourable time in the autumn, and plants which die can be replaced in the spring. In this way a perfect stand can be secured before it is too late in the spring. Tin- ninst -ntist'nctory way inr the iivorngo person \.i hvdw strnwliovrif's is in what is known n^ tln' lUiitled row. Tlic pliints nre set citflitocii or nun-i. iiichis npait in iow< thriH- and nne-hiill' In fnur Ccet apart. 'IMu' vr 'ictic^ which iiiiikc a U\T,ir number nf runniTS such ms Wartiehl, Scnutnr Dunliip iiinl Splcndiil, nci d u,.t mc planted so cIom ly as tiiD^e whicli niakc fewer runners, sueli iis (ih'ii Miiry, SanipU', Parson Beauty an.l Williams. If the plants are set early in the spring and have a lung season fnr growtli, the plants of varieties whii-li nnik(^ a large nvniber of runners may be planted at least twenty-four iiu'h's apart in tlie row*, thus a(!inlt»ing of enltivation both wa,v>; for , time, thereby ri'dni'ing the ininiberof weeds, en-'iri'iu' a better growth, and reduein, the lunnber of strawberry phints which bei^ouie very thick if the original pl.ints are set close. As-oonas the distancis have been dicided upon, tl'i' row- i'i;iy be marked with a marker and till n airain eross-nnirkcd -.o that the plnnts may be set w here the lines intersect, l.nng rows are de-irable, as, witii them, time will be saved in cnllii ;ition. Planting may bo done with a spnile or with a trowe! or 'ers staki' olF rows one wa.v from :U to 4 feet apart, and with a light iilough nnike a shallow furrow and then set the plants about 1>* inches ai)art along tlie slairp eilge of thi' f'.irrow drawltm the coil about the plant and firming it well with the hand. When planted with a spaile twti pi'fsons are reipiiri'd to do tl'c work, usuallv a man and a boy. The man takes the .-paile and opens the hole by .ori'ing the span, into the groiimj, pressing it forwanl and luK'kward. .\s soon as it is withdrawn, tln' boy places a plant in iH>sifion and the man pres-es the soil lirnily against it with bis foot. This method is \ tv rnpiil and it' the .'.nMti— l'J 12 soil is well pressed against the plant, is quite successful. A surer method of obtaining a stand is by using h trowol or dibble for opening the hole, whereby the plant is more likely to be set the proper depth, and more care usually exercised in spreading the rools and firming the soil about the plants. By this method the same person opens the hole and sets the plant. (Jreat care should be taken to have the crown of the plant just at the surface of the >fround after it has been pi :'«Ked in when planted. If the plant is set too high the roots and crown will dry out, and if too low will be smothered. Care should be taken when i)ianting to spread the roots against the side of the hole. Planting machines are ustnl Iiy some growers, and give good satisfaction when the work is well done, the soil in very good condition, and the sea.son favourubh'. When the soil is not in good condition and not well levelled, the plants are sometimes set at tiifferent depths and the stand is not good. \Vhei> planting, the plants shdiild l^e carried in wet sacking or in i\ ;• '\ with water in it, as the roots nnist imt lie iillnwed to become dry. The sur- face soil sliould be left loose after planting to check evajwration of moisture. ClI.TrVATIOX. As the value of the crop will depend largely on the strength of the runners, and new plants whicii are formed in the early part of the summer, it is ver.v imi)ortant to eneour- i\i!c rai)id growtli from the outset. From a dozen and a half to three dozen or more l.lantM sho\iid eon)e the first season from each plant set. and in moist seasons the num- ber from each plant of sduie varieties may run into the hundreds. ("ultivation should begin as soon as jmssible after the plants are set, and the sur- faeo soil should lie kept i|uitc loose and free from w(>eds until the cultivator interfere with the runners. It is very important to reduce the weeds and grass to a minimum by eultiviitiun, hoeing and hand-weeding, and by beginning early much trouble will be nvoideil later. The early c-ultivations should be deep in order to loo^en the soil in which the runners are to strike root later on. If, however, the soil is naturally very loose, al! <'ultivations shouhl be shallow, as it is important to have moisture come near to the sr-fai-e to supply the young plants when they become rooted. The roots of the straw- berry arc "ihallow. which explains why this fruit suffers so much in a dry time, but as the routs go almost straight down, cultivation ean be quite close to them without there being any injury to the roots, and this gives an opi)ortunity of destroying nio«t of the weeds in this way. Hoeing will be necessary in order to destroy wee(' and the gri-atest iirotit. Where a special market is to he catered for, and wla'O desinil for h(inie nst>, strawberries may be grown by other methods which will rcMilt ill larger and finer fruit. While many who grow strawberries in the matted roiv do not take the trouble to place the runners as fhi'y fonn, hut let them root without assistance, it pays to place them, a.- the sooner they take root the stronger the plants will be by autumn, and more fruit will !«■ proihiced the next season. All that it is necissary to do is to place the runners so that they will he as nearly as possible uniformly distributed in order to coiioniize space, and to put a little soil over them to hold tiieni in place but leaving the tcriiilMal buds bare. In the I'rairie Provinces where winds prevent the prompt fooling (it (iiiiiier^, 11 is iiii|Hirtaiil to hold tiiein in place, until tliey root, witli pieces of sod. stones, an inverte apart. Trained in this way the original rows should be about three feet apart and the plants two feet or more in the row. Tho twin hedge row system provides for two rows sixteen to eighteen inches apart with the plajits at first about two feet apart in the row, with a wider space of two feet for a path and ^r,i' cultivation betwoeii each pair of rows. The hedge row system requires con- iderably more labour than the matted row, but the returns will often well pay the grower f , r tho extra amount of work. By this metli.j the plants get more opportunity to develop strong crowns, better cultivation can l>e given and more of tho plant food in tho soil will be available, resulting in larger md better fruit. ini.l. SVSTKM. Large berries^ may bo obtained by growing the jilants by what is known as the "Ilill System." The plants are set from twelve to fifteen inches apart, in mws two to t\vo and one-half feet apart, or, where growth is very strong, eighttvn inohis apart, in rows thirty-six inches apart; the blossoms are pinched otf the first season as in the other system, and no runners are ellowed to form. By tills mctiiod a .ry strong crown is developed: the plants, having more room. In-come vigorous and as a result tho fru t is large, and .'sonietiines as good crops are obtained as from the matted row. However, winti'r injury is much more likely to o^cur when plants are grown in<'i- vidually, aTid if plants grown in hills die from heaving or from soiiu' other form of winter-killing they leave largo blanks, causing a great lessening of the crops. Unless ki'pt well cultivated or well muh'hed in -sunnner, plants suffer more in a dry time in hills than in the nnitted row, where the crowns are better protcetee ploughed up after th( fruiting season of next year. There will thus lie a new plantation made every year, liy this system, much better fr\iit is obtained as the plants are not so thick in the row and the soil can be kept freer of weeds. Where the white grub is troublesome, it is important to renew the plantation every year, as tills pest iniTt>!