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 Ce document est fiimi au Uux de rMuction indiqui ci-dessous. 
 
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Th« copy filmed h«r« has b««n raproducad thanks 
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 Tha imagas appearing hara ara tha bast quality 
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L'«x«mplair« filmi fut rap'Oduit grica i la 
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 Blbliotheque nationale du Canada 
 
 Las imagas suivantat ont M raproduitas avac la 
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 Laa axampiairoa originaux dont la couvartura an 
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 d'imprassion ou d'illustration, soit par la sacond 
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 originaux sont filmis an commandant par la 
 pramiira paga qui comporta una amprainta 
 d'impraasion ou d'illustration at an tarminant par 
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 Un das symbolos suivants apparaitra sur la 
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 cas: la symbols — ^signifia "A SUIVRE ", la 
 symbols ▼ signifia "FIN". 
 
 Las cartas, planchas. tablaaux, ate, pauvant etre 
 filmAs A dns taux da riduction diff Arants. 
 Lorsqua la documant ast trop grand pour atra 
 raproduit an un saul clichA. il ast film* A partir 
 da I'angla supAriaur gaucha, da gaucha A droita. 
 at da haut an bas, an pranant la nombra 
 d'imagaa nAcassaira. Laa diagrammas suivants 
 illustrant la mAthoda. 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART 
 
 (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2l 
 
 
 tUi "I- 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.6 
 
 ^ rdPPyigjM^fGEInc 
 
 -^^. '6''3 East Ma.n '^uef 
 
 5--^ Rochester, Ne« vo-t. " uenq .k:* 
 
 ^S (^16) 482 ^ 0.500 - tT^one 
 
 SSS f^'6) 288- 5389 - fj. 
 
DO YOU KNOW YOUR WEEDS? 
 
 BV 
 
 FAITII KVI.KS. I!.\. 
 Assistant liutanist. 
 
 Vh-.. 1. 
 
 (ill Viiiini.' pliiiit iif (\iiKiilii Tiii-tl. i( 'lu-ii M Aii\ KN^r ' I., i Sr or. i 
 (III Ol l.-r iil.int, -ihimini.' ri«.t ami r"Mt!.t.H-k« wiih nn.l.ii.'i"iii. I l'iiil». 
 {VI I- li>\it r h.-aits ami »'.-i:uitiii^: ^t■t'(N |)i;i\Mil'\ !•'. 1'^ i.Ks. 
 
 As weeds 1111(1 tiircs fclamcl) liavo iii<TOiisiii);I.v ofoupicd the atlentioii of ntiricul- 
 nirists from early days, so the ground simee oeeiipied hy weeds lias steadily and surely 
 iiureased. This is not entirely duo to the extent of new land cleared and enllivated, 
 nor is it due entirely to neftleet. nor to a lack of literature on the subject of tlieir 
 eradication, as every aKrieultural iiamphkt, jmiier, nuitra/ine and text-hook has its 
 chapter of advice on weeds. 
 
 It is !,nowJcdf;e of tin' wed itnelf that is wnntiiifj. -Vo miin who one recognizes 
 a weed and its injurionsness would allow it to remain on his land unjistiirhed for a 
 season. Wlien the progressive farmer knows the weed, he will nse I'nrii means at his 
 dij<po.sal to exterminate it. 
 
 To hnow a weed, one must be able to recofrni'e it in every statri- of its develop- 
 ment, to understand what harm it <lo"s and 'o l;iiow at what period of its growth it 
 should be destroyed. 
 
 DOMINION EXPERIMENTAL FARMS. 
 
 J. H. GRISDALE, B.Agr., 
 Director. 
 
 H. T. GUSSOW, 
 
 Dominion Botanist. 
 
 EXHIBITION CIRCULAR No. 45. 
 
 (Reviserl Jnnuary, Ifllfi.) 
 