>ses rapidly in old plantations and sometimes almost ruins the crop. It is ipiite pos^ibh' to obtain two good crops or even more from a plantation by careful nianaf;,>ment, but the older the plantation the less the crop will be and the smaller the fruit as a rule. In the Maritime Provinces where the sunmiiT is relatively cnol and moist, plantations an' left longer than in the drier and warmer parts of Canada. I!i;novatin(; an ot.p iii:n. While, as a rule, the most protitiible method of growing strawberries is to take only one erop from a plantation, anil at the iuo>t two <'rops, it is sonu'tiines nnt prac- ticable to renew small plantations after the si.cond crop. I'lider sui-h circumstani'es there arc several ways iti which the bed may be iinprovetra\i erry jilants, and to improve the bed the~e must lie redui-ed as much a> |"issilile. .\s soon as the fruit is off, the leaves and grass slupuld be mown off and burneil. The liurning shmild be done when thcri' is a strong wiiul so that the lire will pa~- over the plantation ipiickly. One plan is to plough or dig erfi'ct, -taminate or bisexual flowiriiiL: varii'ty, and an imperfect flowering variety, are growing in close proximity, the floweis c'li bnlh will be fertiiizi'd as insei'ts a-id the wind carry the pollen or dust from the perfect to the iinpi'rfei't flowers. It very often happen- that the imperfect ilowcring xarietii'^ l)ro(iuc'e llie lie-t er'|w wlu'ii properly iiollinatecl, and this experien<'e may lead friiit gr'iwers who are ignorant of the foregoing fact to make the nii-take of plantiii'..' only one variety, which may he imperfect. While nwwt llower^ »nay be classed as either piTl'eet iir imperfei't tin re an- gradations hetwien. Oi-ca-ionally a staminate variety i-i as inipcrfeet a- a pi-tillate or more imperfect as it will iiot .-et fruit under any conditioiis. A row of a perfect l1 weriiig -nrt -liouM be planted to about every two or three rows r.f an imperfect v.iriety r g,,.„l ri-uits. The pr.i|i.irtiii:i will depend on the aniouiu of p.illeii prodnci'd by the p. ; lect -ort. Of course, it is not necessary to plant an imperfect variety at all, as there are plenty of good sorts which have iierfect flowers. It is c-scntial io have the perl'ert and imperfi-et varietie- i-i full bloom at the same time, as if the former bloomed before tiic latter there would lie no object in planting it as a pollinator. 16 Owinp to the ense with which a new variety of strawberry is originated, and th° ihort time it takes to fruit the same, tho number of new sorts each year in Anicriea is very h>rge. Only a small proportion of those which are produced are better than, or even equal to, the best which are already on the market, but often the origj-.iator is not the most competent person to judiie tho relative value of his seedling, r.nd as a result many sorts are offered for sale each year. It is tho work of the Kxperimental Farms to test these new varieties as they appear, and having compared them with standard sorts, publish, when deemed advisable, a reliable description of them and the yield obtained. During the past thirty years ■>">" named varieties have bei';! tested at the Central Experimental Farm. Of this number only a very few are still under test of those grown during the first two years. This does not mean that nearly all the varieties tested at first have deteriorated, but that better liinds introduce given in order of popularity us far as it was possible to determine it by conversation and liy correspondence with growers in different parts of '■\mada. MAItlTIMK I'lloVlNCKS. Commercial — Senator Dunlap (per.), Splendid (per.), (Jleu Mary (per.), Sanipio (imp.), Warfield (imp.). Wm. Belt (per.). Z)omc.s/iV.— Senatiir Duidap (per.), Rubach (imp.), Wm. Belt (per.). Other varieties succeeding well at Exr>erimental Stations in ^faritime Provinces— Valeria (per.), Bisel (imp.). Haverland (imp.), Cordelia (per.). l'..rtia (imp.), Mi-.rinna (per.), Clyde (per.), Howard IT (per.), Bcder Wood (\>ct.). Williams (per.). ylKllKC. Com m^TriaZ.— Senator Dunlap (per.). Parson (per.), Splendid (per.), Bedcr Wood (p(>r.). Sample (imp.), Pocomoke (lu'r.), Warfield (imp.). /^onics/iV.— Senator Dunlap (per.), Bubach (imp.). Wm. Belt (per.). Other varieties succeeding well at Exp<'rimental Stations in Quebec — Valeria (per.). Portia (imp.), Olen Mar>' (per.), Cassandra (per.), Uncle Jim (p<>r.). Excelsior (per.), Xettie (imp.), Lovett (per.). Buster (!nip.), Clyde (per.), Bisel (imp.). 'INTAIUO. CommircMi/.— Parson (per.), (.ilen ilary (per.), Williams (per.). Senator Dunlap (per.), Bcder Wood ({K'r.), Splendid (per.), Howard 17 (\kt.), Sanq)l(> (imp.), Knhance (per.). Otlier sorts mentioniMl are Ozark (per.), Charles I (per.), Kinjj Edward (per.), Arnout (per.), Chesapeake (per.), Oovernor Fort (per.). /Join-x/iV.— Senator Dunlap (per.). Parson (per.), Bubaeh (imp.), Wm. Belt (per.). Other varieties succeeding well at Exi)erimental Farm, Ottawa, l.avinia (per.), Cassandra (per), Mariuim (per.), Bi.sel (imp.), Hermia (per.), Valeria (per.), Warfiehl (imp.), Portia (imp.), Greenville (imp.). Other promising new sorts are McAlpinc (per.), Minnesota No. 3 (per.). J. H. Cook (per.). Early Jersev ((iiant) (per.), Early Corneille per.). i: PRjURIE piiuvinces. Senator Dunlap (per.), Dakota (per.), Beder Wood (per.), Haverland (imp.)> Warfield (imp.), Tennessee Prolific (per.). BRITISH CX>LL'UBIA. Commercial. — Maj?oon (oer.). Senator Dunlap (per.), Marshall (per.), Paxton (per.). Domestic. — Royal Sovereipi (per.), Marshall (per.), Triomphe de Ghent (per.). Other varieties succeedin); well at Experimental Stations in British Columbia — (ilen Mary (per.), Clark Seedling (per.), HeritaRe (per.), Brandywine (per.), Sharp- less (per.), Warfield (imp.), Cordelia (per.), Cassandra (per.), Virgilia (imp.^, Valeria (per.). HARDIEST VARIETIES. There hare been some severe winters experienced at the Central Experimental Farm durinf; the past thirty years, which have made it po^ible to learn which varieties are the hardiest. The injury to flowers from frost in the cpring is often considerable as strawberry flowers are very sensitive to the cold, hence it is important in some dis- tricts to know which have the hardiest flower-buds. Amonjt the hardiest varieties it has been found that the hardiness of the plant is usually correlated with hardiness of flowers, althouRh tho late blossoming sorts are less likely to suifer than the early ones. FJlowinp are some varieties which have proven hardiest: Beder Wood, Lovett, Sonntor Dunlap, Pocomoko, Crescent, Dakota. The last variety has proved the hardiest on the prairies. EXGUSII VARIETIES. Many Enjrlish varieties of strawberries have been tested in Canada, but they have all proved too tender to be grown commercially, or even for home use, except in the mildest parts. The English sorts have been originated in a climate i|uite different from that in most parts of Canada, hence it is not a matter of great surprise that they arc too tender. The best varieties of American origin have to withstand severe winters before they are recognized as valuable for general culture. In (Jreat Britain and Ire- land the plants are not subjected to such trying conditions and become popular for other reasons, hence when they are subjected to the frosts of winter and heat and dry weather of summer in Canada, they fail to succeed well. As a rule, English and Euro- pean varieties nu»kc few rminers and hence are not as well protected by their foliage for extremes of temperature in winter or in summer as the best American sorts. Of those which have been tested, the Champion of England, Noble and Albert appear tho hardiest. The best English varieties are better in quality than the best American ber- ries, but some of the most protitpble kinds in England are not the best quality. The average variety there, however, is m;ich swee. r and of higher flavour than those in Canada, but although the flavour is higher one n.isses the sprightliness in some varie- ties which is characteristic of Canadia-n strawberiies. The Royal Sovereign is the most popular English variety in British I ilumbia. Others doing well in British Columbia are Paxton and Triomphe de Ghent. The Wm. Belt, Marshall, Brunette, and some others compare favourably in quality with tho best Engli.sh sorts, but unfortunately they are not the most productive. CArSES Ol- PlKillLV-SIIAPEn DKRIUES. There are two causes of j)oorly-shaped berries or nubbins. The commonest is unfavourable weather conditions. The flower and growing fruit arc very susceptible to injury from cold winds or cold weather. Sometimes part of the berry is injured, while another part being, perhaps, more protected, escapes and develops normall.v. Another cauf < of poorly-shaped fruit is lack of pollination. The supply of pollen is either defi- cient in the fruit itself, or there has not bee^i enough brought by wind and insects if pollenize all the stigmas of the berry. Bees do not work much in bad weather. Ext' ely dry, hot weather may injure the pollen. Rainy weather during the blossoming set 50892—3 18 may cause much poorl.v-ghapcd fruit by preventing proper pollination. "The remedy is to plant varieties with abundant pollen and mix these with any imperfect sorts which may be grt -rn. KeepinK the plants back as much as possible in the sprinft, by not removing the mulch early, will help to avoid injury from cold winds and frosts. EVEHnKARIXr. STKAWBEKHIKS. During the past twenty to twenty-five ears, but particularly during the past six cr eight years, there has been much iiitt «"st shown in the so-called "everbearing" etrawberrii's. These are varieties which continue to bloom and ripen fruit during the summer and autumn long after other kinds have stopped bearing. This ever- bearing habit is considered by some botanists lo be due to the transformation of the runners of these varieties into flower-bearing stems, the everbearing sorts making few runners. The wild Wood strawberry and its variety, t' Alpine, have long been known to fruit more or less all through the summer and autumn and for this reason, they and several cultivated vnriciies of them are often called the Strawberries of Four Sr.asofts. These ■ . bear small fruit, hence they have little commercial value at pr.?sent. In 1890, the Oregon Everbearing strawberry was exhibited at the Portland Exhibition and attracted much attention, being of "ood size. Whatever its everbear- ing habits may have been iji Oregon, it proved very disappointing in this respect when brought to the Eastern and Middle States and to Canada. It was introduced into France about 1893 or 1894, and was highly thought of there for some time, as its everbearing habit was quite pronounced. In 1803, the St. Joseph strawberry was introduced in France and its introduc- tion marked a new epoch in the history of everbearing strawberries. This variety was the result of thirteen years' work by the Abbe Thivolet, Clanoves, France, who began in 1880 by crossing the Alpine strawberry with a large-fruited variety, the latter being the f — '^le parent. Frtm this cross is supposed to have sprung the St. Joseph, through many generations and selections. In it there is no evidence of Alpine blood. While the St. Jose|ih stri wberiy was much larger than the Alpines, which up to its advent we.-e the only cvltivated strawberries which showed the everbearing habit regularly, they were small compared with some of the best large-fruited sorts. Seedlings wera raised from the St. Joseph in Franec the St. Antoine de Padoue, being one of the best of them. The Oregon Everbea ng strawberry was planted at the Central Experimental Farm in 1^95 and the St. Joseph in 1899, but neither of these varieties produced enoiigli fruit after the regular strav/berry season was over to make them worth cultivating. The .second American everbearing variety which attracted attention is the Pun American, which was shown at the Pi;n American Exhibition in Buffalo in 1900. The parent plant wn? discovered by Mr. Snmuel Cooper, of Xew York state, in the autumn of 1898, in a field of the Bismarck variety, his attention being drawn to it on account of its having fruit in the autumn. From this variety, and through Mr. Cooper, several have been developed; among them are the Autumn, Productive, Superb, Peer- less, Onward, Forward, and Advance; but none of these has so far become as popukr as those which have been originated by Mr. Harlow Kockhill, Conrad, Iowa, who used as imii of the parents the Louis Gauthier, one of the best of the European everbearing sorts. Some of his variet es are crosses between it and the Pan American, although the Progressive, which has done best at Ottawa, is a cross between the Senator Dunlap and the Pan American. Some of the best of Mr. Rockhill's introductions are Pro- gressive, Amcricus, Francis, and Iowa. The Minnesota Plant Breeding Station has done considerable work in breeding these everbearing varieties, and one of the best which has been introduced is the \o 1017. " ■ The everbenring varieties differ from the ordinary sorts in that they usually con- tinue blooming and l)earing fruit from the time when the crop of the <• ^ricry vorie- ties are ripe imtil severe frosts in the autumn, although it the hot, dry weather of 19 midsummer they do not fruit much. Sometimes when there is a protracted drought in