 !)li:i',i 
 
Tlioro nro two rlnosos of wrods: tluisf wliich lire of tlofinito <Iuriitioii, nx iitiiMinlw 
 and l>iriiiiinl.-', niid tlins*^ of indi'fiiiitp duration, ns ptTcnniMlw. Amotijr tl ■ niiinmlx 
 ^rowiiiK in tiip West nre (jrciMi fii\t:iil, wild ontu, wild buckwheat, redroot pitrwecd, 
 fumbleweod. Russiun pigweed. Kussinii thistle, cow eockle. purple eockle, hull inustiird, 
 'also lluN, hnre"s-ear-mustiird. stinkwned, wild niu-liird. tunihlititr inustnrd. sticksccd. 
 iodder. pront rinfwpod nnd ninny others. Ainontf the biennir.ls nre s.|uirrel-tail trrass 
 terroneously culled " foxtail " in the West), prey tiinsy mnstanl, preen tansy innstnrd, 
 biennial wormwood, etc. The jierennials include sweet prass, couch prass, veineil dock, 
 brond-leaved i)opper-pra.ss, prairie rose, prent willow herb, blue lettuce, skeleton weed. 
 perenninl sowthistle, Canada thistle, and others. 
 
 Eradication of Annuals and Biennials. 
 
 Annuals have only one means of reproduction, that is by seeds, and for this reason 
 fhcy yield an enormous ijuantity. One sinple plant of tumblinp mustard will produce 
 1,. 100,000 seeds. Think what it means to allow one of thsse plants to mature its seed, 
 to stand still until dry and be b'own by the wind until its shallow foothold snaps or 
 gives way altopether, sendinp the ivhole plant across the prairie to scatter its 1. .100,000 
 seeds alonp the way! The se<'<iiid ye;ir there will be 1.. 100,000 new plants, 
 and the third year 1„100,000 tina's l„10t),0(IO! What a savinp to cut one 
 plant <iiT before it seeds itself ! What an advantape to know the plant before it 
 flowers I Russian thistle, timibleweed and stinkweed (French weed) are e(iually 
 troublesome, and scatter their seeds in a similar manner. Land may he freed from 
 annual weeds by any method which will kill them before they flower. The seeds 
 already in the soil should be made to perminate, and the young seedlings destroyed 
 by repeated cultivation. 
 
 Biennials should be treated as annuals when in the tirst year's growth, that is, 
 they should be destroyed when in the form of a rosette or mat. If of the second year's 
 prowtl;, they should be cut off or spudded below the crown to prevent the formation of 
 flowerinp shoots and seeds. 
 
 Method of Eradicating Perennials. 
 
 All perennials are capable of reproducing themselves by new shoo ■• <■. ■ -oots 
 
 as well as by seeds. There are two things then to be remembered ii .tion 
 
 of perennials. First, they must not be allowed to seed themse. ', tlic 
 
 roots and rootstocks must be destroyed. Reproduction by means of sc asily 
 
 prevor'ed by mowing the plants as soon as the flower buds appear; i destruc- 
 
 tion of the underpround prowth lo easy only when the weed is scarce or where dipping 
 the roots up and burninp them is practical, that is, when the first patch is discovered 
 and recognized as a pest. Thorough and persistent cultivation, which will destroy the 
 green part of the plant, will, if repeatedly practised, starve the rootstocks to death. 
 Shallow or deep plouphinp, according to the nature of the plant, to bring the rootstocks 
 to the surface of the soil where they may be gathered and destroyed, is most effective 
 if properly carried out. On no account should nny method be used which would resiilt 
 i' scattering the rootstocks, and thus stimulating tliem to new growth. 
 