summer followed by warm, wet weather in the autumn, the ordinary sorts will bloom and fruit a M'oond time, but this is unusual. Most of the vnri(-...c» of evorbenrinjr strawberries are poor pluntmalters, and, on this account, the 'price of some of them has remained comparatively high. The Progressive and Americus, however, which are two of the best, make a fair number of runners. The fruit of these is medium in size, bright red in colour, attractive in api>earance, and of good to very good aring sorts produce in most seasons a fairly good crop of delicious berries. These varieties succeed well in some seasons in the Prairie Provinces. The plants are set out early in the spring like the ordinary varieties, and there will be a crop in the autumn of the same year. It will be better if the first floweis lire removed. The removal of the first bloom is not, however, necessary to ensure an autumn crop after the. plants are well established. Tho yields of everln^aring strawberries vary much with the season. If the autumn is dry the yield will not be nearly so great as if it is fairly wet. In one scsisiiii the Progressive yicldeunds per acre nftt>r July 5-', when the regular strawberry season was over. In 191S, the Americus yielded at tlie rate of 4,79(5 pr nds between August I'i and September 20. Other yields have lieiii mucl' -mailer, sometimes not one-fourth of the above amounts. The everbearing varieties i>ear a fair crop in early summer if allowed to do so. FoUowii are descriptions of the four varieties which have done l)est at Ottawa and elsewhe. All of these should be testt^l by tho-e desiring to grow the everbeari-.g varieties to leii.i which succeeds best. Other varieties tested are Francis, Productive, Iowa, etc. Am-cririis (per.) (Pan-American x Louis Gauthier). — Orig. 190.", Harlow Rock- hill, Conr.ul, Iowa; introduced liUl. Fruit roundish, somewhat flattened to sviiiar loaf fliapeil. medium in size, bright rinl, glossy, seeds prriniinent ; flesh briuht to rather pale red, tender, juicy, firm; briskly subacid, good flavour, good to very good qualit.v; sra-on early to late; i)lant vi.^. irons; makes a few to a moderate number of runners; foliage medium. One of the best in quality. ^f!nnl'f!nffl 1017 (per.) (Dunlap .\ Progressive). Orig. 1909. Charles Haralson, Alinnesota Fruit Breeding Farm, Exc elsior, ^lin^i. ; introduced about 1914. Fruit conical, ineiibai'id to acid; i|iiality above !ncrly to late; plant fairl.v vii;iin>us, makes a moderate number of runners; foliage Uicdium. This nu>kes more runners than most of the everbearers. and as it is of attractive appearance and good in quality it is, perhaps, the be-^t allriuiiid variety. Suiti'fh (per.) (Autumn x Cooper x Shi-rman). — Orig, 190'^. Samu"'l Cooper, Delevaii. X.Y. ; introduced 1911. Fruit roundish, medium t'l large, deep red, glossy; fl(>sli de«'p rej<. » 2H VJI> m 40 <» aa (JO M (Kl 310 (JO W (H 2() (Kl UNI (Ni W (N »7 (NI .■«7 (»l INI oil AO (N> .IS 00 3. I'i (NI 10 0(1 UNI no 60 Ki 1M 00 ■ja (NI 45 U(l i:< .VI 21 fir H7 (Kl 43 :Vi III wi Id (10 10 (NI 4(1 (NI W 00 12 (NI 2!' no 20 lai M (NI ZiiOd HO no 1115 ai (Nil 7S (NI 40 (10 4ft 00| 71 (10, 4(l600.iW 00 432 4Sa!KI (Nli4 CO 00 ft 00 .'id (NI itl (NI 1.1 7ft :io 00 li* ou (III MUm ftOJ4(M 2f. t70 Hft Vifto WNK r.ouo SI 14. Rent of land, $40; preparation of soil, $8.50; fertilizers, $98; plants, $36- plaiitiiiK, $«; cultivation, hoeiiij< and placing runners, $50; mulching, $32.50- cost of picking, including breakage, baskets, etc., $110; management, $10; interest on invest- ment, $10. Total, $403. Crop in quart boxes 4,000. 1. Xo, No. ->. .Vo. :t. No. 4. No. 5. No. ti. No. 7-s. No. !t. No. 10. No. 11. No. 12. No. 13. .\o. 14. A. E. Dewar, Cbnrlottetowii, P.E.T. J. Walter Jones, t'harlottetown, P.E.I. P. J. Shaw, Agricultural College, Truro, N.S. Manning Ells, Port Williams, N.S. It. E. Flovd, Bloonitiild Station, N.IJ. O. W. Wotiiiore, Clifton, X.R. T. O. Bunting, Alacdonald College, Qilt'. W. (i. Home, Clarkson, Ont. Sam. Baker, Ilintonburg, Ont. Chas. P. Stewart, Blackburn, Out. •los. Ix'vesque, Blackburn, Out. .-ost of cultivation j, very high. Where such W.-..1S as .•iickwml b,vo,ne establishiHl, or other wee,ls as ix.ssible. and to plant so „s to do as much work with the cultivator as possible. There is n great difference in tl ,st ..f the f.Ttilizer used iiood soils do not need as much as the poon>r ones TIh. profits in growing berries will, of course, vary with the pri^e obtai.iiHl for the fruit. Only four of the growers gave their net profits bas.nl on tlu- ex,H-nses given above, and on the pri.-e obtained for the fruit. At the Agricultural Coll.Hro, Truro *.i5. His mnt for bo.x,* inc udcs erating. A. ho .old his fruit to a looal canning factory he was saved the ci.st of boxes and crates elmrg.,1 in above fable. The value of plants available for « .„ xf plantation the f,.ll„w,ng year has not been estimat.Hl in the above figures bv other irriiwers. but sliouM be taken into consiib'ration. The pries, obtain,.,! for strawla-rries in li.is wre abnorn.i.liv high, and 10 -vnt* a box would probably be more like the pri.e they are lik.'ly to bring when i-onditiond tiro more norma!. The e.wt ,..■• growing strawb,.rri,.s is also Pomewhat abovo what it .has b,vn 111 the pa>t anil what it should be in a f.'W y.ars. The average crop of .fraw- lH.rri..s wil run from 4.(h.o f„ 5..HM) box,.s p,.r acre. Tli.re is alxait a jwind of fruit in n quart box. In the cIiKt disfrl.'fs oivasional injury from winfi-r and spring fro-t. fifii t.,e ,hnf rai.MS „f r.^lmlog ll,.- avrage .-rop; i„ fl, „,,nn,T districts spring frosts hikI .Iroiighf in the fruitiuL' s,„soiw .uf ,|,,wu the yi.jd. and in other place* HisiHts altackiuK the roots greatly nnluee the eroji. 22 FIFTY MOST PHOUrCTJVE VAR.KTIES. Ce,in,t Kxiierhnenlal Farm. Ottaica! Ont. r>yvaT Avetagf, I!>12I4-151G-17. V'»riftv. s. x f t li r M<-|p, imp . l*ar«on, |ier ... LiAvinia, {ift,. ... Mnriaiia, jut Hrriiiia. 1.1 r.. IJ«l.r(i.;l,| i\„. 2), i,,,., Hiinl, imp . . IWiiii.iki., (MT. . . Viiplii, imp. . ''>>rii/i, imp •lulia, i»r Kiiuiituiii, iB-r. . . ' Hiiinra. |»r l>iirii, iiii| '''irilili;n»r Arii.Mit, i»r.. Aftnii, imp Autiiimi, imp Mattk'i.', imp. . > ircili.^ ii,,p .Smiipl,., i,,,,, H KMnp' mil. .11 p. I % imp ;1t| Killtin \Vurh. I'.l, ,•)» Vim, IHT . 'pl„ i>iii((-t..ii.p imiiiii, imp |"^ (KT '. I»i .,i,v.. .-,,;,[, • "Wunl (.V,,. 1 ^H. tt, |»| r,iin.,.c», |,^r \V,I1 ll.H.IH ■% l^'l ■«» .M>.llf;lll I l-P . lb. uz. H.HM 3 >*jm 4 ».« M r,'..l..U li , ililS II ."•■471 I,-. .^•4I\.^ 10 .•.•;«i H ■"■■rii 13 .". L'-.'S 13 r..2Jii 7 .•|.21.-. i.l .■.■LIU" s "i-nw u .■m|:ii Pi .■ill.Ht It ■.,"11 .-. M) Itii.if •n.nrilH,|»r..! 4,r,Ml o imp.. 4,flr .Inn ,< 2fi 22 II 2!l HIS 2S ji -11 27 2;)s 2S 22-2 2K 2 20-4 2.") 20- « -li 21 s I't In II 211 20 4 27 2il.i; 24 2i).rt 2."> 20 2 21 21-11 2.-. 21. J 2il '-•# •» ••• ■ m. -II IW 2 2S 17 2 'J'} IS » 211 » I.S.4 ll-t 21 2 111 s lit. II 211 2 211 .1 21-2 21 II 23 S 20 H III li ■.II 4 Mn 'inl.i a,„| II. 7-2 4-S Ki; 11. II 7,li 7-ii 7 4 II II li..s H.il 7i) H-H Xt A. A «i lid 'i-2 ;i4 (•S M-l) '.in 7 •< .■•■s '.14 •> 2 .N 11 li li 11 II 11-2 mil II I "iHH 1ml I 'I'm MIT Til,, mm, Three-year average. ii •,.-2 = !^ iJc §2 « II -11 Hi li 70 '.to 8.4 1 -'.s 90 t'o «-4 17'0 «.il 1 , ■ Hi Ml. ' 111:3 !l-2 14. li 11.11 1 11.11 H.li Hi II HI! 13ii .S.li IK. 3 H.2 I7.it N.O 13.3 «■« 12. li .S.li Hi. 11 !l Hi. 3 r-4 Hl.d M.i; Hi. II S-2 i 14. li •III 12.0 7^s HI. 3 !i-4 It II III-2 Hi li !l|| It. 3 ^■2 12 il 7'i ».3 7 4 IS. II ti'.i i 7-1 12. t 1-1 ,: S'l Hi M'S Hi. 3 HI II in. It l.i.3 13-3 21.3 11 11 IMl l«.;i IH.U 111) l.'i.it N I! I? 3 111 3 11 li 17 't •f>t' w*.u.««l I . m«l„. (|,„Hv,.y •■iir aviTu^fi,. 33 rows four feet apart. The plants were Vet PilV I ""'"^ ""' estin.ated from column "Average Height of Season " reflt^^^^^^^^ ^'^ 'T' "^^^ largest pickings were made. The highest vielHnhf Z}^ °^u''"^' *"' ^'"''^^ ^^^^ from Valeria, which, in 1912. JieldSt he rate o "sfo. "" ^^'" '""'" '"'"^^ "- one of the seedlings originated at thefxrlrLT^il ' r. P"""*^' P" ""''• This is Parson yieW«i at'the r'ale 0^4.^5 pLTd'^Tl^^^^^^^ ^^1 ^^•"^ ^^^ ^''^ from small areas than from Inrg^ on^ Itlmi^Z'fJ t TuTf^ "'"'"'' '■"«'•' ing strawberries that where grown by the ale tt, / ^"^'^ "^ "°^* °^ P'"*!"*^- or pounds per acre. ^ ^''^ '''"P" "^^ ^'"^ '^'^ "....i..ra,..l.v g,.o.l, but r'ust, ..on^derlbl,.! A proS^: v^^ """'"""'' '"""^- rm.n.l.h,osugarO.,afcd:ab..ve\n;;mi. rt.^r, 'duUni^J^ flesh bnght red. jui,..v. Urn.: briskly ..bacid uulTll', 'I' prominent; runner, nmderatel.y nunuTnu.; f.",!! .go m od^^,; 'l ': V r""" '"^■' "'"•". v'''"'"'"- -""i.lcrnbi.v. While n.,t a, p ,..lue,ive T- tme it U 1 I" l" •• '"t "'j"''"'^' '" iHi-auM. of i,, ,,u„li,y „nd lateness. ' " *'''"'' ^"'^''J' ^°' »"«"« "»e flu6ar/i(im|..).-Orig.lNt4.j..?.(i.Hubach. Princeton 111- i„trn.l i«ki. t ^ubae.d. moderately (irn, lo firm. g,„«l .,u«lify: reason nu^ urn to lat^ „w; 11' ' i4 Chempeake (per.) (Chance seedling).— Oriff 1903 Oon W P,,l,a at- .■ i p/art (per.) (Thought to be a seedling of Wilson).-Orig. Fred E Clark near PortJaud Ore^^on; introd. about 18S<). S^.-ceeds best i„ ,he irrigaU.d dl 'trlts n^' much moisture. A very firm berry, and ^.K>d for shipping. introd'iutTH.\^'^Kn;'r "^f'V'T'^'-^ -«"''• ''• ^^''■^"'""- I-avenworth. Kansas; introd. about 18. .. J- ru.t roundish, large to very large, pale ri^ seeds not prominent r,^ ;„ H 7f"-""';/'""""r ""merous; foliage ,K,or to inod.rate y good. liaWe t" 'rLrrf'Sr "'"'" ^'"'"^^'^■'- •'"* ^"^^^"-^ '-"' -""^'-' "• " <1^ tin- owing ^aAo r,..h pi. ju.ey. tender: briskly subacid, moderately tirm: above medium cu^ ity «.n-on e„rly: p ants vgorous. large number of runners: foliage n.oderatelv good. rusU considerably; the most goner 'Iv |..,,ular variety. ' '• "'i"" ^^f"'i" •m"" "'T:' ',' '•■?'«• 1»^> W. Van Fleet, Little Silver. X.J.; introd. J^r- .'^"''' '""■'• ;>''♦'-;'>• .-""..•al, ..ockcd. large, brigh, r«l. glos^.v. s,.,;i.s prominent fle.l. dee,, red. m.-h-rate ly jumv, tender, moderately tirm to rather soft; briskly Mi- ned, pleasant, above me.|„.n, to g„od .,uality; season early; plant moderately vigon.us runners nun,erous. fol.age n>e,lium. A promising early sort. es,H.ciallv for home us A;»/»n.r. (per.) (Windsor x Sharplo8s).-0rig. 1SS7, Henry Young, Ada Ohio Fru,t r..„nd,sh or roundish ..oni,.„I. „,...,. milium to large, .leep'rcl. s.h!^s n,! p o " nent; Mesh br.ght re.l. meaty, tirm; snbaei.l. above nunlium to good ..ualitv sea..,. n..j.Iu.n,; plant vigorous, runners numerous; foliago moderately good, rusts' .-onsidor «l>ly. A tine productive varii'fy. ■ . ^'r.ti-" T'-^ '^'"?" " "-•ffn""'^-<>'-ig. \m, Louis Ifubneh. .Tudsonia Ark • .n rod. 1M... ^ru,t roundish ,.,1. mclium t. above medium in si.e. d.vp gloslV "^'•, .'!" ''"""" ' :'■*■"''= *'•■''' '"''"'''* ""'• J"'">-- ♦'"": '"■!"'<'>• ■^"'""■i'l. "iH'vo mellium i!;:" nHis^ridX''' '""" ""''^ "'"'" "•""""■ """"■" ""'""""^= ''"'"''■ ""'"' W„ .V<„v (,..r, (chance se,Hlling).-Orig. J. A. Ingram. Fast Hra.lfonl P« • ntrod. SI, , J-ruit irregular, ro.ndish to w..|ge conical, v.r, l.irgc to larn . ^Z^ ^A "• "•^"' '" 'f '"!';• 'r'"'^ •"'• ^'"^'^ "•" l"-""""«'"t; fl.».h bright r,.l jui . r tier watery, hr.n. sulme.d, of m.,li„m ..-ality; mdiu ason; moden.tel v ig. .1 ru , lers numerous; foln.g,. moderately good to go.„i. rust n.iderablv; no a ' y go^ |H,lleni/er. One of tl... m.wt , ilar commercial varieties. '"^.rygo„d (hrrinUIr (Imp.) (chance so<>dling).()rig IHSM V \r n,„w.i,K. n^ -ii Ohio; „.,.„.. |M,:r Fruit r lish ,o ^clgc-siJ,. hir^' t '' e "' g ; uS'^^: Ho. bnght r..l, ju...y. moderately Hrn. to rather roft; subacid. ..leasant goo , „1 tJ: plMut vigorous, runners numerous; foli„g,. ^,„,,. „„„ ,,i„,,„, ,'„ ,...,„iH,^,„;,;;''""""'^- ll,„,M (Imp) (Crcs-ent x Sharpl..ss).-Orig. iHMiJ. B. II. Hnverland T" - cinnati (.1,1,.; ,„trod. 18.7. Fruit irnvular. long. poi,„e,I and w.^e " i d ,„; , '"""*^"''' "■ ""-•"•"' '" '"■'■■■ '-'•"••». I-" rnther pah- red. rather pn.minei 1 25 flesh pule red, juicy, moderately firm; subacid, above mcdii-.m iti (|uality; season mHium early; pluiit vigorous, making a moderate number of runners; foliage' moder- ately *::o,)(i, rusts eo'iisiderahly. Rather too pale in colour, but although introduce.! more than thirty years ago, still succeeds well in some places. llerilay,- (per.) (Barton x MarshalI).-Orig. 1002. J. E. Heritage, Marlton, X.J ; iMtrod. lUOd. fruit wcdgtxl-shaped. large, bright nnl, glossy, seeds moderately pr.,m- ment; flet.li bright red, tender, moderately juicy, .sometimes liolhiw iu centre,' ni.id.r- atoly firm; subacid, pleasant, <|uality go,)d; season m.diuni: plant vigorous, runners moderately numerous; foliage go.ul. .V large liandsom.> berry. Especially i)romisiiig lor home use. Mariatui. (PtT Hnirtinl (IT) ( per).— Orig. \. H. Howard, H.'Klicrtowii, Mass.: intro.l. abut 1!)00. Fruit large, long, roiiieal to Maiiewhat Wi^ige-shapcd. hirue, lirigiit scarlet; ll ii light red. iiioilerately firm; i|uality good; season nicdiiiiii early; plant vigoroii ,,ier^ tiuinerous. This variety is thought nnii-h of by some irrowers. Join, (■».,/,• t.I. II. Cook) (per).— Orig. IlKlT, W. Van Fleet, l.itllc .Si, \ .] ■ introd. VMl. Fruit roundish eonical to w, dg ,ical, large to verv large, ... ,p r.'d" Khi.ssy, s.hm1s prominent; H.'sh deep re.l. jiiiey, teii.ler. mo.lerat.-lv ,i.„,. bri-klv sub- acid, pleasant. go,.d ,|iiality; season early; phiiil moderately vigorous, few ruMii.rs; fi'liage good. Promising for lioiiie usi'. Li,lf, Cnu'illr (pcr.)-()rig. 1!HI|», .Mrs. Corneille. roncbat.aibi, I.a. ; introd. I'.M:.'. Fruit obtusely eonical with a neck and r.'lK'x.-d caly.x. large, d.vp red, gb.ssy. inciimHl to !«« white tipped; seeds prominent; tlesh dee,, red. tcn.ler, nio.lerat.'ly juicy." oire .soniefimes ]iard. in..derately firm to rather soft; ac-id. little flavour, iii.diuiii' (piality; season mi^tliiim late; plant vigorous, runners numerous, foliage go..d. Hand- some and productive, but iiil'erior in ii""lily. I.itritl (per,) (.•hiince seedliiur. . upp'.'sed Ocacent x \V|!