 The illustration of Canada Thistle will show the futility of cutting off the tops 
 and leaving the rootstocks in the soil to send up new shoots. The rootstock possesses 
 great vitality, and every inch with a Lud on it is capable of producing a new plant; 
 hence to cut the rootstocks up r.nd leave them on the ground is worse than useless. If 
 the plant is known in a young state as in Fig 1 (a), it maybe very easily killed, but if 
 it is allowed to live till it is six or seven weeks old, as in Fig. 1 (b), then the rootstocks 
 must be considered. Other deep-rooted perennials with similar rootstocks are sweet 
 grass, prairie rose, broad-leaved peppergross, veined dock, white evening primrose, 
 
pf)ViTf.v wrcd mid iwri'iiiiiMl •'owfliisflc. With nil nf tlit-c. drrp iiln\i^'liiny i-> tn'<'tw«iir,v. 
 litit lilmlliiw plotifjliiiiir viU i|(i fur icnii'li (friw^, ns it-" roi>t>t.ii'l<« iir<' ucuriT tlu' siirfmi' 
 
 of tlk i.til. 
 
 
 Fio. 2. 
 
 {aj Hritad I*r\\i'H i>4>|i[)*'r^ras.s i Lk)>im( >i I)KAh.\ L.)uitli> 
 
 (111 WiKKly |»rcnili»l ri><>t«tiK'k. 
 
 (<■» .Suiiill iKirtioii of Hiiw.-nntc liriim-h. 
 
 ('I) I,iiif ffoiii young plant. 
 
 (f) Sccil natuntl nixi' itnd fiiliiri;>'<l. I)ra\>riliv !■'. Fm.ks. 
 
 ■il iHxU 
 
 Advent of New Weeds. 
 
 The difficulty of the weed problpm \vn\ild be ponsidorably Irs-icncd if luitivc weed- 
 alone were to be combated, but the list of wood-imniiprraiits is continually iiicrcasiiip. 
 These new weeds are indifferently noticed until they liave usurped our fnod-supplyinp 
 land. How much more simple the weed question wduld be in the West if couch (rrnss. 
 wild oats, Russian thistle, perennial sowthistle. the (so-called) Canada thistle, and 
 other introduced weeds had not been allowed to establish themselves. At the present 
 time there is another new-comer, ecnially injurious, doinp its best to jrain sucli a foot- 
 ing that in another ten years or so its claims as a natiiralized weed will be undis]nited. 
 This is the hoary cress or broad-leaved (leppcrfirass {Fjipidium Praia L.). 
 
 It was first reported in ISOG by !Mr. David .Macoun from Indian Head, Sasl;.. and 
 from Brandon, Man., by the late Yir. Fletcher in VMU and VM)'), as having been found 
 on waste land on the side of a street. It has also been reported from Portage la 
 Prairie, Sfan., and last August (1014) it was found in large patches on stubble land 
 at Indian Head. 
 
 Unlike the other peppergrasses in Canada, it is a perennial with a deep, wood.y, 
 underground rootstock, rendering it e.\treinely difficttlt of eradication. The accom- 
 panying illustration will help you to recognize it more readily than a written descrip- 
 tion can do. The leaves on plants two or three years old are rather short, thick, 
 minutely hairy and slightly toothed. On younger plants they are much longer, thinner 
 
iiiid iimrf iiiiirMly tuotlnil. Tliin cliaracli ristlc tii«i'tli.T uitli tlic wtiiti' llnwin mid 
 nhiirt, i)r'm(l seed pod-i \m1I ImI(i yoti to di^tinjiiii^li it Irnni ..tluT iiu'inlMTs of ti.M 
 liiu»tiiri family. Ili;i llii< iilnitl i//> ni>u\ wliilf il U iiiis.\i!.lr h, do so. I>o mil uail liil 
 llii- hind I!) !tit />«.<.«. .«i'(/ ' V llii' luii'ih, woitdi) rontstnrku, that Ihr ;i/onr//i will 'k' Inind 
 asidi' niLtli more readthi '-n il llnin lin- cinuli iinixx. 
 
 Send nil .iprcinK n.i 'lillt uliicli ynu are uiifnmiliiir, or ithuul irldrh -m iniiil fiilhr 
 infonnilioH, lu llir Duniinion llulaiiinl , f'ltilnil Hj/h rimrnliil I'urm. Ollilwt. 
 
 Publithtd by authority of H')n. MARTIN BURRELL, Minitttr of Agrieultura, Ottawa, Ont.