-.in!. Orig. !>' .'. ,[. \\ Morris, Fairvicw. Ky.; introd. 1h!M». ' - pi.'iited to winlge cinicai. above medium Bi/e, bright red, gbmsy; Hivb bright uicy, mod ratel.- firm; acid, and above niidiutn in quality: scunoii early to ,i ; plant -. igo few runners; |Hior to moderately good foliage, runts coniiidei. ... to badly. .\ii anriictive productiv.' berry. 26 i..i/''v''^"''/'^V ^^'''"" ^^"•^' -^ BubaclO.-OriK. I9i0, Newark \J- i,.trn,1 11.14. Hu.t ..btusdy conual. lar.^o. bri^l.t red, wl.ite at tip/glo J Jj^J, t;d r o v ,.ro.„.nent; flesh pale re.l. tender. j,.ic.v. fir,,.: subacid, pleasa.^t. Ko>d nulhtv ,el ' .ned-ur,,; p,a„t v.go.o,,.. n.,.„ers ,.u.„er„us: foliage ,L. A 'r:^olC?ro^:;;:: Is-U''^ Fruir Jy-;,/;''"'"'-'' seedli,,^).-Ori,.. W. J. Magoon. Portland. Oregon; intr,.,. nn,i,r.it,lx finn. sul,-aei.]. gn„d quality; season niediu,n to late; Tlnnt verv viJ,r„n rnnners only ,„oderately nun.erons. A popnlar variety in Bnti.h Columbia l[ili;""ri'' !n^:\ ''J;""--:f "^>-p--i-- J'^'**'. Marshall F. Kwell. ilarshfield 1 r , ;. ■ *■■"" '"'""'■'^ *^""''^^"' ♦" Tomulk\u large to verv lir-. n ::'•,■•"""?. --"-"""* ^"'J^: fl-h bright rc.l juiey. fir.n; subaeid go d ila ur" nen,:: it'' J^r" ""••"'■" = P'-.t n,,,dera,..ly vigorous, runne;' ^IZ^^ 1 • f -r'''", ,'"*■''' '■"'"'"'' '^'"-''"'y t" ^■■•"siderablv. Pr,..luetive o, Iv .«re h..av.ly fort,!,.... a„.l wl,ere there is abun.lanee of n.ois'ture. e ,f h- tenderest A^iioriean v.n.-tu.s. but one of the best in quality. lv.4. Win!,, this van.ty lu,s prov,.,l the n.ost pr.iduetive a Ottuv, in , hV • ..^cra^l, Uu Iruit i. ^o .oft and inferior ,n quality that it is not r.vo,nniended. •'^'" '">•"/" .-Vo. S (per.) (D.nlap x Poeo„.oke).-Orig. 1!«.!.. fh,rles Il-.rdv.n Minnesota I-nut Breeding Farm E.xeelsior. llinn.; introd. about 104 Fr ,i l : <".--nl with a neek. ..al>x retl...xed. above medium to m..lium in si.,-, bri^^ht re gl s v >.,d- enuspieuous; flesh bright red. tender, juloy. mo.Ierately tirni; bHsklv s.il , .ii V .1.;-. n,. quail y good: season nie.iiiun early: plant vigorous, runners ■„„';, !''-^"-" >: '■ ';;'=<-"ll";- ^-""tnr Dunlap somewhat, and has ,he fault nf tluU -iri t^ m rumniiL' small (|uickly in some seasons. \.init,\ Xmlr .Imp., (liubaeh X Yale x .Sharpless x (;andy).-Orig. Is-.;!. .1 If |!i.,.,. S.u ^ .,, II,gl„sown. N..I.: iu.rod. IS',,. Frui, p„in,.,d or '.1.,. .,,;;, l ' . .t' .a.lHT .h,ll pale red. seeds not pmniinent; fl.sli tender, juiev. firm: briskv 'uW? " qn:, ,y . ,,vemed,u,n: sea-,,,, V...- Ia,e: plant vigorous. make;only a ,„: er e i 1 ':?„':'"" ^""''- ^" ''"'"'^•^ "'■•"•^' ''"^ ^•-!'"«'- -1" -"". the Xettie 1," .V,,,. ,,/„;„. ,,,er.).-()riu. isus. |.;,..,.,„. Sutherland; introd. V.m. Fruit „btu.elv -.neal ,„ ,„uudM,. dull. r..„i,er pah. red. s,.,.,U moderately pnuuinent ; flesh ri.'l,. o^ tirm; l.„kly subaeid t„ a- d pleasan. flav.mr. .piality medium to good se.,l u ::::u::::w:'::-:t: o;;;;;.;;:^ * ^^- -•"•• ^'"^ "- "--> »- ^-^^ --'f .iie";:,:; Oc.'/ (Karly (,.,,HO i oeO^-Orig. ,:Htj. CI.,.. Shull. Sareoxie, Mo Kn,it """;''■'' '■"""■^''- ' '""" •■•' l^"-*."'. 'lark r..d; lb..|, dee,, r..| firm- „1 "l ;::::: •,:;:;;:: •-'- • ^- -' -- •''- >- .■-•:. :::,.,s;;h.^:t;;:'';..:::::,;' ^;;ba,.,d. al„,ve medium quality; .as„i li„„. j!, .Ej Til^ ? Y r "■■• T'' ;:,',n:;;:::::::,\:;;;;:;^: ''-'-^ ^ '• -- ^'-"''^ - '....silh;::!;;;:'"' a':::;: ;:;l; /-..r^o, ,p..r.)._T|,i. Fngli.h variety sne,^oe,U well !„ Vaneonver ;.!„,l ,.„, :, S7 Pocomoke (per.) (chance seedling).— Orig. E H Hamhlin P;ft=..;ii<. ^xa introd. about 1902 Fruit obtusely conical, far.e ' to very ^t^e ' bH;hr^^;s/rt^ f to have wh.te t.ps seeds rather prominent; flesh bright red jui.v, tendeT ery farm; briskly subacid above medium quality; season medium late; plan tN-iporouI' l«rge number of runners; foliage moderately good, rusts considerably to badlv Verv similar to Parsons' Beauty. ■ Royal 5o,er«Vn (per.).-One of the best allround English varieties It is of excellent ,,uuhty and is highly regarded for home use in British Columbia. The fruit « of large size and bright red in colour. The plant makes many lunners. Sami>le (Imp.) (chance swdling in old bt>d of Leader).— Oriir l>i9-l T V GowMig \. Beading, ilass.; introd. 1S98. Fruit pointed conical, ^'ery rcgula'r in' shape; above medui.i. to large; bright or rather deep glossy red. seeds 'fairlv proni- in.iit: He>h bright red, jun-y. almost watery, moderately firm; subacid medium qua ity; >ea.,.n medium to late; plants vigorous, Iar^.> lumii.er of runners; foliage moderately good to good; rusts considerably. A haiid-ome berrv P„r!i„ Sl,arphs.s (per.) (-uppo-ed seedling ,,f t ii,,<. Downing) Orig l^f'' T K Sharpir". Cnta^issa. I'a.; introd. In". Kruit irregular, wedge eonieal. large, bright re.l. s.e.l< proniin..nt ; Hes|, jniey, moderately tinn; Nubaei.l. g 1 ,|,ialitv *eas,.ii niedium to Into; plant very vigi)rous. riinners cnly inod>/.,„/o/ ,per.)-Orig. C. II. Sumner. Sterling. 111.; intro.l. about l>'.<> Fniit roundish, medium to large, deep red. se.'ds not promim.nt; tl.^l, red. juic^v, in..deratelv tirm; aeid, above medium quality; early to medium ^easo|l; phmts vigorous, nuincrou'. rnniuTs; foliage moderately good, rusts considerably to badly. r»ifZp JtV». (per.) (chance sewJlinp).— OriR. ISOS J F Dnmn-, ri -»f ,. introd. I!t02. '^riiit roiiii,1.Mi «„ ,l.. i '"'".''• /y^ •'■ *• I'orna'n, Glenn, Mich.; ^koI"£'''r'^-^.,:^Z^''''r'\ ^'^'""^- »'"'•"''■» Crescent x Wilso.).-Orig. l-HoNlrslS.; \AHIKTI|.;.S OHUJINATKI) at tmk ckntrai, KM-KlilMKNTAI. KAliM, OTTAWA. nn.l 0,1,.. pl„...,s f„r „ nun l" of .":.'„,? rti!^^^ ""''"' ?'"" "^ ^''^'- ll'uinra (I'cr.) (Wni. Belt vcdlinL') Orltf inn« Tr„.»' 1. . t^. . . _ ■ntal Fam,. Ottawa, Ont • intro '.lO W ,! ' "" ""'""'«! Division, Expen- ..ll,„„ ,„ 1 ..-:.>.•'• '■ '"■ V^''*^".'""""'"' t" '•"""Jish oonical, above niei i..-.ii."n .0 i;.r,::i,r;ht":;H;:;:';:;;,:;"':,,XTldcrTi" *" '""•""'"'' rr"'- "^"^« tender, juie.. ti,,,,; l.ri.kly K«l.a:.i ^ M - ,r ^ J ! :.,r I":""" = *''f/ ''••'' J"^' and attra.liv,' in appearance. ' "'"l aim quality, core 29 tender; texture juicy; flavour briskly subacid, pleasant; quality above medium to good, season medium to late; shipping quality moderately firm; plant vigourous^ fol.age good; a handsome variety of good size, form and colour. Productive Cordelia (Per.) (Bubach seedling).-Orig. 1!)0G, Horticultural Division, Experi- mental J arm. Otf.wa, Ont; introd. 1913. Form roundish, wedge-shaped; si^e large- eenml colour bright red, glossy; colour of flesh deep salmon; seeds m;dium cor.; tender; texture juicy; flavour briskly subacid, pleasant; quality above medium to good; season medium to medium late; shipping qunlity moderately firm; plant vigor- ous; foliage good; nttni.'tivo in «p,>earance; of good size and productive. Should make a good (•(jmmercial berry. "vum V'l '(Till. (IVr.l Df^drmona (Imp.) (Bulm.'h ...•edliM^').-(>ri-. 1D0.1, Ilortioulti.rnl DivI..ion. Ex- perimental Parm. Ottawa 0„,.: i„trod. V.m. Form wedgc>-sha,vd: si.e milium to arge; external colour dark r..!; ..o]„„r of flesh dark re.l; s.h-.Is medium; core soli.l but tender; texture ju>..y: flavo„r briskly subacid, pleasant; quality above medium to good: season medium to late; shippi„;r quality moderate!.- firm to firm; plant vigor- ous, proiluetive; toliag.. good. A go.,.l berry for hoiu.> use. Il^rmia (Vvr.) (Wm. Belt .<n.!. Horticultural Division, Experi- mental I-arm. Ottawa, Out.; intn-d. 191.1 Form conical to wedge conical; size m.-.iu,n to large; ..xternal colour bright deep red. glossy; colour of flesh dcp red ■ s,M.ds inedium; core ten.ler; texture juicy; flavour subacid, good; qualitv good; sen- son medium; shipiung ,,uality firm; plant vigorous, productive; foliage good. A good berry, attrnctive m appearance. Lnrinia (Pot.) (Wm. Belt seedling).-Oriff. 19(>(!, Horticultural Division Ex- perimenta Farm, Ottawa. Ont.; introd. 1919. Fruit wedge-conical to wed«re-sbnped .-imi r,„in, ish .■,mic..]. large: d.-ep, rn'her dull red; seeds moderatelv prominent • flesh bright re,l tender, hrm to moderately firm; briskly subacid, quality above medium; season nie-luim late; plant vigour.ms: runners numerous; folinffo good. \Vhile not so goo.j HI (|u,il,ty iis some others, it hno proved very productive. m.Jrv"" ^n!:^ ^ ''^''"^ Beodli„p).-Oripr. 1906, HorticuJtural Division. Experi- ment^, Farm Ottawa. Ont ; introd. lOn. Form wed«e-«haped to roundisL wedgi rS. TJrri"*"""' '°'°r ^"^^'' ^'"'' ^"'•'*' ^'°->-: '^"l""' of flesh d^p >almo„.. so'«- «" "*- i:«;. -«..-;'s;-!;'r:2n:r;;i:,r::;:'",rt;!; tender; texture juie.v; th,vour briskly subaei.l; quality « ■reason A i:;Ei::'S;!;::r:s,;;:;''''^' "-"= '"-^ vi..;:u-:prx;i;.;'L;:;/;::it.; ''"'■''" ''"'I') (Will. Ii..lt , ilii,n).-()nV. I'MMJ Ilnrtienllnr.l Divl I )■ "-..1 Kan.,. Ottawa. Ont.: in,r,„l. VM:'.. Form r,.;.S "^ ','::;■, :::|:::^: --■ a,.... .x.evnal ..„l„ur .bv„ re ..u.o are nu.tur.., tr;,M.ror„> to u,;,n. al ta ,. am appear as l.oetles. The fen.ale t,o,.tl.v lay tlieir ep^s i„ so.l land ■, ,d 1.. land bcar.n,' su.h er„p. as tin,„tl,y and sn.all ^^rains. S^.ita lie I. 1 nJ e-t ^rrnves or wo,,ds is favonred l,y the heeth. which feed np„n the lia^ .t l' e n ,.r .;-*rt';,::;;;':;;7;;r;;:;-;,:;;':i;j»'i;; -,:-., ;';S':,,:i I;?"? f r I nder a.Te e„„.i,!;.,MS there are nnf,.rtnnat..ly n„ prae;,eal nu^ ur kn.m ,YV "I'le. th..y will r,„t then, „nt a.ul destrov lar^n- numhe ;. Liit' *'"'''' ''''';'■ praetieally freed „f white jrruhs hy sueh a'n.rthod. ' "'"' '""'' '"' The practice cf takin,? only r -ip crop ..f frnit from ■! i,1 o,f.,t: . i .i , ■ in:: it ,.pi. f„l|„„.ed hy many e,, .n.ereial ■ „verl. '''""■^'""' »'"1 then plo,,,.]... 32 THE RTR.\WBEKKY WEEVIL (Anihonomus signat,ug Say.). Oconsionally the yield of strawberry plantutions is very seriouslv reduced by the strawberry- weevil— a small reddish-brown or blackish snout bc'tie whieh eiits off the blossom buds. Early varieties of strawberries a))i)areiitly are most subjeet to serious injury. ^ arieties with imperfei-t or pistillate Howers arc practically immune. Ilahitt ami J.ifi> Uulorij. The winter is passek their hibernating .juarters. There is o-dv one pene- ration a year. Control. Clean Farmino.-Jn combatting this iiisc't it is very important to secure as clean conditions as possible in and around the strawlx-rry i.lantations. This involves the divstruetion of weeds, rubbish and anything which may afford the wix-vil winter pr..- tectioii. It IS also advisable not to plant the strawberries near bush or waste land. /;»>/„„;._Ai.cordin),' to extensive exiK^riments conduetiHl in Xew Jersev almost complete jiroteetion from the ww-vil may be ohtaiiUMl by coating the plants with a du-t composed of one part (by weight) arsenate of lead and five parts finclv ground suli.hur. Ordinarily two applications are sufficient, tho first when weevil-fcixling begins and the second about seven days hit.-r. It is essential that every bud should be coated with the dust. TllK STii.\WHKKliv-U(KPT WKKVii. (OliorJi i/nch iix oiatu.1 L.) The strawberry-root weevil ranks foremost among the insects alTecting the straw- berry- in the Province of British Columbia. In the older strawberry-growing sections It annually exerts a marked influence ui the returns of established plantations. Ihe adult, whi.'h deposits eggs, giving --ell-known "grubs" wlii<'h infest the roots, is a beetle and Ix'longs to the v 'v known as " weevils." In life It IS dark-brown almost black in colour, an nately 1-ineh in length. Its upper surfiK'e is sfrintcd and deep, but minute , re discernible in these lines. It IS n ni:irk.ible in baving its wing-covcps fused togemcr along a certain median line over the luck, so that the body is encased in a hard shell-like structure. It is thus UMiible to fly and is r' -.omcd to wa^k the earth. While this iiise<'t ha. been named the strawberry-root weevil, it must be clearly und.r>l.,ud that its food-plants iire many and varied. Tender .strictlv natural condi- tions tln> weevil and its " grubs •' infest the roots of grasses. It has, however, shown a marked l,k,ng for the strawb..rry-phint. and where this fruit is grown to the exclusion ot all i.tlier forms of vegetation it has become thoroughly established. The life-history is simple. The e-ggs are laid during .T.ine. .Julv aed \iig!i*t in the soil i„.ar the crowni of the plant. These eggs hatch in .July, August and Sei.tem- ber, appearing as hma; or " grubs," and these larvae remain lot be satisfied with cultur.l control measures and they must realirtha ' /e'o tr I of tins weevil ,s dependent almost altogether on horticultural considerations »Jn this understanding the following arc suggested:— (1) nolation »/ rre>p.,.-Rec«uso the weevil is unable to fly and remains more or less ;.,-;i. .ed ,n „ g,ve,. „rea This naturally involves a jodici-us proportioning of srawbernes to the land available on each farm and ,. eou.idcration of ti ^ro s planted on neighbouring farms. (2) 77,,. yrou-ina of strawherri., on the c,,.- or tuo-year cropping plan.-hecnu.o this prevents the weevil becoming too thoroughly estahlishol i„ a given area Th "i ■ measure involves the question as to the choice of varieties of strawberries which thrive un.Ier tlus system o culture in the locality. Further, it app..ars that land wl c la been growing strawberries for too great a length of time is not conducive to the mo. healthy growth. The pn'senoe of the weevil in this instance only inten-itie- 1,! trouble, which is largely ba.ed on soil and other conditions. '"tenMhe^ the (.•? Autumn plonglnnfj-Bccnu.e the weevil contemplates its egg-depositio„ in late summer (September), and very minute larvie are present in the soil at this time If ilie plantation is ploughed after September and kept cultivated so thoronghlv n< to prevent any weed-growth, the small larvie are practically starved out of c.xi.t. n. Cultivation should be continued again early in the spring and as much harrowi,,-' n^: possible undertaken during the winter-time. If ploughing is performed in the middk ot summer, at a time when egg laying is in progress and the adult beetles are on the surface of the ground, the adult females will be fon^ed to migrate to the neare-t plantation and there complete their egg-deposition. (4) The »,,,• of r/MVArn,,._T3ecause it has been observed that chickens reidilv devour the larvK in the soil. This plan is more suitable to growers who farm onlv .'i and 10 acr.^, inasmuch as the old strawberry plantation may l>e ploughed up after the crop IS removed and the land made available for other crops in the same year 34 (5) S,; lions of tho country which arc comlcmplating the. nrowiun of itrmrhcrr,;., are for,,,! /o.-Beoa..so ,t luis b.vn ..lonrly ol..orv,.inK then. ,., turn 1 r, v i eh v whT"', '"T '"''"'"' "f "'"' '-'-'■' -"" iTown to dark brown (,r >:reen. Tlie tir-l hr I .,f ,..,f,.rMm ,r ) . •^""»^''- :::";:;,^:;t;::l"::i;r-;r';,;:'::; HS:.'':?f-'^ ™i't„.,::;i:i^;;;r,^;;n£-;;;::-rL;;;:i:r' - « "--^ - -'-' - t I TW.illMs. strai:::;"' d!.;:: "S l::^:;"::;;::::;:":;" -^.r-- --- """•" "•i-'^ - --- '■>■ i.-i '«..TPiiinrs ^..n;;;;,; : , ;7:i " A" :'t"t '"'r - "■• -h:,.!,. -i„,ilar ,„ ,h.. ..roun.i in whieb h. v 1 ri 7 e it '" l' •""' f '""'" ''"'' MM, ally ,.ea>.M b-'fore the en.I of fune W). .1 ' V '"•""■■'' '''' '•""ornis -r tiehl the plant. ImH^.U 'Zu ^ {,7,.^ VT' ' V"'"^T "'■'"'•'' .!•■" H ma,le. the entworn.s will n..,st l!ke v ',,::, 'i t Tu 7 r""'""; Jll-I bili.w the Mirfa.'e. ui.oMn.l m the s.ul. eoiled \ip an.l lliincihi. — The pui-un. i| brio riiiii'ili- \^ «1.. i • i • •"•■" '■■' ' «•« f"-.;::';l^,™£: 'T;irt:l:;„';;:,;ir:i.r' ■- Hran .\!riI:o„ us to daniiH'n the i)raii thoroiiLMily. Siiorts or niid.lliiifrs in place nf l,rnn are r.U, useful f,r cutworm control. A simple tormiila for Muall jrardens is one .piart of bran, one t.'aspoonful of Pari^ (frcen and one tablespoonful of niola-cs, with sufficient ^ M.t to moisten the i>ran 1 he mixture should b<. appli.^d thinly as soon as n- w,,. ., ;;,; ;rv- is noticed It i^ important too, that the mixture be s.Mttcred after . i lown. >„ ilnt ■ will be in the very best condition when the cutworms come out t. f.v.! M ni-ht. ' ,i^ niateriil i< very attriutive to them, and wh.'ii tiiey crawl aboi.' in -rarcli of f. .d th.'y will eit It 111 pr..fercnce t.. the (frowiiiMT vefr.tati.ui. If the r i it ir • is out oi . durin'jr a warm day It sooi, 1k.,.,,„u.s dry, and is not. of course, as attraoiiN.- i , ♦be cutworms. lu trcatiiifr iwhU ot strawberries, a simple method is to have a sack filled witli the bran lum- aroun.I the nc^k. and by walking' between two rows an and dri<.s u!.; often eoveri'd by a irrcy, vilvety mould Pry Hot. (2) When ripe— The fruit develops rot. l{ot areas very watir.v j ^ i. Ifot tissue dry like normal fruit tissue \^r^ l;,,t! If. On the pi.kcd fruit, in -bipni,ni. in Mora^'c or in sDres. (1) The fruit turns soft and watery, sairs toffether in tho oonfaincr, an.) looses much juice t ■ (l') a mouldy trrowth on the frnii Kith.r the Dry Rot or Leak fumrns. ('. I hi tlir l:i,nl< Root s.vstein browned or blaekent>d, dyinu in sprinir or early summer Winter Killintf. 86 POWDERY Mir.DEW. (Sphirrotheca llumuli (Fries) BurrJ. Strawberry Mildew appears during late June and the first ,.f Inlv TV, <• the leaves so that the fruit wh Ih o .It . 1 I "'?=""« "J''^ '" I«>"«>f"te throuRh .«d !,t''vlt: ir'Xr,!''!,;;:;'," ,t '" ■ , '", "•:■■ ■"""• ■• '• ■ •'»■■■■• c^l?:t:/r■ ,*,,,t;--'"^ '■"' - -- -"■* ^"»- - '™.' ~r ■,: M»r,':'vr";! T,';::'v-:"'Nf:t^-'':;r''i -'''■',"'■■ " 'rr- •" " «• '""• .1) ...... sn.veu ,.a,e cha!:;;;: Itv,! ';;:;;;;:::• n :'■^!;-^:-;'.-i. ^:f -■= St. L.n„s Pn.... l)..,d.., .; ,„ Ifaverland; .5) K,!!^!" ' ^^ '"''"• of o2;;;til;:;;";;ii:r:!;;!,,:;;;'r :' vfrr """'-^^^ ''"'''■"■ '^ - ••■'• "- .Mildew ar. n.„ d, tI 1, ,, ."'''"■*"; ""; "T "'"" "'" •^^^' ^'^ ■"'""- '■•■ '.y >...in. through a «»:!!•::; r^;;:;;;; I': ^ •;::;-,: tj'r ""r r- l-a»f as ,t is earri.d ..ver th.- r..w< Si, ,.,. U \ l / I " ' I'"""'"'"'*-' "'•• ' - r:..;;-;':^::::/;;!::^;: ;;:,••,;::,■; ;;:■ •■• '•'■■'-■"' •• li:\K (MycoKiihunUii Fraqariw (Sehw.) Lind ) :...llfl..n(.d oreiir in the h'aves. The.o .not^ ar.. nnr. I ■ i ' *'"' f"'"»f"» 37 apt to inorcnso and beeonu' troi.l,l..s.,nu>. Mou-ures of control .1 . .1 \ ro,n t huu. The plants should bo sprayed with Bordeaux mixture (4-4-40) shortly af.e they are set out and the leaves should be kept eovered with the sa.n e „, xtu e by two or more sprayn.Ks ns nee.led throufthout the ^^rowin^ season. In he s''e d Avar they n.ay be sprayed before the bh.son.s are out with the sa„,e mater a \X r i.e tnnt >s p.eked another sprayin.^ of JJordeaux n.ixture n.ny be ^iven o else t^^o kuc^ should all be n.uwed after piekin,^ and either raked oti or burned as tev ' The trea men jr-ven w.ll ke.,, the disease un.Ier ..ntrol for two ..ops .Aer wh . i ^ usually des.rable to plough up the Held. Continued sprayin,. will of eour^e ,"i e r " t.v on after th.s but after .eeond erop dhninished returns n.ake sueh e.fo t ' n .r tit- ■itf (10). Hi, r .rds are as ..i-tield. Xo. 4:!, X,,. 44, .(„e, (Men Alary. Cibalt; (Fair), WINTi:ii Kir. I. INC. «heii they gradually shrivel up and die. It is .-onsidered tb-t tl, > • ■ ^ ""'7- fir 1- "" "•■'""""■■'' '" ""■' ''<'->rdin;r to their hardiness, ,< ,;,„d , Knornious. Lovett, J.ady 'II p^on. l-;.NceM„r- (M„Ii,„„, v;, , • l probably ,1... wo,vt ..VchI.t. I rot the ripe fru.t rapnily and breaks d-wn ,l,e tissue, thus liberating the jui, e. which runs down into the conlau.er. ,r>d at tb.- same time the softene.l fruit sag< .lownw r.l so that .n a basket .,ff.,.t...l by this r„t tl„. bulk of fruit i nsi.ierably ..sj.ne.l , the J..„.e runs out at tb.. bottom. Be-au-e this lo.s of tl... fruit juice is s,. out-ta ing a symptom th. r..t from this ,.,uis,. has lavn ealb.l " l...ak " i»n iing a While pn.bably not so prevahi.t un.ler northern ..on.litbr.s as in the warmer .v„.n. ot sou.b,.rn T n,t... Stat,.s the Leak dis,.ase occurs on Camulian .,rawb..rries fr,.„„ Mtly to a ..onsi.|,.rable ext.-nt. Th,. f.dlowing facts ..o„e..rnir,g the .li.en-e have l..cn tak..n tnm, Unllet.n .So. mi of the Tnit..! Staf.s n..partm,.nt of .\gricultu,e-- Th.. fungus ,.nnn.,t e,it..r th.. fruit unless the skin i> br..'K..ii in -ome w„v Ih.. rot IS „f small .mp„rtan..e in the field, but is apt t.. be.-,,,,,,. ,.„nM,|,.'r-' al'le 111 shipmi'iit or in storage, Tb. fungus gr„w, v..ry littl.. b,.low a temiK-ralur.. „f r,n .!,.„r....s. but will r.t th.. fruit rapidly h1»,v,. that t.m|>eralure Moisture has littl.. or no aff,...t in assisting „r bin.h.ring tb.- rot. r«n/ro/.-The following r,^...mm,.n.lali,ms in,ii..ate tb.. b.'st nietli.,.! „f avoiding thin disease: - in.miifijr Tb.. fruit sb.uildb.. injur..! a« littb. as possibl... No fruit .hould be pack..d whi.h -bow- Mgns of I-.ak-th«t 1,. u M,ft. watery rot. The pneking-hous,^ nl.d ,lj 39 f...k fungus every opportuni.v to pet in its vnrl T K ''"."'^''''d t'"^ *-"v.- tl,- hns boon trif..l T .^ «^^ lo oocomt iK.itiHl. W iisluiis the fruit before packiii" tun.'U. and infeation !.. theref. r „ere Je.i iJ . 7 r,,"'' r"'"""*^^'^ ''•" '^' ^'"^